THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 Martha Green 
 
', -6 
 
 R 3> , 
 
 \ 
 

A 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 COLLEGES, HALLS, 
 
 AND 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS, 
 
 ATTACHED TO THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, 
 
 INCLUDING THE 
 
 LIVES OF THE FOUNDERS. 
 
 BY 
 
 ALEX. CHALMERS, F. S. A 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY 
 
 A SERIES OF ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 OXFORD, 
 
 PRINTED BY COLLTNGWOOD AND CO. 
 
 For J. COOKS and J. PARKER, Oxford ; and Messrs. LONGMAN, HURST, 
 
 REES, and ORME, London. 
 
 1810. 
 

 LOAN STACK 
 
TO THE 
 
 CHANCELLOR, 
 
 MASTERS, AND SCHOLARS, 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, 
 
 THIS WORK 
 
 IS MOST RESPECTFULLY 
 
 DEDICATED 
 
 BY THEIR OBEDIENT SERVANT, 
 
 ALEX. CHALMERS. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 J. HE history of the English Universities is one 
 of the most interesting objects on which a lover 
 of literature can fix his attention. It embraces 
 all that is curious to the antiquary, or important 
 to the scholar ; and even to minds not deeply 
 affected by curiosity or learning, it must be a 
 delightful object to contemplate those extensive 
 and magnificent establishments, not as emerging 
 from national wealth, or royal favour, but from 
 the liberality of a series of individuals in the 
 darker ages of our history, who were insensibly 
 led to become the benefactors of sound learning 
 and religion, while their immediate object, al- 
 though proceeding from the most honourable 
 and benevolent motives, was to perpetuate su- 
 perstition and credulity. 
 
 The history of these Universities, however, 
 has not been studied with the care bestowed on 
 objects of far inferior interest, Cambridge is 
 ^ still without an historian worthy of notice ; and 
 although Oxford has been more fortunate in the 
 extensive labours of Antony Wood and other 
 antiquaries, yet since the time of Ayliffe, or 
 
 M 
 
viii PREFACE. 
 
 perhaps Salmon, no distinct and well-arranged 
 publication has been allotted to the history of 
 her Colleges in their actual state. 
 
 An attempt to supply this deficiency is now 
 offered by the Editor of the following pages, 
 who has ever regarded the University of Oxford 
 (with which accident made him very early ac- 
 quainted) with sentiments of profound venera- 
 tion, and with a curiosity which insensibly led 
 him to inquire into its history. It was during 
 one of the many visits he has paid to this Uni- 
 versity that he first communicated the idea of a 
 history of the Colleges, &c. which, he conceived, 
 should be more ample than the common Guides 
 afforded, and yet less prolix and confused than 
 the collections of Antony Wood. But whether 
 he has accomplished this intended object in a 
 satisfactory manner, is a question which he 
 would be afraid to ask, without a reliance on 
 the candour of those who may be acquainted 
 with the state of the sources of which he was 
 to avail himself, and the disadvantages which a 
 person not constantly resident must ever have 
 to encounter in similar attempts. 
 
 The labours of Antony Wood, as given to the 
 public some years ago by the Rev. John Gutch, 
 Registrar to the University, must continue to 
 be the foundation of all future researches, and 
 to them the present writer is ready to acknow- 
 ledge his highest obligations. Nor has he been 
 
PREFACE. ix 
 
 less indebted to the histories of individual Col- 
 leges, published by Savage, Smith, Lowth, War- 
 ton, and particularly his much esteemed friend, 
 the Rev. Archdeacon Churton, whose polite 
 and liberal communications he begs leave to 
 acknowledge with the utmost gratitude. 
 
 Yet the work would have been deficient in 
 many points, for which no printed authorities 
 can be consulted, had not the Editor, throughout 
 the whole of his undertaking, been assisted by 
 many resident members of the University, who 
 have contributed much valuable information with 
 a kindness which he is at a loss to acknowledge 
 as it deserves. This aid was tendered in a man- 
 ner so extremely liberal, although peculiar to 
 minds distinguished at once for intelligence arid 
 urbanity, that, were no other consequence to 
 result from the Editor's labours, he would find 
 a consolation in recollecting that he was ho- 
 noured with a display of this striking and 
 acknowledged feature in the character of the 
 members of the University of Oxford. 
 
 With every assistance, however, from printed 
 or oral authorities, the Editor cannot presume 
 that he has escaped the errors to which every 
 attempt of this, kind must be liable, A few of 
 these have been pointed out, and some other 
 corrections, he has to lament, were communi- 
 cated too late. 
 
x PREFACE. 
 
 "With respect to the plan, that laid down by 
 Wood has been nearly followed ; and some in- 
 formation, not generally known, it is hoped, 
 has been recovered respecting the lives of the 
 Founders, most of whom have been unaccount- 
 ably neglected. In the selection of the names 
 of the eminent scholars of Oxford, as well as the 
 short characteristic sketches attempted, more 
 regard perhaps has been paid to contemporary 
 fame, than to the capricious verdict of modern 
 and more fastidious times. Few pleasures can 
 surely be more rational, few satisfactions more 
 complete, than to be able to recall the memory 
 of departed worth, arid to point out the classic 
 ground that has been " dignified by genius, wis- 
 " dom, and piety," and which none can pass 
 over with "frigid indifference." Although ne- 
 glect has too frequently obscured the history of 
 the learned and the pious of ancient times, it 
 ought never to be forgotten, that our learning is 
 the result of their labours, and our piety the an- 
 swer to their prayers. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 New College Lane, 
 June 16, 1S10. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE early history of the University of Oxford is in- 
 volved in the same obscurity with the civil and poli- 
 tical state of our nation, and has been perplexed by 
 the same improbable and contradictory traditions and 
 legends. The spirit of rivalship too has had its share 
 in exciting disputes, which have been perpetuated with 
 obstinacy; a circumstance the more to be regretted, as 
 they end in no more important result than a certain 
 degree of priority in point of time, for which no liberal 
 mind will now think it of much consequence to con- 
 tend. It seems agreed upon among the ablest anti- 
 quaries of modern times, that, although this Univer- 
 sity may be traced to very high antiquity, and far be- 
 yond the age of satisfactory records or annals, the il- 
 lustrious monarch, who was formerly supposed to have 
 founded or restored it, had really no share whatever in 
 its establishment; and it is certain, that no document 
 or well-authenticated history can be produced in which 
 the name of Alfred appears as a benefactor to the Uni- 
 versity of Oxford. And if we can trace no credible 
 information to his days, it will surely be more fruit- 
 less to carry our researches higher, and follow, either 
 with doubt or credulity, the absurd traditions which 
 speak of the state of learning at Oxford and Cam- 
 bridge before the Christian sera. 
 
 The probability is, that Universities, like other esta- 
 blishments, arose from small beginnings, arid grew 
 
xii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 into bulk and consequence by gradations, some the re- 
 sult of wisdom, and others of accident. The first se- 
 minaries of education in Oxford appear to have been 
 mere schools, in which certain persons instructed youth 
 in the scanty knowledge themselves possessed. These 
 schools were either claustral, that is, appendages to 
 convents and other religious houses, or secular, such 
 as were kept by, or hired and rented of, the inhabitants 
 of Oxford. When many of these secular scholars re- 
 sided in one house, it got the name of Hall, or Hostel, 
 and Governors or Principals were appointed over them, 
 who superintended the discipline and civil affairs of 
 the house. But what portion of science was taught in 
 these, or how far the mode of education was different 
 from that carried on in religious houses, where proba- 
 bly what may be called education was first dispensed, 
 it is not easy to discover. The schools were divided 
 into grammar-schools, sophistry-schools, schools for 
 arts, medicine or physic-schools, law-schools, divinity- 
 .schools, &c. and were we to trust to names only, these 
 seem adequate to a perfect system of education ; but the 
 literary remains of the early ages afford no great pre- 
 sumption in their favour. The only men of learning, 
 or what was considered as deserving that name, were 
 educated for some of the orders of the church ; and we 
 know, that, owing to the ignorance of lay men of the first 
 yanks, their sovereigns were obliged to employ ecclesi- 
 astics in the highest offices of state, and particularly in 
 the department of law. In point of fact, it is difficult 
 to trace any regular plan of education, tending to that 
 general diffusion of learning which now prevails, before 
 the foundation of the first College by Walter de Mer- 
 ton, whose statutes afford an extraordinary instance of 
 
INTRODUCTION. xiii 
 
 a matured system, and with very little alteration have 
 been found to accommodate themselves to the pro- 
 gress of science,. discipline, and civil economy in more 
 refined ages. 
 
 Of the number of students who resided at Oxford 
 in the early ages, we have more accounts than we can 
 rely upon with confidence. In the time of Henry III. 
 we are told they amounted to thirty thousand; and 
 even when Merton College was founded, they are said 
 to have amounted to fifteen thousand. But this latter 
 number will appear highly improbable, when we in- 
 quire into the state of society and population at that 
 time, and endeavour to discover, or rather to conjec- 
 ture, by what means provision could be made in Ox- 
 ford for the accommodation of a number almost four 
 times greater than ever was known since records have 
 been kept. 
 
 The University, as a corporate body, has been go- 
 verned by statutes enacted at different times, and con- 
 firmed by charters granted by different monarchs, with 
 more or less liberality. Those at present in force were 
 drawn out in 1629, and confirmed by the charter of 
 Charles I. in 1635. The Corporation is styled, "THE 
 " CHANCELLOR, MASTERS, AND SCHOLARS OF THE 
 " UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD/' and is governed bylaws 
 passed in Convocation. 
 
 The highest officer in this corporation is the CHAN- 
 CELLOR, whose office is of great dignity and im- 
 portance. In the thirteenth century, the Chancellors 
 were styled the Masters or Rectors of the Schools, and 
 appear to have derived their authority from the Bi- 
 shops of Lincoln, who were then the Diocesans of Ox- 
 ford, and who confirmed, while the Regents and Non- 1 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Regents nominated; but after the reign of Edward III. 
 they were elected and confirmed by the Regents and 
 Non-Regents only. At first their election was for one, 
 two, or three years, but afterwards became perpetual. 
 Still, however, the persons chosen were resident mem- 
 bers of the University, and always ecclesiastics, until 
 the time of Sir John Mason, in 1553, who was the first 
 Lay-Chancellor. It was afterwards conferred, at the 
 pleasure of the Convocation, upon ecclesiastics or lay- 
 men ; but since the time of Archbishop Sheldon, in 
 1667, upon noblemen of distinction, who have been 
 members of the University. 
 
 The Chancellor's deputy was formerly styled Vice- 
 gerent, or Commissary, but for many years past, VICE- 
 CHANCELLOR. His office is annual, though generally 
 held for four years. The Vice-Chancellor is nomi- 
 nated by the Chancellor, on the recommendation of 
 the Heads of Colleges, and appoints four Deputies, or 
 Pro-Vice-Chancellors, who must likewise be Heads of 
 Colleges. During the vacancy of Chancellor, how- 
 ever, the office is executed by the Senior Theologus, 
 or Cancellarius notus, resident in the University. 
 
 The next office is that of HIGH STEWARD, who is 
 appointed by the Chancellor, but continues for life. 
 His business is to assist the Chancellor, Vice-Chan- 
 cellor, and Proctors, to defend the privileges, &c. of 
 the University, and to hold a court, by his deputy, for 
 determining causes in which a scholar or privileged 
 person is concerned. This office for some centuries 
 has been held by laymen or noblemen of distinction. 
 
 The office of PROCTOR is supposed to be coeval 
 with that of Chancellor, and it is of great trust and 
 importance, as the Proctors are to inspect the conduct 
 
INTRODUCTION. XY 
 
 of the members of the University, as to all matters of 
 discipline and good order, and are in fact the acting 
 magistrates. They must be two Masters of Arts, of 
 not less than four years standing, and chosen out of* 
 the several Colleges by turns, according to a cycle in- 
 vented in 1629 by Dr. Peter Turner, Savilian Profes- 
 sor, and Robert Heggs, of Corpus College, and sanc- 
 tioned by the statutes given by Charles I. at that time. 
 After their election, they nominate four Masters of 
 Arts to be their deputies, or Pro-Proctors, and may 
 depute their authority to a larger number, if neces- 
 sary. 
 
 In 1603, James I. by diploma, dated March 12, 
 granted to each University the privilege of choosing 
 two Representatives in Parliament ; a measure which 
 was opposed by the House of Commons, but ably sup- 
 ported by Sir Edward Coke. These are chosen by the 
 Vice-Chancellor, Doctors, and Regent and Non-Re- 
 gent Masters, in Convocation. 
 
 The University of Oxford now consists of twenty 
 Colleges and five Halls. Of the Colleges, each of which 
 is a corporation of itself, Merton, University, and Bal- 
 liol, were founded in the thirteenth century ; Exeter, 
 Oriel, Queen's, and New College, in the fourteenth ; 
 Lincoln, All Souls, and Magdalen, in the fifteenth; 
 Brasen Nose, Corpus Christi, Christ Church, Trinity, 
 St. John's, and Jesus, in the sixteenth; Wadham and 
 Pembroke in the seventeenth ; and Worcester and 
 Hertford in the eighteenth. Before these Colleges were 
 erected, the scholars who were educated in the Halls 
 or Inns subsisted there at their own expence, or that 
 of opulent Prelates or Noblemen; but many of the 
 youth of the kingdom, and perhaps the greater part, 
 
Xfl 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 were educated in St. Frideswide's Priory, Oseney Ab- 
 bey, and other religious houses in Oxford and its vi- 
 cinity. As the Colleges, however, increased in the num- 
 ber and value of their endowments, the scholars and 
 dependents on religious houses began to decrease. In 
 Colleges, at first, none were educated but those who 
 were admitted upon the foundation ; but when learn- 
 ing, and the love of learning, began to be more ex- 
 tensively diffused, those establishments were resorted 
 to by independent members, under the names of Com- 
 moners, and Gentlemen Commoners*. 
 
 It is the intention of the present writer, and he hopes at no great 
 distance of time, to enter far more fully into the history of the University 
 from the earliest times, and endeavour to detail its rise and progress as 
 connected with the history of literature. This will necessarily embrace, 
 a great variety of important circumstances, which are of a nature too 
 general to be included in the history of the respective Colleges. 
 
MERTON COLLEGE. 
 
 THIS College, which claims the priority in point of 
 legal establishment, was founded hy Walter de Mer- 
 ton, Bishop of Rochester, and Chancellor of England. 
 Neither time nor diligence has recovered much of the 
 personal history of a man, who, in an age of compara- 
 tive barbarity, had the judgment to project the first 
 regular and well-constituted College, and the liberality 
 to leave an example of generous and munificent en- 
 dowment, which, for the honour of human nature, has 
 been followed in many illustrious instances. 
 
 From a pedigree of him, written about ten years 
 after his death, we learn, that he was the son of Wil- 
 Jiam de Merton, Archdeacon of Berks in 1224, 1231, 
 and 1236, by Christina, daughter of Walter Fitz-Oli* 
 ver, of Basingstoke. They were both buried in the 
 church of St. Michael, Basingstoke, where the site 
 of their tomb has lately been discovered. Their sou 
 was born at Merton, and educated at the convent 
 there. So early as the year 1239, he was in possession 
 of a family estate, as well as of one acquired. From 
 his mother he received the manor of St. John, with 
 which he commenced a public benefactor, by found- 
 ing, in 1261, the hospital of St. John, for poor and 
 infirm clergy; and, after the foundation of Merton 
 College, it was appointed in the statutes, that the 
 incurably sick Fellows or Scholars of that College 
 should be sent thither ; and the office of Master was 
 very early annexed to that of Warden of Merton. 
 
MERTON COLLEGE. 
 
 Not many years ago, part of the chapel roof of this 
 hospital remained, pannelled with the arms of Merton 
 College in the intersections, and one of the Gothic 
 windows stopped up ; but all this gave place to a new 
 brick building in 1778. 
 
 According to Mr. Denne a , he occurs prebendary 
 of Kentish town, and afterwards had the stall of 
 Finsbury, both of them in the church of St. Paul's, 
 London. He held in 1259 a prebend in Exeter cathe- 
 dral ; and, according to Browne Willis, was Vicar of 
 Potton in Bedfordshire at the time of his promotion 
 to the see of Rochester. Other accounts say, that he 
 was first Canon of Salisbury, and afterwards Rector of 
 Stratton. He became eminent in the court of chan- 
 cery, first as King's clerk, then as prothonotary, and 
 lastly rose to be Chancellor of England in 1258. Of 
 this office he was deprived in the same year by the 
 Barons, but restored in 1261, with a yearly salary of 
 four hundred marks ; and held it again in 1274, in 
 which year he was consecrated Bishop of Rochester. 
 He appears to have been of high credit in affairs of 
 state, and consulted on all matters of importance, as a 
 divine, a lawyer, and a financier. His death, which 
 was occasioned by a fall from his horse, in fording 
 a river hi his diocese, took place Oct. 27, 1277. 
 Notwithstanding his liberality, at his death he was 
 possessed of goods, valued, by inventory, at 51101., 
 of which he left legacies to the amount of 27261. 
 His debts amounted to 7461., and he had owing to 
 hrm about (i22l. 
 
 Customale Ro flense, p. 193. and Nichols's Hist, of Leicestershire, 
 vol. ii. part ii. p. 645. 
 
MERTON COLLEGE. 3 
 
 He was interred on the north side of St. William's 
 chapel, at the north end of the cross aile in Rochester 
 cathedral, with a marble monument , which had pro- 
 bably been injured, or decayed, as in 1598 the pre- 
 sent beautiful alabaster momiment was erected to his 
 memory by the Society of Merton College, at the 
 suggestion of the celebrated Sir Henry Savile, then 
 Warden. The figure of the Bishop, habited in pon- 
 tificals, his hands raised and joined, lies on an altttf- 
 tomb, on the front of which is the following inscrip- 
 tion, in two tablets, in Roman capitals. 
 
 " Waltero de Merton, Cancellario Anglise sub Hen- 
 " rico Tertio : Episcopo Roffensi sub Edwardo Primo 
 " rege: Unius exemplo, omnium quotquot extant 
 " Collegiorum Fundatori : maximorum Europa? totius 
 " ingeniorum foelicissimo parent i : Gustos et scholares 
 " domus scholarium de Merton in Universitate Oxon. 
 
 " This must have been once a very costly specimen of art. Mr. Gough, 
 in his Sepulchral Monuments, (vol. iv. p. 113.) brings to light an ac- 
 count of 401. 5s. 6d. for the enamelled work of this monument. Ena- 
 melling flourished in the twelfth century, particularly at Limoges in 
 France, and was much employed in ornamenting tombs* Mr. Leonard 
 Yate, Fellow of Merton, and afterwards Rector of Cuxham, informed 
 Mr. Wood, in 1659, that when, on removing the stotie, the Founder's 
 grave was opened, the portraiture of his body was discovered, and his 
 person seen to be tall and proper : that he had in one hand a crosier staff, 
 which, when touched, fell to pieces ; that he had in the other a silver 
 chalice, which would hold more than a quarter of a pint : that the War- 
 den and Fellows caused it to be sent to the College, and to be put 
 in their cistft jocallum ; but that the Fellows in their zeal sometime? 
 drinking wine out of it, this their so valued relic was broken and de- 
 stroyed. MS. A. Wood, quoted by the late Rev. Jos. Kilner, in his " Ac~ 
 " count of Pythagoras's School in Cambridge : as in Mr. Grose's Anti- 
 " quities of England and Wales, and other notices." This work was 
 printed some years ago, but ne"ver published. I am indebted to it for 
 Jtoauy interesting memoranda respecting Merton College. 
 
 B g 
 
4 MERTON COLLEGE. 
 
 " communibus collcgii impensis, dcbitum pietatis 
 " monumentum posuere, anno .Domini 1598. Henrico 
 " Savile Custode. Obiit in vigilia Simonis et Juda?, 
 " anno Domini 1277, Edwardi Primi qninto. Inchoa- 
 " verat collegium Maldoniae in agro SUIT, anno Do- 
 " 'mini 1264, Hcnrici Tertii quadragesimo octavo : 
 " Cui dein, salubri consilio Oxonium, anno 1270 trans- 
 " lato, extrema manus foelicissimis, ut credi par est, 
 " auspiciis accessit anno 1274, ipsis Kalendis Augusti 
 fi anno regni regis Edwardi Primi secundo. 
 
 " Magne sen ex titulis, Musarum sede sacrata 
 " Major Mertonidum maxima progenie : 
 " Haac tibi gratantes, post secula sera, nepotes 
 " En votiva locant marmora, sancte Parens." 
 In 1662, when this monument was repaired by the 
 College, after the injuries it had received from popu- 
 lar fury during the civil war, the following inscription 
 was placed on a separate tablet. 
 
 " Hunc Tumulum fanaticorum rabie (quae durante 
 " nupero plusquam civili bello, prout in ipsa Templa 
 " sic in Heroum, Sanctorumque reliquias ibidem pie 
 " reconditas, immaniter saeviebat) deformatum atque 
 " fere deletum, Custos et scholares dornus Scholarium 
 " de Merton in Academia Oxoniensi pro sua erga 
 " funditorem pietate et gratitudine redintegrabant^ 
 " anno Domini 1662, Custode Domino Thoma Clay- 
 " ton Equite." 
 
 This monument was again repaired in 1770, by the 
 direction of the Society, and freed from a thick cover- 
 ing of white-wash, applied by some unskilful " beauti- 
 " fier;" and a sum of money has been regularly ap- 
 propriated for its preservation. 
 
 With respect to the foundation of this College, an 
 
MERTON COLLEGE. 5 
 
 opinion has long prevailed, which the inquiries of 
 some recent antiquaries have rendered doubtful. It 
 was stated by Wood and others, that Walter de Mer- 
 ton first founded a College at Maldon, as a nursery 
 for that at Oxford ; that at a certain age the Scholars 
 were removed from Maldon to Oxford, where the 
 Founder provided a house for them on the site of 
 the present College ; and that the whole establishment 
 was not removed from Maldon to Oxford until the 
 year 1274, when the third and last charter was ob- 
 tained. On the contrary, his original intention ap- 
 pears to have been to establish a religious house at 
 Maldon, consisting of a Warden and Priests, who 
 were to appropriate certain funds, with which he en- 
 trusted them, to the maintenance and education of 
 twenty Scholars, at Oxford or elsewhere; and that 
 when he founded Merton College, he removed the 
 Warden and Priests thither. What seems to confirm 
 this account is, that the Founder appointed a Fellow 
 of Merton College to instruct such of his Students 
 as were ignorant of grammar, which could not have 
 been the case had they been brought from a prepara- 
 tory school*. 
 
 Nothing could be more satisfactory than to be able 
 to trace the progress of this great work from these 
 small beginnings; but all that can be now collected 
 is, that, having purchased several tenements on the 
 ground where the College stands, he began his erec- 
 tion, and, by charter dated Jan. 7, 1264, established it 
 by the name of Domus Scholarium de Merton. This 
 
 Wood's Annals, rol. ii. p. 712. Lysons's Environs, art. Maiden; and 
 Manning's Surry. 
 
 B 3 
 
6 MERTON COLLEGE. 
 
 first charter, with the statutes prescribed in it, con- 
 tinued in force until 1270, when it was confirmed by a 
 second, in which great additions were made to the en- 
 dowment by estates in Oxford, Oxfordshire, and other 
 counties ; the Scholars were increased, and the term 
 fratres became used as a farther step towards the 
 present form. A third charter was granted in 1274". 
 All these which respect the creation in 1264, the en- 
 largement in 1270, and the completion in 1274, and 
 refer to and confirm one another, are now preserved 
 in the library, and were consulted as precedents in the 
 foundation of Peter-house, the earliest College of the 
 sister University, and probably of others in both Uni- 
 versities. The first officers of Merton were appointed 
 in 127(>. It yet remains to be noticed, that Walter de 
 Merton's preference of Oxford is thought to have 
 been owing to his better acquaintance with the place; 
 there being a tradition, that he studied some time 
 among the Canons regular of Oseney, or in Mauger 
 Hall, in St. Martinis parish, Oxford. 
 
 The other benefactors to this College were, Ela 
 Longspee, Countess of Warwick, about the year 129-3, 
 whose monument was discovered in Rewly abbey in 
 1705, and placed by Hearne in the Bodleian: John 
 Willyott, Chancellor of Exeter, in 1380, who provided 
 by certain lands and tenements for a number of ex- 
 
 " The allowance to Scholars, according to the statutes, was fifty shil- 
 lings per annum for all necessaries. When Archbishop Peckham had, at 
 their importunity, made a small addition for wood, he was obliged to re- 
 vpke the grant, as not having well considered the Founder's statutes. 
 Transcript of Archbishop Peckham's Register by Twyne, in the Schools' 
 tower, quoted by Smith, in Hist, of University College, p. 25. In the 
 year 1 535, when the University was visited by Henry VIII. the average 
 allowance was only 41. Gs. 8d. 
 
MERTON COLLEGE. 7 
 
 hibitioners, afterwards called Portionista, or Post* 
 masters. On the building of the chapel, these Post- 
 masters officiated as choristers, and had a salary of six 
 shillings and four-pence per annum for this service; 
 but there was at that time no regular choir. These 
 exhibitioners resided in a hall opposite to the Col- 
 lege, which had been given to it by Peter de Abing- 
 don, or Habendon, the first Warden ; and here they 
 remained until the latter end of Queen Elizabeth's 
 reign, when they were taken into College. This hall, 
 or a part of it, became afterwards the property of An- 
 thony Wood's father, and the birth-place of that 
 indefatigable antiquary, Dec. 17, 1632: and here in 
 1642 John Lord Colepepper, Master of the Rolls, and 
 others of his Majesty's (Charles the First) privy coun- 
 cil, took up their residence, during the short period 
 that Oxford was enabled to maintain its loyalty. 
 
 The provision for the Postmasters was augmented 
 by Dr. Thomas Jcssop, physician in 1595, and by 
 John Chamber, Fellow of Eton, and Canon of Wind- 
 sor, in the beginning of King James the First's reign, 
 who increased their number from twelve to fourteen. 
 Dr. Higgins, Sir John Sedley, Bart. Edward Worth, 
 M. D. the Rev. George Vernon, Rector and Patron 
 of Bourton-on-the- Water in Gloucestershire, are also 
 among the more recent contributors to the mainte- 
 nance of these exhibitioners, 
 
 William Rede, Bishop of Chichester, and Sir Thomas 
 Bodley, left a fund to be occasionally borrowed by the 
 Fellows, on proper security; and the former built a li- 
 brary, which he furnished with books. James Leche, 
 a Fellow, and Grifiin Higgs, Dean of Litchfield, were 
 lso contributors in books; and the former, in 15S9, 
 
 4 
 
9 MERTON COLLEGE. 
 
 purchased land in Cheshire, to enable the natives of 
 that county to become eligible into the College. Be- 
 sides Henry Sever and Richard Fitz-Jatnes, who were 
 very extensive benefactors, the name of the Rev. 
 Henry Jackson, Minor Canon of St. Paul's, deserves 
 honourable notice. On his foundation four Scholars 
 were added, who are to be natives of Oxford. He 
 died in 1727; but, for whatever reason, his benefaction 
 did not pass into effect until the year 1753. 
 
 Among the livings, now the property of this College, 
 by the liberality of its Founder and Benefactors, are 
 the Rectories of Cuxham, Oxfordshire; Farley, Sur- 
 ry; Ipstone, Bucks; Kibworth-Beauchamp, Leicester- 
 shire ; and Lapworth, Warwickshire : and the Vicar- 
 ages of Diddington, Huntingdonshire; Elham, Kent; 
 Embleton, Northumberland; Kibworth-Harcourt, Lei- 
 cestershire; Maldon, Surry; St. Peter in the East, 
 Holivvell, and Wolvercot, Oxford; Ponteland, North- 
 umberland ; Stratton St. Margaret, Wilts ; and Great 
 Wolford, Warwick. Of these the College has been 
 in the possession of Eihain, Farley, Wolford, and 
 Lapworth, from its foundation. 
 
 The number of Students in Merton College appears 
 to have been regulated by the variations which oc- 
 curred in its revenues. "At present it consists of a 
 chief by the title of Warden, twenty-four Fellows, two 
 Chaplains, fourteen Postmasters, four Scholars, and 
 two Clerks. In U92, the rents were estimated at 4001. 
 and in 1612, the Society consisted of ninety-three per- 
 sons. In the election of a Warden, the Fellows choose 
 three of their number, whom they present to the Vi- 
 sitor, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who appoints one 
 of them. 
 
MERTON COLLEGE. 9 
 
 THE BUILDINGS 
 
 of Merton College, which is situated to the east of 
 Corpus Christi, consist of three courts. The outer 
 court to the street was rebuilt in 1589, except the 
 tower and gate, which were constructed in the early 
 part of the fifteenth century by Thomas Rodburne, 
 Warden in 1416, and Bishop of St. David's, one of 
 the ablest mathematicians of his age. This gate 
 was ornamented with the history of St. John the 
 Baptist, and with statues of King Henry III. and 
 the Founder, under rich Gothic canopies; but these 
 were much defaced during the Usurpation. In 1682, 
 Wood informs us, these ancient monuments of art 
 were " repaired and new oyled over in white colours/' 
 Some portion of the Warden's lodgings is supposed 
 to be coeval with the foundation of the College; but 
 about the year 1693, in Dr. Lydall's Wardenship, the 
 antique windows were modernized. Some alterations 
 in the same taste had been introduced in 1674, in 
 the Wardenship of Sir Thomas Clayton: of these 
 Wood has given a minute and very angry account*; 
 and it is not improbable that these lodgings had 
 previously suffered considerably in 1647, when the 
 Visitors appointed by the Republican Parliament 
 took up their residence in them, and here principally 
 
 * In his Life, edit, 1772. Perhaps the following will be a sufficient 
 specimen. " The Warden, by the motion of his lady, did put the College 
 " to unnecessary charges, and very frivolous expences ; among which 
 " were a very large looking-glass, for her to see her ugly face, and body 
 " to the middle, and perhaps lower, which was bought in Hilary terme, 
 " 1674, and cost, as the Bursar told me, above 101. A bedsteed and 
 " bedding worth 401. must also be bought, because the former bedstede 
 " and bedding was too short for him, (he being a tall man ;) so perhaps 
 " when a short Warden comes, a short bed must b bought," &c. p. 173. 
 
! MERTON COLLEGE. 
 
 carried on their proceedings, ejecting all members of 
 the University who would not submit to their autho- 
 rity. The building over the kitchen, with its Gothic 
 windows, and the gallery over the Warden's apart- 
 ments, are evidently coeval with the foundation ; but it 
 is not so clear to what purposes they were applied. 
 The former was most probably the Founder's private 
 chapel, as it still retains the chapel proportions. 
 
 The most ancient part of the College was built by 
 Sever and Fitz-James, two of the Wardens, and men 
 of such liberality and skill, as to divide the honours 
 of foundership with Walter de Merton. 
 
 The outer court opens by a noble arch into the 
 larger, inner, or garden court, which is one hundred 
 and ten feet long, and one hundred in breadth, and 
 was completed at the expence of the College in 16 10, 
 As a taste for mixed architecture was at this time pre- 
 valent, we are not surprised to find the south gate of 
 this quadrangle surmounted by a specimen of the Co- 
 rinthian, Doric, Ionic, and Tuscan orders. The terrace 
 formed on the city-wall in the garden admits the 
 spectator to the view of very rich scenery along the 
 meadows, &c. 
 
 The third or small court brings us again back to 
 ancient times. It was probably built about the same 
 time with the LIBRARY, which forms nearly the south 
 and west sides of it. This Library was founded in 
 1376, by William Rede, Bishop of Chichester, an 
 architect of great skill. It was built from a plan 
 furnished by him, and is lighted by two series of 
 windows, the upper of the bay-kind, projecting from 
 the outer roof in three compartments: the lower se- 
 ries are oblong and very narrow, and in both are 
 
t\ 
 
 
 
 
MERTON COLLEGE. 11 
 
 painted arms of the benefactors, 8cc. The wainscot- 
 ting at one end is curiously cut in small architectural 
 figures, probably of a later date than the rest of the 
 building; the roof is of wood in angular divisions. 
 But whatever may be thought of this Library as a 
 work of art, it cannot fail to be contemplated with 
 peculiar veneration, by the antiquary, as the most 
 ancient Library in the kingdom. Before the establish- 
 ment of Colleges, there was no distinct building under 
 the name of Library. In monasteries and other re- 
 ligious houses, which were the only repositories of 
 learning, books were kept in chests, where most con- 
 venient, Merton, therefore, which exhibited the first 
 regular College, gave also the first exemplar of a 
 Library. 
 
 Bishop Rede contributed the first part of the col- 
 lection of books, which has since been augmented, 
 both in MSS. and printed books, by the liberality of 
 many succeeding scholars. In 1550, when the work 
 of reformation was pursued, in some instances, with 
 more zeal than judgment, many valuable MSS. were 
 taken from this Library, particularly such as related 
 to divinity, astronomy, and mathematicks, and were 
 the production of the Fellows of the College. Some, 
 perished in the general devastation ; but others were 
 recovered, purchased by private individuals, and given 
 to the public Library, when it was restored by Sir 
 Thomas Bodley. Other libraries suffered in propor- 
 tion on this occasion, as well as at other tumultuary 
 periods ; and it is to these desolations that we owe our 
 present uncertainty as to the respective merits of the 
 founders, benefactors, and artists employed in erecting 
 the more ancient colleges. 
 
 ' 
 
12 MERTON COLLEGE. 
 
 We enter the HALL by an ancient door, the hinges 
 of which are made to cover the whole in various 
 figures, as was the mode before pannels were in- 
 vented, in the fourteenth century. This Hall, besides 
 the arms in the windows, is decorated with the por- 
 traits of the Founder, of the present Bishop of Dur- 
 ham, and the late Mr. Justice Rooke. The portrait of 
 the Founder was the gift of Dr. Berdmore, late War- 
 den, and was presented to the Society in the 522d 
 year from the foundation of the College. At the 
 Jo\\er end is a large historical painting, representing 
 the Founder sitting in his episcopal robes and mitre, 
 and pointing to a view of his College. The triumph 
 of sound learning over superstition and bigotry is dis- 
 played in allegorical figures. This piece was given to 
 the Society by Dr. Wall of Worcester, who died in 
 1776. He was originally a Scholar of Worcester Col- 
 lege, and afterwards a Fellow of Merton ; a man 
 of great medical skill, and of considerable taste in 
 painting. Some of his correspondence with Shen- 
 stone the poet has been published. 
 
 When Queen Elizabeth visited the University in 
 1592, her privy council, with many noblemen and 
 others belonging to the court, were entertained at 
 dinner in this Hall, and after dinner were farther en- 
 tertained with disputations performed by the Fellows. 
 But long before this, in 1518, Merton College had the 
 honour of a royal visit from Catharine, wife to Henry 
 VIII. who, as Wood quaintly says, " vouchsafed to 
 " condescend so low as to dine with the Mertonians, 
 " for the sake of the late Warden Rawlyns, at this 
 " time Almoner to the King, notwithstanding she was 
 " expected by other colleges." During the greater 
 
-< 
 
 // 6.\ 
 
 lan.37nanJluAtAtafjn.tCr,-: 
 
MERTON COLLEGE. IS 
 
 part of the royal visits, it was customary for the 
 King to reside at Christ Church, and the Queen at 
 Merton. A passage has been described, that led 
 from the Warden's lodgings to the Hall, and thence 
 to the Vestry and Chapel, for her Majesty's accom- 
 modation in bad weather: but it is not now vi- 
 sible. 
 
 The CHAPEL, which is at the west end of the outer 
 court, and is the parish-church of St. John Baptist, 
 originally belonged to the abbey of Reading. Rich- 
 ard, one of the abbots, gave it to Walter de Mertoa 
 in 1265, and the gift was confirmed by Henry III. 
 and by the Bishop and Chapter of Lincoln, of which 
 diocese Oxford formed a part, until the reign of 
 Henry VIII. In 1292, on the death of the incum- 
 bent, Oliver Bishop of Lincoln appropriated it to the. 
 Scholars of Merton, and made it a collegiate parish- 
 church. The parochial duties are discharged by one of 
 the Chaplains of the College, and a certain part of the 
 anterior is allowed as a burial place for the parishion- 
 ers, who once were very few in number. In Wood's 
 time there were only seven houses and ten families j 
 and in 1771 there were seventeen houses and eighty- 
 five inhabitants ; but, according to the last returns of 
 population, there are now twenty-one houses, and one 
 hundred and eleven inhabitants. 
 
 This Chapel, or Church as it then was, appears to 
 have gone to decay about the beginning of the fif- 
 teenth century, when it was rebuilt from a plan which 
 some think was furnished by Bishop Rede before 
 mentioned. According to Wood, it was re-dedicated in 
 1424: but as Rede died in 1385, it seems more proba- 
 ble that Roctebm'ne., to whose skill the College, was in- 
 
14 MERTON COLLEGE. 
 
 debted about this time for other buildings, was also 
 tbe architect here. The whole exhibits a specimen of 
 rich Gothic workmanship, not inferior in its principal 
 features to the most celebrated structures in this style, 
 and in higher preservation than we generally rind 
 buildings of the same age. It appears,- however, to 
 form but a part of the architect's original design. As 
 in the best clays of our ancient architecture the colle- 
 giate church, or the cathedral, and the insulated cha- 
 pel were built on fixed and distinct plans, and as we 
 find here a choir and a cross aile, features of the ca- 
 thedral structure, it has been very justly supposed 
 that the architect's design was to have erected a 
 much more extensive edifice on the latter plan, but 
 that he was enabled to complete only the choir, 
 which rs the longest of any, (except that of New Col- 
 lege,) and the cross aile. 
 
 The choir is illuminated by seven windows on each 
 side, richly ornamented with painted glass of saints, 
 martyrs, 8cc. the colours of which are remarkably vivid. 
 The north, west, and south windows of the cross aile 
 are noble specimens of the original architecture ; but 
 the great east window in the choir will probably attract 
 most attention, from the exquisite proportions of the 
 mullions and tracery, and the beautiful paintings in 
 the interstices. The body of this window is filled up 
 with a series of scripture^paintings, executed by Price 
 in 1700, and the gift of Alexander Fisher, some time 
 senior Fellow of this College. This benefactor, who 
 died in l6?l, also paved the Chapel, and wainscotted 
 and seated it with oak. The wainscotting and seats, 
 however, as well as the screen, which might have de- 
 corated a modern temple with propriety, are evidently 
 
MERTON COLLEGE. 15 
 
 incongruous with the style of this Chapel. The old 
 stalls were ornamented with portraits of the prophets, 
 saints, and martyrs, painted in the reign of Henry 
 VII. and probably with a due attention to ancient 
 costume. The mob during the Usurpation daubed 
 them over with paint, and in 1659 an attempt to re- 
 store them ended in complete obliteration. In this 
 state Fisher found them, and the wood-work being 
 much decayed or destroyed, he supplied its place in 
 the then reigning taste. The expence of the painting 
 in the east window, to which Dr. Lydall, Warden, 
 and executor to Mr. Fisher, liberally contributed, is 
 said to have amounted to 2()0l. 
 
 The altar-piece 3 , under this window, is a picture of 
 the crucifixion, supposed to be an original by Tinto- 
 ret, which was given a few years ago by John Skip, 
 Esq. a gentleman commoner of Merton. Tintoret's 
 finest crucifixion is in the Albergo of the Scuola di 
 S. Rocco, if not removed by the French plunderers. 
 It is much to be regretted, that the north windows of 
 this Chapel, which are to the street, are frequently 
 damaged by the wantonness of the rabble. In the old 
 vestry, adjoining to the Chapel, are many fragments 
 of painted glass destroyed in times of public turbu- 
 lence, or by the ignorance of repairers, and the inat- 
 tention of their employers. From such a sight we 
 turn with pleasure to a more gratifying subject, the 
 taste and care of the late Warden, Dr. Berdmore, to 
 
 During the residence of the parliamentary visitors, Sir Nathaniel 
 !Brent, one of their number, took down the rich hangings at the altar of 
 this Chapel, and ornamented his bed-chamber with them. Wood's An- 
 nals, vol. ii. p. 615. There is still much ancient tapestry in the oldest 
 roots of the Warden's lodgings. 
 
16 MERTON COLLEGE. 
 
 tvhoin the admirers of this College are under great 
 obligations. 
 
 The tower, which rises from the centre of the cross 
 aile, and to which Rodeburne is supposed to have 
 added the external pannelling and the pinnacles, is- 
 not only a noble object in itself, but contributes a 
 very important feature in the magnificence of Oxford, 
 when viewed from the vicinity. This tower has since 
 undergone some, although not very important, altera- 
 tions. When the bells were recast in 1657, a new 
 belfry was built, and the window next to Corpus was 
 opened. Of the cross aile a singular accident is re- 
 corded. On Oct. 17, 1(555, nearly half the roof of the 
 south end adjoining to the tower fell inwards, and 
 damaged the monumental stones on the floor: but on 
 'the removal of the rubbish, Anthony Wood recovered 
 the brass plates on them, and recorded the inscrip- 
 tions in his valuable history. 
 
 In this Chapel is the monument of Sir Thomas Bod- 
 ley, executed by Nicholas Stone in 1615, for which 
 he was paid 2001. The funeral of this great benefac- 
 tor was conducted with a solemnity and pomp becom- 
 ing the University which he had so amply enriched. 
 The body lay in state for some days in -the hall of 
 this College, surrounded by three heralds at arms, 
 the relations of the deceased, his executors, the Vice- 
 Chancellor, Dean of Christ Church, the Proctors and 
 Bedels, and the whole Society of Merton. On the 
 /lay of the funeral, March 27, J613, a procession was 
 formed of the Heads of the several Houses, all the 
 distinguished members of the University, and sixty- 
 seven poor Scholars, (the number of his years,) chosen 
 by the Heads of Houses : the body was- removed from,- 
 
- MERTON COLLEGE. 17 
 
 Merton College through Christ Church to Carfax, 
 and thence through the High-street to the Divinity 
 School, where it was deposited, while an oration was 
 delivered ; it was then removed to St. Mary's church, 
 where a funeral sermon was preached by Dr. Wil- 
 liam Goodwyn, Dean of Christ Church : and these 
 ceremonies being over, the corpse was conveyed to 
 Merton College; and, after another speech, it was 
 interred at the upper end of the choir, under the 
 north wall. The whole concluded with a funeral din- 
 ner in the hall, at which were present the greater part 
 of those who formed the procession* 
 
 This Chapel also contains the monument of Sir 
 Henry Savile, which is honorary, as he was buried at 
 Eton : those of Dr. Bainbridge, Henry Briggs, the 
 first Savilian Professor, Dr. Wyntle, a late Warden, 
 and, among others of inferior note, that of Earle, 
 Bishop of Salisbury, to whom Walton ascribes more 
 innocent wisdom, sanctified learning, and a more 
 pious, peaceable, primitive temper, than were to be 
 found in any after the death of Hooker. To this may 
 be added, that his." Microcosmography," which Lang- 
 baine has improperly ascribed to Blount> a bookseller, 
 proves him to have been a satirist of genuine humour. 
 In the antechapel lie the remains of Antony Wood, 
 a man, who, by his indefatigable researches into its 
 history, antiquities, and biography, must be acknow- 
 ledged, in these respects, the greatest benefactor the 
 University ever had. It is much to be regretted, that 
 he was diverted by his other undertakings from the 
 particular history of this College, for which he had 
 made some preparations. 
 
 One of the finest variety of crosses which Mr. 
 c 
 
18 MERTON COLLEGE. 
 
 Gough could recollect in England is in this ante- 
 ehapel, for John Bloxham, seventh Warden. The 
 flowered shaft rests on a tabernacle inclosing the 
 Holy Lamb, and under the two steps is a scroll, in- 
 scribed with the names of the two persons whom it 
 commemorates, Johannes Bloxham and Johannes Whyt- 
 ton. This was formerly placed at the bottom of the 
 teps leading up to the altar, but was removed, with 
 others, when the Chapel was paved in 1G71. John 
 Whijtton is omitted by Wood among the " divers 
 " benefactors whose gifts were small*." 
 
 This College was fated to be a precedent in every 
 appendage. The first COMMON ROOM was fitted up 
 here in 1661. Common Rooms made no part of the 
 plan of the Founders. The progress of society to- 
 wards communicative habits, interchange of senti- 
 ments, and mutual "kindness, first produced meetings 
 among the senior members of the Colleges, which 
 were held by turns in each other's apartments ; and 
 this yielded to the superior convenience of having a 
 room in common, to which such members as contri- 
 buted to the expence of its furniture, &c. might have 
 access, and where strangers are entertained with ele- 
 gant hospitality. 
 
 The present WARDEN is the thirty-ninth from the 
 foundation* Of these the most eminent were r Thomas 
 Roclburne, a man of great learning and skill in archi- 
 tecture, who died Bishop of St. David's about the 
 year 1442: Sever and Fitz-Jamcs, already noticed as 
 benefactors; Fitz-Jamcs was successively Bishop of 
 Rochester, Chichester, and London, and occurs among 
 
 Tiousjh's Sepulchral Monuments, vol. iv. p. 11G, 
 
MERTON COLLEGE. 19 
 
 the contributors to the erection of St. Mary's church : 
 Dr. John Chamber, who, with Lynacre and Vic- 
 toria, founded the College of Physicians in Lon- 
 don; he was also a divine, and the last Dean of St. 
 Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, where he was the ar- 
 chitect of a cloister of exquisite workmanship : Dr. 
 Thomas Bickley, Bishop of Chichester, and a bene- 
 factor to this Society and to Magdalen College school ; 
 the sermon preached on May-day in this College \va 
 one of his foundations : Sir Henry Saviie, a very ce- 
 lebrated scholar, and founder of the Geometry and 
 Astronomy Professorships ; he died Provost of Eton, 
 Feb. 19, 1621-2: Sir Nathaniel Brent, a lawyer of 
 great learning, but unfortunately a deserter from the 
 laws and constitution of his country in the grand 
 rebellion ; yet he had been knighted by King Charles, 
 when on a visit to Oxford in 1629> and the royal 
 party were sumptuously entertained in this College in 
 honour of the newly-knighted Warden. To these may 
 be added, the very celebrated Dr. Harvey, the dis- 
 coverer of the circulation of the blood ; and Dr. Rey- 
 nolds, Dean of Christ Church, by authority of the 
 parliament in 1648, but on the restoration made Bi- 
 shop of Norwich. The style of his works has a vi- 
 gour and polish of which we find few instances at that 
 period. In 1674 he gave 1001. to adorn the chapel. 
 
 Of the ARCHBISHOPS and BISHOPS who received 
 their education here, the most eminent names of anti- 
 quity are those of Bradwardine and Islip, Archbishops 
 of Canterbury in the fourteenth century. Bradwardine, 
 one of the first mathematicians of his age, treated 
 theological subjects with mathematical accuracy: his 
 treatise against the Pelagians extended his fame over 
 
 2 
 
MERTON COLLEGE. 
 
 all Europe. The learned Savile became his editor and 
 biographer. The title of Profound, bestowed on him 
 by his contemporaries, appears to have been not unme- 
 rited, and of his piety and integrity there are indubi- 
 table proofs. Rede, Bishop of Chichester, and Rod- 
 burne, already noticed. William of Wahifleet, Bi- 
 shop of Winchester, and Founder of Magdalen Col- 
 lege, is supposed to have belonged to this Society, 
 and Hooper, the martyred Bishop of Gloucester and 
 Worcester: but with more certainty Merton College 
 may boast of the pious and excellent Dr. Jewell, Bi- 
 shop of Salisbury ; Parkhurst, his tutor, a poet, and 
 one of the translators of the Bible; and Dr. Carleton, 
 of Chichester. Dr. Robert Huntingdon, Provost of 
 Trinity College, Dublin, and Bishop of Raphoe, was .a 
 Fellow of Merton, an able oriental Scholar, and a 
 benefactor of valuable MSS. to the Bodleian Library, 
 the Curators of which purchased the remainder of his 
 collection in 1691. He died Sept. 2, 1701, a few days 
 after being consecrated Bishop of Raphoe. 
 
 Among scholars of other ranks, the once celebrated 
 John Duns, or Duns Scotus, as he is usually called, 
 was educated here. England, Scotland, and Ireland 
 contend for his birth ; but the conclusion of his MSS^ 
 works in the library of this College gives the preference 
 to England, and states, that even by birth he was con- 
 nected with Merton, having been born " in a certain 
 " village called Dunstan, in the parish of Emildon, 
 " (Embleton,) in the county of Northumberland, be- 
 " longing to the house of the Scholars of Merton 
 " Hall, in Oxford," He was titled Doctor Subtilis, 
 as his successor and opponent in this College was 
 named Doctor Lwiucibilis. Scotus died in 1308; but 
 
MERTON COLLEGE. 21 
 
 there appears no foundation for the report that he 
 was buried alive. Occam died in 1347. The no less 
 celebrated John Wickliffe was admitted a Commoner 
 of Queen's, but removed afterwards to Merton, of 
 which he became a Fellow. He too acquired a title 
 of respect, that of Doctor Evangelic us. To these may 
 be added, Dr. George Owen, physician to Henry 
 VIII. praised by Leland for his extensive learning : 
 Dr. Richard Smith, the ablest supporter of the catho- 
 lic religion in the reign of Mary; Grimoald, poet 
 and translator, the author of a spirited paraphrase on 
 Virgil's Georgics, published in 1591 : Jasper Hey- 
 wood, a poet : The celebrated Drusius was admitted a 
 member of this College, and handsomely entertained 
 by the Society, in return for the instructions he gave 
 in oriental languages : Dr. Goulston, founder of the 
 Goulstonian Lecture : Sir Isaac Wake, ambassador, 
 a man of various learning ; he was Public Orator in 
 1604, and Representative of the University in 1624 : 
 Dr. Bainbridge, originally of Cambridge, astronomer 
 and Savilian Professor : Robert Devereux, Earl of 
 Essex, the parliamentary general, whose character by 
 Clarendon does so much honour to the impartiality of 
 that illustrious historian : Farnaby, the eminent clas- 
 sical scholar and teacher : Francis Cheynell, to whose 
 history Dr. Johnson's elegant pen has given a consi- 
 derable degree of interest: Samuel Clarke, the orien^ 
 talist, and first archetypographer of the University : 
 Hugh Cressy, the Roman Catholic historian, one of 
 the firmest champions of that religion in the seven- 
 teenth century^ but remarkable for softening the as- 
 perities of controversy by his manners as well as hi* 
 pen: Dr. Edmund Dickinson, a physician of great 
 
22 MERTON COLLEGE. 
 
 eminence in an age that could boast of Willis, Syden- 
 ham, and Lower, but who, as a philosopher, did not 
 keep pace with Boyle, Hooke, or Newton : Antony 
 Wood, the Oxford historian : Sir Richard Steele, the 
 father of periodical essayists, was at one time Post- 
 master here; and the ingenious editor of Chaucer, 
 Thomas Tyrwhitt, took his Master's degree in this 
 Society, but will occur hereafter as a Scholar of 
 Queen's. 
 
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 
 
 1 HE origin of this College has been involved in 
 a considerable degree of obscurity, by the zeal of 
 some ancient chroniclers and historians, who have 
 wished to carry it so far back as to be beyond all 
 power of illustration from authentic records. Their 
 opinion was, that the justly celebrated King Alfred 
 was either the founder or the restorer of it. To con- 
 firm this, a petition has been produced, in which, in 
 the eleventh year of Richard II. 1387, the College ad- 
 dressed Parliament for relief in a certain matter at issue 
 in the courts of law, respecting part of their estates, 
 and represented, as a fact which might procure them 
 favour, that John of Beverley, Archbishop of York, 
 the venerable Bede, and other famous Doctors of an- 
 cient times, had been students or scholars here. One 
 consequence of the production of this petition was, 
 that when the College came to be built in a quadran- 
 gular form in the time of Henry VI. the effigies of 
 John of Beverley and of Alfred were placed in the 
 windows, and served to create and perpetuate the 
 belief of a fact, which before that time had never 
 been asserted, and was not now proved, 
 
 All, indeed, that seems necessary to remark on this 
 petition is, that Bede and John of Beverley had been 
 dead above a century before Alfred wtis born, and 
 that 872, the year usually assigned for the foundation 
 of the College, was the second of that monarch's 
 
 c 4 
 
24 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 
 
 reign, during which he was involved in difficulties 
 which precluded him from attention to any other ob- 
 jects than the preservation of his throne and people. 
 He must, therefore, according to the opinion of 
 Camden, Powel, and Hearne, have been only the 
 RESTOKER ; but what he did restore does not appeal- 
 to have been a College, or any regularly constituted 
 Society deserving the name; nor, which is of more 
 importance, is there to be found in any of the records 
 belonging to the University the smallest intimation 
 respecting any benefactions, halls, or schools in Ox- 
 ford, given or founded by Alfred. The most ancient 
 historians, his contemporaries, are equally silent ; and 
 Ralph Higden is the first, who, in the fourteenth 
 century, introduces him as establishing a common 
 school at Oxford of divers arts and sciences ; but on 
 what authority Higden asserts this, has not yet been 
 discovered. With respect to the custom of praying 
 for King Alfred, it is not older than the reign of 
 Queen Maiy, and then he was not mentioned in the 
 prayer as the Founder of this College, but as the 
 " Founder of the University 8 ;" an honour to which 
 he seems to have a better title. 
 
 The historian of this College has very clearly 
 proved, that it was created by the liberality of Wil- 
 liam of Durham, Rector of Wearmouth, or Bishop- 
 Wearmouth. Very few particulars have been handed 
 down to us of his personal character. It is probable 
 that he was a native of the place from which he takes 
 
 . 
 
 Smith's Hist, of University College, p, 236. The entire object of 
 this history was to give the Founclership to William of Durham, or to 
 the University, with his money 5 and the train of proof and argument 
 stems unanswerable. 
 
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 25 
 
 his name, and was educated there, or in the mona- 
 stery of Wearmouth adjoining, and afterwards sent to 
 study at Oxford. He died in the year 1249, at Rouen 
 in Normandy, on his return from the Court of Rome, 
 whither, it is supposed, he had gone for the purpose 
 of soliciting the Bishopric of Durham, on the resig- 
 nation of his friend Bishop Farnham, which took 
 place in February of that year. Leland says, that the 
 issue of this journey was his being appointed Arch- 
 bishop of Rouen, and that he was buried in the 
 church of that see. 
 
 By his will he bequeathed to the University the 
 sum of three hundred and ten marks, to purchase cer- 
 tain annual rents for the maintenance of ten, eleven, 
 twelve, or more Masters, which was at this time the 
 highest academical title, and implied the highest 
 degree in Divinity, Law, Physic, or Arts ; and these 
 Masters were to be natives of Durham or its vicinity. 
 On this money being deposited in the hands of the 
 Chancellor and Masters of the University, the first 
 mode they seem to have adopted was, by lending it 
 to Scholars upon proper security, and upon interest, 
 which interest they carried to the account of the 
 Masters to be sustained. They then began to make 
 purchases, the first of which, in 1253, was a corner 
 house in School-street, now part of the front of 
 Brazenose College ; the second, in 1255, a house in 
 the High-street, opposite to the present College; 
 the third, in 1262, on the south side of the first, 
 which in the survey 7 Edw. I. 1279, was called Braze- 
 nose Hall. With the former house it now forms the 
 whole front of Brazenose College, and had anciently 
 four schools belonging to it. In 1270, a fourth and 
 
26 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 
 
 last purchase was made of two houses west of the 
 Angel Inn, in St. Peter's parish. At this time, ten 
 years was the accustomed rate of purchase in Oxford, 
 and eleven per cent, the interest of money. 
 
 The rents arising from these purchases were at first 
 distributed among Masters of Arts, or lent to persons 
 of rank. Such use of the money appeared most con- 
 formable to the testator's will; but many inconvenien- 
 cies arose from it, especially as the money was given 
 to students over whom the executors had no control 
 or inspection, and cculd not always determine by 
 whom it was best merited, or how long the pension 
 ought to be continued. They might likewise be in- 
 duced to divert the money to a better and more 
 secure purpose, from observing the plan adopted in 
 Merton College, which was now endowed, and not 
 only exhibited an unexceptionable precedent, but 
 contained some of the most eminent men of the age. . 
 It may be here noticed, that while Smith, the his- 
 torian of University College, is unanswerable in his 
 proofs that Alfred was neither the founder, restorer, 
 or benefactor of it, he is less successful in giving the 
 priority to this College, and censuring Antony Wood 
 for preferring Merton. Smith calls William of Dur- 
 ham the first founder of a College, because he be- 
 queathed his money in 1249, and adds, that his do- 
 nation created a society, and that society ought pro- 
 perly to be called a College, which, he says, " is not 
 " a building made of brick or stone, adorned with 
 " gates, towers, and quadrangles, but a company, or 
 " society, united in a body, and enjoying the same or 
 " like privileges one with another." But granting 
 this to be true, as a definition, it does not apply t6 
 
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 27 
 
 ihe present case; for the persons who profited by 
 Durham's liberality were not a society, but chosen by 
 the University from various societies, as proper ob- 
 jects, and remained in subordination to the halls 
 or schools in which they were educated. William of 
 Durham does not appear to have had a College in 
 contemplation, nor was such an institution known in 
 his time; nor was it till the year 1280 that the Uni- 
 versity, by resigning his property to his scholars, 
 took the first step to found a College, independent in 
 itself, and independent of the mode in which he pre- 
 scribed that his money should be employed. And it 
 may be further observed, that no College in Oxford 
 was titled or considered as such, either popularly or 
 historically, until it had received those very buildings 
 of brick and stone, gates, towers, and quadrangles, 
 which Mr. Smith seems to consider as non-essentials. 
 In the above-mentioned year 1280, an inquiry was 
 ordered by the University, respecting the uses to which 
 William of Durham's money had been applied ; and 
 the Masters who were delegated to make this inquiry, 
 after a scrupulous examination, appointed four Mas- 
 ters, who were to constitute the managing members of 
 a society, under certain conditions. This, which ap- 
 pears to have been the first foundation or appoint- 
 ment of any thing like a College, was afterwards in 
 1292 confirmed by a small body of statutes, agreed 
 upou between the University and the Scholars, at the 
 procurement of the executors of William of Durham. 
 According to these it appeared that sufficient care had 
 not been taken to restrict the objects of his liberality 
 to the city or county of Durham, and it was now 
 ordered, that such local preference should be punc- 
 
38 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 
 
 tually observed ; and that if there were a deficiency 
 of Masters of Arts applying, Bachelors should be 
 preferred, and even Sophisters, who were born in or 
 nearest Durham. Their next statutes were dated 
 1311, and here the same preference was confirmed; 
 the Fellows were to reside in one house, and their 
 numbers to be increased according to the increase of 
 their revenues. In all these documents William of 
 Durham is recognized as the Founder, without the 
 remotest mention or allusion to Alfred, or to any 
 hall, college, or other institution made by him, and 
 connected with this new foundation; but as the house 
 where Durham's scholars first assembled had been 
 many years called University Hall, and those that 
 lived in it University Scholars, in these last statutes it 
 was specially provided that they should be called 
 William of Durham's Scholars. 
 
 With respect, however, to the house, or hall, where 
 they first met, there is no positive evidence. Historians 
 have generally placed them in University Hall, \vhich 
 now makes part of the site of Brazenose College, be- 
 cause that Hall had been purchased by them ; whereas 
 the other Halls, Brazenose Hall and Drowda Hall, 
 which they had occasionally occupied, \vere only 
 hired by them, and were of too great rent for them 
 at present to afford . 
 
 From this Hall they removed to the present site in 
 the High-street, according to the most probable calcu- 
 lation, in 1343. On this spot, where the College now 
 stands, was Durham Hall, so called from Andrew of 
 Durham, an Alderman of Oxford ; it had afterwards 
 the names of Selverne Hall, and Spicer's Hall. This 
 they purchased, in 1332, from the three daughters of 
 
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 29 
 
 Adam Feteplace, many years Mayor of Oxford : and 
 to this they added the purchase of White Hall and 
 Rose Hall in Ky bald-street, (a street which no longer 
 exists,) and Ludlow Hall in St. Peter's parish. On 
 their removal to this situation, they styled themselves 
 the Masters and Scholars of the Hall of the University 
 of Oxford. Their first house they had named Univer- 
 sity Hall in School-street, their present was called 
 University Hall in High-street. From the year 
 1361, their leases ran in the name of the Master 
 and Fellows of the Hall of William of Durham, 
 commonly called University Hall; but in 1381 it 
 was called Great University Hall; and from that time 
 the names Aula Universitatis and Magna Aida Uni- 
 versitatis were used promiscuously until the reign of 
 Queen Elizabeth. This title of Great University- 
 Hall was used either to distinguish it from the one 
 they had left in School-street, or from one upon the 
 spot, which they purchased in 1404, and which was. 
 called Little University Hall. Other purchases made 
 by the Fellows are carefully recorded in their books, 
 which evidently prove, that every thing which be- 
 longs, or ever did belong, to this College, was pur- 
 chased with the money of William of Durham, or of 
 the succeeding benefactors. In 1475 they received 
 a third body of statutes, which, improved by some 
 subsequent additions, continues still in force. At 
 what time the corporation was completed is un- 
 certain; but they had a common seal in or before 
 the year 1320, and soon after, their first College 
 was built in a quadrangular form, and continued 
 until the year 1668. 
 
 Benefactors appeared very early; in 1290 a con- 
 
30 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 
 
 siderable addition of landed property was given by 
 Gilbert Ynglebred; and in 1320, Philip of Beverley 
 gave a mill and lands in Holderness, to support two 
 Scholars or Masters, born near Beverley. He was 
 Rector of Kangham, or Canygham, probably a Fel- 
 low of the College, and the only Doctor of Divinity 
 in the Archdeaconry of the East Riding of Yorkshire. 
 After his death he was reputed a saint, and miracles 
 were attributed to him. Robert de Replyngham, 
 Chancellor of York, who died in 1332, is also enu- 
 merated, although doubtfully, among the early sup- 
 porters of this house 8 ; but the following are named 
 with more certainty; King Henry IV. and Walter 
 Skirlaw, Bishop of Durham, in 1403, gave the manor 
 of Rothyng Margaret, or Mark's Hall, in Essex, for 
 the maintenance of three Fellows, either Graduates 
 or Undergraduates, natives of York or Durham. 
 Skirlaw furnished the library also with some manu- 
 scripts. He was a native of Skirlaw, or Skiriey, in 
 Yorkshire, and is said to have run away from his 
 father's house, when a boy, to the University, where 
 he cultivated learning with such success, as to be 
 made, first, Dean of St. Martin's, afterwards Bishop 
 of Lichfield and Coventry, then of Wells, and lastly 
 of Durham, where he died, April, 1406. If we may 
 credit his biographers, his parents knew nothing of 
 him from the time of his elopement, until he arrived 
 at the see of Durham, when he found them out, and 
 provided for them suitably to his rank. 
 
 Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, about the 
 
 Wood and Smith differ much in their accounts of the first benefac- 
 tors to this College. I am not certain that 1 have been able to reconcile 
 them. 
 
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 51 
 
 Tear 1442, gave the Society a quantity of land, and 
 the advovvson of the Rectory of Arncliffe in Craven, 
 in the county of York, for the maintenance of three 
 Bachelors or Masters of Arts, of the dioceses of Dur- 
 ham, Carlisle, and York, to study divinity, and to be 
 accounted Fellows. By this donation, and a sum of 
 money given by Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winches- 
 ter, and Cardinal, the Society were enabled to build a 
 refectory and other additions to their house. In 1566, 
 Joan Davys, wife of Roger Hewet, citizen of Oxford, 
 gave estates in the parish of St. Martin and St. Tho- 
 mas, for the support of two Logic lecturers, or one ou 
 Logic and another on Philosophy, and for increasing 
 the diet of the Master and Fellows. In 1584, Francis 
 Russel, second Earl of Bedford, bequeathed 201. per 
 arm. to be given to two poor Students in divinity, who 
 were to be called The Earl of Bedford's Scholars : and 
 in 1587, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, gave lands 
 for the maintenance of two Scholars, at the rate of 
 201. per aim. each. In 1590, Otho Hunt, the clergy- 
 man of Methely in Yorkshire, provided by lands for 
 a Scholar, to be chosen from Swinton, in the parish 
 of Wath, or from that parish generally, or the 
 parishes of Methely or Kirkburton, or in Yorkshire 
 generally, or the places next adjoining. In 15<)2, 
 John Freyston, of AJtofts in Yorkshire, Esq. gave 
 an estate in Pontefract, for the maintenance of a 
 Fellow and two Scholars, who were to be natives of 
 the county ; he gave money also for the purchase of 
 a house on the west side of the College, now part of 
 the great quadrangle. In 1607, John Browne, B. D. 
 Vicar of Basingstoke in Hampshire, Fellow of Balliol, 
 and of this College, gave an exhibition. In 16 18, the 
 
32 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 
 
 Rev. Robert Gunsley, Rector of Titsey in Surry, 
 bequeathed the rectory and parsonage of FJamsted 
 in Hertfordshire to the College, for the maintenance 
 of two Scholars, for a certain period, and afterwards 
 of two more, all of whom should be chosen by the 
 Master and Fellows, two out of the Grammar-school 
 of Rochester, and two out of that of Maidstone, all 
 natives of Kent, except such as might be of his kin- 
 dred. Their present allowance is 151. per annum, and 
 chambers in the College; and nearly one half of the 
 Scholars who have enjoyed this benefaction appear 
 to have been of the name or kindred of the testator. 
 
 In the same year the Rev. Charles Greenwood, 
 Rector of Thornhill in Yorkshire, bequeathed money 
 for the maintenance of certain Fellows and Scholars ; 
 but one of his executors having disputed this at law, 
 it was not recovered in such a manner as to fulfil the 
 intention of the testator. It appears, however, that 
 he contributed the sum of 15001. towards raising the 
 present buildings, and that part of them were erected 
 from his plan. In 1631, a pupil of Mr. Greenwood's, 
 Sir Simon Bennet, Bart, by will, dated August 15, 
 vested the estate of Hanley lodge and park, in Tow- ; 
 cester hundred^ Northamptonshire, in .trustees to the 
 use of Dame Elizabeth his wife, for the term of her 
 life, settling the reversion on this College, towards , 
 completing the new buildings, and for eight Fel- 
 lowships and eight Scholarships ; but the lands not 
 being so productive as was expected, the number 
 \vas reduced to four each. Sir Simon purchased 
 this estate for 60001. It has since been deaftbrested, 
 and converted into pasture and tillage. 
 
 By the liberality of these and other benefactors, the 
 
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE* 53 
 
 College is now in possession of the VICARAGE of 
 Arncliffe in Yorkshire ; the RECTORIES of North 
 Cerney, Gloucestershire; Checkendon, Oxfordshire; 
 Elton, Huntingdonshire; Melsonby, Yorkshire; Tar- 
 rant Gunville, Dorsetshire; Headbourne Worthy", 
 Hants, &c. and the perpetual CURACY of Flamsted, 
 to be given to one of Mr. Gunsley's Scholars* 
 
 In addition to these benefactions may be mentioned 
 that of Dr. Radclifte, who left to the College his estate 
 of Linton, near York; and directed by his will, that two 
 travelling Fellows, to be appointed by the Lord Chan- 
 cellor, the Chancellor of the University, the Chancel- 
 lor of the Exchequer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 the Bishops of London and Winchester, and the Mas- 
 ter of the Rolls, should receive 3001. per annum each, 
 for ten years, trie first five of which they are required 
 to spend abroad ; and that the surplus of the estate 
 should be applied to the purchase of advowsons. 
 
 Dr. Browne, Master of the College, who died 17(54, 
 founded two Scholarships, worth 201. per annumj for 
 natives of Yorkshire, and increased the other York- 
 shire Scholarships to the same value. 
 
 In 1592, the rents of this College were valued at 
 1001. and in 1612, the Society consisted of seventy- 
 two persons. It now consists of a Master, twelve 
 Fellows, and seventeen Scholars, with pther students* 
 The King is the Visitor. 
 
 a This living, by the -will of Dr. Radcliffe, dated 13 Sept, 1714, ag 
 often as it becomes void, is to be bestowed on a Member of University* 
 College, to be nominated by the Vice-Chancellor, the two Divinity Pro- 
 fessors, the Master of University College, and the Rector of I-inolm 
 College, for the time being, or the major part of thera, 
 
 JO 
 
34 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 
 
 Very little information can now be recovered respect- 
 ing the original BUILDINGS belonging to this Col- 
 lege, as to the time of erection, the architects, or the 
 form. It appears, however, that in the beginning of 
 the reign of Henry II. the various tenements, schools, 
 or halls, inhabited by the Society, were pulled down, 
 and the whole re-edified in a quadrangular form, but 
 without exact proportions, as its progress depended 
 on their funds* About the beginning of the reign of 
 Henry VIII. a tower was added by Ralph Hamsterly 
 over the public gateway. The whole was executed 
 in a plain, substantial manner, but of no great height, 
 which was the case 1 with all the original Colleges. 
 When the more ancient part began to decay, a new 
 quadrangle was projected, and built at various times, 
 from the year 1634 to 1675, with the architectural aid 
 of the before-mentioned Charles Greenwood. It is a 
 noble Gothic structure of an hundred feet square r 
 containing on the south side the Chapel and Hall. 
 Many judicious alterations have been lately made on 
 the exterior of this square, to which the designs of 
 Dr. Griffith, the present Master, have given a more 
 decided Gothic character. Above the gateway are 
 two statues, that on the outside of Queen Anne y 
 and that within of James II. the latter presented 
 to the Society by a Roman Catholic, and placed here 
 in the Mastership of Mr. Obadiah Walker. 
 
 The other and newer court, of which this College 
 i composed, has only three sides, each about eighty 
 feet in length, and opens to the Master's garden ori 
 the south. The north and east sides, which were 
 built by the munificence of Dr. Radcliffe, contain 
 
v 
 
 
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 33 
 
 the Master's lodgings. Above the gateway of this 
 court, on the outside, is a statue of Queen Mary, 
 and another within of Dr. Radeliffe. These two 
 quadrangles form a grand front towards the High- 
 street, of above two hundred and sixty feet in length, 
 with a tower over each gateway at equal distances 
 from the extremities. The whole, from its numerous 
 Gothic ornaments, and especially when contrasted 
 with the airy grandeur of its opposite neighbour, 
 Queen's, exhibits an appearance of higher antiquity 
 than is justified by its history, and serves to per- 
 petuate the notion, that this is the eldest daughter 
 of Alma Mater* 
 
 The HALL was begun to be built in 1640, but, 
 owing to the interruption given to the University 
 during the Usurpation, was not completed until the 
 time of Charles II. In the year 1766, the interior 
 was much improved by the removal of the fire-place 
 from the centre of the room, where it was usually 
 placed in College-halls, as well as in the ancient hall* 
 of our nobility and gentry*. A chimney was then 
 constructed on the south side, and a wainscot put up 
 with a screen at the lower end, and the whole orna- 
 mented in the Gothic taste. The entire expence of 
 these alterations was borne by the spirited contribu- 
 tions of the Master and Fellows, and of some gentle- 
 men who had left the College with a grateful remem- 
 brance of her favours. The elegant chimney-piece 
 was one of the many donations of the late Sir Roger 
 Newdigate, Bart, some time Gentleman Commoner 
 here, and for many Parliaments one of the Repre- 
 
 * Churton's Lives of the Founders of Brazenose College, p. 85, 
 J> 2 
 
56 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 
 
 sentatives of the University. The arms of most of the 
 other contributors are placed on the wainscot, toge- 
 ther with the portraits of Sir Roger Newdigate, Lord 
 Radnor, Sir William Scott, and Sir Robert Cham- 
 bers, The south window contains the figures of 
 Moses, Elias, and GUI' Saviour, in painted glass, by 
 Henry Giles, dated 1687 ; and the roof is decorated 
 with the arms of the principal benefactors. 
 
 The COMMON ROOM contains Wilton's excellent 
 bust of Alfred from Rysbrach's model, given to the 
 College by the Earl of Radnor :- the portraits of Henry 
 IV. and Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester,, burnt in 
 wood by Dr. Griffith ; a mode of delineating objects, 
 which certainly produces a very extraordinary effect, 
 and may be ranked among the most ingenious substi-. 
 tutes for the pencil. From the same artist, is a beau- 
 tiful drawing of the High-street: and prints of Dr. 
 Samuel Johnson and Sir William Jones have lately 
 been added to the decorative memoranda of this 
 room. 
 
 The old LIBRARY was an upper room at the west 
 end of the Chapel, and as far back as 1632, when 
 Dr. George Abbot, the Master, gave an hundred 
 pounds for the purchase of books, consisted of a 
 considerable number; but when the old Chapel was 
 pulled down, the present Library was erected on the 
 south side, and beyond the principal quadrangle^ and 
 finished in 1669- The collection has since been valu- 
 ably enriched, both in MSS. and printed books, by 
 various presents. Wood's notice of this Library in 
 its infant state is illustrative of the manners and 
 learning of the times. " At first the Society kept 
 " those books they had (which were but few) 4r* 
 
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 37 
 
 ** chests, and once, sometimes twice in a year, made 
 *' choice for the borrowing of such as they liked, 
 " by giving a certificate under their hands for the 
 " restoring of them again to their proper place 8 ." 
 How arduous the pursuit of literature, and how slow 
 its progress, before the invention of printing! 
 
 It does not appear that, for some years after the 
 foundation of this College, the Society had any place 
 for divine service belonging to themselves, but at- 
 tended either in St. Mary's, or St. Peter's in the East. 
 About the year 1369, they possessed an Oratory, or 
 CHAPEL, within their own premises, of which little 
 can be traced. The Chapel which preceded the pre- 
 sent was finished and consecrated to the memory 
 of St. Cuthbert on the second of the Kalends of 
 April, 1476. This continued in use until about the 
 year 1639, when a design was formed of building the 
 present Chapel on the south side of the new qua- 
 drangle ; but this was interrupted now, and again in 
 1657, by the distractions of the Interregnum, and 
 the building was not finally completed until 1665. 
 On March 20, St. Cuthbert's day, it was consecrated 
 with great solemnity by Dr. Blandford, then Bishop 
 of Oxford, afterwards of Worcester; a man, says 
 Burnet, " modest and humble even to a fault." 
 
 The painted windows were executed by Abraham 
 van Linge in 1640-1, and as the Chapel was not then 
 ready to receive them, escaped the general destruction 
 to which most works of art of this description were 
 devoted. The fine east window, whose colours are 
 decayed, was the work of Henry Giles, already 
 
 Wood's Colleges and Halls, edit. Gutch, vol. i. p. 61 < 
 P 3 
 
38 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 
 
 noticed, a famous glass-painter of York, and was 
 given by Dr. Radcliffe in 1687. The ceiling of this 
 Chapel is of Gothic groined, and of more recent 
 date than the walls. The screen, as usual, of the 
 Corinthian order, is exquisitely carved by Grinlin 
 Gibbons. The altar-piece is a copy of Carlo Dolce's 
 Salvator Mundi, burnt in wood by the present 
 Master. The ante-chapel has lately received an 
 addition calculated to excite the highest emotions 
 of veneration, the monument of Sir William Jones, 
 from the classical chisel of Flaxman, and presented 
 by Lady Jones. The bas relief represents Sir Wil- 
 liam employed, with the assistance of some Bra- 
 mins, in preparing that great work, a digest of the 
 Hindoo laws, on which he seemed to wish that his 
 fame, as a public benefactor, should rest. But the 
 fame of such a man could not be circumscribed. He 
 had perhaps more various learning, and more ex- 
 tensive knowledge, than any scholar of his time. This, 
 by comparison, is only preeminence, but, joined as it 
 was in him to the exquisite sensibility of the finest 
 taste, was truly, wonderful. A monument by Flaxman 
 has lately been erected to the memory of Dr. Wethe- 
 rell, the late Master. 
 
 We find no MASTER or Custos on record before 
 the year 1332, \yhich is consistent with the date as- 
 signed to the habitation of Durham Hall before men- 
 tioned. The first Master was Roger de Aswardby, 
 and he was succeeded in J362 by John Pocklington, 
 who, ip Wood's opinion, had been Principal of Bal- 
 Jiol Hall. In this list we find the names of Dr. Ab- 
 bot, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury ; Dr. Ban- 
 croft, Pishpp of Qxford ; and Obadiah Walker, who 
 
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 39 
 
 iost liis Fellowship, during the Rebellion, for his ad- 
 herence to the Church of England, and his Master- 
 ship, at the Revolution, for his adherence to the 
 Church of Rome. Dr. Radcliffe, who had been his 
 pupil, kindly maintained him until his death in 1699, 
 and interred him in St. Pancras church-yard, London, 
 with a short epitaph, intimating that he had reached 
 the grave " through good report and ill report." The 
 present Master is the thirty-sixth on the list, 
 
 Among the ARCHBISHOPS and BISHOPS educated 
 in University College, attention is first due to Skir- 
 law, Bishop of Durham, already noticed as a benefac- 
 tor to this College, but probably in a less degree than 
 to other places. Besides the erection of several bridges 
 and gateways, and the repairs of churches in his dio- 
 cese, he built at his own expence a great part of the 
 tower of York Minster, usually called the Lantern, 
 He founded a chantry likewise in that church, erected 
 part of the beautiful cloister of Durham, and a chapel 
 called from his name in the parish of Swine in Hoi- 
 dernesse. His will affords additional proofs of his 
 munificent spirit. His successor in the Bishopric 
 of Durham, Thomas Langley, was also of this Col- 
 lege, according to Wood, although Hutchinson place* 
 him at Cambridge. When appointed to this Bishop- 
 ric, he resigned the seals as Lord Chancellor, and 
 afterwards was made a Cardinal by Pope John 
 XXIII. He was likewise a very extensive bene- 
 factor in his diocese : Richard Flemming, Bishop of 
 Lincoln, and Founder of Lincoln College : John 
 Shirewoode, or Sherwood, Bishop of Durham from 
 1485 to 1493, had the reputation of a poet, and, what 
 was perhaps more remarkable in his time, th$t of 
 
 D 4 
 
40 UiMVERSlTY COLLEGE. 
 
 a Greek scholar: Bishop Ridley, the martyr, was 
 sometime Fellow here, but properly belongs to Cain- 
 bridge : Dr. Tobie Matthew, Archbishop of York, 
 belongs both to University and to Christ Church ; 
 one of the most eminent and laborious divines of 
 his time, and a man of extensive benevolence and 
 learning: Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury, whom 
 Balliol may claim as a Fellow, has already been no- 
 ticed among the Masters; and to him may be added 
 Bancroft, Bishop of Oxford ; Potter, Bishop of Ox- 
 ford and Archbishop of Canterbury, and author of 
 the Grecian Antiquities; and Dr. Charles Lyttelton, 
 Bishop of Carlisle, President, and a considerable be- 
 nefactor of books and MSS. to the Society of Anti- 
 quaries. 
 
 This College gave education likewise to Richard 
 Stanyhnrst, a poet of a very singular cast, but more 
 deserving of notice as one of our earliest poetical 
 critics: and it may claim the whole of the learned 
 family of Digges ; Leonard and Thomas, celebrated 
 mathematicians; Sir Dudley, Master of the Rolls, 
 his son Dudley, and his brother Thomas, the poet 
 and translator: Sir George Croke, Chief Justice of 
 England : Lord Herbert of Cherbury, who has been 
 characterised as a man of a martial spirit and pro- 
 found understanding, and who exhibits in his writ- 
 ings the inconsistencies of a credulous infidel; a 
 character less uncommon than the pride of infi- 
 delity is disposed to allow : General Langbaine, 
 son of Dr. Gerard Langbaine of Queen's, the first 
 regular biographer of dramatic writers, and the first 
 collector of a dramatic library : Dr. Dudley Loftus, 
 Civilian, but more eminent as an oriental scholar: 
 
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 41 
 
 Dr. John Hudson, Keeper of the Bodleian Library, 
 a very learned classical editor, originally of Queen's 
 College, and afterwards Principal of St. Mary Hall. 
 When Dr. Radcliffe was inspired with the incli- 
 nation, but irresolute as to the proper mode, Dr. 
 Hudson is said to have directed his attention to 
 those objects, in this University, which his muni- 
 ficence afterwards promoted and enriched : Flavel, 
 a nonconformist writer of considerable learning, and 
 uninterrupted popularity: William Smith, Rector of 
 .Melsonby, who published the history of this College 
 in 17G8. He became a member of it in 1668, and 
 was elected Fellow in 1675. His history would have 
 been of much higher value had he not delayed it to hii 
 last days, when age and infirmity nearly overpowered 
 him ; and had he made it to embrace the whole pro- 
 gress of the College, instead of confining it to the 
 .single point of William of Durham's right to* the 
 honours of Foundership : Dr. Radcliffe was of this 
 College before he removed to Lincoln : The Rev. 
 Joseph Binghain, whose Origines Ecclesiastics induce 
 us to regret that he should have been obliged to 
 resign the advantages derivable from his Fellowship, 
 a circumstance which the editors of the Biographia 
 Britannica have for some reason omitted ; he was the 
 tutor of Dr. Potter, Archbishop of Canterbury : The 
 learned William Elstob, some time a Commoner of 
 Queen's, was elected Fellow of this College by the 
 friendship of Dr. Charlet and Dr. Hudson. His life 
 and that of his equally learned sister were discovered 
 in the Bodleian Library by Dr. Wetherell, late 
 Master of this College'. Carte, the historian, took 
 
 Nichols's Life of Bowyer, vol. iv. p. 1 12. 
 
42 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 
 
 his first degree here, previously to his removing to 
 Cambridge : and lago, the poet and friend of Shen- 
 stone, was Servitor here in 1732. Among the law 
 scholars of more recent times, the name of Sir 
 Robert Chambers will readily occur. He was Vi- 
 nerian Professor in 1777, when he was appointed 
 second Justice of the Supreme Court of Judicature 
 in Bengal. On this occasion, the University, in full 
 Convocation, passed a vote for appointing a substi- 
 tute, and allowed Sir Robert the option of returning 
 to his professorship within three years, a mark of 
 respect which would have been sufficient to fix 
 the character of this learned and amiable man, had 
 we no other testimonies of his worth. Sir William 
 Jones has already been noticed, and cannot too often 
 be recommended to students, as a pattern of literary 
 industry, and a proof that the most indefatigable 
 labour is no obstruction to the energies of natural 
 taste and genius. 
 
BALLIOL COLLEGE. 
 
 1 HE Founder of this College was John de Balliol, of 
 Bernard's castle in the county of Durham, a man of 
 great opulence and power in the thirteenth century, 
 and a steady adherent to Henry III. in all his civil 
 contests and wars. His ancestor, Guy Balliol, came 
 into England with William the Conqueror ; and the 
 second of the family built Bernard's or Barnard 
 castle, the ruins of which still remain. 
 
 The wealth and political consequence of John de 
 Balliol were dignified by a love of learning, and a 
 benevolence of disposition, which about the year 
 1263 (or 1268, as Wood thinks) induced him to 
 maintain certain poor Scholars of Oxford, in num- 
 ber sixteen, by exhibitions, perhaps with a view to 
 some more permanent establishment, when he should 
 have leisure to mature a plan for that purpose. On 
 his death in 1269% which appears from this circum- 
 stance to have been sudden, he could only recom- 
 mend the objects of his bounty to his lady and his 
 executors, but left no written deed or authority: 
 and as what he had formerly given was from his 
 personal estate, now in other hands, the farther care 
 of his Scholars would in all probability have ceased, 
 had not his lady been persuaded to fulfil his intention 
 in the most honourable manner, by taking upon her- 
 
 Savage, the historian of this College, is of opinion, that he died 
 before Pentecost, 12G6. 
 
44 BALLIOL COLLEGE. 
 
 self the Future maintenance of them. But, without 
 detracting from the merit of her own liberality, it 
 would be injurious to suppress the name of Richard 
 Slickbury, a Minorite Friar and her Confessor, who 
 was her principal adviser in this matter. His argu- 
 ments, we are told, were backed by those of another 
 ecclesiastic, the Confessor of the Countess of Pem- 
 broke, who had succeeded in persuading that lady to 
 endow Pembroke Hall in Cambridge ; but the distance 
 between the periods renders this circumstance some- 
 what improbable, as the Countess of Pembroke did 
 not begin her foundation until the year 1343. 
 
 John de Balliol's lady, styled the Lady Dervorgille, 
 was one of the three daughters and coheiresses of 
 Alan of Galloway, a powerful Scotch Baron, by Mar- 
 garet, the eldest sister of John Scot, last Earl of 
 Chester, and one of the heirs to David, sometime 
 Earl of Huntingdon, younger brother of William, 
 King of Scotland. By her marriage with John de 
 Balliol, she became mother of John de Balliol, the 
 ill-fated King of Scotland. 
 
 The first step which Lady Dervorgilte took, in pro* 
 viding for the Scholars, was to hire a house in Horse- 
 monger lane, afterwards called Canditch, (from Can- 
 dida Fossa,) in St. Mary Magdalen's parish, and on 
 the site where part of the present College stands; 
 and, being supported in the design by her husband's 
 executors, continued the provision which he allotted. 
 In 1282, she gave them statutes under her seal', and 
 
 * ThTs seal contains a portrait of her, the dress of which was copied 
 in her portrait in the Picture Gallery; but the face is said to have been 
 taken from an Oxford beauty, an apothecary's daughter of the name of 
 
BALLIOL COLLEGE. 45. 
 
 appointed Hugh de Hartipoll and William de Menyle 
 as Procurators, or Governors of her Scholars. These 
 statutes, which remained in force for several years, 
 will serve to throw some light on'the modes of colle- 
 giate discipline and order in the thirteenth century. 
 
 After the appointment of the Procurators, the 
 Scholars were enjoined to be present at divine offices 
 on Lord's days and principal festivals, and also at 
 sermons on those days, unless urgent occasions di- 
 verted them. On other days, they were to frequent 
 the Schools, and follow their studies according to the 
 statutes of the University: they were to obey her 
 Procurators in all things which she had ordered for 
 their government and good, and were to choose from 
 among themselves a Principal, whom all should obey 
 in things according to statutes and customs approved 
 and used by them. The Principal, after being duly 
 elected, was to be presented to the Procurators, to be 
 approved and confirmed by them, till which time he 
 should not exercise any authority. The Scholars were 
 to procure three masses to be solemnly celebrated 
 every year for the soul of her husband, the souls of 
 her predecessors, and her own health and safety, &c. 
 Every day, before and after dinner and supper, they 
 were to say a benediction, and pray especially for the 
 soul of her husband, and for her Procurators, accord- 
 ing to a prescribed form. In order that the poor 
 might be the better maintained, the richer Scholars 
 were enjoined to live so temperately, " that the said 
 " poor be not grieved by burthensome expences ;" 
 
 Reeks. Communicated by Mr. Huddesford, sometime Keeper of the Ash- 
 aiolean Museum, to. Granger. See Hist, of England, vol. t p. 30. 
 
46 fcALLIOL COLLEGE. 
 
 and such Scholars as murmured against this and 
 some other injunctions respecting extravagance, were 
 to be removed immediately, without any hope of re- 
 turning. The Scholars also were to speak Latin in 
 common, and in case of disobedience should be re- 
 buked by the Principal, who, after two or three 
 admonitions, had the power to remove them from 
 the common table, to eat by themselves, and be 
 served last; and if they remained incorrigible for a 
 week, the Procurators were to expel them, Every 
 other week a sophism was to be disputed and de- 
 termined in the house among the Scholars by turns, 
 so that they both oppose and answer; and if any 
 Sophister advanced so far as to be able to determine 
 in the Schools, the Principal was to inform him that 
 he should first determine at home among his fellows. 
 At the end of every disputation, the Principal was to 
 appoint the next day of disputing, and was to mode- 
 rate and correct the loquacious, and appoint the so- 
 phism next to be handled, arid also the opponent, 
 respondent, and determiner, that so they might the 
 better provide themselves for a disputation* The 
 only other regulation worthy of notice was, that they 
 were to have a poor Scholar assigned them by the 
 Procurators, to whom they were bound to give every 
 day the leavings or broken meat of their table, unless 
 the Procurators should think it fit to be omitted. 
 The Scholars appear at this time to have amounted 
 to sixteen. 
 
 In 1284, the Lady Dervorgille purchased a tene- 
 ment of a citizen of Oxford, called Mary's Hall, as a 
 perpetual settlement for the Principal and Scholars 
 of the House of BallioL This edifice, after receiving 
 
BALLIOL COLLEGE. 47 
 
 fcui table repairs and additions, was called New Balliol 
 Hall, and their former residence then began to receive 
 the name of Old Balliol HalL The same year she 
 made over certain lands in the county of Northum- 
 berland, the greater part of which was afterwards lost. 
 The foundation, however, was about this time con- 
 firmed by Oliver, Bishop of Lincoln, and by the son 
 of the Founder, who was afterwards King of Scotland, 
 and whose consent in this matter seems to entitle him 
 to the veneration of the Society* 
 
 The revenues of this College were at first very 
 small, yielding only eight*pence" per week to each 
 Scholar, or twenty-seven pounds nine shillings and 
 four pence for the whole per annum, which was soon 
 found insufficient. A number of benefactors, how- 
 ever, promoted the purposes of the Founder, by en- 
 riching the establishment with gifts of land, money, 
 and church-livings ; and although some of these were 
 lost by various accidents, or wrested from the College 
 by injustice, yet what remained proved, under judi- 
 cious management, sufficient to answer the liberal in- 
 tentions of the benefactors. 
 
 In 12Q4, Hugh de Wychenbroke, or xle Wyer, gave 
 the advowson of St. Lawrence Jewry, London, and 
 some other property in that parish. In 1310, Hugh 
 de Warkenby, Principal, and William de Gotham, a 
 Fellow of the College, gave four messuages in School- 
 ttreet, for the support of a Chaplain to officiate in, 
 the Oratory, which had been provided a few years 
 before. In 1320, Richard de Hunsingore gave a te- 
 nement in Oxford, in St. John's parish, which is now 
 
 As jood, ays Savage, as a mark now 
 
48 BALLIOL COLLEGE. 
 
 part of Alban Hall, and some lands. But as with all 
 these helps the Scholars had no more weekly than 
 the eight-pence before mentioned, and that no longer 
 than until they became Masters of Arts, many of 
 them were obliged to relinquish their studies, and 
 even to follow mechanical trades for a maintenance. 
 
 The first benefactor who stepped forward to relieve 
 them in this distress, and to support the College, was 
 Sir William Felton, Knt. who about the year 1340 
 gave them the Rectory and manor of Alboldesly, or 
 Abbotsley, in Huntingdonshire; and Pope Clement, 
 who confirmed Sir William Felton's gift, joined with 
 him likewise in introducing a regulation, that the 
 Fellows might keep their place, even after becoming 
 Masters or Doctors, until they succeeded to a living. 
 About the same time, both their numbers and re- 
 Venues were augmented by the liberality of Sir Philip 
 Somervyle, Lord of the Manor of Wykenore in Staf- 
 fordshire a , who gave the church of Mikell Benton, or 
 Long Benton, with lands in the county of Northum- 
 berland, for the maintenance of six Scholars, who 
 were to be chosen by the sixteen Fellows already be- 
 longing to the College, and to be natives of the places 
 nearest to the estates he made over to them, and such 
 as were the poorest, and of the most promising abi- 
 lities. 
 
 This benefaction was accounted so considerable, as 
 to give Sir Philip the privilege of introducing a new 
 body of statutes, the principal articles of which were, 
 that the Society should choose out of their number 
 
 He held this manor on condition of keeping a flitch of bacon hang- 
 Ing in his hall, to be given to any couple who had been married for a 
 year without quarrelling;, Se Spectator, No. f07 
 
BALLIOL COLLEGE, 49 
 
 one who should govern all the House, and he and 
 his successors to be always called by the name of 
 MASTER*; that, after the election, he should be pre- 
 sented, first, to the Lords of the Manor of Wykenore, 
 if of the posterity of Sir Philip Somervyle; secondly, 
 to the Chancellor of the University ; thirdly, to the 
 Guai'dian or Warden of Durham College in Oxford; 
 and, lastly, to the extrinsic Masters of this College, 
 who were to confirm the election, and make him 
 swear to maintain the statutes, &c. of Sir Philip 
 Somervyle. Other regulations were introduced re- 
 specting their studies, and the weekly allowance of 
 the Fellows and Scholars raised to eleven pence b , 
 which, in case of dearness of victuals, might be in- 
 creased to fifteen pence. These new statutes are dated 
 Oct. 18, 1340, and were confirmed by the Bishop of 
 Durham, Aungerville, either as Lord Chancellor or Lord 
 Treasurer, and by Edward Balliol, King of Scotland. 
 
 Two years after, Thomas Cave, Rector of Wei- 
 wyke in Yorkshire, left one hundred pounds for the. 
 purchase of benefices in Lincolnshire, out of the pro- 
 fits of which the number of Scholars was to be in- 
 creased. William Broklesby, Clerk, to whose cara 
 this money was entrusted, purchased, in 1343, the 
 livings of Fillingham, Riseholme, and Brokleby, or 
 Brattleby, which were settled on the College 9 but it 
 does not appear what number of Scholars was added. 
 Their number at all times seems to have been regu- 
 lated by the state of their revenues, and to have fluc- 
 
 According to the statute* of 1282, tbe Head of this House was sub- 
 ordinate to the Procurators, 
 
 b "As good as eighteen shillings and four pence now (16G8)." 
 
50 BALLIOL COLLEGE. 
 
 tuated accordingly ; and it was wisely provided, that 
 the number of Scholars on any particular foundation 
 should he reduced, if that foundation proved inade- 
 quate to their maintenance, and thus avoid infringing 
 on the general revenues, or other foundations of the 
 College. 
 
 In 1364, Simon of Sudbury, then Bishop of Lon- 
 don, and afterwards the unfortunate Archbishop of 
 Canterbury, gave this Society a new body of statutes, 
 which remained in force until 1507, when, in conse- 
 quence of an application of the Masters and Scholars 
 to the Pope, Julius II. the Bishops of Winchester 
 and Carlisle, Fox and Sever, drew up another body 
 of statutes, limiting the number of Fellows to ten, 
 who were all to study divinity, and enter into holy 
 orders after some years standing in the degree of 
 Master. Each Fellow was to have the presentation 
 of one Scholar, and the Master two, who were to 
 serve the Master and Fellows consistently with the 
 prosecution of their studies. Of the Fellows, two 
 were to be Priests, perpetually officiating in the cha- 
 pel, and two were to be Deans, and two Bursars, annu- 
 ally chosen. The exact number, therefore, at this time 
 was one Master, ten Fellows, and twelve Scholars. 
 
 This number was afterwards increased by lands be- 
 queathed in 1522 by Thomas Harrope, or Harrow e, 
 Rector of Hasely in Oxfordshire: and in 1566, Dr. 
 John Bell, Bishop of Worcester, who died in that 
 year, founded two exhibitions, for youths born in the 
 diocese of Worcester, on certain lands in the parish 
 of Clerkenwell, London. William Hammond, Esq. 
 of Guildford in Surry, and sometime Mayor of that 
 place, who died 1575, bequeathed 1001. per annum* 
 
BALLIOL COLLEGE. 51 
 
 but no more of that legacy was recovered than the 
 principal sum of 2001. with which the Society pur- 
 chased Hammond Hall, afterwards called Hammond's 
 Lodgings, on the west side of the College, and which, 
 in the opinion of Wood, is the same that was once 
 called Sparrow Hall. About the latter end of Queen 
 Elizabeth's reign, Peter Blimdell", of Tiverton in De- 
 vonshire, clothier, gave 20001. for .founding six Scho- 
 larships in Oxford and Cambridge, to be supplied 
 from the Grammar-school of Tiverton, which he had 
 endowed ; and a third part of this money was laid our 
 on lands in Oxfordshire, for the maintenance of one 
 Fellow and one Scholar in this College. In 1605, 
 Mrs. Mary Dunch, wife of William Dunch, of Bright- 
 well in Berkshire, gave an annuity of 101. charged 
 upon North-Morton in Berkshire, for the maintenance 
 of one Scholar. John Browne, B. D, Vicar of Basing- 
 toke, already noticed among the benefactors to Uni-^ 
 versity College, founded an exhibition here from Ba- 
 singstoke. In 1620, Lady Elizabeth Periam, of Green- 
 land in Berkshire, widow of Sir William Periam, Lord 
 Chief Baron of the Exchequer, founded a Fellow- 
 ship and two Scholarships, the Scholars to enjoy 
 their places three years after they have proceeded) 
 
 This was one of the most extensive benefactors of his time. In le* 
 g acies and munificent contributions he is said to have expended 40,000l> 
 Prince, who has a very interesting account of him among his Worthies 
 of Devon, gives a different statement of his benefaction from that we 
 have taken from Wood. By his will, he founded three Scholarships itt 
 Oxford and Cambridge, which his trustees afterwards increased to four 
 in Balliol, and four in Sidney College, Cambridge. There are, however, 
 now only two Fellows and two Scholars of his foundation at Cambridge. 
 Blundell died in London, May 2, 1601, an4 was buried in the church of 
 St. Michael Royal. 
 
 2 
 
5S BALLIOL COLLEGE. 
 
 B. A. This lady was sister to the celebrated Lord 
 Bacon. 
 
 The last considerable 'benefactions appear to huve 
 been suggested partly by a grateful remembrance of 
 the favours, though distant, that were conferred on 
 this Society by the mother of the King of Scotland, 
 and by the King himself, and partly to extend the ad- 
 vantages of an English University education to such 
 of the natives of that kingdom as belonged to the 
 English Church. With these views, Dr. John Warner, 
 Bishop of Rochester, the founder of Bromley College, 
 the first of its kind in England, gave, in 1666, part of 
 the profits of his manor of Swayton in Lincolnshire, 
 for the -maintenance of four Scholars of the Scotch 
 nation, to be chosen, from time to time, by the Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of Rochester. 
 Each was to have 201. yearly until M. A. when they 
 were to return to their own country, in holy orders, 
 " that there may never be wanting in Scotland some 
 " who shall support the ecclesiastical establishment of 
 " England a ." Owing to some demur on the part of this 
 College, these Scholars were first placed in Gloucester 
 Hall, (now Worcester College,) and there was a de- 
 sign to have made that a College for their use ; but, 
 in the Mastership of Dr. Thomas Good, in 1672, 
 they were removed hither; and the fund for Scotch 
 Scholars has since been increased by the liberality of 
 John Snell, Esq. who gave the manor of Uffton in 
 Warwickshire for that purpose* Mr. Sneli was a 
 native of the county of Air in Scot-land, and educated 
 in the University of Glasgow. He was at first Clerk 
 to Sir Orlando Bridgman, afterwards Crier of the 
 
 Godwin, up. Richardson. 
 
BALLIOL COLLEGE. 53 
 
 Court of Exchequer and of the Common Pleas, and 
 lastly Seal-bearer to the Lord Keeper. AIL these 
 offices he held under Sir Orlando as chief of the re- 
 spective courts. He bore the Seal again under the 
 Chancellorship of Anthony Earl of Shaftesbury. Dur- 
 ing this time he acquired the estate which he left for 
 the maintenance of certain Scotch Scholars in such 
 College or Hall of Oxford, as should be chosen by 
 the Vice-Chancellor, the Provost of Queen's, the 
 Master of Balliol, and the President of St. John's, 
 whose choice fell upon Balliol. The estate was then 
 valued at 4501. per annum, which, after a certain num- 
 ber of years, and money expended thence, was to be 
 applied for the benefit of not more than twelve, nor 
 under five Scholars ; to be chosen from Glasgow Col- 
 lege, from such as had spent three years there, or two 
 at the least there, and one or two in some other Col- 
 lege in Scotland. This benefactor died in Holywell, 
 Oxford, Aug. 6, 1679- 
 
 By means of these and other benefactions, this CoK 
 lege is now enabled to enumerate among its church- 
 livings the RECTORIES of Brattleby, Fillingham, and 
 llisehohne, Lincolnshire; All Saints, Holy Trinity, 
 and St. Leonard, in Colchester; Huntspill, Timsbury, 
 and Kilve cum Stringston, in Somersetshire; and 
 Tendring in Essex: the VICARAGES of Abbotsley, 
 Huntingdonshire; Long Benton, Northumberland; 
 Bere Regis, Dorsetshire; Duloe, Cornwall; St. Law^ 
 rence Jewry, London, alternately with the Dean and 
 Chapter of St. Paul's; and Tey Marks, Essex % 
 
 a Of these Jivinffs, Bere Regis was given by Dr. Marvder, Master in 
 1704, and the five living* ia Essex by Dr. Henry Cpippton, Bishop of 
 London. 
 
 E 3 
 
54 BALLIOL COLLEGE. 
 
 In the 26 Henry VIII. 1535, the rents of this Col- 
 lege were estimated at 741. 3s. 4d. and in J5Q2, at 
 IDOL In 1612, the Society consisted of one hundred 
 and twenty-seven persons. It consists at present of a 
 Master, (called Procurator until 1282, and Principal 
 or Warden until 1340, when the title of Master was 
 introduced in Somervyle's statutes, and confirmed by 
 Queen Elizabeth's charter in 1588,) twelve Fellows, 
 fourteen Scholars, and eighteen Exhibitioners, with 
 other students. The present Visitor is the Bishop of 
 Durham, elected by the College, which is the only 
 one that enjoys the privilege of electing a Visitor. 
 
 The site of the BUILDINGS was originally occu- 
 pied by the tenements or halls already mentioned, arid 
 which were purchased by, or presented to, the So- 
 ciety in its infancy. The front of the quadrangle 
 is divided by a fine Gothic gate, on which are the 
 arms of the Balliol family. Bell, Bishop of Worces- 
 ter, is supposed to have had some share in building 
 this gate. Part of the quadrangle was built in the 
 time of Henry VI. and part in that of Henry VII. 
 After various alterations and repairs, which render 
 the ancient forms rather objects of conjecture than 
 description, the east side, and trie south-east from the 
 g^te, were entirely rebuilt in the beginning of the 
 eighteenth century. The whole is one hundred and 
 twenty feet long, -by eighty in breadth. 
 
 Hc.sides this quadrangle, there is an area on the 
 north-west, consisting of several detached lodgings 
 for the students, and purchased for their use by 
 Archbishop Abbot, in the beginning of the reign of 
 Charles I. They were called Caesar's Lodgings, from 
 

BALLIOL COLLEGE. , 55 
 
 Henry Caesar, (brother to Dr. Julius Caesar, Master 
 of the Rolls,) who was a member of this society in 
 the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and afterwards Dean of 
 Ely. There is likewise a new building at the south- 
 west angle, fronting the street, erected at the expence 
 of Mr. Fisher, late Fellow of Balliol, who enjoined 
 the following inscription to be placed on the north 
 side, VERBUM NON AMPLIUS FISHER. The front, 
 which is one hundred and eight feet long, is divided 
 into three stories. The pediment over the centre has 
 a shield within its flat surface, the whole surrounded 
 with a block cornice. 
 
 The HALL, on the west side of the quadrangle, 
 originally built in the reign of Henry VI. once con- 
 tained the arms of many of the benefactors ; but the 
 present interior is modern, and the only arms in it 
 are those of the College. 
 
 The LIBRARY, which in Wood's time was esteemed 
 one of the best in the University, was originally built in 
 two parts, the lower or west part, in 1427, by Dr.Tho*- 
 mas Chace, and the upper or east part, about the year 
 1477, by Mr. Robert Abdy, both some time Masters. 
 William Lambert, who was Master in 1406, and Robert 
 Thwaites, who attained the same honour in 14,31, gave 
 many valuable MSS. and William Wilton, a Fellow, 
 and afterwards Chancellor of the University, was also 
 a contributor of books in 1492. Grey, Bishop of 
 Ely, in 1454, proved a most noble benefactor, not 
 only in money for the building, but in adding to the 
 collection about two hundred manuscripts, many of 
 them richly illuminated, which he had purchased in 
 England and Italy. In the latter country he employed 
 transcribers and illuminators, as appears by some of his 
 
 E 4 
 
56 BALLIOL COLLEGE. 
 
 MSS. still in this Library ; but this collection, like all 
 others, suffered by the depredations of King Edward's 
 Visitors, Some books, thus removed, are said to have 
 been sold by Robert Parsons, Bursar, and Protestant 
 books purchased with the money. He changed his 
 opinion on these matters afterwards, when he became 
 Parsons the Jesuit. There is a curious MS. by him 
 now in the Library, entitled, Epitome controversiarum 
 hujus temporis. Balfiol Library, about the year 1550, 
 had a supply of books from Durham College. In 
 1673, Sir Thomas Wendy, of Haselingfield, in the 
 county of Cambridge, K. B. once a Gentleman Com- 
 moner, bequeathed his collection, supposed to be 
 worth (]00l. and Archbishop Abbot contributed with 
 his usual liberality, and in some measure repaired the 
 damages occasioned by the mistaken zeal of the 
 Visitors. The interior of this Library was rebuilt by 
 Wyat a few years ago, in a style peculiarly chaste 
 and elegant, in imitation of the Gothic; and the 
 windows contain the arms, &c. of the benefactors, 
 \vhich were formerly in the old Library windows. 
 At the same time a new Common Room and oftices 
 were made underneath. 
 
 The CHAPEL was begun to be built in 1.521, and 
 finished some time before 1529. The site of the 
 former Chapel is doubtful, unless it stood where the 
 Master's lodgings now are, the beautiful bay window 
 of which has the arms of Bishop Grey, who built 
 these lodgings. There appears to have been a Chapel 
 as early as )3<27, dedicated to St. Katharine. The 
 Abbot of Reading gave ten marks towards the build- 
 ing of it, and u glass window which cost 101." The 
 
BALLIOL COLLEGE. 57 
 
 present Chapel, however, rose on the munificence of 
 individuals whose names have not been preserved^ 
 except some of those who contributed to the windows. 
 The great east window, which contains the Passion, 
 Resurrection, and Ascension, in glowing colours, was 
 the gift of Dr. Laurence Stubbs, in 1529. It affords 
 no inconsiderable proof of the value in which this 
 window was held, that Wadham offered 2001. for it, 
 with a view to place it in his chapel. On what occa- 
 sion he thought himself encouraged to make this offer 
 we are not^told. The other windows are ornamented 
 with Scripture pieces, portraits of saints, and heraldic 
 devices belonging to the respective donors. In the 
 second window on the south side is the story of Heze- 
 kiah's sickness and recovery, by Bernard van Linge, 
 dated 1637, and presented by Dr. Peter Wentworth, 
 Fellow. Lord Orford enumerates V'an Linge among 
 those who have preserved the art of glass-painting, 
 but makes no mention of this piece. 
 
 Since the foundation, this College has been super- 
 intended by two Procurators, eight Principals, or 
 Wardens, and forty-two MASTERS. Among these 
 we find the name of the first reformer, as he is 
 usually reckoned, the celebrated John Wickliffc, 
 whose real merit has been more obscured by in- 
 temperate praise and censnre, than that of any man 
 whose history is interesting to the friends of religion 
 and learning. Of a different stamp was one of his 
 successors, Brookes, Bishop of Gloucester, a subde- 
 legate from the Pope, and one of Cranmer's judges, 
 but whose authority, and his only, that illustrious 
 martyr refused to own. The name of Cranmer ne- 
 cessarily recalls to memory, that he and Ridley and 
 
58 BALLIOL COLLEGE. 
 
 Latimer suffered martyrdom in Canditch, opposite to 
 the front of this College* Some years ago, the stone 
 on which the fatal stake was placed used to be shewn 
 to strangers ; but so remarkable an event seems to de- 
 mand a more distinct memorial*. 
 
 Dr. Henry Savage, who was chosen Master during 
 the Usurpation, but conformed afterwards, published 
 a work, entitled, " Balliofergus, or a Commentary 
 " upon the Foundation, Founders, and Affairs of Bal- 
 liol College, 4to. 1668." Wood says he had no na- 
 tural geny for a work of this kind, and has, committed 
 many blunders ; and it may be added, that his style is 
 uncommonly vague, diffusive, and pedantic. His aim 
 was to appear great in little things ; and the gravity 
 with which he discusses the origin, derivation, &c. of 
 the name Katherine, whether it should be spelt with 
 a K or a C, at what time the h was introduced, and 
 the double / in Balliol, is truly wonderfuL One of 
 the last Masters, Dr. Theophilus Leigh, who died 
 Jan. 3, 1785, was a man of learning and wit, and a 
 remarkable instance of academical longevity. He 
 held the office of Master for the very long term of 
 fifty-nine years. He took the degree of M. A. at 
 Corpus in 1715 r and had been a resident in Oxford 
 nearly seventy years. 
 
 Of the PRELATES educated in this College, some 
 
 The public spirit of a worthy citizen of Oxford has preserved a 
 very. interesting memorial of these illustrious confessors. Some years 
 ago, when the Bocardo, or prison in which they were confined previously 
 to their martyrdom, was pulled down, Mr. Alderman Fletcher (now, 
 for the third time, Mayor of Oxford) caused the door of their cell to be 
 removed, and fixed up in the common room of the city jail, with a suit- 
 able inscription, and the portraits of the martyr* very ingeniously burnt 
 in wood, by a young man of the city. 
 
BALLIOL COLLEGE. 59 
 
 were men of great fame. Morton, Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, a man of munificent taste and liberality, who 
 was successively Master of the Rolls, Bishop of Ely, 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord High Chancellor, 
 and a Cardinal, the second perpetual Chancellor of 
 the University, and a considerable benefactor to it. 
 He was the favourite minister of Henry VII. and 
 had no inconsiderable share in producing those mea- 
 sures which effected the union of the Houses of York 
 and Lancaster: Cuthbert Tunstall, Bishop of Durham, 
 a Prelate of great power and influence; but these were 
 so tempered with humanity, and dignified by learn- 
 ing, that, although he was an opponent of the Refor- 
 mation, he. must be placed at an honourable distance 
 from the Banners and Gardiners of his time. Eras- 
 mus, Dean Colet, Sir Thomas More, and Linacre, are 
 profuse in their encomiums on him ; nor have Whar- 
 ton, Pits, and Camden, done less honour to his memory. 
 Omitting Piers and the Abbots, enumerated by Wood, 
 and already incidentally noticed, we come to the vene- 
 rable Dr. John Douglas, late Bishop of Salisbury, who 
 entered in 1736 a Commoner of St. Mary Hall, but in 
 1738 removed to this College, first on* Bishop War- 
 ner's, and afterwards on Snell's foundation. Besides 
 the many other obligations the literary world owes to 
 this distinguished scholar, he will be long remembered 
 as a detector of the impostures of Lauder and Bower, 
 and as an able advocate for the genuine miracles of 
 the Christian faith, 
 
 Many eminent names occur in the list of students of 
 other ranks, and none more distinguished than those of 
 the good and learned Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 
 the founder of the public library: the accomplished 
 
60- BALLIOL COLLEGE. 
 
 John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester, who flourished in the 
 reigns of Henry VI. and Edward IV. a judicious encou- 
 rager of literature, by importing from abroad those trea- 
 sures which England wanted. Tanner informs us, that 
 he gave manuscripts to this University which were va- 
 lued at five hundred marks. He was one of the first 
 English writers who employed the press of Caxton. 
 It is to be regretted, however, that the softening in- 
 fluences of lettrning did not enable him to rise supe- 
 rior to the barbarous practices of his age, and that 
 his violent death was in some respect a measure of 
 retaliation. Ross of Warwick, the historian, appears 
 to have been contemporary with Tiptoft in this Col- 
 lege. Here also were educated those distinguished 
 lawyers, Sir John Popham, Chief Justice of the King's 
 Bench ; Lord Coventry, Lord Keeper ; Sir Humphrey 
 Davenport, Chief Baron of the Exchequer; and Sir 
 Robert Atkyns, who was promoted to the same office, 
 and whose son, the historian of Gloucestershire, was 
 also of this College 8 . To these may be added, Parsons, 
 the celebrated Jesuit, whose intrigues were so consider- 
 able during the unsettled period of our national reli- 
 gion, and w'ho, as already mentioned, began his ca- 
 reer of zeal by purging the library of Popish writ- 
 ings : Dr. Thomas Holland, who will occur hereafter 
 as Rector of Exeter : Tohias Crisp, said to be the 
 founder of the sect of the Antinomians, a part of his 
 character which has since swelled into a controversy: 
 The very learned and ingenious John Evelyn, to- 
 
 Huph Holland, the author or compiler of the Heerolopa, is said 
 by Wood, in his Hist. Folio, to have matriculated here in 1582; but he 
 appears to confound him with Hugh Holland, a poet. The author 
 of the Heerolo^ia was a stationer or bookseller in London. 
 
BALLIOL COLLEGE. 61 
 
 whose well-timed interference the University is in* 
 debted for the possession of the Arundelian marbles, 
 and whose life, it has been eloquently said, " was a 
 " course of inquiry, study, curiosity, instruction, and 
 " benevolence :"^-Dr. Charles Davenant, (son to Sir 
 William Davenant, the dramatic poet,) one of the 
 earliest and ablest writers on the subject of finance: 
 
 Dr. David Gregory", a branch of an illustrious 
 
 family of scholars both in England and Scotland : 
 Keil and Bradley, mathematicians and astronomers of 
 more recent fame: Dr. William King, who will be 
 noticed among the 'Principals of St. Mary Hall: 
 Hutchinson, the learned historian of Dorsetshire: 
 and James West, some time President of the Royal 
 Society, whose valuable manuscripts were lately pur- 
 chased by Parliament from the heirs of the first 
 Marquis of Lansdown, and deposited in the British 
 Museum. 
 
