COLONIAL CHEONOLOGY. COLONIAL chronolo(;y. Jl (EhronoloQij of the |Jvincipiil €bciitsi CONNECTED WITH THE ENGLISH COLONIES AND INDIA Frow the Close of the Fifteenth Century to the Present Time. WITH MAPS. COMPILED AND ARRANGED BY II. J. ROBINSON, Fellow oj the Royal Statistical Society ; Fellorc of the Royal Colonial /iis'ittite. LONDON: LAWRENCE & BLILLEN, i6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C. 1892. {All rights reserved.] LONDON : HENDERSON AND SPALDING (LIMITED), PRINTERS. MARYLEBONE LANE, W TABLE OF CONTENTS. AGE Dedication --------------- vu Preface -------------- ix List of Principal Authorities consulted - - - - xiii PART I. Series of Four Maps illustrating growth of Colonial Empire. Chronological Tables, arranged in parallel columns, recording Chief Events from 1486 to 1891 - - - - - - - 1 to 175 PART II. Aden, and Dependencies Antigua - . . Ascension - Australia (with Map) - Bahamas Barbados Basutoland - - - Bermudas - British Bechuanaland - British East Africa British Guiana - British Honduras- British New Guinea PAGE 179 180 181 182 186 188 190 191 192 192 193 194 195 British North Borneo, iucludingLabuan, Sarawak, and Brunei British South Africa, or British Zambezia- ----- Canada (with Map) - - - - Cape Colony (with Map) Ceylon Cyprus - - Dominica ------ Falkland Islands - - - - - Fiji Gambia ------ Gibraltar 247 PAGE 196 197 198 221 241 242 243 244 245 246 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. Paet II.— continued. PAGE PAGE Gold Coast - - 248 St. Cliristoj)her (St. Kitts), Nevis, and Grenada - 250 Anguilla ----- - 280 Hong Kong - - 251 St. Helena ----- - 281 Jamaica (with Map) - 252 St. Lucia ----- - 283 Lagos - - - - - 255 St. Vincent ----- - 285 Leeward Islands - - 256 Sierra Leone - - . . - 287 Malta - - - - - 257 South Australia - - - - - 2>-8 Mauritius - - 258 Straits Settlements - 291 Montserrat - - 260 Tasmania ----- - 293 Natal - - - - - 261 Tobago - 295 Newfoundland ' - - 265 Trinidad . . - - - - 297 New South Wales - 268 Victoria ----- - 298 New Zealand - - - 272 Virgin Islands - . - - - 301 Niger Protectorate - 276 Western Australia - 302 Norfolk Island - 277 Western Pacific Protectorate 304 Pitcairn Island - - 277 Windward Islands - 304 Queensland - - 278 Zululand - 304 TO THE EIGHT HONOURABLE CHARLES PELHAM VILLIERS, M.P., FOR UPWARDS OF HALF A CENTURY A MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT, WHOSE NAME IS INSEPARABLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE CAUSE OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM, THE REPEAL OF THE C0R:N LAWS, THE PROMOTION OF A FREE PRESS, THE INTRODUCTION OF THE PENNY POSTAGE, AND THE REFORM OF THE POOR LAW, Ci)ig TTolume ii inScribcU By the author. PREFACE. In " Colonial Chronology " an attempt has for the first time been made to give, within the compass of a single volume, a bird's-eye view of the history of our Colonial Empire. England claims a foremost place in the annals of discovery for the hardy Bristol sailors who, under the guidance of Sebastian Cabot, traversed the Atlantic and, lauding upon the coast of Labrador in 1497, were the first of modern Europeans to set foot on the soil of the continent of America. But— whereas the Portuguese, following up in haste their successful sea-passage to India (1497), for nearly a century reaped vast gains from their trade with the East, and the Spaniards contrived to extract a rich reward from the West Indies and Central America— our English navigators for many years devoted themselves to searching for the North-West Passage, and our merchants were content with the spoils of the seas surrounding Newfoundland. At length in 1553, under the still powerful influence of the veteran Cabot, a Company was formed in London to discover a North-East Passage. In the attempt Sir Hugh Willoughby and two ships' crews of brave men met their fate on the coast of Lapland ; but a third ship reached St. Michael's Bay, and Eichard Chancellor, her captain, found his way thence to Moscow. Thus a rich future was opened to the Merchant Adventurers, who at once began to trade with the Empire of Moscovy. By this time the French were making fitful attempts at settlement upon the shores of the St. Lawrence, without achieving any permanent success. With the reign of Ehzabeth, English enterprise assumed a more practical form. Following upon Drake's voyage round the world, Sir Humphrey Gilbert took formal possession of Newfoundland in 1583, and in the next year Sir Walter Ealeigh received a royal patent granting him possession of all lands which he might discover on the continent of America, "not actually possessed of any Christian Prince or People." Two of his captains straightway crossed the Atlantic, and explored the coast south of Chesapeake Bay. Their report induced Ealeigh to send out ships X PEBFACE. with settlers, to essay in earnest the task of colonizing the uewly-uamed " Empire of Virginia." These early settlers, however, were at their own request brought back by Drake, on his return from raiding the Spanish settlements. A second expedition, sent out to Eoanoke Island by Ealeigh in 1587, mysteriously disappeared within three years. A full century, then, had elapsed since the Discovery of the New World, and England had obtained no foothold in either hemisphere. Newfoundland, indeed, was nominally English territory, but the fishermen returned to Europe at the close of each season ; and a vague claim to the coast of America from Florida to New France was preferred in respect of the discoveries and attempts at settlement by Ealeigh. With the commencement of the second century, however, James Lancaster reached India in the sole surviving ship of three that sailed from Plymouth for the Eastern seas. The Dutch, having been shut out by Philip of Spain from Lisbon, where they had been in the habit of obtaining their supplies of the produce of the East, had now established a direct trade vnth India and the islands of the Eastern Archipelago. Their conduct in raising the price of Eastern produce to English merchants was the immediate cause of the formation of the English East India Company, and of its gradual acquisition of the trade which had formerly been the monopoly of Portugal and Spain. The early years of James I. are memorable for the formation of the London and Plymouth Companies, and for the colonization of North America under their auspices. The foundation of Jamestown in 1607 laid the corner-stone of the world-power now known as the United States of America. The choice by Champlain of the site of Quebec in the following year may fitly be styled the birth of the Dominion of Canada. A few years later the Pilgrim Fathers founded the earliest of the Colonies of New England. In 1652, the Dutch took possession of the Cape of Good Hope and of Table Bay, to serve as a victualling station for their East India fleets. Three years later Jamaica was captured from the Spaniards by Penn and Venables, and England began ' to acquire her valuable possessions in the West Indies. By the end of the second century after the discovery of the New World, England had assumed her place as the chief colonizing country of the Old World. The third century witnessed the fierce struggle between Great Britain and France for supremacy in America, which resulted in the final conquest of Nova Scotia and Canada by the English in 1759, and the subsequent revolt of the American Colonies. In the East the PREFACE. XI foundations of our Indian Empire were firmly laid by Clive and Warren Hastings ; and in 1788 the settlement of Anstralia began. With the opening of the fourth century the Cape of Good Hope passed into the possession of Great liritain, and the close of the war with France found England mistress of most of the West India Islands. During the last fifty years immense progress has been made in the colonization of Now Zealand and the eastern and southern coasts of Australia, as well as in developing the resources of South Africa ; but perhaps it is in the history of the second and third centuries after the discovery of America that the chief lessons to be learned from a study of the history of our Colonial Empire should be sought. In Part I. of the " Chronology " the main events of the history of the Colonies are recorded year by year in parallel columns, and a series of Maps has been specially prepared to show the growth of the British Empire century by century. In Part II. a concise account is given of each of the Colonies. The geographical situation and extent, and the form of government are set forth ; and a table of the principal statistics, showing the population, revenue and expenditure, trade and debt of each Colony for the years 1871, 1881, and 1890, has been compiled from the Annual Statistical Abstracts. H. J. ROBINSON. Eoyal Colonial Institute, 25th May, 1892. A LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. Allen, James, " History of Australia." London, 1884. The Annual Eegistee, 1758 to 1891. London. BmDWOOD, Sir George, K.C.I. E., C.S.I., LL.D., "Report on the Old Eecords of the India Office." Second Reprint. 1891. BouRiNOT, J. G., Clerk of the House of Commons of Canada ; " Parliamentary Procedure and Practice : with an Introductory Account of the Origin and Growth of ParUamentary Institutions in the Dominion of Canada." Montreal, 1884. Bronkhuest, Rev. H. V. P., " British Guyana." London, 1883. Cape of Good Hope Official Handbook. Edited by John Noble, Clerk of the House of Assembly. Capetown, 1886. CoGHLAN, T. A., Government Statistician, " The Wealth and Progress of New South Wales." Sydney, 1890. The Colonial Office List. London, 1891. Cooke, John Esten, " Virginia : a History of the People." Fourth Edition. Boston and London, 1884. Dilke, The Rt. Hon. Sir Charles W., Baet., " Problems of Greater Britain." 2 vols. Second Edition. London, 1890. DowELL, Stephen, "A History of Taxation and Taxes in England." 4 vols. London, 1884. Doyle, J. A., M.A., " The English in America." London, 1882. „ ,, ,, " The Puritan Colonies." 2 vols. London, 1887. Ferguson, John, "Ceylon." London, 1883. GiSBORNE, W., " Official Handbook of New Zealand." Edited by the Agent-General. London, 1884. Hakluyt's Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen to America. Selected and Edited, with Historical Notices, by E. J. Payne, M.A. London. Hatter, Henry Hbylyn, C.M.G., Government Statist of Victoria, " Victorian Year Book." Melbourne and London. XIV A LIST OF PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. Houston, W., M.A., Librarian to the Ontario Legislature, " Documents illustrative of the Canadian Constitution." Toronto, 1891. Jamaica, Handbook of. Published by Authority. Jamaica and London. KiNGSFOED, W., LL.D., F.E.S. Canada, " History of Canada." 4 vols. London, 1888. 1889, 1890. Lang, J. D., " Historical Account of New South Wales." 2 vols. London, 1875. Lecky, W. E. H., " History of England in the Eighteenth Century." 8 vols. London. Malleson, Colonel G. B., C.S.L, " Akbar." London, 1890. Paekman, Francis, " Count Froatenae and New France under Louis XIV." London, 1878. ,, " Montcalm and Wolfe." 2 vols. London, 1884. EiTCHiB, Leitch, " The British World in the East." 2 vols. London, 1846. The Statesman's Yeae-Book, 1892. London. Statistical Abstract for the several Colonial and other Possessions of the United Kingdom, 1869-1891. Statistical Year-Book of Canada for 1889. Ottawa, 1890. Statistics of the Colony of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand, 1888. Stow, J. P., " South Australia." Adelaide, 1883. Theal, G. McCall, " History of South Africa." 4 vols. London, 1888, 1889, 1891. ,, ,, " History of the Boers in South Africa." London, 1887. Thirty Years of Colonial Government. From the Official Papers of the Et. Hon. Sir G. F. Bowen, G.C.M.G. Edited by S. Lane-Poole. 2 vols. London, 1889. Traill, H. D., D.C.L., " Central Government." London, 1881. Trotter, Captain L. J., " Warren Hastings." London, 1890. Wheeler, J. Talboys, " History of India." London, 1880. Journal of the Society op Arts. London. Proceedings of the Eoyal Colonial Institute. London. Transactions of the Eoyal Historical Society. London. PART I A MAP SHOWING SUCH PORTIONS OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE AS WERE KNOWS nj THK YEAR 1592. i GttyrnpTnJili SftobKthmmt 1 i Stxtnfordr's Geograpfdcol' EstdhHshmerit A MAP SIIOMING SUCH PORTIONS OF THE BRITISH EMPTRK AS WERE KXCWX IX "mE YEAR 1692. Aanfs had cost £375,288 iu India, and sold in England for £2,004,600. YEAR 1622 Accusing the English of conspiring to drive them out of the island, the Dutch attacked and slew some twenty Englishmen at Amboyua, the chief of the Spice Islands, and thus became sole masters of the trade of the Indian Archipelago. Jan Carstensz, coasting along the great gulf on the northern coast of Australia, named the River Carpentier, after the Governor of the Dutch Indies. 1623 In face of the superior forces of the Dutch in the Indian Archipelago, the English East India Company withdrew most of their factors, as well as from the Malay Peninsula, Siam, and Japan. 1624 34 TEAR. EUEOPE. 1625 1626 1627 Charles I., King of England (lG2u-lC49). The government of the Colony of Virginia was pro- vided for by a royal proclamation (13th May), which appointed two Councils, one resident in England, the other in Virginia, and which made all public servants dependent on the Crown, thus depriving the colonists of all control over public expenditure and the conduct of officials. Charles I. confirmed the grant of Nova Scotia to Sir W. Alexander, and created the Order of Knights Baronets of Nova Scotia, who, to the number of 150, were to receive grants of land in Nova Scotia on condition that they settled emigrants on it. AMEEICA. The second Parliament of Charles I. met in February, and was dissolved in June on account of its impeaching Buckingham, and refusing to grant supplies. Money was collected for the King by forced loans, and tonnage and poundage was illegally levied. War breaking out between England and France, the Company of Meechant Auven- TUEEES was formed in London, and obtained letters of marque to seize French and Spanish ships. Charles I. also granted permission to the Company to establish plantations on the banks of the St. Lawrence. Under the auspices of Cardinal Richelieu, a new Company was formed in France, entitled " The One Hundred Associates." It took the place of all previous Companies. Three hundred artizans were to be sent at once to Canada. The settlers were to be supplied with food, lodging, and clothing for three years, and to receive land and seed free. The grant to the Company included all the territory of New France, extending to Florida. Sir Francis Wyatt, the Governor of Virginia, and some of the chief colonists, memorialized the home government, dwelling upon the necessity of encouraging other industries besides the tobacco, especially iron-works and the culture of silk. They insisted upon the need of compact settlements for industry and defence, as well as for making the Colony a desirable habitation and not merely a resort for the purposes of trade. Lord Baltimore and his family settled at Ferryland, in Newfoundland, and built a residence, storehouses, and granaries, intending to i^ermanently remain. Henri de Levis, due de Ventadour, who had succeeded de Montmorency as Viceroy of Canada, scut out six .Jesuits to Canada. The New Plymouth settlers sent " a shallop laden with corn" to sell to the Indians along the Kennebec river. With the sanction of the Earlof Marlborough, to whom James I. had granted the island of Bakbados, Sir William Courteen, a mer- chant of London, sent out a party of settlers, who landed on the west coast of Barbados, and built and fortified a town which they named .James Town. Champlain made his eleventh voyage to Canada, and found that there was a great scarcity of food at Quebec — only about eighteen acres in all being under cultivation — and that the Jesuits were engaged in clearing the land. The Dorchester settlers at Cape Ann returned to England, their manager, Conant, withdraw- ing to Salem (then known by its native name, Naumkeag). Tlie partnership between the London mer- chants and the Puritan settlers of New Plymouth came to an end, the colonists paying £1,800 for the stock and interest in the Colony. An allot- ment of twenty acres was assigned to each house- holder ; and the li%-e stock was distributed. Lord Baltimore's settlement in Newfound- land was attacked by the French without success; but some small settlements of Puritans on the island resented his religious practices as a Eoman Catholic. The Earl of Carlisle obtained from Charles I. the grant of all the Caribbee Islands (twenty-two, including Barbados), and purchased from the Earl of Marlborough for an annuity of £300 his prior claim to Barbados. Some London merchants purchased 10,000 acres in Bakbados from the Earl of Carlisle. The French and English settlers in St. Kitts signed a treaty of otfence and defence, agreeing to divide the island between them. 35 AFEICA. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. YEAK. The English set up a factory at Armason on the Coromandel Coast, to the south of Masuli- patam. 1625 The English and Dutch made an attack upon ; 1626 the Island of Bombay, and, having pillaged and burnt the town, abandoned it. Jahangir died, and was succeeded as Padishah by his son, Shah Jehan (1627-1658). Tlie Dutch ship, Giddene Zcepaanl, having on board Pieter Nuyts as Ambassador to Japan, coasted along the southern shores of Austealia. 1627 36 YEAR, 1628 1629 EUEOPE. The London Company of Merchant Adven- TUEEES fitted out three ships (the Abigail, 300 tons; the William, 200 tons; and the Gcrvase, 200 tons"), and sent them under the command of David Kirke and his brothers, Louis and Thomas, against the French settle- ments in Canada. The Council for New England granted to sis patentees all the territory from the Merrimac to a point three miles south of the Charles river, with unlimited extension inland. Of the grantees, the chief were John Endicott and Humphrey, who had been treasurer of the colony at Cape Ann. The third Parliament of Charles I. met, and after conferring with the Lords, the Commons, led by Went worth (afterwards Earl of Strafford), and Pym, drew up the Petition of Eight. AMERICA. In March, a royal charter was granted to the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England. No provision was made to retain the government of the Company in England. A government resident in the Colony was appointed, to consist of a Governor, Deputy- Governor, and twelve Councillors or Assistants. The Company had power by the charter to defend their territory by force against invasion or attack. Land was to be allotted to the shareholders at the rate of 200 acres for every £50 invested ; 50 additional acres being allotted to each shareholder settling in the colony, and 50 acres for each member of his family. Emi- grants, not shareholders, were to have 50 acres each, and the same quantity for every servant exported. Champlain records the first use of the plough at Quebec (^Tth April), and laments that less than two acres had been cleared up to that date. The Kirkes' fleet sailed up the St. Lawrence as far as Tadousac, whence David Kirke sent a summons to Champlain to surrender Quebec. Champlain, though in straits for food, refused ; and Kirke, learning that the first fleet equipped by the " One Hundred Associates," consisting of eighteen vessels heavily freighted with cannon, munitions, and provisions for Quebec, had arrived at Point Gaspe, sailed to meet them. On the 18th July de Roque- mont's fleet was met by the English, and, after a running fight for some hours, seventeen of the French ships were captured. Taking the cargo out of ten of the vessels, Kirke burnt them and returned to England with his prisoners and spoil. The New Plymouth settlers obtained from the Council for New England a gi'ant of land on the river Kennebec, on which they built a fa,ctory, and another at the mouth of the Penobscot. A disorderly settlement of Englishmen at Merry- mount, in Massachusetts Bay, supplying the Indians with arms, was declared to be obnoxious by the other English colonists, and Miles Standish, at the head of armed men from the various settlements, marched against it and dis- persed its inhabitants. John Endicott landed at Salem to occupy the territory granted to the Massachusetts Company. Bridgetown, the chief town of Baebados was founded by settlers sent out by London merchants. Lord Baltimore wrote to Charles I. from Newfoundland declaring that the severity of the climate and the fanaticism of the Puritan settlers in the island baffled him. In October he and his followers made an attempt to settle in Virginia. Being Papists, they refused to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy tendered them by the Governor, and were not permitted to remaia in the Colony. In March, David Kirke and his brothers sailed from Gravesend with six ships and two pinnaces, and arrived at Quebec in July. They found Champlain and his small force starving, and unable to offer any resistance. On 22ud July the English flag was hoisted over Quebec fort, and the French were embarked as prisoners of war. Fresh emigrants from Leyden arrived at New Plymouth, where the population amounted to 300. At this date the population of Virginia was about 3,000. 37 AFEICA. ASIA AND AUSTEALASIA. YEAli. Masulipatam was for a time deserted by the English in consequence of the exactions of the native Governor. Dutch vessels explored the coasts of Westeen Adstealia, and named it " De Witt's Land "; the Gulf on the northern coast of Australia was' named the Gulf of Carpentaria, after Pieter Carpentier, theu Governor of the Dutch West Indies. 1628 The English re-established their factory at Bantam as a subordinate agency to Surat. 1629 38 I YEAR I 1629 EUEOPE. 1630 1631 1632 The Speaker of theEnglish Houseof Commons was held iu his chair while Holies passed a Eesokition that they who make iunovatious iu religion, or who exact or pay subsidies not granted by Parliament, are enemies of the kingdom. rarlianieut was dissolved, and lor eleven years Charles I. governed arbitrarily. In January the New England Council granted by patent to Bradford (Governor of New Plymouth) and his associates, "all the land bounded by the Cohasset river on the north, the Narragansett river in the south, and the territory of Pokanoket to the west," as well as "a tract of land extending fifteen miles in breadth on each bank of the Kennebec." Power of legislation was also granted, as well as a monopoly of trade with the Indians within the limits assigned; and the settlers were empowered to defend their rights by force of arms. Peace was made between England, France, and Spain. AMEEICA. A fleet of six vessels, with 350 emigrants on board, and a large supply of live stock, sent out by the M.issachusetts Bay Company, arrived at Salem. About this time the New Plymouth settlers began to erect new townships out of the fertile pasture land to the north of the parent settle- ment. Duxbury (commemorating the biithplace of MilcD Standish) and Scituate were the two earliest founded, and by 1636 were important enough to delegate two Deputies each to confer with four Deputies from New Plymouth and the " Court " (or governing body of the Colony) on a revision of their laws. The Massachusetts Bay Company transferred the government of the Colony from London to the colonists in America, and within the year 900 emigrants, including many influential members of the Company with their families sailed from England, and founded eight separate settlements along the shore of Massachusetts Bay under the governorship of John Winthrop, who fixed the seat of government at Boston. The settlers enacted that no man should be a freeman of the Colony unless he was a member of some Church ; that the freemen should choose the Governor, Deputy-Governor, and Assistants; and that every town should appoint two repre- sentatives to advise the Governor and Assistants on the question of taxation. Roger Williams landed at Massachusetts in 1631 ; he declined to join the Church at Boston unless the members would express repentance for ever having had comnmnion with the Church of England, but in August was chosen minister by the Church at Salem. Captain Luke Fox visited Hudson's Bay by command of Charles I. He re -erected the cross at Port Nelson, which he found had been defaced. Lord Warwick, President of the Council for New England, granted to a Company composed of twelve persons, including Lord Brook and Lord Say and Sele, a tract of land afterwards known as the Colony of Connecticut. Charles I. granted to Lord Baltimore land to the north of Virginia, which he named Mary- land after Queen Henrietta Maria. 39 AFRICA. The fii-st English sottleuieut on the river Gambia was formed. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. Armagon factory was garrisoned by twenty soldiers, and placed under the Presidency of Surat. YEAB. 1629 1630 1631 1632 40 YEAE. 1632 1633 1634 EUEOPB. Lord Baltimore despatched two ships to Maryland with 300 handicraftsmen and husband- menunder the command of liis brother, Leonard Calvert. Before leaving Gravesend the emigrants were compelled to take the oath of allegiance. AMEEICA. In February ten ships bound for New England were stopped by the authorities in England, and the emigrants were compelled to take the oath of allegiance and to promise to conform to the Prayer Book. In April, Charles I. appointed twelve Com- missioners, including the two Archbishops, theLord Keeper, and the Lord Treasm-er, to govern the whole body of the Colonies, with power to appoint and remove officials, and to supervise all charters and patents. By the Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye (29th March) between England and France, Canada and Acadia were ceded to France ; and in July Louis Kirke, who had greatly strengthened Quebec during the three years he had been in charge, handed over the fort to M. de Caen on behalf of France. M. de Charnisay sailed from France with forty families to increase the settlement at Port Royal (Nova Scotia). Soon after his arrival, M. de Charnisay was sent to dislodge the New England colonists from their fishing settlement on the Penobscot river. A Company of Dutch merchants settled 300 emigrants on Tobago, and called it New Walcheren. After two years the Spaniards and Indians from Trinidad destroyed the settlement. A few English families settled in Antigua. Champlain, having received his commission from Richelieu as Governok op Canada, sailed on his twelfth voyage to the St. Lawrence with three ships, having 200 persons on board, and a supply of merchandise and munitions of war. The number of plantations in Virginia sending members to the Assembly had risen to twenty, chiefly situated upon the James river, and extending about seventy miles inland. The colonists of Virginia exported corn in such abundance to the New England Colonies that the Governor of Virginia declared the colony had become "the granary of all his Majesty's northern Colonies." The emigrants to Maryland arrived in the Potomac, and- fixed upon a site on the northern shore of the river. So good was the first yield of corn that the settlers were able to export some to New England. Each of the eight townships of Massachusetts sent three delegates to the General Court, and established their right to elect the executive officers of the Colony, and to legislate on the affairs of the Colony, as well as to grant the public land. Champlain built a fort on the site of Three EivERS, on the northern bank of the St. Lawrence, about midway between Quebec and Montreal. M. Giffard, the first Seigneur of Canada, received the grant of Beauport, about six miles east of Quebec ; and, having taken out artizans and colonists from France, he founded the village of Beauport, " the first of its character in Canada." 41 AFEICA. ASIA AND AUSTEALASIA. lYEAR. The Portuguese who had been permitted by Akbar to establish a settlement at Hughli (about twenty miles from the present site of Calcutta) were attacked by order of Shah Jehan. The settlement was destroyed, and the Portuguese were carried captive to Agra, and tortured to become Muhammadans. The women and children were distributed as slaves among the chief Amirs of the Mogul Court. The English re-established their factory at Masulipatam under a firman from the King of Golconda. 1632 1633 The London East India Company received permission from Shah Jehan to trade in Bengal, their ships only being allowed to take in cargo at Pippli, in Orissa, where a factory had existed for ten years. 1634 42 YEAR. 1635 EUGOPE. 1636 1637 1638 Charles I. and bis Ministers becoming uneasy at the growing power of tlie Puritan colonies, and having received from the Council for New England the surrender of their charter, issued a quo loarranto against Massachusetts. An Association of Merchants trading to Assada (Madagascar), headed by a Loudon merchant, Courteen, obtained a charter of incorporation. AMERICA. John Hampden refused to joay ship-money, notwithstanding the opinion of the judges that the King could legally demand it if the kingdom were in danger. The Scots resisted the introduction of the new Liturgy drawn up by Archbishop Laud. The English Commissioners for the govern- ment of the Colonies ordered that the Charter of Massachusetts should be sent to England ; but the immediate outbreak of the Scotch rebellion diverted the attention of the King's ministers* from the Colony, which only sent a letter of explanation. The proprietors of the Connecticut patent sent out settlers from England, who built a fort (Say- brook) at the mouth of the Connecticut to prevent the Dutch ascending the river. Many settlers from New Plymouth and Massachusetts also established themselves in the new colony. Sir Henry Vane arrived in Massachusetts, and in the following year was chosen Governor of the colony for the year. An oiBcial census taken in Virginia showed the inhabitants to number 5,000. Death of Champlain at Quebec. M. de Montmagny was commissioned by Richelieu as Governor of Canada. By the end of the year some 800 emigrants had settled in the territory of Connecticut, in the three townships which came to be known as Hartford, Windsor and Weathersfield. They were at first governed by magistrates from Massa- chusetts. Roger Williams purchased land from the Narragansett Indians, and named his settlement Providence. The General Court of Massachusetts voted £400 to found a college or grammar school at Newton (Cambridge). John Harvard, a graduate of Emmanuel, bequeathed to the foundation £700 and his library of 2G0 volumes. The Pequod tribe of Indians having harassed the settlers in Connecticut, ninety men were levied from the three townships of the colony, and the tribe was attacked and destroyed ; more than 600 Pequods were reported to be slain, and only two of the English settlers. The colony of Newhaven was founded, be- tween the rivers Hudson and Connecticut, by a body of Londoners, many being wealthy men, under the lead of Theophilus Eaton and John Davenport. Sir David Kirke obtained from Charles I. a grant of Newfoundland, and settled on the island with his family. Brick and stone houses began to be built in Virginia, where prosperity prevailed, although the Secretary to the Council wrote home, that of the many hundreds who arrived each year in the Colony, the great majority are brought in as merchandise to make sale of. The three towns of Connecticut having de- clared themselves a commonwealth, Massa- chusetts proposed to them a scheme of union, which was rejected. 43 AFRICA. The Dutch sent a strong force against the Portuguese settlements on the Gold Coast, and captured the fort of St. George d'Elniina. The Portuguese soon retired altogether from the coast. ASIA AND AUSTEALASIA. YEAH. Bantam was again made an independent Presidency of the Loudon East India Company, and an agency was established at Tatta. The Portuguese were driven out of Formosa by the Dutch. 1635 Ships belonging to Courteen's Association made their appearance in the Indian Seas, and plundered some native vessels at Surat and Diu, thus embroiling the London East Indian Com- pany with the Mogul authorities. 1636 Courteen's Association settled agencies at Goa, Baticola, and Carwar, on the Malabar coast, and at Acheen. 1637 Armagon, the London Company's first factory ou the Coromandel coast, was declared to be un- suitable for the purposes of trade. 1638 44 YEAR. 1638 EUROPE. AMERICA. 1639 1640 1641 The trade of the Loudon East India Company had so increased that it was found necessary to build a new dockyard. Ground was purchased at Blackwall, a dockyard constructed, and the Boyal James, of 1,200 tons, built, " the largest merchant ship yet seen in England." 1642 The settlement at Providence, which " offered a fertile soil, and a refuge from the spiritual tyranny of Massachusetts," was increased by the arrival of refugee Baptists. Other settlers occupied a site (Pocasset) on the Island of Aquednek (afterwards Rhode Island). Settle- ments were also formed at Guildford and Milford, in the neighbourhood of Newhaven, with which they united in 1643. Certain small settlements (Dover, Exeter, Strawberry Bank) which had been founded, under grants from the Council for New England, along the coast and rivers to the north of Massa- chusetts, and south of the River Piscataqua (New Hampshire), were incorpoi-ated of their own will in Massachusetts. In April a charter was granted by Charles I. to Gorges as Lord Proprietor of Maine, a terri- tory lying between the rivers Piscataqua and Kennebec. The first printing-press was set up at Cam- bridge, in Massachusetts, by Day, a printer, who had been engaged by Joseph Glover, a Nonconformist clergyman, to take out the press from London. Some English colonists settled on the Island of St. Lucia, but were all destroyed by the Caribs in the next year. Several attempts were made by emigrants from England, and by settlers from the colonies of New England, to settle upon Long Island, in spite of the opposition offered by the Governor of New Netherlands. Two vessels from La Rochelle, and one from Dieppe, with fifty or sixty men on board, sailed to found a settlement at Monteeal under the command of de Maisonneuve. On 14th Octo- ber the ceremony of taking possession of the site was performed. Charles I. granted Tobago to James, Duke of Courland. Civil war broke out in England, during which the Dutch were enabled to vastly increase their trade. Sir William Berkeley, a Royalist, was appointed Governor of Virginia. The legis- latm-e of Virginia passed a law against dissent, "binding the churchwardens to jsrosecute various offenders against ecclesiastical discipline." The Duke of Courland settled a party of Courlanders in the north of Tobago. 45 AFEICA. ASIA AND AUSTEALASIA. YEAR. The Dutch drove out the Portuguese from their settlements in Ceylon at Negomba, Point de Galle, Baticola, and Trincomalee. 1638 The London Company removed their factors from Armagon to Madras, where Francis Day founded Fort St. George upon the territory first acquired by the English in India. 1639 The Portuguese received a fatal blow to their trade in the Eastern Seas at the hands of the Dutch, who expelled them from Mal.vcca, and obtained their expulsion from Japan. The London Company set up an agency at Bussorah, and factories at Hughli, in Bengal, and Carwar, on the Malabar coast. 1640 1641 Abel Jansen Tasman discovered New Ze.\land and Van Diembn's Land (Tasmania), which island he named after the Dutch Governor ruling at Batavia. Tasman also explored the northern coasts of Australia, which the States General of Holland formally named " New Holland." 1642 46 YEAR. 1643 EUEOPB. 1644 1645 The English Parliament vested the adminis- tration of the Colonies in a Board of Commis- sioners under the Presidency of the Earl of Warwick. AMERICA. Roger Williams, who had been sent by the three lowusliips of Providence, Portsmouth, and Newport, as their Ambassador to England, received from the Commissioners for the Colonies a charter incorporating the three townships under the title of the " Providence Plantation." Commissioners from Plymouth, Connecticut, and Newhaven met at Boston, and, with repre- sentatives of Massachusetts, signed Articles of Confederation, constituting themselves a league " for offence and defence, for mutual advice and succour," and " for preserving and propagating the truth and liberties of the gospel," under the style of THE UNITED COLONIES OE NEW ENGLAND. Two commissioners from each colony were to meet annually to manage federal affairs, and forces were to be raised to meet any sudden invasion in the proportion of 100 men from Massachusetts, and fifty-five from each of the other colonies. The p)opulation of Massachusetts was about 29,000, that of Plymouth and Connecticut about 4,000 each, and that of Newhaven about 3,000. The Iroquois Indians attacked Monteeal, and so harassed the settlers along the St. Lawrence as to prevent their cultivating the land. An Indian war again broke out in Virginia. Some 300 settlers were massacred, and a desultory warfare commenced, which lasted for two years, when the Indian chief, Ope- chancanough, was captured, and died. A dispute arose between Massachusetts and the English Parliament owing to the seizure of ships in Boston harbour by Parliamentary captains. Saybrook Fort, at the mouth of the Connecti- cut, was handed over to the Colony of Con- necticut by its Governor, Fenwick, who received £1,600, and the grant of the proceeds of " an export duty to be imposed on corn, biscuit, beaver, and cattle," for ten years. A quarrel arose with Massachusetts out of the imposition of this duty, and soon led to disputes concerning the colonial borders. The Federal Commissioners of the United Colo- nies raised a force of 300 men to coerce the Narra- gansett Indians. Massachusetts supplied 190 men, Plymouth and Connecticut forty each, and Newhaven thirty men. The Indians, however, submitted without fighting. The French Company of the Hundred Asso- ciates was re-organized. The old company retained its Seigneurial rights, and appointed the governors and judges of the Canadian settle- ments, but ceded the profitable fur trade to the settlers, who, in turn, were charged with the cost of government, and with the maintenance of 100 soldiers. African slaves were introduced into Baebados to develop the sugar industry. The island .was divided into eleven parishes, each of which sent two representatives to a General Assembly. 47 AFRICA. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. YEAR. 1643 The Dutch estabhshed three settlements on the Island of Mauritius, with the object of suppressing the pirate ships that resorted to the island for shelter. The Dutch occupied the Island of St. IIelen.\. 1644 1645 48 YEAR. 1647 EUEOPB. In the previous year (1646) the Long Parliament imposed the first trammel upon the trade of our Colonies by enacting "that none in any of the poits of the plantations of Virginia, Bermuda, Barbados, and other places of America, should sulfer any ship or vessel to lade any goods of the growtli of the plantations, and carry tliem to foreign parts, except in English bottoms, under forfeiture of certain exemptions from customs." AMEEICA. 1649 Execution of Charles I. A Commonwealth declared. Cromwell stormed and sacked (Sept. 11) and Wexford (Oct. 12). Droglieda 1650 The English Parliament passed an Act pro- hibiting all ships of all foreign nations whatever from trading with the plantations of America, without having obtained a licence. Cromwell routed the Scots at Dunbar. The Government of Canada, or New France, was vested in the Governor, the Bishop, or, if none were appointed, the Superior of the Jesuits, and the Governor of Montreal. They were to name the executive officers of the Colony, and to take cognizance of all affairs of the country. The Syndics of Quebec, Three Eivees, and Montreal were to be heard upon questions affecting the interests of the inhabitants. Strangers to the Company (of the Hundred Associates) were permitted to pass to Canada only in the Company's ships. As a result, the population of the colony remained stationary. Winthrop, Governor of Massachusetts, pro- posed a treaty between New England and New France to jireserve mutual peace, though war might prevail between the mother countries. The Providence Plantation (afterwards Rhode Island Colony) defined its constitution to be I democratical. It declared an oath not to be necessary in courts of law, a declaration being sufficient ; and religious freedom was secured, all men being permitted to " walk as their conscience persuades them." The population of Virginia was estimated at about 15,000 Englishmen and 300 imported African slaves. The colony contained ^0,000 cattle, and horses and other stock in abundance. Wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco were grown plentifully. At Christmas (1647) there were in James Eiver ten vessels from London, two from Bristol, twelve from Holland, and seven from New England. The Maryland Assembly was divided into two chambers, the lower composed of the Bur- gesses, and the upper of the Councillors and persons specially summoned by the Proprietor (Lord Baltimore"). Many Eoyalists sought refuge in Virginia, and were hospitably entertained by the Governor and the chief planters. In October the Assembly met for the first time after the death of Charles I., and declared themselves in favour of Charles II. as King of England and Vir- ginia. The New England Colonies unanimously sympathized with the Puritan Party. Lord Willoughby, Governor of Barbados, whither many Eoyalists had fled, declared for Charles II. The Council of New France sent a priest from Quebec to invite the active assistance of the New England Colonies against the Iroquois Indians. The French emissary estimated that the United Colonies of New England could place 4,000 men in the field. 49 AFRICA. Courteen's Association of London Merchants established their colony at Assada, in Mada- gascar. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. During the five years from 1645 to 1650, owing to the Civil War, and to the ascendancy of the Puritan party in Eu<;land, the trade of the London East India Company was much de- pressed, notwithstanding that fresh privileges were obtained by their officers and factors from Shah Jehan in 1645, and from the Governor of Bengal, Shah Shujah, in 1616. YEAE. 1647 Two Dutchmen, Leendert Janssen and Nicholas Proot, who had been wrecked in the Haarlem in Table Bay, and had spent five months in Table Valley before being rescued by a homeward bound fleet, on their retiu-n to Holland reported very favourably on the climate, soil, and attitude of the natives. In consequence of Janssen and Proofs Report the Directors of the Dutch East India Company decided to establish a victualling station for their fleets in Table Valley. 1649 Courteen's Association of Merchants was formally united with the London East India Company, although the whole body of the members ^Yere not incorporated until 1(357. 1650 50 YEAR. 1651 1652 EUEOPE. Four Commissioners were sent by the English Parliament with a fleet to reduce Vikginia to submission. By the Act of Navigation it was enacted " That no goods or commodities whatever, of the growth, production, or manufacture of Asia, Africa, or America, including our own planta- tions there, should be imported either into England or Ireland, or any of the plantations, except in English-built ships owned by English subjects, navigated by English commanders, and three-fourths of the sailors Englishmen." A number of Eoyalists captured at the battle of Worcester were sent as prisoners to the Virginian plantations upon assurance of good treatment. On 19th May the English defeated the Dutch in a battle off Dover. War, however, was not declared until July. The main cause of the war was the cruel treatment shown by the Dutch towards the English in the Indian Seas. In November Van Tromp defeated Blake in the Dover Eoads. AMERICA. The New England Colonies replied to the Council of New France, that while they were willing to enter into unrestricted trade with New France, they were unwilling to engage in a war with the Iroquois Indians. Between 1651 and 1653 the half-dozen settle- ments in Maine were incorporated by consent in Massachusetts, thus bringing the whole of the settled territory north of Plymouth and south of New France, under the dominion of Massachusetts. Sir George Ayscue, an officer of the Com- monwealth, landed in Barbados, and banished the Royalist Governor, Lord Willoughby, but did not infringe the rights of the inhabitants. M. de Lauson, a firm supporter of the Jesuits, and an active member of the Company of One Hundred Associates, arrived at Quebec in October, as Governor of New France. The Iroquois Indians attacked the French settlers at Montreal and at Three Rivers, and even threatened Quebec, capturing any one venturing beyond the fort. In March the English ships arrived at Vir- ginia and demanded the submission of the Colony to the Parliament. After consultation with the Commissioners, Sir W. Berkeley surrendered his authority as governor, and terms were made between the Commissioners and the Assembly. The Virginians were to obey the Commonwealth, and to receive " such freedoms and privileges as belong to the freeborn people of England "; there was to be a total indemnity for all " acts, words, or writings done or spoken against the Parliament of England ;" the Virginia Assembly was alone to tax the Virginians, and all who refused to take the oath of allegiance to the Parliament should have a year to dispose of their property and depart from the Colony. The Assembly was to have the right of electing all oflicers of the Colony, including the Governor, the Council, and the County Commissioners. In Maryland the Commissioners received from the Governor his submission to the Com- monwealth ; but the rights of the Proprietor (Lord Baltimore) were not infringed. A Mint was built at Boston, in Massachusetts, and silver was coined in shillings, sixpences, and threojicnny pieces. 51 APEICA. ASIA AND AUSTEALASIA. YEAR. 1651 The Dutch East India Company ordered three ships (the Dromedaris, an old-fashioned India- man, the liicgcr, a smaller vessel, and the yacht Goede Hoop) to be fitted up to take out settlers to the C'ArE of Good HorE. Jan van Riebeek, who had been a surgeon in the Company's ser- vice, was selected as Governor. His wife and two nieces, who both afterwards married in South Africa, and other women, were among the settlers. On S-ith December, escorted by a large fleet of merchantmen, the expedition for Table Bay sailed from Texel. St. Helena, being abandoned by the Dutch, was taken possession of by the English. The three ships, under the command of Van Riebeek, arrived at Table Bay on Gth April, after a quich passage oi 104 days from Texel. A fort was at once commenced. On 24th April, Van Eiebeek and his family took up their residence in a rudely-built dwelling close to the beach. On 2Hth May the 116 Colonists, all being ser- vants of the Netherlands East India Company, were left to their own resources, the ships re- suming their voyage to Batavia. Great suffer- ings were endured during the rainy season, after which the cultivation of the Company's Garden was commenced, and the sick speedily recovered their health. Jlaiiy slaps reached Table P.ay in an almost disabled condition, owing to tlieir crews snllering from scurvy. A passage between Holland and the Cape made in less than four months was con- sidered quick. A reward of i'&O was bestowed on the officers of every shi]) reaching Batavia within six months of leaving Texel, and the Cai'E was estimated to be two-tliirds of the voyage out. 1652 52 YEAR. 1654 EUROPE. 1655 1656 Peace with Holland concluded by the Treaty of Westminster, under which the Dutch agreed to pay an indemnity of £85,000 to the London East India Company, and a further sum of £3,615 to the heirs and executors of the English- men treacherously slain at Amboyna iu 1623. AMERICA. A Treaty was made by England with France (Cromwell and Louis XIV.) against Spain, which also provided that Prince Charles (after- wards Charles II.) should no longer hve in France. Spain declared war against England. Cromwell granted to Thomas Temple, William Crowne, and De la Tour, all the country from Lunenburg, in Nova Scotia, round the Bay of Fundy, beyond the Penobscot, to the borders of New England, on condition that the territory was to be settled by Protestants. Cromwell sent an expedition to seize Man- hattan from the Dutch, but peace beiug made, the English sailed to Acadia, and took possession of all the French settlements. The French population of the whole of Canada was stated to be 2,000. A Dutch Colony settled on the southern shore of the Island of Tobago. A body of English Colonists are said to have been sent out to Newfouxdlakd, aided by a Parliamentary Grant. Admiral Perm and General Venables, having failed iu an attack on San Domingo, captured Jamaica from the Spaniards on 11th May. The London Society for the Propagation of the Gospel sent out a printing-press to Cam- bridge, Massachusetts, to print religious works in the Indian language. The Acadian settlements were retained by the English under the Treaty negotiated between Cromwell and Mazarin. The Federal Commissioners of the New England Colonies recommended the several Courts (i.e., governing bodies) of the Colonies to exclude notorious heretics such as Quakers or Ranters. Each of the Colonies, except Rhode Island, passed severe laws against the Quakers. Sir Thomas Temple purchased from De la Tour his share in the proprietorship of Nova ScOTLi. A reinforcement of 1,000 troops was sent by Cromwell to Jamaica, and soon large numbers of settlers from Nevis, Bermuda, Barbados, and New England arrived. A thousand girls, and as many young men, were " listed " in Ireland, and sent to Jamaica. Du Parquet, Governor of the French Colony of Martinique, having extirpated the Carib inhabitants of the Island of Grenada, sold it to the Count de Cerillac for 30,000 crowns. Early in the year Sir David Kirke died in Newfoundland, having been sole owner of the island for twenty years, during which he had " encouraged emigration, and protected the Fisheries from pirates, obtaining a revenue by the tax paid for the use of ' the stayes ' neces- sary to dry the fish, and much of the future prosperity of Newfoundland may be attributed to his rule." {Kivr/sfonl, "History of Canada," vul. i. p. 143.) flS APEICA. Peace wiih Eugland allowed the Dutch to seud out uumerous ships to the East, and as many as twenty-one vessels bound for the Indies put into Table Bay. Van Riebeek, having obtained an abundance of sheep and cattle from the Kaapnian Hottentots, was able to supply the ships with fresh meat, as well as with vegetables, which had grown plentifully in the Company's Garden. The Colonists at the Cafe op Good Hope obtained several hundred cattle and sheep in barter for copper with the Hottentots. During the year twenty-three Dutch and two English vessels called at Table Bay for fresh provisions, which were supplied by the Colonists. The Dutch Colonists at the Cape built a large hospital for the sick sailors and soldiers landed from the ships on their way to and from the East. By this time " nearly every garden plant of Europe and India was cultivated at the Cape . . . except potatoes and maize. . . . Eruit trees of many kinds had been introduced. Young oaks and firs were sent growing in boxes from Europe. Various kinds of vines from the Ehine Provinces and from France were sent out in the same way. . . . Horses from JavA, pigs, sheep [rams and ewes from the best flocks in Holland], dogs, and rabbits from Europe," had also been sent out by the enterprising Directors of the Netherlands East India Company. As many as thirty-five Dutch vessels, five English and four French, put into Table Bay, and obtained plentiful supplies of fresh meat and vegetables. {Thcal, "South Africa," vol. i. pp. 81-87.) ASIA AND AUSTEALASIA. FoET St. Geoege (Madeas) was constituted a Presidency by the London East India Com- pany. The Dutch having agreed under the Treaty of Westminster to restore Pulo Eoon (Pepys' "Poleron") to the English, "grubbed up all the spice trees on the island." Cromwell granted to the Company of Mer- chant Adventurers (the remnant of Courteen's Association) a charter to trade with India. The Dutch obtained possession of Calicut from the Portuguese, and established a factory at Chinsurah. YEAR. 1654 1655 1656 54 YEAR. r EUEOPE. AMEEICA. 