UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO 
 
 3 1822 03350 9084 
 
 SRLF Gen 
 Coll. 
 6 
 
 127 
 R68 
 
 A, 
 A; 
 
 Oj 
 o! 
 
 1 ! 
 
 3i 
 2 : 
 4 i 
 
 4 : 
 9 I 
 1 j 
 
 
 
 A
 
 Helpful Geographical Readers 
 
 Long's Home Geography $o.i$ 
 
 Payne's Geographical Nature Studies 25 
 
 Shaw's Big People and Little People of 
 
 Other Lands 30 
 
 Schwartz's Five Little Strangers 40 
 
 Krout's Alice's Visit to the Hawaiian 
 
 Islands 45 
 
 Two Girls in China 45 
 
 MacClintock's The Philippines 40 
 
 Carpenter's Geographical Readers — 
 
 North America 60 
 
 South America 60 
 
 Europe 70 
 
 Asia 60 
 
 Australia, Our Colonies, and Other 
 
 Islands of the Sea 60 
 
 Africa 60 
 
 Van Bergen's Story of China 60 
 
 Story of Japan 65 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
 NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO
 
 GE1SF.L LIBRAE ^^ 
 
 LTHMSSTTY OF CALIFORNIA, SAR DIEGO 
 LA JOLLA. CALIFORNIA 
 
 UNjVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO 
 
 I 3 1822 03350 9084
 
 ELEMENTARY 
 
 GEOGRAPHY 
 
 BY 
 
 H. JUSTIN RODDY, M.S. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, FIRST PENNSYLVANIA STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 
 
 NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI ■:■ CHICAGO 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
 
 PREFACE 
 
 Every text-book should be designed, first, to de- 
 velop the child's mental power and grasp ; second, 
 to furnish his mind with knowledge ; and third, 
 to arouse and stimulate an interest in the subject 
 of study. In an elementary book in geography, 
 however, the chief object is to furnish such neces- 
 sary fundamental conceptions as are absolutely 
 essential to the child's mental life and growth. 
 These concepts must be presented with no more 
 detail than is necessary to keep the child's interest 
 alive, and then be reenforced by constant and varied 
 reviews. At the same time the facts of observation 
 gained by the child in his everyday out-of-door life 
 should be used, correlated, and systematized. In 
 this way the child will be led to gain geographical 
 knowledge both from the text-book and from 
 nature. 
 
 In this book the endeavor has been to make easy 
 the attainment of all these aims ; and in order to 
 adapt it for the widest range of practical usefulness, 
 it has been prepared to meet the conditions existing 
 in the average schools of this country. 
 
 No doubt the ideal text-book should present the 
 subject of geography from the physiographic side ; 
 but experience has demonstrated that in a first book 
 in geography it is not wise to include much geology 
 
 or physiography as such. In this book, there- 
 fore, the physiographic element, while never neg- 
 lected, is not made too prominent. Discussions of 
 erosion, stream features, coast features, land forms, 
 soil, etc., are presented in such simple and clear 
 language as can be easily understood by children 
 and illustrated by the teacher with pictures, models, 
 and drawings. 
 
 In the text of this new geography the aim has 
 been to present the essentials of the subject with 
 as little detail as possible, to make each sentence 
 clear and concise, and to frame the language to 
 suit the capacity of the ordinary child. 
 
 The pictures illustrate the text, and are designed 
 both to interest and to instruct the pupils and also 
 to suggest supplementary subjects of study. Often 
 an entire lesson may be given on a picture supple- 
 mented by pictures and objects which every live 
 teacher has collected as aids in teaching. 
 
 The maps of coordinate divisions of the land are 
 drawn on the same scale and thus enable pupils to 
 compare accurately the relative size of countries. 
 The questions on the maps have been carefully 
 prepared, so that power in map reading and map 
 interpretation may be gained commensurate with 
 the capacity of the children using the book. 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 PACI 
 
 Introduction 5 
 
 North America 26 
 
 .32 
 
 Do 1 inada I Danish America . . 69 
 
 Mexii ind the Wesl Indies . 72 
 
 SOI 111 A Mil; l< A 76 
 
 EUKASIA 84 
 
 Europe 87 
 
 Asia 103 
 
 Africa 1 if. 
 
 Australia and the Islands of the Pacific . . 123 
 
 I VBLES 127 
 
 right, 1902, by Ami i i< \ ■ B 1 ompanv. Entered .11 Stal ioners' Hall, London, 
 
 1 . I', u
 
 INDEX AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 
 
 KEY. — Vowels: a in late, a in fat, a in care, a in far, a in last, a in fall, a in was, a m final, au in author e me 
 c in met, bgrry, e in veil, e in term, e in novel ; i in fine, I in tin. 1 in police, i in basin ; 6 in note, 6 in not, 6 in son, in for 
 o in do ; u in tune, in nut, u in rude ( = o), u in full, ua = iva, ue = we ; y in my, y in hymn Consonants: I cent, 
 machine, <: in tau; g in gem, g in get ; n = ng, >" = ng but is silent ; § = z ; fh in thine ; 5 = gz. Italic b U' is an sth «'. 
 
 All ysstn'I a, 121 
 
 A ca pul'co, 74 
 A con ca'gua, Mt., 76 
 A'den, 108 
 Ad i ron'dack, 45 
 Ad ri at'io Sea, 87 
 M ge'an (e-) Sea, 87 
 Afghan is tan', 109 
 Africa, 110-122 
 A gul'has (-yas), 117 
 Al a bii'ma, 58 
 A las'ka, 08, 69 
 Al'bany (al'-), 49 
 Al'be marie Sd., 54 
 Al bu quer'que 
 
 (-kar'ka), 63 
 Al ex an'dri a, 120 
 Al gg'ri a, 120 
 Al gt'ers/, 120 
 Al'teg/teny, 28, 45, 
 
 49" 
 Alps, 88 
 Altai' Mts., 103 
 Al ta ma ha' (al-), 54 
 Am'a zon, 78 
 Am'ster dam, 94 
 A mn', 107 
 A mnr', 104, 107 
 A nam', 114 
 An'des, 77 
 An dros cog'(/in, 41 
 An go'la, 117 
 An nap'o lis, 48 
 An tarc'tic, 11, 18 
 Ant'werp, 97 
 Ap a lach'ee B., 54 
 A palach i co'la, 56 
 Ap'en nineg, 88 
 Ap pa la'chi an, 28, 
 
 35, 55 
 A ra'bi a, 108 
 Ar'abs, 108. 119,12] 
 A ra fu'rii Sea, 123 
 Ar'al, 85, 104 
 Arc'tie. 11, 18 
 Arequi'pa (-kg'-), 83 
 Argen ti'na, 81, 82 
 Ar i Zo'na, 64 
 Ar'kan sas, 59 
 Ar ine'iii ang, 108 
 A shan't!, 117 
 Ashe'viUe, 58 
 Asia(a'shia),84, 102 
 A sun ci on', 82 
 Ath a bas'ca L., 27 
 Ath'ens, 99 
 At lan'ta, 58 
 Atlan'tic, 11, 29 
 Auck'land, 126 
 Au giis'ta, Ga., 58 
 Aus'tin. 59 
 Aus tra'l! a, 123-125 
 Aus'tri a-Hun'ga rv, 
 
 95 
 ax'is, 18 
 
 Bab el Man'de.b, 116 
 Baha'maj, 74, 75 
 BaAi'a, XI 
 Bai'kiil. 104 
 Baku', 108 
 Bal e ar'ic Is., 87 
 
 Biil kan', 100, 101 
 Bal kash', 85, 104 
 Bal'tic Sea, 87 
 Bal'ti more, 49 
 Ba hi clils tan', 109 
 Bine'a, 114 
 Bang kok', 114 
 Ban'gor, 43 
 Bar'bary, 121 
 Bar ee lo'na, 98 
 bar'ri er beach, 17 
 ba'sin, 15 
 Ba ta'vla, 115 
 Bat'on Rouge (rozh), 
 
 54 
 bay, 11 
 
 Bed'ou in§, 108 
 Bel fast', 92 
 Bel'gium, 97, 121 
 Bengal', B., 103 
 Be'ringStr., 84 
 Berlin, 93 
 Bern, 90 
 Bhu tan', 103 
 Birmingham, 58 
 Bis'oav, B., 87 
 Blan'eo, C, 32 
 Boers, 122 
 B5 go ta', 83 
 Boi'se, 63 
 Bokh a'ra, 107 
 Bo liv'i a, 82, 77 
 Bom bay', 114 
 Bordeaux' (-do'), 97 
 Bor'ne 0, 114 
 Bos'pho rus, 87 
 Bos'ton. 43 
 Both'nia, G., 87 
 Bra/t ma pii'tra, 104 
 branch, 15 
 Brazil', 81, 80, 77 
 Bra'zos R., 54 
 Bres'lau (-lou), 93 
 Bridge'port, 44 
 Brit'ish, 91, 92, 113, 
 
 122, 125, 126 
 Brus'selj, 97 
 Bu'da pest, 95 
 Bue'nos _4T'res, 82 
 But 'fa lo, 48 
 Bulga'ria, 100, 101 
 Bur'lington, Vt., 43 
 Bur'ma, 114 
 Butte, 63 
 -Cai'ro, 120 
 Cal cut'ta, 113 
 Cal i f6r'ni a, 67 
 Cal la'o, 83 
 Cam-bo'di a. 114 
 Cani'brldge, 43 
 Cam'den, 49 
 Can'ada, 69-71 
 Cana'dl an R., 54 
 Canav'erai, C, 32 
 Can'cer, 18 
 Can ta'bri an, 87 
 Canton'. 110 
 can'yon, 8 
 cape, 11 
 
 Cape Col'ony, 122 
 Cape Town, 122 
 
 cap'ital, 38,25 
 ( lap'ri corn, 18 
 ( 'a ra'cas, s:; 
 Car ib be'an, 27 
 Car pa'thi an, 88 
 Car pen tii'ii a, 124 
 Cascade' Mts., 65 
 Cas'pl an, 84, 85, 104 
 Cats'kills, 45 
 Cat'te gat, 87 
 Caucasians (-shanz), 
 
 23, 85, 89, 101;, 1 1:1 
 Cau'casus, si, 88 
 Cayenne', 77 
 Qei'ebeg, 114 
 Central A me-r'I ca, 
 
 72, 74 
 Ce venues', 88 
 Qeylon', 113 
 chain, 8 
 Cham plain', 42 
 chan'nel, 1 1 
 Charles/ton, 58 
 Char'loUe, 58 
 Chat ta hoo'chee, 56 
 Chat ta noo'ga, 59 
 Ches'a peake, 33, 49 
 Chey enne', 63 
 Chi ca'go (she-), 51 
 Chi'le, 82 
 Ch'i'na, 109, 111) 
 Chinese', 109, 110, 
 
 31, 114 
 Chip'pe wa R., 50 
 ■Chris ti a'ni a, 95 
 Ci mar ion' R., 54 
 Cin gin na'ti, 50 
 Cleveland, 50 
 cli'mate. 14 
 coast line. 1 1 
 Co %ne', 93 
 Co lom'bi a, 83 
 Colora'do,63; R.,37 
 Colorado Springs, 63 
 Co lum'bi a, 58 ~; R.. 
 
 36; Dist,, 49 
 Co lum'bus, 50 
 Cone'oiil, 41 
 Con neci'i cut, 44 
 Con stan ti no'ple, 101 
 con'ti nent, 10 
 Co pen ha'gen, 95 
 cor'al, 11, 74, 126 
 Cor'do va, 82 
 CSr'sI ca, 98 
 cra'ter, 9 
 Crete, 87 
 ere vAsse', 56 
 Cii'ba, 74. 75 
 Cum'berland, 50, 54 
 Cuzco (cus'co), 83 
 Cy'prus, 103 
 Da ho'mej/, 117 
 Dal'Jas, 59 
 Da mas'cus, 108 
 Dan'ubr, 89. 95 
 Dardanelles', 87 
 Dav'en port, 52 
 Day 'ton, 50 
 Dek'kan, 112 
 |D81ago'aB., 117 
 
 D61'a ware, 19; B.,38 
 
 del'ta, 17 
 Den'mark, 95 
 Den'ver, 63 
 de pres'sion, 10 
 lv.v ghuti s' R., 65 
 deg'ert, 7 
 \hs Moines', 62 
 de'tri'tus, 16 
 De troit', 51 
 dike, 93 
 di vide', 8 
 Dn/e'per R., 88 
 .Dm'es'ter R., 87 
 Dom'tOE., 87 
 Do'ver, 48 
 Dub'lin, 92 
 Dubuque'(-buk'),52 
 Duluth'. .Vj 
 Dutch, 93, 94, 122 
 Dwi'na R., 87 
 earth, 10, 18 
 earth'quake, 9 
 east, 5 
 
 East In'dieg, 114 
 E'bro R., 87 
 Ec ua dor', 83 
 Ed'in burgh (-bur ro), 
 
 92 
 E'gypt, 120 
 Elbe, 89 
 
 El burz' Mts., 103 
 el e va'tion, 10 
 em'pire, 25 
 England (ing'gland), 
 
 91, 92 
 English, 38, 122, 125 
 e qua'tor, 18 
 E'rie, 30, 48 
 ero'sion (-zhiin), 17 
 Es'kT mo§, 31, 69-71 
 F.t'na, 98 
 
 £Tiphra'tes, 104, 108 
 A'u ra'sia (-shi a), 84 
 £Ti'r6pe, 84-101 
 Ev'ans viUe. 50 
 F.v'ciest, 104 
 Ev'erglade§, 57 
 Fall River, 43 
 Far'go, 53 
 Fez, 120 
 Fi'j'i Is., 126 
 fiord (fy6rd), 11, 88 
 firth, 11, 91 
 flood plain, 29 
 Flor'i da, 58 
 Fflrmo'sa, 103 
 Fort Waj/ne, 50 
 France, 96, '.17 
 Fre mont' Peak, 61 
 French, '.t7, 70 
 ( ril'ves ton, 59 
 Gan'gSg, 104 
 gap, 8 
 
 Ga rOnne' R., 87 
 Ge ne'va. 96 
 Gi ftr'gl a, 58 
 1 in- nian'ic, 90 
 Ger'ina ny. 92, 93 
 gi y'sSr, 15 
 Gibral'tar, Str., 87 
 
 Gila (hS'la) l;„ 61 
 
 (ii rfiNde'(zhe-)i;..s7 
 gla'cii 1 1 hei ,68,88 
 
 1 1 l.i 'gO«>, i<J 
 
 Go'b'i, 85 
 
 goi e, s 
 
 Gov'ern ment, 24, 25 
 grand di rt'sion, lo 
 Grand Rap'idg, 51 
 1 ireal Ba'sin, 37 
 Greal r.iif'ani, 91. 92 
 Greal Falls, 68 
 Great Lakes, 30, 36 
 (iirat Plains, 35 
 Greal Salt Lake, 37 
 
 Greenland, 71. 27 
 
 ground water, II 
 Guadalquii vir'(-ke-) 
 
 R., 87 
 Gt(a da lupe' Mts., 54 
 Gua di a'na R., 87 
 Guam, 69, 120 
 Guardafui'.C, 117 
 Guayaquil' (-kel 1 ), 
 _83 
 
 GmI a'na, 83, 80, 77 
 Gttln'eo, G., 110 
 gulf, 11 
 Guth'n'e, 59 
 Hague, 94 
 Ila/'li. 74, 75 
 Hal'ifax, 71 
 Ham'burg, 93 
 har'bor, 1 1 
 Har'ris burg, 48 
 Hart 'for. I. II 
 HSt'teras, C, 3:: 
 
 Ha van'a, 75 
 
 11a \\.(i'i. Ha wai'ian 
 
 (-yan 1. D9. 126 
 head'land, 11 
 height of land. l".i 
 Hei'cna, 61 
 Hel'mund R., 103 
 helli'i sphel'. . 10 
 Him a'la yas, 104 
 Hin'duKusfi, lo:', 
 Hin'diLS. 112, 113 
 Eoan'g', 101 
 Hol'land. 93 
 Honohi'lu, 126 
 ho ri'zon, 10 
 Hous'ton, 59 
 Hiid'son, 27, 36 
 Hum'boMt R., 61 
 Hun'ga ry, 95 
 I In 'ion, 30 
 ige'ber;;. 68 
 Ice'land. 71. 27 
 I'daho, ti3 
 I'll. 107 
 
 Illinois', 50, 51 
 In'dia. 112, 113 
 In'dian O., 11 
 In di an'a, 50 
 In di an ap'o lis. 50 
 In'di ans. -j:'., 31, -".9. 
 
 i*K TO. 73, 74, SO, 
 
 83 
 In'dd-Clii'na, 114 
 
 In'dus, 104 
 
 il.'let. 15 
 
 interior drainat' . 
 
 IT. wa. 52 
 
 Iquique (Gke'k;. - 
 
 1 ran', 85 
 
 I ra wa'di. Ml 
 
 Ire'land, 91, 92 
 Irkutsk', 107 
 Island, 10, 11 
 [st/t'mus, 11 
 
 I tal'ians (-van- 1, 99 
 [t'aly, 98, 99 
 1 tas'ca 1.., 51 
 .lack'-. .11 villi . 58 
 .la niai'ea. 74, 75 
 
 Ja pan', 111. 112 
 Jap a nese', 111, 85 
 Ja'va, 114 
 .IPr'sey City, 49 
 .1. rQ'sa lem, 108 
 Johannesburg 1 y6- . 
 
 122 
 .in an'(hu-) de Fu'ca, 
 
 04 
 jun'gle, 105 
 Ka'bul, 109 
 Kad iak'(-yak') I., 68 
 Kalaha'ri. 122 
 Kan. chat'ka, 103 
 Ka me run', 1 17 
 Ka na'w/ia R.. 48 
 Kan'.-as. 62, 53 
 Kan'sas Citj . 52, 53 
 Kas kSs'kl a R 
 K:j taA'din, 42 
 Ke'm a, 117 
 Ken ne b6c' R., 41 
 Ken tuck'y, 51 
 K. \ West, 58 
 Khel at', 103 
 Khfngftan' Mts.. 103 
 Kh'i'vS, 107 
 Kil i man ja' ro', 117 
 Kim'berley, 122 
 
 in. 25 
 Kio'len (ky5'-), 84 
 Kia'mafii R . 65 
 SnSz'TiUi . 59 
 Kon'go, lis 
 Kongo State, 121 
 KO 1. 'a. 1 11 
 Kuen lun'. 104 
 Ku'ril Is., 103 
 Lab rador'. 71 
 I.ad'oga, 89 
 la goon', 17 
 
 lake. 15 
 
 land, 10 
 
 La" Paz' (path'), 82 
 
 Lap'land era, 91. UK) 
 
 Las'sa, L10 
 
 Lat'in countries. 90 
 
 Lauren'tian(-shi an . 
 
 29 
 
 la'va, 9 
 Lead'vilte, 63 
 Le'na, 104, 107 
 
 lev'ee, 55 
 
 l.ew'is ton, 4:'> 
 Li bg'ri a. 122
 
 INDEX AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 
 
 Li'ma, 83 
 Line'oZn, 53 
 Lis' bon, 98 
 Little Rock, 59 
 I.iv'er p 1. 92 
 lia'nSs, 78, 79 
 Lofo'den, 94 
 Loire (fwar), 89 
 Lon'di 
 Los An 'gel es (-I16I-), 
 
 67 
 Lpa i 51 a'na, 59 
 Lqm'is vilZe, 51 
 1;.. ■■- 
 
 I, .".,,-', •!]. 43 
 
 Lu ray', 49 
 
 Lynn; 43 
 
 Ly'ong, 97 
 
 Macken'zie, 69-70 
 
 Mackl nac, Str., 50 
 
 Mc Kin'ley, Mt., 68 
 
 Ma'con, 58 
 
 Mad a gas'car, 122 
 
 MadeVra R., 77 
 
 Madras', 114 
 
 Madrid', 98 
 
 Ma g&VJan, Str., 76 
 
 Maine, 43, 42 
 
 Malac'ca, 114 
 
 Ma lays', 85, 106,114, 
 
 115, 122, 120 
 Man'ches ter, 43, 92 
 Man chu'ri a, 110 
 Mani'Ia, 115 
 Ma'o ris, 120 
 map, 0. 7, 10, 25 
 Ma ra' eai'bO, L., 76 
 Mar'mo ra, Sea, 87 
 Marseilles', 97 
 marsh, 7 
 Ma'ryland(m8r'-),49 
 
 Maskat'. 109 
 
 Mas sa ehQ'setts, 43 
 Man mee' R., 50 
 Mau'na mou'-)LO'a, 
 
 120 
 Mec'ra, 108 
 
 Mi .i i ii i,i in' an, 87 
 
 Mr kong', nil 
 Mi I'bourm . 126 
 Mi m'phi ■- 59 
 Mendoci'nd, ''.. 32 
 Me, i R., 50 
 
 Me ri 
 
 mc rid'i an. 25 
 M' i ' n mac, 12 
 ,l 
 . 51 
 
 MTUi L3c»', 51 
 Mil wau'kee, 51 
 
 . 62 
 
 MIn ne " i '. -.2 
 1 ■ .- ■ ; R., 
 
 29, 3 I, 5 i, 16 
 
 \li R., 62 
 
 Mil li'eU, Ml 
 
 Mob ■ 
 
 Mn ham'im -I an ,91. 
 109, 113, 119 
 
 Mo'hawk I.'.. 18 
 
 14, 26 
 
 \1 Vll .in -.. 22,2:1, 
 
 81,86 1 
 
 \1..m 1,,'. 1 a, 117 
 
 mon B l', 106 
 
 \|..- ( 1:1 . 1 96 
 M.'.n .V. 3 68 
 
 Mon te ne'gro, 100, 
 
 101 
 Mon te vi de'o, 82 
 Mont gom'ery, 58 
 Mont pe'li er, 41 
 Mont re al', 71 
 Moose'head L., 41 
 Mo roc'co, 120 
 Mos'eow, 100 
 moun'tain, 8. 9, 19 
 mouth, 15 
 Mo zam bique'(-bek') 
 
 Channel, 110 
 Mu'nlen, 93 
 Miir'ray, 124 
 Mus ke'gon 1!.. 50 
 Nan tuck'et, 41 
 Xa'ples, 99 
 Xash'ii a, 43 
 Nash'vifZe, 59 
 Ne bras'ka, 53 
 \i grl'tog, 115 
 ne'groes, 22, 31, 57, 
 
 75, 80, 119, 121,122 
 Nel'son, 29, 69-70 
 Xe o'sho R. , 52 
 Xe pal', 103 
 Nlfih'er lands, 93 
 X. u-< R., 54 
 Xe va'da, 64 
 New ( 'al cdo'nia, 123 
 New Eng'Iand, 4H-44 
 New Gtdn'ea, 120 
 N T ew rlamp'shire, 43 
 New Ha'ven, 44 
 New Heb'rides, 12:! 
 New JSr'seJ, 49 
 New Mex'i co, 63 
 New < It'll.- ans. 59 
 New South ''Wales, 
 
 125 
 New York, 48 
 New Zeo'la\d, 126 
 New'ark, 49 
 New'found land, 71 
 Ni Sg'a ra, 40 
 Nicaragua, L., 72 
 Nl'ger, lis 
 Xi gg'rla, 117 
 \il. lis, 120 
 Xi r, bra'ra R., 52 
 Nlzh'ni Novgo'rod, 
 
 100 
 Nor'foZk, 50 
 north. . 6 
 North A nai'Ica, 26 
 North Car o li'na, 58 
 North Da ko'ta 53 
 
 ay, 94, 95 
 N0'va8«0'tia(-8hla), 
 
 70 
 
 . i 
 ■ a ' a iiS-), 118 
 
 n.i,07 
 8'4 sis. 7 
 0b, lol, I'i7 
 
 o'cean, 11 
 
 1 1. mtll'gee R., 64 
 
 'in i i:., 64 
 
 O'der R., H7 
 
 ,. 1'HI 
 
 Og'dfin, 01 
 n In'... 60 
 Okei bo'bee, 66 
 Okhotsk', Si i 108 
 
 i. 59 
 1 1 1 v n i ' i . i 66 
 
 ( I'nia I, 
 
 Oman', 109 
 
 ( ) ne'ga, 89 
 
 On ta'ri o, 30 
 
 por'to, 98 
 
 Or'e g6n, 67 
 
 O ri no'co, 78 
 
 sage' R., 52 
 
 i U'ta wa, 71 
 
 Ouachita (wosh'I ta) 
 
 R., 54 
 out'let, 15 
 
 zark', 46 
 Pa cif'ic, 1 1 
 Pamir', 103 
 Pam'li co Sd., 54 
 pam'pas., 79, 80 
 Tan a uiii', 74 
 Para.^81 
 
 Pa ra guay', 82 
 par'al lei, 25 
 Par a mar'i bo, 77 
 Pa ra na', 79 
 l'ar' is, 97 
 park, 34 
 pass, 8 
 
 Pat'er son, 49 
 peak, 8, 9 
 1'e'cds R., 01 
 Pe dee' R., 32 
 Peking', 110 
 pen in'su la, 11 
 Penn svl va'ni a, 49 
 Penob'seot R., 41 
 Pen sa co'la, 58 
 Pe 6'ri a, 51 
 Perdi'do R„ 54 
 Per nam bu'co, 81 
 PSr'sia (-silt a), 109 
 Pe ru', 82, 83 
 Petcho'rii R., 87 
 Phil a del'phi a, 49 
 Phil'Ipfpines., 09, 115 
 Pierre, 52 
 Pln'dus, 88 
 Pitts'burg, 49 
 plain, 7 
 Pla'ta, 79 
 pla teau' (-to'), 7 
 Platte R., 62 
 point, 11 
 pole, 18 
 
 1 Ynii char train', 56 
 l'..n Said', 120 
 POrt'land, 43, 07 
 POr'tO Ri'cO, 09, 71 
 Por'tQ gal, 98 
 I'ur'in gaese, 98, 80 
 
 PC In'inar, I 1 
 
 Prague, 95 
 prai'rle, 7, 36 
 I'rt in Inf. 69 
 prin ci pal'i ty, 25 
 prdm'on to ry, 1 1 
 Prov'i dence, 1 1 
 I'rus'sia (prush'a), 93 
 Pu6b'l6, 8 : 
 rn' 1 1 Nil.. 84, 05 
 l'\rV mi's, 88 
 Que, b§c', 71 
 Queensland, 126 
 Quln'i j i zl i, 51 
 mi.i'i.. (ke'-), 88 
 race, 22 
 rain, 1 1 
 
 I.'.i.'ii/it, Ml., 01 
 
 Raleigh (-la), 68 
 range, 8 
 Rfiod'in 19 
 
 Re'no, 64 
 re pub'lic, 25 
 RAine, 89 
 
 Rftdde ls'land,43, 44 
 Rndde'sji a, 117 
 RAone, 89 
 Rich'mond, 50 
 Ri'o de Janeiro 
 
 (zha-), 81 
 Ri'o ( Iran'de, 56 
 Ri'o Ne'grO, 77 
 Riu' Km Is., 103 
 riv'er, 15 
 R6 a noke' R., 54 
 Roch'ester, 48 
 ruck waste, 16 
 Rocky Mts., 28, 34 
 Rome, 99 
 Rosa'rio, 82 
 Hoi« ma'ni a, 100, 101 
 Russia (rusb'a), 100 
 
 106, 107 
 Rut'lrfnd, 43 
 Sa bine' R., 54 
 Sac ra mSn'to, 67 
 Sag'I naw, 51 
 Sa ha'ra, 121 
 Sal gon, 103 
 St. An'tfto ny, 52 
 St. Clair, L., 50 
 St. Crote R., 41, 50 
 St. E li'as, Mt.. 68 
 St. Jo'seph, 52 
 St. Law'rence, 30, 71 
 St. Loii'is, 52 
 St. Paul, 52 
 St. Pe'ter§burg, 100 
 Sakhalin'', 103 
 Sa'lem, 05 
 Salt'Lake City, 04 
 Sal wen', 104 " 
 Samp/ii Is., 126 
 San An to'ni 5, 69 
 San BSrnardi'nO, 65 
 San Fran cis'cO, 67 
 San Joaquin (hoa- 
 
 kon'). 65 
 San'ia Bar'bara, 64 
 San'ta Fi'\ 63 
 San Ire' R., 54 
 San lia.'go, 82 
 Sao (soun) Fran- 
 
 5'is'co, 79 
 Sao Paulo (soun 
 
 puu'lo), 81 
 Sardln'Ia, 98 
 Sas kitch'g wan. 29 
 SouKi " ; 
 Sa van'«a/i, 58 
 
 ale, 6 
 
 Scan di na'vi an, 94 
 
 s,i 5'to R., 50 
 
 S«5t'l I, 91, 92 
 
 Seran'ton, 49 
 ea, in, 11 
 Seat'tle, 67 
 BectionsofU.S.,88-67. 
 Sefnc, 89 
 Sin e gftl', 1 17 
 Si ..»!', 103 
 SSr'vIa, I'm, mi 
 Se w.i'. I,., 68 
 
 Shaimhii'I, 119 
 
 Sheffield, 92 
 
 SheJ <n»< ' R., 52 
 
 81 .mi', 114 
 Si lii'rla, 107 
 SK;'l ly, 98 
 
 SI er'ra, 8 
 
 Si 6r'ra Le o'ne, 122 
 SI er'ra Ma'dre, 28 
 Si Sr'ra Ne va'da, 28, 
 
 34, 05, 66 
 sil'vag, 7, 78, 79 
 Sin ga pore', 114 
 Sioux City, 52 
 Sioux Falls, 53 
 Sit'ka, 09 
 Skagerrack, 87 
 Sla von'ic, 90 
 slope, 7 
 
 Smyr'na(smSr'-), 108 
 soil, 10 
 sound, 11, 17 
 source, 15 
 Soii'rls R., 52 
 Snuth A mer'ica, 76 
 South Car o li'na, 58 
 South Da ko'ta, 53 
 Spain, 98 
 Span'ish, 98, 73-75, 
 
 80 
 Spo kane', 67 
 spring, 14, 15 
 Spring'field, 111., 61 
 Sta no voi' Mts., 103 
 Btgppe, 7, 89, 105 
 Stock'holm, 95 
 strait, 11 
 Straits Settlements, 
 
 114 
 Su'cre, 82 
 Sudan', 118, 121 
 Suez', 120 
 Su ma'tra, 114 
 Su pc'ri or (-er), 51 
 Sus que han'na R., 44 
 Su wa'nee R., 54 
 swamp, 7 
 Swfi'den, 94, 95 
 Swit'zer laud, 96 
 Syd'ney, 125 
 Syr, 107 
 Sj i 'a cfise, 49 
 system, 8, 15 
 ta'ble-land, 7 
 Ta briz', 109 
 TS co'ina, 07 
 Ta'gus R., 87 
 'I'a Ik'k ■'. L., 65 
 TfiUahas'see, 54 
 Tam'pa, 5s 
 Ta' na'na n v6', 122 
 Tan gan yi'liii,, 1 IS 
 Ta pa'j6s(-zh5s), 77 
 Tiirim' R., 103 
 Tftsh kind', 107 
 las nia'ui a, 125, 120 
 Tchad, 118 
 
 IV luiau', 109 
 
 I. ii ir if,'. 117 
 Ten lies sec', 59 
 Tcx'as, 59 
 
 Thames ftSmz), 92 
 
 47,1 an' Shan, I'M 
 I l bSt', 110, 108 
 
 Ti er'ra del Fue'g6,76 
 
 Til lis', los 
 'I'i'gris. |o I, ins 
 
 Tim iii'ik'tu, 121 
 
 Ti in. ., '. 123 
 
 Tit. i ca'ca, 79 
 TO eaii tins' R. , 77 
 To'gnland, 117 
 To'kvo, 112 
 To le'do, 60 
 
 Tombig'bee R., 54 
 Tomsk, 107 
 To pe'ka, 53 
 Tor'res Str., 123 
 Trans cau ca'sia 
 
 (-shia), 107, 108 
 Trans vaol', 117 
 trend, 8 
 Tren'ton, 49 
 tril.'u ta ry, 15 
 Tri'est, '. 96 
 Trip'oll, 120, 121 
 trop'ic, 18 
 TQc son', 64 
 Tu la're L., 65 
 tun'dra, 7 
 Tu'nis, 120 
 Turkestan', 107 
 Tur'key, 100, 101,91, 
 
 108, 120 
 Tutui'la, 69, 126 
 Uin'ta Mts., 61 
 United States, 31-69 
 U'ral, 84, 100 
 U ru guay', 82 
 U'taA, 63, 64 
 Valen'cia (-shia), 
 
 83, 98 
 val'ley, 8, 16, 17 
 Xa\ pit rm'so, 82 
 Van coti'ver I., 27 
 veldt, 122 
 Ven e zue'la, 83 
 Ven'Ice, 99 
 Ve'ra Cruz (crus), 74 
 Verde, C, 117 
 Ver inont', 43 
 V6 su'vi us, 98 
 Vicks'burg, 68 
 Vic to'rl a, 125; (city), 
 
 71 ; L., 118 
 Vi en'«a, 95 
 Vir gln'i a, 49, 50 
 Vis'tO la, 89 
 vol ca'uo, 8, 9 
 V61'ga, 88 
 Wa'bash R., 60 
 Wake I., 09, 126 
 Wales, 91 
 Wa'satch Mts., 68 
 Wash'ing ton, 07 ; 
 
 (city),' 49 ; Mt.,41 
 water gap, 35 
 Wel'lington, 126 
 West lu'dies, 72, 74, 
 
 75, 27 
 West Virginia, 50 
 Win. I'ing, 50 
 Wil /a'mcl/,, 66 
 
 Wil'ming ton, 49, 68 
 
 winds, 14 
 WiiiVipcg, 29, 70 
 Wis con'sin, 51 
 Wprces'ter, 43 
 \\ \ O'ming, 68 
 Xin gu'(shen-) 1!., 77 
 yablOnoi' Mis., 103 
 \ ang'tzB, mi 
 
 yfiZOO 1 R., 51 
 
 Vi'l'ZOw stOne U.. 62 
 Yen i se'i. mi, 107 
 
 Yokolia'.n.'i, 112 
 Yu ra Ian', 73 
 Yu'koo, 80, 08 
 Zam br'/.l, I IS 
 /.aii'/.i bar. 117 
 zones, 18-21 
 Zu'rii-h, 96
 
 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 
 
 Geography. — In this book we are to learn 
 about the earth on which we live. We shall 
 learn about the shape, size, and motions of the earth ; 
 about the bodies of land and water which compose its surface; about the different coun- 
 tries into which the land is divided ; about the plants, animals, and people that live in 
 each country ; and about the manner in which these people live, what they do, and how 
 they travel from place to place. We call this study Geography. 
 
 I. DIRECTION AND DISTANCE 
 Direction. — In geography it is important 
 to learn how to express the direction and 
 distance of places from our home and from 
 one another, in order that we may know 
 where these places are. 
 
 Names. — The direction toward sunrise is 
 
 called East. The direction toward sunset is 
 called West. If you stand with your right 
 side toward the east, and your left side toward 
 the west, the direction before you is Norths 
 and the direction behind you is South. 
 
 Northeast is the direction between north 
 and east ; Southeast is between south and
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 east ; Southwest 
 is between south 
 and west ; and 
 A r orthzuest is be- 
 tween north and 
 west. 
 
 North Star. — 
 the pointers. Travelers often 
 
 find these directions from the North Star, 
 which is always in the northern part of the 
 sky. You can find the North Star any clear 
 night by means of two other stars called the 
 " Pointers." 
 
 The Compass. — Direction may also be found 
 by the compass, which consists of a magnet- 
 ized needle balanced on a 
 pivot so that it can swing 
 freely. Whichever way the 
 needle is turned, it swings 
 back and settles to rest in a 
 nearly north and south di- 
 rection. 
 
 Distance. — The distance across the school- 
 room we may measure in feet; the length of 
 the desk we may measure in inches; we may 
 measure the school grounds in yards; and 
 the field in rods. But when we travel from 
 place to place on the earth, we reckon dis- 
 tance in miles. Thus we say it is ninety miles 
 from Philadelphia to New York. 
 
 I low long is a mile ? I lave you ever walked 
 a mile or ridden twenty miles? What is the 
 greatest distance you have traveled from home ? 
 In what direction was it? 
 
 II. THE MAKING OF MAPS AND PLANS 
 
 Maps. — A Map is a kind of picture that 
 represents tin- position of places and the dis- 
 tance between them. Maps show us the 
 lion, or location, of towns and cities; of 
 intains, rivers, and lakes; of the countries 
 
 Mariner's Comtass. 
 
 and seas ; and of many other features of the 
 earth's surface. 
 
 Maps representing a small surface are often 
 called Plans. 
 
 Scale. — Of course you all know what a pic- 
 ture is. You know that pictures are seldom 
 as large as the objects they represent. They 
 may be any size, as one fourth, or one eighth, 
 of the length and width of the object. This 
 we call the Scale of the picture. 
 
 Making Plans. — How many inches long is 
 the top of your desk? How wide is it? Make 
 a plan of it one twelfth of these sizes. If the 
 desk top is thirty-six inches long and twenty- 
 four wide, the plan will be three inches by two 
 
 inches. Draw your 
 plan exactly and show 
 the position of the 
 ink-well. The plan 
 will look something 
 like this. 
 
 In the same way make a plan of the school- 
 room. There are now more objects to be 
 represented. The plan may look like this. 
 
 Plan of Desk. 
 
 l_ 
 
 N< iR 1 H 
 
 Q 
 
 UUU^CU^C 
 
 VVVVVVVV 
 
 plan of Schoolroom. 
 
 The north, south, east, and west sides of 
 this plan are marked. Plans and maps are 
 usually made with the north side at the top. 
 What is the direction of desk A from desk 
 O? from desk X? B from Z? Y from A? 
 
 By knowing our scale we can tell from the 
 plan how far objects are from each other.
 
 MAI'S, PLAINS AND PLATEAUS 
 
 ■a 
 
 £i 
 
 
 G 
 
 ELM ST. 
 
 : 1 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 
 MAFVKtT 
 
 ST. 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 ]-.'.' I'..- 
 
 
 
 A«iOKy 
 
 
 
 / /& <* a ** a X \ 
 
 
 / MEADOW ST. \ 
 
 / N\ 
 
 Map of School Grounds. Map oi Squari of hie Town. 
 
 Making Maps. — Let us next make a plan 
 or map of the school grounds. Mark the 
 north, south, east, and west sides. What po- 
 sition does the schoolhouse occupy? What 
 direction is it from the gate ? How far is 
 it from the gate ? from the school fence ? 
 
 Now we are ready to make a map of the 
 square of the town or of the 
 fields bordering the school 
 grounds. In order to make 
 a good map we must care- 
 fully measure the streets 
 and fences and find their 
 direction. 
 
 Find out all you can 
 from the maps given. 
 
 flows away. We know from this that most 
 lands have a sloping surfai 
 
 Plains. — A broad stretch of nearly level or 
 gently sloping land is called a Plain. The 
 surface of plains is seldom perfectly smooth 
 and even. Often it is broken by slight de- 
 pressions and elevations like a series of broad, 
 low waves. 
 
 Plateaus. — A high plain is usually called 
 a Plateau or Table-land. The surface of a 
 plateau is usually more irregular and broken 
 
 Slopes. 
 
 A PLAIN. 
 
 III. PLAINS AND PLATEAUS 
 
 The Surface of the land is seldom perfectly 
 level. It may seem so when we look at it, but 
 when rain falls on it, part of the water usually 
 
 A Desert. 
 
 than the surface of low 
 plains. 
 
 Kinds of Plains and Pla- 
 teaus. — Low. wet plains 
 are called Marshes or 
 Swamps. The frozen 
 swamps in northern lands 
 are called Tundras. Large 
 plains, covered with grass, 
 
 but having few or no trees, are sometimes 
 
 called Prairies or Steppes. 
 
 Plains or plateaus with very few plants of 
 
 any kind to cover their sandy or stony surface 
 
 are called Deserts. 
 
 Occasionally there may be a spring or well 
 
 in a desert, and around this grass and trees 
 
 may flourish, forming an Oasis. 
 
 Plains densely covered with trees are in 
 
 some places called Silvas. though the word 
 
 simply means "forests."
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 of a valley, it usually flows away in a stream 
 along the bottom of the valley. You will 
 thus find, if you look closely, that almost all 
 valleys have three slopes, — a side slope on 
 each side leading down to the bottom of 
 the valley, and a slope of the valley bottom 
 itself, down which a stream flows. 
 
 Try to represent hills and valleys 'with their 
 slopes and divides in a model. 
 
 V. MOUNTAINS 
 
 high 
 rugged elevations of 
 
 A Gorge. 
 
 A Valley. 
 
 A Divide. 
 
 IV. HILLS AND VALLEYS 
 
 Hills. — Land somewhat higher than the 
 surrounding country is called a Hill. In some 
 regions the hills are high, with steep slopes ; 
 in other regions they are low and have very 
 gentle slopes. 
 
 Divides. — When rain falls on the summit, 
 or crest, of a ridge of hills, it is divided, part 
 of the water flowing down one side slope and 
 part flown the other side slope. The summit 
 where two slopes meet is therefore often called 
 a Divide. The crest of every line of hills is a 
 de, but the summit where two gentle slopes 
 meet in the lowlands is also a divide, because 
 the rain water falling there is divided between 
 the two slopes. 
 
 Valleys. — Two slopes meeting at their 
 low* form a Valley. Narrow and deep 
 
 valleys are called Gorget or Canyons. 
 
 Whi 11 rain water flows down the side slopes 
 
 Mountains. — Very 
 and 
 
 land are called Mountains. 
 Many mountains are so high 
 that their tops are always 
 covered with snow and are 
 often hidden in the clouds. 
 
 Ranges or Chains. — A 
 mountain Range or Chain is a 
 long and narrowline of moun- 
 tains. Some mountain chains are hundreds or 
 even thousands of miles long. The direction 
 in which a range extends is called its Trend. 
 