 Not a scholar of this House, but a member of it when he came t 
 Oxford to succeed Dr. Bernard in the Savilian Professorship. 
 
EXETER COLLEGE. 
 
 de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter, was the- 
 Founder of this College, and of Hart Hall, now Hert- 
 ford College. All we have of his history 8 begins with 
 his advancement to the Bishopric in 1307. He is said 
 to have been of " great parentage," the younger 
 son of Sir Richard Stapledon, Knight; but. we hear 
 no more of him until his installation, which was 
 graced by ceremonies of magnificent solemnity. On 
 his arrival at Exeter, he alighted from his horse 
 at Eastgate, and walked on foot, the ground being 
 smoothed and covered with black cloth, to the cathe- 
 dral; on each hand, lie was accompanied by a per- 
 son of distinction, while Sir William Courtney, who 
 claimed the honour of being steward on this occasion, 
 walked before him. At Broadgate he was received 
 by the Chapter and Choir. After the accustomed ce- 
 . remonies, a grand feast was given, of such expence, as 
 the revenues of the Bishopric, according to Godwin's 
 estimation, .would not have been sufficient to defray 1 *. 
 All the steps of his political life were marked with 
 honours. He was chosen one of the Privy Council to 
 
 His name is local, and was taken from Stapledon in the parish of 
 Cookberry, the ancient residence of the family. Prince thinks he was 
 born at Aunery, in the parish of Monklegh, near Great Torrington, in 
 Devonshire. 
 
 b Yet in Henry IV.'s time it was valued at 70001. per annvm, a siiru 
 carcely credible as the expence of an entertainment. 
 
EXETER COLLEGE. 6 
 
 Edward IL appointed Lord Treasurer, and employed 
 in embassies, and other weighty affairs of state, in 
 which his abilities and integrity would have been 
 acknowledged, had he not lived in a period of re- 
 markable turbulence and injustice. In 1325 he ac- 
 companied the Queen to France, in order to negociate 
 a peace: but her intentions to depose her husband* 
 were no longer to be concealed; and the Bishop, 
 whose integrity her machinations could not corrupt, 
 continued to attach himself to the cause of his unfor- 
 tunate Sovereign, and fell an Dearly sacrifice to popular 
 fury. In 1326 he was appointed Guardian of the 
 city of London, during the King's absence in the 
 West; and while he was taking measures to preserve 
 the loyalty of the metropolis, the populace attacked 
 him, Oct. 15, as he was walking the streets, and be- 
 headed him near the north door of St. Paul's, toge- 
 ther with Sir Richard Stapledon, his brother. God- 
 win informs us, that they buried the Bishop in a heap 
 of sand at the back of his house, without Temple-Bar: 
 Walsingham says, they threw it into the river : but the 
 former account seems most consistent with popular 
 malevolence and contempt. Exeter-house was founded 
 by him as a town residence for the Bishops of the 
 diocese, and is said to have been very magnificent. 
 It was afterwards alienated from the see, and, by a 
 change of owners, became first Leicester, and then 
 Essex-house, a name which the site still retains. It 
 appears that the Queen soon after ordered the bodj- 
 of the murdered Bishop to be removed, and interred, 
 with that of his brother, in Exeter cathedral. In the 
 3 Edward JII. 1329, a synod was held at London be- 
 fore Simon, Archbishop of Canterbury, to make ia- 
 
64 EXETER COLLEGE. 
 
 quiry into Bishop Stapledon's death ; and his murder- 
 ers, and all who were any way privy or consenting to 
 the crime, were executed* His monument, on the 
 north aisle of Exeter cathedral, was erected by the 
 Rector and Fellows of this College ; and afterwards 
 repaired by this Society in the year 1733, and again 
 "in 1807. The original inscription, which has been re- 
 moved, may be seen in Polwhele's Hist, of Devon. 
 Among the muniments of the Dean and Chapter of 
 Exeter, there is an account of the administration of 
 his goods, by Richard Braylegh, Dean of Exeter, and 
 one of his executors; by which it appears, that he 
 left a great many legacies to poor scholars, and several 
 sums of money, from twenty to sixty shillings, for the 
 repairing of bridges in the county, and towards build- 
 ing Pilton church, &c. a 
 
 The foundation of this College, which perhaps, 
 strictly speaking, was posterior to that of Hert- 
 ford, is so involved with it, as to make it difficult 
 to consider them, at least for some time, as different 
 establishments. After he had engaged Hert or Hart 
 Hall for the accommodation of his Scholars, he pur- 
 chased a tenement on the site of the present College, 
 called St. Stephen's Hall, in the year 13 Jo; and hav- 
 ing purchased also some additional premises, known 
 then by the names of Scot Hall, Led ing Park Hall, 
 and Baltaye Hall, he removed the Rector and Scho- 
 lars of Stapledon, or Hart Hall, to this place, in pur- 
 suance of the same foundation charter which he had 
 obtained of the King for founding that Hall in the 
 preceding year. According to the statutes which he 
 gave to this Society, the number of persons to be 
 
 Polwhele's Hist, of Devon, p. 284. 
 
XETER COLLEGE, 6* 
 
 maintained appears to have been thirteen; one to be, 
 instructed in Theology or Canon-law, the rest in Phi- 
 losophy. Eight of them were to be of the Archdea- 
 conries of Exeter, Totness, and Barnstaple ; four of 
 the Archdeaconry of Cornwall ; and one, a Priest, 
 to be nominated by the Dean and Chapter of Exeter 
 from any other part of the kingdom. 
 
 In the article of money, the munificence of Bishop 
 Stapledon was soon aided by other benefactors, as 
 Philip de Skeltone, Ralph Germayne, and Richard 
 Grenfield. In 1404, Edmund Stafford, Bishop of 
 Exeter, reformed the statutes, changed the name 
 from Stapledon to Exeter Hall, and gave, in benefac- 
 tions of money, above two hundred marks, besides 
 books and ornaments to the Library and Chapel, and 
 the addition of two Fellowships from the diocese of 
 Salisbury. He was brother to Ralph, the first Earl 
 of Stafford, and was Chancellor of England under 
 Henry IV. He died, according to Izacke and God- 
 win, Sept. 4, 1419"; and the Scholars of this House 
 Were so sensible of their obligations, as to appoint a 
 perpetual obit for him. 
 
 The superior endowments of this College were re- 
 served for the liberal spirit of another benefactor, Si> 
 William Petre. Some notice is due to a man of hi$ 
 fame and accomplishments ; the founder of the noble 
 family of Petre, a statesman of acknowledged abilities 
 under the very discordant reigns of Henry VIII. Ed- 
 ward VI. Mary, and Elizabeth, and, what is not unin- 
 teresting to Oxford, the father of Dorothy Wadham. 
 
 The exact time and place of his birth are not known. 
 
 
 
 * Mr. Polwhele thinks his death took place some time before this, gs 
 hi* corpse was brought to Exeter cathedral on the 3d. 
 
 JP 
 
66 EXETER COLLEGE. 
 
 Exeter and Tornewton claim him as a native, from 
 one of which he was sent to Exeter Hall, and after- 
 wards, in 1523, elected a Fellow of All Souls. He 
 took the degree of Bachelor of Civil Law in 1526, 
 and that of Doctor in 1532. He was then made Prin- 
 cipal of Peckwater Inn, and was tutor to Thomas 
 Boleyne, Earl of Wiltshire. This served to introduce 
 him at Court, where he became a favourite with 
 Henry VIII. who sent him to travel, with the allow- 
 ance of a pension. On his return, he acted as Latin 
 Secretary in the office of the Secretary of State, and 
 in 1535 was appointed to be one of the Visitors of 
 the monasteries. For this he was remunerated with 
 grants of abbey-lands, received the honour of Knight- 
 hood, was admitted into the Privy Council, and finally 
 appointed one of the Principal Secretaries of State. 
 Edward VI. continued him in the Privy Council, and 
 as Secretary of State, and honoured him with other 
 appointments ; and notwithstanding in ecclesiastical 
 matters he had acted with Cranmer, Queen Mary re- 
 tained him as her Secretary, and found him, although 
 cautious, not averse to some of her measures. It is 
 certain that her successor, Elizabeth, continued him 
 in the office of Secretary for some years, and he was 
 of her Privy Council until his death in 1572 a . The 
 latter part of his days was devoted to acts of liberality. 
 In 1565 he procured a new body of statutes for this 
 College, and a regular deed of incorporation. He 
 
 Sir William Petre is not a solitary instance of this kind. William 
 Poulett, Lord St. John of Basing, afterwards Earl of Wiltshire and Mar. 
 quis of Winchester, was a Privy Counsellor under Henry VIII. and Lord 
 Treasurer in the three following reigns. Sir John Mason, who will 
 occur among the Scholars of All Souls, was another instance. 
 
EXETER COLLEGE. 6? 
 
 founded at the same time eight Fellowships, from the 
 counties of Devon, Somerset, Dorset, Oxford, Essex, 
 or from any others in which he or his descendants 
 had estates, which are at present Norfolk, Suffolk, 
 and Surry, endowing them in money and lands. To 
 these his lady and son made considerable additions 
 in money. We shall find him also among the bene- 
 factors to All Souls. 
 
 The other considerable benefactors to this College 
 were, Sir John Ackland, probably about the same 
 time that he contributed so largely to build the Hall : 
 Samuel Hill, Rector of Warlegan in Cornwall, who 
 in 1634 founded four Scholarships, two of Devonshire 
 and two of Cornwall. In 1636, King Charles I. gave 
 lands for the maintenance of one Fellow here, one in 
 Jesus, and another in Pembroke, who should be alter- 
 nately natives of the isles of Jersey and Guernsey. In 
 1637, Sir John Maynard settled a provision for the 
 increase of Fellowships, and for a divinity lecture, and 
 a. lecture on the oriental languages. This was the cele- 
 brated Serjeant Maynard, whose steady policy enabled 
 him to reach the peaceful times of the Revolution, 
 through the stormy reigns of Charles I. and II. and' 
 James. The last benefactor usually noticed in accounts 
 of this College is Mrs. or Lady Shiers. On her pic- 
 ture in the Hall she is commemorated as " Elizabeths, 
 ' Shiers terras legavit, ex quarum proventu, addendi 
 " sunt Scholares : emendae Advocationes : supplenda 
 " Bibliotheca : augenda Stipendia, et Communae." 
 This was Lady Elizabeth Shiers, widow of Sir Robert 
 Shiers, of Sly field-house in Surry. She died in 1700; 
 and her heir, Hugh Shortridge, Rector of Fetcham, 
 made over to the College the estates she left for the 
 
 F 9 
 
6s EXETER COLLEGE. 
 
 various purposes above stated, but particularly for the 
 addition of two Fellowships from the counties of 
 Hertford and Surry. 
 
 The late Thomas Rowney, Esq. M. P. for the city 
 of Oxford, gave the living of Wootton in Northamp- 
 tonshire to this College ; which has likewise attached 
 to it the RECTORIES of Baverstock and Somerford 
 Magna in Wiltshire; and Bushey in Hertfordshire; 
 and the VICARAGES of Kidlington, Merton, and 
 South Newington, in Oxfordshire; Menhinniot, Corn- 
 wall"; and Long Wittenham in Berkshire. 
 
 In the 26 Henry VIII. the revenues were valued at 
 811.; in 1592 at 2001.; and in 1612 the Society con- 
 sisted of 206 persons. The present members are, a 
 Rector, twenty-five Fellows, one Scholar, who is 
 Bible Clerk, and ten Exhibitioners, besides other stu- 
 dents^ The Bishop of Exeter is Visitor. 
 
 Respecting the ancient form of the BUILDINGS 
 of this College, our information is very imperfect. 
 They do not, however, appear to have composed a 
 yegular whole, but were augmented from time to time, 
 as liberality supplied the means. About a century 
 after the foundation they were probably inclosed, for 
 at that period a gate was built, which continued to be 
 the principal entrance until Exeter lane was stopped 
 up. The tower which appears in Aggas'a map, and a 
 new gate at the west end of the College,, were added 
 about the same time. Afterwards some lodging rooms 
 were built by Thomas Bentley, in 1597> and others, 
 in 1618, by Sir John Periam, Knt. an opulent citizen, 
 
 The Vicar of Menhinniot is chosen by the Chapter of Exeter, but 
 must be or bare been a Fellow of this Colleger 
 
EXETER COLLEGE. 69 
 
 an Alderman of Exeter, and brother to Sir William 
 Periam, whose widow was a benefactress to Balliol 
 College. These were long known by the name of 
 Periarn's buildings. The gate and the rooms over 
 it, opposite to Jesus College, were built by Everard 
 Chambers, a Fellow of the House about the latter 
 end of Queen Elizabeth's reign. The rooms were 
 purchased by the College in 1605, at the price of 
 2261. 6s. 8d. The building between this gate and the 
 Chapel was principally erected in 16? 2, one half by 
 benefactions, and the other half, at the west end of the 
 Chapel, was finished in 1682. In 1671, Dr. Arthur 
 Bury, Rector from 1666 to 1690, added a stone fa- 
 bric of three stories on the north side of the Rector's 
 lodgings. 
 
 The other parts of the quadrangle were rebuilt in 
 the beginning of the last century ; the tower over th* 
 gateway, and the rooms from the south side of the 
 tower to the west end of the Hall, in 1700; and ia 
 1708, the apartments on the east side which joins 
 Periam's buildings, and the Rector's lodgings in the 
 place of the old Library, then taken down. 
 
 The principal front, two hundred and twenty feet 
 in length, is divided by the gate of rustic work, sur- 
 mounted by a tower, with Ionic pilasters supporting 
 a semicircular pediment, in the area of which are the 
 arms of the Founder on a shield surrounded with fes- 
 toons. The inner front is of a similar construction, 
 but with the arms of Lord Petre. The various al- 
 terations progressively made have now reduced the 
 whole to one extensive quadrangle, of nearly one 
 hundred and thirty-five feet each side, comprehending 
 the Hall, the Chapel, the Rector's lodgings, the front 
 
70 EXETER COLLEGE. 
 
 of which was rebuilt at the expence of the Society in 
 1798, and the chambers of the Society. Some of the 
 Fellows are accommodated in a large house behind the 
 Rector's lodgings, which was built by Dr. Prideaux, 
 Rector from 16 12 to 1642, for the use of such foreign- 
 ers as resorted to this College to avail themselves of 
 his instructions. From the copious list Wood has given 
 in his Athenaj, it appears that Dr. Prideaux's fame as 
 a tutor was most extensive. Afterwards this house was 
 inhabited by private families for some years before it 
 was converted to its present use. The gardens, which 
 complete the premises of this College, beyond the 
 quadrangle, are laid out with considerable taste. 
 
 The HALL was built by Sir John Ackland of De- 
 vonshire, Knt. some time after the year 1618, when 
 the old Hall was pulled down. The expence was 
 10001. of which Sir John contributed SOOl. and the 
 College the remainder. It is ornamented with por- 
 traits, among which are, a whole length of the 
 Founder, painted and presented by Peters in 1780; 
 an old portrait of the same ; Charles I. ; Sir John 
 Periam; Sir John Ackland ; Archbishop Marsh; Mrs. 
 Shiers; Hall, Bishop of Chester; Sir William Petre; 
 and Doctors Bray, Stinton,and Richards, late Rectors. 
 
 A LIBRARY doubtless entered into the contempla- 
 tion of the Founder, if the madness of the times had 
 spared his life. We find, however, as early as 1368, a 
 benefaction of theological manuscripts by John Gran- 
 dison, Bishop of Exeter, and of mathematical and 
 astronomical writings by Simon de Bredon, an emi- 
 nent mathematician, in 1372. The contributions of 
 other benefactors suggested the erection of a room 
 proper for their reception about the year 1383, which 
 
EXETER COLLEGE. 71 
 
 situated in the east end of what was in Wood's 
 time called the Upper Court. This building was en- 
 larged in 1404; but the liberality of many eminent 
 scholars gradually rendering more space necessary, 
 the books, augmented also by the art of printing, 
 were in 1625 deposited in the old Chapel, where 
 they remained until 1709, when an accidental fire 
 destroyed all the interior of the building, and the 
 principal part of the books. It was soon refurnished, 
 and enriched with a valuable collection both of manu- 
 scripts and printed books, particularly Aldine classics, 
 the gift of Thomas Richards, Esq. and Joseph San- 
 ford, B. D." some time members of this House. In 
 1778, this, the only remaining part of the original 
 College, was taken down, and rebuilt in a plain and 
 neat style from a plan given by the present Public 
 Orator. 
 
 It sometimes happened, that a CnAPEi/made no 
 part of the original foundation of the Colleges. The 
 students of this Society, while at Hart Hall, attended 
 divine service at St. Peter's in the East, and when 
 they were brought to Stapledon Hall, at St. Mildred's, 
 their parish church, which stood nearly about the 
 centre of the present College. A few years after, 
 they obtained a licence from Henry Burwesh, Bishop 
 of Lincoln, to build a Chapel, which was finished 
 about the year 1326, and consecrated to the honour 
 of the blessed Virgin Mary, St. Peter the Apostle, 
 and St. Thomas the martyr. It continued in use 
 until 1624, when, as already mentioned, it was turned 
 
 * Mr. Sanford was afterwards Fellow of Balliol, and died Sept. 1774, 
 apt. 84. He lies buried in St. Mary Magdalen churcb, in the middle 
 aisle. 
 
 F4 
 
It EXETER COLLEGE. 
 
 into a library, and remained in that state until 177S, 
 The present Chapel was begun in March 1622-3, and 
 finished by Dr. George Hakewill, afterwards Rector, 
 at the expence of 14001. of which he contributed 
 12001. It was consecrated to the memory of St. 
 James, Oct. 5, 1624, on which day Dr. Prideaux, 
 then Rector, preached a consecration sermon. Dr. 
 Hakewill left a sum of money for prayers and a ser- 
 mon on the anniversary. The Chapel, contrary to 
 the accustomed form of Chapels, consists of two 
 aisles, one of which is furnished for divine wor- 
 ship. It is enlightened by eight Gothic windows, 
 with this inscription on each, " Domus mea Domus 
 " Orationis*." The monumental inscriptions are nu- 
 merous, and upon the roof, which is an imitation of 
 groin and fret-work, and over the screens, are the 
 arms of Dr. Hakewill. An excellent portrait of him 
 is placed by his desire in the south aisle. 
 
 Before the changes introduced by Sir William 
 Petre in the constitution of this Society, the election 
 of the Head was annual; but from that time the 
 office became, as in other Colleges, perpetual. Of 
 the RECTORS, Dr. Thomas Holland, formerly of 
 Balliol, who held this office from 1592 to 1612, is 
 tecorded as a man of extraordinary learning and 
 reading, and highly revered by the University, the 
 Heads of which attended his funeral in solemn pro- 
 cession, and the Rector of Lincoln, Dr. Kilbye, de- 
 
 Luke xix. 46. Dr. Prideaux's text to the consecration sermon. 
 When Dr. Hakewill gave so large a sum towards the building of 
 this Chapel, he was only a Fellow, without preferment. The College 
 afterwards added a tenement in the parish of St. Mary Magdalen, 
 towards the better celebration of the day. Prince's Worthies of Devon, 
 p. 409. 
 
EXETER COLLEGE. 7^ 
 
 ^ivered an oration in his praise. He was succeeded 
 by Dr. John Prideaux, already noticed as a benefac- 
 tor, a voluminous writer, and one of the most learned 
 men of his age. It is to his honour that he entered 
 this College poor and friendless ; and, while employed 
 in the most menial offices in the kitchen, drew the 
 attention of the Fellows, who removed him into a 
 situation more worthy of his talents. Before he came 
 to Oxford, he stood candidate for the office of parish 
 clerk at Ugborow in Devonshire, and was unsuccess- 
 ful. He used to say, that if he had been elected clerk 
 of Ugborow, he should never have been a Bishop. 
 Towards the latter part of his reign, Charles I. nomi- 
 nated him to the Bishopric of Worcester ; but the 
 predominance of the republican party prevented hi? 
 enjoyment of this preferment, while the nomination 
 served to point him out as an object of persecution. 
 He was also Canon of Christ Church, and above 
 thirty years Regius Professor of Divinity ; but after 
 the King's death he was obliged to sell even his books 
 to procure a maintenance. Dr. George Hakewill suc- 
 ceeded him in 1642, but, owing to the confusion of 
 the times, resided mostly at a living in the country 
 until his death in 1649. The office was then filled by 
 Dr. John Conant ; but he refusing to subscribe to the 
 Act of Conformity in 1662, resigned this as well as his 
 other preferments. Some years after he returned to 
 the Church, and in 1676 was promoted to the Arch- 
 deaconry of Norwich, and in 1681 to a prebendal stall 
 in Worcester. He died in the eighty-sixth year of 
 his age, 1693. Six volumes of his sermons were pub- 
 lished by Dr. Williams, Bishop of Chichester ; and a 
 great many more, with other manuscripts, containing 
 
74 EXETER COLLEGE. 
 
 memoirs of his eventful life and times, are still in the 
 possession of his descendants. Dr. Conybeare, after- 
 wards Dean of Christ Church and Bishop of Bristol, 
 was Rector from 1730 to 1733, when the Deanery was 
 conferred upon him for his able defence of Chris- 
 tianity against Dr. Tindal. He was one of the most 
 popular preachers of his time, and in his writings one 
 of the most acute and temperate of reasoners. The 
 present Rector is the nineteenth upon the list. 
 
 Many of the PRELATES educated at this College 
 were men of considerable fame. Dr. Bayley, Bishop 
 of Bangor, may be instanced as the author of one of 
 the most popular books in the English language, 
 " The Practice of Piety :" Dr. Prideaux, already 
 noticed : Dr. Bull, Bishop of St. David's, one of the 
 ablest champions of our Church, and Archbishop 
 Seeker, are too well known to require more particular 
 notice. 
 
 The list of eminent men of other ranks which 
 Exeter has produced is very copious. One of her 
 earliest pupils was John de Trevisa, Canon of West- 
 bury in Wiltshire, who, in 1387, at the command of 
 his munificent patron, Thomas Lord Berkeley, trans- 
 lated Higden's Polychronicon, Bartholomaeus de Pro- 
 prietatibus Rerum, and other Latin authors. There 
 seems, however, no foundation for attributing to him, 
 as Mr. Warton has done, a translation of the whole 
 Bible. Grocyn, one of the revivers of learning, re- 
 sided here some time, but more properly belongs to 
 New College: Sir John Fortescue, one of the most 
 eminent lawyers and law-writers of the fifteenth cen- 
 tury: Sir George More, a benefactor to the public 
 library : Browne, the poet, and author of Britannia's 
 
EXETER COLLEGE. 75 
 
 Pastorals : Robert Hayman, another poet of less re- 
 nown : Henry Gary, Lord Falkland, a nobleman of an 
 illustrious family, four of whom were successively au- 
 thors : Sir John Doddridge, eminent as a judge and 
 antiquary : Sir William Noy, Attorney General, more 
 entitled to respect as a writer, than a practical lawyer: 
 The Fitzherberts, Sir Anthony, Nicholas, and Tho- 
 mas : Diggory Wheare, the first Camden Professor, 
 and the first who wrote systematically on the study of 
 history : The unfortunate James, Duke of Hamilton, 
 who was beheaded for his inflexible attachment to 
 Charles I Dr. Arthur Duck, an eminent civilian, 
 and the biographer of Archbishop Chichele : Lord 
 Chief Justice Rolle: Henry Carey, second Earl of 
 Monmouth, who employed his retired hours, during 
 the Usurpation, in many historical translations and 
 original compositions: Sir Simon Baskerville, a very 
 learned physician, and the most opulent and extensive 
 practitioner of his age. He died in 1641. It is upon 
 record, as a proof of his popularity, that he had gene- 
 rally one hundred patients a week, and of his good 
 sense and humanity, that he took no fee from any 
 clergyman under the rank of Dean : Joseph Caryll, a 
 learned nonconformist, and well known as the author 
 of a most voluminous commentary on the book of 
 Job : John Poulett, the loyal Marquis of Winches^ 
 ter, whose house at Basing stood a siege of two years 
 against the Parliamentary forces : the history of this 
 siege forms one of the most interesting narratives of a 
 period that was full of wonders. Dry den honoured 
 his Lordship, as Milton did the Marchioness, with an 
 epitaph : Thomas Brancker, a mathematician : Jo- 
 seph Glanville, a mau of considerable talents, an able 
 
76 EXETER COLLEGE. 
 
 opponent of the Aristotelian philosophy, and no less 
 zealous in his belief in witches and apparitions : An- 
 thony Ashley Cooper, Lord Shaftesbury, a statesman 
 of unquestionable talents, acuteness, and judgment, but 
 whose real character and merits in public and private 
 life are vet contested by historians and biographers : 
 Quick, the ecclesiastical historian : Dr. Gideon Har- 
 vey, a voluminous, but not very successful medical 
 writer : Sir George Treby, Chief Justice of the Com- 
 mon Pleas. Among the more modern Scholars of 
 this College may be enumerated Anstis, the cele- 
 brated herald : Dr. Walker, the historian of the 
 loyal Clergy : Maundrell, the traveller : Samuel Wes- 
 ley, father of the founders of the Methodists, John 
 and Charles Wesley : Dr. Borlase : Sir Michael 
 Foster : Mr. Lewis of Margate, the biographer : 
 Norris, Rector of Bemerton, the Platonist: Upton, 
 the editor of Epictetus, and one of the earliest com- 
 mentators on Shakspeare : Toup, eminent for clas- 
 sical knowledge and criticism: Tindal, the conti- 
 nuator of Rapin: Hole, the poet: and Dr. Ken- 
 nicot'. 
 
 This College consisteth chiefly of Cornish and Devonshire men, 
 * the gentry of which latter, Queen Elizabeth used to say, were cour- 
 " tiers by their birth. And as these western men do bear away the bell 
 ' for might and sleight in wrestling; so the Schollars here have alwayet 
 91 acquitted themselves with credit in Palaestra literaria.^ Fuller's 
 Church History, book iv. p. 102. 
 

 ORIEL COLLEGE. 
 
 EDWARD II. an unfortunate monarch, but a scho- 
 lar, a poet, and an encourager of learning, is the ac- 
 knowledged Founder of this House. But without de- 
 tracting from the liberality which had induced him 
 before this to found the College of Carmelite Friars 
 in Oxford, and similar institutions in other places, it 
 is necessary to notice in the present instance, that the 
 College owed its establishment to the instigation of 
 his almoner, Adam de Brom. The only accounts we 
 have of this benefactor state, that he was Rector of 
 Han worth in Middlesex in 1315; the year following, 
 Chancellor of the diocese of Durham; in 1319, Arch- 
 deacon of Stow; and a few months after was promoted 
 to the living of St. Mary, Oxford. In 1324, he re- 
 quested of his Sovereign to be empowered to purchase 
 a messuage in Oxford, where he might found, to the 
 honour of the Virgin Mary, a College of Scholars, 
 governed by a Rector of their own choosing, sub no- 
 mine Rectoris Domus Scholarium Beata Maria, Oxon. 
 With this the King readily complied, and authorized 
 them to purchase lands and advowsons to the yearly 
 value of thirty pounds, 
 
 De Brom immediately commenced his undertaking 
 by purchasing a tenement in St. Mary's parish ; and, 
 by virtue of the charter granted by the King, and 
 dated on the feast of St. Nicholas, Dec. 6, 1324, 
 founded a College of Scholars for the study of Di- 
 vinity and Logic. He then resigned the whole into 
 
78 ORIEL COLLEGE. 
 
 the hands of the King, of whose liberality he appears 
 to have made a just estimate, and from whose power 
 he expected advantages to the Society, which he was 
 himself incapable of conferring. Nor was he disap- 
 pointed in the issue of this well-timed policy. The 
 King took the College under his own care, and the 
 next year granted a new charter, appointing it to be 
 a College for Divinity and the Canon-law ; to be 
 governed by a Provost ; and, for their better mainte- 
 nance, besides some tenements in St. Mary's parish, 
 he gave them the advowson of St. Mary's church, on 
 condition of their providing certain Chaplains to per- 
 form service in that church daily. He also enlarged 
 their powers of making purchases of lands, &c. to the 
 yearly value of sixty pounds. 
 
 Adam de Brom, who was deservedly appointed the 
 first Provost, drew up a body of statutes in 1326, 
 according to which the College was to consist of a 
 Provost, and ten Fellows or Scholars, studying Divi- 
 nity, three of whom were afterwards allowed to study 
 the Canon-law. He gave them also the church of 
 Aberforth in Yorkshire: and in 1327, Edward III. be- 
 stowed upon them a large messuage, situated partly 
 in the parish of St. John Baptist, called La Oriole, to 
 which the Scholars soon removed, and from which the 
 College took its name. Besides this, De Brom, ever 
 anxious for the prosperity of the institution, procured 
 of the King the hospital of St. Bartholomew, which 
 eventually added considerably to their revenues, al- 
 though the immediate object was only to furnish them 
 with a place of safety during times of pestilential in- 
 fection. The site of this hospital was about half a 
 uvile from St. Clement's church, in the centre between 
 
ORIEL COLLEGE. 79 
 
 the two London roads. It was built by Henry I. in 
 1126, and was partly an hospital, and partly aeon- 
 vent. It was demolished about the time of the siege 
 of Oxford, but rebuilt in 1649. The last aid which 
 De Brom appears to have given to the College con- 
 sisted of the advowson of Coleby in Lincolnshire. 
 
 By their statutes they are required, as often as they 
 become possessed of new estates to a certain amount, 
 to increase proportionably the number of Fellowships. 
 In the year 1504, they wished for a dispensation of 
 this rule in a particular instance, and to be permitted 
 to appropriate the manor of Shenington in Glouces- 
 tershire, which they had recently purchased, to the 
 emolument of the Provost and Fellows as they then 
 subsisted, without adding to their number. The re- 
 quest appeared reasonable; and Bishop Smyth, who 
 as Bishop of Lincoln at that time exercised the power 
 of Visitor, ratified the ordinance". 
 
 For above a century after the time of Adam de 
 Brom, we hear of no accessions to this College. In 
 1441, however, John Franke, Clerk, Master of the 
 Rolls, and afterwards Lord Chancellor, bequeathed the 
 sum of 10001. to purchase lands for the maintenance 
 of four Fellows of the counties of Somerset, Dorset, 
 Wilts, and Devon. Another Fellow from the diocese 
 of Worcester, and an annual exhibition to six poor 
 Scholars, were added, in 1476, by John Carpenter, 
 Bishop of Worcester, who was educated here, and 
 who also gave to the Society Bedell Hall, an ancient 
 
 Churton's Lives of the Founders of Brazenose College, p. 227. This 
 claim of the Bishops of Lincoln to be Visitors has been since determined 
 to be illegal, by a judgment in the Court of Common Pleas, A. D. 1727. 
 and from that time the Lord Chancellor has exercised the po\yer of Vi- 
 sitor. 
 
SO ORIEL COLLEGE. 
 
 receptacle for scholars, situated between St. Mary's and 
 Oriel College garden, and three other tenements in the 
 vicinity. This Prelate was a very eminent benefactor 
 to the once magnificent architecture of Westbury Col- 
 lege in Gloucestershire, where he lies buried. 
 
 Smyth, Bishop of Lincoln, the founder of Braze- 
 nose, whom we have just mentioned as Visitor, wa# 
 the next benefactor. He is supposed, although upon 
 very slight grounds, to have been educated here. His 
 first intention, with respect to this College, was to 
 have given them an estate in land; but money being 
 at that time wanted to complete a purchase, he gave- 
 them the sum of three hundred pounds, for the main- 
 tenance of a Fellow of the diocese of Lincoln, on 
 certain conditions, which were agreed to May 5, 1507, 
 but broken through by mutual consent of the Bishop 
 and Society on the first opportunity. The learned 
 biographer of Bishop Smyth informs us, that at the 
 first election on this foundation, Roger Edgeworth, 
 B. A. was chosen, who was not of the diocese of Lin- 
 coln, but of Lichfield ; and his election was also con- 
 trary to the standing rule of having not more than two 
 Fellows at the same time from the same diocese, there 
 being at this time two of the diocese of Lichfield.. A 
 provision, however, was introduced to, prevent this 
 election from being drawn into a precedent*. 
 
 In 1529, Dr- Richard Dudley, who had been a Fel- 
 low, and was now Chancellor of the church of Salis- 
 bury, gave the manor of Swainswick in Somersetshire 
 for the maintenance of two Fellows and six Exhibi- 
 tioners. In 1599, John Jackman, likewise a Fellow, 
 left a house and lands in St. Giles's parish for the 
 
 Churton's Lives of UK Founders of Brazeno$e College*, p. 232-4r 
 
ORIEL COLLEGE. 81 
 
 maintenance of a poor scholar of Worcestershire* 
 In 1714, Queen Anne annexed a prebend of Roches- 
 ter to the Provostship. Dr. Robinson, Bishop of, 
 London, no less eminent as a statesman than as a 
 divine, and whose acts of munificence were numerous 
 and splendid, gave 25001. to augment the Fellowships, 
 and to found three Exhibitions. Dr. Carter, Provost 
 from 1708 to 1727, left money for the purchase of ; 
 livings for the benefit of the Provost and Fellows, 
 and to found three Exhibitions; and Charles Noel, 
 fourth Duke of Beaufort, gave 1001. per annum for 
 four Exhibitions. By her will, dated Sept. 28, 1761* 
 Mrs. Elizabeth Ludwell founded two Exhibitions, 
 with preference to candidates from the parish of Cha- 
 ring in Kent, where she had endowed a free-school ; 
 the Exhibitions to be paid out of the rent of a farm 
 in Throwley. 
 
 In consequence of the liberality of the founders and 
 benefactors, the College now possesses the RECTO- 
 RIES of Cholderton, Wiltshire; Cromhall Abbots 
 and Tortworth, Gloucestershire; Plymtree, Devon- 
 shire ; Purleigh, Essex ; West Saltfleetby, Lincoln ; 
 Swainswick, Somersetshire; and Ufton, Berkshire: 
 the VICARAGES of Aberford, or Aberforth, York- 
 shire; Coleby, Lincolnshire; and St. Mary the Vir- 
 gin, Oxford : and the CURACY of Moreton Pinckney, 
 Northamptonshire. 
 
 The revenues of this College were valued 26 Henry 
 VIII. at 1821. 8s. 6d. per annum, according to Tanner; 
 but Twyne makes them only 1581. 15s. In Elizabeth's 
 time they were valued at 2001.: In 1612, the Society 
 consisted of seventy-nine persons. The present mem- 
 bers are, a Provost, eighteen Fellows^ and thirtee 
 
82 ORIEL COLLEGE. 
 
 Exhibitioners, besides other students. The Lord 
 Chancellor is the Visitor. It was formerly under the 
 jurisdiction of the Bishops of Lincoln. 
 
 The first of the BUILDINGS belonging to thii 
 College was Oriole, or Oriel Hall, partly in Schyd- 
 yard-street, and partly in St. John's-street. Subse- 
 quent additions were made to complete the quadran- 
 gular form about the latter end of the reign of Edward 
 III. This remained until 1620, when the south and 
 most of the west sides were rebuilt, from the west end 
 of the Chapel to Oriel College corner, and thence to 
 the buildings on the north side of the common gate. 
 For this purpose, Anthony Blencowe, D. C, L. some 
 time Provost, gave 13001. The north and east sides 
 were pulled down in 1637, and a few years after, the 
 ast, north, and part of the west sides were erected in 
 conformity to the buildings which arose after 1620, 
 the whole occupying a much larger space than the 
 old quadrangle. Dr. John Tolson, who was Provost 
 from 1621 to 1644, contributed 11501. towards this 
 building, besides other considerable donations. 
 
 \This quadrangle contains, on the north, part of the 
 Provost's lodgings ; on the east, the Hall and entrance 
 into the Chapel, which runs eastward ; and on the 
 south and west, the chambers for the Society. On 
 the roof of the gateway, on the west side, are the 
 royal arms of Charles; the same on the east side; and 
 the other door-ways are ornamented with the arms of 
 the benefactors. The rooms in the tower over the 
 gateway are used as the bursary, and for the archives. 
 
 Besides this quadrangle, on the east and west sides 
 of the garden are two handsome buildings, the first 
 

/' 
 
 1 
 
 . X 
 
 /< /' 
 
 c < 
 
ORIEL COLLEGE. 83 
 
 erected in the lifetime and at the expence of John 
 Robinson, already mentioned, who was Bishop of 
 London from 1713 to 1723. This noble benefaction, 
 with that of three Exhibitions for Bachelors, is re- 
 corded by an inscription on the front of the building, 
 dated 1719> in which the reader will not fail to remark 
 the delicate compliment paid to his lady. The Runic 
 motto implies, Omnino homo pulveris incrementum, or, 
 as Lye translated it, Homo est pulveris adauctus, seu 
 pulveris augmentum. George Carter, some time Pro- 
 vost, bequeathed his whole fortune for the purpose of 
 erecting the building on the west side, which was 
 begun in March 1729, and for the further purpose of 
 purchasing livings for the Provost and College. The 
 new Library stands between these buildings. 
 
 The HALL, which is part of the quadrangle that 
 rose in 1637, is ascended by a flight of steps, with 
 a portico, over which are the statues of the Virgin 
 Mary and child, and those of the Kings Edward II. 
 and III. under coronal canopies. The room, which 
 is fifty feet long by about twenty in breadth, is chaste- 
 ly ornamented in the Doric style, and contains three 
 whole length portraits of Edward II. by Hudson, 
 Queen Anne by Dahl, and the Duke of Beaufort by 
 Soldi. In one of the windows are the arms of Pierre* 
 point, Earl of Kingston, quartering nineteen coats, 
 with the motto, Pie repone te. Among the curious 
 plate belonging to this Hall are two cups ; the one of 
 silver gilt, and richly carved, which was presented by 
 the Founder ; the other was the gift of Bishop Car- 
 penter. 
 
 The first LIBRARY belonging to this College wa 
 built in 1444, and lasted until 1637, after which th* 
 
84 .ORIEL COLLEGE. 
 
 late one was erected on the north side of the quadratic 
 gle. The present is an elegant edifice designed by 
 Wyat, the exterior harmonious and simple in decora- 
 tion; the inside, an oblong of eighty-three feet by 
 twenty-eight, and twenty in height, is liable to some 
 objection, on account of the imperfect distribution of 
 the light, and the unequal proportions of the orna- 
 ments. It is placed between Carter's and Robinson's 
 buildings, and, besides the books formerly pertaining 
 to the College, contains a very curious and valuable 
 collection, the legacy of the late Edward Leigh, 
 Baron Leigh of Stourleigh in Warwickshire, who 
 was some time a Nobleman of this College, and after- 
 wards High Steward of the University. This munifi- 
 cent benefactor died in 1786 ; and the new building was 
 begun in 1788, and was ably supported by the sub- 
 scriptions of the Provost and Fellows, of various 
 members of the Society, and of the Hon. Mrs. Leigh, 
 sister and heiress to Lord Leigh. The only painting 
 in this Library is one by Vasari, of which there are 
 said to be two copies extant by the same master. 
 The subject is a group of Italian poets, Guido Ca- 
 valcanti, Dante, Boccaccio, Petrarch, Politian, and 
 Marsilius Ficinus. In the gallery of this Library is 
 a scarce print of the same, but somewhat different in 
 the expressions of the countenances. This picture 
 was lately presented by James Clutterbuck Smith, 
 Esq. A new room adjoining to the gallery is lined 
 with some of the rich wainscotting which belonged 
 to New College Chapel before the late alterations. 
 
 For some time after the foundation of Oriel, the 
 students attended divine service at St. Mary's. In 
 1372 they obtained a licence for a CHAPEL within 
 
ORIEL COLLEGE. 85 
 
 their own premises, which was built at the expence of 
 Richard, Earl of Arundel, and his son Thomas, Bi- 
 shop of Ely, and afterwards Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, and continued in use till 1620, when it was 
 pulled down. The present was finished in 1642, a 
 time very unpropitious for such erections. In 1677, 
 the high altar, and in 1678 the rest of the inner 
 Chapel, were paved with black and white marble, in 
 consequence of legacies left for that purpose by 
 Samuel Short and Charles Perrot, Fellows of the 
 House. The east window is ornamented with the 
 Presentation of our Saviour in the Temple ; designed 
 by Dr. Wall, and painted by Peckitt. It was given to 
 the Chapel by the Duke of Beaufort, Viscount Wen- 
 man, and Lord Leigh, in 1767. 
 
 The number of PROVOSTS, from the foundation, is 
 thirty-eight. Adam de Brom, already noticed as en- 
 titled to the highest veneration for the zeal and libe- 
 rality with which he fostered the Society m its in- 
 fancy, died June 16, 1332, and was buried in St. 
 Mary's church, in a chapel called after his name, 
 and said to have been built by him, where his tomb, 
 now decayed, was visible in Wood's time. Of his 
 successors, Carpenter, Lyhert, and Hals, were pro- 
 moted to the Episcopal bench, and the latter was a 
 benefactor to his College : Dr. Walter Hodges, au- 
 thor of Elihu, an elaborate work on the book of Job, 
 was one of the earliest Hutchinsonians. When this 
 exposed him to misrepresentations, he was told that 
 a writer on the book of Job should take every thing 
 with patience. The biographer of Bishop Home in- 
 forms us, that in his days "he was a man of a venerable 
 Appearance, with an address and delivery which made 
 
 G 3 
 
8(3 ORIEL COLLEGE. 
 
 him very popular as a preacher. He held the office 
 of Provost from 1727 to 1757. 
 
 Besides those PRELATES who were educated at this 
 College, and became Provosts, the following memora- 
 ble names belong to the same rank. Arundel, Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, a statesman of lofty ambition, 
 and an ecclesiastic of inflexible adherence to the 
 Church as constituted in the fourteenth century; but 
 whose fine taste and spirit in ornamenting many reli- 
 gious edifices will more honourably perpetuate his 
 name : Reynold Pecock, Bishop of Chichester, who, 
 after Wickliffe, appears to have conceived some im- 
 perfect notions of the reformed religion, for which he 
 was reduced to a private station : Dr. Butler, Bishop 
 of Durham, a man of strong sense and acute reason- 
 ing, and author of the celebrated " Analogy," a work 
 so well known, and so interesting to students of divi- 
 nity, as to render any farther notice of him wholly 
 unnecessary. It may not, however, be so readily re- 
 collected, that he expended the whole income of the 
 Bishopric of Bristol, which he held twelve years, in 
 the repairs of that cathedral. 
 
 Among the many eminent men of other ranks in- 
 debted for their education to Oriel College, we find 
 Robert Langlande, the supposed author of Pierce 
 Plowman, and a brother satirist, Alexander Barclay, 
 author, or rather translator, with additions, of the 
 " Ship of Fooles." He wrote also five Eclogues, 
 which Mr. Warton thinks were the first that ever 
 appeared in the English language: Dr. Edgeworth, 
 a Popish writer of considerable fame, already noticed 
 as the first Fellow on Bishop Smyth's foundation : 
 Morgan Phillips, who, from his skill in disputation, 
 
ORIEL COLLEGE. 87 
 
 was called Morgan the Sophister ; he was afterwards 
 Principal of St. Mary Hall : Peter White, the 
 ejected Dean of Waterford, an able classical scho- 
 lar: Cardinal Alan, a most zealous enemy to the 
 religion and government of his country : Sir Henry 
 Unton, ambassador : The illustrious and unfortunate 
 Sir Walter Raleigh: Prynne, the noted republican 
 barrister, a most voluminous writer, and the Cato of 
 his party, but more deservedly acknowledged as an 
 industrious antiquary : Richard Brathwaite, a fa- 
 mous wit and poet: Sir William Scroggs, Lord 
 Chief Justice of the King's Bench : and a successor 
 in that office, of higher and more unsullied fame, Sir 
 John Holt. Among recent scholars, are the respected 
 names of Dr. William Berriman, Dr. Edward Ben- 
 tham, originally of Corpus, and afterwards Canon of 
 Christ Church, and that exemplar of elegant criti- 
 cism, taste, and literature, Dr. Joseph Warton, 
 
 G 4 
 
QUEEN'S COLLEGE 
 
 1 HE Founder of this magnificent College was Robert 
 Eglesfeld, the son of John Eglesfeld and Beatrix his 
 wife, Rector of Burgh, or Brough, in Westmoreland, 
 and confessor to Philippa, Edward III/s Queen. His 
 descent appears to have been honourable, and more 
 than once the county of Cumberland was represented 
 in Parliament by a member of the house. They had 
 considerable estates in different parts of that county ; 
 and we find that either the Founder of the College, or 
 one of the family of the same name, received of Ed- 
 ward III. in exchange for the manor of Laleham in 
 Middlesex, the manor of Ravenwick, or Renwick, in 
 Cumberland, which had been forfeited to his father, 
 Edward II. on the attainder of Andrew de Harcla, 
 Earl of Carlisle, in 1323. This manor is now the pro- 
 perty of the College. 
 
 It is probable that Robert de Eglesfeld was born at 
 Eglesfeld, a hamlet in the parish of Brigham, in the 
 county of Cumberland, where the family was certainly 
 possessed of property in the time of Henry III. In 
 the reign of Edward III. they came into the pos- 
 session of Alneburgh Hall, or Netherhall, in the 
 parish of Cross Canonby in the same county, which 
 from that time was their principal residence. Here 
 they lived in high estimation, until, in the reign of 
 Philip and Mary, Elizabeth, eldest sister and coheiress 
 of Richard Eglesfeld, Esq. was married to John Sen- 
 
QUEEN'S COLLEGE. $9 
 
 house, of Sealscale Hall, Esq. This marriage brought 
 the property into the family of Senhouse, in which it 
 has ever since continued*. 
 
 Robert de Eglesfeld appears to .have been highly 
 esteemed by his royal master and mistress, and to have 
 shared in their intimacy and confidence. In 1332, the 
 King bestowed on him the Rectory of Burgh, in the 
 person of Adam de Eglesfeld, his proxy, and probably 
 relation; and he was ordained Priest at Carlisle in 
 Lent following. This church was appropriated to the 
 College by Pope Clement VI. in 1344. Eglesfeld em- 
 ployed his interest at Court in promoting religion and 
 learning, giving all he -had to the public, and that in 
 his lifetime, when he could best secure those advan- 
 tages which he was anxious to bestow on posterity. 
 , The old Liber Obitalis of his College dates his 
 death 2 Cal. Jun. 1349, in these words: " ROBERTUS 
 u EGLESFELD, CUMBRIENSIS, SACRJE THEOLOGIES 
 
 u BACCALAUREUS, IxEGINJE PfllLIPPJE UXORIS ED- 
 
 " WARDI CAPELLANUS, RECTOR DE BuRGO SUBTUS 
 " STANESMORE, IN DEI GLORIAM, ECCLESI;E BO-. 
 " NUM, ET BONARUM L1TERARUM PROPAG AT1ONEM 
 " COLLEGIUM HOC REGIN&: FUNDAVIT, A. D. 1340, 
 
 " ET ANNO REGNI EDW. III. 15. OBIIT ISTE IvO- 
 
 " BERTUS, A. D. 1349, 2 CALEND. JUNII." Mr. 
 Gough, to whom we are indebted for part of the 
 above account, gives many reasons to confirm the 
 tradition of his having been buried in the old Chapel 
 of this College, and that the brass plate found there 
 
 " Humphrey Senhouse, Esq. of Netherhall, Alneburgh Hall, or 
 Ellenbbrough, is now the representative of both families. From this 
 Ellenborough, the present Chief Justice of th King's Bench derivi* 
 his title. 
 
90 QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 under the communion table belongs to him. It repre- 
 sents a Priest in a cap and rich rochet powdered, with 
 jfteurs de Us in lozenges, faced and hemmed with a dif- 
 ferent border, and fastened on his breast with a jewel. 
 The sleeves of his black gown are faced with fur, and 
 all his pictures are exactly like this effigy. 
 
 It is probable that he resided occasionally in his 
 native country, at least he well knew its condition and 
 wants, as his principal motive in founding this Col- 
 lege was to supply education to the northern district, 
 in which the frequent and barbarous contests of the 
 borderers had created, to use his words, literature in- 
 solitam raritatem. To remedy this defect, and extend 
 the blessings of learning to such of his countrymen as 
 wished to have access to the University, he purchased 
 three tenements in the parish of St. Peter in the East, 
 and some pieces of ground, and obtained, Jan. 18. 
 1340, a charter from Edward III. to constitute a col- 
 legiate Hall, under the name of AULA SCHOLARIUM 
 REGINJE I>E OXON. a title which seems to imply 
 that the Queen was instrumental in promoting the 
 work, or willing to take it under her protection. To 
 this Hall (which Wood thinks was formerly called 
 Temple Hall, and is now part of New College stables) 
 he appointed a Provost and twelve Fellows, or Scho- 
 lars, who were to be natives of Cumberland and West- 
 moreland. Few of his first Scholars, however, were 
 of those counties, but chosen from the Halls and Col- 
 leges already established. It is thought that he limited 
 the number to twelve, in allusion to Christ and his 
 twelve Apostles ; and that, in allusion to the seventy 
 Disciples, he intended to add seventy poor Scholars, 
 who were to be regularly educated, and chosen Fellow* 
 
QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 91 
 
 in all cases of vacancy. The Society was to be called 
 to meals by the sound of a trumpet; and the Fel- 
 lows, being placed on the one side of the table in robes 
 of scarlet, (those of the Doctors faced with black fur,) 
 were to oppose in philosophy the poor Scholars, who, 
 in token of submission and humility, knelt on the 
 other side. These regulations do not appear to have 
 been adopted in his lifetime, but prevailed afterwards 
 for many years, and one vestige of them is yet re- 
 maining. The Society is still called together by the 
 sound of a trumpet; and during part of the last cen- 
 tury the Fellows and Taberdars used sometimes to 
 dispute on Sundays and holidays. 
 
 According to the statutes which the Founder gave 
 them, Feb. 10, 1340, the Provost is to be elected from 
 the number of Fellows, and to be in holy orders. The 
 Fellows are to be of Cumberland and Westmoreland, 
 in the first place, and afterwards of those counties in 
 which the College shall be possessed of lands, manors, 
 or advowsons. A preference was also to be given to 
 those of his own family; but few of these have ap- 
 peared. The only instances are, in the list of Pro- 
 vosts, a Thomas Eglesfeld, in 1432: in 1632 a claim 
 of relationship was advanced by a Gawin Eglesfeld, 
 and, although not clearly proved, out of respect to the 
 Archbishop of York, the Visitor, who took his part, 
 the College gave him the living of Weston in Ox- 
 fordshire: in the List of Graduates is George Egles- 
 feld, M. A. 1674: and previously in 1625 a James 
 Eglesfeld was admitted of this College, who was a 
 native of Somersetshire, and afterwards Vicar of 
 Chewton in that county. 
 
9f QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 The Founder continued to extend the bounds of 
 this College as long as he lived, by additional pur- 
 chases, the tenements on which, as well as on the 
 whole premises, were afterwards removed, and the first 
 College built on the site. Edward III. at his request, 
 and particularly by the solicitation of Queen Philippa, 
 who became the patroness of the College after Egles- 
 feld's death, and Edward IV. gave certain advowsons 
 for the better maintenance of the Society, the hono- 
 rary patronage of which was vested in the Queens 
 consort of England. 
 
 Before closing the little that we have been able to re- 
 cover respecting this Founder, it may be necessary to 
 advert to his name, Eglesfeld. The arms he gave the 
 College are three spread eagles, which were probably 
 the arms of his family. A singular custom, however, 
 has been traced to a fanciful derivation of his name. 
 It was thought to be composed of aiguille, needle, and 
 jil, thread ; and it became a commemorative mark of 
 respect, continued to this day, for each member of 
 the College to receive from the Bursar, on New 
 Year's day, a needle and thread, with the advice, 
 " Take this, and be thrifty." These conceits were 
 not unusual at the time this College was founded, 
 and are sometimes perhaps thought trifling, merely 
 because we cannot trace their original use and sig- 
 nification. Hollingshed informs us, that when the 
 Prince of Wales, afterwards Henry V. who was edu- 
 cated at this College, went to Court, in order to clear 
 himself from certain charges of disaffection, he wore 
 a gown of blue satin full of oilet holes, and at every 
 hole a needle hanging by a silk thread. This is sup- 
 
QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 9S> 
 
 posed to have proved at least that he was an academi- 
 cian of Queen's, and it may be conjectured that this 
 was the original academical dress. 
 
 The establishment of this House was soon followed 
 by a long series of benefactors, who contributed to 
 the increase of its revenues and members, by bestow- 
 ing money, lands, or church-livings, in various parts 
 of the kingdom. In the fourteenth century, these be- 
 nefactors were Robert Achard, John Handlo, and 
 John Stanford, Knight, Dr. John de Hotham, Pro- 
 vost, and the Lady Isabel, wife of Sir Robert Par- 
 vyng, Knight. In the fifteenth century, Thomas 
 Beaufort, Duke of Exeter, William Chardeyne of 
 Westminster, Robert Wrangwis, John Wharton, and 
 Richard Chamberlayne. In the sixteenth century, 
 Rowland Richardson, Edward Hilton, Edward Rigge, 
 Provost, Christopher Bainbridge, Cardinal and Arch- 
 bishop of York, John Kirkby, William Fettiplace, 
 Nicholas Mylys, D. D. and Archbishop Grindal. In 
 1626, Charles I. gave three Rectories, and as many 
 Vicarages, in the county of Southampton, at the in- 
 tercession of his Queen, solicited thereto by the Lord 
 Keeper Coventry, Lord Hay, the Earl of Carlisle, 
 and George Goring, her Majesty's Vice Chamber- 
 lains. Some valuable Exhibitions have been more 
 recently founded by Lady Mary Hungerford, Sir 
 Francis Bridgman, Mr. Tylney, Lady Elizabeth Hast- 
 ings, and Dr. Holmes. Lady Hastings' Scholars, five 
 in number, , are to be taken from eight schools in 
 Yorkshire, two in Westmoreland, and two in Cum- 
 berland ; and for their maintenance she gave the 
 manor of Wheldale, or Queldale, in Yorkshire*. 
 
 * See Barnard's interesting Life of this extraordinary lady, p. 97. 
 
94 QUEEN'S COLLEGE* 
 
 The last important benefaction, which has been 
 called the New Foundation in Queen's College, was 
 bestowed by John Michel, Esq. of Richmond in 
 Surry, who was of this College from 1676 to 1680, 
 and died Sept. 5, 1739. He bequeathed the manor of 
 Plumsted in Kent, with his marsh land in that parish, 
 the manor of Horton Kirby, and all his lands in Sand- 
 wich and Worde in Kent, arid his lands and tenements 
 in Old Windsor, of the estimated value of 5001. or, 
 according to some, 7001. a year, to Queen's College 
 for ever, for eight Master Fellows, four Bachelor Scho- 
 lars, and four Undergraduate Scholars, or Exhibition- 
 ers ; also for the purchase of advowsons and presen- 
 tations to livings, above the yearly value of 1201. to 
 be annexed for ever to his Fellowships; and for a 
 building to be erected for the reception of the said 
 Masters and Bachelors, who were to be elected by the 
 Provost and Fellows from any other Colleges or Halls 
 within the University, and have the use of the cha- 
 pel and hall, and other advantages of the College, 
 in common with other members of the same rank. A 
 benefaction of this importance requiring much con- 
 sideration, many delays took place, but the whole was 
 finally settled by an Act of Parliament in 1751 ; and, 
 among other regulations, three gentlemen, Dr. Ship- 
 per, Dr. Mather, and Dr. Coxed, were appointed Vi- 
 sitors of this new Society. Mr. Michel was the son 
 of John Michel, Esq. of Balliol College, who, during 
 the siege of Oxford in 1644, procured from the King 
 a commission for the Scholars to arm in defence of 
 the University ; and he was heir to his uncle Hum- 
 phrey, who built an hospital at Richmond for ten old 
 men. Mr. Michel had also been a member in two 
 
QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 95 
 
 Parliaments for Sandwich in Kent. He was buried 
 at Old Windsor with his ancestors, who had been for 
 many years settled there, where they had a good 
 estate. Humphrey Michel, Esq. was surveyor of 
 Windsor Castle to Queen Elizabeth, and died in 
 1598". 
 
 This foundation of Mr. Michel is one of the many 
 obligations which Queen's College owes to the zeal of 
 Provost Smith. Dr. Joseph Smith, a native of Low- 
 ther, was early patronized by his godfather, Sir 
 Joseph Williamson, and admitted by his means on 
 the foundation of this College, where he had Dr. 
 Lancaster, afterwards Provost, for his tutor, and 
 Bishops Tanner and Gibson for his associates. After 
 taking orders, Provost Halton appointed him Divi- 
 nity Lecturer in the College. On the death of Dr. 
 Halton, he was proposed for the Provostship, but 
 preferred employing his interest in favour of Dr. 
 Lancaster, who was elected. The first considerable 
 service Dr. Smith performed towards his College 
 was to persuade Sir Joseph Williamson to alter 
 his will in its favour b , which before had been drawn 
 Up in favour of endowing a College in Dublin, He 
 was also instrumental in procuring Queen Caro- 
 line's donation of 10001., Lady Elizabeth Hastings' 
 Exhibitions, and those of Sir Francis Bridgman, 
 which, without his perseverance, would have been 
 entirely lost; and, besides what he bequeathed him- 
 self, he procured a charter of mortmain in May 
 1732 to secure these several benefactipns to the Col- 
 
 * Aubrey's Surry, vol. v. p. 341, 
 
 b He bequeathed 60001. towards the buildings, besides what be gave 
 in his lifetime. 
 
S<5 QUEfeN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 lege. He died in his eighty-sixth year, Nov. 23, 
 1756. 
 
 In consequence of the various legacies and gifts 
 bestowed on this College, it can now enumerate 
 among its livings the RECTORIES of Brough in 
 Westmoreland ; Blechington, Charleton upon Ot- 
 moor, Hampton Poyle, and South Weston, in Ox- 
 fordshire; Bramshot, Enham b , Headley c , Newnham, 
 Niton c , Church Oakley, and Weyhill% in South- 
 ampton ; Holwell in Somersetshire ; Sulhampstead 
 Abbots and Sulhampstead Banister d in Berkshire: 
 the VICARAGES of Aldermaston and Sparsholt in 
 Berkshire 6 ; Bramley, Carisbrooke with the Chapels 
 of Newport and Northwood, Milford c with the Cha- 
 pels of Milton and Hordle, Godshili c with the 
 Chapel of Whitwell, Monks Sherborne, and Holy 
 Rood, in Southampton ; Chedworth in Gloucester- 
 shire; and Newbold-Pacy f in Warwickshire: and 
 and the CURACY of Upton Grey, in Southampton. 
 The livings belonging to Mr. Michel's foundation are, 
 English Bicknor in Gloucestershire, Upton Scudamore 
 in Wiltshire, St. Wendron with the Chapel of Hel- 
 atone in Cornwall, and the second portion of Pons- 
 bury in Shropshire. 
 
 In the 26 Henry VIII. the revenues of this College 
 were valued at 3021.; in 1592 at 2601.; and in l6l 
 the number of the Society was 267. The present 
 
 b Given by Sir John Handlo, temp. Edw. III. 
 c These six were given by Charles I. 
 
 * Sulhampstead Banister was given by Edward IV. Sulhampstead 
 Abbots was purchased by the College of Lord Norreys in 1C 10. 
 
 Sparsholt was given by Sir R. Achard, in 1345. 
 f Given by Lady Isabel Parvyng, 1344. 
 


QUEEN'S COLLEGE, 97| 
 
 members are, a Provost, sixteen Fellows, two Chap- 
 lains, eight Taberdars, (so called from Taberdum, a 
 short gown which they formerly wore,) sixteen Scho- 
 lars, two Clerks, and forty Exhibitioners, besides those v 
 on Mr. Michel's foundation, and other students. The 
 Archbishop of York is the Visitor. 
 
 The whole of this spacious College is indebted to 
 inodern taste and liberality. The ancient BUILDINGS 
 iv ere, as usual, connected in a quadrangular form, but 
 without harmony of design, and the civil part without 
 inuch architectural ornament. Few dates have been 
 preserved, except those of the Hall and Chapel, which 
 were built about the. same time, at the close of the 
 fourteenth century, but not, as Wood says, soon after 
 the foundation of the College. 
 
 The present buildings consist of two spacious 
 courts, divided by the Hall and Chapel, and compose 
 an oblong of three hundred feet in length, and two 
 hundred and twenty in breadth. The foundation-stone 
 of the first or south quadrangle, the front of which 
 contributes so largely to the grandeur of the High r 
 street, was laid Feb. 6, 1710, Queen Anne's birth-day ? 
 by Dr. William Lancaster, Provost. It is one hun- 
 dred and forty feet long by one hundred and thirty in 
 breath, having a lofty cloister supported by square 
 pillars on the west, south, and east sides. In the west 
 gide is a gallery communicating to the Hall, the Com- 
 jnon Room, chambers for the Fellows, and the Pro- 
 vost's lodgings. The east contains chambers for the 
 Society, and on the north are the Chapel and Hall. 
 The south side has no chambers except at each end, 
 but is divided by a magnificent gate, over which to* 
 
 H 
 
^8 QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 wards the street is a statue of Queen Caroline, under 
 a cupola supported by pillars. This quadrangle bears, 
 a resemblance to the Luxembourg palace in Paris, 
 and was executed by Hawksmoor, from a design, 
 either of his great master Sir Christopher Wren, or 
 of Dr. Lancaster, but was not finished until the year 
 1759. However strong our prejudices may be in 
 favour of the Gothic style in collegiate and ecclesias- 
 tical structures, it must be confessed that the whole of 
 this edifice exhibits a strength, grandeur, and correct 
 adjustment of parts, which, varied by the delicate 
 magnificence of the Corinthian ornaments, are highly- 
 creditable to modern taste. 
 
 Most liberal as the sums bestowed by individual^ 
 were for the erection of this quadrangle, some of the 
 principal bequests were retarded by process of law, 
 and in the mean time the price of materials and 
 workmanship increased. In 1733 Queen Caroline 
 gave 10001. to carry on the design, and the east side 
 was built chiefly at the expence of John Michel, Esq. 
 already mentioned. On Dec. 18, 1778, the interior of 
 the west side was totally destroyed in a few hours, by 
 an accidental fire which broke out in an attic chamber 
 on the staircase, No. 2, adjoining to the Provost's lodg- 
 ings. The expence of rebuilding, which amounted to 
 64241. 5s. 4d. was defrayed by various benefactions. 
 The Queen, patroness of the College, gave 10001. and 
 the Archbishop of York, Visitor, 1001. The Duke of 
 Montagu and Lord Godolphin gave each 5001. Seve- 
 ral of the other Colleges contributed to the amount of 
 10001. And the remainder was made up by the kind- 
 ness of many Gentlemen who had previously been of 
 the House, and by the contributions of the then exist- 
 
QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 99 
 
 ing members of the Society; a proof, if any were 
 wanting, of the perpetuity of that munificent spirit 
 which was so strikingly exemplified by the founder* 
 of the English Universities. 
 
 The second, or north court, which is one hundred 
 and thirty feet by ninety, is occupied on the north, 
 east, and south sides by chambers for the Society, 
 and on the west by the Library. 
 
 The first HALL, which stood on the west of the old 
 quadrangle, was built of stone taken from Heaclington. 
 quarry, and completed in 1399- It was profusely or 
 namented with coats of arms belonging to the various 
 benefactors, and other eminent characters. The pre- 
 sent Hall, on the north side of the principal quadran- 
 gle, was built in the beginning of the last century : 
 its dimensions are sixty feet by thirty, with a finely, 
 arched roof, and it is decorated with many portraits, 
 both on glass and canvas. Among the former, which 
 fill the arches of the windows, the most conspicuous 
 are those of King Edward III. and Queen Philippa, 
 Edward IV. and Henry V. Sir Joseph Williamson, 
 Provost Lancaster, the Founder, and Charles I. an4 
 II. with their Queens. Of the full-length portraits, 
 those of the Founder at the upper end of the Hall, 
 of Queen Philippa, Queen Anne, and Queen Caroline, 
 were given by Mr. Michel. There are also portraits 
 of her present Majesty, pf .Provosts Lancaster and 
 Smith, Sir Joseph Williamson, Lady Elizabeth Hast- 
 ings, Addison, and Tickell, &c. In the gallery at the 
 west end of the Hall is a collection of ancient and 
 modern portraits, in which we find those of Margaret, 
 Queen of Scotland, Queen Elizabeth, Mary, Queen of 
 Scotland, and Queen Anne, given by George Clark, 
 
 H 2 
 
100 QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 I). C. L. some time Fellow of All Souls, and one of 
 the Representatives of the University. 
 
 The LIBRARY, on the west side of the north court, 
 was begun in 1692, and the outside finished in 16Q4. 
 Provost Halton bore a great part of the expence, be- 
 sides giving his collection of books. The library also 
 of Bishop Barlow, which first suggested the necessity 
 for the present ample room, those of Sir John Floyer, 
 the curious manuscripts, chiefly heraldic and political, 
 of Sir Joseph Williamson, and the valuable series of 
 coins and nurnismatical books belonging to Mr. Mi- 
 chel, form part of the present extensive collection. 
 The fine orrery was the gift of six Gentlemen Com- 
 moners, in the year 1763, viz. Edwyn Francis Stan- 
 hope, William Guyse, Edmund Thomas, George Mow- 
 bray, Oldfield Bowles, and Richard Simmonds, Esqrs. 
 The cast in plaster of Paris of the Florentine Boar 
 was presented by Sir Roger Newdigate. 
 
 This noble and extensive room is enriched with the 
 busts of some of the benefactors, and with the por- 
 traits of Dr. Crackenthorp, Bishops Gibson and Bar- 
 low, and Provost Halton, and with two ancient por- 
 traits on glass of Henry V. and Cardinal Beaufort, 
 formerly in what was called Henry V/s chamber, and 
 removed when the old College was pulled down, but 
 afterwards recovered and restored to the Society by 
 Alderman Fletcher. This room is one of the largest 
 in the University, being one hundred and twenty- 
 three feet in length, and proportionable in breadth. 
 The bookcases are ornamented with delicate carved 
 work, and the ceiling is stuccoed in compartment* 
 with great taste by the late Mr. Roberts. 
 
 The first CHAPEL was begun in the lifetime of the 
 
QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 101 
 
 Founder, but the progress of its erection, for whatever 
 reason, was very slow. The Founder died in 1349: 
 Provost Muschamp, the second who held that office, 
 and who died in 1355, built a great part; and Rowe 
 Mores, the late antiquary, discovered by the registers, 
 that the whole was not finished until 1382; but even 
 then another unaccountable delay occurred, for Wood 
 informs us that it was not consecrated until 1421. 
 From this time we are only enabled to trace, that 
 in 1518 an outer Chapel was built by Dr. Robert 
 Langton. In 1631 the inner Chapel was wainscotted, 
 and in 1633 the upper end was paved with black and 
 white marble; in 1636, the windows were supplied 
 with painted glass by Van Linge ; and in this state it 
 stood the terrors of the reign of anarchy, which at 
 least spared the windows. 
 
 The foundation of the new Chapel was laid Feb. 6, 
 17 13-14, Queen Anne's birthday, and was dedicated 
 on All Saints Day, 1719, by Sir William Dawes, 
 Archbishop of York, and Visitor. This Chapel, of the 
 Corinthian order, is one hundred feet long by thirty. 
 Besides the painted windows by Van Linge, which 
 were repaired by Price in 1715, and four older windows 
 brought from the former Chapel, it has received a 
 farther decoration of the Ascension on the ceiling by 
 Sir James Thornhill, and in the middle window of the 
 chancel, the Holy Family by Price. Under this is a 
 copy, by Mr. Cranke, of Corregio's celebrated Night, 
 or rather Dawn, in the Dresden gallery, a present to 
 the Society by the late Mr. Robson of Bond-street. 
 The colours of some of the old windows, which are 
 said to have stood nearly three centuries, are remark- 
 ably vivid, but the objects are growing indistinct. 
 
 o 
 II J 
 
102 QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 Underneath this Chapel is a vault for interment, iff 
 which, among many others, the remains of Dr. Smith 
 and Dr. Halton are deposited. The monumental in- 
 scription of the former is placed in the grand passage 
 between the Chapel and Hall. 
 
 The present PROVOST is the thirty-fifth on the list. 
 Many of them, besides filling this office with credit 
 and advantage to the College, devoted a considerable 
 part of their fortunes to extend and perpetuate its 
 usefulness. The most eminent in their day were Dr. 
 Thomas Langton, Bishop of Salisbury in 1485, and of 
 Winchester in 1493, a great encourager of learning : 
 Bainbridge, Archbishop of York, and Cardinal: 
 Henry Robinson, Bishop of Carlisle : Dr. Henry 
 Airay, noted for learning and piety, originally of 
 Edmund Hall, and before that a pupil of the ce- 
 lebrated Bernard Gilpin, who refused the Provostship 
 of this College about the year 1559: Dr. Barnabas 
 Potter, Bishop of Carlisle, who, in the opinion of the 
 republican party, had no fault but that of being a 
 Bishop. He was succeeded by a relation, the learned 
 and pious Dr. Christopher Potter, Dean of Durham : 
 Dr. Gerard Langbaine, whom the historian of the 
 nonconformists acknowledges as a man of great learn- 
 ing, integrity, and public spirit: Dr. Thomas Bar- 
 low, Bishop of Lincoln, librarian to the Bodleian, and 
 one of the greatest scholars of his age. Having been 
 also one of the ablest opponents of Popery, he was 
 thought inconsistent in reading King James's Declara- 
 tion : the truth was, he read it himself as a step to- 
 wards toleration, to which he strongly inclined, but 
 considered it as a matter of so much delicacy and 
 doubt, that he did not enforce it on his Clergy. 
 
QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 109 
 
 In the catalogue of BISHOPS educated at this Col- 
 lege, we find, as the first, the celebrated Cardinal Beau- 
 ,fort, son of John of Gaunt, and brother to Henry IV. 
 whose character has been more frequently appreciated 
 from Shakspeare's account of his last moments, than 
 from an impartial inquiry into his conduct as a states- 
 man and prelate, or his munificence as a contributor 
 to pious and charitable purposes. The favour ia 
 which he always stood with the Commons in Parlia- 
 ment is no inconsiderable proof, that in his political 
 transactions he aimed at the public good. Bainbridge, 
 Langton, Robinson, Potter, and Barlow, have been 
 already mentioned; to whom may be added, Dr, Guy 
 Carleton, Bishop of Bristol, and afterwards of Chi- 
 chester, a severe sufferer during the Usurpation : 
 Dr. Compton, Bishop of London, & man of great 
 integrity, firmness, and spirit, and, during the tumul- 
 tuous period which led to the Revolution, a vigorous 
 supporter of the Church ; he was also distinguished 
 for his liberality to the Clergy, and ranks among the 
 benefactors of his time. He entered as a Nobleman 
 of this College in 1649, being the youngest son of 
 the Earl of Northampton, and died in 1713. To thu 
 House also belong, Dr. William Nicholson, author of 
 the " Historical Library," which involved him in 
 many controversies; his character will be found illus- 
 trated by his confidential correspondence lately pub- 
 lished by Mr. Nichols : Dr. Gibson, Bishop of Lon- 
 don, well known as an able antiquary, and vigilant 
 guardian of the Church, and the founder of the 
 Preacherships at Whitehall : Dr. Tanner, Bishop of 
 St. Asaph, the value of whose " Notitia" and " Bi- 
 " bliotheca" will ever be readily acknowledged bjr 
 
 H 4 
 
104 QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 antiquaries and biographers. His numerous and va- 
 luable manuscript collections are among the treasures 
 of the Bodleian library. 
 
 In noticing the eminent scholars of other rank* 
 who have done honour to this College, every conside- 
 ration requires that we begin with Henry V. who, 
 according to our early historians, was educated here 5 
 and they add, that his chamber was over the great 
 gate of the old College, opposite to Edmund Hall 
 gate. It is certain, that in this chamber was his por- 
 trait in glass, (now in the Library,) with the following 
 inscription : 
 
 IN PERPETUAM REI MEMORIAM, 
 
 IMPERATOR BRITANNIA, 
 
 TRIUMPHATOR GALLIC 
 
 HOSTIUM VICTOR, ET SUI, 
 
 HENRICUS QUINTUS HUJUS COLLEGII% 
 
 ET CUBICULI (MINUTI SCILICET) 
 
 OLIM MAGNUS INCOLA. 
 
 In the Hall, under the arms of Cardinal Beaufort, is 
 another inscription, intimating that he studied here 
 under that Prelate, who was his uncle ; but Mr. Mil- 
 ner, the historian of Winchester, following the au- 
 thority of Stowe, contends for his having been edu- 
 cated at New College under the Cardinal, who was at 
 that time Chancellor of the University. 
 
 * This and the following line are thus given in Wood's History of 
 the Colleges and Halls by Gutch, 
 
 " HENRICUS V 
 
 " PARvi HUJUS CUBICULI" 
 
 The inscription in the text is what now stands. Fuller informs us, that 
 in his time Dr. Barlow inhabited the King's chamber, when the window 
 'was entire. 
 
QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 1O3 
 
 Among the scholars of less rank, were the cele- 
 brated Bernard Gilpin, whose history has been so 
 ably given 8 by his descendant the Rev. William Gil- 
 pin, one of the most elegant writers on the pictu- 
 resque, and also a member of this Society : The un- 
 fortunate Sir Thomas Overbury : Wingate, an emi- 
 nent lawyer and arithmetician : Burton, the learned 
 commentator on Antoninus : Dr. Holyoake, lexico- 
 grapher: Sir John Davies, lawyer and poet: Sir 
 John Banks, lawyer, and Sir Edward Tumour, Chief 
 Baron : Dr. Samuel Annesley, one of the most emi- 
 nent of the nonconformists : Dr. Lancelot Addison, 
 Dean of Lichfield : Dr. Thomas Hyde, an eminent 
 orientalist, some time Arabic Professor, and after- 
 wards Regius Professor of Hebrew : Wycherley, the 
 poet : Dr. John Mill, the very learned editor of the 
 Greek Testament: Dr. Anthony Horneck, a fo- 
 reigner, incorporated here, and afterwards promoted 
 in the Church: Sir John Floyer, physician: Dr. 
 Edmund Halley, a very eminent philosopher, and Sa- 
 vilian Professor: The illustrious Addison, and his 
 friend Tickell, the poet: Dr. Hugh Todd, antiquary: 
 Dr. Thomas Smith, biographer : Dr. John Hud- 
 son, the editor and very acute critic on Thucydides, 
 Dionysius, Longinus, &c. Mr. Christopher Rawlin- 
 son and Mr. Edward Thwaites, Saxon scholars and 
 antiquaries 1 ": The Rev. Jeremiah Seed: Dr. Shaw, 
 
 * Bishop Carleton's Life of Gilpin has lately been reprinted and judi- 
 ciously illustrated by notes in Dr. Wordsworth's valuable Ecclesiastical 
 Biography. 
 
 b At this time (1693) Queen's College was a nest of Saxonists. 
 Thwaites in one of his letters says, " We want Saxon Lexicons. I have 
 " fifteen young students in that language, and but one Somner for 
 " them all." Nichols's Bowyer, vol. iv. p. 141. 
 
106 QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 the traveller : Collins, the poet : Dr. John Dalton, 
 the reviver of Milton's Comus : Edward Rowe 
 Mores, a distinguished antiquary, and collector of an- 
 tiquities : Thomas Tyrwhitt, the very able and judi- 
 cious editor of Chaucer, afterwards Fellow of Merton : 
 Dr. Richard Burn, author of one of the most popu- 
 lar books in the English language, on the duties and 
 office of a Justice of Peace : a work which enriched 
 the bookseller, Andrew Miller, who ventured a trifle 
 for the copyright, when rejected by all his brethren. 
 
 

 NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 ALTHOUGH some of the Colleges already noticed 
 were built in the reign of Edward III. they do not 
 appear, if we may judge from the most ancient draw- 
 ings, to have partaken much of that noble species 
 of architecture which was brought to perfection in 
 that reign. We are now, however, approaching the 
 sera of the pure Gothic, which was introduced at Ox- 
 ford by the skill and liberality of one man, whose 
 share in the annals of England would have been un- 
 
 O 
 
 usually great, had our historians devoted their atten- 
 tion to the arts of peace. When indeed we contem- 
 plate the architectural triumphs of Edward's reign, as 
 they yet appear at Windsor, St. Stephen's Chapel, 
 Winchester, and New College, (were there no other 
 remains visible,) we know not how to term the four- 
 teenth century a " dark age," or how to reconcile 
 that consummate taste in art and decoration, which) 
 notwithstanding our improvements and skill, we now 
 find to be inimitable, with those anomalies in the 
 moral, religious, and political systems, which disgrace 
 the history of the same splendid period. A splendid 
 period it surely was, which could boast of the valour 
 of the Black Prince, the poetry of Chaucer and 
 Gower, the patronage of Edward III. and the archi- 
 tecture of Rede, Rodburne, and Wykeham. 
 
 The Founder of New College must be allowed the 
 preeminence among the most illustrious names of 
 English antiquity, whether we regard the munificent 
 
108 NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 spirit which prompted, or the original talents which 
 executed, his majestic designs : and those who feel 
 that veneration and gratitude are duties, will readily 
 acknowledge how much we owe to the learned bio- 
 grapher by whose researches the character of Wyke- 
 ham has been so ably illustrated. IN or will the fol- 
 lowing sketch be without its uses, if it excite a higher 
 degree of curiosity, and prompt the reader to consult 
 more ample sources of information respecting a bene- 
 factor, in whose history nothing can be deemed unin- 
 teresting. 
 
 William Wykeham, or of Wykeham, was born at 
 Wykeham in Hampshire, in the year 1324. Whether 
 Wykeham was his family name seems doubtful. He 
 mentions his father and mother only by their Chris- 
 tian names, John and Sybill, or Sybilla. Some of his 
 biographers are inclined to think that his father's 
 name was Long, and others Perrot, but there is no 
 direct evidence for either; and we know by many 
 other instances that nothing was more uncertain at 
 the period of his birth than the state of family names. 
 
 His parents were of good reputation and character, 
 but in mean circumstances when he was born ; yet 
 from the number of his contemporary relations, whose 
 names and situations are upon record, it is probable 
 that the family was not of mean extraction. Of their 
 poverty there is less reason to doubt the report, as 
 they could riot afford to give their son a liberal educa- 
 tion. He soon, however, found a patron, supposed to 
 be Nicholas Uvedale, Lord of the manor of Wyke- 
 ham, and Governor of Winchester castle*; who must 
 
 See a disquisition on this subject, Gent. Mag. LXIV. 1172. 
 
COLLEGE. 109 
 
 have discovered some talents worth improving, since 
 he maintained him at Winchester school, where he 
 was instructed in grammatical learning, and where he 
 gave early proofs of piety and diligence, employing 
 his leisure hours in acquiring a knowledge of arith- 
 metic, mathematics, logic, divinity, and the canon 
 and civil law. He was afterwards employed by his 
 patron in quality of secretary, and either by him, or 
 by Edyngdon, Bishop of Winchester, or by both, was 
 recommended to the notice of Edward III. 
 
 This circumstance, however honourable to his ta- 
 lents, appears to have limited the progress of what 
 was then deemed education, and disposed him to a 
 life of business rather than of study, but can never be 
 advanced to justify the opinion, that he was deficient 
 in useful learning. He certainly did not study at 
 Oxford, and escaped the contests prevailing between 
 the disciples of Occham and of Duns Scotus, which 
 teem to have formed the only learning then in vogue: 
 but that one who dignified every office, civil and eccle- 
 siastical, with the wisdom, talents, and popularity of 
 Wykeham, should have been illiterate, is an absurdity 
 too gross to require refutation, and would have passed 
 unnoticed, had it not been, as far as his architectural 
 abilities are concerned, in some measure countenanced 
 by the Wartons*. 
 
 He was about twenty-two or twenty-three years of 
 age when first introduced at Court, but in what em- 
 ployment has not been ascertained, although it was 
 probably of the same nature with those which he 
 
 Warton's Hist, of Poetry, vol. i. p. 300. adopted by Dr. Joseph 
 "Warton in Pope's Works, vol. i. p. 14J). 
 
J10 NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 afterwards so ably filled. There is every reason t 
 think that his skill in drawing recommended him to a 
 Sovereign who was bent on adding to his country the 
 ornament and utility of magnificent and durable struc- 
 tures. The first office he held, or the first of which 
 we read, had evidently a reference to this object. In 
 May, 1356, he was appointed Clerk of all the King's 
 works at the castle and in the park of Windsor. It 
 was by his advice that the King Was induced to pull 
 down great part of this castle, and by his skill it was 
 rebuilt nearly in the manner in which we find it. His 
 other great work was Queenborough castle": and al- 
 though in these military structures he had little scope 
 for the genius displayed afterwards at Oxford and 
 Winchester, they would have been sufficient to prove 
 that he had already reached that degree of architectu- 
 ral skill, which modern art can but poorly imitate. 
 
 With a sovereign of Edward III/s magnificent 
 taste, it was but natural that Wykeham should now 
 become a favourite ; and accordingly we find that his 
 Majesty wished to distinguish him by many marks of 
 royal favour. In order to facilitate this, it was neces- 
 sary he should take orders, as ecclesiastical promotion 
 was more particularly within his Majesty's power, 
 where the Pope did not think proper to interfere: 
 but this part of Wykeham's history is not so clearly 
 detailed as could be wished. There is, on the contrary, 
 some reason to think that he was in the Church be- 
 fore he had given proof of his talents at Windsor and 
 Queenborough. In all the patents for the offices he 
 
 Of this castle there are now no remains, except the moat, and a 
 well in tke middle of the site. 
 
NEW COLLEGE. Ill 
 
 held, he is styled Clericus ; but, as his biographer sup- 
 poses, he had as yet only the, clerical tonsure, or some 
 of the lower orders, while the historian of Winchester 
 thinks he was ordained Priest by Bishop Edyngdon. 
 The first preferment bestowed on him was the Rec- 
 tory of Pulham in Norfolk, in 1357 a 5 and as the 
 Court of Rome threw some obstacles in the way 
 which kept him for a time out of that living, the 
 King, in 1359, granted him two hundred pounds a 
 year over and above all his former appointments, 
 until he should get quiet possession of Pulham, or 
 some other benefice to the value of one hundred 
 marks. But the disproportion between the worth of 
 the living, and the compensation for delay, is so very 
 thking, as to incline us to think, either that Dr. 
 Lowth has by mistake inserted 20Ol. for 20l. b or that 
 the King took this opportunity to shew a special 
 mark of his favour, for which, the loss of the living 
 hould be the ostensible motive. In the mean time 
 he was presented to the Prebend of Flixton in the 
 church of Lichfield, which he afterwards exchanged 
 for some other benefice; and in 1359 he was consti- 
 tuted Chief Warden and Surveyor of the King's 
 castles of Windsor, Leeds, Dover, and Hadlam, and 
 of the manors of old and new Windsor, Wichemer, 
 and several other castles, manors, and houses, and of 
 the parks belonging to them. In 1360, the 
 
 By the notes of Dr. Matthew Button, in the Harleian Collection, 
 it appears, that in the same year the King presented him with the liv- 
 ing of Irstede'in the diocese of Norfolk. See Gent. Mag. LV. p. 189- 
 
 * Dr, Button's notes say 201. a year, which very probably was the 
 case. A list of many other livings held at various times by our Prelate 
 is firwi under the abore reference in the Gent. Mag. See also p. 426. 
 
lift NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 granted him the Deanery of the Royal Free Chapel, 
 or Collegiate Church of St. Martin le Grand, Lon- 
 don, which he held about three years ; during which 
 he rebuilt, at his own expence, the cloister of the 
 chapter-house, and the body of the church. This is 
 the first instance on record in which he is noticed as 
 a public benefactor. In 1361 he was quietly settled 
 in the Rectory of Pulham, and in less than two years 
 received many other ecclesiastical preferments, sped* 
 fled by Dr. Lowth. The annual value of his living* 
 for some years before he became Bishop of Winches- 
 ter amounted to 8421. but " he only received the reve- 
 " nues of the Church with one hand, to expend them 
 " in her service with the other"." 
 
 His civil promotions were not less rapid and ho* 
 nourable. He was made Keeper of the Privy Seal in 
 1364, and soon after Secretary to the King, and 
 Chief of the Privy Council, and Governor of the 
 Great Council. These last terms his biographer sup- 
 poses were not titles of office, but were used to ex- 
 press the influence he now possessed in the manage- 
 ment of affairs of State, and which was so great, that,, 
 according to Froissart, " every thing was done by 
 " him, and nothing was done without him." 
 
 On the death of his old friend and patron William 
 de Edyngdon, Bishop of Winchester, in 1366, Wyke- 
 ham was immediately and unanimously elected by the 
 Prior and Convent to succeed him. Some delay hav- 
 ing taken place before he could be admitted into pos- 
 session, it has been supposed that he was objected to 
 by the King on account of his want of learning. But 
 
 + Milner'a Hist, of WincUeiter, edit. 1809. vol. k p. 293. 
 
NEW COLLEGE. 11$ 
 
 this is utterly destitute of foundation, as it was by the 
 King's express desire that he was chosen ; and, what is 
 yet more in point, the Pope's bull, contrary to the 
 official language used at that time, in which there 
 was frequently no mention of learning, declares, that 
 Wykeham was recommended to his Holiness, " by 
 f ' the testimony of many persons worthy of credit, 
 " for his knowledge of letters, his probity of life 
 *' and manners, and his prudence and circumspection 
 " in affairs both spiritual and temporal.'* The real 
 cause of the delay is stated at great length by Dr. 
 Lowth, and depended on circumstances belonging tq 
 the history of that age, connected with the general 
 state of ecclesiastical patronage. 
 
 His advancement to the Bishopric was followed by 
 his being appointed Chancellor of England. In his 
 speeches to Parliament, it has been observed, that he 
 innovated on the practice of his clerical predecessors,, 
 whose oratory savoured more of the pulpit than the 
 bench, by introducing a style and manner wholly po- 
 litical. In 1371, when the Parliament, become jealous 
 of churchmen, requested that secular men only should 
 be appointed to offices of state, Wykeham resigned 
 the Seal, but without any loss of favour on the part 
 of the King, the Commons, or the public at large. 
 The King was obliged to comply with the request to 
 dismiss churchmen from the high offices of state, but 
 soon found it necessary to have recourse to the only 
 persons of that age whose education and talents 
 seemed to fit them for such preferments. 
 
 Soon after his being settled in the Bishopric of 
 Winchester, he began to employ his architectural 
 skill in the repairs of the cathedral, the whole ex- 
 
 I 
 
114 NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 pence of which was defrayed by himself ^ but his more 
 enlarged designs for this edifice were not executed for 
 sorne years after this. The care he bestowed on other 
 parts of his Episcopal duty, in reforming abuses, and 
 establishing discipline, was highly exemplary; and, 
 in the case of his visitation of the Hospital of St. 
 Cross, involved him in a long and troublesome dis- 
 pute, which ended greatly to the benefit of that insti- 
 tution, and clearly to the honour of his firmness, judg- 
 ment, and integrity. His mind appears now to have 
 been deeply impressed by sentiments of enlarged libe- 
 rality, and wholly influenced by those motives which 
 determined him to become a benefactor to his country 
 upon a most munificent scale. 
 
 The foundation of a College, or of some institution 
 for the education of youth, had probably been re- 
 volved for a considerable time. About two years after 
 he entered on the Bishopric of Winchester, he began 
 to make purchases in the city of Oxford with that 
 view, and he connected with it the plan of a College at 
 Winchester, which should be a nursery for that of 
 Oxford. As early as the year 1373 he established a 
 school at Winchester, in which he placed certain poor 
 Scholars, who were to be instructed in grammatical 
 learning, by one Richard de Herton,with an assistant, 
 But the progress of this generous plan was for some 
 time impeded by the intrigues of a party, headed by 
 the Duke of Lancaster, in the last year of the reign 
 of Wykeham's friend and master, Edward III. An 
 accusation, branching into eight articles, was brought 
 against him - y but upon a fair trial seven were found 
 destitute of proof, and the eighth only was laid hold 
 of as a pretext for seizing into the King's hands the 
 
NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 temporalities of the Bishopric of Winchester, exclud- 
 ing the Bishop from Parliament, and removing him 
 from Court. A measure so violent, and justified upon 
 such slight grounds, was not to be overlooked even 
 in those days of popular acquiescence. At the ensu- 
 ing Convocation, the Bishop of London, William 
 Courtney, had the spirit to oppose any subsidy to the 
 King until satisfaction should be made for the injury 
 done to the whole body of the Clergy, in the person 
 of the Bishop of Winchester; and he was so firmly 
 supported by the Convocation, that the Archbishop 
 of Canterbury, though a warm partizan of the Duke of 
 Lancaster, was obliged to admit Wykeham into their 
 assembly, where he was received by every member 
 with all possible marks of respect. Nor was he less a 
 favourite with the people, who, when they rose in the 
 affair of Wickliffe, demanded that the Duke of Lan- 
 caster should allow the Bishop to be brought to a fait 
 trial. Wykeham was soon after restored to his tem- 
 poralities, but with the ungracious condition, that he 
 should fit out three ships of war for a certain time, or, 
 if they were not wanted, pay the amount of the proba- 
 ble expence to the King that King who had formerly 
 heaped so many marks of favour on him, but who, al- 
 though in some measure reconciled to him, was now 
 too much enslaved by a party to act with his wonted 
 liberality. 
 
 Edward III. died June 21, 1377 : and on the acces- 
 sion of Richard II. Wykeham was released from all 
 his difficulties, and, by a solemn declaration of the 
 Privy Council, most honourably acquitted of the ac- 
 cusations formerly preferred against him by the Lan- 
 caster party. This new reign, however, was a period 
 
ilfi NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 of turbulence, faction, and bloodshed ; and it required 
 all the wisdom and circumspection of his steady mind 
 to preserve the favour of the King, and the confi- 
 dence of the people. Yet in both he was in a con- 
 siderable degree successful. It was not long before 
 the Parliament appointed him one of the commission- 
 ers to inquire into the abuses of the former reign; and 
 in their other proceedings they appear to have looked 
 up to him as a statesman of inflexible integrity: nor 
 was he less consulted in all matters of difficulty by 
 the King and Council. But notwithstanding such en- 
 couragement, the part he had to act was extremely 
 arduous ; the new reign was distracted by contending 
 factions, and in the conflict of factions men of inde- 
 pendent minds can seldom be safe : but what rendered 
 the danger greater was, that the King, as he grew up, 
 listened more to flatterers and favourites, than to the 
 legitimate advisers of the Crown. 
 
 When Richard assumed the reins of government, 
 on coming of age, one of his first measures was to ap- 
 point Wykeham Lord Chancellor, and to dismiss the. 
 administration which had the care of public affairs 
 during his minority. The new ministers, however, 
 unwilling to be suspected of owing their appointment 
 to a fit of caprice, after a short time professed to re- 
 sign, that their conduct might be investigated in Par- 
 liament; and what they wished actually happened. 
 The Commons declared in favour of their conduct, 
 and they were all restored. In conjunction with them, 
 Wjrkteham had the satisfaction of being very instru- 
 mental in promoting public tranquillity, until his re- 
 signation of the Great Seal in 1391. After this he 
 seems to have kept at a distance from the manage- 
 
NEW COLLEGE. 117 
 
 ment of public affairs, and thus avoided the risk of 
 countenancing those ruinous proceedings which led 
 to the deposition of the King. During the succeeding 
 reign his age and infirmities afforded an excuse for 
 his no longer attending as a Peer of Parliament. 
 
 If we consider the importance of the undertaking 
 begun at Oxford, and connected with a similar plan 
 at Winchester, it will not appear surprising that he 
 should, during the greater part of the reign of Richard 
 II. have been disposed to bestow his whole attention 
 on objects so dear to his heart. What he projected 
 was certainly sufficient for the attention of any one 
 man, and enough to immortalize the greatest. The 
 design, Bishop Lowth has eloquently expressed, was 
 noble, uniform, and complete. " It was no less than 
 " to provide for the perpetual maintenance and in- 
 " struction of two hundred Scholars, to afford them 
 " a liberal support, and to lead them through a per- 
 " feet course of education, from the first elements of 
 " letters, through the whole circle of the sciences ; 
 " from the lowest class of grammatical learning, to 
 " the highest degrees in the several faculties." 
 
 A design so enlarged, so comprehensive, so munifi- 
 cent, had not yet been conceived by the most illustri- 
 ous of our English founders. In bringing it to per- 
 fection, we have not only to admire the generosity 
 which supplied the means, (for opulence may some- 
 times be liberal at a small expence,) but that grasp of 
 mind which at once planned and executed all that can 
 be conceived most difficult in such a vast undertak- 
 ing, and which enabled him to shine with equal lustre 
 as benefactor, legislator, and architect, and give a les- 
 
 I 3 
 
118 NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 son and example which could never be exceeded by 
 the wisest of his posterity. 
 
 It has already been mentioned, that in the year 
 1373 he had begun his preparatory school at Win- 
 chester, and about the same time, having purchased 
 tenements for the purpose, he established a similar 
 institution at Oxford, appointing a Governor, and 
 acting in other respects towards his infant society in 
 such a manner, that its constitution might be matured 
 by the test of experience, and " that the life and soul, 
 " as it were, might be ready to inform and animate 
 " the body of his College, as soon as it could be fi- 
 " nished." 
 
 Within less than three years from this commence- 
 ment of his plan, the Society consisted of a Warden 
 and seventy Fellows, who were called, Pauperes Scho- 
 lares Venerabilis Domini Domini Wilhelmi de Wykeham 
 Wynton. Episcopi. The Warden had a salary of 201. a 
 year, and the Fellows were lodged in the places hired 
 for them, and then known by the names of Blake 
 Hall, Hart Hall, Schilde Hall, Mayden Hall, and Ham- 
 mer Hall. The annual expence amounted to 101. 13s. 
 4d. and each was allowed Is. 6d. a week for com- 
 mons. 
 
 In 1379, having completed the several purchases of 
 land necessary for the site of the College, he obtained 
 the King's patent, or licence, to found, dated June 30 
 of that year; and likewise the Pope's bull to the same 
 effect. In his Charter of Foundation, which he pub- 
 lished on November 26 following, his College is en- 
 titled, Seinte Marie College of Wynchestre in Oxenford. 
 But it is rather remarkable that the name of New 
 
NEW COLLEGE. 119 
 
 College, which was then given in common speech 
 without much impropriety, should be by some means 
 continued until the present day, when it is in reality 
 the oldest as to its principal buildings, and the seventh 
 in the order of foundation. The foundation-stone was 
 laid March 5, 1380, and the whole completed in six 
 years; and on April 14, 1386, the Society took pos- 
 session by a public entrance, accompanied with much 
 solemnity. 
 
 According to the statutes the Society consisted of a 
 Warden and seventy poor Scholars', Clerks, students 
 in theology, canon and civil law, and philosophy ; 
 twenty were appointed to the study of laws, ten of 
 them to that of the canon, and ten to that of the 
 civil law ; the remaining fifty were to apply them- 
 selves to philosophy, or arts, and theology; two to 
 the study of medicine, and two to astronomy; all of 
 whom were obliged to be in Priest's orders within a 
 certain time, except in case of lawful impediment. 
 Besides these there were ten Priests, three Clerks, 
 and sixteen boys, or Choristers, to minister in the 
 service of the chapel. The body of the statutes, 
 
 * Among the seventy poor Scholars, the Founder orders that his next 
 of kin should have the preference, and that immediately on their admis- 
 sion they should become Fellows, without undergoing the two years of 
 probation, as is the case with the others : and even should there be no 
 vacancies at New College, they are allowed to stay at the College at 
 Winchester till they have attained their thirtieth year for the chance 
 of a vacancy, provided they have good characters, and have been proved 
 by the electors to be sufficiently versed in grammar. By the injunctions 
 of Visitors the number of Founder's kin as eligible for New College is 
 now confined to two ; but in defect of such kinsmen only, the choice by 
 the Founder was extended to others, according to the counties directed 
 in the statute, from which boys were to be admitted upon the founda- 
 tion at Winchester. 
 
 I 4 
 
NEW COLLEGE:. 
 
 which was entirely of his composition, underwent 
 many revisions and corrections, the result of expe- 
 rience and profound thinking on a subject which 
 appears to have engrossed his whole mind : and al- 
 though some of the latter revisions left an opening 
 for irregularities which x the Society have not always 
 been able to prevent, these statutes upon the whole 
 are considered as highly judicious and complete, and 
 have been very closely copied by succeeding Foun- 
 ders*. 
 
 During the progress of the building, he established 
 in form that Society at Winchester which was to sup- 
 ply New College with its members. The Charter of 
 Foundation is dated Oct. 20, 1382, and the College 
 named Seinte Marie College of Wynchestre. The year 
 after New College was finished, he began this other 
 upon the site where stood the school at which he 
 received his early education. This likewise was com- 
 pleted in six years, with a magnificence scarcely infe- 
 rior to that of New College, and was opened for the 
 reception of its intended inhabitants March 28, 13Q3. 
 The Society resembles that of his other institution, 
 consisting of a Warden, seventy Scholars, to be in- 
 structed in grammatical learning, ten secular Priests, 
 perpetual Fellows, three Priests' Chaplains, three 
 Clerks, and sixteen Choristers ; and for the instruction 
 
 Particularly Henry VI. who founded the two Colleges of Eton and 
 King's College, Cambridge, entirely upon Wykeham's plan, transcrib- 
 ing the statutes of the latter, without any material alteration. In 1464 
 a treaty of union for mutual defence was concluded between these two 
 Colleges and Wykeham's two. It was entitled, " Concordia amicahilis 
 " sive Compositio Collegiorum Regalium Cantabrigiae et Etonae et 
 " Wicchamicorum Oxon. et prope Winton." 
 
NEW COLLEGE. 121 
 
 of the Scholars, a Schoolmaster, and an Undermaster, 
 or Usher. We have already seen that the Founder 
 of Queen's, hy his twelve Fellows and seventy Scho- 
 lars, intended to allude to the Apostles and Disciples, 
 The historian of Winchester informs us, that the 
 same design entered into the contemplation of Wyke- 
 ham. The Warden and ten Priests represented the 
 Apostles, with the omission of Judas : the head 
 Master and second Master, with the seventy Scho- 
 lars, denoted the seventy-two Disciples, as in the 
 Vulgate; for the English Bible, which is translated 
 from the Greek, has only seventy: the three Chap- 
 lains and three inferior Clerks marked the six faith- 
 ful Deacons; Nicholas, one of the number, having 
 apostatized, has therefore no representative : and the 
 sixteen. Choristers represented the four greater and 
 the twelve minor Prophets'. 
 
 From this school the Society at Oxford was to be 
 supplied with proper subjects by election; and the 
 College at Winchester was to be always subordinate, 
 both in government and discipline, use and design, to 
 that at Oxford, and subject to a yearly visitation from 
 the Warden and two Fellows of the latter. This visi^ 
 tation, and the annual elections from Winchester to 
 New College, generally take place in the second week 
 of July b . The Warden of Winchester is elected by 
 the Fellows of New College, who for some years chose 
 their own Warden for that office ; but in Wykeham's 
 time, and for many years after, the Wardenship of 
 
 Milner, vol. ii. p. 133, 134. 
 
 b The Founder enjoins the election to be at any time between St. 
 Thomas a Becket's day and the first of October following. 
 
ififi NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 New College was far superior in value*. The first 
 instance of a Warden of New College being preferred 
 to Winchester is that of Dr. Nicholas, in 1679, and 
 the last, Dr. Coxed. 
 
 Among the special privileges secured hy the 
 Founder to New College, one was that the Fellows 
 should be admitted to all degrees in the University, 
 without asking any grace of the Congregation of 
 Masters, or undergoing any examination for them in 
 the public Schools, provided they were examined in 
 their own College according to the form of the Uni- 
 versity, and had their graces given them in the same 
 manner by the government of the House b . In 1608 
 this was disputed ; but Archbishop Bancroft, then 
 -Chancellor of the University, decided in favour of 
 the College. 
 
 Wykeham lived long enough to witness the pros- 
 perity of both his institutions, and almost to see 
 others emanating from them. He died in 1404, in 
 his eightieth year, leaving in his will a continuation 
 of those acts of munificence and pious charity which 
 he had begun in his life. He was interred in the 
 beautiful chantry which he had built for himself in 
 Winchester cathedral. In this cathedral we still see 
 the triumphs of his skill in the main body of the edi- 
 fice from the tower to the west end, but more particu- 
 larly in his chantry, which, with his monument, is kept 
 in repair at the joint expence of his two Colleges . 
 
 This superiority is again restored, and the three last Wardens of 
 Winchester were not Wardens of New College. 
 
 b I have been informed that this privilege was obtained in conse- 
 juence of a purchase made by the Founder from the University. 
 
 * There are several paintings and sculptures of Wykeham in New 
 
NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 Of the benefactors to New College, one only ap- 
 peared in the Founder's lifetime, John de Bucking- 
 ham, Bishop of Lincoln, who gave to the Society the 
 advowson of Swalcliffe church, and some lands adjoin- 
 ing. In 1440, Thomas Beckington, Bishop of Bath 
 and Wells, besides what he left in his will, persuaded 
 Henry VI. to give them the manor of Newton Long- 
 ville in Buckinghamshire. Thomas Jane, Bishop of 
 Norwich, in 1494, Clement Hardyng in 1507, and 
 Archbishop Warham in 1509, contributed landed pro- 
 perty, and Robert Shirebourne, Bishop of Chichester, 
 besides lands in Middlesex and Buckinghamshire, 
 founded four Prebends, viz. Bursales, Exceit, Wynd- 
 ham, and Bargham, in Chichester cathedral, for the 
 Fellows of this or Winchester College. In 1524, 
 Thomas Wells, D. D. founded three exhibitions for 
 three Priests; a like foundation was made in 1528 by 
 John Smyth, a burgher of Ipswich, who appears to 
 have been incited to this by a trifling circumstance. 
 Being asked by a neighbour, whether he would sell 
 certain lands to Dr. Fleshmonger ? he asked, what the 
 Doctor meant to do with them ? The answer was, to 
 give them to New College, that he might be remem- 
 bered in their prayers. " If so," rejoined Smyth, " I can 
 " as well find in my heart to give them as Dr. Flesh- 
 " monger;" and accordingly made them over to the 
 College. In the same year this Dr. Fleshmonger, 
 who was Dean of Chichester, bestowed the manor of 
 
 College. The latter over the gateway tower, the entrance to the hall* 
 &c. were probably coeval with the College. In the common room is 
 an ancient portrait, and one apparently ancient, but different in fea- 
 tures, in the Warden's lodgings, which, however, I suspect to be a copy. 
 There is one, not unlike it in features, at Winchester. 
 
NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 Sheringhall in Tackley, in the county of Essex, to 
 found an exhibition for four Fellows; and contributed 
 ta purchase the manor of Staunton St. John in Ox- 
 fordshire, on condition of adding exhibitions for 
 twelve Fellows. In 1533, Thomas Mylling, a Fellow, 
 contributed to the same purchase, and on the same 
 condition, with a variation in the sums, and number 
 of Fellows. Fishmonger's twelve were to have one 
 pound each, and Mylling's two Fellows were to have 
 forty shillings each, per annum. In 1558, John White, 
 Bishop of Winchester, gave the manor of Hall-place 
 in Southampton, out of the profits of which the sum 
 of thirteen shillings and four pence should be given 
 to every Scholar on his being admitted Fellow. In 
 1589, Christopher Rawlins, Vicar of Adderbury, after 
 building and endowing the free-school of that place, 
 conveyed the whole to the Warden and Fellows, who, 
 after paying the Schoolmaster's salary, and providing 
 for the repairs of the school-house, were to divide the 
 produce of his estates in Lincolnshire among the poor- 
 est Fellows and Scholars. The sermon on Trinity 
 Sunday was a benefaction of Dr. Ryves, Warden in 
 1613. Other sermons, orations, and lectures, usual 
 in this College, were endowed by Lettice Williams, 
 executrix of Thomas Williams, and Lake, Bishop of 
 Bath and Wells; and in 1647, Robert Pinke, War- 
 den, and Rector of Staunton St. John in Oxfordshire, 
 and Colerne in Wiltshire, gave the patronage of 
 Wotton near Woodstock. 
 
 Among the livings belonging to this College are 
 the RECTORIES of Akeley, Hardwick, Horwood, 
 Radcliffe, and Tingewick, in Buckinghamshire; Al- 
 ton Barnes, Berwick St. John, and Rushall, in Wilt- 
 
NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 shire; Birchanger and Little Sampford in Essex; 
 Bucknell and Heyford Warren in Oxfordshire; St. 
 John Baptist in Norwich ; St. Michael Stratum and 
 Weston in Norfolk ; Paulespury in Northamptonshire ; 
 and Stoke Abbots in Dorsetshire: the VICARAGES 
 of Chesterton and East Adderbury in Oxfordshire; 
 Colerne in Wiltshire; Heckfield in Southampton; 
 Horn-church and Writtle in Essex ; Marshfield in, 
 Gloucestershire; Steeple Morden in Cambridgeshire; 
 Whaddon in Buckinghamshire ; and Great Witching- 
 ham in Norfolk: and the DONATIVE of Roxwell in, 
 Essex, &c. 
 
 Such was the prosperity of this College, arising 
 from these benefactions, and particularly the solidity 
 of Wykeham's endowment, that in 1534 the revenues 
 of this College were valued at 88?!., and in 1592 at 
 10001.; and the Society at the last of these periods 
 consisted of one hundred and thirty persons. The 
 present members are, a Warden, seventy Fellows, ten 
 Chaplains, three Clerks, a Sexton, and sixteen Cho- 
 risters. The Visitor is the Bishop of Winchester. 
 
 The whole of the College, as it stood until the 
 middle of the seventeenth century, was built by and 
 at the sole expence of the Founder. Some part of 
 the ground on which it stands was occupied by tene- 
 ments and Halls; but the greater part consisted of 
 pieces of land, tenantless and waste, which were not 
 thought of much value until Wykeham offered to 
 purchase them. The first purchase he made is very 
 accurately described by Wood, as amounting to two 
 roods, and consisting of void plots of ground, in the 
 parish of St. Peter in the East, lying between Ham- 
 
12-3 NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 mer Hall on the west and the city wall on the east, 
 and between that wall on the north and the wall of 
 Queen Hall on the south, and between the city wall 
 on the east and the church-yard of St. Peter's and 
 Edmund Hall on the west, and the walls belonging to 
 the tenements of St. John's hospital in the High- 
 street between Queen's College corner and the east 
 gate of the city on the south. To this he added two 
 acres more near the same premises, and six void plots 
 of ground, lying between Hammer Hall on the north 
 and New College lane on the south, and between the 
 city wall on the east and St. Peter's church-yard. 
 Other pieces of waste ground were successively pur- 
 chased, so as to procure room for his intended plan, 
 which embraced the whole space on which the Col- 
 lege now stands, including that part on which the 
 new buildings have been erected, and which for many 
 years was an avenue leading to the gardens. 
 
 These purchases were made at various times from 
 1369 to 1379, when the Founder saw it necessary to 
 secure undisturbed possession, by providing against 
 present prejudices and future claims. As he had 
 bought a very considerable space of ground, which 
 either had been considered as loose property, or was 
 connected with the city wall, at that time a fortifica- 
 tion of much importance, he procured the King's 
 writ, ordering an inquisition to be made, " whether 
 " it would be to the damage of the King, or the town 
 " of Oxford, as to the fee-farm thereof, or to any one 
 " else, if he were now to inclose his present pur- 
 " chases, and others which he had in his eye, and spe- 
 " cified, for the erection of his College?" A jury was 
 accordingly summoned, and their verdict was in fa- 
 
NEW COLLEGE. 127 
 
 vour of his occupying the said premises, on condition 
 only, that the College should keep in repair that part 
 of the city wall which would inclose their premises, 
 leaving a gate on each side of the wall, at the extent 
 of their limits, through which the Mayor and Bailiffs 
 might every three years inspect the wall, and likewise 
 for the conveniency of the inhabitants in time of 
 war'. And these conditions were duly fulfilled, until 
 the wall ceased to be an object of importance to the 
 defence of the cily, and was gradually removed to 
 make way for alterations suited to a more improved 
 state of society. 
 
 From the verdict of this jury we also learn, what 
 has been already hinted, that part of the grounds pur- 
 chased by the Founder were not built on, or inclosed 
 for private use, but were covered with offal and rub- 
 bish brought from all parts of the town, and were the 
 usual haunts of malefactors, murderers, strumpets, and 
 other disorderly persons; so that the jury had no hesi- 
 tation in declaring, that to inclose these grounds, and 
 erect such buildings as were proposed, would, instead 
 of being a detriment to any one, add greatly to the 
 ornament, conveniency, and security of the city and 
 inhabitants. Another curious circumstance we learn 
 from this verdict : eight of these plots of ground 
 were estimated at no higher value than ten shillings 
 yearly, because no person ever entered upon or had 
 any thing to do with them; but although this depre- 
 ciation seemed in favour of the Founder, he was made 
 
 On the north side of the ante-chapel, where the buttresses rest upon 
 the city wall, arched passages were made through them, that the sol- 
 diers in case of a siege might have no impediment to manning the wait- 
 iu the most convenient manner. 
 
128 NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 to pay eighty pounds for them by the citizens, whose 
 property they were, which Wood very justly thinki 
 " a hard purchase for ground worth but ten shillings 
 "per annum." 
 
 Although a considerable part of the ground which 
 formed the site of New College and its appurtenances 
 was waste, there formerly stood on other parts of it 
 Some of those ancient Halls, where youth were lodged 
 during their education at this University. Among 
 these antiquaries enumerate Maryol Hall, which was 
 situated near St. Peter's church ; Spalding Court, 
 built by a person of that name for the reception of 
 indigent Scholars ; Botte Hall, Chimney Hall, and 
 Hammer Hall, which last stood near to the present 
 garden gate ; Mayden Hall, of which there appear to 
 have been two of the name, one belonging to Univer- 
 sity College ; and lastly Schilde Hall, which stood on 
 the site of the cloister. Two streets or lanes, one 
 called Hart Hall lane, and the other Thorald or Turold 
 street, were also included in the extensive premises 
 devoted to the erection of this College. 
 
 The whole of New College, as built by the Founder, 
 consisted of the principal quadrangle, (which includes 
 the Chapel, Hall, and Library,) the fine cloister, the 
 lofty tower, and the gardens. The quadrangle remained 
 in its original state of two stories, which was the usual 
 height of all the old Colleges, until the end of the six- 
 teenth century, when a third story was added, but was 
 not completed as to uniformity of windows until the 
 year 1675, when the east, south, and west fronts were 
 modernized as we now find them. The dimensions of 
 the quadrangle are 'about one hundred and sixty-eight 
 feet by one hundred and twenty-nine. The Chapel 
 

 
NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 ami Hall occupy the north side, the Libraries part of 
 the east, and the south and west the Warden's and 
 Fellows' lodgings. The statue of Minerva was placed 
 in the centre in 1696, a present from Henry Parker, 
 Esq. of Honnington in Warwickshire, but has been 
 removed for some years. 
 
 From this quadrangle, the middle gate leads to the 
 garden court, which was built in imitation of the 
 palace of Versailles, or more probably of the King's 
 house at Winchester, as designed by Sir Christopher 
 Wren, but with battlements to correspond with the 
 old quadrangle and city wall. It widens by triple 
 breaks as we approach the garden, from which it is 
 separated by an extensive iron palisade of one hun- 
 dred and thirty feet in length*. The first stone of 
 this court was laid by Warden Beeston, Feb. 13, 1682, 
 and the whole finished in 1684. The gardens, which 
 are spacious, are laid out with much taste ; but the 
 nlount is not, as formerly, accessible, and the King's 
 and Founder's arms, a dial, and a knot, " all curiously 
 " cut in box," are no longer to be seen. The whole 
 of the gardens and bowling-green is inclosed by the 
 city wall, in perfect repair. The ditch on the east 
 side was drained about the year l6?l, and some build- 
 ings erected on the spot, which now front the wall of 
 Magdalen grove. The spectator is generally and very 
 properly directed to view the new buildings of the 
 College from the garden gate, as they are seen there 
 to the greatest advantage; and this view, indeed, ap- 
 
 Brought from " Timon's villa," so admirably satirized by Pope, 
 Moral Essays, ep. iv. ver. 99. It is also said, that the pillars of the 
 temple in the bowling-green vyere brought from the same place. 
 