1657 Cromwell made an offensive and defensive alliance with France. Cromwell refused to accept the title of king. 1658 1659 1660 Death of Oliver Cromwell, 3rd September. Charles II. returned as King to England, and Lord Clarendon became his chief minister. A Committee of the Privy Council was appointed by the King's order (4th July) " for the Planta- tions." On 1st December, a separate Council FOR THE Plantations was created by letters patent, a Council of Teade having been created in November. The Federal Commissioners of the New England Colonies recommended the legislatures of the different colonies to make it a capital offence for Quakers to return persistently to any Colony after being banished thence. The Spaniards, with 1,000 troops from Spain, and many hundred old Spanish Colonists, landed in Jamaica, but were completely defeated by the English under Governor D'Oyley. The Courlanders in Tobago were overpowered by the Dutch, who retained possession of the island until 1662. Two Quakers (William Robinson and Marmaduke Stevenson) were hanged at Boston, Massachusetts, on 27th October, for persisting in returning after being banished from the Colony. The General Assembly of Vieginia elected Sir William Berkeley Governor of the Colony. Mary Dyer, a Quaker and wife of the Secretary of Ehode Island, who had been condemned to death at Boston in the previous year, again returned to Boston and was hanged. Soon afterwards another Quaker, William Leddra, shared her fate. Temple, the Pro- prietor of Nova Scotia, offered to remove the Quakers from the New England Colonies, and to find a refuge for them at his own cost. In October, Ehode Island proclaimed Charles II. King, and declared a general holiday. A month later the freemen of Massa- chusetts sent a loyal address to the King, and stated incidentally that the population of the Confederated Colonies numbered 80,000. 55 AFEICA. " In February ground was allotted to the first burghers in South Africa." Permission had been given by the Directors of the Company to sucli of their servants and officials at the Cape as chose to become independent farmers to do so. Nine men were released from the Company's service, and, having divided into two parties, began to grow wheat and tobacco, as well as vegetables, in addition to breeding cattle, pigs, and poultry. The chief conditions were that the Colonists were to have full possession of as much land as they could bring under culti- vation in three years, during which time tliey were to be free from taxes ; and after that date they were to pay a reasonable land-tax. The Dutch extended the cultivation of the vine beyond Table Valley, Van Riebeek himself setting out 1,200 cuttings on a farm beyond Eondebosch, afterwards known as Wynberg. The farmers (free burghers) were ordered to plant maize freely. Several mechanics in the service of the Company at the Cape took out free papers, and began to cultivate the land ; but the Directors stated that they found it difficult to induce " industrious farming people to emigrate to a country of which nothing beyond the name was known." The Kaapman Hottentots, becoming jealous of the growing settlement at the Cape, harassed the farmers and stole their cattle, The Dutch attempted reprisals, but were unable to overtake the natives. They, therefore, imported horses from Java, and established a mounted patrol to guard the frontier. The Kaapmans made overtures for peace ; and Van Riebeek, declaring he would hold posses- sion of the Company's territory by the sword, undertook to punish severely any European wronging the natives. A French ship being wrecked at the Cape, thirty-five of her crew, who were Huguenots, entered the Dutch Company's service. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. The " Merchant Adventurers " having united with the London East India Company, the Protector granted a charter " giving exclusive rights to the United Company " of trade with the East Indies. The London East India Company set up a factory at Cossimbazaar, in Bengal, and made their establishments in Bengal subordinate to Fort St. Geobge, instead of to Bantam. The Dutch captured the Portuguese settle- ments at Negapatam on the Coromaudel coast, and Jafnapatam in Ceylon. Aurungzebe was proclaimed Padishah at Delhi. YEAB. 1657 1658 1659 1660 56 YEAR. 1661 1662 EUEOPE. Tlie English Parliament re-enacted that the produce of the ColoDies should be exported only in English vessels ; and no man was permitted to set up as a merchant or factor in the Colonies. Various articles were enumerated as the staples of colonial produce, which were to be exported only to England or to English dependencies. AMEEICA. The Royal Company of Adventurers was in- corporated, having the Duke of York as its head, and the King as a largo shareholder. The Company derived their chief profit from the exportation of negroes from Guinea to the American plantations. An attempt was made by the heirs of Sir Fernando Gorges, Mason, and others, to whom the Council for New England had granted lands in Maine aud New Hampshire, to recover possession. The Government of Massachusetts resented their action ; and the conflicting claims of the proprietors and the Colony were brought before the Council for the Plantations. The General Court of Connecticut sent a con- gratulatory address to Charles II., and peti- tioned him to grant the Colony a charter. In the summer Plymouth also proclaimed the King. The Quakers in England having sought the protection of the King, Charles II. sent a letter to the Governors of the New England Colonies, ordering them to cease prosecuting the Quakers, and to send to England any who were still in prison waiting their trial. The Court of Massachusetts formally declared the constitution of the Colony in a Report they submitted to the King. They claimed " full legislative and executive power over all people within the Colony, with no appeal save where their Acts might be at variance with the laws of England. Agents were sent to England from each of the New England Colonies. In the closing months of the year the Iroquois were more than usually troublesome along the banks of the St. Lawrence, killing or capturing in the neighbourhood of the settlements 180 Frenchmen. Pierre Boucher was deputed by the Colonists to go to Franco to seek the direct protection of Louis XIV. against the Iroquois, who seemed omnipresent, though they numbered only about 2,200 fighting men. Louis XIV. received Boucher graciously, and his petition being supported by the present and preceding governors of Canada (M. d'Avaugour and M. d'Argenson), the terri- tory of New France was incorporated as a royal province of France, and ceased to be under the control of the effete and inefticient Company of the Hundred Associates. Sir Thomas Temple was appointed Gover- nor of Nova Scotia by Charles II , who also confirmed him in his proprietary rights. Placentia, on the south coast of Newfound- land, was taken possession of by M. Dumont for France, as an important post for the protec- tion of the fisheries. Charles II. confirmed the charter of Massa- chusetts, and gave the Colonists an indemnity for all acts committed during the Commonwealth. A charter incorporating Connecticut was granted by Charles II. in April, and read at Hartford in October. No change took j)lace in the constitution of the Colony; but its boundaries were so declared as to include the territory of Newhaven, the townships of which Colony were gradually absorbed in Connecticut between 1662 and 1664. 57 AFEICA. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. YEAE. The London East India Company were em- powered by their charter to plant and fortify St. Helena. An exploring party of Dutchmen from the C.vi'E settlement first encountered the Namaquas, whom they found to be superior in physique and manners to the Cape Hottentots, and of a friendly disposition. An English fleet, under Sir Robert Holmes, was despatched to the coast of Africa. The Dutch were expelled from Cape Verde and the Island of Goree, and the fleet then sailed to America to claim the territory then occupied by the Dutch, but which had been granted to the Earl of Stirling by patent of James I. Mr. Zacharias Wagenaar, who had served as a merchant under the Netherlands East India Company, was appointed to succeed Mr. Van Riebeek as Governor of the settlement at the Cape of Good Hope. On the 7th May Van Riebeek and his family sailed for Batavia. During the ten years' government of Van Riebeek the average number of the Company's ships that put into Table Bay each year had been twenty- five, having on board an average number of 200 men, thus making about 5,000 visitors to the settlement each year, who greatly benefited from its establishment. The Javanese horses had in- creased to over forty, enabling eighteen mounted men to patrol the border districts. There was a a good supply of horned cattle, sheep, and pigs. " Every farmer had at least twelve working oxen and six cows ; every one whose wife had arrived from Europe had at least twelve cows. . . . Their stock was the choicest in the country. Each had his little freehold farm marked out, and beyond the agricultural lands the whole open country was common pasturage." The native clans, so far known to the Dutch, were supposed to number from 45,000 to 50,000 souls. Van Riebeek was placed in charge of tlie Company's establishment at Malacca nntil 1665, and sub- sequently became Secretary of the Council of India. On 3rd April Charles II. granted a charter to the London East India Company. Boiib.ay was ceded by the Portuguese to Charles as part of the dowry of his wife, Katharine of Bra- ganza. A Mint was St. Geoege). established at Madkas (Foet " At this time the Company's establishments in the East Indies consisted of the Presidency of Bantam, with its dependencies of Jambi, Ma- cassar, and other places in the Indian Archi- pelago ; Fort St. George and its dependent factories on the Coromandel Coast and in the Bay of Bengal ; and Surat, with its affiliated j dependency of Bombay, and dependent factories at Broach, Ahmedabad, and other places in Western India, and at Gombroon in the Persian Gulf, and Bussorah in the Euphrates Valley." {Bird wood, " Keport on the Old Records of the India Ollice," pp. 2VJ, 220.) 58 YEAE. 1662 EUEOPE. 1663 1664 AMEEICA. By the Act, 15 Car. II., cap. 17, it was enacted that all European products and manu- factures intended for the " English plantations or factories in Asia, Africa, or America," must be landed in England and thence carried direct to the Colonies in English ships, and that no colonial products were to be carried anywhere, except to other Colonies or Plantations, until first landed in England. Charles II. granted to Lords Albemarle, Ashley, and Clarendon, Sir W. Berkeley, and four other patentees, all the land between the southern frontier of Virginia and the river St. Mathias, in Florida. The province was to be subject directly to the English Crown, and its inhabitants were to enjoy liberty of conscience. In other respects the authority of the proprietors was absolute. They could make war, impose taxes, and confer titles of honour not already existing in England. This territory had already been gi'anted in 1629 by Charles I., under the name of C.vnoLiNA, to Sir Robert Heath, who, however, liad made no settlement ; and his grant was formally revoked by Cliarles II. in 16C3. Four Commissioners were appointed to visit New England, and were instructed to secure the rights of the Crown over Maine and New Hajii-shiue, to enforce the Navigation Acts, and to inquire into the administration of justice, the treatment of the natives, and the state of education. On the news of De Ruyter's action reaching England, 130 Dutch vessels then in English ports were seized, and an English fleet was sent to capture the Dutch possessions in America. Lord Windsor was appointed by Charles II. Governor of Jamaica. He was " to constitute a Council and to call Assemblies, and to make laws and to levy moneys, such laws to be only in force for two years unless confirmed by the King." Louis XIV. created Cornelius Lampsius Baron of Tobago and proprietor of tlie island under the Crown of France, the Dutch having resigned their right to it. Charles II. granted a charter to Rhode Island. The Company of the "Hundred Associates" abandoned their charter to Louis XIV., who created a " Sovereign Council " to be supreme in the new province. New Feance, or Canada, at this date contained only 2,500 French people, of whom 800 dwelt at Quebec, which was created a city. M. de Mesy was appointed Governor. Five hundred French settlers arrived in Canada, and were maintained at the King's cost for the first year. The island of Montreal, with the . seigneury and all their rights and responsibilities, were transferred by the Montreal Company to the Seminary of St. Sulpice. The Iroquois Indians sent an embassy to Quebec to treat for p)eace with the French and Algonqnins. Two small settlements, already existing in CaroIjINA, founded by emigrants from Vieginia and New England, were placed under the rule of Governors appointed by the proprietors. Charles II. assumed sovereign rights over Barbados, and granted to Lord Willoughby, its Governor, the island of Antigua. An armed body of planters from Baebados attempted to oust the French from St. Lucia, and another body of planters applied to the proprietors of Carolina for land on which they might found an independent community with legislative powers. The Union of Connecticut and Newhaven was completed by the absorption of the town- ships of Newhaven in the Colony of Connecticut. The first Assembly of Jamaica was summoned by Sir Charles Lyttleton, the Deputy- Governor, in January. In June, Sir Thomas Modyford arrived as Governor, with 1,000 settlers. The English from Barbados captured St. Lucia from the French, who in turn seized Montsekeat, and levied heavy imposts upon its English inhabitants. Charles II. having granted to the Duke of York the territory known as the New Nether- lands, an English fleet took peaceable possession of New Amsterdam, the Dutch merchants pro- testing, but offering no resistance. The town and territory were renamed New York. AFRICA. A Dutch fleet uuder de Ruyter regained possession of the settlements on the Guinea Coast that Sir Robert Holmes had captured in 1661. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. The Dutch became aggressive towards the English in the East, and boasted themselves to be " Lords of the Southern Seas," even " beating several men at Surat, and hanging the English standard, St. George, under the Dutch flag in scorn." (.Pepy.s Diary, IStli I'V-bruary, 16G3.) The Loudon East India Company discontinued their factories at Cossimbazaar and Patna, in Bengal, and at Balasore, in Orissa, and instructed their agents only to purchase Indian produce at Hoogly. Sivaji, the Mahratta, attacked and plundered the town of Surat ; the English and Dutch fac- tories, being armed with cannon, successfully resisted all assaults made upon them. In re- cognition of the bravery of Sir George Oxen- den, Aurungzebe granted the English Com- pany exemption fx-om custom dues for one year. 60 YEA.R. 1665 1666 EUROPE. War was declared between England and Holland. The French West India Company was estab- lished, and was endowed by its charter from Louis XIV. with enormous territory, most of which it never acquired. It was granted a monopoly of trade for forty years over New France, from Hudson's Bay to Virginia, and Florida ; West Africa, from Cape Verde to the Cape of Good Hope ; South America, from the Amazons to the Orinoco, with the trade of the Indian Islands. It controlled the whole of the trade of Canada, both import and export. Louis XIV. declared war against England, and made an alliance witii the Dutch. AMERICA. During the year, 800 emigrants reached Canada, as well as the Carignan Regiment and the staff of the Marquis de Tracy, who had been appointed Viceroy of the French Trans- atlantic possessions ; the population was thus doubled. As the troops arrived, they were set to erect three forts upon the river Richelieu, by means of which the Iroquois had been in the habit of apjiroaching the St. Lawrence settle- ments. M. de Courcelles arrived in September as Governor of Canada, and M. Talon as Intendant. The Royal Commissioners were well received in Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Plymouth, although the latter Colony declined to permit the King a voice in the appointment of the Gover- nor. In Massachusetts the Commissioners were baffled by the General Court in their attempt to modify the constitution of the Colony by securing to the King the right of hearing appeals from the colonial tribunals. The Court of Massachusetts estimated that their colonists owned 192 vessels, large and small, principally belonging to Boston ; and the Commissioners reported that a good store of iron was made in the province. A settlement was made at Cape Fear (Cape Fair), on the coast of Caeolina, by the planters from Baebados, under a grant from the jaro- prietors. Sir John Yeamans was appointed Governor, and bidden "to encourage immigration from New England," and within a year the Colony numbered 800 inhabitants. Sir W. Berkeley, in a letter to Lord Arlington, stated that the population of Vie- ginia was 40,000. In the depth of winter (9th January) M. de Courcelles led an expedition of 600 troops and colonists into the country of the Iroquois. Mis- taking his way, after reaching the Hudson River, he arrived at the Dutch village of Corlaer (Schenectady), which be found occupied by English soldiers. Finding he bad failed to sur- prise the Iroquois, he retraced his steps, losing a score of men in an ambuscade, and many more through cold and privation. The Mohawk Indians (one of the Iroquois nations) renewed their attacks in the summer, and a larger force of troops under the command of De Tracy marched into their country in the autumn, burning their villages and destroying their crops. As a result, years elapsed before the Iroquois again became aggressive. In his commission appointing his son, Charles Calvert, Governor of Maryland, Lord Balti- more described himself as " the absolute Lord and Proprietor of the Province." 61 AFEICA. The Directors of the Dutch East India Com- pany resolved to construct a strong stone fortress in Table Valley, to defend their settlement at the Cape of Good Hope. They instructed Governor Wagenaar to detain 300 soldiers from passing ships, and to employ them in pre- paring materials. An unsuccessful attempt was made by Wage- naar to capture the Boyal Charles, an English East ludiaman, which, ignorant that war had broken out, had put into Table Bay on her way home from Surat. Van Quaelberg was appointed to succeed Wagenaar as Conunander of the Cape settle- ment. He left Holland on 19th December, 1665. Owing to the war with England, the ship he was in sailed round the Britisla Islands, and did not reach South Africa until 25th August, 1666. On her passage out 110 sailors and soldiers died, and when she reached Table Bay not a single person on board was in sound health. A fleet of twelve ships, equipped by the French East India Company, and under the command of the Viceroy of the French posses- sions in the East, put into Table Bay, and re- ceived every assistance from Van Quaelberg. ASIA AND AUSTEALASIA. Bombay was delivered up by the Portuguese to Charles II. 62 YEAR. EUEOPE. 1666 1667 In May the French and Dutch fleets were defeated in the West Indies. In June the Dutch sailed up the Thames, and burnt the ships at the mouth of the Medway. In July peace was made with the Dutch. (The Treaty of Breda.) Lord Clarendon was impeached, and fled to the Continent, and the Cabal Ministry came into power. The EoTAL Company of Adventueees was dissolved, owing to the reverses it had suffered through the war with the Dutch, 1668 AMEEICA. The Triple Alliance helween England, Holland, and Sweden was formed. Louis XIV. made peace with Spain. 1669 As a result of the report made by the Royal Commissioners, five Commissioners were required by Charles II. to be sent by Massachusetts to England. The Colony temporized, and after the fall of Lord Clarendon, a less hostile atti- tude was shown towards them by England. Antigua, which had received large numbers of colonists from England, was seized by the French from Martinique. The Dutch captured, or destroyed, more than a score of merchantmen lying in Chesapeake Bay. The Colony of North Carolina, which sprang from the settlement at Albemarle Eiver made by emigrants from Virginia, was granted a consti- tution by the proprietors somewhat similar to that of Virginia. When, however, the country had become sufficiently populated the " Funda- mental Constitutions " drafted by Locke, were to be adopted. The power of the Mohawks having been broken, the bulk of the French troojjs were ordered home to France. Upwards of 400 soldiers, however, remained as settlers. A considerable number of emigrants was sent out to Canada at the cost of Louis XIV. " At this period the institutions were established in Canada, by virtue of which its political life was to be carried on for nearly a century." By the Treaty of Breda, Acadia was restored to the French ; Antigua was restored to the English, and St. Lucia to the French settlers. Captain Zachary Gilham entered James' Bay (Hudson's Bay), and built Fort Charles at tire mouth of a river which he named after Prince Rupert. Massachusetts reasserted her authority over Maine, which was again formally constituted a county of Massachusetts. Montserrat was restored to the English, and received a charter granting a constitution com- posed of a Legislative Council and a House of Assembly. Lovelace, the Governor of New York, warned the colonists of Rhode Island that the Indians were plotting mischief. Between 1665 and 1670 " cargoes of young women wea-e regularly shipped " to Canada, and were, as a rule, immediately married on their arrival. Premiums were given to adult males upon their marrying, and restrictions wore im- posed upon those who did not marry. Colbert, in a letter to De Courcelles, 9th April, 1670, says, " Encourage early marriage, so that bj' the multiplication of children the Colony may have the means of increase." Port Nelson, Hudson's Bay, was visited by Captain Newland. 63 AFRICA. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. YEAR. News reached the settlement at the Cape of Good Hope that the Dutch were supreme at sea, and had burnt the English shipping in the Thames. It was not considered necessary to proceed with the building of the castle, upon which nearly 300 men bad been employed for a year and nine months without completing even one of its five points, owing to the scarcity of timber. Commander Borghorst was appointed to succeed Van Quaelberg, who was dismissed by the Council of Seventeen, sitting at Amster- dam, for having furnished the French fleet with stores kept at the Cape for the Dutch Indiamen. Experienced miners and assaycrs were sent from Europe by the Directors of the Dutch East India Company, to search for metals in the neighbourhood of the Cape. Although they searched for several years, they were finally disappointed. The free burghers were formed into a company of militia numbering eighty-nine. 1666 Pulo Roon was finally abandoned to the Dutch by a provision of the Treaty of Breda. 1667 1668 By a charter dated 27th March, IGGO, Charles II. transferred the Port and Island of Bombay to the East' India Company, to be held by the Company at a farm rent of £10 per annum. The surviving soldiers, who had garrisoned Bombay since 1605, entered the Company's service and became the cadre of the H.E.I.C.'s " 1st Euro- pean Regiment," or " Bombay Fusileers," after- wards the 103rd Foot. 1669 64 YEAR 1670 1671 1672 EUEOPB. A Company of English noblemen and gentle- men, with Prince Rupert as their President, obtained a charter from Charles II., incorpora- ting them as the " Governor and Company of Adventukees trading to Hudson's Bay." AMEEICA. War was declared by England and France against the Provinces of the United Netherlands, who chose William of Orange (afterwards William III. of England) as Stadthokler. The EoYAL African Company was incorpora- ted in London. The Council for the Plantations was united to the Council for Trade, and became known as the Council for Trade and Plantations, with Lord Shaftesbury at its liead. Acadia was formally surrendered to the French by Sir Thomas Temple, who in vain sought compensation from Charles II. A settlement was made on the Ashley river, on the coast of South Carolina, by emigrants sent from England by the proprietors, and was named Charlestown. The Hudson's Bay Company was granted by Charles II. the territory from Lake Superior westwards. The Assembly of Maryland laid a tax of two shillings a hogshead on tobacco exported, one half of the proceeds to go to the proprietor and the other half to be applied as public revenue. Many families from New York settled in South Carolina, near Charlestown. Considerable progress was made in Jamaica by the planting industry under the direction of Sir Thomas Modyford. M. de Grand-fontaine reported that there were 359 people dwelling at Port Eoyal, and only forty more throughout Acadia. M. Talon returned to France, having spent seven years in Canada, during which great pro- gress had been made by the Province in the culti- vation of hemp, the manufacture of Canadian cloth, the production of soap, the working of tanneries, and the preparation of potash. A brewery had been built at Quebec ; two sea-going vessels had been constructed ; and M. Talon had himself directed the clearing of land and the founding of three villages near Quebec. He was succeeded by M. Duchesneau as Intendant, and M. de Frontenac succeeded M. de Courcelles as Governor. Charles II. granted the fee-simple of Virginia to Lord Arlington and Lord Culpepper, with the right to grant lands, to nominate sheriffs and land surveyors, and to dispose of the Church patronage of the Colony. The Virginians remon- strated, and the patentees surrendered their rights, except quit-rents and escheats, in exchange for a duty of three-halfpence per pound on tobacco exported. 65 AFEICA. ASIA AND AUSTEALASIA. YEAR. Pieter Hackius was appointed Commander of the Cape Settlement. A French East India fleet on its way to the East put into Table Bay, but was refused stores and fresh provisions. During the ten years from January, 1662, to December, 1671, 370 of the Dutch East India Company'sships called at Table Bay and obtained supplies. Twenty-six French, nine English, and two Danish ships also anchored in the Bay. It was estimated that over 7,000 strangers thus visited the Cape yearly, and benefited from the establishment of the station. A garrison of 300 men was maintained in Table Valley, and the burgher militia now numbered 100, many being mounted on Javanese ponies. Factories were set up on the Gold Coast by the Royal African Company, and forts were erected to defend their agents against the Dutch. The Dutch at the Cape formally purchased from the Hottentots " the whole district [of the Cape Peninsula], including Table, Hout, and Saldanha Bays, with all the lands, rivers, and forests therein," in exchange for goods and mer- chandise to the value of 4,000 reals of eight (£800), though it was stated in a dispatch to the Directors that the value of the goods actually transferred by the Dutch was £2 16s. 5d. Governor Goske arrived at the Cape in October, and found the European population consisted of sixty-four burghers, thirty-nine of whom were married, sixty-five children, fifty- three Dutch men-servants, and about 370 servants and soldiers of the Company. "The Cape castle is the frontier fortress of India," wrote the Directors, and Governor Goske was authorized to land from passing ships as many men as he might require to work upon the castle, which was again proceeded with. Four vessels were fitted out at the Cape and sent to attack the English victualling station at St. Helena. 1670 The London East India Company began to build their Dockyard at Bombay, and founded the Bombay ]\Iint. 1671 The Loudon East India Company endeavoured to extend their trade by setting up factories in Tonquin, Tywau or Formosa, Siam, China, and Japan. The Portuguese were able to hinder the establishment of a factory at Macao ; and the Japanese refused permission to the English to trade, because the King of England had married a Portuguese princess. 1672 66 YEAR. 1673 BUEOPE. AMEEICA. 1674 Peace was concluded between England and Holland. 1675 The Commission constituting the Council foi* Trade and Plantations was revoked by Charles II , and a standing Committee of the Privy Council, entitled " The Lords of the Com- mittee of Trade and Plantations," was appointed in its place. 1676 A Dutch fleet of eight men-of-war attacked the English shipping in Chesapeake Bay and de- stroyed eleven vessels. The Dutch squadron then sailed to New York, which surrendered without offering any resistance, and was held by the Dutch from July to the following spring. Louis JoUiet, a French Canadian, and Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit priest, discovered the Mississippi, and descended it in the company of friendly Indians as far as the mouth of the Arkansas river. Fort Frontenac was built on the north-east shore of Lake Ontario by the Governor of Canada. The first " pot of sugar" was exported from Jamaica by General Bannister, as a present to Lord Arlington, then Secretary of State. M. de Laval became the first bishop of Quebec. M. de Frontenac reported to Louis XIV. that the population of Canada was 6,705, and asked for troops, but was told to drill the inhabitants, and rely upon them to furnish a fighting force. The Newfoundland fisheries were reported by the Lords Commissioners of Trade and Plan- tations to employ 270 ships and 11,000 seamen. The Indians in the south of New England suddenly attacked the Colonists. In Massa- chusetts nine towns were destroyed, and four towns in Plymouth and Ehode Island. Owing to the loyalty of the Mohicans and Pequods, Connecticut escaped almost unharmed. The war lasted until the end of 1676, when Philip, the Indian chief, was defeated and killed. Over 400 Colonists had been killed ; and the Pokanoket and Narragansctt tribes had been almost de- stroyed by the Federal forces (1,100 men) under Josiah Winslow. In Maine and New Hamp- SHIKE a distinct war was waged against the Tarrateens, who for three years harried and pillaged the scattered townships. Edward Randolph, who was sent to New England as their agent by the Lords of Trade and Plantations, reported fully upon Massa- chusetts, and recommended that the Crown should attack the territorial rights of the Colony by confirming the existing holdings at an easy quit-rent. Two agents were sent by the Colony to England to defend its interests. 67 • AFEICA. The small garrison of the London East India Company in charge of St. Helena, being unable to offer effectual resistance to the Dutch expe- dition from the Cape, spiked their cannon and escaped in a vessel Ij'ing ready for sea. Off the coast of Brazil they fell in with an English squadron under Commodore Richard Munden, who sailed at once to St. Helena and re-captured the island. The island of St. Helena was granted by charter of Charles II. to the London East India Company. Governor Goske left the Cape settlement, having made considerable progress in the build- ing of the castle, and having established an out- station and farm at Hottentots Holland. He was succeeded by Johan Bax, who directed two unsuccessful expeditions of about a hundred Dutch and some friendly natives against the Bushmen, who had slain certain burghers. ASL\ AND AUSTEALASIA. Sivaji again attacked the English factory at Surat. " In this year the notable fact is recorded of the Company having sent out Englishmen to Bengal to teach the natives to dye silks the green and black colours in fashion at home." \_Birdwooil, "Report on the Old Kecords of the India Offif-e," p. 233.] TEAE. 1673 The French settlement at Pondiehcrry was founded. Sivaji was installed as Maharajah of the Concan, English ambassadors from Bombay being present on the occasion. 1674 1675 1676 68 YEAR. 1676 EUEOPE. 1678 1679 AMEEICA. Just as the agents from Vieginia were about to obtain a charter from Charles II., confirming the existing constitution, and providing that no tax should be laid upon the Colonists without the consent of the Governor, Council, and Burgesses, news reached England that civil war had broken out in the Colony. The laxity of Governor Berkeley iu suppressing an Indian war, in which nearly 400 Colonists had been killed, brought the grievances of the Vir- ginians to a head. Under the leadership of Nathaniel Bacon, a fresh Assembly was chosen, and numerous reforming laws were passed. For four months civil war prevailed, during which Jamestown was burned. The death of Bacon closed the strife, and Sir William Berkeley resumed the government, and hanged several of his chief opponents, but was soon recalled to England. Randolph was appointed Collector and Sur- veyor of Customs iu New England, aud instructed to secure the due observance of the Acts of Navigation then in force. The Earl of Carlisle arrived in Jamaica as Governor. He informed the Assembly that he was instructed to change the system of legis- lation, and he presented forty Acts, attested under the Great Seal of England, for their acceptance. The Assembly rejected the draft laws (among which was one granting a perpetual revenue to the Crown), on the ground that such a system was "contrary to the government of England, of which country we are." [Oflicial Hamlbook of .Jamaica, p. 36.] Lord Culpepper was appointed Governor of Virginia, and instructed to restrict the fran- chise to householders and freeholders. The Assembly was to be summoned by the Crown, and was to accept or reject laws which had been drafted by the Governor and Council, aud approved by the Crown. Money Bills alone were to be initiated iu the Assembly. Two vessels were sent to South Caeolina by Charles II. with French Protestants on board, who were to introduce the cultivation of silk- worms, vines, and olives. Massachusetts purchased from Gorges for £1,250 all his rights over Maine. Thereupon the Lords of Trade decided to appoint a pro- visional government of New Hampshire, and to call upon the Court of Massachusetts to account for their ijroprietorship and administra- tion of Maine. The two agents from Massa- chusetts, who had been kept in London since 69 AFEICA. ASIA AND AUSTEALASIA. A few Dutch farmers advanced beyond the Cape peuiusiila, and began to farm sheep and cattle at Hottentots Holland. Simon van der Stel was appointed Com- mander of the Cafe settlement (12th October, 1679, to 1st June, 1G91), and took out with him his four sons. He found the castle had been completed, the moat only remaining unfinished ; and that the garrison had been reduced upon the conclusion of peace with England. The London East India Company obtained permission to settle a factory at Tonquin, undis- mayed by the fact that in the previous year their factory at Bantam had been sacked by the Javanese at the instigation of the Dutch. FEATl. 1676 1678 A Mahratta force took possession of the islet of Keuery, at the mouth of Bombay Har- bour, and successfully resisted an assault by the English, who thereupon occupied the twin islet of Henery. A factory was set up by the London East India Company at Amoy. 1679 70 TEAE. 1679 EUEOPE. 1680 1681 1682 AMEEICA. The charters of London and of other English towns were examined under a quo u-arranto, and amended and altered in the interests of the Crown. 1676, were sent home bearing certain demands. All within the Colony, except Papists, were to enjoy freedom of worship, and equal civil rights: all persons in office were to take the oath of allegiance ; military commissions and writs were to run in the King's name ; and all laws repugnant to the Navigation Acts were to be repealed. At this date the population of Canada (New France) was 9,400. The Council was supreme, the principal Colonists only occasionally being consulted on matters of trade. Lord Cardross and ten Scotch Presbyterian families, seeking a refuge from persecution, settled at Port Eoyal on the coast of South Caeolina. The Colonists at Charleston quarrelled witli them ; and many of the Scotch having left Port Eoyal, those who remained were destroyed by the Spaniards from Florida. A government for New Hampshike was set up by Eoyal Commission, consisting of a gover- nor and council nominated by the Crown, and of a representative assembly elected by the free- holders. Maine expressed its dissatisfaction at being governed by Massachusetts. The Hudson's Bay Company, having built Fort Hayes at the mouth of the Moose Eiver, on the west side of James' Bay, and Fort Albany, at the mouth of the Eiver Albany, sent Captain Draper to the Nelson Eiver for the purposes of trade. Lord Baltimore was ordered by the Privy Council to make good the sum of £2,500 lost to the Crown by his having hindered and imprisoned the royal tax collector Rousby. The Duke of Courland, to whom Louis XIV. had restored Tobago, made over his title to the island to a company of London merchants. The Canadian Company, " la Compagnie du Nord," composed of traders of Quebec and Mon- treal, fitted out two vessels which sailed to Port Nelson, where they found, and drove off, a ship belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company, who were attempting to set up a factory at the mouth of the river. In compliance with imperative commands from England, two agents were sent by Massachusetts to "answer for the Colony." They were instructed 71 AFEICA. Commander van der Stel founded the settlement at Stellenbosch, having induced eight famihes to leave the settlement at the Cape by an offer of as much land as they could cultivate in the Stellenbosch valley. The cultivation of tobacco alone was prohibited. During the ten years from January, 1672, to December, 1681, 314 Dutch East Indiameu, eleven English, ten Danish, and three French ships put into Table Bay. Fresh settlers at Stellenbosch raised an abun- dant harvest of wheat, suflicient to supply the soldiers and burghers at the Cape with fresh bread for several months instead of their custom- ary fare of rice and biscuits. Several Dutch Eoudebosch farmers from Wynberg and were attracted to Stellenbosch by the abundant crops raised, but in this year a plague, in the form of " prodigious swarms of small insects, which nearly destroyed the crops," threatened the extinction of the settlement. [Thcal, "History of South Africa," i. 268.] ASIA AND AUSTEALASIA. YEAR. Sivaji, who had conquered a considerable portion of the Lower Carnatic, died, having maintained his independence successfully against the repeated attacks upon him by Aurungzebe. Bengal was made independent of Madras, and Mr. (afterwards Sir William) Hedges was appointed " Agent and Governor in the Bay of Bengal, and of the factories subordinate to it." " A corporal of approved fidelity, with twenty soldiers,'' were to act as body guard to the Agent, and to defend the factory at Hoogly, as well as " to act against interlopers." [Binhcood, pp. 22.';, 226.] Mr. (afterwards Sir John) Child was appointed President at Surat. The London East India Company first im- ported opium from Bengal to England. 1679 1680 1681 1682 72 YEAR. EUEOPE. 1682 1683 1684 In October the Council of Seventeen, sitting at Amsterdam, appointed a commission of three members " to examine into the affairs of their possessions in Hindostan and Ceylon." AMBEICA. " to apologize for various shortcomings, such as conniving at smuggling, the infliction of penalties on dissidents in religion, and the restric- tion of the franchise to church members, and to promise amendment." They were " to protest against any attempt to introduce a system of appeal to the home government," and were to plead insufficient powers if any attack was made upon the charter or the constitution. Rousby, the tax collector, was slain in Mary- land, by an adherent of Lord Baltimore, who was censured by the Privy Counciland threatened with the loss of his charter. William Perm, the son of Admiral Penn who had captured Jamaica, obtained from Charles II. the grant of the territory lying between Maryland and New Jersey. Within the first year twenty- two vessels took out 2,000 Colonists, and in three years' time Philadelphia was a townof 600 houses. M. de la Barre was appointed by Louis XIV. as " Governor of Canada, Acadia, and Newfoundland " in place of De Frontenac. A writ of quo warranto was issued from the Court of King's Bench summoning Massa- chusetts to appear on behalf of its charter. The Government of Massachusetts empowered Robert Humphreys to act as their counsel. Colonel Thomas Dongan was appointed Governor of New York, and announced that the proprietor had sanctioned the election of a Council and an Assembly. In June a decree was issued from the Court of Chancery, to which the proceedings against Massachusetts had been transferred, annulling the charter of the Colony. Lord Howard of Effingham replaced Lord Culpepper as Governor of Virginia. The charter of the Bermudian Company of London was annulled, and since then the Gover- nors of the Bermudas have always been appointed by the Crown. A census of Barbados was taken, and showed there were 20,000 white people, and 46,000 slaves. De la Barre, Governor of Canada, informed the Governor of New York that Senecas and Cayugas (two of the Five Nations known to the French as Iroquois) had attacked Fort Frontenac, and asked that the Colonists of New York should not furnish arms and ammunition to those tribes. He advanced to Fort Frontenac, made an igno- minious peace with the Indians, and was in consequence removed from his post by Louis XIV. 73 AFEICA. A court of " heemraad," to settle trivial dis- putes between the burghers of the new district, was established. It was composed of four of the chief settlers, who held office for two years, but were unpaid. Ryklof van Goens, the Governor-General of Netherlands India, landed at the Cape on his way to Europe. To encourage the growth of grain, he relieved the burghers from tithes for two years. The first school at Stellenbosch was opened. The children were taught reading, writing, and arithmetic, and on Saturdays the boys over nine years of age were drilled in the use of arms. The crops gathered by the burghers at the C.\PE were so abundant that grain was for the first time exported from the settlement, a small quantity being sent to India. At tills (late, the evils resulting from tlie olHeialij of the Dutch East India Company su[ii)lcmenting their salaries by private trade had become .so gross that the Assenildy of Seventeen appointed a commission of three mcmljers to examine into their aflairs in India and the East. The chief commissioner was Hcndrik van Rheede tot Drakenstein, who was endowed with the fullest power and authority. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. Bantam vras taken by the Dutch, who expelled the English, French, Danes, and Portuguese. The English Company was thus compelled to withdraw their factories from Tonquin, Amoy, Siam, which had been subordinate to Bantam. They, however, efl'ected a settlement at Bencoolen, on the south coast of Sumatra. YEAR. 1682 The English were driven out of Java by the Dutch. Sir John Child was appointed " Captain General and Admiral of India," and Sir John Wyborne " Vice-Admmxl and Deputy Gover- nor of Bombay." 1683 1684 74 YEAE. 1685 1686 1687 EUEOPE. James II. King of Engkand (1685-1688). Eevocatiou of the Edict of Nautes Louis XIV. AMEEICA. by Peace prevailing Letween England and France, negotiations took place in London, which resulted in a treaty being signed (16th November) by Barillon, the French ambassador, and by the English ministers, Rochester, Sunderland, Middleton, and Godolphin. By this treaty it vras provided that the domain each power held in America should bo maintained in its full extent. No aid was to be given to the Indians on either side. Neither should carry on trade in the geographical limits claimed by the other ; if war broke out between the powers in Europe, peace should yet be observed in America. The Hudson's Bay Company presented a petition to James II., which was signed by " Churchill, Governor" (afterwards the Duke of Marlborough), claiming redress from the French Government and the restitution of their forts. A conference was in consequence held between Sunderland, Middleton, and Godolphin, and the French ambassador, Barillon. M. de Denonville was appointed Governor of Canada, and French troops were sent by Louis XIV. to assist in controlling the Iroquois. He proposed to build a stone fort at Niagara, on the southern shore of Lake Ontario, to hinder English Colonists from reach- ing the upper lakes, and to restrain the Iroquois. He also recommended that Louis XIV. should purchase New York from James II. Two ships from Quebec captured a vessel belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company in Hudson's Straits, and took her and her crew to Quebec. Randolph drew up and submitted to the Privy Council formal charges against Connecti- cut and Ehodb Island, alleging that they had passed Acts contrary to the laws of England, and had violated the Acts of Trade. A French force from Montreal marched over- land and captured the three forts of the Hudson's Bay Company situate on James' Bay. The French settlements in Acadia contained 858 inhabitants, of whom 600 dwelt in and about Port Royal. In May James II. vested the government of Massachusetts, Maine, and New HAMrsHiEE in a President, a Deputy-President, and a Council of Sixteen, who were to meet at Boston three times a year to conduct the affairs of the Colonies, but were precluded from making laws or imposing taxes. No provision was made for giving the people a voice in their own affairs by means of a representative Assembly. Joseph Dudley, of Massachusetts, the first President, was soon superseded by Sir Edmund Andros, who was commissioned as Governor. Plymouth was also included in his jurisdiction ; and authority was vested in him and his Council (vacancies in which were to be filled by the King) to levy taxes, to administer the finances, and to make laws, which were to be ratified by the Crown. Andros was also empowered to grant land upon quit-rents. [JJoylc, "I'uiitan Colonies," ii. 301-305.] Erode Island made formal submission to the King. M. de Denonville, Governor of Canada, at the head of 1,600 French troops and Canadian militia, defeated the Seneca Indians, and ravaged their country. He built Fort Niagara to hinder the English from reaching the Upper Lakes of Canada, and to hold the Iroquois in check. In retaliation the Iroquois attacked Montreal and Fort Frontenac. AFEICA. The High Commissioner (Drakenstein), on his way to the East, enlarged the governing body at the Cape, " the Coimcil of Policy," so as to consist of eight members, viz., the com- mander as president, the seouude, the two mili- tary officers of highest rank, the fiscal, the treasm-er, the chief salesman, and the garrison book-keeper. He placed Stellenbosch under a landdrost, who was also to supervise the Com- pany's farms and out-stations. He also granted to the government officers land to farm, and permitted them to sell their produce to the Company on the same terms as the burghers Van der Stel selected a farm at Wyuberg which he named Constantia. When the Hi'^li Commissioner had sailed for India, Van der srel set out on a journey of exploration to Namaqua- laud. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. To stimulate settlement at the Cape, the Directors of the Dutch Company offered free passages and free grants of land to emigrants from the Netherlands, requiring them to take an oath of allegiance to the States General, to the Prince of Orange, and to the East India Company. They also sent out small parties of girls from the orphan homes of Amsterdam and Eotterdam, who were married to the most pros- perous of the Cape burghers. At the new settlement of Stellenbosch, a yearly fair was established iu October, during which the drilling of the militia took place. The Council of Policy passed a resolution calling upon all persons to produce their title- deeds and leases to be copied into " a strong book, and authenticated by the Secretary.'' " Froin this date a record of titles has been ' kept ■ but as " title-deeds were never issued until the ground was properly surveyed, and this was sometimes delayed thirty years after it was allotted .... the records are nearly value- less as a means of tracing the progress of immigration." [Thcal, "History of South Africa," i. 322, 331.] A new settlement of farmers along the Bere iiiver was formed by Commander van der btel, and named Drakenstein. Simon's Bay was surveyed, and named after Van der Stel. The Loudon East India Company transferred the seat of the Presidency of Western India from burat to Bombay, in consequence of the exactions of the Mogul Governors. Two squadrons were sent from England ; the one to cut off the Mot^ul ships trading with Surat, and the otlier ''to operate against the Nawab of Bengal, who had arrested and scourged Mr. Job Charnock, the English Governor of the settle- ments in Bengal. ITcMoijs Wkcda; 75 YEAE. 1685 ' History of Imlia, " I'art ii. cap. vii.J The English ships operating off Surat captured cargoes belonging to Mogul subjects valued at a million sterling. The inhabitants of Surat suf- fered so much from the blockade that Aurung- zebe sent officers to consider the grievances complained of by the English. Sir John Child was appointed Governor- General, with full power to make war or peace in India, and was ordered to secure the safety of the Company's possessions in Madras and oengal. Mr. Job Charnock retired from the unforti- fied factory at Hooghly to Chuttanuttee, whence an English squadron conveyed him, his Council and all the Company's merchants and goods to Madras. 1686 1687 76 YEAR. 1687 1688 EUEOPB. Barillon requested James II. Colonel Dongan from New York. to recall AMEEICA. 1689 William of Orange was invited to land in England to secure the liberties of the people. He issued his Declaration (September 30th) that he was coming to secure a free and legal Parlia- ment, by whose decision he would be bound. James II., in alarm, offered many reforms. William landed at Torbay (November 5th), and entered Loudon (December 19th), and called a meeting of tlie Peers, who recommended the summoning of a Convention. James II. fled from England. William and Mary accepted the Declaration of IJiglit drawn up by the Convention, and were declared to be King and Queen of England. War between England and Holland, and France. Having received authority from England, as Governor of New York, to protect the Iroquois, Colonel Dongan, deeming the attack upon the Senecas to be injurious to English colonial interests, invited the Iroquois to unite with the Ottawas, and to bring their trade to Albany. A writ of quo warranto was applied for against the charter of Connecticut ; and Governor Andros himself went to Hartford and demanded its surrender. Although the charter was hidden away, the government of the Colony was merged in that of the rest of the New England Colonies by Andros. The Duke of Albemarle became Governor of Jamaica, and attempted to govern arbitrarily, but died soon after his appointment. Although the population of Canada was nearly 12,000, the Iroquois were so daring that the French were only safe when within their forts. They made an unsuccessful attempt to conclude a peace with the Indians. At tlie same time, they encouraged the Abenaki Indians in their attacks upon the scattered settlements in the north of Maine and New HAMrsHiKE, when nearly 200 English settlers were slain. Some resistance having been offered at a town meeting in Massachusetts to the taxation im- posed by Andros and his Council, town meetings were limited to one a year, and the Colonists were thus deprived of their last show of independence. By a Eoyal Commission Sir Edmund Andros was appointed Governor of the whole of the English Colonies from the St. Croix to the Dela- ware, including all the New England Colonies, New York, and New Jersey, but owing to the change of government in England the new " dominion " at once fell to pieces. In Virginia and Maryland the accession of William and Mary was received with tran- quillity. In Massachusetts Sir Edmund Andros was seized by the Colonists, who declared that their former government was restored to them by the fall of James II. The French planters in St. Kitts drove out the English Colonists. In revenge for the French attack upon the Senecas, the Iroquois surprised the settlement at Lachine and massacred 200 inhabitants. Louis XIV. appointed De Frontenac Governor of Canada, with instructions to seize Albany, on the Hudson Eiver, and to attack New York, which had but four or five hundred inhabitants. 