 Mountain Systems. — Several mountain 
 ranges often lie on an extensive plateau. 
 Such ranges, together with the plateau, form 
 a mountain System. The various ranges of 
 a mountain system are usually nearly parallel. 
 Peaks and Passes. — The tops of mountain 
 ranges are often quite uneven, like the jagged 
 edge of a saw. In some places they rise into 
 high points or Peaks, between which there 
 may be low Gaps or Passes. For this reason 
 a mountain range is sometimes called a Sierra, 
 the Spanish word for "saw." 
 
 Volcanoes. — In many parts of the world 
 are places where steam, hot stones, and even 
 melted rock are thrown up out of the earth, 
 often to a great height into the air. Such a 
 place is called a Volcano.
 
 HILLS, VALLEYS, MOUNTAINS 
 
 The melted rock, even after 
 it has cooled and become solid 
 again, is called Lava ; and the 
 hole from which it was thrown 
 out is called the Crater of the 
 volcano. 
 
 Volcanic Peaks. — The stones 
 and lava thrown up from a 
 volcano fall back to the earth 
 and cool, and thus a great 
 mound or peak is gradually 
 built up around the crater. 
 Hence nearly every volcano 
 lies on a mountainous peak 
 which it has made. The crater is usually 
 near the top of the peak. 
 
 Earthquakes. — In some parts of the world 
 the ground, without apparent cause, at times 
 trembles for a moment — sometimes so vio- 
 lently that houses are shaken down and even 
 whole cities destroyed. Such a trembling of 
 the ground is called an Earthquake. 
 
 Earthquakes may occur anywhere, but are 
 most likely to occur in mountain regions or 
 near volcanoes. An earthquake is thought to 
 be the jar caused by the breaking and slipping 
 of the deeply buried rocks, or by the explo- 
 sions of volcanoes. 
 
 TEST EXERCISES FOR REVIEW 
 
 What are we to learn about in this book ? What is this 
 study called ? Name some of the things included in this study. 
 
 1 . Why are direction and distance important in geography ? 
 What are the four principal directions ? How may they be 
 found from the sun ? from a star ? What is a compass ? How 
 is distance expressed ? What is the distance from your home to 
 your schoolhouse ? Did you ever count your steps and meas- 
 ure the length of one step ? 
 
 2. What is a map ? What is meant by the scale of a map? 
 Where do we usually locate north, south, east, and west on 
 maps ? What must we know in order to draw a plan or map ? 
 
 3. Is the surface of the land level ? How may we know if 
 it slopes ? What is a plain ? a plateau or table-land ? What 
 is a marsh or swamp ? What are prairies or steppes ? What 
 is a desert ? an oasis ? What are plains covered with dense 
 forests sometimes called ? 
 
 4. What is a hill ? What kind of 
 hills is near your home ? Describe a di- 
 vide, and state why it is so called. Are 
 divides always on bills ? What is a val- 
 ley ? What is a canyon ? How many 
 slopes have most valleys ? What are they? 
 
 5. What is a mountain ? What is a 
 ridge ? range ? chain ? What is meant by 
 trend ? What is a mountain system ? De- 
 scribe peaks, and gaps 01 passes. Tell all 
 you can about volcanoes. What is a cra- 
 ter ? lava? What are earthquakes ? How 
 are they caused ? 
 
 VI. SHAPE AND SIZE OF THE 
 EARTH 
 
 Shape of the Heavenly Bodies. 
 — The moon when it is full 
 appears round. Though the sun is usually 
 too dazzling: to look at, we can often observe 
 it safely in the morning and evening and on 
 hazy days, and then we see that it is round 
 like the full moon. 
 
 The stars appear so small that we can not 
 tell their shape with the naked eye. Through 
 a powerful telescope, however, the shape of 
 some stars, or planets, can be determined, and 
 these also are seen to be round like the sun 
 and moon. 
 
 Shape of the Earth. — If we could visit the 
 moon, the world on which we now live would 
 appear like a heavenly body. It would seem 
 round, but larger and brighter than the moon 
 
 A Volcano (Mt. Etna}
 
 IC 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 does to us. We call the heavenly body on 
 which we live the Earth. 
 
 Size of the Earth. — The earth is a very 
 large ball. You know how long a mile is. 
 The distance around the earth is 25,000 
 miles, and the distance through it is Sooo 
 miles. It would take a very fast railroad 
 train twenty-five days to go the distance 
 round it. 
 
 The earth seems flat to us because when we 
 look around us we can see only a very small 
 portion of its great surface. Any small por- 
 tion of it is very nearly flat. 
 
 Proofs that the Earth is Round. — 1. When 
 a ship sails away from the shore, it steadily 
 disappears below the Horizon, the place where 
 
 the earth and sky seem to meet. The hull 
 disappears first and the topmast last. This 
 i^ because the surface of the water is not flat, 
 but curved. 
 
 2. People have traveled round the world, 
 starting from some place and keeping steadily 
 in the same general direction 
 until they arrived again at 
 the starting point. 
 
 3. When the shadow of the 
 earth falls on tin- moon in an 
 eclipse, the shadow is always 
 circular. Now, round bodies are the only 
 ones that always cast circular shadows. 
 
 VII. LAND AND WATER 
 
 Elevations and Depressions. — \\Y have 
 learned that the surface of the land is not 
 smooth and even. I Mils, valleys, mountains, 
 
 and plains diversify it, and make it irregu- 
 lar. Now, the whole surface of the earth is 
 divided into high regions or Elevations and 
 low regions called Depressions. 
 
 Land and Water. — The great depressions 
 of the earth's surface are filled with water, 
 which forms the Sea. The higher portions of 
 the earth's surface rise above the sea and form 
 the Land. 
 
 The earth's surface is thus made up of 
 land and water. The land occupies about 
 one fourth of the surface of the earth, while 
 the water occupies three fourths. 
 
 Maps of the Hemispheres. — A round body 
 like a ball is called a Sphere. The half of a 
 sphere is a Hemisphere. The whole surface 
 of the round earth is often represented by maps 
 of its two opposite sides or halves placed side 
 by side, as on pages 12, 13. As each of these 
 maps shows one half of the earth they are 
 called the Maps of the Hemispheres. 
 
 In these maps the white portions represent 
 large bodies of water, and the shaded portions 
 represent land. The names of the different 
 parts of the land and of the sea are printed on 
 or near them. 
 
 Continents. — The three largest masses of 
 land are called Continents. They are named 
 the Eastern Continent, the Western Conti- 
 nent, and the Australian Continent. 
 
 Grand Divisions. — The Eastern Continent 
 comprises Europe, Asia, and Africa. Each of 
 these is called a Grand Division. Europe 
 and Asia together are called Eurasia. On 
 the hemisphere map find what two grand 
 divisions make up the Western Continent. 
 
 Islands. — Masses of land smaller than con- 
 tinents, and surrounded by water, are called 
 Islands. 
 
 Most islands lie near the continents and are 
 called ( 'on tii/en to/ islands. Some islands, how-
 
 LAND AM) WATKR 
 
 II 
 
 :- ! ::yj,.irvJ' 
 
 Coral. 
 
 ever, lie far from the continents, in the midst 
 of the sea. Such Oceanic islands are either 
 the tops of volcanoes projecting above the 
 water, or are built of coral by little animals 
 called Coral Polyps. 
 
 The Oceans. — The great body of water sur- 
 rounding the continents is called the Sea. 
 
 For convenience the sea is divided into five 
 Oceans. These are partly separated from one 
 another by the continents. The names of the 
 oceans are the Atlantic, the Pacific, the Indian, 
 the Arctic, and the .Antarctic. 
 
 Map Exercise, 
 of p. 12. 
 
 Study now the map exercise at the foot 
 
 VIII. COAST FORMS OF LAND AND WATER 
 
 The Coast Line.- — The sea and land meet in 
 a line called the Shore 
 Line or Coast Line. 
 
 This line is crooked 
 because the land is 
 not level. Arms of the 
 sea extend far up the 
 low valleys, between 
 which the higher parts 
 of the land project far 
 into the sea. 
 
 Fiord and Island. 
 
 PENINSUl a a\i> Isi I1MLS. 
 
 Coast Forms of the Land. — A body of land 
 projecting far into the water, and nearly sur- 
 rounded by water, is called a Peninsula. The 
 word means "almost an island." 
 
 A narrow neck of land joining two larger 
 bodies of land is called an Isthmus. 
 
 A small body of land jutting out into the 
 water is called a Cape, Point, or Headland. 
 A high, rocky cape is called a Promontory. 
 Coast Forms of the Water. — A large or deep 
 body of water extending into the land is called 
 a Sea, a Gulf, or a Bay. 
 
 A long, narrow bay, with deep water and 
 high, steep shores, is often called a Fiord or 
 Firth. 
 
 Small sheltered bays in which ships can 
 anchor, form Harbors. Cities often grow 
 up around good harbors. 
 
 Narrow passages of 
 water connecting lar- 
 ger bodies of water 
 are called Straits or 
 Channels. 
 
 Broad, shallow 
 straits are sometimes 
 called Sounds. 
 
 Map Exercise. — Study 
 now the exercise on p. 13.
 
 ^^^^r^^^^^^^^^: 
 
 Map Exercise. — Find the continents on the maps (pp. 
 12, 13). How many continents are in the Western Hemi- 
 re? How many are in the Eastern Hemisphere? By 
 what are the continents surrounded? What oceans are 
 north of the Western Continent? What ocean is east? 
 west? What one is north of the Eastern 
 Continent? What one is west? What ones are east? 
 south? Whit oceans border the Australian Continent? 
 Where in the Western Continent is the grand division 
 called North America? What grand division is southeast 
 
 of North America? How many grand divisions are in the 
 Eastern Hemisphere? 
 
 On what continent do you live? in what grand division 
 of that continent ? 
 
 Look at the map and find which is the largest mean; 
 the smallest ; the largest continent ; the smallest. 
 
 What islands are between North and South America? 
 Whal island is east of North America? What islands are 
 west (if Europe? southeast of Asia? 
 
 1 Turn next to Lesson VIII, p. 1 1.)
 
 ^^-"-~, Notlh Polo "T"~— ~«^ "*tj 
 
 Map Exercise. — Find the place where the Eastern 
 and Western continents are closest together. What body 
 of water separates them ? Find the place where the West- 
 ern Continent is narrowest. What is the name of this 
 narrow body of land ? Find the place where there is a 
 narrow body of land connecting Asia and Africa. What 
 is its name ? Find on the map bodies of land partly sur- 
 rounded by water. Name some peninsulas. Find some 
 peninsulas in North America. Find some points of land 
 projecting into the ocean. Name some capes. Did you 
 
 ever see a real island? a real peninsula? a real cape? 
 Where is Cape Horn ? Cape of Cood Hope ? 
 
 What body of water separates Europe from Africa ? 
 What is the narrowest portion at the western end of this 
 sea called ? Find some other straits on "the map. Find 
 some other seas on the map. Find a channel on the map. 
 What body of water extends into the southern part of 
 North America? Find some other gulfs on the map. 
 Find a bay on the map. What large bay is south of 
 Asia ? What large sea is south of Asia? 
 
 13
 
 14 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 SNOWFLAKES. 
 
 IX. WEATHER AND CLIMATE 
 
 Weather. — The condition of the air at any 
 time, with regard to its heat, moisture, and 
 motion, is called the Weather. 
 
 Climate. — The kinds of weather that are 
 usual at any place constitute the Climate of 
 that place. Thus we say that the climate of 
 a place is hot or cold, wet or dry, changeable 
 or equable, if the weather there is generally 
 hot or cold, wet or dry, changeable or equable, 
 throughout the year. 
 
 Winds are simply air in motion. They are 
 caused by differences in the heat of the air 
 at two places. The warmer air is lighter 
 than the colder. Hence the cool and heavy 
 air moves toward the warmer air, pushing it 
 up and away. Thus the air is put in motion. 
 
 Vapor. — If a wet cloth is hung out in the 
 air, it soon becomes dry. What becomes of 
 the water that was in the cloth? It escapes 
 into the air in particles so small that they 
 can not be seen. Moisture in this form is 
 called Vapor. It is lighter than air, and min- 
 gles with it. The change of water into vapor 
 is called Evaporation. When water boils in a 
 teakettle, it is evaporating rapidly, and disap- 
 pearing as steam or hoi vapor, but when wet 
 clothes dry on the clothesline, the water in 
 them evaporates more slowly and disappears as 
 cold vapor. During warm, windy days a vast 
 amount of water i> evaporated from the sea. 
 
 Rain and Snow. — Warm air can hold much 
 more ■ apor than (old air. 'I heref< n e, when 
 
 air that is full of vapor is chilled, some of its 
 vapor condenses or changes back to water 
 again. The little particles of water unite to 
 form drops which may fall as Rain, or they 
 may freeze in uniting, and form the beautiful 
 ice crystals we call Snowflakes. 
 
 Much vapor that rises from the sea is car- 
 ried over the land to fall as rain or snow 
 whenever the vapor is sufficiently chilled. In 
 this way the land is watered. 
 
 X. WATERS OF THE LAND 
 
 Ground Water. — Some of the water that 
 falls on the earth as rain or snow sinks deep 
 into the ground. It is this Ground Water 
 which supplies all wells. 
 
 Springs. — The water sinks into the earth 
 until it reaches a layer of rock through which 
 it can not easily pass. It then spreads out 
 along the top of this layer, and creeps down 
 its slope; and if the rock layer comes out to 
 or near the surface, the water may flow out 
 of the ground as a Spring. 
 
 Ground water creeps along the top of the 
 buried rock layers very slowly. Other rains 
 maj therefore furnish new supplies of ground 
 water before the old supply has run out. So 
 some springs never become dry, while others 
 cease flowing in dry weather.
 
 WATERS OF THE LAND 
 
 15 
 
 Geysers. — The water 
 of most springs is cool, 
 but the water of some 
 deep-seated springs is 
 boiling hot. Some hot 
 springs spout steam 
 and hot water high in- 
 to the air at regular 
 intervals of a few min- 
 utes or a few hours. 
 Such spouting springs 
 are called Geysers. 
 
 Streams. — The small a geyser. 
 
 stream of water flowing from a spring is called 
 a Rill or Brook. The brook flows down into 
 some valley and then down along the sloping- 
 bottom of the valley. As it flows onward, 
 other streams join it and increase its size 
 until it becomes a Creek and perhaps a great 
 River. 
 
 A river may flow through the land for hun- 
 dreds of miles, but finally it is very likely to 
 reach the sea. 
 
 Thus you see that vapor from the sea falls 
 as rain or snow upon the land. This water 
 flows off or soaks into the ground and reap- 
 pears as a spring. Through streams it reaches 
 the sea again, and thus the round is com- 
 pleted. This goes on year after year. 
 
 Parts of a Stream. — The beginning 
 of a stream is its Source. The place 
 where it flows into a larger stream, or 
 other body of water, is called its Mouth. 
 The source of a stream is often a spring, 
 but it may be a swamp or the perpetual 
 snow on some high mountain side. 
 
 Stream Systems and Basins. — 
 Streams which flow into larger streams 
 are called Brandies or Tributaries. 
 A great river usually has many tribu- 
 taries. 
 
 A stream with all its tributaries forms 
 stream System; and all the land which slopes 
 toward a stream or any of its tributaries is said 
 to form the Basin of that stream. 
 
 Ponds and Lakes. — When a stream meets 
 a dam or obstruction, through or around 
 which it can not escape, its current is stopped 
 and it forms a pool of still water. This pool 
 is called a Pond if small or a Lake if large. 
 Some lakes are several hundred miles long 
 and so wide that you can not see acn »ss 
 them. 
 
 The streams which enter a lake are called 
 its Inlets. A lake generally has a stream flow- 
 ing out of it also. This is called an Outlet. 
 
 a Lake. 
 
 Some lakes, however, have inlets but no 
 outlet. The water of such lakes is very apt 
 to be like the water of 
 the sea — so salt that it 
 is unfit to drink. 
 
 TEST EXERCISES FOR 
 REVIEW 
 
 6. What is the shape of the 
 sun. moon, and planets ? What is 
 the shape of the earth ? How ! 
 
 is the earth ? Why does it 5 
 flat ? How do we know it is 
 round ? 
 
 7. Is the surface of the earth 
 smooth and even ? What occupies 
 the low places ? What are the high 
 places called ? Is there more land 
 or water on the earth's surfai 
 
 j.jugl.I. J^W, l)j b. R. SloUanl. 
 
 A BROOK.
 
 i6 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 How much more? What are 
 continents? Name them. What 
 are the largest divisions of con- 
 tinents called ? Name them. 
 What is an island ? What is 
 one great difference between 
 continents and islands? What 
 can you tell about various kinds 
 of islands ? What is the great 
 body of water called which sur- 
 rounds the continents ? How 
 is it divided ? Name the 
 
 oceans. 
 
 8. What is the coast line? 
 Explain why it is crooked. 
 What is a peninsula ? an isth- 
 mus ? a cape ? What is a 
 
 sea, gulf, or bay ? What is Rock Waste. 
 
 the difference between a fiord 
 and a harbor ? What is a strait ? a channel ? a sound ? 
 
 9. What is the difference between weather and climate ? 
 What causes winds ? What is vapor ? evaporation ? How 
 does the air get its moisture ? Explain where rain and snow 
 come from. 
 
 10. Where does ground water come from ? How are springs 
 caused ? Why do many flow constantly ? What are geysers ? 
 Describe the gradual formation of a river. Where does the 
 water of streams originally come from and where does it return ? 
 What is the source of a stream ? the mouth ? What is a stream 
 system ? a basin ? What are ponds or lakes ? What are in- 
 lets and outlets ? How are lakes without outlet likely to be 
 peculiar ? 
 
 XI. EROSION OR WASTING OF THE LAND 
 
 Crumbling of the Rocks. — When the rain 
 soaks into the ground or falls on rocks, it 
 dissolves some parts of them just as water 
 dissolves sugar. The grains that are left 
 are loosened from one another and after a 
 while the rock falls to pieces. This action 
 3 on slowly but surely year after year. 
 
 Sometimes the water in the rocks freezes. 
 In freezing, the water expands and often 
 breaks the rocks apart. Have you seen 
 pitchers or barrels burst by ice ? Where 
 the freezing and thawing occurs often, it 
 loosens the soil and breaks the surface 
 rocks into small pice es. 
 
 When rocks are heated by the sun they 
 
 id iid when cooled they contract. This 
 
 action breaks off small pieces of the rocks; 
 
 water and frost make them smaller, until 
 
 they become the fine, 
 loose material that 
 forms the surface of 
 the land. 
 
 Rock Waste. — We 
 may call all this fine 
 material made by 
 water, frost, and heat, 
 Rock Waste or Detri- 
 tus. It forms gravel, 
 sand, and clay, and 
 when mixed with 
 partly decayed vegetable matter it forms Soil. 
 Because water and heat are always acting 
 in some way upon the rocks, you might sup- 
 pose that the rock waste becomes deeper each 
 year. In some places the rock waste does 
 become deeper each year, but in others it 
 is carried away as fast as it is formed. 
 
 Removal of Rock Waste. — The wind carries 
 much sand and fine rock waste with it as 
 dust. Most of this is blown off the hilltops 
 and into the valleys. 
 
 Running water removes much more rock 
 waste than the wind. When rain falls, the 
 little streams that form and flow alon"[ the 
 roadsides and in the fields are muddy and 
 dirty. If you look at them closely, you will 
 sec that the mud is mostly fine rock waste. 
 They pick this up as they flow along, and it 
 is washed into them by the rain. Sand and 
 gravel are also pushed along. 
 
 The little streams carry part of their load 
 into the creeks and rivers, and they in turn 
 carry it onward to the sea. 
 
 How Valleys were made. — A stream carry- 
 ing rock waste acts like a file on its bed. It 
 thus files out a channel for itself even in the 
 hardest rock. The swifter it flows, the fash r 
 it tiles, and the more rapidly it deepens its 
 channel. Thus nearly every stream is con-
 
 EROSION 
 
 17 
 
 stantly making its valley deeper, while every 
 rainstorm makes the valley wider by washing 
 rock waste from the side slopes. Nearly all 
 the valleys in the world have been dug out in 
 this way by the streams which flow in them, 
 aided by the rains, frosts, and winds. 
 
 The materials torn from the stream bed 
 are carried or pushed along until the stream 
 reaches the lowland. Here, where the stream 
 flows slowly, some of the rock waste is 
 dropped, forming sand banks and mud flats. 
 Thus is formed much of the soil of the rich 
 grassy meadows and river plains. But in 
 times of flood even parts of these river plains 
 are washed away and carried downstream. 
 
 Erosion. — This wearing away of the land 
 by streams, rains, frost, and winds is often 
 called Erosion. By it every hill and moun- 
 tain is being slowly wasted away. 
 
 Southeast Pass 
 
 A Delta. 
 
 Deltas. — When the rock waste is deposited 
 at the mouth of a river, it chokes up the mouth 
 and forms a fan-shaped region of marshy land 
 and shallow water called a Delta. The river 
 is broken up by this deposit, and flows through 
 it in several channels. 
 
 Barrier Beaches. — Long lines of sand banks 
 are often formed outside a coast by the waves. 
 These are called Barrier Beaches. On the 
 
 side toward the mainland 
 there is usually a shallow 
 body of water called a 
 Lagoon or Sound. Plants 
 grow and decay in these 
 lagoons, and rock waste is 
 carried into them. Thus 
 they slowly fill up and 
 form swamps and finally 
 solid land. 
 
 XII. THE SPINNING OF 
 THE EARTH 
 
 Day and Night. — The 
 sun gives light and heat 
 to the earth. But the 
 earth is round like a ball. 
 Hence the sun shines on only half the earth 
 at one time. The side of the earth upon 
 which the sun shines has the light of clay, 
 while the side that is away from the sun is in 
 shadow or night. 
 
 Spinning of the Earth. — Let us take a ball 
 and place a long pin or needle through its 
 center. . Now hold it in the light of a candle, 
 and slowly spin it on the pin. You see that 
 half the ball is lighted and the other half is 
 in shadow or darkness. You also see that, 
 as we turn the ball, new parts come into the 
 light, and others go into the shadow. 
 
 A Barrier Beach.
 
 i8 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 The earth spins slowly in nearly the same 
 way, and this is why day and night follow 
 each other, and why the sun appears to rise 
 and set. Since the earth turns from west to 
 east, the sun appears in the east and disap- 
 pear^ in the west. It takes the earth a day 
 and a night, or twenty-four hours, to turn 
 completely around. 
 
 Axis and Poles of the Earth. — The imagi- 
 nary line around which the earth spins is 
 called its Axis. The axis 
 points toward the North Star. 
 The ends of the axis are 
 called the Poles of the earth. 
 The north pole is the end 
 toward the North Star, and 
 the opposite end is the south pole of the earth. 
 
 Equator. — The imaginary line extending 
 around the earth halfway between the north 
 pole and the south pole is called the Equator. 
 
 The equator divides the earth's surface into 
 a northern hemisphere and a southern hemi- 
 sphere. 
 
 Take a ball and mark on it in the proper 
 positions two dots for the poles and a line for 
 the equator. 
 
 XIII. ZONKS 
 
 Zones. — You know that it is usually warmer 
 at noon than in the early ^ msi 
 
 morning. This is because _«*>* 
 
 at noon the sun's rays fall 
 from nearly overhead, while 
 in the morning and evening 
 they fall very obliquely or 
 slantingly. 
 
 The only part of the 
 
 earth's surface on which the 
 
 sunbeams ever fall from di- 
 
 rectly ovei head is the part 
 
 n< ir the equator. The 
 
 sunbeams fall more and more obliquely the 
 nearer a place is to the poles. In the neigh- 
 borhood of the poles the sunbeams fall very 
 obliquely. 
 
 On this account it is always cold near the 
 poles of the earth, and snow and ice may be 
 seen there throughout the year. Near the 
 equator,- however, it is always very warm, and 
 snow and ice are unknown except on the 
 highest mountain tops. 
 
 The earth's surface may therefore be 
 divided into belts or Zones of heat and cold. 
 
 Torrid Zone. — The hottest part of the 
 earth is called the Torrid Zone. This zone 
 lies on both sides of the equator. It extends 
 to the Tropic of Cancer on the north, and to 
 the Tropic of Capricorn on the south. 
 
 Frigid Zones. — The coldest parts of the 
 earth lie about either pole, and are called 
 the Frigid Zones. The North Frigid Zone 
 extends from the north pole to the Arctic 
 Circle. The South Frigid Zone extends from 
 the south pole to the Antarctic Circle. 
 
 Temperate Zones. — Between the Torrid 
 Zone and the Frigid Zone there is a tem- 
 perate zone in each hemisphere — the North 
 Temperate Zone in the northern hemisphere, 
 and the South Temperate Zone in the south- 
 ern hemisphere. In the Temperate zones it 
 
 hOHIH fniF
 
 ZONES, I' I AN I S 
 
 [g 
 
 is warm during about one half of the year and 
 cold during the other half. 
 
 Zones on Mountain Sides. — As we climb 
 high mountains, or as we ascend into the 
 air in a balloon, we find that the weather 
 becomes colder and colder the higher we 
 go. The change is quite rapid. Thus the 
 tops of high mountains are always covered 
 with snow. If such mountains are in the 
 Torrid Zone, we find a hot climate at the 
 base of the mountain, a temperate climate 
 
 There is so much heat and moisture in som< 
 parts of the Torrid /one that the forest tr< es 
 grow very large and close together. Vines 
 and other plants also grow over the trees, 
 
 making the forests so dense thai you can hardly 
 force your way through them. 
 
 In these forests grow many valuable woods 
 and plants, such as mahogany, rosewood, and 
 India rubber trees. There are many beauti- 
 
 NORTH rEMPERATE ZONE IN |ULY. 
 
 part way up its sides, 
 and a cold climate near 
 the top. 
 
 XIV. PLANTS 
 
 Plants of Hot Regions. 
 — Most plants grow best 
 in fertile soil where there 
 is warmth and mois- 
 ture. The Torrid Zone 
 is warm throughout the year, and in many 
 places very moist. Hence plant life is there 
 most luxuriant. Most of the plants have 
 large, broad leaves and are evergreen, that 
 is, the old green leaves do not fall off the 
 plant until after the new leaves are formed. 
 
 roRRm Zone in Fanuar\ 
 
 North Tl mo rati / >Nl in 
 January. 
 
 ful palms, as the cocoa- 
 nut palm ; and ferns so 
 large that they form 
 trees, and are called 
 tree-ferns. Spices, cof- 
 fee, much sugar, and 
 bananas, pineapples, and 
 many other luscious 
 fruits, are all obtained 
 from plants which grow 
 in the Torrid Zone, 
 while oranges and lemons grow in that zone 
 and in the warmer parts of the Temperate 
 zones. 
 
 Plants of Temperate Regions. — The forests 
 of temperate regions are more open. The 
 trees do not grow so close together, and main-
 
 20 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Animals OF Hm REGIONS. 
 
 of them shed their leaves when winter comes, 
 as the chestnut, the walnut, the hickory, the 
 maple, the elm, and the oak, all of which 
 you know. In some parts of the Temperate 
 zones are great forests of evergreen pines and 
 i i lars. 
 
 Wheat and corn and rye, oats, and barley, 
 belong to temperate regions. And here we 
 find the apple, peach, plum, and grape, fruits 
 we know so well and enjoy so much. I [ere 
 also an- grown tea and tobacco, the cotton 
 and flax of which much cloth is made, and 
 the beet which supplies many countries with 
 sugar. 
 
 Plants of Cold Regions. — The Frigid zones 
 .in- so i old that in some pla< es the ground is 
 frozen all the time. I lence few plants grow 
 then-. I he i hiei plants are mosses, lichens, 
 dwarf willows, and birches. These are plants 
 of the hardiest nature. 
 
 Plants on Mountains. — Since it becomes 
 colder the higher we go, the plants near the 
 top of high mountains are very different from 
 those near the bottom. Thus if the moun- 
 tains are in the Torrid Zone, the plants of hot 
 regions will grow at the foot; plants of tem- 
 perate regions some distance up; and plants 
 of cold regions at the top just below the per- 
 petual snow. 
 
 XV. ANIMALS 
 
 Animals live on plants or on plant-eating 
 animals. Hence where plants are most abun- 
 dant we find the most animals. Hut we have 
 learned that the greatest number of plants 
 grow where it is warm and moist. both 
 animals and plants are therefore most abun- 
 dant in the Torrid Zone. 
 
 Animals of Hot Regions. — Many large 
 plant eating animals, like the elephant, the
 
 ANIMALS 
 
 21 
 
 Animals of Temperai 
 
 rhinoceros, the hippopotamus, and the giraffe, 
 are found in the Torrid Zone. There are 
 also many large catlike animals, as the lion, 
 the tiger, the leopard, and the jaguar. 
 
 In many places monkeys are abundant, and 
 birds of the most brilliant plumage. Beauti- 
 ful butterflies and other insects swarm in this 
 zone. Serpents abound, and many of them 
 are of great size, as boa constrictors. In the 
 rivers there are many crocodiles and alligators. 
 
 Animals of Temperate Regions. — Many of 
 the animals of temperate regions are useful. 
 The horse, the donkey, the cow, the sheep, 
 the goat, and the pig all lived wild at one 
 time in the North Temperate Zone. They 
 have been tamed and improved, and are now 
 used in warm lands also. The camel is very 
 useful in both temperate and torrid regions. 
 
 Many doglike animals are found here. 
 Some of these are the wolves and the foxes. 
 
 E and Cold Regions. 
 
 Many different kinds of deer and bears are 
 abundant in the forests. The grizzly, black, 
 and brown bears are well known. 
 
 The birds are not so beautiful as those of 
 hot regions, but their song is much sweeter 
 and more varied. The robin, the bobolink, 
 the thrushes, and the mocking bird nest in 
 temperate regions. 
 
 Animals of Cold Regions. — Many water birds, 
 such as wild ducks and geese, live in the 
 Frigid Zone in the short polar summer, but 
 migrate toward the equator in winter. A few- 
 birds remain in the Arctic regions through- 
 out the year. These are mainly water birds. 
 
 The polar bear, the musk ox, the reindeer, 
 and the arctic fox are the chief land animals 
 of cold regions; but many seals and walruses 
 live in the ocean along the borders of lands 
 and ice fields. On these they come out to 
 rest and sleep.
 
 22 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Necro. 
 
 TEST EXERCISES FOR 
 REVIEW 
 
 Ii. How does the weather af- 
 fect rocks? What is made by the 
 crumbling of the rocks? Describe 
 how rock waste is removed. How 
 were valleys made? What is ero- 
 sion? Describe the formation of 
 deltas. What are barrier beaches? 
 
 1 2. Describe the cause of day 
 and night. What is the axis of the 
 earth? the north pole? the south 
 pole? the equator? Into what does the equator divide the 
 earth's surface ? 
 
 13. Explain why it is warmer at noon than in the early 
 morning. Which part of the earth is the warmest? Why? 
 Which parts of the earth are the coldest? Why? How is the 
 earth divided with respect to the heat? Name and locate the 
 zones. Describe the heat belts or zones on the sides of high 
 mountains. 
 
 14. Where do plants grow best? in what zone? Describe 
 the foliage of plants in hot regions. Mention some useful 
 plants that grow there. Describe the forests of the temperate 
 regions. Mention some of their useful plants. What can you 
 say of plants in cold regions? of plants on the slopes of high 
 mountains ? 
 
 15. Where are animals most abundant? Why? Mention 
 some animals of hot regions; of temperate regions; of cold 
 
 us. 
 
 XVI. RACES OF MEN 
 
 Man. — Animals often live best in the region 
 
 where they are first found. This is because 
 
 they are adapted, or fitted, to the climate and 
 
 place. Man can adapt himself to any climate. 
 
 This is because he can 
 
 think and reason and 
 
 has more cunning than 
 
 animals. He has learned 
 
 to build a fire, to make 
 
 clothing, and to raise 
 
 i preserve food. He 
 
 is thus not so d< pendent 
 
 upon nature for what he 
 
 ds. 
 
 People from different 
 parts of the earth dif- 
 fer very little in shape 
 
 and size. They an- so 
 
 much alike that we think olian 
 
 all people distantly related. Still people do 
 differ in some ways. Thus some men have 
 dark brown skins and very curly hair ; others 
 have a yellow or a brownish skin and very 
 straight hair; and still others very fair skins 
 and silky hair. 
 
 Races. — By such slight differences as these 
 mankind has been divided into four great 
 Races, — the Black or Negro race, the Brown 
 or Malay race, the Yellow or Mongolian race, 
 and the White or Caucasian race. Each of 
 
 these great races lives 
 chiefly in a different part 
 of the world from the 
 others. 
 
 The Negro Race. — A 
 negro has a dark brown 
 or nearly black skin, 
 curly or kinky hair, thick 
 Malay. lips, and a flat nose. 
 
 The great home of the negro is central and 
 southern Africa ; but the few black natives of 
 Australia and some islands near by are also 
 classed as negroes. 
 
 Some negro tribes in Africa cultivate the 
 soil and have settled homes. Others live in 
 
 the forests, are ignorant 
 and degraded, wear lit- 
 tle or no clothing, and 
 get their food chiefly 
 by hunting. These may 
 be called Savages. 
 
 The Brown or Malay 
 Race. — A Malay has a 
 brownish skin, dark eyes, 
 and straight dark hair. 
 The home of this race 
 is southeastern Asia and 
 the islands of the Pacific. 
 The Yellow or Mongo- 
 
 
 lian Race. — A Mongolian
 
 RACKS, OCCUPATIONS 
 
 23 
 
 has coarse, straight, black hair 
 and a yellowish skin. The chief 
 home of the race is eastern 
 Asia; but the reddish natives 
 of America, Eskimos and Indi- 
 ans, are classed with this race. 
 Some of the peoples of this 
 race live in tents and roam from 
 
 Cattle Raising. 
 
 \' . 1: 1. I I I 1 RE, 
 
 Lumbering. 
 
 place to place with 
 their herds, and are but 
 // a If civilized. O t hers 
 build houses and live 
 by farming. Many 
 can read and write, 
 and have advanced 
 much in civilization. 
 
 The White or Cau- 
 casian Race. — A Caucasian has a pinkish 
 skin, fine, silky, often wavy hair, and a high, 
 broad forehead. 
 
 This race contains the most civilized and 
 enlightened people of the world. They build 
 houses, cultivate the soil, make good tools and 
 machines, and build engines, ships, and rail- 
 roads. They produce better food and cloth- 
 ing than the other races. Most of the people 
 can read and write, and good schools and 
 
 colleges are gener- 
 ally found among 
 them. 
 
 The home of the 
 Caucasian race is 
 Europe, southern 
 Asia, and northern 
 .Africa. Caucasians 
 from Europe have 
 settled in many 
 other parts of the 
 world, especially in 
 America and Aus- 
 tralia, where most of the people now belong to 
 
 that race. 
 
 XVII. OCCUPATIONS 
 
 Occupations. — The chief occupations of 
 mankind are agriculture, herding, mining, 
 lumbering, manufactur- 
 ing, and commerce. 
 
 Agriculture. — When 
 men cultivate the soil and 
 raise crops of plants for 
 food or clothing, they 
 are said to be engaged 
 in Farming or Agricul- 
 ture. The chief crops 
 raised are wheat, corn, rye, 
 oats, barley, rice, cotton, 
 sugar beets, sugar cane, 
 fruits, garden vegetables, 
 tea, coffee, and spices. The crops differ in 
 different parts of the world because the cli- 
 mates and soils differ. 
 
 Herding. — In some places the chief employ- 
 ment of men is raising horses, cattle, sheep, 
 goats, hogs, or camels. This occupation is 
 called Herding. The cattle are fattened for 
 their flesh, called Beef, or they are used to 
 furnish milk, from which we get butter and 
 cheese. The sheep are raised for their wool.
 
 24 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Manufacturing. 
 
 goats for their hair, and camels for use as 
 beasts of burden. 
 
 Lumbering and Mining. — The cutting down 
 of trees and preparing the wood roughly for 
 market is called Lumbering. 
 
 The digging of coal, iron, gold, silver, copper, 
 and other useful minerals from the earth is 
 called Milling. The place where the min- 
 erals are dug is called a Mine. Some mines, 
 as coal mines, are very deep, and great ma- 
 chines must be used to force pure air into 
 the mines and to pump the water out. 
 
 Manufacturing. — The making, on a large 
 scale, of cloth, paper, machines, wagons, ships, 
 engines, and other things of use to man 
 is called Manufacturing. The building in 
 which articles are made is called a Factory. 
 I i i uiies are usually situated where there is 
 water for turning water wheels or where fuel 
 engines to run the machines can be easily 
 obtained. 
 
 Commerce. — The buying and selling of 
 good-, and carrying them from one pine to 
 another is called Commerce, ' roods are bought 
 and sold by men limit V and are carried from 
 place to place by horses and wagons, by 
 camels, by railroads, and in ships. 
 
 XVIII. GOVERNMENT 
 
 Government. — Men make rules or Laws to 
 secure order in their country. All the people 
 are then protected and benefited. The laws 
 and customs by which a people are controlled 
 form their Government. Certain men make 
 the laws and see that they are obeyed. These 
 men are Officers of the government. 
 
 Kinds of Government. — There are two chief 
 kinds of governments, Republics and Mon- 
 archies. Monarchies are also of two kinds, 
 limited monarchies and absolute monarchies. 
 
 Monarchy. — An Absolute Monarchy is one 
 in which the ruler, or king, makes the laws 
 and sees that they are obeyed. He has entire 
 control of the country, and all the people must 
 obey his will. He obtains his position gen- 
 
 I ll IMMI i;< E. 
 
 erally because he is the son or other near rela- 
 tive of the former ruler, and he holds it for life. 
 In a Limited Monarchy the people choose 
 men to make the laws, and the king sees that 
 they are enforced. The king in a limited 
 monarchy has therefore much less power than 
 the king in an absolute monarchy. But he 
 usually obtains his position in the same way, 
 and holds it for life.
 
 HOW TO READ A MAP 
 
 25 
 
 Monarchies are sometimes called King- 
 doms, Empires, and Principalities. A king- 
 dom is ruled by a king, an empire by an 
 emperor, and a principality by a prince. 
 
 Republic. — In a Republic the people elect 
 officers to make the laws and others to enforce 
 them. These officers are elected for a defi- 
 nite time only. If they do not act properly, 
 the people need not elect them again. 
 
 The chief officer in a republic is called 
 President. 
 
 XIX. HOW TO READ A MAP 
 
 Directions Indicated. — The directions on 
 maps are indicated by two sets of fine black 
 lines. One set usually cross the map from 
 the top to the bottom. On most maps they 
 are somewhat curved. They 
 are called Meridians and indi- 
 cate north and south direction. 
 
 The other set of black lines 
 usually cross the map from 
 side to side. They also are 
 usually curved. They are 
 called Parallels of Latitude 
 and indicate east and west 
 direction. 
 
 number of short black marks side by side, and 
 the name is printed near by. 
 
 A To7un is shown by a small black ring, 
 near which the name of the town is printed. 
 
 How to study a Map. — In studying a 
 country on the map we should follow some 
 regular plan. 
 
 1. Bound the country by naming the coun- 
 tries or bodies of water around it. Name 
 those to the north, east, south, and west. 
 
 2. Describe its shape. 
 
 3. If it borders an ocean, describe the coast 
 line. 
 
 4. Describe the position and trend of the 
 mountains in the country. 
 
 5. Name the chief rivers and describe them 
 by telling where they rise, their direction 
 
 of flow, and into what they 
 flow. Also name some of 
 their branches. 
 
 6. Name the chief lakes, 
 their inlets and outlets, if 
 there are any, and tell where 
 they are situated. 
 
 7. Name and locate the 
 capital (marked thus * ) and 
 chief towns of the country. 
 
 In most maps toward the 
 
 Meridians and Parallels. 
 
 top is north, toward the bottom south, toward 
 the left hand west, and toward the right, east. 
 
 How Features are drawn. — In many maps 
 the large bodies of water, such as oceans, seas, 
 gulfs, and lakes, are colored blue, and their 
 names are printed across or near them. Each 
 division of land has some other color, and its 
 name is printed on or near it. 
 
 Rivers are drawn in wavy black lines, 
 which get heavier toward the mouth of the 
 river. The name of the river is printed 
 alongside. 
 
 Mountain Ranges are indicated by a great 
 
 TEST EXERCISES FOR REVIEW" 
 
 16. How does climate affect man in comparison with its 
 effect on plants and animals? Why is this the case? Into 
 what races is mankind divided? Describe the Negro race. 
 Where is its home? How does it live? Describe and locate 
 the Mongolian race. How does it live? Describe the Cauca- 
 sian race. What progress has it made? Where is its home? 
 Where has it spread? 
 
 17. .What are the chief occupations of man? What is agri- 
 culture? Name the chief crops. Tell what you can of herding ; 
 of lumbering and mining. What is manufacturing? Tell what 
 you can of commerce. 
 
 iS. What is government? What are the chief kinds of 
 government? What is an absolute monarchy? a limited 
 monarchv? a republic? 
 
 19. How are directions shown on a map? What do merid- 
 ians show? parallels of latitude? How are water surfaces 
 shown? countries? rivers? mountains? cities? How should 
 you study a map?
 
 26 
 
 NORTH AMERICA 
 
 NORTH AMEIUCA 
 
 i !" map of fi Hi America, 
 
 i 'ilia 
 
 BO I eh 
 
 NOR'I II AMERICA 
 
 l ERCISES ON THE MAP 
 
 Location. — In what continent is North America? What 
 
 iii'.' mtnern pari ? In 
 what forth America? What oceans border North 
 
 America? With what land is it connected in the south 
 east? By >ai 1 from \sia ? 
 
 Extent. — In recti m i North America longest? 
 
 Where is it widesi : With the scale of miles measure its 
 length; its width at the widest place. What is its shape? 
 
 Coast Forms. — What large gulf is in the southeast? 
 Whal large bay is in the north? What strait connects it 
 with the Atlantic Ocean? What gulf is in the extreme 
 east? What sea is north of the Isthmus of Panama? 
 What gulf is on the southwest coast? What sea is in the 
 northwest? What strait i onnei ts it with the Arctic < >< ear) J 
 
 What peninsula is south of the Gulf of St. Lawrence?
 