130 NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 pears to have been a favourite object with the archi* 
 tect. 
 
 Although the ancient part of New College still re 
 mains in good preservation, much damage was done 
 to the buildings during the civil war. In 1642, when 
 preparations were made to oppose the invasion of Ox- 
 ford by the Parliamentary army, New College was 
 unfortunately selected, on account of its ample space, 
 as a garrison ; the armed Scholars were exercised in 
 the quadrangle, and, during the King's residence at 
 Oxford, the cloister and tower were used as magazines 
 for ammunition. In 16,51, on the report of Charles 
 II. 's coming to Oxford, this College was fortified by 
 a Colonel Draper belonging to the Usurper's army, to 
 the great injury of the buildings, holes being made 
 through the walls of the cloister and gates, and other 
 dilapidations committed, to fit it for this preposterous 
 service. 
 
 Of the HALL, as it came from the hands of the 
 Founder and architect, we can only admire the just- 
 ness of the proportions". It appears to have under- 
 gone its first most considerable alteration in the War- 
 denship of Dr. London, who presided over this So- 
 ciety from lo'26 to 1542. Between these periods the 
 present wainscotting was put up, some of which is 
 curiously carved, particularly the emblems of the cru- 
 cifixion at the upper end of the Hall under the 
 Founder's picture. Tradition reports that this wain- 
 acotting was furnished at the expence of Archbishop 
 Warham. About twenty years ago it underwent 
 another repair, but without any attempt to restore 
 
 These were seventy-eight feet in length by thirty-five in breadth, 
 and forty in height, before the modern ceiling was placed there. 
 
NEW COLLEGE. 131 
 
 the character of the roof. It contains the portraits 
 of the Founder, of Archhishop Chichele, and Wil- 
 liam of Waynfleet, who followed his steps in the 
 foundation of All Souls and Magdalen, of Dr. Lake, 
 Bishop of Bath and Walls, and of Dr. Bisse, Bishop 
 of Hereford. Over the^creen is Lord Radnor's valu- 
 able present of a painting of the shepherds coming to 
 Christ after his birth, from the school of the Carracci. 
 This was brought from the Chapel on the late altera- 
 tions. The windows, as well as the wainscotting, are 
 filled with various arms and devices belonging to thq 
 Founder and benefactors, or eminent scholars edu- 
 cated here, and among the arms are those of the Com- 
 monwealth reversed. The grammar and music schools/ 
 formerly between the east cloister and the west end of 
 the Chapel, are now under this Hall a . Wood informs 
 us, in his Life, that in 16Q4, above one hundred Com- 
 moners, besides Choristers, attended these schools, then 
 under the tuition of Mr. James Badger, who, for want 
 of room, obtained leave to teach in the congregation- 
 house at St. Mary's. 
 
 In 1605, Aug. 29, King James, his Queen, the 
 Prince of Wales, and a considerable number of the 
 nobility, were sumptuously entertained in this Hall. 
 This appears to have been a day of business with the 
 royal visitor. Before dinner he heard disputations in 
 physic at St. Mary's; after dinner, disputations in 
 philosophy at the same place, which he concluded 
 
 There is a set of rooms near the east end of the Chapel, between it 
 and the city wall, and two small apartments, which probably served for 
 sacristies, where the priests might have robed themselves before they 
 vrent to the high altar. The two doors in the passage between them 
 and the Chapel are now closed up, 
 
 K 2 
 
132 NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 with an oration. He then supped at Christ Church, 
 and afterwards went to St.. John's, where a play, called 
 A nuns Recurrens, written by Dr. Gwynne of that So- 
 ciety, was acted : but here his Majesty is said to have 
 fallen asleep, and when he awaked left the assembly 
 without any extraordinary expressions of satisfac- 
 tion*. 
 
 The LIBRARY, on the east side of the quadrangle, 
 is divided into two collections, formerly known by the 
 names of the Arts and Law Library, and the Manu- 
 script Library; but the books are now differently ar- 
 ranged 11 . They occupy two spacious rooms, one on 
 the second and the other on the third story. The 
 upper was lately rebuilt in the interior by Wyat. Be- 
 sides what the Founder contributed, this Library was 
 enriched soon after its erection by presents of books 
 from Rede, Bishop of Chichester, Robert Heete, 
 L L. B. John Walter, M. A. and Fellow, Arch- 
 bishop Cranley, Richard Andrew, first Warden of 
 All Souls, Bishop Beckington, Thomas Chaundler, 
 Warden, Russel, Bishop of Lincoln, Archbishop 
 Warham, Sir Richard Read, Bishop Lake, Dr. Pinke, 
 
 In the statutes of this College, copied afterwards into those of 
 Magdalen and Corpus, the Founder orders his Scholars, for their recrea- 
 tion on festival days in the Hall, after dinner and supper, to entertain 
 themselves with songs, and other diversions consistent with decency, 
 and to recite poems, chronicles of kingdoms, the wonders of the World, 
 together with the like compositions, not misbecoming the clerical cha- 
 racter. See a specimen in Warton's Hist, of Poetry, vol. i. p. 93. 
 
 b The lower Library is filled with books of divinity, and the room 
 which now serves as a Common Room to the senior part of the Society 
 was, before the additional story in 1(>79, filled with books on the civil 
 law. The passage that communicated between these Libraries is now 
 closed up, and the room on the new story contains the books of nmcel- 
 laiuous literature. 
 
NEW COLLEGE. 153 
 
 and Dr. Woodward, who in 1675 bequeathed five 
 hundred folios, besides octavos, &c. In the same 
 year the law and manuscript Libraries were united,- 
 and the room enlightened by windows to the qua- 
 drangle. 
 
 The history of a manuscript, once intended for this 
 Library, may afford some notion of the difficulty of 
 procuring copies of books, the high value set upon 
 them, and the consequent very slow diffusion of 
 knowledge before the a?ra of printing. We are in- 
 debted to Mr. Warton for the anecdote, who, after 
 noticing how sacred the property of a book was con- 
 sidered, informs us, that many claims were made about 
 the year 1488 to a manuscript of Matthew Paris, be- 
 longing to the monastery of St. Alban ; and that Rus- 
 sel, Bishop of Lincoln, above mentioned, thus condi- 
 tionally defended or explained his right of possession. 
 " If this book can be proved to be or to have been 
 " the property of the exempt monastery of St. Alban 
 " in the diocese of Lincoln, I declare this to be my 
 " mind, that, in that case, I use it at present as a loan 
 " under favour of those monks who belong to the 
 " said monastery. Otherwise, according to the con- 
 " dition under which this book came into my posses- 
 " sion, I will that it shall belong to the College of the 
 " blessed Winchester Mary at Oxford, of the founda- 
 41 tion of William Wykeham. Written with my own 
 " hand at Bukdene, 10 June, A. D. 1488. Jo. LIN- 
 " COLN. Whoever shall obliterate or destroy this 
 " writing, let him be anathema." 
 
 The CHAPEL of this College, still the most magni- 
 ficent in the University, affords but a faint idea of the 
 wonderful structure which Wykeham left. If we may 
 
 K 3 
 
134 NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 trust to general tradition, confirmed in some measure 
 by a reference to his exquisite skill displayed in Win- 
 chester cathedral, this Chapel once comprehended an 
 assemblage of all that was beautiful and grand in the 
 Plantagenet architecture, and all that munificence, 
 piety, or superstition could add in rich and gorgeous 
 furniture and decoration. It is probable that it re- 
 mained in this state until the Reformation, when our 
 ecclesiastical edifices were robbed of their gold and 
 silver and precious stones, and the finest specimens of 
 art defaced under the notion that they administered 
 to idolatry. The first notice we have of these depre- 
 dations occurs in 1550, when King Edward's visitors 
 ordered the painted windows to be taken down ; " but," 
 says Wood, " the College not being rich enough, as 
 " they pretended, to set up new, promised that they 
 " would when they were in a capacity." According to 
 the same historian, the Chapel remained nearly in its 
 pristine state, the images only being removed from 
 the east end, until about the year 1636, when the 
 stalls and desks were supplied by new ones, and the 
 wainscot ornamented with paintings of the Apostles, 
 Saints, &c. * At the same time the screen was erected, 
 and the floors of the inner and outer Chapel paved 
 with black and white marble. In 1663, the organ 
 made by Dolham, and since improved by Green and 
 By field, was placed over the screen. The former 
 organ, which was first set up in 1458, stood in a loft 
 on the north side of the upper end. 
 
 The fate of the east end of this Chapel, at least 
 through all its injurious treatment, cannot now be easily 
 
 In the porter's lodge are three paintings of this kind on pannel, 
 which were removed from the Chapel. 
 
NEW COLLEGE. 133 
 
 traced. It appears, that when sentence of destruc- 
 tion was averted from the windows in 1550, the high 
 altar was decorated by a series of niches containing 
 images of gold and silver, as is supposed, all of which 
 were then taken down or destroyed, and the niches 
 filled up with stone and mortar, and the whole plas- 
 tered over, in what manner cannot be ascertained. 
 In 1695 this plastering was removed, and some broken 
 statues discovered, and the whole replaced by a mix- 
 ture of wood-work, gilding, and painting, the latter 
 executed by Henry Cook, an artist of King Wil- 
 liam's reign. It was his fancy to represent the con- 
 cave of a semi-rotunda, in which the east end of the 
 Chapel seemed to terminate. In the centre was the 
 salutation of the Virgin Mary, and over the commu- 
 nion-table Carracci's picture, now in the Hall. 
 
 All this remained until 1789, when the decayed 
 state of the roof induced the Society to order a com- 
 plete repair of the whole Chapel, and the original wall 
 at the east end was again discovered, with the re- 
 mains of some of its beautiful niches" and fret-work. 
 These were now completely removed, and the present 
 improvements introduced, under the direction of Mr. 
 Wyat, so as to restore the wall to a resemblance of 
 what it is supposed to have been in the Founder's 
 age. These changes, with the additional painted 
 windows, stalls, screen, &c, are so amply detailed in 
 the common Guides, as to render it unnecessary to 
 specify them in this place. The propriety of some of 
 them has been questioned, and a dispute, that might 
 have been conducted with urbanity between men of 
 
 The ground colour of these niches tyas of a deep ultramarine blue,, 
 and the exterior edges of th shafts of the niches richly gilt. 
 
 K 4 
 
136 NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 taste, has extended to an angry and apparently end- 
 less controversy, in which we have no inclination to 
 engage. Whatever defects muy appear to an eye 
 nicely and fastidiously conversant with that species of 
 architecture to which it belongs, it will not be easy 
 by any powers of reasoning to lessen the admiration 
 which a survey of this Chapel excites'. 
 
 Among the curiosities preserved here is the superb 
 and costly crosier of the Founder, of silver, gilt, and 
 enamelled, in which, instead of the Holy Lamb usu- 
 ally placed within the circle of crosiers, is a figure of 
 Wykeham in his favourite pious posture of kneeling. 
 Some of the ornaments pertaining to his mitre, which 
 are of gold and precious stones, his gloves and ring, 
 &c. are preserved in the muniment room. This room 
 is in the third floor of the massy tower, situated at 
 the south east end of the Hall, which contains four 
 stories, consisting of single rooms vaulted with stone 
 roofs; the two upper rooms are of beautiful propor- 
 tions. 
 
 In the outer Chapel are the monuments, both in 
 stone and brass, and the remains of many eminent 
 men who belonged to this College, and of some of its 
 AVardens. A few of these were formerly in the in- 
 ner Chapel ; but a much greater proportion of the 
 Wykamists are interred in the 
 
 CLOISTERS, an appendage to a College of which 
 this was the first instance, and the only one in Oxford 
 except that of Magdalen, the roof of which is flat, 
 
 Those who have viewed the exterior of the Chapel and Hall only 
 from the quadrangle, can have but an insufficient idea of the grandeur 
 of elevation which they present from the back gate in Holiwell. Tin* 
 penius of the architect is there before them. 
 
NEW COLLEGE. 137 
 
 whereas this is finely arched in open timber-frame. 
 Its extent is one hundred and forty-six feet by one 
 hundred and five, and it was consecrated, with the 
 area within, Oct. 19, 1400, as a hurial place for the 
 College. Many of the curious brass plates here were 
 stolen during the Rebellion, when the College was 
 made a garrison. In 1802 the monuments, &c. were 
 carefully repaired, and the inscriptions restored : and 
 the utmost care seems to be taken to preserve a build- 
 ing, which has so direct a tendency to excite solemn 
 meditation, and to recall the memory of departed 
 worth. 
 
 The first on the list of WARDENS, Richard de Ton- 
 worthe, appears to have been employed to govern the 
 Society, if it might be then so called, while in Hart 
 Hall and Blake Hall, only during the Founder's plea- 
 sure. He accordingly resigned his office in 1379, 
 when Wykeham appointed his kinsman, Nicholas 
 Wykeham. On his resignation in 1389, Thomas de 
 Cranley was appointed, and was the first Warden 
 after the Fellows had taken possession of the College. 
 He was afterwards Archbishop of Dublin ; but re- 
 turned to England in 1417, died that year, and was 
 buried in the College Chapel. Thomas Chandler, 
 the eighth Warden, and Dean of Hereford, is praised 
 by Leland as one who graced scholastic disputations 
 with the ornaments of pure Latinity ; he was likewise 
 reckoned an able critic in polite literature, and a 
 patron of Walton, the translator of Boethius in 1410. 
 John London, the thirteenth Warden, deserves notice 
 only that the reader may be reminded of the able 
 answer of Dr. Lowth to the calumnies which this 
 wretched man raised against the Founder, to whom. 
 
138 NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 he owed his education and subsistence. His motives 
 for this attack on the memory of his benefactor are 
 now inscrutable. He was one of the first and most 
 implacable persecutors of those who were suspected 
 to favour the Reformation ; but in his zeal to bring 
 new victims to the stake, he committed perjury, for 
 which he was pilloried, and otherwise ignominiously 
 exposed, and ended his days soon after in a jail. The 
 other Wardens most celebrated for the part they bore 
 in public transactions, or for learning and piety, were 
 Cole, Skinner, Lake, Pinke, Stringer, Bigg, and 
 Coxed. Some of those were chosen Wardens of 
 Winchester, and some occur in the list of Bishops. 
 The present Warden is the thirty-fifth from the foun- 
 dation, during which period of four hundred and 
 thirty-five years there have been only twenty-five 
 Wardens of Winchester. 
 
 Among the PRELATES educated in New College 
 are, Cranley, Archbishop of Dublin, already noticed : 
 Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury, who will occur 
 hereafter as Founder of All Souls: Thomas Becking- 
 ton, Bishop of Bath and Wells, a liberal encourager 
 of learning, and a benefactor to this and Lincoln 
 College: John Russel, Bishop of Rochester and 
 Lincoln, the first perpetual Chancellor of the Uni- 
 versity, and afterwards Chancellor of England, cele- 
 brated for his learning, but at the same time unfortu- 
 nately conspicuous for his zeal against the friends of 
 the Reformation : William Warham, Archbishop of 
 Canterbury, eminent as a statesman, divine, and law- 
 yer, an encourager of literature, and the patron of 
 Erasmus : Sherborne, or Shirebourne, Bishop of Chi- 
 cheeter, Bilson of Winchester, Lake of Bath and 
 
NEW COLLEGE. 139 
 
 Wells, Gunning of Ely, afterwards Master of St. 
 John's College, Cambridge, Turner of Ely, Kenn of 
 Bath and Wells, so well known for his practical writ- 
 ings, Bisse, the munificent Bishop of Hereford, La- 
 vington of Exeter, and the learned and excellent Dr. 
 Robert Lowth, successively Bishop of St. David's, 
 Oxford, and London, are among the most celebrated 
 on this list. 
 
 The scholars of other ranks educated here are bj 
 far too numerous to admit of a complete specification. 
 Among these, however, we may begin with Grocyn, 
 one of the revivers of learning : Stanbridge, an abl 
 grammarian : Philpot, a learned civilian and linguist, 
 and one of the first martyrs in Queen Mary's reign : 
 Talbot, an antiquary, and benefactor to this Col- 
 lege : Pullaine, the poet, and translator: Harding, 
 the learned opponent of Bishop Jewell : Fowler, a 
 very learned printer: Nicholas launders, a voluminous 
 writer against the Reformation : Nicholas Harpes- 
 field, another writer in the same cause, and a poet : 
 Sir Henry Sidney, the father of Sir Philip, a great 
 and accomplished statesman : Thomas Neale, a philo- 
 sopher, poet, and topographer ; but less known in these 
 characters than as the propagator of the calumny of 
 the Nag's-head Consecration, which has been often re- 
 futed. It is more to his honour that he taught Bernard 
 Gilpin Greek and Hebrew : Dr. Baley, an eminent 
 philosopher and medical writer: Turberville, the 
 poet : Christopher Johnson, a Latin poet : Thomas 
 Stapleton, one of the most learned Roman Catholics 
 of his time, and a very voluminous writer: Lloyd, 
 an excellent classical scholar, and master of Winches- 
 ter school : Pits, one of our earliest biographers: 
 
140 NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 Bastard and Owen, the famous epigrammatists : 
 John Bond, the classical commentator: Dr. Thomas 
 James, first librarian of the Bodleian : Herbert, Earl 
 of Pembroke, a poet of superior and elegant fancy : 
 Sir Henry Wotton, an accomplished writer, an artist, 
 and a connoisseur; removed afterwards to Queen's : 
 Sir Henry Martin, civilian : Dr. Zouch, of the same 
 profession : Thomas Lydiat, the learned and unfor- 
 tunate, whom this Society honoured by a monument 
 on his grave, and another in the cloister: Sir Tho- 
 mas Ryves, an eminent civilian : William Fiennes, 
 Lord Say and Sele, one of the first Noblemen who 
 took up arms against Charles I. and one of the first 
 whom Charles II. promoted: Dr. Bruno Ryves, 
 Dean of Windsor, and writer of the first newspapers 
 published in England: Dr. Edward Young, Dean 
 of Sarum, father to the poet : Sir Edward Herbert, 
 Chief Justice of the King's Bench : Wood, author 
 of the Institutes of the Laws of England : Dr. Wil- 
 liam Musgrave : Somerville and Pitt, eminent poets : 
 Rev. Joseph Spence, an elegant critic and miscella- 
 neous writer: Dr. Gloster Ridley, the biographer 
 of his great ancestor the martyr: His son James, a 
 miscellaneous writer of promising talents and genuine 
 humour: Dr. William Smith, translator of Thucydi- 
 des and Longinus: and the late Dr. Robert Holmes; 
 the learned collator of the Septuagint, in the publica- 
 tion of which he had made considerable progress, and 
 which since his lamented death has been resumed by 
 the University, who have consigned it to the care of 
 a Gentleman qualified to do justice to this arduous 
 undertaking. 
 

 
 LINCOLN COLLEGE. 
 
 RlCHARD Flemming, or Flemmyngc, the Founder 
 of this College, descended from an ancient family, 
 was born at Crofton in Yorkshire, and educated at 
 University College, where his extraordinary profi- 
 ciency in logic and philosophy procured him higher 
 degrees than were then usually conferred. In 1406 he 
 was presented to the Prebend of South Newbold in 
 the church of York, and next year served the office 
 of Proctor in the University. The copy of the sta- 
 tutes belonging to the duties of Junior Proctor, which 
 he caused to be transcribed, is still preserved among 
 the archives. 
 
 Soon after taking his Master's degree, he professed 
 a zealous attachment to the principles by which 
 Wicklift was endeavouring to oppose the established 
 religion, and argued with so much ability as to make 
 many converts, some of whom were persons of high 
 distinction. By what means he was induced to change 
 his opinion, and display equal or greater zeal against 
 the Reformation, is not known. In 1396, when' a 
 itudent in theology, or scholar, (Magister RicarduA 
 Flemyng,) we find his name among the other Oxford 
 men who condemned the tenets of WicklifT; and it is 
 certain, that when he speculated on the foundation of 
 a College, it was for the express purpose of educating 
 divines, who were to exert their talents against the^ 
 heresv of that Reformer. 
 
142 LINCOLN COLLEGE. 
 
 In 1415, being then Rector of Boston in Lincoln- 
 shire, he exchanged his Prebend of South Newbold 
 for that of Langford in the cathedral church of York, 
 and on April 28, 1420, was promoted to the see of 
 Lincoln. In 1424 he was sent to the Council of 
 Sienna, where, in a dispute about precedency, he vin- 
 dicated the honour and superiority of his country 
 against the Spanish, French, and Scotch deputies. 
 This Council was called to continue the proceedings 
 of that of Constance against the Hussites, and other 
 continental reformers; and our Prelate distinguished 
 himself so much, as to become a favourite with Pope 
 Martin V. who would have promoted him to be Arch- 
 bishop of York, had not the King as well as the Dean 
 and Chapter opposed his election with such firmness, 
 as to oblige the Pope to yield. Flemming consequently 
 remained in his diocese of Lincoln. In 1428 he exe- 
 cuted that decree of the Council of Constance, which 
 ordered that the bones of Wickliff should be taken up 
 and burned ; the harmless remains of a man whom 
 he once honoured with the warmth of his zeal, and 
 supported with the vigour of his talents. 
 
 Whatever disappointment he might feel in not suc- 
 ceeding to the Archbishopric of York, it does not ap- 
 pear to have interfered with his generous design of 
 founding a College ; but his full intentions were frus- 
 trated by his death, which took place at Sleford, Jan. 
 25, 1430-31. He was interred in Lincoln cathedral, 
 where a tomb was erected, with a long epitaph in 
 Monkish rhime, some part of which was written by 
 himself. The only information it conveys is, that the 
 Pope consecrated him Bishop of Lincoln with his 
 own hands. 
 
LINCOLN COLLEGE. 
 
 In the year 1427 he obtained the royal licence to 
 found a College or Society of one Warden or Rector, 
 seven Scholars, and two Chaplains, in the church of 
 All Saints in Oxford, which was then under his owa 
 patronage as Bishop of Lincoln; and to unite, annex, 
 and incorporate that church with the churches of St, 
 Mildred and St. Michael at the north-gate, which 
 were likewise in his gift; and these churches so united 
 were to be named the church of All Saints, and 
 erected into a collegiate church or college. A certain 
 chantry in the chapel of St. Anne within the said 
 church was to be annexed, under the patronage of 
 the Mayors of Oxford, provided that daily mass, &c. 
 was duly performed in the chapel for the souls of the 
 Founder and others. There were also to be two Chap- 
 lains, elected and removeable at the pleasure of the 
 Rector, who were to officiate in the said church, with 
 the cure of souls. The College was to be called, The 
 College of the blessed Virgin Mary and All Saints 
 Lincoln, in the University of Oxford. The Rector 
 and Scholars were also to be perpetual parsons of the 
 aid church, and were empowered to purchase lands, 
 rents, and possessiqns, to the yearly value of teu 
 pounds. This licence was dated Oct. 12, 1427. 
 
 The Founder then employed John Baysham, Ni- 
 cholas Wynbush, and William Chamberlayn, Clerks, 
 (who were intended to be of the number of his Scho- 
 lars,) to purchase ground for the erection of buildings. 
 The first purchase they made was a tenement called. 
 Deep Hall, situated in St. Mildred's lane, between St. 
 Mildred's church on the west, and a garden on the 
 east; but the Founder's death interrupting their pro- 
 gress, the Society resided in Deep Hall, as it stood, 
 
144 LINCOLN COLLEGE. 
 
 maintained by the revenues of the churches above 
 mentioned, and the money left by the Founder. They 
 had as yet, however, no fixed statutes for their go- 
 vernment, and were kept together merely at the dis- 
 cretion of the Rectors, whose judicious conduct, 
 joined to the utility of the institution, induced some 
 benefactors to augment their revenues by gifts of 
 lands and money. 
 
 Among these were, John Forest, Dean of Wells, 
 who about the year 1437 built the Chapel, Library, 
 Hall, and Kitchen ; John Southam, Archdeacon of 
 Oxford; William Finderne, Esq.; Cardinal Beaufort; 
 and John Buketot; and these were followed by one 
 who has been allowed to share the honours of founder- 
 ship, Thomas Rotheram, Bishop of Lincoln. 
 
 This munificent benefactor was born at Rotheram 
 in Yorkshire, from whence he took his name, but that 
 of his family appears to have been Scot. He rose 
 by his talents and learning to the highest ranks in 
 church and state, having been successively Fellow of 
 King's College, Cambridge, Master of Pembroke Hall, 
 Chancellor of that University, Prebendary of Sarum, 
 Chaplain to King Edward IV. Provost of Beverley, 
 Keeper of the Privy Seal, Secretary to four Kings, 
 Bishop of Rochester and Lincoln, Archbishop of 
 York, and Lord Chancellor. His buildings at Cam- 
 bridge, Whitehall, Southwell, and Thorp, are eminent 
 proofs of his magnificent taste and spirit. 
 
 He was promoted to the see of Lincoln in 1471; 
 and we learn from his preface to his body of statutes, 
 that a visit through his diocese, in which Oxford then 
 was, proved the occasion of his liberality to this Col- 
 lege, On his arrival here in 1474, John Tristroppe, 
 
 
LINCOLN COLLEGE. 145 
 
 the third Rector, preached the visitation sermon from 
 Psalm Ixxx. 14, 15. " Behold, and visit this vine, and 
 " the vineyard which thy right hand hath planted," 
 &c. In this discourse, which, as usual, was deli- 
 vered in Latin, the preacher addressed his particular 
 requests to the Bishop, exhorting him to complete his 
 College, now imperfect and defective both in build- 
 ings and government. Rotheram is said to have 
 been so well pleased with the application of the text 
 and subject, that he stood up, and declared that he 
 would do what was desired. Accordingly, besides 
 what he contributed to the buildings, which will be 
 noticed hereafter, he increased the number of Fellows 
 from seven to twelve, and gave them the livings of 
 Twyford in Buckinghamshire, and Long Combe in 
 Oxfordshire. He formed also in 1479 a body of sta- 
 tutes, in which, after noticing, with an apparent de- 
 gree of displeasure, that, although Oxford was in the 
 diocese of Lincoln, no College had yet made provi- 
 sion for the natives of that diocese, he enjoined that 
 the Rector should be of the diocese of Lincoln or 
 York, and the Fellows or Scholars should be persons 
 born in the dioceses of Lincoln and York, and one of 
 Wells, with a preference, as to those from the diocese 
 of York, to his native parish of Rotheram. This 
 Prelate died in 1500 at Cawood, and was buried in 
 the chapel of St. Mary, under a marble tomb which 
 he had built. 
 
 There being now every prospect of a solid establish- 
 ment, other benefactors came forward, even during 
 the lifetime of Rotheram, to testify their respect for 
 the Society. Walter Bate, a Priest and Commoner 
 here, gave them a house and garden adjacent to the 
 
 L 
 
146 LINCOLN COLLEGE. 
 
 College ; and Thomas Crosby, Treasurer of Lincoln, 
 gave one hundred marks to found a Chaplainship. 
 William Dagvyle, of Oxford, Gent, bequeathed a te- 
 nement called the Christopher in St. Mary Magda- 
 lene's parish, Dagvyle's Inn in All Saints' parish, a 
 tenement in St. Martin's, and a garden ground in 
 Grand-pont in Berkshire. These he left by his will, 
 dated 1474, at which time they were valued at 61. 13s. 
 4d. per annum, and were not to come to the College 
 until after the decease of his widow. She made them 
 over, however, to the College in 1488, on condition of 
 receiving the above rent during her life, which was 
 prolonged until the year 1523. 
 
 In the beginning of the sixteenth century, Bishop 
 Smyth, the Founder of Brazenose, although he had at 
 that time his own College in view, gave the manor of 
 Bushberry, or Ailleston, near Brewood in Stafford- 
 shire, and the manor of Sengclere, or Sencleres, in 
 Chalgrave, Oxfordshire, for the general purposes and 
 benefit of the Society of Lincoln. Bushberry is re- 
 puted the best single estate in the possession of this 
 College*. In 1518, Edmund Audley, Bishop of Salis- 
 bury, the son of James Touchet, Lord Audley, gave 
 the sum of four hundred pounds for the purchase of 
 lands in Buckinghamshire, and added the patronage 
 of a chantry in the cathedral of Salisbury. 
 
 In 1535, Edward Darby, M. A. some time Fellow, 
 and Archdeacon of Stow, founded three Fellowships, 
 one to be of the Archdeaconry of Stow, the second of 
 the county of Northampton, and the third of the 
 county of Oxford. Benefactions in money were made 
 
 Churton's Lives of the Founders of Brazenose College, p. 238-241. 
 
LINCOLN COLLEGE. 147 
 
 in 1514 by Sti William Finderne, Knt. nephew of the 
 Finderne already mentioned, and in 1521 by John 
 Denham, a Fellow. In 1568 four Scholarships were 
 endowed by Joan Trapps of London, by a bequest of 
 fifty-two acres of land at Whitstaple, Kent. Two of 
 these Scholars were to be chosen by the Rector and 
 Fellows from any part of the kingdom, and two by 
 the Governors of Sir Roger Man wood's free-school in 
 Sandwich*, alternately with the Rector and Fellows. 
 It is probable that the husband of this lady had a 
 share in this intention, as she honoured his memory 
 by enjoining that the Scholars should be styled the 
 Scholars of Robert Trapps, of London, goldsmith, and 
 Joan his wife. These Scholarships were afterwards 
 augmented by their daughter, Mrs. Joyce Frankland, 
 whom we shall have occasion to notice more particu- 
 larly as a benefactress to Brazenose. One proviso 
 in this gift was, that Sir Roger Manwood, who was 
 one of her mother's executors, and had misapplied 
 some of her bequests, should not have the nomination 
 of the Scholars; or if this injunction was disobeyed, 
 her money was to be employed in founding a Scho- 
 larship of her own. Another Scholarship was founded 
 in 1633 by John Smyth, Rector of Wykeham Breiix, 
 in the diocese of Canterbury ; and in 1640, Thomas 
 Hayne of London, some time a student, gave mainte- 
 nance for two Scholars, to be chosen from the de~ 
 scendants of his father Robert Hayne, or his uncle 
 John Musson, or from the free-school of Leicester, by 
 
 The appointment of Master to this school is now vested in the 
 Rector and Fellows of Lincoln College, who present two of their num- 
 ber to the Mayor and Jurats of Sandwich, who make choice of one. 
 
14 LINCOLN COLLEGE. 
 
 the Mayor, Recorder, and three senior Aldermen of 
 that town. The fluctuations in the value, or supposed 
 value, of money, are in some degree illustrated by the 
 suras allotted to these Scholarships. . Mrs. Trapps' 
 Scholars were to have 21. 12s. 6d. yearly, Mrs. Frank- 
 land's single Scholar, if appointed, 31., Mr. Hayne's 
 61. each, and Mr. Smyth's 14l. 
 
 The next great benefactor to this and other Col- 
 leges was Nathanael Lord Crewe, Bishop of Durham, 
 and some time Rector of this College. He added 
 201. yearly to the Rectorship, and 101. to each of the 
 twelve Fellowships, and increased the Bible Clerk's 
 place and the poorer Scholarships to 101. each. The 
 same sum was added to the Curacies of All Saints 
 and St. Michael's in Oxford, and Twyford and Long 
 Combe. All these took place in 1717, and the fol- 
 lowing year he endowed twelve Exhibitions of 201. 
 each. These Exhibitioners were to be Undergraduate 
 Commoners and natives of the diocese of Durham, 
 or, in want of such, of Northallerton, Howden in 
 Yorkshire, or of Leicestershire, and particularly of 
 the parish of Newbold Verdon, or of the diocese of 
 Oxford, or of the county of Northampton, to be 
 elected by the Rector and Fellows of Lincoln College, 
 and to enjoy the Exhibitions for eight years. He 
 bequeathed also 2001. a year to the University for 
 general purposes, and was a liberal contributor to the 
 buildings of Christ Church, Queen's, Worcester, and 
 All Souls Colleges, and the new church of All Saints. 
 The latter days of this Prelate, who died in 1721, 
 were spent in acts of munificent hospitality and cha- 
 rity, for which his name has been enrolled and is com- 
 
LINCOLN COLLEGE. 149 
 
 memoraled among the most distinguished benefactors 
 to the University". The Scholarships and Exhibitions 
 were lastly augmented by Thomas Marshall, D. D. 
 Rector and Dean of Gloucester, who added four to 
 their number, and by the benefaction of Richard 
 Hutchins, D. D. Rector from 1755 to 1781, when he 
 died at the advanced age of eighty-three, and was 
 buried in the chancel of All Saints b . 
 
 The principal livings belonging to this College are 
 the RECTORIES of Cublington, Okeney, and Twy- 
 ford, in Buckinghamshire, the latter annexed by 
 Bishop Rotheram to the Rectorship ; All Saints and 
 St. Michael's in Oxford ; Waddington, Lincolnshire ; 
 Winterbourne Abbas and Winterbourne Steepleton 
 in Dorsetshire, purchased by the College in 1725; 
 Long Combe in Oxfordshire; Much Leigh and Had- 
 leigh in Essex: and the PERPETUAL CURACY of 
 Forest Hill in Oxfordshire. 
 
 In 1535 the rents were estimated at 1011. 8s. lOd. 
 and in 1592 at 1301. In 1612 the Society consisted 
 of 109 persons. It consists now of a Rector, twelve 
 Fellows, a Bible Clerk, thirteen Exhibitioners, and 
 eight Scholars. The Bishop of Lincoln is Visitor. 
 
 * The expences of the Encaenia, or annual commemoration of the 
 benefactors of this University, are partly defrayed by a sum of money 
 originally left to New College by Lord Crewe, and formerly spent in an 
 entertainment to that Society. About the year 1750, however, they 
 transferred it to the University in order to furnish a musical and mis- 
 cellaneous anniversary, in honour of its patrons and benefactors. 
 
 b A relative of Sir George Hutchins, one of the King's Commission- 
 ers of the Great Seal, and a man of considerable learning. He printed, 
 for the use of his pupils, a short Treatise on the Globes, which was al- 
 lowed by the late Mr. Adams, of Fleet Street, London, to be the best 
 that he had seen upon the subject. 
 
 L3 
 
LINCOLN COLLEGE. 
 
 The BUILDINGS of Lincoln retain much of their 
 original character. The old Colleges were all erected 
 in the quadrangular form, and never loftier than the 
 buildings of this College. The whole premises, situ- 
 ated between Exeter and All Saints church, and in a 
 line with the former, consist of two quadrangles, the 
 one a square of eighty and the other of seventy feet. 
 They stand on the ground that was formerly occupied 
 by Winchester and Hampton Halls, and part of St. 
 Mildred's church-yard. The largest quadrangle, which 
 includes the Library and Hall, is the oldest, and was 
 begun soon after the Founder's death. The Rector's 
 lodgings were built at the expence of Bishop Beck- 
 ington, and his rebus, a beacon over a tun, may yet be 
 discovered on the walls. Other parts of the quadran- 
 gle were built by Rotheram, the co-founder, whose 
 arms, three bucks trippant, are still visible on the 
 walls, as on the sinister side of the College arms. 
 
 The smaller court, in which the Chapel is situated, 
 was built about the year 1612, partly at the expence 
 of Sir Thomas Rotheram, Knt. of Bedfordshire, and 
 Fellow in Queen Elizabeth's time, who is said to have 
 given 3001. for this purpose, as an atonement for hav- 
 ing formerly misapplied part of the College revenues 
 when Bursar. The Society and a few benefactors con- 
 tributed to complete this square : and the only addi- 
 tion that has been made since that time is a building 
 in the grove, of six sets of rooms, which was erected 
 at the expence of the Society in 1759. 
 
 The HALL, on the east side of the oldest quadran- 
 gle, a handsome building, forty-two feet by twenty- 
 five, with a plain semicircular roof, was originally 
 

 

LINCOLN COLLEGE. 151 
 
 constructed by Dean Forest in 1436, assisted proba- 
 bly by other benefactors. The windows were for- 
 merly decorated with the arms of the Founder, Bi- 
 shop Beckington, and other friends to the Society. 
 In 1701 the interior was repaired and wainscotted at 
 the expence of Lord Crewe and others, and the arms 
 of the Founder, &c. restored. 
 
 The LIBRARY, on the north side of the old qua*- 
 drangle, was of the same age with the Hall, and was 
 at first supplied with MSS. by the Founder and other 
 benefactors, many of which are said to have been of 
 great value and rarity, but plundered or destroyed 
 during the revolutionary periods. Dr. Kilbye, Rector 
 from 1590 to 1620, repaired this Library completely, 
 by making new shelving for the books, and contribut- 
 ing a considerable collection, in which he was followed 
 by Sir Thomas Rotheram, DC. Edmund Wilson, Da- 
 niel Hough, B. D. Bishop Sanderson, Dr. Gilbert 
 Watts, and others. In this state it remained until 
 the year 1656, when it was converted into chambers, 
 and the books removed to the old Chapel opposite to 
 it, at the expence of John, the first Lord Crewe, and 
 father to Nathanael, Bishop of Durham, and last 
 Lord Crewe. Thomas Marshall, D. D. Rector from 
 1672 to 1685, bequeathed such books of his private 
 collection to the Bodleian as were not in that Library, 
 and the remainder to Lincoln College Library. He 
 also fitted up the Common Room, then a novelty in 
 Colleges, and built a garden-wall, which completes the 
 inclosure of the premises. In 1739, Sir Nathaniel 
 Lloyd, some time a member of this House, and after- 
 wards Fellow of All Souls, Judge Advocate General 
 to Queen Anne, and Master of Trinity Hall, Can*- 
 
 L 4 
 
152 LINCOLN COLLEGE, 
 
 bridge^ contributed 5001. to the repairs of this Li- 
 brary, which was farther enriched in 1755 by the du- 
 plicates of a library which James St. Amand, Esq. 
 gave about that time to the Bodleian, and also by a 
 collection of very valuable Greek and Latin manu- 
 scripts collected by Sir George Wheler in his travels. 
 This room contains the portraits of the two Founders, 
 of Lord Crewe, and Sir Nathaniel Lloyd. 
 
 The CHAPEL of this College is in the new or lesser 
 court, but its history brings us back to the other. 
 The Society, like other Societies in their infancy, at- 
 tended divine service in the nearest churches. The 
 men of Lincoln principally frequented St. Mildred's, 
 and occasionally All Souls and St. Martin's. In 1436 
 a Chapel or Oratory was begun by Dean Forest, with 
 the materials, and partly on the site, of St. Mildred's 
 church, which was about that time pulled down". 
 This Chapel was consecrated Feb. 10, 1441, to the 
 memory of St. Mildred, or St. Hugh, Bishop of Lin- 
 coln, but it was more generally known by the former 
 of these names. The liberality of the benefactors to 
 this Chapel appears to have been chiefly exerted in 
 its furniture, vestments, plate, &c. which were ex- 
 tremely rich and costly. In 1656, as just noticed, it 
 was converted into the Library, having been disused 
 for some years as a Chapel owing to its decayed state. 
 The present Chapel, on the south side of the lesser 
 quadrangle, was built at the expence of Dr. John 
 Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, and afterwards Arch- 
 bishop of York, and was consecrated Sept. 15, 1631, 
 
 A part only of this church appears to have been pulled down at 
 thil time; bat about the end of the century the whole was removed, and 
 the site partly occupied by the hall of Exeter College. 
 
LINCOLN COLLEGE. 153 
 
 by the poetical Dr. Richard Corbet, Bishop of Ox* 
 ford. It is a well-proportioned and elegant Gothic 
 edifice of sixty-two feet by twenty-six in breadth. The 
 painted windows were purchased by Archbishop Wil*. 
 liams in Italy in 1629- The great east window eon-*- 
 tains the principal types and antitypes of the history 
 of salvation, and the windows on each side are filled 
 by figures of the Prophets and Apostles. The interior 
 is of cedar, and the roof in particular is richly or- 
 namented. Dr. Fitzherbert Adams, Prebendary of 
 Durham, and Rector from 1685 to 1719, laid out 
 15001. a sum he had received for renewing the lease 
 of Twyford, in the repair of this Chapel and the 
 Rector's lodgings. The somewhat tedious biographer 
 of Archbishop Williams, (Dr. Hacket,) after a short 
 account of the Chapel, adds, that " all this he did 
 with the greater willingness, because the Society 
 " flourished at that time with men of rare and extra- 
 " ordinary learning." Among such Williams himself 
 deserves to be classed ; in learning and strength of 
 mind he was certainly one of the first men of his 
 age. 
 
 From the information we have of the RECTORS of 
 this College, it appears, that if many of them were 
 not distinguished members of the commonwealth of 
 letters, they deserve to be remembered with gratitude 
 for their judicious discipline and management of the 
 Society, and for devoting their property to the in-- 
 crease of its revenues. The third Rector, Tristrope> 
 has already been noticed as the instigator of Bishop 
 Rotheram's bounty. He was a man of learning, 
 and conversant in the education of youth before his 
 promotion to this Rectorship, having been Principal 
 
15i LINCOLN COLLEGE. 
 
 of Glazen Hall in School-street in 1444, a Hall so 
 named because it was the first that had glass win- 
 dows. It appears to have stood in St. Mary's church- 
 yard. He was also Principal of Hawk Hall in Che- 
 ney-lane, adjoining to the site of this Colleger- 
 Hugh Weston, the ninth Rector, and Dean of West- 
 minster, and afterwards of Windsor, and John 
 Bridgewater, amply fulfilled the intentions of the 
 Founder, by becoming able and voluminous cham- 
 pions for the old religion : Dr. Kilbye was an excel- 
 lent Hebrew scholar, and Professor of that language 
 in 1610, and one of the translators of the Bible; a 
 translation of which its greatest enemy has declared 
 that " every sentence, every word, every syllable, 
 " every letter and point, seem to have been weighed 
 " with the utmost exactitude, and expressed either in 
 " the text or margin with the greatest precision." 
 Dr. Kilbye had also the honour to be tutor to the 
 great Dr. Sanderson, Bishop of Lincoln. To these 
 we may add Dr. Marshall, Rector, and Dean of Glou- 
 cester, already noticed as a benefactor, a very cele- 
 brated oriental and Saxon Scholar. 
 
 Very few PRELATES have studied in this College 
 who have not been noticed as belonging to other So- 
 cieties. It would, however, be unpardonable to omit 
 the name of Dr. Edward Wetenhall, successively Bi- 
 shop of Cork and Ross, and of Kilmore and Kildagh 
 in Ireland, the author of many pious and practical 
 treatises : Dr. Clavering, Bishop of LlandafF and Pe- 
 terborough, many years Hebrew professor: and, above 
 all, Dr. Robert Sanderson, Bishop of Lincoln, who 
 is allowed to excel all casuists, ancient and modern, 
 and who studied more than any logician of his time 
 
LINCOLN COLLEGE. 155 
 
 the purest principles of truth and equity. To a very 
 superior judgment he added a diffidence which would 
 have often prevented those decisions to which the 
 theological world looked up, had he not been impelled 
 by accidental circumstances to a greater degree of 
 promptitude*. The great Archbishop Usher says of 
 a difficult case which he submitted to him, that he 
 " returned that happy answer which met all my 
 " thoughts, satisfied all my scruples, and cleared all my 
 " doubts." His life is the most engaging and com- 
 plete of those which we owe to Walton : but it is not 
 perhaps so generally known that we are indebted to 
 him for thosg beautiful additions to the Liturgy, 
 made after the Restoration, the prayer " for all sorts 
 " and conditions of men," and the " general thanks- 
 " giving." Archbishop Potter was also a Fellow of 
 this College. 
 
 Among the scholars of inferior ranks, or in civil 
 life, educated here, the first respect is due to Ro- 
 bert Fleming, either nephew or near kinsman to the 
 Founder, who became Dean of Lincoln, and after- 
 wards travelled on the continent in pursuit of the 
 study of classical learning, in which he made a pro- 
 gress then very uncommon. In Latin he wrote an 
 elegant poem, entitled, " Lucubrationes Tiburtinae." 
 On his return, he deposited in the College library 
 many finely illuminated manuscripts, and a Greek and 
 Latin dictionary of his own writing, which was pro- 
 bably extant in Leland's time, who mentions it. This 
 College may likewise enumerate Sir Edmund Ander- 
 
 * " He hesitated so much, and rejected so often, that at the time of 
 " reading (his lectures) he was often forced to produce not what was 
 '* best, but what happened to be at hand," JOHNSON. 
 
156 LINCOLN COLLEGE. 
 
 son, Chief Justice of the King's Bench : Boltori, 
 the learned Puritan divine, afterwards of Brazenose, 
 and one of the first Greek scholars of his time: 
 Edward Weston, an able champion of the Roman Ca- 
 tholic cause, and nephew to the Rector of that 
 name : Richard Brett, one of the translators of the 
 Bible, and a critical scholar in- the oriental as well as 
 classical languages : Dr. John Davis, or Davies, an 
 eminent linguist and antiquary : Thomas Hayne, 
 afterwards a teacher in Merchant Taylor's school, a 
 celebrated grammarian, and noticed already as a be- 
 nefactor to this College : Dr. Christopher Bennet, 
 physician and medical writer: Arthur Hopton, an 
 able mathematician, whom science lost by a premature 
 death :-^Sir William Davenant, the poet, a native of 
 Oxford .--^Cornelius Burgess, one of the most distin- 
 guished of the parliamentary divines, and a volumi- 
 nous writer; when almost on his death-bed, he gave 
 some rare copies of books to the public library: 
 Henry Foulis, ecclesiastical historian : Those learned 
 and conscientious nonjurors, Mr. John Kettlewell 
 and Dr. George Hickes: Sir George Wheler, the 
 learned traveller and botanist, already mentioned 
 among the benefactors to the library. At the age of 
 seventeen he became a Commoner of this College, 
 and went on his travels before he took a degree. His 
 Master's degree was conferred in 1683, long after he 
 returned from his travels, in consideration of his learn- 
 ing, and liberality to the College in presenting the 
 antiquities collected abroad : Tindal, the Deist, stu- 
 died here before he went to Exeter and All Souls : 
 but the disgrace is compensated by the superior fame 
 and useful labours of the ingenious Dr. Richard 
 
LINCOLN COLLEGE. i57 
 
 Grey, and the pious James Hervey. Nor must it be 
 omitted, that the celebrated John Wesley, originally 
 a student of Christ Church, was elected a Fellow of 
 Lincoln, March 17, 1726, an honour upon which his 
 family appear to have set a high value ; and on the 7th 
 of November following he was chosen Greek Lecturer 
 and Moderator of the Classes, although he was then 
 little more than twenty-three years old, and had not 
 proceeded Master of Arts*. Dr. John Sibthorp, the 
 distinguished author of the Flora Qxoniemis and of 
 the Flora Graca, was a member of this College. An 
 estate was left by him to defray the expence of pub- 
 lishing the latter work, and after the accomplishment 
 of this object to increase the Botanical Professorship. 
 It may not be altogether unworthy of remark, that 
 the two greatest modern benefactors to the University 
 were Fellows of this College, Lord Crewe and Dr. 
 Radcliffe. 
 
 Whitehead's Life of Wesley, rol, i, p, 404. 
 
 
ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 
 
 HENRY Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury, the 
 first imitator of William of Wykeham, and Founder 
 of this noble establishment, was born, probably in 
 136, at Higham-Ferrars in Northamptonshire, of 
 parents who, if not distinguished by their opulence, 
 were at least enabled to place their children in situa- 
 tions which qualified them for promotion in civil and 
 political life. Their sons, Robert and Thomas, rose 
 to the highest dignities in the magistracy of London, 
 and Henry, the subject of this memoir, was, at a 
 suitable age, placed at Winchester school, and thence 
 removed to New College, where he studied the civil 
 and canon law 3 . Of his proficiency here we have 
 little information ; but the progress of his advance- 
 ment indicates that he soon acquired distinction, and 
 conciliated the affection of the first patrons of the 
 age. From 1392 to 1407, he can be traced through 
 various ecclesiastical preferments and dignities, for 
 some at least of which he was indebted to Richard 
 Metford, Bishop of Salisbury. This valuable friend 
 
 Wood says he was made perpetual Fellow of New College in 1387, 
 and afterwards received the degree of Doctor of the Civil Law. Mr. 
 Gutch thinks his Fellowship of a much earlier date, as he was Bachelor 
 of Laws in 1388. The life of Chichele, written by Hoveden, one of 
 the Wardens, and another supposed to be written by Dr. Warner, also 
 Warden, exist in MSS. That published in 1617 by Dr. Duck is more 
 accurate, but is now superseded by the copious and elegant life, pub- 
 lished in 1783, by Mr. Oliph Leigh Spencer, a Fellow of the Society. 
 
ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 159 
 
 he had the misfortune to lose in the last-mentioned 
 year ; but his reputation was so firmly established, that 
 King Henry IV. about this time employed him on an 
 embassy to Pope Innocent VII. on another to the 
 Court of France, and on a third to Pope Gregory 
 XII. who was so much pleased with his conduct, as to 
 present him to the Bishopric of St. David's, which 
 happened to become vacant during his residence at 
 the Apostolic court in 1408. In the following year 
 he was deputed, along with Hallum, Bishop of Salis- 
 bury, and Chillingdon, Prior of Canterbury, to repre- 
 sent England in the Council of Pisa, which was con- 
 voked to settle the disputed pretensions of the Popes 
 Gregory and Benedict, both of whom were deposed, 
 and Alexander V. chosen in their room, who had once 
 studied at Oxford. 
 
 On our Founder's return, he passed some months 
 in discharging the functions of his diocese. In May, 
 1410, he was again sent to France, with other ne- 
 gociators, to obtain a renewal of the truce between 
 the two kingdoms; but this was not accomplished 
 until the year following, nor without considerable dif- 
 ficulties. For nearly two years after this we find him 
 residing on his diocese, or paying occasional visits to 
 the metropolis, which his high character as a statesman 
 rendered no less necessary than grateful to his royal 
 master. 
 
 On the accession of Henry V. he was again con- 
 sulted and employed in many political measures, and 
 appears to have completely acquired the confidence of 
 the new Sovereign, who sent him a third time into 
 France on the subject of peace. The English were 
 at this time in possession of some of the territories 
 
160 ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 
 
 of that country ; a circumstance which rendered every 
 treaty of peace insecure, and created perpetual jea- 
 lousies and efforts towards emancipation on the part of 
 the French. 
 
 In the spring of 1414, Chichele succeeded Arundel 
 as Archbishop of Canterbury, which he at first re- 
 fused in deference to the Pope ; but on the Pontiff's 
 acceding to the election made by the prior and 
 monks, he was put in complete possession, and soon 
 had occasion to exert the whole of his talents and 
 influence to preserve the revenues of the Church, 
 which the Parliament had more than once advised 
 the King to take into his own hands. The time was 
 critical ; the King had made demands on the Court 
 of France, which promised to end in hostilities, and 
 large supplies were wanted. The Clergy, alarmed 
 for the whole, agreed to give up a part of their pos- 
 sessions*, and Chichele undertook to lay their offer 
 before Parliament, and, as far as eloquence could go, 
 to render it satisfactory to that assembly. It is here 
 that historians have taken occasion to censure his 
 conduct, and to represent him as precipitating the 
 King into a war with France in order to divert his 
 attention from the Church. But while it is certain 
 that he strongly recommended the recovery of Henry's 
 hereditary dominions in France, and the vindication 
 of his title to that crown, it is equally certain that this 
 
 All the alien priories were given to the King, with all their lands 
 and revenues, but the greater part of them were still continued for 
 sacred uses, being bestowed on monasteries and colleges. Some, it will 
 be seen, were bestowed on this College. These alien priories were cells 
 to foreign monasteries. See Nichols's History of Alien Priories. Tai- 
 aer'i preface to his Notitia Monastica, Burn, &c. 
 

 
 ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 161 
 
 was a disposition which lie rather found than created ; 
 and in what manner he could have thwarted it, if such 
 is to be supposed the wiser and better course, cannot 
 be determined, without a more intimate knowledge of 
 the state of parties than is now practicable. The war, 
 however, was eminently successful, and the battle of 
 Azincourt gratified the utmost hopes of the nation, 
 and has ever since been a proud memento of its va-. 
 lour. During this period, besides taking the lead in 
 political and ecclesiastical measures at home, Chichele 
 twice accompanied the King's camp in France. 
 
 After the death of Henry V. in 1422, and the ap- 
 pointment of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, to be 
 Regent during the minority of Henry VI., Chichele 
 retired to his province, and began to visit the several 
 dioceses included in it, carefully inquiring into the 
 state of morals and religion. The principles of Wick- 
 liff had made considerable progress ; and it was to 
 them chiefly that the indifference of the public to- 
 wards the established Clergy, and the efforts which 
 had been made to alienate their revenues, were at- 
 tributed. Officially, therefore, we are not to won- 
 der that Chichele, educated in all the prejudices of 
 the times, endeavoured to check the growing heresy, 
 as it was called : but from the silence of Fox on. 
 the subject, there is reason to hope that his personal 
 interference was far more gentle than that of his pre- 
 decessor Arundel. On the other hand, history ha^ 
 done ample justice to the spirit with which he re- 
 sisted the assumed power of the Pope in the disposi- 
 tion of ecclesiastical preferments, and asserted the 
 privileges of the English Church. .In all this he was 
 supported by the nation at large, by a majority of the 
 
 M 
 
ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 
 
 Bishops, and by the University of Oxford ; nor at 
 time was more zeal shewn against the Lollards, or 
 first Protestants, than against the capricious and de- 
 grading encroachments of the Court of Rome. Among 
 the vindications of Chichele's character from the im- 
 putations thrown upon it by the agents of the Pope, 
 that of our University must not be omitted. They 
 told the Pope, that " Chichele stood in the sanctuary 
 " of God as a firm wall that heresy could not shake, 
 " nor simony undermine; and that he was the darling 
 " of the people, and the foster parent of the clergy." 
 These remonstrances, however, were unsatisfactory to 
 the proud and restless spirit of Martin V. but after 
 he had for some time kept the terrors of an interdict 
 hanging over the nation, the dispute was dropped with- 
 out concessions on either side, and the death of thia 
 Pope, soon after, relieved the Archbishop from farther 
 Texation. 
 
 He was now advancing in years; and while he em- 
 ployed his time in promoting the interests of his pro- 
 vince, he conceived the plan of founding a College in 
 Oxford, which he lived to accomplish on a very mag- 
 nificent scale. One benefit he conferred, about the 
 same time, of a more general importance to both Uni- 
 versities. During the sitting of one of the Convoca- 
 tions in 1438, the Universities presented a remon- 
 strance, stating the grievances they laboured under 
 from wars, want of revenues, and the neglect of their 
 members in the disposal of church livings. Chichele 
 immediately procured a decree, that all ecclesiastical 
 patrons should, for ten years to come, confer the be- 
 nefices in their gifts on members of either University 
 exclusively; and that vicars general, commissaries, 
 
ALL SOULS COLLEGE. l6S 
 
 and officials, should be chosen out of the Graduates iu 
 civil and common law. 
 
 He had now held eighteen synods, in all of which 
 he distinguished himself as the guardian of the Church; 
 and was eminently successful in conciliating the Par- 
 liament and nation, hy such grants on the part of the 
 Clergy, as shewed a readiness, proportioned to their 
 ability, to support the interests of the Crown and 
 people. The most noted of his constitutions were 
 those which enjoined the celebration of festivals, re- 
 gulated the probates of wills, provided against false 
 weights, and augmented the stipends of Vicars. That, 
 which is most to be regretted was his instituting a 
 kind of inquisition against Lollardism. 
 
 In 1442, he applied to Pope Eugenius for an in- 
 dulgence to resign his office into more able hands, 
 being now nearly eighty years old, and, as he pathe- 
 tically urges, " heavy laden, aged, infirm, and weak be- 
 " yond measure." He entreats that he may be re* 
 leased from a burthen which he was no longer able to 
 support either with ease to himself, or advantage to 
 others. He died, however, before the issue of this 
 application could be known, on the 12th of April 
 1443, and was interred with great solemnity in the ca- 
 thedral of Canterbury, under a monument of exquisite 
 workmanship, built by himself. As a farther mark of 
 respect, the Prior and Monks decreed, that no person 
 beside should be buried in that part of the church 
 where his remains were deposited. 
 
 His character, when assimilated to that of the age 
 in which he lived, is not without a portion of the 
 dark sentiment, and barbarous spirit of persecution, 
 which obstructed the Reformation ; but on every oe- 
 
164 ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 
 
 casion where he dared to exert his native talents and 
 superior powers of thinking, we discover the measures 
 of an enlightened statesman, and that liberal and be- 
 nevolent disposition which would confer celebrity ia 
 the brightest periods of our history. 
 
 The foundation of All Souls College is not the first 
 instance of his munificent spirit. In 1422, he founded 
 ;a collegiate church at his native place, Higham Fer- 
 rars, so amply endowed, that on its dissolution by 
 Henry VIII. its revenues were valued at 1561. This 
 College consisted of a quadrangular building, of which 
 the church only now remains, and is used as a parish- 
 church. To this he attached an hospital for the 
 poor, and both these institutions were long supported 
 by the legacies of his brothers, Robert and William, 
 Aldermen of London*. He also expended large suing 
 in adorning the cathedral of Canterbury, founding a 
 library there, and in adding to the buildings of Lam- 
 beth palace b , Croydon church, and Rochester bridge. 
 
 His first intentions with respect to Oxford ended in 
 the erection of a house for the Scholars of the Cister- 
 cian order, who at that time had no settled habitation 
 fit Oxford. This mansion, which was called St. Ber- 
 
 * Robert Chichele, citizen and grocer, served the office of Sheriff ia 
 1402, and that of Lord Mayor twice, in 1411 and 1422. He died without 
 issue. William served the office of Sheriff in 1409, and his son John 
 was Chamberlain of London. He had a very numerous issue. 
 
 b He built the great tower at the west end of the chapel, called the 
 Lollard's tower, at the top of which is a prison room. Before the Re- 
 formation, the Archbishops had prisons for ecclesiastical offenders, 
 who, if persons of rank, were kept in separate apartments, and used to 
 eat at the Archbishop's table. LYSON'S ENVIRONS, art. LAMBETH, and 
 Churtou'sLi\t?s of the Founders of Brazenose College, p. 18,9. ct seqq. 
 
ALL SOULS COLLEGE. l(J5 
 
 Hard's College, was afterwards alienated to Sir Thomas 
 White, and formed part of St. John's College. The 
 foundation of All Souls, however, is that which has 
 conveyed his memory to our times with the highest 
 claims of veneration. Like his predecessor and friend, 
 Wykeham, he had amassed considerable wealth, and 
 determined to expend it in facilitating the purposes of 
 education, which, notwithstanding the erection of the 
 preceding Colleges, continued to be much obstructed 
 during those reigns, the turbulence of which ren- 
 dered property insecure, and interrupted the quiet 
 progress of learning and civilization. 
 
 At what time he first conceived this plan is not re- 
 corded. It appears, however, to have been in his old 
 age, when he obtained a release from interference in 
 public measures. The purchases he made for his 
 College consisted chiefly of Berford Hall, or Cherle- 
 ton's Inn, St. Thomas's Hall, Tingewick Hall, and 
 Godknave HalJ, comprising a space of one hundred 
 and seventy-two feet in length, in the High-street, 
 and one hundred and sixty-two in breadth in Cat or 
 Catherine-street, which runs between the High-street 
 and Hertford College; to these additions were after- 
 wards- made, which enlarged the front in the High-, 
 street. The foundation-stone was laid with great so^ 
 Jemnity Feb. 10, 1437. John Druell, Archdeacon of 
 Exeter, and Roger Keyes, both afterwards Fellows of 
 the College, were the principal architects; and the 
 charter was obtained of the King in 1438, and con- 
 firmed by the Pope in the following year. In the 
 charter the King, Henry VI. assumed the title of 
 Founder, at the Archbishop's solicitation, who ap- 
 pears to have paid him this compliment to secure his 
 
 M 3 
 
1(56 ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 
 
 patronage for the institution, while the full exercise 
 of legislative authority was reserved to Chichele as 
 co-founder. 
 
 According to this charter the Society was to consist 
 of a Warden and twenty Fellows, with power in the 
 Warden to increase their number to forty, and to be 
 called, The Warden and College of the Souls of all 
 the Faithful deceased, Collegium Omnium Animarum 
 Fidelium defunctorum de Oxon. The precise meaning 
 of this may be understood from the obligation imposed 
 on the Society to pray for the good estate of Henry 
 VI. and the Archbishop, during their lives, and for 
 their souls after their decease ; also for the souls of 
 Henry V. and the Duke of Clarence, together with 
 those of all the Dukes, Earls, Barons, Knights, 
 Esquires, and other subjects of the Crown of Eng- 
 land, who had fallen in the war with France; and 
 for the souls of all the faithful deceased. 
 
 Sixteen of the Fellows were to study the civil and 
 canon laws, and the rest philosophy and the arts, and 
 theology. But the most remarkable clause in this 
 charter, when compared to former foundations, is that 
 which gives the Society leave to purchase lands to the 
 yearly value of 3001. a sum very far exceeding what we 
 read of in any previous foundations, and which has 
 more recently been increased to 10501. by charters from 
 Charles I. and George II. Another charter of very 
 extensive privileges was granted soon after the founda- 
 tion by Henry VI. and this and the charter of founda- 
 tion were confirmed by an Act of Parliament 14 Henry 
 VII. 1499. 
 
 It was not till within a few days of his death that 
 the Archbishop gave a body of statutes for the regu- 
 
ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 167 
 
 lation of his College, modelled after the statutes of his 
 illustrious precursor, Wykeham. After the appoint- 
 ment of the number of Fellows, already noticed, he or- 
 dains that they should be born in lawful wedlock in 
 the province of Canterbury, with a preference to the 
 next of kin, descended from his brothers Robert and 
 William Chichele'. To the Society were also added 
 Chaplains, Clerks, and Choristers, who appear to have 
 been included in the foundation, although they are not 
 mentioned in the charter. 
 
 For the more ample endowment of this College, the 
 Founder purchased and bestowed on it the manor of 
 Wedon and Weston, or Wedon Pinkeney, in North- 
 amptonshire. King's College, Cambridge, became af- 
 terwards possessed of a part of it ; but All Souls has, 
 besides the advowson of the churches belonging to it, 
 the largest estate, and the lordship of the waste. The 
 Founder also gave them the manors of Horsham, and 
 Scotney, Or Bletching Court, in Kent, and certain lands 
 called the Thriffs, or Friths, in Wapenham, Northamp- 
 tonshire; with the suppressed alien priories of Romney 
 in Kent ; the rectory of Upchurch ; the priories of 
 
 This part ef the Founder's statutes has occasioned much litigation, 
 as the farther the time is removed from bis age, the difficulty of ascer- 
 taining consanguinity becomes almost insuperable. According to the 
 Stemmata Chicheleana, published in 1765, the collateral descendants of 
 our Founder were then to be traced through nearly twelve hundred fami- 
 lies ; but this, which seems at first to administer facility, is in fact the 
 source of many disputed and disputable claims. In 1776, on an appli- 
 cation to Cornwallis, Archbishop of Canterbury, as Visitor, he decreed 
 that the number of Fellows to be admitted on claim of kindred should 
 be limited to twenty. In 1792, on the claim of kindred by a person, 
 when the number of twenty happened to be complete, the matter was 
 reheard, and the former Archbishop's decree ratified and confirmed. 
 
 JK 4 
 
168 ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 
 
 New Abbey near Abberbury in Shropshire, of St. 
 Clare in Carmarthenshire, and of Llangentth in Gla- 
 morganshire. Wood says, that King Edward IV. took 
 into his hands all the revenues of this College, and 
 these priories, because the Society sided with Henry 
 VI. against him: but it appears by the College ar- 
 chives, as cited by the accurate editor of Wood's his- 
 tory, that the King took only these alien priories, and 
 soon restored them, probably because he considered it 
 as an act of justice to restore what had been purchased 
 from, and not given by, the Crown. Besides these 
 possessions, the trustees of the Founder purchased 
 the manors of Edgware, Kingsbury, and Malorees, in 
 Middlesex, &c. and he bequeathed the sums of 1341. 
 6s. 8d. and a thousand marks, to be banked for the 
 use of the College 3 . 
 
 These transactions passed chiefly during the build- 
 ing of the College, which the aged Founder often in- 
 spected. In 14412 it was capable of receiving the 
 Warden and Fellows, who had hitherto been lodged at 
 the Archbishop's expence in the hall and chambers 
 hired for that purpose. The chapel was consecrated 
 early in the sa'me year by the Founder, assisted by 
 the Bishops of Lincoln (Alnwick), Worcester (Bour- 
 chier), Norwich (Brown), and other sufl'ragans. The 
 whole of the College was not finished before the latter 
 end of the year 1444, and the expence of building, ac- 
 cording to the accounts of Druell and Keys, may be 
 estimated at 41561. os. 3d.^ The purchases of ground, 
 books, chapel-furniture, &c. amounted to 43021. 3s. 8d. 
 
 He gave also 1231*. 6s. 8d. to New College, and the same sum to 
 the University chest, as a fund for small loans to the members, and 
 subscribed largely to the public library. 
 
ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 169 
 
 From the biographer of Chichele we learn, that tlYe 
 stone employed in the buildings was brought from the 
 quarries of Hedingdon, Teynton, Sherborne, Hinxey, 
 and Sunningwell; the timber from Shotover, Stow- 
 wood, Horsham, Eynsham, Cumner, and Beckley. 
 The workmen were the best that could be procured, 
 and the same who afterwards assisted in repairing the 
 castle of Windsor. The wages of the carpenters and 
 sawyers were sixpence a day : masons, eightpence : 
 stone-diggers and common labourers, fourpence half- 
 penny: joiners, from sixpence to eightpence; dawbers, 
 fivepence : master-carpenter, three shillings and four- 
 pence a week : carvers and image makers, four shil- 
 lings and eightpence a week, and bed and board found 
 them: a woman labourer, threepence a day. The 
 windows were glazed at one shilling per foot. These 
 were very high wages for the time, and prove that 
 the Founder spared no expence on the work, while* by 
 his noble endowment, he raised his College to a higher 
 degree of opulence than was then enjoyed by any So- 
 ciety in either University. 
 
 Nor have many Colleges been more fortunate in the 
 liberality of their subsequent benefactors, who, in this 
 case, may be divided into two classes. Those who 
 contributed to the College as it was left by the 
 Founder, and those who have enriched it more re- 
 cently in its renovated state. The latter will be no- 
 ticed when we come to speak of the new buildings. 
 Among the former was James Goldwell, some time 
 Fellow, and afterwards Bishop of Norwich, who died in 
 1498, and, besides various sums given in his lifetime, 
 left 1461. 13s. 4d. for a foundation of a chantry in the 
 Chapel. Three other chantries were founded with 
 
170 ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 
 
 Estates or money, by Robert Honey wood, L L. D. 
 Richard Bartlett, M. D. and Robert Broke, all Fel- 
 lows. On the Reformation, these were converted into 
 exhibitions for the Chaplains. Sir William Petre, 
 already noticed among the benefactors to Exeter Col- 
 lege, gave a piece of ground joining to this College, 
 and the Rectories of Barking and Stanton-Harcourt, 
 and founded three exhibitions for three Scholars. He 
 \vas patron of the Vicarage of Stanton-Harcourt, and, 
 in consequence of his petition, Cardinal Pole, who 
 was then invested with certain impropriate Parson- 
 ages, granted the said Rectory to this College: but 
 after Queen Mary's death the Bishop of Winchester 
 claimed it, and was prevailed on by Lord Burghley 
 to grant it to the Queen, (Elizabeth,) who restored it 
 to the College, although somewhat reluctantly. The 
 Rectory of Barking appears to have been the property 
 of William Pouncet, who left his estate to Sir William 
 Petre, and two other executors, in trust, for pious and 
 charitable uses. With part of the profits of this Rec- 
 tory, after paying the Vicar, two exhibitions were 
 founded for two Fellows, which are still called Poun^ 
 cet's exhibitions. 
 
 In 1558, Edward Napier of Holywell, Gent, and 
 some time Fellow, left exhibitions for three poor 
 Scholars. David Pole, a relation to the celebrated 
 Cardinal of that name, and Bishop of Peterborough, 
 (of which he was deprived on the accession of Queen 
 Elizabeth,) left a legacy of money and books. Thomas 
 Gwynne, LL. D. a Fellow in 1597, gave certain lands in 
 Penhow, in the county of Monmouth, in trust for the 
 purchase of advowsons. This fund has been since in- 
 -creased by the contributions of several members of 
 
ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 171 
 
 the Society, particularly the late Warden, Dr. Niblet, 
 and Doctor John Sanford, some time Fellow, and Rec- 
 tor of Chellesfield in Kent; and by it many of the 
 best livings belonging to the College have been pur- 
 chased. 
 
 These benefactions have enabled the Society to enu- 
 merate among their livings the RECTORIES of Bar- 
 ford St. Martin, Wilts; Buckland, Surry; Chelles- 
 field, Elineley Isle, and Harrietsham, Kent ; East 
 Lockinge, Berks ; Welwyn, Herts ; Stanton-Har- 
 court, Oxfordshire ; and Weston Turville, Bucks : the 
 VICARAGES of Alberbury, Shropshire; Barking, 
 p3sex ; Lewknor, Oxfordshire ; New Romney and 
 Upchurch, Kent: and the CURACY of Walton Car- 
 diffe, Gloucestershire. 
 
 The endowment of this College was valued in 1535 
 at 3921. '2s. 3d. or, according to Twyne, at 3931. ; in, 
 1592 it was estimated at 5001.; and in 1612 the So- 
 ciety consisted of ninety-three persons. At present 
 it consists of a Warden, forty Fellows, two Chaplains, 
 and six Clerks and Choristers. The election of a 
 Warden is conducted in the same manner as that of 
 Merton College. The Society present two of their 
 number to the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Visitor, 
 who makes choice of one. 
 
 Of the original BUILDINGS, very little now re r 
 mains as left by the Founder. The principal front to 
 the High Street, which retains somewhat of its prisr 
 tine character, was at first one hundred and ninety- 
 four feet in length, with two gateways, and three very 
 fine bay windows, now modernized, and an embattle- 
 ment along its whole length, with grotesque heads 
 
17* ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 
 
 and sponts. The gate to the westward, surmounted 
 by the tower ornamented with the finely sculptured 
 figures of Henry VI. and Chichele, opened into the 
 principal quadrangle, which contained the Chapel, 
 Hall, Library, and a cloister on the north-west side of 
 the Chapel. The gate towards the east led to a lesser 
 court of old and irregular buildings, and the Warden's 
 lodgings were over this gate. Nigh to them was a 
 mean building with two bay windows on the site of 
 the present Warden's lodgings. 
 
 The new and extensive quadrangle was erected since 
 the beginning of the last century ; and the Chapel, 
 Hall, and Library have passed through three stages of 
 alteration since the College was founded. It must be 
 .noticed, however, that these alterations were neither 
 capricious, nor unnecessary. The College suffered so 
 much by the violence which injudiciously accompanied 
 the Reformation, and during other periods of public 
 turbulence, that it became necessary for the Society, 
 in justice to themselves and their munificent Founder, 
 to restore as much beauty and regularity to the Cha- 
 pel, &c. as the taste and prejudices of the times would 
 admit; and it is universally acknowledged, that the ad- 
 ditions and alterations of the last century have con- 
 tributed highly to the magnificence of this College. 
 
 It will be necessary, therefore, to notice the erec- 
 tion of the new quadrangle, as leading to some account 
 of the principal buildings. This quadrangle, which 
 extends one hundred and seventy-two feet in length, 
 and one hundred and fifty-five in breadth, contains 
 ihe Library on the north, the Chapel and Hall on 
 the south, the cloister and principal entrance on the 
 west, and the Common Room and other apartments, 
 
Onxwn &n0ra ly JJtarr 
 
 fuhkhedty uok Iffarkr.Pifortt - 
 < hi. 
 
ALL SOULS COLLEGE. i~S 
 
 with the two Gothic towers, ca the east. The \vhole 
 was projected in the beginning of the last century, and 
 was completed principally at the expence of various 
 benefactors. The list is very copious, and there ap- 
 pears to have been at this time a generous emulation 
 of the munificent spirit of ancient days. 
 
 In a sketch like the present, a few names only can 
 be enumerated. The building between the Hall and 
 the south tower was erected chiefly at the expence of 
 Sir Nathaniel Lloyd, some time Fellow here, but ori- 
 .ginally a Commoner of Lincoln. Having studied the 
 civil law, he practised at Doctors Commons for some 
 years, and was Official of Surry, Advocate General to 
 Queen Anne, who conferred the honour of Knight- 
 hood upon him, and was in 1710 chosen Master of 
 Trinity Hall in Cambridge, to which he was a most 
 generous benefactor. To the buildings in this qua- 
 drangle, he gave the income of his Fellowship, which 
 he retained for some time after he became Master of 
 Trinity Hall, and which amounted to 1501. and also 
 12001. one thousand of which was by will. 
 
 The north tower and the stair-case adjoining on the 
 north were built by the Hon. William Steuart, (third 
 son of James, fifth Earl of Galloway,) Lieut. Colonel 
 of foot, and Commander in Chief of Ireland, at the 
 expence of 7861. The south tower, stair-case, and 
 rooms between the towers, were erected chiefly by 
 the benefactions of the Earl of Carnarvon, afterwards 
 Duke of Chandos, and Henry Godolphin, Dean of 
 St. Paul's and Provost of Eton. 
 
 The building between the north tower and the LH 
 brary was undertaken by a man from whose personal 
 character such a contribution was rather singular, but 
 
174 ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 
 
 who was consistent in promising more than his extra- 
 vagance and folly permitted him to accomplish. This 
 was the gay and wretched Philip, Duke of Wharton, 
 who conditioned with the builder to complete it for 
 the sum of 11831. but as he died in involved circum- 
 stances, many years elapsed before the debt was en- 
 tirely recovered. Dr. Young, who is known to have 
 been patronized by Wharton, of which he lived to be 
 ashamed, is said to have had some influence in pro- 
 curing this benefaction. 
 
 The cloister and gateway on the west side were 
 finished about the year 1734, principally by the con- 
 tributions of the Hon. Dodington Grevile, Esq. the 
 Right Hon. Henry Boyle, Baron Carlton, Dr. Richard 
 Hill, Thomas Palmer, Esq. of Fairfield, Somerset- 
 shire, and Sir Peter Mews, LL. D. all of whom had 
 been some time Fellows, and their names, with those 
 of the other leading benefactors, are placed on the 
 walls, gateways, &c. with appropriate inscriptions. 
 
 This quadrangle, especially when viewed from the 
 west-entrance, presents one of the most attractive 
 scenes of which Oxford can boast. The general 
 style is the mixed Gothic. The late Lord Orford, 
 after erroneously attributing this work to Gibbs, en- 
 deavours to lessen its merit, in his usual sarcastic 
 manner, by observing, that " the quadrangle of All 
 41 Souls has blundered into a picturesque scenery not 
 *' devoid of grandeur." To this it has been very pro- 
 perly replied by the editor of Wood's history, that 
 there was no blundering in the case, as what was 
 done was done intentionally, not by Gibbs, but by 
 Hawksmoor, whose correspondence with Dr. Clarke 
 .on the subject is preserved jamojag the .archives of 
 
ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 17$ 
 
 this College. Lord Orford, indeed, who, for whatever 
 reason, had no great veneration for this Univer- 
 sity, appears to speak from a very imperfect recol- 
 lection ; for almost in the same page he says, that 
 Hawksmoor rebuilt some part of All Souls, " the two 
 " towers over the gate of which are copies of his own 
 " steeple of St Anne's, Limehouse." It is supposed by 
 Wood's editor that he had seen, perhaps in Williams's 
 Oxonia, a plan of Hawksmoor's, which was never 
 executed, for rebuilding the front towards the street, 
 in which there are two towers*. 
 
 The old HALL, at the east end of the Chapel, appears 
 to have been of nearly the same dimensions as at pre- 
 sent, but no account of its architecture has been trans- 
 mitted. The windows were ornamented, as usual, with 
 the arms of the Founder and benefactors. The present 
 Hall, the interior of which was built at the expence 
 of the Society, and of many gentlemen who had for- 
 merly been members, was begun in 1729, according to 
 a plan given by Dr. George Clarke, who also con- 
 tributed the wainscot and the chimney-piece. 
 
 Besides the arms of many benefactors, this elegant 
 room is decorated with Sir James ThornhilPs paint- 
 ing of the " Finding of the law, and King Josiah 
 rending hisrobe b ;" and the portraits of the Founder, 
 Colonel Codrington, and Sir Nathaniel Lloyd, by the 
 me hand. There is also a series of casts from the 
 
 : 
 
 In the edition of bis Lordship's works lately published, he offers an 
 apology for the mistakesln this account, but blames the want of true 
 Gothic character in this quadrangle, which had not been asserted ; and 
 concludes with recommending Mr. Wyat a& an architect capable of think- 
 ing in the spirit of the Founder. 
 
 * 2 Kins*xii. 11. 
 
176 ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 
 
 antique, and a very fine bust of the Founder, another 
 of Linacre, and a third of Leland, which was en- 
 graven for his life, published in 1772. Bacon's statue 
 of Mr. Justice Blackstone is universally regarded as 
 one of the principal ornaments of this room. It was 
 erected in 17S4, and the expence (four hundred and 
 fifty guineas) defrayed by Dr. Buckler, Sub- Warden, 
 Dr. Long, and the late Warden, Dr. Tracy, whose 
 fine portrait is now added to the collection, and by 
 the Society. Wyat planned the arch under which 
 the statue is placed. Lender Sir James Thornhill's 
 large painting is another of the architect presenting 
 the plan of the street-front to the Founder. The 
 Buttery and Kitchen adjoining were built at the 
 same time with the Hall. Dr. Clarke planned and 
 fitted up the fine arched roof of the Buttery, which 
 contains a bust of Giles Bennet, Manciple", and an- 
 other, with perhaps less local propriety, of Hawks- 
 moor, the architect. 
 
 The old LIBRARY, part of the second story of the 
 east side of the old quadrangle, (now a set of very ele- 
 gant chambers,) was built and partly furnished .with 
 manuscripts by the Founder. Wood notices his 
 " Commentaries on the Constitutions of England," 
 as probably among these, " a work then in much 
 " esteem, and since sought after, and desired ;" but 
 there is reason to doubt whether such a work .eve* 
 existed ; nor is it improbable that Wood mistook his 
 
 " Manciples, the purveyors general of Colleges and Halls," says Mr. 
 Churton, " were formerly men of so much consequence, that, to check 
 " their ambition, it was ordered by an express statute, that no Manciple 
 " should be Principal of a Hall." Lives of the Founders of Brazenose 
 College, p. 39Q. 
 

 ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 177 
 
 Commentaries for his Constitutions, which are ex- 
 tant". 
 
 Henry VI. Henry Pen worth am, one of the first 
 Fellows; Richard Andrew, first Warden; Norfolk, first 
 Sub- Warden; Bishop Gold well ; John Stoakes, War- 
 den ; Pole, Bishop of Peterborough ; Sir John Mason, 
 Archbishop Warham, and Dr. Morris, first King's 
 Hebrew Professor, and Canon of Christ Church, con- 
 tributed at different periqds to enlarge the coilection 
 both in printed and manuscript; but their liberality, 
 considerable as it was for the -times in which they 
 lived, has been eclipsed by the noble legacy of Chris- 
 topher Codrington, Esq. to whom we owe the present 
 superiority of the building, and its contents. 
 
 This eminent benefactor was born, of English pa- 
 rents, at Barbadoes, in 1668, and educated in Eng- 
 land. In 1685 he entered as Gentleman Commoner 
 of Christ Church, and took his Bachelor's degree. In 
 168Q he was admitted a Fellow of All Souls, and re- 
 tained his Fellowship after he took up the profession 
 of arms. King William, whom he served with fide- 
 lity and bravery, appointed him Captain General and 
 Governor in Chief of the Leeward Caribbee islands, 
 which office he resigned some time before his death, 
 April 7, 1710. He was first interred in the church of 
 St. Michael, Barbadoes; but his body was afterwards 
 brought over to England, and deposited with great 
 solemnity in the Chapel of this College, June 19, 
 1716. An oration was delivered on this occasion by 
 Digby Cotes, M. A. a Fellow of the Society, and 
 Public Orator; and another on the following week, 
 
 fc See a List in TANNER'S Bibliotheca, Art. CHICHELE. 
 
178 ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 
 
 when the foundation-stone of the Library was laid, by 
 the celebrated Dr. Young . 
 
 Besides his College in Barbadoes, for the mainte- 
 nance of which he left estates which were at that time 
 valued at 20001. per annum, he bequeathed 10,0001. for 
 the purpose of building a new Library to All Souls, 
 and a collection of books supposed to be worth 60001. 
 The foundation-stone was laid June 20, 1716, but the 
 building was not completed, as it now stands, until 
 the year 17 06. The entire expence was 12,10ll. 5s. 
 During this long interval, the principal legacy was 
 suffered to accumulate interest 11 , and with part of it an 
 estate was purchased at Lewknor in Oxfordshire, the 
 profits of which are applied to the purchase of books, 
 or for repairs. 
 
 This noble room, the largest of the kind in the king- 
 dom, is one hundred and ninety-eight feet in length, 
 the breadth thirty-two and a half, except in the cen- 
 tral recess, which is fifty-one and a quarter ; the height 
 forty feet, with a gallery surrounding three sides. 
 Over the gallery are busts in bronze of some of the 
 most eminent Fellows of the College, cast by Sir 
 Henry Cheere , Knight, with a vase between each. 
 
 * Col. Codrington is admitted among the English poets in the col- 
 lection of poetical biography, published under the name of Gibber. 
 But his claims to this rank are not vc>ry strongly supported, if we except 
 t\yo lines in his Verses to Dr. Garth, which have become proverbial : 
 " Thou hast no faults, or I no faults can spy: 
 *' Thou art all beauty, or all blindness I." 
 
 b Without this precaution the sum left by the Founder would have 
 been insufficient. He willed that out of the 10,0001., 60001. should be 
 appropriated to the building, and 400Q1. laid out in the purchase of 
 books. 
 
 c This artist died, if I mistake not, in 1781, at an advanced age. 
 He received the honour of Knighthood in 1760, when he went to court 
 
ALL SOULS COLLEGE, 179 
 
 Roubilliac's fine bust of the Founder, and a large 
 statue of the same by Sir H. Cheere, are among the 
 most striking decorations of this room. The exterior 
 was built after the model of the Chapel, under the in- 
 spection of Sir Nathaniel Lloyd and Dr. Clarke. The 
 site had been occupied by two tenements, and an 
 orchard, which the College for many years held by 
 lease, and now purchased of the trustees of the church 
 and poor of the parish of St. Mary's, according to the 
 terms of an Act of Parliament, passed 1 George I. 
 1715, for the principal sum of 53 ll. 15s. 6d. 
 
 Among the more recent contributors to this col- 
 lection are the late James Clitherow, of Boston-house, 
 Middlesex, D. C. L. Anthony Jones, Esq. and Dr. 
 Ralph Freeman. For the admirable arrangement of 
 the books, and the facility of consulting any class, the 
 Society are indebted to the skill and judgment of Sir 
 William Blackstone, who also arranged the records and 
 muniments of the College, and prescribed a mode of 
 keeping the accounts, which he adopted when Bursar 
 in 1746, and which has since been found very beneficial. 
 
 In the windows of the ante-library, and other 
 rooms at the south end, are some valuable specimens 
 of ancient glass-painting, consisting principally of 
 portraits of Kings, Fathers, Bishops, &c. Of these 
 
 with an address from Westminster, and was afterwards created a Ba- 
 ronet. If the same who executed the magnificent monument of Bishop 
 Willis in Winchester cathedral, his name " deserves to be transmitted to 
 *' posterity with that of Roubilliac." Dr. Milner, who gives this opi- 
 nion of his merit, adds, that he was guilty of qne error, which is said to 
 have preyed so much upon his mind, as to occasion his death. He made 
 the statue of Bishop Willis face the west end instead of the east end of 
 the church, contrary to all precedent, ancient and modern. Milner'* 
 Winchester, vol. ii. p. 89. 
 
 N 2 
 
180 ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 
 
 the portraits of Henry VI. and that of the Founder, 
 which were formerly in the old Library, and have 
 lately been engraven by Bartolozzi, are supposed to be 
 coeval with the foundation. Another of John o.f 
 Gaunt, engraven in Carter's Specimens, is thought, 
 with great probability, to have been executed in his 
 lifetime, and probably placed at All Souls by Arch- 
 bishop Chichele*. 
 
 The tripod, in the vestibule of this Library, wag 
 found at Corinth, and belonged for some time to the 
 Museum of Anthony Lefroy, Esq. who, in 1771, pre- 
 sented it to this College. The celebrated antiquarian 
 Venuti, and other connoisseurs in the history of tri- 
 pods, pronounce this to be unique, from its being of 
 marble, and from the construction of the pedestal, 
 which forms three feet. It was dedicated either to 
 Cybele, whose symbols are the lions, or to Junq, 
 whose handmaids are the supporters b . 
 
 The CJIAPEL of this College retains the exterior 
 only as left by the Founder, who built it for the cele- 
 bration of religious rites, and as a place of repose for 
 the illustrious cjead. It was consecrated Sept. 16, 1442, 
 the year before the Founder's death, and dedicated to 
 the four fathers, Jerom, Ambrose, Augustine, and Gre- 
 gory. With the spirit of Wykeham in his heart, and 
 the example of Wykeham before his eyes, we cannot 
 doubt that the Founder enriched this Chapel in the 
 most sumptuous manner, and that it originally ex-. 
 
 Letter from Dr. Milrier, in Carter's Specimens, vol. ii. p. 54. 
 
 ^ The inscription on the pedestal runs thus ; 
 
 Aram. Tripodem. 
 
 Oil m. Matri. Drum. 
 
 In. TYmplo. S. Corinthi. 
 
 Consecratum, 
 
ALL SOULS COLLEG& }i 
 
 hibited a highly finished specimen of what the artists 
 of his age could produce". It had eight altars, viz. 
 the high altar, six in the nave, and one in the vestibule, 
 each decorated with paintings, statues, and whatever 
 was then supposed to excite or elevate devout affections* 
 At the Reformation these were disfigured or de- 
 stroyed, and probably with the more severity, because 
 this Chapel was particular} 7 obnoxious from its being 
 appropriated to public use on certain occasions. In 
 the year 1444, Archbishop Stratford, Chichele's suc- 
 cessor in the see of Canterbury, granted forty days 
 indulgence to all Christians within the province of 
 Canterbury, who would visit this Chapel, and de^ 
 Voutly pray for the souls of the faithful persons at rest 
 with Christ. How long it was thus exposed to ge- 
 neral superstition does not appear ; but in 1566 we 
 find Archbishop Parker addressing a letter to the So- 
 ciety, commanding them to deface such plate as did 
 " remain in superstitious fashion :" and in the fol- 
 lowing year, a letter was sent by the high com- 
 missioners, Parker, Grindall, &c. requiring the Col- 
 lege to send up divers monuments of superstition, 
 part of which were specified in the schedule, and con- 
 sisted of books, viz. missals, grades, processionals, the 
 Founder's mass book, and even their music. This 
 was followed by an order to deface and break all the 
 church plate, except a few articles which might be 
 applied to profane uses, and to send up to the com- 
 missioners their two books of epistles and gospels, 
 " reserving unto themselves the images of silver of 
 
 An inventory of the books, plate, vestments, Ac. given by Chi- 
 phelo, may be seeu in Gutch's Collectanea, vol. ii. p. 257. 
 
 N 3 
 
ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 
 
 " the same defaced in manner aforesaid." With these 
 orders the Society appear to have complied with great 
 reluctance; for when her Majesty's commissioners sat 
 at Oxford in 1573, they again peremptorily ordered 
 the College " upon syght thereof utterlye to deface 
 " all copes, vestments, albes, missals, books, crosses, 
 " &c." Even then taste or superstition secreted some 
 of these proscribed articles; and there yet remain, 
 among the curiosities of this College, a few fragments 
 of the ancient furniture of the Chapel. The missals, 
 however, were probably destroyed ; and, from the few 
 specimens to be found in our public libraries, some 
 idea may be formed of the exquisite art and skill be- 
 stowed on them. 
 
 Of the Chapel, when thus deprived of its appro- 
 priate furniture, we have no account, except that the 
 niches in which the statues stood were permitted to 
 remain. It is conjectured that the high altar had 
 undergone some change, at no great distance from 
 the Founder's time, as Goldwell, Bishop of Norwich 
 in 1504, left a legacy of 501. " circa aedificationem 
 " summi altaris"." Goldwell also built the first screen 
 which parted the inner from the outer Chapel, and 
 which remained until the year 1664, when the inner 
 Chapel was paved with marble, and a new screen 
 erected at the expence of Sir William Portman, Bart, 
 a Gentleman Commoner. In the same year the niches 
 which contained the statues were filled up, and the 
 whole repaired. Streater, serjeant-painter to King 
 Charles II. painted the ceiling, and an altar-piece of 
 the Resurrection* Lord Orford is again unfortunate 
 in his notices of this College. He says, " Streater 
 
 Gutch r CoHect*ne.i, vol. ii. p. 26C. 
 
ALL SOULS COLLEGE* 183 
 
 !' painted the Chapel at All Souls, except the Resur- 
 ** rection, which is the work of Sir James Thornhill," 
 who was an infant when Streater died ; but, under the 
 article FULLER, he ascribes it to him, and adds, that it 
 is despicable. 
 
 The last alteration, to which this Chapel owes its 
 present beautiful interior, took place about the begin- 
 ning of the last century, and was accomplished by 
 the combined taste and skill of Dr. Clarke, Sir James 
 Thornhill, and Sir Christopher Wren. Their respec- 
 tive shares cannot perhaps be exactly ascertained, but 
 the painting over the altar of the Founder, and the 
 ceiling and figures betweeri the windows, were exe- 
 cuted by Sir James ; the screen which parts the Cha- 
 pel and ante-chapel by Sir Christopher'; and Dr. 
 Clarke contributed the marble altar-piece with its 
 furniture. Henry Portman, Esq. son of Sir William 
 Portman, John Webb, M. A. and Henry Doddmgton 
 Greville, defrayed the expejice of Sir James Thorn- 
 hill's labours. The screen and other ornaments were 
 furnished at the expence of the College. Mengs's 
 fine picture, the Noli me tangere, was purchased of 
 him at the price of three hundred guineas. The win- 
 dows were painted in chiaro scuro by Lovegrove of 
 Marlowe in Buckinghamshire, and the fine west win- 
 
 * Among the architectural drawings of Sir Christopher Wren in the 
 Library of this College is a design for this screen, but not exactly as it 
 now appears. His original designs for all his buildings appear to have 
 been frequently altered. He also constructed the dial on the outside of 
 the Chapel, on the north side of the old quadrangle. " This dial shews 
 ' the time to a minute, having two half rays and one whole one for 
 " every hour, and the minutes marked on the sides of the rays, fifteen 
 "on each side." 
 
 N 4 
 
184 ALL SOULS COLLEGE, 
 
 dow was executed a few years ago by Eggington, No 
 Chapel in Oxford is more admired by common spec- 
 tators than this. The complicated grandeur of New 
 College, which they seldom examine leisurely, over- 
 powers them with a confused idea of undefinable mag- 
 nificence : but it is usually observed, that whatever 
 visitor remembers any thing of Oxford, remembers 
 the beautiful Chapel of All Souls, and joins in its 
 praises. Simplicity of decoration has seldom been 
 exemplified with a more happy effect. 
 
 The monuments of the eminent scholars and bene- 
 factors, &c. both of early and recent times, are very 
 numerous. A cloister, in imitation of that of New Col- 
 lege, formed part of the Founder's plan, and was begun 
 in his time. It was an oblong square on the north- 
 west side of the Chapel, and was finished in 1491, at 
 the expence of Thomas Overy, LL. B. some time Fel- 
 low, Bishop Goldwell, Thomas Calfoxe, and John 
 Danvers, Esq. This cloister was pulled down to make 
 way for the new quadrangle. 
 
 The Warden's lodgings were originally some apart- 
 ments at the south-east corner of the old quadrangle, 
 to which additions were made in 1553, by Dr. War- 
 ner, \Varden, and a few other benefactors, or, as 
 Wood thinks, at a later period, by Dr. Hoveden, and 
 at the expence of the College. In 1703, Dr. Clarke, 
 wishing to build a house within the limits of this 
 College for his private residence, agreed with the Col- 
 lege for a spot of ground for the purpose, on con- 
 dition, that, after his death, the house to be erected 
 should become the property of the College. He ac- 
 cordingly completed his house, and the College added 
 the buildings which join the new and the old lodg- 
 
ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 185 
 
 ings, now converted into chambers for the Fellows. 
 Dr. Clarke died in 1736, and left part of the furniture 
 and pictures for the use of his successors. Dr. Tracy 
 introduced some judicious alterations in these lodg- 
 ings, which have added considerably to their con- 
 venience and elegance. Part of the building stands 
 upon the site of Inge Hall, a grammar-school founded 
 by Walter Inge, and by him given to the hospital of 
 St. John Baptist. It afterwards became the property 
 pf Magdalen College ". 
 
 The first WARDEN of All Souls was Richard An- 
 drew, LL. D. a relation of the Founder, and one 
 of his executors. He was appointed Warden in 1437, 
 and resigned the office in 1442, after contributing li- 
 berally to the ornamental furniture and buildings of 
 the College. He was afterwards employed in state 
 embassies, and promoted for his services to the rank 
 of King's Secretary, which was followed by a Ca- 
 nonry of Windsor, and the Deanery of York b . He 
 died in 1477- Among his successors, we rind Robert 
 Hoveden, author of the life of Chichele, and of a ca- 
 talogue of the Wardens and Fellows ; both these are 
 preserved in MS. in the Library, and have been con- 
 sulted by Wood, Duck, and other historians. He 
 died in 1614, and was buried in the Chapel. Arch- 
 bishop Sheldon was elected Warden in 1635, but was 
 ejected by the parliamentary visitors in 1646, and im- 
 
 So in vol. ii. of Wood's Annals, published by Mr. Gutch ; but the 
 description does not agree with that given in Wood's " Ancient and 
 " Present State of the City of Oxford," published by Sir John 
 Peshal. 
 
 b Willis's Cathedrals, and Wood's Colleges, edit. Gutch, where * 
 particular account is given of his civil and ecclesiastical progress. 
 
186 ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 
 
 prisoned, His successor, Palmer, dying in 1659-60, 
 on the eve of the Restoration, Dr. Sheldon was again 
 elected, but never took possession, on account of his 
 promotion to the Bishopric of London. He will 
 occur hereafter as a benefactor to the University. 
 The present Warden is the twenty-sixth from the 
 foundation. 
 
 We find the names of very few PRELATES among 
 the alumni of this College, and not more than twenty- 
 one can be traced as having had any connection with 
 it. Among the most noted are, Gold well, Bishop of 
 Norwich, an early benefactor, and Bullingham, the 
 pious Bishop of Lincoln and Worcester. Duppa of 
 Winchester and Archbishop Sheldon, although elected 
 Fellows here, were educated, the first at Christ Church, 
 and the second at Trinity. Jeremy Taylor, Bishop of 
 Down and Connor, an honour to any college or any 
 nation, became a Fellow here in 1636, by the nomi- 
 nation of Archbishop Laud, as Visitor, but contrary 
 to the statutes, as he was beyond the age at which, 
 candidates are eligible, and had not been of three 
 years standing. 
 
 The list of scholars of other ranks affords many 
 established names, some of which, however, appear 
 here by election from other Colleges. The celebrated 
 Linacrc seems to have been first educated here, and 
 to have pursued his studies abroad until he was en- 
 abled to introduce polite literature into his own 
 country. He was the first person who taught Greek 
 at Oxford. His own master in that language was 
 Demetrius Chalcondyles, one of the learned Greeks 
 who took refuge in Italy after the taking of Constan- 
 tinople by the Turks in 1453, Lipacre was eminently 
 
ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 187 
 
 qualified to teach what he had studied. He was, ac- 
 cording to Erasmus, Vir non exacti tantum, sed severi 
 ingenii. He was one of the founders of the College 
 of Physicians, London, and its first President, and 
 founder of the Physic lectures in Merton College. 
 
 The no less celebrated Leland studied here for some 
 time : and one, who, according to the character left 
 by his contemporaries, equalled any for extent of 
 learning, Recorde, a physician and mathematician. 
 His history, however, is obscure ; and all we know 
 certainly is that he died a prisoner in the King's 
 Bench. To his other acquirements he added a know- 
 ledge of the Saxon, as appears from his notes on 
 Alexander Essebiens, a MS. in Corpus library, Cam- 
 bridge, where he took his Doctor's degree in medi- 
 cine. *To All Souls likewise belong, Andrew Kings- 
 mill, an able linguist and divine, formerly of Corpus : 
 Dr. Key, or Cay, one of the earliest historians of 
 Oxford, and Master of University College, where he 
 ought to have been noticed :~Sir Anthony Sherley, 
 or Shirley, ambassador and traveller : Sir John Ma- 
 son, Privy Counsellor during the four discordant 
 reigns of Henry VIII. Edward VI. Mary, and Eliza- 
 beth : Sir William Petre, already noticed among the. 
 benefactors of Exeter College: Robert Hey rick, 
 poet: Marchmont Needham, one of the earliest 
 writers of newspapers, of the Mercurius Britannicus, 
 and other scurrilous papers intended to promote the 
 Oliverian cause: Joseph Keble, first of Jesus, a law 
 writer of considerable note, and of almost incredible 
 industry. Besides several folios, &c. published in his 
 lifetime, he left above one hundred and fifty folios 
 and quartos in MS. The disease of reporting was so 
 
188 ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 
 
 strong upon him, that, although he was never known 
 to have a brief, or make a motion, he reported all the 
 cases in the King's Bench court from 166*1 to 1710, 
 the period of his death, and all the sermons preached 
 at Gray's Inn chapel, amounting to above four thou- 
 sand. Dr. Matthew Tindal, the deist, has already 
 been noticed as of Lincoln and Exeter: in this Col- 
 lege, of which he was chosen Fellow in 1678, he was 
 chiefly renowned, if we may credit one of his biogra- 
 phers 3 , for an extraordinary appetite. We have more 
 pleasure, however, in adding the names of the pious 
 John N orris, Rector of Bemerton, elected from Exe- 
 ter, and Dr. Sydenham, the improver of medical sci- 
 ence, first of Magdalen Hall : Sir William Trumbull, 
 the friend and correspondent of Pope, and an elegant 
 scholar, and accomplished statesman : Lord Chancel- 
 lor Talbot, first a Gentleman Commoner of Oriel, 
 and Sir Christopher Wren, the formation of whose 
 genius and taste belongs more properly to Wadham 
 College, and procured him a fame which cannot be 
 circumscribed. 
 
 All Souls also enumerates among its most distin- 
 guished scholars in the departments of law and poli- 
 tics, Sir Robert Weston, Lord Chancellor of Ireland 
 in Queen Elizabeth's time: Sir Clement Edmonds, 
 Secretary of the Council to James I. Sir Daniel 
 Dunn, Dean of the Arches, and Master of the Re- 
 quests, 1567-1617 : Henry Coventry, Secretary of 
 State to Charles II. Richard Steward, Dean of St, 
 
 The Religious, Rational, and Moral Conduct of Matthew Tindal, 
 LL. I), late Fellow of All Souls College in Oxford ; in a Letter to a 
 frind. By a Mmbr of the same College. 8vo< Lund. 1735. 
 
ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 
 
 Paul's and Westminster, Clerk of the Closet to Charles 
 I. and Commissioner of ecclesiastical affairs at the 
 treaty of Uxbridge : Sir Nathaniel Lloyd, already no- 
 ticed: and that illustrious ornament to his profession 
 and to the University, Sir William Blackstone. It is 
 much to be regretted that .Dr. Buckler* of this Col- 
 lege neglected to leave memorials of so interesting a 
 character. , He had been the friend and associate of 
 Blackstone during the greater part of his splendid ca- 
 reer, and was in every respect qualified to detail the 
 progress of his various studies, and the many benefits 
 he conferred on this and on Queen's College, where 
 he succeeded Dr. Coxed as one of the visitors on 
 Mitchell's foundation. His memory, however, can 
 never perish while his Commentaries exist. It will 
 hereafter come to be noticed, that Blackstone received 
 his early education, and his first marks of distinction, 
 while an Undergraduate of Pembroke College. 
 
 Dr. Buckler was a man of extensive learning, and an aole antiquary. 
 Of his wit, he has left a most incontrovertible proof in his " Complete 
 ' Vindication of the Mallard of All Souls College, against the injurious 
 ** suggestions of the Rev. Mr. Pointer," who in his short History of Ox> 
 ford insinuated, that the huge mallard, found inlprisoned in. a gutter, or 
 drain, at the digging of the foundation of the College, was a goose. 
 This mallard is still commemorated in a song on one of the College 
 gaudies. Dr. Buckler's Vindication, which is one of the finest pieces of 
 irony in our language, was followed by a sheet of Proposals for a " Com- 
 '*< plete history of the Mallardians," scarcely less huu.orous, drawn up 
 by Mr. Rowe Mores and Mr. Bilson, and published in 1752. This last pro- 
 mised " a true history of Pentrapolin a Calamo, usually styled, by way 
 " of eminence, The BUCKLER of the Mallardians." Dr. Buckler died 
 Pec. 24, J730. 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 1 HE genius of Wykeham still predominated in Ox- 
 ford. At the distance of more than seventy years, 
 and during a state of public affairs peculiarly unpropi- 
 tious to undertakings of this description, his example 
 gave rise to Magdalen College, an establishment which 
 for opulence and extent of usefulness had at that time 
 scarcely a rival in Europe. 
 
 This well-constituted Society was founded by Wil- 
 liam of Waynfleet, Bishop of Winchester, and Lord 
 Chancellor in the reign of Henry VI. He was the 
 eldest son of Richard Patten, of Waynfleet in Lin- 
 colnshire, by Margery, daughter of Sir William Brere- 
 ton, Knight, and had for his brother John Patten, 
 Dean of Chichester; but the precise time of his birth 
 is no where ascertained. According to the custom 
 of his day, he took the surname of Waynfleet from hi 
 native place. 
 
 He was educated at Winchester school, and studied 
 afterwards at Oxford, but in what College is uncer- 
 tain. The historian of Winchester is inclined to pre- 
 fer New College, which is most consistent with the 
 progress of education at-Wykeham's school. Wood 
 acknowledges, that although his name does not occur 
 among the Fellows of New College, nor among those 
 of Merton, where Hollingshed places him, unless he 
 was a Chaplain or Postmaster, yet " the general 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. .191 
 
 " vogue is for the College of William of Wy keham a ." 
 Wherever he studied, his proficiency in the literature 
 of the times, and in philosophy and divinity, in which 
 last he took the degree of Bachelor, is said to have 
 been great; and the fame he acquired as Schoolmaster 
 of Winchester, with the classical library he formed, is 
 a proof that he surpassed in such learning as was then 
 attainable. 
 
 Of his preferments in the church we have no early 
 account that is not liable to suspicion. Wood says, 
 that he was Rector of Wraxall in 1433, and that he 
 was Rector of Chedsey in 1469, which is highly im- 
 probable, because he had then been twenty years 
 Bishop of Winchester. It is, however, more clearly 
 ascertained, that about the year 1430 he was appointed 
 Head Master of Winchester, school, where he dis- 
 played great abilities as a teacher. In 1438, he was 
 Master of St. Mary Magdalen Hospital near Win- 
 chester, which is supposed to have suggested to him 
 the name and patroness of his foundation at Oxford. 
 
 In 1440, when Henry VI. visited Winchester, for 
 the purpose of inspecting the discipline, constitution, 
 and progress of Wykeham's school, on the model of 
 which he had begun to found one at Eton, he procured 
 the consent of Waynfleet to remove thither, with 
 five Fellows and thirty-five of the Scholars; whose 
 education our Founder superintended until December, 
 1443, when he was appointed Provost of that cele 
 brated seminary. On the death of Cardinal Beaufort, 
 in 1447, he was advanced to the see of Winchester, 
 
 a Dr Chandler, as I am just informed by on of his intimate friends, 
 was inclined to prefer Merton. 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 which he held for the long space of thirty-nine years, 
 during which he amply justified the recommendation 
 of the King, being distinguished u for piety, learning, 
 "and prudence." His Highness honoured with his 
 presence the ceremony of his enthronement*, 
 
 His acknowledged talents and political sagacity 
 procured him the unreserved confidence of his royal 
 master, who appears to have treated him with conde- 
 scending familiarity, employed him in some affairs of 
 critical importance, and received throughout the 
 whole of his turbulent reign abundant proofs of his 
 invariable loyalty and attachment. In 1450, when 
 the rebellion of Jack Cade burst forth, Waynfleet, 
 who had retired to the nunnery of Holywell, was sent 
 for by the King to Canterbury, and advised the 
 issuing a proclamation offering pardon to all con- 
 cerned in the rebellion, except Cade himself; in con- 
 sequence of which the rebels dispersed, and left their 
 leader to his fate. Soon after, when Richard, Duke 
 of York, took up arms, the King sent our Prelate, 
 with the Bishop of Ely, to inquire his reasons for so 
 alarttfag a step. The Duke replied, that his only view 
 was- to remove evil counsellors from his Highness, and 
 particularly the Duke of Somerset. Waynfleet and 
 his colleague having made this report, the King or- 
 dered the Duke of Somerset to be imprisoned, and 
 received the Duke of York with kindness, who on his 
 part took a solemn oath of future allegiance and fide- 
 lity; which, however, he violated at the battle of 
 Northampton in 1460. In October, 1453, Waynfleet 
 
 Vetusta Monuments, vol. ii. Milner's Hist, of Winchester. Bu<fr- 
 drn's Life of Waynfleet, apud Batesium. 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. % 193 
 
 baptized the young Prince of Wales by the name of 
 Edward. 
 
 In October, 1456, he was appointed Lord High 
 Chancellor in the room of Bourchier, Archbishop of 
 Canterbury; and the following year he sat in judg- 
 ment with the Archbishop, and other Prelates, upon 
 Dr. Reginald Pecocke, Bishop of Chichester, who had 
 advanced some doctrines contrary to the prevailing 
 religious opinions. On this occasion the court was 
 unanimous in enjoining Pecocke to a solemn recanta- 
 tion, and confinement to his house; his writings also 
 were ordered to be burnt : but the Archbishop, ac- 
 cording to Mr. Lewis's account, took a far more 
 active share in this business than the Chancellor*, 
 
 Waynfleet resigned the office of Chancellor in the 
 month of July, 1460; about which time he accompa- 
 nied the King to Northampton, and was with him a 
 few days before the fatal battle near that place, in 
 which the royal army was defeated. Waynfleet's at* 
 tachment to Henry's cause had been uniform and 
 decided, yet his high character and talents appear to 
 have protected him. Edward IV. treated him not 
 only with respect, but with some degree of magnani- 
 mity, as he issued a special pardon in his favour, 
 and condescended to visit, unasked, his newly founded 
 College at Oxford, a favour which to Waynfleet, em- 
 barked in a work which required royal patronage, 
 must have been highly gratifying. The remainder of 
 his life appears to have been free from political inter- 
 ference or danger, and he lived to see the quiet union 
 of the Houses of York and Lancaster, in the mar- 
 riage of Henry VII, with Elizabeth of York. 
 
 * Lewis's Life of Pecocke, p. 281. et seqq. 
 O 
 
194 MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 Besides his other preferments, he is said to have 
 been Chancellor of the University of Oxford ; but his 
 name no where occurs in Wood's copious and accu- 
 rate account of the persons who filled that office. 
 
 He died of a short but violent illness in the after- 
 noon of Aug. 11, 1486, and was interred, with great 
 funeral pomp, in Winchester cathedral, in a magnifi- 
 cent sepulchral chapel, which is kept in the finest 
 preservation by the Society of Magdalen College. 
 In his will he bequeathed legacies to all his servants, 
 to all the religious of both sexes in Winchester, to all 
 the clergy in that city, and to every Fellow and Scho- 
 lar in Wykeham's two Colleges and his own. 
 
 His biographers* have celebrated his piety, temper, 
 and humanity. Besides the foundation, of which we 
 are to give a more ample detail, he established a free- 
 school in his native town, and was a benefactor to 
 Eton college, Winchester cathedral, and other places. 
 In these labours, while his munificent spirit induced 
 him to hire the ablest artists, he displayed himself 
 very considerable talents as an architect. Leland was 
 informed that the greatest part of the buildings of 
 Eton College were raised under his direction, and at 
 his expence. In 1478 we find him overseer of the 
 buildings at Windsor, an office formerly held by his 
 great predecessor Wykeham, and it was from that 
 place he sent workmen to complete the Divinity- 
 school of Oxford. 
 
 In the second year of his Bishopric he obtained a 
 
 Rudder), 4to, 1G02, Birch, Vetusta Monumenta, &c. A Life of 
 Waynfleet has lonp been expected from a distinguished Member of his 
 College, the late Dr. Chandler, and is now in preparation for the 
 press. 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 195 
 
 licence of Henry VI. dated May 6, 1448, enabling 
 him to found, in Oxford, a Hall, for a President and 
 Scholars, the number to be regulated by their reve- 
 nues. This he was permitted to endow with 1001. 
 per annum, and to give them a common seal. He 
 then employed John Godmanston of Essex to pur- 
 chase ground on which this Hall might be erected, 
 who obtained from the Master and Brethren of St. 
 John's hospital a long lease of all their lands lying 
 between the lane that led from the east-gate to St. 
 John's-street on the east, Horsemull lane, now called 
 Logic lane, on the west, and High-street on the north, 
 and St. John-street, where Merton College and Alban 
 Hall stand, on the south, upon a yearly rent of 61. 6s. 
 8d. Much of this ground was at that time waste, but 
 on other parts there were tenements, and four Halls, 
 Bostar Hall, Hare Hall, Pencrych Hall, and Night- 
 ingale Hall. 
 
 Bostar Hall, a building of one hundred and thirty- 
 five feet by thirty-seven, and Hare Hall, of seventy- 
 five feet by sixty-six, which stood on the south of the 
 High-street, and near to St. John's-street, were taken 
 possession of by the Founder, who made of them one 
 Hall, consecrated to St. Mary Magdalen, and on Aug. 
 28, 1448, settled in it a President, John Horley a , B. D. 
 thirteen Master Fellows, and seven Bachelor Fellows 
 or Scholars. Other premises were then purchased 
 with a view to enlarge this Magdalen Hall,, but it 
 appears that the Founder altered his purpose ; and 
 although we know not upon what account St. John's 
 
 * Or rather Hornley. He had the living of St. Rennet Sheerhog in 
 London, and Dartford in Kent. He died at Dartford nearly twenty 
 years after resigning the office of President of Magdalen Hall. 
 
 o 2 
 
196 MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 hospital was now so easily to be procured, it is cer- 
 tain that, in a conference with Henry VI. on the sub- 
 ject, he obtained leave of the King to convert the 
 whole buildings and premises belonging to that hospi- 
 tal into a College. Tradition says, that Henry, whose 
 partiality to Cambridge was well known, endeavoured 
 to persuade Waynfleet to carry his designs to that 
 University; but finding him more disposed towards 
 Oxford, he readily entered into his views, and pro- 
 mised him every assistance. 
 
 The hospital of St. John the Baptist stood at the 
 eastern extremity of Oxford, but was possessed of 
 premises of very great extent, both on the north and 
 south side of the High-street. Its history can with 
 difficulty be traced farther back than to the reign of 
 King John *. About the year 1233 it was either re- 
 built or repaired by Henry III. and is said to have 
 been intended for infirm persons, or poor strangers 
 travelling to St. Frideswyde's, St. Edmund's well, and 
 other places of superstitious resort. It extended in 
 buildings and grounds from east-bridge to east-gate, on 
 both sides of the street, its burying ground being on 
 the site of the present physic garden. Its endow- 
 ments were very considerable; and at the time above 
 mentioned Henry III. gave the hospitallers his mill at 
 Hedington, called the King's mill, with its lands and 
 meadows, the Jews' garden or burial place, on which 
 part of the hospital was erected, and a piece of ground, 
 supposed to be now Magdalen grove, with many other 
 privileges and immunities. They were also possessed 
 of several churches and manors, and of some estates, 
 
 Yet a recital exists in the College of a grant of Henry II. John's 
 father, to the hospital of certain lands. 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 197 
 
 both in and near the city of Oxford. The few re- 
 mains of this hospital that are still standing will be 
 noticed hereafter. 
 
 In the year 1456 and 1457, the King licensed these 
 hospitallers to surrender their hospital, with all its ap- 
 purtenances, manors, lands, and possessions, spiritual 
 and temporal, into the hands of the President and 
 Scholars of Magdalen Hall, on condition that the 
 Master and Brethren of the hospital should receive 
 maintenance during their lives. The licence to found 
 a College is dated July 18, 1457. Its boundaries are 
 described to be a plot of ground without east-gate, 
 having the river Cherwell on the east-side, the way 
 leading from the east-gate to the east-bridge on the 
 south, the high-way leading from the east-gate to 
 Holy well and Canditch on the west, and certain lands 
 on the manor of Holywell on the north. The 
 Founder's endowment was, as before stipulated, to be 
 1001. yearly. 
 
 This transaction being completed, the Founder, on 
 June 12, 1458, placed in his nefr College a President, 
 William Tybard, B. D. three Master and three Bachelor 
 Fellows, and two days after, the President and Scho- 
 lars of Magdalen Hall a surrendered up their house to 
 the College, and joined the Society. The foundation 
 was then confirmed by the bull of Pope Calixtus III, 
 and afterwards by that of Sixtus IV. removing the Col- 
 lege from the jurisdiction of the see of Lincoln to that 
 of Winchester, and enabling the Society to prove the 
 wills of such members as die in College. 
 
