LIBRARY 
 
 OF TIM. 
 
 University of California. 
 
 OIKT OK 
 
 Received tTV^. , i^m. V^OO 1 
 Accession No. / S O" ui . CLns No.' 
 
 
 
 1 
 
A NATIONAL INSTITUTION OEVOTED TO THE EXTENSION OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE. 
 
 W. P. WILSON, Director. 
 
 BUREAU OF INFORMATION. 
 
 WILLIAM HARPER. Chief. 
 
 fOREIGlV DBPARTMBXT. 
 
 WILFRED H. SCHOFF, Chief. 
 
 m^wmm/m^mi 
 
 'my 
 
 Cable Address : 
 Museums," Philadelphia. 
 
 All standard codes used. 
 
 BANKERS, 
 
 h'ourth Street National Bank, Philadelphia. 
 
 BOARD OF TRUSTEES 
 
 THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD Of PUBLIC EDUCATION. CHARLES H. CRAMP. WILLIAM I. ELKINS. J. C. STBAWBRIDGI, 
 
 DANIEL 6AUGH. W.W. FOULKROD. CHARLES F. WARWICK, 
 
 SIMON GRATZ, JOHN WANAMAKER. 
 
 GEORGE F. EDMUNDS. THOMAS MEEHAN. P. A, B. WIDENER. 
 
 SYDNEY L, WRIGHT. MRS. CORNELIUS STEVENSON, SC. D. 
 
 THE GOVERNOR OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 THE MAYOR OF PHILADELPHIA. THE SUPERINTENDENT 01- PUBLIO SCHOOLS, 
 
 THE PRESIDENT OF SELECT COUNCIL, THE STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. THOMAS DOLAN 
 THE PRESIDENT OF COMMON COUNCIL THE STATE FORESTRY COMMISSIONER. 
 EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD. 
 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Accept this copy of the Proceedings of the International 
 Commercial Congress with the compliments and best wishes of this 
 Institution. 
 
 The edition is limited and nearly exhausted, but so long 
 as they last, additional copies will be furnished to those desir- 
 ing them, at $2.00 per volume, the actual cost of production. 
 Postage, 30 cents, will be extra) or the volume will, if preferred, 
 be sent by express, at recipient's expense. 
 
 Very respectfully yours, 
 
 THE PHILADELPHIA COMMERCIAL MUSEUM. 
 January 15, 1900. 
 
 V^n^^Toe^-.. 
 
C.A.GREEN, WILLIAM HARPER, 
 
 AsS'T Chief, Bureau of Information, Chief, Buheau of Information. 
 
 WILFRED H. SCHOFF, 
 Chief, Foreign Department. 
 
 DR. GUSTAVO NIEDERLEIN, DR. WILLIAM P. WILSON, 
 
 Chief, Scientific Department. Director. 
 
 E W. S. TINGLE, 
 Assistant to the Director. 
 
OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL 
 
 CONGRESS 
 
 A Conference of all Nations for the Extension of Commercial Intercourse 
 
 HELD UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE 
 
 PHILADELPHIA COMMERCIAL MUSEUM 
 
 IN THE 
 
 CITY OF PHILADELPHIA 
 
 October 12 to November i, 1899 
 tTNIVERSITY 1) 
 
 PRESS OF 
 THE PHILADELPHIA COMMERCIAL MUSEUM 
 
^\f«'' 
 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 WILLIAM MILL BUTLER 
 
 Philadelphia Coniniercial MuSfum 
 
PREFACE 
 
 In presenting to the govemmenta and the commercial 
 world in general this official account of the proceedings 
 of the first International Commercial Congress, it may not 
 be inappropriate to add a few words by way of preface. 
 
 The Congress, as stated by the Director of the Philadel- 
 phia Commercial Museum, at the closing session, was not 
 the work of a day, or a week, or a mouth, but of several 
 years of earnest thought and effort. It was, in fact, the 
 natural outgrowth of the work of the Philadelphia Com- 
 mercial Museum. The plan of this Institution included 
 from the start the organization of an Advisory Board com- 
 posed of representatives in various countries, and the first 
 annual meeting of this body was held in the City of Phil- 
 adelphia, in 1896. At that time the membership included 
 representatives from boards of trade, chambers of com- 
 merce and other organizations in the TTnited States and two 
 foreign countries. During the year following, its member- 
 ship was extended widely throughout Mexico and Central 
 and South Ameiica, until over 40 Chambers of Commerce 
 were included. At the second annual meeting, from June 
 1st to 4:th, 1897, sixteen countries were represented by 
 delegates, either from Chambers of Commerce or other 
 commercial bodies, while several republics, notably Mexico 
 and Brazil, sent representatives, appointed by their chief 
 executives. This gathering took on a much broader char- 
 acter than the previous one, and was known as the Pan- 
 American Commercial Congress. At the second day's 
 session, the Hon. William McKinley, President of the 
 United States, made a memorable address, formally inaug- 
 urating the Philadelphia Commercial Museum as a public 
 institution. An extract from this address, and an outline 
 of the work of the Museum mil be found in the latter part 
 of this volume. 
 
 The Pan-American Commercial Congress demonstrated 
 the international character of our Institution and showed 
 that it was qualified to bring about closer and better trade 
 relations between the United States and foreign countries. 
 The visiting delegates were brought into touch with the 
 manufacturers and business men of this country, to their 
 mutual interest and benefit, by means of excursions to the 
 principal cities of the United States. As a result, a lai-ge 
 amount of business was transacted, and many new and val- 
 uable connections were made by the visitors. 
 
 This natiirally led to the idea of a special exposition 
 of American manufactures suitable for export, and such 
 an exposition was determined upon, to be held in connec- 
 tion with the next Commercial Congress. Active prepa- 
 
 rations were begim and carried on amceasingly, until on 
 
 September 14, 1899, the National Export Exposition was 
 duly opened, and on October 12tli the International Com- 
 mercial Congress was called to order in the large audi- 
 torium of the Exposition building. 
 
 Of the Exposition much might be said. That it served 
 its pui-pose well (despite difficulties and drawbacks incident 
 to the organization of an enterprise of this kind at a time 
 when American manufacturers were overwhelmed with or- 
 ders at home) there is ample testimony. Its financial suc- 
 cess was pronounced, and over a million and a quarter of 
 \asitors were admitted from September 14th to December 
 2d, the day upon which its dooi-s were i-eluctantly closed. 
 
 The history of the Intel-national Commercial Congress 
 is best told in the proceedings contained in this volume. 
 We may state briefly, however, that thirty-eight foreign 
 governments responded to the invitation by sending forty- 
 six delegates to the Congi-ess. The governments were as 
 follows: 
 
 Argentine Republic, Austria, Bahama Islands, Belgium, 
 Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Costa 
 Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, 
 Guatemala, Haiti, Hawaiian Islands, Honduras, Jamaica, 
 Japan, Leeward Islands, Liberia, Mexico, New South 
 Wales, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Peru, Paraguay, Queens- 
 land, Roumania, Russia, Salvador, South Australia, Uru- 
 guay, Venezuela and Victoria. 
 
 Three other governments, those of Newfoundland, the 
 South African Republic and Persia, appointed delegates, 
 but circimistances prevented their attendance. 
 
 Foreign chambers of commerce and trade organizations 
 in all parts of the world, to the number of 164, appointed 
 286 delegates to the Congress. There were actually in at- 
 tendance 151 delegates representing 112 such organizations. 
 The delegates were men of fine standing and business ca- 
 pacity — the foremost in the interests of the fifty-five coun- 
 tries from which they came. These countiies were the 
 same as those given above, with the following additions: 
 Africa, Arabia, British Guiana, Ceylon, Colombia, Den- 
 mark, France, Hungary, India, Italy, Madeira, Norway, 
 Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and Western Australia. 
 
 The Congress was in session seventeen days, from October 
 12th to November 1st, and was presided over by distin- 
 guished business and professional men who were called 
 upon from day to day to guide the discussions. Among 
 these were: The Hon. David J. Hill, Assistant Secretary 
 of State: Hon. Thoimas Brackett Reed, ex-Speaker of the 
 
PREFACfc 
 
 Hf Representatives; Hon. Boies Penrose, United 
 
 States Senator from Pennsylvania; Dr. W. P. Wilson, Di- 
 rector of the Philadelphia Commercial Museiun and Di- 
 rectoi^General of the National Export Exposition ; Sir Eod- 
 orick Cameron, hea<i of R. W. Cameron & Co., Australia 
 and Xt'w York: Ihni. Cornelius N. Jili.ss, cx-Sc'cn'tary of 
 the Tiitei-ior: Hon. J-lverctt Frazar, Consul-Ciencral of 
 Korea and President of the American- Asiatic Association; 
 Hon. Scth Low, President of Columbia University, New 
 York;. Hon. Henry H. Bingham, member of Congress 
 from Pbiladcli)hia; Hon. J. C. Monaghan, U. S. Consul 
 at Chemnitz, Gennany; Hon. Robert Adams, Jr., member 
 of Congress from Philadelphia; Hon. George H. Anderson, 
 ex-State Senator, Secretary and Manager Pittsburg Cham- 
 ber of Commerce; Henry W. Peabody, Esq., New York; 
 Hon. W. W. Rockhill, Director Bureau of American Re- 
 publics, "Washington, D. C. ; Hon. Innng P. Wanger, mem- 
 ber of Congress from Norristown, Pa.; Hon. Charles H. 
 Duoll, U. S. Commissioner of Patents; Hon. Dr. James 
 Johnston, of Kingston, Jamaica; and Sir Horace Tozer, 
 Agent General in London for the Government of Queens- 
 land, Australia. 
 
 There were presented for the consideration of the Con- 
 gress 150 papers and addresses on subjects of vital interest 
 to the e.vtension of international commerce, and the well- 
 being and comity of nations. An indication of their usej- 
 fulness and value may be obtained from a glance at the in- 
 dex, whirl] will be found at the end of this publication. 
 
 Resolutions were adopted by the Congress upon the fol- 
 lowing subjects: In favor of the assimilation of trade-mark 
 laws and the establishment of a common standard; in favor 
 of the extension of the parcels-post system; in favor of a 
 uniform system of gathering and presenting trade statistics; 
 in favor of an international bureau for the collection and 
 dissemination of the agricultural reports of commercial na- 
 tions as to their cereals; recommending to the various gov- 
 
 ernments and commercial bodies the Philad6li)hia Commer- 
 cial Museum and enlisting for it their active co-o]j©ratiou ; 
 in favor of the creation of international courts of arbitra- 
 tion; urging the construction of an Isthmian canal on the 
 Western Hemisphere at the earliest practicable moment; 
 favoring the free exchange of art and artistic works be- 
 tween nations; calling attention of capital to the opportun- 
 ity for the formation of new international transportation 
 lines; and extending the tlianks of the Congress to the 
 President of the United States, the Mayor of the City, the 
 Director of the Philadelphia Commercial Museiun, and the 
 various commercial and other bodies and individuals who 
 helped to make the stay of the delegat/cs a pleasant and 
 memorable one. 
 
 Arrangements were made to secure frequent meetings 
 between the foreign delegates and visitors and the manu- 
 facturers of this country, especially the exhibitors at the 
 National Export Exposition. Many delegates from Cham- 
 bers of Commerce and Boards of Trade in the United States 
 also attended the Congress, and one of the most important 
 influences for future legislation will come from personal 
 contact and acquaintance thus made at the Congress. 
 
 It has been deemed jwopcr that there should be presented, 
 in connection with this record of the proceedings, the poi^ 
 traits and biographical sketches of as many of the delegates 
 as possible; also the portraits of the presiding officers and 
 others prominently identified with the success of the gi-eat 
 gathering. We are happy to be able to present a majority 
 of the faces of the foreign delegates, but regret that more 
 of the pictures of those from this country could not be 
 secured in time. 
 
 Witli these few remarks, and with the hope that this 
 International Commercial Congress may prove the fore- 
 runner of many notable gatherings of this kind in the fu- 
 ture, we take pleasure in submitting the proceedings in 
 their carefully corrected form. 
 
PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 FIRST DAY'S SESSION— OPENING CEREMONIES. 
 
 Philadelphia, Thursday, October 12, 1899. 
 
 The ceremonies attending the opening of the Internation:il 
 Commercial Congress began in the Auditorium, at 3.58 p. ui., 
 with music on the grand organ. 
 
 At eight minutes past 3 o'clock the Diplomatic Corps ap- 
 peared upon the stage, followed by the entrance of the dele- 
 gates from the foreign Governments in their respective places. 
 
 The United States Marine Band then played Sousa's "The 
 S<tars and Stripes Forever," followed by another piece enti- 
 tled "The National Prayer." 
 
 Owing to the fact that the delegates had not yet ar- 
 rived. Dr. Wilson requested that another piece be played, 
 which was done, the selection being entitled "The National 
 Bride." 
 
 At 3.30 o'clock the Hon. George F. Edmunds, ex-Senator 
 from Vermont (now of Philadelpliia), stepped forward and 
 opened the convention with a few remarks. 
 
 Hon. George F. Edmunds: 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: It is my privilege, speaking for 
 the Trustees of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, to say 
 that we had expected that the Secretary of State of the 
 United States would be able to be present and preside at this 
 opening meeting of the Congress. Imperative and long-made 
 engagements — tlie day for this meeting having been neces- 
 sarily changed — ^prevented him from doing so. In his 
 stead has come, as representing the Government of the 
 LMted States, the Assistant Secretaiy of State for Foreign 
 Affairs, as you gentlemen in other countries call it, to be 
 present, at this opening Congress, intended to promote the 
 increase of trade, of friendships, and mutual good-will, among 
 all nations, and to give himself the pleasure, on the part of 
 the Government of the United States, to bid you welcome. 
 
 I have the honor to present the Honorable David J. Hill, 
 Assistant Secretar}' of State. 
 
 Hon. David J. Hill: 
 
 Delegates to the International Commercial Congress, Your 
 Honor tihe Mayor of Philadelphia, the Director of the Export 
 Exposition, Ladies and Gentlemen: As the dignity of human 
 labor is derived from the happiness it confers upon mankind, 
 the more widely its benefits are distributed, the more noble 
 it becomes. The patient toiler, whether in the field, the 
 mine, the factoi^ or the great agencies of transportation, 
 can entertain no more worthy sentiment than that inspired 
 by the thought that his toiling and his skill are destined to 
 satisfy the needs of some fellow-being, and awaken a thrill of 
 pleasure in some unknown recipient as the reivard of his 
 activities. All too slowly, but none the less surely, men 
 have learned that it is better and nobler to feed and clothe 
 and help one another than to rob and plunder and destroy. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 The lessons of beneficient industry which have lighted the 
 
 fires of happy homes, which have been learned after centu- 
 ries of savage battle, and built up peaceful communities in 
 every State of the civihzed world, are at last being learned 
 by great nations also, and peaceful ships of State, without 
 fear of piracy, traverse the great international highways of 
 the deep, bearing the fruits of the soil and the products of 
 the loom and factory to distant peoples. Commerce spreads 
 the white wings of her peaceful sails on the barren sea, and 
 the joy of mutual exchange and reciprocal service springs 
 up in the hearts of men. The great oceans which have 
 divided them during the long morning sleep of human intel- 
 ligence now bind them together in closest intercourse, and 
 the word "stranger," once synonymous with "enemy," has 
 become potential with friendship. (Applause.) 
 
 The convocation of this International Commercial Con- 
 gress in this city at this time is a significant token of the 
 world's progress. It reassures us that the independence of 
 nations, which is essential to their existence and well-being, 
 is not inconsistent with their social and economic interde- 
 pendence. It gives hope and promise that the asperities of 
 commercial competition may be tempered with the ameni- 
 ties of generous and intelligent co-operation. It indicates 
 the disposition on the part of all portions of the civilized 
 world to secure the widest possible distribution of the bless- 
 ings arising from the achievements of the potent and prolific 
 century in which we dwell. It is a mark of high honor to 
 the Government of the United States, as well as to the city 
 and corporation in whose name the invitations have been ex- 
 tended through the embassies and legations of the govern- 
 ment, tha.t delegates from all the civilized and commercial 
 countries of the globe and more than 200 representatives of 
 foreign Chambers of Commerce, have conferred upon these 
 meetings the distinction of their presence. (Applause.) 
 
 If the problem of economic distribution can be rightly 
 solved, there will not be upon the surface of the earth a single 
 human being capable of rendering a social service whose 
 legitimate needs may noft be satisfied. 
 
 The President of the United States (applause) has great 
 pleasure in this signal indication of interest in the Interna- 
 tional Commercial Congress, and has expressed the desire 
 that it may form a bond of closer imion between this and all 
 the coimtries represented. (Applause.) 
 
 May this reunion prove a permanent aid and an incalcu- 
 lable inspiration to the commerce and amenities of the world. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 The band then played "International Congress"— a medley 
 of national airs — "America" being played first, and ending 
 with "The Star Spangled Banner." (Great applause.) 
 
 Hon. David J. Hill: 
 
 It is my great privilege to present to this audience his 
 Honor, Mr. Ashbridge, the Mayor of Philadelphia. (Ap- 
 plause.) 
 
PKOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Hon. Samuel 11. Ashhridge, Mayor of Philadelphia: 
 
 Mr. OhaiiTnaii and Gentlemen: A million and a half of 
 jK'ople, constiinting llie first American city of the continent, 
 through me, as their Chief Executive, cordially welcome the 
 delegate to the International Commercial Congress gathered 
 here to-day in tlie interest of peace and progress. The greet- 
 ino- is not perfunctory, but is kindled by the whole-souled 
 hospitality for which Philadelphia and Philadelphians are 
 famous the whole world round. Distinguished, as it is, as 
 a city of homes, with a name significant of brotherly love, 
 and With a history that speaks of the lessons of liberty and 
 points to a liiglu'r civilization. Philadelphia gladly welcomes 
 an assemblage whose deliberations can so greatly foster peace 
 and promote progress. 
 
 It was in this city that liberty 'vvas proclaimed througlimit 
 the land, and few buildings have the historic interest and 
 arc so suggestive of the development ol civilization as the 
 little structure which stands in the centre of our great finan- 
 cial disitrict and in which the immortal Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence was first pronounced. It was there that Washing- 
 ton read his farewell address, a monument forever of lofty 
 patriotism, and it was there also that the Articles of Con- 
 federation were adopted and the Constitution of the United 
 States was framed, a document famous in every nation and 
 clime as the highest exponent of true liberty. Here it was 
 that the American manufacturer and merchant first assumed 
 pre-eminence. The ships of Stephen Girard, a philanthro- 
 pist, whose great estate supports and educates thousands of 
 our youth, circumnavigated the globe. This was the home 
 of the great financiers and statesmen whose impress on the 
 early history of our country was as wise as it was profound, 
 and in the old city one meets constantly with memorials of 
 the giants of those early days. 
 
 The great men of the past have their counterparts to-day. 
 The fame of the merchants, mariners and maniifacturers of 
 earlier times is equaled if not surpassed by their enterprising 
 descendants. The ships which are built on the banks of the 
 Delaware carry many a foreign flag. The men who built 
 tlie Atbara bridge across old Father Nile have but recently 
 returned to their homes. The whistle of the American loco- 
 motive awakens the echoes of the Andes and startles the fur- 
 clad denizens of Siberia. 
 
 The cradle of liberty, Philadelphia, shares in the triumphs 
 of peace. It is commerce which conserves peace, for com- 
 merce is the life-blood of civilization and is the tie which 
 binds all people, of all tongues, in the fruitful vocations of 
 peace. It is, therefore, peculiarly fitting that a Ciommercial 
 Congress made up of the representatives of the great nations 
 of the earth, of the great markets of the world, should as- 
 semble here, where can be witnessed a people thriving and 
 contented; industries, prosperous and exjianding, and insti- 
 tutions elevated and beneficent under a Constitution whose 
 provisions were wiser, perhaps, than even the dream of the 
 foimders of the nation. 
 
 Never was such a eo.smopolitan gathering witnessed else- 
 where; never were so many nations and peoples assembled, 
 by representatives, who discuss the peaceful arts of business. 
 In this distinguished assemblage are numbered men not only 
 from surrounding nations; not only from English-speaking 
 people; but from all quarters of the globe — even from Spain, 
 now fast forgetting the late unpleasantness. The Ti-ansvaal 
 and Cape Colony, around which the dread clouds of war ai-c 
 lowering, let us hope, never to break, are represented here, 
 together with the American nations to the south of us, all of 
 the (Continental powers and many of the Oriental potentates. 
 
 That such a gathering is possible is a hopeful sign of the 
 times. Nations are forsaking the panoply of arms Un- the 
 no less glorious triumphs of industry. TJiat the meeting is 
 held in Pliiiadelphia is a matter of pride f^r the citizens, 
 
 who give due honor to the foresight of those whose genius 
 conceived the Commercial Museum, and whose intelligent 
 and unceasing labors have contributed to the success of this 
 Exposition, and of this distinguished gathering. The home 
 of liberty, the centre of progress and the best type of American 
 municipalitv', it is fitting that Philadel];ihia should lead in 
 the contest for the markets of the world. Our country has 
 developed in population and resources; we have outgrown 
 our own needs, and now, in a spirit of reciprocity, we are 
 offering our products for those of other climes and people. 
 
 For many years the development of the great West claimed 
 all oiir resources to supply the' needs of the settlements in 
 the advancing frontier. Now, however, the frontier has 
 crossed the Golden (Jate, and exjiansion has taken in the 
 distant Phili])])ines and the islands of the Gulf. The West, 
 long past the day of need, is now alive with enterprise and 
 alert for opportunities of trade. The time has come to turn 
 to other markets, and Philadelphia takes the lead. 
 