 NORTH AMERICA 
 
 27 
 
 What peninsulas are in the southeast? What peninsula 
 is on the southwest coast? Find some peninsulas that are 
 not named on the map. 
 
 Islands. — On which side of North America are most of 
 the islands ? What is the largest island ? What bay and 
 strait are southwest of Greenland? What island is east of 
 Greenland? What island is east of the Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence? What islands are north and east of the Caribbean 
 Sea? Name the largest one. What is the largest island 
 near the western coast of North America? 
 
 Surface. — Find four mountain ranges in the western 
 part of North America. What three ranges are closest to 
 the Pacific coast? What long mountain chain is farther 
 east? In what direction do these mountains extend? What 
 mountains are near the eastern coast ? What is their trend ? 
 
 Drainage. — Where are there lakes in North America ? 
 What river flows into the Arctic Ocean ? What lakes lie in 
 its basin? What river flows into Hudson Bay? Name a 
 lake drained by this river. What river flows into the lake ? 
 What river flows into the Gulf of St. Lawrence? What 
 lakes are drained by this river? What two rivers flow into 
 the Gulf of Mexico? Name four branches of the Mis- 
 sissippi River. What river flows into the Gulf of Califor- 
 nia? into the Pacific Ocean? into Bering Sea? 
 
 Countries. — Where is the Dominion of Canada? What 
 country is south of it ? What region is northwest of Can- < 
 ada? What country is south of the 
 United States? What region is 
 southeast of Mexico ? 
 
 Map Drawing. — Sketch and re- 
 sketch an outline of the mainland 
 of North America like this figure, 
 but larger, until you can reproduce 
 its shape quickly from memory. 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 Position and Extent. — North America, the 
 grand division in which we live, is the north- 
 ern part of the Western Continent. It lies 
 between the Atlantic Ocean on the east and 
 the Pacific Ocean on the west. 
 
 It lies chiefly in the North Temperate Zone, 
 but extends into the Frigid Zone in the north 
 and into the Torrid Zone in the south. 
 
 Its width from east to west is so great that it 
 takes four days and nights of constant travel for 
 
 a fast railway train to cross it. The length 
 from north to south is nearly twice the width. 
 
 Shape and Coastline. — North America is 
 wide at the north and tapers nearly to a point 
 at the Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 The northern coast is quite irregular. Hud- 
 son Bay extends far inland; it is connected 
 with the Atlantic Ocean by Hudson Strait. 
 
 The eastern coast is also quite irregular. 
 In the northeast is the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 partly inclosed by the peninsula of Nova Scotia 
 and the island of Newfoundland. In the 
 southeast is the great Gulf of Mexico, partly 
 inclosed by the two peninsulas of Florida and 
 Yucatan and by the island of Cuba. 
 
 The western coast is more regular than the 
 others, although it is broken by the Gulf of 
 California in the southwest, and there is a 
 long peninsula in the northwest partly inclos- 
 ing Bering Sea. 
 
 Islands. — The largest island on the north- 
 ern coast is Greenland. Most of this island 
 is covered all the time with snow and ice 
 thousands of feet deep. 
 
 Iceland also is partly covered with snow 
 and ice. This island has a famous volcano 
 and many hot springs and geysers. 
 
 The largest island on the extreme eastern 
 coast of North America is Newfoundland. 
 
 But the most noted islands of North 
 America are the West Indies, lying mostly 
 north and east of the Caribbean Sea. These 
 islands contain the land in America first 
 visited by Columbus. On many of them 
 palms and tropical plants grow all the year, 
 and flowers may always be seen in bloom. 
 
 A part of the west coast is fringed by small 
 islands. Can you find them on the map ? 
 
 The Western Highlands occupy nearly one 
 third of the width of North America. They 
 form a plateau more than a mile high and
 
 28 
 
 NORTH AMERICA 
 
 Rocky Mountains. 
 
 have three important mountain ranges travers- 
 ing the plateau from northwest to southeast. 
 
 The Rocky Mountains, near the eastern 
 border of the plateau, form the highest and 
 longest range. They extend nearly the whole 
 length of North America. They are rough 
 and rugged, with many peaks nearly three 
 miles high. 
 
 The Cascade Mountains and Sierra Nevada, 
 near the western border of the plateau, as a 
 whole are not so high as the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, but some of the peaks are a little higher. 
 
 Near tin- southern end of North America 
 is the Sierra Madre. This ranee is high and 
 rugged, with a jagged crest. Near it are sev- 
 eral high, snow-capped volcanoes. 
 
 All of these western mountain ranges .ire 
 SO high that trees will not grow on their 
 upper slopes. (See the picture' at the foot oi 
 this page.) 
 
 Between the three long mountain ranges on 
 
 .vest, and the Rocky Mountain range, is 
 
 a broad highland. This is crossed by short 
 
 intain ranges and I ul by dee]), narrow 
 gorgi - 1 i anyons. 
 
 The Eastern Highlands. — The Appalachian 
 Mountain system <» < upies the eastern pari 
 of North America, and extends from the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrem e nearly to th< Cull of Mexico. 
 
 It consists of a low plateau bordered on the 
 east by a number of nearly parallel ranges, 
 often with fertile valleys between the ranges. 
 These mountains are no higher than the base 
 of the Rocky Mountains, and are so low that 
 in most places trees and grass grow on their 
 slopes and summits. The Appalachian ranges 
 are generally flat-topped, and their slopes are 
 smoother and gentler than those of the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 The Allegheny plateaus lie directly west 
 of the Appalachian ridges, and are a part of 
 the Appalachian Mountain system. They 
 form a low table-land into which the streams 
 have cut deep and narrow valleys. 
 
 iDinr i.i i Pikes Peak, ' "i m
 
 RELIEF, DRAINAGE 
 
 
 Appalachian Moun i ains. 
 
 A low plateau, called the Laurentian High- 
 land, lies between Hudson Bay and the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Plains. — Between the Rocky Mountain 
 highland and the Appalachian highland is a 
 great plain extending from the Arctic Ocean 
 to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 The surface of the plain is generally quite 
 smooth. In some parts it appears so nearly 
 level that you can tell the direction of its 
 slope only by the flow of the rivers. 
 
 The rivers in the southern part flow south, 
 those in the northern part flow north, and 
 in the central part the main streams flow to 
 the east. Thus we know that there are three 
 great slopes in the central plain. The low- 
 swells or divides separating the three are less 
 than half as high as the Appalachian Moun- 
 tains, and are sometimes called Heights of 
 Land. 
 
 A smaller plain lying east of the Appala- 
 chian Mountains is called the Atlantic Coast 
 Plain. It slopes very gently toward the At- 
 lantic Ocean, and near the coast contains 
 many swamps. 
 
 Drainage. — North .America contains seven 
 great rivers, four of which drain the central 
 plain. 
 
 The southern slope of the central plain is 
 
 drained mainly by the Mississippi River and 
 its branches to the Gulf of Mexico. Its great 
 western branches, the Missouri, Arkansas, and 
 Red rivers, flow from the Rocky Mountains, 
 while the Ohio River, which forms the largest 
 eastern branch, flows from the Appalachian 
 Mountains. 
 
 The Mississippi is the largest river in North America, 
 and manv steamboats ply on its waters. Sometimes in 
 spring the melting of the snows on the high Rocky Moun- 
 tains causes floods in the Mississippi. The river then 
 brings down a great load of earth, and when tin- muddy 
 water spreads out over the banks it does not flow s 
 there as in the main channel, and a coating of the river 
 mud is deposited over the plain. In this way a flood plain 
 is formed in which the soil is deep and very fertile. 
 
 The northern slope of the central plain is 
 drained by the Mackenzie River to the Arctic 
 Ocean. This river is the outlet of several 
 lakes, the largest of which are Great Bear 
 Lake and Great Slave Lake. 
 
 The middle part of the central plain is 
 drained by the St. Lawrence River, and by 
 the Nelson River, which flows into Hudson 
 Bay. 
 
 The upper course of the Nelson River is 
 rilled the Saskatchewan River. This widens 
 to form Lake Winnipeg, of which the Nelson 
 River is the outlet.
 
 30 
 
 NORTH AMERICA 
 
 The St. Lawrence 
 River system in- 
 cludes the Great 
 Lakes — Superior, 
 Michigan, Huron, 
 Erie, and Ontario. 
 Lake Superior is the 
 largest bodv of fresh 
 water in America. 
 
 The rivers flow- 
 ing into the Arctic 
 Ocean and Hud- 
 son Bay are frozen 
 much of the year, 
 and few people live 
 in their basins; con- 
 sequently few steamboats float on their waters. 
 
 The western side of North America is 
 drained by three large rivers, — the Yukon 
 River, which flows into Bering Sea; the Co- 
 lumbia, which flows into the Pacific Ocean; 
 and the Colorado, which flows into the Gulf 
 of California. These rivers all have their 
 sources in the Rocky Mountain highland, 
 and flow westward. The rivers east of the 
 Rocky Mountains flow eastward, and so this 
 highland divides North America into two 
 gnat slopes, — a slope on one side toward 
 the Pacific and on the other side toward the 
 Arctic and Atlantic means. 
 
 Heat and Rainfall. — North America has 
 a great variety of climate. The southern 
 part lies in the Torrid Zone, and is always 
 hot and moist except on the highlands, where 
 it is cooler and drier and usually very pleasant. 
 The northern part is in the Frigid /one, 
 and is so cold that snow falls every month in 
 the '. ' ar, and the ground is always frozen to a 
 
 ■ • depth. 
 
 The greater part of North America l'es in 
 
 the I emperate /one, but even in this /.one 
 
 Indian Wigwam. 
 
 there is a great vari- 
 ety of climate. Near 
 the Tropic of Can- 
 cer there is little 
 difference between 
 summer and winter, 
 but near the Arctic 
 Circle the long win- 
 ters are intensely 
 cold, while the short 
 summers are quite 
 warm. 
 
 The prevailing 
 southwest winds 
 give much of the 
 Pacific coast a mild 
 and moist climate; but the interior is drier, 
 with cold winters and hot summers. 
 
 Plants. — In the north mosses and lichens 
 and a few low shrubs are the only plants that 
 will grow during the short summers. 
 
 In the latitude of Hudson Bay open forests 
 of spruce, pine, and cedar trees cover almost 
 the entire country. 
 
 Still farther south the forests are denser, 
 but are mostly east of the Mississippi River. 
 They contain pines, spruces, and cedars, as 
 well as oak, chestnut, maple, hickory, ash, and 
 walnut trees. West of the Mississippi the 
 climate is drier, and the chief plants are 
 grasses; but on the mountain slopes and near 
 the Pacific coast there are extensive forests. 
 
 In the extreme south are dense forests of 
 palms and mahogany, logwood, rosewood, and 
 ebony trees on the lowlands. On the cooler 
 and drier highlands the plants resemble those 
 growing on the lowlands farther north. 
 
 Animals. — In the north the chief sea animals 
 are the whale, seal, and walrus; and the land 
 animals include the polar bear, the Arctic fox, 
 the musk ox, the caribou or American rein-
 
 CLIMATE, LIFE 
 
 3i 
 
 deer, the moose, and the " elk," as well as many 
 small fur-bearing animals. The polar bear 
 preys upon seals, and the musk ox feeds upon 
 the mosses and lichens which it digs up with 
 its sharp hoofs from under the snow. In the 
 short Arctic summer many swans, geese, ducks, 
 and other water fowl come to this region. 
 
 Deer and black bears were once abun- 
 dant in the forests east of the Mississippi, 
 and vast herds of bison once grazed over 
 the grassy plains. Antelopes, wolves, and 
 prairie dogs are found in the west, and big- 
 horn sheep, grizzly bears, and pumas in the 
 Rocky Mountain 
 highland. 
 
 In the southern 
 part of North Amer- 
 ica, where it is hot, 
 alligators may be 
 seen lying in the sun 
 along the streams, 
 monkeys and snakes 
 are common in the forests, and there are 
 many bright-colored birds and insects. 
 
 People ; Whites. — Most of the present in- 
 habitants of North America belong to the 
 white race, and are descendants of highly 
 civilized people who have come here from 
 Europe during the past four hundred years. 
 
 The white people landed on the east coast 
 and gradually settled the country westward to 
 the Pacific, but by far the larger number live 
 in the southeastern half of the grand division. 
 
 Negroes. — Among the whites, chiefly in the 
 extreme southeast, are many negroes whose 
 ancestors were brought from Africa as slaves. 
 
 Indians. — In the northwest half are scat- 
 tered tribes of American Indians, whose an- 
 cestors used to roam over the whole country, 
 living in skin or bark wigwams and using bows 
 and arrows and stone knives and tomahawks. 
 
 a.n Alligator. 
 
 Partly civilized Indians and Indian half-breeds 
 live with the whites in the southwest. 
 
 Eskimos. — The few natives along the bleak 
 Arctic coasts are called Eskimos. They make 
 their houses of snow and ice, and live by 
 hunting and fishing. 
 
 Chinamen. — A few Chinese merchants and 
 laborers from eastern Asia live among the 
 whites near the Pacific coast. Indians, Eski- 
 mos, and Chinese belong to the Mongolian race. 
 Divisions. — North America is divided into: 
 The United States, the country we live in, 
 which contains three fourths of the people in 
 
 the grand division 
 and is one of the 
 greatest nations of 
 the world ; Alaska, 
 which belongs to 
 the United States; 
 The Dominion- of 
 Canada, which em- 
 braces the greater 
 part of the grand division north of the United 
 States; Danish America, which embraces 
 Greenland and Iceland ; Mexico, which lies 
 south of the United States; Central America, 
 southeast of Mexico; and The West Indies, be- 
 tween the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic. 
 
 TEST EXERCISES FOR REVIEW 
 
 Where is North America? In what zones is it? What 
 waters border it? What is its shape? 
 
 Describe its coasts, naming and locating its principal gulfs, 
 bavs. peninsulas, and islands. 
 
 What mountains are in the western part? in the eastern 
 part? Describe the surface in the central part. What other 
 plain is in North America? 
 
 Name and tell "I1.1t you can of each of the seven chief rivers 
 of North America. 
 
 Describe the climate of the northern part of the grand 
 division; of the southern part; of the central part. 
 
 What can you tell of the vegetation of North America? 
 What kinds of forests are found, and where? 
 
 What are the principal animals of the grand division, and 
 in what parts are they found? 
 
 Tell all you can about the people of North America. 
 
 Name and locate the various divisions of North America.
 
 32 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 EXERCISES ON THE MAP 
 
 Location and Coast Line. — In what zone is the United 
 States ? Name thd countries and bodies of water that bor- 
 der it, beginning on the north. 
 
 Name four bays on the east coast ; five capes. What 
 bay is on the west coast? What sound is in the extreme 
 northwest ? What capes and point are on the west coast ? 
 Name two bays and a cape on the south coast. 
 
 Surface". — Which side of the United States is most 
 mountainous? Name two ranges near the Pacific Ocean. 
 What great chain crosses the country west of the center? 
 What range is between the Rocky Mountains and the 
 Sierra Nevada ? What basin is west of the Wasatch Moun- 
 tains? What mountains are near the Atlantic coast? 
 
 What part of the United States is a great plain? In 
 what direction does this plain slope? 
 
 Drainage. — Into the arms of what ocean do most of the 
 rivers of the United States flow ? What two large rivers 
 flow into the Pacific Ocean or its arms? Trace the divide 
 between the Atlantic and Pacific slopes. Which is the 
 longer? Name the largest river of the United States. 
 Where is its source? Into what does it flow? Name three 
 western branches. Name the chief eastern branch. What 
 river is on the southwestern boundary? Find the Red 
 River that flows across the northern boundary of the 
 United States. Into what lake does it flow? Name five 
 great lakes on or near the northern border. What river 
 forms their outlet? Name five small rivers on the Atlantic 
 coast. Into wlui bays do three of them flow? What lake 
 I of the Wasatch Mountains? Has it an outlet? 
 
 Subdivisions. — What subdivisions border on the Great 
 Lakes? Name the six subdivisions east of New York. 
 What subdivisions border on the Atlantic coast between 
 New York and Florida ? What subdivisions border on the 
 Gulfol Mexico? What ones border the Mississippi River 
 on the east? Whit ones border the Ohio River? Whai 
 M i ii ippi River on the west ? What one i 
 are border I by the Missouri River? by the 
 
 Arkansas? What subdivi travel ed by the Rocky 
 
 \\ hat a wholly between the Roi kj 
 
 Mountains and the Sierra Nevada and Cascade chain? 
 A'hat ones border the Pacifii Ocean? 
 
 Map Drawing. Sketch md re- 
 d outline of the I rnited Si 
 like tins figure, but larger, until you 
 can do it qui< kly from memory- 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 Position. — The United States, the country 
 in which we live, lies in the central part of 
 North America and extends from the Atlantic 
 Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and from the Gulf 
 of Mexico to the Great Lakes.
 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 largest countries 
 
 United States is 
 in the world. 
 
 Its length 
 
 from east to west is about 3000 miles and its 
 width is about half this distance. 
 
 In addition, the United States owns Alaska 
 and some islands in the West Indies and in 
 the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Coast Line. — The eastern coast is quite 
 irregular. At Cape Cod, Cape Hatteras, and 
 Florida the land projects out toward the 
 ocean, while Massachusetts Haw New York 
 Bay, Delaware Bay, and Chesapeake Bay in- 
 dent the coast and contain good harbors at 
 which great cities have grown up.
 
 34 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Grand Canyon. 
 
 North of Cape Cod the coast is bold and 
 rocky, abounding in fiords, with high, rocky 
 headlands between. It is fringed by many 
 small, rocky islands. 
 
 South of Cape Cod the coast is low and 
 marshy. It is bordered by long, sandy islands, 
 separated from the coast by shallow lagoons of 
 salt water. The coast of the Gulf of Mexico 
 resembles the Atlantic coast south of Cape 
 Cod. 
 
 The Pacific coast is so regular that it has 
 few good harbors. Puget Sound in the north 
 and San Francisco Bay near the center are 
 the most important. 
 
 Relief. — The Pacific coast rises abruptly 
 from the sea into a low chain of mountains. 
 Back of these mountains is a broad valley, to 
 the east of which the land again rises rapidly 
 into the great highland which occupies nearly 
 the whole western half of the United States. 
 
 The Cascade Mountains and Sierra Nevada 
 form the western border of the great highland. 
 Both of these ranges have high peaks which 
 reach above the clouds and are always snow- 
 capped. Some of the peaks were once volca- 
 noes and some of them still have hot springs 
 on their sides. 
 
 East of these mountains is a plateau region 
 about a mile high, traversed by short mountain 
 ranges, strange cliffs, and wonderful canyons. 
 The eastern part of the plateau region is trav- 
 ersed by the Rocky Mountains, which are the 
 longest and most rugged mountains in the 
 country. 
 
 The Rocky Mountains contain many irreg- 
 ular ranges, and in a number of places the 
 ranges nearly inclose high, broad valleys, with 
 streams and clear lakes, woods and grassy 
 lands, arranged so beautifully that people call 
 them Parks. Many of the mountains in the 
 
 • **». 
 
 Yr* 
 
 mfCt.m^, 
 
 i, 
 
 ***w' 
 
 ^W^' >M^W*w 
 
 GR1 I Pi AINS. 
 
 V.
 
 RHLIEF 
 
 35 
 
 great highlands contain rich deposits of 
 gold, silver, copper, and lead. 
 
 East of the Rocky Mountains the 
 land slopes gradually eastward and 
 forms for some distance an even pla- 
 teau called the Great Plains. These 
 plains are covered with a thin growth 
 of grass and form good grazing lands 
 for sheep and cattle. At one place they 
 are broken by a mountain group called 
 the Black Hills. 
 
 The Atlantic coast is mostlv a low- 
 land called the Atlantic Coast Plain. 
 This plain is very narrow in the north, 
 but increases in 
 width rapidly to- 
 ward the south. 
 
 The Appala- 
 chian Mountains 
 lie west of the 
 coast plain, and are 
 much lower in the 
 central portions 
 than in the north 
 and south, where 
 the peaks are about 
 a mile high. The 
 Appalachian ridges 
 are parallel, with 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■■■BBIB^H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hj&yijy 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 ■'*■ 
 
 
 
 ." .'V 
 
 
 
 
 
 ••**- J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^Tj 
 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Water Gap. 
 
 Coal Miners at Work. 
 
 even tops, while 
 the low plateau 
 to the west is ren- 
 dered rough and 
 broken by the deep 
 valleys of the 
 streams. Streams 
 have also cut deep 
 notches, or Water 
 Gaps, across many 
 of the Appalachian 
 ridges. These gaps 
 are gateways 
 through the moun- 
 derrick and tanks. tains not only for 
 
 the rivers, but also for roads and railroads. 
 
 The Appalachian region is rich in coal, 
 iron ore, petroleum, and natural gas. 
 
 Between the Appalachian Mountains and 
 the Rocky Mountains lies the great central 
 plain. It slopes gently on either side toward 
 the Mississippi River. It also slopes toward 
 the south. It is not perfectly smooth, but 
 contains low hills and broad valleys. Much 
 of it is excellent farming land. In the north, 
 east, and south much of the land is covered 
 with forests, but in the western part the
 
 36 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Hudson River. 
 
 land is treeless, and consists of open grassy 
 plains called Prairies. Many of the streams 
 of the prairies, however, are fringed with 
 woodlands. 
 
 Drainage. — The central plain of the United 
 States is drained chiefly by the Mississippi 
 River and its branches. The Mississippi- 
 Missouri — measured from the mouth of the 
 Mississippi up to the mouth of the Mis- 
 souri and from there to the source of the 
 Missouri — is longer than any other river in 
 the world. 
 
 Many steamboats are always plying back 
 and forth on the Mississippi, carrying the 
 products of the North to the South, and those 
 of the South to the North. 
 
 The whole region drained by the Missis- 
 sippi River and its branches is often called 
 the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 North of the .Mississippi valley is a small 
 valley drained by the Red River which flows 
 north into Lake Winnipeg. This region was 
 once the bottom of a large lake, and is very 
 fertile. 
 
 The northeastern part of the central plain 
 lies in tin- region of the Greal Lakes, one 
 of which lies wholly within the United States. 
 The lakes form a part of the St. Lawrence 
 
 Columbia River. 
 
 River system, which is obstructed at many 
 places by falls and rapids. 
 
 Canals, however, have been made around these ob- 
 structions, so that one can sail from the head of Lake 
 Superior to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and then out into the 
 Atlantic Ocean. The Great Lakes form one of the most 
 useful highways for steamboat travel and transportation of 
 goods in the United States. 
 
 The rivers of the Atlantic slope generally 
 rise in the Appalachian Mountains. Those in 
 the north flow through water gaps. In their 
 upper courses the streams flow rapidly and 
 turn many mill wheels, but near the ocean 
 their flow is sluggish, and many of them can 
 be used for steamboat travel. The Hudson 
 River is one of the most noted rivers of the 
 Atlantic slope. 
 
 The short rivers of the Gulf slope, east and 
 west of the Mississippi valley, are somewhat 
 similar to those of the Atlantic slope. 
 
 On the Pacific coast most of the streams 
 arc short and are broken by falls and rapids, 
 
 In the north the Columbia rises in the 
 Rocky Mountains and (lows through a gorge 
 in the Cascade Mountains. It is navigable 
 both below and above the rapids in the 
 gorge. Snake River, its chief branch, also 
 flows through a canyon.
 
 DRAINAGE, CLIMATE 
 
 37 
 
 
 I II M I I 
 
 The Colorado in the south 
 is one of the most remarkable 
 
 rivers of the world. Its source 
 is in the high Rocky Moun- 
 tains, but it flows through a 
 very dry region. In its mid- 
 dle course the river has cut 
 down its bed to form a narrow 
 canyon about a mile deep, 
 through which the river rushes 
 in a succession of rapids and 
 waterfalls. 
 
 The plateau between the 
 Wasatch Mountains and the 
 Sierra Nevada, and south of 
 the Snake River, is called the 
 Great Basin. 
 
 Little ram falls in this region, except on the high moun- 
 tain tops. The streams, therefore, have their sources in 
 the high mountains, but flow out into the lower plateau, 
 where their waters either are lost in the hot sands or flow 
 into lakes which have no outlets. None of the streams 
 reach the sea ; hence the region is called a region of interior 
 drainage. The waters of most of the lakes are so salt and 
 hitter that no fish and few other animals can live in them. 
 The largest lake is the Great Salt Lake, which is one of 
 the saltest bodies of water in the world. 
 
 West of the Sierra Nevada lies the great 
 Valley of California. This is drained by two 
 important rivers which flow into San Fran- 
 cisco Bay. 
 
 Heat and Rainfall. — The United States has 
 a great variety of climate. In Florida snow 
 and frost are rarely seen, and tropical plants 
 grow and flowers are in bloom out of doors 
 all the time ; while in the Red River valley 
 in the north, snow lies on the ground for 
 half the year. 
 
 The coldest winters occur on the Great 
 Plains in the extreme north, while the hottest 
 summers occur in the extreme southwest, near 
 the mouth of the Colorado River. 
 
 Along the Pacific coast the 
 winds blow from the southwest 
 and wot, and, having the same 
 heat as the ocean, they make 
 the summers cool, and the win- 
 ters warmer than they would 
 otherwise be. Frost and sn<>w 
 are rare here on the lowlands, 
 and in some parts the flowers 
 bloom as in Florida, 
 
 In the eastern part of the 
 United States the heat varii s 
 more than on the Pacific coast, 
 because the winds sometimes 
 blow from cold lands and at 
 other times from warm lands 
 Scene. ,,,- from waters. 
 
 The sea winds of the Pacific coast are 
 laden with moisture, and as the air rises in 
 passing over the high mountains, the moisture 
 is dropped as rain or snow. Thus much of 
 this coast has copious rainfall, and plants can 
 "row in great abundance. 
 
 After passing over the high mountains, 
 the winds contain little moisture, and so the 
 great plateau region receives little rainfall 
 except on high mountains. It is so dry. 
 or arid, that few plants thrive there. Some 
 parts of it are so arid that they are true 
 deserts. 
 
 Just east of the Rocky Mountains the rain- 
 fall is small, but farther east the winds blow 
 from the south as well as the southwest. 
 The winds from the Gulf of Mexico bring suf- 
 ficient rain to the eastern half of the United 
 States to make it one of the finest farming 
 regions in the world. 
 
 Thus we can divide the United States into 
 three belts, — the moist Pacific coast region. 
 the dry western highlands, and the moist 
 eastern lowlands.
 
 38 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 History and Government. — About 1 30 
 years ago all the land east of the Missis- 
 sippi River belonged to Great Britain. 
 
 West of the Appalachian Mountains 
 at that time the only people were roam- 
 ing- tribes of Indians; but English set- 
 tiers occupied the land east of the 
 Appalachian Mountains. Here they had 
 made thirteen different groups of settle- 
 ments, called Colonies. These stretched 
 along the Atlantic coast from Nova 
 Scotia to Florida. 
 
 These colonists rebelled against Great 
 Britain, fought the Revolutionary War, 
 and became thirteen independent states. 
 They then united to form the republic of the 
 United States, but each state continues to 
 govern itself in local matters. 
 
 The laws of the United States are made by Congress, a 
 body which consists of men elected 'from each state ; and 
 these laws are enforced by a President who is elected every 
 four years by men chosen for the purpose by the people. 
 
 The state laws are made by a State Legislature com- 
 ! of men elected from different parts of the state ; 
 and they are enforced by a Governor who is elected by 
 the people of the state. 
 
 The city in which the laws of a country are made and in 
 •which the chief government officers live is called the Capital 
 of that country. Each state of our Union has a capital, 
 while Washington city is the capital of the whole nation. 
 
 Great Britain gave up to the United States 
 the land as far west as the 
 Mississippi River. The un- 
 settled land west of the Ap- 
 palachian Mountains was 
 ' ontrolled by Congress, and 
 was called Public Land. 
 To it was afterwards added 
 all tin- land between the 
 Mississippi River and the 
 \'.\> ific. 
 
 Winn enough people had 
 
 I'm Capitol, where Congress meets. 
 
 1 IN Willi t I I'll IE, W ill RE 1 in PRi IIDEN'1 
 LIVES, 
 
 settled in any section of the public land, that 
 part was separated from the rest and admitted 
 into the United States as a new state. There 
 are now 46 states in the Union, and the remain- 
 ing public land consists of two territories, which 
 will probably sometime be admitted as states. 
 Besides these, there are the territories of Alaska 
 and Hawaii, and some other outlying posses- 
 sions in the West Indies and the Pacific Ocean. 
 Sections. — In the moist eastern lowland of 
 the United States, and in the moist Pacific 
 coast lowland, the soil is generally fertile, and 
 farming is the most important occupation. 
 
 The dry western highlands are adapted to 
 mining, grazing, and some lumbering, while the 
 lower and moister Appalachians are adapted 
 to mining, lumbering, and 
 some farming and grazing. 
 In the southern part of 
 the eastern lowlands, the 
 climate is moist and warm, 
 and cotton is the chief crop. 
 In the northern half, the 
 cooler climate is favorable 
 to raising food plants, such 
 as wheal, corn, and oats. 
 The Pacific coast with its
 
 HISTORY, SECTIONS 
 
 39 
 
 even heat is adapted to wheat growing 
 and fruits, so it also is a food-producing 
 section. The northeastern part of our 
 country is less fertile than the interior, 
 but is near rich coal mines and has good 
 water powers and excellent harbors ; 
 therefore manufacturing and commerce 
 are the leading industries in that region. 
 
 Hence we may divide the United 
 States into five great sections as shown 
 on the map (pp. 32, 33): — 
 
 1. Northeastern or manufacturing sec- 
 
 tion 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 4- 
 5- 
 
 Northern or food-producing section. 
 
 Southern or cotton-growing section. 
 
 Western or grazing and mining section. 
 
 Pacific or western farming section. 
 Cities and Towns. — The United States con- 
 tains many cities and towns, especially in the 
 northern and northeastern sections. These 
 cities and towns are the centers of manufac- 
 turing and commerce, and are usually located 
 at some place that has special advantages for 
 commerce, as on a navigable river or safe 
 harbor, or at some railroad crossing, or at 
 a place that has some special advantages 
 for manufacturing, as near coal mines, or at 
 some water power. Nearly all the cities and 
 towns of the country are connected with one 
 
 .: 
 
 j&0H*.*\j 
 
 ~ ?; ** " ' - Jrmfm 
 
 Picking Corn; 
 
 Harvesting and Thrashing Wheat, 
 
 another by railroad. The United States con- 
 tains about half the length of railroad in the 
 whole world. The railroads are much more 
 numerous in the eastern than in the western 
 half of the country. 
 
 TEST EXERCISES FOR REVIEW 
 
 Where is the United States? Describe its extent and size. 
 What outlying possessions has it? Compare its east coast with 
 its Gulf coast and Pacific coast. 
 
 Describe as fully as possible the surface of the western half 
 of the United States. What and where are the Great Plains? 
 What can you say of the surface in the eastern half of the 
 United States? Describe the Atlantic Coast plain; the Ap- 
 palachian Mountains; the great central plain. Compare the 
 Appalachians and the Rocky Mountains in height. 
 
 Tell all you can of the chief river system of the United 
 States. What is meant by the Mississippi valley? Tell what you 
 can of the system and basin of the Red River; of the St. Law- 
 rence River and the Great Lakes ; of the short rivers of the 
 Atlantic and Gulf slopes; of the Columbia River; of 
 the Colorado River. Describe the Great Basin region. 
 
 Describe the climate of the United States as to heat and 
 cold ; as to moisture and dryness. Why is the climate of 
 the west coast more equable than that of the eastern part 
 of the country? Explain why the moist regions are moist 
 and the dry regions dry. Where do the clouds which water 
 the eastern half of the United States get their moisture? 
 
 How did the United States come to be formed? De- 
 scribe its form of government. What is the public land? 
 Into what is it now divided? 
 
 Why do occupations or industries differ in different 
 parts of the country? Into what five great industrial re- 
 gions may the country be divided? What are the char- 
 acteristic industries in each? In what occupations are 
 people of towns and cities chiefly engaged? Where are 
 cities usually located? Tell all you can about the rail- 
 roads of the United States.
 
 NORTHEASTERN SECTION 
 
 4i 
 
 THE NORTHEASTERN SECTION, OR 
 NEW ENGLAND 
 
 EXERCISES ON THE MAP 
 
 Location — Name the six northeastern states of our 
 country. What state is west of this section? 
 
 Coast. — Is the coast regular or irregular? Name two 
 bays and a sound on the coast ; two capes; four islands. 
 Which state does each island lie opposite? The largest 
 of these islands belongs to New York. Off the coast of 
 which state are many small islands? 
 
 Surface. — What part of this section is mountainous? 
 Name two mountain ranges. In what states does each lie? 
 To what system do these ranges belong? Name and 
 locate two peaks. 
 
 Drainage. — In what direction does northwest Vermont 
 slope? How does the rest of the section slope? Trace 
 the divide between these slopes. What lake borders north- 
 western Vermont? In what great river basin is it? Name 
 and describe the largest river on the Atlantic slope ; four 
 others. Name and locate the largest lake wholly in the 
 section. What is its outlet? 
 
 Divisions. — Where is Maine? What rivers are on 
 its boundaries? Name three others. In what part of 
 the state are the cities? Name and locate the capifal ; 
 three other important cities. 
 
 Where is New Hampshire? What river is in the cen- 
 tral part? What mountains are in the state? Name 
 and locate the capital ; two other important cities. 
 
 What state is west of New Hampshire? How is it 
 separated from that state? What mountains are in Ver- 
 mont? Name and locate the capital; two other cities. 
 
 White Moun iains. 
 
 Where is Massachusetts? What river 1 msses the state? 
 In what part of the state are there mountains? What two 
 islands belong to the state? Locate the capital; three 
 other important cities; Cambridge; Lynn. 
 
 Where is Rhode Island? What island belongs to this 
 state ? Name and locate the capital. 
 
 What state is west of Rhode Island? What river 
 ■crosses this state? Into what does it flow? Name and 
 locate the capital ; two cities on the coast. 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 New England. — The six states in the North- 
 eastern Section of our country are called the 
 New England States. They are all small, 
 the whole section being smaller than a number 
 of sinsde states in the Union. 
 
 Coast. — The coast is very irregular, con- 
 taining many bays. Along the coast of Maine 
 there are numerous rocky islands and bold 
 projecting headlands. 
 
 Surface. — The surface is so rough and 
 stony that there is little land suitable for 
 farming except in the river valleys. The 
 White Mountains in New Hampshire contain 
 Mount Washington, which is more than a 
 mile high and is snow-capped for much of the 
 year. The Green Mountains in Vermont and 
 Massachusetts comprise several ranges and
 
 42 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 are beautifully wooded with evergreens. Be- 
 sides these ranges there are a number of 
 isolated peaks like Mount Katahdin in Maine. 
 
 Drainage. — Most of the surface slopes 
 southward and is drained to the Atlantic by 
 several important streams. Owing to the 
 broken surface, the streams have many falls 
 and rapids, which are used for turning much 
 machinery. The Merrimac turns more mill 
 wheels than any other river in New England. 
 
 West of the Green Mountains the land 
 slopes toward Lake Champlain, whose outlet 
 flows northward into the St. Lawrence. 
 
 In northern New England are many beau- 
 tiful lakes. Maine especially has hundreds, 
 abounding in trout and other fine fish. 
 
 Climate. — The winters are cold, stormy, and 
 snowy. In the north dec]) 
 snows fall and often lie on the 
 ground for five months, while 
 in the south it is somewhat 
 milder, owing to the influence 
 of the ocean ; but the ocean 
 also makes the summers 
 cooler than in many of the 
 northern states farther inland. 
 
 People. — The northern 
 part is forest-covered and 
 thinly settled. The southern part, however, 
 contains many cities and towns, and is the 
 most thickly settled part of our country. 
 
 New England was settled largely by Puritans from 
 ill They were noted for their honesty, industry, 
 
 and intelligence. They established : 1 schools and 
 
 'I i ollegi . and to tins day this section is noted for 
 i in inti rest taken in education. 
 
 Manufacturing is the chief industry. More 
 
 i Otton .iiul \\i" Jen goods and boots and 
 
 shoes are made here than in all the rest 
 
 of our country. Besides this, New England 
 
 • noted for the great variety of its manufac- 
 
 tures. Much leather is tanned in Massachu- 
 setts, lumber and wood pulp are produced in 
 the north, ships are built in some of the coast 
 cities, and paper, machinery, rubber goods, 
 silks, bicycles, plated ware, knives and forks, 
 clocks, watches, and jewelry, guns, revolvers, 
 cartridges, pins, needles, and buttons are made 
 in the cities of southern New England. 
 
 Other Industries. — The soil and climate 
 not being well suited to farming, the people 
 
 Lake Champlain. 
 
 raise only a small part of 
 the food they use, though 
 good crops of hay, pota- 
 toes, tobacco, and vegeta- 
 bles are raised in the river valleys. 
 
 Lumbering is an important industry in the 
 north, and in many parts of the section 
 marble, granite, slate, mica, and sandstones 
 are quarried in large quantities. 
 
 The catching and curing of codfish and 
 mackerel employ many people and a large 
 fleet of ships, especially from Massachusetts. 
 The Commerce of this section is very large. 
 Food, coal, and raw materials are brought 
 to New England and exchanged for manu- 
 factured goods. Southern New England is 
 covered with a network of railroads connecting
 
 NORTHEASTERN SECTION 
 
 43 
 
 the cities and towns. A railroad tunnel 
 four miles long has been bored through 
 the mountains in western Massachusetts 
 so that food stuffs can more easily be 
 brought in from the West, and manu- 
 factured goods more easily shipped out. 
 Hundreds of ships also pass back and 
 forth along the coast all the time. 
 
 Maine is largely covered with forests, 
 which afford lumber and much wood pulp. 
 Good crops of hay and potatoes are raised. 
 
 In summer many people visit this state 
 because it is cool, and because of the 
 good fishing and the many places of in- 
 terest along the coast. 
 
 Portland, the largest city, has a fine harbor. 
 Lewiston has great cotton factories. Bangor 
 is noted for its lumber trade. 
 
 New Hampshire contains beautiful mountain 
 scenery which attracts many summer visitors. 
 The granite quarries are important, and much 
 cotton and many shoes are manufactured in 
 this state. 
 
 ■Manchester and Nashua, the largest cities, 
 are great centers of cotton manufacture. 
 
 Vermont is traversed by the Green Moun- 
 tains, which afford much fine scenery. 
 
 SCOLLAY Si v >L AKi 
 
 Logs in Connecticit River. 
 
 The state has no seacoast, but has con- 
 siderable trade over Lake Champlain. 
 
 The. chief occupations are dairy farming, 
 lumbering, and quarrying marble, granite, and 
 slate. 
 
 Burlington has a fine harbor and is a great 
 lumber market, and Rutland is near the lar- 
 gest marble quarries in the United States. 
 
 Massachusetts has greater wealth and popu- 
 lation than any other state in New England, 
 and in it are manufactured more cotton cloth, 
 and more boots and shoes, than in any other 
 state in the Union. Woolen goods, machin- 
 ery, leather, and paper are other important 
 manufactures. 
 
 Boston, the capital, is the largest city in 
 New England. It contains many buildings 
 of historical interest. Cambridge contains 
 Harvard University, the first college estab- 
 lished in our country. Worcester, Fall River, 
 Lowell, and several other large cities are noted 
 for their great factories, and Lynn is famous 
 for the manufacture of shoes. 
 
 Rhode Island is the smallest but most 
 thickly settled state in the Union. It is a 
 busy manufacturing state.
 
 44 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Providence, the capital, is the second city 
 in New England, and has great woolen, cot- 
 ton, and jewelry factories. 
 
 Connecticut has a more regular coast line 
 than the rest of New England. 
 
 The manufactures are exceedingly varied, 
 as clocks, plated ware, rubber shoes, thread, 
 buttons, bicycles, pins, needles, and knives. 
 
 New Haven is the largest city and the seat 
 of Yale University. Hartford and Bridge- 
 port are noted manufacturing centers. 
 
 TEST EXERCISES FOR REVIEW 
 
 Where and what are the New England States? What is 
 said of their size? 
 
 Describe the coast of the section ; the surface ; the drain- 
 age of the two main slopes ; the climate. 
 
 What is said of the people of New England? What is the 
 chief industry? Mention some other industries. 
 
 Describe each of the New England States and locate and 
 characterize the chief cities in each. 
 
 THE NORTHERN SECTION 
 EXERCISES ON THE MAP 
 
 Location. — Make a list of the twenty states in this sec- 
 tion. In what part of the United States is it? (See map 
 p. 33.) Name four great lakes on its northern border. 
 What three bays and island are on the east coast? 
 
 Surface. — What mountain system is in the eastern part ? 
 Name two ranges. What hills are in the extreme west? 
 W hat mountains are in the southwest? What is the char- 
 acter of most of the section ? 
 
 Drainage. — What great river flows south through the 
 center of the section ? What large western tributary does 
 it receive? what large eastern tributary? What is the 
 outlet of the Great Lakes? In what river basin, then, 
 do they lie? What river flows north in the north- 
 western part of the section? What river flows to New 
 York Bay? to Delaware Bay? What three rivers flow 
 to Chi ipeake Bay? 
 
 Divisions. — Name the seven states crossed by the 
 
 Atlantii ( oasl plainorthe Appalachian Mountains. These 
 
 are sometimes called the Middle States. Name the six 
 
 1 iti between the Middle States and the Mississippi River. 
 
 imetimes called the East Central States. 
 
 Name the seven states that lie wholly or partly west of the 
 
 pi River. These are sometimes called the West 
 
 xl States. 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 Location. — The Northern Section extends 
 westward from New England and the Atlantic 
 ( )cean nearly to the Rocky Mountains, and 
 from the Great Lakes southward to the mouth 
 of Chesapeake Hay and the Ozark Mountains. 
 It is the great food-producing section of the 
 country. 
 
 Coast. — The low, sandy coast is visited 
 each summer by thousands of people, who 
 1 <Hiie to enjoy the cool sea air and the fine
 
 NORTHERN SECTION 
 
 45 
 
 bathing. It is deeply indented by three im- 
 portant bays which contain some of the best 
 harbors in the country. 
 