 This Hall reverted to the name of Bostar Hall, and was for several 
 years inhabited by students of the University, and afterwards used as a 
 tavern or inn. 
 
 OS 
 
198 MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 During the progress of the new buildings, the 
 Scholars resided partly in the old hospital, and partly 
 in Magdalen Hall. The Brethren of the hospital also 
 were entertained during their lives within the pre- 
 mises. The foundation-stone of the first quadrangle 
 was laid May 5, 1473; and in 1479, some time before 
 the buildings were completed, the Founder gave the 
 Society a body of statutes. According to these the 
 College was to be called Seinte Marie Maugdalene 
 Colledge, to the honour and praise of Christ crucified, 
 the blessed Virgin (his mother), St. Mary Magdalene, 
 St. John Baptist, the Apostles St. Peter and St. Paul, 
 the glorious confessor St. Swythine, and other patrons 
 of the cathedral of Winchester. The number of re- 
 sident members were to be forty Fellows, thirty Scho- 
 lars, called Semi-communarii or Demies, four Chap- 
 lains, Priests, eight Clerks, and sixteen Choristers. 
 Poor Scholars were also to be supplied with food, and 
 strangers entertained as formerly while the hospital 
 stood; but those regulations were afterwards rendered 
 unnecessary, by the altered and improved state of 
 education and society. Some of the Fellows were to 
 study the canon-law, and some medicine, but the 
 greater part divinity ; and they were to be chosen in 
 the following local numbers: of the diocese of Win- 
 chester, five; county of Lincoln, seven; of Oxford- 
 shire, four'; Berkshire, three; diocese of Norwich, 
 four; of Chichester, two; county of Gloucester, two; 
 of Warwick, two ; of Buckingham, Kent, Nottingham, 
 Essex, Somerset, Northampton, Wilts, and the city of 
 London, one each. The Demies are restricted to 
 those counties in which the College possessed lands 
 before the Founder's decease ; and were to be conver- 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 sant in grammar, logic, sophistry, and that species of 
 music called plain song, or chaunting. 
 
 Two Fellowships were founded in 1461 by John 
 Ingledew, chaplain to Way n fleet, who were to be na- 
 tives of the dioceses of York or Durham, to profess 
 divinity, and be on their election graduates in arts. 
 A third was added, about the same time, by John 
 Forman, who was born at Rothwell, and was after- 
 wards Vicar of Huston, near Wakefield, in Yorkshire ; 
 this Fellowship was to be enjoyed either by the de- 
 scendants of his father, or by a native of Rothwell, or 
 Ruston, or its neighbourhood, within the county of 
 York. These three Fellowships complete the number 
 of forty specified in the foundation of the College. 
 
 Some of the benefactors to this College gave lands 
 in the lifetime of the Founder. Among these occurs 
 the name of Sir John FastolfT, Knight and Knight- 
 Banneret, a brave and celebrated General, Governor 
 and Nobleman in France, during our wars and con- 
 quests in that kingdom in the reigns of Henry IV. V. 
 and VI. and Knight of the Garter. He was person- 
 ally attached to William of Waynfleet, whom he ap- 
 pointed one of his executors, and his name is comme- 
 morated among the benefactors in the anniversary 
 speech. He died before this College was settled, but 
 the Founder constituted within it his chantry to say 
 mass for the benefit of his soul. It is likewise as- 
 certained, that the boar's head in Southwark, now di- 
 vided into tenements, and Caldecot manor in Suffolk, 
 and probably other estates in Lovingland in the same 
 county, were part of his benefaction. This great man 
 has been strangely confounded by some writers with 
 Shakspeare's braggart buffoon of nearly the same 
 
 o 4 
 
20Q MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 name, although certainly a feigned one; but the late 
 Mr. Gough has done ample justice to his character 
 in the enlarged and accurate memoir which he drew 
 up for the new edition of the Biographia Britannica. 
 
 In 1483, William Fitz-alan, Earl of Arundel, gave 
 this Society the hospital of St. John and St. James 
 at Aynho in Northamptonshire. There succeeded also 
 some smaller benefactions ; but all of them toge- 
 ther were of little comparative value with the ample 
 possessions granted by the Crown from the alien prio- 
 ries, or acquired by the munificent Founder. About 
 the close of the sixteenth century, Simon Perot, or 
 Parret, some time Fellow, gave lands at Stanlake for a 
 sermon on St. Mark's day in the College Chapel, and 
 a commemoration on the Monday before, on which 
 day sums of money were to be given to the President 
 and Fellows present, to the Choristers, and an increase 
 of their commons. An oration is also to be delivered 
 in the Hall before dinner by a Demy. The mem- 
 bers of the University attend this sermon. Among 
 the more recent benefactors, the names of Warner, 
 Bishop of Rochester, Ralph Freman, Esq. of Harnels, 
 Hertfordshire, and John Norris, Esq. LL. D. stand dis- 
 tinguished. Warner, who had been Fellow in the 
 reign of James I. contributed above 14001. to the Col- 
 lege Library ; Mr. Freman gave the Society Freman's 
 Court near the Royal Exchange, London ; and Mr, 
 Norris, who had been formerly on the foundation, be- 
 queathed the sum of 50001. towards carrying on the 
 present new building. 
 
 The benefices at present belonging to this College 
 are the LIVINGS of Apple ton, Aston Tirold, East Ilsley, 
 and Tubney, in Berkshire ; Beaconsfield and Saunder- 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 201 
 
 ton in Buckinghamshire; Boy ton, Dinton, Winter- 
 borne Basset, and Fittleton, Wiltshire; Houghton, 
 Northamptonshire ; Bramber, Sussex ; Brandeston, 
 Norfolk ; Candlesby, Horsington, Middle Saltfleetby, 
 and Swaby, in Lincolnshire; Swaford, Ducklington, 
 and Stanlake, in Oxfordshire; Slimbridge, Gloucester- 
 shire; Stanway in Essex; and the alternacy of East 
 Bridgeford, Nottinghamshire: the VICARAGES of Ba- 
 singstoke, Selbourne, East Worldham, in Hants ; Up- 
 per Beeding, Finclon, Ne\v Shoreham, Old Shoreham, 
 and Washington, in Sussex ; Evenley, Northampton- 
 shire ; and Willoughby, Warwickshire : all which Vi- 
 carages the College has augmented by leases of the 
 respective impropriate tithes, and of the tithes of 
 Horspath, Oxfordshire, and of West Tisted, Hants. 
 
 By the benefactions we originally noticed of Fas- 
 tolff, and Fitz-alan, Earl of Arundel, and by the noble 
 endowment of the Founder, this College became the 
 most opulent in the University, its revenues being 
 valued, in 1535, at 10761. 5s. 2d. yearly, or, according 
 to Twyne, at 10661. 5s. 2d. In 1612 the Society con- 
 sisted of two hundred and forty-six persons. It now 
 consists, as originally, of the President, forty Fellows, 
 thirty Demies, a divinity Lecturer, a Schoolmaster 
 and Usher, four Chaplains, eight Clerks, and sixteen 
 Choristers, besides Gentlemen Commoners, for there 
 are no Commoners. 
 
 On the extensive BUILDINGS of this College, 
 William Orchyarde was employed as architect, under 
 the direction of the Founder. The entrance to the first 
 court is through a modern portal of the Doric order, 
 decorated with a statue of Waynfleet. On the left is 
 part of the President's lodgings, begun in 1485, al- 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 tered in 176Q. In front is the original entrance into 
 the large quadrangle by a gateway, now disused, under 
 a venerable Gothic tower, adorned with statues of the 
 Founder, of Henry III. St. John the Baptist, and St. 
 Mary Magdalen, under canopies of exquisite work- 
 manship. This tower, nay whole front, preserves its 
 ancient form and beauty. The windows of the cham- 
 ber over the gateway, which has been always called 
 the Founder's chamber, were supplied by Dr. Hum- 
 phrey (President from 1561 to 1589) with arms and 
 inscriptions in honour of the Founder, and other cele- 
 brated characters belonging to the College; among 
 whom we find the Cardinals Pole and Wolsey, Arch- 
 bishop Lee, Bishops Stokesly, Langland, Vesey, Ogle- 
 thorpe, Downham, Bentham, Harley, Parkhurst, &C. 
 Most of these have been since removed into the win- 
 dows of the Hall. 
 
 In a corner also of the court, before we enter the 
 great quadrangle, is the ancient stone pulpit, from 
 which the sermon on St. John the Baptist's day used 
 to be preached. The court was on that occasion fur- 
 nished around the sides with a large fence of green 
 boughs, in allusion to St. John's preaching in the wil- 
 derness; but for many years past this sermon before 
 the University has been delivered in the Chapel. 
 
 Through this court we puss into the larger quadran- 
 gle, with its fine cloister, begun by the Founder in 
 1473, and nearly in the state in which he left it, ex- 
 cept the south cloister, which was added after his 
 death in 1490. This quadrangle contains the Chapel, 
 Hall, and Library, the older part of the President's 
 lodgings, and apartments for the Fellows and Demies, 
 and behind is the ancient Kitchen, which belonged to 
 St. John's hospital. The interior of the quadrangle is 
 
^. 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 203 
 
 ornamented with a series of hieroglyphics, which were 
 added in 1509, and were originally coloured. The in- 
 tention of them has long perplexed curious inquirers. 
 In the Library is a manuscript solution, which affords 
 what many think a very satisfactory explanation of 
 these singular specimens of sculpture. This manu- 
 script is entitled, "CEdipus Magdalenensis, Explicatio 
 " Imaginum et Figurarum, quae apud Magdalenenses 
 " in interiori Collegii Quadrangulo Tibicinibus impo- 
 " sitae visuntur." It was written by William Reeks, 
 some time Fellow of the College, at the request of Dr. 
 Clerke, who was President from l6?l to 1687. 
 
 To this solution, which we have thrown into a 
 note*, it is impossible to refuse the praise of inge- 
 
 * " Beginning from the south-west corner, the two first figures we 
 " meet with are the Lion and the Pelican. The former of these is the 
 " emblem of Courage and Vigilance ; the latter, of parental Tenderness 
 " and Affection. Both of them together express to us the complete 
 " character of a good governor of a College. Accordingly they are 
 " placed under the window of these lodgings which originally belonged 
 " to the President, as the instructions they convey ought particularly to 
 " regulate his conduct. 
 
 ** Going on to the right hand, on the other side of the gateway, are 
 " four figures, viz. the Schoolmaster, the Lawyer, the Physician, and 
 " the Divine. These are ranged along the outside of the Library, and 
 ** represent the duties and business of the students of the house. By 
 " means of learning in general, they are to be introduced to one of the 
 " three learned professions ; or else, as hinted to us by the figure with 
 " Cap and Bells in the corner, they must turn out Fools in the end. 
 
 * We come now to the north side of the quadrangle ; and here the 
 " three first figures represent the history of David, his conquest over the 
 " Lion and Goliath ; from whence we are taught, not to be discouraged 
 " at any difficulties that may stand in our way, as the Vigour of Youth 
 ' will easily enable us to surmount them. The next figure to these is 
 41 that of the ffippopotamos, or River-Horse, carrying his young one 
 " upon his shoulders. This is the emblem of a good tutor, or Fellow of 
 " a College, who is set to watch over the youth of the society, and by 
 
204 MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 nuity. It tends completely in all its parts to one uni- 
 form course of precepts; nor does the author, like some 
 sanguine conjecturers, appear to have been seeking 
 more than he could find. In a few instances only it 
 has been thought that he has given a moral meaning to 
 figures, such as the dog, dragon, and deer, which are 
 merely heraldic. The writer of a note on this subject, 
 in Mr. Gutch's Appendix to Wood's history, conjec- 
 tures, that the figures were executed from designs by 
 Holbein *. 
 
 Those who have attributed figures of this kind, and 
 the indecent sculptures in some of our cathedrals, to 
 the contests between the regular and secular clergy, 
 mutually ridiculing each other's character and conduct, 
 or to the licentious invention of the builders, seem to 
 involve the subject in additional obscurity. Can it be 
 conceived that the founders of our Colleges, or the 
 guardians of our Churches, many of whom were emi- 
 
 ft whose prudence they are to be led through the dangers of their first en- 
 " trance into the world. The figure immediately following represents 
 " Sobi'icty or Temperance, that most necessary virtue of a collegiate life. 
 ' The whole remaining train of figures are the vices we are instructed 
 " to avoid. Those next to Temperance are the opposite vices of Glut" 
 " tony and Drunkenness. Then follow the Lucanthropos, the Hi/ana* 
 " and Panther, representing Violence, Fraud, and Treachery ; the 
 " Griffin representing Covetousncss, and the next figure, Anger or 
 " Moroscness. The Dog, the Dragon, the Deer, Flattery, Envy, and 
 " Timidity ,- and the three last, the Mantichora, the Boxers, and the 
 " Lamia, Pride, Contention, and Lust. 
 
 " We have here, therefore, a complete and instructive lesson for the 
 " use of a society dedicated to the advancement of religion and learn- 
 " ing ; and, on this plan, we may suppose the Founder of Magdalene 
 " speaking, by means of these figures, to the students of his College. 
 
 P. 273. These figures may be contemplated at leisure in Mr. Car- 
 ter's Specimens of Ancient Sculpture. 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 205 
 
 nent for piety, however mistaken in some points, 
 would have permitted those edifices to be thus prosti- 
 tuted? Or that the slow progress of the most ingeni- 
 ous artist's lahour should be employed in a regular 
 series of carvings or sculpture, for no other purpose 
 than to expose temporary feuds and quarrels at the 
 expence of public decency ? 
 
 This cloister does not appear to have been intended, 
 like those of New College and All Souls, for a place 
 of burial, nor are there any monuments erected in it. 
 
 South of the Chapel, and on the south side of 
 what is called the Chaplains' court, stands the great 
 tower of Magdalen College, whose beautiful propor- 
 tions, solidity, and picturesque effect, have been so 
 much and so uniformly admired. The foundation- 
 stone of this noble structure was laid August 9, 1492, 
 by Dr. Richard Mayew, President, and it was finished 
 in 1498. Cardinal Wolsey being about this time 
 Bursar of the College, when only twenty-three years 
 of age, the plan of it has generally been attributed to 
 him. Tradition goes even so far as to say, that he 
 supplied himself by unfair means with money from 
 the College treasury to complete the work ; but his 
 biographer, Ficldes, has very ably defended him 
 against this charge. An ingenious modern writer* 
 has conjectured, that the plan was taken by Waynfleet 
 from the design of King's College in Henry VI.'s will, 
 in which will he is so highly complimented and trusted, 
 and that this borrowed plan or sketch might have been 
 left by the Bishop at his death. There is certainly rea- 
 son to think, that in some parts of the venerable qua- 
 
 * Dallaway's Observations on English Architecture. 
 
06 MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 drangle Waynfleet availed himself of that plan which 
 the unfortunate monarch was not able to carry into 
 execution; and the writer just mentioned has specified 
 a few coincidences which cannot be supposed to be 
 accidental. At the same time it must be remarked, 
 that in the ages of the pure Gothict here was a con- 
 siderable uniformity of plan in structures of the same 
 kind. In the college, the chapel, the cathedral, the 
 cloister, &c. there were certain great outlines, charac- 
 teristic of the Gothic style, to which every architect 
 regularly adhered. 
 
 Before the Reformation, a mass of requiem for the 
 soul of Henry VII. used to be performed on the top 
 of Magdalen tower every May-day early in the morn- 
 ing. This was afterwards commuted for a few pieces 
 of music, which are executed by the choristers, and 
 for which the rectory of Slimbridge in Gloucestershire 
 pays annually the sum of 101. From this commemora- 
 tion it has been supposed that Henry VII. contributed 
 to the building of the tower. But it does not appear 
 that he was otherwise a benefactor to this College, 
 than by being instrumental in confirming the right of 
 the above-mentioned rectory to the College. During 
 the grand rebellion, when hopes were entertained of 
 effectually fortifying Oxford against the Parliament- 
 ary army, a quantity of stones were carried up to the 
 top of the tower, in order to annoy the enemy on their 
 entrance. 
 
 Soon after the erection of the tower, the Chaplains' 
 court was built, and the line of building to the west of 
 the tower, forming the south side of the first court, 
 was much altered. The rooms, seen from Magdalen 
 bridge, and placed at the east end of the Hall, were 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 207 
 
 not built until the year 1635, and some alterations 
 were made on the north of the Kitchen in 1783, 
 partly at the expence of Thomas West, D. D. late 
 Fellow. The grove, meadow, and walks, and other ru- 
 ral beauties belonging to this College, were planned and 
 laid out at various periods, and in various tastes, as the 
 science of gardening and laying out pleasure-ground 
 became better understood. The water-walk and grove 
 are supposed to have been first formed in the reign of 
 Queen Elizabeth. In 178Q, an oak at the entrance 
 of the water-walk, which had been the admiration of 
 many generations for nearly six centuries, fell down 
 with a tremendous crash. Its height was seventy-one 
 feet, girth twenty-one, and its cubic contents seven 
 hundred and fifty-four feet. Evelyn computed that it 
 might drop on seven hundred and sixty-eight square 
 yards, and that two hundred and fifty-six houses, or 
 three thousand four hundred and fifty-six men, might 
 stand under its boughs, "supposing," adds this curious 
 calculator, " that they did spread of equal length from 
 " the trunk like the rays of a circle." A chair made 
 of its wood is now among the furniture of the Pre- 
 sident's lodgings. 
 
 Nearly in the state above detailed Magdalen Col- 
 lege remained until the early part of the last century, 
 when an intention was formed to erect a new qua- 
 drangle, and to take down three sides of the old one, 
 leaving only the Chapel, Hall, and south cloister. For 
 this purpose a plan was designed by Edward Holds- 
 worth, M. A. Fellow, author of the Muscipula, and 
 other ingenious writings, who quitted this College on 
 account of his adherence to the exiled family of Stuart. 
 One side only of this quadrangle,, looking to the 
 
08 MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 south, has been finished, three hundred feet in length, 
 the front resting on an arcade, the roof of which is 
 decorated in stucco with much taste. It is a noble 
 specimen of chaste design and convenience, there be- 
 ing three series of rooms, spacious, lofty, and of equal 
 dimensions. The foundation of this building was laid 
 Sept. 27, 1733, by Dr. Knibb of this Society, as proxy 
 for the Bishop of Winchester, the Visitor of the Col- 
 lege. The second stone was laid by Miss Butler, 
 daughter of Dr. Butler, the President; and two others 
 by Sir William Bowyer, a member of the College, 
 and Mr. Rowney, one of the Representatives of the 
 city of Oxford. The inscription runs thus : 
 
 MORIBUS EXCOLENDIS 
 STUDIIS LITERARUM EXORNANDIS 
 
 OTIUM DATURA, 
 
 WAINFLETI NOMEN ET HONORES 
 
 ULTIMUM PROROGET IN JEVUM 
 
 MAGDALENA INSTAURATA, 
 
 <27 mo SEPTEMBRIS 1733. 
 
 EDVARDO BUTLER, LL. D. 
 PRESIDE. 
 
 The contributions of the members in aid of the 
 College expence were most liberal; Dr. Butler gave 
 25001. ; Dr. Hough, Bishop of Worcester, and formerly 
 President, and Dr. Boulter, Primate of Ireland, 10001. 
 each; and above 40001. were contributed in smaller 
 sums by a few individuals. Towards the completion 
 of the design a building fund has been long accumulat- 
 ing, to which the late Dr. Thomas Waldegrave, Vicar 
 of Washington, left 15001. three per cent consols ; and 
 in 1786 John Norris, Esq. bequeathed, as was formerly 
 mentioned, 50001. It is doubtful, however, whether th^ 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 quadrangle as originally projected will ever be com- 
 pleted. The openings to the east and west afford 
 picturesque scenes of such striking beauty, that taste, 
 at least, will be amply 'gratified by finishing the ends 
 of the present new" building, and taking down the 
 north side of the old quadrangle. 
 
 The HALL, a spacious and elegant room, was built 
 by the Founder, and, besides the arms, &c. removed 
 thither from his chamber, and from the election-cham- 
 ber, which was pulled down in 1770, contains some cu- 
 rious, but rather grotesque, carvings on the wainscot at 
 the upper end, of a much later date than the building. 
 There is also a carving of Henry VIII. and whole or 
 half-length portraits on canvas of the Founder, Mr. 
 Freman, Dr. Butler, Prince Rupert, Henry Prince of 
 Wales, eldest son of James I. Dr. Warner, Bishop 
 of Rochester, Addison, Dr. Sacheverell, Archbishop 
 Boulter, Dr. Hammond, Bishop Hough, Sir Edmund 
 Isham, Bart, formerly Fellow, Wilcocks, Bishop of 
 Rochester, benefactors or eminent persons belonging 
 to this house. The small whole length of St. Mary 
 Magdalen has been much admired. It has fascinations 
 which bespeak the manner of Guercino in his female 
 figures ; but some connoisseurs doubt whether it is not 
 the performance of a still abler hand. 
 
 This College was very early favoured by royal 
 visits. In 1481, on the 20th of September, the 
 Founder came to inspect his buildings, and was re* 
 ceived with all due respect, both as Founder and Vi- 
 sitor. Two days after, the King, Edward IV. then at 
 Woodstock, intimated that he would come and see hi 
 College, in which he lodged with the Bishops of Ely, 
 
210 MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 Chichester, and Rochester, and the Lords Lincoln, 
 Stanley, Dacres, and other noblemen and persons of 
 distinction. During their stay, the royal party were 
 magnificently entertained in this Hall, and in other 
 Colleges, and heard disputations as usual on such oc- 
 casions. 
 
 In July, 1483, the Founder came again to prepare 
 for the reception of Richard III. who was received on 
 entering the city with great pomp by the Chancellor, 
 Regents, and Non-Regents, and conducted to this Col- 
 lege, where he lodged with all his train of Bishops and 
 Noblemen. The day after his arrival, solemn disputa- 
 tions were held in the Hall, when the disputants were 
 rewarded in a manner characteristic of the times. 
 Dr. John Taylor, opponent in the divinity disputation, 
 received a buck and five pounds, and the respondent, 
 the celebrated Grocyn, a buck and five marks. The 
 opponent in philosophy received also a buck and five 
 marks, and the respondent a buck and forty shil- 
 lings. The King also gave the President and College 
 two bucks and five marks for wine. These may be 
 enumerated among the few good deeds of this tyrant; 
 and it would be unjust to his memory not to add, that 
 he was in other respects a benefactor to the Univer- 
 sity. About this time he confirmed all its privileges, 
 and procured an Act of Parliament, in the infancy of 
 printing, to allow the sale of foreign books, a matter 
 of great importance to the seminaries of learning. 
 
 In 1496, another visit was paid by Prince Arthur to 
 this College, who was entertained in the President's 
 lodgings, and his nobles in the Fellows* apartments. 
 This visit was repeated ia 1501, but few memorials 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE, 11 
 
 have been preserved of what passed on either occa- 
 sion *. 
 
 The next honour of this kind occurred at the dis- 
 tance of nearly a century, when James I. and hi$ 
 court visited the University, and, hy way of compli- 
 ment, Henry, Prince of Wales, was admitted a mem- 
 ber of this College. The University displayed its learn- 
 ing and splendour in harangues, disputations, and mag* 
 nificent entertainments; and some notice has already 
 been taken of his Majesty's reception at this time, and 
 on the returns he made in expressing his satisfaction. 
 The Prince was matriculated in August, 1605, and 
 John Wilkinson, B. D. Principal of Magdalen Hall, 
 then Fellow, and afterwards President of this College 
 for a year during the Usurpation, was appointed his. 
 tutor. His Highness kept his court in some room* 
 on the north side of the quadrangle, which still re* 
 tain the ornamented wainscotting, with which they 
 were then furnished. The Founder, in his statutes, 
 reserves, amongst others, two rooms in that part of 
 the quadrangle pro Jiliis dominorum, and these are 
 supposed to be the same as were occupied by the 
 Prince, during the short time of his visit. 
 
 In 1649, this Hall was destined to entertain visitants 
 of another description. On May IQth of that year, 
 Cromwell, Fairfax, and the other commanders of the 
 parliamentary army then in Oxford, dined here, 
 where, Wood says, they " had good cheer, and bad 
 
 * Churton's Lives of the Founders of Brazenose College,p. 1G3 l67 
 * This College is required by its statutes to entertain the Kings of 
 
 England, and their eldest sons, whenever they come to Oxford. Dr. 
 
 Birch, in his Life of Prince Henry, gives a very minute account of th$ 
 
 above royal visit. 
 
 * 2 
 
212 MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 " speeches." After dinner they played at bowls on 
 the college-green ; and a Convocation being ordered to 
 be held, Cromwell and Fairfax were created Doctors 
 of Civil Law, and the other officers were admitted 
 Masters of Arts. It is not certain whether the de- 
 struction of the Chapel windows by the soldiers pre- 
 ceded or followed this visit, or whether that savage act 
 was not reserved to honour the graduation of their 
 officers on this memorable day. 
 
 The LIBRARY, built in the Founder's lifetime, is a 
 room of considerable extent, but low roofed. It waa 
 supplied by the Founder with above eighty volumes, 
 principally manuscripts of course, and other bene- 
 factors have increased the collection. Dr. Warner, 
 Bishop of Rochester, gave in all about 14001. for the 
 purchase of books and the ornamental part of this Li- 
 brary. His portrait and that of the Founder are the 
 only commemorative ornaments of the room. 
 
 Before the erection of the CHAPEL, the Society, 
 while at Magdalen Hall, attended divine service at 
 the venerable church of St. Peter in the East, and 
 afterwards in the oratory belonging to St. John's 
 hospital, which stood on the south side of the pre- 
 sent Chapel, and in 1665 was converted into cham- 
 bers. The present Chapel was completed by the 
 Founder, and furnished with all suitable magnifi- 
 cence. It remained in its original state, although de- 
 spoiled of most of its furniture at the Reformation, 
 until the year 1635, when the inner Chapel was paved 
 with black and white marble, and provided with new 
 stalls and wainscotting, a new organ, a screen, and 
 painted windows, during the Presidentship of Dr. Ac- 
 cepted Frcwen, afterwards Archbishop of York. At 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 this time the monuments of the Presidents Humphrey, 
 Bond, Langton, Tybard, Hygden, and Cole, were re- 
 moved into the outer Chapel, which contains a great 
 number of other monuments, erected to the memory 
 of members of this house. Some of them are good 
 specimens of sculpture, particularly one erected to 
 the memory of the two Lytteltons, brothers, sons 
 of Sir Thomas Lyttelton, Bart, who were drowned in 
 the Cher well while struggling to save each other'. 
 It was executed by Stone, the elder, in 1635, at the 
 price of 301. The two fine columns, by which the roof 
 of this ante-chapel is supported, are enviable testimo- 
 nies of the genius of the Gothic architects. 
 
 In this elegant Chapel, the original style of building 
 still predominates; but in the screen and pannelling, 
 put up about the year 1740, which last covers the 
 east wall, formerly of great beauty, we have those 
 Grecian 'ornaments which were generally adopted in 
 the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The body 
 is enlightened by ten windows, painted with figures of 
 the apostles, fathers, saints, &c. in c/aro obscuro. The 
 west-window, containing the last judgment, was exe~ 
 cuted after a design of Christopher Schwarts, origi- 
 nally prepare^ for the wife of William, Duke of Ba- 
 varia, as appears by a print engraved by one of the 
 Sadelers. After being damaged by the high wind in 
 1703, it was restored in 1794 by Eggintou to its pris- 
 tine beauty b . Eight of the lateral windows were re- 
 moved from the ante-chapel in 1741, and two new 
 
 Covvlcy wrote an Elegy on thi.s affecting subject, but full of misera- 
 ble conceits. 
 
 * Dr. Montague Cholmcley, who died in 1785 Fellow of the Col- 
 
 P3 
 
14 MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 ones next the altar added by the younger Price, who 
 died in 1765. The eight fine windows now , in the 
 ante-chapel, put up in 1797, were executed from de- 
 signs of* Egginton, and are filled with the College 
 arms, Scripture history, and portraits of St. John 
 Baptist, St. Mary Magdalen, Kings Henry III. and 
 VI. the Founders of Magdalen, New College, Corpus 
 Christi, and Cardinal College, now Christ Church, 
 the two last of whom had been Fellows of this Col- 
 lege, admirably drawn and coloured. 
 
 The present altar was constructed in 1740, and cor- 
 responds with the modern alterations in the inte- 
 rior of this Chapel. The altar-piece by Fuller, repre- 
 senting the last judgment, has not been fortunate in 
 attracting universal admiration. As an imitation of 
 
 O 
 
 Michael Angelo, it falls far short of the sublime, al- 
 though sometimes wild, imagination of that great 
 artist; nor is the colouring harmonious or natural. 
 Some of the figures, however, are correctly drawn ; 
 and he has at least imitated the temper of Michael 
 Angelo with success, in introducing, among the 
 damned, the portrait of an hostler at the Greyhound 
 Inn, near the College, who had offended him. Mr. 
 Addison has honoured Fuller's painting with an ele- 
 gant Latin poem, in which he seems to praise the 
 genius that ought to have predominated in such a 
 subject. This painting was placed here about the 
 year 1680. 
 
 Underneath is a noble picture of our Saviour bear- 
 ing his cross, which was long supposed to have been 
 
 lege, bequeathed 3001. for a new west window ; but the restoration of th* 
 Id one cost tbc Society 8501. 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 215 
 
 painted by Guido, or, in the opinion of Mr. Byres of 
 Rome, a very competent judge, by Ludovico Caracci ; 
 but it is now given to Moralez, styled El Divino, a 
 Spanish artist who flourished in the sixteenth century, 
 and whose works are rare in this country. Sherwin's 
 beautiful print from it is well known, and Egginton 
 made a copy for the east window of the church of 
 Wansted in Essex. It remains to be added, that this 
 picture was brought from Vigo in 1702 by the last 
 Duke of Ormond, and afterwards fell into the hands of 
 William Frernan, Esq. of Hamels in Hertfordshire, 
 who gave it to the College. He gave also a new organ, 
 and was in other respects a considerable benefactor. 
 
 This incidental notice of the present organ reminds 
 us of a singular anecdote respecting the one formerly 
 belonging to this Chapel, which was first related by 
 Mr. Warton in his " Observations on the Faerie 
 " Queene." Cromwell, who was fond of music, and 
 particularly of that of an organ, an instrument pro- 
 scribed under his government, was greatly delighted 
 with this of Magdalen, and, when it was taken down, 
 as an abominable agent of superstition, caused it to 
 be conveyed to Hampton Court, where it was placed 
 in the great gallery for his amusement. There it con- 
 tinued until the Restoration, when it was returned to 
 the College, and stood in this Chapel until about 
 thirty years ago, when Mr. Freman's present was 
 put up. It was then disposed of to the church of 
 Tewkesbury in Gloucestershire. Although Mr, War- 
 ton has not given his authority for this anecdote, no 
 reason to doubt it can be grounded on Cromwell's 
 character. Cromwell had not that dislike to music 
 which Shakspeare considers as the indication of a 
 
216 MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 traitor. He was, on the contrary, extremely fond of 
 music, both vocal and instrumental. On one occa- 
 sion, when at Oxford, he restored a young gentleman 
 of Christ Church to his student's place, who had heen 
 ejected by the parliamentary visitors, merely in conse- 
 quence of hearing him sing*. 
 
 It would have been fortunate had he possessed as 
 much taste for historical windows. Those which an- 
 ciently decorated the inner Chapel were removed dur- 
 ing the rebellion, and concealed .for some time ; but 
 being discovered by the parliamentarian soldiers, they 
 had the barbarity to place them flat on the pave- 
 ment of the cloisters, and jump on them until they 
 were entirely destroyed. By what means the other 
 windows escaped their search, we are not told. 
 
 In the year 1793 a new roof in the Gothic style, 
 the old one being decayed, was placed on the Chapel 
 and Hall, under the direction of Mr. Wyatt, which 
 cost the College upwards of 40001. paid out of the in- 
 comes of the President and Fellows; as was also the 
 further sum of 14001. for the painted windows in the 
 ante-chapel. 
 
 We cannot leave this Chapel without noticing five 
 remarkably fine though small statues, in good pre- 
 servation, placed over the beautiful west porch. They 
 represent St. John the Baptist, Henry III. St. Mary 
 Magdalen, William of Wykeham, and the Founder. 
 The Founder and Henry III. are in a kneeling pos- 
 ture. These are among the finest specimens of ancient 
 sculpture in Oxford, and are coeval with the Chapel. 
 
 Of the thirty-one PRESIDENTS who have superin- 
 tended this Society from its foundation, the first two, 
 
 A. Wood's Life, p. 139. edit. 1772. 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. <217 
 
 John Hornley and William Tybard, were appointed 
 to that office before the Founder had secured the disci- 
 pline and tranquillity of his College by a body of sta- 
 tutes. In the thirty-second year after the Society 
 began to reside in Magdalen Hall, Richard Mayew, 
 D. D. a Fellow of New College, was nominated by the 
 Founder, whose veneration for Wykeham was such, 
 that he permitted the members of New College an 
 equal right with those of his own to be chosen Presi- 
 dents of Magdalen. Dr. Mayew resigned after having 
 been promoted to the Bishopric of Hereford two years 
 before, and John Claymond and John Hygden were his 
 successors as President, but resigned in a few years, 
 Claymond being appointed the first President of Cor- 
 pus, with additional preferment held in commendam, and 
 Hygden the first Dean of Christ Church. Dr. Walter 
 Haddon, a poet, orator, and elegant Latin writer, was 
 advanced to this office, although a member neither of 
 the College nor University, in consequence of manda- 
 tory letters from Edward VI. and expressly contrary 
 to the will of the Society. On the death of Edward, 
 however, he retired abroad, and on his return, at the 
 accession of Queen Elizabeth, was otherwise provided 
 for. Dr. Lawrence Humphrey, who became Pre- 
 sident in 1561, was one of the most learned divines of 
 his time, and was honoured with considerable prefer- 
 ment in the Church. His aversion to the ecclesiastical 
 habits, which he acquired among the exiles at Geneva, 
 produced a well-known hint from Queen Elizabeth : 
 " Mr. Doctor, that loose gown becomes you mightj 
 " well. I wonder your notions should be so narrow*." 
 
 * Peck's Desiderata, Nichols's Progresses, &c. The Queen was at 
 this time (1566; receiving the homage of the University at Wolvsrcote, 
 
418 MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 We have already seen that he had no objection to 
 the ornaments befitting the rooms of a College; and 
 if the inscriptions which he placed in the Founder's 
 chamber were at his own expence, they afford a 
 proof of his liberality. Strype, in his Life of Arch- 
 bishop Parker, speaks of his sufferings and imprison- 
 ment about the year 1565; but these were probably of 
 very short duration, as we can discover no interruption 
 in the office of President. Mr. Warton* remarks, that 
 about the year 1563 there were only two divines, the 
 Dean of Christ Church and the President of Magda- 
 len College, who were capable of preaching the public 
 sermons at Oxford. Sampson was at this time Dean 
 of Christ Church, and, like the President of Magdalen, 
 accused of puritanism. Dr. Humphrey's monument, 
 formerly in the choir, but now in the ante-chapel, was 
 erected by his daughter Justina, wife of Caspar Dor- 
 mer, Esq. of Steeple Barton, Oxfordshire. 
 
 During the usurpation, the office of President was 
 filled, first, by Dr. John Wilkinson, Principal of Mag- 
 dalen Hall. In 1605, King James I. as we before 
 observed, being then at Oxford, had appointed him 
 tutor to his son Henry, Prince of Wales. Wilkinson 
 died in 1649, about eight months after usurping the 
 office of President, and was succeeded by the cele- 
 brated champion of independency, Dr. Thomas Good- 
 win, a great favourite with Cromwell, who placed him 
 here, although he belonged to the other University. 
 
 n her way to Oxford. Wood, in his Annals, gives the Queen's speech 
 another form. " Dr. Humphrey, methinks this gown and habit be- 
 " comes you very well, and I marvyle that you are so straight-laced in 
 " this point but I come not now to chide." 
 
 Life of Sir T. Pope, in a digression on the illiteracy of the Clergy 
 about the time of the Reformation. 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 Granger is of opinion, that he is the " independent 
 " minister and head of a College," of whom the ludi- 
 crous story is told by Addison, in No. 494 of the Spec- 
 tator. 
 
 The regular succession of Presidents recommenced 
 with the restoration of Dr. John Oliver, who had 
 been ejected by the parliamentary visitors; but he hav- 
 ing died in October 1661, after being promoted to 
 the deanery of Worcester, was succeeded by Dr. Tho- 
 mas Pierce, a controversial divine of great learning 
 and piety, and a poet and wit; who resigned on the 
 express condition of having other preferment in lieu 
 of his Presidentship, and had afterwards conferred 
 upon him the deanery of Sarum. He was succeeded 
 by Dr. Henry Clerke. The death of this gentleman in 
 1686-7 afforded the Society an opportunity of evincing 
 that spirit and consistency which they had never failed 
 to display on critical occasions, and which were now 
 excited by an extraordinary stretch of arbitrary 
 power. 
 
 The infatuated James II. who had recently granted 
 toleration to all religions, that he might have an op- 
 portunity of filling the seats of learning and religious 
 instruction with men attached to the Church of 
 Rome, no sooner heard of the vacancy in this College, 
 than he sent a mandamus requiring the Fellows to 
 elect one Anthony Farmer, a papist, who was totally 
 disqualified, being neither a Fellow of Magdalen nor 
 of New College. The Society at first endeavoured to 
 avert this imposition by a submissive petition; but 
 having received no answer within the statutable time 
 for proceeding to election, they elected John Hough, 
 B. D. a man in all respects qualified for the station, 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 and by his spirit and talents peculiarly fitted to vindi- 
 cate his own and their privileges against so gross an 
 outrage. On this the Vice-President, Dr. Aldworth, 
 and a deputation of the Fellows, were cited before his 
 Majesty's commissioners for ecclesiastical affairs at 
 Whitehall, where they firmly, yet respectfully, main- 
 tained the legality of their election, and represented 
 the incapacity of Farmer, not only for the reasons 
 already stated, but for gross immorality. The com- 
 missioners, however, decreed the election of Hough 
 void, and ordered that the Vice-President should be 
 suspended; and the King forbade the Fellows to elect 
 any person into a Fellowship or other situation in the 
 College until his pleasure should be known. 
 
 In the month of August following his Majesty is- 
 sued another mandate, not insisting on the election of 
 Farmer, for of him the commissioners themselves are 
 said to have been ashamed, but requiring the Fellows 
 to elect Dr. Parker, Bishop of Oxford, into the office of 
 President. But before they could proceed on this new 
 election, the King, then on his way to Bath, appeared 
 at Oxford, Sept. 4, and ordered the Fellows to attend 
 him at Christ Church, where, after an absurd insulting 
 speech, to which they returned a firm but modest re- 
 ply, they retired to their Chapel, and resolved that it 
 was not in their power to obey his Majesty in this mat- 
 ter. This provoked another measure on the part of the 
 King equally unwise. He now ordered a commission 
 to sit at Oxford, and to proceed to election by force. 
 The commissioners were, Cartwright, Bishop of Ches- 
 ter, the Lord Chief Justice Wright, and Baron Jen- 
 ner; but the Fellows persisted in their adherence to 
 the statutes of the College, which no power had a 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 right to violate, and Dr. Hough, their new President, 
 replied to the arguments, or rather invectives, of the 
 commissioners with uncommon firmness and ability. 
 The issue was, that he was displaced by force, and 
 twenty-six of the Fellows were declared incapable of 
 receiving an^ ecclesiastical dignity, benefice, or pro- 
 motion ; and such of them as were not yet in holy or- 
 ders, were adjudged incapable of receiving or being 
 admitted into the same. The Demies also refusing 
 obedience, the names of thirteen of them were struck 
 out of the College books. 
 
 Parker did not long enjoy the advantages of this 
 most illegal and arbitrary act. He was installed bjr 
 proxy Oct. 25, 1687, and, after presiding over an 
 almost empty house for a few months, died March 20, 
 1688. The King, whose infatuation was now at ita 
 height, sent another mandate to the College to elect 
 one Bonaventure Gifford a , a Doctor of the Sorbonne, 
 and titular Bishop of Madaura, in partibm infiddium, 
 (a city in Africa,) who accordingly took possession on 
 June 15, but was removed by the King himself in 
 October 1688, when the prospect of the arrival of 
 the Prince of Orange had terrified him into this tardy 
 attempt towards conciliation. Dr. Hough was then 
 restored by the Visitor, and in 1690 was made Bishop 
 of Oxford, and allowed to keep his Presidentship. In 
 1699 he was translated to the see of Lichfield and 
 Coventry, and in 1701 resigned the office of Presi- 
 dent b . Among his successors, the name of Dr. George 
 
 \ 
 
 Dodd and other Roman Catholic writers give a favourable account 
 of Gifford. He died about the year 1737, at Hammersmith, at the 
 age of ninety. 
 
 fc The Life of this amiable Prelate, -who was finally Bishop of Wor- 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 Home will long be remembered with the regard due 
 to excellence of public and private character. 
 
 Fuller remarks, in his usual quaint style, that there 
 is scarce a Bishopric in England to which this Col- 
 lege has not afforded one Prelate at the least, " dou- 
 " bling her files in some places," and many of them 
 were unquestionably men of high distinction in their 
 day. The two celebrated English Cardinals, Wolsey 
 and Pole, were both educated here. Pole entered as a 
 Nobleman, and resided, as his biographer says, in the 
 President's lodgings. His masters were Linacre and 
 Latimer, under whom he acquired not only a taste for 
 the literature of Greece and Rome, but that liberal 
 spirit of patronage which induced him to encourage 
 and correspond with men of learning when proscribed 
 by the bigotry of the times. Of the Bishops belong- 
 ing to this College, the most eminent were Lee and 
 Frewen", Archbishops of York, the latter a benefac- 
 tor to the College, and Boulter, Archbishop of Ar- 
 magh ; Longland, Bishop of Lincoln ; Cooper, of 
 Winchester; Warner, of Rochester; Nicholson, of 
 Gloucester ; Hopkins, of Raphoe and Derry ; Hough, 
 of Worcester; Smalbroke, of Lichfield and Coven- 
 try; and Home, of Norwich. 
 
 The scholars of other ranks who attained high re- 
 putation by their genius and writings form a verjr 
 numerous list, and many of them who studied here 
 during the first half century from the foundation con- 
 
 eester, is new preparing for the press, from authentic documents by on 
 of his family. ^ 
 
 Dr. Frewen was ably vindicated in a Letter, published in 1743, 
 against certain misrepresentations of his character by Antony Wood, 
 Drake, the historian of York, and Browne Willis. 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 223 
 
 tributed not a little to the revival of real literature, 
 which at no great distance of time facilitated the Re- 
 formation. Of these Dean Colet and Lily the gramma- 
 rian were of this College, and Linacre and Latimer 
 either taught as private tutors, or lectured within its 
 walls. It could afterwards boast of Dr. John Roper, 
 Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity, and one of the 
 most eminent theologists of his time: Dr. Wotton, 
 physician to Henry VIII. and a writer on natural his- 
 tory: Robertson, an excellent grammarian, and one of 
 the compilers of the English Liturgy in 1549 : Fox, 
 the celebrated author of the " Acts and Monuments of 
 " the Church," a work of stupendous labour and co- 
 pious information, which the adherents to the Church 
 of Rome may be excused for depreciating, since it 
 tended so considerably to consolidate the Protestant 
 establishment* : Sir Francis Knollis, statesman: Liiy, 
 an elegant writer and dramatic poet : Dr. Field, the 
 learned Dean of Gloucester: Dr. Thomas Godwyn, 
 the Hebrew antiquary : Sir Thomas Roe, the ambas- 
 sador: Hampden the patriot: John Digby, Eari 
 of Bristol: Chilmead, the critic and philologist: 
 Theophilus Gale, a nonconformist divine of conside- 
 rable talents : The very learned and pious Dr. Ham- 
 mond : Dr. Peter Heylin, ecclesiastical historian and 
 controversial writer, from whose pen there is, in the 
 
 * Fox was a Fellow of this College, but bad been originally entered of 
 Brazenose College. It is a remarkable circumstance in his life, that he 
 was protected by the popish Duke of Norfolk against the persecution of 
 Bishop Gardiner, and, until obliged to retire to the continent, bad been 
 employed by the Duke to be tutor to the children of his son, the elegant 
 and accomplished Earl of Surry. 
 
$24 MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 
 
 archives of this College, a metrical life of the Founder, 
 written probably when Heylin was young : George 
 Withers, a voluminous and most unequal poet, whose 
 reputation seems to be reviving : Harmar, the learned 
 Greek professor: George Digby, Earl of Bristol, son 
 to the preceding John, but inferior in fame, unsteady 
 in character, and an example of the misapplication of 
 eloquence and knowledge : Elisha Coles, formerly one 
 of the most popular of our Latin lexicographers : Sir 
 Robert Howard, the dramatic poet: and the learned 
 traveller and biographer, Dr. Thomas Smith. To these 
 may be added the illustrious name of the elegant and 
 accomplished Joseph Addison, who was about fifteen 
 when he entered Queen's ; but Dr. Lancaster, then Fel- 
 low, and afterwards Provost, having seen his Latin 
 verses on the inauguration of William III. discovered 
 the excellence of his Latin poetry, even at that early 
 age, and procured his being elected a Demy of Magda- 
 len College in 16SQ, when he was seventeen. His Cato 
 and most of his early pieces were written while he 
 was a student here: Dr. Sacheverell, once the idol 
 of a party, and once, let it be remembered, the friend 
 and associate of Addison : Collins, Yalden, and 
 Holdsworth, poets : Dr. Matthew Horbery and Dr. 
 Thomas Waldgrave, divines. The latter was tutor to 
 Gibbon, the celebrated historian, who might have 
 graced this list, for he passed some time in Magdalen 
 College as an Undergraduate, had not his foolish pre- 
 lumption driven him from regularity of study into 
 that vague and capricious pursuit of miscellaneous 
 information, which has so frequently ended in super- 
 ficial knowledge and lax principles. The recent 
 
MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 25 
 
 deaths of Dr. Town son and Dr. Chandler afford an 
 opportunity to add their names. With their cha- 
 racters the world will be made still better acquainted 
 by the republication of Dr. Townson's works, to- 
 gether with his Life, by Mr. Churton, and of Dr. 
 Chandler's Life of the Founder. 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 W ILLlAM Smyth, Bishop of Lincoln, and Founder 
 of this College, was the fourth son of Robert Smyth, of 
 Peelhouse in Widdows, or Widness, in the parish of 
 Prescot, Lancashire. His grandfather was Henry 
 Smyth, Esq. of the adjoining township of Cuerdly, 
 where the family appears to have resided both before 
 and after the birth of the subject of this sketch, and 
 extended its branches of the same name through va- 
 rious parts of the kingdom. Of his father we have no 
 particular information, nor of the period of his birth, 
 unless that it took place about the middle of the, 
 fifteenth century; which is, however, not very consis- 
 tent with the report, that he was an Undergraduate of 
 Oxford so late as the year 1478. 
 
 The same obscurity envelopes his early years. 
 Wood indeed says, that he was trained up in grammar- 
 learning in his own country; but in what seminary, or 
 whether his country at that time could boast of any 
 institution deserving the name of a grammar-school, 
 are subjects of conjecture. His late biographer, with 
 equal acuteness and reason, has supposed him to have 
 been educated in the household of Thomas, the first 
 Earl of Derby. The Countess of Richmond, who was 
 the second wife of this nobleman, according to a laud- 
 able custom in the houses of the nobility, provided in 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE, 22? 
 
 this manner for the instruction of young men of pro- 
 mising talents; and it is known, that she was an early 
 patron of our Founder. 
 
 At what time he removed to Oxford is uncertain, 
 nor has any research discovered the College of which 
 he was a member. Wood, after some hesitation be-/ 
 'tween Oriel and Lincoln, is inclined to prefer the 
 latter, because he finds one William Smyth a Com- 
 moner there before and in the year 1478 ; and his re- 
 cent biographer, while he thinks it not very clear that 
 he studied in either, has not discovered any proof that 
 the William Smyth of Lincoln in 1478 was not the 
 Founder of Brasen Nose* Of his academical honours, 
 all that we know with certainty is his degree of Ba- 
 .chelor of Law, which he had taken some time before, 
 the year 1492, when he was instituted to the rectory 
 of Cheshunt in Hertfordshire. The clergy, as welt 
 as others, in that age, were accustomed to proceed in 
 law degrees ; and it is well known, that many of them 
 became, while Prelates, the ablest lawyers of their 
 time. Before the Reformation, the office of Lord 
 Chancellor was rarely filled by a layman. 
 
 Wood asserts, that he removed with other scho- 
 lars from Oxford, dreading the pestilence which then 
 raged, and went to Cambridge, where he became 
 Fellow, and afterwards Master, of Pembroke Hall. 
 Browne Willis contradicts this only in part, by inform- 
 ing us that he became Fellow, but not Master ; and 
 here the matter would have rested, if Smyth had not 
 found in his last biographer one who possesses the 
 laudable scepticism and spirit of research, to which we 
 are indebted for all historical certainty. Mr. Churton 
 has decidedly proved, that he never belonged to Cain* 
 
928 BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 bridge, and that the mistake of his former biographers 
 originated in his being confounded with a person of 
 both his names, who was Fellow of Pembroke Hall, 
 and a contemporary. 
 
 To the course of learning usual in his time, and 
 which was neither copious nor solid, he appears to 
 have added the study of the Latin classics of the purer 
 ages, which was then less frequent, although more libe- 
 rally tolerated, and more admired, than an acquaint- 
 ance with the Greek language. In the fifteenth cen- 
 tury the latter was scarcely known, unless to the en- 
 terprising spirit of Grocyn, Linacre, and the other re- 
 storers of literature; and was so little relished, as to be 
 sometimes a topic of ridicule, and sometimes as dan- 
 gerous as heresy. 
 
 For his first advancement he is supposed to have 
 been indebted to the Earl of Derby, who was one of 
 those friends of Henry VII. whom that Monarch re- 
 warded, after the crown was established in security. 
 Probably also by his interest Smyth was appointed 
 September 20, 1485, to the office of the Clerk of the 
 Hanapcr, with an annual stipend of 401. and an addi- 
 tional allowance of eighteen pence per day during his 
 attendance, in person, or by his deputy, on the Lord 
 Chancellor. This salary is worthy of notice, as the 
 sum exceeds that which was attached to it, not only 
 on a subsequent appointment in this reign, but for a 
 century afterwards. It was therefore probably given 
 as a special remuneration to Smyth, whose influence 
 appears to have been increasing. It is certain that, 
 while in this office, he was solicited by the University 
 of Oxford to interpose, on a very critical occasion, 
 when they had incurred the King's displeasure; and 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 such was his influence, that his Majesty was pleased to 
 remove their fears, and confirm their privileges. This 
 occurred in the second year of Henry's reign. While 
 Smyth held this office, we also find his name in a writ 
 of privy seal for the foundation of Norbridge's chantry 
 in the parish church of the Holy Trinity at Guildford. 
 In this deed, William Smyth, Clerk, is very honoura- 
 bly associated with Elizabeth, consort of Henry VII. 
 Margaret, Countess of Richmond, his mother, Thomai 
 Bourchier, and Reginald Bray, Knights. 
 
 A few years after his being made Clerk of the Ha- 
 naper, he was promoted to the Deanery of St. Ste- 
 phen's, Westminster, a dignity usually conferred on 
 some favourite Chaplain whom the King wished to 
 have near his person. The precise time of his arriving 
 at this preferment cannot be discovered, but it must 
 have been subsequent to July 28, 1480, when Henry 
 Sharpe occurs as Dean. While in this office he re- 
 sided in Canon Row, and was honoured by his royal 
 master with a seat in the Privy Council. 
 
 From the evidence of these preferments it cannot 
 be doubted that Smyth's talents and address had justi- 
 fied the hopes of his family and patrons. He must 
 have certainly been a favourite with the King, and not 
 less so with his mother, Margaret, Countess of Rich- 
 mond, who on June 14, 1492, presented him to the 
 rectory of Cheshunt, which he quitted in 1494 for 
 higher preferment. She conferred upon him another 
 mark of her confidence, in appointing him one of the 
 feoffees of those manors and estates, which were to 
 answer the munificent purposes of her will. As to the 
 reports of his former biographers, that he held, at one 
 time, the archdeaconry of Surry and the prepositure of 
 
330 BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 Wells, Mr. Churton has clearly proved that they have 
 no foundation. 
 
 When the see of Lichfield and Coventry became va- 
 cant by the death of Bishop Hales, Dec. 30, 1490, 
 the King bestowed it on Smyth, by the style of " Our 
 " beloved and faithful Counsellor, Dean of our free 
 " chapel within our own palace at Westminster." 
 The time neither of his election or consecration is 
 upon record, but the latter is supposed to have taken 
 place between the 12th and 29th of January 1492-3. 
 The cause of so considerable an interval from the 
 death of his predecessor must probably be sought in 
 the capricious proceedings of the Court of Rome on 
 such occasions. His final settlement in this see was 
 followed by a visitation of the Clergy under his con- 
 trol, and the performance of those other duties in- 
 cumbent on his new station. His usual residences were 
 at Beaudesert, and at Pipe, both near Lichfield, or at 
 his palace in London, which stood on the site of 
 Somerset-house. 
 
 His next promotion was of the civil kind, that of 
 President of the Prince's Council within the marches 
 of Wales. The unsettled state of Wales had engaged 
 the attention of Henry VII. as soon as he came to the 
 throne, and the wisest policy, in order to civilize and 
 conciliate the inhabitants of that part of the kingdom, 
 appeared to consist in delegating such a part of the 
 executive power as might give dignity and stability 
 to the laws, and ensure subjection to the Sovereign. 
 With this view various grants and commissions were 
 issued in the first year of his reign ; and about the year 
 1492, Arthur, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, 
 'was incjuded in a commission of the peace for the 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 county of Warwick, with Archbishop Morton, Smyth, 
 Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, and others ; and wag 
 then, March, 1492-3, constituted his Majesty's Justice 
 in the counties of Salop, Hereford, and Gloucester, and 
 the marches of Wales adjoining, " to inquire into all 
 " the liberties, privileges, and franchises, possessed or 
 " claimed by any person, which were to be seized into 
 " the King's hands ; and these inquisitions, taken from 
 " time to time, were to be certified into Chancery. 
 " The same commission also gave him power to sub- 
 " stitute proper persons under him, for the better and 
 " more effectual execution of this delegated trust. By 
 " virtue of this charter, a council, it is presumed, was 
 " appointed for the Prince, in which, whoever were 
 " his coadjutors, Bishop Smyth presided*." There was 
 a renewal of this commission in the 17 Henry VII. of 
 which our Bishop, who had then been translated to 
 the see of Lincoln, was again Lord President. 
 
 The Prince's court was held chiefly at Ludlow cas- 
 tle, long the seat of the Muses, honoured at this time 
 with a train of learned men from the Universities, and 
 afterwards immortalized by Milton and Butler. Here 
 Bishop Smyth, although placed in an office 1 * that seemed 
 likely to divert him from the business ot his diocese, 
 took special care that his absence should be compen^ 
 sated by a deputation of his power to Vicars General, 
 and a Suffragan Bishop, in whom he could confide; 
 and here he conceived some of those generous and li- 
 beral plans which have conferred honour on his name. 
 
 * Cburton's Lives of the Founders, p. 59, 60. 
 
 b He retained this office to his death. The same kind of court \va 
 renewed under succeeding monarchs, until the time of King William, 
 when, being no longer necessary, it was finally dissolved. 
 
 94 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 The first instance of his becoming a public benefactor 
 was in rebuilding and reendowing the hospital of St. 
 John in Lichfield, which had been suffered to go to 
 ruin by the negligence of the Friars who- occupied it. 
 Accordingly, in the third year of his Episcopate, 149-5, 
 he rebuilt this hospital, and gave a new body of sta- 
 tutes for the use of the society. Of this foundation 
 it is only necessary to add here, that the school at- 
 tached t6 it, and afterwards joined to the adjacent se- 
 minary of Edward VI. has produced Bishops Small- 
 ridge and Newton, the Chief Justices Willes and Par- 
 ker, and those illustrious scholars, Joseph Addison and 
 Samuel Johnson. 
 
 Smyth had been Bishop of Lichfield somewhat more 
 than two years, when he was translated to Lincoln, 
 November, 1495. In 1500, he performed a strict visi- 
 tation of his cathedral, which his liberality had al- 
 feady enriched, and prescribed such matters of disci- 
 pline and police as seemed calculated to preserve or- 
 der, and correct that tendency to abuse, which ren- 
 dered frequent visitations necessary. Nor was his 
 care of his diocese at large less actively employed, in 
 hearing and examining grievances, and promoting dis- 
 cipline and morals. " But perfection," his biographer 
 has well observed, " is not the attribute of man ; and 
 " we learn with less surprise than regret, that Smyth 
 " did not escape the common fault of condemning he- 
 " retics to the prison or the stake." For this no apo- 
 logy can here be offered. The wonder is, that we are 
 still solicited to a fellow-feeling with a religion which 
 could warp the minds of such men as Smyth. It would 
 have done enough to incur our aversion, had it done 
 no more than to stain the memory of tliose benefac- 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 2S5 
 
 tors, to whose liberality the learning of the present 
 age is so deeply indebted. 
 
 In the last-mentioned year, Smyth was requested by 
 the University to accept the office of Chancellor, then 
 vacant by the death of Archbishop Morton. In their 
 letter, dated November 5, they "entreat him to accept 
 " of the office, the highest honour they had to be- 
 " stow ; which they conferred not only as a mark of 
 " gratitude for daily favours received at his hands, but 
 " from regard to those talents which so eminently fit- 
 " ted him for the trust, his extraordinary prudence, 
 " and many other virtues." And in such estimation 
 was he held at this time, that, upon his acceptance of 
 the office, they " applauded their good fortune in hav- 
 " ing obtained for their governor and patron a inagni- 
 " ficent Prelate, who could not fail to administer their 
 " affairs in the best manner. They declared them- 
 " selves convinced, that they were born for each other; 
 " he to serve their academic polity, and they to ad- 
 " vance his honour; who had, through them, received 
 " into his protection such a renowned seminary, where, 
 " if virtue and ingenuous arts had ever flourished, they 
 " would now appear with additional lustre, under the 
 " auspices of a Prelate, crowned with every virtue, the 
 " friend and patron of good learning." 
 
 How long he continued Chancellor is not exactly 
 known, but his resignation must have taken place be- 
 fore the llth of August, 1503, when Fitzjames, Bishop 
 of Rochester, as the senior divine in residence, be* 
 came Cancellarius natus, or deputy during the vacancy : 
 and he was succeeded as Chancellor in November fol- 
 lowing by Dr. Mayew, President of Magdalen Col- 
 lege. 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 In 1507-8 he concerted the plan of Brasen Nose 
 College, along with his friend Sir Richard Sutton, 
 and lived to see it completed. Of his death we have 
 few particulars, nor can his age be ascertained. After 
 making a will in due form, characterized by the libera- 
 lity which had distinguished his whole life, he expired 
 at Buckden, Jan. 2, 1513-14, and was interred on the 
 south side of the nave of Lincoln cathedral, under a 
 marble grave-stone, richly adorned with brass, which 
 Sir William Dugdale had leisure to describe just 
 before it was destroyed by the republican soldiers or 
 mob. A mural monument was recently put up, with 
 a suitable inscription, by the Rev. Ralph Cawley, D.D. 
 and Principal of Brasen Nose from 1770 to 1777. 
 
 Before we proceed to the foundation of the Col- 
 lege, it may be necessary to give a short sketch of 
 Smyth's coadjutor in this great work, still acknowledg- 
 ing our obligations to the able pen which has revived 
 the memory and illustrated the history of these muni- 
 ficent benefactors. 
 
 Richard Sutton, descended from the ancient family 
 of the Suttons, of Sutton, near Macclesfield, in the 
 county palatine of Chester, was the younger son of 
 Sir William Sutton, Knight. Of the time or place of 
 his birth we have no certain account, nor whether he 
 was educated in the University to which he became so 
 bountiful a benefactor. He practised as a barrister of 
 the Inner Temple, and probably with success. In 
 1490 he purchased some estates in Leicestershire, and 
 afterwards increased his landed property in different 
 counties. In 1498, if not earlier, he was a member of 
 Henry VII.'s Privy Council, and attended the court 
 for many years after. In 1505, he was one of th<* 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 235 
 
 governors of the Inner Temple, and was in other years 
 chosen to this annual office. 
 
 It is uncertain at what time he became Steward of 
 the monastery of Sion, near Brentford in Middlesex, 
 but he occurs in this office in the year 1513, and had 
 chambers in the monastery, where he frequently re- 
 sided. Besides bestowing estates and money on this 
 religious house, he bore the expence of publishing a 
 splendid, and now very rare book, in honour of the 
 house, called "The Orcharde of SyonV 
 
 In 1512, he was employed in purchasing the manor 
 of Pinchepolles inFarringdon, Berkshire, with lands in 
 Westbrook and Farnham in that county, which were 
 given by Mrs. Morley, and constituted the first per- 
 manent benefaction bestowed on Brasen Nose Col- 
 lege. He appears to have received the honour of 
 Knighthood in the year 1522, about two years before 
 his death, but the exact time of the latter event is not 
 known. As an annual commemoration of him is ob- 
 served by the Society on the Sunday after Michael- 
 mas, it may be inferred that he died about that time. 
 His will, drawn up March 16, 1523-4, was proved 
 Nov. 7, 1524; and he is supposed to have been buried 
 either at Macclesfield, or in the monastery of Sion. 
 His bequests are almost all of the religious or charita- 
 ble kind.- To these scanty memoirs we may add, in 
 the grateful language of his biographer, that, " un- 
 " married himself, and not anxious to aggrandize his 
 41 family, which had long ranked among the best in 
 " a county justly proud of its ancient gentry, Sir 
 
 * The reader will find a minute account of this work, which was pub- 
 lished in 1519, in Mr. Churtpn's Life of Sir R. Sutton, p. 417, *t stqq* 
 
236 BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 " Richard Sutton bestowed handsome benefactions and 
 " kind remembrances among his kinsmen ; but he 
 " wedded the public, and made posterity his heir. 
 " An active coadjutor from the first to the Bishop of 
 " Lincoln in laying the foundation of Brasen Nose 
 " College, he completed the building, revised the laws, 
 " and doubled the revenues of the growing seminary, 
 " leaving it a perpetual monument of the consoli- 
 " dated wisdom and joint munificence of Smyth and 
 " of Sutton." 
 
 They appear to have concerted the plan of a nevr 
 College at a time when Oxford had ten Colleges^ 
 which, if not all in a flourishing state, enjoyed a de- 
 gree of prosperity correspondent to the original inten- 
 tion of the Founders. But reflecting minds, like those 
 of Smyth and Sutton, could perceive that a wider dif- 
 fusion of learning, and a greater facility in the means 
 and expences of instruction, were necessary, not only 
 to enrich the country with real science, but to extend 
 that portion of civilization and urbanity of manners, 
 which might counteract the barbarous sentiments and 
 practices that were still the opprobria of our Universi- 
 ties. 
 
 With this view they formed their design, and chose 
 the site of the building as earl^y as the year 1508. In 
 October of that year, Sutton obtained from Univer- 
 sity College a lease of Brasen Nose Hall and Little 
 University Hall, with their gardens and appurtenances, 
 for the term of ninety-two years, at the annual rent of 
 three pounds ; and it was not until the expiration of 
 the above lease that an equivalent estate was made 
 over to University College, and Brasen Nose obtained 
 the freehold. These premises are described as abut- 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 257 
 
 ting upon School-street on the east, upon a Hall and 
 garden called Salisbury on the south, and to the north 
 upon streets that go from School-street towards Lin- 
 coln College. 
 
 On these premises the College rose, but the precise 
 date of the foundation is not known. The learned 
 biographer of Bishop Smyth appears to have confided 
 for some time in an inscription on the south-west cor- 
 ner of the quadrangle, near the door which led to the 
 original Chapel of the College ; but upon more mature 
 consideration, he is inclined to think the true inten- 
 tion of that inscription doubtful. The words are, 
 Anno Chruti 1509 et Regis Henrici VIII. primo wo- 
 mine divino Lincoln pr&sul quoque Sutton hanc posuere 
 petram regis ad imperium primo die Junii. If a less 
 informed spectator may be allowed to hazard a con- 
 jecture, it would be in favour of Mr. Churton's sug- 
 gestion, viz. that it is probably a duplicate of the 
 foundation-stone. 
 
 Their next purchase was of the messuages called 
 Salisbury Hall and St. Mary entry, with the gardens 
 and appurtenances; but no part, it is thought, of the 
 present College, unless, perhaps, the Kitchen, stands 
 upon these premises. Salisbury Hall was taken down, 
 and the ground converted into a garden, which is now 
 occupied by the Library and inner court. Five other 
 Halls were afterwards added, called Little Edmund 
 Hall, Haberdashers' Hall, Black Hall, Staple Hall, 
 and Glass Hall. Of all these, Brasen Nose, Salisbury, 
 Little Edmund, and Haberdashers* Halls, extended 
 from Lincoln College lane to the High-street. The 
 present lodgings of the Principal were erected on the 
 spot where Haberdashers' Hall stood, Brasen Nose 
 
238 BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 Hall, which gave that singular name to the College, is 
 of great antiquity. In the thirteenth century it was 
 known by the same name, which was unquestionably 
 owing to the circumstance of a nose of brass affixed to 
 the gate. The names of others of the ancient Halls 
 were derived from circumstances equally trivial, as 
 their being slated or thatched, provided with glass 
 windows, having an elm or other tree before the door, 
 having a chimney, &c. m 
 
 Little University Hall, of which some notice has al- 
 ready been taken b , is supposed to have been the second 
 of the three Halls founded by Alfred. Either in al- 
 lusion to that tradition, or in compliment to Henry 
 VIII. the new erection by Bishop Smyth was called, 
 " The King's Hall and College of Brasen Nose." The 
 whole of these Halls were formerly seats of education, 
 and the spot which our Founders chose may in a very 
 eminent sense be called classical ground. 
 
 Of the progress of the building we have no regular 
 account, but it appears that a society was formed al- 
 most as soon as the College was projected. We find 
 a Principal in the month of June, 1510. It is proba- 
 ble, therefore, that the scholars were accommodated 
 in some part of the ancient premises which required 
 
 *' There is in Stamford, Lincolnshire, a building; in St. Paul's parish, 
 " near to one of the tower gates, called Brazenose to this day, and has a 
 41 great gate, and a wicket, upon which wicket is a face or head of old 
 *' cast brass, with a ring through the nose thereof. It had also a fair 
 " refectory therein, and is at this time written in leases and deeds Bra- 
 " zen Nose." Wood's Annals, vol. i. p. 432. An elegant drawing of 
 this brasen nose at Stamford, the gift of Thomas late Lord Daore, is 
 preserved in the lodgings of the Principal. Cburton's Lives, p. 277. 
 where the reader will find some curious remarks on signs. 
 
 b P. 28, 99. 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE, 39 
 
 to be last removed, and that part, it has been conjec- 
 tured, was Brasen Nose Hall, which stood where the 
 tower now is; and what strengthens this conjecture is, 
 that, according to the compact with University Col- 
 lege, they agreed to expend iu new building and re* 
 parations of this Hall the sum of 401. within one 
 year following the date of this lease. The new build- 
 ing began at the south-west corner in 1509, and Bra* 
 en Nose is spoken of as a Hall at least three year* 
 later. During the building, Bishop Smyth visited 
 Oxford three or four times; but Sir Richard Sutton 
 appears to have principally superintended the work, 
 although he did not for some time after contribute 
 any permanent benefaction for its support. 
 
 The charter of foundation granted to Bishop Smyth 
 and Richard Sutton, Esq. is dated Jan. 15, 1511-12; 
 and it is supposed that the Society became a perma- 
 nent corporation on the feast of St. Hugh, Nov. 17, 
 1512, or perhaps a little earlier. According to the 
 charter, the Society was to consist of a Principal and 
 ixty Scholars, to be instructed in the sciences of so- 
 phistry, logic, and philosophy, and afterwards in di- 
 vinity, and they might possess lands, Sec. to the yearly 
 value of SOOl. beyond all burdens and repairs. The 
 number of Fellows, however, was not completed until 
 their revenues, by being laid out on land, began to be 
 certainly productive. 
 
 The estates which Bishop Smyth bestowed on the 
 College were chiefly two; Basset's Fee, in the environ* 
 of Oxford, which formerly is supposed to have be- 
 longed to the Bassets, Barons of Headington; and 
 the entire property of the suppressed priory of Cold 
 Norton, with its manors and estates in Oxfordshire 
 
.240 BRASEN-NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 and Northamptonshire. It was sold to Bishop Smyth, 
 "by the convent of St. Stephen's, Westminster, for 
 eleven hundred and fifty marks. 
 
 The estates given by Sir Richard Sutton were, the 
 manor of Burgh, or Borowe, or Erdeborowe, in the 
 parish of Somerby, in the county of Leicester, and 
 other estates in the same parish and neighbourhood ; 
 an estate in the parish of St. Mary, Strand, London, 
 which in 1673 was sold to the commissioners for en- 
 larging the streets after the great fire for the sum of 
 17001. and with this an estate was purchased at Bur- 
 wardescot, or Burscot, in Oxfordshire; which has re- 
 cently been exchanged for other lands at Stanford in 
 the vale of White Horse. He gave also the manor of 
 Cropredy in the county of Oxford, and certain lands 
 there*, and an estate in North Ockington, or Wokyn- 
 don, in the county of Essex. All these Sir Richard 
 granted to the College by lease, July 18, 1519, and on 
 Nov. 29, following, by a conveyance under his own 
 hand and seal, he released them to the Society for 
 ever. 
 
 In the same year, by indenture with Sir Richard 
 Sutton, the Society agreed to keep an anniversary for 
 ever for Bishop Smyth and Sir Richard Sutton, on 
 the days of their respective decease. They were like- 
 wise to pay annually to three Priests five marks apiece, 
 who should officiate as Chaplains to the College, and 
 were to be nominated by Sutton and his heirs of the 
 manor of Sutton, and, if not previously on the foun- 
 dation, might, upon a vacancy, if eligible, be admitted 
 
 * By a purchase made in 1789, this College is in possession of 
 another manor of the same name, i. e. the manor, or reputed manor, of 
 Cropredy, bought of the late Sir William Botheby, or his heirs. 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 241 
 
 Fellows. This agreement respecting the Chaplains 
 continued in force until the middle of the last cen- 
 tury, when the diminution of the value of money ren- 
 dering the stipend inadequate to the maintenance of 
 a single Chaplain, divine service hegan to be per-* 
 formed, as it is now, by the Fellows, each in his turn. 
 Sir Richard Sutton's last benefaction to the College, 
 except that of 5l. for building a wall, was an estate 
 in Garsington and Cowley in Oxfordshire, of which 
 lie put the College in possession in July, 1522. 
 
 Bishop Smyth composed a body of statutes before 
 the year 1513, but they are not now known to exist. In 
 his will he devolves to his executors the business of 
 correcting and amending these statutes; and accord- 
 ingly a new code, signed and sealed by four of his ex- 
 ecutors, was given to the College, and is still preserved. 
 In the year 1521-22 it underwent a complete revi- 
 sion, and was ratified by the seal of Sir Richard Sut- 
 ton, the surviving Founder. Of this, however, a tran- 
 script only remains. In forming these statutes consi- 
 derable use was made of those of Magdalen College, 
 which we have seen were borrowed from Wykeham's. 
 
 In these last statutes the College is recognized as 
 commonly called " The King's Haule and Colledge 
 " of Brasennose in Oxford," to consist of a Principal 
 and twelve Fellows, all of them born within the dio- 
 cese of Coventry and Lichfield ; with preference to 
 the natives of the counties of Lancaster and Chester, 
 and especially to the natives of the parish of Prescot 
 in Lancashire, and of Presbury in Cheshire. Besides 
 those twelve, there were to be two Fellows, Masters 
 or Bachelors of Arts, natives of the diocese of Sarum 
 or Hereford, agreeably to the intent of a composition 
 
 R 
 
243 BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 between Edmund Audley, Bishop of Salisbury, and 
 tbe College, for that purpose ; but for some reason, 
 not now known, this benefaction never took place. 
 
 The endowments of the Founders were soon fol- 
 lowed by a greater number of benefactions than it 
 will be possible, or may be thought necessary, to spe- 
 cify in this place. The first was that of Elizabeth 
 Morley, already noticed, widow of Robert Morley, 
 citizen and draper of London, who in 1515 demised 
 certain estates to the College, by an indenture tripar- 
 tite between herself, William Porter, Warden of New 
 College, and Matthew Smyth, Principal of Brasen Nose, 
 on condition that a Priest should be appointed from the 
 Fellows of the College to celebrate mass in the Col- 
 lege chapel, and preach once a year, himself or by de- 
 puty, in St. Margaret's church, Westminster ; and that 
 an obit or commemoration should be kept for her 
 after her decease on the 26th of January, at which 
 the Warden of New College is to be requested to 
 attend, and he is to receive for his attendance eight 
 pence and a dinner. In the following year, John Cox 
 of Kirtlington, Oxfordshire, on nearly the same terms, 
 gave a messuage in Chipping Wycombe, and money 
 to purchase lands, to provide two Priests, being Fel- 
 lows, for nearly the same services. 
 
 Among the founders of Fellowships are, John Wil- 
 liamson, Clerk, Parson of St. George's, Canterbury, 
 who in 1521 bequeathed a sum to found two Fellow- 
 ships, to be held by persons born in the city and 
 county of Chester, of the name, cousenage, or lineage 
 of John Williamson, or John Port, Serjeant at Law, 
 and afterwards Justice of the King's Bench, who con- 
 veyed the benefaction to the College. In 1 523, John 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 243 
 
 Elton, alias Baker, Canon of Salisbury, founded a 
 Fellowship for his kindred, or, in defect of such, a 
 native of the diocese of Salisbury, or any member of 
 the University at large. In 1531, William Porter, 
 Warden of New College, founded a Fellowship, with 
 lands at Marston in Oxfordshire, and Kingsholme in 
 Gloucestershire ; the Fellow to belong to the county 
 or diocese of Hereford, or county most adjacent to- 
 ward Oxford. In 1538, Edward Darby, Archdeacon 
 of Stow, already noticed among the benefactors ta 
 Lincoln College, gave 1201. the usual sum, when 61. 
 per ami. was thought sufficient for the maintenance of 
 a Fellow, and specified his preference for a native of 
 the Archdeaconry of Stow, the counties of Leicester, 
 Northampton, and Oxford, or the diocese of Lincoln 
 at large. In the same year, Dr. William Clyfton, 
 Sub-Dean of York, gave lands in Ascot Doyley, Ox- 
 fordshire, and Kingsholme, Gloucestershire, for a Fel- 
 low, to be chosen from the counties of York and Lin- 
 coln alternately, or, in defect, from Nottinghamshire, 
 or any member of the University of Oxford. In 1549 
 it was agreed by a tripartite indenture that the sum of 
 1101. given by Bryan Hygden, Dean of York, who 
 did not live to express his intentions, should be laid 
 out in the purchase of lands, for the maintenance of a 
 Fellow of the counties of York and Lincoln alter- 
 nately. Dr. Hygden was a friend of Bishop Smyth's, 
 and a man of eminence in his day. The twentieth 
 and last Fellowship was founded by Mrs. Joyce 
 Frankland, widow, daughter of Robert Trapps, citi- 
 zen of London, and goldsmith, a benefactress to Em- 
 manuel and Caius Colleges, Cambridge, and to Lin- 
 coln and Brasen Nose, Oxford. Her benefaction to 
 
244 BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 Lincoln has already been mentioned. That to Brasen 
 Nose consisted of lands and money, for the founda- 
 tion of one Fellowship, to be called Mrs. Frankland's 
 Fellowship, with a preference of her kindred, espe- 
 cially the Trapps and Saxies, and for four Scholar- 
 ships. Little is known of the personal history of this 
 lady. She had two husbands, Henry Saxy, and 
 Frankland. She lived at the Ryehouse in the parish 
 of Stansted Abbots, Hertfordshire, and at a residence 
 in Philip lane, Aldermanbury, London, which she de- 
 vised to Caius College. Her will, dated at the Rye- 
 house, Feb. 20, 1586, is an eminent proof of piety, 
 liberality, and good sense. She bequeathed some very 
 curious and valuable articles of plate to this College, 
 the greater part of which was stolen not many years 
 afterwards. Her name, with that of the learned and 
 pious Nowell, is still repeated in the common grace 
 after meat in the Hall ; and the Society erected a mo- 
 nument over her grave in St. Leonard Foster, a church 
 in London, which was demolished in the great fire, 
 and not rebuilt. There is a very fine portrait of this 
 lady in the Hall, in w-hich she is represented holding 
 a watch in her hand, of the form called hunting- 
 watches. The meaning of this is somewhat obscure; 
 and it may certainly be doubted whether spring- 
 \yatchc3 of any description were invented before the 
 middle of the seventeenth century. 
 
 The Scholarships and Exhibitions were contributed 
 by a very numerous list of benefactors, of whom it 
 may be sufficient to give the names, dates, numbers, and 
 local preferences. John Clay mo nd, first President of 
 Corpus, 1536, six Scholars, from Frampton near Bos- 
 ton in Lincolnshire, the place of his birth, Morcton, 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 245 
 
 or Stockton on Tees, Overton, or Havant, or Mottes- 
 font in Hampshire, Benager near Wells, or Monk- 
 ton near Taunton, in Somersetshire, Cleeve in Glou- 
 cestershire, and Oxford, or the counties in which these 
 places are situated; to be chosen by the President, 
 Vice-President, and Humanity Reader of Corpus, 
 and to hear the Humanity and Greek Readers of 
 that College. Humphrey Ogle, of Salford in Oxford- 
 shire, Archdeacon of Salop, 1543, two Scholars, from 
 Prescot in Lancashire, or Lichfield, or the diocese of 
 Chester. Henry Fisher, fishmonger of London, 1652, 
 one Scholar, to be elected by the Skinners' Company 
 from Tunbridge school. John Lord Mordaunt, 1570. 
 Nowell, Dean of St. Paul's, 1572, thirteen Scholars, 
 from the free-school of Middleton in Lancashire, or 
 the schools of Whalley and Burnley, or any other 
 schools in that county*. Joyce Frankland, already 
 noticed, four Scholars. James Binks, alias Stoddard, 
 of St. Olave Jewry, London, 1607. George Palyn, 
 citizen and girdler of London, 1609, from the county 
 of Chester. Samuel Radcliffe, D. D. Principal from 
 1614 to 1648, from the school of Steeple Aston, Ox- 
 fordshire, Rochdale, or Middleton, Lancashire, or any 
 of the Undergraduates of Brasen Nose who are un- 
 preferred. John Milward, of Haverfordwest in the 
 county of Pembroke, Gent. 1654, alternately from 
 
 This excellent man founded at one and the same time a free-school 
 at Middleton, and thirteen Scholarships in this College ; and as " these 
 " benefactions were both of them established by royal patent, (her Ma- 
 " jesty also of her free bounty encouraging and assisting him,) he chose 
 " that the school should be called Queen Elizabeth's school, and the 
 " Scholars Queen Elizabeth's Scholars." Churton's Life of Nowell, 
 p. 199. 
 
 R3 
 
246 BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 Birmingham school or that of Haverfordvvest. John 
 Cartwright, of Aynho, Northamptonshire, Esq. 1665, 
 from the school of Aynho, or the parishes of Bud- 
 worth or Wrenbury, in Cheshire, or Northampton- 
 shire, or Oxfordshire. Anne Walker, 1675, from 
 Oxfordshire. Hugh Henley, 1675. Thomas Church, 
 B. D. 1676, from his kindred born at Nantwich in the 
 county of Chester, or the county at large. Richard 
 Reed, of Lugwardine in Herefordshire, Esq. from his 
 posterity, or from the school of Bosbury in Hereford- 
 shire, or the free-school of the city of Hereford. 
 Sarah Duchess Dowager of Somerset, 1679, and by 
 her will 1686, from the free-schools of Manchester, 
 Marlborough, and Hereford, alternately. 
 
 Some of these Scholarships and Exhibitions were 
 afterwards augmented in value, or increased in num- 
 bers. In 1680, Thomas Yates, D. D. Principal, aug- 
 mented Church's Scholarships, and endowed three, to 
 be of the lineage of his father, of Middlewich, Che- 
 shire, or of the counties of Northampton and Wilts. 
 William Hulme, of the county of Lancaster, in 1691, 
 left estates in the neighbourhood of Manchester, to 
 maintain as Exhibitioners four of the poorest Bache- 
 lors of Arts, to be nominated by the Warden of Man- 
 chester and the Rectors of Bury and Prestwich for 
 the time being. At the time of his death these Ex- 
 hibitions amounted to 151. each, but from the increased 
 value of the estates, Brasen Nose street, and other 
 houses in Manchester, having been built upon part of 
 them, the trustees were empowered by Act of Parlia- 
 ment in 1795 to grant to the Exhibitioners, who 
 had for some years been increased to the number 
 of ten, and are now fifteen, such farther allowance 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. .347 
 
 as they should think reasonable, not being less than 
 601. nor more than 1101. and this latter sum has been 
 since paid*. 
 
 Besides these extensive foundations for the mainte* 
 nance of Fellows and Scholars, Lectureships have been 
 founded in Philosophy and Humanity, 1560, by Sir 
 John Port, son of Judge Port, before mentioned ; in 
 Greek, 1572, by Richard Harper, one of the Judges 
 of the Court of Common Pleas ; in Hebrew, 1628, by 
 John Barneston, D. D. Canon Residentiary of Salis- 
 bury, (formerly Fellow of Brasen Nose College;) and 
 in Mathematics, 1683, by Thomas Weston, Rector of 
 Crissleton, near Chester. 
 
 The principal LIVINGS of this College, by benefac r 
 tion or purchase, are the RECTORIES of Steeple As- 
 ton and Great Rollright, Oxfordshire ; St. Matthew 
 Bethnal Green, Christ Church Spital Fields, St. 
 George in the East, St. Ann Limehouse, St. Mary 
 Whitechapel, St. Dunstan Stepney, St. Mary Strat- 
 ford Bow, and St. John's Wapping, Middlesex; Great 
 Catworth, Huntingdonshire ; Clayton and Selham, 
 Sussex; Dudcote and West She fiord , Berks; Cotting^ 
 ham, Middleton Cheney, Great Billing, Stoke Bru- 
 erne, Old or Wold, Northamptonshire ; Wotton Ri- 
 vers, Wilts, alternately with St. John's College, Carn^ 
 bridge: and the VICARAGE of Gillingham in Kent. 
 
 In 1534 this College was valued at 1131. Qs. 2d. or 
 llll. Os. Sd.per annum, according to Twyne. In 1599 
 the valuation rose to SOOl. and in l6l'2, the number of 
 the Society was two hundred and twenty-seven. At 
 present it consists of a Principal, twenty Fellows, 
 
 Gent. Mag. Vol. LXXX. p. 24. and from private information. 
 R 4 
 
448 BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 tl.vty-two Scholars, and fifteen Exhibitioners, be- 
 sides a great number of independent members. The 
 Bishop of Lincoln is Visitor. 
 
 The BUILDINGS of this College, constructed of 
 the Heading-ton stone, were all completed in the life- 
 time of the Founders, and still preserve much of the 
 original form, although in some of them considerable, 
 and not unnecessary, alterations have taken place. 
 The whole are comprised in one large quadrangle, 
 a lesser court towards the south, what are called the 
 new buildings, (apartments for seven students,) and the 
 Principal's lodgings. These last were formerly near 
 *to the gateway on the south, but in 1770 an elegant 
 house was erected for the Principal in the High-street, 
 on the spot where Haberdashers' Hall formerly stood. 
 
 The large quadrangle * contains the Hall and cham- 
 bers for the Society ; the lesser court is occupied 
 
 Of the statue in the centre of this quadrangle there are various 
 opinions. The guides call it Cain and Abel, and may, perhaps, justify 
 themselves from no less authority than Shakspeare in Hamlet, " How 
 " the knave jowls it to the ground, as if it were Cain's jawbone, that 
 " did the first murder /" Animals were killed in sacrifice before Abel 
 was slain, so that Cain might kill him with the jawbone of some beast; 
 and in the prints in some of our Bibles, taken from a painting by Gerard 
 Hoet, Cain is represented as using that weapon. Others have supposed 
 that the victorious figure is Samson. Here is undoubtedly the jawbone ; 
 but when Samson slew a thousand men with a jawbone, there was, we 
 may be sure, no conflict, or entangling with limbs, as in this statue ; and 
 perhaps it was the study of some sculptor, whose principal object was 
 that display of muscular strength and action. The intelligent corre- 
 spondent, to whom I am indebted for the only valuable part of this 
 note, informs me, that he was once asked whether it was Hercules and 
 Antaeus? It was given to the College by Dr. Clarke of All Souls, who pur- 
 chased it from a statuary in London. 
 
Drawn, &Zryrw3,ly J.Srtig. 
 
 - y 7 /^? 
 
 ' ^ ^^7^^^7l^i^ 
 
 / / 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 249 
 
 chiefly by the Library and Chapel, which stand on 
 the site of Salisbury Hall. The grand and extensive 
 front of the College forms the west side of what ii 
 now called Radclifte square, and, with the exception of 
 the attic over the whole building, which was added 
 about the time of James I. is probably seen nearly in 
 its original state. The tower is of a purer Gothic 
 than any other part of the buildings, but, in conse- 
 quence of the addition of the attic, seems dispropor- 
 tionately low. It was at first twice the height of the 
 other parts of the building, but now the adjacent 
 rooms are two thirds of the height of the tower. In the 
 print given in Mr. Churton's Lives of the Founders 
 there are only two tiers of windows, for the ground- 
 floor and first floor, but now there are three, for the 
 ground-floor, first floor, and attic, or garret, with dor- 
 mer windows on the inside of the quadrangle, and an 
 even parapet on the outside. Some few windows re- 
 main in their original shape, but many have been 
 sashed, and are parallelograms, instead of the semicir- 
 cular tops represented in the print '. 
 
 The HALL, on the south side of the great quadrangle, 
 is a spacious and lofty room, its windows decorated with 
 the arms of the Founders and benefactors, and its walls 
 with portraits of the Founders b , one of Alfred, mo- 
 dern, Dean Nowell b , the Principals Radcliflfe, Yarbo- 
 rough, and Cleaver, of Sarah Duchess of Somerset, 
 Mrs. Joyce Frankland b , and John Lord Mordaunt, 
 
 Mr. Churton has remarked, that the ground having been variously 
 built upon, is considerably elevated above its ancient level. Lives of the 
 Founders, pp. 284, 285. 
 
 b These are finely engraved in Churton's Lives of the Founders, and 
 LifeofNowell. 
 
250 BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 There are two ancient portraits of the Founders in 
 the fine bay window at the upper end of the Hail, and 
 two busts of the same, given probably by Dr. Samuel 
 Radcliffe, whose arms appear under them ; but the most 
 remarkable sculptures attached to this part of the Col- 
 lege are two busts of Alfred and Erigena, over the 
 door of the Hall towards the quadrangle. These are 
 said to have been discovered when the workmen were 
 digging the foundation of the College. That of Al- 
 fred is in high preservation, and rich in expression, but 
 by what artist, or at what time they were executed, is 
 now beyond conjecture. John Scotus Erigena is said 
 to have been the first lecturer in University Hall in 
 the time of Alfred, but the circumstances of his life, 
 and particularly of his death, are involved in much un- 
 certainty. What all authors concur in representing is, 
 that he was one of the ablest scholars of his age, and 
 of a bold and enterprising spirit. 
 
 The present Lord Curzon gave the fire-place of this 
 Hall, and his initials A. C. (Asheton Curzon,) appear 
 in the wainscot. Prior to this (about the year 1760) 
 there was a central fire, as in other Colleges, but this 
 \estige of antiquity has totally disappeared. The fa- 
 mily of this venerable Nobleman were all students of 
 this house. 
 
 The LIBRARY, which was coeval with the foundation, 
 stood on the north side of the quadrangle, opposite to 
 the Chapel, until the year 1663, when it was converted 
 into chambers. The present Library was then built 
 over the cloister, between the Chapel and the south side 
 of the inner court, principally at the expence of the 
 benefactors who contributed to the Chapel. Its walls 
 were formerly hung with portraits, some of which 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 251 
 
 were removed to the Hall, and some to the tower, in 
 which the archives are kept. In 1730, the interior was 
 rebuilt by Wyat, on a plan nearly resembling that of 
 Oriel and New College Libraries *. Until this last date, 
 the old custom of chaining the books to the shelves 
 was strictly observed here. They appear to have been 
 first secured in this manner in 1520, when the old 
 Library was glazed, and furnished with locks and other 
 iron work ; and when they were removed to the new 
 Library, the same operation was repeated. 
 
 To some notices already given of the value our an- 
 cestors put upon books during the age of manuscripts, 
 and in the infancy of printing, we may add some in- 
 teresting particulars from the historian of this College. 
 He informs us, that it was ordered in the statutes, that 
 in all books belonging to the Library, the name of the 
 donor, with that of the College, should be inscribed 
 on the second leaf; and in like manner, that the vo- 
 lume itself should be described in the catalogue by 
 the first word of the second leaf. " The first leaf/' 
 adds our author, " is most liable to accidental injuries, 
 " and to the corroding effect of time ; but besides 
 " this, the illuminations, so common in manuscripts, 
 " and often splendidly beautiful, perpetually exposed 
 " the first page, which was most frequently thus 
 " adorned, to the depredation of bold curiosity. The 
 " second leaf, therefore, was on all accounts the safer 
 " guardian of whatever was committed to it. But in 
 " composing a catalogue, the object was to identify the 
 " volume, which could not be done by exhibiting the 
 " mere title or first words of the work. But it will 
 
 Dr. Barker, then Principal, contributed 3001. towards the expence. 
 
253 BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 " rarely happen, that two copyists shall fill their page 
 " precisely with the same number of words ; whence 
 " the initials of the second leaf of a manuscript will 
 " mark that individual copy, and no other. For this 
 " reason the mode here prescribed was the common 
 " precaution and custom of the times *." 
 
 The Founder, Bishop Smyth, John Longland, Bi- 
 shop of Lincoln, and Archdeacon Bothe b , (probably 
 John Bothe, or Boothe, Archdeacon of Hereford, 1522,) 
 were some of the earliest contributors of books to this 
 Library ; and were followed by Roger Brasgirdle, Fel- 
 low, Judge Harper, already mentioned, arid others in 
 the reign of Queen Elizabeth ; and by that " true son 
 " of the Church of England/' Henry Mason, S. T. B. 
 Rector of St. Andrew's Undershaft, who was deprived 
 of his living by the Presbyterians in the time of 
 Charles I. He gave as many books as were thought 
 to be worth lOOQl. The chief accession which the 
 Library has of late years received was the entire and 
 valuable collection of Principal Yarborough, given 
 by his heirs at law, (he having died intestate,) the clas- 
 sical part of which are illustrated by the manuscript 
 notes and manuscript collations of the learned Wasse, 
 of Queen's College, Cambridge, from whom, or his 
 heirs, Dr. Yarborough purchased them. Dr. Bentley, 
 if we may credit Whiston, characterized Wasse in 
 these words : " When I am dead, Wasse will be the 
 " most learned man in England." Wasse, however, 
 died too soon to attain this honour. 
 
 The first CHAPEL belonging to this College stood 
 
 Lives of the Founders, p. 319. 
 
 fc In his books is written " Librum donavit Bothe Archidiaconus 
 " istum," and the same, with the change of name, in those of Longland. 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 258 
 
 over the Buttery, on the south side of the quadrangle, 
 and, Wood very erroneously thinks, never was conse- 
 crated. The exact day, indeed, of this ceremony can- 
 not be ascertained, but it appears to have been be- 
 tween Sept. 1, and Oct. 18, 1512, and the Feast of De- 
 dication long continued to be an anniversary. 
 
 The Founder, Bishop Smyth, bequeathed many or- 
 naments to this Chapel, books, chalices, and vestments 
 belonging to his domestic Chapel ; but, owing either 
 to violence or fraud, they never reached their destina- 
 tion. There is still extant, however, a schedule of the 
 original furniture of this Chapel, which, as usual at 
 that time, was of the most costly kind, and was pro- 
 bably removed by King Edward's visitors. 
 
 This Chapel was converted into chambers" about 
 the same time with the Library, when it is thought 
 Sir Christopher Wren, at that time a very young 
 man, gave the plans for that and the new Chapel. 
 The foundation-stone of the Chapel was laid June 26, 
 1656, on the site where Little Edmund Hall stood, or 
 rather on a garden between that and Haberdashers' 
 Hall. It was partly built with the materials of the 
 ancient Chapel of St/Mary College 1 *, where Erasmus 
 studied, and was finished, with the cloister adjoining, 
 
 * Now the Common Room. Some of the original Gothic windows 
 are still discernible on the south side. CHURTON. 
 
 b The guides sometimes confound this with St. Mary Hall, a totally 
 distinct and distant place. St. Mary College, in the parishes of St. 
 Peter in the Bailey and St. Michael, was founded by Thomas Holden, 
 Esq. and Elizabeth his wife, in 1435, for Student Canons of the order of 
 St. Austin. The gateway, leading into New Inn Hall lane, still remains. 
 Part of the interior is occupied by the house of the Regius Professor of 
 Physic, held by lease under Brasen Nose College, and retains marks of 
 antiquity probably as old as the days when Erasmus wrote and studied 
 in this calm retreat. 
 
254 BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 (lately formed into chambers,) in 1666. On the 17th 
 of November it was consecrated to the memory of St. 
 Hugh and St. Chad, by Blandford, Bishop of Oxford, 
 who had about a year before performed that ceremony 
 for the Chapel of University College. 
 
 The expences of building were defrayed by a very nu- 
 merous list of benefactors, at the head of which stands 
 Dr. Samuel Radcliffe, Principal from 1614 to 1647, 
 when, after a spirited and conscientious resistance, he 
 was ejected by the Parliamentarian visitors, and died 
 in 1 648. As this event happened so long before the 
 foundation of the Chapel, it is probable that he had 
 very early determined to contribute to a new erection. 
 However this may be, we find that he gave as mucji 
 land at Pidington in Northamptonshire as produced 
 18501. The same fund was increased afterwards by the 
 Principal and Fellows, and by many other gentlemen 
 who retained a grateful remembrance of their educa- 
 tion here ; and the money, thus liberally contributed, 
 proved sufficient to build both the Chapel and Li- 
 brary. 
 
 The architecture is of the mixed kind, which at 
 this time prevailed in most ecclesiastical structures. 
 Here we have Gothic arched windows with Corin- 
 thian pilasters, compensated, however, in some degree 
 by an excellent imitation, in wood, of a Gothic stone 
 roof, and yet more by an air of simple elegance dif- 
 fused over the whole interior. The beautiful east 
 window, the gift of Principal Cawley, is one of the 
 finest of Pearson's works, and was executed, in 1776, 
 from drawings made by Mortimer. The altar is 
 co rated with much taste. Both the Chapel and ante- 
 chapel contain the remains and monuments of many 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 55 
 
 eminent scholars of this house. The bust of Dr. 
 Shippen in the ante-chapel was esteemed a. good like- 
 ness by some who well remembered him, and is said 
 also to bear strong marks of family resemblance to 
 several of his name and kindred living iii America*. 
 The epitaph, which is generally admired, was from 
 the pen of Dr. Frevvin, a very eminent physician of 
 Oxford. 
 
 In Williams's Oxonia we have a grand plan for re* 
 building this College, with a front to the High-street. 
 Such a project was talked of in the time of Dr. Ship- 
 pen, and the design has of late years been revived, 
 not without hope of carrying it into execution, at the 
 expiration of certain leases : for this purpose several 
 plans have been submitted to the Society by living 
 artists, but no one has as yet been preferred. 
 
 The first PRINCIPAL of this College, appointed 
 Aug. 24, 1510, was Matthew Smyth, probably a rela- 
 tion of the Founder, and a Fellow of Oriel, who super- 
 intended the affairs of the Society for forty years, and 
 bequeathed to it certain lands in Sutton, in the parish 
 of Prescot, Lancashire. His successor, John Hawar- 
 den, was tutor to Fox the martyrologist, and probably 
 to Nowell, Dean of St. Paul's. This last celebrated 
 character, the fifth Principal of Brasen Nose, was 
 elected into that office when on the verge of ninety, 
 Sept. 6, 1595, " rather as a compliment," says his 
 biographer, " than with a view to the performance 
 
 * On the authority of Thomas Lee Shippen, Esq. of Pennsylvania, 
 who was in Oxford in July, 1787. His great great grandfather was bro- 
 ther to Principal Shippen. Another brother of the Principal was the 
 famous Will. Shippen, M. P. of whom many curious anecdotes are given 
 in Coxe's Memoirs of Sir R. Walpole. 
 
256 BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 '.' of much actnal service." He resigned in December 
 following*. Dr. Samuel Radcliffe has been noticed 
 among the benefactors. Having been ejected by the 
 Parliamentary visitors, he was succeeded, in conse- 
 quence of the same usurped authority, by Daniel 
 Greenwood, whom Antony Wood calls " a severe and 
 " good governor." On the Restoration, Greenwood 
 was obliged to give place to Dr. Thomas Yate, who 
 had been' elected by the College on the ejection of 
 Dr. RadclifFe. The memory of Dr. Yate is yet held 
 in reverence, and his character is well expressed on 
 his monument in the cloister, " Co/legii pater et patro- 
 " nits, et tertius t ant am non Fnndator" The Society 
 is indebted to him, among other benefits, for the ad- 
 vowson of Middieton Cheney, and for a valuable 
 " Abstract of the Evidences and Charters of the Col- 
 " lege," which Mr. Churton pronounces " a work of 
 " infinite labour, executed with the most exact .fidelity 
 " afad judgment." Dr.' Ralph Cawley, who died in 
 1777, is numbered among the benefactors to the 
 Chapel^ and bequeathed his books for the :use of suc- 
 ceeding -Principals-. He also performed in his lifetime 
 what Dr. Yate intended, had he not been prevented 
 by age and infirmities, tlie restoration of the monu- 
 ment of Bishop Smyth in Lincoln cathedral. The 
 present Principal is the sixteenth from the founda- 
 tion. 
 
 '"i KB& 
 
 The rojiious ami rl^iorate Lift- of Newell, lately puMIshtfd by the 
 historian of this Collef^e, precludes t be noctsesity of s^iiij; more ot' him 
 in this place. Such Lri,vt;s shew >vluit m;:\ still lie done by cart-.lul and 
 judicious research in ri"vi\iii the memory of those past ilnics, in the 
 history of which hoth Church and State are i'u no 'small degree in- 
 teresttd. 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 257 
 
 Of the fifteen Prelates who are enumerated among 
 the scholars of this Society, six were promoted to sees 
 in Ireland, and two to the Bishopric of Sodor and 
 Man. Few of them have occupied much space in our 
 ecclesiastical annals. Hugh Curwin, or Coren, to 
 whom Camden was maternally related, and whose ne- 
 phew was Archbishop Bancroft, yielded a moderate 
 compliance with the religion of Queen Mary's reign, 
 but conformed more heartily to the Reformation. 
 Being desirous of retirement in his old age, he soli- 
 cited permission to exchange the Archbishopric of 
 Dublin for the Bishopric of Oxford, "one," says Fuller, 
 " of the best in Ireland, for one of the worst in Eng- 
 " land." Barnes, Bishop of Durham, appears to have 
 been a man of equivocal character; but he had the 
 magnanimity to forgive the celebrated Bernard Gil- 
 pin, who " withstood him to his face." Wolton, Bi- 
 shop of Exeter, and nephew to Dean Nowell, was an 
 able supporter of the reformed religion, and composed 
 many pious tracts to promote its principles. Miles 
 Smith, Bishop of Gloucester, was one of the greatest 
 scholars of his day, not only in Greek and Latin, but 
 in the Eastern languages, and one of the principal 
 translators of the Bible, to which he wrote the very 
 learned preface which is prefixed to some of the edi- 
 tions. 
 
 Among the scholars of this house were two bro- 
 thers of Dean Nowell ; Robert Nowell, the Queen's 
 Attorney General of the Court of Wards, and Lau- 
 rence Nowell, Dean of Lichiield, an eminent anti- 
 quary, and reviver of the study of the Saxon lan- 
 guage': Caldwell, the learned President of the Col- 
 
 Churton's Life of Nowell, p. 234239. 
 
 .S 
 
258 BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 lege of : -Physicians ': William Whittingham, Dean of 
 Barhsmpttne <wf the poetical coadjutors of Stern-hold 
 and Hopkitis in the translation of the Psalms. He 
 was also cQfH*ned iti-heCGeneva translation of the 
 Bible,' and'tt& ttri excellen t Hebrew scholar. H is de- 
 facingt &toheiv Jfcht mon mnents of Durham cathedral 
 is the chieistMft on hi$=>memory : Fox, the martyro- 
 logist, afterwards of Magdalen : Sir John Savile, Ba- 
 ron of the Exchequer, and his younger and more emi- 
 nently learned brother, Sir Henry Sa vile, 'afterwards 
 Warden of Merton and Provost of Eton, where he 
 printed his beautiful and most accurate edition of St. 
 Chrysostom * :-* Barnaby Barnes, the dramatic poet: 
 Ferdinand Pulton, one of our early law-writers r-^-Je- 
 remiah Stephens, Prebendary of Salisbury, the able 
 coadjutor of Sir Henry Spelman in the publication of 
 the Councils ; Sir John Spelman, the learned son of 
 his more learned father, Sir Henry, author of the Life 
 of Alfred the Great, and editor of a Saxon Psalter: 
 Brerewood, mathematician, and first professor of astro- 
 nomy in Gresham College, whose learned works were 
 published by his nephew, Sir Robert Brerewood : 
 Ralph RaddirTe, who established a flourishing school 
 and family at Hitchin in Hertfordshire, and wrote se- 
 veral tragedies and comedies : Richard Crompton, a 
 barrister and law-writer: Humphrey Lluyd, or Lloyd, 
 the Welch -historian :~-S& /ohn Strac'lling, poet, the 
 fifth of the original* Baronets cbeated by James I. who 
 in his youth was " accounted a miracle for his readi- 
 to <ohrt'i1hr> aldis fl M / r li. 
 
 See Verftt De MM ^e^^tP^itpim^tAfff^t Coll. 4Bn. 
 Nasi oliin alumni, 
 
 ^ o -iri iP^^liu * t^giolnib 
 
 Musam Savilh lactarunt unera nostra, &c. 
 by Principal Radclilfe, in GoiFe'.4 Ultima Linea Savilii, 1622. 
 
BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE- 259 
 
 "' ness of learning and pregnancy of parts," and in his 
 maturer years, according to Sir John Harrington, 
 " gained universal respect and esteem." He was also 
 " courted and admired by Camden :" Sampson Erdes- 
 wick, the Staffordshire antiquary: Sir Petel Leyees- 
 ter, the Cheshire antiquary : The Lord Chancellor 
 Egerton, Baron Ellesinere aod Yiscount Brafrkley, a 
 lawyer of acknowledged integrity and learning : ~Sir 
 James Ley, a judge of equal prohity, and an able an* 
 tiquary, afterwards Earl of Marlborough : Bolton, 
 the celebrated Puritan, one of the first Greek scholars 
 of his time, and, in Wood's opinion, a singular orna- 
 ment to the University. He was originally of Lincoln 
 College : Robert Burton, author of the "Anatomy 
 " of Melancholy," a book which has lately been re- 
 vived with unaccountable success ; and his elder bro- 
 ther William Burton, the Leicestershire historian, 
 whose labours are now superseded by the more co- 
 pious and perfect work of a living antiquary :-^-Sir 
 William Petty, an universal scholar, but whose repu- 
 tation rests chiefly on his knowledge of political arith- 
 metic. He. became a Fellow of this College, but had 
 not previously studied in Oxford: Elias Ashmole, 
 who will occur hereafter as founder of the Museum, 
 entered this College in advanced life: John Prince, 
 author of the " Worthies of Devon." To these may 
 be added, Dr. William Asshcton, a learned and pious 
 divine, the projector of a scheme for providing main- 
 tenance for the widows 06 clergymen : Thomas Be- 
 consall, A. M. an able defender of revealed religion : 
 Thomas Church, who hfttHhe 'clegr^e of D. D. given 
 
 him by diploma, Feb. 23, 174Q, for answering Boling- 
 J r i. fkiJaon 1900 frnndfajsl TflivBc n* 
 
 broke. He was Rector of the parish where Boling- 
 
2(50 BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE. 
 
 broke lived, who was orderly in his conduct there : 
 The Rev. John Watson, late Rector of Stockport, 
 Cheshire, author of the History of Halifax, the His- 
 tory of the Earls of Warren and Surry, and other 
 works on English antiquities :< and the late Rev. 
 John Whitaker, B. D. Rector of Ruan-Langhorne, 
 Cornwall, the learned author of the History of Man^ 
 Chester, &c. who entered this College in 1752, and 
 continued about twelve months, after which he was 
 elected Scholar of Corpus, $ \r , 
 
 ?ti ^^' R Jai/m Y^rJt 
 
 * ^onie <noi:tej>rjb9 ffmd b^r 
 
 dq/nrsoid sitf nae^wf tr^jdna 
 
 ni tosanb:* ,-nv/ 3/1 >*rfj3'i, ; 
 Iln ^9ilT ,i<3ttf! 
 
 d loi noitofi' -v/ 3H 
 
 ffiidv/ ^o^ufq srfi aoitw ,^)n?it ;! 
 
 > 31 O^ 6^ ff It ,9TlfJ^j>ftJ iOO 
 
 !'f>H ^'loi im:)*! JB ^'b-yla sid tJir^hnoo bius ,s 
 
 ^P 
 
 * x L^fdsdoiq ?i<$d bnis t wI nonBD sd* bni? 
 hnjs //on A 97 / Jif-i : 3friT ^ 
 
 .'-'2W. ocnoe 10 il ai b^It/ ori / .booW o* 
 
 -,aO Ji'csbitiai*? yd 
 t 3d> ^d 9moe o* nvon>l t >?..jo(f tnanii^ ns nr mod 
 
 of,'o :J f/sw ? w t *bfcfc 9ii t o?uorf ^-dT 'Vonfi 
 
 A ii'' >i bsiic^t r ^rirtwavai odw o^io3 lo ^woll- 1 ad* oJ 
 
 o ,! aiolad'^w JJSI/Y/ oT aionBm ii- :J JB gjiwoo qa^ o> 
 
 .pi^fYB sMfc h/: bns ,nq'v>3 lo a^forfoS ( n*;mlu3 oiAfiltW .nlfl 
 
 on Lti- sif dsih ' noiJoilduq o) wsiv K ri} 
 
 S. 3d? ri 7/Jl^q jyi'5 ^SM ^J 
 
 - 
 
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 iXslilsIi lo ^loiciH 3fij ^ 
 x n8 bnr, /? 
 
 CORPUS CHRIST! COLLEGE. 
 
 afiJ-AfiflH fo *jf03D9ff G t fl[ ,13-rk 
 RlCHARD FOX, the Founder of this College, was 
 the son of Thomas Fox, and born * at Ropesley, near 
 Grantham in Lincolnshire, about the latter end of the 
 reign of Henry VI. His parents are said to have been 
 in mean circumstances; but they must at least have 
 been able to afford him school education, since the 
 only dispute on this subject between his biographers 
 is, whether he was educated in grammar-learning at 
 Boston or at Winchester. They all agree, that at a 
 proper age he was sent to Magdalen College, Oxford, 
 where he was acquiring distinction for his extraordi- 
 nary proficiency, Avhen the plague, which happened to 
 break out about that time, obliged him to go to Cam- 
 bridge, and continue his studies at Pembroke Hall. 
 
 After remaining some time at Cambridge, he re- 
 paired to the University of Paris, and studied divi- 
 nity and the canon law, and here probably he received 
 his Doctor's degree. This visit gave a new and im- 
 
 According to Wood, who availed himself of some MSS. accounts 
 of Fox preserved in this College, written by President Greenway, " the 
 *' Founder was born in an ancient house, known to some by the name 
 " of Pullock's Manor." This house, he adds, was well known for many 
 years to the Fellows of Corpus, who reverently visited it when they 
 went to keep courts at their manors. To what was before recorded of 
 Fox, Mr. William Fulman, a Scholar of Corpus, and an able antiquary, 
 made many additions, with a view to publication, which he did not live 
 to complete. His MSS. are partly in the library of this College, and 
 partly in the Ashmolean Museum. Mr. Gough drew up a very accu- 
 rate sketch of Fox's life for the Vetusta Monumenta. 
 
 s 3 
 
262 
 
 portant turn to his life, and introduced him to that 
 eminence which he preserved for many years as a 
 statesman. In Paris he became acquainted with Dr. 
 Morton, Bishop of Ely, whom Richard III. had com- 
 pelled to quit his native country, and by this Prelate 
 he was recommended to the Earl of Richmond, after- 
 wards Henry Vfl. who was then providing for a de- 
 scent upon England. Richmond, to whom he devoted 
 himself, conceived such an opinion of his talents and 
 fidelity, that he entrusted to his care a negociation 
 with France for supplies of men and money, the issue 
 of which he was not able himself to await ; and Fox 
 succeeded to the utmost of his wishes. After the de- 
 feat of the usurper at the battle of Bosworth in 1485, 
 and the establishment of Henry on the throne, the 
 latter immediately appointed Fox to be one of his 
 Privy Council, and about the same time bestowed on 
 him the prebends of Bishopston and South Grantham 
 in the church of Salisbury. In 1487, he was pronioted 
 to the see of Exeter, and appointed Keeper of 'tfie 
 Privy Seal, with a pension of twenty shillings a day. 
 He was also made Principal Secretary of State/and 
 Master of St. Cross, near Winchester. 
 
 His employments in affairs of state 'both at home 
 and abroad were very frequent, as he shared the King's 
 confidence with his early friend Dr. Morton, who was 
 now advanced to the Archbishopric of Canterbury. 
 'ifo l l487, Fox was sent ambassador;' with Sir Richard 
 Edge-combe, Comptroller of the Household, to Jafees 
 III. of Scotland, where he nejpcj^ed a prolongation 
 oflhe truce between .England aud Scotland, which was 
 to expire July 3, 1488, to Sept. 1, 1489- About the 
 beginning of 1491, he was employed in an embassy to 
 
CORPUS ^CHRISTI COLLEGE. 263 
 
 the. King of France, and returned to England in No- 
 vember following. 1^1494, he went again as am- 
 bassador to James IV. of Scotland, to conclude some 
 differences respecting the fishery of t.he,rLv { er . ( Esjk, in 
 which he was not successful. II avin^^een^ translated, 
 in 1492, from the see of Exeter to that of Bath , and 
 Wells, he was, in 1494, removed to that of |)u|ham. In 
 1497, the castle of Norham being threatened by the 
 King of Scotland, the Bishop caused it to be^rtrfjed 
 and supplied with troops, and bravely defended i|m 
 person, until it was relieved by Thomas Hovvard,.Earl 
 of Surry, who compelled the Scots to retire. Fox 
 was then, a third tifljft W?jjo^ ^^egociate with 
 Scotland, and signed a seven years truce between the 
 two kingdoms, Sept. SO, 1497. He soon after negoci- 
 ated a marriage between James IVj. and^Margaret, 
 
 King Henry's eldest daughter, which was, af^er manj 
 delays, fully concluded, Jan. 24, 1501-2". 
 
 la 1500, the University of Cambridge elected him 
 their Chancellor, which he retained till 1502; and in 
 the same year (1500) he was promoted to the see of 
 Winchester. In 150?, he was chosen Master of Pem- 
 broke Hall, Cambridge, which he retained until loiy. 
 In 1507 and 1508, he was employed at Calais, with 
 otl)er ^commissioners, in negociating a treaty f p^mar- 
 j-iage between Mary, the King's third Daughter, and 
 Charles, Archduke of Austria, afterwards the cele- 
 brated Charles ^ohfebffiJHffi he was seat. tp France 
 
 *% 
 
 <lence uf liishcxpTnt ip| tttc jBg^oeifctieft' M it" See Lord Bacon's Hist. 
 of Henry VII. ? 
 