 At once conservative and progressive in its commercial 
 relations, enterprising and stable in its financial achieve- 
 ments, Philadeljihia rests upon the secure basis of the con- 
 tentment of its people; with a population of more than a 
 million and a half, the number of separate homes in the city 
 is in excess of two hundred thousand, while new homes are 
 being built yearly for almost fifty thousand people. These 
 homes are largely owned by their occupants, who have won 
 them l\v skill and thrift, aided by building associations, which 
 have reached a degree of development unknown elsewhere; 
 and who take a just pride and pleasure in the beauty and 
 comfort of their environment. The city has more than six 
 hundred miles of asphalted and brick pavements, while Broad 
 street, the longest and, perhaps, the finest thoroughfare in 
 the world, is asphalted its entire length. Contented at home 
 the city is prompt and generous in its answers to the cause 
 of humanity. Is there a famine in Ireland, Philadelphia 
 is the first to send relief. Is Russia sounding a Macedonian 
 cry, a Philadelphia vessel reaches the destitute with the first 
 relief. The starving Puerto Ricans ei-y for help! Philadel- 
 phia hears and sends the first cargo. So that in many cor- 
 ners of the earth, people can rise up and truly bless her name. 
 
 Its great medical colleges; its high classical and scientific 
 schools; its many public institutions, which tend to the ele- 
 vation of the race, bring students from every country of the 
 world, among them some who are now delegates to this great 
 Congress. To many of you, therefore, Philadelphia is not 
 merely a name, l)ut a token of open-handed hospitality. You 
 have experienced its welcome in the past, you will find the 
 same glad welcome to-day. 
 
 The city is open to you; metaphorically I hand each one 
 cif you the key. The people of Philadelphia, knowing that 
 your deliberations cannot fail to work for the higher civiliza- 
 tion, the progress of education and the development of Con- 
 gress, welcome you to the city of homes and the birthplace 
 of American liberty. (Applause.) 
 
 Ilun. David J. Hill: 
 
 I now have the pleasure of presenting to you one whom 
 the Philadeliihia Commercial Museum and the National Ex- 
 port Ex]iosition feel greatly indebted, the lion. Senator 
 George F. l^ilniunds, of X'ciniont. 
 
 Iliiii. tlciirijc /•'. I'ydiiiinid.i : 
 
 I shall address myself but a very few moments to the 
 gentlenu^n dt'legated to this Congress, in order to explain 
 brielly the nature of the Commercial Museum, under whose 
 chief ausjiices this conventimi has assembled. 
 
 I have the honor, since its early organization, (o lie one of 
 the trustees of (his establisliineni ; not a private corporation, 
 not a body of gentlemen serving for pay, not a municipal 
 
FIRST DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 12, 1899 
 
 organization, neither a State nor a national organization, but 
 an international one, whose purposes and designs have been, 
 and whose work has been, devoted to the increase of intelli- 
 gent commercial intercourse among all nations. 
 
 It has gathered in its museums, year after year, products 
 of almost every clime, and the manufacturers of almost every 
 country on the face of the globe, beginning with the simplest 
 raw products of the tropical and arctic regions, and from 
 everywhere, in order that our artisans and manufacturers 
 and producers of manufactured goods could see where they 
 could obtain the largest and best means for developing in- 
 dustry and the products of the United States through the 
 aid of our brethren in every other coimtry, who were able to 
 produce things that the climate of the United States does 
 not produce. 
 
 It has put together also, as I have said, the artificial pro- 
 ductions of the labor of men of all kinds and descriptions 
 in order that our citizens and manufacturers could have an 
 opportunity of seeing where and from whom they could 
 obtain most advantageously the products that were desired 
 to be consumed. It has also assembled the productions, raw 
 and manufactured, of our own people of every description 
 and. kind in order that our brethren of other countries, 
 coiaing here or sending here, could perceive what we could 
 do and make comparison for a mutual interchange of product 
 for the benefit of trade. 
 
 It has established, besides that, what, in a short manufac- 
 turer's term, would be termed a bureau of information; but 
 it is much larger than that, it is an encyclopaedia of all the 
 commercial relations over the globe. If the citizens of 
 Japan, if a student of Russia, if a gentleman from South 
 American States, or wherever he is, wishes to know where 
 he can best send his productions in the United States and 
 where he can best find a market to dispose of them, taking 
 into account the cost of transportation, custom duties and 
 everything that enters into the laws of transport and trade, 
 five minutes by letter, or ten minutes of a personal visit will 
 point that gentleman to the very place where his merchandise 
 can best be disposed of on the globe. He will know pre- 
 cisely what to do ■with his goods in this country or in any 
 other, and where to dispose of his goods to the best advantage. 
 
 The intercourse of nations in the way of trade, as has so 
 well been said by the Secretary of State and by his Honor, 
 the Mayor, constitute the first chord of unity and broth- 
 erhood among men. It is for these purposes and for these 
 ends that this Congress has been invited and assem- 
 bled, and it is hoped and believed that the discussion of 
 the gentlemen, your visits to the Museum and Exposition, 
 your comparison of views, will promote every grade of trade 
 iu its largest sense, and a friendly intercourse, social and 
 otherwise, between all coimtries, and will bring us nearer 
 and nearer to that goal so much hoped for and so much dis- 
 appointed in finding yet — the universal peace. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. David J. Hill: 
 
 It is not necessary, ladies and gentlemen, that I should 
 present to you the distinguished citizen of Philadelphia, a 
 great leader of the movement which brings us together on 
 this occasion. Dr. W. P. Wilson, director of the Phdadelphia 
 Commercial Museum. (Great and prolonged applause.) 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 It gives me great pleasure to welcome here to-dav the 
 diplomatic bodies assembled, the Governments and foreign 
 
 delegates who have come from all commercial countries, 
 both near and far, which represent the commerce of the 
 world. The occasion is a special and pecuhar one. The 
 plans for this Congress, wliich opens here to-day, have not 
 been trivially arranged, but were most carefully planned 
 fully two years ago. 
 
 This magnificant gathering of representatives from every 
 quarter of the globe owes its existence to the Philadelphia 
 Commercial Museum. This institution was not planned, as 
 its name might indicate, to benefit the interests of Philadel- 
 phia alone. It was not designed to help only such as might 
 come to it for information from the State of Pennsylvania, 
 it does not confine its investigations and its proffered aid 
 alone to the manufacturing interests and commerce of the 
 United States. It has from the very first extended its 
 thoughts and activities to foreign nations, earnestly believing 
 that there are broad lines of reciprocity and commerce yet to 
 be discovered, yet not in one direction more than in 
 another, between every commercial country and the United 
 States. The delegates who have come to this Congress are 
 invited, without prejudice, to the freest and most open dis- 
 cussion of all topics, which, in any possible waj', may be of 
 international commercial interest. 
 
 No one can estimate at the present moment the results 
 which may flow from the conserved commercial energy 
 brought together by the renowned delegates of this Congress. 
 I need not tell you that we fully appreciate the great effort 
 which you have made in reacliing this city and the pleasure 
 on our part in receiving you. We have, however, the confi- 
 dence in you that from the public discussions and the private 
 conferences which we invite from you, plans may be outlined 
 and movements inaugurated which will more than compen- 
 sate you for the time expended in getting here, and which 
 will result in great benefit to the respective countries you 
 represent. 
 
 I desire to announce, then, that the discussions of this great 
 International Commercial Congress will open to-morrow, 
 October 13, in Convention Hall, on the second floor of the 
 North Pavilion, at 10 o'clock. 
 
 The session will be presided over by the Honorable Thomas 
 Brackett Eeed, of Maine, late Speaker of the National House 
 of Representatives. (Applause.) 
 
 Ron. David J. Hill: 
 
 I have the honor to present to the Congress a few tele- 
 graphic salutations. 
 
 The President of the Republic of San Salvador regrets 
 that he cannot attend personally the opening of the Inter- 
 national Commercial Congress in Philadelphia, and sends 
 his best wishes to the Philadelphia Commercial Museum and 
 its esteemed officers. (Applause.) 
 
 The Chamber of Commerce of Sydney, Australia, sends 
 congi-atulations on the opening of the Congress, and sin- 
 cerely trusts that its results will bo satisfactorv' to the world's 
 commerce. (Applause.) 
 
 The Mayor of Odessa sends by cable his best wishes for 
 the success of the Congress, and very much regrets his in- 
 ability to attend. (Applause.) 
 
 There now remains for us, gentlemen, but to thank you, 
 delegates, and ladies and gentlemen, for your assistance upon 
 this occasion, and to say that the International Commercial 
 Congress is now fonnally opened. 
 
 (The band played "Hail Cyhuubia,'' and the first day's 
 session closed at 4.27 p. m.) 
 
PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 SECOND DAY'S SHSSION. 
 
 Philadklphia, Friday, October 13, 1899. 
 
 MoKNiNG Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order in the Convention Hall, 
 second floor. North Pavilion, at eleven o'clock, by Director 
 W. P. Wilson. 
 
 Dr. W. r. Wilson: 
 
 Gentlemen. — I should like to invite the government dele- 
 gates this morning to assemble on the platform, if you will 
 bo so kind. Will the direct representatives of foreign govern- 
 ments kindly step up and take the platform? (The delegates 
 then assembled upon the platform.) 
 
 Are there any other representatives of the governments? 
 If so, will you kindly take the platform this morning — direct 
 representatives of foreign governments? (After a pause.) 
 
 It gives me great pleasure to be able to introduce to the 
 delegates of this convention, the Chairman of this meeting, 
 the Hon. Thomas Brackett Kocd, of Maine. (Applause.) 
 
 Jloii. Thomas BrachcU Itecd: 
 
 Whatever doubts may have arisen by reason of scientific 
 discovery or political dispute, I am one of those who cling 
 to the path of my childhood, that God made out of one blood 
 all the nations of the earth. (Applause.) In His wisdom He 
 did not see fit to make these blood relations acquainted. That 
 task, so intimately connected with the progress of mankind. 
 He has left to ourselves. He placed between us broad rivers, 
 weary deserts, mutual fear, and mountjiins. We have spanned 
 the rivers, we have crossed the deserts, we have sealed the 
 mountains. Mutual fear alone still lingers. Much has been 
 done, but much remains to do. Only five hundred years ago 
 this continent, on which we stand, was hidden from the Old 
 World by a trackless sea, but the three thousand miles of 
 distance have been l)ridged by the genius of man, so that 
 to-day the ]*]uropean coast is not farther oil' than Pliiladel- 
 phia used to be from New York within i.he lifetime of this 
 Republic. All the Americas and the Old World lie before 
 our view. We desire to become acquainted with you; we 
 desire that you should become acquainted witli us. To this 
 generation and the next arc open broader possibilities than 
 were ever open in the history of the world. AH the inventions 
 which devour time and place are the harbingers of trade; and 
 trade, when it has its senses, is always the luirbinger of 
 peace. (A])plause.) 
 
 You may receive, perhaps, too many welcomes, but I desire 
 lo add one by welcoming you hen; to-day, and I do it in order 
 (() add that it is my full belief that the wclcoiiu' will l)ecome 
 warm with the advancing years. (Applause.) 
 
 I will now call upon a delegate from the Ohaiubor of Com- 
 merce of London. General Laurie. 
 
 Li.-Gcn. J. Wimhurn Laurie, M.F. (delegate of tlie London 
 
 Chamber of Commerce): 
 
 Mr. Eeed and Gentlemen. — When I was instructed that it 
 would bo my place to reply to-day to the address of welcome 
 so cordially extended to us on behalf of the — well, I think I 
 am justified in saying, tlie people of the United States, by 
 the late Presiding Officer of their Congress; when I received 
 that intimation, I was told at the same time, that I was not to 
 deliver or prepare a set lOr formal address. Whatever the 
 orders were that I received, as a soldier I should have carried 
 them out, but I am happy to say that the orders I received on 
 this occasion were thoroughly harmonized with the \dews I 
 entertained. I believe that to reply to an address of welcome 
 in set and formal terms would be absolutely inappropriate. 
 A reply to such an address ought to be distinguished l)y an 
 impromptu utterance; it ought to come cordially and from 
 the heart, and if, gentlemen, I am to speak on your behalf 
 to-day, I have had no opportunity of oonsulting you, but I 
 am sure that the sentiments that I express will be shared by 
 every one of you. In the first place, of course, it will be very 
 difficult. I have had no opportunity of eon.sulting you as 
 to how you would like me to reply. Necessarily, therefore, I 
 am thrown on my own ideas for the moment. I am quite 
 sure, however, that on every one's behalf our first duty is to 
 thank the municipality of Philadelphia, who are our hosts on 
 this occasiion, for the princely way in which we have been 
 treated as their guests. (Applause.) I hope that I am not 
 using the word "princely" in a way that would perhaps be 
 somewhat inappropriate here. We come, many of us, from 
 monarchial countries, and we are apt to use that term as 
 expressing the highest way in which hospitality can be shown. 
 (Applause.) If I am wrong, I will substitute the word "mag- 
 nificent" hospitality; but, after all, hospitality, the material 
 hospitality that we have received and with which we are 
 welcomed, is but the gilded frame of the plan or idea that 
 is to be placed before us in this Congress — it is but the frame 
 in wliich that is set. It is, after all, the morocco binding in 
 which the new edition of commercial liistory is placed — the 
 new commercial history of the world — I think, on l)ehalf 
 of most of you, if not all of you, the new eojnmereial history 
 which we hope is to be aided by tiiis ('(numercial (Congress 
 and by the city of Philadelphia, which has taken tlie initiative 
 in it. 
 
 I suppose I shall not be out of place in looking back for a 
 while as to what has led uj) to the action that is now being 
 taken. It has lieen my fortune to be in contact with the 
 citizens of the United States for tbe last forty years, and I 
 have really had to go liehind that time to study how the in- 
 dustrial development of tlio coimtry has been inaugurated; 
 that goes back seventy or eighty years. But going back to 
 the time of the Civil' War, and from that time on, it was 
 felt, that what other countries have done in maintaining 
 tbeir home markets within themselves and what should be 
 done bv the United States, if I recollect aright, culminated 
 
SECOND DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 13, 1899 
 
 in practical results which were arrived at about the time of 
 the Centennial Exhibition in 1876. While, I think, the 
 American people were able apparently to point to the fact 
 that they had developed their industries so that they could 
 supply their home market, from that day to this, traveling 
 through this country, men on the street, in the car, where- 
 ever you met them would say: "It is all right, but our 
 country will not prosper until we can get outside markets; 
 in order that our people may be employed we must have 
 places to which we can send the products of our industries." 
 I am not prepared to say who the inaugurator of this was, 
 but we are enabled to point to Dr. Wilson, on this platform, 
 as the energetic and capable executive who has earned out 
 the idea and put it into such shape that we see it, first of all, 
 in the Commercial Museum, in this city — an example to every 
 country in the world — I won't say perfect. Dr. Wilson is the 
 last man to allow me to say that his institution is perfect, 
 but allow me to say that when we come to the next Com- 
 mercial Congress, he will be able to say: "Here is an im- 
 provement that I have made, or a method that I have thrown 
 aside, because it was not a success." It is, after all, tenta- 
 tive; it is tentative in one sense. It is a marvelous success, 
 an example that every one :of us delegates can carry home 
 to our own countries to show what the people of the United 
 States, led by the city of Philadelphia, are doing in the direc- 
 tion of aiding and pushing the commerce of their country 
 outside of the limits of their own land. 
 
 I think that, as I said just now, the material entertain- 
 ment we are receiving is practically as nothing, as grand as 
 it is, in comparison with the idea that it is placed before us 
 in connection with this Commercial Congress. 
 
 Commerce has been said in the past to be selfish. Reading 
 the reports of our consuls throughout the foreign countries, 
 which have been sent home and collated by our Foreign 
 Office and published, I find that the consuls say, over and 
 over again, that our merchants combine and say, "Wliat can 
 be done in this market?" But we have learned that those 
 merchants who have already got a footing there, say, "Thank 
 you; we have a footing here and don't want rivals to come in 
 and share it." The United States — the great commercial 
 rival of all commercial nations of the world — on the contrary, 
 invite us to come and see for ourselves how they propose to 
 develop their commercial intercourse with other nations, 
 and ask us to share all the information they have obtained, 
 and, having obtained that information, if we can aid or help 
 their plans, they would welcome our suggestion and make us 
 a present of all that they have themselves devised. It is a 
 new departure in commercial politics absolutely, and, there- 
 fore, we are thoroughly grateful to the people of the United 
 States, and especially to those of Philadelphia; they are taking 
 us in as partners and asking us to share their ideas and benefit 
 by their experience. The difficulties that necessarily must 
 accompany any gi-eat development of trade, the people of 
 the United Kingdom know well, and we have been reminded 
 of them over and over again by Lord Salisbury, one of the 
 prominent leaders of public thought in England, who takes 
 the view that practically we have an open field only in those 
 countries that are actually under our own ilag. It has been 
 the policy of countries to build up their own trade first of 
 all, to close the doors of their own borders to a certain extent 
 to foreign trade and give advantages to home trade. It is not 
 for me at any rate to criticise what has been said. Each 
 country is the best Judge of its own business; each country is 
 able to decide what is best for itself; but we are also striving 
 necessarily, not merely for the civilized markets, but bidding 
 for the less advanced markets of the world. What we desire 
 would be a fair field and no favor, for all; it was suggested 
 by the meeting of the Congress, and will, I hope, mater- 
 ialize. I believe that the trade of the world will pass into 
 
 the hands of central — I won't say — trusts, I won't use words 
 that are obnoxious to many — but, at the same time, we will 
 find out which countries have the best markets and which 
 have the 'worst markets for the products of other countries, 
 and more and more we shall centre on this. There is an old 
 story: first the missionary, then the trader, and then the 
 soldier. Perhaps that may be the only justification I have 
 for addressing you to-day. I cannot pass as a commercial 
 soldier, but as an old soldier representing commerce. I have 
 no right and I have no authority, and I have actually not been 
 furnished with data, to express the opinion of my Chamber 
 on the point that may go in advance and be considered as 
 matters coming up properly for consideration. There will be 
 opportunity for discussing all matters as they severally come 
 forward, but I tliink we are all entitled, we are all bound to 
 realize that tlie parable of the talents applies, if I may so 
 interpret it — the talents are in the resources of Nature in the 
 vai'ious countries of the world. If these resources are utilized 
 by the inliabitants and residents and goveniments, then they 
 are profitable servants to the Almighty, and they are doing 
 their duty in developing the resources that God has placed 
 before them. If they neglect to utilize these resources they 
 are unprofitable servants, and therefore that talent shall be 
 taken away from the unprofitable servant and given to him 
 who will use it. That is one of the many subjects which we 
 are entitled to consider in the Commercial Congress. It is 
 with no idea that we have a lust for territory; it is with no 
 idea that we have a desire to add to the square miles of the 
 leading nations of the world, but what we do claim is that 
 the resources of nature provided by Providence should be 
 utilized for the general benefit of tlie world, and I believe 
 that this Congress will, in considering this question, lead to 
 a greater beneficial development of the resources of the earth. 
 Great credit is due to the American nation, and especially 
 to the city of Philadelphia, for the lead it has given us in the 
 consideration of this subject, and in bringing material benefit 
 to the world at large. 
 
 On behalf of the delegates, I desire to thank you for the 
 kind and courteous welcome you have extended to them, and 
 if we can in any way contribute to make this Congress a great 
 success, and to benefit in any way the enterprise of the Com- 
 mercial Museum, it is our duty and pleasure and delight so 
 to do. 
 
 I thank you, sir, and the people in whose name you have 
 spoken, for the kind and courteous way in which you have 
 welcomed us to your country and your Congress. 
 
 Hon. Thomas B. Beed: 1 will now call upon Herr Eduard 
 Arnhold, delegate of the Chamber of Commerce of Berlin. 
 
 Ilerr Eduard Arnhold: 
 
 As delegate of the corjDoration that represents in Berlin 
 the interests of commerce under the name oi Aeltesten der 
 Kaufmannschaft, speaking for myself and for my colleagues 
 and friends (Mr. Loewe and Mr. Goldschmidt), I most heart- 
 ily thank you, on behalf of the Berlin corporation, for your 
 kind invitation, and extend its best wishes for the successful 
 labor of this Congi-ess. 
 
 We have come to Philadelphia to see, I may say, after only 
 a short visit, your most interesting Exposition, and to make 
 ourselves, in assisting at this Congres.?, acquainted with your 
 means and ways to extend the foreign trade of the United 
 States of America. 
 
 As Germany is most particularly interested in your en- 
 deavors, yoii may depend upon its earnest intention to help 
 you in finding out what would best suit our mutual interests, 
 and the establishment of an equilibrium of those interests. 
 The United States of America and Germany have so many 
 touching points, both material and intellectual, that it should 
 
(3 
 
 IMtOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 not be diflicult to create a system permitting us to derive 
 profit from one another without hurting one another. If 
 there have been dissensions hitherto and controversies, we 
 must examine witliout prejudice where is the fault, whether 
 it lies in reguhitions and stipulations or in the manner in 
 which they are interpreted and put into practice, by personal 
 intercourse and verbal exchange of our views. We think a 
 great deal can be efi'ected, many misunderstandings removed, 
 and a basis ])reparcd on which the provisional authorities of 
 both governments will be able to settle, to the satisfaction of 
 both jKirties, the important question of trade between the 
 United States of America and Germany — tliose two great 
 countries that want to compete, not only on the field of 
 material interests but on the field of general human progress. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 Ilvn. Thomas B. Reed: I will now introduce to you Dr. 
 Vosberg-Rekow. of the Central Bureau for the Preparatinn 
 of Commercial Treaties, at Berlin. 
 