 Surface. — The surface near the coast is 
 low, level, and sandy, rising gradually into a 
 foothill region, and then into the parallel 
 Appalachian ridges. Several ridges lie be- 
 tween the Blue Ridge and the Allegheny 
 range, and are separated by broad, fertile 
 valleys. West of the ridges is the Allegheny 
 plateau region, which is made rough and 
 broken by its many deep, narrow valleys. 
 
 The isolated groups of the Adirondacks and 
 the Catskills lie on the plateau in the north, 
 and are much visited by tourists. Peaks of the 
 Adirondacks and the Blue Ridge are over 
 a mile high, but the plateau and most of the 
 Appalachian ridges are less than half as high. 
 From the Allegheny plateaus the surface 
 slopes gradually down to the Great Lakes 
 and the Mississippi River; then it gradually 
 slopes up again to the Great Plains on the 
 western border of the section, where it is 
 about as high as the Allegheny plateaus.
 
 4 6 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Niagara Falls. 
 
 The central plain in this section has a 
 remarkably fertile soil and a smooth surface. 
 It is broken only by gentle swells, and low 
 bluffs along the streams ; and by the Ozark 
 Mountains and the Black Hills. 
 
 Drainage. — West of the Appalachian 
 Mountains, most of the section is drained to 
 the Gulf of Mexico by the Mississippi and its 
 branches. These rivers furnish many miles 
 of navigable water, and many fine water 
 powers. 
 
 Many of the rivers of the Atlantic slope 
 rise on the west side of the Appalachian 
 ridges and flow through water gaps. These 
 low gaps afford natural gateways of travel 
 through the mountains. The chief rivers of 
 this slope flow into deep bays which really 
 form the lower courses of the streams. 
 
 The northern part of the section slopes 
 mostly toward the Great Lakes; but a small 
 region in the northwest is drained by Red 
 River, and is in the basin of the Nelson River 
 oi I anada. 
 
 The northern part of the section contains 
 thousands of small lakes, but its streams arc 
 small and unimportant The Great bakes, 
 however, form very important trade routes. 
 
 Navigation is hindered between Lakes Superior and 
 Huron by the " Sault," or rapids, in the St. Marys River, 
 and between Lakes Erie and Ontario by the famous cataract, 
 Niagara Falls. Canals, however, have been made around 
 both of these obstacles. 
 
 Climate. — The winters in the section are 
 cold, and snow lies on the ground for much 
 of that season. The summers, however, are 
 hot, with enough rain for grain, hay, vegetables, 
 and fruits, except in the extreme west, where 
 crops sometimes fail because of drought. 
 
 Vegetation. — In the north are extensive 
 pine forests which supply valuable lumber. 
 
 The Appalachian region and much of the 
 southern part of the section are covered 
 
 Corn Kif.i.o. 
 
 with forests of oak, hickory, ash, and poplar, 
 which yield timber for wagons, cars, agricultu- 
 ral machinery, and furniture. Much, of the 
 Ohio valley, however, and most of the region 
 west of the Missouri, is a grassy prairie, on 
 which few trees grow except along the streams. 
 People. — More than half the people in the 
 United States live in this section. The At- 
 lantic Coast plain, especially toward the north, 
 is about as thickly settled as southern New 
 England. West of the Appalachian Moun- 
 tains the section is less thickly settled. Many
 
 NORTHERN SECTION 
 
 47 
 
 emigrants from Eu- 
 rope come to this 
 country every year, 
 and most of them 
 settle in this section. 
 
 Food Products. — 
 Farming is the chief 
 industry of the sec- 
 tion, and wheat and 
 corn are the most 
 important crops. The 
 northern part is best 
 adapted for wheat, 
 while the central 
 and southern part is best adapted for corn. 
 
 Other food crops, such as rye, oats, hay, 
 potatoes, vegetables, and fruit, are raised in 
 abundance, as well as great quantities of to- 
 bacco, which is produced especially in the 
 southern part of the section. 
 
 The animal food produced is scarcely less 
 important than the plant food. Vast numbers 
 of cattle and hogs are raised in the corn 
 region, and on the grassy plains in the west 
 great droves of cattle and sheep are herded. 
 The oyster fisheries on the eastern coast are 
 among the richest in the world. 
 
 Mineral Industries. — Most of the coal and 
 iron ore mined in the United States comes 
 from this section. The richest iron-ore beds 
 in the world are west and south of Lake Supe- 
 rior, in which region wonderfully rich mines 
 of copper are also worked. The richest coal 
 mines are in the Appalachian region, which 
 also supplies more petroleum, or rock oil, than 
 any other region in America. Most of our 
 salt also comes from this section. 
 
 Manufacturing is another very important 
 industry, especially in the northeast. Near 
 the great coal fields, more iron and steel 
 are made than in any other country in the 
 
 Copper Mine, Michigan. 
 
 world. The product 
 is rolled into rails, 
 beams, and plates and 
 made into ships, 
 engines, and machin- 
 ery. From the petro- 
 leum is made the 
 kerosene, or coal oil, 
 which is used in al- 
 most every country 
 on earth. In the east, 
 near the fine harbors 
 of the coast, many 
 things are manufac- 
 tured from raw materials that are brought 
 by sea: cotton and woolen cloth, carpets, silk, 
 refined sugar, rubber goods, etc. 
 
 In the west, near the forests and near the 
 great grain and stock region, the chief manufac- 
 tured articles are furniture and other wooden 
 articles, flour, liquors, cured and packed 
 meats, butter, cheese, and leather. 
 
 In all the large cities great quantities of 
 clothing and tobacco are manufactured. 
 
 Commerce. — The great population and nu- 
 merous productions give rise to very extensive 
 commerce. 
 
 Silk Mill, Paterson, New Jersey.
 
 4 8 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Most of the freight is carried over rail- 
 roads, which cover the section like a network. 
 Considerable heavy freight is carried by the 
 lakes and rivers, and by the canals which 
 have been dug to connect them. The most 
 famous of these is the Erie Canal, which 
 connects Lake Erie 
 with the Hudson River. 
 
 Great quantities of 
 wheat, flour, meat, kero- 
 sene, and other manu- 
 factures are shipped 
 across the ocean from 
 the harbors on the east 
 coast. 
 
 name? What other city is on the bay? Locate the city 
 of Washington. 
 
 Where is Virginia? What bay is in the east? Describe 
 the surface. Name two rivers in the state. Name and 
 locate the capital. Where is Norfolk? 
 
 Where is West Virginia? What rivers form its west 
 boundary? Describe its surface. Name a river in the 
 
 state. Name and locate the 
 capital ; a city in the north. 
 
 New York 
 
 of New England. 
 
 Steel Works, Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 ies west 
 It is 
 often called the " Em- 
 pire State " because it 
 surpasses every other 
 state in population, 
 wealth, manufactures, 
 and commerce. 
 
 Though manufactur- 
 ing and commerce are the chief occupations, 
 farming also is important, hay, butter, cheese, 
 hops, and potatoes being the chief products. 
 
 Neiv York city lies on several islands and 
 the mainland at the mouth of the Hudson. 
 It is the largest city and greatest seaport in 
 America, as well as the greatest manufactur- 
 ing city. Among its many manufactures, 
 
 Wesi Washington Market, New York City. 
 
 The Middle States (see map p. 45). — What threi 
 lak'-^ border New York? What island belongs to it? 
 What two mountain groups are in the State? What river 
 is in the eastern part? What branch has the Hudson? 
 Name and locate the capital ; a city in the southeast ; 
 other cities. 
 Where is New Jersey? What river borders it on lli 
 
 loi lie the 1 apital ; another city. 
 Whi ' nia? Di cribe its surface. Name 
 
 two rivers in the state. Name and 1cm at' the 1 ipital ; two 
 east; two in the west. Where is Reading? 
 Where is Delaware? Name and locate the (ipital; 
 another city. 
 
 Where is Maryland ? What river separates it from Vir- 
 
 Whal baj is partly in the itate? I (escribe the 
 
 surface. The capital is on Chesapeake Bay. What is its 
 
 Pottery, Trenton, New Jersey. 
 
 clothing and refined sugar are noted. Buffalo, 
 at the western end of the Erie Canal, ships 
 large quantities of grain, coal, and lumber. 
 Rochester has great flour mills and shoe fac-
 
 NORTHERN SECTION 
 
 49 
 
 torics. Syracuse has rich salt springs. Albany 
 is the capital. 
 
 New Jersey lies mainly in the low, level 
 .Atlantic Coast plain, and its soil is adapted 
 to growing garden vegetables and fruits. 
 
 Silks, thread, rubber goods, pottery, kero- 
 sene, and jewelry are extensively manufactured. 
 
 Newark makes leather goods, thread, and 
 jewelry. Jersey City (map p. 40) has slaughter- 
 houses and machine shops. Paterson manu- 
 factures silks. Camden makes oilcloths and 
 woolens. Trenton makes pottery. 
 
 Pennsylvania is traversed by the Appalachian 
 ridges, within which are the richest anthracite 
 coal fields of the world. West of the mountains 
 are great deposits of bituminous coal, petro- 
 leum, and natural gas. 
 
 On account of its great coal supply and the 
 cheapness with which the fine iron ore from 
 Lake Superior can be brought into the state, 
 Pennsylvania surpasses every other state in 
 the production of iron and steel. 
 
 The lowlands and mountain valleys pro- 
 duce the important crops and dairy products 
 for which the state is noted. 
 
 Philadelphia, the third city in the Union in 
 population, is one of the leading cities in 
 manufactures. It is especially 
 noted for the making of wool- 
 ens and cottons, carpets, and 
 locomotives. Pittsburg and 
 Allegheny are very important 
 centers of iron, steel, and 
 glass making. Sc rant on is a 
 center of the anthracite coal 
 region. Reading is in a farm- 
 
 Delaware, one of the small- 
 est states in our country, lies 
 entirely in the coast plain. 
 
 In it fruits, sweet potatoes, 
 
 Natural Bridge, Virginia. 
 
 Baltimore. 
 
 and garden vegetables are extensively raised, 
 and steel ships, cars, leather, gunpowder, and 
 paper are manufactured. 
 
 Wilmington, the largest city, contains nearly 
 half the population of the state. 
 
 Maryland is separated into two parts by 
 Chesapeake Bay, which contains the greatest 
 oyster fisheries in our country. 
 
 The lowlands produce valuable food crops 
 and much fine tobacco. In the west the 
 mountains contain valuable coal mines. 
 
 The manufacture of tobacco and the can- 
 ning of oysters, fruits, and vegetables are 
 important industries. 
 
 Baltimore, noted for its manufactures, is 
 a great food-shipping and canning center. 
 
 The District of Columbia was 
 given by Maryland to the 
 United States as a site for the 
 national capital, the city of 
 Washington. This is the most 
 beautiful city in the Union. 
 
 Virginia contains coal and 
 iron mines in the west, and is 
 traversed, west of the Blue 
 Ridge, by the Great Valley, 
 which is broad and fertile. In 
 this region are the noted Natu- 
 ral Bridge and the beautiful 
 Luray caverns.
 
 5o 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Tobacco is the 
 most noted crop of 
 the state, but grain, 
 peanuts, and early 
 vegetables are also 
 important crops. 
 
 Richmond, the cap- 
 ital and largest city, 
 lias many tobacco fac- 
 tories. Norfolk has 
 a fine harbor. 
 
 West Virginia is 
 very rousfh in the 
 
 J O 
 
 east, but has a more even surface in the west 
 The mountains are rich in coal, petroleum, 
 
 and timber. The west is adapted to farming. 
 Wheeling is noted for iron, glass, and steel 
 
 making. 
 
 East Central States (see map p. 45). Where is Ohio? 
 What waters are on its boundaries? Describe its surface. 
 Describe two rivers in the state. Name and locate the 
 capital; two cities in the north; two in the southwest. 
 
 Where is Indiana? What waters are on its bound- 
 aries? Describe the Wabash River. Name and locate 
 the capital ; a city in the northeast ; one in the southwest. 
 
 Where is Illinois? What waters are on its boundaries? 
 ube three rivers in the state. Name and locate the 
 capital ; three other cities. 
 
 Where is Kentucky? What waters border it? What 
 four rivers join the Ohio in the state ? I (escribe the surface. 
 Xiuii- and locate the capital. Where is Louisville? 
 
 Where is Michigan? What five lakes and two bays bor- 
 der 11 ? What rivers and strait connect these lakes? What 
 !' in the slate? What range is in the extreme 
 north? Name and locate the capital ; three other cities. 
 
 Where is Wisconsin? What two lakes and threi rivers 
 
 are on its boundarii J Name two rivers in the state. Name 
 
 locate the 1 tpital , a 1 ity al the head of Lake Superior. 
 
 Ohio is generally hilly in the east and south, 
 Imt more even in the north and west. 
 
 I In- rich low lands of the stati produce large 
 4 wheat, corn, tobacco, and fruit. Much 
 wo omes 1 101 1 1 this state. 
 
 There are rich coal 
 fields in the east, and 
 petroleum and gas 
 wells in the west, and 
 Ohio is one of the 
 leading states in the 
 manufacture of iron 
 and farm machinery. 
 Cleveland, the lar- 
 gest city, is an impor- 
 tant lake port, and 
 has great iron fur- 
 naces and oil refin- 
 the second city, makes 
 Toledo is 
 
 Tobacco Factory, Richmond. 
 
 eries. Cincinnati 
 licpiors, clothing, and machinery 
 a lake port. Columbus, the capital, and Day- 
 ton are manufacturing cities. 
 
 Indiana lies in the great corn belt, and raises 
 many hogs. Natural gas in the east, timber 
 in the north, and the coal fields in the south- 
 west make this state important in manufac- 
 tures of many kinds. 
 
 Indianapolis is a great railroad center. 
 Evansville and Fort Wayne are important 
 cities. 
 
 Illinois is often called the " Prairie State." 
 It is the third state in the Union in popula- 
 tion, and is one of the 
 farm products and meats. 
 
 leading states in 
 Coal mining, man- 
 
 Oil. lANks, OliHJ.
 
 NORTIIKKN SECTION 
 
 5i 
 
 ufacturing, and meat packing are very im 
 portant industries. 
 
 Chicago is the largest city in .America ex- 
 cept New York. It is the 
 greatest railway center in 
 the world, as well as the 
 greatest market for meat 
 and grain. Peoria and 
 Quiiicv also are important 
 cities. Springfield is in 
 the coal region. 
 
 Blue Grass Stock Farm. 
 
 Locks of the " Soo ' 
 
 ( 'ANAL. 
 
 Chicago Stock Yards. 
 
 Kentucky contains coal 
 and iron mines and fine 
 hard-wood forests. The 
 central Blue Grass region 
 is famous for its hue 
 horses. 
 
 Nearly half the tobacco 
 of the United States is raised in this state. 
 
 Louisville is a great tobacco market and 
 manufacturing center. 
 
 Michigan is divided into two peninsulas by 
 Lake Michigan. The northern peninsula 
 yields a large part of the iron ore and copper 
 produced in the United States. The south- 
 ern peninsula yields pine timber, salt, and 
 wool, besides farm products. 
 
 The " Soo " Canal, which extends past the 
 rapids in the St. Marys River, is used by 
 many ships carrying iron ore, wheat, and 
 other freight. 
 
 Detroit is well situated 
 for trade and manufacture. 
 Grand Rapids has many 
 furniture factories. Sagi- 
 naw is a lumber-producing 
 center. 
 
 Wisconsin. — The south- 
 ern part of Wisconsin lies 
 in the prairie region, but 
 there are heavy pine forests in the north. 
 
 Many of the farmers are thrifty Germans 
 and Scandinavians. Iron mining and lumber- 
 ing are the chief pursuits in the north. 
 
 Milwaukee ships grain and lumber, and 
 manufactures beer, brick, and machinery. 
 Superior is an important lake port. 
 
 West Central States (see map p. 44). — Where is 
 Minnesota? What waters border it? What great river 
 has its source in the state? In 
 what small lake does it rise? What 
 other river is in the state ? What 
 other lakes are in the state? Name 
 and locate the capital. Locate 
 Minneapolis; Duluth. 
 
 Where is Iowa? What waters 
 
 Logs in a Wisconsin River. 
 
 are on its borders? What rivers cross the state? Name 
 and locate the capital ; three other cities.
 
 52 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Flour Mill, Minneapolis. 
 
 Where is Missouri? Describe the surface. What rivers 
 are on its borders? What ones traverse the state? Name 
 and locate the capital ; a city in the east ; two in the 
 northwest. 
 
 Where is Kansas? What river is on its border ? What 
 rivers traverse the state? Name and locate the capital. 
 Where is Kansas City? 
 
 Where is Nebraska? What river is on its border? 
 What rivers traverse the state? Name and locate the capi- 
 tal. Locate Omaha. 
 
 Where is South Dakota? Describe its surface. What 
 rivers are on its borders? What rivers traverse the state? 
 Name and locate the capital ; a city in the east. 
 
 Where is North Dakota? What river is on its border? 
 What rivers traverse the state? Name and locate the 
 capital. Where is Fargo ? 
 
 Minnesota is drained to the Gulf of Mex- 
 ico, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Hudson 
 Bay. 
 
 White pine forests cover the northeast. 
 The west and south are fertile prairie land. 
 
 This is a leading 
 State in wheat grow- 
 ing, and ranks first in 
 grinding Hour. Lum- 
 bering and the mining 
 of iron ore are also 
 important. 
 
 Minneapolis has the 
 greatest flour mills in 
 the world. The mills 
 are largely run by 
 
 Bads Bridge. St. loi is. 
 
 Salt Mine, Kansas. 
 
 water power furnished by the Falls of St. 
 Anthony. St. Paul is a great commercial 
 city. Duluth is an important lake port. 
 
 Iowa is a level prairie and produces much 
 corn, oats, and hay, and more hogs than any 
 other state. Many cattle and horses are 
 raised. Much coal is mined. 
 
 Des Moines is in the coal region. Du- 
 buque has lumber mills. Davenport is a 
 center of trade and manufacture. Sioux City 
 packs much meat. 
 
 Missouri, in the north, resembles Iowa. The 
 southern part forms the Ozark plateau, and 
 contains hard-wood forests and deposits of 
 zinc and lead. The chief products in the south 
 are fruit, wool, and lumber. Coal is mined in 
 the northwestern part of the state. 
 
 St. Louis, the largest city in the Mississippi 
 basin, has a great railroad and river trade, and 
 
 manufactures tobacco, 
 beer, and machinery. 
 Kansas City and St. 
 Joseph are important 
 commercial cities in 
 the west. 
 
 Kansas. — The east 
 
 is a fertile prairie. 
 
 The Great Plains in 
 
 the west are dry and 
 
 adapted to grazing.
 
 NORTHERN SECTION 
 
 53 
 
 I 
 
 
 Wheat Harvesting, North Dakota. 
 
 This state ranks high in corn and wheat 
 growing and stock raising. Coal, zinc, lead, 
 and salt are mined. 
 
 Kansas City is noted for meat packing. 
 Topeka has great flour mills. 
 
 Nebraska resembles Kansas in its relief 
 and industries. 
 
 Omaha is a trade and manufacturing center. 
 Lincoln is an active trade center. 
 
 South Dakota. — In the east are low hills 
 of gravel and sand, and in the west the sum- 
 mits of the Black Hills rise to a height of 
 one and a half miles. 
 
 Wheat and flaxseed are the chief farm prod- 
 ucts. Gold and silver are mined in the Black 
 Hills. There are stock ranches in the west. 
 
 Sioux Falls has fine water power. 
 
 North Dakota is diversified in the eastern 
 half by low gravel hills; but the valley of 
 the Red River is very smooth and even and 
 contains laro-e wheat farms. 
 
 Fargo is a railroad center. 
 
 TEST EXERCISES FOR REVIEW 
 
 Where is the Northern Section? What states does it in- 
 clude? Why are they grouped together? Describe the coast. 
 Describe the surface. What is its character throughout the 
 greater part of the section? What river system drains most 
 of the section? What two great river systems drain the north- 
 ern part? Tell what you can of the streams on the Atlantic 
 slope; of the lakes of the section. Describe the climate. 
 
 Describe the vegetation of the section. Tell what you can 
 of the inhabitants. Name the chief industry and its most im- 
 portant products ; other important agricultural products. Men- 
 tion the chief mineral industries. What is said of the chief 
 manufactures? of commerce? 
 
 Describe each of the Middle States, and locate and charac- 
 terize the chief cities in each. Do the same for each of the East 
 Central States : for each of the West Central States. 
 
 1 .tti ftJr^-i^ri - iiriBfrTT^j 
 
 
 
 
 Car Shops, Omaha. 
 
 Black Hills, South Dakota.
 
 54 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 THE SOUTHERN SECTION 
 EXERCISES ON THE MAP 
 
 Location. — In what part of the United States is this 
 
 on? (See map p. 33.) Make a list of its eleven 
 
 subdivisions. What great bodies of water border it? 
 
 What two sounds are on the east coast ? What four bays 
 
 and what lake are on the Gulf coast? 
 
 Surface. — What mountain system is in the eastern 
 part of this section ? Name two of its ridges. What 
 mountains are in the extreme west? To what system 
 do they belong? What mountains enter the north cen- 
 tral part cf the section? 
 
 Drainage. — What great river traverses the central part 
 of this section? What are its chief branches? Trace 
 through the section the divide of its basin. What river is 
 on the southwest border of the section ? Name five rivers 
 between the Rio Grande and the Mississippi. Name four 
 rivers flowing to the Gulf east of the Mississippi ; five 
 flowing to the Atlantic. What two rivers of the section 
 belong to the Ohio basin ? What part of the section 
 contains many lakes and much swamp land? 
 
 Divisions. — Where is North Carolina? Describe its 
 surface. In what river basin is the western part? Describe 
 four rivers east of Blue Ridge. Name and locate the 
 capital ; three other cities. 
 
 Where is South Carolina ? What waters are on its 
 borders ? What rivers cross the state ? Name and locate 
 the capital ; the chief seaport. 
 
 Where is Georgia? What waters are on its borders? 
 I rivers flow through the state? Name and locate the 
 capital ; three other cities. 
 
 Where is Florida? What waters border the state? 
 What islands, or keys, are at the south? What river in 
 the state flows to the Atlantic? What two rivers flow to 
 the Gulf? Name and locate the capital; another city 
 in the north; three Gulf ports. 
 
 Where is Alabama? Whal bay is in the south? What 
 I 1 thi bay? What river is in the north ? Name 
 and loi '1 ; two other cities. 
 
 Wi 1 iissippi? What waters are on its borders ? 
 
 ersi the state? Name and locate the cap- 
 two other 1 ities. 
 
 Whei 1 Tei 1 Describe its surface. Describe 
 
 win' h cro I tate. Name and loi ate the 
 < apil ither citi 
 
 Wi ■ luisiana? Describe its coast. Whal rivers 
 
 through the state? Name and locate the capital; 
 m the Missi isippi. 
 
 Where is Arkansas? What rivers are on its borders? 
 Describe the surface. What rivers truss the state? Name 
 and locate the capital. 
 
 Where is Texas? What waters are on its borders? 
 Describe its surface. Whal rivers traverse it? Compare 
 it in size with other static of the Union (see map p. 33). 
 Name and locate the capital; three cities in the south. 
 Where is Dallas? 
 
 Where is ( )klahoma? What rivers cross the stale? What 
 rivei in the south? Name and locate the capital of Okla- 
 homa. 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 Location. — The Southern Section extends 
 from the Atlantic Ocean to the base of the 
 Rocky Mountains, and from the Ozark Moun-
 
 SOUTHERN SECTION 
 
 55 
 
 tains to the Gulf of Mexico. It is not so large 
 as the Northern Section, and contains less 
 than half as many people. 
 
 Coast. — The coast is low and swampy and 
 is bordered by barrier beaches, separated from 
 the mainland by salt-water lagoons. 
 
 Surface. — The greater part of the surface 
 is a plain sloping gently to the south and 
 southeast. In the northeast the plain is 
 broken by the Appalachian Mountains, which 
 here attain their greatest elevation. Mount 
 Mitchell, in North Carolina, the highest 
 peak, is more than a mile high. West of 
 the Mississippi, in the north are spurs of the 
 
 Ozark Mountains, and in the extreme west 
 are ranges of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Drainage. — This section lies in the Gulf 
 slope and the Atlantic slope. 
 
 By far the largest and most important stream 
 is the Mississippi River. 
 
 The Mississippi flows through a low bottom land or 
 flood plain about seventy miles wide, crossing the entire 
 section from north to south. This flood plain is com- 
 posed of fine rock waste brought down by the river and 
 deposited here in times of flood, and is very fertile. It is 
 so low that it would be flooded every year by the high waters 
 of the river were it not for levees or embankments that have 
 been built on the river banks to keep the high waters 
 within the channel. The water, however, sometimes breaks
 
 56 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 through the levees and rapidly floods the sur- 
 rounding plantations, drowning stock and de- 
 stroying property. The break in a levee is 
 called a Crevasse. 
 
 The Mississippi River carries large quanti- 
 ties of fine mud along with it, and where it 
 flows into the quiet waters of the. Gulf of 
 Mexico the mud is dropped, forming a delta 
 (see picture p. 17). This constantly grows 
 larger and farther out into the Gulf. 
 
 After the Mississippi, the largest 
 stream of the Gulf slope is the Rio 
 
 LAKK POMCHARTRAIN. 
 
 A Turpentine Distillery, Georgia. 
 
 Grande, but the Tennessee, Apalachicola, 
 Chattahoochee, and Alabama are more im- 
 portant. 
 
 The rivers of the 
 Atlantic slope rise in 
 or near the Blue Ridge 
 and flow in a south- 
 eastward direction. 
 About halfway down 
 their courses these 
 rivers are interrupted 
 by rapids, which afford 
 I water power. Be 
 low the rapids some of 
 the rivers arc navigable. 
 
 There are many lakes 
 
 I -11 /.., / i„ ord 11 am 1 Put/ 
 
 liuKMNi; Tar, North Carolina. 
 
 in Florida and in the Mississippi 
 bottom lands. The largest are 
 Okechobee and Pontchartrain. 
 
 Climate. — The climate is warm 
 and moist in the south and east. 
 Snow rarely remains on the ground, 
 and frosts seldom occur. 
 
 On the Great Plains, however, 
 the climate is quite dry, with greater 
 extremes of heat and cold. 
 
 Vegetation. — Ex'cept in the west, 
 
 much of the section is covered 
 
 with forests. In the north there are great 
 
 forests of hard woods, such as oak, hickory, 
 
 ash, and walnut, and in 
 the south are fine for- 
 ests of southern pine. 
 This pine furnishes not 
 only good lumber, but 
 also tar, pitch, turpen- 
 tine, and rosin, called 
 Naval Stores. 
 
 Thecoast swampsand 
 the Hood plains along 
 the rivers are covered 
 with dense thickets of 
 tall woody grasses 
 called Canebrakes., and
 
 SOUTHERN SECTION 
 
 57 
 
 Picking Cotton, Mississippi. 
 
 state. The section produces four 
 fifths of all the cotton raised in the 
 world. 
 
 Corn, sweet potatoes, and fruit 
 are also important crops. Wheat 
 and tobacco are cultivated in the 
 north ; and sugar cane, rice, and 
 oranges are raised in the south. 
 
 Hogs are raised in many parts, 
 and great numbers of cattle and 
 sheep in the west. 
 
 forests of cypress, gum, and live-oak trees. Mining and Manufacturing. — Coal and iron 
 Red cedar, magnolia, and palmetto grow on ore are mined in considerable quantities in 
 the borders of the southern swamps. the Appalachian region, and some coal in the 
 
 The Everglades of i : — 1 southwestern spurs of 
 
 the Ozarks. Manu- 
 facturing is rapidly 
 increasing in impor- 
 tance. The southern 
 Appalachians form 
 one of the great iron- 
 re- 
 
 southern Florida are 
 an immense shallow 
 lake which contains 
 thousands of islands 
 covered with trees 
 and tropical plants. 
 
 The dry western 
 part of the section 
 is a nearly treeless 
 
 , , • Rice Field, Georgia 
 
 but grassy plain. 
 
 People. — This section contains three times 
 as many people as New England, but as it 
 is so much larger it is not so thickly peopled. 
 
 In New England and the North 
 nearly all the people are white, but 
 many of them are foreigners, born 
 in Europe. In the Southern Section 
 nearly all the people are native- 
 born; but more than a third of 
 them are negroes, who are now 
 free, but whose ancestors were 
 brought here from Africa many 
 years ago as slaves. 
 
 Industries. — Farming is the 
 chief industry, and cotton is by far 
 the most important crop in every 
 
 manufacturing 
 gions of the country, 
 and on the Atlantic 
 slope are many cot- 
 ton mills and tobacco factories. In the lower 
 Mississippi valley much cottonseed oil, raw 
 sus:ar, and molasses are manufactured ; and 
 
 Tobacco Field, South Carolina.
 
 58 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [obacco Factory, North Carolina. 
 
 in the southern forests of yellow pine much 
 lumber is sawed and nearly all of the world's 
 supply of turpentine and rosin is made. 
 
 The Commerce of the section is quite large, 
 and it- most important item is the shipping of 
 raw cotton both to Europe and to New Eng- 
 land and the Middle States. There are many 
 railroads in the section, but much of the freight 
 is sent by the rivers to the coast cities, where it 
 is shipped by sea. 
 
 North Carolina is very mountainous in the 
 west, and slopes eastward to a swampy coast 
 indented by large sounds. 
 
 There are fine crops ol grain, tobacco, 
 fruits, sweet potatoes, and early vegetables, 
 ides cotton. Much cotton, lumber, and 
 tobacco are manufactured. 
 
 Wilmington is an important seaport. Char- 
 lotte and Raleigh have cotton and other fac- 
 tories. Asheville is a health resort. 
 
 South Carolina produces much rice, valuable 
 t-island " cotton, and early vegetables. 
 .Mm li phosphate rock is dug and shipped for 
 fertilizer. Much cotton is manufactured. 
 
 Charleston is one "I the greal seaports ol 
 the south. Columbia, the capital, has cotton 
 I.k tories 
 
 Georgia is one of the leading 
 states in the Union in the pro- 
 duction of cotton, rice, peaches, 
 and naval stores; it also does much 
 manufacturing. It has coal and 
 iron mines and valuable quarries. 
 
 Atlanta is a noted southern rail- 
 road center and manufacturing city. 
 Savannah ships cotton, rice, and 
 naval stores. Augusta and Macon 
 have cotton mills. 
 
 Florida has many swamps and 
 
 lakes. Early vegetables, fruits, and 
 
 naval stores are produced. 
 
 Jacksonville is a noted winter resort. Key 
 
 West manufactures cigars. Pensacola and 
 
 Tampa are important ports. 
 
 Alabama contains rich coal and iron mines, 
 and manufactures more iron than any other 
 southern state. It also ranks hisrh in cotton, 
 corn, peaches, and other farm products. 
 
 Mobile has a fine harbor, and ships much 
 cotton. Birmingham is the great iron-manu- 
 facturing center. Montgomery is the capital. 
 Mississippi has no mountains, and much of 
 its surface is a low, fertile flood plain. It is 
 one of the greatest cotton-producing states. 
 Vicksburp and Meridian are trade centers. 
 
 :. 1 1 i i Works, Alabama.
 
 SOUTHERN SFXTION 
 
 59 
 
 San Antonio, Houston, and Dallas 
 are important commercial cities. Gal- 
 veston has the best harbor on the coast. 
 Austin is the capital. 
 
 Oklahoma has a fertile rolling sur- 
 face. Corn, wheat, and cotton are grown 
 and many cattle are raised. Here are 
 
 >--*»-■ 
 
 Sugar Cane Plantation, Louisiana. 
 
 Tennessee is mountainous in the 
 east, hilly in the center, and level 
 in the west. 
 
 Iron and coal are mined in the 
 east. The center and west are 
 adapted to farming and stock raising. 
 
 Memphis is the largest city and 
 an important river port. Nashville 
 is the capital. Knoxvillc and Chat- 
 tanooga have factories and mills. 
 
 Louisiana. — Much of the south- 
 ern half lies in the swampy Mississippi delta. 
 
 This state produces much of the sugar cane 
 and rice grown in our country. 
 
 New Orleans, the largest city in the South, 
 is the greatest cotton market in the world. 
 
 Arkansas contains much fertile lowland, 
 where corn, cotton, and peaches are grown. 
 Much pine and hard-wood lumber is cut. 
 
 Little Rock is the largest city. 
 
 Texas is the most populous and the greatest 
 cotton-growing state in the South. 
 
 The moist lowlands in the southeast fur- 
 nish fine lumber, some sugar cane, and much 
 cotton. The fertile prairies in the east are 
 adapted to corn and wheat. On the table-land 
 in the west cattle and sheep are raised. 
 
 There are petroleum wells in the southeast. 
 
 *&*&* 
 
 &jfaAM 
 
 
 1 
 
 "w- 
 
 Cattle Ranch. Texas. 
 
 extensive coal mines and valuable oil wells. 
 
 There are many Indians in the eastern part 
 of the state, who belong chiefly to the Seminole, 
 Choctaw,Cherokee,Creek,and Chickasaw tribes. 
 
 Guthrie, the capital, and Oklahoma, the largest 
 city, are important commercial centers. 
 
 TEST EXERCISES FOR REVIEW 
 
 Where is the Southern Section ? What states are included 
 in this section ? Describe the coast. Describe the general 
 surface of the section. What two drainage slopes embrace the 
 section? Tell what you can of the Mississippi River and its 
 flood plain in the section. Mention some other important 
 streams of the Gulf slope. What can you say of the streams 
 on the Atlantic slope? Describe the climate. 
 
 Describe the forests of the section ; the swamps ; the vege- 
 tation of the dry western portion. Tell what you can of the 
 inhabitants. Name the chief industry and its most important 
 product. Mention some other important agricultural products. 
 What is said of mining and manufacturing? of commerce? 
 
 Describe each division of the Southern Section and locate 
 and characterize the chief cities in each.
 
 
 ^kns a to 
 
 II, I ..■ . ■ i
 
 PLATEAU SECTION 
 
 61 
 
 THE PLATEAU SECTION 
 EXERCISES ON THE MAP 
 
 Location. — In what part of the country is the Plateau 
 Section? Name the eight subdivisions embraced in it. 
 What mountain range is west? What countries are on the 
 north and south ? 
 
 Surface. — What great mountain chain traverses the sec- 
 tion? Name two peaks in this chain. What long range is 
 in the northern part? What two ranges are in the central 
 pari ? Trace across the section the main divide of the 
 United States. In what direction does it extend? 
 
 Drainage. — Name the chief tributaries of 
 
 the Mississippi in this section. What streams 
 are in the Missouri basin? in the Arkansas 
 basin ? What other streams drain the section 
 to the Gulf of Mexico ? What rivers are on 
 the Pacific slope in the north ? What river 
 system flows to the Gulf of California? Name 
 its chief streams. Name two rivers whose 
 waters do not reach the ocean. What is the 
 region called in which these rivers flow? 
 Name five lakes in that region. Name and 
 locate another lake. 
 
 Divisions. — Where is Montana? De- 
 scribe its surface. Locate its chief slopes 
 and name the chief rivers on each. Locate 
 the capital ; Butte ; Great Falls. 
 
 Where is Idaho ? Describe its surface. 
 Name its chief streams. Name and locate the capital. 
 
 Where is Wyoming? Describe the surface. Name the 
 chief streams. Name and locate the capital. Where is 
 Yellowstone National Park? 
 
 Where is Colorado? Describe the surface. Name the 
 chief streams. Name and locate the capital ; three other 
 cities. 
 
 Where is Utah? Describe the surface. Name the 
 streams and lakes. Name and locate the capital ; another 
 city. 
 
 Where is Nevada? Describe its surface. What is 
 peculiar about the drainage? Name the chief stream. 
 Name and locate the capital. Where is Reno? 
 
 Where is Arizona Territory? Describe the surface. 
 Name the chief streams. Name and locate the capital ; 
 another city. 
 
 Where is New Mexico Territory? Describe its surface. 
 Name its chief streams. Name and locate the capital ; 
 a city on the Rio Grande. 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 Extent. — This section lies west of the cen- 
 ter of the United States, and extends from the 
 Great Plains to the Sierra Nevada, and from 
 Canada to Mexico. It is a little larger than 
 the Southern Section. 
 
 Surface. — The Rocky Mountains traverse 
 the section. The plateau from which they 
 rise is about a mile high, and in Colorado 
 many of the peaks are nearly three miles high. 
 
 
 A Mountain Peak, Wyoming. 
 
 West of the Rocky Mountains is a series 
 of plateaus, often separated from one another 
 by long lines of cliffs, or short mountain 
 ranges, or narrow canyons of great depth. 
 
 The only considerable lowland area in the 
 section is in the extreme southwest corner. 
 
 Climate. — The climate is dry, with hot 
 summers, but the winters, except in the ex- 
 treme south, are cold. 
 
 Most of the streams are fed by the snows 
 among the high mountains. 
 
 Drainage. — The Rocky Mountains for most 
 of their length form the divide between the 
 Atlantic and Pacific slopes. 
 
 The eastern slope is drained by the Mis- 
 souri, Yellowstone, Platte, Arkansas, and Rio
 
 62 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Irrigation Canal, New Mexico. 
 
 Grande rivers. Of these the Missouri and 
 Yellowstone are navigable. 
 
 The western slope of the section contains 
 the Colorado river system and the Snake and 
 Clark rivers of the Columbia system. The 
 greater portions of the Colorado and its trib- 
 utaries, as well as Snake River, are rushing 
 torrents of little or no value to commerce. 
 
 Much of the central portion of the section 
 lies in the Great Basin, in which the few 
 streams disappear in the hot sands or flow 
 into salt lakes or swamps. 
 
 Vegetation. — There are forests on most of 
 the mountain slopes and higher 
 plateaus, but the valleys and lower 
 plateaus are so dry that they bear 
 but a scanty growth of sage brush, 
 and in some places are true des- 
 erts. In many places farming is 
 possible only by the aid of irriga- 
 tion or artifit ial watering. 
 
 People. — This section is very 
 thinly peopled. It contains fewer 
 pie than the > it y of ( "hi< ago. 
 
 There are a large number oi 
 
 Indians who live on reservations 
 
 or ti i aparl for them. In 
 
 south are the remains of many 
 
 cliff dwellings, built long ago by the 
 Indians, as well as the pueblos or 
 great houses of adobe or sun-dried 
 brick built by the Pueblo Indians. 
 In the south many of the people 
 are of Spanish descent. 
 
 Industries. — Mining in the moun- 
 tains and herding on the plains 
 and plateaus are the characteristic 
 industries. The mines of gold, 
 d y^'s-v* ""V""---'^ silver, lead, and copper are among 
 the richest in the world. Coal, pe- 
 troleum, and many other valuable 
 minerals are also obtained. 
 
 The herding of cattle for beef, and of sheep 
 for wool, is widely pursued. 
 
 Good crops of grain, hay, potatoes, and 
 fruits are obtained in many places where water 
 for irrigation can be procured from streams. 
 
 There are comparatively few railroads in 
 the section, but most of these are very im- 
 portant ones — being parts of the great 
 " through lines " which connect the Atlantic 
 and Pacific seaports. 
 
 Montana is mountainous in the west, but 
 lies in the Great Plains in the east. It pro- 
 
 ,\ I'l I BLO, ,\ l w M l XICO.
 
 PLATEAU SECTION 
 
 63 
 
 duces more copper than any other state, 
 much wool, and many beef cattle. 
 
 Butte is noted for its productive cop- 
 per and silver mines. Great Falls is a 
 manufacturing center. 
 
 Wyoming is more mountainous than 
 Montana, but contains few minerals. 
 Some coal and petroleum are obtained. 
 The chief occupation is the herding of 
 cattle, sheep, and horses. 
 
 Cheyenne is the capital and largest city. 
 
 
 
 N^ 
 
 Terraces formed by Deposits from Hot Springs. 
 
 The Yellowstone National Park, which lies 
 mostly in Wyoming, is a wonderland of high 
 mountains, deep canyons, hot springs, and 
 geysers. Congress has prohibited settlement 
 or the killing of arame in this region. 
 
 Colorado is the highest and most mountainous 
 state in the Union. It produces more silver, 
 gold, and lead than any other state, and con- 
 siderable coal. Farming is impor- 
 tant in many of the valleys. 
 
 Denver is the largest city in the 
 section. Pueblo is a manufactur- 
 ing center. Colorado Springs is a 
 health resort. Leadville is the cen- 
 ter of silver and lead mining. 
 
 New Mexico is less mountainous 
 than the states to the north. Sheep 
 
 Minim; District, Leadville, Colorad >. 
 
 raising and cattle raising are the leading 
 occupations. 
 
 Albuquerque is a trade center. Santa 
 Fe is the capital. 
 
 Idaho lies west of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. The northern part has a moister 
 climate than the rest of the section ; the 
 valleys in that part of the state produce 
 **a£. good crops of wheat, and the forests 
 yield fine lumber. There are rich gold, 
 silver, and lead mines. 
 Boise, the capital, is in a fine grazing region. 
 Utah is traversed by the Wasatch Mountains. 
 The climate is very dry, but the valleys of 
 many snow-fed mountain streams, especially 
 those which border Great Salt, Utah, and Sevier 
 lakes, contain farms and produce fine fruits. 
 
 Silver, gold, copper, and lead are mined, and 
 salt is obtained from Great Salt Lake. 
 
 Shearing Sheep, Wyoming.
 
 6 4 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 PACIFIC SUCTION 
 
 Bunc •- il the Northern Boctlun 
 
 Bouthei n ... 
 
 I 
 
 Salt Lake City is the largest city of Utah. 
 Ogden is a railroad center. 
 
 Nevada lies almost entirely in the Great 
 Basin. Its mines of silver and cjold were 
 once famous, but now they are worked only to 
 a small extent. 
 
 Reno is a trade center. 
 
 Arizona is the hottest and driest part of the 
 United States. Raisins, figs, almonds, and 
 other tropical plants are cultivated by irriga- 
 tion. Much copper is mined and many cattle 
 are raised. 
 
 Tucson is a trade center. 
 