77 AFEICA. ASIA AND AUSTEALASIA. YEAK. 1687 A number of Huguenot refugees (176) were seut out to the Cape as emigrants by the Dutch East India Company, and were located at Stellenbosch, Drakeustein, and French Hoek, in such a manner as to be readily absorbed among the Dutch settlers. The Post Office at Bombay was established. The French obtained from Aurungzebe per- mission to found a settlement at Chandernagore. Dampier, cruising against the Spaniards, visited and explored some 900 miles of the north-west coast of Australia. 1688 To improve the breed of horses at the Cape, the Dutch East India Company imported stud horses from Persia. Spanish rams were also sent to cross with the sheep of South Africa. The French ships from Pondicherry put into Table Bay for refreshment, and were captured by the Dutch, The factors of the London East India Com- pany at Vizagapatam and Masulipatam were massacred by the Moguls, and Bombay itself was pillaged. The officers of the Company with- drew from Bengal to Madras. At this date the Directors in London passed a resolution indi- cating an advance in their policy on the basis of acquiring territory in India. 1689 78 YEAR. 1690 EUEOPE. A naval battle was fonght off Beachy Head (June 30th), in which the French were victorious. On Jul)' 1st the battle of the Boyne was fought, and James II. fled to France. 1691 Louis XIV. and James II. prepared to invade Euijlaud. AMEEICA. An unsuccessful attempt was made by two French ships from Quebec to capture the Hudson's Bay Company's fort on the Nelson Elver. Schenectady (Corlaer), the frontier town of the English settlements north-west of Albany, was surprised by a body of French troops, Canadians, and Indians, and sixty men, women, and children were massacred. This treacherous attack was the commencement of a policy of slaughter and devastation adopted by the French Canadians towards the English settlers in America. Two other English settlements, at Salmon Falls and Fort Loyal (Portland), in Maine, were surprised by parties of French and Indians, and their inliabitants slain. In the meantime, Sir ^A^. Phipps had been sent by Massachusetts against the French settlements in Acadia. He captured Port Eoyal and other smaller forts, and returned to Boston, having com- pelled the Acadians to take the oath of allegiance to England. During his absence a congress of New England Colonists met at New York, and decided to send 900 men along the Hudson Valley and Lake Champlain against Montreal ; and a fleet, with 2,300 men, was sent to attack Quebec. The land force did not come into collision with the French, and the fleet was beaten off by De Frontenac from Quebec. [Kingsfm-d, "History of Caiiaila," ii. 20.5-210, and 335-343.] Francis Nicholson, who had been appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Yieginia, and the chief clergy of the Colony, petitioned the merchants of London to assist in founding a college in Vir- ginia. In response, £2,500 was contributed. [fJoijIr, "Tlie English in Animra," 3.'i8,!>.] General Codrington, with a force from Barbados, drove the French out of St. Kitts. ■William III. granted a new charter to Massachusetts, incorporating with that Colony Plymouth and ^Iaine, and the territory of Acadia, which Phipps was held to have con- quered. The General Court was to consist of a Governor, a Council, and a House of Deputies, who were to levy taxes and to constitute courts of law. The King was to nominate the Council at first, as well as its officers, and in succeeding years the General Court were to elect the coun- cillors. But the Admiralty, Customs, and Post Office departments were directly dependent on the departments in England. The franchise was granted to all who possessed £40 in personalty, and 40s. freeholders. Phipps was appointed Governor. The government of ]\Iarvland was taken over by the Crown, which, however, left untouched the proprietary rights vested in Lord Baltimore. 79 AFEICA. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. In consequence of the prosperous condition of the settlement at the Cape, the Directors of the Dutch East India Company promoted Com- mander van der Siel to the rank of Governor. Sir John Child died at Bombay. The factory at Tegnapatam was fortified, and called Fort St. David. YEAR. 1690 The Colonists at the Cape numbered over a thousand souls, and possessed nearly 300 horses, over 4,000 cattle, nearly 50,000 sheep, and 200 goats. They had over half a million vines bear- ing, and harvested good crops of wheat, rye, and barley. The number of ships that put into Table Bay between 1682 and 1691 was 424, of which 339 were Dutch, forty-six English, twenty-three Frencli, thirteen Danish, and only three Portu- guese. 1691 80 YEAR. EXJEOPE. AMEEICA. 1692 The danger of a French invasion of England was averted by the Battle of La Hogue, in which Edward Russell (Earl of Oxford) defeated the French fleet. 1693 1694 Allen, a London merchant, having bought his proprietary rights from Mason, was appointed Governor of New Hampshike. A charter was granted by William and Mary incorporating the Virginian College (Williams- burg), of which James Blair was appointed President, and remained in office nearly fifty years. The college was endowed with a grant of £2,000 quit-rents by the colonial government, in addition to a sum raised by private subscription. A yearly income was provided by a grant of 20,000 acres, and a duty of a penny on every pound of tobacco exported from Virginia or Maryland. The Assembly also granted a duty of £100 a year on skins and furs, and the farming of the Surveyor-General's place. An earthquake on 7th June destroyed Port Eoyal (Jamaica), then the principal town in the West Indies. An English expedition sailed to James' Bay and recovered possession of the three forts of the Hudson's Bay Company. A British fleet was sent to co-operate with & land force from New England in an attack upon Quebec, but yellow fever disabled the crews. Phipps built a fort at Pemaquid, and another at the mouth of the Saco, by which the Indians were overawed, and made their submission. Ehodb Island was assured that their charter was still valid in the opinion of the English Attorney-General. Connecticut had been so assured in 1690, on the same autliority. A French expedition from Quebec captured the Hudson's Bay forts and trading stations. A body of Indians, instigated by the French, advanced into New England, plundering and slaying within forty miles of Boston. Sir Edmund Andros was appointed Gover- nor of Vikginia, and Sir F. Nicholson, Governor of Maryland. A French fleet landed men in Jamaica, who destroyed many plantations, kidnapped 1,300 slaves (whom they sold eventually for £65,000), and were finally repulsed, with great loss, by the colonial militia at Carlisle Bay. 81 AFRICA. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. YEAR. 1692 " The Loiiflon East India Company spent £90,000 in bribing the Privy Council to renew their charter, and prevent the incorporation of the new ' English Company.' " IBinlwood, p. 231.] 1693 1694 ■82 YEAE. 1695 EUEOPE. 1696 1697 1698 AMEEICA. William III. revived the Council for the control of the Colonies, which began to be called the "Board of Trade and Plantations." It was composed of the chief oflicers of State and eight nominated members. The population of England and Wales was estimated to be about five aud a quarter millions. By the Seventh Section of the Treaty of Eyswick, Groat Britain and France mutually restored " all countries, islands, forts, and colonies, wheresoever situated," which had been captured from each other during the war then ended. In spite of the opposition offered by the London E.4.st India Company, a charter was granted to " the English CoiirANY trading to the East Indies," who had offered the English Government a loan of £2,000,000 at 8 per cent. For four years a ruinous competition was carried on between the two companies. The Board of Trade and Plantations forbade the export of colonial woollens from one Colony to another. Sir W. Phipps, having made many enemies in New England, was summoned to London to account for his conduct as Governor of Massa- chusetts, but died soon after reaching England. The Court of Massachusetts, impatient of the responsibility of governing Acadia, petitioned the King to garrison Port Koyal and St. John's with royal troops. A French force, however, recovered possession of the province, which was then inhabited by about a thousand French settlers. possession of the An English fleet recovered forts in Hudson's Bay. A French force, sent by De Frontenac, cap- tured and destroyed the fort at Pemaquid, and then attacked the English fishing settlements in Newfoundland. Nicholson was appointed Governor of ViR GiNiA, and transferred the scat of government to Williamsburg, ten miles to the north of James- town. De Frontenac sent a fleet to recapture the Hudson's Bay forts, which was effected after a gallant fight with some English sliips. By the Treaty of Eyswick, of the four forts built by the Hudson's Bay Company, only Fort Albany was restored to them. A powerful fleet sailed from La Eochelle to attack Boston in conjunction with a Canadian force, but did not proceed beyond Newfoundland. The Earl of Bellomont was appointed Governor of Massachusetts, New Yoek, and New Hampshire. By the Treaty of Eyswick, Nova Scotia (Acadia) was restored to France, and French settlers were re-admitted to St. Kitts. Death of De Frontenac, Governor of Canada. The Connecticut clergy petitioned the colonial legislature for a charter to a college to be founded within the Colony. A charter was granted in- corporating the college and endowing it with £120 a year out of the public funds. It was not, however, until 1716 that the college was founded at Newhaven, and received its name from its chief benefactor, Elihu Yale. 83 AFEICA. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. A new hospital was built in Table Valley mainly to accommodate the sick crews of ships as they arrived at the Cape. hi 1693 a vessel arrived from Texel with every one of 120 survivors sick, liaving lost 134 men ou her p.issage out. In 1694 another ship arrived with only sixteen sound men and eighty-three invalids, having lost sixty of her crew. In 1695 a Dutch lleet of eleven ships arrived with 678 men unable to walk, having lost 2'2S ou the passage out. In 1696 a ship reached the Cape from Flushing with four sound men and 139 sick, ninety-three having died on the voyage. The European traders in Bengal complained to the Nawab of the unprotected state of their factories, and were told in reply to protect them- selves. Thereupon three forts were commenced — Fort William, by the English, at Calcutta ; a fort, by the Dutch, at Chinsura ; and a fort, by the French, at Chandernagore. YEAR 1695 1696 The London East India Company obtained from the Prince governing Bengal a grant of the three native towns of Chuttauuttee, Kalee- cutta, and Goviudpore. The Company also resumed possession of all their old factories at Madras and elscsYhere, lest they might be occu- pied by the English East India Comp.\ny, which at once set up a factory in Borneo. 1697 1698 84: YEkU. 1699 EUEOPB. 1702 1704 1705 1706 The Scotch failed in their attempt to effect a settlement at Darien, their first expedition perishing from starvation, and the second being broken up by the Spaniards. AMEEICA. Anne, Queen of England (1702 to 1714). War declared against Frtince by England and Holland. Spanish treasure-ships destroyed in Vigo Bay. An arrangement was arrived at by which the London East India Company and the new English Company were united. Gibraltar was captured by Admiral Rooke and Sir Cloudesley Shovel. Marlborough won the battle of iSlenheim. Commissioners were appointed to treat for a union between England and Scotland, and the terms of the Union were agreed upon. Marlborough won the battle of Eamillies, and Louis XIV. proposed terms of peace. The population of the Colonies in North America founded from England was probably about 300,000, distributed as follows : New England, 115,000; New York, 30,000; New Jersey, 15,000 ; Pennsylvania and Delaware, 20,000; Maryland, 35 000; Virginia, 70,000; and the Carolinas, 15,000. Of these about 50,000 were African slaves, four out of five being owned by the Southern States. ICmilr "History of Virginia," p. 308.] De Callieres was appointed Governor of Canada, and was succeeded by De Vaudreuil in 1703. The population was about 15,000. On the death of Lord Bellomont, Joseph Dudley was appointed Governor of the New England Colonies, and instructed to insist upon the fortification of the north-east frontier, and upon the payment of a fixed salary to the Governor, both of which demands were obsti- nately opposed by the House of Deputies. The proprietors of South Carolina appointed Sir Nathaniel Johnson as Governor, who carried on a vigorous warfare against the Spaniards in Florida. St. Kitts was captured by the English. Deerfield, the extreme north-western town of Massachusetts, was surprised and destroyed by a force of French and Indians, and its inhabi- tants were slain or carried away captives. An expedition was organized at Boston, which harried the French settlements in Acadia. The French and Spaniards of the West Indies having made a successful attack upon the English settlement in the Bahamas, the islands were deserted, and became the resort of pirates. The French from C.\nada destroyed the English settlements in Newfoundland, includ- ing the town of St. John's, but were unable to take the fort after besieging it for a month. In order to check the importation of African slaves into Massachusetts, its legislature im- posed a duty of £4 a-head upon every negro imported. The Colonists of Charlestown (Carolina) successfully resisted an attack made by the French and Spanish fleets. The warfare on the borders of Canada and New England continued, and the English government being unable to spare troops, a colonial force was raised to attack Port Koyal (Acadia). 85 AFRICA. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. YEAR. 1699 Wilhem van der Stel was appointed Gover- nor at the Cape in place of his t'atlier, wlio had petitioned the Directors to be allowed to retire, and who spent the rest of his life at his Cou- stautia estate, rearing cattle and in the pursuit of agriculture. From 1G92 to 1699, 435 ships put into Table Bay, of which 293 were Dutch Indianien, 113 English, nineteen Danish, and ten French. Dampier, in H.M.S. Boebuck, visited explored the north-west coast of Australia. and Mr. Thomas Pitt, Governor of Madras, grandfather of the Earl of Chatham, was besieged in Fort St. George for three months by the Mogul Nawab, to whom he had refused to pay an exorbitant tax. 1702 1704 1705 A memorial from several of the chief burghers at the Cape was sent to the Assembly of Seven- teen, complaining of the conduct of Governor van der Stel, who had taken to farming on a large scale for his own benefit. 1706 86 YEAR 1707 1709 1710 1711 1713 EUROPE. The Bill for the Union of England and Scotland, under the title of Great Britain, was passed. The first Coui-t of Directors of the United East India Company was held on 23rd March, 1709, the union of the two Companies then being completed under the title of The United Com- pany OF Merchants tbading to the East Indies, afterwards officially known as " The Honourable East India Company." Upon the dismissal of the Whig Ministry by Queen Anne, Harley and St. John formed an administration. Negotiations for peace resulted in the Treaty of Utrecht. Spain ceded Gibraltar and Minorca (which had been captured by an English fleet in 1708) to Great Britain, and undertook to buy slaves for her Colonies only from Great Britain. AMERICA. The New England force, numbering a thousand men, laid siege to Port Eoyal, but owing to the incompetence of their leader failed to capture it. A force of 1,500 men, raised from Vieginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New York, was placed under the command of Governor Nicholson, and sent overland to attack Mon- treal. Sickness broke out, and the expedition did not advance beyond Lake George. A second expedition, raised in the New England Colonies, to attack Quebec in conjunction with a royal fleet, did not start, owing to the English ships not reaching Boston. Port Eoyal (Acadia) was captured by Nichol- son, in command of a regiment of English marines and four regiments raised by Massa- chusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. After a week's siege the French garrison (350 men) was allowed to march out with the honours of war. The inhabitants within three miles of Port Eoyal, which was ihen re-named Annapolis, were to remain un- molested upon their estates during two years, after which they must either take the oaths of allegiance and fidelity or depart. [h'i>i(jsford,m. 97-102.] Fifteen English ships of war and forty-six transports and storeships, having on board seven English and two Massachusetts regiments, sailed from Boston on 3Gth June, to attack Quebec ; and a force of 2,000 colonial troops, under Nicholson, advanced overland to attack Mon- treal. On 22nd August, owing to the incapacity of the Admiral, eight transports were run ashore in a fog in the St. Lawrence, 884 troops and many sailors were drowned, and the enterprise was given up, the fleet returning to Portsmouth on 9th October. On learning of the disaster, Nicholson retreated without having come into confhct with the Canadians. [Kingsford, ii. 4.5fl-i67, aud Doyle, " Puritan Colonies," ii. 482,3.] The country around Hudson's Bay and the forts on James' Bay were restored by the French to the Company. Nova Scotia (.\cadia), except Cape Breton, and Newfoundland were yielded to Great Britain. The right to fish and to dry their fish 87 AFEICA. Louis van Assenburgh was appointed Governor at the Cape in place of Van der Stel, and the hitter's estate was resumed possession of by the Dutch Company, who forbade their servants to own or lease land in the Colony, or to trade directly or indirectly in corn, wine, or cattle. The burghers were exjiressly admitted to have the same rights as if they were living in the Netherlands. The Dutch East India Company abandoned Maukitius, removing the Colonists to the Cape, or to Batavia, and destroying everything that could not be removed, that the island might not attract other nations. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. YEAE. Aurungzebe died, and his empire became the scene of a fratricidal war between his sons, of whom the eldest. Shah Alan, succeeded to the imperial throne as Bahadur Shah. He confirmed all the rights and privileges which Am-ungzebe had granted to the English. 1707 1709 1710 Governor van Assenburgh died at the Cape. One-fourth of the Europeans living in Table Valley died from small-pox, which had been conveyed by patients returning from India. The out-settlers also suffered, while whole kraals of natives were destroyed. 1711 1713 YEAR. EUEOPE. 1713 1715 1719 1722 1728 1744 George I., King of England (1714-1727). Death of Louis XIV. Jacobite rebellion. Quaclvuple Alliance between England, France, Austria, and Ilolland against Spain. Walpole, Prime Minister of Great Britain (1721-1742). The population of England and Wales was estimated at 5,500,000. AMEEICA. George II., King of England (1727-17G0). The Duke of Newcastle was head of the Board of Trade from 1724 to 1748. War was declared between England and France. Shirley, Governor of Massachusetts, warned the English Government that an attack would be made on Nova Scotia by the French from Canada, and begged that a naval force might be sent to co-operate with the New England Colonies in an attack upon Louisbourg. over a specified shore of Newfoundland was granted to the French (Article XIII., Treaty of Utrecht). Both nations were to cease molesting the Indian allies of the other. St. Kitts was ceded to England. The fourth Lord Baltimore having become a Protestant, his proprietary rights in Mary- land were held to be revived. The French population of Nova Scotia, which was estimated to number about 2,500, would neither take the oath of allegiance to the King of Great Britain nor leave the country ; and the Governor suggested that " English labourers, tar and pitch makers, carpenters and smiths" should be sent out to build a royal magazine at Annapolis, and to encourage trade. [Kingsford, iii. 137.] The population of Canada numbered 18,000, of French descent. The Colonists of South Carolina threw off the authority of the proprietors in favour of govern- ment by the Crown. Sir Francis Nicholson was appointed first royal Governor. A regular government was set up in the Bahamas, the pirates infesting the islands having been extirpated in the previous year. War broke out between the Abenaki Indians (instigated by .Jesuit missionaries) and the Colonists of New England. Governor Hunter, of New York, established a trading post at Oswego, on Lake Ontario. The populatiuu of Canada was 29,390 iu 1726. Captain Osborn was sent from England as the first Governor of Newfoundland. In 1729 tlie jnoprietors' rights over the Carolinas were bought by the Ciown (2 (ieorge II. 34) for £17,500. Iu 1733 Geo);(:i.\, the last of tlie "Thirteen Colonies," was settk'd by Jaiues Oglethorpe. In Canada, where De Beauharnois had succeeded De Vaudreuil as Governor in 1726, every preparation had been made for the inevit- able struggle with England. For twenty years Louisbourg had been continually strengthened, and was garrisoned by about 2,000 men. In 1725 Fort Niagara had been built ; and in 1731 Crown Point, on Lake Champlain, had been fortified, in spite of the protests of the Governor of New York. The population of Canada was about 50,000. An armed force was sent against Annapolis, but failed to capture the town. 89 AFEICA. Col. Maurits P. de Chavonnes, who had commanded an infantry regiment before the Peace of Utrecht, was appointed Governor at the Cape. Marauding Bushmen having driven off 700 sheep belonging to a Dutch farmer of Draken- stcin, the first colonial commando of thirty mounted burgliers took the field in pursuit. During the fifteen years from Ist January, 1700, to 31st December, 1714, 1,007 ships put into Table Bay. Of these, G83 were Dutch, 280 English, thirty-six Danish, six French, and two Portuguese. The French took possession of Mauuitius, and named it Isle of France. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. An English mission was sent from Calcutta to Delhi to obtain certain trading privileges from the Great Mogul. They were well treated, but for two years their requests were evaded. Then, in 1717, owing to the chance removal of the old factory at Surat to Bombay, the Moguls feared the English were about to act as they had done in 1G86, and the mission obtained all they wanted. YEAR. 1713 1715 A terrible gale in Table Bay wrecked ten vessels lying there at anchor on 10th June. Six hundred and sixty lives were lost, with property to the value of a quarter of a million sterling. In the ten years 1715-1724, Table Bay was visited by 645 Dutch, 192 English, ten Danish, seventeen French, four Portuguese, and three Flemish ships. On tlie death of De Chavonnes in 1724, Jan de la Fontaine acted as Governor at the Cape nntil February, 1727, wlieu I'ieter Noodt was installed as Governor. On his death, in 1729, Do la Fontaine became Governor until August, 1737. The Dutch Colonists at the Cape had con- tinued to prosper, and the farmers had taken possession of vast tracts of new country in the interior, and laid them out in cattle runs of not less than 5,000 acres in extent. The Governor- General, Van Imhof, on his visit to the Colony, endeavoured to check this movement, which he considered would turn the Colonists into a body of half-barbarous nomads. He also selected a site on the southern shore of Simon's Bay for a station, and a magazine and hospital were built to accommodate the crevys of ships unable to find shelter in Table Bay. 1719 Robert Clive (born in 1725) arrived at Madras in the civil service of the Hon. East India Company. On war breaking out with the French, he obtained an ensign's commission. 1722 1728 1744 90 TEAR. EUEOPB. 1745 1746 1748 Charles Edward Stuart landed in the Highlands, and was ijroclaimed at Edinburgh. He won the battle of Prestonpans, took Carlisle, and advanced as far as Derby, but then retreated to Scotland. Having defeated General Hawley at Fal- kirk, Charles Edward Stuart was himself defeated at Cnlloden by the Duke of Cumber- land. The Highlanders were then disarmed, and forbidden to wear their national dress. The hereditary jurisdiction of the Highland chiefs was abolished, and the chiefs compensated. By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Great Britain restored Cape Breton, with its fortress of Louis- bourg, to France. France restored Madras to Great Britain ; and Spain paid an indemnity of £100,000 to Great Britain for renouncing the right to supply slaves to the Spanish West Indian Colonies. AMEEICA. Admiral Warren, with ten ships of war, and William Pepperell, with fifteen ships, and 4,000 troops furnished by the New England Colonies, besieged the fortress of Louisbourg (on Cape Breton Island), which was defended by 2,000 French troops and Canadian militia, assisted by several ships of war. After seven weeks' siege, the fortress was surrendered. For this service Warren was made rear-admiral of the blue, Pepperell was made a baronet, and both Pepperell and Shirley, Governor of Massa- chusetts, were commissioned as colonels, and authorized to raise regiments to be on the roll of the regular army. Shirley's regiment became the 50th of the line (Queen's Own Eoyal West Kent), and Pepperell's regiment the 51st (York- shire Light Infantry). By the capture of Louis- bourg, the Nova Scotia settlements and the seaports of New England were secured from attack, and the supremacy of the British in the North Atlantic was assured. [Kingsford, iii. 310-321.] In May the colonial troops handed over the charge of Louisbourg to two English regiments that arrived from Gibraltar, and the two American regiments raised by Shirley and Pepperell. A powerful French fleet left La Rochelle in June with the object of retaking Louisbourg and of conquering Nova Scotia. It consisted of twenty-one ships of war, and of twenty other armed vessels and transports carrying a land force of 3,150 men. After being scattered by storms, only a portion of the fleet reached Chebucto (Halifax) in September. The com- mander-in-chief, the Due d'Anville, died, and fever having decimated the remnant of the forces, the Marquis de la Jonquidre, who was on his way to take up the governorship of Can.\da, directed the ships to return to France, although they had effected absolutely nothing. Uuder the Treaty of Aix-la-CliapcUe, Luiiisbourg was cwacuatcd by llio English on 12th July, 1749. A few days earlier, the Hon. Edward Coruwallis, who had "been appointed Governor of Nova Scolia, arrived at Halifax (then known as Cliebucto, bnt renamed iu honour of Lord Halifax, the President of tlie Board of Trade and Plantations) with 2,576 emigrants, mainly composed of soldiers and sailors who had been discharged upon the con- clusion of peace, and of artificers and theu' families. 91 AFEICA. On tlio retirement of Jan de la Fontaine in 1737, AJriaau van Kervel became Governor at tlie Cait:, but died within a few weeks of his appointment. For nearly two years Daniel van den Henghel acted as Governor, when the decision of the Assembly of Seventeen removed him in favonr of Hendrik Swellen;,'re1)el, who was installed in April, 1739, and retired in February, 1751. Ertwccn 1725 and 173S there called at Table Bay 868 Dutch vessels, ninety-one English, twenty- seven Danish.nineteen French, one rortuf^nese.and one Flemish. Between 1738 and 1750 the Dutch sliips calling at Table I'ay numbered 610, the English 193, the Danish twenty, and the French twenty-three. Simon's Bay, however, began to be used as a port of call by the Dutch vessels in 1742, and seventy-seven of the Company's ships put into that harbour hefoic the end of 1750. Admiral Boscawen put into Table Bay in April, with twenty-six men-of-war and trans- ports, on his way to India to recover Madras and restore the power of England. The troops were landed and drilled for some weeks, as many of them were newly recruited. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. An Eufjlish squadron appeared off the Coro- mandcl coast for the purpose of destroying the French settlements. Dupleix, Governor of Pondicherry, begged protection from the Nawab of the Carnatic, who thereupon bade the English not to engage in hostilities within his dominions. He assured the EngHsh he would protect them in like manner against a superior force of French. TEXH. The English ileet having left the Coromandel coast, a French squadron under La Bourdon- nais arrived, and threatened Madras. The Governor and Council of Madras applied to the Nawab for protection, but omitted to send presents as the French had done. Accordingly the French were allowed to capture Madras, and its inhabitants were sent to Pondicherry as prisoners of war. As Dupleix refused to yield Madras to the Nawab, the latter sent an army of 10,000 men to take it, but the Moguls were routed by the French, who numbered 400 men with two guns. The English attacked Pondicherry by land and sea on the arrival of Boscawen's fleet, but after a siege of two months and the loss of 1,000 Europeans, the English retired unsuccessful. Robert Clive distinguished himself in the trenches before Pondicherry. 1748 92 YEAR. 1750 EUEOPE. AMERICA. An Act was passed by the Parliament of Great Britain forbidding the American Colonists to erect mills for rolling iron or furnaces for making steel. The estimated population of England and Wales was 6,467,000; Scotland, 1,255,000; Ireland, 2,370,000. Govornov Sliiiioy of Massachusetts and Govunior DiinviiUlie of VniGlNiA were foremost among the colonial governors in pointing out the neces- sity of reducing tlie growing power of France in America ; and in 1753 tlie Lords of Trade sent a circular letter to the various Colonies, calling upon them to adopt a common policy. In Novemljer, ■17.')4, two regiments of royal troops were ordered to proceed to America, under General Braddock, "to protect the trade of the English possessions, as one of the sources of national wealth." 1755 In January the 44tb and 48th Regiments, each 500 strong, embarked at Cork for Vhiginia. In May, France ordered a fleet of eighteen ships of war, with 3,000 men, to proceed to Canada, to maintain by arms the disputed territory. Two English fleets were instructed to intercept the French ships, the majority of which succeeded in reaching Louisbourg or Quebec. The first Court of Oyer and Terminer was set up in Newfoundland ; all persons previously accused of felony having been sent to England for trial. The Ohio Company, comprising many of the principal Colonists of Virginia, was granted by George II. 500,000 acres on the western frontier of the Colony, on condition that they settled a hundred families on the territory within seven years, and also provided a garrison for their defence. While, however, the Colonists of Viuginia and Pknnsylvania endeavoured to open up trade- relations along the Ohio Valley, the French, under the direction of Durpicsne — who became Governor of Canada in 1752 — built a fort on Lake Erie and another at the junction of the Ohio and Monougahela. Governor Dinwiddle of VlKOiNiA sent George Washington, in 1753, to protest against the French encroaehmcnts, but without success ; and in 1754, Washington was sent, with 200 colonial troo]is, against Fort Duquesne, but was forced to retreat. At a meeting at Albany of representatives of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, Benjamin Franklin proposed his scheme for the union of the Colonies under a President appointed by the Crown. On 9th July Braddock's force (1,460 men) was surprised on its way to attack Fort Duquesne by a force of French, Canadians, and Indians, and lost twenty-six oflicers and 430 men killed, thirty-seven officers and 3is0 men wounded. Washington wason the staff,but had only joined the previous day, having been ill with fever. In June a force of 2,000 New England troops, whom Shirley had raised by order of Sir Thomas Robinson (Secretary of State), led by Monckton and Winslow, captured the French forts of Beausojour and Gaspereau in the disputed district of Nova Scotia. With the aid of these troops, Lawrence (Governor of Nova Scotia) seized 6,004 of the Acadians, who numbered in all about 9,300), and deported them to the English Colonies, in consequence of their still refusing to take the oath of aBgiance. A third force of colonial troops, under the command of Wifliato Johnson, a Colonist of New York, whom Snirley had created Major- General, on its way., to attack the French at Crown Point, on LaJie Champlain, met and defeated a French force from Canad», under Dieskau, near Lake George. The French then fortified Ticonderoga, and the British constructed Fort William Henry at the southern end of Lake George. De Vaudreuil was appointed Governor of Canada in place of Duquesne. 93 AFEICA. The African Company of Merchants was founded iu London by Act of Parliament, and was empowered to trade and settle on the West Coast between 20" N. and 20' S., the stations of the Royal African Company (whose charter was then withdrawn) being handed over to them. The burgher councillors at the Cape advised that free exportation of their produce to all countries should be permitted, in order to induce additional Colonists to settle there. Ryk Tulbagh, who had lived at the Cape since 17 IG, was appointed Governor of the settle- ment by the Directors, in conformity with the request of the Council of Policy. The Europeans at the Cai'E kept the 8th April, 17.">2, as a day of thanksgiving for the undistiirhed possession of tlie Colony by the Company for a liunchcd years. The Cape settlement was again visited by small-pox, and in Table Valley, between May and October, 963 Europeans and 1,109 blacks died of the disease. Governor Tulbagh promulgated certain sumptuary laws regulating the use of umbrellas, silk dresses, embroidery, and ornaments. The number of servants and horses that each rank might own was also fixed, and penalties were imposed on those infringing the laws. ASIA AND AUSTEALASIA. The French in India nnder the skilfid leadership of Dnplei.\,lie('ame predoniinunt until Clivc captured Arcot in 1751, and afterwards defended it for fii'ty days against far superior nnniliers. In 1752 Stringer Lawrence resumed command of tlie forces of the East India Company, and for some time he and Clive were successful against the French and their allies. Clive returned to Kngland in 1 753. For two years longer Lawrence and Dupleix strove for the mastery in the Carnatic ; and then the Court of Directors in Loudon called upon the British Ministry to end the war, or to carry it ou at the national cost. YEAH. 1750 Peace was concluded between the English and French Companies at Pondicherry. Dupleix was recalled to France. Clive returned to Bombay as a Lieutenant-Colonel in the service of the Crown, and aided Admiral Watson in destroying the strongholds of a race of pirates on the Mahratta coast. 1755 94 YEAR. 1756 1757 1758 EUEOPE. England made an alliance with Prussia, and declared war against France. The Seven Years' War commenced. The English Government appointed the Earl of Loudoun to the command of the troops in America. The Marquis de Montcalm was sent out by the French Government to take the command in Canada with considerable reinforcements of French troops. Minorca surrendered to the French. A fleet of fifteen ships of the line and some frigates, under Admiral Holbourne, was sent from England to convoy fifty transports carrying 6,200 troops under the command of General Hopson. The force was to co-operate with one raised in the British North American Colonies in an attack upon Quebec. Admiral Byng was shot on the Monarque at Spithead for not having engaged the French fleet before ]\Iinorca in 1756. Pitt's Ministry took office on 29tli June. Pitt determined to annihilate the French power in America. He called upon the Colonies to furnish 20,000 men. A British fleet, twenty- three ships of the line, eighteen frigates, and 116 other vessels and transports, under Admiral Boscawen, carried a land force of 12,200 men, under General Amherst, to capture Louisbourg, AMEEICA. Montcalm arrived at Quebec in May, and found that the forces at his disposal included 3,000 regular land troops in Canada and 1,400 at Louisbourg, as well as 2,000 of the marine corps of France, and a militia force of Canadians admirably fitted for outpost work and irregular warfare. In August, at the head of 3,000 troops and militia, he captured Fort Oswego, on Lake Ontario, with two smaller forts, and made 1,640 prisoners. Sir William Johnson, who had been made a Baronet, and appointed Agent for Indian Affairs, declared to the Lords of Trade that the loss of Oswego placed the Iroquois Indians (our only alhes) at the mercy of the French when " they were inclined to it." The island of Dominica was seized by the British. Montcalm, at the head of 8,000 men (3,000 French troops, 3,000 Canadian militia, 200 artillery, and 1,800 Indians), captured Fort William Henry on 9th August, after five days' bombardment. The fort was defended by Colonel Monroe, with the 85th Eegiment (600 strong) and 1,700 colonial troops. Mont- calm granted the honours of war to the garrison, but was unable to restrain the Indians from assaulting them, and slaying many as they marched out of their camp. The expedition from the Colonies, under the command of Lord Loudoun, equipped to attack Quebec, reached Halifax at the end of •June, and was joined by Holbourne's fleet in the middle of July. The French fleet at Louis- bourg was believed to be too strong to permit the English expedition to sail for the St. Lawrence, and, in August, Loudoun returned to New York with the 17th, 22ud, 42nd, 44th, 48th, and 55th Eegiments, and the 2nd and 4th battalions of the Eoyal Americans (now the King's Eoyal Eifles, the 60th), which he bad recently recruited in the Colonies. The 27th, 28tb, 43rd, 46th Eegiments and the 1st battalion of the Eoyal Americans were left to defend Nova Scotia. The Siege of Louisbourg commenced on 4th June. The British regiments present were the 15th, 17th, 28th, 35th, 40th, 47th, 48th, 58th, 03rd Highlanders, 2ud battalion of the 60th (Eoyal Americans), five companies of Eangers, and 296 Eoyal Artillery. The three brigadiers were Wolfe, Lawrence, and Wentworth. 95 ■AFEICA. During tlie administration of Oovfrnor Tulbaf;li the natives causeil but little trouble to the Colonists. The Hottentot elans who ri'niaineil within the limits of the Kuro]ie:in settlement were governed by cliiefs in most instances apiiointed by the Dutch authorities ; and any o[iiuession or ill- treatment of the Hottentots by Colonists was tnnii.shablc by tlic courts of law, which were ojien to the natives. Care was taken, however, to prevent the Hottentots becoming possessed of liorses and "uns. For some years past largo parties of Bushmen from the interior had appeared upou the northern border of the Cape Colony, and frequent raids had been made by them upon the farmers' herds of cattle. At first the farmers abandoned their homes in alarm, but the Bushmen became more daring and drove off many hundred cattle. The military board of Stelleubosch and Drakenstein ASIA AND AUSTEALASIA. Surajah Dowlah, Nawab of Bengal, ordered Mr. Drake, the Governor of Calcutta, to de- molish the new fortifications he had been raising for defence against the French. The factory at Cossimbazar was seized by the Nawab, and an army of 50,000 men was marched against Calcutta, where the total force of Europeans numbered 500. After a defence of three days Fort William surrendered, and 1-16 European prisoners were confined in the strong room of the garrison, twenty feet square, known as the Black Hole. Only twenty-three survived the night's imprisonment. YEAH. 1756 Clive and Admiral Watson recovered Calcutta in .January, 1757, and made peace with Surajah Dowlah, who promised to compensate the English for their losses. Chandernagore was captured from the French by Clive, who joined in a conspiracy with Mir Jafir against the Nawab. On the 23rd June Clive won the battle of Plassy. Mir Jafir was placed on the throne of the Nawab, and, in return, he engaged to pay a million to the East India Company out of the treasures of the deposed Nawab. The Company also received a large tract of land on the Eiver Hooghly, of which the yearly revenue was worth £100,000, for which they paid £30,000 a year quit-rent, which the Nawab in turn made over to Clive as the jaghir needful to maintain his military rank as an Amir of the Mogul Court. A French fleet arrived at Pondicherry in Aj^ril, carrying a large force under the Count de Lally, who had been appointed CTOvernor-General of the French possessions in India. In June, Lally captured Fort St. David, and prepared to attack Madras. Owing to his want of resources he was unable to commence the siege of Fort St. George until the middle of December. 1757 1758 96 YEAR, 1758 EUEOPE. which was defended by De Drucour, with three battalions of French troops, twenty-four com- panies of the Canadian marine force, a battalion of Voluntaircs Etmnghrs, and two companies of artillery, in all about 3,800 men. In the harbour there were five ships of the line and seven frigates, carrying 544 guns and 3,000 men. 1759 The battle of Minden was won by Ferdinand of Brunswick, who was in command of the allied forces opposed to the French under AMBEICA. On the 26th July the fortress was surrendered and Cape Breton Island passed into the pos- session of England. Prince Edward Island (then known as He St. Jean) was occupied by iiritish troops. In the meantime, Abercrombie, who had succeeded Loudoun as commander-in-chief in America, had attacked Montcalm at Ticonde- roga on 8tli July, and suffered a severe repulse, losing nearly 2,000 men out of 12,000. Mont- calm's force (3,300 regular and 600 colonial troops) had entrenched itself behind a formidable abattis of felled trees, and for four hours the British troops in vain assaulted the iwsition. The British regiments engaged were the 27th, 42nd, 44th, 46th, 55th, 6(ith 1st battalion, 60th 4th battalion. Of the 6,000 colonial troops, 334 were killed or wounded. Abercrombie retired to the southern end of Lake George. Colonel Bradstreet attacked FortFrontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario. By the surrender of the fort on 27th August the French lost control of the Lakes, as well as an abundance of stores and provisions intended for the posts on the Ohio. Nine armed vessels. were also taken, and sixty pieces of artillery, besides much booty in the shape of furs and goods for trade with the Indians. The Indians and French troops, having devas- tated tracts of Pennsylvania and Maryland, Pitt expressly directed that an expedition should be sent to capture Fort Duquesne and secure the valley of the Ohio. Brigadier Forbes, who had under his command the 62ud Highlanders and 1st battalion Eoyal Americans, as well as two regiments from Virginia, three regiments from Pennsylvania, and some hundreds of troops from Maryland and North Carolina, constructed a military road two hundred njiles long, from Car- lisle, in Virginia, and with slight loss reached Fort Duquesne on 25th November. He found the French had abandoned the fort and retreated towards Canada. The site of the fort was re- named Pittsburg by Forbes, who wrote to Pitt, " I hope it was in some measure the being actuated by your spirit that now makes me master of the place." [Kiiigsford, iv. book xiii, caps. ii. -v.] In June, Amherst, who had succeeded Abercrombie as commander - iu - chief in America, advanced to attack Ticonderoga at the 97 AFRICA. mustered a commando, which was sent in pursuit of the cattle-thieves, and after some weeks the Bushmen were overtaken in a mountain fastness to which they had retreated, and fifty of tliem were shot. On another occasion a still larger number of Bushmen were killed by a commando m pursuit of stolen herds ; but the farmers were seldom successful in recovering many of their cattle. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. YEAR. 1758 A fleet of seventeen French men-of-war and transports with troops arrived at the Cape from Mauritius, for the purpose of obtaining pro- In February an English fleet arrived at Madras, and Lally was forced to raise the siege of Fort St. George. 1759 98 YEAR, EUEOPE. AMEEICA. 1759 Marshal de Broglie. The victory was mainly due to the valour and discipline of the six regi- ments of British infantry present ; who marched in li?ie to attack the French cavalry. Sir Edward Hawke defeated in Quiberon Bay a French fleet which was waiting to embark a French army of 18,000 men who had been col- lected together to invade England. 1760 Accession of George III. (1760-1820). The population of England and Wales w.as estimated at 6,736,000. head of eight regiments of regular troops (6,600) and 4,800 colonial troops from Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Jersey. On the 26th July he reached the fort, and found the French had blown it up and retreated to Crown Point. A few days later Crown Point was deserted by the French, and occupied by the British. Sir Wm. Johnson captured Fort Niagara (July 25th), which commanded the route between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, and controlled the fur trade with the Indians of the west. In July the fleet of Admiral Saunders, with Wolfe and between 8,000 and 9,000 troops on board, reached Quebec, which was defended by about 13,000 French troopsaudCanadians. Outhe 12thJuly the bombardment of the city commenced, and was continued almost without cessation until Wolfe found that his only chance of capturing the citadel lay in his obtaining command of the plateau in rear of Quebec, known as the Plains of Abraham. Having succeeded in reaching the Plains during the earlj' morning of the 13th September, W^olfe was attacked by Montcalm, and after a brief but desperate struggle the British bayonets and broadswords proved vic- torious. The number of British troops engaged was about 4,000, of French and Canadians about 5,000. The British regiments present were the 15th, 28th, 35th, 43rd, 47th, 48th, 58th 2nd and 3rd battalions of the 60th, and the 78th (High- landers), and the Louisbourg grenadiers, whom Wolfe was leading in their charge when he was mortally wounded. The British lost 58 killed and 597 wounded ; the French lost Montcalm and about 1,300 men. Without further fighting, Quebec capitulated on 18th September, the Governor of Canada, De Vaudreuil, having retreated with the bulk of the defenders to join De L6vis, who was holding Montreal. [Kinrjsford, vol. iv. book .\iii. caps, vi.-viii.] De Levis with 7,000 French troops and 3,000 Canadians marched against Quebec. General Murray, with 3,000 troops, advanced to attack the French iu the open, and was beaten back on 28th April. An English fleet under Lord Colville arrived at Quebec on 16th May, and De Levis retreated to Montreal. In August, Amherst reached Montreal at the head of 5,600 regular troops and 4,500 colonials. General Murray had advanced from Quebec, and De Vaudreuil, finding himself hemmed in and outnumbered, capitulated, the Fl'ench having to lay down their arms, and proceed as prisoners to France. 99 AFRICA. visions. The farmers had previously been much depressed, owing to a considerable falling olf in the number of ships tliat called in for refresh- ment, only twelve foreign ships having put into the Bay in 1756 and 1757. The price of farm produce at once rose considerably, and the farmers were enabled to dispose of all their sur- plus stock. Moreover, everything purchased was paid for in ready money, and from this date until the close of the war between England and France the Cape farmers continued to prosper. French men-of-war made frequent visits until 1761, and after that date ships of both nations came to refresh their crews and obtain supplies. [Thcal, -'History of South Africa," ii. 160, 1.] In consequence of the action of Clive, the Directors of the Dutch East India Company ordered the authorities at the Gate to refuse all supplies to English ships touching there, as far as existing treaties would allow. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. Clive proposed to Pitt that England should take possession of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa in full sovereignty. lie declared that the Great Mogul would readily graat the three provinces to any one who would guarantee a regular yearly payment of half a million sterling to the Imperial treasury ; and he explained that he had already been offered the post of collector of the revenue of the three provinces on those terms. The revenue was between two and three millions, and the cost of defence would not exceed half a million. [Olive's Li'Ucr dated 7th .lanuary, 1759 — see Malcolm's " Life of Clive," ii.] The Dutch having sent an armed fleet to rein- force their factory at Chinsurah, on the Ganges, Clive deemed it impolitic to allow the Dutch forces to be increased, lest Mir Jafir should play them off against the Englisli. He there- fore captured the ships in the Hooghly, and imposed conditions forbidding the Dutch at Chinsurah to fortify the factory or to raise troops. Colonel (Sir Eyre) Coote defeated the French under Lally at the battle of Wandewash, between Madras and I'ondicherry, the crowning blow to French power in India. At the close of the year Coote besieged Lally in Pondicherry. Colonel Forde drove the French out of the Northern Circars, and recovered all the captured factories. Clive resigned his post in Bengal, and re- turned to England. YEAlt. 1759 1760 J 100 YEAH. 1760 EUROPE. AMEEICA. 1761 Pitt was of opinion that war should be declared against Spain, and resigned because the Ministry did not agree with him. Lord Bute became Secretary of State in his place. 1762 1763 War was declared by England against Spain. Newcastle having resigned, Bute became Prime Minister, the Earl of Egremont and George Grenville, Secretaries of State. Preliminary articles of peace were signed at Fontainebleau in November. On 10th February the Treaty of Paris was signed, by which peace was made between England, France, Spain, and Portugal. George Grenville became Prime Minister in place of Lord Bute (April). Amherst having thus completed the conquest of Canada, assigned the government of the country to the three military oflicers in com- mand at Quebec, Three Rivers, and Montreal. An insurrection broke out among the slaves in Jamaica. Many European families were slain, and two regiments of troops were engaged, with the militia force, in suppressing the rising. In consequence of the restrictions and duties imposed upon the commerce of the American Colonies by the Board of Trade in England, much smuggling was engaged in, and evasion of the Navigation Acts was widespread. The Boston custom house officials applied for writs of assistance such as were issued by the Exchequer in England. Although the writs were ultimately issued, the feeling aroused by James Otis and others against them was so hostile that the officers did not dare make use of them. The military Governors of Quebec, Montreal, and Three Elvers reported that the populations under their government numbered 30,211, 24,957, and 6,612, respectively, making a total for Canada of 61,780. The English fleet, under Rodney, assisted General Monckton in capturing from the French the islands of Martinique, Grenada, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent. Havana was stormed, and the Spaniards defeated in Cuba. Vancouver Island and other islands on the Pacific coast of North America were dis- covered. The British population of Nova Scotia num- bered 8,104. Martinique, Guadeloupe, and St. Lucia were restored to France, who, in turn, ceded to England Grenada, St. Vincent, Dominica, and Tobago. Cuba v^-as restored to Spain, who ceded Florida to England. France ceded to England " Canada with all its dependencies," Capo Breton Island, "and all the other islands and coasts in the gulf and river St. Lawrence " ; England granted " the liberty of the Catholic religion to the inhabitants of Canada," and the right to sell their estates to subjects of Great Britain if they preferred to retire from Canada (Clause IV. of the Treaty). 