 Dr. Voshcrcj-BeJcow : 
 
 Mr. President, Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen — Several 
 hundred miles towards the north, the Niagara plunges with 
 thundering noise from its rocky height. Majestic is the 
 strength of the falling waters, crushing everything that comes 
 beneath their force. Even the solid rock is gTadually gnawed 
 and crumbled by the restless waves. And yet, neither we nor 
 our children shall live to see the time when the rocky barrier 
 is washed away and the Niagara glides along peacefully and 
 smoothly in its even bed. We live only a few years, but the 
 firmness of the rocks defies the centuries. 
 
 With resistless energy the current rushes towards the ocean; 
 likewise also the current of commercial intercourse and ex- 
 change of goods sweeps around the earth. But just as firm 
 as the rocks .of the Niagara are the peculiarities, characteris- 
 tics and distinctions which separate the nations from each 
 other. They also remain, and the beginning of centuries sees 
 them come, and the end of the centuries will see them go. 
 
 It would be desirable for navigation if the rocks in the 
 Niagai'a would crumble to pieces, but whether it would also 
 be for the welfare of the nations, if the distinctions and con- 
 trasts which mark them could be wiped out, we shall leave 
 for those to decide who like to dream of one large family 
 formed by the entire human race. I, for my part, do not 
 believe it. Such contrasts are often of great value, and the 
 best thing which a nation possesses consists in its peculiar 
 characteristics. Did we meet here to take away any of those 
 characteristics? I hope not. When the chaos of rocks, reefs 
 and cliil's are forming gulfs and abysses which fill the soul 
 with horror, it is a pleasing sight to the eye to behold 
 here and there a tree covering as with a green veil the awful 
 depths below. S,o be it with the combat of the nations. The 
 ])eculiarities which separate them shall not be taken away, 
 but they shall not part them, and may amiability and kind 
 consideration of the needs of each other be the means with 
 which we cover these peculiarities and overcome prejudices. 
 Practically speaking, may the corps of the guardians of the 
 frontiers be pleasant and without malice and mean arbitrari- 
 ness, and may the dividing portals from one country into the 
 other be opened as wide as possible. The attainment of this 
 end is worth our most ardent strife, but its accomplishment 
 cannot yet be seen, and even the optimists can only detect it 
 in the far-away future. 
 
 During my journey to this country, I read in the "Atlantic 
 ^fontlily" an article from Professor Miinsterberg of Boston, 
 with which I did not at all agree at that time. We lairopcans 
 ri'gard the Americans as practical politicians, while Miinster- 
 lierg .said in his article, "The American is an idealist thraui;b 
 
 and through." To-day I understand this word. It takes a 
 good deal of idealism to call together this Congress, that it 
 may serve the interests of commerce, not only of America, 
 but of the whole world. It takes a good deal of idealism to 
 make an effort to adjust commercial politics among such 
 difEerent elements as are united here. I respect the Ameri- 
 cans, our hosts, on account of this, and am confident that 
 they are conscious of the ideal foundations of their aims and 
 strive to uphold them. 
 
 Although we Germans are known as idealists, I come to 
 you as a practical man. I know vei-y well that all ideal things 
 have also a very realistic side — yea, even a realistic effect. If 
 I step over my threshold in the morning to witness the rising 
 of the sun, my soul is refreshed at the beautiful sight, and 
 at the same time I am strengthened by the purity and fresh- 
 ness of the morning air. The same sun which coaxes the 
 enthusiast to rise early from his bed caaxes multitudes to 
 useful and successful labor. 
 
 And in this sense I shall contemplate our Congress as the 
 rising sun of commercial politics, and after being satisfied of 
 the ideal background of our undertaldng, 1 a.sk you what is 
 the practical policy that we wish to pursue. If we tui-u back 
 to the cause through which the arrangement of such a modem 
 affair as this Congi'ess has been made possible, we have the 
 answer to this question. It is found in the rapid develop- 
 ment of the leading economic nations. This development is 
 so astonishing and comprehensive, that even the most able 
 orator or writer could give but a faint illustration of it. 1 
 cannot even make an ert'ort to describe it in this limited dis- 
 course. Let us turn back to the times when the first Euro- 
 peans discovered the Western Continent, which they invaded 
 like robbers, annihilating the ancient culture of the Indians 
 and Aztecs, carrying with them whatever gold and silver they 
 could get, after which they departed again. To-day the same 
 Europeans have formed here a culture of first rank, and they 
 have even now come across the ocean to form, through peace- 
 ful consultations, a world's system of commercial politics. 
 AVhat a change from then until now! At the beginning of 
 this century anyone that wished to travel in Germany, my 
 native country, from the east to the west, had to pass not 
 less than seventeen tollgates. To-day we are here to at least 
 lower the tollgates between continents. From then until now, 
 what a change! In order to open up one river to smooth 
 navigation it was necessary to create, among great political 
 difficulties, the Navigation Act of the Rhine. And to-day 
 we meet in this beautiful city to consider how the great inter- 
 national commercial highway of the coming century, the Nica- 
 ragua or Pananut Canal, may be best constructed. 
 
 It is by modem development, which transcends everything 
 ever witnessed before, that our eyes are turned away from 
 the present towards the future, and that we are taught 
 to strive towards aims which may almost be called ideal. 
 There are peo])le who contemplate this development with 
 great anxiety. They say: "If things go on in this way the 
 population of the earth will become too large and the means 
 for their su]iport will become insufficient, and it is therefore 
 a nation's duty of self-preservation to take advantage of the 
 others wherever possible and to annex all it can get in the 
 way of uncultivated lands to be utilized for future markets.'' 
 Expiansion and annexation is their motto. But this motto 
 is wrong. It is wrong, first, because the resources of society 
 are very productive and can never be exhausted; second, be- 
 cause history teaches us that a distribution of the earth atnong 
 the nations or potentates has never been of any duration, 
 either ])o]itical or economical. 
 
 It was thought formerly that the only s(nircc of a nation's 
 wealth consisted in its actual production of goods. ]^nt the 
 fact was overlooked that the iiroducts of hand and machine. 
 as well as original imulucts. increase their value in surprising 
 
SECOND DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 13, 1899 
 
 proportions, and it is through intercourse that tliis is ac- 
 complished. The following is an example of the sums which 
 are gained by international trade through international in- 
 tercourse. 
 
 In the year 1868, the Suez Canal was opened to navigation; 
 ships which heretofore had to take their coui-se around the 
 Cape of Good Hope could now reach India by the shorter 
 route through the Red "Sea. For every sea-mile which the 
 new route was shorter, a saving was made in time, coal for 
 the machinery, provisions for the crew, etc. If these numbers 
 are added, which, however, is a somewhat complicated task, 
 computing the route, number, tonnage of the ships and 
 horsepower of the engines, we find that the maritime nations, 
 from the time the Suez Canal was opened to the year 1884, 
 have saved the enormous amount of 13,500 marks per mile. 
 The amount would be still larger if an account had been kept 
 up to the present time. I beg your pardon for placing before 
 you these old figures, but I received notice only yesterday 
 that I should have the honor to address j'ou on this occasion. 
 I had not, therefore, sufficient time to prepare myself thor- 
 oughly, and for this reason I must ask you to have patience 
 with me. If we further consider that the English steamship 
 companies, according to the estimate of experts, receive a 
 total of £70,000,000 per year, which amounts of $350,000,000, 
 or 1,400,000,000 marks, in payment of freight rates for the 
 transportation of foreign goods, you will understand that the 
 modern standard of international commerce has opened 
 sources of riches, which add such an enormous overplus to 
 the production of goods that a possible impoverishment of 
 mankind is out of question. On the contrary, in countries 
 whose populations grow fastest, capital and property increase 
 most rapidly, and opportunities to procure labor and its earn- 
 ings are oifered as nowhere else. 
 
 If, therefore, the fear of future impoverishment does not 
 justify a heightening of political combat for territorial pos- 
 sessions, there is, in my belief, even less reason to fear that 
 certain potentates might divide the earth among themselves, 
 leaving nothing to other nations aud depriving them thereby 
 also of their commercial importance. History teaches us that 
 not only the possession of colonies, but even the utilization 
 of a country's own territories depends upon the condition of 
 its labor facilities and economic health. It would take too 
 much time to give here striking examples. May it suffice 
 to point out that economic development is not bound or 
 limited by political possessions. Industries wander. Markets 
 move from country to country, and the political potentates 
 cannot hinder it. Political evolution, on the contrary, must 
 yield to economical evolution and serve its end. The nations 
 should therefore not emulate in political expansion. At the 
 most this should be the outcome of potent economical devel- 
 opment. But how about expansion on the field of economy? 
 Does it seem necessary to uphold the combat to the utmost 
 in this direction, where the competition with weaker nations 
 is supported by the aid -of political power? No, a thousand 
 times no! It is true that a large number of nations are en- 
 gaged in the production of articles of general consumption, 
 and they are therefore opposed in sharp competition. Never- 
 theless, the peculiar characteristics of the nations, which I 
 said above it was necessary to uphold, result in a diversity 
 of products. Moreover, industries do not always remain in 
 the place where they have first sprung up. Conditions that 
 seemed originally favorable to the production of certain 
 articles may he found to be more advantageous in other 
 places; then the industry wanders and no diligence and no 
 measure is able to retain it. Thus political expansion finds 
 here its natural boundaries. Not inconsiderate competition, 
 but wise specializing would be advisable. This specializing 
 of products will result from the characteristics of the different 
 nations, and the more these are developed in a likewise de- 
 
 gree the wants, offers and demands will grow, and instead of 
 working against each other the nations will cooperate with 
 each other. Not commercial hostility, but commercial friend- 
 ship, cooperation and coordination are what is needed. 
 
 With this I see our aim draw nearer. Let the work of our 
 Congress be to try to place political contrasts in the back- 
 ground, to study the economical contrasts, to confirm their 
 true foundations, and to take away their severities by finding 
 new ways whereby it is possible to avoid conflict and to labor 
 side by side. Then nations should not exercise a restraining 
 influence one upon another, but altogether they should serve 
 and further modern progress. 
 
 The potentates of Europe have asked for admission to the 
 large Chinese Empire, but they shall not come to disturb the 
 ancient and venerable culture of the "sons of the Sun," but 
 as guests who bring with them new wants and who desire to 
 open up new commercial relations. Those lands that were 
 formerly a market for the European production are develop- 
 ing by and by to commercial independence and cease to be 
 the domains of foreigners. I beg to call attention to the fact 
 that as an example India possessed as early as li^94-95 not 
 less than 3,:00,()00 spindles and 30,000 looms. If the in- 
 dustrial countries wish to keep open a market there, it is 
 necessary that they produce specialties. The world does not 
 produce more than can be consumed by its inhabitants. To 
 divide the products properly is, therefore, the only source of 
 wealth for all and everybody. 
 
 Here our labor may begin. The rapid development carries 
 with it severities. Let us all do all we can to mitigate these. 
 Like death, all springing into life is connected with diffi- 
 culties and pain. We perceive them all, but may we be united 
 in the work. By well-directed labor we can accomplish a 
 great deal. The help which we can lend is manifold. I will 
 mention only a few ways. 
 
 The foundation for a proper division of the products of the 
 earth is a thorough knowledge of their origin and their dis- 
 bursement. This is found in the commercial statistics. But 
 what are these reports at present? Can we believe these state- 
 ments? For instance, the record of the importation and ex- 
 portation of a certain article varies in such a manner that a 
 difference of 100 per cent, occurs, where the same amount- 
 ought to be obtained. Does not this indicate that mistakes 
 have been made? But the mistakes arise from the different 
 methods of computing employed by the nations. And why is 
 this? Because the nations have hitherto not found the op- 
 portunity to cooperate in such a way as is being done here 
 for the first time. 
 
 What amount of tariff and other difficulties there exists 
 will be seen from the fact that in one country a certain article 
 is called by one name and in another by another name. Is 
 it an article of combination, one country will take especial 
 notice of one part; another, of other parts. For instance, a 
 toy over a foot high is exported from Germany into Austria, 
 this toy being a sheep with a little piece of silk ribbon around 
 its neck, which is being sent according to law as "silk ribbon, 
 duty paid." Is this not enough to awaken international dis- 
 cussion, and is not a reason here\rith given for cooperation 
 in compiling a general international list of articles? I know 
 very well that there are difficulties which make the working 
 out of this project almost an impossibility; but can we not 
 at least express our opinions upon this question and find out 
 what is practical and attainable? The introduction and use- 
 fulness of equal measures and weights, and the selection of 
 specific tariffs in different cases and on different articles, 
 might be considered while the experts of all nations are 
 assembled. 
 
 Let us make an effort to learn to know each other better, 
 that prejudice may be overcome, which separates us farther 
 than its signification justifies. One of my American friends 
 
8 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 asked me serioiu^ly yesterday whether it was true that "bacon 
 and beer"' was the German national dish, and I had never 
 even dreamed of tlie existence of tliis appetizing food, al- 
 tliough 1 am a German even in the details of eating and 
 drinking. Sauerkraut! And yet I have never eaten it more 
 often, nor better, than in Paris at "Lucas," Place de la Made- 
 laine 9. On tlie oilier hand I cannot deny that the legend of 
 (he American duel, which is being fought over a handker- 
 chiefj or on top of two powder-barrels with burning lanyard, 
 is still existing in the minds of our "provincials." Let us 
 draw nearer and learn to know each other, that we may un- 
 derstand that every characteristic has its good side, and let 
 us respect one another. Then will happen, what we are also 
 striving for here, the cessation of those mean and small com- 
 mercial political gnunldings, which rob us of our good humor, 
 and which are apt to bedim the clear sight of the politician. 
 All nations have causes for complaints. Especially have I, a 
 Genuan, come to America with many grievous complaints. 
 I am convinced that also you have cause for finding fault. 
 But I sincerely hope that we may deliberate upon our disagree- 
 ments, and I assure you that I shall be frank and open, which 
 at the same time I expect of you. 
 
 It gives me great plea-sure to state that during the short 
 period of my stay in this country I have met gentlemen whom 
 I am proud to call my friends, whose friendship I hope to 
 retain, and to whom I shall ever be grateful for the amiability 
 which they have shown me by conferring upon me the honor 
 of addressing you to-day, like our London friends. But I 
 cannot help remarking that if you were to present to me the 
 Appraiser-General and offer me his friendship at this hour, 
 I am afraid that I would have to decline, as I cannot over- 
 come an uneasy feeling towards this bad man. He reminds 
 me of the difficulties of certifying an invoice; of the fact 
 that somebody wishes to send two bottles of wane as samples 
 to this cottntry, where he is expected to pay duty on at least 
 a dozen bottles; and many other things. I have not the least 
 doubt that you may have cause for similar complaints. How- 
 ever, I am convinced that by an open and frank discussion 
 of these questions, which shall occur witliin the next few days, 
 many difficulties will be overcome, even though we only be- 
 come personally better acquainted and lend an open ear to 
 our respective complaints. I already see herein the beginning 
 of an improvement. Although we cannot change the business 
 situation and enter into contracts, we have nevertheless ex- 
 perience and a purpose. It is without question that whatever 
 steps we may recommend as being attainable will be carr- 
 fully weighed and pondered at the places of authority on botli 
 sides of the ocean. 
 
 Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen — I beg to thank you 
 for the attention with which you have followed this dis- 
 course. Allow me to close with the remark that I am con- 
 vinced that our working plan augurs already at its outset the 
 guarantee of a certain success. At the same time I express 
 the hope that this Congress may not be the last which brings 
 us togetlier. 
 
 I have for the first time had the pleasure of treading the 
 soil of the United States. I know that the representatives 
 of other nations have received the same impression. We are 
 surprised at the magnificent social and economic develop- 
 ment. We respect and admire the energy and pleasure in 
 work which manifests itself in every action and deed. We 
 are delighted with tlie amiability and liospitalily with which 
 you have received us. All these (|ua]ifications awake in us the 
 desire to remain your friends, and we are conscious a.t the 
 same time that the work which has brought us together can- 
 not be altogether devoid of success, but will end to the satis- 
 faction of all. 
 
 Hon. Thomas B. Heed: 
 
 I have the honor now to introduce to you the Governor of 
 Pennsylvania. (Applause.) 
 
 Governur Stone: 
 
 I am exceedingly fortunate once more to sit in a Congress 
 presided over by our American Czar. (Applause.) I am 
 mighty glad that we have him again in Congress. (Applause.) 
 1 am glad also to stand before the representatives of the differ- 
 ent countries coming here to investigate our claims for foreign 
 trade. It might naturally challenge our argument when it is 
 admitted that we pay more for our labor entering into all 
 the products which we export than other nations. The ques- 
 tion might truthfully be asked: "How does it come that we 
 can put our products in foreign countries as cheap as other 
 countries paying less for labor?" Let me tell you that in the 
 sharp competition among ourselves, we have learned the first 
 great jjrinciple, and that is to economize labor. (Cries of 
 "Hear.") We have advantages in other respects not enjoyed 
 liy all with whom we compete. We have the advantage of 
 cheap raw material. We have learned to load ore at a cost 
 of four cents a ton, by the application of modern machinery, 
 which is the result of the genius of the American mechanic. 
 We claim tluit we can put our products into foreign countries 
 and sell them there cheaper than many other nations. We 
 know that unless we can do that, unless we can furnish a pro- 
 duct cheaper and as good (cries of "Hear") we cannot get 
 this foreign trade. Trade is not governed Ijy patriotism or 
 by sentiment outside of its own rigid rules. No legislative 
 body can pass a law that will encourage trade. It must result 
 from its own internal philosophy. Therefore we want the 
 trade of foreign countries. Our claim, and our only claim, is 
 that we can put our products into foreign countries cheaper 
 than many other nations. We invite an inspection of our 
 wares. We challenge a comparison of prices and we chal- 
 lenge a comparison of quality, and upon those two items, upon 
 tliose two claims, we make our appeal to the trade of the 
 civilized world for a verdict in our favor. (Applause.) We 
 are glad to see you here. We are glad to shake hands with 
 the representatives of foreign countries. Our great misfor- 
 tune has been that you haven't visited us oftener. Our hope 
 is that you will visit us oftener in the future. We claim no 
 superknowledge. We claim no par excellence of virtue. We 
 claim simply to be in the race for the world's markets (cry 
 of "Hear") and we bid Godspeed to all who join us in that 
 ciiutest. Let the fastest runner get the prize. We know that 
 upon the merits alone of our products — if merits there are- 
 must rest the result. This Congress — this Exposition — as I 
 understand it, is simply put before your eyes to open to your 
 inspection what we can do. We ask only that you will con- 
 sider such samples of our products as we submit to you. Look 
 at them carefully. Remember that the great contest in this 
 country is for the world's trade. Our own strife and internal 
 difficulties we will manage to adjust, and we will promise to 
 keep our hands off of yours. (Cries of "Hear" and applause.) 
 Tlierefore, in the spirit of the broadest fellowship, in the 
 spirit of the kindliest friendship, in the spirit of the best 
 huniauity, we welcome you one and all, extending to you the 
 right hand of fellowship, hoping that your stay among us 
 will lie pleasant to you and profitable to us. (Applause.) 
 
 Ilnii. Tliomas B. Bccd: 
 
 \'(mv attention one moment. The Director ot the "Museum 
 will make a few announcements. 
 
 D'nrdorW.P. Wihon : 
 
 In harmony with the manufacturers and genilenicn of 
 Philadelphia who are interested in your visit, and who arc 
 
SECOND DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 13, 1899 
 
 9 
 
 desirous of making it pleasant here while you stay, and also 
 to give you the opportunity of seeing as many as possible of 
 the industries of this city and other localities, I have an 
 announcement to make, that on Saturday, in the afternoon, 
 after the morning session has closed, there will be ears just 
 at the side entrance here to take all the delegates to the 
 Delaware River, where a steamer will be provided for you to 
 make an excursion on the river, to look over the harbor and, 
 finally, to visit the Cramp shipyard, which, of course, is one 
 of the places in which you will be interested. (Applause.) 
 Mr. Charles li. Cramp is the president of the Philadelphia 
 Commercial Museum. He invites you on that day to accept 
 his courtesies. He would like to have as full attendance as 
 possible. It will not be necessary for you to stop here for 
 your lunch. A lunch will be served on the steamer for all the 
 guests and delegates. 
 
 I have also another announcement to make, that on Sunday 
 we have arranged, by special train, for the delegates of this 
 Congress, a visit to Atlantic City, which is our nearest and 
 largest watering place on the seashore. The train will leave 
 Chestnut street wharf precisely at ten-fifteen in the morning 
 (Sunday), returning later in the afternoon of the same day, 
 so that you will have the opportunity of spending several 
 hours at Atlantic City and returning to the city of Phila- 
 delphia during the evening. I make this announcement some 
 time in advance, in order that you may make your arrange- 
 ments accordingly. (Applause.) 
 
 Allow me to state that there is a restaurant in the far end 
 of this building, on the same floor, and all of the delegates — 
 all of the official delegates to this 'Congress — are privileged 
 to go to that restaurant, and your meals will be simply 
 cheeked up as they would be in the hotel. It will give you 
 the convenience of not leaving the grounds, if you please. 
 You can all go to the restaurant just the same as you would 
 in your hotels. 
 
 Hon. Thomas B. Feed: 
 
 Gentlemen, if there be no objection, the chair announces 
 that the assemblage will be in recess until two o'clock and 
 thirty minutes. 
 