 TEST EXERCISES FOR REVIEW 
 
 Where is the Plateau Section ? What states and territories 
 does it include ? Why are they grouped together ? Describe the 
 surface. What four river systems drain most of the section ? 
 What part do they not drain ? What lakes are in the section ? 
 Describe the climate. 
 
 Describe the vegetation. Tell what you can of the inhabitants. 
 What are the chief industries ? What is said of farming and com- 
 merce ? What is the Yellowstone National Park ? 
 
 Describe each division of the Plateau Section and locate and 
 characterize the chief cities in each. 
 
 THE PACIFIC SECTION 
 
 EXERCISES ON THE MAP 
 
 Location. — Name the states of this section. By what is 
 
 it bordered on the west? by what section on the east? 
 
 What country is north? south? In what 
 
 part of our country is the Pacific Section 
 
 situated ? 
 
 Coast. — Is the coast regular or irregu- 
 lar? What strait and sound are on the 
 northwest? What bay is in western Cali- 
 fornia? Name four capes on this coast. 
 Name a group of islands off the southern 
 part of this coast. 
 
 Surface. — What mountains traverse 
 these states near the coast? What moun- 
 tains are farther inland? hind two peaks 
 in the Sierra Nevada. Where is each? 
 Find two in the Cascade Mountains. 
 Where is each? What mountains are in 
 sniiihern California? Where are the 
 Blue Mountains?
 
 PACIFIC SECTION 
 
 65 
 
 Drainage. — What great river drains 
 the northern part of this section? 
 Name its chief branches. Between what 
 states does the Columbia flow? What 
 river drains northern California to the 
 Pacific? 
 
 What two rivers drain central Cali- 
 fornia? Describe each of them. What 
 river forms part of the eastern bound- 
 ary of California? Where are there 
 large lakes in this section? Name 
 three of the lakes. 
 
 Divisions. — Where is the state of 
 Washington? Name and locate the 
 capital ; three other cities. 
 
 Where is Oregon? How does it 
 compare with Washington in size ? Name and locate the 
 capital. Where is Portland? 
 
 Where is California? Compare it in size with the other 
 states in this section. Name and locate the capital. 
 Where is San Francisco? Los Angeles? Oakland? 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 Location and Coast. — This section embraces 
 the three states on the Pacific coast. 
 
 The coast is very bold, with few good har- 
 bors. The most noted harbors are in San 
 Francisco Bay and in Puget Sound. 
 
 Surface. — Near the Pacific the Coast Ranges 
 rise to the height of half a mile and 
 fringe nearly the entire coast. In the 
 south, where they are called the San 
 Bernardino Range, they are much higher 
 and are often snow-clad. 
 
 Farther inland the ruo-o-ed ranp-es of 
 the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Moun- 
 tains border the Rocky Mountain high- 
 land. These ranges contain many peaks 
 nearly three miles in height. Among 
 the mountains are beautiful valleys and 
 clear and deep mountain lakes. Some 
 of the peaks in these mountains were 
 once great volcanoes. 
 
 Between the Coast Ranges and the 
 
 A Lake in the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 Sierra Nevada and Cascades, 
 are broad, low valleys which 
 are noted for their fertility. In 
 Washington, the valley is 
 occupied by Puget Sound; in 
 Oregon, by Willamette River; 
 and in California, by Sacra- 
 mento and San Joaquin rivers. 
 Drainage. — The largest river 
 is the Columbia, which drains 
 most of Washington and Ore- 
 orm. Ocean steamers ascend 
 it and the Willamette to Port- 
 land. 
 
 The Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers 
 drain the great Valley of California and flow 
 into San Francisco Bay. Much of the water 
 of the San Joaquin is used to irrigate the 
 soil. 
 
 Climate. — The west winds from the Pacific 
 bring abundant moisture to most of the sec- 
 tion, and they also make the winters mild and 
 the summers pleasant. 
 
 Most of the rain falls in the winter months, 
 and the summers are quite dry. In many 
 places on the lowlands flowers bloom out of 
 
 An Irrigation Canal. California.
 
 66 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 doors all the year 
 round, and frost is 
 rare ; yet on the 
 high mountains not 
 far away snow and 
 ice may generally 
 be found. 
 
 Vegetation. — The 
 forests on the moist 
 
 # 
 
 B^BMi^WMBHMHil^^MSMiBB^B 
 
 < ' W IIORNIA. 
 
 western slopes of the mountains are among 
 the densest in our country. In the north the 
 forests consist largely of Douglas fir, and 
 furnish much timber. 
 
 In California there are groves of "big trees " 
 three hundred feet high. There are fine for- 
 ests of redwood in northwestern California. 
 
 People. — This section is somewhat more 
 thickly peopled than the Plateau Section. 
 Must of the people are settlers from the east- 
 ern part of the country or their descendants; 
 Imt there are some of Spanish descent, some 
 Indians, and a number of Chinese. 
 
 Industries. — Farming is the chief industry. 
 
 The fertile soil of the valleys and the equable 
 
 climate make the section one of the finest 
 
 gions iii the world. Wheal, barley, 
 
 fruit, vegetables, and hops are the chief crops. 
 
 The fruits are specially noted : oranges, 
 lemons, olives, figs, and dates in the south, 
 and grapes, plums, peaches, nectarines, and 
 apples farther north. Many sheep are raised 
 for their wool. 
 
 Lumbering and salmon fishing are extensive 
 industries in the north. 
 
 The gold mines of the Sierra Nevada are- 
 still among the richest in the world. Coal is 
 also mined in the northern part of the section, 
 quicksilver in the central part, and petroleum 
 is obtained in the south. 
 
 The commerce of the section is quite exten- 
 sive — both by sea and by a number of rail- 
 roads which cross the continent from San 
 Francisco Bay and Puget Sound. 
 
 i. ii Mini , < IREGON.
 
 PACIFIC SECTION 
 
 67 
 
 Washington is traversed by 
 the Coast and the Cascade 
 ranges. Between these is the 
 famous Sound Valley, in which 
 are fine forests, good wheat, 
 fruit, and hop lands, and valua- 
 ble coal beds. The eastern 
 part of the state is dry, but in 
 the river valleys much wheat 
 is raised. 
 
 Seattle, the largest city, is 
 noted for its coal and lumber 
 business. Tacoma and Spokane 
 also are important commercial 
 cities. 
 
 Oregon resembles Washing- 
 ton in surface. West of the Cascades lum- 
 bering and farming are the chief industries, 
 
 Branch of olives, California. 
 
 California. — The Sierra Ne- 
 vada in the east contains rich 
 deposits of gold and affords 
 some of the finest scenery in 
 the world. The Coast Ranges 
 are covered with dense red- 
 wood forests in the north, and 
 contain rich quicksilver mines 
 in the central part. 
 
 The central \ alley produces 
 wheat, hay, barley, and fruits, 
 and farther south the chief 
 products are honey, grapes, 
 and oranges and other tropical 
 fruits. 
 
 San Francisco, one of the 
 great cities of the United States, has a large 
 foreign commerce. Los Angeles is the com- 
 mercial center of southern California. Oak- 
 land is an important railway terminus. 
 Sacramento is the capital. 
 
 TEST EXERCISES FOR REVIEW 
 
 What states does this section embrace? Why are they 
 grouped together? Describe the coast. Describe the surface ; 
 the drainage ; the climate. 
 
 What can you say of the vegetation of the section? of the 
 people? What is the chief industry? What are the principal 
 farm products? .Mention some other noted industries of the 
 section. 
 
 I (escribe each state of the section, and locate and charac- 
 terize the chief cities in each. 
 
 Lumbering, Washington. 
 
 and east of the Cascades sheep 
 herding is important. 
 
 Wheat, fruit, and hops are the 
 chief crops. The salmon fisheries 
 of this state are especially noted. 
 Gold is mined in the southwest and 
 northeast. 
 
 Portland is the largest city and 
 chief trade center of the Northwest. 
 
 
 ,ALMON Fishing, Oregon.
 
 68 
 
 THK UNITED STATES 
 
 A City Street, Porto Rico. 
 
 Indian Women, Alaska. 
 
 Native Women Weaving, Philippines. 
 
 OUTLYING POSSESSIONS OF THE 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 KXERCISES ON THK MAP (Page 26) 
 
 In what part of North America is Alaska? By what 
 waters is it nearly surrounded ? By what strait is it sepa- 
 rated from Asia? What country is east? Is the coast 
 regular or irregular? Whal cape is at the northern point? 
 Whal islands are off the western coastj in Bering Sea? 
 What island is south? What mountain peak is in Alaska? 
 iks are neai the southeast holder? What river 
 flows through Alaska? In what zones is Alaska situated ? 
 Find Sitka. 
 
 DESCRIF1 ION 
 
 1 Alaska. — In 1S67 the United States 
 pun hased the land called Alaska from 
 Russia, a country which still owns the land 
 in Asia just across luring Strait. 
 
 Along the southern coast stretches a 
 1 wall of mountains containing the high- 
 
 Grass House, Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 est peaks in North America. These moun- 
 tains are covered with forests at the base, but 
 capped with perpetual snow and ice. Great 
 tongues of this ice cap creep slowly down the 
 mountain sides, often filling whole valleys, 
 and forming Glaciers. Some of these glaciers 
 reach down to the sea, where pieces of the 
 ice break off and float away as Icebergs. 
 
 Beyond the mountains little is known about 
 the land except along the course of the Yukon 
 River, which is navigable in summer. 
 
 Along the southern coast, which is fringed 
 with many beautiful islands, the climate is 
 mild but very rainy or snowy. In the inte- 
 rior it is very cold during the long winter. 
 
 Resources. — This country has fine forests 
 of pine, cedar, and firs, and many salmon and 
 other fish ascend the rivers. Gold is found 
 and other minerals are known to occur.
 
 CANADA AND DANISH AMERICA 
 
 69 
 
 Many fur seals are killed on the Pribilof 
 islands. Many fur-bearing animals are caught 
 on the mainland by the Indians and Eskimos. 
 
 Sitka is the capital of the territory. 
 
 2. Porto Rico is an important island in the West Indies. 
 It lies in the Atlantic Ocean, one thousand miles southeast 
 of Florida. After its discovery by Columbus, it was settled 
 by Spaniards, and was governed by Spain until 1899, when 
 it came under the control of the United States. 
 
 3. The Territory of Hawaii comprises a group of islands 
 in the Pacific Ocean. They lie near the Tropic of Cancer, 
 about twenty-five hundred miles southwest of San Francisco. 
 For a long time they were governed by a native king or 
 queen, but in 189S they came under the con- 
 trol of the United States. 
 
 4. The Philippine Islands are a large 
 group of islands lying in the Pacific Ocean, 
 southeast of Asia. They were discovered by 
 Magellan, and governed for a long time 
 by Spain. But since 1899 they have been 
 under the control of the United States. 
 
 5. Wake and Guam are small islands be- 
 tween Hawaii and the Philippines. Tutuila 
 is one of the several small islands in the 
 south Pacific Ocean which have lately been 
 acquired by the United States. 
 
 TEST EXERCISES FOR REVIEW 
 
 Where is Alaska? Describe its surface and 
 drainage ; its climate ; its resources and indus- 
 tries. Where is Porto Rico? Hawaii? the Phil- 
 ippines? Wake, Guam, and Tutuila? 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA AND 
 DANISH AMERICA 
 
 EXERCISES ON THE MAP (Page 26) 
 
 Canada. — In what part of North America is Canada? 
 What waters and countries border it? Compare its size 
 with that of the United States. 
 
 What island is on the east coast? What island and 
 island group are on the west coast? What large bay and 
 gulf extend far inland? What peninsula is in the south- 
 east ? 
 
 What mountains traverse Canada? What great river 
 system drains to the Arctic Ocean? What lakes are in 
 this basin? What great river system drains to Hudson 
 Bay? What lake is in this basin? What river system 
 
 drains to the Gulf of St. Lawrence? What lake, are in 
 this basin? What river drains the extreme northwest to 
 Bering Sea ? 
 
 Name and locate the capital of Canada ; two ( ities ca-l 
 of it. Name a city 111 Nova Scotia ; a nty on Vane 
 Island. 
 
 Newfoundland. — Where is Newfoundland? What bod- 
 ies of water surround it ? What cape is at the southeastern 
 extremity? Find the capital of Newfoundland. Where is 
 Labrador? 
 
 Greenland and Iceland. — Where is Greenland? What 
 waters surround it? What < ape i> at its southern extremity ? 
 In what zones is it? Where is Iceland? In what part of 
 what zone is it? in what direction from Greenland? 
 
 Rocky Mountains, Canada. 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 Location and Surface. — Canada includes all 
 the mainland north of the United States 
 except Alaska and Labrador. 
 
 The surface is generally a smooth lowland 
 except in the west, where it is traversed by 
 the Rocky and Cascade mountains. Between 
 these ranges lies a rugged plateau. 
 
 Drainage. — Canada contains many lakes, 
 some of which are anions; the largest in the 
 world. 
 
 The principal rivers are the St. Lawrence, 
 the Mackenzie, and the Nelson-Saskatchewan.
 
 70 
 
 NORTH AMERICA 
 
 Of these the St. Law- 
 rence is the only im- 
 portant highway of 
 trade. The others are 
 frozen much of the 
 year, and flow through 
 lands which contain 
 few people. 
 
 The Climate in the 
 north is very cold, 
 and snow falls every 
 month in the year. 
 Farther south the 
 winters are long, cold, and snowy, while the 
 summers are short and hot. Along the Pacific 
 coast the westerly winds make the climate 
 mild, with rainy and foggy winters. The 
 mountains are always covered with snow and 
 contain beautiful glaciers. Along the coast 
 of Nova Scotia a warm and a cold current 
 meet and cause dense fogs. 
 
 Vegetation. — In the north the ground is 
 frozen to a great depth. Its surface thaws 
 but a few inches in summer, when the country 
 is converted into a great morass, or tundra. 
 on which mosses, lichens, and dwarf shrubs 
 are the only plants. 
 
 Between Lake Winnipeg and the Rocky 
 
 Sheep in Western Canada 
 
 A SMF.1.T1 K IN Wl ' I lNAUA. 
 
 Mountains the land 
 consists of open prai- 
 ries, with some wood- 
 lands. Here are ex- 
 tensive wheat farms 
 and grazing lands. 
 
 Most of the rest of 
 Canada is covered 
 with forests of pine, 
 cedar, and fir, except 
 in the southeast, where 
 the best lands have 
 been cleared and made 
 into farms, on which grain and fruit are grown. 
 People. — Canada is much more thinly set- 
 tled than the United States. Most of the 
 people live in the southeast. 
 
 In the north the land is inhabited by widely 
 scattered tribes of Eskimos. These people 
 live near the coast in winter, but move inland 
 in summer in search of game. 
 
 The forest region farther south is inhabited 
 by Indian tribes, who hunt and trap fur- 
 bearing animals, and exchange the furs with 
 white traders for clothing, guns, tobacco, and 
 blankets. 
 
 In the south and southeast most of the 
 people are whites, and in the St. Lawrence 
 valley many of them are of French descent. 
 
 Industries. — Lumbering forms the most 
 important occupation in Canada. 
 
 Farming is carried on only in the south. 
 About Lake Winnipeg wheat is the chief 
 product, and in the southeast barley, oats, 
 hay, potatoes, and apples are grown. 
 
 The fisheries of Canada are very valuable. 
 Cod and mackerel arc caught off the south- 
 east coast, and salmon in the rivers of the 
 west coast. 
 
 Coal is found in Nova Scotia, and coal and 
 j gold are abundant in the west.
 
 CANADA AND DANISH AM I.RICA 
 
 71 
 
 An active trade is carried on by means of 
 the St. Lawrence during the summer, but the 
 river is closed by ice in winter. A railroad 
 traverses Canada from Montreal to the Pacific. 
 The rivers and lakes form the only routes of 
 travel in large parts of the country. 
 
 Government. — Canada belongs to Great 
 Britain, but the people make their own laws, 
 under a governor-general appointed by the 
 
 Cities. — Ottawa is the capital. It contains 
 beautiful government buildings, and is a 
 market for lumber. Montreal is the largest 
 city; in summer ocean steamers sail up the 
 St. Lawrence River as 
 far as this. Quebec is 
 the oldest city. Hali- 
 fax is a seaport on 
 the Atlantic coast. 
 Vancouver is the chief 
 seaport on the Pacific 
 coast. 
 
 Newfoundland. — 
 The island of New- 
 foundland, together 
 with Labrador, forms 
 a colony belonging to 
 Great Britain. The surface is generally bar- 
 
 QUEBEC. 
 
 Government Buildings, Ottawa. 
 
 ren, but there are some fine forests. The cli- 
 mate is cold, and dense 
 fogs often hang over 
 these lands. The coasts 
 are famous for their 
 cod and mackerel fish- 
 eries. St. Johns is the 
 capital. 
 
 Greenland. — Nearly 
 the whole of Greenland 
 is always covered with 
 snow and ice thousands 
 of feet deep. Glaciers 
 extend down into the 
 
 Harbor, Montreal. 
 
 sea, and from the ends of them many icebergs 
 break off and float away. Along the wesl 
 coast is a narrow strip not covered with snow, 
 and here a few Eskimos live, and gain a liv- 
 inq- bv hunting and fishing. 
 
 Iceland. — Mild ocean currents and winds 
 make the climate of Iceland warmer than that 
 of Greenland. The island contains noted 
 volcanoes and geysers. It was settled over a 
 thousand years ago by the Northmen from 
 Europe, whose descendants still live there. 
 Both Iceland and Greenland belong to Hen 
 mark, a small nation in the northwest of 
 Europe.
 
 7 2 
 
 NORTH AMERICA 
 
 Maguey Plant. 
 
 MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, AND 
 THE WEST INDIES 
 
 EXERCISES ON THE MAP (Page 26) 
 
 Mexico. — What country lies south of the United States? 
 What waters border Mexico? What peninsula is in the 
 west? What gulf is east of the peninsula? What pen- 
 insula is in the southeast of Mexico? In what zones is 
 Mexico? 
 
 What mountains traverse the country? Of what moun- 
 tains are the ranges of Mexico a continua- 
 tion? What river is on the northern bound- 
 
 largest. What group east of Florida forms part of the 
 West Indies? What sea lies between the West Indies and 
 South America? What gulf is west of Cuba? What strait 
 separates Cuba and Florida? In what zone are most of 
 the inlands? 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 Mexico lies south of the United States, be- 
 tween the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific 
 Ocean. The country is wide in the north, 
 but tapers rapidly toward the south, and at 
 the narrowest place is less than one hundred 
 and fifty miles wide. 
 
 Surface and Drainage. — The surface of 
 Mexico is mostly a high plateau or table- 
 land, which rises abruptly from narrow coast 
 plains. 
 
 The plateau is about a mile high and is 
 traversed by mountain ridges which contain 
 many high peaks. A line of snow-capped 
 volcanoes borders the plateau on the south. 
 
 ary 
 
 ? What river is in the northwest? 
 
 Find the capital. What city is on the 
 Gulf coast? on the Pacific coast? 
 
 Central America. — Where is Central 
 America? What sea is east of it? What 
 ocean is west? What part is mountainous? 
 What lake is in Central America? 
 
 West Indies. — What group of islands is 
 southeast of North America? Name the four 
 
 (.HI I I I liKVINli. 
 
 Sugar Cane Fiei d. 
 
 The streams arc generally short mountain 
 torrents, none of which are useful for navi- 
 gation. Many of them in the north are 
 cither lost in the sands of the plateau or flow 
 into sail lakes. 
 
 The climate is hot, moist, and unhealthful 
 along the coast, but drier, cooler, and quite
 
 MEXIO ' 
 
 73 
 
 healthful on the plateau. Here 
 in places it is constant spring. 
 The high mountain tops are 
 always covered with snow. 
 
 Most of the rain falls in sum- 
 mer; but on the plateau in the 
 north there is little rain at any 
 season. 
 
 Plants and Animals. — In the 
 lowlands there is a dense tropi- 
 cal vegetation, — palms, bana- 
 nas, bamboos, mahogany, and 
 ebonv trees, coffee shrubs and 
 
 8>J?y 
 
 Mexican Native Houses. 
 
 vanilla vines, and many beautiful flowering 
 plants. 
 
 On the highlands are plants like those of 
 our own country, — oaks, walnuts, 
 cedars, and pines, wheat and corn. 
 But the characteristic plant is the 
 maguey or "century plant." Its 
 sap is made into 'beer, and its roots 
 are used for food. Another kind 
 of maguey, in Yucatan, furnishes 
 the strong fiber called Sisal Hemp 
 which is made into ropes and ham- 
 mocks. 
 
 The animal life, like the plant 
 life, along the coast is tropical. Alli- 
 gators live in the streams, jaguars 
 
 and large troops of monkeys 
 inhabit the forests, and on 
 every side may be seen birds 
 of the most beautiful plumage. 
 People. — When Mexico was 
 first visited by Spaniards, they 
 found an Indian people who 
 were more nearly civilized than 
 the Indians farther north. 
 The most nearly civilized of 
 the Indian tribes of Mexico 
 were the Aztecs, who lived in 
 pueblos of stone or adobe like 
 ** those in the southwest of our 
 
 country. Many of the Spanish 
 settlers married Indians, and their de- 
 scendants are called Mexicans. The 
 people of Mexico consist of some Span- 
 iards, and many Mexicans and Indians. 
 Most of the people live on the cool 
 and pleasant highlands. 
 
 The lands of Mexico are owned by 
 Spaniards and a few Mexicans. The 
 rest of the people are poor and igno- 
 rant. They are the laborers on the 
 farms and in the mines. 
 
 Mexico is now an independent republic like 
 the United States. 
 
 Street in City of Mj
 
 74 
 
 NORTH AMERICA 
 
 Industries. — The chief industries on the 
 highlands are the mining of silver and the 
 herding of cattle and sheep ; though where 
 the land can be irrigated, corn, wheat, beans, 
 and fruits are cultivated. The mines are 
 rudely worked, yet they produce nearly as 
 much silver as those of the United States. 
 
 On the lowlands cotton, sugar, coffee, to- 
 
 Loading Bananas, Central America, 
 
 bacco, sisal hemp, and tropical fruits are 
 cultivated, and forest products are collected. 
 
 The Mexicans are skillful in making blank- 
 ets, leather, and silver filigree work. 
 
 Mexico, the capital, is a large and beautiful 
 i itv on the plateau. Vera Cruz and Acapulco 
 are the chief seaports. 
 
 Central America is larger than California. 
 I he mountains near the Pacific contain many 
 volcanoes, and earthquakes often occur. The 
 tern coast is low and swampy. 
 
 The climate is hoi and moist, and the year 
 is divided into a rainy and a dry season. 
 
 The plants and animals are like those of 
 
 the lowlands ol Mexico, but the forests are 
 
 er and i ontain dyewoods and rubber trees. 
 
 Indian Church, Central America. 
 
 The people are like these of 
 Mexico, except that there are more 
 Indians and fewer Spaniards. 
 
 The chief products are mahog- 
 any lumber, dyewoods, rubber, cof- 
 fee, and bananas. 
 
 Central America embraces six 
 small Spanish-speaking republics 
 and a colony of Great Britain. 
 
 Across the Isthmus of Panama 
 a great ship canal is being con- 
 structed, between Panama on the 
 Pacific and Colon on the Caribbean Sea. The 
 isthmus is now crossed by a railroad. 
 
 The West Indies extend from Florida to 
 South America. The chain comprises the 
 four large islands of Cuba, Haiti, Porto Rico, 
 and Jamaica, and many small islands. 
 
 Most of the islands are mountainous, and 
 some contain volcanoes. Many of them are 
 bordered by reefs which are built b) coral 
 polyps. The Bahamas are low, coral islands. 
 Climate and Vegetation. — The climate is 
 like that of Central America, but more tem- 
 pered by ocean winds. Great storms, called 
 Hurricanes, sometimes occur, killing people 
 and destroying buildings and ships. 
 
 The islands have a dense tropical vegcta-
 
 CENTRAL AMKRICA. WKST INDIKS 
 
 75 
 
 Gathering Sugar Cane, O BA. 
 
 o, Cuba. 
 
 Cabana Fortress, Havana. 
 
 tion, and some of the larger ones contain great 
 forests. There are no large animals and few 
 poisonous snakes, but many beautiful birds 
 and butterflies. 
 
 People. — The first land in America reached 
 by Columbus was one of the Bahamas. When 
 the Spaniards settled these islands they brought 
 many negro slaves to their plantations, and 
 now there are more negroes than whites. 
 There are also many people of mixed blood. 
 
 Most of the islands belong to European 
 countries ; but Cuba is a republic under the 
 protection of the United States, Porto Rico 
 belongs to the United States, and Haiti con- 
 tains two independent negro republics. 
 
 Productions. — Sugar cane and tobacco are 
 the chief products, particularly of Cuba, but 
 coffee, bananas, and other tropical fruits are 
 
 Farmer's House, Cuba. 
 
 also exported. Sponge fishing forms an im- 
 portant industry among these islands. 
 
 Havana, the capital of Cuba, is the largest 
 city in the West Indies. It is a great sugar 
 and tobacco market. 
 
 TEST EXERCISES FOR REVIEW 
 
 Where is Canada and what does il include? Describe the 
 surface and drainage; the climate. What can you say of the 
 vegetation? of the people? What are the principal industries 
 and products 3 Describe the government and chief cities. 
 
 Where and what is Newfoundland ? 
 
 Where and what is Danish America? Describe Greenland. 
 Describe Iceland. 
 
 Where is Mexico? Describe its surface and drainage: its 
 climate. Tell what you cm of its plants and animals: of its 
 people. What are the principal industries and products? What 
 is the form of government? Name the capital. 
 
 Where is Central America? Of what is it composed? De- 
 scribe its surface and climate. What are the chief products? 
 
 What and where are the West Indies? Name the four 
 largest islands. Describe their surface and coast line; their 
 climate and vegetation. What can you say oi the people? What 
 are the chief products ? What is the chief city ?
 
 7 6 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA 
 
 ^ SOUTH AMERICA 
 
 1000 MILES 
 1 ' 
 
 8. ' ' 
 
 mn ' rji i Same scale Qfi the maps of North Aim-riea. 
 £ura»ia,Afrlca,and iuel ralla 
 
 sssas 
 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA 
 
 EXERl [SES ON THE MAP 
 
 Location. — How u outh lmeri< i md NorthAmerica 
 connected ? Wh il watei 3 border South America ? 
 
 Coast. — What is its;" ipi ? Which side is the 
 
 Which h 1 mi'.'! ■ -1 gulfs and bays, 
 
 1 America or South America? Where is the Gulf of 
 I tki Maracaibo? What two wide river 
 
 mouths are on the east coast? Where is the Strait of 
 II.111? What island does it separate from the main- 
 land? What cape is at the extreme southern end of 
 Si nilh America? Where are most of the islands? 
 
 Relief. — What mountain system lies near the Pacific 
 coast? What is its trend? Name and locate one of its 
 peaks. Where is it broadest? Compare the length and 
 width of the Andes and Rocky Mountain systems by using 
 the scale of miles. Where in South America are there 
 mountains other than the Andes?
 
 SOUTH AMKRICA 
 
 77 
 
 Andes Mountains. 
 
 Drainage. — On which slope from the Andes are most of 
 the rivers? What river is in the northern part ? Describe 
 the direction of its flow. What river flows ea>t across the 
 greater part of South America? Name its chief - branches. 
 What estuary is on the southeast coast? What rivers 
 unite to form the Plata? Name a branch of the Parana. 
 What river rises near the source of the Parana ? 
 
 Climate. — What circles cross South America ? In what 
 zone is the northern part of South America? In what 
 zone is the central part? the southern part? 
 
 Countries. — What is the largest country of South 
 America ? In what three great river basins does it mostly 
 lie? Name and locate the capital ; four other cities. 
 
 What two countries occupy the southeast coast? Com- 
 pare them as to size. What rivers separate them ? Name and 
 locate the capital of each ; two other cities of Argentina. 
 
 Locate and describe two inland countries. Name and 
 locate the capital of each ; another city in Bolivia. 
 
 Locate and describe four countries on the Pacific. 
 Name and locate the capital of each ; a seaport in each. 
 
 What two countries are on the north coast east of Colom- 
 bia? Name and locate the capital and 
 a seaport of Venezuela. How is Guiana 
 divided ? Name the capital of each part. 
 
 Map Drawing. — Sketch and re- 
 sketch an outline of the mainland of 
 South America like this figure, but 
 larger, until you can reproduce its shape 
 quickly from memory. 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 Shape and Extent. — S< Mth 
 America lies southeast of 
 North America, with which 
 it is connected by the Isth- 
 mus of Panama. Like North 
 America, it is triangular 
 in shape, being widest at 
 the north and narrowing 
 gradually to a point at the 
 south. 
 
 It is a little smaller than 
 North America. 
 
 The coast is regular, with 
 few bays, and except in the 
 southwest there are few islands. 
 
 Relief. — South America, like North Amer- 
 ica, has its highest mountain system in the 
 west, a smaller highland in the east, a plateau 
 stretching east and west in the northeast, and 
 a great central plain stretching from north to 
 south through the central part. 
 
 The Andes rise like a continuous wall in 
 the west. There are few passes, but many 
 snow-capped peaks between three and four 
 miles high. Many of these are volcanoes. 
 Destructive earthquakes frequently occur in 
 this highland. 
 
 The broadest part of the Andes highland is 
 called the Plateau of Bolivia, and here the 
 Andes are made up mainly of two ranges, 
 each of which borders the plateau. Farther 
 north the mountains divide into three ranges, 
 with rup-cred mountain valleys between. 
 
 The Plateau of Brazil in the east and the 
 Plateau of Guiana in the northeast are 
 broader than the Andes, but only half a mile 
 hi»h. Both are traversed bv low, rounded 
 or even-topped mountains rarely more than a 
 mile in height.
 
 78 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA 
 
 On the Amazon River. 
 
 Between the Andes and the eastern high- 
 lands, on the long Atlantic slope, lies the great 
 lowland plain of South America. This is 
 separated into three parts by divides so low 
 that they are unnoticeable. 
 
 Climate. — The greater part of South Amer- 
 ica lies in the Torrid Zone, and is always hot. 
 It is only in the south, which lies in the 
 Temperate Zone, that the year has a warm 
 and a cold season. South of the equator 
 winter occurs in our summer months. 
 
 The Ancles are so high that even in 
 the Torrid Zone many of the highlands 
 are delightfully cool throughout the year. 
 
 In the Torrid Zone, the winds blow 
 from the east. As they ascend the 
 Andes much of their moisture is dropped 
 as rain on the lower slopes and as snow 
 near the colder summits. For this rea- 
 son the eastern slope of the Andes is 
 well watered, but much of the western 
 slope is a dry, parched desert. 
 
 South of the Tropic of Capricorn the winds 
 blow from the west, and thus the west slope 
 ind the east slope is dry. 
 
 In many parts of South America the year 
 is divided only into a wet and a dry season. 
 
 Rivers. — Most of South America is 
 drained into the Atlantic by the three 
 great river systems of the Orinoco, the 
 Amazon, and the Plata. 
 
 In the north the central plain east of 
 the Andes is called the Llanos, and is 
 drained by the Orinoco River. During 
 the rainy season this river is flooded, and 
 converts much of this plain into a swamp. 
 The Orinoco has deposited a great delta; 
 but the river is navigable for many hun- 
 dred miles. 
 
 Near the equator is the Amazon, the 
 largest river of South America. Though 
 not so long as the Mississippi, it pours more 
 water into the ocean than any other river in 
 the world. A thousand miles from its mouth 
 it is several miles wide, and large steamers can 
 sail on its waters to the base of the Andes. 
 It has many large branches, especially on the 
 southern side, and drains more than one third 
 
 Falls in Sao Francisco Rives. 
 
 of all South America. Its frequent floods 
 convert the lower part of its valley into a vast 
 marsh. Much of its basin is covered with a 
 dense and tangled tropical forest, called the 
 Sili< as. 
 
 The southern part of South America is
 
 CLIMATE, DRAINAGE, LIFE 
 
 79 
 
 drained chiefly by the Plata system, of which 
 the Parana and the Paraguay are the prin- 
 cipal streams. This river basin contains great 
 stretches of grassy plains called the Pampas. 
 
 The Sao Francisco drains the eastern part 
 of the Brazilian highlands, and has falls where 
 it breaks throutrh the mountains. It is navi- 
 gable above the falls, and flows through a 
 fertile valley in which many people live. 
 
 The streams of the Pacific slope are mere 
 mountain torrents, many of which dry up 
 before reaching the sea. 
 
 Lakes. — There are many small lakes among 
 
 along the streams. In the dry season, how- 
 ever, much of the upland becomes a desert. 
 
 The silvas are the densest forests in the 
 world. Mahogany, rosewood, and rubber trees 
 and many palms flourish in - this hot, moist 
 region, and the trees are so bound together 
 by vines, climbing plants, and air plants that 
 travel through these forests is almost impos- 
 sible except by boats on the streams. 
 
 Beautiful parrots, humming birds, and other 
 birds abound, as well as insects of beautiful 
 colors and strange habits. 
 
 These forests contain many animals, the 
 fiercest of which is the leopardlike ja- 
 guar, and the largest is the tapir. Many 
 animals here live in the trees. Great 
 troops of long-tailed monkeys make 
 their way from tree top to tree top; 
 and hanging from the limbs of the 
 trees may be found the slow-moving 
 sloth. The rivers and swamps are full 
 of alligators, and the forests abound in 
 snakes. The boa-constrictor can crush 
 and swallow a good-sized dog or even 
 a calf, and the anaconda is the largest 
 snake in the world. 
 
 The Silvas. 
 
 the Andes and in the south. Lake 
 Titicaca on the plateau of Bolivia is 
 the largest lake in South America and 
 one of the highest in the world. Its 
 outlet flows into a smaller lake which 
 has no outlet, and thus Lake Titicaca 
 contains nearly fresh water, while the 
 lake receiving its waters is salt. 
 
 Plants and Animals. — The llanos 
 during the rainy season are covered 
 with grasses and beautiful flowers, and 
 millions of cattle and horses find pas- 
 turage on them. Trees grow only 
 
 
 ARMADILLOS 
 
 Some Animals ok Sol in AmericX.
 
 8o 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA 
 
 The pampas are covered with high grass, 
 and furnish the best herding grounds in South 
 America. Here are found the puma or pan- 
 ther, armadillos incased in bony plates, and 
 the rhea or American ostrich. 
 
 The lower slopes of the east side of the 
 Andes in the north, and the west side in the 
 south, are heavily clothed with forests. 
 
 The chief animals in the Andes are the llama 
 and alpaca, which are related to the camel, 
 but much smaller. The llama is used as a 
 beast of burden, and the wool of the alpaca 
 furnishes a fine fiber for cloth. The condor, 
 a large bird, lives high up among the Andes. 
 It resembles a hawk, 
 and feeds upon decay- 
 ing animals, though it 
 is powerful enough to 
 attack and kill sheep 
 and small deer. 
 
 People. — South 
 America is thinly set- 
 tled, especially in the 
 wet and densely 
 wooded silvas. The 
 arid region in the 
 south is also sparsely 
 inhabited. The pampas and the highlands 
 have more people because the climate in 
 those regions is pleasant and healthful. The 
 densest population is found about the mouth 
 of the Plata River and along the fertile east 
 
 ist. 
 
 The Spanish and Portuguese were the 
 i 1 1 i< f Europeans who settled in South Amer- 
 ica. The Spanish occupied the lands along 
 tin- Andes highland and all the southern end 
 of South .America, while the Portuguese set- 
 tied in the cast, chiefly in Brazil. Both of 
 - people intermarried with the Indians, 
 their children were half-breeds. Negro 
 
 slaves were also introduced by the Portu- 
 guese. In Brazil, therefore, the people com- 
 prise not only Indians and descendants of the 
 Portuguese, but also half-breeds and negroes. 
 The languages spoken in South America 
 are chiefly Portuguese in Brazil, and Spanish 
 throughout the remainder of the grand divi- 
 sion, except Guiana. 
 
 Wild Indians still live in the silvas, among 
 the Andes, and in the deserts of the south. 
 
 Government. — The South American coun- 
 tries all belonged at one time to European 
 nations. Now they are all independent re- 
 publics, with governments somewhat like that 
 
 of the United States, 
 except British, Dutch, 
 and French Guiana. 
 
 In nearly all the 
 countries of South 
 America the Roman 
 Catholic is the pre- 
 vailing form of reli- 
 gious belief. 
 
 Industries. — The 
 chief occupations of 
 
 Collecting Rubber. 
 
 
 Pll KING i lOFFEE. 
 
 the people in South America are agriculture, 
 herding, and mining.
 
 PEOPLE, INDUSTRIES, COUNTRIES 
 
 81 
 
 Rro de Janeiro, Brazil. 
 
 More than half the world's supply of coffee, 
 besides much sugar cane, rice, tobacco, and 
 tropical fruits, are grown near the eastern 
 and northern coasts. About half the rubber 
 used in the world comes from the silvas. 
 Wheat and an herb called Mate, or Paraguay 
 tea, are extensively cultivated in the south. In 
 the valleys and on the highlands of the Andes 
 are cultivated corn, potatoes, and cacao beans, 
 from which cocoa and chocolate are made; 
 and from the forests on the east slope of 
 these mountains is collected much Permian 
 bark, of which quinine is made. 
 
 The herding of cattle and horses is the 
 leading industry on the pampas and llanos, 
 and the millions of sheep raised on the pam- 
 pas yield a large part of the world's supply of 
 wool. Wool is also obtained from the alpaca 
 and from sheep on the Andes highland. 
 
 There are rich mines of silver, gold, and 
 copper in many parts of the Andes, coal is 
 mined in the south, and nitrate of soda, used 
 for making fertilizers, is abundant in the desert 
 region west of the Andes. Diamonds are 
 found in Brazil, and much gold is obtained 
 in the Guiana highlands. 
 
 There are comparatively few railroads in 
 South America, and none which extend far 
 into the interior. Hence the interior trade is 
 
 carried on almost solely on the three great 
 river systems. 
 
 United States of Brazil. — Brazil is about as 
 large as the United States, but contains only 
 one fifth as many people. 
 
 The northwestern half i.s covered with 
 dense forests, from which rubber, Brazil nuts, 
 and cabinet and dye woods are obtained. 
 
 The south lies in the pampas region, where 
 cattle, sheep, and horses are raised. Along 
 the east coast are great sugar and tobacco 
 plantations, and on the highland in southeast 
 Brazil half the coffee of the world is grown. 
 
 Rio de Janeiro, the capital, has a fine harbor 
 and exports large quantities of coffee. It is 
 the second city in South America. Pernam- 
 6ueo and Bahia are sugar- and tobacco-e.xport- 
 
 Buenos Aires, Argentina. 
 
 ing centers. Sao Paulo is in the coffee-pro- 
 ducing region. Para ships the forest prod- 
 ucts of the silvas. 
 
 Argentina, after Brazil, is the largest coun- 
 trv in South America. 
 
 The chief wealth of the country consists in 
 the sheep and cattle herded on the pampas. 
 Wool, hides, tallow, cured beef, and other 
 animal products are exported. In the Plata
 
 82 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA 
 
 Natives of Southern Argentina. 
 
 valley are the best wheat lands of South Amer- 
 ica, and much wheat is exported to Europe. 
 
 Southern Argentina is a desert inhabited 
 only by wandering Indians who hunt the 
 guanaco, a kind of llama. 
 
 Argentina has more railroads, and is grow- 
 ing in population and prosperity more rapidly, 
 than any other country in South America. 
 
 BuenOs Aires is the largest city in the 
 southern hemisphere. Although it has a poor 
 harbor, it is the great shipping point of the 
 Plata basin. Rosario and Cordova are im- 
 portant trade centers. 
 
 Uruguay is situated in the Plata basin, and, 
 like Argentina, raises sheep, cattle, and wheat. 
 These two countries furnish about one sixth 
 of the world's supply of wool. 
 
 Montevideo is the capital and chief seaport. 
 
 Paraguay is an inland country in the Plata 
 basin. The chief pursuits oi the people are 
 cattle raising, and gathering mate, which is 
 extensively used in the place of tea in South 
 Amerii a. 
 
 Asuncion is the capital. 
 
 Chile is a long, narrow country larger 
 than the state of Texas. The climate is arid 
 in the north, but very rainy in the south. 
 Near the center the winters are mild and wet, 
 
 and the summers dry and pleasant. 
 
 The chief export of Chile is nitrate of 
 soda, or saltpeter. It is mined in the desert 
 region in the north, and is exported to 
 Europe. 
 
 The short streams from the Andes are 
 used to irrigate farms which produce 
 grain, fruits, and potatoes. Many sheep 
 graze on the mountain slopes, and cop- 
 per and silver are mined extensively. 
 Southern Chile has fine forests of 
 cedar, oak, and beech, and valuable coal 
 mines. 
 
 Santiago is the capital and largest city. 
 Valparaiso is the chief seaport. Iquique, near 
 the mines of northern Chile, is the nitrate- 
 shipping port. 
 
 Bolivia. — In Bolivia silver and tin are 
 mined ; grain, beans, and potatoes are culti- 
 vated ; cattle, sheep, and llamas are herded 
 on the highland ; and Peruvian bark, cacao 
 beans, and rubber are collected in the eastern 
 forests. 
 
 Sucre is the legal capital, though La Paz, 
 the largest city, is the usual seat of govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Peru lies on both sides of the Andes. Its 
 rainy eastern slopes are forest-clad. 
 
 Valparaiso, Chile.
 
 C01 ENTRIES 
 
 83 
 
 Most of the people 
 live on the city west- 
 ern slope, and by irri- 
 gation cultivate large 
 crops of sugar, coffee, 
 and cotton. These 
 products, together 
 with Peruvian bark, 
 cacao beans, rubber, 
 and silver, are the 
 chief products of the 
 country. 
 
 Many remains of 
 the ancient, half-civi- 
 lized Indians called Incas are found in Peru, 
 and their descendants still live in the region 
 around their ancient capital Cuzco. 
 
 Lima is the capital and largest city. Callao 
 is its seaport. Arequipa is an important city 
 in the south. 
 
 Ecuador is high and mountainous and con- 
 tains several of the largest volcanoes in the 
 world. 
 