2(54 CORPUS CHRIST! COLLEGE, 
 
 ham, and conq)$<lQ$fc$vvb : tfftAty,$f fcliianfce wiih Lewis 
 
 f the witiie*a0*.:tQ. the 
 
 hisrex- 
 e taking Q f 
 
 > and .i^ ^t^i^fqHe^jjig, jointly wkh 
 
 concluded, a 
 
 treaty with the Emperor Maximilian against France. 
 In 15 14, he was one of the witnesses to the renuncia- 
 tion of the marriage with Prince Charles of Spain by 
 ^^M^^ib^aOf^^ffl^efef* 6 commissioners for the 
 treaty of peace -betvveen Henry VIII. and Lewis XII, 
 of France; and for the marriage between the said King 
 of France and the Princess- Mary, the same }^ear. He 
 was ^H^^^fe WJyfte 8868 to thc marriage treaty, 
 and to the confirmation of both treaties ; to the treaty 
 of frietxdship^with Francis I. and to its confirmation in 
 the foj\qjv^g g^^i 'rfuojUfi ^KXtfraum bos yJ 
 
 the ije.i-: i of Herwjy 5^I~^e enjoyed ti^junii^yjej. favour 
 and confidence} or; hU Sovereign, and bi?rfe a co-nspicu- 
 ous^J^^^P^^te^lfef'^^qal measures, but evei> 
 in %cgu^p^,u^i^n^,% n 4:^rem^^<rf^^ reign. 
 Henry^e^^^i^i^t^ ihim one of ,hi& ^Qcujtanl, 
 and r^cqiniriende^.Jii^^oagly, ^ his json and suc- 
 
 3d oJ vitfiabfinq sir sise) briB sonaoxiinum eid i. 
 ntr Which 
 
 The pageantry Which was prepared to honour , the . nuptials of 
 
 \J were c^u- 
 trived^Bifibp ?V J 
 
 onst* -.ration in whic^ t^e Kfj^^U^^^^ ^5^,^ftrM* 
 as chosen to 'oe sjionsor to the young Prince, whp was afterwards Henry 
 III. Dr. Milner also Contests Mr. 6b\igfiVo>i^, Wat he was not 
 
 consu} 
 
 was 
 
 VIII. Dr. Milner r.lso tantosts Mr. Go\ifftlVoi>ihion, (hat he was not 
 
 sponsor, but baptized th* young Prince. 
 
CORPUS CHRISfl COLLEGE. 265 
 
 Privy Coitncil, and cWitfued to hold the Privy Seal, 
 his influence* ; in the new reign gi ad tfall/ 1 Abated. 
 Howard, Earl of Sur#^j ! 6ri& Ltihl^ifefetedfrier, had been 
 his- rival in Hen/y^H^ tto^anA liwiftSflf^o^W Ac- 
 commochite -himself to the extra vagatft'pftistohfr'd^hte 
 new master, with whom he was for a'conMiderable'iime 
 a confidential favourite; and the celebrated Wof&ty, 
 who had been introduced to the King by Fbk? iWr- 
 der to counteract the influence of Surry, soon ^re^me 
 more powerful than either. After remaining Vofrffe 
 time in office, under many mortifications, our Prelate, 
 together with Archbishop VV^rh^; t^irt^frbm court 
 in 1515. Such was the political life of Bishop Fox, 
 distinguished by high influence and talent, but em- 
 bittered at length by the common intrigues and vicis- 
 situdes to Which statesmen are subject: iliiu> 
 
 His retirement at Wfflche^ter was devoted to acts of 
 charity and munificence, although he did not now for 
 the fir& tim^^{fe^'aS ; 'ii public beneractotr^He had 
 besto^(J>%^'^iMV^dth^ repairs W itfe ^iscopal 
 palace at Durham, white Bishop of that see, and, on 
 every occAs*orlM^'>rtlis kind, discovered 'tf'c^onsi^fable 
 taste'9fot-yr^^^W^.^^A f5^ a W^A^ded a free- 
 school at Tawrtlorr; and tihother at Gj-antham, and ex- 
 tended^hfe *teo>neettbeYJft> marfy^^ther foundations 
 within the diocese of Winchester. But the triumphs 
 of his munificence and taste are principally to be con- 
 
 . ' M.^fa -luonod..} bgneqojq af^ ; , S._ , ; ... 
 
 wlthm 
 and wiJw}t;<tbqoC3e5W <&fH^^*ni3^w;ster.7 Gf- these 
 
 we si)0rim <a niier-'r^fieft bsUine en- 
 
 'fi 7 ^possible 
 
 'O'jr s <9) 
 
 ,.on.the out- 
 " side of the church or in.- the- inside, without being 
 
CORPUS CHFxISTI COLLEGE. 
 
 5* s&qek jwkh their beauty and magnificence. In both 
 -6jpf'Afoew>we.>9eept}ifiimtist ixq-isite art employed to 
 ", .-execute the most oakle- and efegant< designs. We 
 in particular of adjuring the vast but 
 and ornamented arched windows, 
 this (the eastern) part, and give light 
 e sanctuary; the bold and airy flying buttresses 
 38 tfeiatji stretching over the said aisles, support the 
 ^ upper walls ; the rich open battlement which sur- 
 . W tttounts these walls ; and the elegant sweep that con- 
 iteWifct#&8ro*t#A<i>3ke of the great eastern window ; 
 " the two gorgeous canopies which crown the extreme 
 " turrets, and the profusion of elegant carved work 
 " that covers the whole east front, tapering up to a 
 where we view the breathing statue of the 
 s Founder resting upon his chosen emblem, the 
 " pelican. In a word, neglected and mutilated as this 
 '"work has been, during the course of nearly three 
 '" centuries, it still warrants us to assert, that, if the 
 " whole cathedral had been finished in the style of this 
 " portion of it, the whole island, and perhaps all Eu- 
 " rope, could not have exhibited a Gothic structure 
 " equaFto h** )(U ^- 
 
 His last^'^pe^ftfc^fih Parliament was in 1523; he 
 
 had therF$etf mfif SvC^years deprived of his sight, 
 
 ' 
 
 MilfVir^M^toiy.^gbet^ voU ii. p. If), 20. On the top of 
 
 11 Vvhieh hc WHfJSWftfA 6 ffi^ tcr - "^ lj< " i )lacei ^ iu leadcn chests, 
 tliree on a side, tlie bones pf sJveral of the West Saxon Kings and Bi- 
 shops and sofctetetfr* ^riwiH^ho fiaa^^-originally butted behind the 
 hib alter, or in differential!* ^DUie^irtli^th thilr names inscribed 
 on the face of the chest, and a crown on each. But the havoc of fana- 
 ticism in the late civil war deranged the bones, which were collected 
 again as well as circumstances permitted, 1661. Gougb, Vetusta Monu- 
 wenta, vol. ii. plate L. 
 
CORPUS CHTRISTTI COLLEGE. 
 
 which he never recovered. Wolsey endeavoured to 
 persuade him to resign his Bishopric to hi fti, and ac- 
 cept of a pension; but- this he rejected, 'asserting, ac- 
 cording to Parker, that " though, by reason i*x.:>his 
 " blindness, he was not abk to distinguish white from 
 " black, yet he could discern between true afcdufalse, 
 " right and wrong; and plainly enough saw, without 
 " eyes, the malice of that ungrateful man, which he 
 " did not see before. That it behoved the Cardinal to 
 u take care, not to be so blinded with ambition, as not to 
 " foresee his own end. He needed not trouble himself 
 /' with the Bishopric of Winchester, but rather should 
 " mind the King's affairs." 
 
 His last days were spent in prayer and meditation, 
 which at length became almost uninterrupted both 
 day and night*. He died Sept. 14, 1528, and was bu- 
 ried in the fine chantry which he built for that pur- 
 pose in. Winchester cathedral, immediately behind the 
 high altar on the south side. During his residence 
 hgre, he was indefatigable in preaching, and exoUiag 
 the clergy to their duty. He was also unboundecj in 
 ^his charities to the poor, whom b,e a^isjed with food, 
 clothes, and money ; at the same time exercising 
 hospitality, and promoting the trade of the city, by a 
 large establishment which he kept up at Wolvescy, of 
 two hundred and twenty servants'*. 
 
 His character," says Mr. Goiigh, " may be briefly 
 ""summed up in these two particulars ^A 
 
 :>W drfj fo IfnyAz V tanod ^dj ,TOi 
 
 and abilities 
 " to one of the 
 " charity and 
 
 * Harpsfield ajuid 
 h Id. ibid. 
 
268 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. 
 
 monunitettts." 5f HH^tfft^Ve%ave only an 
 Hs&tVAi&m^or'WV fiul%f St. Benedict, for the 
 use oPWs^io^e^ 1 ^*^ fopPihson, 1516, and a 
 
 Ite^^^^rto^t^ tfo#STO&* of which is 
 
 the Cardin^^endetr^klloW^iid reformation of 
 the clergy. Fox expresses Ms great satisfaction at any 
 measures which might produce so desirable an effect. 
 The general and respectful style of this letter either 
 affords a proof of Fox's meek and conciliatory temper, 
 M^tHet our historians have not too 
 cirolffier in asserting that Wolsey's 
 w*s l tffe principal- cause of his retiring from 
 JP Was ungrateful, may be inferred 
 from r-the preceding quotation from Archbishop Par- 
 ker, but Fox's discovery of it, there implied, was long 
 eqfaent to his leaving the court; and it is certain, 
 letter now mentioned, and in another writ- 
 e addresses the Cardinal in terms of the 
 ^ and affection. Of these circumstances 
 FR&& Viifl-%rovc, the biographers of Wolsey, have 
 not ne^c^W^iltraSel^es, but they have sup- 
 
 i Fox respecting the 
 
 Ch wa ! s pre- 
 
 ceded bt thfe pafchase of certain pieces of land in Ox- 
 ford, beldhgiiig -tfb Merton College, the nunnery of 
 
 of StVTOAttwid?, w^iith he 
 
 ^Wa^en, and 
 a certain number of Monks and secular Scholars be- 
 fcftitog fo'ttHofeaff ^? feoSWffRiff 1HT Wmcliester, 
 in tne manner of Canterblir^ and Durham Colleges, 
 which were similar nurseries in Oxford for the pri- 
 
CORPUS $rUSTI .OLLEQE. 269 
 
 ories of Canterbury ^^ 
 this purpose, were advancing, uwler c tl}e ,care of ; Wil- 
 liam Vert?, iftagpft 8 ^ j^ji^r^Qq^^r^eftter 
 and mastef^j^^r^ ^^t^^fft^s^vice of 
 Hugh QldhanvJBishop of Exeter, induced him to en, 
 large his planj jB^fegf^ffle.usefiilQes^nd Ability. 
 This Prelate, aa eminent patron, p^l^^re, and a 
 man of acute discernment, is said to. have addressed 
 him thus: " What! my Lord r shall we build houses 
 " and provide livelihoods for a company of monks, 
 " whose end and fall we ourselves may live to see? 
 " No, no ; it is more meet a great deal that we should 
 " have care to provide for the increase of learn ing, and 
 " for such as who by their learning shall do good to 
 " the church and commonwealth." These argwneqjty 
 strengthened probably by others of a similar tendency, 
 induced Fox to imitate those founders who had already 
 contributed so largely to the fame of the University 
 of ^fiff&ii Accordingly, by licence of Henry Vl^ 
 
 le S e ^WPSg^^iPW.losophy, and arts, 
 
 HjfiRIp! 1 ^ * ir fJR c W a T^ graduate and not 
 graduate, more or less, acc^nJ^gtjtQ^i^ .revenues of 
 the Society, on a certain, grou^^twe^^ .l^^rton Col- 
 lege on the east, a lane -near Canterbury College (af- 
 
 ^wa^iW^rf!^ 1 ^^^^^ 
 
 priory,^ 
 
 of 
 
 the 
 
 8>InoM lo i^dra^n 
 On these premises stood Corner Hall and 'garden, 
 
 in the north-west near Christ Church; Nunne Hall, 
 
270 CORPUS* (mBlfcTII &&1/IMGE. 
 
 or Leaden 'Poccfe -Hall ^ta^tiiensotith^ofbthat belonging 
 to the n twos- o^'Oods tow?; ^evilPs Ibirt,* on; the south of 
 NunbeiHall; BekV ifod, }*m the -south oft NevriTs 
 Iiufy>UbaitjfHalV'in fcha nfarth^east between* Merton 
 College- and Corner Hall, with their respective gar- 
 dens; and Bachelors' gardeny which' Ibr/neriy belonged 
 to the Bachelor -Fellows of Me^fibn College, and is 
 now part of the gardens of Corpus. i-rUr/m ^bnuoU 
 The charter, dated Cal. Mar. 1.516, recites, that the 
 Founder, to the praise and honour of God Almighty, 
 the most holy body of Christ, and the blessed Virgin 
 Mary, as also of the Apostles Peter, Paul, and An- 
 drew, and of St. Cuthbert, and St. Swithin, and St. 
 Birin, patrons of the churches of Exeter, Bath and 
 Wells, Durham, and Winchester, (the four sees which 
 he successively filkd,) doth found and appoint this 
 College always to be called CORPUS CHIUSTI College. 
 The statutes are dated Feb. 13, 157, in the 2?th year 
 of his translation to Winchester, and according to 
 them the Society was to consist of a President, twiemy 
 Fellows, twenty Scholars, two Chaplain's, two Clerks, 
 and two Choristers. Five bf the Fellows arc to b&'f 
 the diocese -of Winchester, one of Dutfhdm^tira>iclf 
 Bath -and Wells, two of Exeter, two of the o0tnity>irif 
 Lincoln, two of Gloucester, one of Wilts, two of 
 Keut^one of Lanwishlnc, one of Bedford, and one?i*f 
 Scholars^ ^vere bo> belong to the same 
 untie*. ."> )' 
 
 . M >*. 
 
 - '-'- 1 ''"" ''" ral1 " M a " a 
 
 . 
 
 Urban Hall, afterwards mentioned, are described as one. 
 
 b In one of the Winchester Scholarships, a preference is given to the 
 
 IJiyih 93K jstaaotqW J. M - , '/ , , 
 
 fcscencC}nt>i of Mr. Frost. If no <:.viuli dates offt^r from {he county ot 
 [- ^i* nun: 
 
 
HIttSTI GOLLE^ET. 271 
 
 Bart -v^hfit conferred an almost immediate superiority 
 of reputation an this Society was the appointment of 
 two lectures for Greek aird Latin, which obtained *he 
 praise./aod- admint-Uoaijtifr Erasmu^bMiduthe) other 
 learned men who were-now en<Ma^ourcn to inewjdlicd 
 a knowledge of the classics as an essential branch of 
 academic study. WUfc this; enlightened desigai the 
 Founder invited to his uew College Ludovicus Vives, 
 Nicholas Crucher, the mathematician, Clement 'Ed- 
 wards and Nicholas Ltten, professors of Greek, Tho- 
 mas Lupset, Richard Pace, and other men of esta- 
 blished reputation. This, Mr. Warton observes, was 
 a new and noble departure from the narrow plan of 
 academical education. The course of the Latin lec- 
 turer was not confined to the College, but open to the 
 students of Oxford in general. He was expressly dii- 
 rected to drive barbarism from the new College,,l&fl$- 
 bariem e nostro alveario pro vir.ili si quando pulhdet, ex- 
 tirpet et cjiciat. The Greek lecturer was ordered to 
 explain the best Greek classics-; and those whioh.* Fox 
 specifijed on this occasion are the purest in the opi- 
 nion of modern times". But such was the tenapet'tof 
 the age, that Fox was obliged to irMocbce his Gredk 
 lecture$hip$i'by pleading that the sacred canons had 
 commanded, that a knowledge of the Greek tongue 
 should not be wanting in public seminaries of educa- 
 tion. <By;the,sacpeid canons he meant a decree of the 
 Council of Vienne in Dauphiny, promulged so early 
 as the year 13 11, which enjoined that professorships 
 
 of Greek, Hebrew, und Arabic, should be instituted 
 
 
 
 ^. . , . , , i- -i i 
 
 Gloucester, candidates from the diocese of Worcester are eligible -, and 
 if none offer from Wilts, tKose from the diocese of Sarum are eligible. 
 Warton's Life of Sir T. Pope ; p. 141. 
 
272 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. 
 
 in the Universities of Oxford, I^ris, Bononia, Sala- 
 manca, and the Court of Rome. .This, however, was 
 not entirely satisfactory. The prejudices against the 
 Greek, to which we have already had occasion to 
 advei#, were still so inveterate, that the University was 
 for some time seriously disturbed by the advocates of 
 the school-learning. The persuasion and example of 
 Erasmus, who resided about this time in St. Mary's 
 College, had a considerable effect in restoring peace , 
 and more attention was gradually bestowed on the 
 learned languages; and this study, so curiously intro- 
 duced underlie sanction of Pope Clement's decree of 
 Vienne, proved, at no great distance of time, a power- 
 ful instrument in effecting the Reformation. Those 
 who would deprive Clement of the liberality of his 
 edict, state his chief motive to have been a supersti- 
 tious regard for the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, be- 
 cause the ^uper&cription on the cross was written in 
 those languages. 
 
 The principal benefactor to this College, in addition 
 to the ample provision made by the Founder, was 
 Hugh Oldhanv already, mentioned, Bishop of Exeter, 
 whp contribute*) six thousand marks, besides lands. 
 Although JRox rifc, probably mistaken in asserting that 
 Oldham had, anfkj$$nticm io join with Bishop Smyth 
 in founding Braseiv^ose- College, yet as his arms 
 were displayed in the.'windaws of the original library 
 of that College, t^iere can.be no doubt that he contri* 
 buted to finish or i'wjuibh the room b . His great bene- 
 faction, however, was bcstovwl on Corpus, and, by 
 means of this Society, on the grammar-school of 
 
 Warton's Life of Sir T. Pope, p. 143. et seqq. 
 
 * Churton's Lives of the Founders of Brazenose College, p. 439. 
 
CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. 273 
 
 Manchester, the place of his birth, which he founded, 
 and which is connected with the three Colleges of 
 Corpus Christi and Brasen Nose in Oxford, and St. 
 John's, Cambridge. He died in 1519. 
 
 The benefactors who followed Oldham in adding to 
 the endowments of the College with lands and money 
 were, William Frost of Yavington in Hampshire, 
 15<29 a ; John Claymond, 1537, first President; Robert 
 Morwent, the second President, 1558; Richard Pate, 
 Esq. 1588; Richard Cobb, a Fellow, 1597; Robert 
 Gale, of London, vintner; Sir George St. Paul, Knt. 
 1612, and his widow, afterwards Couotess of War- 
 wick. Arthur Parsons, M. A. 1678, and M. D. 16Q3, 
 gave 30001. for the purchase of advowsons ; and Cuth- 
 bert Ellison, who died 1719, and lies buried in the 
 Chapel, gave 5001. for the same purpose, and was also 
 a contributor to the Library. 
 
 The LIVINGS of this College are the RECTORIES 
 of Perabridge, Herefordshire; Chijdrey and Letcombe 
 Basset, Berkshire; Meysey Hampton and Duntsborne 
 Rouse, Gloucestershire ; Steeple Langford and Toiiey 
 Stratford, Wilts ; Heyford Purcell and Goddington, 
 Oxfordshire; Bassingham, Lincolnshire; Stoke Cha- 
 rity, Hampshire; Skelton, Cumberland; Trent, De- 
 vonshire ; Rhuan Llanyhorne, Cornwall ; Fenny Comp- 
 ton, Warwickshire; Helmedon and Brampton, North- 
 amptonshire ; and Little Stoughton, Bedfordshire : 
 the VICARAGE of West Hendred, Berkshire: and the 
 PERPETUAL CURACY of Warborough, Oxfordshire. 
 
 The endowment of this College amounted in 1534 
 
 These are the dates of such of the deaths of these benefactor? as 
 can be ascertained. 
 
 T 
 
274 CORPUS CHRliSTl COLLEGE. 
 
 to the yearly value of 3.8<fl. 8s. 9d., und in 1592 it had 
 risen to 5001. In 1612 the Sodety consisted of, ninety- 
 four persons. The present members are, a President, 
 twenty. Fellows, two Chaplains, twenty Scholars, four 
 Exbibj^ojiers, and six Gentlemen Commoners. The 
 Bishop of Winchester is Visitor. 
 
 . 
 
 Of the BUILDINGS belonging to this College, 
 the quadrangle, one hundred and one feet by eighty, 
 which we enter through a lofty square tower, in the 
 front of which are three unoccupied niches with rich 
 canopies, with the Hall, Chapel, and Library, were 
 built in the time of the Founder, but the battlement 
 was not added until a century afterward. In 1737, the 
 north and west fronts were rebuilt, and the whole has 
 more recently been cased with stone. This quadrangle 
 is decorated on the south side with a statue of the 
 Founder, whole length, with crosier and mitre, and in 
 the centre is a cylindrical dial of some curiosity^ con- 
 structed in. 1605 by Charles Turnbull, A. jyi. and fel- 
 low, described in a MS. in the Library, written by 
 Robert Hegge. Some rooms on the east side of the 
 College, next to Merton grove, were erected in 1667, 
 but taken down in 1737, and rebuilt for the residence 
 of six pen^cmep Commoners, the number allowed by 
 the s^tgtau ,Jn 1706, the fine building looking to 
 Chri^ ( C^rcU. (5 yfftl^M(^^fe^d at the expejice of 
 Dr. Thomas Turner, IVc^e^ A %m 1 68S to 1714. 
 Dr. Turner was ong^. tb$tiRflfe U.be^al benefactors of 
 modern time*, and left tlje buljv ,pf his fortune, which 
 was very con^e^afrte, tajpft^tyfoaiul charitable uses; 
 he left 60001. to this College, jmcj about ^0,OQOl. to the 
 
CORPUS CHRIST! COLLEGE. 275 
 
 charity for the relief -of the widows and children of 
 poor clergymen, b^skl^bSier ainjjfe sums for similar 
 
 purposes. -dmam Jascsiq , 
 
 The HALL, on tfie ^M iM &flife <ft* Wrangle, was 
 built in riie A -Fotmfcr's lifetime, but has smb^Ben 
 much altered, the Gothic roof excepted, which is pro- 
 bably in its original state. The windows formerly 
 contained the arms of the Founder and benefactors; 
 but in 1700, when the interior was renewed with ivain- 
 scotting, these were removed, and some are placed on 
 the walls, with those of the gentlemen who contributed 
 to the repairs. The proportions of this -Hall are fifty 
 feet by twenty-five, 
 
 The LIBRARY, on the south side of the quadrangle, 
 is, in its ancient state, a building rather commodious 
 than elegant. The roof appears to be a continuation 
 of that of the Chapel, and is similarly divided into 
 compartments, but without arms. The screen over 
 the door is curiously ornamented with the arms of the 
 Founder; and at the upper and lower ends are two 
 ancient portraits of him. There is another in the gal- 
 lery, lately rrrade, leading from the President's lodg- 
 ings to tire Chapel, which was finely engraved for 
 Fid des' Life of Wolsey. It was painted by Corvus a 
 Fleming, after Fox had lost his sight. In the same 
 gallery are the portraits of the seven Bishops who 
 were committed to the Tower by James II. and also 
 heads of five of the Apostles by Castlefranco. 
 
 This collection is enriched with an invaluable set 
 of Aldine classics, and with many manuscripts and 
 printed books, both on vellum atid paper, of great ra- 
 rity, and in excellent preservation, and with the ma- 
 nuscripts of Twyne and Fulrnan, the Oxford antiqua- 
 
 T 2 
 
C70 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. 
 
 ties. The Aldines were collected by the Founder. 
 The west end of this Library looks down upon the 
 Chapel, and is provided with pew-furniture for the 
 President's family. 
 
 The Founder was the earliest benefactor to the col- 
 lection, and was followed by Bishop Oldham, Cluymond, 
 Dr. John Rainolds, Twyne, Dr. Turner, and many 
 others. Among the later contributors, Lord Colerane, 
 a Nobleman of this College, in 17o5, gave a very large 
 collection of Italian literature 9 . 
 
 The CHAPEL was built by the Founder, and proba- 
 bly ornamented in the religious magnificence of the 
 times, in which state, after being exposed to the re- 
 formation of King Edward's visitors, it remained until 
 the year l6?6, when the interior was repaired as we 
 now find it. The inner Chapel, seventy feet by twenty- 
 five, appeal's about this time to have been lengthened, 
 and the outer made more spacious by taking in a part 
 of the Library. The expence of this repair was de- 
 frayed by very liberal contributions from the members 
 of the Society. From the resemblance of the roof to 
 that of the Library, it is probable they were repaired 
 about the same time. 
 
 The altar-piece, until very lately, was a copy of 
 Guide's Annunciation in the chapel of the Moiite^Ca- 
 vallo palace in Rome, by Pompeio Battoni, and was 
 the gift of Sir Christopher Willoughby, Bart. dTBfcl- 
 den house. This painting is now removed to Balden 
 churcli, near N'ewtiham, Oxfordshire, and its place 
 
 supplied by the Ado&tfbri^a very capital production 
 
 ' 
 
 The FoHitfcr* cjof r i, J^e/^d Jn the President's lodgings a cu- 
 rious specimen of workmanship, but inferior to that of Wykeham \n 
 
 Ne* Coll,,,, 
 
CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. 277 
 
 of Rubens, consisting of five figures as large as life, 
 and an infant Saviour. This came from the collection 
 of the* Prince of Conde at Chant illy, who is said to 
 have given three thousand louis d'ors for it. It was 
 presented to the College in 1804 by the late Sir 
 Richard Worsley, formerly a member of this So- 
 ciety. J 
 
 The inner Chapel contains the monuments of the 
 Presidents Rainolds, Spenser, Newlin, and Turner. 
 The outer Chapel has a greater number of monuments, 
 to the memory of many eminent scholars. The clois- 
 ter, which is now appropriated as a burial place, was 
 built by Dr. Turner in 1706, when the old cloister on 
 the south side of the Chapel was removed. 
 
 John Claymond, the first of the seventeen PRESI- 
 DENTS who have governed this house since the foun- 
 dation, has already been noticed as a benefactor to 
 Brasen Nose College, and as President of Magdalen, 
 lie held the latter office in March, 1516-17, when BU 
 shop Fox requested him to become President of Cor- 
 pil^and as this new Headship was inferior in value to 
 that.of Magdalen, he .bestowed on him the Rectory of 
 Cleeve in Gloucestershire. Claymond presided above 
 twenty years, and died in 1537. He appears from his 
 manuscripts, some of which are in this College, to 
 to have been a classical scholar, and acquainted with 
 natural history, his workp consisting of commentaries 
 on Aulus Gellius and^^t^^d notes an4 observa- 
 tions on Pliny; antlt^^e^^pjjiaye been the cor- 
 respondent of r Gr^^^, 1 fa J sm^,|ind other learned 
 contemporaries. With Erasmus, indeed, he became 
 personally acquahlted 'at "Oxford, who afterwards de- 
 dicated to him some tracts or Chrysostom. Morwent, 
 
 T3 
 
(273 CORPUS CHR1STI COLLEGE. 
 
 his successor, was also taken from Magdalen, and pre- 
 sided -about- 1 * wenty-one years, with the high character 
 of " Pater jmtriae literates Gxoniensis." Thomas Green- 
 way, the fifth President, Wrote a short life of Fox, 
 which is preserved atnong the archives of this College. 
 Dr. Cole, the sixth, after presiding thirty years, be- 
 came Dean of Lincoln, and resigned. He was one of 
 the first Protestant Presidents, and in Queen Mary's 
 days had been an exile at Geneva, where he assisted in 
 the translation of the Bible. He lies buried in Lincoln 
 cathedral, under a fine monument in the Lady's cha- 
 pel*. He was succeeded by one of the most learned, 
 pious, and eminent men of his age or country, Dr, 
 John Rainolds. Perhaps all Europe could not produce 
 three men of superior talents and fame to Rainolds, 
 Jewell, and Usher, who were contemporaries in this 
 College. His most copious biographer b informs us, 
 that he was a great benefactor to the College, in pro- 
 curing an Act of Parliament to confirm certain lands 
 to it; in procuring the explanation of some of the 
 statutes (which were thought ambiguous) by Dr. Bil- 
 son, Bishop of Winchester, the Visitor; in repair- 
 
 " Part of his epitaph is in the punning style of the age: 
 
 " And when the latter trump of heaven shall blow, 
 " Cole, now raked up in ashes, then shall glvw /" 
 
 I am doubtful, however, whether it was not his brother Thomas whs 
 assisted in translating the Bible. 
 
 b Fuller in his Abel Redivivus. Fuller was intimate with him, and, 
 being present at his death, gives a very affecting account of that event. 
 Among Rainolds's numerous works, is a short controversy with one Wil- 
 liam Gager, a student of Christ Church, in which Rainolds denied the 
 lawfulness of stage-plays. Let us hope that this Gager had some oppo- 
 nent of equal talents, when, in a public act of the University, he main- 
 tained, horresco rtferens ! that it was " lawful for husbands to beat their 
 " wives." 
 
CORPUS !ftUSTI COLLEGE. 279 
 
 ing the Oha$fei Hall, and Library; and in improv- 
 ing the Scholarships and Chaplainships. Dr. Jackson, 
 Dean of Peterborough, and eleventh President, was 
 a divine of great learning, and indefatigable stud} f . 
 His wtorks, which were collected into three folios 
 by Barnabas Oley, B. D. might furnish import- 
 ant matter for a judicious selection, there being few 
 controversial points which he has not handled with 
 uncommon ability. His successor, Dr. Newlin, being 
 ejected by the Parliamentary visitors, they placed Dr. 
 Edmund Staunton, son of Sir John Staunton, in his 
 room, a man of learning and piety, who perhaps might 
 not have been unsuccessful on a more regular election ; 
 but at the restoration of Charles II. it was necessary, 
 as in other cases, that Dr. Jackson's legitimate succes- 
 sor should be replaced. Dr. Turner, who succeeded 
 Newlin, has occurred already among the Benefactors; 
 He presided over this College from 1688 to 1714, with 
 great reputation, and was honourably interred in the 
 College Chapel, with an inscription recording his ex- 
 cellent character and liberality". The name of Basil 
 Kennefy (the fourteenth President, has been familiar to 
 many generations of scholars, in consequence of his 
 valuable publication on the Antiquities of Rome. He 
 was President, however, only a few months after his 
 return from Leghorn. Dr. Thomas Randolph, who 
 
 preceded Dr. Cooke to the Headship of this Society,- 
 1 A 
 
 * It is said, that by some means JJG. evaded taking the oath'of abjura- 
 tion, a circumstance which Whiitoa: knew, and concealed. He lays 
 claim, therefore, by a curious calculatioiuJo the honour of contributing 
 all that part of Dr. Turner's fortune which he might have Io3t, had th 
 sefctet bfeen tfefrayed. . This wJaimsaal Juctfaunt may be seyn in Whiston'i 
 Life, vol. i. pp. 179136. 
 
 T4 
 
380 CORPUS CHRIST COLLEGE. 
 
 vv.as pr^e of the ablest divines of bis, time, and every 
 step of bis promotion was the honojjjrfibk reward of 
 so$}e display <jf ^ea! and Ul^JftjleftH of the doc- 
 trines of the .Church. He died March 24, 17 $3, af- 
 ter presiding over this College for the long space of 
 tj^rj5,ve yeajfg^nd was -buried in the cloister. His 
 sou has. been suecessjj^ $*h$p of Oxford, Bangor, 
 and London. 
 
 Of the twelve PRELATES, who are enumerated as 
 bclougi ug_ to Corpus Christi, one of the most eele- 
 bri,rit:d was Cardinal Pole, who, however, was fivst a 
 JSohletnan of M^gdakn.. His connection with this 
 College is niojre doubtful; but it can lay just claim to 
 Jewell, Bishop of ^ij&bury, although his early edu- 
 cation was undoubtedly received in Merton College. 
 Ifj c Co.rpus, he had for his private tutor John Morvven, 
 aji.able divine. and Greek sqbolar, but inflexible in hiiB 
 to popery^, If ft^a^ \qandid, enough, how- 
 to say of Jewell, that ^ though an heretic ia 
 ^,1'aith, inlif^he seeiiied an~angel. Tr It would be super- 
 fl,u^us to accumulate testimonies to the merit of such a 
 man as Jewell; yet it may not be so generally known, 
 that his celebrated " Defence of his Apology" against 
 the popish divines yy^s commanded by Elizabeth, 
 James 1. and Charles I. and f<?ur successive Archbi- 
 shops, to be jcgpt uj^ned in all the pnrish-churches, 
 for the use of tbeq>ubjic nc This short list may be 
 closed with noticing the names of Webb, Bishop o 
 Limerick, some. time x^f Unjversi4y College, but after- 
 wands a t Fello\Y of ^h^^puse^ who published various 
 pieces, one of \yhich A eQt^}^i ''.JThe Practice of Quiet- 
 " ness," deserve^J,o n be better ilw?own : Dr. Fowler, Bi- 
 shop of Glou^ster r/ *a,.*bl& c^nA 
 
CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. 281 
 
 in defence of his " Design of Christianity," did not 
 disdain to measure his strength wrtH^ifiat of John 
 Bunyan : and Dr.- Richard Pococke, Bishop of Meath 
 the learned orientalist, whosfe travels in the East are so 
 well known. 
 
 Among the scholars of inferior ranks, who studied 
 at this College, we find the names of John Shepreye, 
 one of the first Greek readers here, and a Latin poet 
 of considerable celebrity. His manuscript life of the. 
 first President Claymond is preserved in the Library : 
 Redman or Redmayne, afterwards first Master of Tri- 
 nity College, Cambridge, a noted Latin and Greek 
 scholar, and one of the compilers of the Liturgy : 
 Morwen, also an excellent Greek scholar, already no- 
 ticed as tutor to Bishop Jewell : Nicholas Udal and 
 Richard Edwards, poets ; the latter one of our earliest 
 dramatic writers, whose Palaemon and Arcite was 
 acted before Queen Elizabeth in Christ Church Hall, 
 on her visit here in 1566: Miles Windsor, who had 
 made collections for the antiquities of Oxford, which 
 he imparted afterwards to Twyne, also a scholar of this 
 house, and author of the first regular history of the 
 University, published in 1608, under the title of 
 " Antkjuitatis Acadetniae Oxoniensis Apologia. In 
 " tres libros divisa." HOOKER : Sir Edward Sandys, 
 statesman : Dr. Sebastian Benefield, Lady Margaret's 
 Professor: Gill, Master of St. Paul's school : Dr. 
 Daniel Featly, a 'very able divine and controversial 
 writer : Hales, the" ^r^rieftiorable : Sir John Men- 
 nis, a- celebrated- t^elll^tjatnan, and poet :Dr. 
 Thomas Greaves, Aratic ^Pteffi&o'ft Edmund Chis- 
 hul, xte^ed^iftZ'^ 1 ^^ eminent as an anti- 
 : Dr. Richard Fiddes/^he biographer of Cardi- 
 
582 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. 
 
 nal Wolsey : John Anstis, the celebrated herald, the 
 son of a more celebrated genealogist of both his 
 names : Henry Hare, Lord Colerane, already noticed 
 as a benefactor to the Library, an excellent Greek 
 scholar, poet, atid antiquary : Dr. Nathaniel Forster, 
 a divine of great erudition: Dr. John Burton, another 
 of those Greek scholars who kept up the Founder's 
 intended succession, and an able College tutor: Dr. 
 Jeremiah Milles, Dean of Exeter, and President of 
 the Society of Antiquaries : Sir Ashton Lever, the 
 collector of the largest museum of natural history ever 
 farmed by an individual, and which, not much to the 
 credit of national spirit and opulence, was dispersed bj 
 auction a few years ago. To this list may be added, 
 Thomas Day, the author of some political tracts, 
 poems, and books, adapted for education, on a some- 
 what eccentric plan. He passed three years in this 
 CMlege, but left it without taking a degree. 
 
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 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 
 
 AN impartial life of Cardinal Wolsey, who was, in 
 its first stage at least, the undoubted Founder of this 
 magnificent establishment, is still a desideratum ln 
 English biography. Cavendish is minute and inter- 
 esting in what he relates of the Cardinal's domestic 
 history, but defective in dates and arrangement, and 
 not altogether free from partiality; which, however, in 
 one so near to the Cardinal may perhaps be pardoned. 
 Fiddes is elaborate, argumentative, and, upon the whole, 
 useful as an extensive collector of facts and authori- 
 ties ; but he wrote for a special purpose, and has at- 
 tempted, what no man can effect, a portrait of v h'is 
 hero free from those vices and failings of which it is 
 impossible to acquit him. Grove, with all the aid of 
 Cavendish, Fiddes, and even Shakspeare, whose drama 
 he regularly presses into the service, is a heavy and 
 injudicious compiler, although he gives so much of 
 the Cardinal's contemporaries, that his volumes may 
 be consulted with advantage as a series of general an- 
 nals of the time. But Cavendish, on whom all who 
 have written on the actions of Wolsey, especially our 
 modern historians, have relied, has been the innocent 
 cause of some of their principal errors. Cavendish's 
 work remained in manuscript, of which several copies 
 are still extant, until the civil wars, when it was first 
 printed under the title of " The Negociations of 
 " Thomas Wolsey, &c. 4to, 1641 ;" and the chief ob- 
 
284 CHfiffi'T CHURCH. 
 
 a parallel between the 
 
 l and Arch bishd{* 'Laud, in order to reconcile 
 murder of that Prelate. That this 
 objem might be the better accomplished, the manu- 
 script was mutilated and interpolated without shame 
 or scruple, and no pains having been taken to com- 
 pare the printed edition With the original, the former 
 passed for genuine? above a century; nor until within 
 these few months has the work been presented to the 
 public as the author left it-". 
 
 The Cardinal's family is the first disputed point 
 with his biographers, a matter now r of very little im- 
 portance, although during his lifetime a common topic 
 of ridicule. He did not live in an age of much re- 
 finement or liberality, yet, had the tenour of his life 
 been uniformly beneficent and virtuous, we are willing 
 to- believe it would have seldom been urged that he 
 owed nothing to birth and parentage. 
 
 l^- usual account is, that he was the son of a 
 butcher at Ipswich, where he was born, March, 1471 ; 
 but his zealous biographer, Dr. Fiddes, has discovered, 
 that one Robert <Wfcteey of that place had a son whose 
 early history corresponded with that of i the Cardinal, 
 and that this Robert was a man of considerable landed 
 property. Withdut examining; this authority very 
 minutely, which -perhaps raigfotfplace.it in a question- 
 a ble ^bfeptey.;W(fcoWlfly* ft QW;J (fit hr feculence conclude, 
 that ha parents, ware iftithm: not poor, or not friend- 
 Jeas r sin.ee *htfy wejie able? toD^gihr^h^mjilhe best du- 
 cation his native town afforded,, ami afitecwards to sead 
 him to Magdalen College. But in whatever way he 
 
 * In Dr. Wordsworth's Ecclesiastical Biography, vol. i. 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 was introduced here, it is certain that big-progress in 
 academical studies was so rapid, that he was admitted 
 to the- degree of Bachelor of Arts at the age of fif- 
 teen, and, from this extraordinary instance oof. preflfl- 
 city, was usually namsd the Boy Bachelor. 
 
 No proofs <are indeed wanting of his uncommon re-* 
 putation as a scholar, for he was elected Fellow. of 
 this College soon after taking his Bachelor's degree; 
 and having taken that of Master, he was appointed 
 teacher of Magdalen grammar-school. In 1498 he 
 was made Bursar of the College, about which time he 
 has the credit of huilding Magdalen tower, as already 
 noticed in our account of that College \ It is yet 
 more in proof of his learning having; -been of the 
 most liberal kind, and accompanied withitt correspond* 
 ing liberality of sentiment, that he became acquainted 
 with Erasmus, then at Oxford, and joined that illus- 
 trious scholar in promoting classical studies, 
 were peculiarly obnoxious to the bigotry of the ti 
 The letters Which passed between Wolsey and Eras- 
 mjs for some years imply mutual respect and union 
 ofecsentiment oo all matters iti tfhifch literature was 
 concerned ; and their love of learning, and contempt 
 for the monks, although this last was -excited by dif- 
 ferent motives, were points in which we perceive no 
 great disagreement. Yet, as Erasmus continued to 
 live the life of a mere scholar, precarious and depend- 
 ent, and Wolsey was rapidly advancing to rank and 
 honours, too many and too high for a subject, a dis- 
 tance was placed between them which Wolsey would 
 i 
 
 b I have been since informed, that Dr. Chandler, in his MS. Life of 
 Waynfleet, is inclined to doubt his having been Bursar at that time. 
 
286 
 
 not shorten, and lEcasm^s- cxpulcL mot pass. Hence, 
 while a courteous famUi04lkyowa&pi3asemed4n Wol- 
 sey's correspondence, Era&mtfs could ; toot help (betray- 
 ing tke feelings of a client who has received little 
 more than promises from his patron ; and when Wol- 
 sey fe&frora his high state, Erasmus jobed in the 
 opinion that he was unworthy of it. For this he is 
 severely cen&ured by Fiddes, and ably defended by 
 Knight and Jortin. 
 
 Wolsey's first ecclesiastical preferment was the Rec- 
 tory of Ly mi ngton in Somersetshire, conferred upon 
 hijjj: in 1500 by the Marquis of Dorset, to whose 
 three, sons he had acted as tutor, when in Magdalen 
 College. On receiving; this presentation, he left the 
 University, and resided for some time on his core, 
 when asingular circumstance induced, or perhaps ren- 
 dered it absolutely necessary for him to leave it. At 
 fc'jJtoerry meeting at Lymington he either passed the 
 bounds of sobriety, or was otherwise accessary in pro- 
 moting a riot, for which Sir Amy as Paulet, a Justice of 
 Peace, set him in the stocks. This indignity Wolsey 
 remembered when it would have been honourable <as 
 well as prudent to have forgot it. After he had ar- 
 rived at the high rank, of Chancellor, he ordered Sir 
 Amyas to be confined within the bounds of the Tem- 
 ple, and kept him in that place for five or six years. 
 
 On his quitting Lymingtoo., though without resign- 
 ing the living, Henry, Ejesfc, Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, made hinroge ofnhis ekunesiic Chaplains, and in 
 1503, the Pope Ateftftd^r /g&Y8jhfc t a dispensation to 
 hold two benefices. On the death of the Archbishop 
 in the same ycarj.he.was appointed Chaplain to Sir 
 John Nanfan of Worcestershire, Treasurer of Calais, 
 
CHRIST CHRH. 
 
 which was -then in tbafmssessietffijiflthe Ijfoglbhf and 
 by liim recommended tovM<^5$I Jvofrho madahitor 
 one of his Chaplains* ~ Afamitidi^GndbofcclSH 
 tained from Pope Julius II. a:* dispensation to 
 third living, the Rectory ::ofc ^e^ravsridn Norfolk. 
 In the mean time he was imppMtiisg! his interestvat 
 court by an aiFable and plamibler ^address, and by ;a 
 display of political talent, and ^qtridkTtrd judicious 
 dispatch in business, which rendered him *very useful 
 and acceptable to his Sovereign. In February, 1508, 
 the King gave him the Deanery of Lincoln, and two 
 Prebends in the same church, and would probably 
 have added to these preferments, had he not been pre- 
 vented by his death in the following year. ">?. 
 Ml-his event, important as it was to the kingdom, 
 was of no disadvantage to Wolsey, who saw in thfe 
 young King, Henry VIII. a disposition that might be 
 rendered more favourable to his lofty views ;' yet what 
 hisq talents might have afterwards procured, 4ie owed 
 at this time to a court intrigue. Fo*, Bishop-of Win- 
 chester and Founder of Corpus Christi College, intro- 
 duced him to Henry, in order to counteract 
 eoceof the Earl of Surry, (afterwards 
 folk,) and had probably no worse intention than to 
 preserve a balance in the council; but Wolsey, who 
 was not destined to play a subordinate part, soon rose 
 higher in influence than either his patron or his-Ap- 
 ponenU He studied, with perfect knowledge of the 
 human heart, to please the young King, by joining i 
 indulgeficie^^ which, however suitable to the gaiety 
 of a-courr r were less becoming the character of an. 
 ecclesiastic^ -Yety amidst the luxuries which he pro- 
 moted in Ms voyil master, he did not neglect to in- 
 
288 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 culcate maxims of state, and, above all, to insinuate, 
 in a manner that appeared equally dutiful and disin- 
 terested, the advantages of a system of favouritism, 
 which he secretly hoped would one day centre in his 
 own person. Nor was he disappointed ; as, for some 
 time after this, his history, apart from what share he 
 had in the public councils, is little more than a list of 
 promotions following each other with a rapidity that 
 alarmed the courtiers, and inclined the people, always 
 jealous of sudden elevations, to look back on his 
 origin. 
 
 In this rise he was successively made Almoner to 
 the King, a Privy Counsellor, and Reporter of the 
 proceedings of the Star-chamber ; Rector of Turring- 
 ton in the diocese of Exeter, Canon of Windsor, Re- 
 gistrar of the Order of the Garter, and Prebendary and 
 Dean of York. From these he passed on to become 
 Dean of Hereford and Precentor of St. Paul's, both of 
 which he resigned on being preferred to the Bishopric 
 of Lincoln, Chancellor of the Order of the Garter, 
 and Bishop of Tournay in Flanders, which he held 
 until 1518, when that city was delivered up to the 
 French ; but he derived from it afterwards an annual 
 pension of twelve thousand livres'. In 1514 he was 
 consecrated Bishop of Lincoln, in the room of Smyth, 
 Founder of Brasen Nose College, and was chosen 
 Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. The same 
 year he was promoted to the Archbishopric of York, 
 and created Cardinal of St. Cecilia. 
 
 Yet, in the plenitude of that political influence 
 
 Dr. Fiddes allows that this piece of preferment partook of usurpa- 
 tion, as the former Bishop of Tournay had been neither legally nor 
 eclesiastically deprived. 
 
CfffilST CHEBOH. 
 
 which he now tam*3*i2klG &^exirlusronv ( of tfae&jiJ->;> 
 cientnc&iiitysmd cpurtieri^it appears that for some time 
 he preserved the.,peaqe of the^oQunlry&y 
 ministratiwi> justice, aod .hyjs .punctuality in 
 of finance, which admitted no very unfavourable .com* 
 parisoas .between him,a^d ^s,$>*edece6s,or. -Perhaps 
 the splendour aod festivities which he ejicouragjedjki 
 the court might, by a diffusion of tbe^ojjml^weaitli 
 among the public, contribute to a certain degree oif 
 po.pukrity,. especially when COD trasteeL with the more 
 economical habits encouraged by Henry VII. It .was 
 not until he established hi3 J^cgantine/coart, a spades 
 of. English popedonj, tliat .the people had reason ^to 
 complain of a vast and rapacious pe^er, unkno\vn~to 
 the constitution, and ^boundlesa in kseapTicious.de- 
 creeaj against which there was no. redress ^iTh is csotu^ 
 how/ev>i, could no^iave inflicted jnany public m* 
 juries, as U foinaed ja^pffft^of theocomplaints of Bari 
 liaoxent tj^g^iiiit him^iwiipn. complaints might -have 
 beea* preferred w^fc Safety, and, should have beenJvel*. 
 c4VHiedifrQfe v iay ^Bar4fiE At^tirat iffiae the legaiity, of 
 the power was ^called jjiquestioo, but not the exercise 
 of it.; i^vbliiw^a ai moi- bsvi^b i/rf ,iuci r.saail 
 In tbe private conduct oistbbLiexfcjtaoixlinary .man, 
 while in the Ueigkt oft hikpraap^ci^Lke ^ find a singu* 
 iar mixture of personal' ^ii'ife^ld paMidmunificeiKreT 
 WUiJe his t|^a ^^r>a^Jri\^tte3ELIba^ of ike. Kmir, 
 and was conipQe4 Jo anaiiy fpsetsonsiiof ^aafe asid dis^ 
 tinction, his house >as;3el^telJw!^1^ 
 usefully educated, and iniuased^aiiapb&j life^..Jfod 
 while he was dazzling the eyes or insulting the feel- 
 ings of the people by ari ostentation of gbrgeous fur- 
 niture and equipage, sucli as exceede^l th royal esta- 
 
290 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 blishment itself, he was a general and liberal patron 
 of literature, a man of consummate taste in works 6f 
 art, elegant in his plans, and boundless in his ex- 
 pences to execute them ; and, in the midst of luxuri- 
 ous pleasures and pompous revellings, he was meditat- 
 ing the advancement of science by a munificent use of 
 those riches which he seemed to accumulate only for 
 selfish purposes. 
 
 In the mean time there was no intermission in his 
 preferments. His influence was courted by the Pope, 
 who had made him a Cardinal, and, in 1516, his Le- 
 gate in England, with powers not inferior to his own ; 
 and by the King of Spain, who granted him a pension 
 of three thousand livres, while the Duchy of Milan 
 bestowed on him a yearly grunt of ten thousand 
 ducats. On the resignation of Archbishop Warham, 
 he was appointed Lord High Chancellor. " If this 
 " new accumulation of dignity," says Hume, " in- 
 ' " creased his enemies, it also served to exalt his per- 
 " sonal character, and prove the extent of .his ca- 
 " pacity. A strict administration of justice took place 
 " during his enjoyment of this high office; and no 
 " Chancellor ever discovered greater impartiality in 
 " his decisions, deeper penetration of judgment, or 
 " more enlarged knowledge of law or equity." 
 
 In 1518 he attended Queen Catherine to Oxford, 
 and intimated to the University his intention of found- 
 ing lectures in Theology, Civil-law, Physic, Philosophy, 
 Mathematics, Rhetoric, Greek, and Latin*; and in the 
 following year three of these, viz. for Greek, Latin, 
 and Rhetoric, were founded and endowed with ample 
 salaries, and read in the Hall of Corpus Christi Col- 
 lege. .He appointed for his lecturers the ablest seho- 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 lars whom the University afforded, or whom he could 
 invite from the continent. The members of the Con- 
 vocation about this time conferred upon him the 
 highest mark of their esteem, by a solemn decree, that 
 he should have the revisal and correction of the Uni- 
 versit}^ statutes in the m6st extensive sense; 'and it 
 does not appear that they had any reason to repent of 
 this extraordinary instance of their confidence. The 
 same power was conferred upon him by the University 
 of Cambridge, and in both cases was accompanied by 
 documents which proved the very high opinion enter- 
 tained by these learned bodies of his fitness to reform 
 what was amiss in the republic of letters. 
 
 In the same year the Pope granted him the admini- 
 stration of the Bishopric of Bath and Wells, and the 
 King bestowed on him its temporalities. This see, 
 with those of Worcester and Hereford, which the 
 Cardinal likewise farmed, were at this time filled by 
 foreigners, who were allowed non-residence, and com- 
 pounded for this indulgence by yielding a share of 
 the revenues. The Cardinal's aid in establishing the 
 College of Physicians of London is likewise to be 
 recorded among the many instances of the very li- 
 beral views he entertained of every improvement con- 
 nected with literature. 
 
 In 1521, he eyinced his zeal against the Reforma- 
 tion which Luther had begun, by procuring his doc- 
 trines to be condemned in an assembly of divines held 
 at his own house, and by publishing Pope Leo's bull 
 against him, endeavoured to suppress his writings in 
 this kingdom : but there is no favourable part of his 
 character so fully established as his moderation towards 
 the English Lutherans ; for one article of his impeach- 
 
 u 2 
 
292 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 incnt was his being remiss in punishing heretics, and 
 shewing a disposition rather to screen them. 
 
 In the same year he received the rich abbey of St. 
 Alban's to hold in commendam, and soon after went 
 abroad on an embassy. About this time also he be- 
 came a candidate for the Papal chair, on the demise 
 of Leo X. but was not successful. His disappoint- 
 ment, however, was compensated in some degree by 
 the Emperor, who settled a pension on him of nine 
 thousand crowns of gold, and by the Bishopric of 
 Durham, to which he was appointed in 1523. On this 
 he resigned the administration of Bath and Wells. 
 The same year he issued a mandate to remove the 
 Convocation of the province of Canterbury from St. 
 Paul's to Westminster, one of his most unpopular 
 acts, but which appears to have been speedily re- 
 versed. On the death of Pope Adrian he made a 
 second unsuccessful attempt to be elected Pope; but, 
 while he failed in this, he received from his rival a 
 confirmation of the whole Papal authority in Eng- 
 land. 
 
 In 1524, he intimated to the University of Oxford 
 his design of founding a College there, and soon com- 
 menced that great work. About two years after he 
 founded his school % or college, as it has been some- 
 times called, at Ipswich, as a nursery for his in- 
 tended College at Oxford; and this for a short time is 
 said to have rivalled the schools of Winchester and 
 Eton. As he mixed ecclesiastical dignity with all his 
 
 a On the site of the priory of St. Peter's, which was surrendered to 
 the Cardinal March 6, 1527. Dr. William Capon was first and last 
 Dean, for this school was discontinued on the Cardinal's fall. The 
 foundation-stone is now preserved iu Christ Church. 
 
CHRIST CHURCH, 293 
 
 learned institutions, he appointed here a Dean, twelve 
 Canons, and a numerous choir. At the same time he 
 sent a circular address to the schoolmasters of Eng- 
 land, recommending them to teach their youth the 
 elements of elegant literature, literatura elegantissima, 
 and prescribed the use of Lilly's Grammar. 
 
 Of the immense riches which he derived from his 
 various preferments, some were no doubt spent in 
 luxuries, which left only a, sorrowful remembrance; 
 but the greater part was employed in those magnifi- 
 cent edifices which have immortalized his genius 
 and spirit. In 1514 he began to build the palace at 
 Hampton Court, and having finished it, with all its 
 sumptuous furniture, in 1528, he presented it to the 
 King, who in return gave him the palace of Rich- 
 mond for a residence. 
 
 In this last-mentioned year he acceded to the Bi- 
 shbpric of Winchester, by the death of Fox, and re- 
 signed that of Durham. To Winchester, however, he 
 never went. That reverse of fortune, which has ex- 
 hibited him as an example of terror to the ambitious, 
 was now approaching, and was accelerated by events, 
 the consequences of which he foresaw, without the 
 power of averting them. Henry was now agitated by 
 a passion not to be controlled by the whispers of 
 friendship or the counsels of statesmen; and when the 
 Cardinal, whom he had appointed to forward his di- 
 vorce from Queen Catherine, and his marriage with 
 Anne Boleyn, appeared tardily to adhere to forms, or 
 scrupulously to interpose advice, he determined to 
 make him feel the weight of his resentment. It hap- 
 pened unfortunately for the Cardinal that both the 
 Queen and her rival were his enemies; the Queen, 
 
 v 3 
 
294 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 from a suspicion that she never had a cordial friend 
 in him, and Anne, from a knowledge that he had se- 
 cretly endeavoured to prevent her match with the 
 King. But a minute detail of these transactions and 
 intrigues belongs to history, in which they occupy a 
 large space. It may suffice here to notice, that the 
 Cardinal's ruin, when once determined, was effected 
 in the most sudden and rigorous manner, and proba- 
 bly without his previous knowledge of the violent 
 measures that were to be taken. 
 
 On the first day of term, Oct. 9, 1529, while he was 
 opening the court of Chancery at Westminster, the 
 Attorney General indicted him in the court of King's 
 Bench, on the statute of provisors 16 Richard II. for 
 procuring a bull from Rome appointing him Legate, 
 contrary to the statute, by which he had incurred a 
 pramunirej and forfeited all his goods to the King, 
 and might be imprisoned. Before he could give in 
 any reply to this indictment, the King sent to demand 
 the Great Seal from him, which was given to Sir Tho- 
 mas More. He was then ordered to leave York-place, 
 a palace which had for some centuries been the resi- 
 dence of the Archbishops of York, and which he had 
 adorned with furniture of great value and magnifi- 
 cence; it now became a royal residence under the 
 name of Whitehall. Before leaving this place to go 
 to Esher near Hampton Court, a seat belonging to 
 the Bishopric of Winchester, he made an inventory of 
 the furniture, plate, &c. of York-place, which is said 
 to have amounted to the incredible sum of five hun- 
 dred thousand crowns, or pounds of our money. He 
 then went to Putney by water, and set out on the rest 
 of his journey on his mule; but he had not gone far 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 295 
 
 before he was met by a messenger from the King, 
 with a gracious message, assuring him that he stood 
 as high as ever in the royal favour, and this accom- 
 panied by a ring, which the King had been accus- 
 tomed to send, as a token to give credit to the bearer. 
 Wolsey received these testimonials with the humblest 
 expression of gratitude, but proceeded on his way to 
 Esher, which he found quite unfurnished. The King's 
 design by this solemn mockery is not easily conjec- 
 tured. It is most probable that it was a trick to in- 
 spire the Cardinal with hopes of being restored to fa- 
 vour, and consequently to prevent his defending him* 
 self in the prosecution upon the statute of provisors, 
 which Henry knew he could do by producing his 
 royal letters patent, authorizing him to accept the 
 Pope's bulls. And this certainly was the consequence, 
 for the Cardinal merely instructed his attorney to pro- 
 test in his name that he was quite ignorant of the 
 above statute, but that he acknowledged other parti- 
 culars with which he was charged to be true, and sub- 
 mitted himself to the King's mercy. The sentence of 
 the court was, that " he was out of the protection, 
 " and his lands, goods, and chattels forfeit, and his 
 " person might be seized." 
 
 The next step to complete his ruin was taken by 
 the Duke of Norfolk and the Privy Counsellors, who 
 drew up articles against him, and presented them to 
 the King; but he, still affecting to take no personal 
 concern in the matter, remained silent. Yet these 
 probably formed the basis of the forty-four articles 
 presented December 1. to the House of Lords, as by 
 some asserted, or, according to other accounts, by 
 the Lords of the Council to the House of Commons. 
 
 u 4 
 
296 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 Many of them are evidently frivolous or false, and 
 others, although true, were not within the jurisdiction 
 of the House. The Cardinal had in fact already suf- 
 fered, as his goods had been seized hy the King: he 
 was now in a pramunire, and the House could not go 
 much farther than to recommend what had already 
 taken place. The Cardinal, however,' found one friend 
 amidst all his distresses, who was not to he alarnied 
 either hy the terrors of the court or of the people. 
 This was Thomas Cromwell, formerly Wolsey's stew- 
 ard, (afterwards Earl of Essex,) who now refuted the 
 articles with so much spirit, eloquence, and argument, 
 that, although a very opposite effect might have been 
 expected, his speech is supposed to have laid the 
 foundation of that favour which the King afterwards 
 extended to him, but which, at no very distant period, 
 proved as fatal to him as it had been to his master. 
 His eloquence had a yet fnore powerful effect ; for the 
 address, founded on these articles, was rejected by 
 the Commons, and the Lords could not proceed far- 
 ther without their concurrence. 
 
 During the Cardinal's residence at Esher the King 
 sent several messages to him, " some good and some 
 " bad," says Cavendish, " but more ill than good," 
 until this tantalizing correspondence, operating on a 
 mind of strong passions, brought on, about the end of 
 the year, a sickness, which was represented to the King 
 as being apparently fatal. The King ordered his phy- 
 sician, Dr. Butts, to visit him> who confirmed what 
 had been reported of the dangerous state of his health, 
 but intimated, that as his disease aftected his mind 
 rather than his body, a kind word from his Majesty 
 might prove more effectual than the best skill of thq 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 297 
 
 faculty. On this the King sent him a ring, with 
 a gracious message, that he was not offended with 
 him in his heart; and Anne Boleyn sent him a tahlet 
 of gold that usually hung at her side, with many kind 
 expressions. The Cardinal received these testimonies 
 of returning favour with joy and gratitude, and in a 
 few days was pronounced out of danger. 
 
 Nor can we blame Wolsey for his credulity, since 
 Henry, although he had stripped the Cardinal of all hi* 
 property, and the income arising from all his prefer- 
 ments, actually granted him, Feb. I<2, 1530, a free par- 
 don for all crimes at)d misdemeanours, and a few days 
 after restored to him the revenues, &c. of the Archbi- 
 shopric of York, except York-place, before mentioned, 
 and allowed him one thousand marks yearly front the 
 Bishopric of Winchester. He also sent him a present of 
 30001. in money, and a quantity of plate and furniture 
 exceeding that sum, and permitted him to remove from 
 Esher to Richmond, where he resided for some time 
 in the lodge in the old park, and afterwards in the 
 priory. His enemies at court, however, who appear 
 to have influenced the King beyond his usual arbi- 
 trary disposition, dreaded Wolsey's being so near his 
 Majesty, and prevailed on him to order him to reside 
 in his Archbishopric. In obedience to this mandate, 
 which was softened by another gracious message 
 from Henry, he first went to the Archbishop's seat 
 at Southwell, and about the end of September fixed 
 his residence at Cawood castle, which he began to 
 repair, and was acquiring popularity by his hospitable 
 manners and bounty, when his capricious master was 
 persuaded to arrest him for high treason, and order 
 him to be conducted to London. Accordingly on the 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 first of November he set out; but on the road he was 
 seized with a disorder of the dysenteric kind, brought 
 on by fatigue and anxiety, which put a period to his 
 life at Leicester abbey on the 28th of that month, in 
 the fifty-ninth year of his age. Some of his last words 
 implied the awful and just reflection, that if he had 
 served his God as diligently as he had served his 
 King, he would not have given him over to his ene- 
 mies. Two days after he was interred in the abbey 
 church of Leicester, but the spot is not now known. 
 As to the report of his having poisoned himself, 
 founded on an expression in the printed work of 
 Cavendish, it has been amply refuted by a late emi- 
 nent antiquary, who examined the whole of the evi- 
 dence with much acuteness". 
 
 Modern historians have formed a more favourable 
 estimate of Wolsey's character than their predeces- 
 sors ; yet it had that mixture of good and evil which 
 admits of great variety of opinion, and gives to inge- 
 nious party-colouring all the appearance of truth. I 
 know not, however, whether Shakspeare, borrowing 
 from Hollingshed and Hall, has not drawn a more just 
 and comprehensive sketch of his perfections and fail* 
 ings than is to be found in any other writer. 
 
 This Cardinal, 
 
 Though from an humble stock, undoubtedly 
 Was fashion'd to much honour. From his cradle 
 He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one ; 
 Exceeding wise, fair spoken, and persuading t 
 Lofty and sour to them that lov'd him not ; 
 
 The learned Dr. Samuel Pegge, grandfather to Sir Christopher 
 Pegge, the present Regius Professor of Medicine. See Gent. Mag. vol. 
 xxv. p. 25. and two very able articles on the Cardinal's impeachment, 
 p. 299, 345. 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 299 
 
 But, to those men that sought him, sweet *& summer. 
 
 And though he was unsatisfied in getting, 
 
 (Which was a sin,) yet in bestowing, Madam, 
 
 He was most princely. Ever witness for him 
 
 Those twins of learning, that he rais'd in you, 
 
 Ipswich and Oxford ! one of which fell tvfrk him, 
 
 Unwilling to outlive the good that did it ^ 
 
 The other, though unfmish'd, yet so famous, 
 
 So excellent in art, and still so rising, 
 
 That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue. 
 
 His overthrow heap'd happiness upon him : 
 
 For then, and not till then, he ielt himself, 
 
 And found the blessedness of being little ; 
 
 And, to add greater honours to his age 
 
 Than man could give him, he died, fearing God . 
 
 The Cardinal's biographers, in treating of the 
 foundation of his College, begin with a very laboured 
 defence of his seizing the property and revenues of 
 many priories and nunneries, which were to serve as a 
 fund for building and endowment ; and the zeal they 
 display on this subject, if it cannot now enforce con- 
 viction, at least proves the historical fact, that the 
 rights of property even at that time were not to be 
 violated with impunity, and that the Cardinal's con- 
 duct was highly unpopular. At first it was objected 
 to even by the King himself, although he soon after- 
 wards converted it into a precedent for a more general 
 dissolution of religious houses. Wolsey, however, ought 
 not to be deprived of such defence as has been set up. 
 It has been urged, that he procured bulls from the Pope, 
 empowering him to seize on these priories; and that 
 the Pope, according to the notions then entertained 
 of his supremacy, could grant a power, by which reli- 
 
 The speech of the honest chronicler, Griffith, to Queen Kathe- 
 rine. Henry VIII. Act iv. Seen* 2. 
 
300 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 gious houses might be converted into societies for se- 
 cular Priests, and for the advancement of learning. It 
 has been also pleaded, that the Cardinal did not alie- 
 nate the revenues from religious service, but only made 
 a change in the application of them ; that the appropri- 
 ation of the alien priories by Chichele and Waynfleet 
 was in some respects a precedent ; and that the sup- 
 pression of the Templars in the fourteenth century 
 might also be quoted. Bishop Tanner likewise, in one 
 of his letters to Dr. Charlett, quotes, as precedents, 
 Bishops Fisher, Alcock, and Beckington. But per- 
 haps the best excuse is that hinted by Lord Cher- 
 bury, namely, that Wolsey persuaded the King to 
 abolish unnecessary monasteries, that necessary col- 
 leges might be erected, and the progress of the Re- 
 formation impeded by the learning of the clergy and 
 scholars educated in them. The same writer suggests, 
 that as Wolsey pleaded for the dissolution of only the 
 small and superfluous houses, the King might not dis- 
 like this as a fair experiment how far the project of 
 a general dissolution would be relished. On the other 
 hand, by two letters still extant, written by the King, 
 it appears that he was fully aware of the unpopularity 
 of the measure, although we cannot infer from them 
 that he had any remedy to, prescribe. 
 
 Whatever weight these apologies had with one 
 part of the public, we are assured that they had very 
 little with another, and that the progress of the Col- 
 lege was accompanied by frequent expressions of po- 
 pular dislike in the shajse of lampoons. The Kitchen 
 having been first finished, one of the satirists of the 
 day exclaimed, Egregium opus! Cardinalis iste instituit 
 Collegium et absolvit popinam. Other mock inscrip- 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 301 
 
 tions were placed on the walls, one of which, at least, 
 proved prophetic : 
 
 " Non stahit ilia domus, aliis fundata rapinis, 
 " Aut ruet, aut alter raptor habebit earn." 
 By two bulls, the one dated 1524, the other 1525, 
 Wolsey obtained of Pope Clement VII. leave to en- 
 rich his College by suppressing twenty-two priories 
 and nunneries, the revenues of which were estimated 
 at nearly 20001. but on his disgrace some of these 
 were given by the King for other purposes. The 
 King's patent, after a preface paying high compli- 
 ments to the Cardinal's administration, enables him 
 to build his College principally on the site of the pri- 
 ory of St. Frideswide ; and the name, originally in- 
 tended to be ".The College of Secular Priests," was 
 now changed to CARDINAL COLLEGE. The secular 
 clergy in it were to be denominated the " Dean and 
 " Canons secular of the Cardinal of York," and to be 
 incorporated into one body, and subsist by perpetual 
 succession. He was also authorized to settle upon it 
 20001. a year clear revenue. By other patents and grants 
 to the Dean and Canons, various church-livings were 
 bestowed upon them, and the College was to be dedi- 
 cated to the praise, glory, and honour of the Holy Tri- 
 nity, the Virgin Mary, St. Frideswide, and All Saints. 
 With respect to the constitution of this College, 
 there is a considerable variation between the account 
 .given by the historian of Oxford, and that by Leo- 
 nard Hutten, Canon of Christ Church in 1599, and 
 many years Sub-Dean. His manuscript, now in the 
 possession of the College, and quoted in the Monas- 
 ticon, states, that, according to Wolsey 's design, it was 
 to be a perpetual foundation for the study of the sci- 
 
302 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 ences, divinity, canon and civil law, also the arts, phy- 
 sic, and polite literature, and for the continual per- 
 formance of divine service. The members were to 
 be a Dean, and sixty regular Canons, but no Canons 
 of the second order, as Wood asserts. It appears, 
 however, by Wolsey's statutes, which are still pre- 
 served in the College, that Wood's account was right ; 
 and that the first design included, besides the sixty 
 regular Canons, forty of the second order. 
 
 Of these Wolsey himself named the Dean and eigh- 
 teen of the Canons. The Dean was Dr. John Hygden, 
 President of Magdalen College, and the Canons first 
 nominated were all takeft f rdfttmhe other Colleges in 
 Oxford, and were men of acknowledged reputation in 
 their day. He afterwards added others, deliberately, 
 and according as he was able to supply the vacancies 
 by men of talents, whom he determined to seek where- 
 cver they could be found. Among his latter appoint- 
 ments from Cambridge, we find the names of Tyn- 
 dal and Frith, the translators of the Bible, and who 
 had certainly discovered some symptoms of heresy be- 
 fore this time. Cranmer and Parker, afterwards the 
 first and second pfotestant Archbishops of Canter- 
 bury, were also invited, but declined; and the Cardi- 
 nal went on to complete his number, reserving all 
 nominations to himself during his life, but intending 
 to bequeath that power to the Dean and Canons at 
 his death. In this, however, he was as much disap- 
 pointed, as in his hopes to embody a force of learned 
 men sufficient to cope with Luther and the foreign 
 reformers, whose advantage in argument he conceived 
 to proceed from the ignorance whirh prevailed among 
 the monastic clergy. 
 
CHRIST CHUKCH. 303 
 
 The Society, as he planned it, was to consist of one 
 hundred and sixty persons : but no mention could yet 
 be made of the scholars who were to proceed from his 
 school at Ipswich, although, had he lived, these would 
 doubtless have formed a part of the Society, as the 
 school was established two years before his fall. 
 
 This constitution continued from 1525 to 1529-30, 
 when he was deprived of his power and property, 
 and for two years after it appears to have been 
 interrupted, if not dissolved. It is to his honour 
 that, in his last correspondence with Secretary Crom- 
 well and with the King, when all worldly prospects 
 were about to close upon him, he pleaded with great 
 earnestness, and for nothing so earnestly, as that hig 
 Majesty would be pleased to suffer his College at 
 Oxford to go on. What effect this had, we know not ; 
 but the urgent entreaties of the members of the Soci- 
 ety, and of the University at large, were at length suc- 
 cessful, while at the same time the King determined 
 to deprive Wolsey of all merit in the establishment, 
 and transfer the whole to himself. 
 
 Accordingly, in 1532, the Society was refounded bj 
 the King, under the title of " King Henry VIII.'s 
 " College in Oxford." The patent for this is dated 
 July 8, and orders, that the said College be again 
 founded on the same site, ground, and circuit, dedi- 
 cated to the Holy Trinity, St. Mary, and St. Frides- 
 wide, and endowed with 2000U yearly, for the main- 
 tenance of a Dean and twelve Canons, who should 
 form a Chapter, or body corporate. Dr. Hygden was 
 again appointed Dean, and on his death, five months 
 after, was succeeded by John Oliver, D. C. i. Drs. 
 Roper, Crdke, Corin, Robins, and Wakefield, scholars 
 
04 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 of great eminence in their da}', were among the first 
 appointed Canons. This second foundation continued 
 until May 20, 1545, when the charter was surren- 
 dered by the Dean and Canons into the hands of the 
 King, who dismissed them with yearly pensions, to 
 continue until they should be otherwise provided. 
 Among those thus dismissed, we find two names of 
 great celebrity, John Cheke, afterwards Sir John 
 .Cheke, of Cambridge, tutor to Prince Edward, and 
 Leland, the very celebrated antiquary. Cheke had a 
 pension of 261. 13s. 4d. and Leland had some prefer- 
 ment elsewhere, probably, according to his biogra- 
 pher, the prebend of East and West Knowle. 
 
 The King then changed the College into a Cathe- 
 dral Church, translating the Episcopal see from Ose- 
 ney, where it had been established in 1542. After the 
 general dissolution of the monasteries, Henry VIII. 
 placed Bishop's sees in some of the most opulent % and 
 appropriated their revenues for the maintenance of 
 the Bishop. Oseney Abbey was one of these, which, 
 without any alteration in the buildings, was, Sept. 1, 
 1542, converted into a Cathedral Church, and the 
 county of Oxford was made a diocese. At the same 
 time the town was honoured with the title of a city, 
 and placed in subordination to the Bishop, but with 
 a reserve of the privileges, laws, &c. of the Univer- 
 sity ; and the Bishop of Lincoln, in whose diocese 
 
 Chester, Gloucester, Bristol, Oxford, and Peterborough. The two 
 latter were taken out of the Bishopric of Lincoln. Westminster was 
 made a Bishopric at the same time, but was abolished ten years after- 
 wards by Edward VI. Five others were intended, but the extrava- 
 gance of Henry made him appropriate the estates to his own purposes, 
 and induced him to rob other sees of their rights, and remove that of 
 Oxford from Oseney to St. Frideswide'fr. 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 305 
 
 Oxford formerly stood, continued Visitor, as before, of 
 Lincoln, Oriel, Brasen Nose, and Balliol Colleges. 
 The first Bishop of- the new see was Robert King, and 
 the first Dean, Dr. London, Warder* of New College. 
 There were six Prebendaries who occupied the lodg- 
 ings of the Abbot and Monks, but the Bishop's resi- 
 dence was in Gloucester College, now Worcester 3 . 
 On the present occasion of translating the church 
 from Oseney to St. Frideswide's, the King ordered the 
 former to be pulled down, and scarce a vestige is now 
 remaining of what was once the most magnificent 
 church and series of ecclesiastical buildings in Eu- 
 rope, richly furnished beyond any in the kingdom, 
 and the object of universal admiration to all who vi- 
 sited it from piety or taste. Its riches were doubtless 
 the cause of its destruction ; for if Henry had inclined 
 to dignify his new Bishopric with suitable magnifi- 
 cence, what comparison could be formed between the 
 spacious, complete, and sumptuous establishment here, 
 and the narrow limits of St. Frides,wkle's church, mu- 
 tilated as it had been by the Cardinal in order to make 
 room for his buildings! 
 
 The name of the College now was, "The Cathedral 
 Church of Christ in Oxford, of King Henry VIII.'s 
 " foundation," and the Society was declared to con- 
 sist of a Bishop with his Archdeacon, removed from 
 the church of Lincoln, and a Dean and eight Ca- 
 nons. All the estates were consigned to the Dean 
 and Canons, on condition of their maintaining three 
 
 a Of this he was afterwards deprived, and had no residence until Bi- 
 shop Bancroft, in Charles I.'s time, built one at Cuddesden, which was 
 burnt down during the Rebellion. It was afterwards rebuilt by Bishop 
 Fell, and continues to be the residence of the Bishops of this see. 
 
 X 
 
506 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 public Professors of Divinity, Hebrew, and Greek, 
 one hundred Students in Theology, Arts, or Philoso- 
 phy, eight Chaplains, and a numerous choir* 
 
 The first Bishop, as already noticed, was Robert 
 King, D. D. the last Abbot of Oseney, and the first 
 and last Bishop who resided at Oseney. The first Dean 
 was Richard Cox, D. D. The Canons were princi- 
 pally chosen from those who enjoyed that preferment 
 under the former foundations. No change afterwards 
 took place in the number or constitution of the So- 
 ciety, except the addition of one Studentship, which 
 will be accounted for hereafter ; and Queen Elizabeth, 
 in 1561, ordered, that there should be an annual elec- 
 tion from Westminster school. The other vacancies 
 are filled up by the Dean and Chapter". This body 
 have their title and institution by royal grant, and the 
 College 19 governed by their acts, revokable at their 
 pleasure. There is no Visitor but the King, or per- 
 sons commissioned by him. 
 
 The BENEFACTORS to this College, enumerated by 
 Wood and other writers, are but few, and all of them 
 appeared long after the last foundation. In 1620, Dr. 
 Robert Chaloner, Canon of Windsor, gave 301. yearly 
 for the maintenance of a divinity lecture, or as an 
 Exhibition for three poor Scholars, to be chosen from 
 Amersham in Buckinghamshire, or Goldsborough or 
 Knaresborough in Yorkshire. In 1633, Joan Bos- 
 tocke, of New Windsor, bequeathed certain tenements 
 
 In Queen Elizabeth's reign, the family of Venables in Cheshire, 
 giving an estate to this College, on a composition it was agreed, that the 
 nomination of a Student should be in the heirs of that family, which was 
 confirmed by an Act of Parliament, 1$OI > 4* Elizabeth. Willies Cathe- 
 drals, vol. ii, p. 4S9. 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 307 
 
 in that place, the profits of which were to be given by 
 the Dean and Canons to four poor Students. Thomas 
 Whyte, citizen of London, gave 8l. arising from houses 
 in Shoe-lane, to two Scholars, one of this College, and 
 one of Trinity College, Cambridge. William Wick- 
 ham, some time Student here, gave the perpetual ad- 
 vowson of Stanton upon Wye, to be presented in 
 succession to Students. The date of these two last 
 benefactions is not recorded. In 1663, William Thurs- 
 ton, Esq. of London, left QOOl. for the foundation of a 
 'Fellowship, but it was determined by the King that 
 another Studentship should be added to the number. 
 Wood says he left this money to " King's College in 
 " Oxford," which ambiguity gave rise to the respec- 
 tive claims of Christ Church, Oriel, and Brasen Nose, 
 which are all in their charters styled " the King's 
 " College ;" but the decision was in favour of Christ 
 Church. In the same year, Dr. Richard Gardiner, a 
 Canon, gave lands in Bourton on the Water, Glou- 
 cestershire, valued at 141. yearly, to be bestowed by 
 the Dean and Chapter on two poor Servitors or Scho- 
 lars. The celebrated Dr. Busby, Master of West- 
 minster school, who died in 169-5, left a stipend for a 
 catechetical lecture, to be read in one of the parish 
 churches of Oxford by a member of this Society, 
 but not, as Wood states, for lectures on the oriental 
 tongues and mathematics. By Lady Holford, Bishop 
 Fell, and other benefactors, various sums have been 
 bequeathed as Exhibitions, or for the better mainte- 
 nance of Students from the Charter-house, and other 
 places ; but the ample endowment of the last founda- 
 tion, and ,the increasing prosperity of the Society 
 from the rank and opulence of its members, rendered 
 
308 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 those helps less necessary in this College than io any 
 other. 
 
 The principal LIVINGS in the gift of Christ Church 
 are, the RECTORIES of Iron Acton and Batsford, 
 Gloucestershire; East Harnpstead, Berkshire; Od- 
 coinbe, Somersetshire ; Semley, Wiltshire ; Shering, 
 Essex ; Slapton, Buckinghamshire ; Stanton upon 
 Wye, Herefordshire*; Swanton Nowers and Wood- 
 norton, Norfolk ; St. Tndy, Cornwall ; Wendlebury 
 and Westwell, Oxfordshire ; and Wentnor, Salop : 
 the VICARAGES of Amney, Aldsworth, Btedington,* 
 North Nibley, Lower Swell, Thornbury, Turk Dean, 
 Twining, and Wootton under Edge, Gloucestershire ; 
 Ardington, East Garston, and Marcham, Berkshire; 
 Badby, Easton Manduit, Flower, Harringworth, Ra- 
 vensthorpe, and Staverton, Northamptonshire; Bath 
 Easton and Midsummer Norton, Somersetshire; Beck- 
 ley, Black Bourton, Cassington, Chalgrove, Norton 
 Brize, Pirton, Spilsbury, South Stoke, Wroxton, Ox- 
 fordshire; and St. Margaret Binsey, with the cha- 
 pel of St. Mary Magdalen, and St. Thomas's, Ox- 
 ford city; Bramham, Broughton in Airdale, Carleton, 
 Featherstone, Kildswich, North Otterington, Long 
 Preston, Thornton in the Street, Skipton, and Wath 
 upon Dearn, Yorkshire; Great Budworth, Kirkham., 
 Frodsham, Rotherston, Lancaster^ and Runeorn, Che- 
 shire; Charleton, Maiden Bradley, Chippenham, and 
 East Lavington, Wiltshire ; Cople and Flitton, Bed- 
 fordshire ; Tolpiddle, Dorsetshire; Hawkhurst, Kent; 
 Kirkham, Lancashire; Great Torrington, Devonshire: 
 .the CURACIES of Little Compton and Temple Guy- 
 
 The only living iff the nomination of the senior Master Students. 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. S09 
 
 ting, Gloucestershire; Ashenden, Dorton, Lathbury, 
 and Stratton Audley, Buckinghamshire-, Badsey, Great 
 Hampton, North and South Littleton, Oifenham, and 
 Wickhatnford, Worcestershire; Bersington, Cavers- 
 ham, Temple Cowley, and Drayton, Oxfordshire; 
 Bovvdeti Magna, St. Mary Leicester, and Market 
 Harborough, Leicestershire; Daventry and St. Mary 
 Northampton, Northamptonshire; West Moulsey, 
 Surry; Tring, Hertfordshire: the CHAPEL of Wig- 
 gington, Hertford : and the DONATIVE of Hillesden, 
 Buckinghamshire. 
 
 The BUILDINGS of this extensive and noble esta- 
 blishment have undergone as many revolutions as its 
 foundation. Wolsey's plan, had he lived to complete 
 it, would probably have exceeded that of any College 
 in Europe. The taste and magnificence displayed in 
 the other structures, erected or furnished by him, 
 would have probably been united in the utmost pro- 
 fusion on a College, the prosperity and grandeur of 
 which lay so near his heart. 
 
 The priory of St. Frideswide formed the principal 
 site of his College. Its history may be traced to the 
 year 730, when Didanus, a petty King, founded a 
 nunnery on this spot for twelve virgins of noble 
 birth, who were to be governed by his daughter Fri- 
 deswide. She died October 19, 740, and was buried in 
 this church. For many years the nunnery continued 
 to flourish, but happening to be used as a sanctuary 
 for the Danes who were devoted to destruction by a 
 general massacre in 1002, the enraged populace burned 
 the church and priory to the ground. King Ethelred, 
 who was at Oxford at this time, and affected to la^ 
 
 x 3 
 
S10 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 rnent what he had in some measure encouraged, re- 
 built the house in 1004, and it remained in the pos- 
 session of the nuns until the year 1111, when Roger, 
 Bishop of Salisbury, removed them, and plaeed in it 
 a prior and regular canons of the Augustine order. 
 About the same time, Henry I. enriched them with 
 lands and tithes, and appointed his chaplain Guimond 
 to be their first prior. In this state, but gradually 
 enriched by succeeding monarchs, it remained until 
 Wolsey procured a bull for its suppression in 1524. 
 
 Dugdale and Browne Willis date the foundation of 
 the present church from the time of the above-men- 
 tioned Guimond, or Guymond; but a recent and able 
 antiquary' is inclined, from the style of its archi- 
 tecture, to refer it to a more distant period. Mr. 
 King remarks, that on the outside of the small tower, 
 at the end of the north transept, and also at the west 
 end, are found those unequal ornamented arches and 
 pillars, or rather round pilasters, which appear on so 
 many Saxon structures b . The great door, by which 
 the church is entered, as well as that of the Chapter- 
 house, is truly Saxon. 
 
 Mr. King appeals also, with effect, to the interior of 
 this church, for a confirmation of his opinion, that the 
 architecture must be referred to the Saxon style, and 
 recommends an inspection of the capitals of the pillars 
 of the nave, which are varied one from another, and 
 yet are elegant in a high degree; and there can be 
 little doubt that the same varieties occurred in the 
 
 King, in his Munimenta, vol. iv. p. 202. 
 
 b " These are partly shewn in a north view of the church in the Mo- 
 " nasticon, p. 174, where appears also the great pointed window, that 
 " was inserted between these towers about the time of Henry VI." KING. 
 

 'srf/At L 
 
 '? y 
 
 fuiilukd. by ookk?arka- Oxford, Z.on4man]Sa-jtXajk0rm.l.ondoK. 
 

J)ranvn kEnarav'd by J.Storer. 
 
 TlttlLtfaify Co ok fe Barker. 
 

 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 311 
 
 pillars of that part of the church which was removed 
 by Wolsey. With respect to the changes that have 
 been introduced in ancient times, the same author re- 
 marks, that the space between the pillars of the north 
 transept has been filled up with curious screens of 
 Norman work of a much later date ; and the old 
 Saxon window, over the arch on the left hand, has 
 been transformed into a more modern Norman win- 
 dow, of the age of Henry VI. But the rest, Mr. 
 King is of opinion, remains just as it was originally, 
 with the little beautiful Saxon arches filling up the 
 inner space of each of the great arches a . 
 
 This church is in the shape of a cross, with a spiral 
 steeple in the centre one hundred and forty-four feet 
 high. The length from east to west is one hundred 
 and fifty-four feet. The cross aisle from north to 
 south one hundred and two feet; the height of the 
 roof in the western part forty-one and a half, in the 
 choir thirty-seven and a half, and the breadth of the 
 nave and side aisles fifty-four feet. The cloister and 
 entrance into the south cross aisle, the nave, where 
 the University sermons are preached on certain occa- 
 sions, the north cross aisle, the choir, the chapel for 
 Latin prayers b , and the two chapels where the Dean 
 
 King's Munimenta, ubi supra. 
 
 b During the Usurpation the Latin prayers were discontinued ; but 
 some members of the Society, John Fell, John Dolben, Allestree, and 
 others, afterwards men of eminence in the Church, performed the Com- 
 mon Prayer in the lodgings of the celebrated Dr. Willis, in Canterbury 
 quadrangle, and afterwards in his house opposite Merton College cha- 
 pel; and this practice continued until the Restoration. Dr. Wil- 
 lis's house became afterwards an Independent Meeting! Wood's An- 
 nals : Life of Dr. Willis in Biog. Brit. In the mansion of the Dolben 
 family in Northamptonshire is a fine painting by Sir Peter Lely, 
 
 X4 
 
312 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 and Canons are interred, afford some idea of the an- 
 cient forms and grandeur of this church, inferior as it 
 is to other cathedrals. 
 
 The time of building, as already noticed, is doubt- 
 ful. Willis carries it no further than the reign of 
 Henry I. and refers the Latin chapel to Henry III.'s 
 time, when, in his opinion, the Chapter-house was 
 "built. This noble room, which opens into the east 
 cloister, preserves every appearance of its ancient ar- 
 chitecture, and is decorated with many ancient arid 
 modern portraits of great curiosity and value. 
 
 When Wolsey obtained possession of St. Frides- 
 wide's, besides the alterations before noticed, he is 
 said to have built the fine roof over the choir, though 
 some attribute this to Bishop King. He also built 
 the steeple, which formerly was much higher : it now 
 contains the bells belonging to Oseney Abbey, except 
 the great Tom. In this state, suitable for private 
 prayers and theological exercises, the purposes to 
 which the Cardinal devoted it, this church remained 
 until 1551, when, in obedience to the commissioners 
 appointed to promote the Reformation, the Dean and 
 Chapter agreed that all altars, statues, images, taber- 
 nacles, missals, " and other remains of superstition 
 " and idolatry," should be removed. It is to be feared 
 that a decree of this kind would not be carried into 
 execution without much unnecessary destruction of 
 the remains of ancient art; but what was actually 
 
 grounded upon the above circumstance. In this piece, Dr. Fell, Dr. 
 Dolben, and Dr. Allestree, are represented in their canonical habits, as 
 joining in the Liturgy of the Church. A copy of this picture has lately 
 been presented by Sir William Dolben to the Society, and is placed in 
 tin ir fine collection of portraits in the Hall. 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 313 
 
 done, it is useless now to conjecture. The next alter- 
 ations took place in 1630, when the old stalls were 
 removed, the present erected, and the choir paved 
 with black and white marble, an operation which has 
 seldom been performed without injury to those ob- 
 jects which are dear to the antiquary. On this occa- 
 sion Wood informs us, and with some indignation, 
 that many of the ancient monuments were removed in 
 a most careless and indelicate manner, and the stones 
 employed in common pavements. Some, however, 
 
 (were only removed into the aisles, but with the loss of 
 their brasses and inscriptions. About the same time 
 the greater part of the old painted windows, contain- 
 ing the history of St. Frideswide, &c. which were 
 considerably decayed, were removed, and new win- 
 dows placed in their room, painted by Abraham Van 
 Linge, probably the son of Bernard Van Linge, whose 
 works have been partly noticed, and will occur here- 
 after. 
 
 Of these new windows, some were destroyed during 
 the Usurpation, when Henry Wilkinson was Visitor, 
 who in person assisted in the destruction ; but others 
 were taken down and preserved, particularly those by 
 Van Linge, one containing the story of Jonah, dated 
 1631, in the south aisle; another, the destruction of 
 Sodom and Gomorrah, 1634 ; and a third in the east 
 window of the divinity chapel, 1640, the subject, 
 Christ disputing with the Doctors. The fine east win- 
 dow, containing the Nativity, from a design of Sir 
 James Thornhill, was executed by William Price in 
 1696, at the expence of 2001. which was defrayed by 
 Dr. Peter Birch, Prebendary of Westminster, and 
 formerly Chaplain here. There is yet a very fine 
 
314 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 window in the north aisle to be noticed, the subject, 
 St. Peter conducted out of prison by the Angel, dated 
 1700, and painted by Isaac Oliver, nephew of the two 
 famous Olivers, Isaac and Peter, when he was eighty- 
 four years old. It was also his benefaction. The 
 other windows contain many arms, crests, and inscrip- 
 tions, commemorating the founders and ancient mem- 
 bers of this Society; and many remains of the old 
 painted glass have been recovered, and disposed in 
 complete windows, or compartments, with much taste. 
 Some of these were collected, and given by Mr. Al- 
 derman Fletcher. The window in which is the fine 
 portrait of Bishop King, lately engraved, was erected 
 soon after his death, and taken down in 1651, to save 
 it from republican fury. At the Restoration it was 
 replaced, with other windows in the same aisle. 
 
 The most ancient monuments now remaining in this 
 church are those of St. Frideswide, 740 ; one of the 
 Priors, supposed to be Prior Philip, who died about 
 1190, or Guimond, the first Prior, who died 1149: a 
 man in armour, reported, as Willis observes, to be Sir 
 Henry Bathe, Justiciary of England in 1252 ; but this 
 opinion is contested in a note on the appendix to Mr. 
 Gutch's edition of Wood's History, because the figure 
 here is clothed in armour : Lady Elizabeth Monta- 
 cute, 1353, who gave the meadow on which the walks 
 have been formed, and contributed to build the clois- 
 ters, on which her arms are yet to be seen : and James 
 Souch, or Zouch, who died in 1503, a benefactor to 
 the convent. Who he was, has not been discovered; 
 the device of an inkhorn and pencase is repeated on 
 the sides and front of his tomb. There are now no 
 inscriptions belonging to any of these. The old mo- 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. S15 
 
 numents, that are more perfect, belong to Bishop 
 King, Prebendary Curthorp, 1557, Henry Dowe, B. A. 
 1578, Thomas More, A. M. 1584, Stephen Lance, A. M. 
 1587, and John Bishop, 1588. Since the commence- 
 ment of the seventeenth century, the monuments of 
 this church form an obituary of many of the most 
 distinguished members of the Society. 
 
 With respect to the monument of St. Frideswide, 
 it yet remains to be noticed, that its authenticity and 
 situation are points about which antiquaries are not 
 agreed. She died in 740, Oct. 19, and this day used 
 to be commemorated by a fair kept before the gates 
 of the College. Her shrine, we are told, was first 
 placed in a chapel on the south side; but being in- 
 jured, or perhaps almost destroyed, when the priory 
 was burnt in 1002, it was overlooked until 1180, when 
 it was removed to its present position, became the 
 resort of the superstitious, and was renowned for 
 the miracles it wrought. In 1289 a new shrine was 
 constructed, in which her bones were deposited, and 
 enriched by gifts and offerings, which King Henry 
 VIII. seized, and the shrine was destroyed, " so that," 
 according to Wood, " the bones left behind were only 
 " feigned," and remained there until the beginning of 
 the reign of Queen Elizabeth, when a very singular 
 circumstance brought them again into notice. 
 
 The celebrated Peter Martyr, the reformer, was in- 
 vited to England, in 1547, by the Protector Somerset 
 and Archbishop Cranmer; in 1548 he was made Re- 
 gius Professor of Divinity, and in 1550 Canon of 
 Christ Church 3 . He went abroad on the accession of 
 
 * He first resided in the lodgings on the north side of the quadrangle, 
 no\v Dr. Burton's ; but being very much disturbed there during the unset- 
 
316 CHRIST CHURCH 
 
 Mary, and died at Zurich in 1562; but his wife Ka- 
 therine died at Oxford in 1551, and was interred near 
 St. Frideswide's monument. In the reign of Queen 
 Mary, after a mock trial for heresy, instituted by Car- 
 dinal Pole, her body was ordered to be taken up and 
 buried in a dunghill, where it lay until the year 1561, 
 when Archbishop Parker, Grindal, Bishop of London, 
 &c. caused it to be restored with great ceremony. At 
 this time the bones of St. Frideswide were kept in two 
 silk bags, and on solemn days laid upon the altar to 
 receive the reverence of the people; but now they 
 were ordered to be mixed and interred in the same 
 grave with those of Martyr's wife, to prevent the 
 power of distinguishing them, should the reign of su- 
 perstition return. But whether these bones were de- 
 posited on the spot where Martyr's wife was first 
 buried, which must have then been known, or under 
 what is now shewn as the monument of St. Frideswide, 
 seems doubtful. 
 
 As the religious furniture and ornaments of this 
 church were suited to the prejudices and piety of 
 Wolsey's days, and the building, while it bade fair to 
 last for centuries, was in every respect fitted to be- 
 come the appendage of a College, of which all the 
 parts were to excel in magnificence, we can only ac- 
 count for Wolsey's alterations, by supposing that he 
 thought it too small, and not corresponding with the 
 grandeur of his conceptions. Accordingly we find 
 that he intended and had actually begun a church or 
 
 tied state of religion, in King Edward's time, he removed to the Canon's 
 lodgings in the cloister, where he built in the garden a study, that re- 
 mained until 1684, when Dr. Aldrich, who inhabited these lodgings, as 
 Canon of the second stall, caused it to he pulled down. 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 317 
 
 chapel upon a large scale on the north side of his 
 quadrangle, the foundation-stones of which may yet 
 be traced in the gardens behind that side; and some 
 progress was made, when his disgrace terminated all 
 his undertakings, and prevented his being handed 
 down to posterity as the founder and finisher of the 
 first College in Europe. 
 
 The foundation of Cardinal College was begun on 
 the ground that had been cleared, by . pulling down 
 the west end of St. Frideswide's church to the extent 
 of fifty feet, the whole west side of the cloister, and 
 the rooms over and under it. At the same time, Lon- 
 don College was removed, a place for the study of ci- 
 vil law, which is described as abutting on Civil School 
 lane on the north side, St. Frideswide's lane on the 
 south, and upon the premises of the new College on 
 the east and west. It was once the synagogue of 
 the Jews, and upon their expulsion in 1290, was con- 
 verted into a Hall for students, by William Burnell, 
 Provost and Dean of Wells ; and from him it became 
 the property of Balliol College, and went by the name 
 of Burneirs Inn, or Balliol Hall. In the time of 
 Henry IV. it obtained the name of London College, 
 from Richard Clifford, bishop of London, who was 
 educated here, and was a benefactor to the house. 
 
 The foundation took place March 20, 1525% with 
 great pomp, before the members of the University 
 and a vast concourse of people. The Cardinal, after a 
 suitable speech, performed the ceremony of laying the 
 stone, on which his various titles and the date were 
 
 a Wood says July 15, but the inscription on the stone is " 20 die 
 " Martii anno Domini 1525." 
 
51& CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 inscribed. The company afterwards went to St. Frides- 
 wide's church, where a Latin sermon was preached by 
 Dr. John Longlarid, Bishop of Lincoln, on the text, 
 Sapientia adificavit sibi domum*. A sumptuous enter- 
 tainment closed the ceremonies of this important day, 
 after which the builders proceeded with their work. 
 The Cardinal appointed Robert Wilson and Rowland 
 Messinger, Masters of Arts, to be comptrollers of the 
 building ; Mr. Nicholas Townley to be master of the 
 works; John Smith, auditor; Davy Griffith, over- 
 seer; and Thomas Cooper and Philip Lenthall, clerks 
 of the works. Of these men little is now known ; but 
 their names are worth retaining, as we so seldom have 
 an opportunity of noticing the architects employed in 
 our ancient structures. The stone was brought from 
 quarries in the neighbourhood of Oxford, and four 
 lime-kilns were erected for the use of the building, 
 which for some time gave employment to hundreds of 
 workmen, including artists in painting and glass, who 
 were encouraged by liberal wages, regularly paid at 
 stated and short periods. The well-known taste and 
 talents of the Cardinal no doubt guided their opera- 
 tions, and some notion may be formed of the magni- 
 ficence of his designs from the expences of only one 
 year, which amounted to 78351. 7s. 2d. It was not, 
 therefore, without reason, that the interruption given 
 to this vast undertaking was lamented as a public ca-> 
 lamity. 
 
 The Kitchen was the first part of the buildings that 
 was completed, and retains still its original appear- 
 ance. Part of the town-wall was then removed to 
 
 Prov. u. i. 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 319 
 
 make room for the Hall and south side of the great 
 quadrangle. The parish-church of St. Michael", which 
 stood on the south-west corner of the quadrangle, and 
 some tenements on the west side, were also pulled 
 down; and accommodations being now provided, the 
 Cardinal placed in lodgings, Dean Hygden and eigh- 
 teen Canons, and afterwards, as the buildings pro- 
 ceeded, enlarged the Society upon the scale of mem- 
 bers already mentioned. After the building had been 
 continued for some years, and a part of his intended 
 church on the north side of the quadrangle appeared 
 above ground, the whole was interrupted by the King's 
 orders j and as the Cardinal had neglected to procure 
 a legal endowment to his College, the estates dedi- 
 cated to the completion of it became, as part of his 
 personal property, the property of the King, and much 
 of them that of his courtiers. 
 
 At this unfortunate period, the Kitchen, Hall, and 
 the east, south, and the greater part of the west side 
 of the quadrangle, were nearly completed. It is sup- 
 posed that the whole quadrangle was to have had a 
 cloister in the inside, the lines of which are still to be 
 seen before the walls ; but it does not appear that any 
 progress was made in that design, and the buildings re* 
 mained in the same state for a century. In 1638, the 
 north side was intended to have been finished uniformly 
 with the others, under the care of Dr. Samuel Fell, 
 Dean; but the civil war impeded the work until the year 
 ] 66j, when the whole quadrangle was completed in the 
 interior, as it now stands, by his son Dr. John Fell. 
 On this occasion the parapet was surrounded with rails, 
 
 This parish was then united to St. Aldate's, 
 
320 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 and globes o( sjone, a^i'gg^f /Jisfaftces;, but the "lat- 
 ter Jiave bcou ^enio^c^^n^f^^fi|^lkfia|JW, there 
 appears- to have been an-- open battlement, with pin- 
 nacles. This quadrangle is almost a squaie> tbe pro- 
 por-tiqns being two hjui^red and sixty- four feet, by two 
 hundred and sixty-one. The ex pence was defrayed by 
 the .Dean and Canons, who subscribed the suna of 
 216/1. and other benefactors, who raised nearly 50001. 
 Among these we find the eminent names of Dr. Fell, 
 Dr. Edward Pocock, Dr. Richard Allestree, Dr. John 
 Dolben, Dr. Gilbert Sheldon, Dr. Brian Duppa, Dr. 
 George Morley, (who gave in all 22001.) Dr. Robert 
 Sanderson, Dr. Thomas Willis, &c. When the qua- 
 drangle was completed, the ground was dug deeper, 
 the walks laid out, and the fountain placed in the 
 centre, at the expence of Dr. Richard Gardiner, one 
 of the Canons. The statue of Mercury was the sub- 
 sequent gift ofiDr. John Radcliffe. On this spot for- 
 merly .stood a cross, dedicated to St. Frid-eswide, and 
 a ^pulpit, frona which Wickliffe first delivered those 
 doctrines which, after many interruptions, became the 
 religion of the nation. 
 
 Dr. John Fell, already mentioned, and always to be 
 mentioned as one of the most eminent benefactors to 
 this College, superintended the new buildings, and 
 completed the Chaplains?.; quadrangle, and the build- 
 ings joining to the cast side, Oft the site of wrrich 
 some bouses had been erected by Philip Kinir., Audi- 
 
 J, L O> 
 
 tor of the College, ia, g$38, an.d destroyed by an ac- 
 cidematu6p&<4irui6gi vTbefefifeaplaina' quadrangle, 
 with the passage unrtrr it, leading from the cloister 
 into the fields, was cornplch d in 1G72, and the adjoin- 
 ing houses ia 1678. , Ail these stand on part of the 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. S21 
 
 original priory, and on that part, it is supposed, which 
 was the hall or refectory. The new Anatomical The- 
 atre is a more recent erection, begun in 1776, and 
 finished partly with the benefaction of John Freind, 
 M. D. Student, Reader in Chemistry in this Univer- 
 sity, F. R. S. and Physician to Queen Caroline, who 
 died in 1728, and left 10001. towards promoting the 
 study of anatomy ; and partly with the legacy of 
 20,0001. left by Dr. Matthew Lee, Physician to 
 George II. for endowing the lectureship with a very 
 liberal salary, and, amongst other purposes, for exhi- 
 bitions to the students elected from Westminster, &c. 
 Dr. Lee died Sept. 26, 1755, and was buried at Lin- 
 ford in Buckinghamshire. The late Dr. John Parsons 
 was the first lecturer on this foundation. 
 
 The progress of completing the west side * of the 
 great quadrangle was more slow. The tower over the 
 gate had been begun by Wolsey, but remained un- 
 finished until 1681, when Sir Christopher Wren com- 
 pleted it upon a plan of his own, and in a style 
 which has not met with the entire approbation 
 either of architects or antiquaries ; yet Lord Orfo.rd, 
 who is seldom partial to this University, thinks that 
 Wren has caught the graces of the true Gothic taste, 
 
 a The grand front to the street appears iti Aggas's rnap> but without 
 the tower at each end. A late Oxford antiquary regrets that this front, 
 perhaps the noblest in the kingdom of the Gothic style, loses much of 
 its effect, on account of the declivity of the ground on which it stands, 
 and the narrowness of the approach. He thinks it, however, probable, 
 that a terrace-walk was intended, by way of raising the ground to a le- 
 vel, the whole length of the College ; for the rough foundation-stones of 
 the hospital on the opposite side, left unfinished by Wolsey, still refnain 
 bare, and the smooth stones are terminated by an horizontal right line, 
 to which height the ground would have been elevated. 
 
 Y 
 
M2 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 and specifies a niche between two compartments of a 
 window, which he pronounces a master-piece". The 
 tower must be allowed to be a stately ornament to 
 the College, and a considerable accession to the group 
 of spires and towers, by which, in any view of it, Ox- 
 ford is so eminently distinguished. This undertaking 
 was accomplished by the liberality of many benefac- 
 tors, whose arms are engraven on the roof of the 
 gate-house. The great bell, Tom, in the campanile 
 of this- tower, belonged formerly to the high tower of 
 Oseney Abbey, and was recast in 16SO, when Dr. Fell, 
 Bishop of Oxford, was Dean. Its weight is nearly 
 17,000 pounds,- more than double the weight of the 
 famed great bell of St. Paul's cathedral. Thomas 
 Spark, M. A. in the Musae Anglicanae, and Bishop 
 Corbett, in his Poems, have honoured this bell with 
 copies of verses. The bells of Oseney were in ancient 
 days much celebrated by connoisseurs in that species 
 of tnu&k*. The old inscription on Tom was, " In 
 " Thames, laude resono Bun Bom sine fraude." The 
 present inscription is, " Magnus Thomas c/ttsius Oxorii*- 
 " ensis." At the tolling of this bell at nine every even- 
 ing, all scholars are obli-ged by the University statutes 
 to repair to their respective Colleges, the gates of 
 which are to be shut. This gate is ornamented with 
 a statue of Queen Anne, placed here by Mr. Secre- 
 tary Harley, and by the royal arms of Henry VIII. 
 Charles II. VVolsey, the tec of Oxford, &c. The 
 other statues in the quadrangle are, one of Bishop 
 Fell, over the passage in the north-east corner, erected 
 by Dr. John Hammond ; and one of Wolsey, over the 
 
 - Lord Orfurd's Works, 4to, vol. v. p. 278. 
 


 
 
:- 
 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 323 
 
 entrance to the Hall, executed by Francis Bird, and 
 placed there in 1/19, by Dr. Jonathan Trelawney, 
 Bishop of Winchester, The buildings of this qua- 
 drangle are inhabited OH. the east, north, and south 
 sides by the Dean and Canons, and on the west by some 
 of the other members of the College. 
 
 The HALL, which was built by Wolsey, is a noble 
 specimen of his magnificent taste. Its fine elevation, 
 spacious interior, one hundred and fifteen feet by 
 forty, and fifty in height, its lofty and highly orna- 
 mented roof, the beautiful Gotbic window at the upper 
 end of the south side, and the stately approach, give 
 it the superiority over every other refectory in Eng- 
 land. The porch and entrance, however, were built 
 about the year 1630, by an unknown architect, and 
 have very recently been altered with much taste by 
 Mr. WyaU The vaulted roof, and beautiful single 
 pillar which supports it, now laid open to the base, 
 produce a very striking : effect. The Hall itself has 
 undergone, various necessary repairs since it came 
 from the hands of Wolsey, particularly in 1720, when 
 the roof was considerably damaged by an accidental 
 fire, on which occasion George I. gave 10001. towards 
 the repairs, and Dr. Hammond, one, of the Canons, 
 contributed with great liberality ; and again in l?oO, 
 when the whole was repaired under the care of Dr. 
 David Gregory, Canon, and afterwards Dean of the 
 College. The fine collection of portraits, of which a 
 list may be seen in the common Oxford Guides, is -an 
 appropriate ornaimei^^.tbi^ Hall, whi^i ^n, neveu be 
 contemplate^ without. veneration. 
 
 As Christ Church has been, since its foundation, the 
 residence of our Monaichs, ,0131 their visits to the Uni- 
 
 y 2 
 
;:i CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 versity, this Hall has consequently been the favourite 
 scene of their most splendid festivities. The first 
 royal visit, after' Wolsey's death, was when Henry 
 VIII. came to Oxford, in 1533; but rib account has 
 been preserved of it. The next occurs in 1366, when 
 Queen Elizabeth was received here in great pomp. 
 Of this- an ample relation is given in her Progresses'. 
 On her arrival, she was welcomed at the door of this 
 Hall in a speech delivered by Thomas Kingamill, then 
 Public Orator, and afterwards Hebrew Professor. 
 This was succeeded, next day, by a Latin play, called 
 Marcus Geminus, performed here upon a scaffold, "set 
 "about with stately lights of wax variously wrought. 
 An English play of Palasmon and Arcite, written by 
 Richard Edwards, formerly of Corpus Christi Col- 
 lege, but afterwards Student of Christ Church, was 
 also acted on this occasion, but attended by a fatal 
 accident, part of the stage happening to fall, by which 
 three persons were killed. A second part of this play 
 appears to have greatly delighted her Majesty; but the 
 Latin tragedy of Progne, the production of Dr. Calf- 
 hill, Rector of Bocking, and Archdeacon of Colches- 
 ter, was less favourably received. AH her Majesty's 
 public entertainments were given in this Hall; but her 
 private levees were held in the Dean's lodgings, which 
 she occupied during her residence. 
 
 At the. distance of twenty-six years, she again vi- 
 sited the University, and was entertained here, and in 
 other Colleges, with 'disputations, plays, &b. She con- 
 cluded tiiis visit, as usual, with a Latin speech of com- 
 pliment and advice^ 
 
 liT bv 
 
 JSy.John Nichols, F. S, k A. 3 vols.,4to. 
 
 fc Wood's Annals, and Peck's Memoirs of Cromwell, App.tto.4. 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 325 
 
 In 1605, her successor, James I., accompanied by 
 the Queen and Prince of Wales, was received at Christ 
 Church in due form, amidst the acclamations of the 
 students of the University, who at this time are said 
 to have amounted to two thousand two hundred and 
 fifty-four. The King took up his residence in the 
 Deanery, the Prince in Magdalen College, and the 
 Queen in Merton. The royal party were entertained 
 in this Hall with the Latin comedy of Vertumnus, 
 written by Dr. Matthew Gwinne of St. John's Col- 
 lege, an eminent physician, which was performed by, 
 students. The various festivities on this occasion 
 were published by Sir Isaac Wake of Merton, Public 
 Orator, in a volume entitled, Rex Platonicus. Among 
 other little circumstances, which would not be unin- 
 teresting in a history of manners, we are told, that 
 the scholars applauded the King by clapping their 
 hands and humming. The latter somewhat surprised 
 his Majesty; but on its being explained to signify ap- 
 plause, he professed himself satisfied. In some pub- 
 lic assemblies of modern times it admits of a differ- 
 ent interpretation. 
 
 As the Oxford historian, in his Annals, claims, what 
 the historians of the stage are inclined to allow, that 
 the invention of moveable scenes belongs to the scho- 
 lars of Christ Church, it may be necessary to observe, 
 that it was on this occasion, and not, as Wood says, 
 in 1636, that they were first introduced. In Leland's 
 Collectanea we are informed, that, " by the help of 
 " painted clothes, the stage did vary three times in the 
 " acting of one tragedy ;" in other words, there were 
 three scenes employed. These were the contrivance of 
 Inigo Jones ; but the writer thinks they were better 
 
 YS 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 managed before this in a play at Cambridge*. Yet 
 I know not .whether the invention may not be carried 
 back to the year 1583. When the celebrated Prince 
 .Aluseo visited Oxford at that time, the tragedy of 
 Dido was acted in this Hall, decorated with scenes 
 illustrative of the play. Wood says, "The tempest, 
 " wherein it rained small comfits, rose-water, and 
 " snew artificial snow, was very strange to the be- 
 " holders." 
 
 In 1614, King James's son-in-law, afterwards King 
 of Bohemia, paid a short visit to Oxford, and was 
 sumptuously entertained here. He was matriculated 
 at the same time; as was Charles I. in 1616. Plays 
 continued to be a very frequent mode of regaling il- 
 lustrious visitors. In 1617, Barton Holyday's comedy 
 of Te^voya^u*, or the Marriage of the Arts, was per- 
 formed here by the students, for their own amuse- 
 ment ; and in 1621, when the court of King James 
 happened to be at Woodstock, they acted it there; 
 but his Majesty relished it so little, as to offer several 
 times to withdraw, and was prevented by some of his 
 
 , 1 I I 1 'I 1 
 
 courtiers, who represented that this would be a cruel 
 
 i i ' . i ... . 
 
 disappointment. It produced, however, a well-known 
 
 epigram b . 
 
 When Charles I. came to the throne, in 1625, he 
 called a Parliament, which, owing to the plague raging 
 in London, was ordered to be held at Oxford* and the 
 
 rooms of Christ .Church were inhabited by the nobi- 
 efl 
 
 Malonc's Hist, of the Stage, p. 1.90. Edit. 1793, of Shakspeare, 
 
 * "At Christ Church Marriage (lone before the Kii, 
 " L'.-t that those rnntes should want an offering, 
 
 " The Km;; himself did offer-wh.it, I pray ? . 
 " He offered twice or thrice to go away." 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. S<2? 
 
 lity and ipembers^of the Privy Council. The plague 
 again rendering London unsafe, in 1636, the King, 
 Queen, the Elector Palatine, and his brother, Prince 
 Rupert, were entertained in this College. A comedy 
 was performed on this occasion in the Hall, enti- 
 tled, " The Passions calmed, or the Settling of the 
 " Floating Island, 1 ' written by Strode, the Public 
 Orator. Moveable scenery was again introduced, 
 and repeated with suitable variations when they per- 
 formed the comedy of the Royal Slave, written by 
 William Cartwright, a poet of greater celebrity in his 
 day, than his printed works will now justify. After 
 
 the departure of the court, the dresses and scenery of 
 
 u<: 
 these two plays were sent to Hampton Court, at the 
 
 express desire of the Queen, but with a wish, sug- 
 gested by the Chancellor, Laud, that they might not 
 come into the hands of the common players, which was 
 accordingly promised. 
 
 The next visit of this unfortunate Monarch, accom- 
 panied by his sons Charles and James, and the Princes 
 Rupert and Maurice, took place in 1642, after the bat- 
 tle of Edge-hill. They occupied the deanery in Christ 
 Church, as formerly; but this was no time for festivi- 
 ties. In July of the following year, the King and 
 Queen visited, Oxford for the last time together, the 
 King residing at Christ Church, and the Queen at 
 Merton, to which, on this occasion, a back-way was 
 
 made through one of the Can onY.s^rdens,. a 'garden 
 i , 1 ^ ditf^jioioiOrjaiTri -.- ; T 
 
 belonging to Corpus, and Merton College grove. In 
 
 Januatf foll^iii'gr a |&ArHaii^^!PhI# ^iti^Hall, 
 
 opened bv his Majesty with a speech. The Lords after- 
 
 r v l J ..... , : ,,. ; ..f i;? y '., .jn tA - 
 
 wards held th^rMii^eti^ggJ^ the Upper Schopls, and 
 the Commons dreius* it* *he Convocation House. The 
 
CHRIST CHURCH., 
 
 other proceedings, jjuring his Majesty's stay here, be- 
 long to the melancnQly^hisfeory of the times. 
 