 (Adjourned at 12.10 p. m.) 
 
 Philadelphia, Friday Afternoon, October 13, 1899. 
 
 SECOND DAT. 
 
 The meeting was called to order at 2.30 p. m., by Hon. 
 Thomas Brackett Reed. 
 
 Hon. Thomas B. Reed: 
 
 Gentlemen — I understand that the arrangement which has 
 been made is for a five minutes talk from the various dele- 
 gates with regard to the participations of their respective 
 countries in the Congress, and the first name that has been 
 given to me is that of Mr. II. Llewellyn Smith, and I am very 
 glad to introduce him to the Congress. 
 
 Hull. H. LkveUyn Smilh: 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Fellow Delegates — For many reasons I 
 could have wished that it had fallen to the lot of a delegate 
 of greater distinction and experience than myself to have 
 been the first to respond to your kind invitation, but I recog- 
 nize that in letting your choice fall upon me you have acted, 
 not out of regard to the special qualifications of the individual 
 delegate, but out of compliment to the country whose gov- 
 ernment I have the honor, however unworthy, to represent 
 
 here to-day — a country which is linked to the United States 
 by so many ties, not only of commercial relations, but of kin- 
 ship and friendship, that it has been very diiticult for us, the 
 British delegates, to feel, since we have arrived here, that we 
 really come in the category of foreign delegates at all. (Ap- 
 plause and cries of "Hear, hear.") 
 
 I am bound to add since our arrival in Philadelphia every 
 one has seemed to conspire together to render yet more difi&- 
 cult the task of remembering what our proper position is. 
 
 This is the first opportunity that any official representative 
 of any other government has had of addressing this Con- 
 gress, and even at the risk of repeating to some extent what 
 has been so well said this morning by the representatives of 
 the great commercial organizations, I cannot entirely let this 
 opportunity pass without expressing to you, sir, and through 
 you to all proper authorities, the sense which I am sure all 
 my official colleagues feel, equally with myself, of apprecia- 
 tion of the cordiality of the welcome and the kindness of the 
 reference which both you and your predecessor in the chair 
 and others have made in regard to the foreign delegates. 
 
 I understand, sir, that it is our business this afternoon to 
 say something about the view which we take of the purposes 
 and the program of this Congress, and of the objects by 
 which our governments were actuated in accepting the in- 
 vitation of the United States to take official part in this 
 Congress. With regard to the purpose and the program, I 
 rather think that personally at this stage I have nothing to 
 add to the lucid statements which have already been made, 
 both by you, by Dr. Wilson and by others. We, sir, are 
 present as guests, and it is rather for the host tihan for the 
 guests to order and direct the entertainment; it is rather for 
 us to take the places to which we have been kindly invited at 
 the intellectual banquet, guarding so far as we can lest the 
 very abundance of the fare on the menu lead to an attack 
 of mental indigestion. 
 
 We observe that there are to be discussions on many im- 
 portant topics which are laid down on your program, and 
 we are to report to our respective governments any point and 
 any new thing which is being done or thought of, or pro- 
 jected in the various countries which are represented here, 
 and to make the personal acquaintance, the pleasantest of 
 all the duties which fall upon us, of many persons, with whom 
 as yet we have only had dealings by correspondence, and 
 who hitherto have been but names to us; and, finally, when 
 we disperse to do our utmost that any conclusions of a prac- 
 tical and useful kind which have been arrived at by this 
 Congress shall not be allowed to go without result, but that 
 shall bear solid results in the various countries to which we 
 report. (Applause.) 
 
 As regards the objects by which our Majesty's Govern- 
 ment is actuated in taking part in this Congress, I have no 
 official statement to make, but I am merely recording my 
 personal opinion and I take it that, in accepting the invita- 
 tion which was extended to it, my government desired to 
 give a proof of the deep interest which it takes in every 
 measure and every discussion and every institution which 
 has for its object the development and advancement of com- 
 mercial intercourse between nations, and in especial degree 
 to show its interest in that interesting and wonderful ex- 
 periment which is now being carried on in Philadelphia under 
 the auspices of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum. It 
 lias sent me, rather more as a listener than as a speaker, 
 rather to learn than to teach, and rather to be silent — like 
 small children should lie in school — seen and not heard. I 
 hope that we ■ndll fulfill that duty better than small children. 
 I think at least we may find that if our performances do not 
 always come up to the demands of our masters, the com- 
 mercial public, at all events that our words will speak less 
 loyally than our actions. 
 
10 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Now it must bu obvious from a glancu at tlie program 
 that there are some subjects of the very deepest interest to 
 the commercial world, to which the official representatives 
 of o-overnments can only be listeners, but it is the feeling 
 in our country that in this great movement, the extension of 
 commerce, wliicli characterizes the present age, m this draw- 
 ing nearer together of distant nations, in this great game, if 
 I may iise that expression of friendly rivalry and emulation 
 among the nations, all governments must to a very large ex- 
 tent be greatly interested onlookers. True they have the 
 same functions to perfonn, true they may do much by looking 
 at the outcasts of the entire districts, by publication and a 
 disseminatiiin of accurate information, also by the removal 
 of the artificial obstacles to the advancement of commerce 
 and in facilitating that movement, and by directing the power 
 and the force of "the movement; this must always depend, as 
 it has always depended, on the efforts of individual energy 
 and enterprise (applause) — energy and enterprise for which 
 no government action, the action of no institution, not even 
 such an institution as the Philadelphia Museum will be alto- 
 gether an effective substitute, but within these limits, these 
 narrow limits I may say, which necessarily confine govern- 
 ment action there is doubtless very much room for im- 
 provement. 
 
 It is our hope that we shall learn from the representatives 
 of the commercial world here many of our defects and many 
 things which we could order otherwise. 
 
 My fellow British delegates will be aware that the improve- 
 ments for collecting and disseminating commercial informa- 
 tion have recently engaged the most anxious consideration of 
 Her Majesty's Government. 
 
 I may tell this Congress that at this very moment there is 
 l)cing organized in connection with the Board of Trade, which 
 1 represent, a special branch or department for the diffusion 
 of commercial intelligence, not so wide in its scope, not on 
 such a large scale, not precisely with the same objects as the 
 great Philadelphia Museum from which we have so much to 
 learn, but akin to it in object for promoting by every means 
 within the power limits of public action the spirit of accurate 
 and full commercial infonnation. 
 
 Now, sir, in a work like that we do not wish to shun criti- 
 cism, but we rather welcome it. Personally I always feel that 
 so long as we are praised for our merits, if we have any, and 
 blamed for our defects, which we always have, then I am as- 
 sured that our work is responding, however imperfectly, to 
 the real vital needs of Commerce. It is only when criticism 
 ceases that I begin to think that something is wrong. So I 
 am using no paradox when I say that much as we value the 
 praise of the commercial public we would much rather have 
 their censure than their apathy. I would rather that our 
 publications were thought worthy of praise than worthy of 
 i)lame, but almost anything is better than their being thought 
 worthy of the waste paper basket. 
 
 Now, sir, I have not much to add at pi'esent in regard to 
 the program of Ihis Congress. If anything can result from 
 its labors to promote the cause we have at heart in advanc- 
 ing to a greater degree of uniformity in the methods of col- 
 lecting and classifying the statistics of tlio world followed 
 by different countries, it seems to me that (hat alone would 
 be no unworthy result of this assemblage, and where we ask 
 for suggestions, and for criticisms from you, we ask also that 
 you will give credit to the official representatives that they 
 are at least actuated by a single-minded desire to do all in their 
 limited powers to promote the cause that has brought us 
 together in Pliiladelphia, in extending the facilities for com- 
 mercial intercourse among nations. 
 
 I thank you, sir, and T lliank Ihe Congress for having lis- 
 tened to me so patiently. (Applause.) 
 
 IIiiii. Thomas B. Reed: 
 
 I now call on the Hon. R. R. Dobell, of Canada. 
 
 Hon. B. B. Dohell: 
 
 Gentlemen and delegates from the various parts of the 
 world to this Conference, I represent the Dominion of Canada, 
 (sensation) and in doing so I may state that I feel that I 
 am very much honored in being able to come before you 
 at such a jjeriod as the present, when everything is over- 
 flowing with prosperity and good-will. Mr. Chainnan, with- 
 in the last half hour I have heard that a cable has been re- 
 ceived advising us that an agreement has been reached be- 
 tween your government and ours in reference to the Alaska 
 boundaries. It is only a temporary agreement; it is a modus 
 Vivendi, but now that such a step, so far in the right direc- 
 tion, has been taken, I feel pretty confident we shall come 
 to a lasting agreement which will enable both countries to 
 pursue and develop that gi'eat icy region and make it a 
 country from which both the United States and Canada may 
 derive great benefit. 
 
 Mr. Chairman, I wish to refer very briefly to what has 
 lately taken place in your sister city, Cliicago. It would 
 be impossible for me to convey any idea of the magnificent 
 reception which we received there. I will only say this, t^iat 
 Chicago is a very worthy younger sister to Philadelphia. She 
 has gone a long way, even to rival her, but since coming to 
 Philadelphia I find that Philadelphia w-ill still hold her place, 
 but she has evei-y reason to be proud of her younger sister. 
 
 I feel very happy to tell you that we inaugurated a new 
 era, we inaugurated a new fellowship, a new relaitionship, 
 \rith those with whom we had, for a period of forty years, been 
 working together, as cousins, while we were actually brothers, 
 who never properly realized the close bond of affection that 
 should bind the countries together. Both countries, I dare 
 say, have much to forget and much to forgive, but on that 
 evening, when the guest of the evening was your honorable 
 president, and gathered around the table were the cabinet of 
 this great country, and several statesmen from our own coun- 
 try, when it was suggested that we had been on WTong rela- 
 tions so long and that we were now permitted to join hands 
 as brothers, the meeting stood up and cheered to the echo 
 and accepted the proposition and broke bread on it and drank 
 wine on it, echoing a sentiment which I hope all here will 
 endorse to-day. (Applause.) 
 
 I may perhaps, without offence, refer to the few remarks 
 that were made by our veiy esteemed Premier. In the course 
 of his speech, giving as a reason to all assembled why Canada 
 was so generous to the United States and why she had borne 
 so much, he said that Canada has seventy-five million popu- 
 lation and the United States only seven, but in admitting 
 the mistake of saying seventy-five million for Canada he drew 
 the inference he wished to put before them, the case being 
 reversed. We all know that the United States has seventy- 
 five million of people and we seven million, therefore to find 
 that seventy-five million has convened us together, she has 
 put a connnand on us to bring our views and take part in the 
 great Commercial Congress, that we shall enjoy with you. 
 
 I think that it is in order, and I am sure if I trespass in the 
 Ir.isl if yim will give me ihe slightest hint I will stop — I only 
 want 1(1 name one or two practical points, so that the work 
 of this Conference will not, as was said by the late speaker, 
 be dissipated, but that we shall tackle some salient points that 
 have lieen the cause of irritation for a long time. 
 
 Allow mc to mcnfion one, with the chairman's approval, 
 and it is this: In ISGO Canada, fhrougli Great Britain, made 
 a treaty with the Tnifed States Government by whicli wo 
 gave the United Slates the use of our canals and rivers for all 
 time. The people nf the Ifniicd Slnl(>s have nindf ii>c of 
 
SECOND DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 13, 1899 
 
 11 
 
 that privilege, and last year four millions of tons of American 
 shipping came through our Soo Canal, and we did not exact 
 one dollar from you. Boats come up from New York laden 
 with coal, they pass up the Hudson and go through the Al- 
 bany canal and through the Eichelieu River, passing through 
 Lake Champlain into the St. Lawrence; thence to the Ottawa 
 River, discharge their coal in Ottawa, load back in lumber, 
 and they do the same with Quebec and the same with Mont- 
 real, but when our boats want to go to New York laden with 
 lumber, we are stopped, and we cannot go through the ten- 
 mile canal between Troy and Albany; we have to unload into 
 American bottoms. 
 
 When I was in Washington some years ago, this matter 
 was brought to the attention of the United States Govem- 
 ment, and I was assured the trouble would be removed. I 
 was exceedingly well received, and was told by the Foreign 
 Relations Committee that such a condition could not be pos- 
 sible. 1 was pleased to get such a reply, but it was possible, 
 and it was in existence, and our boats, since 1869, have never 
 been able to come down to New York with the same freedom 
 from hindrance as the American boats have been able to come 
 from New York into Canada. 
 
 It is not of very serious moment, and I am not naming it 
 as a cause of discord. I am naming it more with the idea 
 of being a younger brother, and I have the perfect freedom 
 to bring before the elder brother our trouljles that our big 
 brother may help us. 
 
 I claim, to-day, that that ought to be removed. We Cana- 
 dians labor \inder a hardship unfortunately in the fact that 
 the change from wood to iron has practically swept the seas 
 of wooden ships as you all well know. Your navigation laws 
 are also unfair to us. I myself had a ship in New York 
 that I chartered some years ago, without knowing your re- 
 striction, to take a cargo from New York to San Francisco, 
 and to my surprise I could not carry it out, because that was 
 called a coasting voyage, a voyage which took probably six 
 months to perfonn — one of the longest voyages you can take, 
 but it could not be done. 
 
 Now I think the navigation laws of the United States, if 
 they really want to encourage trade, and bring about a bet- 
 ter state of things, should he swept away, or amended, so that 
 we will be allowed the same privileges that you have, and 
 your ships now can go from Canada to Australia and the 
 East Indies and the Cape of Good Hope and back to London 
 loading at any port in the empire, while you hamper us with 
 ungenerous restriction. 
 
 I must say that I agree with what your minister said at a 
 public diimer in London, I mean the Honorable Mr. Bayard, 
 a very honorable and high-minded gentleman who was sent 
 across the Atlantic by your government. Mr. Bayard said 
 that this country was the wa}'ward, wilful eldest son, and 
 although you were all that. Great Britain gave you more at- 
 tention than she did all the other good little boys. I be- 
 lieve that is the ease to-day. You have a larger share of the 
 old mother love than all the rest put together, and I am 
 not sure that this is not strictly right. 
 
 And there are some other things that I think might be 
 mended, but when I was talking thus quietly to Mr. Gage, 
 as I sat next to him at dinner, he said to me, "Don't go to 
 Washington," and I replied that I agi-eed with him, there 
 was no use going there. Wliat we should do, he said, was 
 to form a commercial club, like this here in Philadelphia, 
 or like the one in New York and Boston, and get the mem- 
 bers together and give them a good time, get them all in- 
 terested, and then they will have some weight in Washington, 
 and I am sure that is the easiest and readiest, way to accom- 
 plish the result desired. 
 
 To-day I feel that we need not even do that, for here is a 
 Commercial Club which T am satisfied flill answer every pur- 
 
 pose, and I would a])peal to-day to this Congress to look into 
 these matters, and it may be that there will be an opportu- 
 nity of putting before them more clearly than I can do now, 
 and taking your decision on the subject, whether it should be 
 remedied or whether it should be left as it is. 
 
 I claim that I appeal to Caesar, and you could not have 
 a higher Caesar than this Congress. I appeal to this Con- 
 gress to give its verdict upon the ca.se that I have put. 
 
 Now I will not say more. The Chairman of your meeting 
 in a beautiful speech which he made, used three sentences 
 which struck me as exceedingly pertinent — he said that the 
 United States should live upon terms of unchanging friend- 
 ship with Canada. 
 
 We shake hands over that. On that (question we are en- 
 tirely one. 
 
 He then said the two essential elements in making an en- 
 during civilization were sympathy and kindly intercourse. 
 
 Well, we can shake hands again. 
 
 He finished up by saying, that at all times, and upon all 
 subjects, we should be found working together for the hap- 
 piness and welfare of the people. 
 
 Well, sir, nothing could be more in unison with the feel- 
 ings of the Canadian Government. I can only say that we 
 are glad and more than willing to join hands and work for 
 the good not only of the two countries but for every coimtry 
 in the world. Placed as we are, sir, with all countries within 
 our reach, and our country rich in everything mineral, agri- 
 cultural and in their forests having a very great inJieritance, 
 we should only be too happy to share with countries not 
 so blessed, and to make the world somewhat better. Our two 
 countries are occupied by two people, energetic, and blessed 
 with resources that will extend and increase year after year, 
 as we grow wealthy and great, and as I view it in the near 
 future the United States are going to be the wealthiest people 
 in the world — there is nothing to prevent it — the wealthiest 
 people in the world. When they do get into that position 
 they should remember that then their responsibilities be- 
 come greater with their wealth, and they should learn that 
 right held too rigidly hardens into wrong and also that if 
 they are so wealthy, and they want to be correspondingly 
 great, they must be generous. I feel to-day that this ex- 
 hibition is only a sample of your generosity, and I am sure 
 I say that T^ithout the slightest feeling of envy of your great- 
 ness, and I feel too that this greatness will go on and in- 
 crease, because you know how to scatter and yet to increase. 
 
 Hon. Thomas B. Reed: 
 
 The next gentleman I shall call upon to address this assem- 
 bly is Lieutenant-General Sir Andrew Clarke, of Victoria, 
 Australia. (Applause.) 
 
 Lieutenant-General Sir Andrew Clarl-e: 
 
 Mr. President, Delegates and Gentlemen: Fortunately to 
 myself, but much more fortunately for you, it will not be 
 necessary for me to say more than a very few words as there 
 are other speakers already behind me from different countries 
 who have to speak, and more especially as I am to be fol- 
 lowed by two of my colleagues of Australasia, more recently 
 and better acquainted with that part of the world than I am, 
 because my recollection and knowledge, although it goes back 
 many and many a year is not equal to that of my colleague 
 from South Australia, the Honorable Dr. John Cockburn, 
 who, as its premier, has received from his colony thanks for 
 the effort he has made in education, and in agriculture. My 
 other colleague, Mr. Reeves, of wide-world fame, who has 
 done much to lay the foimdation for the recognition of the 
 claims of labor and capital, will also address you. 
 
 Do not think because I may tariT with vo^i but a few 
 
12 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 moments, that I am not in sympathy with you— my first 
 lecollection of that glorious flag of yours vfas fonned when 
 I «aw it in the South Atlantic, under the southern constella- 
 tion on hujiilreds of your ships, while hundreds of others 
 were cairying the llag^of my country in hannonious rivalry, 
 of a com'mon danger and a common enterprise. We Aus- 
 tralians, in the days when the great discoveries of gold in 
 1851 were made, were found as a pastoral people, our only 
 means of locomotion being the bullock cart; but the Ameri- 
 cans came to the rescue and we remember such names as 
 that of Gulp and Adams, names that are known throughout 
 the lengt.h of that broad land. It was the same spirit of 
 co-operation that I recognize in this meeting. It is therefore 
 from wliat I have already seen in the efforts of able and 
 talented men, from impressions I have every reason to be- 
 lieve will be still more confimied, that I will be able to re- 
 port to my government the remarkable and practical results 
 of these meetings; and it is, I assure you, with feelings of 
 confidence that they again place themselves in direct com- 
 munication with your organization and administration here, 
 to establish within their territories societies created upon the 
 same principles. 
 
 I have heard it said, and to a certain extent there may be 
 self-interest — naturally there is; but I cannot but ask you to 
 note the significance of that table which your executive has 
 l)laced on the wall to show from that table alone, in the 
 progress of this last century, that there is more certainty 
 of the progi-ess in the future from the prosperity of the 
 past, more promise and more certainty of its still continuing, 
 and that there is room for all, and, in thanking you, and 
 the gentlemen for inviting us here, I cannot do better than 
 to recall to your recollection the word of your own president 
 — President." JIcKinley — in opening the famous conference 
 in 1897, but I will ask you to make one alteration in that 
 sentence, and when he says in his book placed in my hands, 
 "Resting upon this principle of looking not solely to the 
 welfare of the country at large, but benefiting other nations 
 as well, the intent and realization of this world-industrial 
 ol)ject lesson are in accord with the best spirit of the age 
 and worthy of the good will and helpfulness of every pa- 
 triotic American. A patriot makes a better citizen than a 
 pessimist." 
 
 lie says, "Every patriotic American"; I say, eveiy patriotic 
 man of every nationality. (Applause.) 
 
 I thank you for the honor you have done us, and will as^k 
 you to hear my colleagues. 
 
 lion. Thomas B. Reed: 
 
 Gentlemen, I have the pleasure of introducing to you next 
 the Honorable W. P. Reeves, of New Zealand. 
 
 lion. \V. r. Reeves: 
 
 Mr. Reed, and Ladies and Gentlemen: Allow me, with the 
 iiK'St heartfelt sincerity, to second the thanks which Sir 
 Andrew Cllarkc has just uttered on behalf of Australasia for 
 your hospitality, kindly welcome and greeting to-day, your 
 meeting and your welcome to this city, the very name of 
 which breathes of universal kindliness and concord. The 
 Governor of Pennsylvania, in his frankly worded speech this 
 morning, said that he hoped that this occasion would be as 
 pleasant to all of us visitors as it would be profitable to our 
 entertainers. Allow me, Mr. Reed, to incorporate that in 
 my speech and to express the hope that it will 1)C as plea.sant 
 tx) my entertainers as it will be undoubtedly profitable to us. 
 (Applause.) And when I say profitable I do not confine tlie 
 meaning of the word merely to pounds, shillings and pence 
 or to dollars and cents. 'I'here are more indirect and eiiually 
 
 useful forms of profit, and one of these consists in the acqui- 
 sition of useful information. 
 
 Now, we, on our side of the Pacific, have always been 
 ready to learn, but whether it is our comparatively humble 
 rank at present amongst the great Commonwealth of Nations, 
 or whether it may come from other causes, certainly we 
 have been, and are ready to learn from the greater nations 
 (►f the earth, and in particular from this great Republic. 
 