 Most of the people are Indians, and live on 
 the highlands, where the climate is like per- 
 petual spring. The chief product of Ecuador 
 is cocoa. 
 
 Quito is the capital. It is nearly two miles 
 above sea level. Guayaqicil is the seaport. 
 
 Colombia is traversed by three chains of 
 the Andes in the west, but slopes to the 
 llanos in the east. 
 
 Coffee, gold, silver, cattle, hides, tobacco, 
 and bananas are exported. 
 
 Bogota is the capital and largest city. 
 Medellin is in the chief gold-mining region. 
 Barranquilla is a commercial center and sea- 
 port. 
 
 United States of Venezuela. — Venezuela is 
 mountainous in the north and south, but the 
 central part lies in the llanos. 
 
 
 & 
 
 Residence, Bogota, Colombia. 
 
 Gold is mined, and 
 coffee, cocoa, and fruits 
 are produced in the 
 north. Cattle and 
 horses are raised on 
 the llanos. 
 
 Caracas is the capi- 
 tal and largest city. 
 Valencia is the chief 
 seaport. 
 
 Guiana is much like 
 Brazil in surface, cli- 
 mate, and vegetable 
 products. 
 
 The western part is a British colony, the 
 central colony belongs to the Dutch, and the 
 eastern one to the French. 
 
 Sugar, cocoa, pepper, and gold are the chief 
 products. The planters are whites, but the 
 laborers are chiefly negroes. 
 
 TEST EXERCISES FOR REVIEW 
 
 Where is South America? Where and how is it connected 
 with North America? Compare the two Americas in shape; 
 in size ; in coast line and islands ; in surface features. 
 
 Describe the Andes highland. Of what ranges and plateau 
 is it composed? How dues it compare with the Rockv Moun- 
 tains? Describe the smaller highlands of South America. 
 What are they called? Describe the great lowland plain of 
 South America. 
 
 What is said of the climate of South America with respect 
 to heat and cold? with respect to moisture in the Torrid Zone? 
 in the Temperate Zone? How is the year divided into seasons 
 in South America? 
 
 What three river systems drain most of South America ? 
 Tell what you can of the Orinoco system : of the Amazon svs- 
 tem ; of the Plata system : of the Sao Francisco system ; of 
 the streams flowing to the Pacific: of Lake Titicaca; of the 
 divides separating the great river systems. 
 
 Describe the vegetation and animal life of the llanos, of 
 the silvas. of the pampas, of the Andes. Where is South 
 America most thinly, and where most thickly, settled? What 
 parts of South America were settled by Spaniards? by the 
 Portuguese? What is said of Indians and negroes? 
 
 What form of government and what form of religion are com- 
 mon in South America? What are the most valuable vegetable 
 products? animal products? mineral products? What is said 
 of the trade routes? 
 
 Describe the location, surface, chief products, and principal 
 cities of Brazil. Argentina. Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, Bolivia, 
 Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana.
 
 8 4 
 
 EURASIA 
 
 EURASIA 
 
 EXERCISES ON THE MAP 
 
 See maps nf Hemispheres, pp. 12, 13. In which conti- 
 nent is Eurasia? In what part of the world is it in 
 comparison with America? In what zone is most of it? 
 What oceans border it? What grand division is to the 
 southwest? What isthmus connects Eurasia and Africa? 
 What two seas separate them ? What smaller sea is con- 
 nected with the Mediterranean Sea? 
 
 See map of Eurasia, p. 102. — How does Eurasia com- 
 pare in size with North America ? (See maps pp. 26 and 102.) 
 What strait is at the northeast corner of Eurasia? Follow 
 with your pencil, from the 
 Isthmus of Suez to Bering 
 Strait, the line of dots which 
 passes near the sources of 
 rivers flowing into the Black 
 Sea and the Arctic Ocean. 
 This line marks the top of the 
 Atlantic and Arctic Ocean 
 slope of Eurasia. From the 
 Isthmus of Suez trace to 
 Bering Strait the other line 
 of dots which passes near 
 the sources of southward or 
 eastward flowing rivers. 
 This second line marks the top of the Indian and Pacific 
 Ocean slope of Eurasia. What sea and two lakes are in 
 the region between these two lines? These bodies of 
 water have no outlets, and none of the streams in this 
 region reach any ocean. What two rivers flow into Cas- 
 pian Sea? What river is west of the Volga River? What 
 waters would a boat pass through in floating from Dnieper 
 River to the Atlantic Ocean? Why is the Dnieper River 
 said to be on the Atlantic slope? 
 
 Where is Caspian Sea? What mountain range is north 
 of Caspian Sea? What range is west? What is the part 
 of Eurasia called that lies west of the Ural Mountains and 
 north of the Caucasus? What is the other part of Eurasia 
 called? 
 
 What great bay and what sea indent the southern coast 
 of Asia? 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 Position and Size. — Eurasia contains both 
 Europe and Asia and is the largest grand 
 division in the world. It is more than twice 
 
 A Peak in the Caui asus Mountains. 
 
 as large as North America. It occupies the 
 northern part of the Eastern Continent. In 
 the northeast it is separated from North 
 America by Bering Strait, and in the south- 
 west it is connected with Africa by the Isthmus 
 of Suez. 
 
 Shape and Coast Line. — The shape of Eu- 
 rasia is somewhat like a triangle with the 
 apex toward the west. 
 
 The coast line is very irregular. In the 
 east, the coast seas are hemmed in by groups 
 
 of islands. More pen- 
 insulas project from 
 Eurasia than from any 
 other grand division. 
 
 Highlands. — A 
 large part of Eurasia 
 is highland. The prin- 
 cipal highland extends 
 from Bering Strait 
 southwestward to cen- 
 tral Asia, and thence 
 northwestward to the 
 outlet of the Black Sea. West of this sea the 
 highland continues along the northern border 
 of the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic 
 Ocean. Some of the plateaus and mountains 
 of this highland are the most lofty in the 
 world. South of the highland, spurs or de- 
 tached highlands extend nearly to the coast 
 and form its great peninsulas. 
 
 Lowlands. — Most of the northern part of 
 Eurasia is a lowland, extending from the 
 Atlantic eastward nearly to Bering Strait. 
 This vast plain is broken only by the low 
 Ural Mountains near its center, and by the 
 low Kiolen Mountains in the northwest. 
 
 South of the Ural Mountains the plain sinks 
 below sea level, and in this depression lies 
 Caspian Sea, the largest lake in the world. 
 The Ural Mountains and Caspian and Black
 
 RELIEF, DRAINAGE, PEOPLE 
 
 85 
 
 seas separate Europe 
 from Asia. 
 
 On the southern and 
 eastern sides of Eu- 
 rasia are several broad 
 isolated lowlands. 
 
 Drainage. — A vast 
 region in central Eu- 
 rasia sends no drain- 
 acre to the ocean. 
 This region includes 
 the desert plateau of 
 Gobi and part of the 
 plateau of Tibet in the 
 east; and in the west it includes the plateau 
 of Iran and most of the lowland north of it 
 (see map p. 102). In the lowland portion are 
 several large rivers, but they end in lakes such 
 as Caspian Sea, Lake Aral, and Lake Balkash, 
 which have no outlet, and which are conse- 
 quently salt. Most of the highland portion is 
 a desert and has but few streams. 
 
 North and west of this region of interior 
 drainage, Eurasia has a long and gradual 
 slope to the Arctic Ocean and the great arms 
 of the Atlantic Ocean. This slope is trav- 
 ersed by many large and gently flowing 
 rivers which are navigable when free from 
 ice. South and east of the region of interior 
 drainage the slope is more abrupt to the 
 Pacific and Indian oceans. This slope is 
 also traversed by many large rivers, and most 
 of them are navigable. 
 
 People. — Eurasia contains more than three 
 fourths of all the people in the world. Most 
 of them live in the southeastern and north- 
 western parts of the grand division. These 
 are the most thickly settled portions of the 
 world. The lowlands in the northeast and the 
 great highlands are quite thinly settled. 
 
 Eurasia is occupied by the Caucasian or 
 
 A Town on the Caspian Sea. 
 
 white race, and by the 
 Mongolian or yellow 
 race. 
 
 The Caucasian race 
 occupies nearly the 
 whole of Europe, and 
 southwestern Asia 
 from the Mediterra- 
 nean Sea to the Bay 
 of Bengal. The Eu- 
 ropeans and their de- 
 scendants are the 
 most highly civilized 
 people in the world. 
 The Caucasians in southwestern Asia are 
 less civilized than the Europeans. 
 
 The Mongolian race occupies eastern and 
 northern Asia and extends westward into 
 Europe in the extreme north and near the 
 Black Sea. 
 
 The bulk of the race is half civilized, though 
 some tribes in the north are scarcely more 
 than savages, while the Japanese people in the 
 east are quite civilized. 
 
 The o-reat islands southeast of Asia are 
 occupied by a branch of the yellow race 
 sometimes called the Malay or Brown Race. 
 This includes many savage tribes and some 
 half-civilized peoples. 
 
 TEST EXERCISES FOR REVIEW 
 
 Where is Eurasia? What is its general shape? Compare 
 it with North America in size by tracing on tissue paper the 
 outline of the North American mainland (p. 26) and laying 
 the tracing on the map of Eurasia (p. 102). Is its coast line 
 more or less irregular than that of North America? Which 
 coast is least irregular? 
 
 Describe the highlands of Eurasia: the lowlands. De- 
 scribe the drainage, slopes, and basin-, oi Eurasia. What does 
 the great region of interior drainage indicate concerning the 
 rainfall ol that region? What are the two main divisions of 
 Eurasia, and what physical features serve to separate them? 
 
 What proportion of the population of the world does Eurasia 
 contain? What parts of the grand division are most thickly 
 settled? What races have their home in Eurasia? What can 
 you say of the Caucasian race? of the Mongolian? of the .Malay?
 
 EUROPE 
 
 EUROPE 
 
 EXERCISES ON THE MAP 
 
 Position. -In what zone is most of Europe? What 
 parallel of latitude passes through central Europe? Trace 
 this same parallel across North America on map p. 26. 
 What great country of North America lies in the same 
 part of the North Temperate /one as Europe? 
 
 What land and sea lie east of Europe? What oceans 
 lie north and west ? What great sea lies south? 
 - Coast Line. — What sea indents the north coast? What 
 two seas and bay indent the west coast? What two gulfs 
 extend inland from Baltic Sea? What waters connect 
 Baltic Sea with North Sea? What two peninsulas are west . 
 of Baltic Sea? What large island group is west of Kurope? 
 What channel and strait separate it from the mainland? 
 What peninsula is between Bay of Biscay and Mediter- 
 ranean Sea? What strait connects Mediterranean Sea 
 with the Atlantic ? What two seas extend inland from the 
 Mediterranean T What large sea is northeast of the zEgean 
 Sea? How are they connected? Name some islands of 
 the Mediterranean belonging to Europe. 
 
 Surface. — What part of Europe is most mountainous? 
 What mountains are north of the Italian peninsula? Name 
 three ranges west of the Alps ; three east of the Alps. 
 What mountains are in Italy? in Greece? What range is 
 east of Europe? What mountains are in the northwest? 
 
 Drainage. — Trace from the Ural Mountains to the 
 Strait of Gibraltar the divide between the streams flowing 
 north or west, and those flowing south or east. On the 
 north slope mention two rivers that flow to' the Arctic 
 waters ; three to the Baltic ; two to North Sea ; one to 
 English Channel ; three to Bay of Biscay ; four to the 
 Atlantic. On the south slope mention two streams that 
 flow to Caspian Sea ; four that flow to the waters of 
 Black Sea ; one to Adriatic Sea ; two to Mediterranean 
 Sea. Name two lakes in the northern part of Europe. 
 
 Countries. — What country occupies eastern Europe? 
 Where is Sweden? Norway? Denmark? the German 
 Empire? the Netherlands? Austria-Hungary? Ron- 
 mania? Servia? Bulgaria? Turkey? Greece? Italy? 
 Switzerland? Belgium? France? Spain? Portugal? 
 Name the divisions of the British Isles. 
 
 Cities. — Name and locate the capital and chief cities 
 of each country of Europe. 
 
 Map Drawing. — Sketch and 
 resketch an outline of the main- 
 land of Europe like this figure, but 
 larger, until you can reproduce 
 its shape quickly from memory. 
 
 87
 
 88 
 
 p:urope 
 
 A Glacier in the Alps, Switzerland. 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 Position and Size. — Europe is a large pen- 
 insula projecting from the northwestern part 
 of Eurasia. Like Canada it lies mostly in the 
 North Temperate Zone, and extends into 
 the Frigid Zone. 
 
 It is but little larger than the United States, 
 but its population is nearly five times as great. 
 
 The Coast is bordered by many islands, of 
 which the British Isles are the largest and 
 most important. The coast is very crooked, 
 with many peninsulas, and so deeply indented 
 by seas, gulfs, and bays that no part of western 
 Europe is more than four hundred miles from 
 the sea. 
 
 Surface. — The great highland of Eurasia 
 extends through southern Europe, forming a 
 steep slope toward the south, but a more grad- 
 ual -lope to the north. The highest moun- 
 • are the Alps and the Caucasus; they 
 snow-capped, and great glaciers creep 
 down their slopes. 
 
 The Carpathian Mountains extend eastward 
 
 the Alps and inclose the fertile plains 
 
 of Hungary. The Apennines and Pindus 
 
 extend southeastward through the Italian and 
 
 Grecian peninsulas. 
 West of the Alps are 
 the Cevennes and 
 Pyrenees mountains. 
 The plateaus south 
 of the Pyrenees form 
 the Spanish penin- 
 sula. 
 
 Low mountains 
 traverse the peninsula 
 of Norway and Swe- 
 den from northeast 
 to southwest. They 
 rise abruptly from 
 deep narrow bays or 
 fiords on the west coast, but descend more 
 gently toward the plains on the east. In the 
 north they are covered with snow and gla- 
 ciers. 
 
 The rest of Europe is a smooth lowland 
 plain, which is bordered on the east by the 
 gentle slopes of the low Ural Mountains. 
 
 Drainage. — The main divide of Europe ex- 
 tends southwestward from the Ural Mountains 
 to the Strait of Gibraltar, and is low through- 
 out most of its length. The largest rivers lie 
 southeast of it and are the Volga, Don, Dnie- 
 
 — * iiaSHE 
 
 
 Fiord, Norway. 

 
 RELIEF, CUM AT K, I.IFK 
 
 89 
 
 per, and Danube. The most important rivers 
 of the northern slope are the Vistula, Elbe, 
 Rhine, Seine, and Loire. The Danube, I'". 
 Rhone, and Rhine have formed great deltas 
 at their mouths. Nearly all the rivers oi Eu- 
 rope are used in commerce, the smaller ones 
 having been deepened and improved to make 
 them navigable, and connected by canals with 
 neighboring streams. 
 
 A vast number of lakes dot the surface 
 of northern Europe; of these Ladoga and 
 Onega are the lar- 
 gest. Many small 
 but beautiful lakes 
 are found in the 
 Alpine region. 
 
 Climate.- Though 
 Europe is situated 
 farther north than 
 the United States, 
 its climate, except 
 in the east, is gen- 
 erally moister and 
 more equable, as it 
 is open to the mild c.^m on 
 
 and damp southwest winds from the Atlantic. 
 
 Eastern Europe has cold winters and warm 
 summers and is much drier than western Eu- 
 rope. Most of the rain here falls in the sum- 
 mer. In the northeast ice and snow lie on 
 the lowlands for many months. 
 
 Cold winds very rarely reach southern Eu- 
 rope south of the great mountain ranges, and 
 the lands along the Mediterranean have an 
 exceptionally warm climate. The summers 
 there are dry, however, and in most places 
 irrigation is needed for growing crops. 
 
 Vegetation. — Along the shores of the .Arc- 
 tic Ocean is a wide stretch of treeless tundra, 
 a snowy waste in winter and a swamp in 
 summer. 
 
 South of the tundras most of northern 
 Europe is covered with forests oi cone-bearing 
 trees, with fine forests of oak, beech, and 
 other hard woods farther south. The great 
 southern highland also contains extensive for- 
 ests of fir, beech, and oak. Central Europe 
 is mostly open prairie land, from the well- 
 watered Atlantic coast to the dry steppes 
 near the Caspian Sea. 
 
 South of the highlands, the olive, myrtle, 
 almond, orange, mulberry, and cork oak trees 
 
 are found. 
 
 Animals. — Eu- 
 rope has only a few 
 kinds of large wild 
 animals, and these 
 are mostly confined 
 to the forest regions 
 of the north and to 
 the great highland 
 in the south. In 
 the north are elk, 
 beaver, reindeer, 
 and some smaller 
 ■ in Rhine. fur-bearing animals. 
 
 On the southern highlands are found the 
 timid chamois and the ibex or long-horned 
 goat. The brown bear, the lynx or wild cat, 
 and the wolf live in both the northern and 
 the southern region. 
 
 People. — Europe is the smallest grand divi- 
 sion, yet it contains nearly one fourth of the 
 people of the world. It is more thickly settled 
 than any other grand division. 
 
 The most thickly settled parts are in the 
 west, and these parts are most highly civilized 
 and have industries similar to those of the 
 northern section of the United States. 
 
 Most of the people belong to the Caucasian 
 race, but in the northeast and southeast there 
 are many people of Mongolian descent.
 
 go 
 
 EUROPE 
 
 j I; VPES, : 
 Europe. 
 
 Industries. — All 
 the industries of man 
 are necessary to sup- 
 port a high state of 
 civilization, and all 
 the industries are car- 
 ried on in Europe. 
 
 The raising of 
 grain and domestic 
 animals is important 
 in nearly all parts of 
 
 ships and machinery to needles and pins, are 
 also made here in great quantities. But be- 
 sides these, nearly every kind of article used 
 by man is made in western Europe. 
 
 The mining of coal and iron and other use- 
 ful minerals is very important in many locali- 
 ties ; and lumbering in the north, and the 
 fisheries throughout the Ions: coast line "are 
 very valuable. 
 
 There are so many people in Europe that, 
 in spite of the great 
 quantity of grain and 
 meat produced, most 
 of the countries have 
 to import food as well 
 as raw materials from 
 countries 
 
 foreign 
 
 in 
 
 the grand division, but especially in the plains 
 of Russia and Hungary, which may be called 
 the granary of Europe. In the north cen- 
 tral part are also raised great quantities of 
 beets for making sugar and flax for making 
 linen. Throughout the southern part many 
 people are occupied in the raising of grapes 
 for wine and raisins, the raising of olives, 
 oranges, lemons, and chestnuts, and the rear- 
 ing of silkworms. 
 
 Manufacturing is perhaps the most impor- 
 tant industry of western Europe. This is 
 the great cloth-making region of the world. 
 Cotton, woolen, linen, and silk are woven 
 here to a much greater extent than any- 
 where else. Iron and steel and all kinds of 
 articles composed of these metals, from steam- 
 
 exchange for manufac- 
 tured articles. This 
 gives rise to a very 
 great commerce. The 
 commerce is carried on 
 by means of railways, 
 harvestino wheat, France. rivers, and canals, and 
 
 by coasting vessels, between the various coun- 
 tries of Europe, and by a great number of 
 ocean vessels, which trade with all parts of the 
 world. 
 
 Countries. — Europe is divided into about 
 twenty countries, the people of which have 
 different languages and customs. 
 
 In Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, anil Belgium the peo- 
 ple speak languages derived from the Latin ; hence these 
 countries are called the Latin Countries. North and north- 
 east of these lie Great Britain, Holland, Germany, Den- 
 mark, Norway and Sweden, Austria, and Switzerland. 
 Languages resembling the German are spoken in these 
 countries and consequently they are called the Germanic 
 Countries. Russia, Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro are 
 called Slavonic Countries, because the languages spoken 
 in these resemble that spoken by an ancient tribe of 
 pi o] ile called Slavs.
 
 COUNTRIES 
 
 91 
 
 Religion and Government. — All the countries 
 of Europe, except Turkey, profess belief in 
 the Christian religion. 
 
 The Turks profess the Mohammedan reli- 
 gion; they believe in God, but hold Moham- 
 med to be his prophet. 
 
 Two of the twenty countries of Europe are 
 republics, France and Switzerland. All the 
 rest are monarchies. Most of these coun- 
 tries, however, are limited monarchies, in 
 which the people have a voice in making 
 the laws. Only two, Russia and Turkey, are 
 absolute monarchies, in which the chief ruler 
 has absolute power both to make and to 
 execute the laws. 
 
 TEST EXERCISES FOR REVIEW 
 
 Where is Europe? What part of North America is in the 
 same latitude? Compare it in size with the United States by 
 tracing on tissue paper the outline of our country (p. 33) and 
 laying the outline over the map of Europe (p. 86). Why 
 is no part of western Europe very far from the sea? What are 
 its principal peninsulas and seas? 
 
 Describe the general surface of Europe ; the principal moun- 
 tain ranges: the great lowland. Where is the main divide of 
 Europe? Describe the more important rivers. Which have 
 deltas? Where are the lake regions? 
 
 Describe the climate of western and central Europe ; of 
 eastern Europe ; of southern Europe. Describe the general 
 character of the vegetation in the different parts of Europe. 
 What kinds of wild animals are there? 
 
 How does Europe compare with the United States in popu- 
 lation? What part of Europe is most thickly peopled? To 
 what race do most of the people belong? What are the 
 most important agricultural productions? What is the chief 
 industry of western Europe? its 
 chief products? Why is the 
 commerce of Europe very great? 
 How is it carried on ? 
 
 How may the countries of 
 Europe be divided into three 
 groups? What countries are in 
 each group? How do the Turks 
 differ from all other Europeans? 
 In what respect is Russia like 
 Turkey? In what respect do 
 France and Switzerland differ 
 from all other European coun- 
 tries? 
 
 The United Kingdom 
 of Great Britain and Ire- 
 land occupies the British 
 
 < 01 ntry Cottage, Ireland. 
 
 Bridgi oveb mi Firth of Forth, Scotland. 
 Isles. The largest island, called Great Brit- 
 am, contains England, Wales, and Scotland. 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland together are 
 about twice as large as New England. But 
 their population is half that of the United 
 States. 
 
 Northern Scotland, northwestern England, 
 Wales, and parts of Ireland are traversed by 
 low, picturesque mountains, among which are 
 beautiful clear lakes. 
 
 The climate is equable and moist, but dense 
 fogs are frequent. The moisture makes the 
 vegetation so fresh and green that Ireland is 
 often called the " Emerald Isle." 
 
 Many of the rivers of the British Isles have 
 wide and deep mouths, or estuaries, which in 
 Scotland are called Firths. 
 
 Though eastern England, southern Scot- 
 land, and Ireland have 
 much fertile soil, yet 
 the farmers raise only a 
 small part of the food 
 needed by the people. 
 The pastures support 
 many sheep and cows ; 
 but meats, dairy prod- 
 ucts, and wool, as well 
 as wheat and flour, are 
 imported in large quan- 
 tities.
 
 92 
 
 EUROPE 
 
 The chief industry in the British Isles, and 
 particularly in England, is manufacturing. 
 More cotton and woolen cloth is made than 
 in any other country, and much linen is also 
 woven. Coal and iron are abundant, and 
 much iron and steel, machinery of all kinds, 
 and tools and cutlery are manufactured, and 
 great numbers of iron and steel ships are built. 
 
 Great Britain has more ships than any 
 other country, and these are constantly en- 
 gaged in importing food 
 and raw materials, such 
 as cotton, wool, flax, 
 hides, iron ore, lumber, 
 etc., and in shipping 
 away the varied manu- 
 factures to all parts of 
 the world. 
 
 The government is a 
 
 Edinbi rgh. 
 
 limited monarchy. The laws arc made by 
 .1 Parliament, composed of men, most of 
 whom are chosen by the people. The laws 
 an- enforced in the name <>f the king by 
 ministers controlled by Parliament. 
 
 Great Britain has possessions in .-ill the f,'ran<l divisions 
 
 and in many isl ind the most important are Canada, the 
 
 ralia, [ndia in Asia, and southern Africa. 
 
 tin mothei country with all her possessions forms the 
 
 Empire. 
 
 Loudon, the largest 
 city and greatest sea- 
 port in the world, is 
 the capital. It is situ- 
 ated on the Thames 
 estuary. 
 Liverpool. G lasgozv, in Scot- 
 
 land, is a great center of manufacturing and 
 shipbuilding. Liverpool, another great sea- 
 port, has immense exports of manufactured 
 goods and imports of raw materials and 
 food. Manchester makes more cotton goods 
 than any other city in the world. Sheffield 
 makes knives, razors, and scissors, besides 
 many other iron and steel goods. Edinburgh 
 is the chief educational center and old capital 
 of Scotland. Dublin is the capital of Ire- 
 land. Belfast is a center of linen manufac- 
 ture. 
 
 The German Empire. — Germany occupies 
 a broad plain along the Baltic and North 
 seas. Through this plain flow several noble 
 rivers, of which the Rhine is most noted. 
 
 Germany is famous for its schools and 
 universities, and its great writers and musi- 
 cians. It has a large and line army.
 
 COUNTRIKS 
 
 "1 
 
 93 
 
 
 Castle, i Iermany. 
 
 The country is one of the most produc- 
 tive in Europe. Great crops of sugar beets, 
 potatoes, rye, and fruits are cultivated. Many 
 steep hillsides are terraced and planted with 
 vines. 
 
 The mountains are rich in coal, iron, zinc, 
 and silver; and manufacturing is very active. 
 Iron, steel, cannon, sugar, woolen and linen 
 goods, and toys are the most important prod- 
 ucts. 
 
 Many little countries formerly occupied this 
 region, but in 1871 they were united into the 
 German Empire. The king of Prussia is em- 
 peror of Germany. It is his duty to enforce 
 the laws made by rep- 
 resentatives of the 
 people. 
 
 Berlin, the capital, 
 is one of the largest 
 cities of Europe, and 
 is noted for its pal- 
 aces, parks, and great 
 schools. Hamburg, on 
 the Elbe, is a great 
 seaport. Munich has 
 picture galleries and 
 breweries. Cologne, 
 
 -U a 
 
 jfc^S"* 1 
 
 ■ — wmW *9*t J^Mi lew 
 
 r m 
 
 pry 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 llraX 
 
 
 
 
 1H\ 
 
 
 
 
 mBL 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 B^k^^^-MiI 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 ~&.— ■""^ 
 
 ■-•'■-" 
 
 
 
 5 — " 
 
 
 
 WlNDMlLl s, Holland. 
 
 a Street in Berlin. 
 
 on the Rhine, is the center of a great manu- 
 facturing district. Breslau has irreat cotton 
 mills. 
 
 The Netherlands, or Holland, is so low that 
 embankments of earth, called Dikes, are built 
 along the shore to prevent the sea from over- 
 flowing the country. 
 
 The water which collects on the surface is 
 pumped up by great windmills into canals 
 which traverse the country in many direc- 
 tions. 
 
 In the summer boats sail on many of the 
 canals ; and in the winter when the canals arc- 
 frozen, men, women, and children go about 
 
 on skates. 
 
 The people of Hol- 
 land are called Dutch. 
 They are energetic, in- 
 dustrious, and thrifty, 
 and therefore wealthy. 
 They are excellent 
 farmers and raise large 
 quantities of grain, 
 potatoes, and sugar 
 beets. The low grassy 
 meadows make excel- 
 lent pasturage, and
 
 94 
 
 EUROPE 
 
 and herring: are caueht in great numbers, 
 especially near the Lofoden Islands. 
 
 The lower slopes of the mountains are 
 covered with Norway pine, and much lumber 
 
 AMSTB i: I > AM. 
 
 fine cattle, butter, and cheese are produced 
 and exported. 
 
 Clay is abundant, and many tiles and bricks 
 are made. 
 
 The Dutch have possessions in the East 
 and West Indies and own a part of Guiana 
 in South America. 
 
 Amsterdam, the largest city, is one of the 
 greatest seaports of Europe. Canals run 
 through the streets. Diamond cutting em- 
 ploys many people in this city. The Hague 
 is the capital. 
 
 Norway and Sweden oc- 
 cupy the Scandinavian 
 peninsula. 
 
 Norway is full of low, 
 rugged mountains, crowned 
 in many places with snow 
 and ice. The valleys in the 
 north are filled with gla- 
 i iers. Sweden is smoother 
 and contains many shal- 
 low lakes and marshes in 
 the i 
 
 I In- west coast is deeply 
 cut by many narrow fiords, 
 wlii< li make it favorable to 
 fishing and commerce. Cod 
 
 Haymaking, Norway. 
 
 is cut and sawed and either used for build- 
 ing ships at home or sent to other European 
 countries. 
 
 In Sweden grain, potatoes, and some fruits 
 are grown. Cattle, sheep, and small horses 
 are pastured on the mountain slopes of both 
 countries. 
 
 The winters are long 
 and very cold, and the 
 streams and lakes are 
 frozen over for months at 
 a time. The extreme north- 
 ern part of Norway lies in 
 the Frigid Zone. During 
 the longest days of the 
 year the sun does not set 
 there at all, but can be 
 seen above the horizon all 
 night long for more than 
 two months. Laplanders 
 live in that region. They 
 raise reindeer and get most 
 Lai . ianmi of their food and clothing
 
 nU'XTRIKS 
 
 95 
 
 from them. These ani- 
 mals are also used to 
 draw the people about 
 in sledges. 
 
 For many years 
 Sweden and Norway 
 were under the same 
 king, but now each 
 country is a separate 
 kingdom. 
 
 Stockholm is the capital of Sweden. Chris- 
 tiania is the capital of Norway. 
 
 Denmark occupies the peninsula south of 
 Norway and several islands in the Baltic Sea. 
 
 Hills or dunes of sand along the western 
 shore form natural dikes to the lowlands of 
 the peninsula. Within the dunes are meadow 
 lands on which are pastured fine cattle, horses, 
 and sheep. Much grain is raised. 
 
 The Danes are good sailors and fishermen, 
 and control the fisheries of Iceland and 
 Greenland. 
 
 Copenhagen, on an island, is the capital and 
 largest city. 
 
 Austria-Hungary is made up of two coun- 
 tries, Austria and Hungary. It is a mon- 
 archy governed by an emperor, but the laws 
 are made by representatives of the people. 
 
 USE, Vl] 
 
 Austria contains 
 man)' mountains and 
 valleys, while Hun- 
 gary is a great treeless 
 plain, bordered by the 
 Carpathian Moun- 
 tains. 
 
 The Danube flows 
 through both coun- 
 tries and in its upper 
 course is a very beautiful river. 
 
 Most of the' Austrians are German-speak- 
 ing people, but many of the people of Hun- 
 gary are descended from the yellow race. 
 
 In some parts of Austria, the people are 
 engaged in carving toys. In other parts glass, 
 leather goods, and pianos are manufactured. 
 The fertile plains of Hungary produce wheal 
 tobacco, and sugar beets, and the mountain 
 slopes form excellent grazing lands. The 
 vine is widely cultivated, and the orange and 
 lemon grow in the south. 
 
 Vienna, the capital of the empire, is one of 
 the largest and finest cities of Europe. It is 
 noted for its schools of medicine, and the 
 manufacture of leather goods and pianos. 
 
 Budapest the capital of Hungary, has very 
 extensive flour mills. Prague manufactures 
 
 Scene in the Austrian Alps, 
 
 iding Grain Boa is, Budai est.
 
 9 6 
 
 EUROPE 
 
 Post Office, Geneva 
 
 engines. Trieste is the 
 seaport. 
 
 Switzerland is much 
 visited because of its 
 fine scenery. The 
 mountain tops are cov- 
 ered with perpetual 
 snow, and more than 
 four hundred glaciers 
 i reep down the upper 
 valleys. 
 
 Geneva, on Lake Geneva, is noted for its 
 watches and music boxes. . Zurich is the 
 largest city. Bern is the capital. 
 
 REVIEW ON GERMANIC EUROPE 
 
 Where is the United Kingdom of C.reat Britain and Ireland? 
 How does it compare with our country in size and population? 
 Describe the coast line and surface ; the climate and vegetation : 
 the chief industry ; the commerce : the government. What is 
 the British Empire? Characterize the chief cities. 
 
 Where is the German Empire? Describe its surface and 
 drainage; its people and industries: its government. Char- 
 acterize the chief cities. 
 
 Describe the Netherlands and its drainage; the people and 
 
 their industries. What are 
 its colonies? Characterize 
 its chief city. 
 
 Where are Norway, Swe- 
 den, and Denmark? De- 
 scribe each country and 
 mention its chief industries. 
 Characterize the chief city 
 of each. 
 
 Where is Austria -Hun- 
 gary? Describe the surface 
 and drainage ; the people 
 and their principal indus- 
 tries. Characterize the chief 
 cities. 
 
 Where is Switzerland? 
 Describe the surface, peo- 
 ple government, and indus- 
 tries. Characterize the chief 
 cities. 
 
 The people in the mirth speak German, in 
 the south, Italian, and in the west, French. 
 Their government is a republic. 
 
 The mountain slopes are fine pasturing lands, 
 and butter and cheese of the finest quality are 
 made. Many of the herdsmen are skillful carv- 
 ers, and cut beautiful boxes, 
 toys, and images out of wood 
 while the)- wat< h their flocks. 
 
 in tin- ( ities jewelry, watches, 
 music boxes, and carved toys 
 - well as linens, rib- 
 bons, and other woven goods. 
 
 Two railroads pass through 
 tunnels nine and twelve miles 
 • undei the Alps and con 
 t this country with Italy. 
 
 Farm Scene, Switzerland. 
 France 
 
 is about as large as the German 
 
 Silkworm. 
 
 Empire, but is not so thickly settled. It is 
 
 one of the wealthiest and most highly civilized 
 
 countries of Europe. 
 
 It lies chiefly in the fertile lowland plain, 
 
 but in the southeast and south there are 
 many picturesque mountains. 
 Among the most famous is 
 Mont Blanc, the highest peak 
 of the Alps. 
 
 In the lowlands, where the 
 climate is mild and moist, 
 grain, sugar beets, and pota- 
 toes are cultivated. Cattle, 
 sheep, and pigs are raised in 
 large numbers, and fine cheese 
 is exported.
 
 COUNTRIES 
 
 9/ 
 
 Brussi 
 
 In the south millions of mulberry trees are 
 carefully tended and their leaves used as the 
 food of silkworms. Grapes, olives, and other 
 fruits are also grown there, and large quanti- 
 ties of fine wines and olive oil are made. 
 
 The French people 
 are noted for their taste 
 and skilled workman- 
 ship. Much of the silk 
 and velvet of the world 
 is manufactured by these 
 people, as well as cot- 
 ton, woolen, and linen 
 cloth, and many fancy 
 
 articles. The vase> and fine chinaware made 
 in France are famous. 
 
 The government ol France is a republic. 
 
 France controls much <>f northern .Africa, 
 the island of Madagascar, part of southeastern 
 Asia, 9hd French ( iuiaria. 
 
 /'(/ns, the capital of France, is the m 
 beautiful city in the world, and, next to Lon- 
 don, the largest in Europe. 
 
 Lyons is the great center of silk manufac- 
 ture. Bordeaux is in the region of vineyards. 
 Marseilles is the 
 chief seaport. 
 
 Belgium in one 
 of the smallest and 
 the most thickly 
 settled countries 
 of Europe. 
 
 i Peasants. 
 
 In the north large 
 crops ot grain, 
 
 t' ies, 
 
 pota- 
 vegetables, and 
 
 Boulevard, Paris. 
 
 susrar beets are grown. 
 
 The hilly country in 
 
 the south is sterile, 
 
 but is underlain with 
 
 rich deposits of coal and iron. The chief 
 
 pursuit is manufacturing lace, carpets, and 
 
 iron and steel. 
 
 The people in the northern part of Belgium 
 speak a language much like the I hitch. In 
 the south, however, the French language is 
 spoken. 
 
 Brussels, noted for its carpets and lace 
 manufacture, is the capital. Antwerp is a 
 large and busy port of foreign trade.
 
 9 8 
 
 EUROPE 
 
 Spain and Portugal, 
 two independent coun- 
 tries, occupy the Span- 
 ish peninsula, which 
 is traversed by many 
 mountain ranges and 
 is generally high and 
 
 rugged. 
 
 The valleys contain 
 fertile lands on which 
 
 -*£*=» 
 
 are grown gram, peas, 
 onions, garlic, and beans. The mountain 
 slopes have good pasturage, and cattle, merino 
 sheep, and goats are herded. Along the hot 
 and sunny Mediterranean slopes are fine vine- 
 yards, great orchards of prunes, and many 
 olive, orange, and lemon groves. 
 
 From the bark of the cork oak of Portugal 
 is obtained much of the cork of the world. 
 
 Charcoal Seller, Spain. 
 
 Lisbon. 
 
 Spain is rich in minerals. Copper, lead, and 
 quicksilver are extensive])' mined, and iron 
 and coal are abundant. The chief wealth of 
 Portugal comes from its broad fertile valleys. 
 In these are many vineyards, furnishing the 
 grapes for making the famous " Port " wine. 
 
 The Spanish and Portuguese were once fa- 
 mous sailors, and both countries had many ( olo- 
 
 nies in various parts 
 of the world. Through 
 bad government those 
 in America have been 
 entirely lost. Spain has 
 no colonies of impor- 
 tance, while Portugal 
 still owns parts of Af- 
 rica and some islands. 
 Each of these coun- 
 tries is a monarchy. 
 Madrid, the capital and largest city of 
 Spain, is an interior city on the plateau. 
 Barcelona is the chief seaport. Valencia is 
 also a noted port with some manufactures. 
 
 Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, is a busy 
 seaport. Oporto is in the wine-producing 
 region. 
 
 Italy occupies the central one of the three 
 southern peninsulas of Europe. Through it 
 extend the Apennine Mountains. On the 
 north are the high Alps, always capped with 
 snow. Italy contains two of the most noted 
 volcanoes of Europe, Vesuvius and Etna. 
 The islands of Sardinia and Sicily form part 
 of Italy, but Corsica belongs to France. 
 
 The plain of the Po in the north is one of 
 
 I-'akmvakh, Italy.
 
 COUNTRIES 
 
 99 
 
 Ancient Ruins, Rome. 
 
 the most fertile regions in Europe. On it 
 and in other level river valleys are grown 
 much wheat, corn, oats, and rice, and many 
 mulberry trees. 
 
 More raw silk is produced in Italy than in 
 any other country in Europe. Much flax is 
 also grown, and on the hill and mountain 
 slopes are fine vineyards and chestnut groves. 
 In the southern part of the country, where 
 the climate is hotter, though drier, many 
 oranges, lemons, citrons, and olives are pro- 
 duced. 
 
 The people have dark complexions and 
 black hair and eyes. Many of the great 
 musicians, painters, and 
 sculptors of the world 
 have been Italians. 
 
 Rome, the capital, was 
 one thousand years ago 
 the greatest city in the 
 world. It is full of in- 
 teresting buildings, and 
 is the residence of the 
 Pope. 
 
 Naples is the largest 
 city, and is a busy sea- 
 port. Macaroni Sellei 
 
 Grand Canal, Venii i . 
 
 Milan is a fine commercial city in the fer- 
 tile valley of the Po. Venice is built on a 
 number of islands, and canals take the place 
 of streets. The people go about in boats 
 called Gondolas. 
 
 Greece is a small kingdom which occupies 
 the eastern peninsula of the Mediterranean 
 coast. The surface is traversed by moun- 
 tains, but there are beautiful and fertile valleys. 
 In these are cultivated wheat, barley, and 
 grapes, small grapes called currants, olives, 
 and other fruits. On the mountain slopes 
 the people have flocks of sheep and goats. 
 Although now unimportant, Greece is fa- 
 mous for its ancient 
 greatness. Twenty-five 
 hundred years ago it 
 extended fai beyond its 
 present boundaries, and 
 was the must powerful 
 and cultured nation in 
 the world. 
 
 Athens, the capital, 
 was oner famous as the 
 center of the world's 
 learning and civiliza- 
 tion. It is now inter-
 
 IOO 
 
 EUROPE 
 
 Ml -I l M, Moscow. 
 
 esting chiefly for the ruins of its ancient build- 
 ings and for its art treasures. 
 
 Russia occupies the eastern half of Europe 
 and three times as large an area in Asia. 
 
 Russia in Europe is a vast level plain. In 
 the north the country is a frozen tun- 
 dra. South of this lies a forest belt 
 which occupies nearly one third of Rus- 
 sia, and still farther south lies a vast fer- 
 tile plain on which nearly three fourths 
 as much wheat is grown as in the United 
 States. Large crops of flax and rye are 
 also cultivated, and great numbers of 
 cattle and sheep are herded. The rye 
 i-s used by the people for bread, and 
 -t ot the wheat is sold to other coun- 
 tries. 
 
 rhe Ural Mountains contain minerals, 
 and most of the platinum of the world is 
 obtained in tin- southern pari of these 
 ranges. South of tin- Caucasus Mountains 
 the greatest petroleum wells in the world. 
 
 Iln- Russian Empire is ruled by a mon 
 an li (ailed the Czar. The people have no 
 part in making the laws. 
 
 The noblemen in Russia are rich, but most 
 of the peasants are poor and ignorant. 
 
 Laplanders and other people of the yel- 
 low race live in the north. Some of them 
 are fishermen, but many roam from place to 
 place with their herds of reindeer, whose milk 
 and flesh furnish food, and whose skins fur- 
 nish clothing. Yellow people called Cossac/cs 
 live in the south and are famous horsemen 
 and soldiers in the Russian army. 
 
 St. Petersburg, the capital, is a great sea- 
 port, and the largest city of Russia. 
 
 Moscow is the winter residence of the Czar 
 and the great railway center of Russia. Odessa 
 is an important grain-shipping port on the 
 Black Sea. Nizhni Novgorod is famous for 
 its annual fairs. 
 
 The Balkan Countries comprise Turkey in 
 Europe, Roumania, Bulgaria, Servia, and 
 Montenesro. All of these, together with 
 Greece, were formerly under the oppressive 
 
 Kl ssl \N OH Wills. 
 
 rule of the Turks, but one after another 
 Freed itself, until now only a small part of 
 the Balkan peninsula is left as a part of the 
 Turkish Empire. 
 