101 AFRICA. Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two Euglish astronomers, beiug delayed on their voyage to Bencooleu to observe tlie transit of Venus, decided to make their observations at the Cape. This they succeeded in doing on the 6th June, 17G1. As matters had been amicably settled between England and the United Provinces, Ryk Tulbagh gave the Englishmen all the assistance in his power. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. YEAH. In January the French garrison at Pondi- cherry was starved into surrender, and the town and fortifications were destroyed. With the surrender of their fortress at Jingi the French lost the last sign of their military power in the Carnatic. The Afghans defeated the Mahrattas battle of Paniput on 7th January. the The demand made upon the Colonists at Table Bay by the officers of French packets from Mauritius and of English packets from St. Helena for cattle, meal, and wine, was so great that the Cape government were occasionally unable to procure all they needed for the Dutch East India Company's ships, and an order was issued forbidding the sale of wine to foreigners under penalty of confiscation of all that was offered and of a heavy fine. Disputes arose between the English in Bengal and Mir Kasim, whom they had set up in the place of Mir Jafir, as to the payment of certain dues. Vansittart, the Governor, and Warren Hastings, the youngest member of the Calcutta Council, held the Nawab to be in the right, but the majority of the Council were against them. By the Treaty of Paris, Pondicherry was restored to the French unfortified. As a result of the dispute with Mir Kasim, war was commenced by the English at Patna seizing the native town and attempting to cap- ture the fortress. The Nawab's troops were victorious, and the English were imprisoned ; the factory at Cossimbazar was also captured, and its inhabitants taken to Patna as prisoners. The English at Calcutta reinstated Mir Jafir as Nawab, and marched against Mir Kasim, by whose orders the English prisoners at Patna were massacred. Patna was soon stormed by the English from Calcutta. 1760 1761 1762 1763 102 YEA.ll. 1763 1764 1765 EUEOPE. AMERICA. The British ParUament resolved that it was just aud necessary that a revenue should be raised in his Majesty's dominions in America for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the same. The Stamp Act was passed almost without opposition in the British Parliament, despite the opposition of the Amei'ican Colonies, who urged every possible argument against the imposition of internal taxes in a country not represeuted in Parliament. The English merchants also de- cried the Act as disastrous to themselves, as the Americans refused to pay their debts to them or to renew their orders while the Act was in force. Lord Rockingham succeeded Grenville as Prime Minister. Four distinct and separate governments were proclaimed (7th October, 1763) as having been erected under the Great Seal of Great Britain, viz., Quebec, East Floeida, West Florida, and Grenada, which included the island so named, the Grenadines, Dominica, St. Vincent, and Tobago. By the same Proclamation the Governors of the new Colonies and of the other Provinces in North America were empowered " to grant, without fee or reward, to such reduced officers as have served in North America during the late war, and are actually residing there, and shall personally apply for," quantities of land ranging from 5,000 acres to a held officer, to fifty acres to a private, subject, at the expiration of ten years, to the quit-rents aud other conditions usual in the Province in which the lands were. The island of St. John and Cape Breton were added to the government of Nova Scotia. Labrador, Anticosti, and the Magdalen Islands were placed under the jurisdiction of Newfound- land, which then had a population of 13,112. Newfoundland was declared to be one of His Majesty's plantations, aud a collector of customs was appointed. The Quebec CTa.je;te was first issuedou 21st June. A formidable rising of Indians, under Pontiac, chief of the Ottawas, resulted in the capture of many outlying forts aud the massacre of settlers. After several months' warfare the Indians were completely defeated. On learning that the Stamp Act had become law, Patrick Henry, a young burgess of Virginia, moved and carried resolutions in the House of Assembly to the effect that the first Virginia settlers had brought with them from England all the rights and immunities of British subjects; that two royal charters had expressly recognized these rights ; that the taxation of the people by themselves was the distinguishing characteristic of British freedom ; and that " the General Assembly of this Colony has the sole right and power to lay taxes and impositions on the inhabitants of this Colony." A Congress of twenty-eight delegates from the American Colonies was held at New York, and a Declaration of Eights aud Liberties was adopted on 19th October. The arrival of officers to put the Stamp Act in operation was followed by riots in several cities, especially in Boston and New York. 103 AFEICA. Lord Clive, on his way to India, landed at the Cape in Ueceuiber, and was received by Governor Tulbagh with all possible honour, Government House was placed at his disposal as the guest of the Company, and he was provided with a military guard. ASIA AND AUSTEALASIA. YEAE After some fighting before Patna, the English were reinforced by Major Hector Munro, who, in October, won the decisive battle of Buxar. The whole of the territories of Oude fell into the hands of the English, upon whom the Mogul Padishah became dependent as the foremost power in India. Lord Clive obtained from the Padishah the grant to the Company of the office of Dewan of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa. The English were to pay to the Padishah a quarter of a million sterling out of the revenues, half a million to the Nawab of Bengal, and the remainder, esti- mated at between two and three millions, was to be dealt with at their discretion. Oude was restored to the Nawab Vizier formerly govern- ing it, in order to form a barrier between the pro- vinces of Bengal and Behar, and the marauding Afghans and Mahrattas. 1763 1764 1765 104 YEAR, 1766 1767 1768 EUEOPE. 1769 The Stamp Act, which had been estimated to yield from £60,000 to £100,000 a year, was repealed after being in operation six months, and having yielded £4,000. The expenses incurred in executing it had been £6,837. Burke termed the process " shearing the wolf." A Declaratory Act was also passed asserting that Great Britain had the right and authority to make laws binding upon the Colonies and people of America in all cases whatsoever (6 Geo. III., cap. 11 & 12). In July, Pitt (Earl of Chatham) formed a Ministry, with the Duke of Grafton as nominal head. Lord Rockingham having resigned office. Charles Townshend (Chancellor of the Exchequer) having reduced the land-tax in England from 4s. to 3s. in the pound, imposed additional custom dues in the Colonies in America on glass, x^aper, painters' colours, and tea, in order to raise a revenue (estimated at £30,000) out of which to pay the officials appointed by the Crown (7 Geo. III., cap. 46). AMEEICA. A Secretary of State for the American, or Colonial, Department was appointed in England. Chatham retired from the Ministry owing to failing health. The British Parliament adopted (8th February) an Address to the King declaring that the late Acts of the Mass.vchusetts Assembly were illegal, unconstitutional, and derogatory of the rights of the Crown and Parliament of Great fjritain, and it was earnestly requested that Governor Barnard should send persons ac- cused of treason or misprision of treason to be tried before a Special Commission in England, pursuant to provisions of 30 Hen. VIII., in case his Majesty, upon Governor Barnard's report, should see sufficient ground for such a proceeding. General Carleton was appointed to succeed General Murray as Governor of Quebec Province. The Legislature of New Yoek refused to make provision for the royal troops quartered in the Colony, and was, in consequence, suspended by an Act of the British Parliament passed on June 15th. On 27th October a meeting of the inhabitants of Boston passed resolutions for the promotion of native manufactures, and for lessening and restraining the use of foreign superfluities. A subscription was opened and a committee appointed for encouraging their own manufac- tures and establishing new ones. These resolu- tions, or similar ones, were adopted by all the other American Colonies. The majority of the Council of Massachusetts petitioned the King (11th February) against the late Revenue Acts, and addressed circular letters to the other Colonies, requiring them to join in petitions, and stating the late laws to have been infringements of the rights of the people of the Colonies. Having refused to rescind the letters, the Assembly of Massachusetts was suspended by Governor Barnard. The Boston custom house officials seized a sloop belonging to John Hancock for a false entry. A riot ensued, and the officials fled to Castle "William, a fortification on a small island in the harbour. In October British troops, under General Gage, arrived in Boston, and the select men refused to find quarters for them. The House of Burgesses in Vikginia was dis- solved by the Governor for denouncing the intended transportation to England of Americans accused of treason. The island of St. John (Prince Edward Island) was separated from Quebec, and made a provuice. 105 AFEICA. ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. An alliance was made between the English in India and Nizam Ali of Hyderabad. They directed their jciiut forces against Hyder Ali of Mysore, who had favoured the French and had threatened to invade Hyderabad. rEAE. About this date the town in Table Valley began to be known to strangers by the name of Cai-etown, though the Dutch Colonists still called it the Capoi A Commission was appointed by the Council of Policy at the Cape to lay down a permanent boundary between the districts of Stellenbosch and Swellendam, and to inspect the outlying farms and the frontier of the Colony. They reported that many Colonists were found with large herds of cattle between the Gamtoos and Fish Elvers who were not paying rent to the Company. 1766 Lord Clive finally left India, and Mr. Verelst was appointed Governor of Bengal. Nizam Ali deserted the English, and aUied himself with Hyder Ali, and with him prepared to attack the English in the Carnatic. 1767 The English army retired towards Madras, and, having been reinforced, inflicted two defeats upon the allies; whereupon Nizam Ali sued for peace, and Hyder Ali retired to Mysore. 1768 Captain Cook and Joseph Banks in H.M.S. Endeavour, having made observations in Tahiti of the transit of Venus, landed at Poverty Bay on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand, on the 8th October, and after- wards sailed round the islands. 1769 106 YEAR. 1770 EUEOPB. 1772 1773 1774 Lord North became Prime Minister (1770- 1782) in place of tlie Duke of Grafton, and Lord Hillsborough, Secretary for the Colonies. In March all the American import duties were repealed, except the tax of threepence per pound on tea. The population of England and Wales was estimated at 7,428,000. Lord Mansfield decided that slavery could not exist iu England : (Sommerset's case). AMEEICA. Lord North's India Act was passed. Warren Hastings, as Governor of Bengal, becanie Governor-General. A supreme court was established (Elijah Impey, chief judge), and a new Council was created of five members, including the Governor-General, whose appoint- ment was vested in the twenty-four Directors elected by the proprietors of India Stock. Riots in Boston occurred owing to the hostile attitude of the citizens towards the English soldiers. On one occasion, three men were shot dead and eight wounded by soldiers. The British Parliament passed (1) the Boston Port Act, closing the harbour of Boston to the import and export of all goods except food and fuel ; (2) au Act that virtually revoked the Charter of Massachusetts by transferring the election of its Council from the Colonists to the Crown, and vested the nomination of its judges in the Governor, wlio was also empowered to send all persons concerned in the recent riots to England for trial ; and (3) an Act providing that persons accused of murder or any capital crime in America should be tried either in England or in some other Colony than that in which the crime was committed. Lord Dunmore was appointed Governor of VllJUINIA. An English revenue schooner, the Gaspe, having run aground, was destroyed by the people of EuoDE Island. The leading burgesses of Virginia appointed a committee " to obtain the most early and j authentic inteUigence " of affairs in England, and "to maintain a correspondence and coiumum- cation with our sister Colonies." In Massa- chusetts a plan had already been adopted for communication between the counties of that Colony, but the Virginian plan practically united the Colonies. New Yoek and Philadelphia induced ships of the East India Company which arrived laden with tea, to leave their harbours without un- loading their cargoes. At Chailestown the tea was landed, only to be stored in damp cellars and spoiled. In Boston, however, the tea ships were boarded in December by citizens dis- guised as Indians, who destroyed the chests and threw the tea overboard. In Demeeaea the Court of Policy was set up. The Virginia House of Burgesses, on learning that Boston Port was to be closed, ordered (24th May) that the 1st June should be observed as a day of fasting, humiliation, and prayer. On 27th May the House was dissolved by the Governor, but the Burgesses met at the famous Raleigh Tavern and directed the Committee of Correspondence to propose to the other Colonies a General Congress. On 5th September the General Congress met at Philadelphia, all the Colonies being represented except Georgia. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, expressed the unanimous feeling of the assembly when he declared that the distinctions between the Colonists no longer existed. They were all 107 AFEICA. A Spanish sliip-of-war put into Table Bay, and was refused all sujaplies except water aud fuel, as Spain was prohibited by the Treaties of Munster and Utrecht from sending vessels to India via the Cape op Good Hope. The Council of Policy ordered that the Bruintjes Hooghte range and the Ganitoos river should be observed as the colonial boundary, aud that all Colonists then beyond those limits should retire within the boundary. Duiinj; the twenty-one years 1751-1771 tlie ships that ualleil at Talilc liay, or Simon's Bay, numbereil l,-47'2, of whieli 1,0G7 liclouged to the . ])ntch East Inayable to the slave-owners in Cape Colony, who appraised the slaves they owned at £3,040,000. Much discontent resulted from what was regarded as an act of confiscation. Sir Benjamin D' Urban be- came Governor of Cape Colony. The English settlers in tlie district of Albany had overcome their early difficulties, and Grahamstown con- tained 3,700 inhabitants, exclusive of soldiers, and Port Elizabeth had 1,200 residents. In December the Kaffirs raided the south-eastern portion of Cape Colony, and slew fifty farmers, burned many homesteads, and reerossed the frontier with their spoil of horses, cattle, sheeji, and whatever they could carry off. 135 ASIA. The charter of the East ludia Company was renewed; but the Company withdrew from all commercial transactions, and Europeans were granted the right to reside iu India and to acquire possession of lands. AUSTRALASIA. YEAR. Sir Richard Bourke became Governor of New South Wales, and inaugurated the system of selling the waste lands of the Colony by auction, the minimum price at first fixed being 5s. per acre. Mr. Busby was appointed by Governor Bourke to live as British Resident at the Bay of Islands, New Zealand. Coal, to the amount of 328 tons, was produced in New South Wales. Edward Henty, a merchant of Launceston, in Van Diemen's Land, crossed Bass's Straits and examined the country aboi *■. Portland Bay. 1831 y 1833 y y In November, Henty made the first perma- nent settlement on the soil of ViCToraA, and commenced to till the ground and to breed stock. 1834 136 EUEOPB. 1835 Lord Melbourne becamePrime Minister, and Lord Glenelg War and Colonial Secretary. AMERICA. 1836 1837 On 6tli INIarch the Imperial House of Conniions adopted a series of resolutions, moved by Lord John Russell, which de- clared it inexpedient to comply with the demand of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada for an elective Legislative Council. Queen Victoria ascended the throne on 20th June. Lord Gosford was appointed Governor-General of Canada, and Sir C. Grey and Sir G. Gipps were associated with him as Eoyal Commissioners to inquire fully into the state of Lower Canada. AEEICA. In July the first railroad in Canada was opened from La Prairie to St. John's, in Quebec Province. The discontent in Lower Canada became so grave that legislation was completely obstructed. The Great Trek of the Boers from Cape Colony commenced. Their grievances were (1) against the Imperial Government for not sufficiently protecting them against the blacks, for liberating the slaves in an unjust manner, and gene- rally for showing partiality to " persons with black skins and savage habits "; and (2) against the missionaries of the London Society, whom they charged with usiu-ping authority properly be- longing to the civil magistrate, and with advocating schemes hos- tile to the Boers' interests. [Thcal, " History of the Boers in South Africa," cap. iii.] A body of emigrant Boers from Cape Colony founded the Orange Free State. Another body of Boers made its way into the country of Natal, which was then claimed by Dingan, the Zulu chief. "When the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada met in August, it declared the resolutions of the House of Commons to be "a formal and total refusal of the reforms and improvements " which the Assembly had demanded. Lord Gosford prorogued the Legislature of Lower Canada on 26th August, and the popular leaders, under the influence of Louis Joseph Papineau, en- deavoured to rouse the people to take up arms and strike for independence. For a few weeks small bodies of insurgents gathered together in Lower Canada, but were easily dispersed by the British troops. In Upper Canada, some 1,600 insurgents enrolled themselves under William Lyon Mac- kenzie, and planned an attack on Toronto ; they were speedily defeated by the militia. The emigrant Boers in Natal, under the lead of Pieter Retief, obtained from Dingan the promise of a grant of territory, conditionally upon their first recovering and re- storing to him certain cattle that had recently been stolen from one of his outposts by a party of horse- men clothed as Europeans, and armed with guns. [T/ical, "History of the Boers in South Africa," i. ji. 103.] 137 ASIA. Sir Charles Metcalfe acted as provisional Governor Geueral of India. Lord Auckland of India. became Governor-General The Shah of Persia besieged Hcriit, in the defence of which Lieutenant Eldred Pottin- ger greatly distinguished himself. AUSTEALASIA. In Ma)', John Batman crossed from Van Diejien's L.\.\d to Port Phillip Bay, and obtained from the natives a grant of 600,000 acres by a treaty, which the Imperial Govern- ment disallowed. In August, a party organized by John Pascoe Fawkner, of Launccston, Van Diemeu's Land, sailed up the Yarra and founded Melbourne. Fawkner himself landed on 18th October. From April to October, Major Mitchell explored Port Phillip District, and named the western portion Australia Felix. In September, Captain Lonsdale arrived from Sydney to act as Eesident Magistrate in Port Phillip District. Sir John Franklin became Governor of Van Diewen's Land. Ships sent out by the South Australian Colonization Company arrived at Port Adelaide, and on 2Sth December, Captain Hindmarsh, R.N., who had been appointed Governor, pro- claimed the Colony of South Australia. Governor Bourke visited Port Phillip District. He approved of the choice made by Captain Lonsdale of the site of Fawkner's settlement as the seat of government, and named it Melbourne. At this date the estimated population of New South Wales (which included the present Colonies of Victoria and Queensland) exceeded 85,000. The South Australian Colonists approved of the site of the city of Adelaide, which had been selected by Colonel Light. TEAR 1835 1836 y 1837 138 EUEOPE. 1838 The action of Lord Durham and his Council in banishing British subjects without a form of trial provoked severe criticism in England, and Lord Brougham introduced a Bill into Parliament (1 Vict., cap. 112) to indemnify all those vpho had issued or acted in putting into force the Ordinance. The Imperial Parliament re- pealed the 4| per cent, duties hitherto levied upon the export of produce from the West India Islands. AMEEICA. Russell became War and the 1839 Lord John Secretary for Colonies. On the 16th September the first body of emigrants, sent out by the Now Zealand Company, sailed from Gravesend. By an Act (1 Vict., cap. 9) passed on 10th February, the constitution of Lower Canada was suspended. A Special Council was appointed by Sir John Colborne, Lieutenant- Governor of Upper Canada, who acted as administrator until Lord Durham arrived as Governor- General and High Commissioner on 31st May. Lord Durham found many of the insurgents in prison. He secured tlie previous consent of the leaders to their own banish- ment, and by an Ordinance of his Council (2St"h June) he banished eight of them to the Bermudas, and forbade Papineau, George E. Cartier, and fourteen others, who were then fugitives, from returning to Canada except by permission of the Governor. Lord Durham returned from Canada on 3rd November, leaving Sir J. Colborne and a Special Council to administer the affairs of Lower Canada. AEEICA. Lord Durham's Eeport was published (communicated to Par- liament on 11th February, 1839), recommending the legislative union of the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, the surrender of its revenues by the Crown in ex- change for a civil list, the inde- pendence of the judges to be secured, and the establishment of municipal institutions. C. Poulett Thomson (Lord Sydenham) was appointed Gover- nor - General of Canada. The Special Council passed an address in favour of a re-union of the pro- vinces under one legislature as a measure of " indispensable and urgent necessity." Both branches of the Legislature of Upper Canada also passed addresses in favour of the union. Sir George Napier became Governor of Cape Colony. In July he issued a " proclamation inviting the emigrant Boers to return to the Colony, promising them redress of well - founded grievances, stating that they could not be absolved from their allegiance as British subjects, and announcing that, whenever he considered it ad- visable, he would take military possession of Port Natal." The Boors having recovered the cattle which had been stolen from the Zulus, Pieter Retief and some sixty of the principal emigrants returned to Dingan to obtain a formal grant of the territory pro- mised to them. A document was drawn up by the Rev. Mr. Owen, of the Church Missionary Society, who was residing at Dingan's kraal, and was approved by Dingan, who attached his mark to it on 4th February. Two days later the Boers were treacherously attacked and murdered by Dingan's order. Fighting continued through- out the year, which ended with a decisive victory of the Boers under Pretorius on 16th December, when 3,000 Zulus were slain in an unsuccessful attack upon the Boer camp on the Blood Eiver. The Boers under Pretorius were joined in October by some thousands of Zulus under Panda, and a joint expedition was organ- ized against Dingan. A company of the 72nd Highlanders — who had been sent from Port Elizabeth by Sir G. Napier, at the close of 1838, to take possession of the Bay of Natal in order to prevent supplies and warlike stores being landed for the use of the emigrant Boers — was withdrawn on 21th December, 1839, although the Boers had repeatedly declared themselves to be a free and inde- pendent community. {Thcal, " Histoiy of the Boers in South Africa," pp. 115-127.] 139 ASIA. The Shah of Persia raised the siege of Herat in September, Great Britain having threatened war. Dost Muhammad Khan having received a Russian mission at Kabul, Lord Auckland declared war. with the object of dethroning the Amir, and of restoring Shah Shuja to the throne of Kabul. AUSTRALASIA. YEAR. Sir George Gipps was appointed Governor of New South W.\les. The minimum selling price of waste lands was raised to twelve shillings per acre.. Cattle were taken overland by the Murray route by Messrs. Hawden & Bonney from New South Wales to the Colony of South Australia. The system of assigning convicts as servants to the settlers ceased. 1838 The British forces captured Kandahar, Ghazni, and Kabul. Aden was occupied by a British naval and military force. Sheep as well as cattle were taken overland from New South Wales to South AusTK.iLi.\. The Giovernor of New South Wales was authorized by letters patent to include within the limits of the Colony any territory in New Zealand acquired in sovereignty by the Queen. Mr. Charles J. La Trobe arrived at ISIclbourne from Sydney as Superintendent of the Port Phillip District. 1839 140 EUROPE. AMERICA. AFRICA. 1840 Lord John Russell introrluced his Bill, entitled " An Act to re- unite the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and for the govern- ment of Canada," which received the royal assent on 23rd July, and came into operation on 10th February, 1841 (3 and 4 Vict., cap. 35). 1841 Sir Robert Peel became Prime Minister, and Lord Stanley War and Colonial Secretary. The population of the United Kingdom numbered 27,057,923. By the Union Act responsible government was conferred upon Canada. The Legislature of the united provinces was to consist of a Legislative Council, composed of not less than twenty members from each province, who were to be appointed by the Crown, and of a Legislative Assembly, com- posed of eighty -four members, forty-two members to be elected by the constituencies of each province. [IIouslou, "Constitutional Documents of Canada," pp. 149-174.] Lord Sydenham opened the first united Parliament of Canada at Kingston on 13th June. He informed the legislature that in order "to main the utmost possible harmony" he had been instructed to call to his counsels, and to employ in the public service, " those persons who, by their position and character, have ob- tained the general confidence and esteem of the inhabitants of the province." [Bourinot, " Parliamentary Proce- dure," p. 29.] The population of Upper Canada numbered 455,688. The Zulus under Panda de- feated Dingan's army on 30tLi January; and on 10th February Panda was crowned King of the Zulus, but in vassalage to the Emigrant Volksraad. The Amapondos, a tribe dwelling to the south of Natal, appealed to Sir G. Napier to protect them against the Boers of Port Natal. British troops were therefore sent to form a camp on the Umgazi River. The emigrant Boers, who had settled in Natal, and had de- clared themselves " a free and independent State, under the name of The Republic of Port Natal, AND Adjoining Counteies," were informed by Sir G. Napier that Her Majesty " could not acknow- ledge a portion of her own subjects as an independent republic ; but that on their receiving a military force from the Colony [of the Cape of Good Hope] their trade would be placed on the footing of the trade of a British possession." The Boers replied that theyrefused to be considered British subjects, and would not consent to receive a military force, whereupon Sir G. Napier announced his intention of at once resuming military occu- pation of Port Natal. [Tlif,al, "History of the Boers iu South Africa," pp. 150-154.] 141 ASIA. Kiibul was occupied by British troops. The British Eesidency at Ava was expelled by the Burmese. Canton was blockaded by a British fleet. Sir James Brooke established the indepen- dent state of Sarawak in Boiineo. AUSTRALASIA. Hong Kong was ceded to Great Britain, being at the time inhabited only by a few fisher- men. An insurrection broke out at Kabul, and Sir Alexander Burnes was slain on the 2nd November. Sir William Macnaghten, whilst negotiating the withdrawal of British troops, was murdered by Akbar Khan, the eldest sou of Dost Muhammad. Convicts ceased to be transported to New South Wales. The first body of the New Zealand Company's emigrants arrived at Port Nicholson (Wellington) on 22nd January, and a week later Captain Hobson, E.N., landed at the Bay of Islands and proclaimed New Zealand a British Colony and a dependency of New South Wales. On 5th February the Treaty of Waitangi was signed, by which the chiefs ceded large tracts of laud, and the Queen assumed sovereignty over New Zealand. On 17th June the British flag was hoisted at Akaroa, Banks Peninsula, Middle Island, just before the arrival of French ships with emigrants to found a Colony. On 19th September the British flag was hoisted at Auckland. A settlement at Wanganui was formed. On 3rd May New Zealand was proclaimed an independent Colony. New Plymouth in the the North Island, and Nelson on the northern coast of the jNIiddle Island, were founded in April and October respectively. YEAR 1840 1841 142 EUEOPE. 1842 In a despatch dated 13th Decem- ber, Lord Stanley instructed Sir G. Napier to send a com- uiissionsr to inquire into and report upon ali'tiirs in Natal. He was to inform the Boers that a Governor would be appointed by the Queen ; that ail revenue from land and customs would be vested in the Queen, and applied exclusively to the maintenance of the civil government of Natal ; and that legislation would be reserved to the Crown, [Theal, "Boors iu South AlVica," p. 171.] AMEEICA. 1843 Sir Charles Bagot succeeded Lord Sydenham as Governor of Canada. The boundary between Canada and the United States was adjusted by the Treaty signed at Washing- ton on 9tli August by Lord Ashburton and Mr. Daniel "Webster. The last tariff framed by the Imperial Parliament for the British possessions in North America came into operation. lllouyiiiol, p. 35.] Sir C. Metcalfe (Lord Met- calfe) was appointed Governor of Canada. He had been acting as Governor of Jamaica since 1839, ,and had not only reconciled that Colony to the mother country, but had also " reconciled all classes of colonial society." [Kinje, "Life of Lord Metcalfo."] AFEICA. The British troops on entering Natal were met by agents from the Boers protesting against their crossing the boundary of the Ee- public, which was said to be under the protection of Holland. The troops (263 men of all ranks) en- camped close to Durban, which then consisted of a few scattered buildings. Pretorius, the Com- mandant-General of the Boers, demanded on 20lh May that the troops should at once evacuate the territory of the Republic. On the 23rd May the British v\'ere them- selves surjorised in attempting a night attack upon the Boers, and lost fifty men out of 138 engaged. The Boers then besieged the camp, which, however, held out until reinforcements arrived from Cape Colony on 26th June. The Boers then retired inland, and negotia- tions were opened. On 12th May Sir G. Napier issued a proclamation appointing Henry Cloete Her Majesty's Commissioner for the district of Port Natal, which was to be recognized and adopted as a British Colony. After protracted negotiations, a Declaration was signed at Pietermaritzburg by the members of the Boer Volksraad, in which they accepted the condi- tions contained in the proclama- tion issued by Sir G. Napier. Many of the Boers crossed the Drakensburg in order to be beyond the limits of the Colony, and at the close of the year not more than 500 emigrant Boer families remained in Natal. Having arranged matters with theBoers, Commissioner Cloete visited Panda, and obtained from him the cession of St. Lucia Bay to Great Britain, thus preventing any foreign power from acquiring a harbour so near to Natal, and checking the malcontent Boers from opening connnunications with the outside world. The district of the Gambl\, which had hitherto been governed from Sierea Leone, was created an independent Colony. 143 ASIA. General Elphinstone's :iltli 1111(1 rrogvess of New South Wales," lurt i.] YEATl. 1842 1843 144 EUEOPB. 1844 Lord Stanley announced to Sir P. Maitland that it was not deemed at that time " advisable to constitute the Territory of Natal a separate and independent Government," and that " legis- lative powers must be for the present retained in the hands of the Governor and Council of the Cape." 1845 1846 Lord J. Russell became Prime Minister, and Earl Grey Colonial and War Secretary. AMEEICA. 1847 The first session of the second Parliament of Canada was opened at Montreal. The population of Lower Canada numbered 697,384. Great fires occurred in Quebec by which 25,000 people were made homeless. The first batch of coolies from India arrived in Jamaica. AFEICA. Lord Cathcart was appointed Governor of Canada. " TheBritish Colonies in America were authorized by an imperial statute (9 and 10 Vict., cap. 9-i) to reduce or repeal by their own legislation duties imposed by Im- perial Acts upon foreign goods imported from foreign countries into the Colonies in question." [Bourinot, " Parliamentary Proce- dure," p, 36.] Lord Elgin was appointed Governor of Canada, and was in- structed "to act generally upon the advice of his executive council, and to receive as members of that body those persons who might be pointed out to him as entitled to be so by their possessing the con- fidence of the Assembly." [Bourinot, " Piirliamcntary Proce- dure," p. 30.] Sir Peregrine Maitland was appointed Governor of Cape Colony in March. In a despatch, dated 2.5th May, 1844, the Secretary of State ap- proved of the cession of St. Lucia Bay, but forbade any settlement being made eastward of the Tugela Eiver. By letters patent it was pro- vided that Natal should form part of Cape Colony, but no colonial law or magistrate was to have operation or jurisdiction in Natal. In November, Mr. Martin West was appointed Lieutenant-Gover- nor of N.atal; Mr. Henry Cloete, Eecorder ; Mr. Donald Moodie, Secretary to Government ; Mr. Walter Harding, Crown Prose- cutor ; and Mr. Theophilus Shepstone, Agent for Natives. An Executive Council was also appointed. Cape Colony became involved in a Kaffir war, known as the " War of the Axe," it having arisen out of the arrest of a Kaffir for the theft of an axe. The Kaffirs gained some successes at first, but they were finally routed out of their strongholds in the Amatola Mountains in 1847. General Pottinger superseded Governor Maitland, and was himself replaced by Sir Harry Smith as Governor of Cape Colony and High Commissioner. The Keiskama Eiver was proclaimed the eastern boundary of the Colony, and British sovereignty was proclaimed over the district of Kaffraria between the Keiskama and Kei Elvers. 145 ASIA. A Treaty was concludecl at Gwalior, by which the native army was reduced from 30,000 to 3,000 infantry, 10,000 to 6,000 cavah-y, and its 200 guns were reduced to thirty-two. Lord Ellenborough was recalled, and Sir Henry Hardinge appointed Governor-General. The Sikh army invaded British territory and fought the battles of Moodkee and Fcrozeshahar. The East India and Great Indian Peninsula Eailway Companies were formed. The Sikh war was closed by the decisive victory of Sobraou and the temporary occupa- tion of the Punjab. Labuan was ceded to Great Britain by the Sultan of Borneo, and Sir James Brooke was appointed Governor. AUSTRALASIA. Heke, the Maori chief, cut down the royal flagstaff at Kororareka, where a small settlement had been founded in 1833. YEAE. 1844 Heke destroyed the town of Kororareka, and the first Maori war commenced. Captain Fitzroy was recalled just as he had concluded the war, and Captain George Grey was appointed Governor of New Zealand in November. The Burra copper mine was discovered in South Austealia, about 100 miles from Ade- laide. The population of South Australia was 21,700. Sir Charles Fitzroy was appointed Governor of New South Wales. In New Zealand, Heke's war in the northern portion of the North Island was ended in January, but disturbances broke out in the Hutt Valley, near Wellington, in March. The Imperial Parliament passed an Act (New Zealand Government Act) in August dividing New Zealand into two Provinces, and granting the Colonists representative institutions. By royal letters patent (26th June) Mel- bourne was created a city. The Maoris attacked the settlement at Wanganui, New Zeal^vnd. 1845 1846 1817 146 EUEOPB. 1848 Sir Charles Fitzroy and an influential body of squatters in the Colony of New South Wales informed the Colonial Secretary of State that it was the wish of the Colonists that transportation should be revived ; accordingly, Lord Grey announced in a de- spatch of 8th September, "that he proposed at once recommending to Her Majesty to revoke the orders in council by which New South Wales was made no longer a place for receiving con- victs under sentence of transporta- tion." AMEEICA. 1849 1850 In February an order in council was issued revoking the former order constituting tho Cape a penal settlement. The St. Lawrence Canals were opened for navigation. AFEICA. The Navigation Laws having been repealed by the Imperial Parliament, the St. Lawrence was tlarown open to vessels of all nations. The Parliament buildings at Montreal having been burnt, the Canadian Legislature resolved to meet alternately at Toronto and Quebec. The first sod of tho Northern Eailway of Canada was turned by Lady Elgin. On 3rd February, Sir Harry Smith proclaimed the sovereignty of the Queen over the whole country between the Orange Eiver and the Yaal Eiver, eastward to the Kathlamba Mountains. In March, a British Eesident, Major W^arden was appointed to ad- minister affairs in the Orange Eiver Sovereignty, and the emi- grant Boers dwelling in the dis- trict at once began to protest and agitate against being treated as subjects of Great Britain. In July Major Warden had to retreat from Bloemfontein, which was occupied by the Boers under the command of Pretorius. Sir Harry Smith hastened with all the available forces in Cape Colony, numbering some 600 men composed of de- tachments from the Eifle Brigade, the 45th and 91st regiments, and a few artillerj-men, and on 29th August the Boers were defeated at Boomplaats ; the troops re- occupied Bloemfontein, and the most violent opponents of British authority among the Boers crossed the Vaal Eiver without further fighting. [Theal, " History ol' the Boers," 24,';-265.] The ship Neptune with 300 convicts on board arrived at Simon's Bay, but the Colonists would not allow the convicts to be landed, and "the community entered into a solemn league and pledge to suspend all business transactions with the Government, in any shape or on any terms," until the order in council making the Cape a penal station was revoked. After six months' struggle the Neptune was ordered to sail to Van Diemen's Land. [Cape of Good Hope Official Hand- book, edited by John A'oblc, Clerk to tlie House of Assembly, pp. 65, 66.] Letters patent were issued on 23rd May empowering the Gover- nor and Legislative Council of Cape Colony to enact ordinances 147 ASIA. Lord Dalhousie became Governor-General of India. The second Sikh war began ; the Silihs were joined by the Afghans. On 1.3th January the indecisive battle of ChilianvviiUah was fought between the British Army under Lord Gough and the Sikhs, in which 2,400 British troops were killed and wounded. Sir C. Napier was ordered from England to replace Lord Gough, who, however, won the battle of Guzerat on 22nd February, and decided the fate of the Punjab, which was at once annexed to the British Empire by Lord Dalhousie. AUSTRALASIA. YEAR. Captain Grey was appointed Governor-in- Chief over the islands of New Ze.\land and Governor of each of the Provinces. An Imperial Act suspended that part of the New Zealand Government Act which had granted representative institutions. Otago, Middle Island, was founded by a Scotch Company in connection with the Free Church of Scotland. Sir Henry E. F. Young became Governor of South Austr.\lia. Soon after his ajipoint- ment the population of the Colony reached 50,000, and a Legislative Council was established by an Act of the Imperial Parliament, to con- sist of eight nominee and sixteen elected members. The arrival of the Hashcmy, with convicts on board, provoked considerable agitation in Sydney. The Legislative Council of New South Wales was petitioned by over .3.5, 000 inhabitants of the Colony to use its utmost endeavours to prevent the revival of transportation. An address was 1848 y 1849 1850 148 EUEOPE. 1850 The Australian Colonies Act (13 and 14 Vict., cap. 59) was passed in order to provide for a constitution being granted to New South Wales, and for the erection of Port Phillip District into an independent Colony. 1851 The population of the United Kingdom numbered 27,745,942. AMEEICA. 1852 Lord Derby became Prime Minister in February, and Sir John Pakington Colonial and War Secretary. On 24th June Sirjohn Paking- ton wrote to Sir G. Cathcart " signifying his approval of the Sand Eiver Convention and of the proclamation giving effect to it." 1853 Lord Aberdeen became Prime Minister, and the Duke of New- castle Colonialand War Secretary. AFEICA. The control of the postal system was transferred to the Provincial Governments of Canada, a uniform rate of postage being adopted. The population of Upper Canada was 952,004 ; of Lower Canada, 890,261 ; of New Brunswick, 193,200; and of Nova Scotia, 276,854. The Grand Trunk Eailway of Canada was commenced. The number of members of the Canadian Legislative Assembly was increased to 130, each Pro- vince sending sixty-five members. Sir Henry Barkly was ap- pointed Goveruorof Jamaica, where since 1847 a legislative deadlock had existed, owing to the Council rejecting the Bills which session after session the Assembly had passed embodying a scheme of for the establishment of a repre- sentative government to consist of two elective Chambers. [Official Handbook, edited by JohnKuhlc] The Kaffirs under Sandilli attacked a body of troops in the Boomah Pass on 24th December, and on the next day massacred a number of military settlers in the Chumie Valley on the eastern frontier of Cape Colony. The war on the Cape frontier with the Kaffirs under Sandilli continued during the year. On the 17th January the Sand Eiver Convention was signed, by which Great Britain acknowledged the independence of the emigrant Boers (some 5, 000 families) who had crossed the Vaal Eiver and founded the South African Eepublic. Sir George Cathcart was ap- pointed Governor of Cape CoLONy on 31st March, and on 13th May he issued a proclamation fully confirming the Convention. [Theal, "History of the Boers in South Africa," pp. 302-305.] The war with the Kaffirs, which had commenced in 1850, was brought to a close. The Gaika tribe was removed from the region of the Keiskama and Amatola to a district eastward of the Thomas Eiver, and in their place a settle- ment of Fingoes and other friendly natives was formed. [Cape of Good Hope Official Hand- book, p. 65.] 149 ASIA. AUSTRALASIA. The British subjects at Eangoon having beeu oppressed by the Burmese officials, complained to the Government at Calcutta, and Lord Dalhousie sent Commodore Lambert in H.M.S. Fox to Eangoon to investigate the com- plaints of the merchants. The second Burmese war commenced. Eangoon was captured by British troops, and Pegu was annexed by Lord Dalhousie to the British Empire. Sir John Lawrence was appointed Chief Commissioner of the Punjab. Nagpore was annexed and Bcrar ceded to the British Government. The first section of twenty miles of the Great Indian Peninsula Eailway was opened from Bombay to Tauuah. transmitted to the Queen, and as a result the order in council was revoked, and transporta- tion to New South Wales was finally aboUshed. Sydney University was incorporated. Canterbury, New Zealand, was founded by an association in connection with the Church of England. Edward Hargreaves discovered gold at Summer Hill Creek, in New South Wales, on 12th February. In May a proclamation was issued setting forth the regulations under which gold might be sought for. On 1st July Port PhiUip District was pro- claimed a separate Colony under the name of ViCTOKiA. Its population was 76,000. Its Colonists owned 6,000,000 sheep, 380,000 cattle, and 21,000 horses. In a few weeks' time it became known that rich deposits of gold existed within its borders. The settlers 26,000. YEAR. 1850 1851 in New Zealand numbered The University of Sydney was formally opened. Owing to the gold discoveries in Victoria, the population increased by nearly 60,000 in the year. Gold was discovered in the Coromandel Eange in New Zealand. The New Zealand Constitution Act was passed by the Imperial Parliament, dividing the Colony into six Provinces, and vesting the government in a Governor, a nominee Legislative Council, and an elective House of Eepresentatives. The Constitution Act was promulgated in New Zeal.and, and Sir George Grey assumed office as Governor until his departure from the Colony in December. The University of Melbourne was founded. The transportation of convicts to Van Diemen's Land ceased. The Legislative Council of New South Wales passed the " Constitution Act " on 21st Decem- ber, estabhshing two Legislative Chambers : the y -/■ 1852 1853 J 150 EUEOPE. 1853 1854 In consequence of the war with Eussia accumulating duties upon the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, it was decided to separate the two Departments, and Sir George Grey became Secre- tary for the Colonies. A royal proclamation was signed on 30th January, " aban- doning and renouncing all domi- nion and sovereignty over the Orange Kiver Territory." AMEEICA. retrenchment. Under Sir Henry Barkly a modified form of re- sponsible government was intro- duced into the island. [Official Haiulbook of J:unaica.] The Clergy Eeserves were secu- larized by an Act of the Canadian Legislature (18 Vict., cap. 2), exist- ing claims becoming a first charge upon the proceeds of their sale, and the balance being divided amongst the municipalities accord- ing to population. The Seigneurial Tenure in Lower Canada was abolished (18 Vict., cap. 3), the Seigneurs being compensated partly by the occupiers, and partly by the State. [Bourinot, p. 33.] On 5th June a Eeciprocity Treaty with the United States was signed at Washington (to last ten years), providing for the free interchange of the products of the sea, the soil, the forest, and the mine, and opening the inshore fisheries of Canada to Americans. To Canadians was granted the right to navigate Lake Michigan, and to Americans the use of the St. Lawrence Eiver and the Cana- dian Canals was permitted on the same terms as to British subjects. AFEICA. Sir George R. Clerk was ap- pointed " Special Commissioner for settling and adjusting the afl'airs of the Orange Eiver Sove- reignty," and called upon the in- habitants to elect delegates to decide upon a form of self-govern- ment. Seventy-sis Dutch South Africans and nineteen Englishmen, under the chairmanship of Dr.' Fraser, met at Bloemfontein, but decided, after two months' delibe- ration and negotiation, upon the adoption of a constitution under Her Majesty's Government. ITheal, " History of the Boers in South Africa," pp. 346-9.] Sir G. Clerk invited " those persons who were prepared to form an independent government [in the Orange Eiver Sovereignty] to meet in Bloemfontein on the 15th February." On that day two bodies of men assembled ; the one entered into negotiations with the Special Commissioner ; the other, formed of a number of the delegates who had been chosen in the previous September, declared "their intention to set at defiance any Government that might Le established in independence of the Queen of England. Those of them who were of British blood declared that nothing short of an Act of Parliament should deprive them of their rights as British subjects. Those who were of Dutch descent indignantly exclaimed that . . . . the Special Commissioner was now about to subject them to their Eepublican fellow- countrymen," whose friendship they had forfeited for having adhered to the British Government. In spite of this and other similar resolutions, the Con- vention was signed on 23rd Feb- ruary, and the independence of the Orange Eiver Territory was formally declared. [Theal, "History of the Boers in South Africa, "pp. 358-360.] 151 ASIA. AUSTEALASIA. YEAR. Sir James Outram was appointed Resident at Lucknow. The first cotton mill was set up in Bombay. gret — the Legislative Council — to consist of not less than twenty-one members, to be nominated by the Governor ; and the other — the Legislative Assembly — to consist of fifty-four members, who were to be elected on a liberal franchise. [Coghlan, "Wealth and Progress of New South Wales."] Riots occurred at the Ballarat goldfields in Victoria. The electric telegraph was introduced into Victoria. The first session of the New Zealand General Assembly was opened at Auckland. 1853 / 1854 152 EUEOPE. 1854 1855 Lord Palmerston became Prime Minister, and Sidney Herbert Secretary for llieColonies in February, Lord J. Russell in May, Sir W^. Molesworth in July, and Henry Labouchere (afterwards Lord Taunton) in November. AMERICA. 1856 1857 Eesponsible government was granted to Newfoundland. The Legislative Council of Canada was made an elective Chamber. AEEICA. On 1st July the first Parliament of Cape Colony met at Cape Town, and was opened by Lieutenant- Governor Darling. Sir George Grey was appointed Governor of Cape Colony and High Commissioner, and obtained from the Imperial Parliament a vote of £10,000 to execute public works, to subsidize some of the Kaffir chiefs, and to maintain educa- tional institutions. The Cape Parliament voted -£50,000 to pro- vide a frontier police force. [Official Handbook, edited by J. Noble] On tlic 5th November Natal was proclaimed a distinct Colony, under a royal charter providing for the appointment of a Legislative Council, of whom twelve members were to be elected to represent the divisions of the Colony, and four were to be nominated members. The Ama Xosa Kaftirs, under the influence of a native prophet, destroyed their cattle and corn supplies to such an extent, that 25,000 Kaffirs are said to have died from famine. Large tracts of lands became vacant, and upon them the Governor of Cape Colony located the members of the Anglo- German legion, whom the Imperial 153 ASIA. A treaty of friendship was concUuled by Lord Dalhousie witli Dost Muhammad Khan of Kabul. Owing to tho misgoverument prevailing in Oudo, the Directors of the East India Company instructed Lord Dalhousie to annex thecouutry. Lord Canning became Governor-General. The Indian Mutiny broke out. Commencing at Barrackpore, sixteen miles from Calcutta, the excitement spread throughout Hindustan and the Punjab, and on 3rd May a disturbance broke out at Lucknow, but was promptly suppressed by Sir Henry Lawrence. Within a week Mecrut, the largest cantonment in India, was in a blaze of mutiny. Many Europeans were massacred by the Sepoys before they marched off to Delhi. There, also, the Sepoy regiments AUSTRALASIA. YEAH. 1854 The new constitution — consisting of a Legis- lative Council of thirty members, and a Legis- lative Assembly of sixty members, both Chambers to be elective, and the members to possess a pro- perty qualification — was proclaimed in Victoeia on 23rd November. The population was then estimated at 364,000. On 19th December Sir William Denison, " Governor-in-Chief " of New South Wales, inaugurated the new Constitution in that Colony. The railway from Sydney to Paramatta was opened. Colonel Gore Brown was appointed Governor of New Zealand. The ballot was adopted in the election of members to the Legislature of Victoria. The electric telegraph was introduced into South Austealia. Eesponsible government was established in Van Diemen's Land, the name of which Colony was changed to Tasmania. The property qualification of members of the Legislative Assembly in Victoria was abolished, and universal suffrage for electors became law. In South Australia the first Parliament under the new constitution met in April. It consisted of two Chambers — the Legislative Council, elected on the basis of a property suffrage; and the House of Assembly, elected on the basis of universal suffrage. The session 1855 1856 1857 154 EUEOPE. 