 Wlien, for example, if I may go to the affairs of my own 
 little colony, when many years ago agricultural machinery 
 was brought out, our colony was the first customer to obtain 
 and use this machinery, long before the benefits of it had 
 been recognized in Europe. 
 
 Later on the Government of the United States saw fit to 
 puss a law that made some difference with us, and even in 
 recent times has been of very little advantage to yoii. Our 
 country took the initiative in first establishing a steam ser- 
 vice across the Pacific and in laying the foundation ot steam 
 communication betw^een San Francisco and Australasia, which 
 has been unbroken until to-day. 
 
 Now, sir, we recognize that the advance that America has 
 made in the Pacific will bring her very soon into a more close 
 contact with us than has yet been the case. We welcome 
 that advance and are prepared to meet you with open hands. 
 The Governor of Pennsylvania remarked this morning that 
 patriotism did not make trade. I am inclined, however, to 
 think, sir, that patriotism can cause trade. I do not criti- 
 cise, far be it from me to venture to do so, the msdom of 
 3'our Congress, over whose deliberations you have presided 
 with all that force of character that is so famous. I do not 
 ve;vlure to criticise the wisdom of that great Congress which 
 has obliged us in Australia to seek a market in Europe for 
 oar raw products. No doubt, sir, in doing that they were 
 actuated by motives which had the endorsement of your 
 whole country, and which bear the stamp of statesmanship, 
 but I will remind you that San Francisco is the half-way 
 house between Great Britain and the Australian colonies. 
 
 New the external trade of my own little New Zealand is 
 ncf.i-ly one hundred million ($100,000,000) dollars a year, 
 and the trade of Australia is seven hundred million ($700,- 
 000,000) dollars, which may not seem very great to the 
 American idea — still it may seem very great to your states- 
 men, that a portion of that trade would be worth your secur- 
 ing. Seeing that nature has put you half-way between Great 
 Britain and Australia, it is obvious it has given you the 
 opportunity, if you desire it, to take a step in the direction 
 of securing a portion of your trade. 
 
 Ladies and gentlemen, you have listened with interest and 
 a great deal of attention to the eloquent remarks of Sir 
 Andrew Clarke, the distinguished gentleman who spoke 
 before me, but had you known one incident about which 
 his modesty kept him silent, I think your welcome would 
 have been a great deal more cordial. Fifteen years ago the 
 situation between the English Government and yours was 
 somewhat difl'erent; it then fell to him to give his advice, 
 and it was important advice, as to what steps should be 
 taken "vvith reference to the po^ibility of war between Great 
 Britain and other countries of the world, and he gave advice 
 which was peculiar, and when the qiiestion came up of there 
 being a war between Groat Britain and America, what Sir 
 Andrew said was that it was an unthinkable thing. Such a 
 crime against humanity, he said, ought to be put in a posi- 
 tion by itself. (Applause.) 
 
 Now in this year of 1899, it may seem somewhat like a 
 haclcneyed truism — fifteen years was not such a great while 
 ago, hut it was true, and that statement Avas made and you 
 ail know the stcpi>ing-stone which leads to international con- 
 rord and respect. (Applause.) 
 
SECOND DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 13, 1899 
 
 18 
 
 Hon. Thomas B. Reed: 
 
 Gentlemen, I have the pleasure of introducing to you the 
 Hon. Dr. John A. Coekburn, of South Australia. 
 
 Dr. John A. Coclchurn: 
 
 Mr. Eeed, Ladies and Gentlemen: On behalf of the Gov- 
 ernment and people of South Australia, I most cordially 
 thank you for your welcome. I should like to say a word 
 with regard to the address which was made this morning by 
 Mr. Reed. Its quality was so excellent that I regret it was 
 such an admirable example of brevity. We have come over 
 many leagues of water to join in your deliberations and we 
 have been asked to express our opinions, individually, as to 
 what direction these deliberations shall take and what we 
 shall be able to carry away with us for our mutual instruction 
 and advantage. I do not think the profit will be altogether 
 on one side, I think we shall all equally profit from our 
 gathering together here. We in South Australia have a largo 
 country — Australia is a continent in itself, and South Aus- 
 tralia comprises an area of some five hundred and seventy- 
 eight million acres (.578,000,000), an area so vast you have 
 to look on the map in order to appreciate its significance, 
 and you have to have a diagrammatic e.xplanation in order 
 to be impressed with these particularly abstract figures. Our 
 chief industry is pastoral. We export a large amount of wool. 
 During the last ten years we exported four hundred and fifty- 
 six million (450,000,000) pounds weight of wool. 
 
 We look very much for information which is necessary to 
 develop our great territory — wo, like yourselves, are an off- 
 shoot from the great old stock planted in a practically com- 
 paratively little occupied country, and our problems are the 
 same as your problems. We have much to learn and we 
 have already learned a great deal from you. We have in 
 South Australia adopted much that has been taken from 
 your American institutions. We have noted in the press 
 with the greatest of satisfaction the information issued by 
 your bureau. I myself many years ago had the honor to 
 be one of the members of a select committee, and we turned 
 our eyes to your countiy and we imitated your example, and 
 we have to-day one of the most thriving institutions — the 
 Bureau of Agriculture. 
 
 I witnessed yesterday at the Museum something which is 
 worth coming a long distance to see. Never in my life have 
 I seen such a perfect system of collating information of value 
 to the commercial world. 
 
 Now there arc very many otliers to speak and I will not 
 detain you any longer. Suffice it to say that one could not 
 help thinking yesterday when we heard and when we wit- 
 nessed the mutual respect that all nations paid to the na- 
 tional anthems of each that a new epoch of civilization had 
 dawned upon the world. At the very earliest dawn of our 
 era a great sentence was pronounced — that no man could 
 live for himself alone. The close of this century has wit- 
 nessed the further truth of the fact that no nation can live 
 for itself alone. We are bound together by a network of most 
 intimate ties, which consist in more than the circulation of 
 merchandise through the channels of trade and the commerce 
 of the world, and there is nothing more important than the 
 problems concerned in the maintenance and extension of this 
 circulation, which is the life-blood of our modern world. 
 
 Hon. Thomas B. Eeed: 
 
 Gentlemen, we will now cross the Pacific in another direc- 
 tion. We have here with us to-day the Chinese Minister to 
 the United States. (Applause.) And I can assure you from 
 personal knowledge that he speaks Chinese in such a charm- 
 ing manner as to bring it within the reach of all. 
 
 His Excellency, Wu Ting- fang: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Delegates and Ladies and Gentlemen: I feel 
 highly complimented by the introductory remarks made by 
 the president, and after the example of one of the orators of 
 this morning I have felt that I must follow his example and 
 speak my own language to-day. (Applause.) But there is 
 this unfortunate circumstance that the Chinese language is 
 not so well known here as the German language, and so I am 
 compelled to speak English, for if I were to speak my own 
 language the majority of those present would leave this room. 
 (Laughter and applause.) 
 
 Ladies and gentlemen: Upon this topic — -now it occurs to 
 my mind that I have a little proposition to make to you — 
 this International Congress, composed of delegates from all 
 nations of the world, and it is a thing that is most important, 
 that is, the language that should be used in the Interna- 
 tional Congress. (Applause.) 
 
 I am not so favored as most of you are who have got a 
 splendid education in your school days or college days, when 
 you learned the modem languages and Latin, Greek, Ger- 
 man, French and Russian, and whatever else there is to 
 learn — why, that is enough to occupy a man's whole life in 
 itself, that is, if he does it right. Therefore I put the mat- 
 ter before you as one of tlie subjects that should be brought 
 up before this International Congress, whether in the future, 
 in the International Congress, and in the international 
 meetings of the International Congress, as this is, the uni- 
 versal medium for a speaking language, and for the expres- 
 sion of our thoughts, should not be agreed upon. 
 
 If that was the case, then I know what to do — all the 
 people of the world would know what language to use. 
 Now here you have the French language, and the German 
 language, and how are we to learn it all, besides our own 
 language, which is not easily learned, as you all know. 
 Tlierefore, I say it is not fair in an International Congress 
 to speak different languages. I was kept in ignorance this 
 morning a long time during the remarks of one of the mem- 
 bers, and I did not understand a word of what he .said. Was 
 not that a tantalizing thing to me? (Applause.) Now gentle- 
 men delegates, I wish to jmt Ijefore you this proposition, for 
 you to decide upon some language as the medium of ex- 
 pression in the next International Assembly such as this. I 
 do not care what language it is. Then it comes to this ques- 
 tion: -which language shall we adopt? That is a question 
 not to be easily decided upon, and I am afraid it would, of 
 course, cause a good deal of discussion and disagreement. 
 15ut, delegates, you have a principle in Europe and in America 
 by which we shall be guided, and it is l)y a majority of votes. 
 Let the delegates vote for the Chinese language and you 
 will all liave to learn it. (Laughter.) But I am afraid there 
 would not be a majority of votes for that language. (Laugh- 
 ter.) However, let us decide it by a majority of votes and 
 then adhere to 'the result in the future. I put it before you, 
 that is one of the urgent questions of the day, and I hope it 
 will be decided and acted upon in the future." 
 
 Gentlemen, when I came here yesterday I had no thought 
 of being called upon to make a speech "to-day, and I was 
 going back thi.s afternoon in the train, when I got a notice 
 that I had to speak here. There is one thing that is very 
 gratifying to me: each speaker this afternoon is limited to 
 the space of five minutes, and as I have already occupied 
 two minutes I think I can easily run out the remaining 
 three minutes without much difficulty. (Cries of "Go on' 
 Go on!") 
 
 Gentlemen, when I came into this room I was reminded of 
 a saying of Confucius, uttered twenty-five centuries ago. 
 One of his disciples asked another disciple of his, "What shall 
 I do, I have no friend and no brother?" And the fellow- 
 disciple answered him in this wise; he said, "I have learned 
 
14 
 
 PROCi'^CDINGS OP THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 from our master, Confucius, that if you deal fairly with other 
 people, all people within the four seas are your friends and 
 brother.-." (Applause and cries of "Good, good!") 
 
 Now it is gratifying to me tliis day to see an example of 
 this kind, and a fulfillment of the .saying made twenty-five 
 centuries ago. Here we have delegates not only from the 
 dilVerent nations of this country, not only from South 
 America, but from Europe, and also from Africa and Asia. 
 
 It seems to me that this world is becoming smaller, and it 
 seems to me that we are all now congregating together and 
 becoming a family of the universe. (Applause.) 
 
 Here, when I look around this room, I see the cause of the 
 usefulness of this Congress. I see around me, hanging on 
 these walls, different charts giving information about almost 
 everything you want to know. The quantity of gold im- 
 ported and exported, and the amount of commerce between 
 the ditferent nations of the world. That testifies the useful- 
 ness of the Commercial Museum of Philadelphia and also 
 to the value of this International Commercial Congress. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 But wliile I am congratulating you with great sincerity 
 upon the successful efforts of Dr. Wilson and his associates 
 in getting up this Congress, I hope that all the delegates 
 who are assendaled here will not fail to bring it to a suc- 
 cessful issue, and that it will bear good fruit. (Applause.) 
 
 I was very much interested to hear a few moments ago, 
 about the population of the United States compared with 
 llie jiopulation of Canada and that the United States have a 
 pojiulation of seventj'-five million (7.5,000,000) and Canada 
 a Jiopulation of only seven million (7,000,000). That shows 
 the interest each nation should take in the welfare of each 
 other. But wliat do you say of my nation with a population 
 of four hundred million (400,000.000). There the commer- 
 cial interests are very great, and if seven millions (7,000,000) 
 of people are of interest to the people of the United States, 
 what do you say with regard to the large territory of China 
 and its vast population of four hundred million (400,000,000) 
 ])C(>ple. I have been invited here to take part in this Con- 
 gress, aiul I hope when your deliberations are held you will 
 bear in mind and take good cai'o to protect the interests of 
 cacli nation. When we come into an assembly of this char- 
 acter, an international assembly, we ought, as far as is con- 
 sistent witli our dignity and our interest, to sink out of sight 
 minor differences of opinion, and to discuss matters with a 
 view of promoting the welfare and prosperity of the people 
 of the wliole world. (Applause.) 
 
 Jf you bear this in mind you will not be selfish or narrow- 
 minded, you will not stick to the hard and fast rule, but 
 will come here acting on broad lines for the universal good 
 of the nuijority of the people of the world. 
 
 There is aimther thing I wish to say, and there are many 
 other points I may have to speak upon, but my time is up, 
 and as this Congi'ess will be in session for a few days I hope 
 to have the pleasure of addressing you on a future occasion. 
 I will just close with this earnest prayer: that this Congress 
 will bear good fruit, and that each one of the delegates, after 
 having taken part in this Congress, will go away with pleasant 
 remembrances of the good feeling and friendly feeling and 
 brothei'ly feeling of the people of the United States and other 
 nations. (Tremendous applause.) 
 
 Ifini. 'riiintiajy B. Beed: 
 
 tientlemen, I liave nmv the pleasure of iiitrmlucing to you 
 M. de K'luitkowsky, of Russia. 
 
 M. dp NoiilJcfnr.il-y: 
 
 Mr. (Chairman, Delegates and Ladies and Gentk'tnen: I 
 should like very mucli to address you in Russian, with which 
 
 I am, of course, familiar, it being my native language, more 
 so than I am with English. In the future the use of the 
 English language, of course, will not be considered as a 
 binding precedent, binding us to the use of the English lan- 
 guage for the International Congress. Jn the future, if it is 
 the desire of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum to have 
 all the discussions in English, I will ask your leniency in 
 my speaking your language. The Philadelphia Commercial 
 Jluseum invited the Imperial Ru.ssian Government, through 
 the good auspices of the LTnited States Government, to take 
 part in the deliberations of the International Commercial 
 Congress, and the Russian Government welcomed that in- 
 vitaition as an indication of the desire on the part of the 
 United States Government to facilitate foreign trade, and the 
 United States Government finds us in hearty cooperation. 
 The Imperial Pussian Government has made great sacrifices 
 in order to foster its trade. It has spent about three hun- 
 hundred million ($300,000,000) dollars for the construction 
 of the great Trans-Continental Railroad, which will enable 
 the whole world soon to reach, from the centre of Europe, 
 to China and Japan in less than two weeks, perhaps. It has 
 made great efforts and sacrifice.^, and this has been done, of 
 course, by our government to fester its own trade, but it will 
 welcome all nations of the world to make use of that railroad 
 and of the facilities which will be offered by foreign com- 
 merce, and will welcome any recommendations that this Con- 
 gress shall find it uecessaiy to make in order to cause trade 
 to flow through those channels. 
 
 Now, then, delegates, if during your discussions, you find 
 it necessary to make recommendations concerning foreign 
 trade, I will be most happy to transmit to my government 
 those recommendations. I can assure you that the recom- 
 mendations of this government will be followed o\it, and 
 that our government will take steps to see that those recom- 
 mendations are adopted, and we will meet them half-way. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 1 avail myself of this opportunity to express my deep 
 thanks to the people of the United States for having tendered 
 such a cordial welcome to me and my country. 
 
 Hon. Thomas B. Bccd: 
 
 Gentlemen, I introduce to ycju as the next speaker. Dr. 
 Alexander Von Doni, of Austria. 
 
 Di\ Alexander Von Dorii: 
 
 Esteemed Assembly: We have, Just now, in the space of 
 about three-quarters of an liour made a trip around the world. 
 It started in England, and through Canada reached Austra- 
 lia, from whence via China and Russia we returned to the 
 centre of Europe, from where I come in response to the kind 
 invitation of the Museum, to bring you greetings. I have 
 undertaken this task not only on behalf of tire Austro- 
 Hungarian Export Association, with which I am particularly 
 identified, but in the name of all corporations and chambers 
 of commerce represented here, which have commissioned me 
 to thank the Museum for tlve opportunity it has given tis to 
 take part in this unique Congress. Wo thank you cordiallj', 
 and felicitate the Museum and the City of Philadelphia for 
 having conceived such a magnificent undertaking. 
 
 We have made a Journey around the world. It was a 
 Journey in thoughts only, but it was also a Journey of 
 thoughts, and let us hope that tlie day may soon come that 
 the tlioughts and principles uttered here to-day may ride all 
 over the world. 
 
 We are exceedingly glad to lia\e, fur the first time, the 
 opportunity to become acquainted with this country, and our 
 (irst impression of it was that of delight and surprise. We 
 knew beforehand that everything in America is on a large 
 
SECOND DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 13, 1899 
 
 15 
 
 scale; but books and periodicals or newspapers can only give 
 an inadequate description of tbis greatness. It is not the 
 conglomeration of people; one great city is like the other 
 in this respect, and where many people live there is always 
 a great crowd. Tliis does not surprise us, but there is a 
 general, great undercurrent of life which is evident to the 
 visiting foreigner. 
 
 We came here with a certain curiosity, and enjoy the novel 
 sights. But we feel particularly at home in Philadelphia, 
 where there is not evidenced such a great hurry. The Tempo 
 here is somevi'hat slower, something like what in Vienna 
 we call "Gemiitlichkeit." Philadelphia is one of the finest 
 cities in America; Vienna is one of the finest cities in Europe. 
 We are in a position to judge. We admire your city, and 
 — and permit me to state — we admire your beautiful women, 
 — we also have many at home, — but we did not expect the 
 great courtesy and hospitality which have been showered 
 upon lis by this city. We in Europe are accustomed to 
 think of the American, as a rule, as a business man only who 
 wants to make money; and we are therefore greatly surprised 
 by this liberality which is ofl'ered to us and which we heartily 
 appreciate. We hope that during the course of the proceed- 
 ings we shall find an opportunity to speak further upon the 
 intercourse of your country with Europe and particularly 
 with our country. If we succeed in convincing you, gentle- 
 men, that it will be in your own interest to be somewhat 
 less severe, we shall feel that we have done something toA\-ards 
 realizing the purpose of this great International Commercial 
 Congress. 
 
 Anent the merchant, we can say with our great poet Schil- 
 ler: "The merchant — he goes forth to seek goods, but is fol- 
 lowed by the goods." And this, gentlemen, is the signifi- 
 cance of the mercliant, as a factor of civilization. But he 
 cannot only fetch goods, he must also bring some home with 
 him; commerce and traffic are based upon reciprocity; and 
 when this reciprocity is not granted there is sure to be ill 
 feeling on one side or the other. We can again say with the 
 poet: 
 
 "Thou, man w-itli closed pockets, 
 
 Thou canst expect no favors from others; 
 
 One hand washes the other; 
 
 If thou wilt take, thou must give." 
 
 This is one of the principles of commerce and peaceful 
 intercourse; and if this Congress will succeed in making an 
 appreciable stride fonvard in this direction, we may hope 
 that the words of the great Briton will come true, who said: 
 "Peace, good will, and free trade among all nations." 
 
 Hon. Thomas B. Eeed: 
 
 Gentlemen, I have the pleasure of introducing to you the 
 government delegate from Japan, Mr. S. Uchida, who will 
 now address you. 
 
 Mr. S. Ucliida: 
 
 It affords me the greatest of pleasure, as one of the official 
 delegates from His Imperial Japanese Majesty's government, 
 to have this opiiortunity of thanking all those connected with 
 this magnificent Commercial Congress and Export Exposition 
 for their many kindnesses to the representatives of my gov- 
 ernment, and I can assure you officially that we appreciate 
 everj'thing thaf; has been and is being done for us, and will 
 be most happy to reciprocate at any and all times. As you 
 well know it was Commodore Perry who introduced oar na- 
 tion to the world, and therefore we 'have the most friendly 
 feelings toward the great people of the United States, and 
 I am authorized to say that in every way it will give us the 
 greatest pleasure to do business with them, and to extend the 
 
 already growing and large business which we are doing. 
 There is probably no greater or more appropriajte way of 
 celebrating the end of this great century than by a congress 
 of giant merchants of the world coming together to proclaim 
 a great desire for international intercourse in a commercial 
 way, and I doubt whether the great conference of peace, even, 
 only held a ie\v months ago, will be productive of more good 
 than this conference of the commercial nations of the 
 world. Although ive are the baby nation among the great 
 nations of the world, we are striving in every way to prove 
 ourselves competent to compete w-ith all nations, and I can 
 only say that in the treasures of our country we possess 
 boundless resources, and in the brain of our people we have 
 boundless faith also in their power and in their progress, and 
 we hope to make more magnificent strides in the next thirty 
 years than we have made in the past. Our greatness, we 
 think, is within ourselves, and we shall try very hard indeed 
 to enter the great field of foreign commerce, as this is the 
 great material realm which we shall conquer in the future. 
 We have a great position in the world to fill, and I feel con- 
 fident that with our arm stretched to the East and the West 
 and the North and South, and with all the advantages which 
 we have it will not be long before we can boldly embark upon 
 the career of a large commercial extension. The great aim 
 is the peaceful triumph of friendly intercourse and to re- 
 ciprocal trade in ever}- direction. I wish again to thank all 
 of you and to assure you that we appreciate all the kindnesses 
 which we have received at your hands. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Thomas B. Beed: 
 
 1 will next introduce to you Mr. Ivahe Otani, of Japan. 
 
 (Mr. Kahe Otani spoke in his native tongue. Mr. Furuya, 
 his interpreter, followed with the translation.) 
 