 The Turks came from central Asia and 
 belong to the yellow race. They are fierce 
 and warlike, and many years ago conquered
 
 COUNTRIES 
 
 IOI 
 
 ^ ^SJ* 
 
 southwestern Asia south 
 of the Black Sea, and then 
 gradually extended their 
 rule over the Balkan pen- 
 insula. 
 
 The Balkan countries 
 have a rough mountainous 
 surface, in many places 
 clothed with oak and pine 
 forests. Roumania and Bul- 
 garia, however, lie partly in 
 the valley of the Danube, 
 in which the soil is very 
 fertile and adapted to grow- 
 ing large crops of grain. 
 Grapes and roses are grown 
 on the mountain slopes, 
 and fine wines and attar of 
 roses are made. 
 
 Servia and Montenegro are high and rugged 
 and have large forests. Many swine feed on 
 the acorns in the forests, and cattle are raised. 
 Corn is grown in the river valleys and forms 
 the chief food of the people. 
 
 Each of these four countries is a limited 
 monarchy, the chief ruler being a king or 
 prince, while the people have a voice in mak- 
 ing the laws. 
 
 In Turkey, the gov- 
 ernment is an abso- 
 lute monarchy which 
 is very oppressive. 
 The ruler, called the 
 Sultan, appoints gov- 
 ernors called Pashas, 
 who often rob and al- 
 ways heavily tax the 
 people. 
 
 On account of the 
 oppression of the gov- 
 ernment, little of the 
 
 Turkish Lady. 
 
 land is cultivated. Some 
 grapes, olives, grain, tobac- 
 co, and silk are produced, 
 and cattle, sheep, and goats 
 are raised. Beautiful Turk- 
 ish rugs and carpets, as 
 well as much leather, are 
 manufactured by hand. 
 
 Constantinople is the 
 capital and chief city of 
 the Turkish Empire. It 
 has a fine harbor and con- 
 tains beautiful palaces, gar- 
 dens, and mosques. The 
 streets, however, are nar- 
 row, dirty, and unpaved, 
 and most of the people 
 live in miserable houses. 
 
 Street in Constantinople 
 
 REVIEW ON LATIN AND SLAVONIC EUROPE 
 
 Where is France? Describe the surface and drainage: 
 the climate and productions ; the people and government. 
 What possessions has it? Characterize the chief cities. 
 
 Where is Belgium? Describe its people, productions, and 
 cities. 
 
 Where are Spain and Portugal? Describe the surface and 
 drainage. What are the principal productions? Tell what 
 you can of the people, government, and foreign possessions. 
 Characterize the chief cities of each country. 
 
 Where is Italy? What islands belong to it? Describe the 
 
 surface and drainage ; the cli- 
 mate and productions. Name 
 its great volcanoes. What is 
 said of the people? Char- 
 acterize the chief cities. 
 
 Locate and describe 
 Greece. For what is this 
 country famous ? Characterize 
 its chief city. 
 
 Where is Russia? De- 
 scribe its surface and drain- 
 age. What are the chief 
 productions? Tell what you 
 can of the people and govern- 
 ment. Characterize the chief 
 Cities. 
 
 Name and locate the Bal- 
 kan countries. Describe the 
 •.hi face and drainage ; the peo- 
 ple and productions of each. 
 Tell what you can of Con- 
 stantinople.
 
 ASIA 
 
 103 
 
 ASIA 
 
 EXERCISES ON THE MAP 
 
 Position. — In what direction is Asia from Europe? 
 
 What natural features partly separate them? What 
 
 1. border Asia? In what zones is it? Compare 
 
 its most northern and southern points with points in 
 
 America in about the same latitudes. 
 
 Coast. — Name two peninsulas on the east coast ; 
 three on the south coast; one on the west coast. What 
 waters bonier each peninsula? What islands are near 
 each coast of Asia? 
 
 Surface. — Beginning at Bering Strait, name the chief 
 ranges and plateaus of the great highland region. What 
 great plain lies north of this 
 region? What two plateaus 
 and what plains are south of 
 the great highland ? 
 
 Drainage. — Name three 
 rivers that drain the Siberian 
 plain to the Arctic. What 
 lake is in the basin of the 
 Yenisei? Name four rivers 
 of this plain whose waters 
 do not reach any ocean. 
 Into what do they empty? 
 What two rivers on the main 
 highland do not reach any 
 ocean? Name fourriverson 
 the Pacific slope. Name 
 seven rivers on the Indian 
 ( >< 1' m slope. 
 
 Countries. — What country occupies northern Asia '' 
 Where is Tomsk? Irkutsk 3 What great empire occu- 
 pies most of eastern Asia? Name and locate its capital. 
 Locate Shanghai; Canton. What country occupies a 
 peninsula on the Chinese coast? What is its capital? 
 What island empire is east of Korea 3 What is its capital? 
 What two small countries are in southeastern Asia? What 
 is the capital of each ? What great country is west of Indw- 
 China? Name and locate its capital; two other Indian 
 cities. What two small countries he between India and 
 the Chinese Empire? What two countries are west of 
 India? What is the capital of each? What two small 
 countries are north of Afghanistan? Where is Russian 
 Turkestan? What country is west of Afghanistan 5 Name 
 two Persian cities. What empire is west of Persia? Name 
 and locate its capital ; two other Turkish cities. What 
 country is southeast of the Turkish Empire? What is the 
 
 Himalaya Moun i wins. 
 
 southeast coast of Arabia 
 called? What is the capital 
 ol ( Iman ? 
 
 Map Drawing. — Skct< h 
 and resketch an outline of 
 the mainland of Asia like 
 this figure, but larger, until 
 you can reproduce its shape 
 quickly from memory. 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 Position and Size. — Asia lies mainly in 
 the North Temperate Zone, hut extends into 
 
 the Torrid and North 
 Frigid zones. It con- 
 tains nearly one third 
 of the land of the 
 world and about one 
 half the population. 
 
 Coast Line. — The 
 islands bordering the 
 east coast contain 
 many active volcanoes, 
 and terrible earth- 
 quakes frequently oc- 
 cur there. Between 
 the islands and the 
 coast are large seas, 
 some of which have excellent harbors. The 
 south coast is indented by large arms of the 
 sea whose coast lines are generally regular.. 
 The northern coast is the edge of a low, flat 
 tundra, and is icebound much of the year. 
 
 Relief. — The greatest system of highlands 
 in the world traverses central and southern 
 Asia from Bering Strait to the Black Sea. 
 It is highest near the small Pamir plateau in 
 central Asia. From the Pamir, mountain 
 ranges extend both east and west, and between 
 the ranges lie vast plateaus. One of these, the 
 plateau of Tibet, is the highest large plateau 
 in the world. Most of the plateaus are deserts.
 
 104 
 
 ASIA 
 
 Raft on ihe Yangtze. 
 
 The Himalayas, extending southeast from 
 the Pamir, are the loftiest mountains of the 
 world. Mount Everest, the highest peak, is 
 about five and a half miles high. The 
 Kuenlun and Thian Shan chains are nearly 
 as high as the Himalayas. 
 
 The great highlands of Asia extend in 
 many places nearly to the eastern and south- 
 ern coasts. But broad fertile lowlands bor- 
 der the Amur, Hoang, Ganges, Indus, and 
 Euphrates rivers. 
 
 Most of northern Asia is a great lowland 
 plain. In the region around the Caspian Sea, 
 this plain is below the level of the ocean. 
 
 Drainage. — The northern lowland is 
 'drained to the Arctic Ocean by three 
 great rivers, the Ob, Yenisei, and Lena. 
 Their lower (northern) courses are 
 blocked with ice most of the year; 
 but their upper (southern) courses are 
 navigable during the summer. 
 
 Four great rivers drain eastern Asia 
 to the Pacific Ocean. The Amur Hows 
 through a fertile valley well adapted to 
 wheat growing. The Hoang or Yellow 
 River is noted for its destructive Hoods, 
 but its fertile flood plain supports a 
 
 dense farming population. The Yang- 
 tze is a great highway of trade. The 
 Mekong and the Yangtze flow through 
 gorges in their upper courses. 
 
 The Salwen and Irawadi flow south- 
 ward from the great highland. The 
 Brahmaputra, Ganges, and Indus rise in 
 the Himalayas and drain both slopes 
 of those mountains. The Ganges and 
 Brahmaputra unite near their mouths, 
 and have built one of the largest deltas 
 in the world, at the head of the Bay of 
 Bengal. The Euphrates, with its great 
 branch the Tigris, flows down the south- 
 ern slope of Asia into the Persian Gulf. 
 
 Many streams in central Asia flow down 
 from high, snow-capped mountains into the 
 inclosed plateaus and into the region east of 
 the Caspian Sea, where they lose themselves 
 in the sand or flow into lakes with no outlets. 
 Some of the noted salt lakes in this region 
 are Caspian Sea, and Lakes Aral and Balkash. 
 The only large fresh-water lake in Asia is 
 Lake Baikal, larger than Lake Erie. 
 
 Climate. — Northern Asia resembles eastern 
 Europe in climate, but the winters are more 
 severe and there is less rain and snow. 
 
 SCENE ON 1111'. IKAUAIH KlVI.lt.
 
 DRAINAGE, CLIMATE, LIEE 
 
 105 
 
 The plateaus of central 
 Asia receive little rain, be- 
 cause the winds drop their 
 moisture on the bordering 
 mountains. The plateaus 
 become very hot in the 
 sunshine, but are often un- 
 comfortably cold at night. 
 All of them except Arabia 
 have cold winters. 
 
 Southern Asia is in the 
 Torrid Zone and lies on 
 the sunny slope of the 
 grand division. It is con- 
 sequently very hot. In 
 summer winds called Mon- 
 sooiis blow from the ocean 
 and much rain falls. But in winter the mon- 
 soons blow from the land and are dry. 
 
 Vegetation. — Asia may be divided into five 
 great vegetation belts. 
 
 Along the Arctic coast stretches a wide 
 strip of dreary tundra. 
 
 South of this is a great forest belt of larches 
 and firs. 
 
 Still farther inland lies a wide belt of open 
 steppes, on which wheat, rye, and hardy 
 fruits are raised. 
 
 Southwest of this, from Lake Balkash 
 to the Caspian Sea, are arid steppes 
 sparsely covered with coarse grass 
 adapted for pasturage. The plateaus of 
 central Asia are either true deserts or 
 are sparsely covered with coarse grass 
 like the arid steppes. 
 
 The moist southeastern slope of Asia 
 contains great forests. Many, called 
 Jungles, are so dense and full of 
 undergrowth that one can hardly pass 
 through them. In these forests are 
 many valuable timber trees, cabinet and 
 
 Bamboo 
 
 dye woods, and spices. In 
 other parts of the low- 
 lands are great thickets ol 
 bamboo and other tall 
 canelike grasses. Nearly 
 all of this region is adapted 
 to the cultivation of use- 
 ful plants. 
 
 Animals. — Throughout 
 the northern part of Asia 
 the reindeer, wolf, bear, 
 and many small fur-bear- 
 ing animals are common. 
 The dry region of cen- 
 tral Asia is the home of 
 the horse, camel, donkey, 
 sheep, goat, and cattle, 
 and all of these are found wild in large 
 numbers. 
 
 South of the exeat highland are found the 
 tiger, lion, hyena, leopard, panther, elephant, 
 rhinoceros, buffalo, tapir, monkey, and ape; 
 many kinds of reptiles, as the cobra, croco- 
 dile, and python ; and many kinds of birds, 
 including jungle fowls, from which chickens 
 are descended. 
 
 8f^»A 
 
 Some animals ov Southern Asia.
 
 io6 
 
 ASIA 
 
 Productions. — Among the chief productions 
 of Asia may be mentioned furs from the far 
 north; wheat, gold, platinum, 
 and graphite, from farther 
 south ; wool, camel's hair, hides, 
 live stock, and gum of desert 
 plants from the drier centra 
 region; and rice, tea, coffee, 
 indigo, opium, raw silk, sugar 
 cane, cotton, spices, and tin 
 from the southeastern slope. 
 
 People. — Though Asia con- 
 tains one half of the people of 
 the world, vet the cold northern 
 
 were civilized three thousand years ago, but 
 have made little progress until recently. 
 
 Many Mongolian tribes, 
 
 however, are wandering bar- 
 
 Chinfse Student. 
 
 barians. The white peoples 
 who occupy southwestern 
 
 Japanese Lady. 
 
 Hindi Ladies 
 
 part and the dry plateaus are 
 
 very sparsely peopled. Nine 
 
 tenths of all the people of this 
 
 grand division live in the warm 
 
 and moist region east and 
 
 south of the highland. There the land is 
 
 very thickly inhabited, 
 
 Asia has fewer countries but more kinds 
 of people than Europe. 
 
 Many of the Malay people who inhabit the 
 s ,, u t . : ,, islands are still uncivilized. The 
 Mongolian peoples living in eastern Asia 
 
 Asia are darker 
 
 , . ,. a Tibetan. 
 
 in color than the 
 
 Caucasians of Europe. They were once 
 civilized, but have recently made little prog- 
 ress. 
 
 Asiatic Russia.-- The Asiatic portion of the 
 -real Russian Empire occupies the whole of
 
 PEOPLE, COUNTRIES 
 
 107 
 
 Horse and Wagon, Siberia. 
 
 R us- 
 
 northern Asia. It embraces Siberia, 
 sian Turkestan, and Transcaucasia. 
 
 This vast region, though almost twice as 
 large as the whole of Europe, does not con- 
 tain so many inhabitants as the Spanish 
 peninsula. Most of the people live along the 
 southern border, for the northern half of the 
 region is bitterly cold. 
 
 Siberia occupies the Arctic and Pacific 
 slopes. In the west it is a smooth lowland, 
 but toward the east it is broken by deep 
 valleys and low mountain ridges. 
 
 The upper courses of the Ob, Yenisei, and 
 Lena, with their wide-branching tributaries, 
 and with the great Amur River in the east, 
 have long formed the chief trade route across 
 the country, but a great railway has been com- 
 pleted through southern Siberia, and now ex- 
 tends from the Urals to the Pacific. 
 
 The tundras and forests of the north are 
 uninhabited except by a few wild tribes of 
 Mongolian fur hunters. Southern Siberia, 
 however, contains many emigrants from 
 European Russia. They are building many 
 towns, cultivating wheat and other hardy 
 crops, raising sheep and cattle, and mining 
 gold and silver, and graphite for lead pen- 
 
 cils in the east, and much iron ore in the 
 Ural Mountains. 
 
 Tomsk and Irkutsk, two towns on the 
 great railroad, are the principal cities of 
 Siberia. 
 
 Russian Turkestan lies in the region of inte- 
 rior drainage. Its surface \s> a smooth low- 
 land, broken in the south by many mountain 
 spurs from the great highland. The winters 
 are cold but the summers are hot, and there 
 is little or no rain. In the valleys of the Hi, 
 Syr, and Amu, and of smaller streams, where 
 irrigation is possible, great quantities of 
 wheat, rice, corn, tobacco, cotton, grapes, 
 fruit, and raw silk are produced. But most 
 of the people are herders, and they own 
 millions of sheep, goats, cattle, camels, and 
 horses. Most of the people are Tartars of 
 the yellow race and are Mohammedans. 
 
 Tashkcnd, at the crossing of important cara- 
 van routes, is one of the largest cities in Asi- 
 atic Russia. 
 
 Khiva and Bokhara, though under native 
 rulers, are controlled by Russia. 
 
 Transcaucasia is a mountainous countrv lying 
 mostly on the great highland at an elevation 
 of about one mile, though it is traversed by a 
 broad valley draining to the Caspian Sea. The 
 climate is much warmer and moister than in 
 
 Boats un hie Amu River, n rkestan.
 
 io8 
 
 ASIA 
 
 other parts of the Russian 
 Empire, and there are exten- 
 sive forests in the west. 
 Wheat, tobacco, cotton, 
 grapes, and tropical fruits are 
 raised. The most valuable 
 export is petroleum from the 
 wells near Baku, which are 
 among the richest in the 
 world. 
 
 Transcaucasia is about as 
 large as Nebraska, but it has 
 
 five times as many people, Arab Street peddler. 
 
 and is the most densely settled part of Asiatic 
 Russia. The people are about equally divided 
 between the white and yellow races, but there 
 are many more Mohammedans than Chris- 
 tians. Tifiis is the largest city in Asiatic 
 Russia. 
 
 Turkey in Asia. — Much of the Turkish Em- 
 pire is mountainous and sterile, but the flood 
 plain of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is 
 one of the most fertile regions in Asia. Many 
 parts of the highlands are favorable to farming 
 and herding, but owing to bad government 
 most industries are in a backward condition. 
 
 The people include Jews, Armenians, Turks, 
 
 and Arabs, as well as many 
 Greek traders. The Turks 
 are the ruling people, and 
 are strict Mohammedans. 
 
 Smyrna is the largest city 
 and an important center in 
 the making of Turkish rugs. 
 Damascus is one of the old- 
 est cities of the world, and is 
 noted for its silks. Jeru- 
 salem was the scene of many 
 events in the life of Christ. 
 Mecca is the largest city in 
 that part of the Turkish Empire which bor- 
 ders the east coast of the Red Sea. 
 
 Arabia consists chiefly of a desert plateau 
 with a few fertile spots. 
 
 In the southwest and southeast some of the 
 land is well watered and fertile, and many 
 dates and much fine Mocha coffee are grown. 
 
 **P 
 
 Mohammedan Famm \. 
 
 , 
 
 mi'mi n i , Arabia. 
 
 There the people live in villages, and are 
 kind, hospitable, and often prosperous. 
 
 The plateaus are inhabited by wandering 
 tribes of Arabs called Bedouins. These 
 people live in tents, and count their wealth 
 in sheep, goats, camels, and horses. Each 
 tribe is governed by a sheik or chief. 
 
 Aden, which is controlled by the British, 
 is an important seaport in the southeast.
 
 COUNTRIES 
 
 109 
 
 Persians plowing by Hand. 
 
 Oman 
 
 Arabia. 
 Persia, 
 
 plateaus. 
 
 is the most flourishing state in 
 
 Maskat is its chief city, 
 like Arabia, is made up of desert 
 These are bordered by mountains. 
 Some oases and many salt lakes and salt 
 marshes dot the surface. 
 
 In the south it is exceedingly hot, while 
 many parts of the plateaus have cold winters 
 and hot summers. Rain rarely falls except 
 on the high mountains, and the short streams 
 soon disappear after leaving the mountains. 
 
 The Persians belong to the white race, but 
 they have dark complexions and dark hair 
 and eyes. They are noted 
 for the silks, rugs, and fine 
 shawls which they weave by 
 hand. Tobacco, cotton, raw 
 silk, and wool are the chief 
 exports, and many pearls are 
 obtained in the Persian Gulf. 
 
 Many of the people lead 
 wandering lives and live in 
 tents. In the towns and 
 cities the houses of the rich 
 are of stone, built around a 
 court, in which are planted 
 beautiful gardens or little 
 
 The 
 
 groves of fruit trees 
 
 Persian Hat Sn ire. 
 
 houses of the poorer classes have mud walls 
 and earthen floors. None of the hoi 
 have windows facing the streets. The people 
 are Mohammedans. 
 
 The ruler of Persia is called the Shah, and 
 the government is an absolute monarchy. 
 Each of the wandering tribes is ruled, by a 
 sheik. 
 
 Teheran is the capital and chief city. Ta- 
 briz is noted for its vineyards and orchards. 
 
 Afghanistan is a mountainous country on 
 the same plateau as Persia. The people 
 belong to the white race, and are fierce and 
 warlike. They are engaged chiefly in herd- 
 ing and trading, but some grain, fruits, and 
 spices are cultivated. 
 
 Kabul, the capital, is situated in a lofty but 
 fertile region. 
 
 Baluchistan is a barren country, but the 
 wandering people find enough pasturage for 
 flocks of camels, horses, sheep, and goats. 
 The Khan is the ruler, but he is now subject 
 to Great Britain. 
 
 The Chinese Empire, after Asiatic Russia, 
 is the largest country in Asia. It is larger 
 than all Europe, and contains about as many 
 people. 
 
 In the north and west are 
 many high mountains and 
 desert plateaus. These parts 
 contain few people. Along 
 the east and southeast coasts 
 are fertile plains drained by 
 great rivers. 
 
 China contains two thirds 
 of all the yellow people of 
 the world. They have high 
 cheek bones, and narrow. 
 slanting eves. Their dress 
 consists of loose robes with 
 wide sleeves, and wide trou-
 
 IO 
 
 ASIA 
 
 sers. The uppers of their shoes 
 are made of cotton or silk and 
 the soles are of thick felt. The 
 head is shaved in front, and the 
 hair is worn in a thick queue 
 behind. 
 
 The Chinese have many curious 
 customs and ideas. The higher 
 classes bandage the feet of their 
 girls so as to prevent growth. 
 They think small feet very beau- 
 tiful, even though the feet are 
 terribly deformed and can hardly 
 be used for walking. 
 
 The people of China are noted for their 
 show of politeness. The children are taught 
 always to respect and obey their parents and 
 to worship them after they are dead. 
 
 The Chinese are patient, industrious, and 
 thrifty, as well as skillful in all kinds of 
 handiwork. They were the first people to 
 make beautiful chinaware and weave fine soft 
 silks. 
 
 The Chinese eat very little, and their food 
 consists chiefly of rice and fish. Forks and 
 spoons are not used at their meals, but the 
 
 Carrying Baled Tea, China, 
 
 Si it i i Scene, Peking, 
 
 food is conveyed to the mouth 
 by wooden or ivory sticks, called 
 " chopsticks." 
 
 Only the boys are sent to 
 school in China. They learn 
 to read and count and commit to 
 memory the wise sayings of an- 
 cient Chinese writers. The Chi- 
 nese language has no alphabet, 
 and so each word is represented 
 by a character. Thus it takes a 
 long time to learn to read and 
 write. 
 
 The Chinese are skillful farm- 
 ers, and raise rice in the lowlands, tea on the 
 hillsides, and the mulberry tree for the silk- 
 worm. In some parts millet is grown and 
 used for food. 
 
 Besides the chinaware and silks, embroid- 
 eries, lacquered wares, cotton goods, and arti- 
 cles of carved ivory are made. All the work 
 is done by hand. 
 
 China has poor roads and few railroads. 
 The rivers are used for travel and carriage 
 of goods, and there are many miles of canals. 
 Much trade is conducted by caravans, which 
 cross both the plateau of Tibet and the 
 desert of Gobi. 
 
 Peking is the capital of China. It 
 contains many people, but its streets are 
 narrow and filthy, and most of the houses 
 are built of mud or sun-dried brick, with 
 thatched roofs. Canton is a very large 
 city. Shanghai ships much tea and rice. 
 Tibet, one of the countries belonging 
 to the Chinese Empire, is a cold, dreary 
 region with few inhabitants. Lassa is 
 its capital and chief city. 
 
 Manchuria contains fertile valleys in 
 which wheat and cattle are raised. It is 
 largely under the control of Russia.
 
 COUNTRIES 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 Street in a Korean City. 
 
 Korea was for many years subject to the 
 Chinese Empire, but its monarch is now 
 largely under the control of Japan. 
 
 The country is a peninsula, and is traversed 
 by low mountains which give it a varied sur- 
 face with many fertile valleys. 
 
 The people resemble the Chinese. Like 
 China, Korea has had little to do with foreign 
 nations and people. It is often called the 
 " Hermit Nation." 
 
 The Empire of Japan comprises a large 
 number of islands east of the mainland of 
 Asia. 
 
 The islands contain many mountains, among 
 which are a number of active volcanoes and 
 numerous hot springs. 
 Earthquakes are fre- 
 quent, and some of 
 them have been so vio- 
 lent as to destroy build- 
 ings and cause the death 
 of thousands of people. 
 The climate is pleasant, 
 except in the north, 
 where it is cold and 
 damp. 
 
 The Japanese resem- 
 
 ble the Chinese, hut are livelier, more L-mr- 
 getic, and more progressive. 
 
 The Japanese build low one-storied 1 01 
 of bamboo with sliding walls and partitions. 
 Thus their houses can be thrown open during 
 the day and closed at night and quickly 
 divided into separate rooms. 
 
 l^MMAfltoL*4BK..^I 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ iBiB 
 
 
 r $ 
 
 i Seller. Japan 
 
 Working in Rice Field, Japan. 
 
 There are no chairs and bedsteads in their 
 houses, for the people sit cross-legged on mats 
 on the floor and sleep on blankets spread 
 over the mats. Their pillows consist of little 
 padded wooden stools. 
 
 The food of the common people consists 
 chiefly of fish, rice, vegetables, and tea. 
 
 It is only recently that the Japanese have 
 allowed foreigners to enter their country. 
 
 Since doing so they 
 have progressed faster 
 than any other Asiatic 
 people. They now 
 have good schools and 
 colleges, newspapers, 
 and railways, telegraph 
 and telephone lines. 
 and man}- k i n d s of 
 modern machinery. 
 
 On the lowlands 
 they raise much rice.
 
 I 12 
 
 ASIA 
 
 *w ij 
 
 -""- ■ 
 
 
 
 ^@' *"* 
 
 A Ci i v on nit Ganges. 
 
 They also raise silkworms and produce raw 
 silk, and on the hill slopes they raise large 
 quantities of tea. Many fruits and flowers 
 are cultivated, and the Japanese are skillful 
 gardeners. 
 
 Nearly all the manufacturing is still done 
 by hand. The Japanese make beautiful carv- 
 ings in wood and ivory, fine inlaid work, 
 many bronzes and lacquered goods, and 
 many articles of paper, such as fans, parasols, 
 and lanterns. 
 
 Japan is a limited monarchy. The people 
 elect many of their officers, and through them 
 make their own laws. 
 
 Tokyo is the capital 
 and largest city. It 
 is about as large as 
 Philadelphia. Yoko- 
 hama is the chief sea- 
 port. 
 
 India is half as large 
 as the United States, 
 but contains nearly 
 four times as many 
 people. 
 
 < )n the north India 
 is bordered by the lofty 
 
 HEHB 
 
 N \ I 1\ I. c lARRIAGE, Imiia. 
 
 Weaving, India. 
 
 Himalaya Mountains. South of these are the 
 plains of the Ganges and Indus rivers. Still 
 farther south lies the plateau of Dekkan, 
 which is bordered by low mountains. 
 
 Moist southwest winds give India abundant 
 rain for six months in summer. In winter dry 
 winds blow over it from the north, causing 
 a dry season. 
 
 India is the home of many large wild 
 animals, of which the elephant is the largest 
 and the tiger the fiercest. There are many 
 kinds of monkeys and countless birds of beau- 
 tiful plumage. The rivers abound in croco- 
 diles, while among the 
 land reptiles are the 
 huge python and 
 the deadly cobra. The 
 elephant is trained to 
 do many kinds of 
 heavy work, and the 
 zebu draws carts and 
 plows. 
 
 Most of the people 
 of India are called 
 Hindus. Although 
 quite dark in color, 
 they arc thought to
 
 COUNTRIES 
 
 ii3 
 
 have the same ancestors as the people of 
 Europe, and are hence said to belong to the 
 white race. They are much less civilized, 
 however, than Europeans, and worship many 
 gods whose favor they try to gain by bloody 
 sacrifices and other cruel and debasing reli- 
 gious practices. Besides these, many of the 
 people of India are Mohammedans. 
 
 The Hindus are divided into four classes 
 or castes. The members of one caste can not 
 mingle with those of another caste. The 
 highest are priests, or Brahmans, and these 
 men are highly educated. 
 
 Elephant Working. 
 
 The lowest castes are uneducated, s.nd live 
 in poor huts without floors or windows and 
 with little furniture. Their chief food is rice, 
 with an occasional piece of fish. Meat is 
 never tasted, as nearly all animals are sacred 
 and are never molested. Even the poisonous 
 cobra is not disturbed. 
 
 India contains beautiful palaces, temples, 
 and tombs, some of them relics of ancient 
 empires. 
 
 Agriculture is the chief industry in India. 
 Much of the land must be irrio-ated, and tanks 
 for storing water and canals for this purpose 
 have been constructed by the British. Rice 
 
 Picking Tea, India. 
 
 and millet are grown as food for the people, 
 and wheat, cotton, tea, and sugar cane are 
 cultivated for export. The poppy for opium, 
 the flax for its seed, and jute and raw silk 
 are important products. Great famines some- 
 times occur when the rainfall is scant and 
 crops fail. 
 
 The manufactures of the Hindus consist 
 chiefly of fine shawls, carpets and rugs, silks, 
 cottons, and fine jewelry. 
 
 Nearly all of India is ruled by Great Britain, 
 as is also the neighboring island of Ceylon. 
 
 Calcutta is the capital and chief seaport. 
 
 Native Boats, Ceylon.
 
 H4 
 
 ASIA 
 
 Burmese Judge and 
 
 Attendants. 
 
 Bombay on the west 
 coast and Madras on 
 the cast coast arc also 
 important ports. 
 
 Indo-China occupies 
 the southeastern pen- 
 insula of Asia. Its 
 climate, plants, and 
 animals are quite sim- 
 ilar to those of India. 
 
 The people belong 
 mainly to the yellow race, but they differ 
 much in different parts in color, habits, cus- 
 toms, and degree of civilization. In the south 
 there are many Malays. 
 
 Indo-China includes several divisions or 
 
 i tides. In the west is Burma, which forms 
 
 a part of British India. In the east are Anam 
 
 and Cambodia, which belong to the French. 
 
 Rice, Sugar, tea. raw silk, and spices are the 
 
 chief products of French Indo-China. Siam 
 
 i independenl state in the center of Indo- 
 
 na. It is noted for its forests of teak, and 
 
 its precious stones and minerals. The chief 
 
 i rop grown is rii e. Bangkok is the capital of 
 
 Siam. 
 
 The Malay peninsula contains a British i ol- 
 ■ tiled the Straits Settlements. Spices 
 
 a i;l rmese Tempi i . 
 
 and tin are the chief products. Singapore, on 
 an island in the Strait of Malacca, is a great 
 stopping point for vessels passing around 
 southern Asia. It ships large quantities of 
 tin to Europe. 
 
 The East Indies (map p. 123) lie off the 
 coast of Indo-China. They comprise Java, Su- 
 matra, Borneo, Celebes, the Philippines, and 
 some other islands. The climate resembles 
 that of the mainland, except that it is moister. 
 
 These islands are 
 rich in spice plants 
 as well as bamboo, rat- 
 tan, and gum plants. 
 Sugar, coffee, tobacco, 
 spices, and especially 
 tin are the chief prod- 
 ucts. 
 
 The native people" 
 are Malays, of whom 
 those of Java are the 
 .most intelligent and 
 skillful workmen. 
 Many Chinese have 
 entered these islands and they are the chief 
 farmers. 
 
 Java is the richest and most populous of 
 these islands. Borneo is the largest island. 
 Banca, a small island, is noted for its exten- 
 sive tin mines. Most of the islands belong to 
 
 Cambodian Ff.mai.f Band
 
 COUNTRIES 
 
 "5 
 
 the Dutch. Batavia 
 is the chief city of 
 the Dutch East In- 
 dies, and ships much 
 coffee. 
 
 The Philippines now 
 belong to the United 
 States. Like other 
 islands of the East 
 Indies, they are moun- 
 tainous and volcanic 
 islands with frequent 
 earthquakes. Near 
 the coast there are many low, fertile plains. 
 
 The Philippines are inhabited chieflv by 
 Christianized peoples of Malayan origin ; but 
 in the interior of some of the islands are 
 found dwarfish people called Negritos. These 
 are little better than savages. 
 
 The chief grain grown is rice, which forms 
 the food of the people. Sugar and Manila 
 hemp are produced and exported. The for- 
 ests contain valuable woods, and some of the 
 islands have rich mineral deposits. 
 
 Manila is the chief city and seaport. 
 
 TEST EXERCISES FOR REVIEW 
 
 Where is Asia? How does it compare with Europe in size? 
 with North America ? By what lands and oceans is it bordered ? 
 Describe the coast line and adjacent islands. Describe the great 
 highland of Asia. What and where are the chief mountain 
 
 \&$mmy. 
 
 
 Huts and Carts, Siam. 
 
 chains? Where are the low- 
 lands of Asia? Describe the 
 chief rivers of the northern 
 
 slope ; of the eastern slope ; 
 of the southern. Describe 
 some rivers of the interior 
 basin ; some hikes. 
 
 Describe the climate of 
 A>ia. Where are the moist 
 is ? the dry regions ? De- 
 scribe the five great veg( lation 
 In lis. Mention some animals 
 found in the different par:- ol 
 Asia. Mention the character- 
 istic productions. What is 
 said of the population of Asia? 
 \\ lure is Asia most densely 
 peopled? What races live in 
 Asia? Where does each race 
 live? 
 
 Where is Asiatic Russia? What does it embrace? Is it 
 sparsely or densely peopled? Why? Describe the surface and 
 drainage of Siberia; the occupations of the people. What are 
 the chief towns? Locate and describe Russian Turkestan. De- 
 scribe its people and productions. Describe Transcaucasia ; its 
 chief towns. 
 
 Locate and describe Turkey in Asia and its chief towns. 
 Describe Arabia and its people ; Persia and the Persians ; 
 Afghanistan; Baluchistan. 
 
 Where is the Chinese Empire? What great rivers water it? 
 Describe its surface ; its people, their customs, and produc- 
 tions. Name the chief cities. Describe Tibet, Manchuria. 
 Describe Korea. 
 
 Where is Japan? Describe the islands, the people, their 
 customs, and productions. What is the capital? Name the 
 chief seaport. 
 
 Where is India? Describe its surface, drainage, climate, 
 plants, animals, people, and its productions. What are the 
 chief citits? 
 
 Describe the countries of Indo-China. and name and locate 
 the chief cities. 
 
 Mention and locate some islands of the East Indies. De- 
 scribe these islands, the people, the productions. 
 
 Describe the Philippines. To what nation do they belong? 
 What are the chief products? What is the chief city? 
 
 Packing Sugar, Phiiutink Islands, 
 
 Mohammedan Chiefs, Philippine Islands.
 
 n6 
 
 AFRICA 
 
 20 I 
 
 Long tada S O U ao T H East from -in Greenwich 
 
 AFRICA 
 
 EXERCISES ON THE MAP 
 
 Position. — In what direction is Africa from Asia? In 
 what direction ii il from Europe? By laying a tracing of 
 
 North America on the map of Africa compare them in size. 
 What sea and strait are north of Africa? What bodies of 
 water are east? What ocean and gulf are west? What 
 isthmus joins Africa to Asia? What circles cross Africa? 
 In what /.one is northern Africa? central Africa? south- 
 ern Africa?
 
 AFRICA 
 
 117 
 
 Coast Line. — What is the shape of Africa ? Is the coast 
 line regular or irregular? What bay and gulfs indent the 
 coast? What groups of islands are off the northwest 1 oasl ' 
 What Luge island is southeast of the mainland of Africa? 
 Find two capes on the coast of Africa. 
 
 Surface. What mountains are near the southern end 
 of Africa? What high peaks are near the equator? What 
 highland is near the Red Sea? What mountains are in 
 northwestern Africa? Where are the Timmo Mountains? 
 
 Drainage. — Name the river flowing northward into the 
 Mediterranean Sea; the one which flows westward into the 
 Atlantic. What river flows into Mozambique Channel? 
 What lake is drained by each of these three rivers? \\ hat 
 river flows into the Gulf of 
 Guinea? Describe the river. 
 
 \'- V ' 
 
 What river is near the south- 
 ern end of Africa? Into 
 what does it flow?' Find 
 two deserts in Afric 1. 
 
 Countries. — [n what 
 1 iuntr) is the lower part of 
 the Nile River? .Name and 
 locate the capital of Egypt ; 
 another large city. What 
 places are at the ends of 
 the Suez Canal? 
 
 What countries besides 
 Egypt border on the Medi- 
 terranean ? Name and locate 
 the capital of each. 
 
 What region lies south of these countries? What region 
 is south of the Sahara ? What lake is in central Sudan ? 
 What small countries are near Cape Verde? Name the 
 capital of Senegal ; of Sierra Leone ; of Liberia. What 
 divisions border the north coast of the Gulf of Guinea? 
 
 Where is the Kongo State? Name some other divi- 
 sions in central Africa. To whom do they belong? What 
 city is on an island in east central Africa? 
 
 What colony is at the southern extremity of Africa ? 
 Name the capital ; two capes. Name some of the divi- 
 sions in south Africa north of Cape Colony. Find Johan- 
 nesburg ; Kimberlev. 
 
 What is the capital of Madagas- 
 car? 
 
 Map Drawing. - Sketch and re- 
 sketch an outline of Africa like this 
 figure, but larger, until you can 
 reproduce its shape quickly from 
 memory. 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 Position and Size. — Africa lies southwest of 
 Asia, with which it is connected by the Isth- 
 mus of Suez. It is separated from Europe 
 by the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of 
 Gibraltar. Africa is the second of the grand 
 divisions in size and the- third in population. 
 
 Coast Line. — In shape and coast line Africa 
 is somewhat like South America. The coast 
 is regular, with few bays, gulfs, and capo. 
 Like South America, too, Africa has few 
 — =1 islands off its coast. 
 The Cape Verde, 
 Canary, and Madeira 
 islands are volcanic 
 groups off the north- 
 west coast. The Ca- 
 nary Islands are noted 
 for the high volcanic 
 peak Tenerife. The 
 large island of Mada- 
 gascar and a few small 
 islands are off the 
 
 southeast and north- 
 Mr. Tenerife, Canary Islands. 
 
 east coasts. 
 
 Relief. — Southern and central Africa is al- 
 most wholly a plateau with a narrow rim of 
 mountains near the coast. Northern Africa 
 is chiefly lowland. The Abyssinian high- 
 land is a large and lofty plateau in eastern 
 Africa. 
 
 The highest mountains are situated near 
 the eastern border, and two peaks, Mounts 
 Kenia and Kilimanjaro, near the equator, are 
 the only snow-capped- mountains of the grand 
 division. The Atlas Mountains border the 
 lowland on the northwest and are the most 
 continuous mountain chain. Dragon Moun- 
 tains form the rim of the plateau in southern 
 Africa. 
 
 From the mountain rim of the plateau the 
 
 
 J \ 
 

 
 u8 
 
 AFRICA 
 
 land slopes abruptly 
 toward the coast, form- 
 ing only a narrow- 
 coast plain. 
 
 Drainage. — Africa 
 is drained chiefly by 
 five important rivers. 
 Two of these, the 
 Kongo and the Nile, 
 have their sources in 
 the eastern highland 
 near the equator. 
 
 The Nile, which is 
 surpassed only by the' 
 Mississippi -Missouri 
 in length, flows northward into the Mediter- 
 ranean. In its course it moistens a narrow 
 valley through the arid region, and thus 
 makes the land fertile. 
 
 The other important rivers of Africa are 
 the Niger, which drains western Sudan, the 
 Zambezi in south central Africa, and the 
 Orange in south Africa. 
 
 All these rivers have rapids or falls where 
 they flow from the plateau to the coast plains. 
 
 Africa has many large lakes in the eastern 
 highlands near the equator. One of these, 
 Lake Victoria, is larger than Lake Superior. 
 Tanganyika and Nyassa are long, narrow 
 lakes farther south. Lake Tchad, near the 
 border of the Sahara, has no permanent out- 
 let, and is scarcely more than a marsh during 
 the dry season. 
 
 Climate. — The central part of Africa lies in 
 the Torrid Zone where the climate is usually 
 hot and moist. The highlands in this region, 
 on account of their elevation, arc quite pleas- 
 ant and healthful. Near the equator there are 
 two rainy seasons, and the lands are covered 
 with dense forests, almost rivaling the silvas 
 of the Amazon. 
 
 Scene on the Nile. 
 
 In the Sudan there 
 is but one rainy sea- 
 son, and much of that 
 region consists of 
 grassy lands like our 
 prairies. 
 
 Near the tropics 
 there is scarcely anv 
 rainfall, and much of 
 the land is conse- 
 quently a desert with 
 little or no vegetation 
 except in regions 
 called Oases. 
 
 Plants. — Owing to 
 the differences of heat and moisture, many 
 kinds of plants flourish in Africa. Near the 
 deserts are several kinds of acacias which pro- 
 duce gums like gum arabic. A tree in east- 
 ern Africa produces gum copal, which is used 
 for making varnish. Many palms abound, 
 one of which, the date palm, furnishes dates, 
 and another, the oil palm, bears nuts whose 
 kernels are used in making fine soaps. Abys- 
 sinia is the home of the coffee tree, and many 
 valuable woods and drugs abound in the cen- 
 tral forests. 
 
 Animals. — Africa also contains many kinds 
 of animals. There are animals somewhat 
 resembling man, as the gorilla, the chim- 
 panzee, and baboon. These live in the 
 forests and feed upon fruits and nuts. Many 
 of the animals of Africa are fierce, as the 
 lion, leopard, and hyena. 
 
 On the grassy lands are found many ani- 
 mals with hoofs. Some of these are the 
 zebra, antelopes, the gnu or horned horse, 
 the giraffe, the Cape buffalo, and wild cattle. 
 
 The rhinoceros lives in the forest, and the 
 river-horse or hippopotamus lives in the rivers. 
 The elephant is abundant in the forests, and
 
 DRAINAGE, LIFE, PEOPLE 
 
 119 
 
 both it and the hippopotamus arc hunted for 
 the ivory of their tusks or teeth. 
 
 The rivers swarm with crocodiles, and 
 there are many snakes, among which is the 
 poisonous asp. 
 
 The ostrich, the largest bird in the world, 
 is found wild on the deserts. It cannot fly, 
 but can run faster than a horse. Many os- 
 triches are now raised on ostrich farms for 
 their fine feathers. 
 
 People. — Africa 
 ranks next to Asia 
 in size, but contains 
 only one fifth as 
 many people. In 
 the north it is in- 
 habited by Berbers, 
 wandering Arabs, 
 Moors, and Egyp- 
 tians, all of whom 
 belong to the white 
 race. Some of 
 these people are 
 civilized, but many 
 of the Berbers and 
 Arabs are barba- 
 rous herdsmen who buML ANJM 
 are often fierce and treacherous. Most of the 
 people of North Africa believe in the Moham- 
 medan religion. 
 