 In 1,648, we find the Parliamentary visitors assem- 
 bled in this Hall, to eject such members as refused to 
 submit to their .authority. It may be here noticed, 
 that when the Ordinance, as it was called, of the Re- 
 publican parliament, passed for the sale of Dean and 
 Chapter lands, Christ Church was included; but the 
 Dean and Chapter appointed by the visitors, feeling 
 their own interests more nearly concerned in this pub- 
 lic sacrifice than they expected, and wishing to re- 
 main entire as a collegiate, if not an ecclesiastical 
 body, obtained an exception in favour of the property' 
 of Christ Church ; a circumstance rather fortunate for 
 the College. The property, indeed, must have been 
 returned at the Restoration, but it was perhaps better 
 preserved by keeping up the succession of proprietors 
 in this way. {j m 
 
 In the COMMON ROOM, under this Hall, 
 traits of Henry VIII. and of Drs< 9 
 choll, jind Archbishop Markham, Masters 
 minster school, Dean Aldricb, and Dr. 
 bust of Dr. Busby, by RysbracU. - rC iT 
 
 The LIBRARY of this College would have probably 
 exceeded that of any contemporary establishment, 
 had Wolsey been able to complete his extensive de- 
 sign, which was not only Jo. have, supplied it with 
 such books as had appealed since the invention of 
 printing, but with copio^ pjf the most valuable manu- 
 scripts in the Vatican, It does not appear, however, 
 that any progress was made in this liberal undertaking, 
 when the second foundation took place. Such books 
 as the Society possessed at that time, and for gome 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 329 
 
 time after, were kept iW an aric<i^Bpfcf belonging 
 to the priory, dedicated to St. Lucia, which stood on, 
 part of the ^dtH-sidfe^ 1 ^ Ghaplaifcs^quadrangfe, 
 and, after the eteetfitffc b? J the present* Mibrdfy, was 
 converted ifttd ^aiM^s^witH^Wtf'T&tli^'rObiris* on 
 the ground-floor, chiefly by paHWUkAe^icjr, before 
 mentioned, of Dr. Mdtt^v^efc ; /n ^ 
 
 The first benefactor to this Library, about the be- 
 ginning of the seventeenth century, was Otho Nichol- 
 son, one of the Examiners of Chancery, who gave 
 8001. for books and repairs. Smaller sums, to a con- 
 siderable amount, were then contributed by cither 
 members of the Society; and Dr. White, the founder 
 of the moral philosophy lecture in this University, 
 bequeathed, in 1621, 61. yearly, as a perpetual fund. 
 Mr. Nicholson's benefaction was commemorated in an 
 inscription on black marble on the south wall, and in 
 another in the north cloister, at the entrance into the 
 
 cathedral ; to which situation it was removed from a 
 
 1 1 j 
 
 porch which stood before the door of the old Library, 
 at the west err^J of it, and was taken down when the 
 room was converted into chambers. 
 
 These benefactors were succeeded by Robert Bur- 
 
 ton, B. D. of Brasen Nose, Vidaf ! 6t S 
 ford, and Rector of Segrave in Leicestershire, the well- 
 known author of the Anatomy of Melancholy, who 
 left part of his book*, and 51. yearly; and by John 
 Morris, D, D. Canon, raid Regius Professor o He- 
 brew, who left 51. for n speecTi^be delivered an-"" 
 nually by a Master of Arts of this College, in comrue- 
 moration of Sir Thomas B6 i d!ey/ l b ! rirtrie ; eighth" of No- 
 vember, being the day^fiHvMc^ his Library was first 
 opened, and, ever smce, the day upon Avhich the an- 
 
SSO CHRIST CHUILCH. 
 
 n.ual. visitation of it is made. Bishop Fell, Dean 
 AWrich, Dr. ^lead, Dean, Atterbury, and Dr. Strat- 
 ford, Canon, also contributed books: but the. most 
 extensive and valuable collections were left by Charles 
 Boyle, Earl of Orrery, whose library amounted to ten 
 thousand volumes, and by t)r. William Wake, Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, who gave his ample library of 
 printed books and manuscripts, a large collection of 
 coins and medals, and 100Q1. towards building a new 
 library. The .whole of this benefaction was estimated 
 at 10,0001. 
 
 These important additions rendering a new Library 
 absolutely necessary, Peck water court, of which some 
 account must now be given, was chosen for the site. 
 The name was that of the founder or proprietor of an. 
 inn or hostle, which stood on the south-west corner of 
 the present quadrangle. This Ralph, the son of Ri- 
 chard Peck water, or Peck wether, gave it to St. Frides- 
 wide's priory about the year 1246; and about the mid- 
 dle of the reign of Henry VIII. another inn, called 
 Vine Hall, which stood on the north side, was added to 
 it; and other buildings, which formed a quadrangle, 
 were erected from UJ29 to 1638. The ground is classical. 
 It.Avas at one time a celebrated grammar-school, where 
 John Leland, senior 4 , taught in the reigns of Henry 
 V. and VI. until his death in 1428. The two inns were 
 afterwards known by the name of Vine Hall, alias 
 Peck water's Inn, and by this name were given by 
 [cnry VFII. to Christ Church in 1547. Two Other 
 Is of less note, Jjrid Hall and Maiden Hull, occu- 
 
 So c-al!,,l to ilistiii-uish hi.n from th, antiq,,:,, y, who gives .111 ac- 
 count of him in his Comment. Ue Script. Brit. n. 44. r >. of Hall's very in- 
 
 1 J 
 
 accurate edition. 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 331 
 
 pied some part of the site of the old quadrangle, which 
 remained until 1705, when the east, west, and north 
 sides were rebuilt "after d]>W$Vft fifDeun fAldrich '; 
 and the south, which consists of" the new Library, was 
 begun to be built in 1716, from -d design furnishecl by 
 J)r Clarke "'' ' ^ >JflB t 83raD ^ ov .k^*-- 
 
 Thelx-pences of this splendid undertaking were de- 
 frayed by the Dean and Canons, many of the Students 
 and Commoners, and the Nobility, Gentry, and Clergy 
 educated here. The first and principal contributor was 
 Anthony Radclifte, Canon, who bequeathed 3000l. b a 
 sum so considerable, as to be commemorated in an in- 
 scription under the cornice of the north side, which 
 built with his 'money: 
 
 was 
 
 (IB 
 
 ATRIl PECKWATERIENSIS QUOD SPECTAS LATUS 
 EXTRUXIT ANTONIUS RADCLIFFE, S. T. P. HUJUSCE 
 JEDIS PRIMO ALUMNUS, DEINDE CANONICUS. 
 
 ^tyf&nMioWone was" h&l ?Jan. 26, 1705, by 
 James Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, then a member of this 
 
 fiouig.< un 
 
 "'^present Library, which occupies the east side of 
 tlK&square, was begun in the year 1716, from a design 
 furnished by Dr. Clarke; but the process of building 
 was so slow, that it was not covered in until 1738, nor 
 completed as we now find it until 1761. In the origi- 
 nal design it was to be ereM( ^ an open piaiza, with 
 ajsn ;>iij v : ^bifi 1 
 
 Vd* Wtv>ee Jistinguisb^d!ta5te ask cl^ic^V^ho^j |ind erudition as a 
 man of science, in the varipus b^ajt^h^s pl^^e^ce \vhi<^ ^jcultivated, 
 cannot want any panegyric in thi&book His Elements on Civil Archi- 
 tecture were publishe^ni W$>, i in J - I Sii yfe^ntiMtibn, arid with a very 
 correct translation, by the Rev. ? Ph. Smyth. LL. B. of New College. Dr. 
 Aldrich's talents were afterwards admirably displayed in the erection of 
 
 *,, C t' , , . , - ' , , 
 
 All Saints church, and, as is supposed, Trinity College chapel. 
 b On the foundation-stone we have only bis wille. 
 
333 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 seven arches* and with an ascent of three; steps along 
 the whole- build ing; but this was afterwards inclosed, 
 and formed intp a, suite of rooms,, which are furnished 
 partly with books; and partly with a collection of paint- 
 igs, left to Christ Church in 1760, by Brigadier Ge- 
 neral John Guise. Other paintings and busts have, 
 since contributed to the decoratipn of this splendid 
 Library % which, for the amplitude of its collection of 
 books, manuscripts, prints, and coins, is esteemed one 
 of the most complete in the kingdom. The numisma- 
 tical series was greatly enriched in 1765 by the collec- 
 tion of British and English coins belonging to .Dr 
 Philip Barton, Canon, and the oriental coins of Dr. 
 Richard Brown, Canon, and Regius Professor of He- 
 brew, given in 1780. 
 
 The recesses in the upper room are occupied, the 
 one by a bust in bronze of Marcus Modius b , a physi- 
 cian, lately presented to the Society by Lord Frederic 
 Campbell ; and the other, by a female figure in mar- 
 ble, attended by a smaller figure of a boy, with one 
 hand upon her shoulder, brought from abroad, and 
 given to the Society by the late Arthur Kennet Mac- 
 kenzie, A. M. a Student of this house. Below are the 
 busts of George I. and II. lately brought hither from 
 the Hall, upon the putting up of new chimney-pieces 
 there ; Dr. Richard Trevor, Bishop of Durham ; Ge- 
 peral Guise, Dr. Richard Frewen, Dr. Freind, with 
 
 The dimensions of this Library are 141 feet by 30, and 37 in height, 
 ttef- -effect of which is apparently lessened by the surrounding gallery. 
 Tfee decorations of th bookcases *te executed with elegant and appro- 
 priate, taste. 
 
 b Little seems to be known of Marcus Modius ; hut the curious may 
 ifind notices relative to the bufct, with engravings of it, in Montfaucon 
 and Count Caylus. 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 333 
 
 those of ^Are&Mlh^^B^ltef &a& Robinson, 
 niche "oh the stmrcase is a><statue; of ^^bc^ great Mr* 
 Locke, who was educated in this^'hotfeet^ 
 
 Connected witfrtfce completion of Peckwater qua- 
 drangle "is that of t2anteYburyj square, or fcourt, the 
 last remaining part of this College which teqxiires to 
 be noticed, and now the principal entrance. On this 
 site formerly stood Canterbury Hall, founded and en- 
 dowed by Simon Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, in 
 1361, as a place for the study of the canon and civil 
 law. The number of scholars is variously represented. 
 It is said, that, by Islip's foundation, they were to 
 consist of a Warden and eleven Scholars; but that 
 his successor in the Archbishopric, Langham, ap^- 
 pointed, that the Warden and three of the Scholars 
 should be monks of Canterbury, and the other eight 
 secular priests. The licence, however, to Islip men- 
 tions only " a certain number" of Scholars, religious 
 and secular, and they were styled in other instruments 
 Clericos and Clericos Scholares. For their maintenance 
 the founder settled on them the rectory <$f Pagham 
 irt Sussex, and the manor of Wbodfofd -in Northamp- 
 tonshire. The first Warded was Henry &> Wodeh&U, 
 a monk of Christ Church Cantetbtiry, who creating 
 some discord in the Sofdety, : thd Archbishop ejected 
 him, and, on December 14,- T365, apjk>inted 4he cele- 
 brated Wickliffe to^%e \ta^den^'^uUh^e was -likew^e 
 dismissed, on Islip's dea|h, by Archbishop Langham, 
 who had a more illiberaLat^achfnent; to monks jthan 
 his predecessor. This- 'Oeaasiort^' arT^ fe^peal to the 
 6 Pope, and other proceedings, which finally terminnted 
 in a sentence, .1370, that ,Qnfy the monks of Canter- 
 
334 CHRIST CHUft<J. 
 
 bury should remain in Pante^i$y ; $ali, and that die 
 seculars should be espeJ(^ ltI Ci)Rptkis Wodehall was 
 restored. Ahout die end of th ff ^ne,;pen^^ Court- 
 ney, Archbishop .of. Canterbury, ^qd .five Schp^rs, 
 three to be maintained by.fos Archbishops of Canter- 
 bury, and two by the Prior and Chapter of Canter- 
 bury, and all to be nominated by the Warden. From 
 this time it continued as a place of study, principally 
 for the monks of Canterbury, until Henry VIII. 
 granted it to this College. But it must not be for- 
 gotten, that^jg ^97, the afterwards illustrious Sir 
 Thomas More was sent to this Hall, where 
 under Liuoere aa^.Qrc^jfi. .[ 9 q Cf ii;) ^{If 
 
 of the ^^ 
 
 Hall, little can l$W 
 there is the appearance of a chapel-, or jOfftt^rjv .and 
 lodgings; and when it was 
 .tbi^ : whole was fitted up for the use of 
 During the 
 
 parts, with additions, were formed into , 
 and remained in that stats 
 was then furnished bx MJ 
 whole as T^,nW$^^ 
 sides were cp^pjet^j^J?^, cliierly at 
 of Richard 
 
 land, the late tfffgjffr 
 the south side was rebuilt. in 
 ornameut to 
 
 .d^foiiifsfitS ; i9^9j'j0> 'io qodsiH . 
 
 he place which Dean Massey. who tu 
 
 D It 
 
 lie to please James II., fitted up as a Popish chapel. 
 
 9ft*WaAlD^fe, ^ byWdjMfet Vo^M^h hert and 
 in hi diocese, evinced much of tbi> spirit of the ahcient founders. 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 built by Mr. Wy& WJWty^WBtfWFib^fa IHfl 
 in that species of 
 j oi ned to' iflaj& 
 
 The present 
 
 third foiiiidatfbte'^^PrfevMsF^ t6* 1 ffitft lj Wfe liitt! 
 two, John Hygdenj D. D. who 
 Wolsey, and 
 
 Henry VIII.; and John Oliver, ^H8 L VWifc^*B J him. 
 Hygden, as mentioned in our account of Magdalen 
 College, resigned the office ; of' 'President, to accept 
 the Deanery of Christ Church. ' V 5tte ffied soon artet 
 the second foundation, in 153^, and was buried in 
 Magdalen College Chapel. His^successor, Dr. Oliver^ 
 was an eminent Civilian, and a Master in Chancery ; 
 and, after being removed from his office here in 1545, 
 practised in Doctors Commons, where he died in 1551, 
 or, according to Wood, in 1552. 
 
 The regular succession of Deans, on the last founda- 
 tion, then commenced with Richard Cox, D. D. who 
 had been Dean of Oseney. The subsequent list in- 
 cludes many names of high character in their day, 
 men eminent for learning and public spirit, and miM 
 of them distinguished benefactors to their College. 
 Among these may be enumerated, John Piers and 
 Toby ^Matthew, afterwards Archbishops of York' ; 
 Richard Corbet, Bishop of NbAvicti ;' Br&n Duppa, 
 Bishop of Winchester; Reynolds, Bishop of 'No* 
 wich; John Fell, Bishop of Oxford ; Dr. AMMi? 
 Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester; Smallridge, Boulter, 
 and Conybeare, Bishops oF Bristol; Dr. David Gre- 
 gory ; William Marjfcjiam, the late Archbishop of 
 York ; and Dr. Cyril Jackson, who, after presiding 
 
336 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 here for twenty-six years, with almost unexampled 
 zeal and ability, resigned the office in 180Q. 
 
 Although the Deanery of Christ Church has gene- 
 rally been followed by promotion to the Episcopal 
 bench, it has been in some instances allowed to be 
 held in commendam. Dr. Fell held it with the Bi- 
 shopric of Oxford, Dr. Markham with that of Ches- 
 ter, and Drs. Smallridge, Boulter, Bradshaw, Cony- 
 beare, and Bagot, with the see of Bristol. 
 
 During the Usurpation, the office of Dean was first 
 filled by Dr. Reynolds, who afterwards conformed, and 
 was made Bishop of Norwich ; but chiefly by Dr. John 
 Owen, one of the most learned of the independent non- 
 conformists, and a voluminous commentator and prac~ 
 tical writer. He survived the Restoration for many 
 years, which he employed chiefly on his writings, and 
 died in London, 1683. During his possession of this 
 office, he corrected much of the violence of the Pres- 
 byterian party, which he disliked as much as be did the 
 Church ; and, when he was Vice-Chancellor, Ire is said 
 to have winked at the performance of the Churcb-seiv 
 vice in Dr. Willis's house near Merton College % al- 
 though frequent informations were brought to him of 
 that " enormity." 
 
 The ARCHBISHOPS and BISHOPS educated here 
 have been so numerous, as to render the jiotice 
 due to their characters impracticable in a sketch like 
 the present. To the list, however, already giv^n of 
 those who were promoted from the Headship, may 
 be added, Bancroft, Prideaux, Sanderson, Bkridford, 
 Dolben, Comptoa, Gastrell, Synge, Potter, Tanaer, 
 
 Seep. 311. note. 
 
CHRIST CHURCH, 337 
 
 Benson, Robinson, aud Shipley. A few of these 
 have been already noticed as having- beenr-somenlme 
 members of other Colleges. The stalls may rMbrd 
 another list of names, eminent and interesting in Ec- 
 clesiastical biography, in which we find the reformer 
 Peter Martyr ; M. Heton, Bishop of Ely ; Richard 
 Edes, Dean of Worcester; Leonard Hutten, the anti- 
 quary, and historian of this College; John Wall, Pre- 
 bendary of Salisbury ; Thomas Lockey, public libra- 
 rian and antiquary; Dr. Edward Pocock; Dr. Robert 
 South ; Dr. Richard Allestree; Dr. Roger Altham ; 
 Archbishop Wake; Dr. Robert Freind ; Dr. Newton, 
 founder of Hertford College ; &c. 
 
 The scholars of other ranks who have added to the 
 reputation of this College are so numerous, that a few 
 only can- be noticed. The magnitude of the establish- 
 ment, and the high rank in the learn'ed professions to 
 which it has usually led, might extend^ the literary 
 history of Christ Church to many volames. B^itig 
 also the College to which the younger nobility gfene- 
 rally resort, and to which it is thought an honour to 
 belong, it has furnished the senate and the bar with 
 some of their most illustrious ornaments, 
 
 In the list of STATESMEN and LAWYERS occur the 
 n&raes of Sir Dudley Carleton, Viscount Dorchester; 
 Sir William Godolphin ; Sir William Ellis; Sir Ed- 
 ward Littleton ; Edward Sackvilie, Earl of Dorset; 
 Sir Gilbert Dolben ; Henry Mordaunt, brother tofthe 
 Earl of Peterborough fHeoeage Finch and Daniel 
 Finch, Earls of Nottiogham ; Henry Benrtet, Earl of 
 Arlington;, Sir John Vaughan ; Thomas Lutwyche; 
 Arthur Trevor ; William Lord Viscount Chetwynd ; 
 John Wainwright; Matthew Skinner; Edward Tre- 
 
338 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 lawny; Henry Villiers, brother to the Earl of Jeraey ; 
 Sir William Wyndham; John Carteret, Earl Gran- 
 ville; Sir Thomas Hanmer; Andrew Stone; Lord 
 Lyttelton ; William, Earl Mansfield; John Mostyn; 
 Sir Francis Bernard ; Welbore Ellis, Baron Mendip ; 
 Claude Ainyand ; Lewis Devisme ; Sir John Skinner; 
 Sir Charles Gould Morgan; Richard Leveson Gower; 
 and David Murray, Lord Stormont, and second Earl 
 Mansfield, &c. 
 
 Among the POETS and ORATORS may be enume- 
 rated, Dr. James Calfhill ; Sir Philip Sidney; Ste- 
 phen Gosson; George Peele ; Thomas Storer; Wil- 
 liam Gager; Francis James; Thomas Goffe; Ben 
 Jonson; Robert Gomersal; William Strode ; Gervase 
 Warmstrey ; William Hemmings; Barten Holyday; 
 William Cartwright ; Robert Randolph ; Robert Wa- 
 ring ; John Maplet; Richard Rhodes ; Corbet Owen ; 
 James Allestree; Nicholas Brady; Otway ; Villiers, 
 Duke of Buckingham; William King; James Har- 
 rington ; Anthony Alsop ; Samuel Wesley ; John 
 Phillips; Edmund Smith; Gilbert West; James 
 Bramston; Bonnell Thornton; George Colman ; and 
 Dr. George Butt. 
 
 During the sixteenth century, we find among the 
 scholars of this house, Richard Hackluyt, the travel- 
 ler, and his brother Oliver, an eminent physician : 
 Richard Mulcaster, the learned Master of Merchant 
 Taylors' and St. Paul's schools : Richard Carew, the 
 historian of Cornwall : Cafliden, the celebrated anti- 
 quary, formerly of Magdalen and Pern broke : Natha- 
 niel Torporley, mathematician -.Caleb Willis, the 
 first professor of rhetoric in Gresham College : Sir 
 Humphrey Lynd, a very learned puritan > Sir Tho- 
 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. S39 
 
 mas Aylesbury, an eminent mathematician, and patron 
 of learned men, and his son, the translator of Davila: 
 Edmund Gunter, also an eminent mathematician, 
 and inventor of mathematical instruments. Of the 
 seventeenth century are, Nicholas Grey, succes- 
 sively Master of the Charter-house, Merchant Tay- 
 lors', Eton, and Tunbridge schools: John Gregory, 
 astronomer : The learned Meric Casaubon : John 
 Price, Greek professor at Pisa, and a critic of high 
 reputation : Martin Llewellyn, physician to Charles 
 II. and afterwards Principal of St. Mary Hall : Da- 
 vid Whitford, Greek scholar, translator, and editor : : 
 Adam Littleton, second Master of Westminster school, 
 And compiler of a once very popular Latin diction- 
 ary : James Heath, the historian of his own un- 
 happy times : -Dr. Thomas Willis, one of the most 
 emittteht ^physicians of his age : Penn, the founder of 
 Pennsylvania) a Commoner here, before his irregulari- 
 ties brou:glit on expulsion : Henry Stubbe, physician, 
 seednd Keeper of the Bodleian Library, a learned and 
 Tknk i nous, 'Imtmcft very consistent writer: Richard 
 Lower/ physician and medical author: LOCKE: 
 Francis Vernon, traveller and poet :-^-Thomas Sparke, 
 Prebendary of Lidifield, the learned editor of Lactan- 
 tius and Zosimus : Dr. Robert Hooke, mechanical 
 philosopher and architect : Sir Edward Hannes, pro- 
 fesfiorio^Bemr8?tiiy r /!pby9iciaai, poet, and benefactor : 
 Baniei -Mati^Jjfrseliten^i^rQfe^sor o astronomy : Dr. 
 Jolxn pjp^bHJyoaoffem^oblrtGphy^itian and writer: Sir 
 Aiadi^w-l^rta*Jw$9 Angte-8 ax QI* scholar, connoisseur, 
 and BKt^arifis9f3^n*pfc historian: 
 
 Edward B'icffj-Jwidatar^ *>f v Epictetus : -Richard 
 Frewen; ^eoiJ(H$ p&tfs&br* Gamden's professor, and 
 
 z Q 
 
340 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 a munificent benefactor. In the eighteenth century 
 there occur, Richard Ince, Comptroller of the Pay 
 Office, and one of the writers in the Spectator : The 
 unhappy Eustace Budgell, a more considerable contri- 
 butor to that work : George Wigan, afterwards Prin- 
 cipal of New Inn Hall: Robert Leybourne, Princi- 
 pal of Alban Hall : Matthew Lee, physician, already 
 noticed among the benefactors : -The celebrated Lord 
 Viscount BoJingbroke : Desaguliers, the experimental 
 philosopher and lecturer: Charles Boyle, Earl of 
 Orrery, the learned antagonist of Bentley on the sub- 
 ject of Phalaris, and his son John, Earl of Cork : 
 John Wigan, physician, editor of Aristaeus, &c. 
 Charles Wesley, co-founder of the Methodists with 
 his brother the more celebrated John : Browne Willis, 
 antiquary ; Dr. William Drake, antiquary, and au- 
 thor of the History of York: Dr. William Sharpe, 
 Principal of Hertford College, and Greek professor: 
 The Rev. Clayton MordauntCracherode, an elegant 
 scholar, who left his well-selected and valuable li- 
 brary, prints, and coins, to the British Museum, va- 
 lued at 30,0001. : Dr. William Burton, the historian 
 of Yorkshire; &c. 
 
TRINITY COLLEGE. 
 
 -1 HE following sketch of the life of Sir Thomas Pope, 
 the Founder of Trinity College, is necessarily taken 
 from Mr. Warton's elaborate and elegant volume, in 
 which he has improved the few materials within his 
 reach into a narrative equally interesting to the histo- 
 rian, the antiquary, and the scholar*. 
 
 Thomas Pope was born at Dedington in Oxford- 
 shire, about the year 1508. His parents were Wil- 
 liam and Margaret Pope, the daughter of Edmund 
 Yate, of Stanlake in Oxfordshire. She was the se- 
 cond wife of our Founder's father, and after his death, 
 in 1523, was again married to John Bustarde, of Ad- 
 derbury in the same county, whom she survived, and 
 died in 1557. The circumstances of the family, if 
 not opulent, were " decent and creditable." 
 
 Thomas was .educated at the school of Banbury, 
 kept by Thomas Stanbridge of Magdalen College, an 
 eminent tutor, and was thence removed to Eton Col^ 
 lege, from which he is supposed to have gon,e to 
 Gray's Inn, where he studied the law. Of his pro- 
 gress at the bar we have no account; but his talents 
 must have discovered themselves at an early period, 
 and have recommended him to the notice of his Sove- 
 
 . * .For many particulars respecting this College I am also indebted to 
 Mr. Warton's Life of Bathurst ; and something has been gleaned from a 
 MS. collection of references arid extracts on the same subject by Mr. 
 Warton, now in my possession. 
 
 * 3 
 
S42 TRINITY COLLEGE. 
 
 reign, as in October, 1533, when he was only twenty- 
 seven years old, he was constituted, by letters patent 
 of Henry VIII. Clerk of the Briefs of the Star-cham- 
 ber at Westminster, and the same month received a 
 reversionary grant of the office of Clerk of the Crown 
 in Chancery, of which he soon after became possessed, 
 with an annual fee of twenty pounds from the Hana- 
 per, and also a robe with fur at the feasts of Christ- 
 mas and Pentecost, from the King's great wardrobe. 
 Two years after, in November, 1535, he was consti- 
 tuted Warden of the Mint, Exchange, and Coinage, 
 in the Tower of London, which his biographer thinks 
 he quitted about eight years after for some more va- 
 luable preferment. The same year he received a pa- 
 tent for a new coat of arms, to be borne by him and 
 his posterity, which are those of this College. In 
 October, 1536, he received the honour of Knighthood, 
 at the same time with Henry Howard, afterwards the 
 gallant and unfortunate Earl of Surry. In December, 
 he was appointed to exercise, jointly with William 
 Smythe, the office of Clerk of all the Briefs in the Star- 
 chamber at Westminster. In Feb. 1538, he obtained, 
 at his own instance, a new royal licence for exercising 
 the office of Clerk of the Crown in conjunction with 
 John Lucas, afterwards an eminent crown-lawyer in 
 the reign of Edward VI. 
 
 Some of these appointments, it is probable, he owed 
 to Sir Thomas More, with whom he was early ac- 
 quainted, and some to Lord Audley, both Lord Chan- 
 cellors; but in 153Q, he received one of greater im- 
 portance, being constituted, by the King, Treasurer 
 of the Court of Augmentations, on its first establish- 
 ment by Act of Parliament. The business of this 
 
TRINITY COLLEGE. 343 
 
 ^ourt was to estimate the lands of the dissolved mo- 
 nasteries vested in the crown, receive their revenues, 
 and sell the monastic possessions for the King's ser- 
 vice; and it was so called from the increase which the 
 royal revenue thus received. The Treasurer's office 
 was a post of considerable profit, and of considerable 
 dignity, as the person holding it ranked with the 
 principal officers of state, and was privileged to retain 
 in his house a chaplain, having a benefice with cure 
 of souls, who should not be compelled to residence. 
 What the emoluments of this office were is not so 
 clear, but they were greater than the allowance of Sir 
 John Williams, Treasurer in Edward VI/s reign, who 
 had 3201. yearly ; and it may be supposed, the office 
 gave those advantages in the purchase of the dissolved 
 possessions, which probably formed the foundation of 
 Sir Thomas's vast fortune. 
 
 He held this office for five years, and during that 
 time was appointed Master or Treasurer of the Jewel- 
 house in the Tower. In 1546, the Court of Augmen- 
 tations was dissolved, and a new establishment on a 
 more confined plan substituted. In this Sir Thomas 
 Pope was nominated Master of the Woods of the 
 court on this side the river Trent, and was now a 
 member of the Privy Council. It has been asserted, 
 that he was appointed one of the commissioners or 
 visitors under Cromwell for dissolving the religious 
 houses; but the only occasion, according to his bio- 
 grapher, in which he acted, was in the case of the ab- 
 bey of St. Alban's. He was undoubtedly one of those 
 into whose hands the seal of that abbey was surren- 
 dered in 1539, and it was to his interest with the King 
 that we owe the preservation of the church now stand- 
 
 z 4 
 
ing. But althquglj thef&ift#(* proof of his having been 
 *n pipped in the general dissolution, 
 at his, immense fortune arose from "that 
 "'. grand hajM&tt Of riches," and diverted his thoughts 
 frofn^the , regular profession of the law. Before the 
 year 1556, lie appears to have been actually possessed 
 at- more than thirty manors in the counties of Oxford, 
 Gloucester, Warwick, Derby, Bedford, Hereford, and 
 Kent, besides other considerable estates, and several 
 advowsons. Some of ith^se possessions were given him 
 by Henry V III. but the greatest part was acquired by 
 purchase while lie wa$ conp^cteji with the Court of 
 Augmentations, and many of his estates were Bought 
 of Queen Mary# 3Bt \ 89vi9ado nbmW iM bsJ<ie 
 the reign of Henry VIII, Sir Thomas Pope 
 in various services and at tendances about 
 tb$. court, but in none of more affecting interest than 
 when he was sent by the King to inform his x*ld 
 friend and patron, Sir Thomas More, -of the hour ap- 
 pointed for his execution. Of this Mr. Warton has 
 gjvjen a very pathetic account. On the accession of 
 Edward VI. as he did not comply with *he times, Sir 
 Thomas Pope received no favour or office ; but wfc^n 
 Queen Mary succeeded, he was again made a Privy 
 Counsellor, and Cofferer to the Household, and was 
 often employed in commissions of considerable im- 
 portance, which are more nearly connected with 
 history than with biography. As he was inflexi- 
 ble in his acjhter^e, ^. popery ^w^^^.^ot. eufprised 
 to^d^is name iij a- commisMou for the more effec- 
 tual suppression of heretics, in concert with Bonner 
 and'Others; but his conduct, when t he 1 Pftneess 3 (after- 
 wards Queen) Elizabeth was placed under his care in 
 
TRINITY COLLEGE. 345 
 
 1555, was far more to his credit. After having been 
 imprisoned in the Tower and at Woodstock, she was 
 permitted by her jealous sister to retire with Sir Tho- 
 mas Pope to Hatfield-house, in Hertfordshire, then a 
 royal palace, where he shewed her every mark of re- 
 spect that was consistent with the nature of his charge, 
 and more than could have been expected from one of 
 his rigid adherence to the reigning politics. On a cei> 
 tain Occasion, when two of the Fellows of this College 
 (then just founded) were expelled for violating one of 
 its strictest statutes 8 , and repaired to Hatfield to beg 
 forgiveness of the Founder, he referred the matter 
 to the Princess, who ordered that they should be rein- 
 stated. Mr. Warton observes, that Sir Thomas, by 
 this courtly and respectful act, relieved himself from 
 an embarrasment ; for " although disposed to forgive- 
 " ness, he was unwilling to be the first who should 
 " openly countenance or pardon an infringement of 
 " laws which himself had made." It appears like- 
 wise that he often conversed with the Princess on the 
 subject of his College. In one of his letters to the 
 President Slythurste, he says, "The Princess Eliza- 
 " beth her Grace, whom I serve here, often askyth 
 " me about the course I have devysed for my scollers; 
 " and that part of myne estatutes respectinge study I 
 " have shewn to her, which she likes well. She is not 
 only gracious, but most lerned, as ye right well 
 " know." 
 
 From a residence here of four years, she was raised 
 to the throne on the death of her sister Mary, Nov. 
 := - . 
 
 The statute JDe muris noctu non scandendia ! The names of these 
 frolieksome gentlemen were George Sympson and George Rudde> two of 
 the first Fellows. It appears that Sir Thomas's wife was equally impor- 
 tunate for their pardon. 
 
346 TRINITY 
 
 17,1.558. On this occasion. Sir Thomas Pope does 
 not appear to have been continued in the Privy Coun- 
 cil, nor had afterwards any concern in political trans- 
 actions,. He did not, indeed, survive the accession of 
 Elizabeth above a year, as he died Jan. 29> 1559, at 
 bis house in Clerkenwell, which was part of the dis- 
 Uojve4 monastery there. No circumstance of his ill- 
 ness or death has been discovered. Mr. War ton is 
 inclined to think that he was carried off by a pestilen- 
 tial fever, which raged with uncommon violence in 
 the autumn of the year 1558. He was interred in 
 great state in the parish-church of St. Stephen's Wai- 
 brook, where his second wife Margaret had been be- 
 fore buried, and his daughter Alice. But in 1567, 
 their bodies were removed to the Chapel of his Col- 
 kge, and again interred on the north side of the ,altar, 
 under a tomb of Gothic workmanship, on which are 
 the recumbent figures of Sir Thomas, in complete ar- 
 mour, and his third wife, Elizabeth, large as the life, 
 in alabaster. H 
 
 Sir Thomas Pope was thrice worried.. His . first 
 wife was Elizabeth Gunston, from whom he was 
 divorced, July 11, 1536. His second was Margaret 
 Dodmer, widow, to whom he was married July 17, 
 1536. Her maiden name was Townsend, a na- 
 tive of Stamford in Lincolnshire, and the relict of 
 Ralph Dodmer, Knight, Sheriff and Lord Mayor of 
 London. By Sir Thomas Pope she had only one 
 daughter, Alice,., \vfro died very young; but she had 
 two sons by hfc fetndr huabarfcd^rwhom. Sir Thomas 
 treated as his own. She died in 1538; after which, in 
 1540, he married Elizabeth,' the daughter of Walter 
 Blount, Esq. of Blount's Hail io Staffordshire. She 
 was at that time the widow of Anthony Basford, or 
 
34? 
 
 Beresford, 
 she had one 
 
 After Sir Thbmas^ death, she married &r-H ugh Pat*-, 
 let, of -Hirfton St. George in Somersetshft^ the sort of 
 Sir 'Amy as Paulet, who was confined iiv the 
 by the order of Cardinal Wolsey*. Sir Hugh joi 
 her cordially in her regard and attentions to the 
 lege, of which she was now styfed the Foundress. She 
 died at an advanced age, Oct. 27/feSFat Tyttenhan- 
 ger*, in Hertfordshire, the fivowrite seat of Sir Tho- 
 mas Pope, and was interred, in solemn pomp, in (tie 
 Chapel of Trinity College. 
 
 Mr. Wartan's character^ c^FS^Thotaas Pope must 
 not be omitted, as it is the result of a careful examina- 
 tion of his public and private compel. "Sir ThoHMs 
 appears to have been a man eminently quafiffe^ for bu- 
 siness"; and although not employed iri the very principal 
 departments of state, he possessed j^culiar talents^and 
 address for the management and execution of puMe 
 affairs. His natural abilities were strong^ his fcaoAv- 
 le^ge of the world deep and extensive, his judgment 
 solid and discerning. n fl^ n ^cmnspection arid jpro- 
 dence in tlie conduct of negoemtions entrus^d^-tb his 
 charge, were equaJtefl By hi* 1 ffleftty and perseverance. 
 He is a conspicuous instance c^e>^%o^Med to^the 
 ^niODniJ ni biolmsl^ 1o vr- 
 
 -SeeChr^^ur^^.^g^^j ^ i$w^3. rofp 
 k Sir Thomas purchased this house o^Henry VIII. in 1547. It had 
 
 3^a r ari3 MO^ 8smQtTT, L i!^ vSu v 
 
 een the countr seat of thfe abbots orSt. Alban's. Tfthen became his 
 
 been the country seat of 
 rinci 
 After 
 
 principkl 
 
 owHjin ^ r t anvvvas tota 
 after rebuilt as it Sppears a 
 
 the year 1652, and soon 
 efter oA > the J BUbjecrm)ni 
 io 
 
 . [ Y.norijii 
 
34* TRINITY COLLEGE. 
 
 church, who, without the advantages of birth and pa- 
 trimony, by the force of understanding and industry, 
 raised himself to opulence and honourable employ* 
 merits; 3 He lived in an age when the peculiar circum- 
 stances of the times afforded obvious temptations to 
 the most abject desertion of principle; and few periods 
 of our history can be found, which exhibit more nume- 
 rous examples of occasional compliance with frequent 
 changes: yet he remained unbiassed and uncorrupted 
 amid the general depravity. Under Henry VIII. when, 
 ortithe dissolution of the monasteries, he was enabled, 
 by the opportunities of his situation, to enrich himself 
 with their revenues by fraudulent or oppressive prac- 
 tices, he behaved with disinterested integrity; nor 
 does a single instance occur upon record which im- 
 peaches his honour. In the succeeding reign of Ed- 
 ward VI. a sudden check was given to his career of 
 popularity and prosperity: he retained his original 
 attachment to the catholic religion ; and on that-ae- 
 couut lost those marks of favour or distinction which 
 were so liberally dispensed to the sycophants of So- 
 merfietj,' and which >he might have easily secured by a 
 temptorary submission to the reigning system. At the 
 accession of Mary he was, restored to favour; yet he 
 was never instrumental or active in the tyrannies of 
 that Queen which disgrace our annals. He was armed 
 \vitb discretionary powers for the suppression of here- 
 tical innovations ; yet he forbore to gratify the arbi- 
 trary demands of his bigotted mistress to their utmost 
 exnt; nor woldi>te^ participate in forwarding the 
 barbarities 'of her Woody persecutions. In the guar- 
 dianship of the Princess Elizabeth, the unhappy vic- 
 tim of united superstition, jealousy, revenge, and cru- 
 
TRJHJ1 COLLEGE. 349 
 
 elty, his huRfa^iiysg^gaUeti e>ver his interest ; atidihe 
 less regarded .the, cMfipleagtjtfe o-f tte yigilan tson4\ ttnfbr* 
 giving Queen, tha,M; the claims af injured innocence* i 
 If it be his crime 4o --have accumulated riches^ letdtober 
 remembered, tha he consecrated part of thos*^ piches> 
 not amid -the terrors of a death-bed, nor in the dreams 
 of old age, but in the prime of life, and the vigour of 
 understanding, to the public service of his country; 
 that he gave them to future generations, for the per- 
 petual support of literature and religion*." 
 
 Sir Thomas Pope was certainly in the prime of life 
 when he determined to found a College, the necessity 
 of which was to him apparent, from the actual state of 
 the University, and the increasing zeal for literature, 
 which had in less than half a century produced three 
 new Colleges in Oxford, and four in Cambridge. 
 Like some of the most learned of his predecessors in 
 these munificent acts, he saw the necessity of provid- 
 ing for classical literature; and his Teacher of Huma- 
 nity is specially enjoined to inspire his Scholars with 
 a just taste for the graces of the Latin language, and 
 to explain critically the works of Cicero, Quintilian, 
 Aulus Gellius, Plautus, Terence, Virgil, Horace, Livy, 
 and Lucan. From these and other injunctions respect- 
 ing the same subject it may be inferred, that, although 
 Mr. Warton has not made it a prominent feature in 
 his character, the Founder's acquaintance with classi- 
 cal learning was not inferior to his other accomplish- 
 inents. i >^ia aiii *tt!t>b \. 
 
 The site chosen .for his new foundati^; was; atntbi& 
 tinxe occupied by Durham College, built ;by Richard 
 deHoton, Prior of Durham iin 1289, for the Monks of 
 
 Life, p. 2&6; 
 
Burffafti?'A10&ti r i sixty years afterwards, 
 
 ^nd en- 
 
 'Mith 1O1. per atim&'mch fb* ^gbt Monks, 
 i$k3Q^^ were to 
 
 tertfc gwftn HMO- &nil , jdwlbsbptey ? ttefc feeriibr Mon k to be 
 
 led Wardeii. 
 and , at the 
 
 dissbtotkm in ^541, possessed an annual revenue of 
 Ii3s. 7d. ac<&rdtag"-tt;>- Tvvyue, or, according to 
 1 15l. 4s. 4d. After the dissolu- 
 tkwi, ^ the King 1 gu^B^he'isite -and all its lauds to the 
 B^an and Chapter 4>f Durham, and the latter are no\v 
 in their possession; At this time there were but a 
 it, ^nder tlic Headship of Dr. Wright, 
 also P*int*ifal of Peck water Inn; and the 
 wire falleti into decay. The site reverted to 
 tfo& Crown, but in what manr>er is not known ; and, in 
 granted it to George* (Dw^n of God- 
 King's-; physician, a man of great learning 
 
 William ^ Mar ty 17, G eutlemen. 
 Sir Thomas Pope^ having fixed upoti this as a pro- 
 per {ttwerjbrihui inttertded College, purchased the pre- 
 artdvMartyn, by indenture dated Fe^y. 
 8, and March 28, obtained 
 k royal ficence ami charter to 
 a- X^lfege -Within the University of 
 e title of OAl/^Gttjfl SA^CT^R^ E* 
 !Fwrf^Ai*is IN UNIVERSITATE OXON. 
 
 EX FUNDATIONE THOM^l POPE MILITIS. The So- 
 
 fiwty, wafiL.*Q) toaflsJM; of a ^iwrieirt, a Priest, twelve 
 Feftbws, four' 1 - of wtorn 'shouW ^PHests, and eight 
 S&hbfers, (afterwards increased to twelve,) and the whole 
 
 ^x*;1 ' h ' DU . ... ' "o 
 
 tybe Ji^ralJ^ uiid-{unpJ,y endowed with certain manors, 
 
TRINITY COLLEGE. 351 
 
 lands, and revenues. They were to be elected out of 
 the dioceses and places where the College baa bene*- 
 fices, manors, or revenues, more particularly in Ox&wndh 
 shire, Gloucestershire, Warwickshire, Derbyshire, Bed- 
 fordshire, Hertfordshire, and Kent, but not more than 
 two at the same time out of any county, except Ox- 
 ford, from which five might be chosen. The same 
 charter empowered him to found and endow a school 
 at Hooknorton in Oxfordshire, to be called Jesus 
 Scholehotise; and to give statutes both to the College, 
 and to the first and second masters of the said school. 
 And by deed, dated March 28, 1555, he declared his 
 actual erection and establishment of the said College, 
 and the same day delivered possession, before a large 
 concourse of witnesses, to the President, Fellows, and 
 Scholars, namely, Thomas Slythurste, S. T. B. Presi- 
 dent ; Stephen. Markes, A. M. Robert Newton, John 
 Barwyke, James Bell, Roger Crispin, John Richard- 
 son, Thomas Scotte, George Sympson, Bachelors of 
 Arts, Fellows ; and John Arden, John Comporte, John 
 Perte, and John Langsterre, Scholars. 
 
 In May following, he supplied his College with ne- 
 oefSafies and implements of every kind, books, furni- 
 ture for the, Chapel of the most costly kind; and next 
 year he transmitted a body of statutes to the Society, 
 dated May 1, 1556. These statutes he had submitted 
 to the revision of Cardinal Pole, from whom he re- 
 ceived some valuable hints 8 . In the first copy are se- 
 ~vt ;dT i . 
 
 a In a letter to the President he says, " My Lord CaVdinall's (Jraee 
 " has had the overseeinge of my statutes. He much lykes well that I 
 " have therein ordered the Latin tonge to be redde to my schollers. But 
 " he advyses me to order the Greeke to be more taught there than I hare 
 provyded. This purpose I well tyke j but I fear the tymes will not bear 
 
35S TRINITY COLLEGE. 
 
 veral erasures and interlineations ia the hand of Sly- 
 thurste, made by oonseot aadattthoraty-of the Founder, 
 and the text o this qo^yjhus corrected is that which 
 is now in use. The next i^ppy* ia; (point of antiquity, 
 is a transcript by John Perte^ one of the first Fellows, 
 and Bursar. The third is that which was sent to the 
 Bishop of Winchester, as Visitor; and when Bishop 
 Morley was deprived, during the Usurpation, he re- 
 turned it to the College. They are all on parchment. 
 On the eighth of the same month, May, he gave 
 them one hundred pounds as a stock for immediate 
 purposes; and the endowment by thirty-five manors, 
 thirteen advovvsons, besides impropriations and pen- 
 sions, was completed before or upon the feast of An- 
 nunciation in the same year; and the first President, 
 Fellows, and Sq&alars, nominated by himself, were 
 formally admitted within the Chapel, May 30, on the 
 eve of Trinity Sunday. They were ail, the Graduates 
 at least, taken from the different Colleges of Oxford, 
 except one who was of Cambridge. Some of their 
 names have already been given, but others were no\r 
 added, as Arthur Yeldarde, Fellow, and Philosophy 
 Lecturer; George Rudde, Roger Evans, and Robert 
 Bellamie, Fellows; and Reginald Braye, Robert 
 Thraske, William Saltmarshe, and John Harrys, 
 Scholars. At the same time Stephen Markes was ap- 
 pointed Vice- President $ John Barwyke, Dean, by 
 election; James Bell, Rhetoric Lecturer, by election; 
 and John Richardson and John Perte, Bursars, also 
 by election. 
 
 " it now. I remember when I was a yong so-holier at Eton, the Greeke 
 " tongue was growing apace j the studie of w&ich is now alate much 
 " decaid." 
 
TRINITY COLLEGE. 353 
 
 During: his lifetime, the Founder nominated the 
 Fellows and Scholars, and afterwards delegated the 
 power to his widow, Dame Elizabeth, of nominating 
 the Scholars, and presenting to the advowsons ; and 
 this she continued to exercise during her long life, 
 bill with some interruptions, and some opposition. 
 On one occasion the College rejected her nomination 
 to a Scholarship, and chose another candidate; but on 
 an appeal to the Visitor, he decided in her favour. 
 She sometimes also nominated the Fellows, and once 
 a President. But both she and her husband, Sir Hugh 
 Paulet, were so liberal, and punctual in fulfilling the 
 Founder's intentions, and in contributing to the pros- 
 perity of the College, that she was in general obeyed 
 with respect and gratitude. 
 
 On St. Swithin's day, July 15, 1556, the Founder 
 visited his College, accompanied by the Bishops of 
 Winchester and Ely, Why te and Thirby, and other 
 eminent .personages, who were entertained sumptu- 
 ously in the Hall, the whole expences of which were 
 pakl by him to the Bursar on the same day. Nor was 
 this a singular act of liberality, for it appears, that 
 during his lifetime he paid all the University expences 
 of degrees, regencies, and determinations for the Fel- 
 lows and Scholars. He also continued to send various 
 articles of rich furniture for the Chapel and Hall, and 
 a great quantity of valuable plate, and made consider- 
 able additions to the permanent endowment, by new 
 revenues for five obits or dirges yearly, to be sung 
 and celebrated as festivals in his College. These were, 
 1 . for Queen Mary and her progenitors, on the day of 
 the assumption of the hqly Virgin ; 2. for Darne Mar- 
 garet his late wife, and Alice his daughter, deceased, 
 
 A a 
 
;-.j-fe TRINITY COLLEGfi. 
 
 on the day of the conception of the holy Virgin ; 3. for 
 Dame Elizabeth his present wife, on the day of the 
 nativity of the holy Virgin; 4. for his father and 
 mother, on the day of the annunciation ; and, 5. on 
 Jesus day, August 7, for himself and all Christian 
 souls. About the same time he founded four addi- 
 tional Scholarships, from the endowment of the school 
 intended to have been established at Hooknorton, but 
 which intention he now abandoned, thinking it more 
 beneficial to the public to increase the number of 
 scholars in the University . 
 
 In December, 1557, he announced his intention of 
 building a house at Garsington near Oxford, to which 
 the Society might retire in time of the plague. This 
 was built after his death, pursuant to his will, in a 
 quadrangular form ; and it appears from the College 
 books that they took refuge here in 1570-1, and again 
 in 1577- On the former occasion they were visited 
 by Sir Hugh Paulet. At this house they performed 
 the same exercises, both of learning and devotion, as 
 when in College. In 1563, before this house was com- 
 pleted, they retired, during a plague, to Woodstock. 
 
 In his will, the Founder left 1001. for building a 
 wall round the grave b , and an additional quantity of 
 
 * His Scholars had 21. 12s. yearly for their commons and diet, and 
 11. 13s. 4d. for their wages. An allowance was also provided for an Or-. 
 ganist, Butler, Porter, &c. The organ appears to ha>e been generally 
 played by a member of the Society; and the Founder ordered in the 
 statutes, that there should be constantly one person admitted into the" 
 Society competently skilled in music, who might be able to execute^ 
 the office of Organist. Anciently, Mr. Warton remarks, that no sepa- 
 rate or distinct offievr, by the name uf Organist, was ever appointed.. 
 See note on p. 424. 
 
 b This vras only part of the grove tvhich originally belonged to Dur* 
 
TRINITY COLLEGE. 355 
 
 plate, which he had purchased from various religious 
 houses, on their dissolution. But of all the plate given 
 by him, one piece only now remains in the Chapel, a 
 silver gilt chalice, weighing twenty ounces, exqui- 
 sitely engraved, which belonged to the abbey of St. 
 Alban's. The rest were either destroyed or taken 
 away, as superstitious, in 1570, or granted to Charles 
 I. in the year 1642, when the Colleges in Oxford con- 
 tributed their plate to that monarch's necessities. 
 
 To this ample foundation, a few benefactors made 
 some additions. Richard Blount, of London, Esq. 
 nephew to Dame Elizabeth Paulet, the Founder's wi- 
 dow, bequeathed 1001. to maintain an Exhibitioner. 
 Ort his death, Lady Paulet covenanted with his exe- 
 cutors to give to the College, iii consideration of the 
 said sum of 1001. made over to her, the rectory of 
 Ridge in Hertfordshire, for the maintenance of the 
 said Exhibitioner, and for other purposes. This was 
 concluded 1581, but the advowson of Ridge, which 
 was part of the benefaction, is now lost. John Whet- 
 stone, of Rodden, in the county of Dorset, merchant, 
 bequeathed 5001. for Exhibitions, and with this money 
 lands were purchased at Okeley in Buckinghamshire : 
 and, in 1667, Edward Bathurst, B. D. left land in 
 Northamptonshire to the yearly value of 241. and gave 
 the statue of the Founder, which is over the Hall-door 
 next the quadrangle. But the greatest benefactors 
 were those who contributed to the new buildings, to 
 be noticed hereafter. 
 
 ham College. The rest was rented by Bernard College, and conse- 
 quently now belongs to St. John's. The stone wall which separates th<f 
 gardens of Trinity and St. John's was built at the joint ejtpence of the 
 respective founders. 
 
 A a 2 
 
TKIMTY COLLEGE. 
 
 The principal Li YN GSQ& fchia "College are the REC- 
 TORiEs^f Gareington, (attached to the office of Pre- 
 sident,) Oddington upon Otmoor, and Rotherfield 
 Greys, Oxfordshire; Farnham in Essex; and Barton 
 in -Wai-wick shire: the Vte AH AGES of Great Waltham 
 and Navesteck in.Essex: and the DONATIVE of Hill- 
 farance in Somersetshire. 
 
 In 1592 the rents of this College were estimated at 
 2001.; and in 1612 the Society amounted to one hun- 
 dred and sixteen persons. It now consists, agreeably 
 to its original constitution, of a President, twelve Fel- 
 lows, and twelve Scholars, with Gentlemen Common- 
 ers and Commoners. The Bishop of Winchester is 
 the Visitor. Mr. Warton assigns, as Sir Thomas 
 Pope's motive for appointing the Bishops of Win- 
 chester to be Visitors, his respect for Gardiner, who 
 was Bishop of that diocese when the foundation was 
 projected, who had been governor of a College at 
 Cambridge, was now Chancellor of that University, 
 a learned civilian, a scholar of the first rank, an emi- 
 nent patron of literature, and bore the greatest sway 
 in all civil and ecclesiastical affairs. This is high 
 praise; but yet it may be inferred, from his liberal 
 treatment of Aschani and Sir Thomas Smith, that his 
 love of learning did sometimes soften that ferocious 
 spirit of persecution, with which he disgraced the 
 reign of Queen: Mary. As he died while the statutes 
 of this College werer preparing, his successor, Whyte, 
 was appointed Visitor. Whyte Jwas first Schoolmaster, 
 and afterwards Warden of Winchester, and succes- 
 sively Bishop of Lincoln and Winchester under Queen 
 Mary, a man of learning and eloquence, but, adhering 
 to the religious principles of his royal mistress, was 
 


TRINITY COLLEGE. 357 
 
 deprived by Queen Elizabeth, and died in 1560. To 
 his successor, Home, we shall have occasion to advert 
 hereafter. 
 
 The original BUILDINGS of this College were 
 those which belonged to Durham College, and were 
 repaired by our Founder for the use of his Society. 
 They consisted principally of a low quadrangle, with 
 the Hall, Library, and Chapel. About the beginning 
 of the seventeenth century, Dr. Kettel, President, 
 added cocklofts, or garrets, to part of the quadrangle ; 
 and about the same time erected some buildings near 
 the Kitchen, at the north end of the Hall, the ex- 
 pence of all which was defrayed by the College. 
 During the Rebellion, the buildings became ruinous, 
 although the Society even at that time was in a flou- 
 rishing condition. In 1664, Dr. Bathurst, then Presi- 
 dent, began his extensive designs with repairing his 
 lodgings on the east side of the quadrangle, which he 
 afterwards completed in 1687 at his awn expence. 
 Soon after a new court of three sides was projected in 
 the Fellows' garden, the north side of which was fi- 
 nished in 1667. The west side, however, was not 
 completed until 16S2, nor the south until 1728. The 
 east opens into the larger division of the garden, 
 which is laid into grass-plats, and the fine centre 
 walk terminates with a handsome iron gate*. Sir 
 Christopher Wren was the architect employed on this 
 court^ and by the late improvements, which give it 
 
 The other division of the garden consists ,pf narrow walks and a 
 wilderness, of the materials and forms which prevailed in King Wil- 
 liam's time, forming a curious contrast to the display of modern taste 
 in the neighbouring garden of St, John's. 
 
 A ^ 3 
 
353 TRINITY COLLEGE, 
 
 uniformity, it ap ; pears more creditable to his talents 
 than' as originally designed. "The benefactions of Dr. 
 Bathurst, Archbishop Sheld^ ; 10r> f Ironside, Bishop 
 of Bristol, and other eminent men formerly or at 
 this time members of the College, contributed most 
 liberally to complete the undertaking. 
 
 On these buildings Mr. Warton remarks, with more 
 regard for their style than was consonant with his 
 habitual veneration for the Gothic, that Dr. Bathurst 
 became, by example, a general benefactor, being the 
 first who introduced the just and genuine proportions 
 of Grecian architecture into the University, which 
 have .ever since been so successfully followed. Tbe 
 venerable beauties of Gothic magnificence alone pre- 
 vailed, till his new court at Trinity College appeared : 
 particularly, the splendid decorations, and exquisite 
 finishings, of modern art, were absolutely unknown in 
 Oxford, till the first effort to these elegancies was 
 exhibited in the Chapel of his College, in a style of 
 which other specimens are now not uncommon. It 
 was reserved for the taste, the genius, and the spirit 
 of Dr. Bathurst, to work this reformation; and in 
 this respect he reminds us of a King of Athens, men- 
 tioned by Plutarch, who first placed the statues of 
 the Graces in an ancient temple of Minerva*. 
 
 In 1685, the COMMON ROOM was built out of one 
 of the Fellows' chambers, which had been a dormitory 
 for the Scholars about the year 1632. In this room 
 is an excellent likeness of Mr. Wartou by Rising, and 
 one of Dr. Carne by Huddesford. In 1676, the old 
 Kitchen was converted into a chamber, and a new one, 
 
 Life of Bathurst, p. 87. 
 
TRINITY COLLEGE. 359 
 
 with chambers -over it, built on the west side of the 
 Hall, and a passage made to it on a pi^ce of ground 
 purchased of Bailiol College. The old Gothic gate- 
 way next the street, consisting of three arches, with 
 niches and shields', was pulled dpwn in 1773, and 
 the present spacious entrance, iron palisade, and 
 gates, erected at the expence of Francis, first Earl of 
 Guilclford, a member of the College. 
 
 The HALL, on the west side of the first quadrangle, 
 was originally that belonging to Durham College ; 
 -but, falling into decay, it was pulled down in 1618, 
 during the government of Dr. Kettel, and the present 
 built on the same site, in the Gothic style, at the ex- 
 J>ence of the College. The windows of the old Hall 
 were decorated with portraits of saints, &c. coats 
 0f arms, and inscriptions, which were either not re- 
 placed, or destroyed during the Rebellion. The last 
 improvements were a new ceiling, wainscotting, and 
 chimney-piece, in 1772. At the upper end is a por- 
 trait of the Founder, three quarters length, in a gown 
 of black sattin, faced with lucerne spots, and the motto, 
 " Quod taciturn velis nemini dixeris." There are four 
 other portraits of him in the College, by different 
 artists, but all of the same diniemsiems^ dress, and atti- 
 tude, and are all supposed to be copies from one by 
 Holbein, in Lord Guildford's collection at Wroxton. 
 On the right of the picture in this Hall is an admira- 
 ble likeness of MJ-. Wartoa, by M<r. Penrose, and on 
 
 
 Of this there is a drawing in the Bursary, where also are portraits 
 of Dr. Kettel and Dr. Bathurst, and one of Dame Elizabeth Paulet, 
 which Mr. Wartbn thinks was painted by Sir Antonio More, about the 
 middle .of Queen Elizabeth's reign, and was in the College at least be- 
 fore 1613. 
 
 A a 4 
 
300 TRINITY COLLEOE; 
 
 the 
 
 engraving that was made, when he was fifty^sitf yeairs 
 I&ggan's ijtthiiatim 
 
 iia< iswtotanoej 
 the CoJlege,;being the same which belonged *to D ur- 
 hwuC0Jlege,;with such alterations as the decay of 
 time rendered necessary. It was erected, with the 
 otfoer buildings, hy Thomas Hatfield, Bishop of Dur- 
 ham, in the year.. 1370*. Sit Thomas Pope found it 
 in a ruinous state, and repaired it for present use. 
 It had originally an arched roof, as appears by the 
 window at. the south end, the- garrets above, now the 
 Undergraduates' Library, being of much later date. 
 The windows were tilled with portraits of saints and 
 benefactors to the College, which probably were greatly 
 decayed when the Founder made his ^purctiase, and 
 what was left was destroyed by the republican sol- 
 diers. About the end of the reign of Queen Eliza- 
 beth, new book-cases were purchased with part of the 
 legacy of 1571. 14s. left by Dr. Edward Hyadmer, who 
 quitted his Fellowship in 1570, when about to take 
 orders, from his attachment to the popish religion. 
 In 1765, after many attem^tfeJl^ :' repttir tffe wifldows, 
 they, were takeiijidefon and < replaced" ag we now find 
 them, with many curious remains of ancient painted 
 glass. ,The windbwitat the upper end contains some 
 beautiful specimens ofYtfaatffciiari j.aJttd in the centre has 
 lately been t plm^d ja ^ neat tabtksttby: Fiaxman, to the 
 mem/pry .of Mr'*(WaDtaB*ithetighiC2Df> his^Sis^r Jane, 
 w^]d^drlagt .yjear>v. Qvtr ttid efrfralm^is^pertrait of 
 ^; . a-v.^ym.i 
 
 . From: a 
 riesinMerton:q9llpge,.|slO J( ^ vioU 
 
TRINITY* .'COLLEGE; S61 
 
 a benetaeipr>ri SBW art nsrivr , hsra a.*?v ' tarfi 
 The Founder #B$t*bfts fk^eonttdbUllggrfi 
 the amount of nearly .one huad red 
 and, printed ; many of :*he; tetter datig i 
 original bbiding^ 4*m?rious matiuscri]jtof,*^eiESinder 
 was lately NccHrered by * member oft ttefiptgooiety^ a 
 thin folio, distinctly written, and entitled^ *' An x- 
 " planation of the True Catholic Faith iiihe most 
 "holy Sacrament of Christ's body and blood." It was 
 presented to Stephen Markes> one o the^first Fellows, 
 by Lady Pope. The collection was afterwards en- 
 larged by Slythurste and Yeldardfi, the first and se- 
 cond Presidents, Edward Hyndmer, above mentioned, 
 and Edward Hutchins, one of the first Scholars of the 
 Founders appointment, his nephew, and one of his 
 heirs. Of this gentleman the following memorial ex- 
 ists, on a buttress on the south side of the College, 
 facing the north side of Balliol, " Jesti have M. O. 
 " E. Hutchins." Other contributors were, Thomas 
 Allen, the mathematician ; Thomas Arden, Scholar ; 
 Dr. Kettel, President; Thomas Rawes, Canon of 
 Windsor; William Lord Craven, Gentleman Com- 
 moner; Thomas Cooper, B.D.; Richard Rands, Par- 
 son of Hartfield in Sussex; Sir Edward Hoby; Dr. 
 Harris, President ; Richard Woodhull, of Mollington 
 in Warwickshire; Dr. Ralph Bathurst, &c. The to 
 pographical collection here is. very copious. 
 
 The CHAPEL, originally i that of Durham College, 
 was richly supplied by the Founder with furniture 
 suitable to the religion of the times, which the Soci- 
 ety were long desirous of retaining, the new opinions 
 having at first made but slow progress in this College. 
 
&6* T1J WTY >COIXBG E. 
 
 In 15O, however, the Visitor, Bishop Home, a deter- 
 mined enemy- to superstition, and who seems to have 
 considered ev^ry thipg as superstitious which was .or- 
 napientaj, vyrote a letter to, the President and Eeiiows, 
 enjoining them, to deface all cwsses, Censers, " and 
 " such lyke fylthie stuffe used in the idolatrous tern- 
 "pie." With tiws it is probable -they were obliged 
 to comply, as his visits to this and other Colleges 
 upder his jurisdiction were frequent and watchful. 
 The windows, which he permitted to escape, were, ac- 
 cording to Aubrey, " admirable Gothic painted glass, 
 " like those at New College," and, he thinks, "better." 
 In the east window, over the altar, was this inscrip- 
 tion, " ORATE PRO ANIMA THOM#: POPE EQUITIS 
 
 " AURATI FUNDATORIS ISTIUS CoLLEGII." But all 
 
 these were destroyed during the Usurpation, and this 
 last inscription is said to have given particular offence. 
 At the same time the organ was removed, and a paint- 
 ing .of tbe Descent from the Cross defaced. In this 
 state jhe Chapel remained umtil Dr. Bathurst became 
 President, to whom the College at large is so highly 
 indebted for its renovation. After pulling down the 
 old Chapel, with the adjoining gateway and treasury, 
 and enlarging the ground-plot, he began the present 
 edifiqe, with its tower, by laying the Erst stone July 9, 
 1691, and contributed nearly 20001. with which the ex- 
 terior was completed. The furniture and decorations 
 were defrayed from large collections which he solicited 
 froiu many persons of, high lank, who had been naeiii- 
 bers of this College'. Among these we find the names 
 
 
 
 * Many of bis letters on this subject occur in Warton's Life, and dis- 
 play a laudable anxiety for the welfare of the Society. His own libe- 
 ral example must likewise have produced a very striking effect. 
 
TRINITY COLLEGE. 
 
 of -the first Lord Shaftesbury ; Lord -Craven ; Lord So- 
 mers} Stratford, Bishop of Chester; Mews, Bishop of 
 Winchester; and mmiy others. The plan, it ifr coii>' 
 jectured by Mr. Warton, was furnished by Bean Al- 
 drich, with some improvements by Sir Christopher 
 Wren, ^particularly that of substituting vases for pin- 
 nacles^ As the style of this Chapel bears a strong it- 
 semblance to that of All Saints, whieh is known to" 
 have- been built by Dean Aldrich, there is perhaps 
 little to be added to Mr. Warton's conjecture, ex- 
 cept to express our surprise, tbat so recent a matter 
 should be left in doubt. 
 
 The most ingenious artificers, we are told, were pro- 
 cured to decorate this attic edifice, in the highest per- 
 fection r " which, amidst a multiplicity of the most 
 " exquisite embellishments, maintains that simple ele- 
 " gance, which is agreeable to the character of the 
 " place, and consistent with ju&t notions of true taste." 
 The delicate hand of Grinlin Gibbons supplied the 
 carvings of the screen and altar-piece, which are of 
 cedar. The painting of the Ascension on the ceiling 
 was the work of Peter Berchet, a French artist. The 
 altar has been more recently decorated by a copy of 
 West's Resurrection in Windsor Castle, executed in 
 needle-work, and presented, in 1793, by Miss Althea 
 Fanshawe,^fShip]akeHill, near MenlejM ao:/ 
 
 This Chapel was finished within three years, and 
 consecrated by Bishop Hough % April 12/1694.- The 
 monument of the Founder is placed -against the rtorth 
 wall, at tfee upper end ; and in the ante-chapel ar &# 
 monuments of Dr. Bathurst, Dr. Svkes. Dr. Ahnont, 
 
 r.Wni^ . i fOtifH 
 
 * Mr. Warton says, by mistake, Bishop Fell, who died in 168f?l 
 
364 TRINITY COLLEGE. 
 
 Dr. Dobson, Dr. Huddesford, and Mr. Warton. The 
 Presidents Yeidard, HarriS)>and Potter, and Allen the 
 celebrated mathematician, were buried in the old Cha- 
 pel. Of the Founder's tomb, Mr. Warton remarks, 
 that the greatest part of its elegant workmanship is 
 now concealed, and the effect of the whole destroyed, 
 by an alcove corresponding to another on the opposite 
 side. But this is perhaps a consequence of those 
 " just and genuine proportions of Grecian architec- 
 " ture," which he is pleased to admire, and which 
 are ill adapted for the reception of ancient monu- 
 ments. 
 
 The first of the twelve PRESIDENTS who have go- 
 verned this Society for two centuries and a half was 
 Thomas Slythurste, Canon of Windsor, who was ap- 
 pointed May 30, 1556, and of whom the Founder had 
 a high opinion, on account of his learning, experience, 
 prudence, and probity. He enjoyed his confidence, 
 indeed, in no common degree, and was frequently con- 
 sulted by him on matters relating to the College. Re- 
 fusing to embrace the new religion, he was deprived 
 of his office by Queen Elizabeth's visitors in 1559, and 
 died in the Tower of London in 1560. Yeidard, his 
 successor, was of Cambridge, an able classical scholar, 
 and the first philosophy lecturer of this College ap- 
 pointed by the Founder, who placed his son-in-law, 
 John Beresford, under his tuition. He was appointed 
 President by the Foundress, and remained in office 
 a,bove thirty-nine years. Dr. Ralph Kettel, who suc- 
 ceeded him, has already been mentioned as. an im- 
 prover of the buildings, and was in all respects an ex- 
 cellent governor. . His name is yet familiar, from the 
 
 
TRINITY COILE0E. 365 
 
 house he built near this College in i6l, called 'Eettel 
 Hall, originally it1rkl id i or the CominiDtiers -of Tri- 
 nity, at which* JlifinPgiiiP bl^^^oflrtiaonicalion with the 
 College. Itvtefiofr ^ri^aW-resideB^^ipf diiritig the 
 Usurpation, Wood it^rrftb as, &uh o^ life 
 as had been famous for acting pfoys in 
 tirae, used to Jtc^^^ %^te^kfe*ftv^^J|all, Dr. 
 Kettel was elected ^Sfchdarqo^Wrinity at eleven years 
 of age, nominated President by the Visitor in; Feb. 
 1598-9, and died in 1X348, having held this office for 
 forty-four years. During the Usurpation, Robert Har- 
 ris was appointed President, in 1648, a man of such 
 candour, that Mr. Warton is of opinion a majority 
 of the loyal Fellows were permitted to remain. Dr. 
 Bathurst honoured his memory with a long epitaph, 
 which was in the former Chapel, and of which, Wood 
 says, he was afterwards ashamed. One William Hawes 
 succeeded him in 1 the same interest, .and, on his death, 
 Dr. Seth Ward, afterwards Bishop of Salisbury, was 
 elected, in defiance of the usurping powers, by Dr. 
 Bathurst and his friends, although disqualified, for 
 he was not a member of the College. He resigned, 
 however, to Dr. Potter, who had been ejected in 1648. 
 His successors were Drs. Ralph Bathurst, Thomas 
 Sykes, William Dobson, George Huddesford, and Jo- 
 seph Chapman. Dr. Bathurst was a man of learning, 
 wit, and public spirit, and a most liberal benefactor to 
 his College, aver which he presided forty years; but 
 Mr. Warton's copious life of him, accompanied by his 
 Ikerary remains, renders any farther notice of him in 
 this place unnecessary. His .memory must ever be 
 revered in Trinity College. One -of the last act&^f 
 his beneficence was the purchase of the advowson of 
 
S66 TRINITY C01L&GE. 
 
 Oddington for this Society in 1700. He died Jan. 
 14, 1704, in his eighty-fourth year. 
 : Mr. Waa-ton gives the following list of BISHOPS 
 and other eminent men, who were either educated 
 at Trinity College, or lived in it while Dr. Bathurst 
 was Fellow or President: Gilbert Ironside, Bi- 
 shop of Bristol ; William Lucy, Bishop of St. Da- 
 vid's ; Herbert Skinner, Bishop of AYorcester; Henry 
 Glelnharn, Bishop of St. Asaph; Nicholas Stafford, 
 Bishop of Chester ; Samuel Parker, Bishop of Oxford ; 
 Archbishop Sheldon; Selden ; Chillingworth; Gelli- 
 brand, the mathematician ; Aubrey, the antiquary ; 
 Arthur Wilson, author of the Life of Jatnes I. ; 
 Sir John Denham, poet; Sir Henry Blount; Sk* 
 James Harrington, author of the Oceana; Dr. Der- 
 ham, author of the Physico-theology ; Dr. Daniel 
 Whitby ; Mr. John Evelyn ; Sir Edward Bysche, a 
 most learned writer on heraldry; Francis Potter, ma- 
 thematician ; .Dr. Thomas Warton, physician; An- 
 thony Farringdon, author of a series of learned ser- 
 mons, but better known for his acquaintance and 
 connection with Hales of Eton, and Charles Deodate, 
 Milton's intimate friend. 
 
 To these we may add, George Calvert, first Lord 
 Baltimore; Charles Montague, Earl of Halifax ; Lord 
 Somers, the Earl of Chatham, and the second Earl 
 of Guildford, who during his long administration was 
 better known by the title of Lord North. The poets, 
 Lodge, Settle, Glanville, Manning, Merrick, and 
 Headley; Thomas Allen, mathematician; Gill, the 
 younger, Master of St. Paul's school; Edward Lud- 
 low, the republican chief; Sir John Ford, hydraulist ; 
 Henry Birkenhead, founder of the poetry lecture in the 
 
TRINITY COLI/EGE. S67 
 
 University of Oxford ; John Chamberlnine, the son of 
 Edward of Edmund Hall, and the continuator of his 
 father's useful historical compilations; Dr. Edwanl 
 Cobden ; Thomas Goxeter, a miscellaneous writer of 
 some note; Smart Lethieullier, Esq. antiquary ; Fran- 
 cis Wise,, another excellent antiquary, keeper of the 
 archives, and Radcliffe librarian; and Thomas War- 
 ton, who will be long remembered as an ornament to 
 this College, the founder of the school of poetical 
 commentators, and himself a poet of no mean rank. 
 It has been said in another place, that few men have 
 combined so many qualities of mind; a taste for the 
 sublime and the pathetic, the gay and the humorous, 
 the pursuits of the antiquary, and the pleasures of 
 amusement, the labours of research, and the play of 
 imagination *. 
 
 a Life of Warton, English Poets, J 810, vol. xviii. 
 
 ' 
 . 
 

 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 1 HE Founders of Colleges have hitherto been emi- 
 nent Statesmen or Prelates, men naturally and deeply 
 interested in the advancement of literature and re- 
 ligion, whose high stations afforded them the means 
 of giving more effectual support to the prosperity of 
 their country, and a superior tone to the sentiments 
 of the people. We come now to a Founder not ori- 
 ginally possessed of these advantages, a citizen and 
 merchant of London, who does not appear to have 
 been acquainted with the pleasures of learning, and 
 could know its benefits only by report; one, at the 
 same time, of a class to whom the nation is indebted 
 for much of its honourable character, and many bene- 
 volent institutions for their existence and support. 
 
 Sir Thomas White, the Founder of St. John's Col- 
 lege, was born at Reading, in the year 14Q2, the son 
 of William White, a native of Rickmansworth, by 
 Mary, daughter of John Kiblewhite, of South Faw- 
 ley in Berkshire. 
 
 His father carried on the business of a clothier, for 
 some time, at Rickmansworth, but removed to Rea- 
 ding before our Founder was born. The former cir- 
 cumstance has given rise to the mistake of Fuller, 
 Chauncey, and Pennant, who say that he was born at 
 Rickmansworth. But this was rectified by Griffin 
 
 
ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 369 
 
 Higgs%a member of this College, and afterwards Fel- 
 low of Merton, in his Latin memoir of the Founder. 
 Hearne appears to have been of the same opinion b . 
 
 He is said to have been educated at Reading, but 
 probably only in the elements of writing and arithme- 
 tic, as at the age of twelve he was apprenticed to a 
 tradesman or merchant of London. His apprentice- 
 ship lasted ten years, during which he behaved so well, 
 that his master, at his death, left him an hundred 
 pounds. With this, and the patrimony bequeathed by 
 his father, who died in 1523, he commenced business 
 on his own account, and in a few years rose to wealth 
 and honours, and became distinguished by acts of 
 munificence. In 1542, he gave to the corporation of 
 Coventry JOOOl. which with 4001. of their own wa* 
 laid out in the purchase of lands, from the rents of 
 
 Griffin Higgs wrote in Latin verse, " Nativitas, vita, et inors IX 
 *t Thomae White, mil. et Alderm. civit. Lond. et Fundatoris Coll. S. 
 *' Johannis Bapt. Oxon. ;" and in prose, " A true and faithful relation 
 " of the rising and fall of Thomas Tooker, Prince of Alba Fortunata, 
 <* Lord of St. John's, with the occurrents which happened throughout 
 " his whole dominions." Both pieces bound together in MS. are in the 
 custody of the President. The latter contains verses, speeches, plays* 
 &c. arid a description of the Christmas Prince of this College, 10'07, 
 whom the juniors used annually to elect from its first foundation ; which 
 custom prevailed likewise in other Colleges. 
 
 b For the principal part of this account of the Founder, I am in- 
 debted to the Rev. Charles Coates's History of Reading. In a note re- 
 specting Sir Thomas's birth, he says, " Dr Merrick of Reading told the 
 " late Mr. Loveday, that he remembered an old man who used to 
 ** name, as the very house of his birth, a building, since taken down, in 
 V the Butter-market at Reading, upon the spot where afterwards lived 
 John May, an undertaker. Dr. M^ related this August 20, 1729" 
 My learned friend Mr. Henry Ellis has favoured me with an extract from* 
 Hearne's MSS. Diaries, vol. cxxii. p. 33, by which it appears that Dr. 
 Merrick had made the same communication to hints 
 
 B b 
 
370 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 which provision was made for twelve poor men, and 
 a sum raised to be lent to industrious young men of 
 Coventry. This estate in 1705 yielded 9301. yearly. 
 He gave also to the mayor and corporation of Bristol, 
 by deed, the sum of 20001. and the same to the town 
 of Leicester, to purchase estates, and raise a fund, from 
 which sums of money might be lent to industrious 
 tradesmen, not only of those but of other places speci- 
 fied, which were to receive the benefits of the fund in 
 rotation, and by the same the poor were to be relieved 
 in times of scarcity. These funds are now in a most 
 prosperous state, and judiciously administered. 
 
 Sir Thomas White was Sheriff of London in 1546, 
 and Lord Mayor in 1553, when he was knighted by 
 Queen Mary for his services in preserving the peace 
 of the city during the rebellion of Sir Thomas Wyatt. 
 Of the rest of his history, or personal character, senti- 
 ments, and pursuits, no particulars have been reco- 
 vered, except; what may be inferred from his many 
 and wise acts of liberality. He must have been no 
 common man who shewed the first example of de- 
 voting the profits of trade to the advancement of learn- 
 ing. He died at Oxford, Feb. 11, 1566, in the 72d 
 year of his age, and was buried in the Chapel of his 
 College'. 
 
 The following Letter was addressed by Irim to the Society, a short 
 time before his death. 
 
 " Mr. President, with the Fellowes and Schollers, 
 " I have mee recommended unto you, even from the bottome of my 
 " hearts, desyring-e the HolyeGhoste may bee amongeyou untill the ende 
 " of the worlde, and desyringe Almightie God that every one of you 
 *' maye love one another as brethren ; and I shall desyre you all to ap- 
 " plye to your Learning, and ao doinge God shall give you his blessinge 
 ' both in this worlde and in the worlde to come. And furthermore if 
 
ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 371 
 
 Some accounts relate, that toward the latter end of 
 his life he fell into extreme poverty ; a circumstance, 
 Mr. Coates observes, that seems very improbable, as, 
 by his will, he left 400 marks to his widow, and 30001. 
 to St. John's, with legacies to the children of his bro- 
 ther Ralph, and the Merchant Taylors' Company, of 
 which he was a member, to a considerable amount. 
 
 He was twice married ; first to a lady whose name 
 was Avisia or Avis, but whose family is unknown. She 
 died in 1577> without issue, and was buried with great 
 pomp and ceremony in the parish-church of St. Mary 
 Aldermanbury. His second wife was Joan, one of 
 the daughters and coheiresses of John Lake, of Lon- 
 don, Gent, the widow of Sir Ralph Warren, Knight, 
 twice Lord Mayor of London, by whom she had chil- 
 dren. She survived Sir Thomas, and died in 1573, and 
 was buried by her first husband in the church of St. 
 Bennet Sherehog, London. 
 
 There is a portrait of him in the town-hall of Leices- 
 ter, habited as Lord Mayor of London, with a gold 
 chain, and collar of SS. a black cap, pointed beard, his 
 gloves in his right hand, and on the little finger of his 
 left a ring. There are similar portraits in the town- 
 
 " anye variaunce or strife doe arise among you, I shall desyre you for 
 " God's love to pacifye it as much as you maye ; and that doinge I put 
 * noe doubt but God shall blesse everye one of you. And this shall bee 
 " the last letter that ever I shall sende unto you, and therefore I shall 
 " desyre everye one of you to take a coppye of yt for my sake. Noe- 
 " more to you at this tyme, but the Lord have you in his keeping 
 " untill thende of the worlde. Written the 27th of Januarye, 1566. I 
 " desyre you all to praye to God for mee, that I may ende my life with 
 " patience, and that he may take mee to his mercye. 
 
 " By mee Sir Thomas White, Knighte, Alderman of London, and 
 ** Founder of S. John's Colled^e in Oxforde." 
 B h.2 
 
373 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 hall at Salisbury, at Reading, Merchant Taylors', and 
 this College. 
 
 At what time he first projected the foundation of 
 a, College is not known. His original intention was 
 to have founded it at Reading, but he relinquished 
 that in favour of Oxford ; and on May 1, 1555, ob- 
 tained a licence from Philip and Mary, empowering 
 him, to the praise and honour of God, the Virgin 
 Mary, and St. John Baptist, to found a College for 
 divinity, philosophy, and the arts ; the members to be 
 a President, thirty Scholars, graduate or non-graduate, 
 or more or lesg, as might be appointed in the statutes ; 
 and the site to be Bernard College, in the parish of 
 St. Mary Magdalen, without the north-gate of the 
 city of Oxford, and to be called St. John Baptist Col- 
 lege in the University of Oxford. 
 
 St. Bernard's College was founded by Archbishop 
 Chichele for Scholars of the Cistercian order, who 
 might wish to study in Oxford, but had no place be- 
 longing to their order in which they could associate 
 together, and be relieved from the inconveniences of 
 separation in Halls and Inns, where they could not 
 keep up their peculiar customs and statutes. On re- 
 presenting this to the King, Henry VI., he granted 
 letters patent, dated March 20, 1437, giving the Arch- 
 bishop leave to erect a College to the honour of the 
 Virgin Mary and St. Bernard in Northgate-street, in 
 the parish of St. Mary Magdalen, on ground contain- 
 ing about five acres, which he held of the King /// 
 capite. According to Wood, quoted by Stevens, it 
 was built much in the same manner as All Souls ; 
 but the part they inhabited was only the front and 
 
ST\ JOHN'S COLLEGE. 373 
 
 the south side of the first court, as the Hall, &c. was 
 not built till 1502, nor the Chapel completed and con- 
 secrated until 1530. Their whole premises at the dis- 
 solution were estimated but at two acres, and to be 
 worth, if let to farm, only twenty shillings yearly ; 
 but as the change of owners was compulsory, we are 
 not to wonder at this undervaluation. It was granted 
 by Henry VIII. to Christ Church, from whence it 
 came to Sir Thomas White. In the Monasticon is a 
 list of seven Priors, the last of whom, in 1535, was 
 Philip Acton. The Society was governed by a Prior, 
 and he and they were subordinate to the Chancellor, 
 who was their Visitor. Among other exercises, they 
 were enjoined to preach twice in Lent at the parish- 
 church of St. Peter in the East, which is the reason, 
 probably, why the Fellows of St. John's do the same. 
 From Christ Church, Sir Thomas White obtained 
 a grant of the premises, May 25, by paying twenty 
 shillings yearly for it; and they covenanted with him 
 that he should choose his first President from the 
 Canons or Students of Christ Church, and that after- 
 wards the Fellows of St. John's should choose a Pre- 
 sident from their own number, or from Christ Church, 
 to be admitted and established by the Dean and Chap- 
 ter, or, in their absence, by the Chancellor or Vice- 
 Chancellor of Oxford ; and they farther wished to 
 covenant that the Dean and Chapter should be Vi- 
 sitors of the new College. With some reluctance, and 
 by the persuasion of his friend Alexander Belsire, 
 Canon of Christ Church, and first President, Sir Tho- 
 mas was induced to consent to these terms; but the 
 last article respecting the Visitor must have been with- 
 
374 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 drawn, as he appointed Sir William Cordall 3 , Master 
 of the Rolls, Visitor for life, and the right of visita- 
 tion was afterwards conferred on the Bishops of Win- 
 chester 1 *. 
 
 In the same year, May 29? 1555, Sir Thomas, by 
 virtue of his licence, established his College, and his 
 first Society consisted of Alexander Belsire, B. D. 
 and Canon of Christ Church, President; Ralph Wyn- 
 don, Edward Chambre, and Henry D'awbeney, Mas- 
 ters of Arts, Scholars. For their maintenance he en- 
 dowed the house with 361. yearly, due to him from 
 the city of Coventry, and with various manors, estates, 
 and advowsons in Berkshire and Oxfordshire. In 1557, 
 .he obtained of Philip and Mary another charter, dated 
 March 5, in which he made considerable additions to 
 the endowment, and specified theology, philosophy, 
 canon and civil law, and the arts, as the studies to be 
 pursued. 
 
 On this occasion he appointed the same President, 
 Belsire, and the following Graduate Scholars ; John 
 Bavant, M. A. of Christ Church, first Greek Reader 
 here; John James, LL. D. late Principal of White 
 Hall, where Jesus College is built, Vice-President; 
 and William Elye, M. A. of Brasen Nose, afterwards 
 
 Warton's Life of Sir T. Pope, p. 225. 
 
 b J know not whether it be worth while to advert to the following 
 tradition respecting the site of this College, related by Higgs, and after 
 him by Wood. We are told, that it was revealed to the Founder in a 
 dream that he was to build his College near, or in the place, where he 
 should find two elms growing out of one root. He went first to Cam- 
 bridge, and found no such tree; but, after more diligent search, it was 
 found at Oxford, on a spot between the library and garden ; upon which 
 be descended from his horse, and gave thanks for the discovery. 
 
ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 375 
 
 second President. The other Scholars were, Ralph 
 Wyndon, Thomas Palmer, William Suiallwood, Leo- 
 nard Slopes, William Brigham, Lewis ap Howel, or 
 Powel, or Jones, Henry Russel, John Phillips, Tho- 
 mas Culpeper, Thomas Press, Francis Willys, Gre- 
 gory Martin, Anthony Harrys, John Halse, or Hal- 
 sey, William Bridgeman, and Edmund Campian, af- 
 terwards the celebrated Jesuit, 
 
 He next gave them a body of statutes, which ar.e 
 supposed to have been drawn up by Sir William 
 Cordall, by the Founder's desire, and were taken, as 
 to substance, from those of New College. According 
 to these the Society was limited to a President, fifty 
 Fellows and Scholars, of whom twelve were to study 
 law, three Chaplains, three Clerks, and six Choris- 
 ters; but the Chaplains, Clerks, and Choristers, were 
 discontinued in 1577, owing to a decrease of the funds 
 for their maintenance. Of the fifty Fellows, two were 
 to be chosen from Coventry, two from Bristol, two 
 from Reading, and one from Tunbridge*, the re- 
 maining forty- three from Merchant Taylors' school, 
 London, out of which number six Fellowships are re- 
 served for the kindred of the Founder, 
 
 a We learn by the statutes, that the Tunbridge Scholarship was 
 given on account of the Founder's friendship for Sir Andrew Judde; 
 and the statutes direct, that the nomination shall be made by the Pr&- 
 toresvel Seniores of the several corporate towns from which Fellows are 
 sent to St. John's College : but, as Tunbridge is not a corporation, nor 
 lias either Mayor or Aldermen, or any persons who answer the above 
 description, it has been questioned to whom the election belongs. The 
 nomination has hitherto been signed by the master and a few of the 
 principal inhabitants of the town, and the College invariably admitted 
 its validity, though opponents have more than once endeavoured to set 
 it aside. Hastcd'i Kent. 
 
 * b 4 
 
376 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 About this time he enlarged the bounds of the Col- 
 lege by the purchase of about four acres, which were 
 inclosed by a wall, by the benefaction of Edward 
 Sprot, LL. B. some time Fellow, who died Aug. 25, 
 1612. This is commemorated by an inscription over 
 the President's garden door, " Edvardus Sprot, hujus 
 " Coll. Socius, hunc murum suis impensis struxit, 16 13." 
 It has already been noticed, that the Founder* left by 
 will 3000]. for the purchase of more lands. On the 
 
 17th December, 1565, the College was admitted a 
 
 
 
 member of the University, and the Society declared 
 partaker of all the privileges enjoyed by other Col- 
 leges or Societies. In 1576 the College purchased the 
 ground before the gate from Sir Christopher Brome, 
 Knt. lord of north-gate hundred, and inclosed it by a 
 dwarf wall and row of elms, some of which are still 
 standing. 
 
 The BENEFACTORS to this College have been very 
 numerous. Among them we find the najnes of seve- 
 ral citizens of London, as Waiter Fish ?> Hugh Henley, 
 George Palm, Jeffry Ehves, Sir Robert Ducie, Alder- 
 man, and George Benson, all of whom gave various 
 sums for the better endowment of the Fellowships 
 and Scholarships. For the same purpose other sums 
 were given or bequeathed by Dr. John Case, phy- 
 sician; John Uixmaij, of Maidenhead in Berkshire; 
 Lady Knevct ; Dr. John Buckeridge, Fellow and Pre- 
 sident, and nfterwards Bishop of Ely; Archbishop 
 Laud, .who left 5001. by will, besides his 'munificent 
 contributions to the buildings, which will be men- 
 tionejd hereafter; Dr. Juxon, Archbishop of Canter- 
 
 b His purchase of Gloucester Hall wUl be noticed in our account of 
 Worcester College. 
 
ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 377 
 
 bury, gave 70001. ; and Tobias Rustat, Yeoman of the 
 Robes to Charles II. left money for the Fellows and 
 Scholars, and for a lecture on the 30th of January, a 
 speech in the Hall on the same occasion, an oration 
 on the 2Qth of May, &c. 
 
 Besides these,Sir William Craven,William Bell, D. D. 
 and William Brewster, M. D. a Fellow, and physician 
 at Hereford, who died in 1716, left money for the pur- 
 chase of livings; and Sir William Paddy, physician, 
 and President of the College of Physicians, left 28001. 
 for an organist and choir, the repairs of the Library, 
 and other purposes. A few other benefactions were 
 anciently bestowed on this College, which were ali- 
 enated or lost during the Usurpation. The most ex- 
 tensive benefactors of modern times are, Dr. Rawlin- 
 son, who bequeathed the reversion of an estate in fee* 
 farm rents ; and Dr. William Holmes, President from 
 1728 to 1748, who left 13,0001., after his lady's death, 
 which she, generously following the intention of her 
 husband, increased to 15,0001. 
 
 From the Founder's endowment, and by means of 
 some of the above benefactions, this College has be- 
 come possessed of the following LIVINGS. The REC- 
 TORIES of Aston in the Walls, Creek, or Crick, and 
 East Farndon, Northamptonshire ; Bainton and Be- 
 verley, Yorkshire; Bardwell, Suffolk; Barfreston, 
 Kent ; Belbroughton, Worcestershire ; Cheam, Surry ; 
 St. Mary Codford, Wiltshire ; Handborough and 
 Tackley, Oxfordshire; Kingston Bagpuze, Berkshire; 
 Sutton, Bedfordshire; South Warnborough, Hamp- 
 shire; and Winterbourne, Gloucestershire: the VI- 
 CARAGES of Ghalfont St. Peter, Buckinghamshire; 
 Charlebury and Kirtlington, Oxfordshire; St. Giles's, 
 
378 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 in the suburbs of Oxford ; Fyfield, Berkshire; St. 
 Sepulchre's, London; Leckford, Hampshire; St. Law- 
 rence, Reading; and Great Stoughton, Huntingdon: 
 and the CURACY of North Moor, Oxfordshire. 
 
 In 15Q2 the rents of this College were estimated at 
 4001., and .in 1612 the Society consisted of one hun- 
 dred and twenty-eight persons. The present members 
 are, a President, fifty Fellows, two Chaplains, and a 
 numerous choir, with Commoners, &c. 
 
 The original BUILDINGS of this College were 
 what belonged to the monks of St. Bernard, and con- 
 sisted principally of the first quadrangle, of only three 
 sides that were habitable. In 1597, the east side, 
 which contains the President's lodgings, and rooms 
 for the Society, was built on the site of some irregular 
 and decayed tenements, at the ex pence of the College, 
 and partly with money given by Mr. Richard Barnes. 
 Over the common gate are the arms of the Founder, 
 and in a niche on the upper part of the tower is the 
 statue of St. Bernard. Other parts of this quadrangle, 
 which contains the Hall and Chapel, are decorated by 
 the arms of Sir William Cordall, and of the sees of 
 Winchester and Canterbury, in honour of the Visitor 
 and of Archbishop Laud. The Kitchen and chambers 
 over it, at the west end of the Hall, were built by 
 Thomas Clark, senior Cook, in 16 13, who was per- 
 mitted to enjoy the rent of the chambers for twenty 
 years; and they were enlarged by additional rooms at 
 the College expence in 1638. 
 
 The second quadrangle, which we enter through the 
 fast side of the first, except the south side, in which is 
 the Library, was entirely built at the expence of Arch- 
 
&5 
 
 b CtDkltParka-.a 
 
ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 379 
 
 bishop Laud. It was begun in July, 1631, and com- 
 pleted in 1635, from a design furnished by Inigo 
 Jones, who was first employed at Oxford by Laud; 
 but it is to be regretted that he had not formed a plan 
 more independent on what may be termed common- 
 place ornaments. King Charles I. contributed two 
 hundred ton of timber from the forests of Shotover 
 and Stow to the completion of this quadrangle, the 
 east and west sides of which are built on a cloister, 
 supported by eight pillars, over which are busts re- 
 presenting the four Cardinal virtues, three Christian 
 graces, and Religion. In the centre of each cloister 
 is a spacious gateway of the Doric order, surmounted 
 by a semicircular pediment of the Ionic and Corin- 
 thian. The statues between the columns on either 
 side are those of King Charles I. and his Queen, ex- 
 cellently designed and cast in brass by Fanelli of 
 Florence. They cost 4001. and were the gift of Arch- 
 bishop Laudy and, according to Lord Orford, were 
 buried during the Rebellion. Dr. Rawlinson informs 
 us, that they were taken down at that unhappy period, 
 and ordered to be sold, but were refused because not 
 solid. It is probable that some loyalist took this op- 
 portunity to secrete them. 
 
 This quadrangle leads to the GARDENS, which, after 
 remaining long in the stiff and unnatural taste, which 
 prevailed at the beginning of the last century, were 
 at length improved into the highly elegant and pic- 
 turesque form in which we now find them. Formerly 
 they were divided by a wall into an inner and outer 
 part, and appear to have excited considerable attention 
 from a terras, a mount, a wilderness, and arbour, which 
 were, according to Salmon, the rendezvous of the 
 
380 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 Oxford ladies and gentlemen " every Sunday evening 
 " in summer." "Here," adds this grave historian, "we 
 " have an opportunity of seeing the whole University 
 " together almost, as well as the better sort of towns- 
 " men and ladies, who seldom fail of making their 
 " appearance here at- the same time, unless the weather 
 " prevent them" 
 
 The HALL, on the north side of the first qua- 
 drangle, is that which belonged to Bernard College, 
 but has undergone many necessary repairs by the 
 Founder, and by the Society since his time. It is 
 now a spacious, elegant, and well-proportioned room, 
 with a finely arched roof, and is decorated with the 
 portraits of the Founder, Archbishops Laud and 
 Juxon, Bishop Buckeridge, Sir William Paddy, Dr. 
 Gibbons, Dr. Woodroffe, (Principal of Gloucester 
 Hall,) Dr. Holmes, Edward Waple, B. D. and a whole- 
 length portrait of his present Majesty, painted by 
 Ramsay, and bequeathed to the College by the Count- 
 ess Dowager of Lichfield, widow of the late Earl of 
 Lichfield, Chancellor of the University from 1762 to 
 1772. Titian's picture of John the Baptist, the gift 
 of John Preston, some time Fellow, (M. A. 1715,) 
 which formerly was over the chimney-piece, is now 
 removed to the Common Room, a very handsome de- 
 tached building in the wood-yard. 
 
 The LIBRARY, on the south side of the second qua- 
 drangle, was built in 1596, and was completed by be- 
 nefactions from the Merchant Taylors' company, and 
 some members of the College, Dr. Willis, Dr. Case, 
 and others. Before this the books were kept in one 
 of the old houses on the east side of the first quadran- 
 gle. The cbllection was soon augmented by Sir Tho- 
 
ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 381 
 
 mas Treshum, Sir William Faddy, Henry Price, Rec- 
 tor of Fleetraarston in Buckinghamshire, John Smith, 
 some time Fellow, Bishop Buckeridge, Mr. Crynes, 
 &c. A Librarian was first appointed in 1603, with a 
 small salary, afterwards increased by the will of Sir 
 William Paddy. The large bay window at the upper 
 end contains the arms of the Merchant Taylors' com- 
 pany, of the Founder, and others, and a portrait of 
 the Founder. There are other portraits on canvas of 
 Archbishop Laud, Sir James Eyre, late Chief Baron, 
 8tc. 
 
 In this state the Library remained until Laud en- 
 larged it, and added another, which occupies the east 
 side of the quadrangle, a spacious and elegant room, 
 which, by the disposition of the richly ornamented 
 bookcases, forms a gallery. There are here some cu- 
 rious paintings of the Apostles on copper, supposed 
 to be by Carlo Dolci, an exquisite miniature of 
 Charles I. and his Queen, and a curious figure of 
 St. John, stained in scaglwla, a composition resem- 
 bling and as durable as marble, done by Lambert 
 Gorius, and presented to the Society by the late John 
 Duncan, D. D. 1750. In this Library is a valuable 
 collection of manuscripts and printed books, given by 
 the Archbishop, and since increased by other bene- 
 factors, and many specimens of natural and artificial, 
 curiosities, and relics of antiquity. Dr. Rawlinson 
 bequeathed several books, and all his Greek, Roman, 
 and English coins, not given to the Bodleian, to be 
 deposited here. The fine eagle, executed by Mr. 
 Snetzler of Oxford, and the gift of Thomas Estcourt, 
 Esq. a Gentleman Commoner, (M. A. 1773,) which 
 
383 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 formerly stood in the Chapel, has lately been removed 
 to this Library. 
 
 In 1636, when Charles I. visited the University, 
 Archbishop Laud, then Chancellor, had the honour 
 to entertain the royal party at dinner in this room. 
 The King, Queen, and Prince Elector, dined at one 
 table across the upper end of the room, and Prince 
 Rupert, with the Lords and Ladies, at another, reach- 
 ing from one end to the other, " at which all the gal- 
 " lantry and beauties of the kingdom seemed to meet. 
 " All other tables, to the number of thirteen, besides 
 " the said two, were disposed in several chambers in 
 " the College, and had men and scholars appointed 
 " to attend them to theirs, and the content of all. 
 ' I thank God (saith the Chancellor) I had the happi- 
 * ness that all things were in verie good order, and 
 ' that no man went out of the gates, courtier or other, 
 ' but contented, which was a happiness quite beyond 
 ' expectation/ When dinner was ended, he attended 
 " the King and Queen, together with the Nobles, into 
 " several withdrawing chambers, where they enter- 
 " tained themselves for the space of an hour. In the 
 " mean time he caused the windows of the common 
 " Hall, or Refectory, to be shut, candles lighted, and 
 " all things to be made ready for the play, which was 
 " then to begin, called, The Hospital of Lovers, made 
 " for the most part (as it is said) by Mr. George 
 " Wild, Fellow of St. John's College. When these 
 " things were fitted, he gave notice to the King and 
 " Queen, and attended them into the Hall, whither he 
 " had the happiness to bring them by a way pre- 
 " pared from the presence' lodgings to the Hall with- 
 
 Qu. President's ? 
 
ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 38S 
 
 " out any the least disturbance. He had the Hall 
 " kept so fresh and cool, that there was not any one 
 " person when the King and Queen came into it. The 
 " Princes, Nobles, and Ladies, entered the same way 
 " with the King; and then presently another door was 
 " opened below, to fill the Hall with the better sort of 
 " company. All being settled, the play was began 
 " and acted. The plot good and the action. It was 
 " merry, and without offence, and so gave a great 
 " deal of content, which I doubt cannot be said of 
 " any play acted in the play-houses belonging to the 
 " King and Duke since 1660. In the middle of the 
 " play, the Chancellor ordered a short banquet for the 
 " King and Queen, Lords and Ladies. And the Col- 
 " lege was at that time so well furnished, as that they 
 " did not borrow any one actor from any College in 
 " the University'." 
 
 The CHAPEL was the same which belonged to the 
 monks of St. Bernard, and was consecrated in 1530. 
 The Founder repaired it in a magnificent style, and 
 furnished it with the religious apparatus usual before 
 the Reformation ; but, on that event taking place, he 
 removed the most valuable part of the plate, which, 
 being restored in 1602 by his niece the wife of Wil- 
 liam Leech, M. A. was appropriated to other purposes. 
 For some time, however, this Chapel appears to have 
 been neglected, until certain benefactors contributed 
 to its repairs. An organ was put up in 1619, on the 
 north side, which Mr. Warton says he was surprised 
 should be permitted to remain during the Rebellion, 
 especially as it had been erected under the patronage 
 of the Archbishop of Canterbury, and as the Parlia- 
 
 * Wood's Annals, vol. ii. p. 410. 
 
384 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 inentary visitors bad ordered Sir William Paddy'* 
 benefaction for founding a cboir to be entirely ap- 
 plied to tbe augmentation of tbe President's salary. 
 It did remain, however, until 1768, when a new one 
 was built by Byfield, and in the following year placed 
 over the screen. Among the benefactors towards the 
 repairs of the Chapel are, John Lee, some time Fel- 
 low, Bishop Buckeridge, Dr. William Haywood, 
 George Gwynne, Dr. John Goad, ,c. The projected 
 alterations were not completed "until the year 1678, 
 and then not with so much regard as could be wished 
 to the architectural beauty of the windows*. About 
 the same time, the smaller Chapel on the north side 
 at the upper end, which was built, with a vault under- 
 neath, in 1662, by Dr. Richard Bayley, President, 
 was consecrated. The roof of this last is of beautiful 
 Gothic work, ornamented by the arms of Laud. 
 
 The fine east window in the principal Chapel was 
 put up in the reign of James I. and is said to have- 
 cost 15001. The altar-piece is a copy, in tapestry, 
 from Titian, of our Saviour with the two disciples at 
 Emmaus; the figures said to be portraits of the Pope, 
 the Kings of France and Spain, and Titian. The ge- 
 neral style of this Chapel is modern, the screen and 
 altar being of the Corinthian order, richly, yet simply, 
 ornamented. 
 
 Here are deposited the remains of many eminent 
 men, to whom this College owes its prosperity and 
 character, particularly of the Founder, who died in 
 the College, and of Archbishop Laud, who was first" 
 laid in the ground of the parish-church of Allhallows 
 
 The west end of the ante-chapel Is supposed to corer many oJ4 
 brasses of great curiosity, 
 
ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 385 
 
 Barking, by the Tower of London, with little cere- 
 mony. After the Restoration, the body was removed, 
 and on July 24, 1663, interred here with due respect. 
 The body of Archbishop Juxon lies near that of 
 Laud, but in a separate vault; and in other parts of 
 the Chapel and ante-chapel are monuments or in- 
 scriptions to the memory of the Presidents Huchen- 
 son, Bayley, Levinz, Holmes, Derham, and Dennis, 
 and of the benefactors, Sir William Paddy, Dr. Case, 
 Dr. Bernard, Henry Price, and others. 
 
 On the north wall is a black marble urn, which con- 
 tains the heart of that very eminent benefactor to this 
 College and to the University, Dr. Richard Rawlin- 
 son. His body was interred in St. Giles's church, 
 Oxford; but he ordered that his heart should be depo- 
 sited here, as a mark of his affection to the College. 
 His first intention was to be buried in Dr. Bayley 's 
 Chapel, in a leaden coffin, inclosed in one of oak, co- 
 vered with Russia leather, and the pall supported by 
 six of the senior Fellows, who were to have a guinea 
 each, " of more use to them than the usual dismal ac- 
 " coutrements at present in use." But in a codicil, 
 he desired to be buried in St. Giles's, where he had 
 purchased a piece of ground, in a decent and private 
 manner. It was in this curious codicil also that he 
 revoked his bequests in favour of the Society of Anti- 
 quaries, who had offended him by extending the num- 
 ber of their members beyond what he chose to ap- 
 point ; and proscribed every member of that or the 
 Royal Society, and ail natives of Scotland, Ireland, 
 and the plantations abroad, their sons, &c. from any 
 advantage arising from his foundations at Oxford. 
 
 c,c 
 
586 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 His leaving his heart to St. John's was a subsequent 
 part of his will, which does not appear in the printed 
 copy; as was also his request, that the head of Counsel- 
 lor Layer", who was executed for high treason, should 
 be placed in his right hand. 
 
 Among the PRESIDENTS of this house are many 
 names of great celebrity in the literary world, and 
 not less distinguished for the judgment and liberality 
 with which they conducted the affairs of the Society. 
 The first President, Alexander Belsire, was appointed 
 May 29, 1555. He and his successor William Elye 
 were removed on account of their repugnance to the 
 reformed religion, and they, with William Stock and 
 John Robinson, were of the Founder's election. The 
 celebrated Tobie Matthew, afterwards Archbishop of 
 York, was the fifth President, but resigned in 1577, 
 when he was appointed Dean of Christ Church. The 
 more celebrated and unfortunate Archbishop Laud 
 was elected the ninth President in 1611, and conti- 
 nued in office until 1621, when he was promoted to 
 the Bishopric of St. David's. His eventful history 
 is well known. He was, like the Founder, a native of 
 Reading, and educated at the free-school there until 
 1589, when he was removed to this College, became a 
 Scholar in 1590, and Fellow in 1593, A. B. in 1594, 
 
 * " When the head of Layer was blown off from Temple Bar, it was 
 picked up by a gentleman in that neighbourhood, who shewed it to 
 some friends at a public house, under the floor of which house I have 
 been assured it was buried. Dr. Rawlinson mean time having made 
 enquiry after the head, with a wish to purchase it, was imposed on 
 with another instead of Layer's, which he preserved as a valuable re- 
 lique, and directed it to b buried in his hand." Nichols's Life of 
 Bowyer, 4to edit. 
 
ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 387 
 
 and M. A. in 1598. In this last year he was chosen 
 Grammar-lecturer, and was the first, and probably 
 the only Divinity-lecturer, on Mrs. Maye's foundation, 
 which was afterwards lost. In 1603, he was one of 
 the Proctors, and proceeded B. D. in 1604, and D. D. 
 in 1608. He was preferred to the vicarage of Stan- 
 ford in Northamptonshire in 1607, and next year to 
 North Kilworth in Leicestershire, which, in 160Q, he 
 exchanged for West Tilbury in Essex, that he might 
 be near the Bishop of Rochester, Neile, who had made 
 him his Chaplain ; and who in 1610 gave him the 
 living of Cuckstone in Kent, on which promotion he 
 resigned his Fellowship, and left College. His absence, 
 however, was short, as he was elected President in 
 May, 1611, which he retained with other preferments 
 until chosen Bishop of St. David's. In 1626, he was 
 translated to Bath and Wells, and in 1628 to London. 
 In 1630, he was elected Chancellor of the Univer- 
 sity, and evinced his liberal spirit as a benefactor, first 
 at St. John's, where he built the inner quadrangle, &c, 
 and afterwards by erecting the Convocation-house, 
 and enriching the public Library. In 1633, he was 
 advanced to the Archbishopric of Canterbury. In 
 this high station, the share he took in public affairs, 
 and his inflexible antipathy to the principles of the 
 Puritans and Republicans, rendered him extremely un* 
 popular, and brought on a catastrophe well suited to 
 the temper of a turbulent age. After repeated pro- 
 ceedings against him in Parliament, certainly not 
 without foundation, but more guided by popular cla- 
 mour than by justice, and aggravated by every spe- 
 cies of unfair representation, a bill of attainder passed 
 in a very thin bouse. In consequence of this, he 
 
 c c 2 
 
388 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 was sentenced to death, which he suffered Jan. 1O, 
 1644-5, with meekness and composure. Unjustly as 
 this prosecution had been carried on, it must be ac- 
 knowledged that the spirit and zeal which he displayed 
 in matters of church-discipline, and which might have 
 been applauded a century before, were totally unsuit- 
 able to the times in which he lived : but, on the other 
 hand, it is equally evident, that his enemies were nu- 
 merous, resolute, and implacable, and that a more 
 conciliatory temper might not have frustrated the 
 well-concerted plans which were forming for the ruin 
 of the King, the Church, and the Constitution. 
 
 In his office of President, he was succeeded by his 
 friend Dr. William Juxon, afterwards Bishop of Lon- 
 don, memorable for his steady loyalty, which induced 
 him to accompany his royal master to the scaffold, 
 and receive his dying injunctions. At the Restora- 
 tion he was promoted to the Archbishopric of Canter- 
 bury ; but he was now far advanced in age, and died 
 in 1663. Dr. Bayley, who succeeded him as Presi- 
 dent, was ejected by the parliamentary visitors, who 
 put in, first, the celebrated Francis Cheynell*, and, se- 
 condly, Thankful Owen, M. A.: but at the Restora- 
 tion Dr. Bayley resumed his office, and built the small 
 Chapel, of which some account has been given. His 
 successors were, Peter Mews, afterwards Bishop of 
 Winchester; Dr. William Levinz, a very learned phy- 
 sician and divine; Dr. William Delaune, Lady Mar- 
 garet's Professor; Dr. William Holmes, Regius Pro- 
 fessor of Modern History, Dean of Exeter, and an 
 eminent benefactor; Dr. William Derham; Dr. Wil- 
 
 See Mertou College, p. 21. 
 
ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 389 
 
 liam Walker; Dr. Thomas Fry; Dr. Samuel Dennis; 
 and the present President, who succeeded on the death 
 of Dr. Dennis in 1795. 
 
 The most eminent of the PRELATES educated in 
 this College, with the exception of Sir William Dawes, 
 Archbishop of York, have been just noticed as Presi- 
 dents. Among the scholars of other ranks may he 
 enumerated, Campian, the celebrated Jesuit, a man of 
 undoubted learning, eloquence, and a most subtle dis- 
 putant : Gregory Martin, the principal translator of 
 the Rhemish New Testament : Dr. Case, the bene- 
 factor, and an able commentator on Aristotle : John 
 Blagrave, mathematician : Henry Briggs, also a ma- 
 thematician of great eminence, first Professor of Geo- 
 metry in Gresham College, and Savilian Professor at 
 Oxford : Sir James Whitelocke, Chief Justice of the 
 King's Bench, and not more eminent as a lawyer, than 
 as a classical scholar : William How, botanist, and a 
 man of very considerable learning : Shirley, the dra- 
 matic, and Gayton, the miscellaneous and humorous, 
 poet: Sir Bulstrode Whitelocke, the annalist of his 
 unfo.rtun.ate times, in which he took part with the 
 Parliament, and was made one of Cromwell's Lords : 
 yet, although very active in the impeachment of Lord 
 StrafFord, he refused to assist in the prosecution of 
 Laud, from whom, when at College, he had received 
 many favours : Sir John Marsham, the learned chro- 
 nologist : Dr. Edward Bernard, Savilian Professor, a 
 man of extensive learning in the Eastern languages 
 and literature, and an able mathematician : William 
 Lowth, a very learned divine and commentator, and 
 father to the late learned and excellent Bishop of Loiif 
 
 c c 3 
 
390 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, 
 
 don : Dr. William Sherard, or Sherwood, one of the 
 first botanists of his time, and the friend and corre- 
 spondent of Boerhaave, Tournefort, and Dillenius, and 
 a munificent benefactor to the botanical professorship 
 and garden : Dillenius, the first botanical professor 
 on Sherard's foundation, was connected in some re- 
 spect with this College, as he was admitted to the de 
 gree of Doctor of Physic in it ; and here, in the fol- 
 lowing year, he had the honour of a visit from the 
 celebrated Linnaeus: Bevil Higgons, poet and his- 
 torian": Ambrose Bonwicke, the learned Master of 
 Merchant Taylors' school : Sir William Trumbull, the 
 friend and correspondent of Pope, afterwards a mem- 
 ber of All Souls: Dr. Robert James, an eminent phy- 
 sician and medical writer in London, whose name has 
 been rendered familiar to the public by his discovery 
 of a febrifuge powder : Dr. Andrew Coltee Ducarel, 
 an able and learned antiquary : Dr. John Monro, 
 physician, and one of Radcliffe's travelling Fellows : 
 Peter Whaliey, the ingenious commentator on Shaks- 
 peare and Ben Jonson : Samuel Bishop, late Mas- 
 ter of Merchant Taylors* school, an amiable man, and 
 pleasing poet : and Josiah Tucker, D. D. Dean of 
 Gloucester, and the well-known author of various ex- 
 cellent tracts on general politics and commerce. This 
 list ought not to be closed, imperfect as it is, con* 
 sidering the number of eminent scholars of St. John's, 
 
 Nicholas Amhurst, the noted political and satirical writer, was ex- 
 pelled this College for his irregularities, and took his revenge by abusing 
 the Society in his Terra Films. He afterwards became a libeller by pro- 
 fession under the auspices of the opponents of Sir Robert Walpole, who, 
 when they came into power, left him to die of neglect. 
 
ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. SQl 
 
 without noticing, that of the above names, Sir James 
 and Sir Bulstrode Whitelocke, How, Shirley, Gayton, 
 Bernard, Lowth, Sherard, Bonwicke, Monro, Whal- 
 ley, and Bishop, were educated at Merchant Taylors* 
 school. 
 
 c c 4 
 
JESUS COLLEGE. 
 
 1 HIS College owes its foundation to the zeal of 
 Hugh ap Rice, or Price, bf whom little else is known 
 than that he was a native of Brecknock, and educated 
 in Oseney Abbey, under an uncle who was a Canon 
 there. He was afterwards first Prebendary of Ro- 
 chester, a Doctor of the Civil Law, and Treasurer of 
 St. David's, and died in August, 1574, but where, or 
 where buried, seems not to be known. 
 
 He was far advanced in life when he meditated the 
 establishment of a College that should extend the be- 
 nefits of learning to the natives of Wales, not hi- 
 therto provided for at Oxford, and scarcely ever spe- 
 cified in the endowment of Scholarships and Fellow- 
 ships. With this benevolent intention, which gives 
 him a very strong claim to the veneration of his 
 countrymen, he petitioned Queen Elizabeth that she 
 would be pleased to found a College on which he 
 might bestow a certain property. Her Majesty ac- 
 cordingly granted a charter of foundation, dated 
 June 27, 1571, prescribing that the College should 
 be erected by the name of JESUS COLLEGE, WITH- 
 IN THE CITY AND UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, OF 
 QUEEN ELIZABETH'S FOUNDATION ; the Society to 
 consist of a Principal, eight Fellows, and eight Scho- 
 lars; and for their maintenance Dr. Price was per- 
 mitted to settle estates to the yearly value of one 
 hundred and sixty pounds. To this her Majesty 
 
JESUS COLLEGE. 393 
 
 added the benefaction of a quantity of timber for the 
 building, from her forests of Shotover and Stow. The 
 Founder's estates, which he conveyed June 30, lay in 
 Brecknockshire; and he bestowed upwards of 35001. 
 on the building, besides leaving some money by will, 
 which was suffered to accumulate, and in the begin- 
 ning of the seventeenth century amounted to 7001. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth appointed the first members of the 
 Society ; David Lewes, LL. D. Principal ; Thomas 
 Huycke of Merton College, John Lloyd, John Cot- 
 trel of New College, William Aubre, some time of 
 All Souls, Robert Lougher of All Souls, all Doctors 
 of Laws, Robert Johnson, B. D. Thomas Huyt and 
 John Higgenson, Masters of Arts, to be Fellows ; and 
 George Downhall, Lancelot Andrews, afterwards Bi- 
 shop of Winchester, John Wylford, Francis Yeomans, 
 William Plat, Thomas Dove, afterwards Bishop of 
 Peterborough, John Osmond, and William Garth, 
 Scholars. 
 