1857 1858 Lord Derby became Prime Minister, and Lord Stanley (succeeded by Sir E. Bulwer Lytton), Colonial Secretary. AMEEICA. Ottawa became the seat of government of Canada. Beitish Columbia and Van- couvEB Island were formed into separate Colonies. A regiment was raised in Canada, which became the 100th of the Line. 1859 In June Lord Palmerston became Prime Minister, and the Duke of Newcastle Secretary for the Colonies. The Prince of Wales, at Shorncliffe, presented colours to the regiment raised in Canada. 1860 1861 The population of the United Kingdom numbered 29,321,288. The Prince of Wales visited Canada, and opened the Victoria Bridge over the Eiver St . Lawrence, and laid the foundation stone of the Parliament buildings at Ottawa. The population of Upper Canada was 1,3VJ(3,000 ; of Lower Canada, 1,111,000; of New Brunswick, 252,000 ; of Nova Scotia, 331,000 ; of Prince Edward Island, 81,000 ; and of Vancouver Island, 3,000. APEICA. Government had disbanded on the close of the Crimean War. Soon afterwards a body of 2,000 North German settlers, composed of agricultural labourers and their wives and children, were also assisted to the Colony, and were settled along the Buffalo Eiver. [Cape Colouy Official Handbook.] The Capetown and Wellington Eailway was commenced. The first railway menced in Maueitius. was corn- Wool to the value of £1,446,000 was exported from the Cape. Lagos was ceded to Great Britain by its native king in return for a yearly pension of £1,000. 155 ASIA. AUSTEALASIA. YEAH. mutinied, the magazine was gallantly defended by Willoughby, and finally blown up, and the rebels became masters of Delhi. The revolt then became general, and fighting continued for the rest of the year. The mutiny in India was suppressed in March, and in June a Bill was introduced into the Imperial Parliament for the transfer of the powers and territories of the East India Com- pany to the Crown, and for the administration of the affairs of India by a Secretary of State for India, and a Council of Fifteen. The Board of Control was abolished. Lord Canning became Viceroy of India. The Universities of Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras were founded. Pekin was captured by the British. By the Treaty of Tientsin the Kowloon Penin- sula was added to the Colony of Hong Kong. is memorable for the passing into law of the Eeal Property .Act introduced by Mr. (Sir) Robert R. Torrens. The population of the Colony numbered about 100,000. Sydney and telegraph. Melbourne were connected by The Moreton Bay Settlement was separated from New South Wales and made into the Colony of Queensland, with a Legislature con- sisting of a nominated Legislative Council and an elective Legislative Assembly. Sir G. F. Bowen was appointed the first Governor of the Colony, which contained about 28,000 inhabitants. The second Maori war commenced, and lasted throughout the year. 1857 / 1858 1859 J 1860 J The population of New South Wales was 358,000; of Victoria, 541,000; of South Australia, 130,000; of Queensland, 34,000; of Tasmania, 90,000 ; of Western Australia, 15,000 ; and of New Zeal.and, 102,000. 1861 y 156 EUEOPE. 1861 AMEEICA. 1862 The Imperial House of Commous resolved " That this House (while fully recognizing the claims of all portions of the British Empire to Imperial aid in their protection against perils arising from the con- sequences of Imperial policy) is of opinion that Colonies exercising the rights of self-government ought to undertake the main responsi- bility of providing for their own internal order and security, and that such Colonies ought to assist in their own external defence." 1863 The Imperial Government re- linquished control of the adminis- tration of native all'airs in New Zealakd. 1864 Mr. Cardwell (Lord Cardwell) became Colonial Secretary in April. Lord Monck became Governor of Canada. The settlement at Biutish Hon- DUEAS, which had hitherto been under the government of Jamaica, was made into a Colony. The population of Jamaica was 441,000; of Barbados, 152,000; of Beitish Guiana, 148,000 ; of Teinidad, 84,000. Owing to the dispute with the United States about the arrest of Messrs. Slidell and Mason on the Trent, 3,000 British troops were sent to Canada. Mr. E. J. Eyre was appointed Governor of Jamaica. AFRICA. The population of Cape Colony was 267,000 ; of Nat.4.l, 152,000 ; of the Gold Coast Colony, 151,000; of SiEEEA Leone, 41,000. In Cape Colony fifty miles of railway were open. Sir Philip E. Wodehouse was appointed Governor of Cape Colony. Sherbro' was added to the Colony of Sierka Leone. The population of Upper Canada having increased more rapidly than that of Lower Canada, a demand was made that representation in the Legislature should be based on population, and matters came almost to a deadlock owing to the division of political parties. There having been live changes of the Ministry of Canada between May, 1862, and June, 1864, " a coalition government was formed on the basis of a federal union of all the British American provinces, or of the two Canadas in case of the failure of the larger scheme." [Bourinol, ''Parliamentary Procedure," V- 41. 1 An Executive Council for Sieeka Leone was appointed, to which four native members were nomi- nated. The second Ashanti war broke out. 157 ASIA. Lord Elgin became Viceroy of India. AUSTEALASIA. The British Government recognized Sher Ali as Amir of Afghanistan on the death of his father, Dost Muhammad Khan. lu ViCTOEiA, 250 miles of railway were open ; in New South Wales, seventy-three miles ; in South Australia, fifty-six miles ; in New Zealand, forty miles; and in Queensland, twenty-one miles. Sydney an^l Brisbane were connected by telegraph. Sir G. Grey was appointed Governor of New Zealand. YEAR. 1861 Sir John Lawrence became Viceroy of India. War commenced between Sher Ali and his elder brother, Afzal Khan, at that time acting as Governor of Afgban-TurUistan. Sher Ali treacherously seized Afzal Khan, and imprisoned him at Kabul. J. D. Stuart succeeded in crossing South Australia from south to north. As a result of his discoveries, the South Australian Government applied to the Home Government for permission to annex the Northern Territory. Europeans settled in Fiji for the purpose of cultivating cotton. The Waikato war was commenced in New Zealand by the Maoris treacherously assaulting an escort of the 57th Eegiment. The first railway in New Zealand was opened from Christchurch to Ferrymead Junction. By the New Zealand Settlement Act, the Governor was empowered to confiscate the lands of insurgent natives. Throughout the year there was continual fighting with the Maoris, and in December the native lands in Waikato were confiscated. Gold was discovered at Hokitika on the west coast of the Middle Island of New Zealand. The first attempt at settlement of the Northern Territory was made by a party of surveyors and others who were sent by sea from Adelaide, Adam Bay was chosen as the site of the capital. 1862 1863 1864 158 EUEOPE. 1864 1865 ^ AMEEICA. 1866 In June Lord Derby became Prime Minister, and Lord Car- narvon Colonial Secretary. In December sixteen delegates, representing Upper Canada, Lower Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, met at the West- minster Palace Conference, and decided upon the terms of con- federation. \nourinol, ji. 43.] Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and New- foundland, were engaged in con- sidering a maritime union at the time, and in October a convention of delegates representing the sis provinces met at Quebec, and, after eighteen days' deliberation with closed doors, agreed upon seventy- two resolutions, which form the basis of tlie Confederation Act of 1867. The seventy-two resolutions were formally submitted to the Legisla- ture of Canada in January, and, after debating them from 3rd Feb- ruary to lith March, both Houses agreed to an Address to the Queen praying her to submit to the Im- perial Parliament a measure "for the purpose of uniting the pro- vinces in accordance with the pro- visions of the Quebec resolutions." The result of a general election in New Brunswick was adverse to the scheme of confederation. Disturbances in Jamaica among the negro population (who were incited liy George William Gordon) were suppressed by Governor Eyre, whose conduct became the subject of inquiry by a Eoyal Commission. The Constitution of Jamaica was abolished by an Act of its own Legislature, which received the assent of the Crown. The Fenians threatening to in- vade Canada, 10,000 volunteers were called out. The Canadian Parliament was opened at Ottawa, and the Habeas Corpus Act was suspended. Vancouver Island was united to British Columbia. A general election in New Brunswick returned a Parliament favourable to the confederation AFEICA. A Bill was carried through the Parliament of Cape Colony incor- porating British Kafh'aria with the Colony, and increasing the number of constituencies entitled to repre- sentation in the Assembly, as well as enlarging the Legislative Council. Gambia and Lagos were incor- porated with Sieeea Leone, and a central government was estab- lished for the West Coast Settle- ments. 159 ASIA. AUSTRALASIA. but the attempt failed, as did also a second one made later in the same year. [Slow, "History of Soutli Australia," p. 109.] YEAR. 1864 Azim Khan, a brother of Afzal Khan, and his son, Abdur Rahman Khan, who had remained in possession of Afghan-Turlvistan, marched towards Kabul. Sher Ali was deserted by his troops and fled to Kandahar. Afzal Khan was proclaimed Amir. Wellington became the seat of government in New Zealand, where the electric telegraph was now introduced. The war with the Maoris continued. 1865 y Camels were introduced into South Australia by Sir Thomas Elder for exploring purposes, and to establish a camel caravan route across the continent. The Maori chiefs made their submission to the Government of New Zealand. 1866 160 BUEOPE. 1866 1867 On 12th February " a Bill for the Union of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, and the Government thereof, and for pur- poses connected therewith," was introduced into the Imperial Par- liament, and on 29th March the Bill received the royal assent as " The British North America Act, 1867 " (30 and 31 Vict., cap. 3). By royal proclamation the 1st of July was named as the day on which the Confederation Act should come into operation, on and after which the provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were to form one Dominion under the name of Canada. [Houston, ' ' Constitutional Docu- ments of Canada, "pp. 186, 231.] [Bourinot, p. 44.] The Duke of Buckingham and Chandos became Colonial Secretary in March. AMEEICA. 1868 In December Mr. Gladstone became Prime Minister, and Lord Granville Colonial Secretary. scheme. Nova Scotia also declared in favour of uuion on certain con- ditions. The Eeciprocity Treaty was terminated by the United States. The Atlantic Cable was success- fully laid between Valentia and St. John's, Newfoundland. Lord Monck was appointed the first Governor-General of the Dominion of Canada, under the Confederation Act. Upper Canada became the Province of Ontario, and Lower Canada the Province of Que- bec. The Parliament of the Domin- ion was to consist of the Queen, a Senate, and a House of Commons ; the Senate, consistingof seventy-two members, was to be summoned by the Governor-General ; the House of Commons was to consist of 181 members, eighty-two to be elected for Ontario, sisty-five for Quebec, nineteen for Nova Scotia, and fifteen for New Brunswick, and was not to sit longer than five years ; and the representation was to be readjusted according to the decennial census returns, on the basis of Quebec Province having the fixed number of sixty-five members. The Legislature of Onta- rio was to consist of theLieuteuant- Governor and of the Legislative Assembly ; that of Quebec of the Lieutenant-Governor, a Legislative Council, andaLegislative Assembly; thedurationof these two Assemblies was not to exceed fom- years. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick each retained their two Chambers, and finally other Colonies were to be admitted into the Dominion, on addresses from the Parliament of Canada and from the Legislatures of such Colonies. [noustoii, pp. 1S6--J17.] The first Parliament of the Dominion was opened on 7th November. In accordance with the pro- visions of an Act passed by the Imperial Parliament, negotiations AFEICA. The first discovery of diamonds in South Africa was made at Griqualand West. Sir Philip Wodehouse re- ceived permission to recognize the Basutos (between whom and the 161 ASIA. Sir John Lawrence recognized Afzal Khan as ruler ot Kabul and Afghan-Turkistan, and Sher All as ruler of Kandahar, which remained loyal to him. AUSTEALASIA. TEAR. 1866 In January Sher Ali raised an army and marched towards Kiibul, but was defeated by Azim Khan and escaped to Herat, which his son, Yakub Khan, still held. Afzal Khan died iu October, and was suc- ceeded by Azim Khan, who successfully re- sisted an attempt to place Abdur Rahman on the throne of Afghanistan. The first railway was opened in between Kandy and Colombo. Ceylon Azim Khan was dethroned by a revolution in August, and Yakub Khan marched with an army from Herat to Kandahar, and succeeded iu Coal-mining was commenced iu New Zealand. Four Maori constituencies were formed. Sydney and Adelaide were connected by tele- graph. 1867 Sir G. F. Bowen was appointed Governor of New Zealand. 1868 162 EUROPE. 1868 1869 1870 Lord Kimberley became Colonial Secretary in July. AMERICA. 1871 The population of the United Kingdom numbered 31, 845, -379. The Treaty of Washington, between Great Britain and the United States was signed in May, by which the Alabama claims were submitted to arbitration. took place between delegates from Canada and the Hudson's Bay Company, for the surrender of the North- West Territory to the Dominion. {Buurlmt, p. 45.] An agreement was sanctioned by the Dominion Parliament, by which the territory (Rupert's Land) of the Hudson's Bay Company was transferred to the Dominion, the Company receiving £300,000, and retaining certain reserves of land and their trading posts. The Red River Rebellion broke out among the half-breeds. A body of Fenians crossed the frontier of Quebec in May, but were repulsed by the volunteers. In July the Province of Mani- toba was formed out of a portion of the North- West Territories, and was admitted into the Confedera- tion. An armed force sent from England under Colonel (Lord) Wolseley, reached Fort Garry (Winnipeg) in August, and found the rebels had dispersed. The population of the Dominion of Can.\da was 3,485,761; of British Columbia, 36,224 ; of Prince Edward Island, 94,021 ; of Mani- toba, 18,995. British Columbia was admitted into the Confederation of British North America. The Enghsh Leeward Islands, comprising Antigua, Montserrat, St. Kitts, Nevis, Dominica, and the Virgin Islands, were con- stituted a single Federal Colony by 34 and 35 Vict., cap. 107. AFRICA. Boers of the Orange Free State there had been an almost unceasing struggle since 1865) as British subjects, and to incorporate their territory. The finding of the "Star of South Africa " diamond, which was estimated in 1870 to be worth £25,000, caused a rush of diggers to the neighbourhood of the Orange River. A population of over 10,000 diggers settled upon the diamond fields of South Africa. Sir Henry Barkly was appointed Governor of Cape Colony, and High Commissioner for South Africa. Griqualand West was ceded to Great Britain by Nicholas Waterboer, the chief of the West Griquas, and on 27th October Sir Henry Barkly proclaimed Waterboer and his tribe to be British subjects, and their country British territory. Basutoland was annexed to Cape Colony, which became responsible for its administration. By a Convention signed at the Hague, the Dutch abandoned to Great Britain all their possessions on the Gold Coast. 163 ASIA. restoring Sher Ali to the throne of Afghanistan. Aziui and Abdur Rahman fled to Persia. Lord Mayo became Viceroy of India, and soon after his arrival he held a conference with Sher Ali Khan, and informed him that the British Government regarded him as the rightful, as well as the ch facto, ruler of Afghanistan, but would not interfere with the internal affairs of Afghanistan. The first colliery in India was opened. The railway between Calcutta and Bombay was completed in March. AUSTEALASIA. TEAll. convicts to Westeen The war with the Maoris continued throughout the year. Transportation of AusTK.\Li.\ ceased. The Earl of Belmore was appointed Governor of New South Wales. The telegraph was introduced into Western AUSTEALIA. Sir James Fergusson was appointed Governor of South Australia. The Maori war still continued. The last detachment of Imperial troops left New Zealand in February. The San Francisco Mail Service with New- Zealand commenced. The University of New Zealand was estab- lished. Two-thirds of the Legislative Council of Western Australl\ were henceforth to be elected. The construction of the 1,800 miles of telegraph from Adelaide to Port Darwin was commenced. The population of New South Wales was 503,000; of Victoria, 731,000; of South Australia, 185,000 ; of Queensland, 120,000 ; of Western Australia, 25,000 ; of Tasmania, 101,000; of New Zealand, 256,000. In New Zealand the " Public Works Policy " of road and railway construction was commenced. The Marquis of Normanby was appointed Governor of Queensland. Lord Kimberley having objected in a de- spatch (13th July) to the complex tariffs between the Australian Colonies, a meeting of delegates from New South Wales, Victoria, South .\ustralia, and Tasmania objected (27th Sep- tember) to Imperial interference with their mutual fiscal ax-rangements. 1868 1869 1870 1871 164 EUEOPE. 1872 1873 1874 Mr. Disraeli became Prime Minister, and Lord Carnarvon Colonial Secretary, in February. AMERICA. Lord Dufferin was aj^pointed Governor-General of Canada. Prince Edward Island was admitted into the Confederation of British North America. 1875 The census of Newfoundland showed a population of 162,000, of whom 26,337 were able-bodied fishermen. The Dominion Government estab- lished the Eoyal Military College at Kingston. AFEICA. Responsible government was granted to Cape Colony, by an order in council dated 9th August, which provided for members of the Executive Council holding seats and voting in either House of the Cape Parliament. The first minis- try under the system was formed in November. The Dutch forts on the Gold Coast were transferred to Great Britain, and at the end of the year the King of Ashanti sent an army of 40,000 men to invade the British Protectorate. The Ashanti army crossed the Prah, ravaged the Protectorate, and attacked the fortress of Elmina. Sir Garnet Wolseley defeated the Ashanti army, and King Coffee renounced all claims upon the British Protectorate. A charter was issued in July, separating the Gold Coast settle- ments and Lagos from the government of the West Africa Settlements, and erecting them into a separate Colony as the Gold Coast Colony. The census of Cape Colony showed the population to number 720,984, of whom 236,783 were of European descent. 165 ASIA. AUSTEALASIA. YEAR. Lord Mayo was assassinated by a convict at Port Blair, in tlie Andaman Islands. Lord Northbrook became Viceroy of India. The export duty on Indian wheafc was remitted. A great famine occurred in Bengal, affecting districts with a population of forty millions. A relief fund of £125,000 was raised in London. The Prince of Wales visited India. The London and Adelaide Telegraph was completed. Two Maori chiefs were appointed members of the Legislative Council of New Ze.\land. Sir Hercules Robinson was appointed Governor of Np;w South Wales. A branch of the Eoyal Mint was set up in Melbourne, and was opened on the 12th June. 1872 Sir James Fergusson was apjiointed Governor of New Ze.i^land ; Sir G. F. Bowen Governor of Victoki.\ ; and Sir A. Musgrave Governor of South Austeali.a.. The New Zealand Steam Shipping Company was established. The Marquis of Normanby was appointed Governor of New Zealand. Under the immigration policy of the New Zealand Government, as many as 31,774 immi- grants were introduced into the Colony during the year. The Fiji Islands were ceded to Great Britain by the native chiefs, and were made into a Colony by a charter from the Crown. Adelaide University was founded. Over 18,000 emigrants were sent out to New Zealand. The Union Steam Shipping Company of Nev/ Zealand was established. 1873 1874 1875 166 EUEOPE. 1876 The Queeu was proclaimed Empress of India ou 1st May. 1877 AMEEICA. 1878 Sir M. Hicks-Beach became Colonial Secretary in February. The British fleet were ordered to Besika Bay, and native troops from India were ordered to Malta (April). Cyprus was assigned by Turkey to be occupied and administered by Great Britain. 1879 The North-West Territories were formed into a Province of the Do- minion of Canada. The Intercolonial Eailway from Quebec to Halifax was opened. A great fnre broke out in St. John's, New Brunswick. The Halifax Fisheries Commis- sion awai'ded the sum of §5,500,000 to be paid by the United States to Canada. AFEICA. Lord Lome was appointed Governor-General of Canada. The Parliament of Canada, in an address to the Queen, prayed that such British possessions in North America (other than New- foundland) as were not included in the Dominion might be annexed to Canada. The Dominion Parhament adop- ted a protective tariff, under the style of a National Policy. A Commission was appointed by Sir Henry Barkly to consider the question of the defence of the frontier of Cape Colony. Sir Bartle Frere was appoint- ed Governor of Cape Colony and High Commissioner for South Africa. The Cape Colony became engaged in a war with the Gcale- kas and the Gaikas. Ou 12th April the Transvaal was annexed by the British Government. On the conclusion of the wai with the Kaffirs, the Gaika terri- tory was declared to be forfeited, and a general disarmament of the Kaffirs on the frontier was en- forced. War with the Zulus broke out : the British lost the battle of Isan- dhhvana in January, but closed the war by the victory at Ulundi in July. Fingoland, the Iduty wa Eeserve, and No Man's Land were annexed to Cape Colony. h'i 167 ASIA. Lord Lytton became Viceroy of India. The Queen was proclaimed at Delhi Empress of India on 1st January. A Mansion House Fund of £515,000 was raised in London to relieve the distress caused by a famine in Bombay and Madras. The Afghan Amir (Sher AH), having de- clined to accept a British Eesident, received a Eussian envoy, and signed a treaty accepting the guardianship of Eussia. An ultimatum was sent to the Amir in September, and in November the British forces captured Ali Musjid Fort ; and in December General Roberts won the battle of the Peiwar Pass, and occupied Jellalabad. General Stewart occupied Kandahar. The Amir died in February, and his sou Yakub Khan signed the treaty of Gandamak in May. Sir Louis Cavagnari, who had been received as British Eesident at Kabul, was slain in an assault upon the Eesideucy by Afghan troops. AUSTEALASIA. YEAR. The telegraph cable between Sydney and Wcl- 1876 lington was completed. The provincial system of local government was abolished in New Ze.\land, the Colony being divided into counties and boroughs. Adelaide and Perth were connected by tele- graph. An Act was passed in New Zealand for the free and compulsory education of children. A High Commissioner was appointed for the Western Pacific Islands. Sir W. F. D. Jervois was appointed Gover- nor of South Australia. The statue of Captain Cook at Sydney was unveiled on 2nd February. Sir Hercules Robinson was appointed Governor of New Zealand, in which Colony a Triennial Parliament Act was passed, and the suffrage was granted to every adult male resident. The Sydney International Exhibition was visited by 1,045,000 people. Lord Augustus Loftus was appointed Governor of New South Wales, and the Marquis of Normanby Governor of Victokia. 1877 1878 1879 168 EUEOPE. 1880 In April Mr. Gladstone be- came Prime Minister, and Lord Kimberley Colonial Secretary. AMERICA. 1881 The popnlation of the United Kingdom numbered 35,211,482. 1882 On July 11th the fortifications of Alexandria were bombarded by the British fleet. In August a British army landed and occupied Egypt, defeating Arabi Pasha in September at Tel-el-Kebir. Lord Derby became Colonial Secretary in December. 1883 Lord Derby suggested to the Australasian Agents-General " the confederation of the Colonies " with the view of dealing with affairs in the Western Pacific. In reply (July 21st)the Agents-General By an order in council (31st .July) all British possessions in North America (other than New- foundland), not previously in- cluded in Canada, were annexed to the Dominion. On 21st October the contract was signed for the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. AFRICA. The population of the Dominion of Can,\da numbered 1,321,810. Ontario contained 1,923,000 in- habitants ; (inc'liee, 1.359,000 ; Nova Scotia, 440,000 ; New Brunswick, 321.000 ; Prince Edwanl Island, 108,000 ; Mani- toba, 65,000 ; British Columbia, 49,000 ; and the Territories, 56,000. On 2nd May the Canadian Paci- fic Railway was commenced. Four Provisional Districts (As- siniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabasca) were formed out of a portion of the North-West Territories of Canada. A Royal Commission was ap- pointed to inquire into the financial condition of .Tamaica, the Leeward Islands, and the Islands of Gbe- nada, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Tobago. TheBasutos resisted the attempt to disarm them in accordance with the terms of the Colonial Peace Preservation Act, and war resulted with Cape Colony. The Boers of the Transvaal de- clared their independence, and be- came engaged in war with Great Britain. Griqualand West was incorpo- rated with Cape Colony. Detachments of British troops were defeated by the Boers at Laing's Nek in January, and at Majuba Hill in February. An armistice with the Boers resulted in the Pretoria Convention being signed in August, by which self- government was restored to the Boers under the suzerainty of Great Britain. Sir Hercules Robinson was appointed Governor of Cape Colony. General Gordon attempted to settle the dispute between Cape Colony and the Basutos. Natal declined to accept re- sponsible government coupled with self-defence. Gold was discovered in the Transvaal. J Lord Lansdowne was ap- pointed Governor - General of Canada. The population of Newfound- land numbered 193,000. Basutoland was transferred from the government of Cape Colony to that of the Crown. 169 ASIA. Lord Ripon became Viceroy of India. Tlie British defeatej the Afghans at Ahmed Khel, but were defeated by Ayub Khan at Maiwaud. General Roberts made a forced march from Kabul to Kaudahar, and won the battle of Pir Paimal. Abdur Rahman was recognized as Amir of Afghanistan. Kandahar was evacuated by the British in favour of Abdur Rahman, who defeated Ayub Khan. The Punjab University was opened. An Indian contingent fought with distinction in the Egyptian campaign against Arabi Pasha. A British subsidy of .€120,000 a year granted to the Amir, Abdur Rahman. was Considerable agitation on the part of non- official Europeans arose in India against the Ilbert Bill, which measure was favoured by the AUSTEALASIA. YEAE. Sydney and Melbourne were connected by railway. An International Exhibition was opened at Melbourne. Sir A. H. Gordon was appointed Governor of New Zealand. The population of New South Wales num- bered 751,000 ; of ViCTOKiA, 862,000 ; of South Australia, 279,000; of Queensland, 213,000; of Westekn Austualia, 30,000 ; of Tasmania, 115,000 ; of New Zealand, 490,000. Sir G. C. Strahan was appointed Governor of Tasmania. The export of frozen sheep from New Zealand was valued at £20,000. Several Maori chiefs visited London, and were received by the Prince of Wales. Sir W. F. D. Jervois was appointed Governor of New Zealand. 1880 1881 1882 In November an Inter-colonial Conference of Australasian delegates met at Sydney, and resolved that a Federal Council should be formed to deal with matters in which united action might be desirable. 1883 170 EUEOPE. 1883 for New South Wales, New Zealand, Queensland, and Vic- toria stated that their Colonies had not made up their minds on the question of federation, wliich was " of too great moment " to be then decided. 1884 A convention was signed in London (February 27th) by which Great Britain recognized the Transvaal as the South African Eepublic, and restricted the British suzerainty. 1885 Lord Salisbury became Prime Minister in Juno, and Colonel (Lord) Stanley, Colonial Secre- tary. The Bill drafted at the Sydney Conference in 1883 for the estab- lishment of a Federal Council was amended in the Imperial Parlia- ment, and received the royal assent on 14th August. Owing to disturbances in Bechuanaland between the natives, and the intervention of the Boers, Sir Charles Warren was ordered to proceed to Bechuanaland as Special Commissioner. AMEEICA. 1886 In February Mr. Gladstone became Prime Minister, and Lord Granville Colonial Secretary. The Colonial and Indian An offer of military assistance in the Soudan was made by Canada to the Imperial Government. Louis Riel having again raised a rebellion in the North-West Territory, was captured, and hanged for high treason. The Fishery Clauses of the Treaty of Washington were termi- nated by the United States. The Canadian Pacific Eailway was completed. By letters patent (17th March) the islands of Grenada, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent were constituted the Colony of the Windward Islands. The first through train on the Canadian Pacific Eailway left Montreal ou 28th June, with war- like stores transferred from Quebec to Vancouver. AFEICA. In July Great Britain assumed the Protectorate of the Lower Niger, including the Benin and Cross Elvers, treaties being con- cluded with the principal native chiefs. As a result of Sir Charles Warren's expedition, a Protec- torate was established over Northern Bechuanaland, and Southern, or British, Bechuana- land was made a Crown Colony. A British Protectorate was pro- claimed over Pondolaud ; and Tembuland, Gcalekaland, and Bomvanaland were annexed to Cape Colony. The railway from Capetown was extended to Kim- berley. Mauritius was granted the right to elect ten representatives to the Legislative Council. Lagos was detached from the Gold Coast Colony. The Xesibe Country was annexed to Cape Colony. 171 ASIA. AUSTEALASIA. YEAR. High Courts of Bombay and Madras, and opposed by that of Calcutta. In December a compromise was effected, which allowed Euro- peans to claim a jury wholly or partly European. Sir Peter Lumsden and Colonel (Sir West) Ridgway were appointed to serve on the Anglo- Eussiau Afghan Boundary Commission. Lord Dufferin India in December. Bhamo, in Burmah, was occupied by British troops. The Indian army was increased by 10,000 British and by 12,000 Indian troops. Sir Donald Stewart was ordered to Quetta with 50,000 troops, and the native Princes offered aid to the British Government against Russia. A meeting took place between Lord Dufferin and the Amir of Afghanistan. In December the first Indian National Con- gress was held at Bombay, and attended by about 100 delegates. The total output of coal from the eighty col- heries in Bengal amounted to 1,316,000 tons. On 1st January the annexation of Upper Burmah was proclaimed by Lord Dufferin. Sir West Ridgway, having completed the •work of the Afghan Boundary Commission, Sir Anthony Musgrave was appointed Governor of Queensl.\.\d ; Sir W. F. C. Robinson, Governor of South Austealia. was appointed Viceroy of A Protectorate was proclaimed over the south- western portion of New Guinea. Sir Henry B. Loch was appointed Governor of Victoria. Mr. Service, Prime Minister of Victoria, carried a Confederation Bill in accord- ance with the scheme of the Inter-colonial Conference ; in New South Wales a similar Bill was defeated. On 12th February New South Wales telegraphed to the Imperial Government offering troops for service in the Soudan ; the next day Victoria made a similar offer, and other Colonies followed suit. On 3rd March the New South Wales contingent of 900 men left Sydney, and on 29 th March reached Suakim. Lord Carrington was appointed Governor of New South Wales. The Legislatures of Victoiua, Queensland, and Tasmania adopted the Imperial Act con- stituting a Federal Council of Australasia, and the Government of Western Australia accepted the measure. In Queensland an agitation sprang up in favour of dividing the Colony. The first meeting of the Federal Council was held at Hobart on 25th January, and attended by representatives from Victoria, Queensland, Tasmania, Western Australia, and Fiji. 172 EUEOPE. 1886 Exhibitiou held in London was visited by 5,500,000 people. In August Lord Salisbury became Prime Minister, and Mr. Stanhope, Colonial Secretary. AMEEICA. 1887 In January Sir Henry Holland (Lord Knutsford) became Colonial Secretary. A Conference of Colonial Dele- gates was held at the Foreign Office, under the presidency of Sir Henry Holland, from 4th April to 9th May. It was decided, amongst other things, to establish an Aus- tralasian squadron of five cruisers and two gunboats. 1888 The Imperial Parliament passed the Imperial Defence Act, ratifying the agreement made between the Government and the Australasian Colonies for providing a special squadron to be maintained in Australasian waters, the first cost (£850,000) being paid by the Im- perial Government, and the Colo- nies paying interest (£35,000), and the cost of maintenance to the ex- tent of £91,000 per annum for ten years. The seizure by the Canadian authorities of American vessels, for illegal fishing in the Bay of I'undy, was followed by reprisals by the Americans. AFEICA. The mails between Great Britain and Japan were despatched by way of the Canadian Pacific Eailway. The railway bridge over the St. Lawrence at Lachine was com- pleted. In November a Fisheries Com- mission was appointed to settle the dispute between Canada and the United States. Trinidad and Tobago were united as one Colony by an Act of the Imperial Parliament (50 and 51 Vict., cap. 44). The Fisheries Treaty, signed at Washington in February, was re- jected by the Senate of the United States in August. Lord Stanley of Preston was appointed Governor-General of Canada. A dispute between Manitoba and the Canadian Pacific Eailway Com- pany as to the extension of the Eed Eiver Eailway across the Canadian Pacific Eailway track was decided by the Supreme Court in favour of Manitoba. Western Zululand was occupied by Boer farmers, and recognized by Great Britain as the New Eepublic. A charter was granted to the Eoyal Niger Company, conferring administrative powers over terri- tories including thirty miles on each bank of the rivers Niger and Binue. Zululand was annexed to Great Britain. An Inter-colonial Conference was held at Capetown. The South African Jubilee Ex- hibition was opened at Grahams- town in December. The Imperial British East Africa (Ibea) Company was incorporated by a royal charter to control the territory on the coast, 150 miles in length and ten broad, conceded by the Sultan of Zanzibar to Mr. W. Mackinnon. A conference was held at Cape- town of delegates from Cape Colony, Natal, and the Orange Free State, to discuss a Customs Union and Eailway Extension. 173 ASIA. AUSTEALASIA. YEAH. received at Lahore the public thanks of the Government. The Gwalior fortress was restored to Sindhia. A great extension of railways in India was commenced. The second Indian National Congress was held at Calcutta. Many Indian Princes attended the Service in The Legislative Council of Westeen Aus- Westminster Abbey celebrating Her Majesty's tealia petitioned the Imperial Government to Jubilee. The Nizam of Hyderabad offered £600,000 towards the defence of India by the Imperial Government. Other native Pi'inces offered troops and money. The Indian Government annexed Quetta, Pishin, and Sibi. The third Indian National Congress was held at Madras. The British Government assumed a Protec- torate over the territory of the North Borneo Company, as well as over Sarawak and Brunei. In November Lord Dufferin announced that the Government declined to accept money from the Princes of India, but urged them so to im- prove their armies as to fit them to fight with the British in defence of India. Lord Lansdowne was appointed Viceroy in Decembei-. The fourth Indian National Congress was held at Allahabad, grant the Colony responsible self-government. The Parliaments of the Australasian Colonies (except Queensland) passed Naval Defence Bills, in pursuance of the decision arrived at by the delegates to the Colonial Conference in London. Sir R. G. C. Hamilton was appointed Governor of Tasmania. The centenary of the landing of Captain Phillip at Sydney was celebrated in New South Wales. A conference of AustralasianMinisters was held at Sydney to consider the question of Chinese immigration. Lord Onslow was appointed Governor of New Zealand, and Lord Kintore Governor of South Austealia. 1886 1887 1888 174 EUEOPE. 1889 The House of Lords jiassed a Bill to grant responsible govern- ment to Western Austkalia. 1890 The agreement between Great Britain and Germany, defining the boundaries of their respective spheres of influence in Africa, was signed on 1st July. The Bill granting self-govern- ment to Westekn Austkalia was passed by the Imperial Parliament. AMEEIGA. 1891 The population of the United Kingdom numbered 37,888,153. An agreement was signed on 11th June between Great Britain and Portugal, defining the boun- daries of their respective Colonies and spheres of influence in Africa. The Dominion House of Com- mons negatived, by 94 to 66 votes, a motion to petition the Queen to grant the Governor-General inde- pendent action in foreign affairs. A unanimous Address to the Queen was voted in the Dominion House of Commons expressing the loyalty and devotion of Canada. The " Empress" line of steam- ships, in connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway, com- menced runningbetweenVancouver and Japan and Ilong Kong in December. AFRICA. The population of Canada numbered ■4,829,411. Of the Pro- vinces, Ontario contained 2,112,989 inhabitants; Quebec, 1,488,586; Nova Scotia, 450,523 ; New Bruns- wick, 321,294; Manitoba, 154,442; Prince Edward Island, 109,088; British Columbia, 92,767 ; and the Territories, 56,446. An exhibition was held in Jamaica. Sir Henry B. Loch was ap- pointed Governor of Cate Colony and High Commissioner for South Africa. A roval charter was granted (29th October) to the British South Africa Company, conferring large powers of administration over the territory of Matabeleland and Mashonaland. The pioneer expedition of the British South Africa Company arrived at Fort Salisbury, in Mashonaland. The railway connecting the Cape Colony with the Orange Free State was opened on 17th December. Natal decided to accept sponsible self-government. re- On 7th November a British Protectorate over Zanzibar was formally proclaimed. The population of Cape Colony numbered 1,527,224, composed of 376,987 of European descent, and 1,150,237 native and coloured people. The population of Natal num- bered 46,788 of European descent, 41,142 Indians, and 455,983 Kaffirs. 175 ASIA. AUSTEALASIA. YEAR The fortress of Quetta was completed, and the Sukkur Bridge was opened. The fifth Indian National Congress was held at Bombay. The sixth Indian National Congress was held at Calcutta. The tonnage of 4,114 vessels that entered the ports of Hong Kong amounted to 4,893,73.3 tons. In addition, 23,512 juuks of 1,795,261 tons arrived at the ports. The tonnage of 8,110 vessels that entered the ports of the Straits Settlements amounted to 4,859,720 tons. The number of native craft visiting the ports was 13,837, with a tonnage of 359,929 tons. The seventh Indian National Congress was held at Nagpore. Lord Hopetoun was appointed Governor of Victoria. The University of T.\sm.\nia was incorporated. On 1st May the bridge over the Hawkesbury Eiver in New South Wales was opened, and railway communication from Adelaide, through Melbourne and Sydney, was completed as far as Brisbane. A conference of Australasian delegates met in Melbourne, in February, and decided to hold a National Australasian Convention, to consider and report upon an adequate scheme for the Federal constitution. The constitution of Western Australia as a self-governing Colony was proclaimed on 22ud October. Lord Jersey was appointed Governor of New South Wales. The population of New South Wales num- bered 1,132,2.34; New Zealand, 626.8.30; Queensland, 393,718 ; South Australia, 315,048; Tasmania, 146,667; Victoria, 1,140,411; Western Australia, 49,782. The National Australasian Convention met at Sydney in Jlarch, and drafted a Bill for the constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia. Queensland passed the Naval Defence Bill already adopted by the other Australasian Colonies. PART II. 179 ADEN, AND DEPENDENCIES. niTUATED on the south coast of the province of Yemen, in Arabia Felix, Aden is a U dependency of the Indian Empire, and is administered by a political resident appointed by the Bombay Government. It is an important coaling-station, and the town is strongly fortified. Two islands, Pebim at the entrance of the Eed Sea, and Socotra in the Arabian Sea, are under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Aden. The area of Aden is seventy square miles, of Perim five square miles, and of Socotra 1,382 square miles. The population of Aden and Perim in 1891 numbered 41,910 ; of Socotra, about 10,000. 1839. — Aden was occupied by a liritish naval and military force. 1876.— The island of Socotra was attached to Great Britain by a treaty with the Sultan. 1886. — Socotra was formally annexed to Great Britain. 1887. — A protectorate was established over the Somali Coast of Africa opposite to Aden, extending from Berbera to Eas Hafauri. The protectorate is administered by apolitical agent and consul subordinate to Aden. N 2 180 ANTIGUA. ANTIGUA, one of the West India Islands, is the seat of government of the Colony of the Leewabd Islands. It has several good harbours. With it are usually included the two small islands of Barbuda and Eedonda, the total area of the three islands being about 170 square miles. The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council appointed by the Crown, and a Legislative Council of twenty-four members, of whom four are ex-officio, eight nominated by the Crown, and twelve elected members. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public Revenue. PublicExpen- diture (exclu- sive of 4.) ExpcniUture from Loaus on Public Works. Imiiorts. Exports. PubUc Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 35,157 43,747 40,578 — 175,741 247,630 53,982 1881 34,961 41,585 41,341 — 151,883 178,582 57,432 1890 86,700* 46,334 50,142 1,040 184,590 218,222 26,271 Census 1891. 1493. — Columbus on his second voyage discovered Antigua. 1632. — A few English families settled in Antigua. 1666. — Autigua, which had received large numbers of Colonists from England, was seized by the French from Martinique. 1667. — By the treaty of Breda, Autigua was restored to the English. 1871. — Antigua was incorporated in the Colony of the Leeward Islands. 181 ASCENSION. ASCENSION ISLAND lies in the South Atlantic about 750 miles north-west of St. Helena. It is under the control of the Admiralty, and is used as a coahng-station and victualling and store depot for the squadron stationed on the West Coast of Africa. The island is about thirty-five square miles in extent, and its population consists of a small number of officers, seamen, and marines, a few of whom have wives and children with them, and about fifty Kroomen, numbering in all about 300 souls. 1501. — Juan da Nova (? Castella), a Portuguese, discovered on Lady Day an island, which he named Conception Island, but which Albuquerque re-named Ascension Island on 20th May, 1503. 1815. — Ascension Island was for the first time occupied by Great Britain as a naval station, and garrisoned by a detachment from St. Helena, where Napoleon was then in exile. 18'2 AUSTRALIA See also NEW SOUTH WALES, NEW ZEALAND, QUEENSLAND, SOUTH AUSTEALL\, TASMANIA, VICTOEIA, and WESTEEN AUSTEALLV. 1531. — Guillaume le Testu, a Proveui;al navigator, is stated to have been the first European to behold the continent of Australia. The evidence relied upon (by the late Mr. E. H. Major and others) is furnished by French maps and relative documents dated 1542 and 1555, which are now preserved in the British Museum and in the War Office of Paris. 1598. — Cornelius Wyttliet distinctly indicated the position of AustraUa : — "The Australis Terra is the most southern of all lands, and is separated from New Guinea [first discovered by the Portuguese in 15'26] by a narrow strait." 1605. — De Quiros, a Spaniard, was sent from Lima, in Peru, to discover the' " great southern land." He sighted laud, probably one of the Louisiade or New Hebrides Islands, aud named it " Tierra Austral del Espiritu Santo." His lieutenant, De Torres, having been separated from the rest of the fleet by a storm, passed through the Torres Straits, and discovered the mainland of Australia near Cape York. 160G. — The yacht, Duyfhen, sent from Bantam by the Dutch East India Company, discovered the northern coast of Australia, probably a few months earlier than De Torres. 1G16. — Dirk Hartogs visited the north-west coast of Australia. 1G18. — The Dutch ships, J'cra and Arnhem, from Amboyna, explored the gulf on the northern coast of Australia (afterwards named Carpenter's Gulf). 1623. — Jan Carstensz, coasting along the great gulf on the northern coast of Australia, named the Eiver Carpentier, after the Governor of the ]3utch Indies. 1627. — The Dutch ship, Guldciie Zcejxdird, having on board Pieter Nuyts as ambassador to Japan, coasted along the southern shores of Australia. 1628. — Dutch vessels explored the coasts of Western Australia and named it " De Witts Land "; the gulf on the northern coast of Australia was named the Gulf of Carpentaria, after Governor Pieter Carpentier. 1642. — Abel Jansen Tasman, after discovering New Zealand and Tasmania, explored the northern coasts of Australia, which the States General of Holland formally named "New Holland." Srarj/vrili! (^efltjTE^ob^ launy^nU Cern'Steat' 1 / of Quebec. The Parliament of the Dominion was to consist of the Queen, a Senate • and a House of Commons ; the Senate was to consist of seventy-two members, who were to be summoned by the Governor-General ; the House of Commons was to consist of 181 members — eighty-two to be elected for Ontario, sixty-five for Quebec, nineteen for \Nova Scotia, and fifteen for New Brunswick — and was not to sit longer than five years ; and, the representation was to be readjusted according to the decennial census returns, on the basis of Quebec Province having the fixed number of sixty-five members. The Legislature of the Province of Ontario was to consist of the Lieutenant-Governor, iX ^ \^ i^ ■y 218 CANADA. and of the Legislative Assembly ; that of Quebec of the Lieutenant-Governor, a Legislative Council, and a Legislative Assembly. The duration of the Legislative Assemblies of Ontario and Quebec was not to exceed four years. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick each retained •/ the two chambers it had before the Union. And finally, other Colonies were to be admitted into the Dominion, on addresses from the Parliament of Canada, and from the Legislatm-es of such Colonies. The first Parliament of the Dominion was opened on 7th November. 18G8. — In accordance with the provisions of an Act passed by the Imperial Parliament, negotiations took place between delegates from Canada and the Hudson's Bay Company, for the surrender of the North-West Territory to the Dominion. 1869. — An agreement was sanctioned by the Dominion Parliament by which the territory / (Eupert's Land) of the Hudson's Bay Company was transferred to the Dominion, the Company receiving £300,000, and retaining certain reserves of land and their trading posts. ■ The Eed Eiver Eebellion broke out among the half-breeds." 1870. — A body of Fenians crossed the frontier of Quebec in May, but were repulsed by i ^ the volunteers. An armed force, sent from England under Colonel (Lord) Wolseley, reached Fort Garry : (Winnipeg) in August, and found the rebels had dispersed. ' In July, the Province of Manitoba was formed out of a portion of the North-West ,_ y J Territories, and was admitted into the Confederation. 1871. — The population of the Dominion of Canada was 3,485,761 ; of British Columbia, j, 36,224 ; of Prince Edward Island, 94,021 ; of Manitoba, 18,995. y I J British Columbia was admitted into the Confederation of British North America. 1872. — Lord Duflerin was appointed Governor-General. / y 1873. — Prince Edward Island was admitted into the Confederation of British North America. , 1875. — The Dominion Government established the Eoyal Military College at Kingston. "^ 1876. — The North-West Territories were formed into a Province of the Dominion of Canada. The Intercolonial Eailway from Quebec to Halifax was opened. -^ / 1877. A great fire broke out in St. John's, New Brunswick. ^ The Halifax Fisheries Commission awarded the sum of $5,500,000 to be paid by the v- V United States to Canada. 1878. — Lord Lome was appointed Governor-General. CANADA. 219 The Parliauieut of Canada, iu an Address to the Queen, prayed that such British ^ possessions iu North America (other thau Newfoundland) as were not included in the Dominion, might be annexed to Canada. lyyg. — The Dominion Parliament adopted a protective tariff under the style of a National Policy. 1880. — By an order in council (31st July) all British possessions in North America '^ (other than Newfoundland), not previously included in Canada, were annexed to the. Dominion. On 21st October the contract was signed for the construction of the Canadian Pacific . Railway. 1881. — The population of the Dominion numbered 4,324,810. ■J •^Ontario contained 1,'.)23,000 inlialiitaiits ;'^iUiebec, 1, 350, 000; Xu\-a Scotia, 440,000 ;J;ie\v 15runswick, '^ 321,000; PriuCL- Edwai-d Island, 108,000; Jlaiiitaba,"65,000 ; iJiitish Colundiia, 49,000; and the y Tcmtories,''56,000. I On 2nd May the Canadian Pacific Eailway was commenced. 1882.— Four Provisional Districts (Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabasca) ^ '- were formed out of a portion of the North-West Territories of Canada. V 1883. — Lord Lansdowne was appointed Governor-General. 1885. — An offer of military assistance in the Soudan was made by Canada to the Imperial . Government. Louis Riel having again raised a rebellion iu the North-West Territory was captured and ^ hanged for high treason. The Fishery Clauses of the Treaty of Washington were terminated by the United States. ' The Canadian Pacific Kailway was completed. lb8G. — The first through train on the Canadian Pacific Eailway left Montreal on 28th June with warlike stores transferred from Quebec to Vancouver. The seizure by the Canadian authorities of American vessels for illegal fishing in the ^ Bay of Fundy was followed by reprisals by the Americans. 1887.— The mails between Great Britain and Japan were despatched by way of the • Canadian Pacific Railway. The railway bridge over the St. Lawrence at Lachine was completed. - In November, a Fisheries Commission was appointed to settle the disputes between t,- Canada and the United States. 