 South of the Sahara, Africa is the home 
 of the black race. These people are called 
 Negroes, and live in tribes. Some of them 
 are large and strong, while others are not 
 larger than dwarfs, and are called Pygmies. 
 None of the negro tribes are civilized. 
 
 Many of the negro tribes live in villages 
 of low huts. The huts are dome-shaped, 
 built of bent poles thatched with reeds, bark, 
 or grass. The huts contain no articles except 
 a few mats upon which the people sleep, some 
 
 baskets, earthen pots, and spears and other 
 
 weapons. 
 
 The negroes raise some poultry, goats, and 
 
 cattle, and plant fields of millet, bananas, and 
 
 manioc. Some tribes count their wealth in 
 
 the number of cattle they own, while other.-. 
 
 are skillful in weaving cloth, making baskets, 
 
 and plaiting mats. 
 
 Still other tribes live almost entirely upon 
 
 the wild fruits and 
 herbs which they 
 find in the forests 
 and upon the wild 
 game which they 
 capture. They 
 often kill and eat 
 other negroes, and 
 are therefore canni- 
 bals. 
 
 V Vfc 1 
 
 VLs Ul' .-UK1CA. 
 
 For many years ne- 
 groes were torn away 
 from their families and 
 sold as slaves. Slavery 
 . no longer exists in \ 
 ica and most European 
 countries, but natives 
 are still captured by- 
 slave traders and sent 
 as slaves to some parts of Asia and to Turkey in Europe. 
 Many native tribes 'are constantly at war with each other, 
 and the captives taken in war are either held or sold as 
 slaves. The slave trade, however, is rapidly decreasing. 
 
 Little was known by Europeans about cen- 
 tral and southern Africa until recent times. 
 But now several European countries are mak- 
 ing- settlements along the coast, and have 
 gained control of most of the interior. 
 
 Industries. — In northern Africa the indus- 
 tries are similar to those of the Mediterra- 
 nean countries of Europe. But in the drier 
 regions near the deserts and on the grassy 
 plateaus of south Africa the herding of cattle,
 
 I JO 
 
 AFRICA 
 
 Cairo, EGYPT. 
 
 sheep, goats, and horses forms the chief pur- 
 suit of the people. Camels also are raised in 
 
 the north. 
 
 Africa is rich in such natural products as 
 
 ivory, gold dust, ostrich feathers, palm nuts, 
 
 and crurns. 
 
 Though the soil is tilled to a small extent 
 
 by the negroes, yet agriculture is important 
 
 only in the Nile valley and delta. 
 
 Egypt is the most important and thickly 
 
 peopled country of Africa. It is a sandy 
 
 desert except in the narrow 
 
 fertile valley of the Nile. 
 
 Even in this valley rain rarely 
 
 falls, and the land i> watered 
 
 by irrigation. 
 
 The rains of central Africa 
 
 cause the flooding of the Nile 
 
 every summer. Great quan- 
 tities of fine mud are brought 
 
 down the river and spread 
 
 over tin' flood plains. As 
 
 tip waters subside, the mud 
 
 is left as a tliin i u.it nt soil 
 
 which yields abundant har- 
 ts "I i nt t cm, rice, sugar 
 
 i ane, and wheat. 
 
 MOOJ l H M \ . \ JD WOMA 
 
 Some of the people of Egypt belong to 
 the white race, and are descendants of the 
 ancient Egyptians, who built great temples 
 and the pyramids, and made mummies of 
 their dead. Most of the people are of mixed 
 Arab and negro blood, and are Moham- 
 medans. 
 
 Egypt pays tribute to Turkey, but is really 
 controlled by Great Britain. 
 
 Cairo is the capital. Near it are the pyra- 
 mids. Alexandria is the chief seaport. Suez 
 and Port Said are at the ends of the Suez 
 Canal, which joins the Red and Mediterra- 
 nean seas. 
 
 Morocco, the most northwestern state of 
 Africa, takes its name from the Moors who 
 are its chief inhabitants. These people were 
 once prosperous and progressive, but are now 
 poor, and are often cruelly treated by their 
 ruler or sultan. 
 
 Rude farming, herding, and the manufac- 
 ture of leather are the chief pursuits. 
 Fez and Morocco are the chief towns. 
 Algeria and Tunis belong to France, and are 
 like Morocco in surface, climate, and people. 
 Much of the best land is 
 held by foreigners, and wheat, 
 barley, millet, esparto grass 
 for paper making, and olives, 
 dates, and live stock are the 
 chief products. 
 
 Algiers is the capital and 
 chief seaport of .Algeria, and 
 Tunis of Tunis. 
 
 Tripoli is a Turkish prov- 
 ince, and is poorly governed. 
 Most of the land is desert. 
 The caravan trade in gold 
 and slaves, and the sponge 
 fisheries, are the chief em- 
 ployments of the people.
 
 COUNTRIES 
 
 121 
 
 Tripoli is the capital and 
 chief seaport. 
 
 Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, 
 and Tripoli are sometimes 
 spoken of as " the Barbary 
 States." 
 
 The Sahara is the most ex- 
 tensive desert in the world, 
 yet not all of it is an arid 
 waste. In some parts springs - '■» 
 bubble forth, or the ground B 
 water comes so close to the 
 surface that grass, date palms, peaches, and 
 grapes flourish. Caravans, in crossing the 
 desert, find in these oases both food and 
 water. 
 
 The inhabitants are chiefly Arab traders, 
 but there are also fierce Arab tribes who 
 often plunder the caravans. 
 
 Central Africa. — The chief divisions of cen- 
 tral Africa are Sudan, Kongo State, and 
 Abyssinia. 
 
 Abyssinia in northeastern Africa is mainly 
 a rugged highland country with abundant 
 rainfall. It is inhabited by rude tribes of 
 white people who claim to be Christians. 
 Coffee grows wild, gums and valuable woods 
 abound, and ivory, wax, and gold are exported. 
 
 GUi P o.*. 
 
 Government Station, Kongo State. 
 
 Caravan o.n mi Sahara, 
 
 Sudan lies south of the Sahara. It is a fertile 
 prairie country in the north and forest-covered 
 in the south, where the rainfall is greater. 
 
 The people are blacks, but include the most 
 advanced negro tribes of Africa. The}' culti- 
 vate the soil, raise cattle and goats, and manu- 
 facture cotton cloth, leather, and mats. Each 
 tribe is governed by a king, but all the Sudan 
 is now claimed by European nations. 
 
 The chief products are ivory, gold dust, 
 ostrich plumes, palm oil and nuts, and gums 
 and rubber. Timbuktu is a trade center. 
 
 Kongo State includes most of the Kongo 
 basin. Its climate is hot and moist, but gen- 
 erally healthful. Much of the surface is 
 covered with dense forests, rich in valuable 
 woods and rubber-producing trees. 
 
 It is inhabited by negro tribes who are 
 ignorant and believe in witchcraft, and the 
 eastern part is the home of the pygmies. 
 
 Some trade is conducted by way of the 
 rivers, but ivory, hides, and rubber arc carried 
 to the coast by the natives on their shoulders 
 or heads. 
 
 The king of the Belgians controls this 
 state, and the trade is chiefly with Belgium 
 and the Netherlands. 
 
 Coast Countries. — The coast countries of 
 Africa in the Torrid Zone are hot, moist, and
 
 122 
 
 AFRICA 
 
 
 '«*** 
 
 Native Huts, South Africa. 
 
 very unhealthful to white people. The west 
 coast is rich in gold, and the forests of both 
 coasts yield gum copal, rubber, kola nuts, 
 and palm nuts. Coffee, sugar cane, tobacco, 
 earthnuts or peanuts, and cotton are grown 
 by the negro inhabitants. 
 
 Various European nations now control 
 these coasts. Sierra Leone, a colony estab- 
 lished by Great Britain, and Liberia, estab- 
 lished by the United States, but now an 
 independent republic, are occupied by freed 
 slaves and their descendants. 
 
 Madagascar, a large island off the southeast 
 coast, is naturally rich in products, which are 
 like those of the adjacent mainland. 
 
 It is inhabited on the east side by Malays, 
 and on the west by negroes. The Malays are 
 partly civilized and formerly ruled the island. 
 It is now a French colony. 
 
 Taiianar/vo is the capital. 
 
 South Africa is mainly a highland region, 
 including mountain ranges and broad pla- 
 teaus called the Veldt. The narrow coast 
 plain in the east is moist and forest-clad, but 
 west of the Dragon Mountains most of the 
 land is covered with a sparse growth of grass, 
 except in the desert of Kalahari. 
 
 South .Africa contains the richest diamond 
 
 and gold mines of the world. Herding is an 
 important occupation, and sheep, cattle, and 
 ostriches are raised in great numbers. 
 
 The British own most of south Africa, but 
 many of the inhabitants are Dutch farmers 
 called Boers. The native negroes have been 
 pushed back toward the interior or they serve 
 as laborers for the English and Boers. 
 
 Cape Colony is the most important division, 
 and Cape Town, the capital of Cape Colony, is 
 the largest seaport. Kimberlcy is the center 
 of diamond mining, and Johannesburg of gold 
 production. 
 
 TEST EXERCISES FOR REVIEW 
 
 Where is Africa? By what waters is it bordered? How 
 does it compare in size with North America and the other grand 
 divisions? Describe its coast line and islands. Describe the 
 general surface. Locate two mountain ranges ; two high peaks ; 
 a high plateau. Name and describe the rive great rivers of 
 Africa. What can you tell of the lakes of Africa? 
 
 Describe the climate. Where are the rainless regions? 
 What is the character of the surface in these regions? Describe 
 tin vegetation of Africa. What animals are found? What races 
 inhabit Africa? Where is each race found? Describe the man- 
 ner of life of the negroes. What are the characteristic indus- 
 tries and products of Africa? 
 
 Where is Egypt ? Describe the country, people, and prod- 
 ucts. Characterize the chief towns. Locate and describe each 
 of the countries bordering on the Mediterranean, west of Egj pt, 
 and tell about its people, products, and chief towns. Describe 
 the Sahara, Abyssinia, the Sudan. Kongo State, the coast coun- 
 tries of central Africa. Madagascar. Describe south Africa. 
 What is the most important division of south Africa? Char- 
 acterize the chief towns. 
 
 Sorting Diamonds, Kimberley.
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 123 
 
 C » R, 
 
 EQUATOR 
 
 L I N £ 
 
 I 
 
 'GUAM 
 
 S 
 
 X' 
 
 /■•OAMU*?^ 
 
 II U\ V 1 1 \ V is. ,| 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 <#> 
 
 BISMARCK 
 ARCHIPELAGOT 
 
 L A N d S '" - : -°l^ 
 
 
 180 Longitude West 
 
 AUSTRALIA AND THE 
 ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC 
 
 EXERCISES ON THE MAP 
 
 Position and Coast. — In what direction from Asia is 
 Australia? What ocean is east of Australia? What ocean 
 is south and west ? What seas are north ? What gulf is on 
 the north coast? What sea is northeast? What strait is 
 north? What bight and strait are south? 
 
 What coral formation lies off the coast of Australia? 
 In what sea is it? Using the scale of miles, find how far 
 it extends. 
 
 What island is south of Australia? What large island 
 is north? What group of islands is southeast? Name the 
 two islands in the group. What strait separates them ? What 
 islands in the Pacific Ocean are northeast of Australia? 
 
 Are Australia and the islands of the Pacific mostly 
 north or south of the equator? What tropic crosses 
 Australia? In what zones is Australia? In what zone 
 is New Guinea? New Zealand? 
 
 Surface and Drainage. — What part of Australia has 
 mountains? What two rivers flow westward from these 
 mountains? Are there many streams in central Australia? 
 Are New Zealand, Tasmania, and New Guinea level or 
 mountainous?
 
 124 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 Divisions. — Name all the divisions of Australia. What 
 division is in the northeast? What two are in the southeast? 
 What one is in the central part? What one is in the west? 
 What territory in the north belongs to South Australia? 
 Map Drawing. — Sketch and resketch 
 an outline of Australia like this figure, but 
 larger, until you can reproduce its shape 
 quickly from memory. 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 Australia ; Position and Size. — Australia is 
 situated southeast of Asia and is the only- 
 continent wholly south of the equator. It is 
 nearly as large as the United States, but con- 
 tains only a sparse population. 
 
 Shape and Coast. — The shape of Australia 
 is somewhat oblong, but its length from east 
 to west is little greater than its width from 
 north to south. The coast line is regular, 
 and there are no deep indentations except 
 the Gulf of Carpentaria in the north. 
 
 Surface. — Most of Australia is a low pla- 
 teau, traversed by.a range of mountains near 
 the eastern coast. In the southeast the 
 mountains are separated 
 from the interior plateau by 
 a broad fertile plain. In 
 the center and west are sev- 
 eral low mountain ranges. 
 
 Climate. — The northern 
 half of Australia lies in the 
 Torrid Zone, and alone; the 
 northern coast the climate 
 is moist and hot, while the 
 interior is dry and hot. 
 
 The moist winds from 
 the Pacific Ocean blow 
 ; much of the eastern 
 part, and their moisture is 
 dropped on the eastern 
 highlands. Wes1 of the 
 little rain falls, 
 
 ] i' .1 .I'H Forest, Aus"l kai.ia. 
 
 Gold Mine, Australia. 
 
 except at long intervals, and thus central 
 Australia is arid like the Sahara. 
 
 The pleasantest part of Australia is in the 
 southeast, where the climate is temperate and 
 the rainfall most certain. 
 
 Rivers and Lakes. — .Australia has compara- 
 tively few permanent streams. The chief 
 rivers are the Murray and the Darling, which 
 drain the lowlands in the 
 southeast. Short, rapid 
 streams drain the steep 
 slope in the east, and the 
 streams of the interior are 
 sudden torrents which soon 
 dry up. The lakes are 
 shallow salt marshes, some 
 of which become entirely 
 dry during long droughts. 
 Vegetation. — The moist 
 region in the north is cov- 
 ered with dense tropica] 
 forests of valuable woods, 
 while the eastern coast has 
 forests more like those oi 
 the Temperate Zone. Some 
 parts of the interior are
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 125 
 
 grassy regions, but most of it is covered with 
 thorny acacias and prickly plants. 
 
 The plants of Australia are very curious. Some of them 
 have no leaves, while others have several kinds of leaves 
 on the same tree. Some have scale-like leaves and bear 
 beautiful flowers ; others shed their bark ; and others have 
 leaves turned edgewise to the sun, so that they cast little 
 shade. There are forests of Eucalyptus or gum trees 
 which sometimes grow to the height of four hundred feet 
 in twenty years, and are the tallest trees in the world. 
 
 Animals. — The animals of this continent 
 are different from those of the rest of the 
 world. Some four- 
 footed animals, as the 
 cluck mole and porcu- 
 pine ant-eater, build 
 nests and lay eggs al- 
 most like birds. Both 
 of these burrow in the 
 ground and feed upon 
 insects. 
 
 There are also many 
 animals that carry their 
 young in a pouch of 
 skin on the mother's breast. The most noted 
 of these are the kangaroos, of which there are 
 many kinds. 
 
 Australia has birds of beautiful plumage 
 and strange habits. The lyre bird is noted 
 for its beautiful lyre-shaped tail ; the bower 
 birds build playhouses and decorate them 
 with bright shells and flowers ; and the bell- 
 bird has a note like the tone of a silver bell. 
 
 People. — The natives of Australia belong 
 to the black race. They are ignorant and 
 degraded, and are now rapidly dying out. 
 When first visited by white men they knew 
 nothing about the bow and arrow, and their 
 chief weapon was a peculiar throwing-stick, 
 called a " boomerang." 
 
 The first settlements made in Australia 
 
 Geyser Terrace, New Zealand. 
 
 were composed of convicts sent from Eng- 
 land. But after a while the English discov- 
 ered the good grazing lands of the country, 
 and colonists came to engage in sheep raising. 
 Australia is now famous as the greatest wool- 
 producing region of the world. The gold 
 mines are among the most productive in the 
 world, and these also have attracted colonists. 
 Most of the people are of British descent, 
 but there are also some Chinese, Malays, and 
 Hindus. The people have good schools and 
 colleges, and are very progressive. 
 
 Industries. — The 
 chief occupations are 
 herding sheep and cat- 
 tle, mining gold and tin, 
 preserving meats, and 
 exporting wool, hides, 
 tallow, gold, tin, and 
 fresh and preserved 
 meats. Wheat is grown 
 and flour is manufac- 
 tured in the south, fruits 
 are cultivated in the 
 east, and some lumber is cut. 
 
 Divisions. — Australia comprises the states 
 of Victoria, New South W'ales, Queensland, 
 South Australia, and West Australia. These, 
 together with Tasmania, form the Australian 
 Commonwealth, which makes its own laws 
 but belongs to Great Britain. 
 
 Victoria, the smallest state, is the most 
 populous. It is one of the chief gold-pro- 
 ducing regions of the world. Queensland is 
 noted for its tin mines, and New South Wales 
 contains the largest sheep and cattle ranches. 
 Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, and Syd- 
 ney, the capital of New South Wales, are the 
 largest cities and chief seaports of Australia. 
 
 Tasmania is a mountainous island south of 
 Australia. Its fertile valleys are used for
 
 126 
 
 ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC 
 
 sheep farms and 
 fruit farms. Tin is 
 mined, and both 
 wool and tin are 
 exported. 
 
 New Zealand 
 comprises a group 
 of islands lying 
 over a thousand 
 miles southeast of 
 Australia. It con- 
 tains active volca- 
 noes, geysers, and 
 hot springs like 
 those in the Yel- 
 lowstone Park, and glaciers like those of the 
 Alps. Most of the plants are peculiar to the 
 islands. Sheep raising is the chief industry, 
 and wool and meats are exported. 
 
 The native people, called Maoris, are 
 Malays and have brown complexions. The 
 chief people are the English, and the islands 
 form a British colony. Auckland \s the chief 
 seaport, and Wellington is the capital. 
 
 The Fiji Islands also form a British colony. 
 They are a group of volcanic islands with 
 large plantations of sugar cane, fruit plants, 
 and cocoanut palms. The natives are Malays, 
 who were once cannibals but are now some- 
 what civilized. 
 
 Interior of Samoan Hm se 
 
 Sceni IN IHI I I II Isi VNUS 
 
 New Guinea and 
 many of the other 
 islands north of 
 Australia are owned 
 by the Dutch, Ger- 
 mans, and British. 
 Some of the na- 
 tives resemble those 
 of Australia, but 
 others are Malays. 
 There are few white 
 people in the is- 
 lands. 
 
 Many of the 
 islands of the Pa- 
 cific are of volcanic or coral formation. Vol- 
 canic islands are usually high near the center, 
 with a rough slope toward the coast, but coral 
 islands are low and level. Some coral islands 
 are rings of coral surrounding a lagoon of 
 water. 
 
 The Hawaiian Islands are situated southwest 
 of San Francisco, near the Tropic of Cancer. 
 They comprise eight volcanic islands, one of 
 which contains the great volcano, Mauna Loa. 
 These islands now form a territory of the 
 United States, though most of the people are 
 Malay natives, Japanese, Chinese, and Portu- 
 guese. These people work on the sugar-cane 
 plantations, which are owned chiefly by Amer- 
 icans. Honolulu is the capital and chief port. 
 Guam, Wake, and Tutuila, one of the Samoa 
 Islands (maps pp. 12, 13), also belong to the 
 United States. 
 
 TEST EXERCISES FOR REVIEW 
 
 Where is Australia? By what waters is it bordered? What 
 islands are near iis const? Describe its surface, climate, and 
 drainage; the peculiarities of its vegetable and animal life. 
 How docs Australia compare with the United States in size 
 and population? Describe the people ami chief products; the 
 
 divi i.'iis ami chief towns. Describe Tasmania, New Zealand, 
 
 Mm Fiji Islands, New Guinea, the Hawaiian Islands.
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 Length of the earth's axis (miles) 7,900 
 Length of the equator " 24,900 
 
 Earth's Surface (sq. miles) 196,900,000 
 Pacific i >cean 
 Atlnutic Ocean " 
 Indian Ocean " 
 
 Antarctic Ocean 
 Arc tic Ocean " 
 
 The Sea " 
 
 71,000,000 
 
 34,000,000 
 
 28,000,000 
 
 7,500,000 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles. 
 
 Asia 17,056,000 
 
 Africa 11,512,000 
 
 North America . 
 South America 
 Europe 
 
 Australia, etc. , 
 The Land 
 
 9,430,000 
 6,856,000 
 3,842,000 
 3,710,000 
 
 144,500,000 
 
 Population 
 
 906,674,000 
 
 140,274,000 
 
 105,806,010 
 
 38,482,000 
 
 396,406,000 
 
 6,458,0f0 
 
 52,406,0001,594,100,000 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 Russia in Asia . . . 6.672.000 21,215,000 
 
 Chinese Empire . . 4.301.000 426.131,000 
 
 Japanese Empire. 161,000 46,495,000 
 
 Korea . 84,000 9,670,000 
 
 British India, etc 1,918,000 300,164,000 
 Other British Pos- 
 sessions 20,000 991.000 
 
 Nepal, Bhutan . . . 73,000 3,200,000 
 Portuguese India, 
 
 etc 2,000 651.000 
 
 Siam 245,000 6,320,000 
 
 Fr.IndoChma.etc. 256,000 15,922.000 
 
 Afghanistan.. ... 241.000 4,550,000 
 
 Persia . 635.000 9,000,000 
 
 Turkey in Asia... 706,000 17,178,000 
 
 Arabia 955,000 1,950,000 
 
 East Indies 787,000 43,237,000 
 
 Total 17,056,000 906,674,000 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 Morocco 176,000 7,000,000 
 
 Algeria 344.000 4,802.000 
 
 Tunis 65,000 1,800,000 
 
 Tripoli 406,000 1,000,000 
 
 Egypt 248,000 9,717,000 
 
 Abyssinia 312,000 8,330,000 
 
 Eritrea 42.000 331,000 
 
 British E. Africa . 433.000 4,908,000 
 
 Somaliland, etc. . . 214,000 603,000 
 
 Sahara 2,461,000 791.000 
 
 Sudan 2.972.000 57.675,000 
 
 Kongo State ... 927.000 19,000,000 
 
 Angola 491,000 3,840,000 
 
 Port. E. Africa. . . 296,000 2,300.000 
 
 Ger. E. Africa . . 374,000 6,855,000 
 
 Ger. S. W. Africa 318,000 210,000 
 
 Transvaal Colony 114,000 1,050.000 
 
 Orange River Col. 48,000 210.000 
 
 Cape Colonv . . 277,000 2,502.000 
 
 Rhodesia 408,000 1,214,000 
 
 Other Br. S. Africa 348,000 2,089,000 
 
 African Islands . . 238,000 4,047,000 
 
 Total 11,512,000 140,274,000 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Milts. Popi 
 
 Greenl'dandlcel'd 877,000 91. i" 
 
 British America 3,806, 5,600,000 
 
 United States 3,091,000 75,995, I 
 
 Alaska 591,000 64, ' 
 
 Mexico 767,000 13,606,000 
 
 Central America . 200.000 4.i:;0.ooo 
 
 West Indies 92.000 6,314,000 
 
 Total 9,430,000 105,806,000 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 Colombia 466.000 3,917,000 
 
 Venezuela 364.000 2,445,1 
 
 Guiana, Brit 95,000 296,000 
 
 Guiana, Dutch . 50.000 87. i 
 
 Guiana, French . . 30,000 32,000 
 Brazil . 3,301,000 14,334.000 
 Ecuador (incl. Gal- 
 apagos Islands) 119,000 1,272,000 
 
 Peru 430.0HO 4,586.000 
 
 Bolivia 442,000 1.760.000 
 
 Chile 293,000 3,174, 
 
 Argentina 1,083.000 4,957, I 
 
 Paraguay 98,000 636.000 
 
 Uruguay 69,000 978,000 
 
 Islands 7,000 2,000 
 
 Total 6,856,000 38,482,000 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 British Possessions 122,000 41,823,000 
 
 France 207,000 38,983,000 
 
 Spain 192.000 18,235,000 
 
 Portugal 35.000 5,430,000 
 
 Belgium 11,000 6,694,000 
 
 Netherlands 13,000 5,104.000 
 
 Denmark 15,000 2.465.000 
 
 German Empire . 211,000 56.604.o00 
 
 Switzerland 16,000 3,325.000 
 
 Austria-Hungary. 201,000 47.153,000 
 
 Italy 111,000 32.486. i 
 
 Sweden 1 73,000 5. 1:16.000 
 
 Norway 124.000 2,222,000 
 
 Russia in Europe. 2.113,000 109,726,000 
 
 Turkey in Europe 65,000 5,S97,000 
 
 Bulgaria 37,000 3.744,000 
 
 Crete 3.oo0 310,000 
 
 Roumauia 51JO00 5,913.000 
 
 Servia P.t.000 2.494,000 
 
 Montenegro. 4,000 228,000 
 
 Greece and islands 25.000 2.434.000 
 
 Spitsbergen, etc. . 34,000 
 
 Total 3,842.000 396,406,000 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 
 Australia Com. . . . 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 New Guinea Gr. 
 Hawaiian Islands. 
 Other islands ... 
 South Polar Region 
 
 2,973,1 
 
 105, I 
 
 311.000 
 6,000 
 
 61.1 
 
 2.-4.000 
 
 UNITED STATES, 1900. 
 
 Alabama 52,250 1,828 
 
 Arkansas 53,850 1,311 
 
 California 158,360 1,481 
 
 Colorado L03,925 539,700 
 
 Connecticut. . l.:>: - 
 
 Delaware ... 2,050 184 
 
 Florida 58,680 528,542 
 
 G gia 59.175 2,216 
 
 Idaho 84,800 161,772 
 
 Illinois 56,650 4,821,550 
 
 Indiana 36,350 2.516.462 
 
 Iowa.... 56,025 2,231,853 
 
 Kansas 1,544,968 82,080 1.47" 
 
 Kentucky 40,400 2.147.174 
 
 Louisiana 48,720 1,381,625 
 
 Maine 33.040 694i406 
 
 Maryland 12,210 1,188,044 
 
 Mass. . . 8,315 2,805,346 
 
 Michigan 58,915 2,420,982 
 
 Minnesota .1,9 . . B3.365 1,751,394 
 
 Mississippi 46.810 1,551,270 
 
 Missouri 69,415 
 
 Montana 146,080 243,329 
 
 Nebraska 77.5 in l.o6ti,300 
 
 Nevada 110.700 42,335 
 
 New Hampshire 9,305 411,588 
 
 New Jersey...',, , 7,815 1,883,669 
 
 New York . ?,06 , W 49,170 7,268,894 
 
 North Carolina. 52.250 1,893,810 
 
 North Dakota . ,076 70,795 319,146 
 
 Ohio 41,060 4. 157. 545 
 
 Oklahoma 70.430 700.391 
 
 Oregon 96,030 413,536 
 
 Pennsylvania 45.215 0.302. 115 
 
 Rhode Island .480,082 1,250 428, 
 
 South Carolina 30,570 1,340,316 
 
 South Dakota. 455, 185 77.650 401 
 
 Tennessee 42,050 2,020,616 
 
 Texas 265,780 3,048.710 
 
 Utah 84,970 276,749 
 
 Vermont 0.56.5 343,641 
 
 Virginia 42,450 1,854,184 
 
 Washington 69,180 518,103 
 
 West Virginia 24,780 958,800 
 
 Wisconsin . .2,228,949 56.040 2,069,042 
 
 Wyoming . .. 101,1 16 97,890 92,531 
 
 Del. and X. V. bays.. 720 
 
 Part Great Lakes 65, 177 
 
 Total States .,107 75,397,616 
 
 Territories (Main Body). 
 
 Arizona ,. 113.020 122.061 
 
 Dist. nt Col. .. 70 278.71* 
 
 New Mexico 122,580 195,310 
 
 Total Territories 285,670 59':. 
 
 Total main body 8,090,777 75,994,575 
 
 Outlying Territory, etc. 
 
 Ter. of Alaska 590,884 
 
 Ter. of Hawaii 6.449 
 
 Porto Rieo 3,531 
 
 Philippine Is. ('03).... 114,410 
 
 3,983,000 Tutuila. etc 77 
 
 816,000 Guam 150 
 
 700.000 Wake 1 
 
 154.000 Persons in V. S. ser- 
 
 805,000 vice abroad 
 
 Total outlying 715,502 
 
 i 
 154,001 
 953,243 
 
 7.635.426 
 6.100 
 9,000 
 
 Total 3,710,000 6,458,000 Grand Total 
 
 127 
 
 91.219 
 8,912, 
 84,90'
 
 128 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND PLATEAUS. 
 
 Mount Everest .... 
 Himalaya Mountains. . 
 Andes Mountains . . . 
 ■ isus Mountains . . 
 Ri icky Mountains . . . 
 Mountains . . . 
 Alps Mountains . . . 
 East Australian Mountains 
 Appalachian Mountains . 
 Plateau of Tibet . . . 
 Plateau of Bolivia . . . 
 Rocky Mountain highland - 
 
 in the United states . 
 
 in Mexico . . 
 Abyssinian highland 
 Plateau of Iran 
 Desert of Gobi . 
 Plateau of Guiana . 
 Brazilian plateau . 
 
 Av. Elev. 
 Feet. 
 
 29,000 
 
 19, 
 
 !, 
 
 10, I 
 
 10, 
 
 9,000 
 8,500 
 5,000 
 
 2,E 
 
 15,000 
 12,500 
 
 .-,,(1011 
 
 7,500 
 
 6,£ 
 
 5,000 
 3,500 
 2,000 
 
 2,(100 
 
 Amazon, S. America 
 Amur, Asia .... 
 Arkansas, U.S. . . 
 ( lolorado, U.S. . . 
 Columbia. N. America 
 Danube, Europe . . 
 Dnieper, Russia . . 
 Don, Russia . . . 
 Euphrates, Asia . . 
 Ganges, India . . . 
 Hoang, Chin. Empire 
 Hudson, U.S. . . . 
 Indus. Asia . . . 
 Kongo, Africa . ... 
 Lena, Siberia . . ' . 
 Loire, France . . . 
 Mackenzie, Canada . 
 Mekong, Asia . . . 
 Mississippi-Missouri, 
 
 RIVERS AND THEIR BASINS. 
 
 Mississippi proper . . 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Nelson-Saskatchewan, Can. 
 
 Niger, Africa 
 
 Nile, Africa 
 
 i lb, Asia 
 
 Ohio, pr.s 
 
 Orange, Africa .... 
 Orinoco, S. America 
 Plata, S. America . . . 
 Rhine, Europe .... 
 Rio Grande, N. America . 
 St. Lawrence, N. America . 
 Sao Francisco, Brazil . . 
 
 Volga, Russia 
 
 Yangtze, Chin. Empire 
 
 Yenisei, Asia 
 
 Yukon, N. America . . . 
 Zambezi, Africa . . . 
 
 Area of Basin 
 
 Length, 
 
 in Sq. Miles. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 . 2,320,000 
 
 3,400 
 
 . 780,000 
 
 2,700 
 
 189, 
 
 2,000 
 
 230,000 
 
 l.ooo 
 
 . 290, 
 
 1,400 
 
 . 320,000 
 
 I. son 
 
 . 107,000 
 
 1,300" 
 
 . 170.000 
 
 1,100 
 
 . 100,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 . 600,000 
 
 1,800 
 
 . 390,000 
 
 2,800 
 
 13,000 
 
 300 
 
 . 360,000 
 
 1,900 
 
 . 1,500,000 
 
 2,800 
 
 . 000,000 
 
 2,800 
 
 47,000 
 
 600 
 
 . 680,000 
 
 2,100 
 
 
 2, 600 
 
 S. 1,250,000 
 
 4,200 
 
 Area nf Ha-in 
 in Sq. Miles. 
 
 . 1,250,000 
 
 . 527. 
 
 130, 
 
 . l.ooo. ooo 
 
 . 1,300, 
 
 . 1,100,000 
 . 202,(100 
 . 270.000 
 . 370.000 
 . 1,200.000 
 87,000 
 . 230,000 
 . 505,000 
 . 210,000 
 . 50(1.000 
 . 690,000 
 
 . 1,500, i 
 
 . 380,000 
 . 580.OO0 
 
 Length, 
 
 Miles. 
 
 2,600 
 
 2.000 
 
 1,900 
 2,900 
 
 3.000 
 3.000 
 1,260 
 1,200 
 
 1,£ 
 
 2.- -.00 
 810 
 1,800 
 2.100 
 1,800 
 2 300 
 3,100 
 3,000 
 2,000 
 1,000 
 
 CITIES IN THE UNITED 
 
 STATES. 
 
 0. S. Census, 1900. 
 
 Albany, N. Y 
 
 94,151 
 
 Allegheny, Pa. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 129,896 
 
 Atlanta, ( la. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 89,872 
 
 Augusta, Ga. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 "39,441 
 
 Baltimore, Md. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 508,957 
 
 Birmingham, Ala. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 38,415 
 
 1 tostOU, Mass. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 560,892 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 352,387 
 
 ( 'a ridge, Mass. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 91,886 
 
 Charleston, 8. C. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 55,807 
 
 ( lhattanooga, Tenn. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 32,490 
 
 ;o, 111. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,698,575 
 
 ■iiiati, 0. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 32.-i.902 
 
 ( 'levelalld, O. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 381,768 
 
 ( Solnmbus, O. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 12.").. '.do 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 42,638 
 
 1 >., ton, O. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 85,333 
 
 Denver. ( !ol. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 133,859 
 
 De8 Moines. la. 
 
 
 
 
 
 62,139 
 
 Detroit, Mich. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 28.-i.7of 
 
 Diilulh. Minn. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 52,969 
 
 Fall River, Mass. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 104,863 
 
 .. Pex. 
 
 
 
 
 
 37,789 
 
 i Rapids, Mich. 
 
 
 
 
 
 87 565 
 
 1 i ■ i i- burg, Pa. 
 
 
 
 
 
 50.107 
 
 1 Lil'l ford, 1 'mill. 
 
 
 
 
 
 79,850 
 
 Indiana polis, bid. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 109. Kit 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28,429 
 
 Jeree; < "n v. N. J. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 206,433 
 
 Kansas City, Kan. 
 
 
 
 
 
 51,418 
 
 Kan-as City, Mo. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 lo:r.7f,2 
 
 , 'I. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Lincoln, Neb. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 40.100 
 
 k. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 38,307 
 
 ftl. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 102,479 
 
 k \ . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 2u|.7:il 
 
 lass. . • 
 
 
 
 
 
 94,969 
 
 Lynn. Mass. . . . 
 beater, N. 11. 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 Memphis. Tenn. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 102,320 
 
 iikee. Wig . 
 
 
 
 
 
 285,315 
 
 Minn [inn. 
 
 
 
 
 
 202,718 
 
 Mobile. Ala. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 38 169 
 
 Nashville, Tenn. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Newark, N. .1. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 210.070 
 
 N'eu Bedford, M 
 
 
 
 
 
 62,442 
 
 Haven, ( lonn. 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 02i 
 
 Nev. I La. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 287,104 
 
 POPULATION OF IMPORTANT CITIES. 
 
 U. S. Census, 1900. 
 
 New York, N. Y 3,437,202 
 
 Norfolk, Va 40.024 
 
 Omaha, Neb 102,555 
 
 Paterson, N. J. . . ■ 105,171 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa 1, "293,697 
 
 Pittsburg, Pa 321,616 
 
 Portland, Me 50.154 
 
 Portland. Ore 90,426 
 
 Providence, R. 1 175,597 
 
 Pueblo, Col 28,157 
 
 Richmond, Va 85,050 
 
 Rochester, N. Y 162,008 
 
 Saerameuto. Cal 29,282 
 
 Saginaw, Mich 42.34.1 
 
 St. Louis. Mo. 575,238 
 
 St. Paul, Minn 163,065 
 
 Sail Lake City, Utah 53,531 
 
 San Antonio, Tex. . ...... 53,32i 
 
 San Francisco, Cal 342,7*2 
 
 Savannah, 8a. ........ 54.244 
 
 Seranton, Pa 102,1120 
 
 Seattle, Wash 80,671 
 
 Springfield, HI 34,159 
 
 Springfield, Mass 62,059 
 
 Syracuse, N. Y 108,374 
 
 T Wash 37,714 
 
 Toledo, o 131,822 
 
 Topeka, Kan 33,608 
 
 Trci N.J 73,307 
 
 Troy, N. Y 60,651 
 
 Washington, D. C. , 278,718 
 
 Wilmington, Del 76,508 
 
 Wilmington, N. C 20,976 
 
 Worcester, Mass. . , i lis. 421 
 
 Latest Census. 
 
 FOREIGN CITIES. 
 
 Alexandria, I — pi . ■ 
 Amsterdam, Nel berlands 
 Ani u erp, Belgium . . 
 Athens, Greece . . . 
 Bangkok, Siam . . . 
 
 Belfast, Ireland . . . 
 
 Berlin, ' lermany . . . 
 Birmingham, England . 
 Bombay, India . . . 
 Bordeaux, France . . 
 lr i eis, Belgium 
 Budapest, Austria-Hungary 
 
 Latest Census. 
 
 320,000 ("07) 
 531,000 ('"I i 
 27s, ooo ('01) 
 
 112.000 ("90) 
 
 101 
 
 349,000 f'01) 
 1,889,000 ('on) 
 
 i 12,000 Cm ) 
 770,1100 ('01) 
 258,000 i 'oi I 
 
 563, i ('01) 
 
 732,000 ("00) 
 
 Buenos Aires, Argen. 
 Bukharest, Roumania 
 Cairo, Egypt . . . 
 Calcutta, India . . 
 Canton, China . . . 
 Cape Town, Cape Col. 
 Christiania, Norway . 
 Cologne, Germany . 
 Constantinople, Turk. 
 Copenhagen, Den. 
 Dubliu, Ireland . . 
 Edinburgh, Scotland 
 Glasgow, Scotland 
 Hague, Netherlands . 
 Hamburg, Germany . 
 Havana, Cuba . . . 
 Hongkong, Asia . . 
 Johannesb'rg, So. Af. 
 Lisbon, Portugal . . 
 Liverpool, England . 
 London. England . . 
 Lyons, Franco . . . 
 Madras, India . ■ . 
 Madrid, Spain . . . 
 
 Manchester, England 
 Marseilles, Prance . 
 Melbourne, Victoria. 
 Mexico, Mexico . . 
 Milan. Italy . . . . 
 Mont real, Canada 
 Moscow, Russia . . 
 Naples, Italy . . . 
 ( idessa, Russia . . 
 Talis. Prance . . . 
 Peking, China . . . 
 Quebec, ' lanada 
 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 
 Rome, lialy . . . 
 St. Petersburg, Russia 
 Sani iago, i Ihile . . 
 Shanghai, I Ihina . . 
 
 Stockholm, Sweden . 
 Sydney. New S. Wales 
 
 Tashkend, Bus. Turk. 
 Teheran, Persia . . 
 Tokj ii, Japan . . . 
 Venice, Italy . . ■ 
 
 Vienna, Austria -Hun. 
 
 Yokohama, Japan 
 Zurich, Switzerland . 
 
 836,000 
 
 282,000 
 
 570,000 
 
 1,125,000 
 
 si ii 1. 1 mo 
 51,000 
 228,000 
 373,000 
 1,125,000 
 378,000 
 291,000 
 317,000 
 736.000 
 218,000 
 706,000 
 230.000 
 284,000 
 
 103, I 
 
 357,000 
 744,000 
 4,537,000 
 459,000 
 50! 1, 000 
 540,000 
 544,000 
 491,000 
 490,000 
 34.-1,000 
 4! 12. 1 M 10 
 268,000 
 989,000 
 
 564, 
 
 405,000 
 2,714,00(1 
 
 I i 
 
 00,000 
 
 750,000 
 163, 
 
 1,267,000 
 2! 17, 1 II 10 
 020.000 
 303,000 
 182,000 
 157,000 
 250,000 
 
 1,440, 
 
 162,000 
 
 1,07:1,000 
 194,000 
 153,000 
 
 (-01) 
 ('99) 
 ('97) 
 ('01) 
 ('01) 
 ('91) 
 C00) 
 
 COO) 
 
 ('01) 
 ('01) 
 (•01) 
 
 eoi) 
 
 ('01) 
 COO) 
 C99) 
 ('01) 
 ("96) 
 ('00) 
 ('03) 
 ("01) 
 ('01) 
 ("01) 
 (•00) 
 ('OI) 
 (•01) 
 (•01) 
 (•00) 
 t'Ol) 
 
 Col) 
 
 ('97) 
 ('01) 
 
 ('07) 
 001) 
 
 ,'UI) 
 COO) 
 (•01) 
 
 (•07) 
 ('01) 
 ('01) 
 
 (-01) 
 
 (•01) 
 C97) 
 
 (•98) 
 C01) 
 C00) 
 ('98) 
 
 (•01)
 
 UC SOUTHf 
 
 AA 001 324 49 
 
 Aids to Teachers of Geography 
 
 Gannett, Garrison, and Houston's Commercial 
 
 Geography $1-25 
 
 Dryer's Lessons in Physical Geography 1.20 
 
 Hinman's Eclectic Physical Geography 1 .00 
 
 Chamberlain's Field and Laboratory Exer- 
 cises in Physical Geography 50 
 
 Waldo's Elementary Meteorology 1 . 50 
 
 Price's Observations and Exercises on the 
 
 Weather 30 
 
 National Geographic Monographs, one volume 2.50 
 
 Physiographic Processes J. W. Powell 
 
 Physiographic Features J. W. Powell 
 
 Physiographic Regions of the U. S. J. W. Powell 
 Present and Extinct Lakes of 
 
 Nevada I. C. Russell 
 
 Beaches of the Atlantic Coast N. S. Shaler 
 
 The Northern Appalachians Bailey Willis 
 
 Niagara Falls and their History. . .G. K. Gilbert 
 
 Mt. Shasta — A Typical Volcano J. S. Diller 
 
 Physical Geography of Southern 
 
 New England W. M. Davis 
 
 The Southern Appalachians C. W. Hayes 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
 NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO 
 
 \