 The site on which this College is built belonged 
 partly to White Hall, or Aula Alba Magna, and partly 
 to Plumbers* Hall, Aula Plumbea, on which last are 
 the stable-yard and Principal's gardens. White Hall 
 was an ancient place of education for students of the 
 canon law, and was once attached to the priory of St. 
 Frideswide, but was private property when purchased 
 for this College, and during the building of the first 
 quadrangle was inhabited by the Principal and Scholars. 
 
 In 1589, the Society procured of the Queen another 
 charter, dated July 7, empowering them to hold posses- 
 sions to the value of 2001. per annum, and to appoint 
 commissioners for the drawing up of statutes. In 
 1622, Sir Eubule Thelwall, Knight, some time Prin- 
 
394 JESUS COLLEGE. 
 
 cipaJ, and a liberal benefactor to the buildings, pro- 
 cured from King James I. a new charter", dated June 
 1. of that year, appointing commissioners to make a 
 perfect body of statutes, which provided, that the So- 
 ciety might settle the number of Fellows and Scho- 
 lars as they saw cause, until the College was able to 
 maintain more, and became possessed of 6001. per an- 
 num, when the number was to be increased to sixteen 
 Fellows and sixteen Scholars. 
 
 Before this, the estates of Dr. Price had become so 
 unproductive, that for some time the Fellowships were 
 merely titular, and the numbers of the Society de- 
 creased. About the period, however, when the second 
 charter was obtained, various benefactions adminis- 
 tered considerable aid, and the wise purposes of the 
 foundation were gradually and amply accomplished. 
 Fellowships and Scholarships were successively found- 
 ed, on money or estates, by Dr. Griffith Lloyd, Prin- 
 cipal, in 1586; by Herbert Westphaling, Bishop of 
 Hereford, in 1602; Henry Rowlands, Bishop of Ban- 
 gor, in 1609 ; Owen Wood, Dean of Armagh; Tho- 
 mas Reddriche, Minister of Battley in Suffolk, in 1616; 
 Griffith Powel, Principal, in 1620; Mrs. Mary Ro- 
 binson of Monmouth, widow of a grocer of the city 
 of London ; Richard Parry, Bishop of St. Asaph, in 
 1622; William Prichard, Rector of Evvelme, in 1623; 
 Oliver Lloyd, Chancellor of Hereford, in 1625 ; Sir 
 Thomas Wynne, a military officer, in 1629 ; Stephen 
 Rod way, citizen of London, 1628-29; Sir John Wal- 
 ter, Chief Baron of the Exchequer, in 1630 ; Richard 
 
 According to one of these charters, I know not which, the Princi- 
 pal was to resign on marrying ; a restriction which was done away by a 
 late Act of Parliament. 
 
JESUS COLLEGE. 395 
 
 Budde, the King's Auditor of Hampshire, Wiltshire, 
 &c. in 1630; Lewis Owen, Serjeant of the Larder in 
 the court of James I. ; William Thomas, mercer, and 
 High Sheriff of the county of Monmouth ; King 
 Charles I. 8 ; David Parry, of Cardiganshire, Esq.; 
 William Robson, citizen and salter of London ; Tho- 
 mas Gwynne, LL. D. Chancellor of Llandaff, in 1648 ; 
 William Backhouse, of Swallowfield in Berkshire, 
 Esq. in 1661. The places from which these Fellows 
 and Scholars were to be chosen are the schools of 
 Llyn, Bangor, Beaumaris, Carmarthenshire, diocese 
 of St. Asaph, Ruthen, Abergavenny, the counties of 
 Denbigh, Caernarvon/Monmouth, Brecknock, Cardi- 
 gan, and Pembroke ; and in almost every case a pre- 
 ference was ordered to be given to the kin of the re- 
 spective founders. 
 
 Besides these endowments, sums of money for ge- 
 neral purposes were left by Francis Mansell, D. D. 
 Principal, a great benefactor to the buildings ; and iii 
 1685, Sir Leoline Jenkins, Knt. and Principal from 
 1661 to 1673, left estates for the augmentation of the 
 Principal's salary, and of the Fellowships and Scholar- 
 ships, which were now sixteen each. By his means 
 also the College was empowered to hold 10001. a year 
 over their former revenue, and two new Fellowships 
 and two Scholarships were added. One of these 
 last Fellowships was to be known and distinguished 
 by the name of the Scholar and Alumnus of King 
 Charles II. and the other the Scholar and Alumnus of 
 King James II. A third Fellowship was added by 
 a decree in Chancery, for the application of the re- 
 mainder of Sir Leoline's personal estates. These be- 
 
 See Exeter College, p. 67. 
 
396 JESUS COLLEGE. 
 
 nefactions make up the present number of the Fel- 
 lowships and Scholarships of Jesus College. 
 
 In 36 13, Dr. John Williams, Principal, left a sum 
 of money to found a Logic-lecture; and in 1623, Sir 
 Thomas Canon, Knt. one of his Majesty's Justices, 
 and Deputy Lieutenant for the county of Pembroke, 
 founded a Catechetical-lecture, and a sermon, &c. in the 
 Chapel, on the Thursday preceding the University Act. 
 By the will of Edward Merrick, M. A. Treasurer of 
 St. David's, who died April 24, 1713, and left his 
 whole estate to this Society, a very considerable in- 
 crease was made to the foundation ; and by a charter 
 granted by George II., dated January 10, 1729, the 
 College was enabled to hold 5001. yearly, in addition 
 to their former revenues. 
 
 The LIVINGS belonging to this College at present 
 are, the RECTORIES of Aston Clinton, Bucking- 
 hamshire ; Braunston and Fortho, Northamptonshire ; 
 Longworth and Remenham, Berkshire; Rotherfield 
 Peppard, and Wigginton, Oxfordshire; Nutfield, 
 Surry; Scartho, Lincolnshire; Tredington, Worcester- 
 shire: the VICARAGES of Shipston upon Stour, Wor- 
 cestershire; Holywell, Flintshire; and Llandough, 
 Glamorganshire: the CURACY of Cheltenham, Glou- 
 cestershire : and the CHAPELRY of Charleton King's 
 in the same county. 
 
 The Society now consists of a Principal, nineteen 
 Fellows, and eighteen Scholars, besides a considerable 
 number of Exhibitioners, &c. The Earl of Pembroke 
 is Visitor. 
 
 The BUILDINGS of this College, which consist 
 principally of two quadrangles, advanced gradually. 
 During the lifetime of Dr. Price, little more was 
 
JESUS COLLEGE. 397 
 
 erected than the front to the street, and part of the 
 south side of the fust quadrangle. The remainder was 
 completed about the year 1625, partly by the bene- 
 faction of Griffith Powell, Principal from 16 13 to 
 1620, and of other persons whose aid he solicited, and 
 partly by Sir Eubule Thelwall, who contributed very 
 liberally to the work. The east front of this qua- 
 drangle to the street was rebuilt in 1756. The di- 
 mensions of the interior are ninety feet by seventy, 
 and it contains the Chapel on the north, and the Hall 
 on the east side. 
 
 The second, or larger quadrangle, one hundred feet 
 by ninety, a very regular and not inelegant pile, one 
 story higher than the first, was begun when Dr. Man- 
 sell was for the first time Principal, and the south and 
 north sides completed in 1640, with the benefactions 
 of various members of the College, resident and non- 
 resident: but the work was so interrupted by the Re- 
 bellion, that he despaired of completing it, and very 
 honourably returned such part of the donors' money 
 as had not been expended. It was, however, finished 
 in 1676, at the expence of Sir Leoline Jenkins. 
 
 The HALL, on the east side of the first quadrangle, 
 was built about the year 1617, by means of various 
 benefactions from the Society, and with 3001. part of 
 Dr. Price's legacy, but chiefly with the munificent 
 contribution of Sir Eubule Thelwall, who is supposed 
 to have expended at various times, on this and the 
 other buildings, no less than 50001. This Hall, a plain, 
 but spacious and well-proportioned room, contains the 
 portraits of Queen Elizabeth, Charles I. by Vandyke, 
 Charles II. Sir Eubule Thelwall, when a child, with 
 his mother, Sir Leoline Jenkins, &c. 
 
398 JESUS COLLEGE. 
 
 The LIBRARY, formerly on the north side of the se- 
 cond quadrangle, was begun by Sir EubuleThelwali in 
 1626, and promoted by various benefactions and collec- 
 tions of books and manuscripts, particularly the ma- 
 nuscripts of Sir John Price, of Portham in Hereford- 
 shire, and the books of Mr. William Prichard, Dr. 
 Oliver Lloyd, Edward Herbert Lord Cherbury, and 
 Dr. Mansell. In 1639? Dr. Mansell removed this Li- 
 brary with a view to place it on the west side of the 
 quadrangle then about to be built; but the Rebel- 
 lion prevented this design for some time, during 
 which the books were deposited in an upper room 
 over the Buttery and Kitchen. The present Library- 
 was at length erected in 1677, at the sole charge of Sir 
 Leoline Jenkins, who also left his own collection to 
 the College, with the exception of some law books, 
 which he bequeathed to the Library of Doctors Com- 
 mons, then in its infancy. In 1712, Dr. Jonathan Ed- 
 wards, Principal, contributed his extensive collection 
 of books. This room was more recently repaired by 
 Sir Nathanael Lloyd, some time Commoner of this 
 College, and afterwards Fellow of All Souls. It is 
 now very spacious, and, by means of a gallery along 
 the whole west side, has ample room for its copious 
 collection ". 
 
 The CHAPEL, on the north side of the first quadran- 
 
 In the Bursary of this College is a copy of the statutes most beau- 
 tifully written on vellum, in imitation of printing:, by Mr. Parry, of 
 Shipston upon Stour, formerly a Fellow: a curious metal watch, pre- 
 sented by Charles I.: one of Queen Elizabeth's enormous stirrups : and 
 a more enormous and magnificent piece of plate, silver gilt, a " capa- 
 ' cious bowl," the gift of the hospitable Sir Watkin Williams Wynne, 
 grandfather to the present Baronet. This bowl contains teu gallou*, 
 and weighs two hundred and seventy -eight ounces. 
 
JESUS COLLEGE. 399 
 
 gle, was built during the Principalship of Dr. Powell, 
 chiefly by the contributions of the gentry of Wales. 
 The interior was furnished and decorated by Sir Eu- 
 bule Thelwall. It was consecrated May 28, 1621, by 
 Dr. John Howson, Bishop of Oxford, after a sermon 
 by Thomas Prichard, the Vice-Principal; but proving 
 too small for the Society, it was lengthened at the east 
 end, at the expence of Sir Charles Williams, of Mon- 
 mouthshire, Knt. ; and Dr. Edwards, Principal, gave a 
 considerable sum towards the ornamental part. It now 
 consists of three divisions, the ante-chapel parted by a 
 screen, and the body and the chancel by another screen, 
 which probably marks its former length. The style, 
 as usual, is that of the mixed Gothic. The roof is 
 very richly finished in compartments. The subject of 
 the altar-piece is St. Michael overcoming the Devil, a 
 fine copy from Guido, presented by Thomas James, 
 Viscount Bulkeley. 
 
 The principal monuments in this Chapel are those 
 of Sir Eubule Thelwall, Dr. Mansell, Sir Leoline Jen- 
 kins, Bishop Lloyd, Dr. Jonathan Edwards, Dr. Henry 
 Maurice, Lady Margaret's Professor, Dr. William 
 Jones, and the late Dr. Hoare, Principals, all of whom 
 were interred here. 
 
 Of the series of nineteen PRINCIPALS since the 
 foundation, David Lewes, already mentioned, was the 
 first, and appointed by Queen Elizabeth in 1571. 
 The third Principal, Francis Bevans, LL. D. formerly 
 Principal of New Inn Hall, was also appointed by the 
 Queen, and was one of her commissioners in her se- 
 cond charter for the establishment of the College. A 
 succession of Principals then followed who were emi- 
 nent benefactors to the College : John Williams, D. D. 
 
400 JESUS COLLEGE. 
 
 at whose election there were only three Fellows in the 
 house, but who left it in a far more flourishing state; 
 Francis Mansell, third son of Sir Francis Mansell, of 
 Muddlescomh in Carmarthenshire, Bart, and kinsman 
 to William Earl of Pembroke, Chancellor; Dr. Jo- 
 nathan Edwards; Sir Eubule Thelwall, son of John 
 Thelwall, of Batharvan Park, in the county of Den- 
 bigh, Esq. B. A. of Trinity College, 1579, afterward 
 M. A. a Counsellor at Law, Master of the Alienation 
 Office, and one of the Masters in Chancery ; he died 
 Oct. 8, 1630. In the biography of Sir Leoline Jen- 
 kins, there is much which belongs to the history of 
 academical education, and must be peculiarly interest- 
 ing to the Society of which he was so valuable a mem- 
 ber. He entered of this College in 1641, and con- 
 tinued his studies for some time after the death of 
 Charles I. He then retired to Llantrythyd, the seat of 
 Sir John Aubrey, which, having been left void by se- 
 questration, served as a refuge to several eminent loy- 
 alists ; among whom was Principal Mansell, who had 
 been ejected by the Parliamentary visitors ; Frewen, 
 Archbishop of York, and Sheldon, Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury. Jenkins was first employed as tutor to Sir 
 John Aubrey's son, and afterwards educated other 
 young gentlemen in the principles of the fallen Church 
 of England, which he hoped to see restored. Such 
 zeal, however, was not to be overlooked, and he was 
 accordingly sent to prison, and indicted. for keeping a 
 seminary of rebellion and sedition. In this dilemma he 
 was discharged by the liberal interposition of Dr. Wil- 
 kins, Warden of Wad ham, to whom he had been recom- 
 mended by the celebrated Judge Jenkins, and removed 
 with his pupils to Oxford, in 1651, and inhabited Lit-, 
 
JESUS COLLEGE. 401 
 
 tie Welch Hall, an ancient seminary in the High- 
 street. But on the removal of Dr. Wilkins to the 
 Mastership of Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1655, 
 he left his protector, and was obliged to go to the 
 continent along with his pupils, where he continued 
 to instruct them from place to place. In 1658, they 
 returned to their respective friends, and their tutor 
 went to live with Sir William Whitmore, at Appley 
 in Shropshire. On the Restoration he returned to 
 Jesus College, and was chosen one of the Fellows, 
 created LL. D. in Feb. 1611, and elected Principal in 
 the following month. He was afterwards raised to the 
 highest offices of state, and appears to have acquitted 
 himself, in very critical times, with spirit and inte- 
 grity. 
 
 Of the PRELATES educated in Jesus College, the 
 most eminent are, John Rider, Bishop of Killaloe, 
 one of our first Latin lexicographers ; the learned 
 William Lloyd, successively Bishop of St. Asaph, 
 Lichfield and Coventry, and Worcester, one of the 
 seven of his order who were sent to the Tower of 
 London by King James II.; and Dr. John Wynne, Bi- 
 shop of St. Asaph, and father of Sir William Wynne. 
 The pious Archbishop Usher had his name at one time 
 on the books, and resided here. Among the scholars of 
 inferior ranks, we find David Powell, the celebrated 
 antiquary: John Davies, lexicographer and anti- 
 quary : Rees Prichard, a very popular Welch poet, 
 and Chancellor of St. David's : James Howell, a man 
 of various talents and accomplishments, and the most 
 miscellaneous writer of his time : Sir Thomas Her- 
 bert, an eminent traveller and benefactor to the Uni- 
 versity: Sir William Williams, lawyer: The pious 
 
 Bd 
 
402 JESUS COLLEGE. 
 
 Dr. Richard Lucas: Edward Lloyd, a very celebrated 
 antiquary and botanist, afterwards Keeper of the Ash- 
 molean Museum : and the late learned divines and 
 and theological writers, Dr. William Worthington, 
 Dr. Henry Owen, and Dr. James Bandinel, the first 
 Bampton Lecturer. 
 

 WADHAM COLLEGE. 
 
 I HE Founder of this College, Nicholas Wadham, 
 Esq. of Edge and Merrifield in Somersetshire, in 
 which county he was born, was a descendant of the 
 ancient family of Wadhams of Devonshire". But the 
 period of his birth is not known, nor have we many 
 particulars of his personal history. According to 
 Wood, he was a Gentleman Commoner either of 
 Christ Church, or Corpus Christ! College, where he 
 is supposed to have been admitted about the year 
 1548. He inherited an estate which he increased 
 to more than 30001. a year, and accumulated about 
 14,0001, in money. A large portion of this property he 
 resolved to devote to some foundation of public utility. 
 His first intention is said to have been to found a 
 College at Venice for such Englishmen x of the Roman. 
 Catholic persuasion as might wish to enjoy their edu- 
 cation and religion, now no longer tolerated in Eng- 
 land. From this it may be inferred that he was him- 
 self attached to popery ; but his adherence could not 
 be inflexible, as he was soon persuaded by his friend, 
 Mr. Grange, to erect a College in Oxford, in imita- 
 tion of the others, where the established religion was 
 now cultivated with zeal b . And as he died before this 
 
 a Of whom see Prince's Devonshire, and Nichols's Leicestershire, 
 art. CATHERSTON. 
 
 b His, or rather his wife's, appointing that the Warden should not 
 be married, may be thought a part of the old persuasion ; but it must he 
 
 I> d 2 
 
404 WADHAM COLLEGE. 
 
 desigu could be carried into execution, he bequeathed 
 the management of it to his wife, Dorothy, the daugh- 
 ter of Sir William Petre, Secretary of State, who has 
 so often occurred as a benefactor to .this University. 
 This lady, assisted by trustees, and with a zeal pro- 
 portioned to her husband's spirited design, completed 
 the necessary purchases, buildings, and endowment. 
 She survived her husband nine years, died May 1 6, 
 16 18, aged 84, and was buried with her husband in 
 the north transept of the church of liminster in So- 
 mersetshire, under a stately monument of alabaster, 
 on which are their figures on brass plates; but the 
 whole is considerably decayed. 
 
 Mrs.Wadhara first endeavoured to purchase the site 
 of Gloucester Hall ; but Dr. Hawley, then Principal, 
 refusing to give up his interest in that property, 
 unless she would appoint him her first Governor or 
 Warden, she declined the condition, and made pro- 
 posals to the city of Oxford, for the site of the priory 
 of Austin Friars. 
 
 This was- once a place of great fame in the Univer- 
 sity, and may be traced to very high antiquity. In 
 the year 1251, Pope Innocent IV. granted a power 
 to the Friars Eremites of St. Austin, to travel into 
 any countries, build monasteries, and celebrate di- 
 
 remembered, that the marriage of the clergy was one of the last changes 
 of opinion to which the nation was completely reconciled. Queen Eliza- 
 beth was always against it, and we have already found that it was pro- 
 hibited by the statutes of Jesus College. A more ridiculous reason has 
 been traditionally assigned for Mrs. Dorothy Wadham's injunction 
 against marriage : she is said to have been refused by the first Warden ; 
 but she was at this time seventy-five years old, which renders this story 
 highly improbable. 
 
WADHAM COLLEGE. 405 
 
 vine service. With this permission they first esta- 
 blished a house in London, but deputed some of their 
 number to go to Oxford, where they hired an obscure 
 house near the Public Schools. Acquiring some re- 
 putation for their skill in philosophy and divinity, or 
 at least what were then so called, they attracted the 
 attention of Sir John Handlove, or Handlow, of Bur- 
 stall in Buckinghamshire, a very opulent gentleman, 
 who purchased for them a piece of ground, enlarged 
 afterwards by a gift from Henry III. On this they 
 built a bowse and chapel in a sumptuous form, and 
 held schools for divinity and philosophy of such repu- 
 tation, that, before the Divinity-school was built, the 
 University Acts were kept, and the exercises in arts 
 were performed, in this place. It was in particular en- 
 joined, that every Bachelor of Arts should once in each 
 year dispute, and once answer, at this house ; and this 
 continued until the dissolution, when the disputations 
 were removed to St. Mary's, and afterwards to the 
 Schools. 
 
 Their church appears to have been a magnificent 
 and spacious edifice, the choir sixty paces, and the 
 nave sixty-six in length, and the breadth about forty; 
 and Sir John Handlow, the Founder, and other emi- 
 nent benefactors, were buried here, but their remains 
 and monuments were afterwards removed to Water 
 Perry in Oxfordshire. 
 
 After the dissolution, the premises were let on a 
 lease of twenty-one years, at 31. yearly, to Thomas 
 Carwarden, or Cardon, Esq. who appears to have de^ 
 molished the whole, and carried off the materials. In 
 1555, King Edward VI. sold the site to Henry Duke 
 of Suffolk, and Thomas Duport, Gentleman, who al- 
 D d3 
 
406 WADHAM COLLEGE. 
 
 most immediately conveyed it to Henry Baylie, M.D. 
 formerly a Fellow of New College, for forty-five shil- 
 lings yearly. In 1553, Baylie sold it to his father-in- 
 law, Edward Freere, of Oxford, Esq. who left it t6 his 
 son William, by whom, in 1587, it was again sold to 
 the Mayor, Bailiffs, and Commonalty of Oxford, for 
 the principal sum of 4501. 
 
 In 1609, Mrs. Wadharh made proposals to the city 
 for the purchase of this site, which after inany consult- 
 ations was agreed to a , with this condition, that they 
 might have the first nomination of one Fellow and two 
 Scholars of the new College. This being agreed to, 
 the site was conveyed to Mrs. Wadham, May 29, 
 1610, for the sum of 6001. Of the old priory nothing 
 at this time remained except parts of the walls, which 
 were immediately removed, and the foundation-stone 
 of the College laid July 31. On this occasion, the 
 Vice-Chancellor, Doctors, Proctors, Sec. came in pro- 
 cession from St. Mary's church; and met the Mayor 
 and Aldermen on the spot. Dr. Ryves, Warden of 
 New College, delivered an oration in praise of the 
 Pounders, and the first stone was then laid on the east 
 part, where the Chapel now stands. 
 
 The King's licence, bearing date Dec. 20, 1611, em- 
 powered the Foundress to found a College for the 
 studies of divinity, canon and civil law, physic, the 
 arts and sciences, and classical languages ; the Society 
 to consist of a Warden, sixteen Fallows, and thirty 
 Scholars, graduate or not graduate, or more or less, 
 as the statutes might prescribe. The Act of Parlia- 
 ment for the confirmation of Wadham College was 
 
 By their sale to Mrs. Wadham, the city was relieved from a fair, or 
 fairs, held before the public gate of the priory. 
 
WADHAM COLLEGE. 407 
 
 passed on the l6th of August, 1612. The statutes of 
 the Foundress, thus confirmed, specified the College 
 to be for a Warden, fifteen Fellows, fifteen Scholars, 
 two Chaplains, two Clerks, with College servants. 
 The Warden was to be a native of Great Britain, 
 Master of Arts at least, and to be incapacitated from 
 holding his situation, either if he married, or was pro- 
 moted to a Bishopric; but the condition respecting 
 marriage was annulled by Act of Parliament, July, 
 1806. The Fellows, after completing eighteen years 
 from the expiration of their regency, are to vacate 
 their Fellowships. The Scholars, from whom the Fel- 
 lows are to be chosen, are to be three of the county 
 of Somerset, three of Essex, and the rest of any other 
 county in Great Britain. 
 
 The first election was made by the Foundress, April 
 $0, 16 13, on which occasion she nominated Robert 
 Wright, D. D. Warden ; William Smyth, John Pitts, 
 Edward Brounker, John Goodridge, and James Har- 
 rington, Masters of Arts, Daniel Escote, Humphrey 
 Sidenham, Richard Puleston, Francis Strode, Ralph 
 Fiexney, Thomas Harrys, and William Payton, Ba- 
 chelors of Arts, and John Swadell, Undergraduate, 
 Fellows ; Nicholas Brewyn, Robert Ellis, Amias 
 Hext, John WoUey, William Arnold, Robert Arnold, 
 Walter Stonehouse, William Boswell, John Willis, 
 John Flavell, Richard Tapper, Alexander Huish, 
 George Hill, Isaac Smyth, and William Potter, Scho- 
 lars. Of these Thomas Harrys, Isaac Smyth, and 
 William Potter, were appointed by the Corporation, 
 according to the agreement before mentioned. The 
 Warden was afterwards admitted, in St. Mary's, by 
 the Vice-Chancellor and Heads of Houses; the Fel- 
 
 D d 4 
 
408 WADHAM COLLEGE. 
 
 lows, in the College Hall, by the Warden ; and the 
 Scholars, in the same place, by the Warden and Fel- 
 lows. The first Chaplains were Thomas Randolphe 
 and Gilbert Stokes, Masters of Arts. The Foundress 
 continued to nominate the Wardens as long as she 
 lived. 
 
 The first benefactor was John Goodridge, M. A. 
 some time Fellow of this College, afterwards Warden 
 of Trinity Hospital, Greenwich, and Professor of 
 Rhetoric in Gresham College, who, in 1654, gave an 
 estate and money, which he ordered to be divided to 
 four Exhibitioners, three Scholars, the Moderator in 
 Divinity, the Catechist, &c. The learned Humphrey 
 Hody, Regius Professor of Greek, and Archdeacon of 
 Oxford, who died in 1706, founded ten Exhibitions of 
 101. now increased to 15l. each, four for students of 
 Hebrew, and six for students of Greek, who are ex- 
 amined every term by the Regius Professors of He- 
 brew and Greek. Lord Wyndham, Baron Wyndham 
 of Arglas, and Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1727 
 to 1739, who died in 1745, gave 20001. of which 15001. 
 was to be appropriated to the increase of the War- 
 den's salary, and the remainder to the repairs of the 
 College. An Exhibition of 121. was founded by Sa- 
 muel Lisle, D. D. Warden, who was promoted to the 
 Bishopric of St. Asaph, and afterwards to that of 
 Norwich. In 1775, a botanical Exhibition was founded 
 by Richard Warner, Esq. who will occur hereafter as 
 a benefactor to the Library; and other Exhibitions 
 have been founded by Sir Benjamin Maddox, the 
 Rev. Henry Pigott, B. D. and Dr. James Gerard, 
 formerly Warden. 
 
 But the most munificent benefactor was the late 
 
WADHAM COLLEGE. 409 
 
 Warden, Dr. John Wills, who died in 1806, and be- 
 queathed the following legacies, subject to the legacy 
 tax : 4001. a year in addition to the Wardenship ; 
 10001. to improve the Warden's lodgings ; two Exhi- 
 bitions of 1001. each to two Fellows, students or prac- 
 titioners in law or medicine ; and two Exhibitions of 
 201. each to two Scholars, students in the same facul- 
 ties ; also 201. yearly to a Divinity-lecturer in the Col- 
 lege, to read lectures on the Thirty-nine Articles ; to 
 one superannuated Fellow, not having property of his 
 own to the amount of 751. yearly, an annual Exhibi- 
 tion of 75l. ; to one other superannuated Fellow, not 
 having property of his own to the amount of 1001., 
 50l. per annum; 111. 10s. to a preacher for four ser- 
 mons annually in the College Chapel; 51. or 61. value 
 in books, yearly, to the best reader of lessons in the 
 Chapel ; interest of money arising from the sale of an 
 estate in Lincolnshire, to the Vice-Chancellor for the 
 time being ; 20001. to the Bodleian librarian ; 20001. 
 to be divided between the Theatre and the Clarendon 
 Press; and 1000). three per cents, to the Infirmary. 
 The residue of his fortune, after some legacies to very 
 distant relations, &c. he bequeathed as a fund to ac- 
 cumulate for the purchase of livings for the College. 
 
 The Bishop of Bath and Wells is the Visitor. 
 
 The LIVINGS of Wadham are the RECTORIES of 
 Fryerning, alias Friarn Ingh or Ginge Hospital, Es- 
 sex; and Maperton, Somersetshire: and the VICAR- 
 AGES of Hockleigh, Essex; Southropp, Gloucester- 
 shire; and Wadhurst, Sussex. 
 
 The BUILDINGS of this College, which have all 
 the beauty of uniformity, spacious proportions, and 
 
410 WADHAM COLLEGE. 
 
 convenience, are comprised iti an extensive quadran- 
 gle about one hundred and thirty feet square, of mo- 
 dern Gothic, which we enter through a gate under a 
 tower. Three sides of this quadrangle contain cham- 
 bers for the Society and the Warden's lodgings, and 
 on the east side are the Hall and Chapel. The Li- 
 brary and Chapel, extending eastward, form two sides 
 of an inner or garden court. The portico in the 
 centre of the east side of the great quadrangle is or- 
 namented by the royal arms in sculpture, and statues 
 of James I. and of Nicholas and Dorothy Wadham, 
 the former in armour, holding a model of the College 
 in his hand; and between them is the following in- 
 scription : 
 
 AN. DOM. 1613. APR. 20. 
 SUB AUSPICIIS R. JACOB1. 
 
 HOSPES, 
 GUAM VIDES DOMUM MUSIS NUNCUPATAM PONENDAM 
 
 MANDABAT NICHOLAUS WADHAM SOMEKSETENSIS 
 
 ARMIGER. VERUM ILLE FATO PRJEREPTUS DOROTHEA 
 
 CONJUGl PERFICIENDAM LEGABAT. ILLA INCUNCTANTER 
 
 PERFECIT, MAGNIF1CEGIUE SUMPTIBUS SUJS AUXIT. 
 
 TU SUMME PATER ADSIS PROPITIUS, TUOftUE MUNERI ADDAS 
 
 ftUJESUMUS PERPETUITATEM. 
 
 To the south in the front of the College is a build- 
 ing of three stories, erected in 1694, which is in- 
 habited by some members of the Society. Another 
 on the north side appears to have been intended, and 
 is engraven in the Oxford Almanack for 1738, but 
 was never begun. The expence of building this Col- 
 lege is recorded in a manuscript folio of about two 
 hundred and fifty pages, in which every article is 
 distinctly laid down. By this it appears, that the ex- 
 
WADHAM COLLEGE. 411 
 
 pence of building was 108161. 7s. 8d. and the sum 
 total, including the Kitchen furniture and College 
 plate, 113601. The whole of this expence was defrayed 
 by the Foundress, without any aid whatever. At the 
 same period, or nearly, the building of the new qua* 
 drangle at Merton College, and the public Schools, 
 went on, and the same architect is said to have been 
 employed on those, and on this College. If so, we 
 are enabled to record the name of Thomas Holt of 
 York, who was, according to Hearne, the architect of 
 the Schools. 
 
 The HALL, one of tbe largest in the University, 
 is a finely proportioned and elegant room, of se- 
 venty feet by thirty-five, and contains the portraits 
 of Nicholas and Dorothy Wadham ; Sir John Strange- 
 ways; John Goodridge; John Lord Lovelace, by La- 
 roon; Chief Justice John Pratt; the late learned 
 James Harris, Esq. given by his son Lord Malms- 
 bury; Arthur Onslow, the celebrated Speaker of the 
 House of Commons, by Hudson ; George I.; William 
 III.; Dr. Bisse, founder of the Library ; Dr. and Mrs, 
 Hody ; and the Wardens, Wright, Bishop of Bristol ; 
 Smith; Wilkins, Bishop of Chester; Blanford, Bi- 
 shop of Worcester; Ironside, Bishop of Hereford; 
 Dunster; Baker, Bishop of Norwich; Lisle, Bishop 
 of Norwich ; and Wills ; the latter a very fine picture 
 by Hoppner. In the large and beautiful window at 
 the upper end of this Hall are two small portraits of 
 Charles I. and his Queen, the same with those at 
 Magdalen College. 
 
 In the Common Room is a portrait of Dr. Wilkins, 
 and another of an old female servant of the College, 
 
4ie WADHAM COLLEGE. 
 
 who lived to the age of one hundred and twenty, 
 painted and presented by Sonman. 
 
 It may here be noticed, that there are engraved 
 plates of the Founder and Foundress, and two em- 
 bossed medals, engraved in Perry's, Snelling's, and 
 Combe's English Medals, and lately engraved for 
 Mr. Nichols's History of Leicestershire. 
 
 The LIBRARY is a very spacious room, fifty-five 
 feet by thirty, with narrow Gothic windows, except 
 the noble one at the upper end, which contains two 
 small portraits of the Founder and Foundress. Among 
 the first contributors to the collection was Philip 
 Bisse, D. D. Archdeacon of Taunton, who gave his 
 private library of two thousand volumes, valued at 
 700l. a The Library and its fund were afterwards 
 augmented by various contributions. Sir William Go- 
 dolphin gave many books in the Spanish language, 
 which he collected while he was employed in the 
 embassy to Spain. Richard Warner, Esq. a member 
 of the College, who died in 1775, bequeathed a very 
 valuable collection of prints and books, chiefly of 
 natural history, botany, and English poetry, and 
 founded a botanical Exhibition, as already noticed. 
 This gentleman was bred to the law, and for some 
 time had chambers in Lincoln's Inn ; but being pos- 
 sessed of an ample fortune, retired to Woodford Green, 
 Essex, where he maintained a botanical garden, and was 
 very successful in the cultivation of rare exotics. He 
 was not less distinguished for polite learning, and par- 
 ticularly his critical knowledge of Shakspeare, of whose 
 
 In Wood's Colleges, published by Mr. Gutch, we have 17001. which 
 is utterly improbable. Dr. Bisse died in 1612. 
 
WADHAM COLLEGE. 413 
 
 works he collected every edition, with every treatise 
 respecting his favourite bard, all which are now in this 
 Library. In 1768, he published a letter to Garrick, 
 with whom he was very intimate, concerning a glos- 
 sary to Shakspeare, which he projected, and continued 
 to augment to the last days of his life 8 . Samuel Bush, 
 M. A. Vicar of Wadhurst in Sussex, who died in 
 1783, was another liberal benefactor to this Library, 
 which now contains many early printed books, and a 
 .good collection of theological works and classics, to- 
 gether with French, Italian, and Spanish literature. 
 
 The CHAPEL is an elegant edifice, seventy feet 
 
 long by thirty, with a noble ante-chapel, at right 
 
 angles with the choir, eighty feet by thirty-five. 
 
 The fine east window is filled with painting of great 
 
 merit, representing the history of our Saviour in 
 
 types and their accomplishments, from the Old and 
 
 New Testament, executed by Bernard Van Linge in 
 
 1623. It was given by Sir John Strangeways. In 
 
 the lower compartments of the windows are figures 
 
 of the Apostles, Prophets, &c. those on the right 
 
 side, dated 1616, are supposed to have been painted 
 
 by Van Linge, but the others are probably of a later 
 
 age. At the east end of the Chapel is a painting, 
 
 if it may be so called, on cloth, which is esteemed a 
 
 curiosity, and is thus described. " The cloth, of an 
 
 " ash colour, serves for the medium ; the lines and 
 
 " shades are done with a brown crayon, and the lights 
 
 " and heightening with a white one. These dry co- 
 
 " lours being pressed with hot irons, which produce 
 
 " an exsudation from the cloth, are so incorporated 
 
 a Pulteney's Historical and Botanical Sketches, and Nichols's Life 
 of Bowyer. 
 
414 VVADHAM COLLEGE. 
 
 " into its texture and substance, that they are proof 
 " against a brush, or even the harshest touch." The 
 subject of the front is the Lord's Supper; on the 
 north side are Abraham and Melchisedeck ; and on 
 the south the Children of Israel gathering Manna. 
 This was the performance of Isaac Fuller, and still 
 retains some portion of effect, although the figures 
 are becoming indistinct. 
 
 This Chapel was completed, and consecrated to St. 
 Nicholas, April 29, 1613, before the Heads of Houses, 
 Doctors, &c. by Dr. John Bridges, Bishop of Oxford. 
 In 1677 it was repaired, and paved with black and 
 white marble, at the expence of the College. The 
 monument of Sir John Portman is the only one now 
 in the inner chapel, but the ante-chapel contains mo- 
 numents and tablets to the memory of many distin- 
 guished members of the Society. 
 
 The GARDENS of this College are laid out in the 
 modern taste, and are inferior only to those of St. 
 John's. 
 
 The first three WARDENS, Robert Wright, John 
 Flemming, and William Smyth, were appointed by 
 the Foundress. Wright resigned on his marriage, and 
 was afterwards promoted to the Bishopric of Bristol : 
 Flemming died in office, and was buried in the Cha- 
 pel: and Smyth resigned in 1635. John Pytt, B. D. 
 the fifth Warden, was ejected by the Parliamentary 
 visitors, and was succeeded, on the same usurped au- 
 thority, by John Wilkins, M. A. afterwards Bishop 
 of Chester, an able divine and philosopher. Although 
 attached at this time to the Parliament, he had the 
 inclination as well as the power to prevent much of 
 the violence that was meditated in the University 
 
WADHAM COLLEGE. 415 
 
 against the loyalists. Having married the widowed 
 sister of Oliver Cromwell, he obtained considerable 
 influence with him, and, among other favours, a dis- 
 pensation to hold his Wardenship, notwithstanding 
 his marriage. By Sprat's History we learn, that 
 the Royal Society originated in this College from 
 slow beginnings, and that its meetings were held in 
 an upper room over the gateway from 1652 to l659> 
 when Dr. Wilkins went to Cambridge as Master of 
 Trinity College. He appears to have taken a very 
 active part in the establishment of the Society; and 
 among his coadjutors at this time were Mr.Seth Ward, 
 Mr. Boyle, Sir William Petty, Mr. Matthew Wren, 
 Dr. Wallis, Dr. Goddard, Dr. Bathurst, Sir Christo- 
 pher Wren, Mr. Rooke, and others. Nor must it be 
 omitted, that, when this Society was afterwards esta- 
 blished at Gresham College, a branch of it was con- 
 tinued at Oxford; and the original Society-books of 
 this Oxford department are still preserved in the 
 Ashmolean Museum, where their assemblies were 
 held '. The seventh and eighth Wardens, Dr. Walter 
 Blandford and Dr. Gilbert Ironside, resigned, and 
 were afterwards promoted to the Episcopal bench. 
 Other PRELATES were originally admitted or after- 
 wards incorporated into this College, as the celebrated 
 John Gauden, Bishop of Worcester, Seth Ward, of 
 Salisbury, Thomas Sprat, of Rochester, and Samuel 
 Parker, of Oxford. 
 
 Amongst the other eminent members of this So- 
 ciety we find the names of T. Creech, the editor and 
 translator of Lucretius : William Walsh, the poet : 
 Dr. J. Trapp, Professor of Poetry : Thomas Baker, 
 
 Warton's Life of Bathurst, p. 44, 45. 
 
416 WADHAM COLLEGE. 
 
 an able mathematician: Sir C. Sedley: Wilmott, 
 Earl of Rochester : The celebrated Admiral Blake : 
 Dr. J. Mayow, M. D. a physician, who is said to 
 have been acquainted with the most valuable part of 
 our modern discoveries respecting air: The very 
 learned Dr. Humphrey Hody, already noticed among 
 the benefactors : Sir .Christopher Wren, the monu- 
 ments of whose vast powers will be long contemplated 
 by admiring ages: Arthur Onslow, for many Parlia- 
 ments Speaker of the House of Commons: Lord 
 Chief Justice Pratt: George Costard, a learned lin- 
 guist and astronomical writer : James Harris, usu- 
 ally styled the Philosopher of Salisbury, a man of 
 profound learning, taste, and critical acumen : 
 Floyer Sydenham, the translator of Plato : Dr. Ken- 
 nicott, the collator of the Hebrew MSS. of the Old 
 Testament : John Richardson, author of the Persian 
 Dictionary : George Anderson, who translated the 
 Arenarius of Archimedes : and the late Dr. William 
 Austen, well known as an eminent physician, and a 
 man of science. It may be added, that the famous 
 Dr. Richard Bentley of Cambridge became a member 
 of Wadham College in 168Q. 
 
PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 
 
 1 HIS College was founded, in the early part of the 
 seventeenth century, on the site of Broadgates Hall, 
 a very ancient seminary for students of the civil and 
 canon law. It originally belonged to the priory of 
 St. Fridesvvide, and, as Wood thinks, was the place 
 where their novices received their first education. In 
 the twelfth century, we find it held by the family of 
 Segrims, and for a long time was known by the name 
 of Segrim, or, corruptly, Segreve Hall. It afterwards 
 received the name of Broadgates from the wide form 
 of its entrance, aula cum latea porta, or, aula late por- 
 tensis*. At the dissolution of the religious houses, it 
 was given by Henry VIII. to Christ Church, its rent 
 then being valued at only thirteen shillings and four- 
 pence ; but it appears to have been before this one of 
 the purchases which Cardinal Wolsey attached to his 
 intended College. 
 
 Wood's list of the Principals of this Hall is con- 
 fessedly imperfect. The only names he has been able 
 to recover are those of Brian Hygden, in 1505, after- 
 wards Dean of York, and one of the benefactors to 
 Brasen Nose College; John Story, LL. B. 1537, an 
 eminent civilian, but one of Bonner's most implacable 
 
 According to Fuller, there was an ancient proverb, " Send Verdin- 
 " gajes to Broadgates in Oxford," in ridicule of a bulky and inconve- 
 nient dress, which obliged the ladies- to enter doors of a common width 
 sideways. Fuller's Worthies. 
 
 E e 
 
418 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 
 
 agents, and afterwards executed for high treason ; 
 Thomas Yonge, in 1542, Archbishop of York; Ro- 
 bert Weston, 1546, afterwards Chancellor of Ireland, 
 and, according to Caoiden, a man of great integrity 
 in office; Thomas Randolph, 1549, who was a skilful 
 negotiator, and employed in several important embas- 
 sies to Scotland, Russia, and Franco; George Sum- 
 master, 1596; and, lastly, Dr. John Budden, 16 18, for- 
 merly Principal of New Inn Hall, Philosophy Reader 
 of Magdalen College, the biographer of its Founder, 
 and Regius Professor of Civil Law. He died at Broad- 
 gates Hall, June 11, 3620, and was buried in the chan- 
 cel of St. Aldate's church. 
 
 The new foundation took place a few years after 
 this, in consequence of the bequest of Thomas Tes- 
 dale, Esq. This gentleman was a native of Standford 
 Dingley in Berkshire, where he was born, October, 
 1547, and educated at the free-school of Abingdon, 
 founded by John Royse, citizen and .mercer of Lon- 
 don, in 1563. He married Maud, daughter of Edward 
 Little of Abingdon % and became a dealer in malt, by 
 which he gained a very considerable fortune. In 156y 
 he was chosen Common Councilman of Abingdon, 
 in 1571 one of the Bailiffs, in 1577 Governor of the 
 Hospital, in 1580 Pricipal Burgess, and in 1581 Mayor 
 of that ancient Corporation. He removed afterwards 
 to Glympton, near Woodstock in Oxfordshire, where 
 he traded in wool, tillage, and grazing, and became a 
 benefactor to this place as well as to Abingdon. He 
 died at Glympton, June 13, 1610, aged sixty-three, 
 and was buried in the chancel of that church, with a 
 
 The inscription on her monument records, that she was born at 
 Henley on Thames. 
 
PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 419 
 
 costly monument, and inscription, in which he is com- 
 memorated as " a man, in the judgment of all men 
 " that knew him, in the whole course of his life, reli- 
 " gious towards God, soher and honest in his conver- 
 " sation, just and upright in his dealings amongst 
 " men, bountiful in hospitality, liberally beneficial to 
 " Balliol College in Oxford, to the free-school at 
 " Abingdon, charitable to the poor, loving and kind 
 " to his wife, as also to his and her kindred." His 
 wife, who survived him six years, and is interred in 
 the same place, is praised for her charity to the poor 
 of Glympton, Charlbury, and Ascot, and for her con- 
 tribution to St. Mary's church, Oxford. In 1704 this 
 monument was repaired at the expence of Pembroke 
 College. 
 
 Mr. Tesdale having bequeathed five thousand pounds 
 to purchase estates for the maintenance of certain Fel- 
 lows and Scholars from the free-school of Abingdon 
 in any of the Colleges of Oxford, Dr. Abbot, Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, and the other trustees, intended 
 at first to place this foundation in Balliol College, 
 which occasioned the notice in Tesdale's monumental 
 inscription, probably written soon after his death. 
 That design, however, not having been completed", 
 they determined to found a new College on the site 
 
 The Corporation of Abingdon entered into terms with Balliol Col- 
 lege, and the bargain proceeded so far, that 3001. of Tesdale's money 
 was given to the College, and Caesar's lodgings (see p. 54.) were built 
 with that sum and the addition of 401. and were to be the residence of 
 Tesdale's Scholars. But about this time the seasonable aid of Wight- 
 wick's bounty induced the Corporation of Abingdon to alter their pur- 
 pose, and found a new College ; and as Balliol was unable to repay 
 the money, Dr. Abbot, the Archbishop of Canterbury, generously ad- 
 vanced the whole. 
 
 E e 2 
 
420 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 
 
 of Broadgates Hall, and in the mean time estates 
 were purchased for the endowment in Berkshire and 
 Wiltshire. .The plan was likewise assisted by a second 
 benefactor, Richard Wightwick, B. D. some time of 
 Balliol College, and afterwards Rector of East Ildes- 
 ley in Berkshire, who engaged to make over some 
 estates in aid of the endowment. 
 
 The Corporation of Abingdon next petitioned the 
 King that he would constitute a College within Broad- 
 gates Hall, and on the site, circuit, and precinct there- 
 of, to consist of a Master, Fellows, and Scholars, and 
 that he would grant to the said Master and Fellows 
 the usual powers to receive and hold estates for their 
 maintenance. Accordingly his Majesty, by letters 
 patent, dated June 22, 1624, granted, that within the 
 said Hall of Broadgates there should be a perpetual 
 College of divinity, civil and canon law, arts, medi- 
 cine, and other sciences; that it should consist of one 
 Master, or Governor, ten Fellows, and ten Scholars, 
 graduate or not, or more or less, according to the fu- 
 ture statutes ; that the said College should be known 
 by the name of The Master, Fellows, and Scholars, of 
 the College of Pembroke, in the University of Oxford, oj 
 the foundation of K. James, at the coat and charges of 
 Thomas Tesdale and Richard IVightwick. The first So- 
 ciety was appointed by the King, and consisted of 
 Thomas Clayton, M. D. Regius Professor of Physic, 
 Master; Thomas Goodwyn, Robert Payne, Chris- 
 topher Tesdale, Nicholas Coxeter, Charles Sagar, 
 Thomas Westley, Henry Wightwick, John Price, 
 William Lyford, and William Griffith, Fellows; and 
 John Lee, William Rcade, Francis Dringe, Richard 
 Allen, John Bowles, John Grace, Thomas Millington, 
 
PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 421 
 
 Humphrey Gwyn, Richard Kirfoate, and George 
 Griffith, Scholars. The Society were permitted to 
 hold estates to the value of 7001. yearly, and the 
 Master and Scholars immediately took possession, 
 with the usual ceremonies, before the Vice-Chancel- 
 lor, Dr. Prideaux, the Proctors, &c. and the Corpora- 
 tion of Abingdon. 
 
 According to the language of the day, King James 
 I. was denominated the FOUNDER, the Earl of Pem- 
 broke, GODFATHER, and Tesdale and Wightwick, 
 FOSTER-FATHERS. William Herbert, Earl of Pem- 
 broke, whose character is one of Lord Clarendon's finest 
 sketches, was at this time Chancellor of the Univer- 
 sity. To this office he succeeded on the resignation 
 of Lord Ellesmere in 1616, and held it until his death 
 in 1630. His interest is said to have been liberally 
 employed in the establishment of this College. 
 
 Archbishop Abbot, the Earl of Pembroke, the Vice- 
 Chancellor, Sir John Bennet, Sir Eubule Thelwall, the 
 Master of the College, Walter Darell, Esq. Recorder 
 of Abingdon, and Richard Wightwick, Clerk, or any 
 four of them, were appointed to draw up the statutes, 
 which were finished about four years after. Accord- 
 ing to these, of Tesdale's seven Fellows, who were all 
 to study divinity, four were to be of his kindred ; and 
 his six Scholars were to be elected from the free- 
 school of Abingdon, two from his poorer kindred, if 
 any such could be found, or, if not, from his poorer 
 kindred of any other school, and the other four from 
 the poorer natives of Abingdon, and the scholars of 
 William Bennet, Esq. educated in the same school. 
 Wightwick's foundation, upon an estate of 1001. per 
 annum, was for the maintenance of three Fellows and 
 
42fi PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 
 
 four Scholars, two of each of his kindred, wherever 
 horn, and the rest of Abingdon school. The election 
 of both foundations was fixed for the Monday after 
 the first Sunday in August, and the right of election 
 vested in the Master of the College, two of Tesdale's 
 senior Fellows, the Master of Christ's hospital at 
 Abingdon, two of the senior Governors, and the 
 Schoolmaster of the school. 
 
 The Fellowships and Scholarships of this College 
 were afterwards increased in number, or value, by Ju- 
 liana Stafford, wife of Alexander Stafford, of High 
 Holborn in Middlesex, Gentleman, in 1628 ; King 
 Charles I. who gave the patronage of St. Aldate's 
 church, and a Fellowship for the natives of Jersey 
 and Guernsey, in 1636; Francis Rouse, B. A. of this 
 house, and Provost of Eton during the Usurpation; 
 Sir John Bennet, K. B. afterwards Lord Ossulston, 
 grandson to the Founder Tesdale, and some time 
 Gentleman Commoner here, who founded two Fel- 
 lowships and two Scholarships in 1672 ; George 
 Townsend, of Roweli in Gloucestershire, Esq. who, in 
 1683, founded eight Exhibitions for Scholars from the 
 grammar-schools of Gloucester, Cheltenham, Camden, 
 and North Leach ; George Morley, Bishop of Win- 
 chester, who died in 1684, gave five Exhibitions, three 
 for natives of Jersey, and two of Guernsey; and Lady 
 Elizabeth Holford founded two Exhibitions by will, 
 dated 1717. This Lady will occur hereafter as a be- 
 nefactress to Worcester*. The last benefactor was Sir 
 John Phillips, Bart, who, in 1749, founded one Fel- 
 lowship and one Scholarship, and gave the united 
 livings of Haroldstone and Lambstone in Peinbrokc- 
 
 See also Christ Church, p. 307. 
 
PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 423 
 
 shire, to be possessed by the Fellow of his founda- 
 tion. 
 
 The LIVINGS of this College, besides those already 
 mentioned, are the RECTORIES of Ringshall in Suf- 
 folk, and Coin St. Denys in Gloucestershire ; these 
 two have been purchased with money left for that 
 purpose by Mr. James Phipps: and the SINECURE 
 of All Hallows, WoJlingford, Berkshire. In 1612 the 
 Society consisted of one hundred and thirty-one per- 
 sons. The numbers now are, a Master", fourteen 
 Fellows, thirty Scholars and Exhibitioners, besides 
 Gentlemen Commoners, &c. The Chancellor of the 
 University is the Visitor. 
 
 The BUILDINGS of Broadgates Hall formed an 
 irregular collection, consisting, besides the Hall, of 
 various tenements, called, Cambye's lodgings, Abing- 
 don chambers, and New College lodgings. Cambye's 
 lodgings were so called from John Cambye, who, in 
 1517, held them of the Prior of St. Frideswide, and at 
 that time furnished them for the use of the Scholars 
 of Broadgates. In 1396, Principal Summaster rebuilt 
 them, and in 1626 they were sold to the Master and 
 Fellows of Pembroke College, and on them the Mas- 
 ter's lodgings were erected in 1695, chiefly at the ex- 
 pence of John Hall, D. D. then Master, and Bishop 
 of Bristol. 
 
 Minott, Mine, or Mignott Hall, on the west side of 
 Cambye's lodgings, was another part of the premises, 
 fitted up for the students of Broadgates, by Principal 
 
 * To whose office a Prebend of Gloucester was annexed by Queen 
 Anne, June 8, 1714, at the same time th.it a Prebend of Rochester was 
 annexed to the Provuatship of Oriel. 
 
 C 4 
 
424 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 
 
 Suinmaster, and was conveyed to Pembroke College 
 in 1629. Near it also stood Durham, or St. Michael's 
 Hall, and St. James's Hall, the former of which is now 
 part of the buildings on the right hand, as we pass 
 into the Fellows* garden, and St. James's Hall was 
 formed into chambers. Beef Hall, or Aula Bovina, a 
 seminary for the study of the law, of high antiquity. 
 Wild's Entry, and Wolstan or Dunstan Hall, both ha- 
 bitations for clerks, were added by purchase, but have 
 little else in their history that is interesting. Abing- 
 don chambers belonged anciently to the monks of 
 Abingdon, and the tenement called New College cham- 
 bers to that College. 
 
 Soon after the foundation of Pembroke College, 
 these buildings falling into decay, the south and west 
 sides of the present quadrangle, and a portion of the 
 east, were built as they now stand, with part of the 
 money bequeathed or given by the Founders. The 
 remainder of the east side and the front were com- 
 pleted before 1673, towards which contributions were 
 made by Sir John Bennet, James Howard, jun. Comp- 
 troller of the Mint, and John Morris, a citizen of Lon- 
 don. This front, however, with the gate, were not 
 quite completed before the year 1694. 
 
 The HALL is the same that belonged to Broad gates, 
 but the upper transverse end was added by Dr. Clay- 
 ton, the first Master. It contains some very fine por- 
 traits of the Founders, of Charles I. Bishop Morlej^, 
 Lord Ossulston, Bishop Hall, Dr. Slocock, &c. and a 
 bust of Dr. Johnson, by Bacon, given by the late Sa- 
 muel Whitbread, Esq. 
 
 The LIBRARY of this College was formerly kept 
 in a large room over the south aisle of St. Aldate's 
 


 \ 
 
 \ 
 
PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 425 
 
 church. This had been anciently a civil law school, 
 and had a collection of books on that science, for the 
 use of the scholars of Broadgates and the other Halls 
 adjoining ; but they were dispersed or lost in the reign 
 of Edward VI. Dr. Clayton, first Master, William 
 Gardiner, of Linton, Sir Robert Hanson, of London, 
 Knt. and Dr. John Wall, Rector of St. Aldate's, and 
 afterwards Canon of Christ Church, were among the 
 earliest contributors of books; but when, in 1?09, Dr. 
 Hall, Master, bequeathed his collection, it became ne- 
 cessary to remove the Library to its present situation 
 over the Hall. 
 
 Before the erection of the present CHAPEL, this So- 
 ciety performed divine service in the south aisle of St. 
 Aldate's church. In 1728, a new edifice began to be 
 erected on part of the gardens on the west side of the 
 College, principally at the expence of Bartholomew 
 Tipping, Esq. of Oxford. It was consecrated July 10, 
 1732, by Dr. John Potter, Bishop of Oxford, after a 
 sermon by Matthew Panting, D. D. then Master. It is 
 a small but elegant building of the Ionic order, richly 
 ornamented'; the altar-piece, a copy, by Cranke, from 
 Rubens's picture at Antwerp of our Saviour after his 
 Resurrection, presented by Dr. Joseph Plymley, of 
 Longnor in Shropshire. 
 
 The first of the series of MASTERS of this College 
 was Thomas Clayton, M. D. admitted August 5, 1 624. 
 In the same year he was elected first Anatomy Pro- 
 fessor of the foundation of Richard Tomkins, Esq. 
 He died June 10, 1647. In his professorship he was 
 succeeded by his son, afterwards Sir Thomas Clayton, 
 and Warden of Merton College. The second Master 
 was Henry Wightwick, B. D. probably a relation of 
 
426 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 
 
 the co-founder, who had the misfortune to be twice 
 removed from his office, first by the Parliamentary 
 visitors, and again in 1664, for improper conduct, by 
 order of the Chancellor* John Hall, his successor, was 
 Rector of St. Aldate's, Lady Margaret's Professor of 
 Divinity, and Bishop of Bristol. He held the Master- 
 ship and Rectory of St. Aldate's in commendam, until his 
 death in 1709. His successors here were, Drs. Cohveli 
 Brickenden, Matthew Panting, John Radcliffe, Wil^ 
 liain Adams, William Sergrove, and John Smith. Dr. 
 Adams, a man of polite manners, and extensive learn- 
 ing, and an able controversial writer, will be long 
 more particularly remembered as the friend of Dr. 
 Johnson, with whom he once studied in this College, 
 and whose last days he frequently cheered by his hos- 
 pitality. The present Master is the eleventh from the 
 foundation. 
 
 Among the PRELATES educated here, some have 
 already been noticed as members of Broadgates Hall, 
 or as benefactors. And to them may be added, Philip 
 Repingdon, Bishop of Lincoln in 140,5, and Cardinal 
 in 1408; Edmund Bonner, Bishop of London, justly 
 surnamed the Bloody; the late learned and eminent 
 biblical critic, Dr. William Newcorne, Archbishop 
 of Armagh; and the late Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 Dr. John Moore. 
 
 In enumerating a few of the distinguished members 
 of other classes, it may be noticed, that the celebrated 
 historian and antiquary, Camden, studied here for some 
 time after he left Magdalen College, and before he 
 went to Christ Church. But Pembroke may more 
 entirely claim Sir Thomas Browne, author of the Re- 
 ligio Medici, &c. : Carevv, Earl of Totness, a gallant 
 
PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 427 
 
 commander, and patron of literature, and historian of 
 the wars of Ireland : Sir James Dyer, Chief Justice 
 of the King's Bench : David Baker, Roman Catholic 
 ecclesiastical historian : and Pym, the noted patriot. 
 Among the scholars of more recent times are, that 
 very celebrated ornament to the University of Oxford, 
 Judge Blackstone, who was first educated here 8 : 
 Philip Morant, antiquary and historian of Essex: 
 George Whitfield, the celebrated founder of the se-> 
 cond or Calvinistic division of the Methodists, who 
 entered as a Servitor here from the Crypt-school 
 of Gloucester: Dr. Durell, afterwards Principal of 
 Hertford College : The late eccentric John Hender- 
 son : and the poets Southern, Shenstone, and Graves, 
 and Mr. Hawkins, Poetry Professor. Dr. Samuel 
 Johnson has already been incidentally noticed. This 
 illustrious scholar was entered a Commoner, Oct. 31, 
 1728. His apartment was that upon the second floor 
 over the gateway, a residence which his admirers will 
 contemplate with veneration, and be sensible of that 
 local emotion which he has dignified by one of the 
 most splendid passages in his writings'*. 
 
 a See All Souls, p. 189. 
 
 b " To abstract the mind from all local emotion would be impossible, 
 " if it were endeavoured, and would be foolish, if it were possible. What- 
 " ever withdraws us from the power of our senses, whatever makes the 
 past, the distant, or the future, predominate over the present, ad- 
 " vances us in the dignity of thinking beings. Far from me and from my 
 " friends be such frigid philosophy, as would conduct us, indifferent 
 " and unmoved, over any ground which has been dignified by wisdom, 
 " bravery, or virtue." Journey to the Western Islands. Few places, 
 it may be added, afford such ample scope to the indulgence of local 
 emotion as Oxford. 
 
WORCESTER COLLEGE. 
 
 GLOUCESTER Hall, afterwards St. John Baptist's 
 Hall, and now Worcester College, was one of the 
 most ancient houses belonging to the Benedictines at 
 the time of the dissolution. Before they possessed it, 
 it was the residence of Gilbert Clare, Earl of Glou- 
 cester, in 1260, who was heir of Robert Hayman, first 
 Earl of Gloucester ; and his arms, in Wood's time, 
 were in the window of the Hall. Not long after this, 
 it belonged to the Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusa- 
 lem; and from them, or from the Carmelite friars, who 
 first resided in this neighbourhood, it came to John 
 Giffard, Baron of Brimsfield, who in 1283 converted 
 it into a seminary for the monks of Gloucester. Here 
 they studied philosophy and theology, and took their 
 degrees in the manner used in other places of learning 
 in the University. 
 
 The advantage of possessing such a school appear- 
 ing obvious to other abbies of the order of Benedic- 
 tines, they solicited the abbot and convent of St. 
 Peter's Gloucester to enlarge their premises; with 
 which request they complied, and Giffard their founder 
 gave them ground for the purpose in Stock well-street; 
 and the several habitations of the students were dis- 
 tinguished by arms and rebuses cut in stone over 
 their respective doors, some of which are still visible 
 on the old buildings ; one of them, on the last house 
 westward, is a comb and a tun, with the letter W over 
 
WORCESTER COLLEGE. 429 
 
 it, which is supposed to mean William Compton, * 
 benefactor. 
 
 The abbies which sent monks hither, besides St. 
 Peter's Gloucester, were Glastonbury, St. Alban's, Ta- 
 vistock, Burton, Chertsey, Coventry, Evesham, Eyns- 
 ham, St. Edmundbury, Winchcombe, Abbotsbury, 
 Michelney, Malmsbury, Rochester, Norwich, Stokes, 
 and St. Neot's, and others. They lived under the go- 
 vernment of a Prior, who was at first chosen by the 
 Founder and his heirs, and afterwards by the Students. 
 Among their eminent men are enumerated, Thomas 
 Walsingham, and Thomas Winchcombe, historians, 
 and John Whethamsted, Abbot of St. Alban's, one of 
 the principal benefactors, who built, or richly fur- 
 nished, the Chapel and Library. 
 
 At the dissolution in 33 Henry VIII. it was given 
 to John Glin, and John James, and valued at 26s. 8d. 
 but on making Oxford a see, it was allotted as a man- 
 sion for the Bishops, and as such was inhabited by 
 bishop Robert King, while the see was at Oseney. 
 After his death it remained in the crown until the se- 
 cond year of Queen Elizabeth, when she granted it to 
 one William Doddington, in fee. In the same year, 
 1559, it was purchased of Doddington by Sir Tho- 
 mas White, and made a Hall, for the use of St. John's 
 College, which he had founded, and then it became 
 known by the name of St. John Baptist's Hall a . In 
 this state the buildings, although decayed, remained 
 for a considerable time, except the Chapel and Li- 
 brary, both of which had been demolished at the dis- 
 
 * According to Wood, however, both in his History, Annals, and, 
 Athene, the name of Gloucester Hall was retained in writings, &c. 
 
430 WORCESTER COLLEGE. 
 
 solution, and were now repaired by Sir Thomas White. 
 At the same time he settled a Principal, who was to 
 be one of the Fellows of St. John's, and an hundred 
 Scholars, some of whom were maintained at their 
 own charges, but the greater part by his liberality. 
 The} r took possession, and dined for the first time 
 in the public Refectory, which belonged to the 
 monks, on St. John Baptist's day, 1560. Some years 
 afterwards the patronage, with that of other Halls, 
 was vested in Robert Dudley, Chancellor of the Uni- 
 versity, and his successors, who bestowed it upon the 
 students of other houses; and the succession of Princi- 
 pals continued until the beginning of the last century, 
 when a new foundation took place. 
 
 The merit of this rests with Sir Thomas Cookes, 
 of Bentley Pauncefort, in the parish of Tardebigg, in 
 Worcestershire, Bart, and lord of the manor of Nor* 
 grove, in the parish of Feckenham, who died in 1702, 
 and was buried in a chancel built on purpose in the 
 old church of Tardebigg. By his will, dated June 
 8, 1701, he bequeathed the sum of I0 ; 000l. "in the 
 " disposal and management of the Archbishop of 
 " Canterbury, the Bishops of Worcester, Oxford, 
 " Lichfield and Coventry, and Gloucester, the Vice- 
 " Chancellor, and all the Heads of the Colleges and 
 " Halls in the University of Oxford, for the time 
 " being ; for the erecting and building an orna- 
 " mental pile of building in Oxford, and thereto 
 " adding, raising, creating, or endowing such and so 
 " many Scholars' places and Fellowships, as they 
 " should think the product or yearly revenue of 
 " that sura of 10,0001. and the lands therewith pur- 
 " chased, would support and maintain ; or otherwise, 
 
WORCESTER COLLEGE. 431 
 
 " for the adding to, creating, or raising, or endowing 
 " such other College or Hall in Oxford, with such 
 " and so many Fellowships and Scholars' places, as 
 " they should think most fit and convenient; with pre- 
 " ference to such as are hred and educated at his schools 
 " of Bromsgrove and Feckenham, in the county of 
 " Worcester, as for their learning should be thought 
 " fit for the University, and such of them principally 
 " as should be of his relations ; and for want of 
 " fit boys in those schools, then such boys as are 
 " bred in and educated at the free-schools in Wor- 
 " cester, Hartlebury, and Kidderminster, and other 
 " free-schools in the county of Worcester." He also 
 appointed the Bishops of Worcester and Oxford, and 
 the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford, for 
 the time being, and their successors for ever, to be 
 especial Visitors ; but this last appointment was after- 
 wards modified. 
 
 Some years elapsed before it was determined to 
 which of the above purposes this money should be ap- 
 plied, and in the mean time it accumulated to the 
 principal sum of 15,0001. Gloucester Hall being at 
 length chosen, the trustees under the will purchased it 
 of St. John's College, and Queen Anne granted her 
 royal letters patent, dated July 14, 1714, for erect- 
 ing it into a College, by the name of THE PRO- 
 VOST, FELLOWS, AND SCHOLARS, OF WORCESTER 
 COLLEGE, IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. About 
 the same time a charter of incorporation was obtained, 
 some adjacent ground purchased as a proper site 
 for the intended buildings, and a body of statutes 
 formed. 
 
 The first members of Worcester College were, 
 
43 WORCESTER COLLEGE. 
 
 Richard Blechynden, LL. D* last Principal of Glou- 
 cester Hall, Provost; Roger Bourchier of Gloucester 
 Hall, Thomas Clymer of All Souls College, Robert 
 Burd of St. John's, afterwards M. D. William Brad- 
 ley of New Inn Hall, Joseph Penn of Wadham, and 
 Samuel Creswicke of Pembroke, Fellows. 
 
 The first benefactor to this new establishment was 
 Mrs. Margaret Alcorne, widow, of St. Giles's, Oxford, 
 \vho, in 1717, bequeathed one half of her estates, real 
 and personal; but as it was proved that she had only 
 a life-interest in the former, the College obtained but 
 a moietv of her personal property, amounting to 7981. 
 \vhich, by a decree of the court of Chancery, was or- 
 dered to be expended on the new buildings. In the 
 same year, Lady Elizabeth Holford, the widow of Sir 
 William Holford, of Welham in Leicestershire, Bart, 
 already mentioned as a benefactress to Christ Church 
 and Pembroke, founded two Exhibitions here of 201. 
 each for eight years, to be enjoyed by Charter-house 
 scholars. In 1726, Dr. James Fynney, a Fellow of 
 St. John's, and Rector of Long Newton in Durham, 
 &c. bequeathed 25001. for the foundation of two Fel- 
 lowships and two Scholarships, the former of 401. and 
 the latter of 101. yearly, for students from the Moor- 
 lands, in Staffordshire, or the county in general, or 
 the Bishopric of Durham. He died March 10, 17'26; 
 but, in consequence of a tedious litigation by his heirs, 
 his benefaction was not finally established by a de- 
 cree in Chancery until Jan. 25, 1738. George Clarke, 
 D. C. L. already noticed as a liberal benefactor to the 
 College of All Souls, &c. bequeathed to Worcester 
 College his estates at Purton and Hill Marton in 
 Wiltshire, for the foundation of six Fellowships of 
 
WORCESTER COLLEGE. 433 
 
 45l. each, and three Scholarships of 251. each, yearly. 
 The Scholars to be born of English parents, within the 
 provinces of Canterbury and York. This endowment 
 took place May 7, 1759, when the new buildings were 
 completed, and the election fell upon Messrs. Moore of 
 Worcester, Skinner of Pembroke, Brickenden of Tri- 
 nity, Gyles of Worcester, Ravenhill of Brasen Nose, 
 and Phillips of New College, to be Fellows; and 
 Bennet of Christ Church, Mynton of Worcester, and 
 Campbell of Oriel, to be Scholars. 
 
 In 1739, Mrs. Sarah Eaton, daughter of Byrom 
 Eaton, D. D. Principal of Gloucester Hall, bequeathed 
 freehold estates at Piddington and Rhode in North- 
 amptonshire, and leasehold estates at Walkeringham 
 in Nottinghamshire, and Tulwell, Gloucestershire, for 
 the endowment of six Fellowships and five Scholar- 
 ships, confined to the sons of clergymen only. Dr. 
 William Gower, Provost, who died in 1777; be- 
 queathed the sum of 35001. Old South Sea Annuities, 
 and the reversion of an estate at Bransford, near the 
 city of Worcester, for general purposes. Sir Thomas 
 Cooke's Fellowships were increased in value, in 1745, 
 by the benefaction of 10001. left by Mr. Thomas Chet- 
 tle, of the city of London, merchant, and brother to 
 William Chettle, one of the first Scholars. His in- 
 tention was, that this principal sum should be divided 
 among the Fellows then in College; but they, with 
 a manly and disinterested spirit that cannot be too 
 highly praised, agreed to lay the whole out in an estate 
 for the benefit of their successors. To these may be 
 added an Exhibition of 301. a year, left by a Mr. Kay, 
 for a native of Yorkshire. 
 
 Of the ancient state of the Society of Gloucester 
 
 Ff 
 
434 WORCESTER COLLEGE. 
 
 or St. John Baptist's Hall, a fe\v particulars yet re- 
 main to be noticed. In 16 12, the number of mem^ 
 bers was sixty-two; during the Rebellion it suffered 
 like the other Colleges and Halls; but from 1675 to 
 1678, not one Scholar was matriculated in it, and in 
 1678 it was inhabited only by the Principal and his 
 family, and a few other families, who were permitted 
 to occupy the rooms to keep them in decent order. 
 At this time, Wood informs us, " the paths were 
 " grown over with grass, and the way into the Hall 
 " and Chapel made up with boards." Wood was told, 
 that before the war, in Diggory Wheare's time, there 
 were an hundred students, and some of them persons 
 of quality ; but after the Restoration he adds, that he 
 never knew above fourteen in the house. 
 
 The present Society consists of a Provost, twenty-one 
 Fellows, sixteen Scholars, &c. The Visitor is the Chan- 
 cellor of the University, The LIVINGS of Worcester 
 College are, the RECTORIES of Whitfield, Northamp- 
 tonshire; Nyend Solars, Shropshire; Winford, Somer- 
 setshire ; Tadmarton, Oxfordshire; Hogston, Bucking- 
 hamshire : and the V i c AR A G E of Denchworth, Berkshire. 
 
 The BUILDINGS of Worcester College consist 
 at present of the Library, Hall, and Chapel, in the 
 centre ; on the north, an elegant pile of building, the 
 north-west corner of which is the Provost's lodgings, 
 and the rest the apartments of the Fellows and Scho- 
 lars on Dr. Clarke's and Mrs. Eaton's foundations. 
 The south side is still occupied by the old buildings 
 which belonged to Gloucester Hall, and which are in- 
 tended to be rebuilt, to correspond with Dr. Clarke's, 
 us soon as the funds of the Society will permit. 
 

WORCESTER COLLEGE. 435 
 
 The HALL is an elegant room, sixty feet by thirty, 
 screened at the west end by two beautiful fluted co- 
 lumns of the Corinthian order. It was partly built by 
 Mrs. Alcorne's benefaction. 
 
 The LIBRARY was formerly a small room at the 
 west end of the old Chapel ; but the books, in Wood's 
 time, were very few. The first contribution to the 
 present collection was made by Samuel Cooke, M. A. 
 of Worcestershire, who gave in his lifetime about four 
 hundred volumes. Dr. Clarke's extensive collection 
 followed, and was augmented by John Loder, M. A. 
 some time of Gloucester Hall, Vicar of Napton on 
 the Hill in Warwickshire, who intended to have 
 founded some Fellowships and Exhibitions, had not 
 the singular terms of his will defeated his purpose. 
 Mr. .Daniel Godwyne, of the city of London, and 
 Dr. Gower, late Provost, were also very liberal con- 
 tributors to this Library, which is now a very exten- 
 sive collection, and particularly rich in architectural 
 books and MSS. The room, which is built upon a 
 spacious cloister, is a very noble one, one hundred feet 
 in length, with a gallery extending the whole length, 
 and along the upper and lower end. Its only decora- 
 tions are, portraits of Sir Thomas Cookes, (the bene- 
 faction of Dr. Samuel Wanley,) and of Dr. Clarke. 
 This building was begun at the sairte time with the 
 Chapel and Hall, and completed by Dr. Clarke's be- 
 nefaction of 10001. bequeathed for that purpose in 
 1736. He left also a sum for a Librarian and Under- 
 Librarian, the former to be one of his Fellows, and 
 the latter a Scholar, and 501. yearly for the. purchase 
 of new books. He assisted this likewise, as well as the 
 other buildings, by his skill in architecture, which was 
 
 p f 2 
 
436 WORCESTER COLLEGE. 
 
 very considerable. The plan of the new chambers, in- 
 deed, was entirely his own, as he found that the plan 
 in Williams's Oxonia, and which he first preferred, 
 was too extensive for the ground. 
 
 The CHAPEL is an edifice of the same dimensions 
 with the Hall, elegant and simple, without any orna- 
 ment, except a roof beautifully stuccoed in compart- 
 ments of various figures. 
 
 The list of PRINCIPALS extends from William 
 Stock, B. D. appointed by Sir Thomas White in 
 1560, to Richard Blechynden, LL. D. who was the 
 twelfth and last, and the first PROVOST of Worcester 
 College ; in which office he was succeeded by Drs. 
 Gower, Sheffield, and the present Provost. Degory 
 or Diggory Wheare, Principal from 1626 to his death 
 in 1647, was a man of extensive learning, first Cam- 
 den Professor of History, and the first who attempted 
 to give a method to the study of history. He was 
 originally of Broadgates Hall, and afterwards of Exe- 
 ter College, where he has already been noticed*. Dr. 
 Benjamin Woodroffe, the eleventh Principal, was an- 
 other person of considerable eminence, a native of 
 Oxford, Student of Christ Church, Lecturer of the 
 Temple, Canon of Christ Church, &c. Wood informs 
 us, that he accepted the Principalship of Gloucester 
 Hall at a time ^1692) when his predecessor, Dr. By- 
 rom Eaton, resolved to resign, if he could find a per- 
 son who was likely to revive the fame of the Hall. 
 This Dr. Woodroffe undertook, and, besides his ex- 
 emplary attention to learning and discipline, bestowed 
 several hundred pounds on the buildings, which in- 
 duced many promising young men to resort to it. 
 
 Exeter College, p. 75. 
 
WORCESTER COLLEGE. 437 
 
 He died in 1711, and was buried in the parish-church 
 of St. Bartholomew Exchange, London, of which he 
 was then Rector. 
 
 Before the Reformation, we have the names of 
 three BISHOPS educated in Gloucester Hall; John 
 Langdon, Bishop of Rochester, 1422 ; Thomas Myl- 
 ling, of Hereford, 1474; and Anthony Kitchin, alias 
 Dunstan, of Llandaff, 1545, who had been Prior, but 
 lived to the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and acknow- 
 ledged her supremacy. 
 
 In the same Hall were educated, or some time re- 
 sided, the celebrated and eccentric traveller, Thomas 
 Coryate : Dr. John Budden, afterwards of Magdalen 
 College, and Principal of New Inn Hall and of Broad- 
 gates : Thomas Allen, the mathematician, and, ac- 
 cording to his funeral oration by Burton, " the very 
 " soul and sum of all the mathematicians of his 
 " time : v Richard Lovelace, poet and loyalist : and 
 the learned Sir Kenelm Digby, 
 
 FfS 
 
HERTFORD COLLEGE. 
 
 BERT or Hart Hall, on which part of this College 
 is built, is of considerable antiquity. It was conveyed 
 about the beginning of the reign of Edward I. by 
 Henry Punchard, of Oxford, butcher, to Joan the 
 wife of Nicholas de Stocwell, and from her it came 
 to John de Hanketon, and afterwards to Walter de 
 Grendon, mercer. From Walter Grendon, about the 
 tenth year of Edward I. it came to Elias de Hertford, 
 who let it out to Clerks, and it was then known by 
 the name of Hertford, or, corruptly, Hert or Hart 
 Hall. By this Dame it was conveyed by the son of 
 this Elias to John de Dokelyngton, a burgess of Ox- 
 ford, June 17, 1301, for the sum of 201. Its situation 
 at this time is stated to have been between Black 
 Hall on the west, and Le Micheld Hall on the east, 
 that is, nfarly the site on which the present hall is in 
 New College lane. 
 
 In 1312, Dokelyngton conveyed it to Walter Sta- 
 pledon, Bishop of Exeter, and founder of Exeter Col- 
 lege', who, after adding another messuage called Ar- 
 thur Hall, procured a licence from the King, dated 
 May 10, 1314, to grant the two messuages to twelve 
 Scholars studying in Oxford ; and here they remained 
 until he removed them to Exeter College, which re- 
 tained the privilege of appointing the Principals of 
 
 Exeter College, p. 64. 
 
HERTFOKTrCOLLEGE. 4S9 
 
 Hert Hall, unless during the time that New College 
 was building, when the Society, who admitted the 
 students of that College to live here, were governed 
 by its Wardens. 
 
 While Hert Hall, we find mention but of one bene- 
 factor, Bignell, Knt. who gave certain lands to the 
 
 abbey of Glastonbury, from the produce of which the 
 abbot should pay an yearly Exhibition to ten Scho* 
 lars of Hert Hall. This in process of time appears to 
 have been sometimes alienated, and sometimes de- 
 creased in value by mismanagement; but, after the 
 dissolution of the monasteries, the sum of 161. 13s. 4d. 
 continued to be paid from the Exchequer, which Dr. 
 Newton in his statutes prescribed to be divided be- 
 tween the four Scholars of his College, as sufficient 
 " to answer the expence of tuition, and chamber-rent, 
 " and Bursar's stipends," until they take their first de- 
 gree in Arts. The Hall, however, continued as a 
 place of education, on the usual terms of Halls, and 
 the list of Principals from 1360 to 1710 is complete. 
 
 At this last period, Dr. Richard Newton was Principal, 
 and determined to endow it as a College, and devote his 
 property for that purpose. This gentleman was born 
 in Yardly Chase, Buckinghamshire, and educated at 
 Westminster school. From thence he was elected to a 
 Studentship of Christ Church, where he acquired very 
 considerable reputation as a tutor. He was inducted 
 Principal of Hert Hall in 1710, and was afterwards 
 private tutor to the late Duke of Newcastle, the min- 
 ister of state, and to his brother Mr. Pelham. Bishop 
 Compton gave him the Rectory of Sudbury in North- 
 amptonshire, on which he resided for many years, dis- 
 charging the duties of his office with affectionate and 
 
 Ff4 
 
440 HERTFORD COLLEGE. 
 
 pious care. In 1724 he returned to Oxford, where he 
 had some time before published " A Scheme of Dis- 
 " cipline, with Statutes intended to be established by 
 " a Royal Charter for the education of Youth in Hert 
 " Hall ;" and in 1725 he drew up the statutes of Hert- 
 ford College, which he published in 1747. In 1727 he 
 published a treatise on University education, which 
 appears to have involved him in some unpleasant al- 
 tercations with his brethren. He was afterwards pro- 
 moted to a Canon ry in Christ Church, and died at 
 Lavendon Grange, April 21, 1753, aged about seventy- 
 seven, having survived the establishment of his Col- 
 lege on what he deemed a solid foundation, but which 
 proved eventually insufficient for its support. By fix- 
 ing the price of every thing at a maximum, he injudi- 
 ciously overlooked the progress of the markets, as well 
 as the state of society, and seems to have been more 
 intent on establishing a school upon rigid and econo- 
 mical principles, than a College which, with equal ad- 
 vantages in point of education, should keep pace with 
 the growing liberality and refinement of the age. 
 
 Towards his project of founding a College, he first 
 settled an annuity of 551. 6s. 8d. issuing out of his 
 house at Lavendon, and other lands in that parish, to 
 be an endowment for four senior Fellows, at the rate 
 of 131. 6s. 8d. each yearly. He then purchased some 
 houses in the neighbourhood of Hert Hall for its en- 
 largement, and expended about 15001. on building the 
 Chapel, and a part of the new quadrangle. In 1739 
 he drew up, or rather completed, a body of statutes ; 
 and on Aug. 27, 1740, obtained a royal charter for 
 raising Hert Hall into a perpetual College, for the 
 usual studies; the Society to consist of a Principal, 
 
HERTFORD COLLEGE. 441 
 
 four senior Fellows OP Tutors, and eight junior Fellows 
 or Assistants, eight probationary Students, twenty-four 
 actual Students, and four Scholars. The allowance of 
 his senior Fellows has already been mentioned. The 
 junior Fellows or Assistants were to have 261. 15s. 4d. 
 each yearly; the probationary Students 61. 13s. 4d. and 
 the actual Students 131. 6s. 8d. which might be aug- 
 mented by allowance for commons at the rate of six- 
 pence per day. The name to be the " PRINCIPAL 
 " AND FELLOWS .OF HERTFORD COLLEGE IN THE 
 " UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD;" but, by the statutes, it 
 " may be called by the name of any other person who 
 " will complete the endowment of it, or become the 
 " principal benefactor to it;" and it was to hold in 
 mortmain not exceeding 5001. per annum. 
 
 The first Principal appointed was Richard Newton, 
 D. D. The four senior Fellows -were, Thomas Hutch- 
 inson, D. D. some time of Lincoln College; Thomas 
 Hunt, afterwards Professor of Arabic, Regius Pro- 
 fessor of Hebrew, and Canon of Christ Church ; John 
 Saunders, and Thomas Wilmot Case. The eight first 
 junior Fellows, or Assistants, were, Thomas Griffiths, 
 John Shirley, George Hippesley, Nathaniel North, 
 William Clare, John Gering, John Theophilus Desa- 
 guliers, son of the celebrated philosopher, and Henry 
 Terry. 
 
 Very few benefactions have been made towards the 
 completion of this establishment. Dr. Rawlinson be- 
 queathed a small property at Fulham, for the increase 
 of the Principal's salary, which yields 281. yearly. 
 According to the statutes, the Principal's revenue was 
 to arise from the rents of the chambers, and certain 
 
442 HERTFORD COLLEGE. 
 
 sums to be paid each term by the Scholars and by the 
 Graduates, which altogether, when the College should 
 be completed arid the Society full, were computed at 
 2811. 6s. 8d. per arm. Dr. Durell, Principal, who died 
 in 1775, left 201. yearly, one half to the Principal, and 
 the other to two senior Fellows. The Rev. William 
 Rogers endowed one of the Studentships, the Student 
 to come from Hampton Lucy school in Warwickshire ; 
 and two other Students were provided for by thirty 
 pounds yearly, left by a lady unknown, in the trustee- 
 ship of Sir John Thorold, of Crartwell, near Sleaford, 
 Lincolnshire, Bart. 
 
 On these scanty funds, and by the aid of inde- 
 pendent members, this College has subsisted for some 
 years ; but the members have gradually fallen off, and 
 no successor has yet been found to the late Principal, 
 Dr. Bernard Hodgson, who died in 1805. 
 
 The BUILDINGS of Hertford College were, ac- 
 cording to Dr. Newton's design, (published in Wil- 
 liams's Oxonia,) to be erected in the form of a qua- 
 drangle, containing the Chapel, Hall, and Library, the 
 Principal's lodgings, and apartments for the Society. 
 Dr. Newton built only the Principal's lodgings, the Cha- 
 pel, which was consecrated by Fishop Potter, Nov. 25, 
 1716, and a portion of the new quadrangle*. What 
 
 The writer of Dr. Newton's 'Life, in the Biographical Dictionary, 
 informs us, that he procured great aids from his numerous friends, 
 which may be credited ; but when he adds, " and 10001. at least, by his 
 " publication of Theopbrastus," it may surely be asked, how such a pub- 
 lication could produce half the sum! It was a small, octavo, price six 
 shillings, published after his death by Dr. Sharp, and never republished. 
 

 
 7/^ 
 7/ 
 
 IubVstud,bv G>ok&?arka- Oxford _ 
 
 Jtfarcfv 2.1820. 
 
HERTFORD COLLEGE. 443 
 
 farther progress may be made, or whether the whole 
 establishment may not again revert to that of a Hail, 
 it is impossible to conjecture. 
 
 Of the buildings belonging to Hert Hall, the Hall, 
 or Refectory, still remains, as built by Principal Ron- 
 dell, about the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's reign. 
 The old Principal's lodgings were erected about the 
 beginning of the seventeenth century by Principal 
 Price, and the Kitchen and chambers over it by Prin- 
 cipal lies, who also bore the expence of the lodgings 
 adjoining the gate in Cat-street. The Gate-house, 
 with the Library, were erected in 16SS, during the 
 Principalship of Dr. Thornton. The only benefactor 
 to the Library on record is John Cole, of East Bann- 
 ing in Kent, who, in 1777, bequeathed a valuable col- 
 lection of books, and 10001. East India stock, for the 
 endowment of a Librarian, who must be a Master of 
 Arts of the College. 
 
 The list of PRINCIPALS of Hert Hall begins with 
 Mr. Nicholas Hawe, who occurs Principal in 1360; 
 and the succession appears to have been regularly sup- 
 plied to the time of Dr. Newton, who was the sixty>- 
 fourth. Among them we find the names of Richard 
 de Tonworthe, Nicholas Wykeham, and Thomas Cran- 
 legh, who were the second, third, and fourth Princi- 
 pals here, and the first, second, and third Wardens of 
 New College. Dr. Newton was succeeded in the Prin- 
 cipalship of Hertford College by the learned Dr. 
 William Sharp, afterwards Regius Professor of Greek, 
 who resigned in 1757, Dr. David Durell, and Dr. 
 Bernard Hodgson, both divines and biblical critics of 
 considerable eminence. 
 
 James Cranlegh, Archbishop of Dublin, and Mar- 
 
444 HERTFORD COLLEGE. 
 
 gan Owen, Bishop of Llandaff, are the only PRE- 
 LATES connected with Hert Hall; and Dr. Dickson, 
 Bishop of Down and Connor, and the learned Arch- 
 bishop Newcome, already noticed as belonging to 
 Pembroke, are claimed by Hertford College. 
 
 Nicholas Brigham, and Lord Buckhurst, poets: 
 The illustrious Selden : Sir John Glynn, an eminent 
 lawyer : Dr. Donne, afterwards transplanted to Cam- 
 bridge : Nicholas Fuller, formerly of St. John's, the 
 first Hebrew critic of his time: Sir William Waller, 
 the celebrated Parliamentary general: and Sir Ri- 
 chard Baker, author of the very popular Chronicle, are 
 enumerated among the scholars of Hert Hall. Of the 
 eminent men educated at Hertford College, the most 
 considerable are, Edward Lye, a very celebrated anti- 
 quary, and Saxon lexicographer : Thomas Hutchin- 
 son, the learned editor of Xenophon : Dr. Thomas 
 Hunt, Arabic Professor : Dr. Benjamin Blayney, Ca- 
 non of Christ Church, and Hebrew Professor : and 
 the late very celebrated statesman, Charles James Fox, 
 who was educated here under the tuition of Dr. New- 
 come. 
 
THE HALLS. 
 
 BEFORE the foundation of Colleges, all education in 
 the University was carried on in certain houses, or sets 
 of buildings, called Halls, Inns, or Hostels, which were 
 the property of the citizens of Oxford, who let them 
 partially to individuals, or generally to societies con- 
 nected under one roof, in which case they were deno- 
 minated Halls. When they thus became Halls, al- 
 though the proprietors still continued to receive rent, 
 and to be in every other respect the landlords, yet they 
 could not divert them from the purposes of education, 
 nor demise them without this exception, " in case the 
 " University had no occasion for the same;" nor does 
 it appear that they could raise the rents wantonly or 
 at pleasure, questions of that kind being referred to 
 the arbitration of two Masters on one side, and two 
 citizens on the other, regularly sworn to do justice 
 between the parties. 
 
 Of these Halls there are said to have been in Ed- 
 ward I.'s time about three hundred ; and Wood, in his 
 manuscript History of the city of Oxford, partly, but 
 inaccurately, published by Sir John Peshall, gives an 
 account of above two hundred. Of many of these 
 some notice has been taken in cases where they be- 
 came the site of the Colleges. As the latter advanced 
 in fame and prosperity, the Halls decreased, having 
 no Exhibitions, endowments for Fellowships or Scho- 
 larships, Livings, or any of those inducements to resi- 
 
446 ST. ALBAN'S HALL. 
 
 dence which became necessary to the circumstances 
 of modern times. Five, however, still remain, and 
 nearly in their original state, and some of them have 
 heen enriched by benefactions which are given in Ex- 
 hibHtions to the Students for a certain time. These 
 are governed by their respective Principals, (whose 
 incomes arise from the rents of the chambers,) and by 
 statutes and customs originally made and alterable by 
 the Chancellor of the University % who is Visitor of 
 all the Halls, and nominates the Principals of all of 
 them, except that of St. Edmund, the Principal of 
 which is appointed by Queen's College. With respect 
 to every academical privilege, the members of the 
 Halls stand on the same footing as the other Colleges. 
 Their discipline, course of studies, tuition, length of 
 residence, examination, degrees, dress, &c. are pre- 
 cisely the same as in the rest of the University. 
 
 ST. ALBAN'S HALL. 
 
 I HIS Hall, situated on the east side of Merton Col- 
 lege, in St. John's parish, is the most ancient of any, 
 and derives its name from Robert de Sancto Albano, 
 a burgess of Oxford, who lived in King John's time. 
 In the beginning of the reign of Henry VI. it was 
 
 This regulation was first procured in 1570, by Robert Dudley, Earl 
 of Leicester, then Chancellor. The Halls, however, elect a Principal, 
 subject to the admission of the Chancellor or Vice -Chancellor. 
 
ST. ALBAN'S HALL. 447 
 
 united to Nunne Hall, which stood on the west side 
 of it, and the scholars were then governed by the same 
 Principal ; but it is doubtful whether it always conti- 
 nued so. It was, however, connected with Merton 
 College, which appointed its Principals. In the reign 
 of Henry VII. the two were formed into one building ; 
 and Henry VIII. about the latter end of his reign, 
 granted it, by the name of Alban Hall, to his favour- 
 ite physician, Dr. George Owen, some time Fellow of 
 Merton College. Dr. Owen soon after conveyed it 
 to Sir John Williams, afterwards Lord Williams, of 
 Thame, and Sir John Gresham, who conveyed it, in 
 1548, to John Pollard, and Robert Perrott, Esquires, 
 and from them, on June 16, 1549, it came to the 
 Warden and Fellows of Merton College, to whom the 
 site of it now belongs. 
 
 Wood has recovered a list of Principals of Albau 
 Hall from 1437, and of Nunne Hall from 1445 to 
 1461, when the latter ceased to have a separate Prin- 
 cipal. 
 
 There is little noticeable in the buildings of any of 
 the Halls, which are in general plain and commodious. 
 The south side of the quadrangle of Alban Hall was 
 rebuilt in 1789, by the late Dr. Randolph, Principal. 
 The Prelates Hooper, Bishop of Gloucester, and mar- 
 tyr; Lamplugh, Archbishop of York; and Narcissus 
 Marsh, Primate of Ireland, were of this Hall ; which 
 also enumerates among it scholars, Massinger, the ce- 
 lebrated dramatic poet ; William Lenthal, Speaker to 
 the House of Commons during the Long Parliament ; 
 and Sir Thomas Higgons, an English writer of some 
 note, and ambassador at Vienna. 
 
448 EDMUND HALL. 
 
 EDMUND HALL. 
 
 , t : . ' 
 
 JhiDMUND Hall, founded in the 16th century, and 
 situated opposite to the east side of Queen's College, 
 was traditionally so called from St. Edmund, Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury in the reign of Henry III. 
 Wood, indeed, derives its name from the first owner, 
 Edmund, an inhabitant of Oxford in that reign; and 
 in ancient deeds it occurs sometimes as Aula S. Ed- 
 mundi, and sometimes only Aula Edmundi*. It de- 
 scended through a succession of proprietors, until the 
 dissolution of religious houses, at which time it be- 
 longed to Oseney Abbey, In 1546, Henry VIII. 
 granted it to John Bellow and Robert Bygott, and 
 they conveyed it to William Burnell, Gent, who sold 
 it to William Devenysh, or Denny s, or Dennyson, 
 Clerk, and from him it came to Queen's College, of 
 which he was Provost, in 1557. The Society of Queen's 
 then re-established it as a place of study, on condition, 
 made with the Chancellor of the University, that they 
 should have the nomination of a Principal, which pri- 
 vilege they have ever since retained. In 1631, Dr. John 
 Ravvlinson, Principal, bequeathed 61. yearly, part of 
 which was to be, paid to a Catechetical-lecturer ; and 
 in 1747, Robert Thomliiison, D. D. some time Vice- 
 Principal, left 2001 to this Hall. The list of Princi- 
 pals begins in 1317. 
 
 But from this nothing can be argued ; and the probability is, that 
 it was dedicated from the first to St. Edmund, as Nov. 16, the festival 
 appointed for his memorial by Pope Innocent IV. was observed in the 
 Hall within the recollection of some of the present members. 
 
EDMUND HALL. 44D 
 
 The buildings of this Hall are more extensive than 
 formerly, when they occupied only the ground on 
 which the Refectory and rooms at the north end now 
 stand. The first enlargement is supposed to have 
 taken place in 1451. The front opposite Queen's 
 College, with the Hall and rooms on the south side of 
 it, were built by the Abbot and Convent of Oseney ; 
 but, becoming decayed, were pulled down by Dr. Airay, 
 Principal, and rebuilt at his own expence abbut the 
 year 1635. In 1659, the present Refectory, with the 
 apartments over it, were erected by means of the li- 
 beral benefactions of many of the members of Queen's 
 College and of this Hall. The north side of the court 
 was repaired in the beginning of the last century by 
 the benefaction of Robert Thomlinson, D. D. before 
 mentioned, and by Thomas Shaw, D. D. Principal, 
 and the eminent traveller*. The Library was begun in 
 1680, and its collection has been enriched by Princi- 
 pal Tully ; John Loder, the benefactor to Gloucester 
 Hall ; the Rev. John Berriman, Rector of St. Alban's, 
 Wood-street, London, and others. The Chapel was 
 consecrated April 7, 1682, by Dr. Fell, Bishop of Ox- 
 ford, and dedicated to St. Edmund, Archbishop of 
 Canterbury ; and the expences of both it and the Li- 
 brary were defrayed by Stephen Penton, Principal, 
 and other liberal benefactors. 
 
 - Dr. George Carleton, the pious Bishop of Chiches- 
 ter, and Dr. White Kennet, Bishop of Peterborough, 
 occur among the Prelates who were educated or re- 
 sided some time in Edmund Hall. Among its emi- 
 
 * The lodgings allotted for the Principal have been greatly enlarged 
 and improved by the present Principal, Dr. Thompson, and the number 
 of rooms for the reception of Undergraduates has been increased. 
 
ST. MARY'S HALL. 
 
 fient scholars of other ranks, we find Sir William 
 Jones, a celebrated lawyer and law writer: Judge 
 David Jenkins : Dr. George Bate, one of the great- 
 est physicians of his time, and a historian : Dr. John 
 Newton, mathematician : John Oldhara, the poet : 
 Kettlewell, the learned and pious nonjuror, afterwards 
 of Lincoln : Sir Richard Blackmore, physician and 
 poet: Edward Chamberlaine, author of Angliae No- 
 titia, &c. : Humphrey Wanley, the learned librarian : 
 and that indefatigable antiquary, Thomas Hearne. 
 Not long after he entered here, Edmund Hall could 
 boast of the learned contemporaries, Dr. White Ken- 
 net. ; Dr. Henry Felton, Principal, and author of the 
 Dissertation on the Classics, &c. j Dr. John Mill, 
 the editor of the Greek Testament, first a Servitor 
 and Fellow of Queen's College ; and Dr. Grabe. 
 Hearne's curious Life, written by himself, is now be- 
 fore the public. He lies interred in St. Peter's church- 
 yard, under a stone repaired in 1754 by Dr. Rawlinson. 
 
 ST. MARY'S HALL, 
 
 near Oriel College, anciently called the Hall of St. 
 Mary the Virgin in Schydyard-street, was given by 
 Henry Kelpe, a burgess of Oxford, in the reign of 
 Henry III. to the Rectors of St. Mary's church, as a 
 parsonage-house. It continued in their possession 
 until the year 1325, when it was turned into an acade- 
 mical Hall. Either from its belonging to St. Mary's 
 church, or afterwards to the College of St. Mary the 
 
ST. MARY'S HALL. 451 
 
 Y T irgin, commonly called Oriel or the King's Hall, it 
 got the name of St. Mary's Hall. 
 
 The buildings are comprised in a quadrangle, of 
 which the north side is the Principal's lodgings, the 
 cast and west the apartments for the members, and 
 the south the Hall and Chapel. The Principal's lodg- 
 ings were built by Dr. John Hudson, Principal from 
 1712 to 1719, upon the site of the old Refectory; and 
 the celebrated Dr. William King, Principal, assisted 
 by the contributions of many noblemen and gentle- 
 men educated under his care, rebuilt the east side in 
 its present form. The Chapel was built in 1640, at 
 the expence of sundry benefactors, during the Prin- 
 cipalship of Dr. Saunders. Dr. Nowell, the late Prin- 
 cipal, was also instrumental in improving the south 
 side of the court, by his own liberality and the bene- 
 factions of other members of the Society ; and he left 
 by will certain shares in the Oxford Canal Naviga- 
 tion, for the founding an Exhibition, and for other 
 purposes therein mentioned. 
 
 In 1677, Thomas Dyke, M. D. granted, by deed, a 
 moiety of the great tithes of the Parsonages of King's 
 Brompton and Winsford, in the county of Somerset, 
 towards the support of four Scholars in this Hall, who 
 must be natives of that county. 
 
 The list of Principals of St. Mary's Hall is notv 
 quite perfect. The first is William Croten, in 1436. 
 In 1556, the famous Cardinal Allyn, or Allen, was 
 Principal; but the most celebrated in his day, as a 
 gatirist and political writer, was Dr. William King, 
 formerly a member of Balliol College, and Principal 
 from 1719 to 1763. He drew up a singular epitaph 
 for himself, which may now be read in the Chapel^ 
 
 G S 
 
452 NEW INN HALl. 
 
 where he ordered his heart to be preserved. He was 
 buried in Baling church, Middlesex. 
 
 The illustrious Sir Thomas More, Sir Christopher 
 Hatton, George Sandys, and Fulwell, poets; Hariot, 
 an eminent mathematician; and Marchmont Need- 
 ham, the political writer; were educated, or studied 
 for some time, in this Hall. 
 
 NEW INN HALL, 
 
 *hear St. Peter's in the Bailey, was formerly a col- 
 lection of several tenements called Trilleck's Inns, 
 from John Trilleck, Bishop of Hereford, who was 
 possessed of them in 1349. After his death they be- 
 came the property of Thomas Trilleck, his brother, 
 who was afterwards Bishop of Rochester. From him 
 they descended, through two successions of proprie- 
 tors, to William of Wykeham, who, in 139 1, bestowed 
 the premises on the Warden and Fellows of New Col- 
 lege, and thence they got the present name of New 
 Inn Hall. 
 
 This house was originally inhabited by the Bernar- 
 dine monks, before their College (now St. John's) was 
 built. It was afterwards chiefly occupied by students 
 of civil and canon law, and produced many eminent 
 proficients in that faculty. During the reigns of 
 Mary, Elizabeth, and part of King James's, it ap- 
 pears to have had very few members. The first Prin- 
 cipal who revived the character .of the house was 
 k Christopher Rogers, of Lincoln College, in whose 
 
ST. MARY MAGDALEN HALL. 453 
 
 tune it was not unusual to admit forty students in a 
 year. During the Rebellion, or from 1642 to 1648, 
 it was employed as the office of the Mint ; and here 
 the plate of several Colleges and Halls was melted 
 down to supply the necessities of the Court. Some 
 part is said to have been preserved ; but doubtless 
 enough of those valuable specimens of ancient art pe- 
 rished on this unhappy occasion to excite regret ia 
 the mind of every antiquary. After the Restoration, 
 New Inn Hall became again a place of study; but 
 of late years it has had no members,-and the only part 
 of the buildings now remaining is a house for the 
 Principal. 
 
 The list of Principals is copious, beginning with 
 William Freeman in 1438 ; and many of them were 
 men who rose to high distinction as lawyers. Of its 
 more recent Principals, it may be sufficient to notice 
 the celebrated Blackstone, who presided here from 1761 
 to 1766, when he resigned his office, and the Vinerian 
 Professorship, and was succeeded by Sir Robert Cham- 
 bers 3 . Twyne, the antiquary, and the Rev. Dr. Scott, 
 author of the Christian Life, &c. were mem|?ei> of 
 this Hall, 
 
 ST. MARY MAGDALEN HALL, 
 
 .1 HIS Hall, close to Magdalen College, was built in 
 1480, by William of Waynfleet, Founder of that Col- 
 kge, as a grammar-school, from which circumstance 
 
 See University College, p. 42. 
 
454 ST. MARY MAGDALEtf HALL. 
 
 : 
 
 it was first called Grammar Hall, and then Magdalen 
 Hall; and the premises being enlarged, students were 
 admitted on the same terms as in other Halls. A few 
 benefactors also gave Exhibitions for their encourage- 
 ment, particularly 'Dri William Lucy, some time a 
 member of this Hall, who bequeathed 20001. for the 
 maintenance of four Scholars, to be elected from 
 Hampton Lucy school in Warwickshire, on certain 
 terms; and ten Exhibitions were founded by Mr. John 
 Meeke, four by Dr. Thomas White, and three by Dr. 
 Burdsell. 
 
 This Hall appears to have been generally well fre- 
 quented. In 1612, the Society amounted to one- hun- 
 dred and sixty-one persons, and, during the Principal- 
 ship of John Wilkinson, there were nearly three hun- 
 dred members, mostly, as Wood intimates, of noncon- 
 formist tenets; but this is less doubtful than how such 
 a number could be accommodated. 
 
 Originally the buildings of this Hall consisted of 
 the School only, with a Refectory, and chambers for 
 the Schoolmaster; but about the year 1518 the premises 
 were first enlarged by the Society of Magdalen Col- 
 lege, and afterwards by Dr. John Wilkinson, Princi- 
 pal from 1605 to 1643, who erected some part of the 
 buildings as we now find them, chiefly at his own ex- 
 pence. His successor, Henry Wilkinson, built the 
 Library, and procured a good collection of books. It 
 was opened for use in 1657, and afterwards enlarged 
 by Dr. Hyde, and the books augmented by John 
 Lisle, one of the Commissioners of the Great Seal under 
 Cromwell, and a Gentleman Commoner of this Hall ; 
 also by the Rev. John Ridge, of Exton in Hampshire, 
 and Dr. Hardy, Dean of Rochester. In the Refectory 
 
ST. MARY MAGDALEN HALL. 455 
 
 is a portrait of Tyndall the martyr, some time a mem- 
 ber of this house, and, as the inscription justly cha- 
 racterizes him, " alumni siimil et ornamenti" 
 
 The list of Principals begins with Richard Barnes, 
 Vice-President of Magdalen College: but we have no 
 date until the second Principal, Edward Grove, who 
 occurs under that title in 1499- Magdalen Hall enu- 
 merates among its Prelates, John Longland, Bishop 
 of Lincoln; John Stokesley, Bishop of London ; and 
 John Wilkins, Bishop of Chester: and among its ce- 
 lebrated scholars of other ranks, we rind Warner and 
 Daniel, the poets : Sir Henry Vane, the noted repub- 
 lican : Sir Julius Caesar, a learned civilian, and Mas- 
 ter of the Rolls : Edward Leigh, Esq. an eminent 
 theologian : Lord Clarendon, the illustrious historian, 
 who entered here in 1622: John Tombes, a most vo- 
 luminous writer, whom Wood calls the Coryphreus of 
 the Anabaptists : Sir Matthew Hale, the pious and 
 learned Judge: Dr. Thomas Godwin, a celebrated 
 nonconformist writer: Theophilus Gale, author of the 
 Court of the Gentiles : Dr. Sydenham, the first of 
 rational physicians : Dr. Pococke, orientalist, after- 
 wards of Corpus: Dr. Hickes, afterwards of Lincoln; 
 Dr. Walter Charleton, an eminent physician : Ed^ 
 ward Phillips, Milton's nephew, lexicographer, and 
 poetical biographer: Dr. Robert Plot, naturalist: 
 Dr. Edward Tyson, physician : Sir George Wheeler: 
 and Dr. William Nichols, commentator on. the 
 Liturgy, &c. 
 
 g4 
 
THE PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 
 
 rp 
 
 1 HE principal public buildings attached to the Uni- 
 versity of Oxford are, the SCHOOLS, with the BOD- 
 LEIAN LIBRARY The THEATRE The ASHMOLEAN 
 MUSEUM The CLARENDON PRINTING-HOUSE 
 The RADCLIFFE LIBRARY The OBSERVATORY 
 The PHYSIC GARDEN and St. MARY'S, or the UNI- 
 VERSITY CHURCH. 
 
 THE SCHOOLS, AND BODLEIAN 
 LIBRARY. 
 
 JJURING those early periods, when all academical 
 education was carried on in Halls, there were a great 
 number of schools, one at least in each Hall, and 
 many in private houses, for the purposes of elemen- 
 tary instruction, besides those which were attached to 
 priories and other religious houses. Several of these 
 schools were situated where the front of Brasen Nose 
 College now is, in a street called from them School- 
 street, and a few were attached to the first Colleges. 
 
 In the early part of the fifteenth century, Thomas 
 Hokenorton, Abbot of Oseney, erected the first build- 
 ing known by the distinctive name of THE SCHOOLS, 
 or the NEW SCHOOLS, which is delineated by Nele, 
 
PablifMtv CooktcPaster Oxford Z 
 
THE SCHOOLS, &c. 457 
 
 and in Aggas's map. It was a substantial building of 
 two stories, and contained apartments for ten schools, 
 in which different branches were taught, but not to 
 the exclusion of the other seminaries in School-street, 
 of which there were at the same time above twenty. 
 This building appears to have been repaired in 1532, 
 about a century after its erection ; but in the latter end 
 of Henry VIII. and during the reign of Edward VI. 
 it fell into decay. In Queen Mary's time it was again 
 repaired, and continued to be the place where the scho- 
 lastic exercises were performed, until the erection of 
 the present spacious building, in the beginning of the 
 seventeenth century, by Thomas Holt, of York, who 
 is supposed to have been the architect of Wadham 
 College, and of the new quadrangle of Merton, both 
 built about the same time. 
 
 The DIVINITY-SCHOOL may be traced to the year 
 1427, when the University purchased the ground on 
 which it stands, and obtained considerable benefactions 
 to defray the expences, particularly from Humphrey, 
 Duke of Gloucester, who contributed so liberally, as to 
 be hailed the Founder of this beautiful and highly fi- 
 nished structure. It was completed in 1480, with the Li- 
 brary over it, in a richness of the Gothic style, of which 
 there are few examples extant. In the beginning of 
 the last century, the stone roof was, under the direc- 
 tion of Sir Christopher Wren, carefully and inge- 
 niously repaired in its original forms, and additional 
 security given to the building by buttresses, &c. 
 
 THE SCHOOLS form a magnificent quadrangle, the 
 principal front of which in Cat-street is one hundred 
 and seventy-five feet in length, divided by a gateway, 
 and lofty tower, somewhat fantastically ornamented 
 
45S THE SCHOOLS 
 
 with a display of the five orders '. This quadrangle was 
 originally of two stories, over which the Picture Gal- 
 lery was afterwards built, which contains a numerous 
 and valuable collection of the portraits of the founders, 
 benefactors, and other eminent persons belonging to 
 the University. Under it are the Schools belonging 
 to the different sciences, and the collection of marbles 
 presented by the Countess of PomfreUvq 
 
 The BODLEIAN, or PUBLIC LIBRARY, consists of 
 three spacious and lofty rooms, disposed in the form 
 of the Roman H, and fitted up at different times. The 
 first public Library in Oxford is said, by Dr. Hudson, 
 to have been established in Durham (now Trinity) Col- 
 lege, by Richard of Bury, or Richard Aungerviile, who 
 was Lord Treasurer of England and Bishop of Dur- 
 ham in the time of Edward III. He died in 1345, 
 and left his books to the students of this College, who 
 preserved them in chests, until the time that Thomas 
 Hatfield, his successor in the see of Durham, boilt the 
 Library in 1370. But it is not very clear whether this 
 was a PUBLIC LIBRARY, in the usual meaning, or one 
 restricted to the use of the monks of Durham. We 
 know, however, that the Library of Merton College 
 was erected much about the same time; and it may 
 be doubted whether before that age there existed in 
 any of our religious or academical houses a room ex- 
 pressly devoted to the preservation and arrangement 
 of books, by the name of LIBRARY. Such books as 
 these societies possessed were generally kept in chests, 
 or chained upon desks in churches and chapels. 
 
 The next we read of was called CQJB HAM'S Li- 
 
 Nearly the ?ame occurs in the contemporary quadrangle of Merton. 
 
AND BODLEIAN ^LIBRARY. 
 
 BRARY, which would have been the first, had he lived 
 to execute his purpose. About the year 1320, Thomas 
 Cobham, Bishop of Worcester, began to make some 
 preparations for a Library over the old Congregation- 
 house, in the north church-yard of St. Mary's; but 
 dying soon after, little progress was: made in the work 
 until 1367, when his books were deposited in it, aad 
 the scholars permitted to consult them on certain con- 
 ditions. But tire property of the site being contended 
 between the University and Oriel College, the dispute 
 was not finally determined until 1409, when the room 
 was fitted up with desks, windows, &c. by the bene- 
 factions of Henry IV. his four sons, Henry, Thomas, 
 John, and Humphrey; Thomas Arundel, Archbishop 
 of Canterbury ; Philip Repindon, Bishop of Lincoln ; 
 Edmund, Earl of March; and Richard Courtney, 
 Chancellor of the University, in whose time it was 
 completed about the year 1411. This appears to have 
 been the first PUBLIC LIBRARY, and continued in use 
 until 1480, when the books were added to Duke Hum- 
 phrey's collection. 
 
 , Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, surnamed the Good, 
 and certainly a man superior to the age in which he 
 lived, is justly styled the Founder of this Library, 
 which appears to have been completed over the Di- 
 vinity-school in 1480. The number of books given by 
 him is variously represented ; but the names of the 
 greater part are still preserved in the archives, and, 
 according to Mr. Warton, they were the most splen- 
 did and costly copies that could be procured, finely 
 written on vellum, and elegantly embellished with mi- 
 niatures and illuminations. One only specimen yet 
 remains, a manuscript in folio of Valerius Maximus, 
 
460 THE SCHOOLS 
 
 enriched with the nidst elegant decorations, and writ- 
 ten in Duke Humphrey's age. The rest of the books 
 were removed or destroyed, as implements of super- 
 stition, by King Edward's visitors ; and before the 
 year 1555 it was despoiled of all its contents, the 
 benches and desks ordered to be sold, and the room 
 continued empty until restored by Sir Thomas Bodley. 
 
 This illustrious benefactor, a descendant of the an- 
 cient family of the Bodleys, or Bodleighs, of Duns- 
 comb, near Crediton, in Devonshire, was born in 
 Exeter, March 2, 1544, and was educated at Geneva, 
 where his father was obliged to reside during the Ma- 
 rian tyranny. In 1558 he returned to England, and 
 was entered of Magdalen College, under the tuition of 
 Dr. Humphrey, afterwards President. In 1563, after 
 taking his Bachelor's degree, he was chosen Proba- 
 tioner of Merton College, and in 1564 was admitted 
 Fellow. In the following year he was encouraged by 
 some of the Fellows to read a Greek lecture in the 
 Hall; and in 1556, at which time he took his Master's 
 degree, he read Natural Philosophy in the Public 
 Schools. In 1569 he was elected one of the Proctors, 
 and for a considerable time after was Public Orator. 
 
 In 1576 he visited France, Germany, and Italy, and 
 at the end of four years returned to College, where he 
 began to qualify himself for political life, and was af- 
 terwards employed by Queen Elizabeth in various em- 
 bassies, which he negociated much to her satisfaction; 
 but, being disgusted with the intrigues of her court, 
 he retired from it about -the year 1597, and no longer 
 held any public employment. 
 
 At this time, Camden justly observes, he set himself 
 a task, -which would have suited the character of a 
 
AND BODLEIAN LIBRARY. 46l 
 
 crowned head, the restoration of the Public Library. 
 With this view, in 1597, he sent a letter from Lon- 
 don to the Vice-Chancellor, Dr. Ravis, Dean of Christ 
 Church, offering to restore the building, and settle a 
 fund for the purchase of books, as well as the mainte- 
 nance of proper officers. This offer being gladly ac- 
 cepted, he commenced his undertaking by presenting 
 a large collection of books purchased on the continent, 
 and valued at 10,0001. Other collections and contri- 
 butions were sent in, by his example and persuasions, 
 from various noblemen, clergymen, and others, to 
 such an amount, that the old building was no longer 
 sufficient to contain them. He then proposed to 
 enlarge the building; and the first stone of the nevr 
 foundation was laid with great solemnity, July 1Q, 
 I6l0, and so amply promoted by his liberality, as well 
 as by the benefactions of many eminent persons, that 
 the University was enabled to add three other sides, 
 forming the quadrangle and rooms for the Schools, 
 Sec. He did not, however, live to see the whole com- 
 pleted, as his death took place Jan. 28, 1612. He 
 was interred, as already mentioned, in Merton Col- 
 lege Chapel*. 
 