 Mr. T. Fnruya: 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: Did you understand what Mr. 
 Kahe Otani said at this moment? Mr. Kahe Otani, who rep- 
 resents the Chamber of Commerce of Tokyo and Yok(3hama, 
 and various organizations and industrial societies in Japan, 
 desires to express his opinion through me about the Interna- 
 tional Commercial Congress, and I have now the privilege 
 of reading to you w'hat he has said: 
 
 "Mr. Chairman, Delegates and Gentlemen: I feel it is the 
 greatest honor to meet the distinguished representatives of 
 every civilized nation and prominent citizens of the United 
 States under the same roof of this grand assembly hall, and 
 to express my opinion about the International Commercial 
 Congress as the representative of the commercial delegates 
 from Japan, who assembled in the City of Philadelphia, the 
 most prominent in the history of the United States. 
 
 "Every nation has its own laws and usages, separated a.s 
 they are by boundaries, but there is no difference in the com- 
 mercial interests of nations and no distinction of races, and 
 it is what maintains the peace and prosperity of mankind; 
 therefore, the commerce of nations should be guided by the 
 unity. 
 
 "AVe believe the object of this conference is to disciLss the 
 peaceful arts of business and to promote the general welfare 
 of commerce of nations, and I hope that the calling together 
 of such a CongTCss shall prove to be a precedent which other 
 countries will in the future be forced to follow. 
 
 "Gentlemen, our commercial relations with the United 
 States are closely connected, historically and geographically, 
 and at the same time there are signal indications of interest 
 to the world in the commercial and industrial developments 
 of the far East. I sincerely hope that the Congi'ess which 
 is now in session may prove a bond of closer union between 
 Japan and all other nations and promote universal peace, 
 progress and prosperity. 
 
16 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF TKE INTEENATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 "Before closing my short address, we wish to congratulate 
 the successful event and present our many thanlcs for the 
 kindest hospitality which the City of Philadelphia has shown 
 to us so royally." (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Thomas B. Heed: 
 
 I will introduce to you now Senor Enrique Alzamora, of 
 Spain. 
 
 Sr. Enrique Alzamora: 
 
 I cannot speak English well. If I speak English I will 
 be ridiculous, and I believe it is not a good thing for a 
 Spaniard at this moment to be ridiculous in the United States. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 I came here with tlie idea to hear very much and to say 
 nothing at all. That was my first idea, but because I am a 
 Spaniard — and precisely because I am a Spaniard — I cannot 
 refuse the kind invitation of the committee. That would be 
 very impolite. I will only say a few words. I don't repre- 
 sent the government of Spain. I cannot speak on behalf of 
 the government or of the trade of Spain. I came only as 
 the representative of a Chamber of Commerce, but I be- 
 lieve I will not go too far if I say that the general feeling 
 in Spain is to find a way to improve our trade with the 
 United States. I came here with this object — I will see what 
 I can do for export trade — and when I go back to Spain I 
 will have very great pleasure in telling my counti^men that 
 I have been with a very great nation, and I can find in the 
 United States nothing but friends and brethren. (Great ap- 
 jvlausc.) 
 
 Ifini. Thomas B. Reed: 
 
 1 will now call on Senor Genaro Eaigosa, Mexico. 
 
 Sr. (Jen am Uaiijosa: 
 
 Gentlemen: Responding to the invitation which was made 
 til nie as a delegate from the government of Mexico to show 
 the motives for its paiticijmtion in the deliberations of the 
 present Conuncreial Congress, I have the honor to inform 
 you in brief about this interesting matter. 
 
 Tlie geographical situation of my country, the surprising 
 variety of its natural products, the traditonal richness of its 
 mountains and the fertility of its soil assign it as one of the 
 most notable and principal purveyors of prime substances: 
 prinuirily- for its immediate neighbors of the north, and sec- 
 ondly for the whole world. Not only by the inexhaustible 
 treasures of its mines of all kinds of metals has it attracted 
 the attention of the world, liut pi-incipally through the va- 
 riety of its products of the vegetable kingdom. Mexico can 
 be called the "land of fibres," that is, the land destined to 
 supply the richest, most extensive and popular of the indus- 
 tries invented by human genius. 
 
 T'nder this point of view it is natural to see the interest 
 which the peo|ile of Mexico and its government entertain 
 for all that tends to favor and develop a mutual trade; then 
 in the interchange of its products the country reaps the bene- 
 fit of the industrial improvements of the entire world through 
 its importations of articles which cannot be pi'oduced in it, 
 or are produced at a larger cost than that inanufaetured in 
 the foreign country. 
 
 I)Ut another point of view is still of greater im|iortance: 
 Mexico is a nation wliich has solved, during the present cen- 
 tury, one of tlie ])roblems of human evolution which in other 
 countries has lu'cessitated centuries to develop. From the 
 slavery of three Innulred (300) years to which conquest sub- 
 jected it; from the paralyzation in which consisted the sys- 
 tem of domination; from the seclusion and isolation into 
 which it was brought by the colonial system of the metro- 
 
 polis, Mexico has passed as if by magic through the theocratic 
 and war periods, to stop at last, twenty years ago, in the 
 quiet and prolific field of science, of work and of progress 
 which constitute the lines of its actual industrial era. 
 
 On this account our exportations of to-day are valued at 
 one hundred and fifty million dollars ($150,000,000), of 
 which eighty per cent. (80 per cent.) are absorbed by the 
 United States of America, our importations exceed one hun- 
 dred and twenty million dollars ($120,000,000) or sixty per 
 cent. (60 per cent.) from the same country; our budget liqui- 
 dates with a surplus, our credit runs around par, our banks 
 multiply themselves and prosper, our industry develops itself 
 notably, and from all sides the lamentations of the wounded 
 and of the sick in the fields of battle of former days, have 
 transformed themselves into a hymn of iron and steam into 
 the hosanna of peace and human liberty, into the holy song 
 of universal communion of all nations and of all races in 
 one and the same faith of concord, love and good will. 
 
 Gentlemen, Mexico has stepped fully into modern civiliza- 
 tion and does not wish to be retarded in its run. Its govern- 
 ment, at the height of the tendencies of the country, protects, 
 favors and esteems all that tends to develop the intercour.se 
 of ideas between men of the whole world, and from the facil- 
 ity of traffic and exchange of its respective products; and its 
 wishes in sending representatives to this country will be sat- 
 isfied, if, as the result of its present deliberations, we can 
 take back with us the security that a new band unites us, 
 from to-day, with the rest of the countries of the world. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Thomas B. Reed: 
 
 The Chair will now call on Mr. Herbert Gibson, of the 
 Argentine Republic. 
 
 Mr. Herlerl Gibson: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen: Tliere 
 is perhaps no group of nations in the whole civilized world 
 to whom the kindly invitation of the Commercial Museum 
 of this city conveys more wholesome welcome than to the 
 Argentine Republic and the southern part of America. The 
 great distance which divides them from their American neigh- 
 bor and the comparatively recent appearance tliat they have 
 made as factors in the production of the world's goods, com- 
 Itine to place them under considerable disadvantage in giving 
 a competent knowledge of their production and requirements. 
 It would be impossible to speak of the Argentine Republic 
 without including, by inference, those other sister Republics 
 which, in common with herself, derive their people from one 
 kinship, have alike the same ambition and are working out 
 their life-destiny in the history of the world. It is, therefore, 
 a matter of satisfaction, not only to the host of delegates who 
 have come here on the invitation of the Museum of Phila- 
 delphia, but also of the representatives of these Republics 
 themselves to find that not only one, but all have responded 
 to the invitation they have received. 
 
 The sea of commerce and progress which has spread across 
 Europe and North America has scarcely yet reached with 
 more tlian gentle ripples the great South American continent. 
 There lies there a vast undeveloped field of both mineral and 
 vegetable resources and it awaits but the awakening hand of 
 emigration to become a nuist importaut productive continent. 
 One might say, without any exaggeration, it is more real than 
 a metaphor, that South America lies slumbering, awaiting 
 her rediscovery by the northern pioneer. The exceedingly 
 interesting gi'aphic charts on the four walls of this building 
 have reealled to my mind an epi.sode in my childhood when I 
 looked upon the map of the world, based ini Mercator's sys- 
 tem, and considered what an extremely insignificant anu un- 
 
WILLIAM R. GRACE, WILLIAM L. ELKINS, 
 
 Second Prest., Advisory Board. President, Advisory Board. 
 
 HENRY W. PEABODY. 
 First Prest., Advisory Board. 
 
 JUSTUS C. STRAWBRIDGE, CHARLES H. CRAM P, Sydney L. Wright, 
 
 Vice-Prest., Board of Trustees. President, Board of Trustees. Treasurer, Philadelphia Museums. 
 
X, > B R A Rj; 
 
 OF i'AJf. 
 
SECOND DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 13, 1899 
 
 17 
 
 important piece of land South America appeared to be, 
 attached, as if it were by accident, to her great North Amer- 
 ican twin sister. In area it seemed to be no longer than a 
 small portion of Greenland. I would be very sorry indeed to 
 suggest that Mercator had the least intention of misleading 
 the pliable mind of the youthful student, but if to the greater 
 majority of those countries to which South America is a little 
 more than a name the same impression has been conveyed by 
 the great geographer, I would have them reconsider the opin- 
 ion they have formed and listen to the possibilities of South 
 America which will be presented by our co-delegates during 
 the session of this Congress. There are some points regard- 
 ing this interesting International Congress that were amply 
 treated by the governor of this historic state, of which we 
 are the guests, and it would te quite superfluous to enlarge 
 on the subject, but we, as the South American Eepublics, 
 and I more particularly may say, the Argentine Republic, are 
 dependent upon foreign markets for every article of daily 
 consumption. 
 
 This is a sufficient motive to attract the delegates from the 
 South American Republics and to give them an opportunity 
 of taking back a knowledge of American manufacturing in- 
 dustries to their own countries, and in exchange possibly 
 they may have occasion to present to the nations some de- 
 tails of their own production. Possibly this exchange of 
 knowledge through this great world's meeting will be of 
 equal interest and equal value to those who have come from 
 the young countries and those who meet them in this city. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Thomas B. Reed: 
 
 I hope we will next be favored by some remarks from the 
 German Government's delegate, Herr C. B. Marheinecke. 
 
 Herr C. B. Marheinecke: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Director Wilson: Only two minutes ago 
 Director Wilson informed me that I would have to say a 
 few words in behalf of my Government. I did not feel em- 
 barrassed about what I would say, but only about the lan- 
 guage I would have to use. I think it will be fair for me to 
 follow the example of the delegate from the Spanish Chamber 
 of Commerce, and speak to you in the language, which you 
 adopted on the day of your nation's birth as the language of 
 your nation. 
 
 The German Government by appointing me and Mr. Waet- 
 zold, the Commercial attache of our Consulate in Chicago, to 
 assist at this Congress has shown the interest it takes in the 
 Exposition and in the proceedings of this Congress. The same 
 interest has been shown by the different Chambers of Com- 
 merce of Germany and by many private representatives of 
 German commerce and industry. They prove by their join- 
 ing you here their great interest, not only to see your Exposi- 
 tion and to assist at this Congress, but to see your commer- 
 cial men and to be seen by them and to talk to them and to 
 visit some of your great industrial establishments. All Euro- 
 pean nations watch with satisfaction the great development 
 of your country and what you have accomplished. It is not 
 only one European nation, but nearly all of them which have 
 sent to you every year thousands of their people to help the 
 development of this country. 
 
 With pride I can recall to your memory wliat in this re- 
 spect Germany has done. Not only workingmen, but men 
 in every field of commerce and industry, science and art, have 
 come here from Germany in great number. And especially 
 in this city of Philadelphia, and in this State of Pennsyl- 
 vania, they have often been prominent, and every German 
 must be proud when he reads and hears what the German 
 clement from the beginning of your nation has done here. 
 
 How your country has grown, we have learned this morning 
 again from one of the latest addresses of your President. 
 From about a million square miles at the Declaration of In- 
 dependence you have grown to nearly four millions square 
 miles of territory, and your population has grown from a small 
 number to over seventy-five millions people. 
 
 I hope that all who have come here to this Congress from 
 Germany will not only study your Exposition, but will visit 
 many of your industrial establishments, and not only here 
 but also in Pittsburg and Chicago and the Far West, and that 
 when they go home they will be able to say what you have 
 accomplished and what you can do. 
 
 In the name of my countrymen I thank Director Wilson 
 and the Commercial Museum, the city of Philadelphia and 
 the State of Pennsylvania and the Government of the United 
 States for this invitation. 
 
 Hon. Thomas B. Beed: 
 
 We will now hear from Captain J. Cordeiro da Graga, of 
 Brazil. 
 
 Captain J. Cordeiro da Graga: 
 
 Citizens of the United States, Ladies and Gentlemen and 
 Delegates. — It is very difficult for me to speak in a language 
 that is not my own, iDut I hope that you will be so kind as to 
 excuse my bad English. I apologize. I have kept in mind 
 tlie Commercial Museum of Philadelphia, which has its birth 
 in the same place as that of Independence — and the inde- 
 pendence of ideas of the United States. On this occasion I 
 cannot forget a tribute to the memory of a great man that 
 the world feels is dead. I remember the great man of this 
 country, Dr. William Pepper, who was president of this 
 institution. (Applause.) In doing this now, I must say 
 some words as regards my position here. My government, 
 in official letters, told me to do as much as I could to bring 
 the relations oJ commerce closer with this Greater Republic — ■ 
 our largest consumer. We export to this country two-thirds 
 of our production; that means we export to this country over 
 fifty millions of dollars, and we do not import from this coun- 
 try more than thirteen millions of dollars. If we do not 
 import more from the United States, it is due to difficulties 
 or lack of communications. Mr. McKinley, the great states- 
 man and magistrate of this nation, said in 1897 that the 
 "maker must find a taker." It is true, but the maker can- 
 not find the taker nor the taker the maker without commu- 
 nication. I am advised by my government to say that we 
 will allow a subsidy for encouraging the hoisting of an 
 American flag on an American ship, as we were accustomed 
 to see several years ago. Several things have been exported to 
 this country, as rubber and other goods, but the lack of com- 
 munication is so great that you cannot compete in freight 
 with other nations. These are facts. We want navigation 
 and better facilities, and it is for these two things that I have 
 struggled during the whole time I have been in this country. 
 Talking in this way, gentlemen, I show you that it is my 
 duty to fulfill the orders of my government to close more 
 and m.ore the relations with this great nation. 
 
 The Governor of the State of Pennsylvania said that the 
 United States can produce cheaply and can compete with 
 any other countrty. You allow me to make a remark. You 
 cannot until you have facilities for navigation. The Consul 
 General of Uruguay told me that when a ship was to go 
 from New York to ]\rontevideo with a cargo, and returning 
 from Montevideo to Europe, then again to the United States 
 in ballast, the freight from the United States to Montevideo 
 had to be paid in ballast. You see how difficult it is to liave 
 expansion of trade if you have not the first thing — naviga- 
 tion. 
 
 Some more words that I have to say to you I will keep for 
 
18 
 
 PKOCEBDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 the day \rhich is set apart for the South American Republics. 
 On that day I will explain more and more the ideas which I 
 have come to present on behalf of my Government. (Ap- 
 plause.) 
 
 Hon. Thomas B. Becd: 
 
 Director Wilson will make s^mie announcements. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 I want to state that we have quite a large number of dele- 
 ii-ates from the chambers of commerce and boards of trade 
 here from the United States, and that all the invitations are 
 extended to these delegates in eveij way. 
 
 I also want to state that for the excursion to-morrow on 
 the river, which will leave here on cars at twelve-thirty, the 
 ladies are all invited to attend. All the gentlemen who have 
 ladies with them are invited to attend the excursion on the 
 river. 
 
 Again, for the Reading special train to Atlantic City on 
 Sunday, leaving Chestnut street wharf at 10.15 a. m., the 
 ladies are also invited to accompany the gentlemen on that 
 special excursion. Also, there is to the left here a large 
 furnished room, which has been arranged especially for the 
 convenience of the delegates. You can wander in and out 
 any time for any conferences you want. It is a room fifty 
 or sixty feet square, on the left as you go out. 
 
 Again, I want to state that the visiting delegates here from 
 the United States will consider themselves as a part of the 
 hospitality of Philadelphia, and in even' way we will make it 
 comfortable for the gentlemen from foreign countries. It is 
 understood that all the foreign delegates will be furnished 
 
 with hotel accommodations wherever they are stopping. 
 
 While you are in Congress here, the restaurant on this 
 floor is at your service, and you have only to check up your 
 names after whatever has been supplied you. 
 
 I should state that it is our intention to make you as com- 
 fortable as possible while you are in this Congress and to do 
 anything for you that will aid in your entertainment. We 
 are making arrangements to place you in communication 
 with the large industrial and manufacturing concerns where- 
 ever you may desire. I invite any of you to make yourselves 
 known just to the left of the Auditorium, where you will 
 see "Philadelphia Commercial Museum," if you would like to 
 come into communication with any business interests of the 
 United States. The Philadelphia Commercial Museum will 
 take the greatest pleasure in placing your wants in such a way 
 as to bring you in contact with what you desire. 
 
 There is a little gold button which will be supplied to 
 every foreign delegate in the Congress this evening and to- 
 morrow morning, that you may be recognized anywhere you 
 may go — a small, simple gold button, which I will ask you 
 to wear during this conference. 
 
 The session of this Congress will open again to-morrow 
 morning. This morning we were delayed a little; we did 
 not open as promptly as we should. I believe ten o'clock is 
 tlie hour. 
 
 Hon. Thom,as B. Beed: 
 
 If there are no furtlier proceedings, with your consent the 
 conference will be adjourned until to-morrow at ten o'clock. 
 
 Atljouined at 5. IT) p. m. 
 
PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 THIRD DAY'S SESSION 
 
 PuiLADELrHiA, Saturday, October 14, 1899. 
 
 Morning Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order iii Convention Hall, Ex- 
 ' position Building, at 10.40 a. m., by Dr. W. P. Wilson. 
 
 Director IT. P. Wilson: 
 
 Will the speakers who are not on the platform already 
 kindly take their places? Mr. Miles, Mr. Sternbergh, Mr. 
 Woolson and Mr. Tompkins. 
 
 1 wish to repeat one or two announcements this morning. 
 You will probably remember that we leave the grounds here 
 in trolley cars provided for us at twelve-thirty to-day for an 
 excursion on the river, furnished by Mr. Charles H. Cramp, 
 President of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum. To- 
 morrow (Sunday) there will be an excursion to Atlantic City, 
 leaving the foot of Chestnut street — there is a ferry there — 
 by the way of the Reading Railroad, at ten-fifteen sharp. I 
 want to say that on both of these excursions your ladies are 
 invited, and also the delegates representing the Boards of 
 Trade and Chambers of Commerce of the United States. 
 
 There will be in the adjoining rooms on the left, on this 
 floor, this evening, an opportunity for the foreign delegates 
 and others to meet many of the representatives of the manu- 
 facturing interests who have exhibits in this Exposition, and 
 who desire very much to meet with you and talk with you 
 about the conditions of trade and manufactures in this coun- 
 try. We have arranged an informal meeting on that ac- 
 count, where you will have the opportunity of sitting down 
 and smoking, taking a bit of something to eat, if you care to, 
 and quietly discussing any business interests which may be 
 uppermost in your thoughts. It would be a pleasure to have 
 the foreign delegation here as fully as possible. 
 
 I have great pleasure this morning in introducing to you 
 the Hon. Boies Penrose, United States Senator, who will 
 preside over our sessions to day. 
 
 lion. Boies Penrose: 
 
 Professor Wilson, Gentlemen of the International Com- 
 mercial Congress. — It gives me much pleasure to accept the 
 honor you confer upon me in selecting me to preside over 
 your deliberations to-day. On behalf of the National Gov- 
 ernment, I desire to extend to you a cordial welcome. The 
 American Congress has taken a peculiar, an extraordinary 
 interest in this undertaking, an interest which is best evi- 
 denced by the generous appropriation which was made for 
 this purpose. The President of the United States has like- 
 wise taken a personal interest in this Exposition and in this 
 Congress. I regret gTeatly that he cannot be here now to 
 participate in your meetings, but I desire to assure you that 
 at a later date he and the members of his Cabinet will en- 
 deavor to be present to attest their interest and to contribute 
 to your proceedings. (Applause.) Perhaps you could not 
 
 have selected in all the broad world a city more fitting for 
 this noble and remarkable assembly than the city of Phila- 
 delphia. Here you will witness in your trips and excursions a 
 greater degree of industrial prosperity, a higher average of 
 individual comfort, a higher general average of individual in- 
 telligence than is perhaps presented in any great community 
 of some one million and a half inhabitants, the world wide 
 over. It is our boast that it is the one peculiarity of our city 
 that the individual homes in Philadelphia are about equal in 
 number to the total adult male population, indicating that 
 each one of our citizens either lives in his own home, main- 
 tained by him, or under circumstances and conditions ap- 
 proximate thereto. In this birthplace of American Indepen- 
 dence and Liberty, it is likewise our boast that our people 
 have a stalwart devotion to the principles of American liberty 
 and civilization, unequaled in the broad limits of our patriotic 
 land. You will see this afternoon as you go up our magnifi- 
 cent Delaware River the wonderful facilities afforded by the 
 jiort of Philadelphia, facilities to be extended and increased by 
 the generous aid of the National Government, so that the 
 port of Philadel])hia will eventually rank in the depth of its 
 channel and facilities aft'orded commerce with any port in 
 the world, and you will behold upon our shores ship-building 
 industries indicating what has already been accomplished 
 and giving assured promise that here will be found ultimately 
 one of the greatest ship-building centres known to modern 
 times. If you have time, and I hope you will, when you 
 leave the seaboard and travel westward, across the Allegheny 
 Mountains to western Pennsylvania, you will traverse the 
 great commonwealth within the borders of which you are 
 now assembled, a commonwealth which, it is no exaggeration 
 to say, it an empire in itself! You will pass through a coun- 
 try, fertile, picturesque and resourceful. You will behold 
 some seven millions of people, industrious, intelligent, thrifty 
 and prosperous, and as you reach our western borders you 
 will come in contact with the interior of the great American 
 continent. There, upon the headwaters of the Ohio, at the 
 junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, you will 
 bo placed in navigable communication with the enormous 
 inland waterways of America, extending from that point clear 
 to the Gulf of Mexico. You will behold an industrial de- 
 velopment rivaling, I assure you, the dreams of your imagina- 
 tion. There nature has been most prodigal in her resources. 
 The slack-water navigation, railroad facilities, coal and iron 
 at the door, and energetic and vigorous population of some 
 million or more inhahitants will present to you a spectacle 
 which, I trust, you will make an effort to witness. 
 