1888. — The Fisheries Treaty, signed at Washington in February, was rejected by the l^ Senate of the United States in August. ^ Lord Stanley of Preston was appointed Governor-General. 220 CANADA. / A dispute between Manitoba and the Canadian Pacific Eailway Company, as to the . extension of the Eed Eiver Eailway across the Canadian Pacific Eailway track, was decided by the Supreme Court in favour of Manitoba. 1889. — The Dominion House of Commons negatived by ninety-four to sixty-six votes a / y motion to petition the Queen to grant the Governor-General independent action in foreign affairs. 1890. — A unanimous address to the Queen was voted in the Dominion House of / Commons expressing the loyalty and devotion of Canada. The "Empress" line of steamships, in connection with the Canadian Pacific Eailway, commenced running between Vancouver and Japan, and Hong Kong, in December. / 1891.— The population numbered 4,829,411.- ^ ^ t' ^ Ontario contained 2,112,989 inhabitants ; Quebec, 1,488,586 ; Nova Scotia, 450,523 ,\^e\v Brunswick, / 321,294 ;'^JIanitolia,'^154,442 f Prince Edwaril Island,'^09, 088 ; •British Columbia, 927767; and the Tenitories, 56,146. The Parliament of the Dominion of Canada consists of two Houses — the Senate and the House of Commons. The Senate is composed of eighty senators, who are nominated for life by the Governor- General. Each Province is represented by a certain number of senators, namely, Ontario by twenty-four, Quebec by twenty-four. Nova Scotia by ten, New Brunswick by ten, Prince Edward Island by four, Manitoba by three, British Columbia by three, and the Territories by two. Each senator must be thirty years of age, a born or naturalized subject, and must reside in, and be possessed of property of the value of $4,000 in the Province which he represents. The House of Commons is elected for five years on a uniform franchise for the whole Dominion (except iu the Territories) ; Quebec Province has the fixed number of sixty-five representatives, and the other Provinces have representatives iu proportion to their populations as shown at each decennial Census. The Provinces of the Dominion have each a separate Parliament and Executive under a Lieutenant-Governor, who is appointed by the Governor-General. Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island have each a Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly. Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia have each only one Chamber — a Legis- lative Assembly. The North-West Territories are presided over by a Lieutenant-Governor, who is assisted by a Legislative Assembly of twenty-two elected members and three legal experts appointed by the Governor in Council. ' 221 CAPE COLONY NAMED after its principal headland, this Colony is bounded ou the west and south by the Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; on the north by the Orange Eiver ; on the north-east by the Orange Free State and Basutoland ; and on the east by Natal and Pondoland. Its area is estimated at 221,311 square miles, including 430 square miles at Walfish Bay in Damaraland. The Parliament of Cape Colony consists of a Legislative Council of twenty-two members elected for seven years, and of a House of Assembly of seventy-six members elected for five years. Both Houses are elected by the same voters, who in 1891 numbered 73,816. Year. 1. Population. 2, Public Revenue. 3. Public Expen- diture (exclu- sive of 4). 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public "ft^orks. 5. Imports. 6. Exports. 7. Public Debt. 1871 1881 1890 582,582 720,984 1,527,224* £ 836,174 2,999,903 4,430,050 £ 764,915 4,788,245 3,864,014 £ 742,443 1,063,482 £ 3,107,838 9,787,140 10,106,466 £ 3,585,996 8,600,310 10,285,653 £ 1,546,957 13,261,809 23,748,921 • Preliminary figures of Census of 1891. Races: European, 376,987; Malay, 13,907; Kaffir, 608,456 ; Fingo, 229,680; Hottentot, 50,338 ; mixed, 247,806. I486. — Bartholomew Dias with two ships doubled the Cape of Good Hope and anchored in Algoa Bay, beyond which his crews refused to go more than two or three days' sail. Then returning he discovered the C.\pe, which he named Cabo Tormentoso, but which King John re-named Cabo de Boa Esperanoa. 1497.__Vasco da Gama sailed from the Tagus on 8th July with four vessels. After four months' voyage he reached a bay (120 miles north of the Cape), which he named St. Helena Bay. On the 20th November he doubled the Cape of Good Hope. 1503.— On his way to India, Antonio de Saldanha anchored in Table Bay, and ascended Table Mountain, to which he gave its name. 1510. — D'Almeida, Viceroy of the Portuguese possessions in the East, returning from India, landed at Table Bay and was slain with many of his men in a fight with the natives. y 222 CAPE COLONY. 1579. — Thomas Stevens, an English priest in the service of Portugal, was wrecked near the Cape of Good Hope on his way to Goa, and wrote the first account of it recorded in English by an eye-witness. Continuing his voyage, Stevens was the first Englishman to visit India. 1680. — Francis Drake on his way home sighted the Cape on 18th June, " a most stately thing, and the fairest cape we saw in the whole circumference of the earth." 1591. — George Eaymoud's fleet of three vessels, the first English ships to harbour on the South African coast, put into Table Bay at the end of July. The Merchant Boyal was sent back home, being weak-handed, in August, and the Penelope, with Eaymond on board, foundered on the 12th September, four days after sailing from Table Bay. The Edward Bon- adventure, under Captain James Lancaster, reached India safely. 1598. — The Dutch ship Lion, with John Davis on board, called at Table Bay, when thirteen sailors were slain by Hottentots in Table Valley. 1601. — The first fleet of the London East India Company, commanded by James Lancaster, arrived at Table Bay after a voyage of 140 days. After seven weeks' rest they resumed their voyage to India, having obtained oxen and sheep from the Hottentots. Two vessels of the Dutch fleet, returning from India under Van Caerden, called in at and named Mossel Bay, Flesh Bay, and Fish Bay. 1605. — Sir Edward Michelburne and Captain John Davis, in the Tiger (240 tons), put into Table Bay in April, on their way to the Indies. 1610. — Pieter Both, who had been appointed the first Governor-General of Netherlands India, and had sailed from the Texel in January, was separated by a storm from the rest of his fleet, and took refuge in Table Bay, where he was found by Captain Downton, in the Peppercmit, in July. 1611. — The Dutch skipper, Isaac le Maire, called at Table Bay in May, and left his sou Jacob and some seamen, who resided for several months in Table Valley. Their object was to kill seals on Eobben Island, and to harpoon whales. An attempt was also made to open up a trade for hides with the Hottentots. 1616. — The Assembly of Seventeen, the governing body of the Netherlands East India Company, resolved (7th August) that its outward-bound fleets should always put into Table Bay to refresh the crews. But no attempt was made to explore the country. 1620. — In July a fleet of four ships, belonging to the English East India Company, the London, Hart, Boohuch-, and Eagle, under the command of Andrew Shillinge, put into Table Bay on its way to the Persian Gulf. They found one English and nine Dutch homeward- bound vessels. Shortly after the departure of the Dutch vessels, a second English fleet, bound for Bantam, arrived in the Bay, under the command of Humphrey Fitzherbert. The two captains decided that Table Bay was a suitable site on which to erect a fort to serve as CAPE COLONY. 223 " a place of refreshment " for the East India fleets, and proclaimed English sovereignty over the adjacent country, hoisting the English Hag on the Lion's Rump, which they named King ' James' Mount. Possession, however, was not maintained. 1649. — Two Dutchmen, Leeudert Janssen and Nicholas Proot, who had been wrecked in the Haarlem in Table Bay, and had spent five months in Table Valley before being taken off / by the fleet returning from the Indies, on their return to Holland reported very favourably on the climate, soil, and attitude of the natives. 1650. — In consequence of Janssen and Proofs report, the Directors of the Dutch East India Company decided to establish a victualling station for their fleets in Table Valley. 1651. — The Dutch East India Company ordered three ships (the Dromcdaris, an old- fashioned Indiaman, the Bcigcr, a smaller vessel, and the yacht Goede Hoop) to be fitted out to take out settlers to the Cape of Good Hope. Jan van Riebeek, who had been a surgeon in the Company's service, was selected as Governor. His wife and two nieces, who both afterwards married in South Africa, and other women, were among the settlers. On 24th December, escorted by a large fleet of merchantmen, the expedition for Table Bay sailed hoyfv Texel. 1652. — The three ships under the command of Van Eiebeek arrived at Table Bay on 6th April, after a quick passage of 104 days from Texel. A fort was at once commenced. On 24th April, Van Riebeek and his family took up their residence in a rudely-built dwelling close to the beach. On 28th May, the 116 colonists, all being servants of the Netherlands East India Company, were left to their own resources, the ships resuming their voyage to Batavia. Great sufferings were endured during the rainy season, after which the cultivation of the Company's garden was commenced, and the sick speedily recovered their health. Many ships i-earlieJ Table Bay in an almost disabled condition, owing to their crews sutl'erirg from scurvy. A ]iassage between Holland and the Cape made in less than four months was considered quick. A reward of i.'iO was bestowed on the officers of every .ship reaching Batavia within six months of leaving Ti'xel, anil the Cajie was estimated to be two-thirds of the voyage out. 1654. — Peace with England allowed the Dutch to send out numerous ships to the East, and as many as twenty-one vessels bound for the Indies put into Table Bay. Van Riebeek, ^ having obtained an abundance of sheep and cattle from the Kaapman Hottentots, was able to supply the ships with frejh meat, as well as with vegetables, which had grown plentifully in the Company's garden. 1655. — The colonists at the Cape of Good Hope obtained several hundred cattle and sheep in barter for copper with the Hottentots. During the year twenty-three Dutch and two English vessels called at Table Bay for fresh provisions, which were supplied by the colonists. 1656. — The Dutch colonists at the Cape built a large hospital for the sick sailors and soldiers landed from the ships on their way to and from the East. By this time " nearly every garden plant of Europe and India was cultivated at the Cape . . . except potatoes and maine. . . . Fruit trees of many kinds had been introduced. Young oaks and firs were sent 224 CAPE COLONY. growing in boxes from Europe. Various kinds of vines from the Rhine Provinces and from France were sent out in the same way. Horses from Java, pigs, sheep (rams and ewes from J the best flocks in Holland), dogs, and rabbits from Europe " had also been sent out by the enterprising Directors of the Netherlands East India Company. As many as thirty-five Dutch vessels, five English, and four French put into Table Bay, and obtained plentiful supplies of fresh meat and vegetables. 1657. — In February ground was allotted to the first burghers in South Africa. Permission had been given by the Directors of the Company to such of their servants and officials at the Cape as chose to become independent farmers to do so. Nine men were released from the V Company's service, and, having divided into two parties, began to grow wheat and tobacco, as well as vegetables, in addition to breeding cattle, pigs, and poultry. The chief con- ditions were that the colonists were to have full possession of as much laud as they could bring under cultivation in three years, during which time they were to be free from taxes ; after that date they were to pay a reasonable land tax. 1658. — The Dutch extended the cultivation of the vine beyond Table Valley, Van Riebeek himself setting out 1,200 cuttings on a farm beyond Eondebosch, afterwards known as Wynberg. / The farmers (free burghers) were ordered to plant maize freely. Several mechanics in the service of the Company at the Cape took out free papers, and began to cultivate the land ; but the Directors stated that they found it difficult to induce " industrious farming people to emigrate to a country of which nothing beyond the name was known." 1659. — The Kaapman Hottentots, becoming jealous of the growing settlement at the Cape, harassed the farmers, and stole their cattle. The Dutch attempted reprisals, but were unable y to overtake the natives. They, therefore, imported horses from .Java, and established a mounted patrol to guard the frontier. 1660. — The Kaapmans made overtures for peace, and Van Eiebeek, declaring he would y hold possession of the Company's territory by the svpord, undertook to punish severely any European wronging the natives. A French ship being wrecked at the Cape, thirty-five of her crew, who were Huguenots, y/ entered the Dutch Company's service. 1661. — An exploring party of Dutchmen from the Cape settlement first encountered the v/ Namaquas, whom they found to be superior in physique and manners to the Cape Hottentots, and of a friendly disposition. 1662. — Zacharias Wagenaar, who had served as a merchant under the Netherlands East India Company, was appointed to succeed Van Eiebeek as Governor of the settle- ment at the Cape of Good Hope. On tlie 7th May, Van Riebeek and his family sailed ■^ for Batavia. During the ten years' government of Van Eiebeek, the average number of the Company's ships that had put into Table Bay each year had been twenty-five, having on board an average number of 200 men, thus making about 5,000 visitors to the settlement each year, who greatly benefited from its establishment. The Javanese horses had increased CAPE COLONY. 225 to over forty, enabling eighteen mounted men to patrol the border districts. There was a good supply of horned cattle, sheep, and pigs. " Every farmer had at least twelve working oxen and six cows ; every one whose wife had arrived from Europe had at least twelve cows ; .... their stock was the choicest in the country. Each had his little freehold farm marked out, and beyond the agricultural lands the whole open country was common pasturage." The native clans at that time known to the Dutch were supposed to number from forty- five to fifty thousand souls. Van Riebeek was placed in charge of the Company's establishment at Malacca until 1665, and subsequently became Secretary of the Council of India. 1665. — The Directors of the Dutch East India Company resolved to construct a strong stone fortress in Table Valley to defend their settlement at the Cape. They instructed Governor Wagenaar to detain 300 soldiers from passing ships, and to employ them in preparing materials. An unsuccessful attempt was made by Wagenaar to capture the Royal Charles, an English East Indiaman, which, ignorant that war had broken out, had put into Table Bay on her way home from Surat. 1666. — Van Quaelberg was appointed to succeed Wagenaar as Commander of the Cape settlement. He left Holland on 19th December, 1665. Owing to the war with England, the ship he was in sailed round the British Islands, and did not reach South Africa until 25th August, 1666. On her passage out 110 sailors and soldiers died, and when she reached Table Bay not a single person on board was in sound health. A fleet of twelve ships, equipped by the French East India Company, and under the command of the Viceroy of the French possessions in the East, put into Table Bay, and received every assistance from Van Quaelberg. 1667. — News reached the settlement that the Dutch were supreme at sea, and had burnt the English shipping in the Thames. It was not considered necessary to proceed with the building of the castle, upon which nearly 300 men had been employed for a year and nine months without completing even one of its five points, owing to the scarcity of timber. 1668. — Commander Borghorst was appointed to succeed Van Quaelberg, who was dismissed by the Council of Seventeen, sitting at Amsterdam, for having furnished the French fleet with stores kept at the Cape for the Dutch Indiameu. 1669. — Experienced miners and assayers were sent from Europe by the Directors of the Dutch East India Company, to search for metals in the neighbom-hood of the Cape. Although they searched for several years they were finally disappointed. The free burghers were formed into a company of militia, numbering eighty-nine. 1670.— Pieter Hackius was appointed Commander of the Cape settlement. A French East India fleet, on its way to the East, put into Table Bay, but was refused stores and fresh provisions. 226 CAPE COLONY. 1671. — During the ten years from January, 1662, to December, 1871, 370 of the Dutch East India Compiany's ships called at Table Bay and obtained supplies. Twenty-six French nine English, and two Danish ships also anchored in the Bay. It was estimated that over 7,000 strangers thus visited the Cape yearly, and benefited from the establishment of the station. A garrison of 300 men was maintained in Table Valley, and the burgher militia now numbered 100, many being mounted on Javanese ponies. 1672. — The Dutch at the Cape formally purchased from the Hottentots "the whole district of the Cape, including Table, Hout, and Saldauha bays, with all the lauds, rivers, and forests therein," in exchange for goods and merchandise to the value of 4,000 reals of eight (£800), although it was stated in a despatch to the Directors that the value of the goods actually transferred by the Dutch was £2 16s. 5d. Governor Goske arrived at the Cape in October, and found the European population consisted of sixty-four burghers (thirty-nine of whom were married), sixty-five children, fifty- three Dutch men-servants, and about 370 servants and soldiers of the Company. " The Cape castle is the frontier fortress of India," wrote the Directors, and Governor Goske was authorized to land from passing ships as many men as he might require to work upon the castle, which was again proceeded with. Four vessels were fitted out at the Cape and were sent to attack the English victualling station at St. Helena. 1676. — Governor Goske left the Cape settlement. He had made considerable progress in the building of the castle, and had established an out-station and farm at Hottentots Holland. He was succeeded by Johan Bax, who directed two unsuccessful expeditions composed of about a hundred Dutch and some friendly natives against the Bushmen, who had slain several burghers. 1678. — A few Dutch farmers advanced beyond the Cape peninsula, and began to farm sheep and cattle at Hottentots Holland. 1679. — Simon van der Stel was appointed Commander of the Cape settlement (12th October, 1679, to 1st June, 1691), and took out with him his four sons. He found that the castle had been completed, the moat only remaining unfinished, and that the garrison had been reduced upon the conclusion of peace with England. 1680. — Commander van der Stel founded the settlement at Stellenbosch, having induced eight families to leave the settlement at the Cape by an offer of as much land as they could cultivate in the Stellenbosch valley. The cultivation of tobacco alone was prohibited. 1681. — During the ten years from January, 1672, to December 1681, 344 Dutch East Indiamen, eleven English, ten Danish, and three French ships put into Table Bay. Fresh settlers at Stellenbosch raised an abundant harvest of wheat, sufTicient to supply the soldiers and burghers at the Cape with fresh bread for several months, instead of their customary fare of rice and biscuits. CAPE fOLONY. 227 1682.— Several Dutch farmers from Wynberg and Rondebosch were attracted to Stellen- bosch by the abundant crops raised, but in this year a plague, in the form of "prodigious swarms of small insects which nearly destroyed the crops," threatened the extinction of the settlement. A court of " heemraad," to settle trivial disputes between the burghers of the new district, was established. It was composed of four of the chief settlers, who held office for two years, but were unpaid. Eyklof van Goens, the Governor-General of Netherlands India, landed at the Cape on his way to Europe. To encourage the growth of grain, he relieved the burghers from tithes for two years. 1683. — The first school at Stellenbosch was opened. The children were taught reading, writing, and arithmetic, and on Saturdays the boys over nine years of age were drilled in the use of arms. 1684. — The crops gathered by the burghers at the Cape were so abundant that grain was for the first time exported from the settlement, a small quantity being sent to India. At tliis date the evils resulting from the officials of the Dutch East Imlia Company siiiiplcmcnting their salaries by private trade had become so gross, that the Assembly of Seventeen appointed a commission of three memliers to examine into their affairs in India and the East. The chief commissioner was Hendrik van Rheede tot Drakenstein, who was endowed with the fullest power and authority. 1685. — The High-Commissioner Drakenstein, on his way to the East, enlarged the governing body at the Cape — " the Council of Policy" — so as to consist of eight members, viz. : — The commander as president, the secunde, the two military officers of highest rank, the fiscal, the treasurer, the chief salesman, and the garrison book-keeper. He placed Stellenbosch under a landdrost, who was also to supervise the Company's farms and out- stations. He also granted to the government officers land to farm, and permitted them to sell their produce to the Company on the same terms as the burghers. Van der Stel selected a farm at Wynberg, which he named Constantia. When the High Commissioner had sailed for India, van der Stel set out on a journey of exploration to Namaqualand. 1686. — To stimulate settlement at the Cape, the Directors of the Dutch Company offered free passages and free grants of land to emigrants from the Netherlands, requiring them to take an oath of allegiance to the States General, to the Prince of Orange, and to the East India Company. They also sent out small parties of girls from the Orphan Homes of .\msterdam and Rotterdam, who were married to the most prosperous of the Cape burghers. At the new settlement of Stellenbosch a yearly fair was established in October, during which the drilHng of the militia took place. The Council of Policy passed a Resolution calling upon all persons to produce their title- deeds and leases to be copied into "a strong book, and authenticated by the Secretary." "From this date a record of titles has been kept; " but as "title-deeds were never issued until the ground was properly surveyed, and this was sometimes delayed thirty years after it was allotted .... the records are nearly valueless as means of tracing the progress of immigration." Q 2 228 CAPE COLONY. 1687. — A new settlement of farmers along the Berg Eiver was formed by Commander van der Stel, and named Drakenstein. Simon's Bay was surveyed, and named after van der Stel. 1688.— A number of Huguenot refugees (176) were sent out to the Cape as emigrants by the Dutch East India Company, and were located at Stellenbosch, Drakenstein, and French Hoek, in such a manner as to be readily absorbed among the Dutch settlers. 1689.— To improve the breed of horses at the Cape, the Dutch East India Company imported stud horses from Persia. Spanish rams were also sent to cross with the sheep of South Africa. Two French ships from Pondicherry put into Table Bay for refreshment, and were captured by the Dutch. 1690. — In consequence of the prosperous condition of the settlement at the Cape, the Directors of the Dutch East India Company promoted Commander van der Stel to the rank of Governor. 1691. — The colonists at the Cape numbered over a thousand, and possessed nearly 300 horses, over 4,000 cattle, nearly 50,000 sheep, and 200 goats. They had over half-a- million vines bearing, and harvested good crops of wheat, rye, and barley. The number of ships that put into Table Bay between 1682 and 1691 was 424, of which 339 were Dutch, forty-six English, twenty-three French, thirteen Danish, and only three Portuguese. 1698. — A new hospital was built in Table Valley, mainly to accommodate the sick crews of ships as they arrived at the Cape. In 1693 a vessel arrived from Texel witli every one of 120 survivors sick, liaving lost 134 men on her passage out. In 1694 another ship arrived with only sixteen sound men and eighty-three invalids, having lost sixty of her crew. In 1695 a Dutch fleet of eleven ships arrived with 678 men unable to walk, having lost 228 on the passage out. In 1696 a ship reached the Cape from Flushing with four sound men and 139 sick, ninety-three having died on the voyage. 1699. — Wilhem van der Stel was appointed Governor at the Cape in place of his father, who had petitioned the Directors to be allowed to retire, and who spent the rest of his life at his Constantia estate, rearing cattle and in the pursuit of agriculture. From 1692 to 1699, 435 ships put into Table Bay, of which 293 were Dutch Indiamen, 113 EngUsh, nineteen Danish, and ten French. 1706. — A memorial from several of the chief burghers was sent to the Assembly of Seven- teen, complaining of the conduct of Governor van der Stel, who had taken to farming on a large scale for his own benefit. 1707. — Louis van Assenburgh was appointed Governor at the Cape in place of van der Stel, and the latter's estate was resumed possession of by the Dutch Company, who forbade CAPE COLONY. 229 their servants to own or lease laud iu the Colony, or to trade directly or indirectly in corn, wine, or cattle. The burghers were expressly admitted to have the same rights as if they were living in the Netherlands. 1711. — Governor van Asseuburgh died at the Cape. 1713.— One-fourth of the Europeans living in Table Valley died from small-pox, which had been conveyed by patients returning from India. The out-settlers also suffered, while • whole kraals of natives were destroyed. Colonel Maurits P. de Chavonnes, who had commanded an infantry regiment in the army of the States-General, was appointed Governor at the Cape. 1715. — Marauding Bushmen having driven off 700 sheep belonging to a Dutch farmer of Drakenstein, the first colonial commando of thirty mounted burghers took the field in pursuit. During the fifteen years from January 1st, 1700, to December 31st, 1714, 1,007 ships put into Table Bay ; of these 683 were Dutch, 280 English, thirty-six Danish, six French, and two Portuguese. 1722. — A terrible gale in Table Bay wrecked ten vessels lying there at anchor, on June 10th. Six hundred and sixty lives were lost, with property to the value of a quarter of a million sterling. In the ten years 1715-1724, Table Bay was visited by 646 Dutch, 192 English, ten Danish, seventeen French, four Portuguese, and three Flemish ships. Ou the death of de Chavonnes in 1724, Jan de la Fontaine acted as Governor at the Cape until February, 1727, when Pieter Noodt was installed as Governor. On his death in 1729, de la Fontaine became Governor until August, 1737. 1744._The Dutch colonists at the Cape had continued to prosper, and the farmers had taken possession of vast tracts of new country in the interior, and laid them out in cattle runs of not less than 5,000 acres in extent. The Governor-General, van Imhof, on his visit to the Colony, endeavoured to cheek this movement, which he considered would turn the colonists into a body of half-barbarous nomads. He also selected a site on the southern shore of Simon's Bay for a station, and a magazine and hospital were built to accommodate the crews of ships unable to find shelter in Table Bay. On the retirement of Jan de la Fontaine iu 1737, Adriaan van Kervel became Governor, but died within a few weeks of his appointment. For nearly two years Daniel van den Henghel acted as Governor, when the decision of the Assembly of Seventeen removed him in favour of Hendrik Swellengrebel, who was installed in April, 1739, and retired in February, 1751. Between 1725 and 1738 there called at Table Bay, 868 Dutch vessels, ninety-one English, twenty-seven Danish, nineteen French, one Portuguese, and one Flemish. Between 1738 and 1750 the Dutch ships calling at Table Bay numbered 640, the English 193, the Danish twenty, and the French twenty-three. Simon's Bay, however, began to be used as a port of call by the Dutch vessels in 1742, and seventy-seven of the Company's ships put into that harbour before the end of 1750. 1748. — Admiral Boscawen put into Table Bay iu April, with twenty-six men-of-war and transports, on his way to India to recover Madras and restore the power of England. The troops were landed and drilled for some weeks, as many of them were newly recruited. 230 CAPE COLONY. 1750. — Tlie bnrgber councillors at the Cape advised that free exportation of their produce to all countries should be permitted, in order to induce additional colonists to settle there. Ej'k Tulbagh, who had lived at the Cape since 1716, was appointed Governor of the settlement by the Directors, in conformity with the request of the Council of Policy. 1752. — The Europeans at the Cape kept the iSth April as a day of thanksgiving for the undisturbed possession of the Colony by the Company for a hundred years. 1755. — The settlement was again visited by small-pox, and in Table Valley between May and October 963 Europeans and 1,109 blacks died of the disease. Governor Tulbagh promulgated certain sumptuary laws regulating the use of umbrellas, silk dresses, embroidery, and ornaments. The number of servauts and horses that each rank might own was also fixed, and penalties were imposed on those infringing the laws. 1759. — A fleet of seventeen French men-of-war and transports with troops arrived at the Cape from Mauritius for the purpose of obtaining provisions. The farmers had previously been much depressed owing to a considerable falling off in the number of ships that called in for refreshment, only twelve foreign ships having put into the Bay iu 1756 and 1757. 1760. — In consequence of the action of Clive, the Directors of the Dutch East India Company ordered the authorities at the Cape to refuse all supplies to English ships touching there, as far as existing treaties would allow. 1761. — Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two English astronomers, being delayed on their voyage to Bencoolen to observe the transit of Venus, decided to make their observations at the Cape. This they succeeded in doing on the 6th June. As matters had been amicably settled between England and the United Provinces, Eyk Tulbagh gave the Englishmen all the assistance in his power. 1764. — Lord Clive, on his way to India, landed at the Cape in December, and was received by Governor Tulbagh with all possible honour. Government House was placed at his disposal as the guest of the Company, aud he was provided with a military guard. 1767. — About this date the town in Table Valley began to be known to strangers by the name of Capetown, though the Dutch Colonists still called it the Cape. 1769. — A coumiission was appointed by the Council of Policy at the Cape to lay down a permanent boundary between the districts of Stellenbosch and Swellendam, and to inspect the outlying farms and the frontier of the Colony. They reported that many Colonists were found with large herds of cattle between the Gamtoos and Fish Elvers who were not paying rent to the Company. 1770. — A Spanish ship of war put into Table Bay and was refused all supplies except water and fuel, as Spain was prohibited by the Treaties of Munster and Utrecht from sending vessels to India via the Cape of Good Hope. CAPE COLONY. 231 The Council of Policy ordered that the Bruintjes Hoogte range and the Gamtoos River should be observed as the colonial boundary, and that all Colonists then beyond those limits should retire within the boundary. 1772. — During the twenty-one years 1751-1771 the ships that called at Table Bay, or Simon's Bay, numbered 1,472, of whicJi 1,067 belonged to the Dutch East India Company, 182 were English, 158 French, forty-four Danish, fifteen Swedish, four Prussian, one Portu- guese, and one Spanish. 1774. —Van Plettenberg, who had acted as Governor at the Cape since the death of Eyk Tulbagh in 1771, was formally appointed Governor by the Prince of Orange ou the nomination of the Directors of the Company. 1775. — Many Dutch farmers continued to settle beyond the boundary of the Colony, and in order to secure payment of rent from them to the Company, the Council of Policy extended the eastern boundary of Stellenbosch to the Fish Eiver, and of Swellendam to the Bushman's Eiver (11th July). 1779. — The burghers of Cape Colony petitioned the Directors of the Company for a redress of their grievances, complaining of the arbitrary conduct of Governor van Plettenberg, and of the corruption and exaction of the officials ; they also asked for a reform of the court of justice, for a definition of their rights and privileges, and for the establishment of a printing-press, and finally, for the concession of a limited right to export their produce. Captain Gordon, second in command of the Dutch garrison at the Cape, in company with Lieutenant Paterson, an English traveller, explored the great river to the north of Cape Colony for some thirty or forty miles from its mouth, and named it the Orange Eiver in honour of the Stadtholder. The Colonists on the eastern border of Cape Colony came into conflict for the first time with the advanced clans of the Kosa Kaffirs. 1780. — The Kosa Kaffirs invaded the Colony in such numbers that Adriaan van Jaarsveld was given military authority over the whole of the border farmers, and instructed to drive back the Kaffirs across the Fish River. From 1772 to the outbreak of war between Great Britain and Holland in 1780, Table Bay was visited by 418 Dutch, 192 French, 159 English, forty-one Danish, si.xteen Spanish, nine I'ortnguese, seven .Swedish, and three Anstrian ships ; and Simon's Bay by eighty-five English, forty-seven Dutch, forty-sLx French, seventeen Danish, six Swedish, and one Austrian ship, all requiring fresh provisions, the sale of which largely benefited the Colonists. 1781. — A fleet of forty-sis vessels under Commodore George Johnstone, including nine men-of-war, and having 3,000 troops on board, sailed from Spithead in March, with the object of seizing the Cape of Good Hope. While taking in fresh water at St. Jago, a French fleet, under De Suffren, surprised the English ships, and a fierce engagement was fought. On 31st March a French frigate arrived in Table Bay bearing the news that war had been declared by Great Britain against the United Provinces, which were in alliance with France. The militia of the Colony numbered over 3,000 men, but they were scattered over an area of nearly 100,000 square miles, and were engaged in constant warfare on the borders k/ 232 CAPE COLONY. with the Bushmen, and now were repelling an invasion of Kaffirs, whom, however, they drove out of the Colony by July. In June, De Suffren's fleet reached Cape Colony, having outsailed the English fleet, and landed two regiments to assist in defending the Colony. 1782. — Fresh charges were made by the burghers against the Cape officials, and the Directors instructed the Cape government to allay the discontent of the burghers without specifying any concessions to be made. V In May the garrison of the Cape was strengthened by the arrival of the Luxemburg regiment, which had been raised in France in the pay of the Dutch East India Company. 1783. — The Directors of the Dutch East India Company decided that the complainant burghers did not represent the whole body of burghers at the Cape, and that the charges against the officials had not been proved. They recommended that no changes in the commercial regulations of the Colony should be made until a general European peace . prevailed. They reconstituted the high court of justice at the Cajae, but would not allow an appeal to be made to the supreme court of the Netherlands instead of to the court of Batavia. The Governor and Council of Policy were to use sparingly their power of banishment from the Colony. 1784. — Great dissatisfaction was felt at the Cape when the award of the Directors was made known, and " neither men nor women were disposed to let the question rest." Fresh memorials were sent to the Directors, who were now about to station at the Cape a large body of troops to defend the settlement, and to serve as a depot for India. An engineer officer, Colonel Cornells van de Graafi, was appointed Governor. 1785. — Van de Graafi: was installed as Governor of the Cape (1785-1791). y The burghers sent their last memorial direct to the States General of the Netherlands. 1786. — A new district, Graaff-Eeinet, was formed, lying between the Gamtoos Eiver and J the Great Fish Eiver, the latter of which rivers was proclaimed to be the eastern boundary of the Colony. 1788. — The garrison of the Cape at this time consisted of 2,000 mercenary troops, known as the regiment of Wurtemburg, a national battalion, 600 strong, under Colonel Gordon, w and 400 engineers and artillerymen, by whom the fortifications of Table Valley had been considerably strengthened. 1791. — The Directors recalled Colonel van de Graafi' to Holland, as he had become very unpopular, but allowed him to retain his title and salary. The population of the Cape Colony consisted of 3,613 European burghers, 2,460 married women, and 6,955 children, thirty-nine European men-servants, 456 Eturopean men exclusive of soldiers — in the service of the Company, with 291 married women and 760 children, and 17,396 slaves, men, women, and children. The regiment of Wurtemburg had been sent to Java. CAPE COLONY. 233 1792. — The affairs of the Dutch East India Company having fallen into confusion, commissioners were appointed to inquire into the affairs of all their settlements, and two commissioners arrived at the Cape and took over the administration. 1793. — The burghers of Graaff-Eeinet and Swellendam were engaged in repelling an invasion of KafWrs, when Maynier, landdrost of Graaff-Reinet, made terms with the Kaffirs, very much to the discontent of the burghers. The two special commissioners left the Cape without having introduced reforms to satisfy the burghers, and Commissioner-General Sluysken was placed in charge of the Colony. 1795. — The States General having made an alliance with France, Great Britain sent a fleet under Admiral Elphinstone, with troops commanded by General Craig, to seize the Cape of Good Hope. On 6th February the burghers of Graaff-Eeinet and Swellendam met and expelled their magistrates, declaring they would no longer obey the Dutch East India Company, but would be independent. On 11th .June Admiral Elphinstone arrived at Simon's Bay. Negotiations were carried on with Commissioner Sluysken, who, however, called on the burgher militia to defend the Colony. On 11th .July 350 marines and 450 men of the 78th regiment were landed and occupied Simon's Town. Some trifling skirmishes took place, but upon General Clarke arriving on 4th September with three more regiments and a strong force of artillerymen and engineers, it was plain that no defence could be offered by the force (less than 2,000) at Sluysken's disposal, and the articles of capitulation were signed on 16th September. The Colonists were to retain all their privileges; no new taxes were to be levied, and, in view of the distressed state of the Colony consequent upon the decay of trade, the imposts were to be reduced as much as possible. 1796. — A Dutch squadron of nine vessels, with 2,000 troops on board, was captured iu Saldanha Bay by Admiral Elphinstone in August. General Craig, who had been appointed Governor of the Cape, enlisted most of the captured soldiers, who were Germans and wilhng to serve in India. 1797. — Lord Macartney was appointed Governor of the Cape, and it was announced that the Colony would be held by Great Britain as commanding the highway to India. 1798. — Lord Macartney returned to England, leaving Major-General Dundas as Lieutenant-Governor. 1799. — An insurrection of the farmers of Graaff-Eeinet was put down by General Vandeleur without bloodshed, but the British troops on their way to Algoa Bay to embark for Capetown were unexpectedly attacked by a horde of Kosas, who had invaded the Colony. Sir George Yonge was appointed Governor. 1800. — On the 16th August the first number of the Capctoicn Gazette and African Advertiser was published by Messrs. Walker & Eobertson, merchants at the Cape. y 234 CAPE COLONY. 1801. — Sir George Yonge was accused of misgovernment, and General Dundas was appointed as acting Governor of the Cape. 1802.— By the Treaty of Amiens, Cape Colony was restored to the Dutch, who appointed General Janssens Governor. 1803. — The British troops retired from the Cape. 1805. — The Census returns of Cape Colony showed the Colonists of European descent to number 25,757, exclusive of soldiers ; they owned 29,545 slaves, and in addition they had in their service 20,006 Hottentots, half-breeds, and Bushmen, who were bound by agreements. Capetown had a population of 6,273 of European descent, and nearly 10,000 slaves. 1806. — Sir David Baird, in command of 6,000 British troops, captured the Cape of Good Hope after defeating the Dutch garrison (2,000 strong) under General Janssens in the battle of Blueberg. 1807. — The Earl of Caledon was appointed Governor of Cape Colony. 1811. — On 14th October three judges left Capetown to go on circuit iu the Colony for the first time. Sir .John Cradoek succeeded the Earl of Caledon as Governor of Cape Colony. The depredations of the Kaffirs on the eastern borders resulted in three regiments of troops and a force of armed burghers being sent to drive them across the Great Fish Eiver. 1812. — Colonel Graham succeeded in expelling about 20,000 Kaffirs from within the Cajje borders. A line of military posts was formed to prevent their return. The head- quarters of the troops on the frontier was named Grahamstown, in honour of Colonel Graham. 1814. — The Prince of Orange, in consideration of the payment to him of various sums amounting to £6,000,000, ceded to Great Britain, on 13th August, Cape Colony and the Dutch settlements in Guiana. Lord Charles Somerset became Governor of the Colony. 1815. — A mail packet service was established between England and the Cape. 1817. — Lord Charles Somerset recognized Gaika as the supreme chief over the Kaffirs dwelling west of the Kei Eiver. 1818. — Gaika, having been defeated by other Kaffir chiefs, appealed to the colonial government for aid. 1819. — The British Parliament voted £50,000 to assist emigration to Cape Colony. About 6,000 out of 90,000 applicants were accepted as suitable emigrants. Gaika, having been restored by a colonial force, the hostile KaflSrs attacked Grahams- town, but were repulsed. The boundary of the Cape Colony was thereupon extended to the Keiskama Ei.ver, and two military posts were established. CAPE COLONY. 235 IH20.— Between March. 1820, aud May, 1821, nearly o.OUO emigrants of British birth arrived in Cape Colony. Sir Rufaoe Donkin, who was acting as Governor in the absence of Lord Charles Somerset, located small parties along the Kowie River, and settled the site of ,^ Bathurst. The town which was expected to spring up on the shore of Algoa Bay, where the emigrants landed, was called Port Elizabeth by Sir R. Donkin, in honour of his wife. In October, the district of Albany was created by a proclamation of Sir Rufane. 1821. — An annual fair was opened at Fort Willshire, on the Keiskama River, which x largely developed trade with the Kaffirs. 1823. — In May of this year nearly two-thirds of the British settlers who had landed in 1820 had abandoned their locations : only i'38 adult male settlers remained on the ground > assigned to them, and by them a petition was addressed to the Secretary of State (Lord Bathurst) regarding the insecurity of the border aud the depredations of the Kaffirs. 1824. — George Greig set up a printing press at Capetown, and issued the SotitJb African ^ Commercial Advertiser. 1825. — A Council of sis members was appointed to assist and advise the Governor of ^ Cape Colony. 1826.- — General Bourke was apjDointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Cape Colony. 1827. — A charter of justice vpas signed by George IV., providing for the establishment of a supreme court of justice at the Cape of Good Hope. The Kaffirs dwelling on the borders of Cape Colony were attacked by a tribe of Zulus, ^ known as the Ainangwane, who were themselves flying before the warriors of the renowned Tshaka. 1828. — From 1806 to 1827 the judges of Cape Colony had been appointed by the Governor, and had been removable at his pleasure. On the 1st January, 1828, the newly- appointed Supreme Court entered on its duties. It consisted of a chief justice and three puisne judges, all of whom were appointed by the Crown. At the same time the Colony was divided into two Provinces, and resident magistrates and civil commissioners were substituted in place of the landdrosts and heemraden, who had hitherto administered justice and managed affairs in the country districts. General Sir Lowry Cole was appointed Governor. ^ On 27th August Colonel Somerset defeated the invading Amangwane near the Umtata - River. 1829. — By an Order in Council dated from Windsor the 15th January, it was declared that " all Hottentots and other free persons of colour lawfully residing within the Colony " [of >•- the Cape of Good Hope] were entitled to all and every right, benefit, aud privilege enjoyed by other British subjects. V y ^ 236 CAPE COLONY. 1833. — By letters patent issued on 23rcl October, a legislative council was created for Cape Colony, to consist of five ex-officio members, and of five to seven members chosen by the Governor from among the chief citizens. £1,247,000 vpas awarded as the share payable to the slave-owners in Cape Colony for freeing their slaves, the owners appraising them at £3,040,000. Much discontent resulted from what was regarded as an act of confiscation. 1834. — Sir Benjamin D' Urban became Governor. The English settlers in the district of Albany had overcome their early difficulties; Grahamstown contained 3,700 inhabitants, exclusive of soldiers, and Port Elizabeth had 1,200 residents. In December the Kaffirs raided the south-eastern portion of Cape Colony, and slew fifty farmers, burned down many homesteads, and recrossed the frontier with their spoil of horses, cattle, sheep, and whatever else they could carry off. 1835. — The Great Trek of the Boers from Cape Colony commenced. Their grievances were (1) against the Imperial Government, for not sufiSeiently protecting them against the blacks, for liberating their slaves in an unjust manner, and generally for showing partiality to "persons with black skins and savage habits," and (2) against the missionaries of the London Society, whom they charged with usurping authority properly belonging to the civil magistrate, and with advocating schemes hostile to the Boers' interests. 1886. • — A body of emigrant Boers from Cape Colony founded the Orange Eree State. 1838. — Sir George Napier became Governor. 1844. — Sir Peregrine Maitland was appointed Governor. 1846. — Cape Colony became involved in a Kaffir war, known as the " War of the Axe," it having arisen out of the arrest of a Kaffir for the theft of an axe. The Kaffirs gained some successes at first, but they were finally routed out of their strongholds in the Amatola Mountains in 1847. 1847. — General Pottinger superseded Governor Maitland, and was himself replaced by Sir Harry Smith as Governor of Cape Colony and High Commissioner. The Keiskama Eiver was proclaimed the eastern boundary of the Colony ; and British sovereignty was proclaimed over the district of Kaffraria between the Keiskama and Kei Elvers. 1848. — On 3rd February Sir Harry Smith proclauned the sovereignty of the Queen over the whole country between the Orange Eiver and the Vaal Eiver eastward to the Kathlamba Mountains. In March a British resident. Major Warden, was appointed to administer affairs in the Orange Eiver Sovereignty, and the emigrant Boers dweUing in the district at once began to protest and agitate against being treated as subjects of Great Britain. In July Major Warden had to retreat from Bloemfontein, which was occupied by the Boers under the command of Pretorius. Sir Harry Smith hastened with all the available forces in Cape Colony, numbering some 800 men, composed of detachments from the Eifle Brigade, the 45th and CAPE COLONY. 237 91st regiments, and a few artillerymen, and on 29th August the Boers were defeated at Boomplaats ; the troops re-occupied Bloemfouteiu, and the most violent opponents among the Boers of British authority crossed the Vaal River without further fighting. 1849. — The ship, Neptune, with 300 convicts on board, arrived at Simon's Bay, but the Colonists would not allow the convicts to be landed, and " the community entered into a solemn league and pledge to suspend all business transactions with the Government, in any shape or on any terms," until the Order in Council making the Cape a penal station was revoked. After six mouths' struggle the Neptune was ordered to sail to Van Diemeu's Land. 1850. — In February an Order in Council was issued revoking the former Order constituting the Cape a penal settlement. Letters patent were issued on 23rd May empowering the Governor and Legislative Council of Cape Colony to enact ordinances for the establishment of a representative govern- ment, which was to consist of two elective chambers. The Kaffirs under Sandilli attacked a body of troops in the Boomah Pass on 24th Decem- ber, and on the next day massacred a number of military settlers in the Chumie Valley on the eastern frontier of Cape Colony. 1851. — The war on the Cape frontier with the Kaffirs under Sandilli continued through- out the year. 1852. — On the 17th January the Sand River Convention was signed, by which Great Britain acknowledged the independence of the Emigrant Boers (some 5,000 families), who had crossed the Vaal River and founded the South African Republic. Sir George Cathcart was appointed Governor of Cape Colony on 31st March, and on 13th May he issued a proclamation fully confirming the Convention. On 24th June Sir John Pakington, the Colonial and War Secretary, wrote to Sir G. Cathcart, signifying his approval of the Sand River Convention, and of the proclamation giving eiiect to it. 1853. — The war with the Kaffirs, which had commenced in 1850, was brought to a close. The Gaika tribe was removed from the region of the Keiskama and Amatola to a district eastward of the Thomas River, and in their place a settlement of Fingoes and other friendly tribes was formed. Sir George R. Clerk was appointed " Special Commissioner for settling and adjusting the affairs of the Orange River Sovereignty," and called upon the inhabitants to elect delegates to decide upon a form of self-government. Seventy-six Dutch South Africans and nineteen Englishmen, under the chairmanship of Dr. Eraser, met at Bloemfontein, but decided, after two months' deliberation and negotiation, upon the adoption of a constitution under Her Majesty's Government. 1854. — Sir G. Clerk invited " those persons who were prepared to form an mdependent government [in the Orange River Sovereignty] to meet in Bloemfontein on the 15th February." On that day two bodies of men assembled ; the one entered into negotiations with the Special J 238 CAPE COLONY. Commissioner ; the other, formed of a uumher of the delegates who had been chosen in the previous September, declared " their intention to set at defiance any government that might be established in independence of the Queeu of England . Those of them who were of British blood declared that nothing short of an Act of Parliament should deprive them of their rights as British subjects. Those who were of Dutch descent indignantly exclaimed that .... the Special Commissoner was now about to subject them to their Eepublican fellow-country- men," whose friendship they had forfeited for having adhered to the British Government. In spite of this and other similar resolutions, the Convention was signed on 23rd February, and the independence of the Orange Eiver Territory was formally declared. A royal proclamation had in the meantime been signed on 30th January, " abandoning and renouncing all dominion and sovereignty over the Orange Eiver Territory." On 1st July the first Parliament of Cape Colony met at Cape Town, and was opened by Lieutenant-Governor Darling. Sir George Grey was appointed Governor of Cape Colony and High Commissioner, and obtained from the Imperial Parliament a vote of £40,000 to execute public works, to subsidize some of the Kaffir chiefs, and to maintain educational institutions. The Cajie Parliament voted £50,000 to provide a frontier police force. 