 When he had succeeded in enriching his collection, 
 probably far beyond his expectation, he drew up a 
 body of statutes, which have been since incorporated 
 with those of the University. According to them, the 
 Librarian is to be a Graduate, unmarried, and with- 
 out cure of souls, and to be allowed deputies or assist- 
 ants. The revenues for the maintenance of the Li- 
 brary are entrusted to the Vice- Chancellor and Proc- 
 
 Merton College, p. 16. 
 
462 THE SCHOOLS 
 
 tors for the time being ; and the Vice-Chancellor and 
 Proctors, the three Professors of Divinity, Law*, and 
 Physic, and the two Regius Professors of Greek and 
 Hebrew, are appointed Visitors. 
 
 The first catalogue of the printed books was pub- 
 lishcd in 1674, by Dr. Thomas Hyde, then principal 
 librarian, and another of the manuscripts was printed 
 in 1697. A more full catalogue of books was printed 
 in 1738, in two volumes folio; but all these, from the 
 immense increase of the collection, are become of little 
 uee. An annual speech in praise of Sir Thomas Bod* 
 ley was founded in 1681 by Dr. John Morris, Canon 
 of Christ Church, the speaker to be nominated by the 
 Dean of Christ Church, and confirmed by the Vice- 
 Chancellor. These speeches are delivered at the visi- 
 tation-day of the Library, Nov. 8. 
 
 It would require a volume to enumerate the many 
 important additions made to this Library by its nu- 
 merous benefactors, or to give even a superficial sketch 
 of its ample contents in every branch of science. 
 Among the earliest benefactors were, Robert Deve- 
 reux, Earl of Essex; Thomas Sackville, Lord Buck- 
 hurst and Earl of Dorset ; Robert Sidney, Lord Sid- 
 ney of Penshurst ; Viscount Lisle and Earl of Leices- 
 ter; George Carey, Lord Hunsdon; William Gent, 
 Esq.; Anthony Browne, Viscount Montacute; John 
 Lord Lumley ; Philip Scudamore, of London, Esq.; 
 and Laurence Bodley, younger brother to the Founder. 
 All these contributions were made before the year 
 1600. 
 
 In 1601, collections of books and manuscripts were 
 presented by Thomas Allen, some time Fellow of Tri- 
 nity College; Thomas James, first Librarian; Her- 
 
AND BODLEIAN LIBRARY. 463 
 
 jbert Westphaling, Bishop of Hereford; Sir John For- 
 tescue, Knt.; Alexander Nowell, Dean of St. Paul's; 
 John -Crooke> Recorder of London, and Chief Justice 
 of the Common Pleas ; and Nicholas Bond, D. D. Pre- 
 sident of Magdalen College. The most extensive and 
 prominent collections, however, are those of the Earl 
 of Pembroke, Mr. Selden, Archbishop Laud, Sir Tho- 
 mas Roe, Sir Kenelm Digby, General Fairfax, Dr. 
 Marshall, Dr. Barlow, Dr. Rawlinson, Mr. St. Amand, 
 Dr. Tanner, Mr. Willis, T. Hearne, and Mr. Godwin. 
 The last collection bequeathed, that of the late emi- 
 nent and learned antiquary, Richard Gough, Esq. is 
 perhaps the most perfect series of topographical sci- 
 ence ever formed, and is particularly rich in topogra- 
 phical manuscripts, prints, drawings, and books illus- 
 trated by the manuscript notes of eminent antiquaries. 
 
 The Bodleian Library was first laid open to the pub- 
 lic on Nov. 8, 1602, and by the charter of Mortmain, 
 obtained of King James, Sir Thomas, lately knighted 
 by him, was declared Founder; and, in 1605, Lord 
 Buckhurst, Earl of Dorset, and Chancellor of the Uni- 
 versity, placed the statue of Sir Thomas in the Li- 
 brary. Since the year 1780, a fund of more than 4001. 
 a year has been established for the purchase of books. 
 This arises from a small addition to the matriculation 
 fees, and a moderate contribution annually from such, 
 members of the University as are admitted to the use 
 of the Library, or on their taking their first degree. 
 
 The Principal Librarians since the foundation have 
 been, I.Thomas James, Fellow of New College, 159S. 
 3. John Rouse, Fellow of Oriel, 1620. 3. Thomas 
 Barlow, afterwards Bishop of Lincoln, 1652. 4. Tho- 
 mas Lockey, Student, and afterwards Canon of Christ 
 
464 THE THEATRE. 
 
 Church, 1660. 5. Thomas Hyde, of Queen's College, 
 afterwards Laudian Professor of Arabic, Regius Pro- 
 fessor of Hebrew, and Canon of Christ Church, 1665. 
 6. John Hudson, afterwards Principal of St. Mary 
 Hall, 1701. 7. Joseph Bowles, Fellow of Oriel, 17 19* 
 8. Robert Fysher, Fellow of Oriel, 1729. 9. Hum- 
 phrey Owen, Fellow, and afterwards Principal of Je- 
 sus, 1747. 10. John Price, B.D. of Jesus College, 
 now of Trinity, 1768; a gentleman, who, for nearly 
 half a century, has eminently promoted the interests 
 of literature, by the ready, liberal, and intelligent aid 
 he has afforded to the researches of scholar* and an- 
 tiquaries. 
 
 THE THEATRE. 
 
 ON the accession of Charles II. when the members 
 of the University who had been ejected by the usurp- 
 ing powers began to restore the ancient establishments, 
 a design was formed of erecting some building for the 
 Act exercises, &c. which had formerly been performed 
 in St. Mary's church, with some inconvenience to the 
 University, and some injury to the church. Certain 
 houses were accordingly purchased, which stood on 
 the site of the present Theatre; and in 1664, Gilbert 
 Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury, having contri- 
 buted 10001. the foundation-stone was laid July 6, 
 with great solemnity, before the Vice-Chancellor, 
 Heads of Houses, &c. And when no other benefao 
 
- THE THEATRE. 465 
 
 tors appeared to promote the work, Archbishop Shel- 
 don munificently took upon himself the whole ex- 
 pence, which amounted to 12,4701. Us. lid. and gave 
 also 0001. to be laid out in estates for repairs, or the 
 surplus to be applied in the establishment of a Print- 
 ing-house. 
 
 The architect employed was the celebrated Sir Chris- 
 topher Wren, and the building was completed in about 
 five years. It was one of Sir Christopher's first works, 
 and a happy presage of those unrivalled talents which 
 he afterwards displayed in the metropolis. The ground- 
 plan is said to be that of the theatre of Marcellus at 
 Rome, and, by an ingenious contrivance of parts, is 
 calculated to contain nearly four thousand persons with- 
 out inconvenience. The roof was formerly more admired 
 than at present, when similar constructions are better 
 understood and practised. It is eighty feet by seventy 
 in diameter, unsupported by columns or arch-work, and 
 resting on the side walls; but as in 1800 it was disco- 
 vered to be in danger of falling, a new roof was sub- 
 stituted, the exterior of which is less happily adapted 
 to the general style of the building than the former. 
 JStreater's painted ceiling, which was repaired in 1762 
 by Kettle of London, has perhaps more beauties than 
 some rigid critics are disposed to allow ; but the eye 
 dwells with little pleasure on painted ceilings, and the 
 examination of works of this sort is generally com- 
 prised in a few transient glances. The only portraits 
 here are those of Archbishop Sheldon ; of James, 
 Duke of Ormond, the Chancellor ; and Sir Christo- 
 pher Wren. The statues of Archbishop Sheldon and 
 of the Duke of Ormond on the outside were executed 
 
 by Sir Henry Cheere. 
 
 H h 
 
460 THE ASHMOLEAN- MUSEUM. 
 
 In this Theatre are held the acts called the Co- 
 mitia and Encoenia, and Lord Crete's annual comme- 
 moration of benefactors. On such occasions, when 
 the whole members of the University are seated in 
 their respective places, according to their rank, and 
 the solemnities are graced by the presence of ladies 
 and strangers of distinction, the coup d'ceil is strik- 
 ingly august and magnificent. 
 
 Formerly the rooms above the Theatre, and the 
 cellar underneath, were employed for the purposes of 
 printing; but now the cellar only is used as a ware- 
 house for the books printed at the Clarendon Press. 
 The care of the whole is invested in two persons, called 
 Curators, who were first appointed by the Founder,, 
 and have since been elected by Convocation. 
 
 THE ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, 
 
 appropriated for the reception of objects of natural 
 history, or extraordinary art, was the first establish- 
 ment of the kind in this country; and the build- 
 ing, with respect to architectural proportions, is one 
 of the finest of those which Sir Christopher Wren 
 erected in this University. Its founder was the ce- 
 lebrated Elias Ashmole, an eminent philosopher, che- 
 mist, and antiquary, of the seventeenth century, and a 
 man of a singular character, compounded of science 
 and credulity. He was a native of Lichfield, and owed 
 his early education, and much of his success in life, to 
 his relation, James Pagct, one of the Barons of the 
 
THE ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM. 46? 
 
 Exchequer. At first he appears to have studied and 
 practised the law ; but during the Rebellion he served 
 in the loyal army, and, when nearly thirty, entered of 
 Brasen Nose College. On the failure of the royal 
 cause, he resided some time in London, and associated 
 with the noted astrologers of his time; but in 1647 he 
 retired to Englefield in Berkshire, where he employed 
 his time in various studies. In 164Q, on his marriage 
 with Lady Mainwaring, he settled again in London, 
 and formed an intimacy with the most learned men 
 of the age. On the Restoration, he was called to the 
 bar, and received many civil promotions, which en- 
 abled him to devote the remainder of his life to learned 
 pursuits. He died on May 18, 1692, leaving behind 
 him the character of one of the most learned men and 
 most liberal patrons of learning. 
 
 In 1677, he offered to bestow on the University all 
 the valuable collection formed by the Tradescants of 
 Lambeth, two eminent physic-gardeners*, which he 
 had enlarged by coins, medals, and manuscripts, col- 
 lected by himself, provided the University would erect 
 a building fit to receive them. The University wil- 
 lingly assented, and the building was completed in 
 1682. After his death, the Museum was enlarged by 
 the addition of his library, rich in antiquary lore; and 
 has since been augmented by the collection of Martin. 
 Lister, and especially the manuscripts of John Aubrey, 
 
 They were father and son. The son, who died in 1662, bequeathed 
 (he Museum by a deed of gift to Ashmole, who had lodged in his house. 
 The contents of this collection were described in a small volume, entitled, 
 " Museum Tradescantianum ; or a Collection of Rarities preserved at 
 A South Lambeth, near London. By JohnTradescant, 1656, 12mo." 
 
468 CLARENDON PRINTING-HOUSE. 
 
 Sir William Dugdale, and Antony Wood ; the collec- 
 tions in natural history of Dr. Plott and Edward 
 Llwyd, the two first Keepers of the Museum, and of 
 Mr. Borlace, the historian of Cornwall ; and the curio- 
 sities of the South Sea islands, given by Mr. Rein- 
 hold Foster. 
 
 CLARENDON PRINTING-HOUSE. 
 
 I HE art of printing, soon after its invention, was 
 introduced in Oxford. From 1464 we find a series of 
 printers, Frederic Corsellis, Theodoric Rood, John 
 Scolar, and Wynkyn de Worde, whose printing-house 
 was in Magpye-lane. For many years after this the 
 business was entirely in the hands of individuals un- 
 connected with the University, and was carried on in 
 a manner not very conducive to the interests of learn- 
 ing. At length, in the year 1672, several distinguished 
 members of the University, John Fell, Bishop of Ox- 
 ford, Sir Leoline Jenkyns, Sir Joseph Williamson, 
 and Dr. Thomas Yates, undertook the management 
 of a press for its use. Having raised above four thou- 
 sand pounds, they expended it on printing types, pur- 
 chased in Germany, France, and Holland, there being 
 no foundery in Great Britain at that time; and be- 
 stowed so much attention on correctness as well as 
 elegance, that the Oxford press was soon enabled to 
 hold a distinguished rank, and their editions became 
 in request on the continent. 
 
 This business was first carried on, as already no- 
 ticed, in some rooms belonging to the Theatre; but in 
 
. 
 
 . 
 
THE RADCLIFFE LIBRARY. 469 
 
 1711 the present building was erected with the profits 
 arising from the sale of Lord Clarendon's History of 
 the Rebellion, the copy of which was bestowed on 
 the University by his son. Vanburgh was employed 
 as the architect, and, having the advantage of a gentle 
 rise in the ground, was enabled to display the massy 
 peculiarities of his style, particularly in the north 
 front, with considerable effect. Over the entrance on 
 the south side is a fine statue of Lord Clarendon, 
 placed here in 1721. Besides the apartments appro- 
 priated for the business, there is a handsome room, 
 where the Heads of Houses hold their meetings. The 
 affairs relative to the press are conducted by certain 
 persons, styled, The Delegates of the Press, who are 
 appointed by the Vice-Chancellor and Proctors. 
 
 THE RADCLIFFE LIBRARY. 
 
 1 HE Founder of this Library, one of the most mu- 
 nificent benefactors whom modern times have pro- 
 duced, was born at Wakefield in Yorkshire, where he 
 received his school education. In 1665 he was admit- 
 ted a Batteler of University College, then a medium 
 rank between a Commoner and Servitor, and applied 
 to his studies with vigour and success. In 1667, as 
 Determining Bachelor, he obtained great applause in 
 the logic schools, and was made senior Scholar of his 
 College; but no Fellowship occurring so soon as his 
 circumstances required, he removed to Lincoln Col- 
 lege, and took his Master's degree in 1672. During 
 his residence here he studied physic, and in 1675 took 
 his Bachelor's degree in that faculty, and began to prac- 
 
470 THE RADCLIFFE LIBRARY. 
 
 tise in Oxford, where he soon attained considerable 
 eminence. In 1682 he proceeded to the degree of 
 Doctor of Medicine, for which he went out Grand 
 Compounder. Two years after he removed to Lon- 
 don, where for many years he enjoyed the most exten- 
 sive practice, and acquired an ample fortune. Having 
 no family, he resolved to devote his money to the 
 most liberal purposes in that University where his 
 earliest attachments were formed. His first benefac- 
 tion to Oxford was the east window of the Chapel of 
 University College, which he gave in 1687, as a mark of 
 his regard to the place in which he had passed his first 
 academical days ; and afterwards, while his friend Dr. 
 Arthur Charlet was Master, he contributed above 11001. 
 towards the increase of Exhibitions and the repairs of 
 the College*. But his more munificent benefactions 
 were reserved until after his death in 1714, when it 
 appeared, that, besides founding the two travelling 
 Fellowships, he left five thousand pounds for the new 
 buildings of University College, and forty thousand 
 pounds for the erection of a public Library in Ox- 
 ford, between St. Mary's and the Schools, with an 
 endowment of 1501. per annum to the Librarian, and 
 1001. per annum for the purchase of books. 
 
 With part of this fund, which, agreeably to the 
 terms of his will, and during the life of his sisters, had 
 been permitted to accumulate for some years, the pre- 
 sent magnificent structure was begun in 1737, and 
 being completed in 1749, it was opened on Thursday, 
 April 13 of that year, with great solemnity. Gibbs 
 was the architect 1 *, and afterwards published adescrip- 
 
 University College, p. 33. 
 
 b On this occasion the degree of M. A. was conferred on Gibbs, who 
 
THE RADCLIFFE LIBRARY. 471 
 
 tion, with views of the several parts of this singular 
 edifice. Whatever may be thought of the general 
 design, or of the situation, in which, however, the 
 artist had no choice, he took care that the interior, 
 and very highly finished ornaments, should be exe- 
 cuted by the first artists the age afforded ; and al- 
 though it must be confessed the square in which it 
 stands was complete without it, there are none of the 
 perspective views of Oxford in which this building 
 would not be missed, and none in which it is not a 
 very striking feature. 
 
 Dr. Radcliffe appears to have been a man of consi- 
 derable learning, but most conspicuous for his medical 
 I kill, which recommended him to the highest practice. 
 He attended the royal family during the reigns of King 
 William and Queen Anne, and the families of the most 
 distinguished of the nobility. Nor was he less noted for 
 a peculiar cast of humour, of which many entertain- 
 ing instances are given by his biographers; but he 
 had, as a physician, what is more valuable, a tender 
 and liberal heart, which led him to visit the abodes of 
 misery with the most ready compassion, and to alle- 
 viate by well-timed generosity the complicated evils 
 which he could not remove by his skill. 
 
 From the funds still in the hands of Dr. Radcliffe'* 
 trustees, the PUBLIC INFIRMARY on the north side 
 of Oxford was built, and the ASTRONOMICAL OB- 
 SERVATORY, erected a few years ago by Mr. Wyat, 
 which is admirably, adapted to the purposes of 
 observation, and amply supplied with astronomical 
 
 repaid the compliment by bequeathing bis valuable books and prints t* 
 
 tius Library. 
 
 H h4 
 
472 THE PHYSIC GARDEN. 
 
 instruments, sortie of which were presented by his 
 Grace the l)uke of Marlborbugh. 
 
 THE PHYSIC GARDEN, 
 
 situated opposite Magdalen College, was originally 
 the burial-ground of the Jews in Oxford, who were 
 once a very numerous community; but, after their ex- 
 pulsion, it became the property of St. John's Hos- 
 pital, and was the burial-ground of that Hospital, until 
 the whole was transferred to William of Waynfleet 
 for the erection of Magdalen College. Of that Col- 
 lege a lease was purchased in 1622 by Henry Danvers, 
 Earl of Danby, who surrounded the premises, about 
 five acres, with a wall. The fine gateway, designed 
 by Inigo Jones, but executed by Nicholas Stone, 
 senior, is decorated by a bust of the Founder ; and on 
 the right and left are statues of Charles I. and II. 
 noticeable chiefly for the circumstance which defrayed 
 the expence of them. They were purchased with the 
 fine which Antony Wood paid in consequence of hav- 
 ing libelled the character of the great Lord Clarendon 
 in the first edition of his Athenae. 
 
 Besides the purchase of the ground, and the ex- 
 pence of the wall, &c. which are said to have amounted 
 to more than 50001. Earl Danby's intention was to 
 have endowed a Professorship; b % ut the unhappy state 
 of the nation, and his death in 1644, prevented his 
 executing his liberal design, although he had made 
 considerable progress, by employing the elder Trades- 
 cant, whom Wood calls John Tredesken, senior, in 
 

ST. MARY'S CHURCH. 473 
 
 preparing the garden. The place of Keeper of the 
 Garden, however, was at length established in 1669, 
 and an annual stipend of 401. allowed by the Uni- 
 versity. The first Keeper was Robert Morison, the 
 celebrated botanist, who was succeeded by Jacob Bo- 
 bart, Edwin Sandys, and Gilbert Trowe. Bobart be- 
 gan his labours here in 1632, and died in 1679, leaving 
 a son, Tillemant Bobart, who was also employed in 
 this garden. The first Professor of Botany was John 
 James Dillenius, already noticed in our account of St. 
 John's College, under the new foundation of Dr. 
 Sherard. In 1728, Dr. Sherard left 30001. as the en- 
 dowment of a Professor of Botany, and all his books, 
 prints, drawings, &c. and appointed Dillenius first 
 Professor. Dillenius died in 1747, and was succeeded 
 by Humphrey Sibthorpe, M. D. nominated by the 
 College of Physicians. On his resignation in 1784, 
 his son, the late Dr. John Sibthorpe, was nominated 
 by the same authority. In 1793, when his present 
 Majesty was pleased to found a Regius Professorship 
 of Botany, Dr. Sibthorpe was appointed first Regius 
 Professor. He died in 1796, and was succeeded in 
 both Professorships by Dr. George Williams, Fellovr 
 of Corpus Christi College. 
 
 ST. MARY'S CHURCH, 
 
 an elegant and spacious Gothic edifice, of which An- 
 tony Wood has left a very minute history, is here no^ 
 ticeable chiefly as being the University Church, or 
 that to which the Vice-Chancellor, Heads of Houses, 
 
474 ST. MARY'S CHURCH. 
 
 &c. repair for divine service on Sundays and holiday?, 
 except on some particular days, when the sermons are 
 appointed to be preached in certain Colleges ; as, on 
 Christmas-day in the morning, Good Friday, and 
 Ascension-day, at Christ Church ; on the festivals of 
 St. Mark and St. John Baptist, at Magdalen ; on 
 Lady-day and Trinity Sunday, at New College; and 
 on St. Philip and St. James, and on the first Sunday 
 in August, at Merton. During Lent in the afternoon, 
 and on St. Simon and St. Jude, the sermons are 
 preached in St. Peter's in the East, The public 
 preachers are ten in number, appointed by the Vice- 
 Chancellor, Proctors, the Regius Professor and Mar- 
 garet Professor of Divinity ; and they must be either 
 Doctors or Bachelors in Divinity or in Civil Law, 
 or Masters of Arts. Of these public preachers five 
 go out of office every year. The eight Lectures on 
 the essential Doctrines of Christianity, and in de- 
 fence of Revealed Religion, founded by the Rev. John 
 Bampton, Canon of Salisbury, are also delivered in 
 this Church. The room on the north side of the chan- 
 cel is now the Common Law School, where the Vvr 
 neriari Professor reads his lectures. 
 
LISTS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE HEADS OR GOVERNORS 
 
 OF THE RESPECTIVE 
 
 COLLEGES AND HALLS, 
 
 FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT. 
 
 MERTON COLLEGE. 
 
 WARDENS. 1544 Henry Tyndall. 
 
 Peter de Habendon". 1545 Thomas Ray nolds. 
 
 1286 Richard Warblysdon. 1559 James Gervys. 
 
 1295 John De la More. 1562 John Man. 
 
 1299 John Wanting. 1569 Thomas Bickley. 
 
 1328 Robert Treng. 1585 Henry Savile. 
 
 1351 William Durant. 1621 Nathaniel Brent. 
 
 1375 John Bloxham. 1645 William Harvey. 
 
 1387 John Wendover. 1646 Nathaniel Brent. 
 1398 Edmund Becky nghaia. . 1651 Jonathan Goddard. 
 
 1416 Thomas Rodborne. -V7 i 1660 Edward Reynolds. 
 
 1417 Robert Gilbert. 1661 Thomas Clayton. 
 1421 Henry Abendon. 1693 Richard Lydall. 
 1438 Elias Holcot. 1704 Edmund Marten. 
 1455 Henry Sever. 1709 John Holland. 
 1471 John Gygur. 1734 Robert Wyntle. 
 1482 Richard Fitzjames. 1750 John Robinson. 
 
 1507 Thomas Harpur. 1759 Henry Barton. 
 
 1508 Richard Rawlins. 1790 Scrope Berdmore. 
 1521 Rowland Phillips. 1810 PETER VAUGH AN. 
 1525 John Chamber. 
 
 Where dates are wanting, they are ithr unknown or doubtftri. 
 
[ 476 ] 
 
 UNIVERSITY. 
 
 MASTERS. 
 
 1332 Roger de Aswardby. 
 1362 John Pockyngton. 
 
 William Kerby. 
 1392 Thomas Foston. 
 1396 Thomas Duffield. 
 1398 Edmund Lacy. . 
 1403 John Appleton. 
 1413 John Castle. 
 1420 Robert Burton. 
 1426 Richard Wytton. 
 1430 Thomas Ben well, or Benyng- 
 
 well. 
 
 1441 John Marton. 
 1474 William Gregford. 
 1488 John Rockysburg, or Rokes- 
 
 bo rough. 
 
 1509 Ralph Hamsterley. 
 1518 Leonard Hutchinson. 
 
 1546 John Crayford. 
 
 1547 Richard Salveyri. 
 
 1551 George Ellison. 
 
 1 557 Anthony Salveyn. 
 
 1558 James Dugdale. 
 1561 Thomas Key. 
 1572 William James. 
 1584 Anthony Gate. 
 1597 George Abbot. 
 
 1609 John Bancroft. .* 
 1632 Thomas Walker. 
 1648 Joshua Hoyle. 
 1655 Francis Johnson. 
 1660 Thomas Walker. 
 1665 Richard Clayton. 
 1676 Obadiah Walker. , 
 
 1689 Edward Ferrar. 
 
 1690 Thomas Bennett. 
 1692 Arthur Charlett. 
 1722 Thomas Coekman. 
 1744 John Browne. 
 1764 Nathan Wetherell. 
 1808 JOHN GRIFFITHS. 
 
 BALLIOL. 
 
 PROCURATORS. 
 
 Hugo de Hertipoll. 
 
 William de Menyll. 
 PRINCIPALS, or WARDENS. 
 1282 Walter de Foderingby. 
 1296 Hugh de Warkenby. 
 1303 Stephen de Cornwall. 
 1309 Richard de Chickwell. 
 1321 Thomas de Waldeby. 
 1323 Henry de Seton. 
 1327 Nicholas de Luceby. 
 1332 John de Poclyngton. 
 
 MASTERS. 
 
 1343 Hugh de Corbrygge. 
 1356 Robert de Serby. 
 1361 JohnWycliff. 
 1366 John Hugate. 
 1371 Thomas Tyrwbyt. 
 1397 Humardus Askham. 
 1406 William Lambert, or Lam- 
 
 1412 Thomas Chase. 
 
 1423 Robert Burleigli. 
 
 1429 Robert Stapylton. 
 
 1432 William Brandon. 
 
 1451 Robert Thwaites. 
 
 1461 William Lambton. 
 
 1472 JohnSegden. 
 
 1477 Robert Abdy. 
 
 1494 William Bell. 
 
 1497 Richard Bernyngharn. 
 
 1511 Thomas Cisson. 
 
 1518 Richard Stubbys. 
 
 1525 William Whyte. 
 
 1539 George Cootes, or Cotys. 
 
 1545 William Wryght. 
 
 1547 James Brakes. 
 
 1555 William Wright. 
 
 1559 Francis Babington. 
 
 1560 Anthony Garnet . 
 1563 Robert Hooper. 
 1570 John Piers, D.D. 
 
C 477 ] 
 
 1571 Adam Squire. 1678 John Venn. 
 
 1580 Edmund Lilly. 1687 Roger Mander. 
 
 1G<)9 Robert Abbot. 1705 John Baron. 
 
 1616 John Parkhurst. 1722 Joseph Hunt. 
 
 1637 Thomas Laurence. 1726 Theophilus Leigh. 
 
 1648 George Bradshaw. 1735 John Davy. 
 
 1650 Henry Savage. 1798 JOHN PARSONS. 
 1672 Thomas Good. 
 
 EXETER. 
 
 PERPETUAL RECTORS. 1690 William Painter. 
 
 1566 John Neale. 1715 Matthew Hole. 
 
 1570 Robert Newton. 1730 John Conybeare. 
 
 1578 Thomas Glasier. 1733 Joseph Atwell. 
 
 1592 Thomas Holland. 1737 James Edgcumbe. 
 
 1612 John Prideaux. 1750 Francis Webber. 
 
 1642 George Hakewill. 1772 Thomas Bray. 
 
 1649 John Conant. 1785 Thomas Stinton. 
 
 1662 Joseph Maynard. 1797 Henry Richards. 
 
 1666 Arthur Bury. 1808 JOHN COLE. 
 
 ORIEL. 
 
 PROVOSTS. 1493 Thomas Cornish. 
 
 1325 AdamdeBrom. 1507 Edmund Wylsford. 
 
 1332 William de Leverton. 1516 James More. 
 
 1347 William de Hawkesworth. 1530 Thomas Ware. 
 
 1349 William de Daventrie. J538 Henry Mynne. 
 
 1373 John de Colyntre. 1540 William Haynes. 
 
 1385 John de Middleton. 1550 John Smyth. 
 
 1394 John de Maldon. 1565 Roger Marbeck. 
 
 1401 John de Possell. 1566 John Belly. 
 
 William de Corffe. 1572 Anthony Blencow. 
 
 1414 Thomas de Leintwarden. 1617 William Lewis. 
 
 Henry Kayle. 1621 John Tolson. 
 
 1425 Nicholas Kerry. 1644 John Saunders. 
 
 John Carpenter. 1653 Robert Say. 
 1443 Walter Lyhert, le Hart, or 1691 George RoySe. 
 
 Hart. 1708 George Carter. 
 
 1445 John Halse. 1727 Walter Hodges. 
 
 1449 Henry Sampson. 1757 Chardin Musgrave. 
 
 Thomas Hawkyns. 1768 John Clarice. 
 
 1478 John Taylor. 1781 JOHN EVELEICH. 
 
t 478 ] 
 
 QUEEN'S. 
 
 PROVOSTS. 
 1340 Richard de Retteford. 
 
 William de Muskam, or Mus- 
 
 champe. 
 1350 John de Hotham. 
 
 Henry de Whitfelde. 
 
 Thomas de Carlile. 
 1377 William Frank. 
 1404 Roger Whelpdale, or Quelp- 
 
 dale. 
 
 1420 Walter Bell. 
 1426 Rowland Bires, or DelByrys. 
 1432 Thomas de Eglesfeld. 
 1442 William Spenser. 
 1459 John Peryson, or Pereson. 
 1482 Henry Boost, or Bost. 
 1489 Thomas Langton. 
 1495 Christopher Bainbrigg. 
 1508 Edward Rigge. 
 
 John a Pantry, or Pantre. 
 
 1534 William Devenysh, or Den- 
 
 nysse, or Dennyson. 
 1559 Hugh Hodgson. 
 1561 Thomas Frauncis. 
 1563 Lancelot Shawe. 
 1565 Alan Scot. 
 1575 Barthelmew Bousfield. 
 1581 Henry Robinson. 
 1599 Henry Airay. 
 1616 Barnabas Potter. 
 1626 Christopher Potter. 
 1645 Gerard Langbaine. 
 1657 Thomas Barlow. 
 1677 Timothy Halton. 
 1704 William Lancaster. 
 1716 John Gibson. 
 1730 Joseph Smith. 
 1756 Joseph Browne. 
 1767 Thomas Fothergill. 
 1796 SEPTIMUS COLLINSON, 
 
 NEW COLLEGE. 
 
 WARDENS. 
 
 Richard de Tonworthe. 
 
 Nicholas de Wykeham. 
 1393 Thomas de Cranleigh, or 
 
 Cranley. 
 
 1396 Richard Malford. 
 1403 John Bowke. 
 1429 William Escourt. 
 1435 Nicholas Ossulbury. 
 1453 Thomas Chandler. 
 1475 Walter Hyll. 
 1494 William Porter. 
 
 1520 John Rede. 
 
 1521 John Young. 
 1526 John London. 
 1542 Henry Cole. 
 1551 Ralph Skinner. 
 1553 Thomas Why te. 
 1573 Martin Colepepper. 
 
 1599 George Ryves. 
 1613 Arthur Lake. 
 1617 Robert Pinke. 
 1647 Henry Stringer. 
 1649 George Marshall. 
 1658 Michael Woodward. 
 1675 John Nicholas. 
 1679 Henry Beeston. 
 1701 Richard Traffics. 
 1703 Thomas Brathwait. 
 1712 JohnCobb. 
 1720 John Dobson. 
 1725 Henry Bigg. 
 1730 John Coxed. 
 1740 John Purnell. 
 1764 Thomas Hayward. 
 1768 John Oglander. 
 1794 SAMUEL GAUNTLETT. 
 
t 479 ] 
 
 LINCOLN. 
 
 RECTORS. 
 William Chamberleyn. 
 1435 John Beke. 
 1460 John Tristroppe. 
 1479 George StrangwayeB. 
 1488 William Bethome. 
 1493 Thomas Banke. 
 1503 Thomas Drax. 
 1518 John Cottisford. 
 1538 HughWeston. 
 1556 Christopher Hargreve. 
 1558 Henry Heronshaw, or Hen- 
 
 shaw. 
 1560 Francis Babington. 
 
 1563 John Bridgwater. 
 1574 John Tatham. 
 1577 John Underbill. 
 1590 Richard Kilbye. 
 1620 Paul Hood. 
 1668 Nathaniel Crew. 
 1672 Thomas Marshall. 
 1685 Fitzherbert Adams. 
 1719 John Morley. 
 1731 Euseby Isham. 
 1755 Richard Hutchins. 
 1781 Charles Mortimer. 
 1784 John Horner. 
 1792 EDWARD TATHAM, 
 
 ALL SOULS. 
 
 WARDENS. 
 
 1437 Richard Andrew. 
 1442 Roger Keyes. 
 1445 William Kele. 
 1459 William Poteman. 
 1466 John Stokys. 
 1494 Thomas Hobbys. 
 1503 William Broke. 
 1524 John Coale. 
 1527 Robert Woodward. 
 1533 Roger Stokeley. 
 1536 John Warner. 
 1555 Seth Holland. 
 1558 John Pope. 
 1558 John Warner. 
 
 1565 Richard Barber. 
 1571 Robert Hoveden. 
 1614 Richard Moket. 
 1618 Richard Astley. 
 1635 Gilbert Sheldon. 
 1648 John Palmer, or Vaulx, 
 1660 Gilbert Sheldon. 
 1660 John Meredith. 
 1665 Thomas James. 
 1686 Leopold William Finch. 
 1702 Bernard Gardiner. 
 1726 Stephen Niblet. 
 1766 John Tracy. 
 1793 EDMUND IHAJH. 
 
 MAGDALEN. 
 
 PRESIDENTS. 
 
 1448 John Horley, or Hornley. 
 1458 William Tybard. 
 1480 Richard Mayew. 
 1504 John Claymond. 
 1516 John Hygden. 
 1525 Laurence Stubbs. 
 1527 Thomas Knolles. 
 1535 Owen Oglethorpe, 
 J552 Walter Haddon. 
 
 1553 Owen Oglethorpe. 
 1555 Arthur Cole. 
 1558 Thomas Coveney. 
 1561 Laurence Humphrey. 
 1590 Nicholas Bond. 
 1607 John Harding. 
 1610 William Langton. 
 1626 Accepted Frewen. 
 1644 John Oliver. 
 1648 John Wilkinson. . 
 
[ 480 ] 
 
 1649 Thomas Goodwya. 
 
 1660 John Oliver. 
 
 1661 Thomas Peirce. 
 1671 Henry Clerk. 
 1687 John Hough. 
 
 1687 Samuel Parker. 
 
 1688 Bonaventure Giffard. 
 1688 John Hough. 
 
 1701 John Rogers. 
 
 1703 Thomas Bay ley. 
 
 1706 Joseph Harwar. 
 
 1722 Edward Butler. 
 
 1745 Thomas Jenner^ 
 
 1768 George Home. 
 
 1791 MARTIN JOSEPH ROUTH. 
 
 BRASEN NOSE. 
 
 PRINCIPALS. 
 1510 Matthew Smyth. 
 1547 John Hawarden. 
 1564 Thomas Blanchard. 
 1573 Richard Harrys. 
 1595 Alexander Nowell. 
 1595 Thomas Singleton. 
 1614 Samuel Radcliffe. 
 1647 Thomas Yate. 
 1647 Daniel Greenwood. 
 
 1660 Thomas Yate. 
 1681 John Meare. 
 1710 Robert Shippen. 
 1745 Francis Yarborough. 
 1770 William Gwyn. 
 1770 Ralph Cawley. 
 1777 Thomas Barker. 
 1785 William Cleaver. 
 1809 FRODSHAM HODSON. 
 
 CORPUS CHRISTI. 
 
 PRESIDENTS. 
 1517 John Claymond. 
 1537 Robert Morwent. 
 
 1558 William Cheadsey. 
 
 1559 William Bocher, or Butcher. 
 1561 Thomas Greneway. 
 
 1568 William Cole. 
 1598 John Rainolds. 
 1607 John Spenser. 
 1614 Thomas Anyan. 
 
 1629 John Holt. 
 
 1630 Thomas Jackson. 
 1640 Robert New lin. 
 1648 Edmund Staunton. 
 1660 Robert Newlin. 
 1688 Thomas Turner. 
 
 1714 Basil Kennett. 
 
 1715 John Mather. 
 1748 Thomas Randolph. 
 1783 JOHN COOKE; 
 
 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 DEANS. 
 
 1524 John Hygden. 
 1533 John Oliver. 
 1546 Richard Coxe. 
 1553 Richard Martiall. 
 1559 George Carew. 
 1561 Thomas Sampson* 
 1565 Thomas Godwyn. 
 1567 Thomas Cowper. 
 1570 John Piers. 
 1576 Toby Matthew. 
 
 1584 William James. 
 1594 Thomas Ravys. 
 1605 John Kyng. 
 1611 William Goodwyn. 
 1620 Richard Corbet. 
 1629 Brian Duppa. 
 1638 Samuel Fell. 
 1648 Edward Reynolds. 
 1651 John Owen. 
 
 1659 Edward Reynolds. 
 
 1660 George Morley. 
 
[ 481 ] 
 
 1660 John Fell. 1732 John Conybeare. 
 
 1686 John Massey. 1756 David Gregory. 
 
 1689 Henry Aldrich. 1767 William Markham. 
 
 1711 Francis Atterbury. 1777 Lewis Bagot. 
 
 1713 George Smallbridge. 1783 Cyril Jackson. 
 
 1719 Hugh Boulter. 1809 CHARLES HENRY HALL. 
 
 1724 William Bradshaw. 
 
 TRINITY. 
 
 PRESIDENTS. 1660 Hannibal Potter. 
 
 1556 Thomas Slythurste. 1664 Ralph Bathurst. 
 
 1559 Arthur Yeldard. 1704 Thomas Sykes. 
 
 1599 Ralph Kettell. 1706 William Dobson. 
 
 1643 Hannibal Potter. 1731 George Huddesford. 
 
 1648 Robert Harris. 1776 Joseph Chapman. 
 
 1658 William Hawes. 1808 THOMAS LEE. 
 
 1659 SethWard. 
 
 ST. JOHN'S. 
 
 PRESIDENTS. 1648 Francis Cheynell. 
 
 J555 Alexander Belsire. 1650 Thankful or Gracious Owen, 
 
 1559 William Elye. 1660 Richard Bay ley. 
 
 1563 William Stock. 1667 Peter Mews, or Meaux. 
 
 1564 John Robinson. 1673 William Levinz. 
 1572 Tobie Matthew. 1698 William Delaune. 
 1577 Francis Wyllis. 1728 William Holmes. 
 1590 Ralph Huchenson. 1748 William Derham. 
 1605 John Buckridge. 1757 William Walker. 
 1611 William Laud. 1757 Thomas Fry. 
 1621 William Juxon. 1772 Samuel Dennis. 
 1632 Richard Bayley. 1795 MICHAEL MARLOVT, 
 
 JESUS. 
 
 PRINCIPALS. 1660 Francis Mansell. 
 
 1571 David Lewes. 1661 Leoline Jenkins. 
 
 1572 Griffith or Griffin Lloyd. 1673 John Lloyd. 
 
 1586 Francis Bevans. 1686 Jonathan Edwards'. 
 
 1602 John Williams. 1712 John Wynne. 
 
 1613 Griffith Powell. 1720 William Jones. 
 
 1620 Francis Mansell. 1725 Eubule Thelwall. 
 
 1621 Eubule ThelwalL 1727 Thomas Parde. 
 1630 Francis Mansell. 1763 Humphrey Owen. 
 1648 Michael Roberts. 1763 Joseph Hoare. 
 1657 Francis Howelk 1802 DAVID HI'GE?, 
 
 i i 
 
[ 482 ] 
 
 WADHAM. 
 
 WARDENS. 
 1613 Robert Wright. 
 1613 John Flemmyng. 
 1617 William Smyth. 
 1635 Daniel Escott. 
 1644 John Pytt. 
 1648 JohnWilkins. 
 1659 Walter Blandford. 
 1665 Gilbert Ironside. 
 
 MASTERS. 
 
 1624 Thomas Clayton. 
 1647 Henry Wightwick. 
 1647 Henry Langley. 
 1660 Henry Wightwick. 
 1664 John Hall. 
 1709 Colwell Brickenden. 
 
 1689 Thomas Dunster. 
 
 1719 William Baker. 
 
 1724 Robert Thistlethvrayte. 
 
 1739 Samuel Lisle. 
 
 1744 George Wyndham. 
 
 1777 James Gerard. 
 
 1783 John Wills. 
 
 1806 WILLIAM TOURNAY. 
 
 PEMBROKE. 
 
 1714 Matthew Panting. 
 1738 John Ratcliffe. 
 1775 William Adams. 
 1789 William Sergrove. 
 1796 John Smith. 
 1809 GEORGE HENRY HALL. 
 
 WORCESTER. 
 
 PRINCIPALS OF GLOUCESTER 
 HALL. 
 
 1560 William Stock. 
 
 1563 Thomas Palmer. 
 
 1564 William Stock. 
 1576 Henry Russel. 
 
 Christopher Bagshaw. 
 1581 John Delabere. 
 1593 John Haw ley. 
 1626 Degory Wheare. 
 
 1647 Tobias Garbrand, or Herks. 
 
 1660 John Maplet. 
 
 1662 Byrom Eaton. 
 
 1692 Benjamin Woodroffe. 
 
 1712 Richard Blechynden. 
 
 PROVOSTS. 
 
 1714 Richard Blechynden. 
 1736 William Gower. 
 1777 William Sheffield. 
 1796 WHITTINGTON LANDON. 
 
 HERTFORD. 
 
 PRINCIPALS OF HERT HALL. 
 
 1360 Nicholas Hawe. 
 1378 Richard de Tonworthe. 
 1381 Nicholas Wykeham. 
 1384 Thomas Cranlegh. 
 
 1387 John Walter. 
 
 1388 William Ware. 
 1391 John Wry ngton. 
 1397 JohnWytham. 
 
 Thomas TcnkelUen. 
 
 1399 Thomas Turke. 
 
 1400 John Wyte, or Whyte. 
 
 1405 Thomas Morant, or Moronde. 
 
 1407 John Stone. 
 
 1408 John Green. 
 
 1410 Simon Le Writer. 
 
 1411 William Andrew. 
 
 1411 William Kemer, or Kymer. 
 1414 William Payne. 
 1416 William More. 
 
[ 483 ] 
 
 1420 William Prentys. 
 
 1425 JohnGorsych. 
 
 1426 John Heyth. 
 
 1426 Richard Hery, or Here. 
 
 1428 Heyth, junior. 
 
 1436 Michael Trewynard. 
 1438 John Westlake. 
 1441 Robert Carew. 
 
 Michael Trewynard. 
 
 1444 John Sende. 
 
 1445 John Andrew. 
 1448 Walter Windsore. 
 1451 John Treganson. 
 1463 William Summayster. 
 1465 John Fermour. 
 
 1468 Richard Mayoh. 
 1472 John Harrow. 
 1478 Walter Cawse. 
 1482 James Babbe. 
 1486 Walter Cawse. 
 1488 Richard Panter, 
 
 1495 Trott. 
 
 1496 William Glover. 
 1501 John Rugge. 
 1503 William Ewen. 
 1506 John Parkhouse. 
 
 1510 Thomas Mede. 
 
 1514 Thomas Irysh. 
 
 1522 John Moreman. 
 
 1527 John Whyte. 
 
 1535 John Frenche. 
 
 1 541 Roger Bromhall, or Bromolde. 
 
 1544 William More. 
 
 1545 Thomas Vyvian. 
 1549 Philip Rondell. 
 1599 John Eveleigh. 
 1604 Theodore Price. 
 1621 Thomas Isles. 
 1633 Philip Parsons. 
 1653 Philip Stevens. 
 1660 Timothy Baldwyn. 
 1663 John Lamphire. 
 1688 William Thornton. 
 1707 Thomas Smith. 
 1710 Richard Newton. 
 
 PRINCIPALS OF HERTFORD 
 
 COLLEGE. 
 1740 Richard Newton. 
 1753 William Sharp. 
 1757 David Durell. 
 1775 Bernard Hodgson. 
 
 ALBAN HALL. 
 
 PRINCIPALS. 
 
 1437 Roger Martin. 
 
 1438 Robert Ashe. 
 1444 John Gygur. 
 
 1450 William Shyrefe, 1450 
 1452 William Romsey, 1452 
 1468 Thomas Danet. 
 1477 Richard Fitzjames. 
 
 Thomas Linley. 
 
 Robert Gosbourne. 
 
 Ralph Hamsterley. 
 1501 HughSaunders,orShakspeere. 
 1503 John Forster. 
 1 507 John Bevei'stone. 
 1507 William Bisse. 
 
 1 509 Richard Walker. 
 
 1510 John Pokyswell, orPoiwell. 
 1514 John Hoper. 
 
 Simon Balle. 
 1527 Walter Bucklar. 
 
 * During the above periods there occur five Principals of Nunnt Hall, 
 before it was united with Alban Hall, namely, 
 
 1445 William Clopton. 
 
 1450 William Aylward. 
 
 1451 Henry Trewmse. 
 
 1452 Robert Fermour. 
 1461 JohnVowell. 
 
 l 
 
[ 484 
 
 1530 Robert Taylour. 
 1532 William Peydyll. 
 
 1534 Robert Huyck. 
 
 1535 Richard Smyth. 
 
 1538 Humphrey Burneford. 
 1543 John Estwych. 
 1547 William Marshall. 
 1567 Arthur Atey. 
 
 Richard Radclyffe. 
 
 Robert Master. 
 
 Henry Master. 
 1614 Anthony Morgan. 
 
 1620 Richard Parkrr. 
 
 1624 Edward Chaloner. 
 
 1625 Richard Zouch. 
 1661 Giles Sweit. 
 
 1664 Thomas Laraplugh. 
 1673 Narcissus Marsh. 
 1678 Thomas Bouchier. 
 1723 James Bouchier. 
 1736 Robert Leybourne. 
 1759 Francis Randolph. 
 1797 THOMAS WINSTANLEY. 
 
 EDMUND HALL. 
 
 PRINCIPALS. 
 1317 J. de Cornubia. 
 1319 Robert Luc. de Cornubia. 
 1325 John de Bere. 
 
 1351 Throp. 
 
 1381 William Hamsterley. 
 
 1385 Edward Upton. 
 
 1390 William Taylour. 
 
 1395 Henricus Presbyter. 
 
 1399 Henry Rumworth. 
 
 1408 Henry Bermingdon, or Ber- 
 
 mingham. 
 
 1410 Peter Clerke, or Payne. 
 1414 John Derley, Darley, or Der- 
 
 ling. 
 
 1434 William Bryton. 
 1438 John Thamys, or Themys. 
 1461 Thomas Lee, or Leigh. 
 1478 Richard Broke. 
 1499 Humphrey Wystow. 
 
 1501 Thomas Cawse. 
 
 1 502 William Patynson. 
 1505 Christopher FallowfiekL 
 1507 JohnPyttys. 
 
 1520 John Cuthbertson. 
 
 1528 Myles Brathwayte. 
 1 530 William Robertson. 
 1537 Ottewell Toppyng. 
 1540 Thomas Peryson. 
 1546 Ralph Rudde. 
 1569 Nicholas Cook. 
 1569 Nicholas Pullen. 
 1572 Philip Johnson. 
 1576 Henry Robinson. 
 1581 Thomas Bowsfield. 
 1601 John Aglionby. 
 1610 John Rawlinson. 
 1631 Henry Airay. 
 1658 Thomas Tully. 
 1675 Stephen Penton. 
 
 1684 Thomas Crosthwaite. 
 
 1685 John Mill. 
 
 1707 Thomas Pearson. 
 1722 Henry Felton. 
 1740 Thomas Shaw. 
 1751 George Fothergill. 
 1760 George Dixon, 
 1787 William Powson. 
 1800 GEORGE THOMPSON. 
 
 ST. MARY'S HALL. 
 
 PRINCIPALS. 
 
 1436 William Croten. 
 1438 Henry Sampson. 
 T445 Richard Wylcyer, 
 
 1450 John Smyth. 
 1452 Henry Popy. 
 1458 Thomas Pary. 
 1469 Thomas Sadler. 
 
[ 485 ] 
 
 1499 John Taylour. 
 
 1502 Richard Vaughan. 
 
 1 502 Richard Dudley. 
 
 1506 Thomas Heretagc. 
 
 1511 William Brooke. 
 
 1521 Richard Lorgan. 
 
 1 530 Robert James. 
 
 1532 John Rixman. 
 
 1537 William Pye. 
 
 1543 Anthony Albon. 
 
 1 546 Morgan Philypps. 
 
 1550 William Northfolke. 
 
 1553 William Woode. 
 
 1556 William Allyn, or Allen, or 
 
 Alan. 
 1560 John Raw. 
 
 1565 Nicholas Sheffield. 
 1565 John Horlock. 
 1570 Richard Pygott. 
 1578 Thomas Philipson. 
 1587 George Dale. 
 1591 Ralph Braddyll. 
 1632 John Saunders. 
 1644 Nicholas Brooks. 
 1656 Thomas Cole. 
 1660 Martin Lluellyn. 
 1664 Joseph Crowther. 
 1689 William Wyatt. 
 1712 John Hudson. 
 1719 William King. 
 1764 Thomas Nowell. 
 1801 PHINEAS PEIT. 
 
 NEW INN HALL. 
 
 PRINCIPALS. 1530 
 
 1438 William Freman. 1534 
 
 1444 Jeffrey or Griffith Eberjow. 1535 
 
 1445 William Witney. 1542 
 1457 Philip Bergavenny, or Aber- 1545 
 
 geyney. 1548 
 
 1461 Walter Pavy. 1550 
 
 1462 Edward Hannington, or Ha- 
 
 vington. 
 
 1468 Laurence Cocks. 1561 
 
 1469 Dionysius Hogan. 1564 
 1469 Philip Welsh. 1570 
 1484 John Lychfeild. 1571 
 1490 Richard Carpenter. 1575 
 1497 Powtrell. 1580 
 
 1499 Richard or Robert Bond. 1581 
 
 1 500 Christopher Wardall, or Wor- 1 584 
 
 thiall. 1585 
 
 John Lacy. 1586 
 
 J 504 Richard Salter. 1599 
 
 John Lacy. 1609 
 
 1510 William Balborow. 1618 
 
 1514 John Worthiall. 1621 
 
 1 520 John Payne. 1626 
 
 1528 Roger Carew. 1643 
 
 1529 Thomas Barrett. 1646 
 J 529 Henry Wight. c-, 1662 
 
 I i 3 
 
 William Roberts. 
 
 Rowland Merick. 
 
 William Roberts. 
 
 Richard Richardson, 
 
 David Lewes. 
 
 John Gybbons. 
 
 William Aubre,. 
 
 Hugh Powell. 
 
 Thomas Powell, 
 
 John or Thomas Griffith. 
 
 Robert Lougher, or Luffer. 
 
 Richard Bray. 
 
 Felix Lewes. 
 
 Robert Lougher. 
 
 Daniel Dunne. 
 
 Edmund or Edward Price. 
 
 John Estmund, 
 
 Francis Be vans. 
 
 Robert Crane. 
 
 John Ferrar. 
 
 John Budden. 
 
 Charles Twysden. 
 
 Robert Lodington. 
 
 Christopher Rogers. 
 
 Christopher Prior. 
 
 Christopher Rogers, 
 
 John Lamphirc, 
 
[ 486 ] 
 
 1663 William Stone. 
 1684 Thomas Bayley. 
 1709 John Brahourue. 
 1726 John Wigan. 
 1732 De Blosshiers Tovey. 
 
 1745 William Walker. 
 1761 William Blackstone., 
 1766 Robert Chambers. 
 1803 JAMES BLACKSTONE. 
 
 ST. MARY MAGDALEN HALL. 
 
 PRINCIPALS. 
 
 Richard Barnes. 
 1499 Edward Grove. 
 1502 John Stokesley. 
 1505 John Longland. 
 1507 William Azard, or Hazard. 
 1509 Richard Stokes. 
 1511 John Caley. 
 1526 Henry Wystyng, or Whytyng. 
 
 1528 Robert Parkhouse. 
 
 1529 Christopher RookeS. 
 1532 John Burgess. 
 1535 John Green. 
 
 1537 Richard Engest. 
 1541 Simon Parret. 
 1550 John Redman, 
 
 1553 Thomas Coveney. 
 1558 Adrian Hawthorne. 
 1567 Robert Lyster. 
 1602 James Hussee. 
 1605 John Wilkinson. 
 1643 Thomas Read. 
 1646 John Wilkinson. 
 1648 Henry Wilkinson. 
 1662 James Hyde. 
 1681 William Levet. 
 1694 Richard Adams. 
 1716 Digby Cotes. 
 1745 William Denison. 
 1755 William Denison, junior. 
 1786 Matthew Lamb. 
 1788 HENRY FORD. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 , or Habendon, Peter 
 
 de, 7. 
 Abbot, Dr. George, 36, 38, 40, 54, 
 
 56. 
 
 Abdy, Robert, 55. 
 Ackland, Sir John, 67, 70. 
 Achard, Robert, 93, .96. 
 Addisoii, 9.9, 105, 209, 224. 
 Addison, Lancelot, 105. 
 Adams, Fitzherbert, 153. 
 Adams, Dr. 426. 
 Airay, Henry, 102, 449. 
 ALBAN HALL, 48. 
 ALL SOULS COLLEGE, 158. 
 Alfred, King, 23, 250. 
 Alan, or Allen, Cardinal, 87. 
 Alnwick, Bishop of Lincoln, 166. 
 Aldworth, Dr. 220. 
 Aldrich, Dean, 331, 363. 
 Allen, Thomas, 366, 437. 
 Alcorne, Margaret, 432. 
 Anstis, herald, 76, 282. 
 Anne, Queen, 81, 83, 99. 
 Annesley, Samuel, 105. 
 Andrew, Richard, 132, 177, 185. 
 Anderson, Sir Edmund, 155. 
 Anderson, George, 416. 
 Arundel, Richard, Earl of, 85. 
 Arundel, Abp. of Canterbury, 85, 
 
 86. 
 
 Arthur, Prince, 210. 
 Aswardley, Roger de, 38. 
 Ashmole, Elias, 259, 466. 
 Assheton, William, 259- 
 Atkyns, Sir Robert, 60. 
 Aungerville, Bp. of Durham, 49. 
 Audley, Edmund, 146. 
 Aubrey, John, 366. 
 Austin Friars, 404. 
 Austen, Dr. William, 416. 
 Aylesbury, Sir Thomas, 339. 
 
 B. 
 
 BALLIOL COLLEGE, 43. 
 
 Balliol, John de, 43. Edward, 49. 
 
 Balliol Hall, new and old, 47, 317. 
 
 Barrington, Bp. of Durham, 12. 
 
 Bainbridge, Dr. 17, 31. 
 
 Bainbridge, Abp. of York, 93, 102. 
 
 Bancroft, Bp. of Oxford, 38, 40. 
 
 Baltaye. Hafi, 64. 
 
 Bayley, Bp. of Bangor, 74. 
 
 Bay ley, Richard, 384, 388. 
 
 Baley, Dr. 139- 
 
 Baskerville, Sir Simon, 75. 
 
 Barclay, Alexander, 86. 
 
 Barlow, Bp. of Lincoln, 100, 102. 
 
 Banks, Sir John, 105. 
 
 Badger, James, 131. 
 
 Bastard, epigrammatist, 140. 
 
 Baysham, John, 143. 
 
 Bate, Walter, 145. 
 
 Bate, Dr. George, 450. 
 
 Berford Hall, 165. 
 
 Bartlett, Richard, 170. 
 
 Bacon, sculptor, 176. 
 
 Barneston, John, 247. 
 
 Barnes, Bp. of Durham, 257. 
 
 Barnes, Barnaby, 258. 
 
 Barnes, Richard, 378. 
 
 Bachelors' Garden, 270. 
 
 Battoni, Pompeio, 276. 
 
 Barton, Phillip, 332. 
 
 Bathurst, Edward, 355. 
 
 Bathurst, Ralph, 357, 358, 362, 365. 
 
 Bandinell, James, 402. 
 
 Baker, Thomas, 415. 
 
 Baker, David, 427. 
 
 Baker, Sir Richard, 444. 
 
 Berdmore, Dr. Warden of Merton, 
 
 12, 15. 
 
 Beverley, John of, 23. 
 Beverley, Philip of, 30. 
 Bede, the venerable, 23. 
 Beaufort, Henry, Bp. of Winchester, 
 
 31, 100, 103, 144. 
 Beaufort. See Noel. 
 Beaufort, Thomas, Duke of Exeter, 
 
 93. 
 
 Bennet, Sir Simon, 32. 
 Bennet, Christopher, 156. 
 Bennet, Giles, 176. 
 
 j i 4 
 
FNDEX. 
 
 Bell, Bp. of Worcester, 50, 54. 
 Bentley, Thomas, 68. 
 Bemtley, Richard, 253, 416. 
 Bedell Hall, 79. 
 Berrhnan, William, 87. 
 Berriman, John, 449. 
 Bentham, Edward, 87- 
 Beckington, Bishop of Bath and 
 
 Wells, 123, 132, 138, 150. 
 Beconsall, Thomas, 259. 
 Beke's Inn, 270. 
 Benefield, Sebastian, 281. 
 Berchet, Peter, 363. 
 Bernard College, 372 . 
 Bernard, Edward, 389- 
 Belsire, Alexander, 373. 
 Beef Hall, 424. 
 Bickley, Thomas, Bishop of Chi- 
 
 chester, 19. 
 
 Bingham, Rev. Joseph, 41. 
 Bisse, Bp. of Hereford, 131, 139. 
 Bisse, Philip, 412. 
 Bilson, Bp. of Winchester, 138. 
 Binks, James, 245. 
 Birch, Peter, 313. 
 Birkenhea.d, Henry, 366. 
 
 Bishop Samuel, 390. 
 
 Bloxham, John, 18. 
 
 Blandford, Bp. of Oxford, 37, 254. 
 
 Blundell, Peter, 51. 
 Blencowe, Anthony, 82. 
 
 Blackstone, Judge. 176, 179, 189, 
 427, 453. 
 
 Black Hall, 237. 
 
 Blount, Richard, 355. 
 
 Blagrave, John, 389,' 
 
 Blayney, Benjamin, 444. 
 
 Blackmore, Sir Richard, 450. 
 
 BODLEIAN LIBRARY, 456. 
 
 Bodley, Sir Thomas, 7, 16, 458. 
 
 Borlase, Dr. 76, 
 
 Bowles, Oldfield, 100. 
 
 Botte Halli 128. 
 
 Bond, John^ 140. 
 
 Bolton, Robert, 156. 
 
 Bourchier, Bp. of Worcester, 168. 
 
 Boyle, Henry, 174. 
 
 Boyle, Earl of Orrery, 330, 340. 
 
 Bostar Hall, 195, 197. 
 
 Bowyer, Sir William, 208. 
 
 Boulter, Abp. of Armagh, 208, 209. 
 
 Bothe, Archdeacon, 252. 
 
 Bolton, puritan, 259. 
 
 Bostocke, Joan, 306. 
 
 Bolingbroke, Lord, 340. 
 
 Bomvicke, Ambrose, 390. 
 
 Bonner, Bp. of London, 426. 
 
 BRASEN NOSE COLLEGE, 226. Halt, 
 
 25, 28, 236. 
 Brings, Henry, 17,389. 
 Brent, Sir Nathaniel, 19- 
 Bradwardine, Abp. of Canterbury, 
 
 19. 
 
 Browne, John, B. D. 31. 
 Browne, Dr. John, 33, 51. 
 Browne, William, 74. 
 Browne, Sir Thomas, 426. 
 Brown, Bp. of Norwich, 168. 
 Brown, Richard, 332. 
 Broklesby, William, 49. 
 Brookes/Bp. of Gloucester, 57. 
 Bray, Dr. 70. 
 Bredon, Simon de, 70. 
 Brancker, Thomas, 75. 
 Brom, Adam de, 77, 85. 
 Brathwaite, Richard, 87. 
 Bridgman, Sir Francis, 93. 
 Bridjjewater, John, 154. 
 Brett, Richard, 156. 
 Broke, Robert, 170. 
 Brasgirdle, Roger, 252. 
 Brerewood, mathematician, 258. 
 Brid Hall, 330. 
 Broadgates Ifall % 417. 
 Brigham, Nicholas, 444. 
 Bury, Dr. Arthur, 69. 
 Burwesh, Henry, Bp. of Lincoln, 71. 
 Bull, Bp. of St. David's, 74. 
 Butler, Bp. of Durham, 86. 
 Butler, Miss, 208. 
 Butler, Dr. 208, 209. 
 Burton, William, 105. 
 Burton, Robert, 259, 329. 
 Burton, William, 259, 340. 
 Burton, John, 282. 
 Burn, Richard, 106. 
 Buckingham, Bp. of Lincoln, 123* 
 Buketot, John, 144. 
 Burgess, Cornelius, 156. 
 Buckler, Dr. 176, 189. 
 Bullingbam, Bishop of Lincoln, 180\ 
 Busby, Dr. 307. 
 Burnett's Inn, 317. 
 Budgell, Eustace, 340. 
 Bush, Samuel, 413. 
 Budden, John, 418, 437. 
 Buckhurst, Lord, 444. 
 Burdsell, Dr. 454. 
 
 c, 
 
 Carkton, Bp. of Chichester, 
 103, 449. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Carte, historian, 41. 
 
 Cave, Thomas, 49. 
 
 Ccesar's lodgings, 54. 
 
 Caesar, Henry, 55. 
 
 Caesar, Sir Julius, 455. 
 
 Cary, Henry, Lord Falkland, 75. 
 
 Carey, Henry, Earl of Monmouth, 
 
 75. 
 
 Caryll, Joseph, 75. 
 Carpenter, Bp. of Worcester, 79, 
 
 83,85. 
 
 Carter, Prov. of Oriel, 81, 83. 
 Caroline, Queen, 98, 99. 
 Carnarvon, Earl of, 173. 
 Calfoxe, Thomas, 184. 
 Cay, or Key, Dr. 187. 
 Cartwright, Bishop of Chester, 220. 
 Cartwright, William, 327. 
 Cartwright, John, 246. 
 Cawley, Ralph, 234, 254, 256. 
 Caldwell, Dr. 257. 
 Calfhill, Dr. 324. 
 Campbell, Lord Frederic, 332. 
 Canterbury court, 333. 
 Carew, Richard, 338. 
 Carew, Earl of Totness, 426. 
 Camden, antiquary, 338, 426. 
 Casaubon, Meric,*339. 
 Campian, Jesuit, 389. 
 Case, Dr. 389. 
 Cam bye's lodgings, 423. 
 CHRIST CHURCH, 283. 
 Chamber, John, 7, 19. 
 Chambers, Sir Robert, 36, 42, 452. 
 Chambers, Everard, 69. 
 Cheynell, Francis, 21. 
 Chase, Thomas, 55. 
 Charles I. 67, 70, 93, 99, 326, 382, 
 
 422. 
 
 Charles II. 99. 
 Charlotte, Queen, 98, 99- 
 Chardeyne, William, 93. 
 Chamberlayne, Richard, 93. 
 Chamberlayn, William, 143. 
 Chamberlaine, John, 367. Edward, 
 
 450. 
 
 Chimney Hall, 128. 
 Chichele, Abp. of Canterbury, 131, 
 
 158,372. 
 
 Chichele, Robert, 164. 
 Chichele, William, 164. 
 Chandler, Dr. 194. 
 Chaundler, Thomas, 132, 137. 
 Cherleton's Inn, 165. 
 Chandos, Duke of, 173. 
 Cheere, Sir Henry, 178. 
 Cholmeley, Montague, 213. 
 
 Chilmead, critic, 223. 
 
 Churton, Ralph, 225, 226, et pas- 
 
 sim . 
 
 Church, Thomas, 246, 259. 
 Chishul, Edmund, 281. 
 Cheke, Sir John, 304. 
 Chaloner, Robert, 306. 
 Chettle, Thomas, 433. 
 Charleton, Walter, 455. 
 CLARENDON PRINTING-HOUSE, 468. 
 Clarendon, Lord, 455, 469. 
 Clayton, Sir Thomas, 9, 425. 
 Clarke, Samuel, orientalist, 21. 
 CJark, Dr. George, 99, 175, 176, 
 
 179, 183, 184, 248, 331, 432, 435. 
 Cloisters, 136. 
 Clavering, Bishop, of Peterborough, 
 
 154. 
 
 Clitherow, James, 179. 
 Claymond, John, 217, 244, 273, 277. 
 Clyfton, William, 243. 
 Clifford, Bp. of London, 317. 
 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, 261* 
 Colepepper, John Lord, 7. 
 Common Room, first built, 18. 
 Compton, Bp. of London, 53, 103. 
 Coventry, Lord Keeper, 60, 93. 
 Coventry, Henry, 188. 
 Conant, John, 73. 
 Conybeare, Bp. of Bristol, 74. 
 Cooper, Bp. of Winchester, 222. 
 Cooper, A. A. Lord Shaftesbury, 76*. 
 Coxed, Dr. 94. 
 Corregio, 101. 
 Collins, poet, 106, 224. 
 Cook, Henry, artist, 133. 
 Cook, Humphrey, 269. 
 Cookes, Sir Thomas, 430. 
 Corbet, Bp. of Oxford, 153. 
 Codrington, Christ. 175, 177. 
 Cotes, Digby, 177. 
 Colet, Dean, 223. 
 Coles, Elisha, 224. 
 Cole, Dean of Lincoln, 27S. 
 Cole, John, 443. 
 Cox, Richard, 306, 335. 
 Cox, John, 242. 
 Coren, Abp. of Dublin, 257. 
 Corner Hall, 269. 
 Cobb, Richard, 273. 
 Corvus, artist, 274. 
 Colerane, Lord, 276, 282. 
 Cobden, Edward, 367. 
 Coxeter, Thomas, 367. 
 Cordall, Sir William, 374. 
 Costard, George, 416. 
 Coryate, Thomas, 437. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Cressy, Hugh, 21. 
 
 Croke, Sir George, 40. 
 
 Cranmer, Abp. of Canterbury, 57. 
 
 Crisp, Tobias, 60. 
 
 Crackenthorp, Dr. 100. 
 
 Cranke, artist, 101,425. 
 
 Cranley, Abp. of Dublin, 132, 137, 
 
 443. 
 
 Crosby, Thomas, 146. 
 Crewe, Lord, Bp. of Durham, 148, 
 
 151, 152. 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, 211, 215. 
 Crompton, Richard, 258. 
 Crucher, Nicholas, 271. 
 Cracherode, Clayton Mordaunt, 340. 
 Creech, Thomas, 415. 
 urzon, Lord, 250. 
 
 Dunn, Sir Daniel, 188. 
 Durham, William of, 24. 
 Dudley, Rob. Earl of Leicester, 31. 
 Dudley, Dr. Richard, 80. 
 Dunch, Mary, 5 1 . 
 Duck, Dr. Arthur, 75. 
 Duppa, Bp. of Winchester, 186. 
 Durham College, 349. Hall, 28, 
 
 424. 
 
 Duncan, John, 381. 
 Ducarel, Andrew Coltee, 390. 
 Durell, Dr. 427, 442, 443. 
 Dyer, Sir James, 427. 
 Dyke, Thomas, 451. 
 
 E. 
 
 D. 
 
 Davys, Joan, 31. 
 
 Davjes, Sir John, 105. 
 
 Davies, John, 401. 
 
 Davis, John, 156. 
 
 Davenport, Sir Humphrey, 60. 
 
 Davenant, Dr. Charles, 61. 
 
 Davenant, Sir Wm. 156. 
 
 Dahl, artist, 83. 
 
 Dawes, Sir Wm. Abp. of York, 101, 
 
 Dalton, Dr. John, 106. 
 
 Dagvyle, William, 146. 
 
 Dagvylc's Inn, 146. 
 
 Darby, Edward, 146, 243. 
 
 Danvers, John, 184. 
 
 Day, Thomas, 282. 
 
 Daniel, poet, 455. 
 
 Danby, Earl, 472. 
 
 Devereux, Rob. Earl of Essex, 21. 
 
 Dervorgille, Lady, 43. 
 
 Deep Hall, 143. 
 
 Denham, John, 147. 
 
 Desaguliers, philosopher, 340. 
 
 Dickinson, Dr. Edmund, 21. 
 
 Digges, family of, 40. 
 
 Digby, John, Earl of Bristol, 223. 
 
 Digby, Sir Kenelm, 437. 
 
 Dillenius, J. James, 390. 
 
 Dolce, Carlo, 38. 
 
 Douglas, Bp. of Salisbury, 59. 
 
 Doddridge, Sir John, 75. 
 
 Dolben, Sir William, 312. 
 
 Donne, Dr. 444. 
 
 Drusius, 21. 
 
 Drowda Hall, 28. 
 
 Druell, John, 165. 
 
 Duns, John, or Duns Scotu?, 20. 
 
 Earle, Bp. of Salisbury, 17. 
 Eaton, Sarah, 433. 
 EDMUND HALL, 448. 
 Edmund (Little] Hall, 237, 253. 
 Edward II. 77. 
 Edward III. 78, 92, 99. 
 Edward IV. 92, 99, 168, 193, 209. 
 Edgeworth, Roger, 80, 86. 
 Edmonds, Sir Clement, 188. 
 Edwards, Clement, 271. 
 Edwards, Richard, 281, 324. 
 Edwards, Jonathan, 398- 
 Eglesfeld, Robert, 88. 
 Eglesfeld, Thomas, 91. 
 Eglesfeld, Gawin, 91. 
 Eglesfeld, George, 91. 
 Eggington, glass-painter, 184, 213. 
 Egerton, Lord Chancellor, 259. 
 Elstob, William, 41. 
 Elizabeth, Queen, 99, 324. 
 Elton, John, 243. 
 Ellison, Cuthbert, 273. 
 Erigena, John Scotus, 250. 
 Erasmus, 253. 
 Erdeswick, Sampson, 259. 
 Estcourt, Thomas, 381. 
 Evelyn, John, 60. 
 EXETER COLLEGE, 62. 
 
 F. 
 
 Farnaby, 21. 
 Fastolff, Sir John, 199. 
 Fairfax, General, 211. 
 Farner, Anthony, 219. 
 Fanshaw, Althea, 363. 
 Farriiigdon, Anthony, 366. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Felton, Sir Wm. 48. 
 
 Felton, Henry, 450. 
 
 Fettiplace, Wm.93. 
 
 Featly, Daniel, 281. 
 
 Fell, Bp. of Oxford, 307, 319, 320. 
 
 Fell, Dr. Samuel, 319. 
 
 Fitz-James, Richard, 8, 10, 18. 
 
 Fisher, Alexander, 14. 
 
 Fisher, ot'Balliol, 55. 
 
 Fisher, Henry, 245. 
 
 Fitzherbert, family of, 75. 
 
 Fiennes, Lord Say and Sele, 140. 
 
 Finderne, Wm. 144. 
 
 Finderne, Sir Wm. 147. 
 
 Fitz-alan, Earl of Arundel, 200. 
 
 Field, Dr. 223. 
 
 Fiddes, Richard, 281. 
 
 Flaxman, sculptor, 38. 
 
 Hemming; Bp. of Lincoln, 39, 141. 
 
 Fleming, Robert, 155. 
 
 Flavel, nonconformist, 41. 
 
 Fletcher, Alderman, 58, 100, 314. 
 
 Floyer, Sir John, 100, 105. 
 
 Fleshmonger, Dr. 123. 
 
 Fox, Bp. of Winchester, 50, 261. 
 
 Fox, John, 223, 258. 
 
 Fox, Charles James, 444. 
 
 Fortescue, Sir John, 74. 
 
 Foster, Sir Michael, 76. 
 
 Forster, Nathaniel, 282. 
 
 Forest, John, 144, 151, 152. 
 
 Foulis, Henry, 156. 
 
 Forman, John, 199. 
 
 Fowler, Bp. of Gloucester, 280. 
 
 Fowler, printer, 139. 
 
 Fountaine, Andrew, 339. 
 
 Freyston, John, 31. 
 
 Franke, John, 79. 
 
 Frankland, Mrs. Joyce, 147, 243, 
 
 245. 
 
 Freeman, Ralph, 179, 200, 209. 
 Freman, Wm. 215. 
 Frewen, Abp. of York, 222. 
 Frost, Win. 270, 273. 
 Freind, John, 321, 339. 
 Frewen, Richard, 339. 
 Fuller, printer, 214,414. 
 Fuller, Nicholas, 444. 
 Fynney, Dr. James, 432. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gaunt, John of, 180. 
 Gale, Theophilus, 223, 45S. 
 Gale, Robert, 273. 
 Gardiner, Richard, 307. 
 
 Gardiner, Bp. of Winchester, 356. 
 Germayne, Ralph, 65. 
 Gellibrand, mathematician, 366. 
 Giles, Henry, glass-painter, 37. 
 Gibbons, Griulin, 38, 363. 
 Gibson, Bp. of London, 100, 108. 
 Gilpin, Bernard, 105. 
 Gilpin, Wm. 105. 
 Gifford, Bonaventure, 221. 
 Gil!, schoolmaster, 281, 366. 
 Gibbs, architect, 470. 
 Glanville, Joseph, 75. 
 Glazen Hall, 154. 
 Glass Hall, 237. 
 Gloucester Hall, 428. 
 Goodwyn, Dr. Wm. Dean of Ch.Ch, 
 
 17. 
 
 Godwyn, Thomas, 223. 
 Goodwin, Thomas, 218, 455. 
 Goulston, Dr. 21. 
 Gotham, William de, 47. 
 Goring 1 , George, 93. 
 Godolphin, Lord, 98. 
 Godolphin, Henry, 173. 
 Godolphin, Sir Wm. 412. 
 Godknave Hall, 165. 
 Goldwell, Bp. of Norwich, 169, 177, 
 
 182, 184, 186. 
 Goodridge, John, 408. 
 Gower, Provost, 433. 
 Grimoald, poet, 21. 
 Greenwood, Rev. Charles, 32, 34. 
 Greenwood, Daniel, 256. 
 Griffith, Dr. Master of Univ. Coll. 
 
 34, 36, 38. 
 
 Grey, Bp. of Ely, 55, 56. 
 Grey, Richard, 157. 
 Grey, Nicholas, 339. 
 Gregory, Dr. David, 61. 
 Gregory, David, 323. 
 Gregory, John, 339. 
 Grenfield, Richard, 65. 
 Grandison, Bp. of Exeter, 70. 
 Grocyn, 74, 139, 210. 
 Grindal, Abp. of Canterbury, &3. 
 Grevile, Dodington, 174, 183. 
 Greenway, Thomas, 278. 
 Greaves, Thomas, 281. 
 Graves, Richard, 427. 
 Grabe, Dr. 450. 
 Gunsley, Rob. 32. 
 Guyse,'Wm. 100. 
 Guise, General, 332. 
 Gunning, Bp. of Ely, 13. 
 Guercino, artist; 20*9. 
 Guido, artist, 276. 
 Gunter, Edmund, 32$, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Guildford, Earl of, 359, 366, 
 Gwyrme, Dr. Matthew, 132, 325. 
 Gwynne, Thomas, 170. 
 
 H, 
 
 Harvey, Dr. William, If). 
 Hamsterly, Ralph, 34. 
 Hartipoll, Hugh de, 45. 
 Harrope, or Harrowe, Thomas, 50. 
 Hammond, William, 50. 
 Hammond Hall, 5 1 . 
 Hall, Ur. John, 425, 426. 
 Hall, Bp. of Chester, 70. 
 Hakewill, George, 72, 73. 
 Hayman, Robert, 75. 
 Hamilton, James Duke of, 75. 
 Harvey, Gideon, 76. 
 Hals, Provost of Oriel, 85. 
 Handlo, John, 93, 96. 
 Hay, Lord, 93. 
 
 Hastings, Lady Elizabeth, 93, 99. 
 Hawkesmoor, architect, 98, 174, 
 
 176. 
 
 Halton, Prov. of Queen's, 100, 102. 
 Halley, Edmund, 105. 
 Hardyng, Clement, 123. 
 Hammer Hall, 126, 128. 
 Harding, Thomas, 139- 
 Harpesfield, Nicholas, 139. 
 Hayne, Thomas, 147, 156. 
 Hampton Hall, 150. 
 Hawk Hall, 154. 
 Hare Hall, 195. 
 Hammond, Dr. 209, 223. 
 Haddon, Walter, 217. 
 Hampdcn, John, 223. 
 Harman, Greek Professor, 224. 
 Haberdashery' Halt, 237, 253. 
 Harper, Richard, 247, 252. 
 Hawarden, John, 255. 
 Hale, Sir Matthew, 455. 
 Hales, the ever-memorable, 281. 
 Hackluyt, Richard and Oliver, 338. 
 Hannes, Sir Edward, 339. 
 Hatfield, Bp. of Durham, 350, 360. 
 Harris, Robert, 365. 
 Harris, James,. 4 16. 
 Hawes, William, 365. 
 Hnndlove, Sir John, 405. 
 Hawkins, Poetry Professor, 426. 
 Hatton, Sir Christopher, 452. 
 HERTFORD COLLEGE, 438. Hall, 
 
 64, 438. 
 
 Jli-ywood, Jasper, 21. 
 Heurv IV. 30. 
 
 Henry V. 99, 100, 104. 
 
 Henry VI. 165, 166, 180, 191, 196. 
 
 Henry VII. 206. 
 
 Henry VI 1 1. 305, 324. 
 
 Henry, Prince of Wales, 209, 211. 
 
 Heylin, Peter, 223. 
 
 Heyrick, Robert, poet, 187. 
 
 Heete, Robert, 132. 
 
 Herbert, Lord, of Cherbury, 40. 
 
 Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, 140. 
 
 Herbert, Sir Edward, 140. 
 
 Herbert, Sir Thomas, 401. 
 
 \Hervey, James, 157. 
 
 Hegge, Robert, 274. 
 
 Heajrne, Thomas, 450. 
 
 Heath, James, 339. 
 
 Henderson, John, 426. 
 
 Higgons, Bevil, 390. 
 
 Higgons, Sir Thomas, 447. 
 
 Hickes, Dr. 156, 455. 
 
 Higgins, Dr. 7. 
 
 Higgs, Griffin, 7, 369. 
 
 Higden, John, 217,302, 303, 335. 
 
 Higden, Ralph, 24. 
 
 Hill, Samuel, 67. 
 
 Hill, Richard, 174. 
 
 Hilton, Edward, 93. 
 
 Hooper, Bishop of Gloucester, 20, 
 
 447. 
 
 Holland, Hugh, 60. 
 Holland, Thomas, 60, 72. 
 Hole, poet, 76. 
 Hodges, Dr. Walter, 85. 
 Holt, Thomas, architect, 411. 
 Holt, Sir John, 87. 
 Hotham, John de, 93. 
 Holmes, Dr. 93. 
 Holmes, Dr. Robert, 140. 
 Holmes, Dr. William, 377. 
 Holyoake, Dr. 105. 
 Hough, Daniel, 151. 
 Hough, Bp. of Worcester, 208, 209, 
 
 219, 222,363. 
 Hopton, Arthur, 156. 
 Honeywood, Robert, 170. 
 Hoveden, Robert, 184, 185* 
 Horley, John, 195. 
 Holdsworth, Edward, 207. 
 Home, Bp. of Norwich, 222. 
 Hopkins, Bp. of Derry, 222. 
 Howard, Sir Robert, 224. 
 Holdsworth, poet, 224. 
 Horbery, Matthew, 224. 
 Horneck, Anthony, 105. 
 Holden, Thomas, 253. 
 Hooker, Richard, 28 1. 
 Holtbrd, Lady, 307, 42?, 433. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Holyday, Barton, 326. 
 
 Hook* Robert, 339. 
 
 Hoton, Richard de, 349- 
 
 Home, Bp. of Winchester, 362. 
 
 How, William, 389. 
 
 Howell, James,401. 
 
 Hody, Humphrey, 408. 
 
 Hokenorton, Thomas, 456. 
 
 Huntingdon, Bp. of Raphoe, 20. 
 
 Hunt, 6th o, 31. 
 
 Huddesford, George, 365. 
 
 Hudson, Dr. John, 40. 
 
 Hudson, artist, 83. 
 
 Hudson, John, 105. 
 
 Hudson, John, 451. 
 
 Hunsingore, Richard de, 47. 
 
 Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 59, 
 
 457. 
 
 Humphrey, Laurence Dr. 202, 217. 
 Hutchinson, historian, 61. 
 Hutchinson, Thomas, 444. 
 Hungerford, Lady Mary, 93. 
 Hutchins, Sir George, 149. 
 Hutchins, Richard, 149. 
 Hutchins, Edward, 361. 
 Hulme, William, 246. 
 Hunt, Thomas, 444. 
 Hyndmer, Edward, 360. 
 Hyde, Thomas, 105. 
 Hygden, Brian, 243, 417. 
 
 Jackson, Rev. Henry, 8. 
 
 Jackson, Dr. Thomas, 279. 
 
 Jackson, Dr. Cyril, 335. 
 
 James 1.211,325. 
 
 James, Dr. Robert, 390. 
 
 James, Thomas, 140. 
 
 Jackman, John, 80. 
 
 Jane, Bishop of Norwich, 123. 
 
 I ago, poet, 42. 
 
 JESUS COLLEGE, 391. 
 
 Jessop, Dr. Thomas, 7, 20, 280. 
 
 Jewell, Bp. of Salisbury, 19,333. 
 
 Jenner, Baron, 220. 
 
 Jenkins, Sir Leoline, 395, 397, 398, 
 
 400. David, 450. 
 Inge Hall, 185. 
 Ingledew, John, 199. 
 Ince, Richard, 340. 
 Infirmary, public, 47 J 
 Johnson, Dr. Samuel, 36, 427- 
 Johnson, Christopher, 139. 
 Jones, Anthony, 179. 
 Jones, Sir William, 36, 38, 42, 450. 
 Jones, Iniffo, 325, 379, 472. 
 
 Mip, Abp. of Canterbury, 19, 333. 
 
 I sham, Sir Edmund, 209. 
 
 Juxon, Abp. of Canterbury, 376,388. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kay, Mr. 433. 
 Kennicot, Dr. 76, 416. 
 Kettlewell, John, 156, 450. 
 Keyes, Roger, 165. 
 Keble, Joseph, 187. 
 Key. See Cay. 
 
 Kenn, Bp. of Bath and Wells, 139. 
 Kennet, Basil, 279- White, 449, 450. 
 Kettel, Dr. 357, 364. 
 King, Dr. William, 61,451. 
 King, Bp. of Oxford, 305, 306. 
 Kingsmill, Andrew, 187. 
 Kingsmill, Thomas, 324. 
 Kilbye, Dr. 72, 151, 154. 
 Kirkby, John, 93. 
 Knibb, Dr. 208. 
 Knollis, Sir Francis, 223. 
 
 Langley, Bp. of Durham, 39. 
 Langbaine, Gerard, 40, 102. 
 Lambert, William, 55. 
 Langlande, Robert, 86. 
 Lancaster, Dr. William, 97, 98, 99, 
 Langton, Dr. Robert, 101. 
 Langton, Thomas, Bp. of Salisbury, 
 
 102. 
 Lake, Bp. of Bath and Wells, 124, 
 
 131, 132, 138. 
 
 Lavington, Bp. of Exeter, 139. 
 Langham, Abp. of Canterbury, 333. 
 Laud, Abp. of Canterbury, 376,379 5 
 
 381,382,384,386. 
 Lamplugh, Abp. of York, 447. 
 Lenthal, William, 447. 
 Lee, Abp. of York, 222. 
 Lee, Matthew, 321, 329, 340. 
 Ley, Sir James, 259- 
 Leigh, Edward, 455. 
 Leigh, Dr. Theophilus, 58. 
 Leigh, Edward, Lord Leigh, 84. 
 Leigh, Hon. Mrs. 84. 
 Leche, James, 7. 
 Leding Park Hall, 64, 270. 
 Lewis, John, 76. 
 Leland, 176, 187,304. 
 Lefroy, Anthony, 180. 
 Leycester, Sir Peter, 259. 
 
LN 7 DEX. 
 
 Leybourne, Robert, 340. 
 
 Lever, Sir Ashton, 282. 
 
 Lely, Sir Peter, 311. 
 
 LINCOLN COLLEGE, 141. 
 
 Libraries, when founded, and par- 
 ticulars concerning, 11, 36, 133, 
 251,456. 
 
 Linge, Abraham Van, 37, 313. 
 
 Linge, Bernard Van, 57, 101, 413. 
 
 Linacre, 176, 186,223. 
 
 Lily, grammarian, 223. 
 
 Lily, dramatic poet, 223. 
 
 Littleton, Adam, 339. 
 
 Lisle, Samuel, 408. 
 
 Lloyd, Sir Nathaniel, 151, 173, 175, 
 179, 189,398. 
 
 Lloyd, Humphrey, 258. 
 
 Lloyd, Edward, 402. 
 
 Lloyd, Bp. of Worcester, 401. 
 
 Llewellyn, Martin, 339. 
 
 London College ,317. 
 
 London, John, 137, 305. 
 
 Longspee, Ella, Countess of War- 
 wick, 6. 
 
 Loftus, Dr. Dudley, 40. 
 
 Lowth, Bp. of London, 139. 
 
 Lowth, William, 389. 
 
 Long, Dr. 176. 
 
 Longland, Bp. of Lincoln, 222, 252, 
 318. 
 
 Locke, John, 333, 339. 
 
 Lower, Richard, 339. 
 
 Loder, John, 435, 449. 
 
 Lovegrove, artist, 183. 
 
 Lovelace, Richard, 437. 
 
 Ludlow Hall, 29. 
 
 Ludlow, Edward, 366. 
 
 Ludwell, Elizabeth, 81. 
 
 Lupset, Thomas, 271. 
 
 Lucas, Richard, 402. 
 
 Lucy, Dr. William, 454. 
 
 Lydall, Dr. Warden of Merton, 15. 
 
 Lyttelton, Sir Thomas, 213. 
 
 Lyttelton, Bp. of Carlisle, 40. 
 
 Lyhert, Provost of Oriel, 85. 
 
 Lydiat, Thomas, 140. 
 
 Lynd, Sir Humphrey, 338. 
 
 Lye, Edward, 444. 
 
 II. 
 
 MAGDALEN COLLEGE, 190. 
 Maldon, College at, 5. 
 Matthew, Dr. Tobie, 40. 
 Matthew, Abp. of York, 386. 
 Mary's Hall, 46. 
 Mander, Dr. 53. 
 
 Mason, Sir John, 66, 177. 187. 
 
 Mason, Henry, 252. 
 
 Maynard, Sir John, 67. 
 
 Maundrell, traveller, 76. 
 
 Mather, Dr. 94. 
 
 Margaret, Queen of Scotland, 99 
 
 Mary, Queen of Scots, 99. 
 
 MaryolHall,l2%. 
 
 Mayden Hall, 128, 330. 
 
 Martin, Sir Henry, 140. 
 
 Martin, Gregory, 389. 
 
 Manwood, Sir Roger, 147. 
 
 Marshall, Thomas, 149, 151, 154. 
 
 Manciples, 176. 
 
 Mallard of All Souls, 189. 
 
 Mayew, Richard, 205, 217. 
 
 Martyr, Peter, 315. 
 
 Man, Daniel, 339. 
 
 Marsham, Sir John, 389- 
 
 Mansell, Francis, 395, 397. 
 
 Mayow, Dr. J. 416. 
 
 Marsh, Abp. of Armagh, 70, 447- 
 
 Massinger, poet, 447. 
 
 MERTON COLLEGE, 1. 
 
 Merton, William de, 1. 
 
 Menyle, William de, 45. 
 
 Mew's, Sir Peter, 174. 
 
 Mengs, artist, 183. 
 
 Mennis, Sir John, 281. 
 
 Merchant Taylors' school, 375, 391. 
 
 Merrick, Edward, 396. 
 
 Meoke, John, 454. 
 
 Michel, John, 94, 98, 99, 100. 
 
 Milward, John, 245. 
 
 Milles, Jeremiah, 282. 
 
 Mignet, or Mine Hall, 423. 
 
 Mill, John, 105, 450. 
 
 Morton, Abp. of Canterbury, 59. 
 
 More, Sir George, 74. 
 
 Montague, Duke of, 98. 
 
 Mowbray, George, 100. 
 
 Mores, Rowe, 101, 106, 189. 
 
 Morris, Dr. 177, 329. 
 
 Moralez, artist, 215. 
 
 Mordaunt, John Lord, 245. 
 
 Morwent, Robert, 273, 277. 
 
 Morwen, John, 280,281. 
 
 Modius, Marcus, 332. 
 
 More, Sir Thomas, 334, 452. 
 
 Monro, Dr. John, 390. 
 
 Morley, Bp. of Winchester, 422. 
 
 Morley, Elizabeth, 242. 
 
 Moore, Abp. of Canterbury, 426. 
 
 Morant, Philip, 427. 
 
 MUSEUM, 466. 
 
 Musgrave, William. 140. 
 
 Musson, John, 147. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Muschamp, Prov. of Queen's, 101, 
 Mulcaster, Richard, 338. 
 Mylys, Nich. 93. 
 Mylling, Thomas, 124. 
 
 N. 
 
 Napier, Edward, 170. 
 
 NEW COLLEGE, 107. chambers* 423, 
 
 424. 
 
 NEW INN HALL, 452. 
 Newdigate, Sir Roger, 35. 
 Neale/Thomas, 139. 
 Needhara, Marchmont, 187, 452. 
 NevilVs Inn, 270. 
 Newcome, Abp. of Armagh, 426, 
 
 444. 
 
 Newton, Dr. Richard, 439. 
 Newton, John, 450. 
 
 Nicholson, Bp. of Londonderry, 103. 
 
 Nicholson, Bp. of Gloucester, 222. 
 
 Nicholson, Otho, 329. 
 
 Niblet, Stephen, 171. 
 
 Nightingale Hall, 195. 
 
 Nichols, Win. 455. 
 
 Noy, Sir William, 75. 
 
 Norris, John, 76, 188. 
 
 Norris, John, Esq. 200, 208. 
 
 Noel, Charles, Duke of Beaufort, 
 81,83. 
 
 Nowell, Dean, 245, 255. 
 
 Nowell, Robert, 257. 
 
 Nowell, Laurence, 257. 
 
 Nowell, Dr. 451. 
 
 Norfolk, J. 177. 
 
 Nunne Hall, 269. 
 
 O. 
 
 OBSERVATORY, 471. 
 
 Occam, 21. 
 
 Ogle, Humphrey, 245. 
 
 Oliver, Bp. of Lincoln, 47. 
 
 Oliver, Dr. John, 219, 335. 
 
 Oliver, Isaac, 314. 
 
 Oldham, Hugh, Bp. of Exeter, 269, 
 
 272. 
 
 Oldham, John, 450. 
 Onslow, Arthur, 416. 
 ORIEL COLLEGE, 77. 
 Oriole, la, 78, 82. 
 Orchyarde, Wm. 201. 
 Organist, office of, 354. 
 Oseney Abbey, 305. 
 Ossulston, John Lord, 422. 
 
 Overbury, Sir Thomas, 105. 
 Overy, Thomas, 184. 
 Owen, Dr. George, 21, 350, 447. 
 Owen, epigrammatist, 140, 
 Owen, Dr. John, 336. 
 Owen, Henry, 402. 
 
 P. 
 
 Parkhurst, one of the translators of 
 
 the Bible, 20- 
 Parsons, the Jesuit, 56, 60. 
 Parsons, Arthur, 273. 
 Parvyng, Lady, 93, 96. 
 Parker, Henry, 129. 
 Parker, Bp. of Oxford, 220. 
 Palmer, Thomas, 174. 
 Parret, Simon, 200. 
 Palyn, George, 245. 
 Pace, Richard, 271. 
 Pate, Richard, 273. 
 Paulet, Sir Hugh, 347, 353, 354. 
 Paddy, Sir Wm. 377. 
 PEMBROKE COLLEGE, 417. 
 Pembroke, Earl of, 421 . 
 Percy, Henry, Earl of Northumber- 
 land, 30. 
 
 Periam, Lady Eliz. 51. 
 Periam, Sir John, 68, 70. 
 Petre, Sir Wm. 65, 70, 170, 187. 
 Peters, artist, 70. 
 Perrot, Charles, 85. 
 Perot, Simon, 200. 
 
 Peckitt, glass-painter, 85. 
 
 Pecock, Reynold, 86, 193. 
 
 Penwortham, Henry, 177. 
 
 Pencrych Hall, 195. 
 
 Petty, Sir Wm. 259. 
 
 Peckwater Court, 330. 
 
 Penn, Governor, 339. 
 
 Penrose, Mr. 359. 
 
 PHYSIC GARDEN, 472. 
 
 Phillips, Morgan, 86. 
 
 Phillips, Sir John, 422. 
 
 Phillips, Edward, 455. 
 
 Philippa, Queen, 88, 99. 
 
 Philpot, civilian and martyr, 139- 
 
 Pierrepoint, Earl of Kingston, 83. 
 
 Pinke, Robert, 124, 132. 
 
 Pits, biographer, 139- 
 
 Pitt, Christopher, 140. 
 
 Plumbers' Hall, 393. 
 
 Plymley, Joseph, 425, 
 
 Plot, Robert, 455. 
 
 Portionistfe f or Postmasters ofMer- 
 ton, 7 
 
 Pocklington, John, 38. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Potter, Abp. of Canterbury, 40, 41, 
 
 loo. 
 
 Potter, Bp. of Carlisle, 102. 
 Potter, Dean of Durham, 102. 
 Popham, Sir John, 60. 
 Poulett, John, Marq. of Winches- 
 ter, 75. 
 
 Pole, Cardinal, 170, 222, 280, 351. 
 Pole, David, 170, 177. 
 , Pouncet, Wui. 170. 
 Portman, Sir Win. 182. 
 Portraan, Henry, 183. 
 Port, John, 242", 247. 
 Porter, Wm. 243. 
 Pococke, Richard, 281, 455. 
 Pope, Sir Thomas, 341. 
 Powell, Griffith, 397. 
 Powell, David, 401. 
 Price, glass- painter, 14, 101, 214, 
 
 313. 
 Price, John, critic, 339. Librarian, 
 
 464. 
 
 Price, Hugh, 39 1. 
 Prideaux, Bp. of Worcester, 70, 72, 
 
 73. 
 
 Prynne, Wm. 87. 
 Prince, John, 259. 
 Prichard, Rees, 401. 
 Pratt, Lord Chief Justice, 416. 
 Pullaine, poet, 139. 
 Pulton, Ferdinand, 258. 
 
 QUEEN'S COLLEGE, 88. 
 
 R. 
 
 RADCLIFFE LIBRARY, 469. 
 Radcliffe, Dr. John, 33, 34, 35, 38, 
 
 39,41,320,469. 
 Radcliffe, Samuel, 245, 250, 254. 
 Radcliffe, Ralph, 258. 
 Radcliffe, Anthony, 331. 
 Radnor, Lord, 36, 131. 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 87. 
 Rawlinson, Christopher, 105. 
 Rawlinson, Richard, 377, 381, 385, 
 
 441. 
 
 Rawlinson, John, 448. 
 Rawlins, Christopher, 124. 
 Rainolds, Dr. John, 278. 
 Randolph, Thomas, 279. 
 Randolph, Bp. of London, 280. 
 Rands, Richard, 361. 
 
 Rede, Wm. Bp. of Chichester, 7, 10, 
 13, 132. 
 
 Reed, Richard, 246. 
 
 Read, Sir Richard, 132. 
 
 Reynolds, Bp. of Norwich, 19. 
 
 Replyngham, Robert de, 30. 
 
 Recorde, physician, 187. 
 
 Reeks, Wm. 203. 
 
 Redman, Dr. 281. 
 
 Repingdon, Bp. of Lincoln, 426, 
 
 Ridley, Bp. and martyr, 40. 
 
 Richa'rds, Dr. 70. 
 
 Richards, Thomas, 71. 
 
 Richard III. 210. 
 
 Richardson, Rowland, 93. 
 
 Richardson, John, 416. 
 
 Rigge, Edward, 93. 
 
 Ridley, Gloster, 140. 
 
 Ridley, James, 140. 
 
 Rider, Bp. of Killaloe, 401. 
 
 Rodburne, Thomas, Bp. of St. Da- 
 vid's, 9, 13, 16, 18. 
 
 Rooke, Mr. Justice. 12. 
 
 Rose Hall, 29. 
 
 Ross, of Warwick, 60. 
 
 Rowney, Thomas, 68, 208. 
 
 Rolle, Lord Chief Justice, 75. 
 
 Robinson, Bp. of London, 81, 83. 
 
 Robinson, Bp. of Carlisle, 102. 
 
 Robinson, Lord Rokeby, 334. 
 
 Robertson, grammarian, 223. 
 
 Robson, James, 101. 
 
 Rotheram, Bp. of Lincoln, 144, 150, 
 
 Rotheram, Sir Thomas, 150. 
 
 Roper, John, 223. 
 
 Roe, Thomas, 223. 
 
 Royal Society , origin of, 415. 
 
 Rochester, Wilmot, Earl of, 415. 
 
 Rouse, Francis, 422. 
 
 Rogers, Rev. Wm. 442. 
 
 Rogers, Christopher, 452. 
 
 Russel, Francis, Earl of Bedford, 31. 
 
 Russel, Bp. of Lincoln, 132, 133 
 
 138. 
 
 Rupert, Prince, 209. 
 Rubens, artist, 277. 
 Rustat, Tobias, 377. 
 Ryves, George, 124. 
 Ryves, Sir Thomas, 140. 
 Ryves, Dr. Bruno, 140. 
 Rysbrach, statuary, 328. 
 
 S. 
 
 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, 368. 
 ST.ALBAN'^HALL, 446. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 ST. MARY MAGDALEN HALL, 453. 
 
 ST. MARY'S CHURCH, 473. 
 
 ST. MARY'S HALL, 450. 
 
 St. Amand, James, 152. 
 
 St. Stephen's Hall, 64. 
 
 St. Thomas's Hall, 165. 
 
 St. Mary entry, 237. 
 
 St. Mary College, 253. 
 
 St. Frideswiae's Priory, 309. 
 
 St. James's Hall, 424. 
 
 St. Michael's Hall, 424. 
 
 St. John Baptist Hall, 429. 
 
 St. John's Hospital, 195. 
 
 Salisbury Hall, 237. 
 
 Savile, Sir John, 258. 
 
 Savile, Sir Henry, 17, 19. 
 
 Savage, Dr. Henry, 58. 
 
 Sandford, Joseph, 7 1 . 
 
 Saunders, Nicholas, 139. 
 
 Sanderson, Bp.of Lincoln, 151, 154. 
 
 Sanford, John, 171. 
 
 Sacheverell, Dr. 209, 224. 
 
 Sampson, Dean of Ch. Ch. 218. 
 
 St. Paul, Sir George, 273. 
 
 Sandys, Sir Edward, 281. 
 
 Sandys, George, 452. 
 
 SCHOOLS, 456. 
 
 Scot, Sir William, 36. 
 
 Scott, Dr. 453. 
 
 Scot Hall, 64. 
 
 Scroggs, Sir William, 87. 
 
 Schilde Hall, 128. 
 
 Schwarts, Christopher, 213. 
 
 Sedley, Sir Charles, 416. 
 
 Sedley, Sir John, 7. 
 
 Sever, Henry, 8, 10, 18. 
 
 Selverne Hall, 28. 
 
 Sever, William, Bp. of Carlisle, 50. 
 
 Seeker, Abp. of Canterbury, 74. 
 
 Senhouse, Humphrey, 88, 89. 
 
 Seed, Jeremiah, 105. 
 
 Segrim-Hall, 417. 
 
 Segreve Hall, 417. 
 
 Selden, John, 444. 
 
 Shirewood, or Sherwood, Bishop of 
 
 Durham, 39. 
 
 Shiers, Lady Elizabeth, 67, 70. 
 Short, Samuel, 85. 
 Shippen, Dr. 94, 255. 
 Shaw, Dr. Thomas, 105, 449. 
 Shirebourne, Bp. of Chichester, 123, 
 
 138. 
 Sheldon, Abp. of Canterbury, 185/ 
 
 186, 464. 
 
 Sherley, Sir Anthony, 187. 
 Shepreve, John, 281. 
 Sharpe, William, 340. 
 
 Sherard, William, 390, 473, 
 Shenstone, William, 427. 
 Simmonds, Richard, 100. 
 Sidney, Sir Henry, 139. 
 Skip, John, Esq. 15. 
 Skirlaw, Walter, 30, 39. 
 Skeltone, Philip de, 65. 
 Slickbury, Richard, 44. 
 Slythurste, Thomas, 364. 
 Smalbroke, Bishop of Lichfield and 
 
 Coventry, 222. 
 Smith, Dr. Richard, 21. 
 Smith, William, 41. 
 Smith, James Clutterbuck, 84. 
 Smith, Dr. Joseph, 95, 99, 102. 
 Smith, Dr. Thomas, 105. 
 Smith, William, 140. 
 Smith, Dr. Thomas, 224. 
 Smith, Bp.of Gloucester, 257. 
 Smyth, Matthew, 255. 
 Smyth, Phil. 331. 
 
 Smyth, Bp. of Lincoln, 80, 146, 226. 
 Smyth, John, 123, 147. 
 Snell, John, 52. 
 Snetzler, artist, 381. 
 Somervyle, Sir Philip, 48. 
 Somerville, William, 140. 
 Southam, John, 144; 
 Somerset, Sarah, Duchess of So- 
 merset, 246. 
 
 Southern, poet, 427. 
 
 Spicer's Hall, 28. 
 
 Sparrow Hall, 51. 
 
 Spalding Court, 128. 
 
 Spence, Joseph, 140. 
 
 Spelman, Sir John, 258. 
 
 Sparke, Thomas, 339. 
 
 Sprot, Edward, 376. 
 
 Steele, Sir Richard, 22. 
 
 Stanyhurst, Richard, 40. 
 
 Stubbs, Dr. Laurence, 57. 
 
 Stapledon, Bp. of Exeter, 62, 438. 
 
 Stapledon, Sir Richard, 63. 
 
 Stapleton, Thomas, 139. 
 
 Stafford, Bp. of Exeter, 65. 
 
 Stanford, Sir John, 93. 
 
 Stanhope, Edwin Francis, 100. 
 
 Stanbridge, grammarian, 139. 
 
 Steuart, Hon. William, 173. 
 
 Stoakes, John, 177. 
 
 Streater, artist, 182. 
 
 Steward, Richard, 188. 
 
 Stone, sculptor, 213. 
 
 Staple Hall, 237. 
 
 Stephens, Jeremiah, 258. 
 
 Stradling, Sir John, 258. 
 
 Stinton, Dr. 70. 
 
 K k 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Staunton, Edmund, 279- 
 Strode, Public Orator, 327. 
 Stubbe, Henry, 339. 
 Stanyan, Temple, 339. 
 Story, John, 417. 
 Stafford, Juliana, 422. 
 Sudbury, Simon of, 50. 
 Sutton, Richard, 234. 
 Sydenham, Dr. 188, 445. 
 Sydenham, Floyer, 416. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tanner, Bp. of St. Asapb, 103. 
 
 Talbot, antiquary, 139. 
 
 Taylor, John, 210. 
 
 Taylor, Bp. of Down and Connor, 
 
 186. 
 
 Talbot, Lord Chancellor, 188. 
 Temple Hall, 90. 
 Tesdale, Thomas, 41 8. 
 THEATRE, 464. 
 Thwaites, Robert, 55. 
 Thwaites, Edward, 105. 
 Thomas, Edmund, 100. 
 Thornhill, Sir James, 101, 175, 183, 
 
 313. 
 
 Thurston, William, 307. 
 Thelwall, Sir Eubule, 393, 397, 400. 
 Thomlinson, Robert, 448. 
 Tiptoft, John, Earl of Worcester, 
 
 60. 
 
 Tindal, Nicholas, 76. 
 Tindal, Matthew, 156, 188. 
 Tickell, Thomas, 99, 105. 
 Tingewick Hall, 165. 
 Titian, artist, 380, 384. 
 Tipping, Bartholomew, 425. 
 Toup, critic, 76. 
 Todd, Hugh, 105. 
 Townson, Dr. 225. 
 Tolson, John, 82. 
 Tonworthe, Richard de, 137. 
 Torporley, Nathaniel, 338. 
 Townsend, George, 422. 
 Tombes, John, 455. 
 TRINITY COLLEGE, 341. 
 Trevisa, John de, 74. 
 Treby, Sir George, 76. 
 Tristroppe, John, 144, 153. 
 Trapp, Joseph, 415. 
 Trapps, Joan, 147. Robert, 147. 
 Tracy, Dr. 176, 185. 
 Tradescants, 467, 472. 
 Trumbull, Sir William, 188, 390. 
 Trilleck's Inn, 452. 
 Tunstall, Bp. of Durham, 59. 
 
 Tumour, Sir Edward, 105. 
 Turberville, poet, 139. 
 Turnbull, Charles, 274. 
 Turner, Thomas, 274, 277, 279. 
 Tucker, Josiah, 390. 
 Twyne, antiquary, 281,453. 
 Tyndall, martyr, 455. 
 Tyrwhitt, Thomas, 22, 106. 
 Tylney, Mr. 93. 
 Tybard, William, 197. 
 Tyson, Edward, 455. 
 
 U. 
 
 Udal, Nicholas, 281. 
 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, 23. 
 University Hall, 29, 236, 238. 
 Unton, Sir Henry, 87. 
 Usher, Abp. of Armagh, 401. 
 Upton, James, 76. 
 Utten, Nicholas, 271. 
 Vane, Sir Henry, 455. 
 Vasari, artist, 84. 
 Vernon, Rev. George, 7. 
 Vernon, Francis, 339. 
 Vertue, William, 269. 
 Vine Hall, 330. 
 Vives, Ludovicus, 27 1 
 
 W. 
 
 WADHAM COLLEGE, 403. 
 Wadham, Nicholas and Dorothy, 
 
 403. 
 
 Wall, Dr. of Worcester, 12, 85. 
 Way nfleet, William of, 20, 131, 190, 
 
 453. 
 
 Wake, Sir Isaac, 21,325. 
 Wake, Abp. of Canterbury, 330. 
 Walker, Obadiah, 34, 38. 
 Walker, Dr. John, 76. 
 Walker, Ann, 246. 
 Ward, Bp. of Salisbury, 365. 
 Warton, Dr. Thomas, 366. 
 Warton, Joseph, 87. 
 Warton, Thomas, 341, et passim. 
 Wajnaer, poet, 455. 
 Warner, Richard, 408, 412. 
 Warner, John, 184. 
 Warner, Bp. of Rochester, 52, 200, 
 
 209, 212, 222. 
 
 Waldegrave, Thomas, 208, 244. 
 Walsh, Wm. 415. 
 Walpole, Lord Orford, 174, 182. 
 Walter, John, 132. 
 Warkenby, Hugh de, 47. 
 Watts, Gilbert, 151. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Warham, Abp. of Canterbury, 123, 
 130, 132, 138, 177. 
 
 Watson, John, '260. 
 Wasse, of Cambridge, 252. 
 
 Waller, Sir Wm. 444. 
 
 Wanley, Humphrey, 450. 
 
 Wendy, Sir Thomas, 56. 
 
 Wentworth, Dr. Peter, 57. 
 
 Wells, Thomas, 123. 
 
 Wetenhall, Bp. of Cork and Ross, 
 154. 
 
 Wesley, John, 157. Charles, 340. 
 Samuel, 76. 
 
 Webb, Jo^n, 183. 
 
 Weston, Sir Robert, 188. 
 
 Weston, Thomas, 247. 
 
 Weston, Edward, 150. 
 
 Weston, Hugh, 154. 
 
 West, James, 61. 
 
 West, Thomas, 207. 
 
 Webb, Bp. of Limerick, 280. 
 
 Welch (Little) Hall, 400, 401. 
 
 Whytton, John, 18. 
 
 White Hall, 29, 393. 
 
 Wheare, Diggory, 75, 436. 
 
 Wharton, John, 93, 
 
 Wharton, Philip Duke of, 174. 
 
 White, Thomas, 454. 
 
 White, Peter, 87. 
 
 White, Bp. of Winchester, 124, 356. 
 
 White, Sir Thomas, 368. 
 
 Whyte, Thomas, 307- 
 
 Wheler, Sir George, 152, 156, 455. 
 
 Whittingham, William, 258. 
 
 Whitaker, John, 260. 
 
 Whitford, David, 339. 
 
 Whetstone, John, 355. 
 
 Whitby, Daniel, 366. 
 
 Whitelocke, Sir James, 389. 
 
 Whalley, Peter, 390. 
 
 Whitfield, George, 427. 
 
 Willyott, John, Chancellor of Exe- 
 ter, 6. 
 
 Wickliffe, John, 21, 57, 333. 
 
 Wilton, William, 55. 
 
 Williams, Dr. John, 396. 
 
 Williams, Sir William, 401. 
 
 Williams, Bp. of Chichester, 73. 
 
 Williams, Thomas, 124. 
 
 Williams, Abp. of York, 152. 
 
 Williamson, Sir Joseph, 95, 99, 100. 
 
 Williamson, John, 242. 
 
 Wilcocks, Bp. of Rochester, 209. 
 
 Winchester Hall, 150. 
 
 Wilkinson, John, 211, 218, 454. 
 
 Wilkinson, Henry, 313, 454. 
 
 Willoughby, Sir Christopher, 276. 
 
 Windsor, Miles, 281. 
 
 Wickham, William, 307. 
 
 Willis, Dr. 3 11, 339. 
 
 Willis, Caleb, 338. 
 
 Will!?, Browne, 340. 
 
 Wise, Francis, 367. 
 
 Wigan, George, 340. John, 340. 
 
 Wilson, Arthur, 366. 
 
 Wilson, Edmund, 151. 
 
 Wingate, arithmetician, 105. 
 
 Withers, George, 224. 
 
 Wills, Dr. John, 409. 
 
 Wilkins, John, 414. 
 
 Wisrhtwick, Richard, 420. Henrv, 
 
 426. 
 
 Wild's entry, 424. 
 WORCESTER COLLEGE, 428. 
 Woodward, Dr. 133. 
 Wotton, Sir Henry, 140. 
 Wood, law-writer, 140. 
 Wood, Antony, 7, 17i 472. 
 Worth, Edward, 7. 
 Wolsey, Cardinal, 205, 222, 268, 
 
 283. 
 
 Wotton, Dr. 223. 
 Wolton, Bp. of Exeter, 257. 
 Worsley, Sir Richard, 277. 
 Worthington, William, 402. 
 Wolstan Hall, 424. 
 Woodroffe, Benjamin, 436. 
 Wrangwis, Robert, 93. 
 Wren, Sir Christopher, 98, 183, 188, 
 
 253, 321, 357, 416, 465, 466, 471. 
 Wright, Lord Chief Justice, 220. 
 Wychenbroke, Hugh de, 47. 
 Wyer, Hugh de, 47. 
 Wyat, James, 56, 84, 132, 135, 176, 
 
 216, 251, 332, 334. 
 Wycherley, the poet, 105. 
 Wykeham, William of, 107. 
 Wykeham, Nicholas, 137. 
 Wynbush, Nicholas, 143. 
 Wyntle, Dr. 17. 
 Wyndham, Lord, 408. 
 
 y. 
 
 Yalden, poet, 224. 
 Yates, Thomas, 246, 256. 
 Yarborough, Dr. 252. 
 Yeldarde, President of Trinity, 364 
 Ynglebred, Gilbert, 30. 
 Yonge, Abp. of York, 41 8. 
 Young, Edward, sen. 140. 
 Young, Edward, jun. 174, 178. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zouch, Dr. civilian, 140. 
 
 THP. P.TVJT) 
 
LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 Page 
 
 1. Oxford, Frontispiece I 
 
 2. Merton inner qua- 
 
 drangle 10 
 
 3. Merton Chapel ... 13 
 
 4. University 34 
 
 5. Balliol 54 
 
 6. Exeter 69 
 
 7. Oriel 83 
 
 8. Queen's 97 
 
 9. New College .... 128 
 
 10. Lincoln 15O 
 
 11. All Souls 173 
 
 12. Magdalen Old Gate 202 
 
 13. Magdalen Chapel 2O2 
 
 14. Brasen Nose 248 
 
 15. Brasen Nose Gate 249 
 
 16. Corpus 274 
 
 Page 
 
 17. Ch. Ch. from C. C. C. 
 
 gardens 31O 
 
 18. Cathedral 31O 
 
 19. Ch.Ch. Hall Staircase 323 
 
 20. Hall of Ch. Ch. ... 323 
 
 21. Peck water Square 33O 
 
 22. Trinity, from the gar- 
 
 dens 357 
 
 23. St. John's 379 
 
 24. Jesus 397 
 
 25. Wadham Chapel . . 413 
 
 26. Pembroke 425 
 
 27. Worcester 434 
 
 28. Hertford ...... 442 
 
 29. Schools' Tower . . . 456 
 
 30. Radcliffe's Library 469 
 
 31. St. Mary's Church . . 473 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 40. line 5 from the bottom, fw General read Gerard 
 
 94. 8 from tte bottom, for Shipper rawfShippen 
 
 279. 27. for to read in 
 
 311. 13. for with a spiral steeple read with a steeple 
 
 333. 22. read Alexander Kenneth Mackenzie 
 
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