 Gentlemen, this Commonwealth and this city were founded 
 by William Penn in a spirit of good-will and justice to all 
 nien. Here were laid the seeds of civilization upon a basis 
 of philanthropy, of benevolence, of a hoiTor of war and love 
 of peace. Here were laid, I say, the seeds of civilization m 
 the wilderness, and here they have prospered and grown far 
 bevond the wildest dreams of the founder. Therefore, I say, 
 
 19 
 
20 
 
 PliOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 coiisidcriug ihis as a great industrial city, as a great indus- 
 trial coiiiuioiaveaJtli, bom under such auspices of broad 
 ln'iicvolencc, no better place could have been selected for this 
 noble and signifinnnt Congress of the delegates from all over 
 the world. ^Most ages may be said to mark their epochs in 
 ilie history of niaiddnd, and it would seem to the observer 
 as if the closing years of the nineteenth century and the 
 opening years of the twentieth century were about to inaugu- 
 rate such novel conditions as indicating that a new line has 
 been taken in (he march of civilization, and that hereafter the 
 human race was to march imder other surroundings, and that 
 civilization miglit assume new and unknown phases. Civili- 
 zation, as predicted by the ])oet and writer, has completed its 
 western course and has accomplished a circle of the globe. 
 The steamship, the various modern inventions and appliances 
 of transportation, have brought the quarters of the globe to- 
 gether. The oceans are no longer - barriers, and, in many 
 cases, bring nations into close contact. Political conditions 
 and social conditions are no longer confined to one continent 
 or to any small group of nations, but embrace in their signi- 
 ficance and importance every quarter of the globe. Under 
 these circumstances it would seem fitting that you should 
 assemble here to-day, the representatives of the commercial 
 bodies of the different people and sections of the world, to 
 give voice to this condition, to express this sentiment. No 
 longer does war or conquest constitute the basis of a nation's 
 power. No great civilized nation can exist upon the condi- 
 tions of rapidly advancing modern civilization, unless its 
 prosperity and strength be founded on industry and com- 
 merce. (Applause.) That is the best assurance of peace. 
 The millennium may not have arrived when men forget their 
 nationalities. For my part I do not believe that such a condi- 
 tion is desirable, but the time will approach when to a greater 
 and greater extent, under the benign and civilized influence 
 of commerce and industry, men will seek their aggrandize- 
 ment, and nations will promote their aggrandizement, by legit- 
 imate, peaceful methods. 
 
 Gentlemen, we are glad to have you with us. We appre- 
 ciate the cordial responses which you and your peoples have 
 made to the invitation issued by this Commercial Museum. 
 We are confident that this meeting will lead to a better and 
 more cordial understanding between us. We trust that 
 your stay will be pleasant and profitable, and I am con- 
 fident that this meeting will mark a significant and his- 
 torical epoch in the history of modern commercial conditions, 
 and will be fraught with enormous possibilities and important 
 results in that great march of civilization, in which is in- 
 volved the destiny of the human race. (Applause.) 
 
 Gentlemen, we have a number of papers to be read before 
 you to-day and your time is somewhat limited on account of 
 the excursion which you are to take this afternoon upon the 
 Delaware, and I, therefore, will nut detain you or delay your 
 ])rocecdings by any remarks of mine, but 1 take pleasure in 
 introducing to you at this time a distinguished gentleman 
 from the State of Massachusetts, Mr. Ivhvard Atkinson, who 
 will make an address upon the subject "The Interdependence 
 of Nations." (Applause.) 
 
 Tin: iNTKiuiEi'icNnENCK OK Nations. 
 
 Mr. Edward Atkinson: 
 
 Geidlemen. — I have the honor to be a delegate of the Mass- 
 achusetts State Board of Trade at this Convention. It there- 
 fore becomes fit for me to say that in presentng my own views 
 I speak wholly on my own responsibility and not on behalf 
 of the Board, some of whose members might be at variance 
 with me. 
 
 In dealing with the coniinerce of nations, it is necessary to 
 treat the elfect of duties on imports according to their type — 
 
 the purely revenue tariff of the United Kingdom of Great 
 Britain and Ireland; the almost prohibitive jarifE of France 
 in her relations with countries with which she has no com- 
 mercial treaties, the United States being one; the tariff for 
 protection with incidental revenue of the United States, and 
 the tariffs for revenue only of other countries, nearly all more 
 complex than the tariff of Great Britain. 
 
 In dealing with this question I shall endeavor to hold an 
 even balance between the extreme doctrinaires on either side; 
 on the one side tlio.se who in disregard of the logic of events 
 would place an obstinictive barrier against every import from 
 any other foreign country, and those on the other side who 
 would give no regard to the long existence of a protective 
 tariff in their efforts to reach a radical free trade system. It 
 seems to me that this exhibition is the bridge on which mod- 
 erate men of either school may meet and may adjust their 
 differences, to the end that this business question may be 
 taken out of politics and so adjusted as to give a long period 
 of rest from tarifl^ tinkering to the people of this country. 
 
 I am often reminded of a story of two old clergymen who 
 had been disputing on points of doctrine all their lives. One 
 day one proposed to the other to put down their respective 
 points of agreement so as to get a clear definition of their 
 difference. Presently they found that they disagreed on the 
 meaning of one Hebrew word, and as that was unimportant 
 they concluded to stop their dispute. I am very certain that 
 if the reasonable and moderate men of the free trade school 
 were to take up the discussion in this way with an equally 
 moderate committee of the advocates of protection, it would 
 soon appear that the points in difference between them were 
 now very few, and that on the one side, in order to get the 
 revenue for the present and on the other side in order to get 
 the protection for the present, an adjustment would be made 
 on a measure of tariff reform that would stand for twenty 
 years, or lantil the present national debt is wholly paid. 
 
 It will not be necessary to treat the vexed currency ques- 
 tion for the reason that in the conduct of the great commerce 
 of the world, which is now conducted at the measure of about 
 eighteen billions of dollars ($18,000,000,000) of imports and 
 exports from one country to another there is and can be no 
 act of legal tender. This commerce has therefore become es- 
 tablished on the unit of the pound sterling, which is merely 
 a weight measure. There is no legal coin minted in Great 
 Britain bearing that lawful name. The term pound sterling 
 is the definition of 113.0016 grains of pure gold, the British 
 sovereign passing for a pound when of full weight contain- 
 ing that quantity of pure gold in a coin which is eleven- 
 twelfths fine. I think it is true that whatever may be the 
 unit of money of account of any great commercial State in 
 the world, yet so large a proportion of the interstate trans- 
 actions of the globe are conducted at the standard of the 
 jiound sterling as to warrant us in dealing with it as the com- 
 mercial unit or standard of value. 
 
 I wish it might be hoped that the Congress here assembled 
 could take up the metric system so as to bring about a uni- 
 formity of weights and measures. One of the greatest diffi- 
 culties in the study of international commerce and one of the 
 causes of constant error, is found in the absolute necessity 
 for adjusting all weiglits and measures to a common standard 
 in order that any true comparison may be made, but I sup- 
 ])ose a common standard or inefric system is yet in the far- 
 distant future. 
 
 'I'his address is intended more for reference than for imme- 
 diate interest. In presenting it I will spare you dry details 
 as much as possible. 
 
 Tins not fhe time come when the true nietliod of promoting 
 domestic industry and protecting home labor may be pre- 
 sented from a purely l)usiness point of view w-ifhout arousing 
 political prejudice or passion, even though under existing 
 
THIED DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 14, 1899 
 
 21 
 
 conditions very many accepted precepts of the past may be 
 modified? It has required a little over a century for the de- 
 monstration of what constitutes the true wealth of nations by 
 Adam Smith to secure even limited acceptance. He, in fact, 
 enforced the principle of the interdei>endence of nations and 
 of their mutual sei-vice each to the other in the conduct of 
 commerce, in place of the mediaeval fallacy that in the con- 
 duct of international trade what one nation gained another 
 must lose. 
 
 It is not my present purpose to deal with theory, but with 
 facts. I shall not present abstract propositions, but will call 
 attention to the lesson of which this great exhibition in Phila- 
 delphia is but the alphabet. 1 will first present certain truths 
 which are becoming so patent to all persons who combine re- 
 flection with observation that tliey may even be stated as 
 axioms. 
 
 Axiom No. 1. In all arts in which science and invention 
 have to a greater or less extent substituted mechanical for 
 manual labor, the highest rates of wages or earnings are 
 derived from the production of goods at the lowest labor cost 
 computed on the unit of product; the pound, the yard or the 
 bushel. 
 
 Axiom No. 2. The products of each class — of the field, 
 forest, mine, factory or workshop, from the sale of which at 
 the lowest prices current at any given period the highest rates 
 of wages or earnings are recovered, are those in which the 
 labor cost per unit of product is relatively the lowest by com- 
 parison with previous periods of time, or by comparison with 
 the similar products of other States or other countries. 
 
 Axiom No. 3. Under free conditions the highest rates of 
 wages coupled with the lowest cost per unit of product will 
 be found at the points where crude materials can be derived 
 from the soil, the forest or the mine with the application of 
 the least quantity of human labor or effort; or else they will 
 be found at those points where the crude or partly-manufac- 
 tured products which enter into the final processes of in- 
 dustrj-, commonly called manufactures, can be assembled 
 with the least cost in money or in labor. 
 
 Axiom No. 4. Labor, in the customary sense in which 
 that term is used, is ineffectual and in many ways incapable 
 without combination with capital; while capital is absolutely 
 inert unless worked in co-operation with labor. Hence the 
 necessary harmony of interests between labor and capital 
 gives freedom and intelligent direction. 
 
 If we give regard to land, labor and capital, the three 
 physical factors in the production of goods which men con- 
 sume, we find them all limited. The quantity of physical 
 energy in or upon the earth is a fixed quantity — ^it is subject 
 to conservation, but cannot be added to or diminished. 
 Hence have arisen the dismal aspects of political science; 
 the dogma of Malthus and the like, from which both Darwin 
 and Wallace derived their conception of the survival of the 
 fittest, neither taking cognizance of the paramount force or 
 power of mental energy as a factor in the production of the 
 means of living. 
 
 We count under the decimal system in ten numerals; music 
 is composed of a scale of seven notes — an apparently strict 
 limit, but while there may possibly be a limit to the varying 
 combinations of numerals or musical notes, yet it is so in- 
 finitely remote that it may be wholly disregarded. The same 
 rule may be laid down in respect to the elements, as they are 
 called, of physical energy, land and capital, in which the 
 forces of nature are combined either as solids or liquids. 
 Neither the exact number nor the exact nature of any of 
 these elements is known. There may be a unit from which 
 all have been developed in the progress of the infinite exten- 
 tion of what we call time. Yet relatively few in number and 
 limited in quantity as these so-called elements in gaseous, 
 liquid or solid form now are, they are capable of more com- 
 
 binations, dissociations and re-combinations than are num- 
 bers or musical notes. It is in this process of conversion 
 from one form into another that we derive the means of sub- 
 sistence for the human body in which man dwells during the 
 period we call life in this world. If, then, no one Can even 
 imagine a limit to the conversions and reconversions of the 
 physical energy with which the world is endowed, who can 
 measure the capacity of the earth to support human life in 
 comfort and welfare? 
 
 I have presented to you certain rules which I hold to have 
 become axioms. First, that the highest rates of wages, al- 
 though antecedents in the first year of production, are in all 
 permanent commerce among men derived or recovered from 
 the sale of goods which are made at the lowest cost of labor 
 by the unit of product. In witness of this axiom or principle 
 attention is called to the examples of our exports displayed 
 in this Philadelphia Exhibition and to the figures of the ex- 
 ports of the last fiscal year. 
 
 I may cite in the first instance the fact that we exported 
 in the last fiscal year a little over twelve hundred million 
 dollars' worth ($1-^00,000,000) of what are rightly called 
 goods — the goods which benefit the consumer who needs 
 them, and which benefit the producer by rendering to him 
 adequate remuneration for their production. The law of 
 commerce is mutuality of service. Dishonest men may gamble 
 in fraudulent goods for a time, occasionally with success, 
 usually fdling; but the great commerce of the world is based 
 upon mutual trust and mutual benefit, without which it 
 soon stops. 
 
 When 1 hear men deriding the commercial spirit of the 
 age I look back with serenity to Kant's essay on "Eternal 
 Peace," in which one hundred years ago he predicted the 
 ultimate suppression of war by the force of the mutual bene- 
 fits of commerce. We seem to be far away and yet we are 
 nearer to that conclusion than ever before; perhaps very near. 
 The terrible cost of preparation for war is becoming an un- 
 bearable burden to many European States. The present 
 forms of society cannot exist much longer under its pressure; 
 it is leading to anarchy. 
 
 Our exports have long been separated into classes: 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Products of agriculture 65.25 $784,999,009 
 
 Manufactures 28.10 338,667,794 
 
 Mining 2.40 28,832,547 
 
 Forest 3.50 42,316,779 
 
 Fisheries 50 6,025,446 
 
 Miscellaneous 25 3,281,559 
 
 100. 1,204,123,134 
 
 Foreign re-exported $23,079,954 
 
 $1,227,203,088 
 
 The net exports of silver, which are not in- 
 cluded as a mining product, came to $25,603,999 
 
 This sum about offsets the foreign goods re-ex- 
 ported, making domestic exports in round 
 figures $1,230,000,000 
 
 Population, June 1, computed at a fraction 
 
 over 76,000,000 
 
 Exports per head of population, a fraction over 
 sixteen dollars, fiscal year ending June 30, 
 1899 $16 
 
 I do not regard the oiBcial classification of our exports as 
 a just one, because refined mineral oil and copper ingots are 
 classed as manufactures, while flour, dressed and canned 
 meats, and dairy products are classed as products of agricul- 
 
00 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 ture, altliougli they are much farther advanced from the 
 cnulo condition tluui either the oil or the copper. But we 
 must use the oflicial figures as we find them. 
 
 1 liave in past years induced the Secretary of the Treasury 
 to change many of the old forms of our government state- 
 ments. 1 have tried to change this form, but have failed. 
 
 The twelve hundred million dollars' worth ($1200,000,000) 
 of goods and wares which went out from our harbors last 
 year, supplying tlic wants of multitudes with food, fuel, 
 shelter, clothing and light, or with the tools and implements 
 which may enable them to gain a better living than they 
 ever had before, consist of the crude products of the field, 
 the forest and the mine; of the partly-manufactured products 
 of the furnace and of the mill, and of the finished products 
 of the factory and the workshop. 
 
 Tiiey constituted our surplus or excess of all products above 
 an abundant and sufficient supply for domestic consumption. 
 They were exc'hanged in greatest measure for articles of com- 
 fort and luxury, for tropical products, and in least measure 
 for the necessities of life. This commerce benefited the peo- 
 ple of foreign countries by whom our goods were consumed, 
 and tliey benefited ourselves not only in supplying our in- 
 creasing wants but by relieving our markets from temporary 
 congestion. 
 
 Exports l)y Continents. Per Cent. 
 
 Europe 7f).33 
 
 North America 12.87 
 
 Asia 3.94 
 
 South America 2.91 
 
 Oceanica 2.43 
 
 Africa 1-53 
 
 100. 
 
 Imports by Continents. Per Cent. 
 
 Europe 50.77 
 
 Norlli Anieri(-a ll>.08 
 
 Asia 15.36 
 
 South Ainei'ica 12.42 
 
 Oceanica 3.87 
 
 Africa 1.5 
 
 100. 
 
 I l)eg you lo observe that our exports are governed by the 
 purchasing power of our customers. 
 
 The per cai>ita jjurchasing power of our foreign customers, 
 hirge and small, i.< indicated by flie ratio of the value of our 
 exports to the apin-oximate amount bought per head of their 
 respective piipulatiniis: 
 
 British Nortii America $18. 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland 13. 
 
 Australasia 5. 
 
 British West Indies r,. 
 
 Germany, Belgium and Netherlands A. 
 
 Mexico, separately 2. 
 
 France 1.50 
 
 All Latin America, inc. Mexico and Smilli .\merica. 1.40 
 
 South America, separately 1.00 
 
 Japan .40 
 
 China 06 
 
 India 015 
 
 Philippine Islands 005 
 
 'J'lie totid value of the custom of the Philippine Islands 
 can only be graphically presented by a very small lly-sp(>ck. 
 
 I challenge any one to name a single article listed in the 
 manifests of our outgoing vessels in which the wages or earn- 
 ings of those who jierform the manual and mechanical work 
 of their production are not higher in terms of money by 
 
 twenty-five (25) to one hundred (100) per cent, than are the 
 wages of the manufacturing or exporting countries, chiefly 
 Great Britain, France, Genuany and Belgiam, from which 
 the same kind of goods are sent out to other parts of the 
 world. I challenge anyone to name any article, even of the 
 crude products of the field and the mine, in which the wages 
 recovered from the export by the producers of this country 
 are not from five to ten times as great as are the wages or 
 earnings in money of other countries from which crade pro- 
 duets of like kind are sent out into the markets of the world. 
 For instance, our great product which we export in large 
 quantities is cotton. Tlie earnings of the laborers in the 
 cotton states are among the lowest in this country, yet they 
 are from five to ten times greater than the earnings of the 
 laborers on the cotton fields of India and Egypt; and so it 
 goes on until we come to the highest type of manufacture. 
 The watch spring and the watch are often cited as the prod- 
 ucts in which the cost of the material bears the least pro- 
 portion to the valuation of the final product; neither is there 
 probably any other art in this country in which the general 
 rates of wages — so largely of women — are relatively higher 
 than they are in the great watch factories of the United 
 States. Yet, although English, German, French and Swiss 
 wages vary, they are less than in the watch factories of this 
 country, but our watches, made at the lowest possible per 
 unit of product, and at the highest rates of wages, are ex- 
 ported to every part of the world. 
 
 Reversing the order and putting the case interrogatively, 
 if the rate of wages governed the cost of labor in this 
 country, can anyone name a single article which could be 
 exported to any port in the world? 
 
 If you give regard to this grand display of our articles of 
 export, will it not be well to put your mind into a receptive 
 condition rather than to make an effort to defend the theories 
 of the past? Let the dead past bury its dead. It matters 
 not in the present whether we have reached our present con- 
 trol of great foreign markets by means of one legislative policy 
 or another; what we have now to consider are the means 
 by which we may in the near future promote a yet greater 
 development of our manufactures, and, having an almost 
 complete control of the home market, how we may yet more 
 develop foreign markets. May we not rightly consider what 
 obstructions to imports no longer have any place in our own 
 system of legislation? We have no control over the legisla- 
 tion of other countries, but we possess complete control over 
 our own. It will, therefore, be suitable to give some atten- 
 tion to the effect of some of our heavy taxes upon imports in 
 retarding or stopping exports; yet more in limiting the pur- 
 chasing power of those with whom we wish to increase our 
 trade. 
 
 The first point of interest is to consider who are now the 
 largest customers for our export. In the text I shall only 
 present general conclusions with few figures, referring to 
 notes for nearly all the details. I now present 
 
 The Rklative Importance of Foheion Markets. 
 
 The exports of the United Stales in the fiscal vear ending 
 June 30, 1899, were valued at $1,227,203,088. 
 
 Exports l>y Continents. 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Europe 76.33 $936,781,169 
 
 North America 12.87 157,931 ,409 
 
 Routli America 2.91 35,660.932 
 
 Asia 3.94 48,360,161 
 
 Oceanica 2.43 29,874,993 
 
 Africa 1.52 18,594,424 
 
 100. $1,227,203,088 
 
THIRD DAY*S SESSION, OCTOBER 14, 1899 
 
 23 
 
 Our imports of merchandise were valued at. . . . $697,116,854 
 
 Imports by Continents. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Europe 50.77 
 
 Europe 50.77 
 
 Forth America 16.08 
 
 South America 13.43 
 
 Asia 15.36 
 
 Oceanica 3.87 
 
 Africa 1.50 
 
 100. 
 
 $353,885,064 
 
 $353,885,064 
 
 113,133,871 
 
 86,576,020 
 
 107,081,431 
 
 36,997,508 
 
 10,442,970 
 
 $697,116,854 
 
 You will observe that the objective point of all production 
 is consumption. Conversely, the greatest consumption yields 
 the greatest power of production. We now number apjiroxi- 
 mately 76,000,000, or a little more than five per cent, of the 
 computed population of the globe, yet we now produce and 
 consume about 40 per cent, of the registered product of iron 
 and steel. 
 