1857. — The Ama Xosa Kaffirs, under the influence of a native prophet, destroyed their cattle and corn supplies to such an extent that 25,000 Kaffirs are said to have died from famine. Large tracts of land became vacant, and upon them the Governor of Cape Colony located the members of the Anglo-German legion, whom the Imperial Government had disbanded on the close of the Crimean War. Soon afterwards a body of 2,000 North German settlers, composed of agricultural labourers and their wives and children, were also assisted to the Colony, and were settled along the Buffalo Eiver. 1859. — The Capetown and Wellington Eailway was commenced. 1860. — Wool to the value of £1,446,000 was exported from the Cape. 1861. — The population of Cape Colony was 267,000. There were fifty miles of railway open in the Colony. Sir Philip E. Wodehouse was appointed Governor. 1865. — A Bill was carried through the Parliament of Cape Colony incorporating British Kaffraria with the Colony, and increasing the number of constituencies entitled to representa- tion in the Assembly, as well as enlarging the Legislative Council. 1867. — Diamonds were first discovered in South Africa at Griqualand West. 1869. — The finding of the " Star of South Africa" diamond, which was estimated in 1870 to he worth £25,000, caused a rush of diggers to the neighbourhood of the Orange Eiver. 1870. — A population of over 10,000 diggers settled upon the diamond fields of South Africa. Sir Henry Barkly was appointed Governor of Cape Colony and High Commissioner for South Africa. CAPE COLONY. 239 1871. — Griqualand West was ceded to Great Britain by Nicholas Waterlioer, the chief of the West Griquas, and on 27th October Sir Henry Barkly proclaimed Waterboer and his tribe to be British subjects, and their country British territory. Basutoland was annexed to Cape Colony, which became responsible for its administration. 1872. — Eesponsible government was granted to Cape Colony by an Order in Council dated 9th August, which provided for members of the Executive Council holding seats and voting in either House of the Cape Parliament. The first Ministry under the system was formed in November. 1875. — The census of Cape Colony showed the population to number 720,984, of whom ^ 236,783 were of European descent. 1876. — A Commission was appointed by Sir Henry Barkly to consider the question of the defence of the frontier. 1877. — Sir Bartle Frere was appointed Governor of Cape Colony and High Commissioner for South Africa. The Cape Colony became engaged in a war with the Gcalekas and the Gaikas. The Transvaal was annexed by the British Government on 12th April. The University of the Cape of Good Hope, which had been incorporated in 1873, received a royal charter conferring the right to grant degrees. 1878. — On the conclusion of the war with the Kaffirs, the Gaika territory was declared to be forfeited, and a general disarmament of the Kaffirs on the frontier was enforced. 1879. — War with the Zulus broke out. The British lost the battle of Isandhlwana in • January, but closed the war by the victory at Ulundi in July. Fingoland, the Idutywa Eeserve, and No Man's Land were annexed to Cape Colony. 1880. — The Basutos resisted the attempt to disarm them in accordance with the terms of the Colonial Peace Preservation Act, and war resulted with Cape Colony. The Boers of the Transvaal declared their independence, and became engaged in war with Great Britain. Griqualand West was incorporated with Cape Colony. 1881. — Detachments of British troops were defeated by the Boers at Laing's Nek in January, and at Majuba Hill in February. An armistice with the Boers resulted in the ' Pretoria Convention being signed in August, by which self-government was restored to the Boers, under the suzerainty of Great Britain. Sir Hercules Eobinson was appointed Governor of Cape Colony. 1882. — General Gordon attempted to settle the dispute between Cape Colony and the Basutos. 1883. — Basutoland was transferred from the government of Cape Colony to that of the Crown. 240 CAPE COLONY. 1885. — A British Protectorate was proclaimed over Pondoland ; and Tembuland, Gcalekaland, and Bomvanaland were annexed to Cape Colony. The railway from Capetown was extended to Kimberley. 1886. — The Xesibe country was annexed to Cape Colony. 1887. — An Intercolonial Conference was held at Capetown. The South African Jubilee Exhibition was opened at Grahamstown in December. 1888. — A conference was held at Capetown of delegates from Cape Colony, Natal, and the Orange Free State, to discuss a Customs Union and Eailway Extension. 1889. — Sir Henry B. Loch was appointed Governor of Cape Colony and High Commissioner for South Africa. 1890. — The railway connecting the Cape Colony with the Orange Free State was opened on 17th December. 1891. — The population of Cape Colony numbered 1,527,224, consisting of 376,987 people of European descent, and of 1,150,237 native and coloured people. The railway from Kimberley was extended through Vryburg to Mafeking, and Fort Salisbury was connected by telegraph with Capetown. 241 CEYLON. CEYLON is distant from India about forty miles; its area is about 25,000 square miles ; and its harbour of Trincomalee is an important naval station. Imperial troops are stationed at Trincomalee, Colombo, and Kandy. The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council of five members, and a nominated Legislative Council of seventeen members. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. ^:;^ Public Expen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. Imports. Exports. I'ublie Debt. £ £ £ £ £ 1871 2,406,262 1,121,679 1,064,184 — 4,797,952 3,634,854 700,000 1881 2,763,984 1,140,536 1,164,900 340,128 3,926,792 3,015,708 1,941,666 1 1890 i 3,008,239* 1,216,782 1,162,463 115,531 4,731,895 3,8.34,.5.50 2,518,374 • Census of 1891. 1505. — D'Almeida, Viceroy of the Portuguese possessions in the East, is said to have entered a port of Ceylon, and, in view of the abundance of cinnamon, to have suggested that settlements should be made on the south and west coasts. 1517. — A factory was built by the Portuguese near Colombo, which they fortified. 1638. — The Dutch drove out the Portuguese from their settlements at Negomba, Point de Galle, Baticola, and Trincomalee. 1795. — Ceylon was taken from the Dutch by Colonel Stuart and annexed to the Presidency of Madras, under the government of the English East India Company; the Hon. F. North (afterwards Earl of Guildford) was appointed Governor. 1802. — Ceylon was ceded to Great Britain, and became a Crown Colony. 1815. — War was declared against the native government of the interior of the island, and the British Government became supreme. 1831.— By letters patent iinder the Great Seal, issued in .\pril, a Council of Govern- ment was appointed for C^eylon. B 242 CYPRUS. CYPEUS, with an area of 3,584 square miles, is the third largest island in the Mediter- ranean, and lies sixty miles from the coast of Asia Minor, and forty-one miles from Syria. The island is administered by a High Commissioner appointed by the Crown. The civil population in 1891 numbered 209,291. The revenue in 1890-91 amounted to £194,936, the expenditure to £107,589, the imports were valued at £371,077, and the exports at £483,583. 1191. — Eichard Coeur de Lion, on his way to the Holy Land, conquered the island, and hismarriage with Berengaria, of Navarre, was celebrated at Limassol. 1571. — The Turks captured the island from the Genoese. 1878. — Cyprus was assigned by Turkey to be occupied and administered by Great Britain. 243 DOMINICA. DOMINICA is the largest of the Leeward Islands, being 291 square miles in area. The island Legislature consists of an Executive Council, nominated by the Governor of the Colony of the Leewaed Islands, and of a Legislative Council of seven nominated and seven elected members. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public Revenue. Public Expen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 27,178 19,920 16,071 — 61,971 54,957 6,426 1881 28,211 24,033 21,469 210 64,968 55,163 11,900 1890 29,000* 21,574 23,607 7,7.51 57,382 41,009 41,190 * Census, 1891. 1493. — Columbus on his second voyage discovered Dominica. 1627. — Dominica was included in a grant of Caribbean Islands made to the Earl of Carlisle by Charles I. 1748. — By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, it was stipulated that Dominica should be regarded as neutral territory, the Caribs being left in possession. In the next few years many French planters settled on the island. 1756. — The island was seized by the British. 1763. — Dominica was ceded to Great Britain by the Treaty of Paris. 1805. — Sir G. Prevost successfully resisted the attack of a French squadi-on upon Dominica. 1871. — Dominica was incorporated in the Colony of the Leewaed Islands, b2 244 FALKLAND ISLANDS. THIS Crown Colony consists principally of East Falkland, 3,000 square miles in extent, and of West Falkland, 2,300 square miles. The Colony also includes the island of South Georgia, about 1,000 square miles, and nearly 100 smaller islands. The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council and a Legislative Council. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public Revenue. Public E.\pen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Exjienditure IVoni Loans on Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 811 12,673 11,843 — 23,715 24,692 — 1881 1,553 8,319 8,079 — 40,443 87,919 — 1890 1,789* 9,492 9,389 — 67,182 115,865 — * Census, 1891. 1592. — John Davis visited the Falkland Islands. 1594. — The Falkland Islands were explored by Hawkins. 1820. — A settlement was made on the Falkland Islands by emigrants from Buenos Ayres. 1833. The Falkland Islands were taken possession of by Great Britain with a view to furthering the whale fishery, and were placed under the charge of the Admiralty. 1842. — A civil government was set up in the Islands. 245 FIJI THE Colony of Fiji comprises some 200 islands, about eighty of which are inhabited. The largest is Viti Levu, about 4,250 square miles, the second in size being Vanua Levu, with an area of 2,600 square miles. The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council, and presides over a Legislative Council composed of twelve members, of whom six are official aad six nominated by the Crown. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public Revenue. Public Expen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1875 — 16,433 41,522 — 118,647 94,266 — 1881 127,095 87,443 89,960* — 821,038 174,146 254,025 1890 125,682 66,817 60,826 — 208,963 364,533 248,990 * Including Loans on Public Works. 1862. — Europeans settled in Fiji for the purpose of cultivating cotton. 1874. — The Fiji Islands were ceded to Great Britain by the native chiefs, and were made into a Colony by a charter from the Crown. 246 GAMBIA, THE Colony comprises the island of St. Mary at the mouth of the Gambia Eiver, on which island Bathurst is situated, and a portion of the mainland opposite. The area is estimated at about 2,700 square miles, of which only some sixty-nine square miles form the regular settlement, with a population of 14,266, including only sixty-four white people. The Administrator is assisted by a nominated Legislative Council. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 Year. Population, Public Revenue. Public E.\])en- diture, exclu- .sive of 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 14,190 17,490 16,663 — 102,066 15.3,101 — 1881 14,150 24,451 22,116 — 142,589 140,423 — 1890 50,000* 30,573 22,759 — 149,599 164,374 — * Increase due to extension of area of Colony. 1618. — A company was formed in London to open up trade along the Gambia Eiver. 1631. — The first English settlement on the Eiver Gambia was formed. 1843. — The district of the Gambia, which had hitherto been governed from Sierra Leone, was created an independent Colony. 1866.— Gambia was incorporated with Sierra Leone, and a central government was established for the West Coast settlements. 1888. — Gambia was erected into an independent Colony. 247 GIBRALTAR. THE Eock fortress of Gibraltar is a Crown Colony, and is governed by the Commander-in- Chief of the troops stationed there, who number 5,896. The area of the Colony is slightly imder two square miles. 1. 2. 3. 4 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public Revenue. Public Exjien- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Expenditnre from Lo.xns on Public Works, Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 18,695* 38,156 42,015 — No No — 1881 18,381* 44,376 45,092 — complete complete — 1890 19,659* t 62,461 59,043 returns. returns. — * Exclusive of tire military population. t 1891. 1704. — Gibraltar was captured by the British under Sir George Eooke and Sir .John Leake in July, and was held against a combined attack in October of the French and Spaniards, who during the siege lost 10,000 men, while the English lost only 400. 1705. — Sir John Leake captured several of the enemy's ships and raised the siege. 1713. — Gibraltar was ceded to England by the Treaty of Utrecht. 1727. — The Spaniards, having made an unsuccessful attempt in 1720, again attacked Gib- raltar with 20,000 men, but were repulsed with heavy loss. 1779. — The French and Spanish fleets commenced a three years' siege of Gibraltar, which was defended by General Elliot. 1780. — Rodney defeated the Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent, and furnished the garrison of Gibraltar with supplies. The siege, however, was again resumed. 1782. — In September General Elliot severely defeated the French and Spaniards besieging Gibraltar, and the siege was finally raised. 248 GOLD COAST. THE Crown Colony of the Gold Coast is formed of a narrow strip of coast about 350 miles in length along the Gulf of Guinea, and covers an area of about 15,000 square miles. A Protectorate is exercised over an additional area of about 46,000 square miles. The population is estimated at nearly 2,000,000, of whom only 150 are Europeans. The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council and a nominated Legislative Council. Year. 1. Population. 2. Public Revenue. 3. 4. Public expeu- Expemlituie diture exclii- from Loans on sive of 4. Public Works. 5. Imports. 6. Exports. 7. Public Debt. 1871 1881 1890 408,070 Not ascertained 1,900,000* £ 28,609 116,424 156,449 £ 29,074 134,776 117,899 £ £ 250,672 398,124 662,103 £ 295,208 373,258 601,348 — * 1891 estimated populatiou. 1595. — The Dutch settled at Cape Coast, and successfully resisted the attempts of the Portuguese (who had been settled at Accra since 1480, and at Elmina since 1484,) to dislodge them. 1637.— The Dutch sent a strong force against the Portuguese settlements on the Gold Coast, and captured the fort of St. George d'Elmina. The Portuguese soon retired altogether from the Coast. 1661. — An English fleet under Sir Eobert Holmes was despatched to the coast of Africa. The Dutch were expelled from Cape Verde and the Island of Goree. 1664. — A Dutch fleet under De Ruyter regained possession of the settlements on the Gold Coast. 1672. — Factories were set up on the Gold Coast by the Eoyal African Company, and forts were erected to defend their agents against the Dutch. GOLD COAST. 249 1750. The African Company of Merchants was founded in London by Act of Parliament, and was empowered to trade and settle on the West Coast of Africa between 20° N. and 20" S., the stations of the Koyal Mrican Company (whose charter was withdrawn) being handed over to them. 1820.— The African Company was dissolved, and their forts were placed under the government of Sierra Leone. 182J:. — The British became involved in their first war with the Ashantis. 186L -The population of the Gold Coast Colony was 151,000. 1863. — The second Ashanti war broke out. 1871. — By a Convention signed at the Hague, the Dutch abandoned to Great Britain all their possessions on the Gold Coast. 1872. — The Dutch forts were transferred to Great Britain. At the end of the year the king of Ashanti sent an army of 40,000 men to invade the British Protectorate. 1873. — The Ashanti army crossed the Prah, ravaged the Protectorate, and attacked the fortress of Elmina. 1874. — Sir Garnet Wolseley defeated the Ashanti army, and King Coffee renounced all claims upon the British Protectorate. A charter was issued in July separating the Gold Coast Settlements and Lagos from the government of the West Africa settlements, and erecting them into a separate Colony as the Gold Coast Colony. 1886. — Lagos was detached from the Gold Coast Colony. 250 GRENADA. THE island of Grenada, with the Grenadines, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent, form the Crown Colony of the Windward Islands. Grenada has an area of about 1.30 square miles. It has an Executive Council of six official members nominated by the Governor, and a Legislative Council of seven unofficial members nominated by the Crown. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public Revenue. Public Expen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Expeiidihire from Loans on Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 37,684 22,880 21,141 — 132,467 153.921 7,000 1881 42,403 37,176 39,396 — 131,985 194,280 10,780 1890 51,427 49,267 53,356 9,923 170,874 266,302 44,475 1498. — Columbus is said to have discovered Grenada on his third voyage. 1656. — Du Parquet, Governor of the French Colony of Martinique, having extirpated the Carib inhabitants of the island of Grenada, sold it to the Count de Cerillac for 30,000 crowns. 1762. — General Monckton, assisted by the English fleet under Eodney, captured the island from the French. 1763. — Grenada was ceded to England by the Treaty of Paris. Grenada, with which were incorporated the Grenadines, Dominica, St. Vincent, and Tobago, was proclaimed a distinct and separate government under the Great Seal of Great Britain. 1779. — The French from Martinique, aided by the Caribs, captured Grenada. 1783. — The island was restored to England by the Treaty of Versailles. 1882. — A Eoyal Commission was appointed to inquire into the financial condition of Grenada. 1885. — By letters patent (17th March) Grenada was incorporated in the Colony of the Windward Islands. 261 HONG KONG. THE Crown Colony of Houg Kong is an island at the mouth of the Canton Eivev, and is ahout half a mile distant from the mainland of China. Its area is less than thirty- square miles. The opposite peninsula of Kowloon (two and three-quarter square miles) belongs to the Colony. Houg Kong is the headquarters of the China squadron, and has a garrison of 1,300 Imperial troops. The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council and a Legislative Council of twelve members, of whom five are unofficial members, three being nominated by the Crown, one by the Chamber of Commerce, and one by the Justices of the Peace. Year. 1. Population. 2. Public Revenue. 3. 4. Public Expeu- Expenditure diture, exclu- from Loans on sive of 4. 'Public Works. 1 5. Imports. 6. Exports. 7. Public Debt. 1871 1881 1890 124,198 160,402 221,441* £ 175,962 275,928 415,671 £ 186,675 204,495t 399,031t £ £ No returns. £ No retui-ns. £ 200,000 • Census of 1891, preliminary figures, f Including expenditure from Loans on Public Works. 1841. — Houg Kong was ceded to Great Britain, at that time being inhabited only by a few fishermen. 1843. — Hong Kong was made a Colony under a royal charter. 1860. — By the Treaty of Tientsin the Kowloon Peninsula was added to the Colony of Hong Kong. 1890. — The tonnage of 4,114 vessels that entered the ports of Hong Kong amounted to 4,893,733 tons. In addition, 23,512 junks of 1,795,261 tons arrived at the ports. 252 JAMAICA. JAMAICA is the largest of the British West India Islands. It lies 100 miles west of Hayti and ninety miles south of Cuba. Its area is 4,200 square miles, and the area of the Turks and Caioos Islands is 224 square miles. The Governor is assisted by a Privy Council, which has the usual powers and functions of an Executive Council, and by a Legislative Council of nine official and nominated members and nine elected members. 1. 9 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public Revenue. Public Expen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 506,154 439,116 454,774 ■ — 1,331,185 1,248,685 675,826 1881 580,804 563,210 600,066 99,368 1,392,669 1,178,594 950,925 1890 640,279 788,888 666,415 45,152 2,188,937 1,902,814 1,543,120 1494. — Columbus discovered Jamaica on 3rd May, and named it St. Jago. 1655. — Admiral Penn and General Venables, having failed in an attack on San Domingo, captured Jamaica from the Spaniards on 11th May. 1656. — A reinforcement of 1,000 troops was sent by Cromwell to Jamaica, and soon large numbers of settlers from Nevis, Bermuda, Barbados, and New England arrived. A thousand girls and as many young men were " listed " in Ireland, and sent to Jamaica. 1658. — The Spaniards, with a thousand troops from Spain and many hundred old Spanish Colonists, landed in Jamaica, but were completely defeated by the English under Governor D'Oyley. 1662. — Lord Windsor was appointed by Charles II. Governor of Jamaica. He was " to constitute a Council and to call Assemblies, and to make laws, and to levy moneys, such laws to be only in force for two years, unless confirmed by the King." JAMAICA. 253 1664. — The first Assembly of .Tamaica was summoned by Sir Charles Lyttleton, the Deputy-Governor, in January. In June, Sir Thomas Modyford arrived as Governor, with a thousand settlers. 1671. — Considerable progi-ess was made by the planting industry, under the direction of Sir Thomas Modyford. 1678. — The Earl of Carlisle arrived in Jamaica as Governor. He informed the Assembly that he was instructed to change the system of legislation ; and he presented forty Acts, attested under the Great Seal of England, for their acceptance. The Assembly rejected the draft laws (among which was one granting a perpetual revenue to the Crown), on the ground that such a system was " contrary to the government of England, of which country we are." 1687. — The Duke of Albemarle became Governor of Jamaica, and attempted to govern arbitrarily, but died soon after his appointment. 1692. — A great earthquake on 7th June destroyed Port Eoyal, then the principal town in the West Indies. 1694. — A French fleet landed men in Jamaica, who destroyed many plantations, kid- napped 1,.300 slaves (whom they sold eventually for £65,000), and were finally repulsed with great loss by the colonial militia at Carlisle Bay. 1760. — An insurrection broke out among the slaves in Jamaica. Many European families were slain, and two regiments of troops were engaged with the militia force in suppressing the rising. 1795. — A serious outbreak of the Maroons occurred, in course of which 1,500 British troops and 3,000 of the colonial militia were employed, but failed to subdue the insurgents. In the end, bloodhounds were obtained from Cuba to hunt down the Maroons, who, however, surrendered, and 500 were transported to Nova Scotia, and thence to Sierra Leone. •/ 1807. — The slave trade was abolished in Jamaica. 1823. — The Legislative Assembly, having been called upon to ameliorate the condition of the slave population, repudiated the right of the Imperial Parliament to interfere in the internal affairs of the island. / 1829. — The Imperial Government, through Lord Belmore, Governor of Jamaica, repeated its demands that the Legislative Assembly should amend the Slave Code. 1830. — The Imperial Government having made further proposals for the amelioration of the condition of the slaves in Jamaica, one member of the Legislative Assembly moved that y the proposals should bo burned by the common hangman ; and another member suggested that the recommendations should be disregarded, as the colonial militia was quite able to resist the Forces of England. 254 JAMAICA. 1831. — The discontent of the planters became so intense that many threatened to transfer ^ their allegiance to the United States. At the close of the year a servile insurrection broke out, and resulted in the loss of many ^ lives and the destruction of property valued at £666,977. V 1833. — £5,853,000 was granted to slave-owners in Jamaica for freeing their slaves. ^)f^<^ \/ 1845. — The first batch of coolies from India arrived in Jamaica. ^ y 1853. — Sir Henry Barkly was appointed Governor of Jamaica, where since 1847 a legis- lative deadlock had existed, owing to the Council rejecting the Bills which, session after ^ session, the Assembly had passed embodying a scheme of retrenchment. Under Sir H. Barkly a modified form of responsible government was introduced into the island. / 1861.— The population numbered 441,000. ' ^ 1862. — Mr. E. J. Eyre was appointed Governor. " 1865. — Disturbances among the negro population (who were incited by George William v 1^ / Gordon) were suppressed by Governor Eyre, whose conduct became the subject of inquiry by / six official and six unofficial members. ^ J 1882. — A Eoyal Commission was appointed to inquire into the financial condition of -J Jamaica. . 1884. — By an Order in Council, dated 19th May, the Legislative Council of Jamaica was •J to be composed of the Governor and four official members, and not more than five nominated members, as well as of nine elected members. 1891. — An Exhibition was held in Jamaica. 255 LAGOS. THE Crown Colony of Lagos is au island on the Slave Coast, and lies to the east of the Gold Coast, and adjoins the Niger Protectorate on the west. The island has an area of three and three-quarter square miles, and the area of the Protectorate over the adjoining coast is estimated at 1,070 square miles. The population is estimated at 100,000, of whom only 110 are Europeans. The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council and a nominated Legislative Council. 1, 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public Revenue. Public Expen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 62,021 45,116 45,611 — 391,653 589,802 14,443 18ril 75,270 42,422 45,462 — 333,659 460,007 716 1890 100,000 56,341 63,701 — 500,827 595,193 — 1861. — Lagos was ceded to great Britain by its native king in return for a yearly pension of £1,000. 1866. — Lagos was incorporated with Sierra Leone, and a central government was established for the West Coast Settlements. 1874. — A charter was issued in July separating the Gold Coast Settlements and Lagos from the government of the West Africa Settlements, and erecting them into a separate Colony as the Gold Coast Colony. 1886. — Lagos was detached from the Gold Coast Colony, and made into a separate Colony. 256 LEEWARD ISLANDS. IN 1871 the English Leeward Islands, comprising Antigua, Montserrat, St. Kitts, Nevis, Dominica, and the Virgin Islands, were constituted a single Federal Colony by 31 and 35 Vict., cap. 107. The Governor was to be assisted by an Executive and a Legislative Council representing the various presidencies. 1882.- — A Koyal Commission was appointed to inquire into the financial condition of the Leeward Islands and of other West India Islands. By a Federal Act of the Colony the Legislative Council was to consist of ten nominated members and of ten elective members. Of the latter four are chosen by the elective members of the local Legislative Council of Antigua, two by the elective members of Dominica, and four by the non-official members of the Legislative Council of St. Kitts and Nevis. The total area of the united islands forming the Leew.\ed Islands Colony is estimated at 700 square miles, and the population at the Census of 1891 was returned at 129,700. 257 MALTA. THE Colony of Malta is composed of the islands of Malta and Gozo, which lie in the Mediterranean, about fifty-eight miles from Sicily, and 180 miles from the nearest point of Africa. The area of the two islands is 115 square miles. Malta is the principal naval station in the Mediterranean, and has a garrison of 7,000 troops. The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council, and a Council of Government composed of six oflicial and fourteen elected members, of whom those representing the majority of the electors have seats as unofficial members of the Executive Council. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public Revenue. Public Expen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. Imports. * Exports. » Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 141,918 170,941 166,337 — — — 253,173 1881 149,782 185,958 188,040 — — — 363,682 1890 165,662 261,254 266,900 - 23,679,321t 22,144,067t 79,168 * No complete returns. + Statesman's Year Book, 1892. 1798. — Napoleon, on his way to Egypt, seized Malta, then in the occupation of the Order of the Knights of St. .John of .Jerusalem. 1800. — The inhabitants of Malta rose against the French, and placed the island under the protection of Great Britain. 1814. — By the Treaty of Paris Great Britain retained Malta. 1849. — By letters patent of 11th May, a Council of Government, partly elective, was granted to the Colony of Malta. 1887. — The Council of Government was reconstituted and enlarged by letters patent on 12th December. s 258 MAURITIUS. THE Island Colony of Mauritius lies in the Indian Ocean, 500 miles east of Madagascar, and 1,300 miles from Natal. It has an area of over 700 square miles, and its dependencies — the Seychelles, Rodrigues, and Chagos Islands — have a total area of 172 square miles. There are 626 troops stationed in Mauritius. The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council, and a Council of Government of twenty-seven members, of vyhom nine are nominated by the Governor, eight are official, and ten are elective members. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. PubUo Revenue. Public Expen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Expenditui'e from Loans on Public "Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 329,754 616,973 600,962 — 2,044,250 3,120,529 1,100,000 1881 360,847 781,391 760,018 27,996 2,506,290 3,571,627 854,779 1890 377,986 777,477 770,150 381 2,821,958* 2,762,082 781,149 * For the year 1SS9. 1505. — The Portuguese discovered the Island of Mauritius. 1507. — Dom Pedro Mascarenhas, believing he v^as the first to discover Mauritius, named it Ilha de Cerne. 1598. — The Dutch captain. Van Warwyk, sighted the Island of Cerne, and, finding it uninhabited, re-named it Mauritius, in honour of Prince Maurice of Nassau. 1644. — The Dutch established three settlements on the island with the object of suppressing the pirate ships that resorted to the island for shelter. 1710. — The Dutch East India Company abandoned Mauritius, removing the Colonists to the Cape or to Batavia, and destroying everything that could not be removed, that the island might not attract other nations. MAUBITIUS. 259 1715. — The French took possession of Manritius, and named it Isle of France. 1810. — Abercrombie captured Mauritius from the French, having obtained the assistance of two regiments of British troops from the garrison at the Cape of Good Hope. 1814. — Mauritius was retained by Great Britain under the Treaty of Paris. 1815. — A mail packet service vpas established between England, the C.\pe, and Mauritius. 1860. — The first railway was commenced in Mauritius. 1885. — Mauritius was granted the right to elect ten representatives to the Legislative Council of the island. s2 260 MONTSERRAT. MONTSEEEAT is one of the five island presidencies which together constitute the Colony of the Leewaed Islands. Its area is forty-seven square miles. The Legislative Council is nominated by the Crown. Year. 1. Population. 2. Public Kevenue. 3. Public Expen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. 5. Imports. 6. Exports. 7. Public Debt. 1871 1881 1890 8,693 10,083 11,760* £ 4,195 5,318 6,732 £ 4,555 5,719 6,728 £ 1,034 £ 27,017 25,347 24,096 £ 37,069 35,205 22,755 £ 1,012 3,000 3,800 * 1891 Census. 1493. — Columbus on his second voyage discovered Monserrat. 1632. — Monserrat was colonized by the English. 1664. — The French seized Montserrat and levied heavy imposts upon its English inhabitants. 1668. — Montserrat was restored to the English, and received a charter granting a constitution composed of a Legislative Council and a House of Assembly, which eventually became merged in a Legislative Assembly. 1867. — The Legislative Assembly passed an Act, which was confirmed by an Order in Council, providing that the Assembly should be superseded by a Legislative Council possessing equal powers and rights. 1871. — Montserrat was incorporated in the Colony of the Leeward Islands. 261 NATAL. THE Colony of Natal, on the south-east coast of Africa, is distant from the Cape of Good Hope about 800 miles. Its area is estimated at 20,460 square miles, and it has a sea- board of about 200 miles. It is separated from the Orange Free State and Basutoland on the west by the Drakensburg Mountains. The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council of eight official and two nominated members, and a Legislative Council of seven nominated and twenty-four elected members. Year. 1. Population. 2. Public Revenue. 3. Public Expen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. 5. Imports. 6. Exports. 7. Public Debt. 1871 1881 1890 289,773 402,687 543,913* £ 125,628 518,925 1,422,688 £ 118,657 450,809 1,328,468 £ 23,117 206,039 £ 472,444 1,912,856 4,490,975 £ 562,109 768,038 1,432,724 £ 263,000 1,631,700 5,060,354 • Census 1891, composed of 46,788 Europeans, 41,142 East Indians, and 455,983 Kaffirs. 1497.— Vasco da Gama sailed from the Tagus on July 8th with four vessels. After four months' voyage he reached a bay, which he named St. Helena Bay. On the 20th November he doubled the Cape. On the 25th December he was sailing past Natal. 1822. — Francis George Farewell, who had been sent by some merchants of Capetown to trade with the natives on the south-eastern coast, visited Delagoa Bay, St. Lucia Bay, and Port Natal, and was so favourably impressed by the position of the latter that he resolved to effect a settlement there. 1824. — Farewell, having been joined by Henry Francis Fynn and others, sailed from Table Bay to Natal in May. In a short time most of the adventurers embarked for Algoa Bay, leaving Farewell and Fynn with three other Englishmen at Natal. In August the Englishmen visited Tshaka at his principal military kraal, where no European had ever been before. Farewell earned his gratitude by curing him of a wound that had baffied his native doctors. As a token of his good-will Tshaka attached his mark to a document granted "to 262 NATAL. F. G. Farewell and Company the entire and full possession in perpetuity of the port or harbour of Natal and the surrounding country." No success finally attended the efforts of the adventurers ; Farewell was slain by a Zulu chief, and Pynn took service with the Cape Government. 1834. — Natal was visited by a party of farmers from Cape Colony, who had travelled overland. They were impressed with the luxuriance of the pasturage and the fertility of the soil. 1835. — Captain Allan F. Gardiner visited Natal with the object of establishing Christian missions among the Zulus. He found settled there about thirty Europeans, a few Hottentots, and between 2,000 and 3,000 blacks. During his visit a site was selected by the Europeans for the township of Durban. 1836. — A body of^migrant Boers from Cape Colony made its way into the country of Natal, which was at time claimed by Dingan, the Zulu chief. A- 1837. — The emigrant Boers, under the lead of Pieter Eetief, obtained from Dingan the promise of a grant of territory, conditionally upon their first recovering and restoring to him certain cattle that had recently been stolen from one of his outposts by a party of horse- men clothed as Em'opeans, and armed with guns. 1838. — -Sir George Napier, the Governor of Cape Colony, issued a proclamation inviting the emigrant Boers to return to the Colony, promising them redress of well-founded grievances, stating that they could not be absolved from their allegiance as British subjects, and announcing that, whenever he considered it advisable, he would take military possession of Port Natal. The Boers having recovered the cattle which had been stolen from the Zulus, Pieter Eetief and some sixty of the principal emigrants returned to Dingan to obtain a formal grant of the territory promised to them. A document was drawn up by the Eev. Mr. Owen, of the Church Missionary Society, who was residing at Dingan's kraal, and was approved by Dingan, who attached his mark to it on 4th February. Two days later the Boers were treacherously attacked and murdered by Dingan's order. Fighting continued throughout the year, which ended with a decisive victory of the Boers under Pretorius on 16th December, when 3,000 Zulus were slain in an unsuccessful attack upon the Boer camp on the Blood Eiver. 1839. — The Boers under Pretorius were joined in October by some thousands of Zulus under Panda, and a joint expedition was organized against Dingan. A company of the 72nd Highlanders, who had been sent from Port Elizabeth by Sir G. Napier at the close of 1838, to take possession of the Bay of Natal, in order to prevent supplies and warlike stores being landed for the use of the emigi-ant Boers, was withdrawn on 24tli December, although the Boers had repeatedly declared themselves to be a free and independent community. NATAL. 263 L840. — The Zulus under Panda defeated Dingau's army on 30th January, and on 10th February Panda was crowned King of the Zuhxs, but in vassalage to the Emigrant Volksraad. 1841. — The Amapondos, a tribe dwelling to the south of Natal, ajDpealed to Sir G. Napier to protect them against the Boers of Port Natal. British troops were, therefore, sent to form a camp on the Umgazi River. The emigrant Boers, who had settled in Natal, and had declared themselves "a free and independent State, under the name of The Eepublic of Port Natal and Adjoining Countries," were informed by Sir G. Napier that Her Majesty " could not acknowledge a portion of her own subjects as an Independent Eepublic, but that on their receiving a military force from the Colony [of the Cape of Good Hope] their trade would be placed on the footing of the trade of a British possession." The Boers replied that they refused to be considered British subjects, and would not consent to receive a military force, whereupon Sir G. Napier announced his intention of at once resuming military occupation of Port Natal. 1842. — The British troops on entering Natal were met by agents from the Boers protesting against their crossing the boundary of the Eepublic, which was said to be under the protection of Holland. The troops (263 men of all ranks) encamped close to Durban, which then consisted of a few scattered buildings. Pretorius, the Commandant-General of the Boers, demanded, on 20th May, that the troops should at once evacuate the territory of the Eepublic. On the 23rd May the British were themselves surprised in attempting a night attack upon the Boers, and lost fifty men out of 138 engaged. The Boers then besieged the camp, which, however, held out until reinforcements arrived from Cape Colony on 26th June. The Boers then retired inland, and negotiations were opened. In a despatch dated 13th December, Lord Stanley instructed Sir G. Napier to send a Commissioner to inquire into and report upon affairs in Natal. He was to inform the Boers that a Governor would be appointed by the Queen ; that all revenue from lands and customs would be vested in the Queen, and applied exclusively to the maintenance of the civil govern- ment of Natal ; and that legislation would be reserved to the Crown. 1843. — On 12th May Sir G. Napier issued a proclamation appointing Henry Cloete, Her Majesty's Commissioner for the district of Port Natal, which was to be recognized and adopted as a British Colony. After protracted negotiations a declaration was signed at Pietermaritzbm-g by the members of the Boer Volksraad, in which they accepted the conditions in the proclamation issued by Sir G. Napier. Many of the Boers crossed the Drakensburg in order to be beyond the limits of the Colony, and at the close of the year not more than 500 emigrant Boer families remained in Natal. Having arranged matters with the Boers, Commissioner Cloete visited Panda, and obtained from him the cession of St. Lucia Bay to Great Britain, thus preventing any foreign power from acquiring a harbour so near to Natal, and checking the malcontent Boers from opening communications with the outside world. 1844. — In a despatch dated 25th May the Secretary of State approved of the cession of St. Lucia Bay, but forbade any settlement being made eastward of the Tugela Eiver, 264 NATAL. Lord Stanley announced to Sir P. Maitland, Governor of Cape Colony, that it was not deemed at that time " ad-visable to constitute the Territory of Natal a separate and independent Government," and that . . . . " legislative powers must be for the present retained in the hands of the Governor and Council of the Cape." By letters patent it was provided that Natal should form part of Cape Colony, but no colonial law or magistrate was to have operation or jurisdiction in Natal. In November Mr. Martin West was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Natal ; Mr. Henry Cloete, Eecorder ; Mr. Donald Moodie, Secretary to Government ; Mr. Walter Harding, Crown Prosecutor ; and Mr. Theophilus Shepstone, Agent for Natives. An Executive Council was also appointed. 1856. — On the 5th November Natal was proclaimed a distinct Colony under a royal charter providing for the appointment of a Legislative Council, of whom twelve were to be elected to represent the divisions of the Colony, and four to be nominated members. 1861.— The population numbered 152,000. 1882. — Natal declined to accept responsible government coupled with self-defence. 1890.— An election of the Legislative Council of Natal resulted in a majority being returned in favour of the Colony accepting responsible self-government. 265 NEWFOUNDLAND. rriHE Colony of Newfoundland consists of the island, which lies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, i and oS the coast of Labrador, which forms the eastern portion of British North America. The area of the island is estimated at 42,000 square miles, and of Labrador at 120,000 square miles. The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council of not more than seven members, a Legislative Council of not more than fifteen members, and an elected House of Assembly ot thirty-six members. Year. 1. Populatiou. 2. 1 Public Revenue. 3. Public Expen- diture, exclu- sive of'4. 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. 5. Imports. 6. Exports. 7. Public Debt. 1871 1881 1890 146,536 179,509 193,121* £ 164,308 217,087 303,028 £ 152,062 216,821 346,546 £ 4,975 68,722 £ 1,258,172 1,429,939 1,326,844 £ 1,310,893 1,628,933 1,270,768 £ 241,145 281,356 862,214 * Census of 1884. The population of Labrador in 1890 was 4,211. 1497.-John and Sebastian Cabot, the first Europeans to land on the mainland of America, having planted the English flag on the coast of Labrador, discovered Newfoundland (which they named Prima Vista) two days later, on St. John's Day. 1500.-Gaspar de Cortereal, a Portuguese, sent out by the King of Portugal to seek a westward route to India, visited Newfoundland (Conception Bay), the mouth of the Fleuve de Canada (the St. Lawrence), and the coast of Labrador. Having landed on the coast, he seized some fifty natives, and returned to Portugal, where he sold them as slaves. 1602.-TWO English merchants, Thorne and Eliot, made the voyage to Newfoundland. 1527 -Captain Eut, in command of a ship fitted out by De Prado, a canon of St. Paul's, wrote from the " Haven of St. John " to Henry VIIL that " all his company were m good health," and that there were in St. John's Harbour, engaged in fishing, "eleven sail of Normans, one Breton, and two Portugal barks." 1536.-Hore, a London merchant, reached Newfoundland with two ships, but his crews were reduced to desperation by starvation, and were only saved by the arrival of a French ship, in which they returned home. 266 NEWFOUNDLAND. 1542. — Eoberval, a uoble of Picardy, sailed from La Eochelle, aud reached Newfoundland, where Cartier joined him. They believed Cartier had discovered gold and diamonds, which, however, proved to be iron pyrites and quartz. 1578. — In this year there were 150 French vessels at Newfoundland, besides 200 Spanish, Portuguese, and English ships. 1583. — St. John's Harbour and the adjoining territory were taken possession of by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, under a commission of Queen Elizabeth, on 5th August. He found nearly forty fishing ships in the harbour — French, English, Portuguese, and Spanish. On his voyage home Sir Humphrey Gilbert was drowned. 1610. — A Bristol company, of which Sir Francis Bacon and .John Guy, Mayor of Bristol, were patentees, attempted to form a settlement at Cupid's Gove, Conception Bay, Newfound- land, but without success. 1615. — Captain Whitburue was commissioned by the English Admiralty to hold a Court at St. -John's, Newfoundland, and to administer justice among the people resorting thither, there being at that date nearly 300 English ships engaged in the fisheries. 1623. — Lord Baltimore received a grant of land in Newfoundland, and founded a small settlement on the peninsula of Avalon. 1625. — Lord Baltimore and his family settled at Ferryland, in Newfoundland, and built a residence, storehouses, and granaries, intending to permanently remain. 1627. — Lord Baltimore's settlement was attacked by the French without success ; but some small settlements of Puritans on the island resented his religious practices as a Eoman Catholic. 1629. — Lord Baltimore wrote to Charles I. from Newfoundland, declaring that the severity of the climate and the fanaticism of the Puritan settlers in the island baffled him. In October he aud his followers made an attempt to settle in Virginia. Being Papists, they refused to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy tendered them by the Governor, aud were not permitted to remain in the Colony. 1637. — Sir David Kirke obtained from Charles I. a grant of Newfoundland, and settled on the island with his family. 1654. — A body of Enghsh Colonists were sent out to Newfoundland, aided by a Parliamentary grant. 1656. — Early in the year Sir David Kirke died in Newfoundland, having been sole owner of the island for twenty years, during which he had "encouraged emigration and protected the fisheries from pirates, obtaining a revenue by the tax paid for the use of ' the stayes ' necessary to dry the fish ; and much of the future prosperity of Newfoundland may be attri- buted to his rule." NKWFOUNDLAND. 267 1662. — Placentia, on the south coast, was taken possession of by M. Duiiioiit for France, as an important post for tlie protection of the fisheries. 1674. — The Newfoundland fisheries were reported to employ 270 ships and 11,000 seamen. 1705. — The French from Canada destroyed the English settlements in Newfoundland, including the town of St. John's, but were unable to take the fort, after besieging it for a month. 1713. — Newfoundland was yielded to Great Britain. The right to fish, and to dry their fish over a specified shore of Newfoundland, was granted to the French by Article XIII. of the Treaty of Utrecht. 1728. — Captain Osboni was sent from England as the first Governor. 1750. — The first Court of Oyer and Terminer was set up in Newfoundland ; all persons previously accused of felony having been sent to England for trial. 1763. — Labrador, Anticosti, and the Magdalen Islands were placed under the jurisdiction of Newfoundland, which then had a population of 13,112. 1764. — Newfoundland was declared to be one of His Majesty's plantations, and a col- lector of customs was appointed. 1807. — The first newspaper was published in Newfoundland. 1818. — A Convention was signed in London on 20th October, regulating the rights of the Americans in the British North American fisheries. 1833. — The first Eepresentative Assembly met. 1855. — Eesponsible government was granted to Newfoundland. 1866. — The Atlantic cable was successfully laid between Valentia and St. John's, New- foundland. 1874. — The census showed a population of 162,000, of whom 26,337 were able-bodied fishermen. 1887. — A railway, eighty-six miles in length, was opened from St. John's to Harbour Grace. 1888. — A branch line of railway to Placentia was completed. 1891. — Some sixty miles of the railway to Hall's Bay, which is to be completed in 1895, was finished. 268 NEW SOUTH WALES. NEW SOUTH WALES comprises the south-eastern portion of the continent of Australia. It is bounded on the north by Queensland, on the west by South Australia, on the south- west by Victoria, and on the east by the South Pacific. Its area is 306,066 square miles. The Parliament of New South Wales consists of two Houses, the Legislative Council composed of sixty-seven members appointed for life by the Crown, and the Legislative Assem- bly composed of 141 members elected by seventy-four constituencies, containing in 1891 305,406 electors. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public Revenue. Public Expen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works, Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 503,981 2,238,900 2,518,732 — 8,981,219 7,784,766 10,614,330 1881 751,468 6,707,963 5,783,683 2,397,368 17,587,012 16,307,805 16,924,019 1890 1,132,234* 9,498,620 9,553,562 2,141,219 22,615,004 22,045,937 48,425,333 • Census of 1891. 1770.^ — Captain Cook explored the south-eastern coast of New Holland (Australia), and named the country New South Wales. 1787. — Captain Arthur Phillip, E.N., sailed from England in May with a fleet of eleven vessels, having on board 696 convicts, 192 of whom were women, and eighty-one free emigrants, with whom he was to found a settlement at Botany Bay. 1788.— On 18th January the English fleet anCllored in Botany Bay, but Captain Phillip decided that the site was not suitable for settlement, and explored the coast northwards. He entered Port Jackson and selected Sydney Cove iid the site for his settlement, and on 26th January took formal possession of the country in the name of George III. On the same day two French ships arrived under the command of the Comte de la Pcrouse on an exploring expedition. 1792. — Governor Phillip returned to England, and the government of the settlement was administered by Major Grose and Captain Patersou until the arrival of Governor Hunter in 1795. NEW SOUTH WALES. 269 1795. — Captain Hunter arrived at Sydney to talce over the government of the Colony of New South Wales. He took out a number of free settlers, mostly farming men, who success- fully commenced farming on the banks of the Eiver Hawkesbury. 1800. — Captain King was appointed Governor of New South Wales, the population of which numbered 6,000. The coal mines of the Hunter Eiver were now being worked by detachments of prisoners. 180-5. — .John Macarthur having imported some Spanish merino sheep into New South Wales, and having obtained an estate of 10,000 acres in the Colony, commenced the growth of wool on a large scale. 1806. — Captain Bligh, E.N., who had formerly commanded the Botmty, was appointed , to succeed Captain King as Governor of New South Wales. 1807. — Governor Bligh endeavoured to suppress the trade in spirits carried on by the officers of the New South Wales Corps (a regiment specially raised in England for ' service in the Colony), and after some months disputing, the Governor was seized and deposed by Major Johnston, the Commandant, in January, 1808. 1810. — Under Governor Macquarie, who had succeeded Bligh, New South Wales made . rapid progress, public buildings being erected and roads made. 1813. — Messrs. Wentworth, Blaxland, and Lawsou succeeded in crossing the Blue Mountains, and discovered the vast plains (Bathurst) lying to the west. Governor Macquarie sent a party of surveyors to examine their route, and, on receiving a favourable report, he at once set gangs of prisoners to construct the Great Western Eoad. 1815. — The Great Western Eoad across the Blue Mountains was opened as far as Bathurst on 21st January. 1817. — The first Australian bank was established at Sydney. 1821. — Sir Thomas Brisbane became Governor, and encouraged free immigration. 1823. — The Imperial Parliament passed an Act providing that the Governor of New South Wales should nominate a Legislative Council of seven members by whose advice he was to be guided. Mr. Oxiey, the Surveyor-General of New South Wales, was sent to survey the coast line . to the north, and discovered and named the Eiver Brisbane. 1824. — Governor Brisbane abohshed the censorship of the press. Trial by jury was introduced into the Colony. Ten vessels sailed from Sydney laden with grain and wool. Hume and Hovell reached Corio Bay, an inlet on the west shore of Port Phillip Ray, having travelled overland from Sydney. 1825. — Sir Ealph Darling became Governor. 270 NEW SOUTH WALES. 1826. — Lord Liverpool's Ministry directed the Governor of New South Wales to assert / the claims of Great Britain to the whole of Australia, and to occupy certain positions on the coast. y 1826. — Moreton Bay was proclaimed a convict settlement. Governor Darling sent an expedition to Western Port, and another to St. George's Sound, to occupy the country, as it was behoved the French were contemplating the formation of settlements in Australia. / 1828.— The population of New South Wales numbered 36,598. 1831. — Sir Eichard Bourko became Governor, and inaugurated the system of selling the waste lands of the Colony by auction, the minimum price at first fixed being 5s. per acre. J 1833. — Coal to the amount of 328 tons was produced in New South Wales. 1837. — At this date the estimated population of New South Wales (which included the - present Colonies of Victoria and Queensland) exceeded 85,000. 1838. — Sir George Gipps was appointed Governor. The minimum selling price of waste ^ lands was raised to 12s. per acre. 1839. — The Governor of New South Wales was authorized by letters patent to include within the limits of the Colony any territory in New Zealand acquired in sovereignty by the Queen. ^ 1840. — Convicts ceased to be transported to New South Wales. 1842. — An Act was passed by the Imperial Parliament granting to New South Wales a Legislative Council of thirty-six members, of whom twenty-four were to be elected by the "^ Colonists, including six for Port Phillip. 1843. — The Legislative Council of New South Wales met for the first time on ■^ 1st August. ^ 1846. — Sir Charles Fitzroy was appointed Governor. 1848. — Sir Charles Fitzroy and an influential body of squatters informed the Colonial Secretary of State that it was the wish of the Colonists that transportation should be revived ; accordingly, Lord Grey announced in a despatch of 8th September " that he ■Z' proposed at once recommending to Her Majesty to revoke the Orders in Council by which New South Wales was made no longer a place for receiving convicts under sentence of transportation." 1849. — The arrival of the Hasheviy with convicts on board provoked considerable agitation in Sydney. 1850. — The Australian Colonies Act (13 and 14 Vict., cap. 59) was passed, which pro- vided for a constitution being granted to New South Wales. NEW SOUTH WALES. 271 The Legislative Council of New South Wales was petitioned hy over 35,000 inhabitants of the Colony to use its utmost endeavours to prevent the revival of transportation. An Address ^ was transmitted to the Queen, and as a result the Order in Council was revoked, and trans- portation to the Colony was finally abolished, t Sydney University was incorporated. • V^ 1851. — Edward Hargreaves discovered gold at Summer Hill Creek on 12th February. , In May a proclamation was issued, setting forth the regulations under which gold might be sought for. 1852. — The University of Sydney was formally opened. ''' 1853.- — The Legislative Council passed the " Constitution Act " on 21st December, estab- lishing two Legislative Chambers ; the first, the Legislative Council, to consist of not less ^ than twenty-one members, to be nominated by the Governor ; and the other, the Legislative Assembly, to consist of fifty-four members, who were to be elected on a liberal franchise. 1855. — On 19th December Sir William Denison, " Governor-in-Chief " of New Souths Wales, inaugurated the new Constitution. V The railway from Sydney to Paramatta was opened. ^ 1858. — Sydney and Melbourne were connected by telegraph. ■ ^ 1861. — The population numbered 358,000. There were seventy-three miles of railway open. > ^ Sydney and Brisbane were connected by telegraph. ^ ^ 1867. — Sydney and Adelaide were connected by telegraph.' - 1868. — The Earl of Belmore was appointed Governor. 1872. — Sir Hercules Robinson was appointed Governor. •^ 1876. — The telegraph cable between Sydney and Wellington was completed."^ ■^ 1879. — The Sydney International Exhibition was visited by 1,045,000 people, V Lord Augustus Loftus was appointed Governor. •J 1880.— Sydney and Melbourne were connected by railway. '^ 1885. — On 12th February New South Wales telegraphed to the Imperial Government, ' offering troops for service in the Soudan. On 3rd March the New South Wales contingent of 900 men left Sydney, and on 29th March reached Suakim. Lord Carrington was appointed Governor. 1888.— The centenary of the landing of Captain PhiUip at Sydney was celebrated. ^ 1889. — On 1st May the bridge over the Hawkesbury Eiver was opened, and railway com- munication from Adelaide, through Melbourne and Sydney, was completed as far as Brisbane. "^ 1890. — Lord Jersey was appointed Governor. 272 NEW ZEALAND, THE Colony of New Zealand, lying 1,200 miles to the south-east of Australia, consists of three principal islands, known as North Island (area, 44,467 square miles), Middle Island (58,525 square miles), and South, or Stewart's, Island (665 square miles). In addition to these islands, the Colony embraces all islands lying between 162° E. and 178° W. longitude, and 33° and 35° S. latitude, which were annexed to it by 29 Vict., cap. 23. The Parliament, or " General Assembly," of New Zealand consists of two Chambers — the Legislative Council, composed of forty-one members, nominated by the Crown for life ; and the House of Eepresentatives, of seventy-four members (including four Maoris), elected for three years. In 1890 the electors numbered 183,171. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. * Public Revenue. Public Expen- diture, exclu- sive of 1. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. & £ £ £ £ £ 1871 256,893 1,672,301 2,657,587 — 4,078,198 5,282,084 8,900,991 1881 489,933 3,757,494 3,675,797 898,090 7,457,045 6,060,866 29,659,111 1890 626,830t 4,208,029 4,081,566 301,542 6,260,525 9,811,720 37,359,157 * Exclusive of Maoris. f Population in 1891. 1642.- Abel Jansen Tasman discovered New Zealand and Tasmania, and also explored the northern coasts of Australia, which the States-General of Holland formally named " New Holland." 1769. — Captain Cook and Joseph Banks, in H.M.S. Endeavour, having made observations in Tahiti of the transit of Venus, landed on the east coast (Poverty Bay) of the North Island of New Zealand on 8th October, and afterwards sailed round the islands. 1773. — Captain Cook, on his second voyage round the world (1772-5), planted garden seeds on several plots of ground in New Zealand. 1777. — Captain Cook, on his third voyage round the world, revisited New Zealand. 1814. — The first European residents, under the Eev. Mr. Marsden, settled in New Zealand at the Bay of Islands, with horses, oxen, sheep, and poultry. NEW ZEALAND. 273 1825. — Captain Herd made an attempt to colonize New Zealand from Sydney. ^ 1833. — Mr. Busby was appointed by Governor Bourke to live as British Eesident at the Bay ot Islands. 1839. — On the 16th September the first body of emigrants sent by the New Zealand ^ Company sailed from Gravesend. 1840. — The first body of New Zealand Company's emigrants arrived at Port Nicholson (Wellington) on 22nd January; and a week later Captain Hobson, E.N., landed at the Bay of Islands, and proclaimed New Zealand a British Colony and a dependency of New South Wales. On 5th February the Treaty of Waitangi was signed, by which the chiefs ceded large tracts of land, and the Queen assumed sovereignty over New Zealand. On 17th June the British flag was hoisted at Akaroa, Banks Peninsula, Middle Island, just before the arrival of French ships with emigrants to found a Colony. On 19th September the British flag was hoisted at Auckland. A settlement at Wanganui ,, was formed. 1841. — On 3rd May New Zealand was proclaimed an independent Colony. New Plymouth, in the North Island, and Nelson, on the northern coast of the Middle Island, were founded in April and October respectively. 1843. — Captain Wakefield and other settlers at Nelson were massacred by Maoris. Captain R. Fitzroy, R.N., was appointed Governor of New Zealand. 1844. — Heke, the Maori, cut down the royal flagstaff at Kororareka. ^ 1845. — Heke destroyed the town of Kororareka, and the first Maori war commenced. Captain Fitzroy was recalled in November, when the war was nearly finished, and Captain George Grey was appointed Governoi-. 1846. — Heke's war in the northern portion of the North Island was ended in January, but disturbance broke out in the Hutt Valley, near Wellington, in March. The Imperial Parliament passed an Act (New Zealand Government Act) in August, dividing New Zealand into two Provinces, and granting the Colonists representative institutions. 1847. — The Maoris attacked the settlement at Wanganui. 1848. — Captain Grey was appointed Governor-in-Chief over the Islands of New Zealand and Governor of each of the Provinces. An Imperial Act suspended that part of the New Zealand Government Act which had granted representative institutions. Otago, Middle Island, was foundrd by a Bcotcli Company in connection with the Free Church of Scotland. 274 NEW ZEALAND. 1850. — Canterbury was founded by an association in connection with the Church of England. 1851. — The settlers in New Zealand numbered 26,000. 1852. — Gold was discovered in the Coromandel Eange. The New Zealand Constitution Act (15 and 16 Vict., cap. 72) was passed by the Imperial Parliament, dividing the Colony into six provinces, and vesting the government in a Governor, a nominee Legislative Council, and an elective House of Eepresentatives. 1863. — The Constitution Act was promulgated in New Zealand, and Sir George Grey assumed office as Governor until his departure from the Colony in December. 1854. — The first session of the New Zealand General Assembly was opened at Auckland. 1855. — Colonel Gore Brown was appointed Governor. 1860. — The second Maori war commenced, and lasted during the year. The European population numbered 162,000. There were forty miles of railway open. Sir G. Grey was appointed Governor. 1863. — The Waikato war was commenced by the Maoris treacherously assaulting an escort of the 57th llegiment. Tlie railway was opened from Christchurch to Ferrymead Junction. By the New Zealand Settlement Act the Governor was empowered to confiscate the lands of insurgent natives. The Imperial Government relinquished control of the administration of native affairs in New Zealand. 1864. — Throughout the year there was continual fighting with the Maoris, and in December the native lands in Waikato were confiscated. Gold was discovered at Hokitika, on the west coast of the Middle Island. 1865. — Wellington became the seat of government in New Zealand. The electric telegraph was introduced. The war with the Maoris continued. J 1866. — The Maori chiefs made their submission to the Government of New Zealand. 1867. — Coal-mining was connnenced in New Zealand. Four Maori constituencies were formed. 1868. — Sir G. F. Bowen was appointed Governor. Fighting with the Maoris continued throughout tlie year. J 1869. — The Maori war still continued. NEW ZEALAND. 275 1870. — The last detachment of Imperial troops left New Zealand in February. *^ The San Francisco Mail Service with New Zealand commenced. ■ The University of New Zealand was established. / 1871. — The " Public Works Pohcy " of road-making, bridge-building, and railway construction was commenced. 1872. — Two Maori chiefs were appointed members of the Legislative Council. 1873. — Sir James Fergusson was appointed Governor. The New Zealand Steam Shipping Company was established. 187i. — The Marquis of Normandy was appointed Governor. Under the immigration policy of the New Zealand Government, as many as 31,77i immigrants were introduced into the Colony during the year. 1875. — The General Assembly passed an Act, 39 Vict., No. XXI., to abolish the provincial system of government instituted in 1852. Over 18,000 emigrants were sent out to New Zealand. The Union Steam Shipping Company of New Zealand was established. 1876. — The telegraph cable between Sydney and Wellington was completed. The provincial system of local government was abolished, the Colony being divided into counties and boroughs. 1877. — An Act was passed for the free and compulsory education of children. 1879. — Sir Hercules Eobinson was appointed Governor. The Triennial Parliament Act was passed, and the suffrage was granted to every adult male resident. 1880. — Sir A. H. Gordon was appointed Governor. 1882. — The export of frozen sheep from New Zealand was valued at £19,339. • Several Maori chiefs visited London, and were received by the Prince of Wales. V Sir W. F. D. Jervois was appointed Governor. / 1886. — At the census there were 05,178 persons engaged in agricultural and pastoral pursuits. 1888 — Lord Onslow was appointed Governor in November. 1889. — The total value of gold exported from New Zealand, to 31st December, was £46,455,629. 1890.— The vahae of the frozen meat exported from New Zealand had risen to £1,087,617. 1892. — The Earl of Glasgow was appointed Governor in February. T 2 276 NIGER PROTECTORATE. THE total area of the Niger Territories, and tlae regions over which the Royal Niger Company is recognized as exercising paramount influence by the Anglo - French Agreement of 5th August, 1890, is estimated at 500,000 square miles, and the population is variously estimated at between twenty and thirty-five millions. The coast district between Lagos and Cameroons, known as the Oil Rivers Protectorate, was placed under an Imperial Commissioner and Consul-General in 1891 ; but so much of the coast district as lies between the Forcados and Brass Rivers, at the delta of the Niger, belongs to the Royal Niger Company, whose affairs are controlled by the Council in London. 1884. — In July Great Britain assumed the Protectorate of the Lower Niger, including the Benin and Cross Rivers, treaties being concluded with the principal native chiefs. 1886. — A charter was granted to the Royal Niger Company conferring administrative powers over territories, including thirty miles on each bank of the Rivers Niger and Binue, and extending inland so as to include the whole of the kingdom of Sokoto, and its vassal states. 1890. — The Anglo-French Agreement was signed, defining the limit between the British and French spheres of influence on the Niger. 277 xXORFOLK ISLAND. NOKFOLK ISLAND is the principal of a group of islands lying 900 miles E.N.E. of Sydney. Their total area is about twelve square miles. They were discovered by Captain Cook in 1774, and a few convicts were sent from Sydney to form a penal settlement on the island in 17b8. In 1856 about 150 people from Pitcairn Island were settled on the island, with their cattle, sheep, and pigs. The total population in 1887 amounted to 741. PITCAIRN ISLAND. PITCAIRN ISLAND lying in the Pacific Ocean is about midway between Australia and America. Its area is two square miles. It was discovered in 1767, and was first occu- pied by the mutineers from H.M.S. Bounty in 1780, who took with them some women from Tahiti. Their existence was discovered in 1808. In 1856 the population having increased to 192 they were removed to Norfolk Island. Some forty of them, however, returned to Pitcairn Island, and in 1879 their numbers had increased to ninety. 278 QUEENSLAND. QUEENSLAND forms the north-eastern portion of the Australian continent. Its area is 668,497 square miles, and its seaboard extends some 2,250 miles. The Colony is bounded on the south by New South Wales, and on the west by South Australia. The Parliament of Queensland consists of a Legislative Council composed of forty members nominated by the Crown for life, and of a Legislative Assembly comprising seventy- two members, to be elected in future for three years. In 1890 the number of registered electors was 84,630. 1. ■_> 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public Keveuue. Public Expeii- iliture, exclu- sive of 4. ExpeuiUture from Loans on Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 120,104 799,005 787,556 — 2,739,9331 2,434,486:}: 4,047,860 1881 213,526 2,023,668 1,757,654 991,213 4,063,625+ 3,540,366i 13,245,150 1890 393,718* 3,260,308 3,746,217 1,549,387 5,066,700| 8,654,512$ 28,105,684 * Population in 1891. f By sea only. | Inclusive of overland traffic. 1823. — The Brisbane Eiver was discovered by Surveyor- General Osley, who was searching / for a suitable locality for the surplus convicts at Sydney. 1826. — The Moreton Bay Penal Settlement was formed by the Governor of New South V Wales. , 1828. — The Darling Downs were explored by Mr. Allan Cunningham. 1839.- — Surveyors were sent from Sydney to lay out the town of Brisbane and to survey \l the coast. 1842. — Moreton Bay was proclaimed a free settlement, and Colonists were at liberty to come and go as they pleased. The town of Brisbane was commenced. QUEENSLAND. 279 18J:9. — The Colonists of Moreton Bay began to agitate for separation from New Soutli Wales. 1859. — The Moretou Bay Settlement was separated from New South Wales and made into the Colony of Queensland, with a Legislature consisting of a nominated Legislative ^ Council and an elective Legislative Assembly. Sir G. F. Bowen was appointed the first Governor of the Colony, which contained about 28,000 inhabitants. 1861. — The population was 34,000. There were twenty-one miles of railway open. -^ J Sydney and Brisbane were connected by telegraph. '^' 1866. — The sugar industry began to be developed. 1871. — The Marquis of Normanby was appointed Governor. ^ 1875.— Mr. W. W. Cairns, C.M.G., was appointed Governor. V 1877. — Sir A. E. Kennedy was appointed Governor. 1878. — The inhabitants of the town of Bowen commenced to agitate for the separation of North Queensland. 1883. — The Government of Queensland, fearing that Germany was about to occupy the southern coast of New Guinea, formally proclaimed the Queen's sovereignty over so much of ' the island as was not in the occupation of the Dutch. Sir Antliony Musgrave was appointed Governor. 1884. — Lord Derby, Colonial Secretary, declared a Protectorate over the south-eastern "^ portion of New Guinea. 1885. — A renewed agitation sprang up in favour of the division of the Colony. '^ 1888. — Sir Henry Norman was appointed Governor in December, i^ 1890. — There were 2,142 miles of railway open for traffic in the Colony, and 601 miles in • course of construction. The total value of gold produced in the Colony up to the close of 1890 was £26,034,663. ' 1891. — Queensland passed the Naval Defence Bill already adopted by the other Australasian Colonies. 280 ST. CHRISTOPHER (ST. KITTS), NEVIS, AND ANCtUILLA. THESE islands were united to form one Presidency by a Federal Act of the Leeward Islands Legislature in lii&2. The area of St. Kitts is sixty-iive square miles; of Nevis, fifty square miles ; and of Anguilla, thirty-five square miles. Together they constitute one of the five Presidencies composing the Colony of the Leewakd Islands. St. Kitts and Nevis have one nominated Legislative Council, and a Legislative Council of ten official and ten nominated members, by the latter of whom four members of the Federal Legislative Council of the Leewakd Islands are elected. 1. 2. 3. i. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public Revenue. Public Expen- diture, exclu sive of 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 39,872 47,1.34 44,006 263,876 359,625 9,200 1881 41,001 37,632 39,953 202,477 251,752 3,200 1890 47,660* 42,955 43,092 5,066 181,546 225,233 20,900 * Census, 1891. 1493." — Columbus, on his second voyage, discovered St. Kitts. 1623. — The settlement of the island of St. Kitts was commenced by Mr. Thomas Warner. 1627. — The French and English settlers signed a treaty of offence and defence, agreeing to divide the island between them. 1689. — The French planters in St. Kitts drove out the English Colonists. 1690. — General Codrington, with a force from Barbados, drove the French out of St. Kitts. 1697. — By the Treaty of Eyswick, French settlers were re-admitted to St. Kitts. 1702. — The English settlers ousted the French from St. Kitts. 1713. — By the Treaty of Utrecht, the English were confirmed in the possession of St. Kitts. 1871. — St. Kitts and Nevis were incorporated in the Colony of the Leevvabd Islands. 281 ST. HELENA. ST. HELENA, an island iu the South Atlantic, is estimated to be distant from Ascension Island (the nearest land) from 750 to 800 miles, and from Angola on the West Coast of Africa about 1,200 miles. Its area is forty-seven square miles. The importance of the island as a port of call has been much lessened by the opening of the Suez Canal route to the East, but it is still used as a recruiting station for the West African squadron, and as a coaling station. The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public; Reveuue. Public Expen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Expenditure from Loans ou Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 6,241 16,508 18,439 — 85,291 22,617 9,250 1881 5,059 12,426 12,801 — 53,169 2,675 10,750 1890 4,222 8,729 9,032 — 31,958 1,905 1,250 1502. — Juan de Nova ( ? Castella) discovered St. Helena. Aftei' the death of D' Almeida, in 1510, at Table P>ay, the Portuguese for many years avoided the Cape of Good Hope. They put into St. Helena (the position of which they contrived to conceal from other nations) for fresh water, and then doubled the Cape, making Sofala their next port of call. 1588. — Thomas Cavendish passed the Cape of Good Hope on 16th May, and landed at St. Helena on 9th June. 1645. — The Dutch occupied St. Helena. 1651. — St. Helena being abandoned by the Dutch was taken possession of by the EngUsh. 1661. — The Loudon East India Company were empowered by their charter to plant and fortify St. Helena. 28'i ST. HELENA. 1673. — The small garrison of the Loudon East India Company in charge of St. Helena, being unable to offer effectual resistance to a Dutch expedition from the Cape, spiked their cannon and escaped in a vessel lying ready for sea. Off the coast of Brazil they fell in with an English squadron under Commodore Kichard Munden, who sailed at once to St. Helena, and recaptured the island. l(37i. — The island was granted by charter of Charles II. to the London East India Company, and remained under their administration, serving as a port of call and store depot, until the British Government took it over during the term of Napoleon's imprisonment. After that it reverted to the East India Company. 1834. — The island was finally transferred to the Imperial Government under an Act passed in 1833. 283 ST. LUCIA. ST. LUCIA, one of the Windward group of the West India Islands, has an area of 245 square miles. It is administered by an ofQcer, who is subordinate to the Governor of the WiNDWAKD Islands Colony, and who is assisted by an Executive Council and a nomi- nated Legislative Council. St. Lucia is the chief coaling station for the fleet in the West Indies, and has been strongly fortified. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. Year. I'opulation. Public Revenue. Public E.xpen- diture, e.xclu- sive of 4. ExpeiiiUture from Lo.^ns on Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 31,610 18,307 16,980 — 121,38 171,461 18,000 1881 38,5,51 32,291 32,653 — 120,134 168,478 33,500 1890 41,713* 50,232 45,430 5,048 206,693 197,452 133,700 * Census 1891. 1502. — Columbus on his fourth and last voyage discovered St. Lucia 1639.— Some EngUsh Colonists settled on the island, but were all destroyed by the Caribs in the next year. 1642. — Louis XIII. granted the island to the French West India Company. 1664. — The English from Barbados captured St. Lucia from the French. 1667. — By the Treaty of Breda, St. Lucia was restored to the French. 1762.— General Monckton, assisted by the Enghsh fleet under Rodney, captured the island from the French. 1763. — St. Lucia was restored to France by the Treaty of Paris. 284 ST. LUCIA. 1778. — After severe fighting, the British captured St. Lucia from the French. 1783. — St. Lucia was restored to France by the Treaty of Versailles. 1794. — St Lucia surrendered to the British. 1796.— Insurrectionary movements having broken out, Sir E. Abercrombie subdued the insurgents after a month's fighting. 1797. —Sir John Moore was appointed Governor, but returned to England the next year. 1802. — St. Lucia was restored to France. 1803. — Lord Hood captured St. Lucia. 1814. — By the Treaty of Paris, Great Britaiu retained St. Lucia. 1882. — A Eoyal Commission was appointed to inquire into the financial condition of St. Lucia. 1885. — By letters patent (17th March) St. Lucia was incorporated in the Colony of the WiNDWAED Islands. 285 ST. VINCENT. ST. VINCENT is twenty-one miles south-west of St. Lucia, and 100 miles west of Barbados. Its area is 132 square miles. The administrator of the island, who is subordinate to the Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands Colony, is assisted by an Executive Council and a nominated Legislative Council. 1. 2. 3. 4. r>. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public Revenue. Public Expen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 35,688 30,150 26,025 — 157,337 255,978 — 1881 40,548 30,637 81,044 — 129,026 141,576 2,500 1890 41,054* 27,048 25,942 4,781 97,809 104,745 12,270 * Census of 1891. 1498.— Columbus is said to have discovered St. Vincent on his third voyage. 1762. — General Monckton, assisted by the English fleet under Eodney, captured the island from the French. 1763. — St. Vincent was ceded to Enj^land by the Treaty of Paris. St. Vincent, together with Dominica and Tobago, was incorporated in a province with Grenada, which was proclaimed a distinct and separate government under the Great Seal of Great Britain. 1779.— The French from Martinique, aided by the Caribs, captured St. Vincent. 1783. — St. Vincent was restored to Great Britain by the Treaty of Versailles. During the next sixteen yeirs the English Colonists suffered greatly at the hands of the Caribs and the French. 286 ST. VINCENT. 1796. — The insurgents in St. Vincent, as in St. Lucia, were conquered by Sir E. Abercrombie, after severe fighting. 1846. — Portuguese labourers were introduced into tlie island. 1861. — The first batch of coolie labourers arrived at St. ATncent. 1882. — A Eoyal Commission was appointed to inquire into the financial condition of St. Vincent. 1885. — By letters patent (17th March) St. Vincent was incorporated in the Colony of the WiNDWAED Islands. 287 SIERRA LEONE. THE Colony of Sierra Leone consists of the settlement upon the peninsula of Sierra Leone and of the adjoining territory with an area of between 300 and 400 square miles, and of the coast district extending to the south of the settlement as far as the Mannah Eiver. The total area is estimated at 15,000 square miles, and the population at 180,000. The chief town of the Colony, Freetown, with 30,000 inhabitants, is the headquarters of the Imperial troops in West Africa, and a coaling station. The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council and a nominated Legislative Council. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. Pulilic Revenue. Public E.xpen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Expenrliture Ironi Loans on Public Works. Imports. E.vports. ■ Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 87,089 80,486 76,131 — 305,850 440,469 26,580 1881 60,546 69,814 71,530 — 374,375 365,862 73,000 1890 75,000* 73,708 63,056 — 389,908 349,319 58,454 * Of whom 270 ai-e Europeans. 1787. — The tract of laud on which Freetown now stands was ceded by a native chief to an English company, which had been formed expressly to establish a settlement for the reception of freed African slaves. 1791. — The Sierra Leone Company having obtained a charter, sent out numbers of freed negroes from Nova Scotia and -Jamaica to Freetown. 1861. — The population of the settlement numbered 41,000. 1862. — Sherbro' was added to the Colony. 1863. — An Executive Council for Sierra Leone was appointed, to which four native members were nominated. 1866. — Gambia and Lagos were incorporated with Sierra Leone, and a central govern- ment was established for the West Coast Settlements. 1874. — A fresh government was formed for Sierra Leone and the Gambia, under the title of the West Africa Settlements, the Gold Coast and Lagos being formed into a sepai-ate Colony. 1888. — By letters patent of 28th November, the Gambia was separated from Sierra Leone, and made a separate Colony. 288 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. SOUTH AUSTEALIA comprises about one-third of the Austrahan Continent, its area being 903,690 square miles. It is bounded by Western Austraha on the west, and by Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland on the east. The Parliament of South Australia consists of a Legislative Council and a House of Assembly. The Council is composed of twenty-four members, of whom eight retire every three years, their successors being elected by a specially qualified electorate. The Assembly consists of fifty-four members, who are elected for three years. In 1890 there were 69,921 registered electors. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public Revenue. Public Expen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 185,626 1,057,192 1,115,752 — 2,158,023 3,582,397 2,167,700 1881 279,865 2,171,988 2,054,285 1,424,217 5,224,064 4,407,757 11,196,800 1890 315,048* 2,557,772 2,579,258 892,269 8,262,673 8,827,378 20,401,500 * Population in 1891, of whom 4,89."i belonged to tbe Nortlieru Territory. 1836. — Ships sent out by the South Australian Colonization Company arrived at Port J Adelaide, and on 28th December Captain Hindmarsh, E.N., who bad been appointed Governoi-, proclaimed the Colony of South Australia. 1837. — The South Australian Colonists approved of the site of the city of Adelaide, which had been selected by Colonel Light. 1838. — Cattle were taken overland by the Murray route by INIessrs. Hawden and Bonney from New South Wales to the Colony of South Australia. A military post was established by tbe British Government at Port Essington, in the Northern Territory, and named Victoria. 289 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. *""^ . 1839. -Sheep and cattle were taken overland from New South Wales to South Australia. " 1842.— The Kapunda copper mine was discovered fifty miles from Adelaide. ■ ■" 1845.— The Burra copper mine was discovered about 100 miles from Adelaide. ' , The population of South AustraUa was 21,700. / 1848 -Sh- Henry E F. Young became Governor of South Australia. Soon after his appointment the population of the Colony reached 50,000, and a Legislative Council was established by an Act of the Imperial Parliament, to consist of eight nominee and sixteen elected members. y 1849.-The military post, Victoria, in the Northern Territory, was abandoned. • 1856.-A constitution was granted lo South Australia by virtue of 13 and 14 Vict., > cap. 59, and was proclaimed on 24th October. The electric telegraph was introduced into South Austraha. 1857 -The first Parliament under the new constitution met in April. It consisted of ^ J two Chambers-the Legislative Council, elected on the basis of a property franchise ; and the House of Assembly, elected on the basis of universal suffrage. The session is memorable for the passing iato law of the Eeal Property Act, introduced ^ •^ by Mr. (Sir) Eobert E. Torrens. The population of the Colony numbered about 100,000. >^ ^ I861.-The population was 130,000. There were fifty-six miles of railway open. "^ 1862 -J D. Stuart succeeded in crossing South Australia from south to north. As a ^ result of his discoveries, the South Australian Government applied to the British Government for permission to annex the Northern Territory. 1864 -The first attempt at settlement of the Northern Territory was made by a party of ^ ^ surveyors and others, who were sent by sea from Adelaide. Adam Bay was chosen as the site of the capital, but the attempt failed, as did also a second one made later in the same year. 1866.-Camels were introduced into South Austraha by Sir Thomas Elder for exploring ^ '^ purposes, and to establish a camel caravan route across the contment. ^ 1867.— Sydney and Adelaide were connected by telegraph. >^ ^ 1869.— Sir James Fergusson was appointed Governor.^ ^ v^ 290 SOUTH AUSTBALIA. 1870. — The construction of the 1,800 miles of telegraph from Adelaide to Port Darwin ■^ was commenced. J 1872. — The London and Adelaide telegraph was completed. \l 1873. — Sir A. Musgrave was appointed Governor. 1875. — Adelaide University was founded. J 1877. — Adelaide and Perth were connected by telegraph. 4 Sir W. F. D. Jervois was appointed Governor. •^ 1883. — Sir W. C. F. Eobinson was appointed Governor. 1887. — The first through train from Adelaide to Melbourne ran on 19th January. "^ 1888. — Lord Kintore was appointed Governor. ^ 1891. — Lord Kintore crossed the continent from Port Darwin to Adelaide. 291 STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. THE Crown Colony of the Straits Settlements comprises Singapore, Malacca, and Penang, with the latter of which are included Province Wellesley and the Bindings. Singapore is an island with an area of 206 square miles, separated from the southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula by a strait less than a mile in width. Malacca is a strip of territory about forty-two miles in length and from eight to twenty-four in breadth, situated on the western coast of the Peninsula, about 110 miles to the north-west of Singapore. Penang, 240 miles from Malacca, is an island of 107 square miles, separated from Province Wellesley on the west coast of the Peninsula by a strait from two to ten miles broad. Province Wellesley, which forms part of the Settlement of Penang, extends forty-two miles along the coast, and is about eight miles in breadth. A small island, Pulau Pangkor, and a strip of the opposite coast of Perak, make up the Dindings, and belong to Penang Settlement. Moreover, the native States of Perak, Selangor, Sungei Ujong and Negri Sembilan, Johor, and Pahang, which compose a large portion of the Malay Peninsula, are under British protection. The total area of these protected States is about 32,600 square miles, with a population of nearly half a million. The Keeling, or Coeos, Islands, about 1,200 miles south-west of Singapore, and Christmas Island, 700 miles east of Keeling Islands, are also under the government of the Straits Settlements. The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council, and a Legislative Council of ten official and seven unofficial members, five of whom are nominated by the Crown, and two elected by the Chambers of Commerce of Singapore and Penang. 1. 2- 1 3. , 4. ^. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public Revenue. Public Expen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 308,097 298,712 266,499 — 10,161,563 9,417,042 — 1881 423,384 451,271 436,806 — 15,686,138 12,928,692 7 7,100 1890 506,777* 711,491 626,326 — 24,549,553 21,320,614 5,800 Census 1S91. 1785. — Penang, or Prince of Wales' Island, was ceded by the Eajah of Kedah to England for a yearly payment of 6,000 dollars. u 2 292 STEAITS SETTLEMENTS. 1795. — Malacca was captured by Great Britain from the Dutch. Province Wellesley was acquired from the Eajah of Kedah. 1805. — Penang, which had acquired a monopoly of the trade of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, and had a large trade with the further East, was made a separate Presidency under the East India Company, with rank equal to Madras and Bombay. 1819. — Singapore was taken possession of by Sir Stamford EafSes in accordance with a treaty made with the Malayan princes. It was at first subordinate to Bencoolen in Sumatra. 1823.— Singapore was placed under the government of Bengal. 1826. — Penang, Malacca, and Singapore were incorporated under one government. 1874. — Under instructions from the Secretary of State, the Governor of the Straits Settlements stationed British residents in the native States of Perak, Selangor, and Sungei Ujong. The Bindings were acquired as British territory for the better preservation of order in that part of the Peninsula. 1875 — Mr. Birch, the British Kesident at Perak, was murdered- in the course of some disturbances iu the native State. A British force promptly occupied the State, suppressed the disorders, and punished those concerned in the murder. 1887. — The Sultan of Johor placed his foreign relations in the hands of Great Britain, and received a British Eesident. 1888. — The Sultan of Pahang invited the appointment of a British Eesident in his State. 1890. — The tonnage of 8,110 vessels entering the ports of the Straits Settlements amounted to 4,859,720. The number of native craft visiting the ports was 13,-337, with a tonnage of' 359,929 tons. 293 TASMANIA. THE island of Tasmania is separated from Victoria by Bass's Straits, which are about 120 miles wide. Its area is estimated at 26,215 square miles. The Parliament of Tasmania consists of a Legislative Council and a House of Assembly. The Legislative Council of eighteen members is elected for six years, by electors possessing certain qualifications. The House of Assembly consists of thirty-six members, elected for three years. The number of electors for the Legislative Council in 1891 was 6,750, and for the House of Assembly was 30,817. 1. ■ 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public Revenue. Public Expen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 101,785 271,928 287,262- — 778,087 740,638 1,315,200 1881 115,705 505,006 463,684 — 1,431,144 1,555,576 2,003,000 1890 146,667* 758,100 722,746 1,628,281 1,897,512 1,486,992 6,432,800 * Population iu 1891. 1642.— Abel JansenTasman discovered New Zealand and Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), ■which island he named after the Dutch Governor ruling at Batavia. Tasman also explored the northern coasts of Austraha, which the States-General of Holland formally named " New Holland." 1803. — Van Diemen's Land was taken possession of by Governor Bowen, of New South ^^ " , Wales, as a penal settlement. 1815. — The first emigrant ship arrived at Van Diemen's Land with free settlers. 1820. — The settlers in Van Diemen's Land exported wheat to the value of £20,000, and , in the next year began to export wool. 294 TASMANIA. 1825. — Van Diemen's Land was separated from New South Wales, and made into a distinct Colony, under Colonel Arthur as Governor. 1836.^ — Sir John Franklin became Governor of Van Diemen's Land. 185,3. — The transportation of convicts to Van Diemen's Land ceased. 1856. — Eesponsible government was introduced. The name of the Colony was changed to Tasmania. 1861.— The population numbered 90,000. 1881. — Sir G. C. Strahan was appointed Governor. 1887. — Sir E. G. C. Hamilton was appointed Governor. 1889. — The University of Tasmania was incorporated. 295 TOBAGO. TOBAGO, which is united to Trinidad for purposes of administration, is the most southerly of the Windward group of the British West India Islands. It lies about twenty miles north east of Trinidad. It has an area of 114 square miles. The island is administered by a Commissioner appointed by the Governor of the united Colony of Teinidad and Tobago. The Commissioner is assisted by a Financial Board of not less than three nominated members. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public Eeveuue. Public Expen- diture, exclu- .sive of 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 17,054 14,083 10,389 — 66,378 95,698 — 1881 18,051 16,830 14,844 — 59,582 83,583 — 1890 20,727 8,656 9,258 — 23,403 19,371 5,000 1498. — Columbus on his third voyage is said to have discovered Tobago. 1580. — The English took possession of Tobago. 1632. — A company of Dutch merchants settled 300 emigrants on Tobago, and called it New Walcheren. After two years the Spaniards and Indians from Trinidad destroyed the settlement. 1641. — Charles I. granted Tobago to James, Duke of Courland. 1642. — The Duke of Courland settled a party of Courlanders in the north of Tobago. 1654. — A Dutch Colony settled on the southern shore of the island. 1658.— The Courlanders were overpowered by the Dutch, who retained possession of the island until 1662. 296 TOBAGO. 1662. — Louis XIV. created Cornelius Lampsius Baron of Tobago and proprietor of the island, under the Crown of France, the Dutch having resigned their right to it. 1681.— The Duke of Courland, to whom Louis XIV. had restored Tobago, made over his title to the island to a company of London merchants. 1684. — By the Treaty of Ais-la-Chapelle the island was declared neutral. 1763. — Tobago was ceded to the English by the Treaty of Paris. Tobago, together with Dominica and St. Vincent, was incorporated in a Province with Grenada, which was proclaimed a distinct and separate government under the Great Seal of Great Britain. 1814. — By the Treaty of Paris, Great Britain retained Tobago. 1882. — A Eoyal Commission was appointed to inquire into the financial condition of Tobago. 1888. — Tobago and Trinidad were united as one Colony by an Act of the Imperial Parlia- ment (50 and 51 Vict., cap 44). 297 TRINIDAD. TEINIDAD lius about sixteeu miles eastward of Venezuela. It has au area of 1,754 square miles. The Colony includes Tobago for administrative purposes. The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council, and a nominated Legislative Council of eight official and ten unofficial members. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public Revenue. Puhlic Expen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 109,638 272,094 242,122 — 1,218,024 1,497,337 148,900 1881 153,128 434,235 466,195 — 2,226,276 2,099,101 500,720 1890 198,230 468,559 475,244 — 2,248,893 2,179,432 532,320 1498. — Columbus discovered Trinidad on his third voyage. 1595. — Sir W. Ealeigh sailed with five ships and 100 men iu his vain search for the empire of Guiana. Having burnt the Spanish town of St. Joseph (built about 1584) on the island of Trinidad, Ealeigh proceeded to explore the basin of the Orinoco, and finally returned unsuccessful to Trinidad. 1783. — M. de St. Laurent — a French planter of Grenada — induced the Spanish Government to issue a proclamation offering advantages to foreigners of all nations to settle in Trinidad. 1797. — Trinidad was taken from the Spaniards by Sir E. Abercrombie, who appointed Lieutenant-Colonel Picton to be the first English Governor of the island. 1802. — Trinidad was ceded to Great Britain by Spain. 1861. — The population numbered 84,000. 1888. — Trinidad and Tobago were united as one Colony by an Act of the Imperial Parliament (50 and 51 Vict., cap. 44). 298 VICTORIA. VICTOEIA comprises the south-eastern portion of the continent of Australia. It has an area of 87,884 square miles, and a coast line of 700 miles. It is separated from New South Wales by the Eiver Murray, and is bounded on the west by South Australia. The ParUanient of Victoria consists of a Legislative Council of forty-eight members, and a Legislative Assembly of ninety-five members. About one-third of the Council must retire every year, their successors being elected on a restricted franchise. The Assembly is elected by manhood suffrage for three years. In 1890-91 the number of electors for the Council was 156,894, for the Assembly 258,576. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Population. Public Revenue. Public Expen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ & £ £ £ £ 1871 731,528 — — — 12,341,995 14,557,820 11,994,800 1881 862,346 5,186,011 6,108,642 865,273 16,718,521 16,252,103 22,593,102 1890 1,140,411* 8,519,159 9,645,787 4,188,944 22,954,015 13,266,222 41,377,693 Population in 1891. / 1833. — Edward Henty, a merchant of Launceston in Van Diemen's Land, crossed Bass's ^ Straits and examined the country about Portland Bay. 1834. — In November, Henty made the first permanent settlement on the soil of Victoria "' and commenced to till the ground and to breed stock. 1835. — In May, John Batman crossed from Van Diemen's Land to Port Phillip Bay, and V obtained from the natives a grant of 600,000 acres by a treaty which the Imperial Govern-^ meut disallowed. In August a party organized by John Pascoe Fawkner of Launceston, Van Diemen's ■^ Land, sailed up the Yarra, and founded Melbourne. Fawkner himself landed on 18th October. '' VICTOEIA. 299 1836. — From April to October, Major Mitchell explored Port Phillip District, aud named the western portion Australia Felix. In September, Captain Lonsdale arrived from Sydney to act as Kesident Magistrate in v^ Port Phillip District. 1837. — Governor Bourke visited Port Phillip District. He approved of the choice made .- by Captain Lonsdale of the site of Fawkner's settlement, and named it Melbourne. 1839.— Mr. Charles J. La Trobe arrived at Melbourne from Sydney as Superintendent of y the Port Phillip District. 1842. — Melbourne vpas incorporated as a town. 1847. — By royal letters patent (26th .June) Melbourne was created a city. ^ 1850. — The Australian Colonies Act (13 and 14 Vict., cap. 59) was passed, which provided for the erection of Port Phillip District into an independent Colony. 1851. — On Ist July Port Phillip District was proclaimed a separate Colony under the name of Victoria. Its population was 76,000. Its Colonists owned 6,000,000 sheep, ^ 380,000 cattle, and 21,000 horses. In a few weeks' time it became known that rich deposits of gold existed within its borders. 1852. — Owing to the gold discoveries the population increased by nearly 60,000 in the y year. 1853. — The University of Melbourne was founded. 1854. — Eiots occurred at the Ballarat gold-fields. -■ The electric telegraph was introduced. 1855. — The new constitution, consisting of a Legislative Council of thirty members and a ^ Legislative Assembly of sixty members, both Chambers to be elective and the members to possess a property qualification, was proclaimed in Victoria on 23rd November. The population was estimated at 364,000. 1856. — The ballot was adopted in the election of members to the Legislature. 1857. — The property quahfication of members of the Legislative Assembly was abolished, , and universal suffrage for electors became law. - 1858. Sydney and Melbourne were connected by telegraph. 300 VICTORIA. 1861. — The population numbered 541,000. There were 250 miles of railway open. 1872. — A branch of the Eoyal Mint was set up in Melbourne, and was opened on the 12th June. 1873. — Sir G. F. Bowen was appointed Governor. 1879. — The Marquis of Normanby was appointed Governor. 1880. — Sydney and Melbourne were connected by railway. 1881. — An International Exhibition was opened at Melbourne. By the Chinese Act a tax of £10 per head was levied on Chinese immigrants. 1884. — Sir Henry B. Loch was appointed Governor. 1889. — The Earl of Hopetoun was appointed Governor. 1890. — The total value of gold produced in Victoria from 1851 to 1890 was estimated at £227,357,430. 301 VIRGIN ISLANDS. THE Virgin Islands are included in the Colony of the Leewaed Islands. They consist of a group of thirty-two small islands lying to the west of Porto Rico, and their total area amounts to about 58 square miles. The local administration consists of an Executive Council and a nominated Legislative Council. Year. 1. Population. 2- Public Re veuue . 3. Public Ex])en- diture, exclu- sive of 4. 4. Expenditure from Loans on Public Works. 5. Imports. 6. Exports. 7. Public Debt. 1871 1881 1890 6,651 5,287 4,640 £ 2,174 1,604 1,762 £ 2,117 1,736 1,981 £ £ 4,184 4,999 4,144 £ 6,601 5,249 5,050 £ 1493. — Columbus on his second voyage discovered the Virgin Isles. 1666. — The islands now belonging to Great Britain came into the possession of England. 1773. — A civil government and courts of justice were set up in the Virgin Islands. 1871. — The Virgin Islands were incorporated in the Colony of the Lebwabd Islands. 302 WESTERN AUSTRALIA. WESTEEN AUSTEALIA comprises more than oue-third of the contiDent of AustraHa. It includes all of Australia lying west of the 129th degree of east longitude, and has an area of 1,060,000 square miles. The Legislature of the Colony consists of a Legislative Council of fifteen members, who have been nominated by the Governor, and of a Legislative Assembly of thirty members, elected for four years. Eventually the Legislative Council will also be elected. 1. 2. 3. j 4. 5. 6. 7. Year. Populati 0" . Public Revenue. Public E-tpen- diture, exclu- sive of 4. Expenditure from Loans ou Public Works. Imports. Exports. Public Debt. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1871 25,.353 97,606 107,148 — 198,011 199,281 — 1881 29,708 254,313 197,386 95,188 404,831 502,770 511,000 1890 49,782* 414,314 401,737 15,906 874,447 671,813 1,. 367,444 * Population in 1891. 1829, — Captain (Sir James) Stirling, E.N., founded the Colony of Western Australia by proclamation on 1st June, and in a few months emigrant ships arrived from England, and the Swan River Settlement was formed. 1850. — The Colony making little progress, a petition was addressed by the settlers to the Imperial Government to make it a penal settlement. Accordingly in the next eighteen years 10,000 convicts were sent out. 1861.— The population was 15,000. 1868. — Transportation of convicts to Western AustraUa ceased. 1869. — The telegraph was introduced into Western Australia. WESTERN AUSTHALIA. 303 1870. — Two-thirds of the Legislative Council of Western Australia were henceforth to be elected. 1877. — Adelaide and Perth were connected by telegraph. 1887. — The Legislative Council of Western Australia petitioned the Imperial Government to grant the Colony responsible self-government. 1890. — The Bill granting self-government to Western Australia was passed by the Imperial Parliament, and its constitution as a self-governing Colony was proclaimed on 22nd October by Governor Sir W. C. F. Robinson. The entire management and control of the waste lands of the Colony is vested in the Colonial Legislature. The Crown, however, has reserved the power to divide the Colony as may from time to time seem fit. y 304 WESTERN PACIFIC PROTECTORATE. A HIGH Commissioner was appointed for the Western Pacific Islands in 1877, and power was vested in him to settle disputes between British subjects li\'ing in the islands forming the Western Pacific Protectorate. His jurisdiction covers all the islands not within the limits of Fiji, Queensland, or New South Wales, or which do not fall within the jurisdiction of any other civilized Power. The principal islands are the Solomon Islands, the New Hebrides, Tonga, and other small groups in Melanesia. WINDWARD ISLANDS. BY letters patent (17th March, 1885) the islands of Grenada, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent were constituted the Colony of the Windwaed Islands. Each of the islands retains its local institutions, and is presided over by a Eesident Administrator, who is also Colonial Secretary. The Governor-in-Chief resides at St. George's, Grenada. The total area of the Windward Islands Colony is 524 square miles, and its population about 134,000. ZULULAND. THE Protectorate of Zululand was formally declared to be British territory m May, 1887. It includes St. Lucia Bay, and has an area of about 8,900 square miles, and a population of 648 Europeans and about 142,000 Zulus. The territory is administered by a Besident Commissioner under the Governor of Natal, who is also Governor of Zululand. THE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW. Series 9482