 We produce about seventy-seven (77) per cent, of the regis- 
 tered cotton crop and we consiune about twenty-five (35) per 
 cent. We consume between twenty and twenty-five per cent 
 of the world's wool clip and of sugar, and we are, I believe 
 the largest consumers (in the aggregate) of the tropical and 
 semi-tropical products of the continents of the east and south. 
 We buy from them much more than we sell to them, paying 
 by bills of exchange drawn against our trade balance with 
 Europe. 
 
 Is not the main reason of the disparity in trade and excess 
 of exports over imports due to the fact that the markets for 
 England, Belgium, Holland and Germany, and in some meas- 
 ure the markets of France are open to the free import of the 
 criule products of the tropics and semi-tropics? Many of 
 these articles are necessary to and enter into the processes of 
 manufacture, especially wool and other articles used in the 
 textile arts, upon which we impose heavy tariff taxes. It 
 follows that the cost of production in this country of all ar- 
 ticles into which these crude materials of foreign origin enter 
 as component materials is of necessity higher than that of 
 our competitors in other manufacturing states. Hence it 
 fallows that we export cotton and many other crude products, 
 together with the food of the operators, to Great Britain, 
 France and Germany, where they are combined with the free 
 wool, the dye stuffs and the other materials free of duty 
 which enter into all textile fabrics. Do we not therefore 
 protect the foreign manufactures by these taxes on imports 
 to the exclusion of our own from competition with them in 
 any very large measure in Asia, Africa and South America? 
 Were it not for this disparity in the cost of these taxed 
 materials, might we not have the same advantage in making 
 the useful kinds of textile fabrics and other goods for export 
 among the hand workers of the tropics that we have in our 
 metal work, exchanging finished goods directly with these 
 continents instead of employing foreign manufactures to do 
 that work? Do we not pay for our purchases from these great 
 continents from the money proceeds of our cotton, grain and 
 provisions, which might have been converted into finished 
 goods were it not for this method of taxation? 
 
 It is not so much the amount of a tax that makes it a 
 burden as.it is the place where that tax is pnt. Is it not bet- 
 ter to derive our revenue from the results of our work rather 
 than to tax the processes or the necessary materials used 
 therein? 
 
 It will be observed that the states which are now our largest 
 customers are those which have themselves been developed 
 by the apjilication of science and invention in greater measure 
 
 than any other countries with which we trade. It will also 
 be remarked that the largest consumers of our products are 
 tliose who inhabit the temperate rather than the tropical zone. 
 In these states and zones the highest standard of living pre- 
 vails among the people, coupled in greater or less measure 
 with the ability to supply their increasing wants. Herein 
 we witness an apparent paradox, the manufacturing states 
 of Europe which we regard as our most dangerous competitors 
 in foreign traffic are in fact our largest and best customers, 
 even for the highest types of our own manufactured goods. 
 How shall we increase our ability not only to compete with 
 them, but to supply them, as well as other countries, with 
 increasing quantities of all our products? 
 
 J?elative Importance of Groups of States by Per Cent, of 
 Purchases. 
 
 Per Gent. 
 
 L'nited Kingdom of Great Britain aud Ireland 41.71 
 
 British colonies and dependencies 13.17 
 
 53.88 
 
 Germany, Netherlands and Belgium 33.77 
 
 France 4.94 
 
 81.59 
 Au.'-tria, Italy and other European countries 6.86 
 
 88.45 
 South and Central America, Mexico, Cuba, Porto Kico 
 
 and other Latin American States 7.50 
 
 95.95 
 Africa, not British .28 
 
 96.23 
 
 Asia, not British, China, Japan, etc 2.95 
 
 98.18 
 Oceanica, not British, Borneo, Java, etc 79 
 
 99.97 
 Philippine Islands .03 
 
 100. 
 
 But some one may say if we succeed in rivaling Great 
 Britain, France and Germany not only in supplying the great 
 non-machine using states ancl continents with the goods which 
 they now supply but in displacing their own manufactures 
 in their own Umits, how can they continue to buy our gi'ain, 
 provisions, cotton and oil? 
 
 Exports of the United States by groups and coimtries: 
 
 United Kingdom $511,816,475 
 
 British North America $89,573,609 
 
 Australasia 19,777,139 
 
 British West Indies 8,751,817 
 
 Bermuda 1,065,388 
 
 British Guiana 1,749,545 
 
 British Honduras 499,839 
 
 Gibraltar 567,961 
 
 Mali a 144,080 
 
 British Africa 15,155,610 
 
 British China 7,733,535 
 
 British East Indies 4,341,936 
 
 $149,359,439 
 
 Total, Great Britain, her colonies and depen- 
 dencies $661,175,914 
 
24 
 
 Pi;()('F.EI»I\'(;S OF TlIK IXT1':KNATH)XA1. rOlBrKHCTAl. conoeess 
 
 Gennanv $155,772,279 
 
 Nethorlaiirls 79,305,998 
 
 Belgium 44,299,239 
 
 France 
 
 $279,377,510 
 00,596,899 
 
 Great Britain, colonies and dependencies; Ger- 
 many, low countries and France com- 
 bined, manufacturing or machine-using 
 
 countries $1,001,150,329 
 
 Other European countries: 
 
 Italy $25,034,940 
 
 Denmark 16,605,828 
 
 Sweden and Norwav 12,218.289 
 
 Spain 9,077,807 
 
 Kussia 8,486,667 
 
 Austria-Hungary 7,378,935 
 
 Portugal '. 4,132,400 
 
 Azores, etc 361,252 
 
 Turkey in Europe 354,457 
 
 Switzerland 267,732 
 
 Greece 213,507 
 
 Itoumania, Servia, etc 146,424 
 
 $84,278,238 
 
 All Europe $1,085,428,567 
 
 Latin America: 
 
 South America $33,911,387 
 
 Mexico 25,480,281 
 
 Cuba 18,015,707 
 
 Haiti and St. Domingo 0,076,964 
 
 Central America .• 4,988,332 
 
 Porto Rico 2,085,848 
 
 Miquelon, etc 194,624 
 
 $91,952,143 
 
 Asia, not British: 
 
 Japan $17,264,688 
 
 China 14,493,440 
 
 Russia in Asia 1,543,126 
 
 All other 2,984,446 
 
 $36,285,700 
 
 Oceanica, omitting Philippines 9,693,093 
 
 Africa, not British 3,438,814 
 
 $141,370,350 
 
 Exports to all markets except in the Philip- 
 pines $1,220,798,917 
 
 Exports to the Philippine Islands in 1899, a 
 
 gain of 300 per cent over 1897 404,171 
 
 Total exports $1,227,203,088 
 
 ObseiYation. 
 
 Export to South and Central America, Mex- 
 ico, Cuba, Porto Rico, and all other West 
 Indies not British, to Asia, Africa, and 
 Oceanic, not British, omitting Philip- 
 pines $141,370,350 
 
 Export to British colonies and dependencies 
 
 only $149,359,439 
 
 May we not cripple our best customers by interfering or 
 taking away some of their present markets? 
 
 The principal machine-using or manufacturing nations of 
 the world outside of the United States are tlie Thiited King- 
 dom of Great Britain and Ireland, Germany, France, Bel- 
 gium and the Netlun-lands. Their exports of finished goods 
 constitute so large a part of the exports to other parts of the 
 
 world aside from those of the United States, as to render all 
 the rest a somewhat negligible quantity. Their combined 
 population with our own numbers less than two hundred and 
 twenty million (220,000,000) out of a computed population 
 of the globe of over fourteen hundred million (1,400,000,000). 
 Are the wants of all the rest supplied? Are they not in- 
 creasing? Our problem is who shall furnish the supply of 
 their greatest demands? 
 
 The consumption and use of iron is the best standard by 
 which to gauge not only the productive but the purchasing 
 and consuming power of every State and nation. In a re- 
 view of the iron trade made nine years ago, it proved that 
 the average consumption of iron in this country in the year 
 1889 was three hundred (300) pounds per head. The con- 
 sumption or use of iron in Great Britain, France, Germany 
 and Belgium, after making allowance for tlie imports and ex- 
 ports of each country, did not exceed one hundred and sev- 
 enty-five (175) pounds. Taking these figures of consump- 
 tion from the total product of iron, what was left yielded 
 only eleven (11) to twelve (12) pounds per head as the con- 
 sumption of iron of the remainder of the population of the 
 globe, numbering over twelve hundred million (1,200,000,- 
 000) people. With their increase in the use of iron rails, 
 tools and machinery, their power of production and eon- 
 sumption will be vastly augmented. Those figures were 
 l)ased on a total production of twenty-five million (25,000,- 
 000) tons. I then predicted an increase in the year 1900 
 reaching forty million (40,000,000) tons, with a deficiency of 
 supply. We have about reached those conditions. Our 
 own consumption now exceeds three hundred and fifty (350) 
 pounds per head and will presently reach four hundred (400) 
 pounds, if it ha.s not already reached that amount. The 
 production and consumption of the other iron-producing 
 countries named has also increased, but not in as great a 
 proportion. But, on the other hand, the rest of the world is 
 being developed by the railway and steamship, and every 
 ton of iron thus consumed develops an increasing demand for 
 iron for other purposes, while at the same time rendering 
 the people of the continents of Asia, Africa, South and Cen- 
 tral America, and Australia more capable of supplying their 
 increasing wants than they ever have been before. Wliat we 
 now have mainly to consider is not only how to maintain our 
 commerce with the European States without impairing their 
 ability to buy of us, but also how to develop the increasing 
 wants and the purchasing jwwer of the great multitudes in 
 other parts of the world. Not to take away the trade of any 
 nation or State, but to meet the increasing wants of all. 
 
 It will be observed that commerce consists in the exchange 
 of goods for goods, only small balances being liquidated in 
 money. When we buy and use freely what every continent 
 has to sell, shall we not exchange more and more of our own 
 goods with them? When we find a home market for their 
 products will they not find a home market for ours? Wlien 
 we thus develop the producing, purchasing and consuming 
 power of Asia, Africa and South America, may we not create 
 new wants and develop commerce in such measure that not 
 only will the iron furnaces of the United States, Great 
 Britain, France and Germany become incapable of meeting 
 the demand, but their factories and workshops also? 
 
 All commerce considered as a whole is practically an ex- 
 change of equivalents in any one year, yet such is not the 
 fact in the commerce between countries. For instance, our 
 neighbors in Canada, numbering in round figures a little 
 over five million (5,000,000), bought of us last year ninety 
 million dollars' ($90,000,000) worth of our prodiict.s, at the 
 rate of eighteen dollars ($18) per head; while we bought of 
 them only thirty-two million dollars' ($32,000,000) worth of 
 goods, at the rate of forty-two (-12) cents per head of our 
 own population. TTnder our present tariff we had excluded 
 
THIED DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 14, 1899 
 
 25 
 
 their products, which we formerly bougiit iu large quanti- 
 ties; for instance, barley. The change forced the fanners of 
 Ontario to turn their attention to dairy products and to 
 improve their butter and cheese. Tliis they have accom- 
 plished to such an extent as to have cut us out in very con- 
 siderable measure in the markets of Europe. We put heavy 
 taxes on their lumber and are consequently depleting our 
 forests at a dangerous rate. Who gained at the loss of the 
 great body of consumers? 
 
 Suppose there were no gi'eater ohstructions to the traffic 
 between Canada and the United States than there are be- 
 tween the six million (G, 000,000) people, more or less, of 
 the State of New York and the other seventy million (70,- 
 000,000) of their fellow countrymen, what would be the meas- 
 ure per head of the exchange of products? Why should 
 there be any artificial obstructions to trade along an imaginary 
 line between people of the same kith and kin? We need 
 their timber, their fish, their coal from the maritime prov- 
 inces, and they need from us more than we can take from 
 them. Their public debts and taxes are higher than ours on 
 the average. We have the advantage of climate. Why 
 should we not trade on even terms?' WTiat stands in the 
 way? Only the owners of a few timber lands, coal mines 
 and merino sheep. 
 
 I happen to have before me the last annual report of the 
 Chamber of Commerce of Cincinnati, from which I learn 
 that the goods brought into that city for consumption and 
 distribution came to about six hundred dollars ($600) per 
 head of the popidation of the city. One can begin to com- 
 prehend the magnitude of their conunerce from some of these 
 figures. At whose dictation are we deprived of similar bene- 
 fits in the exchange of products with Canada? 
 
 Again, there are a;bout six million (6,000,000) of our kith 
 and kin in Australia and in the British West Indies. We 
 sold them last year a little under thirty million dollars' 
 ($30,000,000) worth of goods at the rate of five dollars ($5) 
 per head. We bought of them about nineteen million dollars' 
 ($19,000,000) worth at the rate of twenty-five (25) cents per 
 head of our own population. Suppose trade were free with 
 them, what would be the measure of the mutual benefit? 
 Who would suffer? 
 
 Yet more conspicuous in the small volume of our trade 
 give regard to our next neighbors at the south — the people of 
 Mexico, Central and South America, numbering in all about 
 fifty-three million (53,000,000). They bought of us last 
 year only sixty-six million dollars' ($66,000,000) worth of 
 goods at the rate of a dollar and a quarter ($1.25) per head; 
 while we bought of them only one hundred and twenty mil- 
 lion dollai-s' ($120,000,000) worth at the rate of one dollar 
 and fifty-eight ($1.58) cents per head of our population. 
 Here is an example of our purchase of an excess of tropical 
 products over and above our exports. How shall we increase 
 it? The people of these countries want more of our goods; 
 they prefer them, but we refuse to buy without taxing them 
 so large a proportion of their products that the round trip is 
 forbidden. The free open ports of Europe take their prod- 
 ucts and naturally get most of their trade. 
 
 But again someone may ask, if we remove the taxes or 
 duties on our imports from these countries, where shall we 
 get a revenue to support our government? I am prepared 
 for that question. The revenue necessary to support our 
 government under conditions of peace and order previous to 
 1898 was less than five dollars ($5) per head. The necessity for 
 a war revenue has taught us how to get that revenue of five 
 dollars ($5) per head without putting any duties on the 
 crude or partly maniifactured goods that we need from South 
 and Central America, Australia or the British West Indies. 
 These imports now consist mainly of sugar and other tropical 
 products, some of which are fit subjects for revenue duties. 
 
 We may lose that reveuue by assuming jurisdiction over 
 them so as to entitle their people to free trade. But aside 
 from such articles, sugar, rice, tropical fruits, etc., our im- 
 ports consist largely of the crude or partly-manufactured 
 articles coming from all parts of the world, which enter into 
 the process of our own domestic industry, very many of 
 which are now subject to ohstructive or prohibitive taxation. 
 
 I have only named certain countries, especially in the trop- 
 ics, but if all the articles imported from all countries in a 
 crude or partly-manufactured form were now entered free of 
 duty, the total loss of revenue on the basis of recent years 
 would be only twenty million dollars ($20,000,000) a year — 
 a very considerable sum it is true; but under the necessity of 
 war we have doubled the beer tax, and that additional dollar 
 per barrel of beer may be continued after the war is over. 
 That added dollar a barrel on beer now yields nearly double 
 the revenue derived from these crude and partly-manufac- 
 tured materials of all kinds. 
 
 Again, we have learned how to collect a large revenue 
 from stamps. This tax, again, yields more than double the 
 revenue derived from these crude or partly-manufactured 
 articles. The stamp tax, subject to some readjustment, may 
 form a permanent part of our revenue system. It is the 
 simplest and most effective method yet devised for distribu- 
 ting a burden. What the tax on legacies may yet yield can- 
 not be stated. 
 
 Not only can this be done, but including these duties on 
 crude and partly-manufactured materials, over fifty per cent, 
 of the articles now named in our complex tariff are subject 
 to petty taxes wliich are very costly in their collection and 
 very obstructive to trade in their nature, yet all of which 
 could be abated without reducing the revenue from customs 
 by fifteen per cent. 
 
 Many years ago I made that statement to the Secretary of 
 the Treasury. I think it was in 1885, when we were under 
 a less complex tariff than is now imposed upon us. He 
 doubted it. It was referred to two most experienced experts 
 in the Treasury Department and they ridiculed it. I then 
 called upon them to test the facts, calling off item by item 
 from the imports of 1884, free and dutiable, on this theory, 
 then leaving them for a day to reach the result. When I 
 returned they were forced to admit that I had put into the 
 free list sixty (60) per cent, in point of number of the articles 
 then taxed under the tariff, and that the total revenue pre- 
 viously derived from these articles was only twelve (12) per 
 cent, of the whole. Yet from such abatements no reduction 
 of revenue would of necessity follow, such would be the im- 
 mediate increase in our commerce in the goods left in the 
 dutiable list for revenue purposes. 
 
 Every one who is familiar with great reforms in the British 
 tariff brought about by Sir Eobert Peel and his successors 
 from 1842 to 1847, will witness that with each apparent re- 
 duction of revenue by cutting off petty taxes, a large increase 
 of revenue followed from the dutiable list, while manufac- 
 tures and commerce alike were developed by leaps and 
 bounds with the removal of these apparently petty obstruc- 
 tions to trade; exports especially increasing with the greatest 
 rapidity. 
 
 I now submit a complete analysis of the revenue derived 
 from all sources in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1899, from 
 official data supplied by the officers of the government; some 
 of them in advance of official publication, subject to frac- 
 tional change on the final audit. 
 
 Per Head. 
 Revenue from spirits and wines, domestic and foreign. $1.39 
 
 From fermented liquors 91 
 
 From tobacco and cigars 75 
 
 3.05 
 
26 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Erora stamps, legacies and small internal taxes 71 
 
 From public lands and miscellaneous permanent re- 
 ceipts ~J: 
 
 $4.00 
 I'^rom sugar and molasses 80 
 
 $4.80 
 All other duties ou imports except liquors, tobacco and 
 
 sugar 1-74 
 
 Total $<;.34 
 
 You will observe that for twenty years of peace, oi'der, in- 
 dusliT, and expanding commerce, from 1878 to 1897 inclu- 
 sive, the revenue derived from liquors and tobacco only came 
 to two dollars and a half ($3.50) per head, varying but little 
 year by year. You will also observe that the normal cost 
 of our government, including the new navy so-called, dur- 
 ing the same period was but two dollars and a half ($3.50) 
 per head, varying but little year by year. 
 
 The revenue from all other sources in the same period was 
 two dollars and a half ($3.50) per head. The expenditures 
 for interest and pensions also the same. 
 
 Spirits and wines: 
 
 Internal, spirits ....$99,383,543.16 
 
 Duties, spirits 3,039,950.13 
 
 Wines 3,341,319.58 $10.5,r;i-j4,713.87 $1.39 
 
 Beer: 
 
 Internal $GG,G44,55S.45 
 
 Duties 733,366.78 69,377,925.23 .91 
 
 Tobacco: 
 
 Domestic $53,493,307.64 
 
 Duties 5,053,615.10 57,545,833.74 .7(; 
 
 $333,578,460.84 $3.06 
 
 Stamps $43,837,818.66 
 
 Legacies 1,335,435.35 
 
 Small internal 7,942,598,35 53,015,853.26 .70 
 
 $385,594,313.10 
 Sugar, molasses 61,438,331.87 .80 
 
 $347,033,644.97 $4.5G 
 
 Public land $1,678,346.81 
 
 Miscellaneous per- 
 manent 1G,754,159.73 18,433,406.54 .24 
 
 All other duties. . . . 
 
 $365,455,051.51 .$4.80 
 133,543,998.39 1.74 
 
 $497,998,049.80 $6.54 
 
 Five dollars per head covered the whole, with the neces- 
 sary tendency of ))ensions to diminish by lapse of time. 
 Except for the Spanish war the rate jier liead would liave 
 been less than five dollars, and our revenue in the present 
 fiscal year ending June 30, \ 900, from liquors, tobacco, sugar, 
 stamps, legacies and miscellaiu'ous permanent receipts will 
 be more than five dollars ($5) per head unless we lose on sugar 
 and tobacco by iiiccirpurating tropical islands within our 
 jurisdiction. 
 
 Although our revenue is now defii'ient for war ]iui'|)oses, it 
 is in excess by more than thirty (30) per cent, of the require- 
 ments of peace. 
 
 You will observe that we are securing a revenue from the 
 duties on miscellaneous imports other than liquors, tobacco 
 
 and sugar of $133,500,000, at the rate of $1.74 per head. 
 
 Now I venture to say that if a judicial body of not over 
 three men — better one man if you could find the right man — 
 were to revise our present tariff by removing only fifty cents 
 per head, or $38,000,000 of the present obstructions to trade, 
 mainly with Asia, Africa, Latin America and Australia, our 
 trade with these great continents might be doubled in a sin- 
 gle year. Free buyers are ahvays free sellers and vice versa. 
 
 It will be remarked that the policy to which the Export 
 Exposition inevitably tends is not to a revolutionary change 
 or to absolute free trade. It tends to freer trade qualified by 
 the necessity for the time being of collecting a considerable 
 revenue from duties on imports of tropical products or the 
 crude and partly-manufactured articles which are necessar}' 
 in the jDrocesses of our own domestic industry. There are a 
 large number of foreign articles of luxury, or of voluntary 
 use, or even some useful article which depend upon style 
 and fashion for their immediate sale, which are perfectly 
 suitable subjects for revenue duties. If any one wants them 
 cheap, one can buy last year's styles; they are just as good 
 for service. Many of the finest and most expensive of these 
 fabrics are hand-made; the fine laces, the finest silks which 
 are woven on hand looms, and other articles of like kind. 
 We cannot aft'ord hand work when we can buy hand-made 
 with machine-made products. In fact, when the problem is 
 approached with the view to obtaining a suitable revenue 
 without any practical obstruction to trade and without any 
 other purpose than that of so imposing taxes and duties that 
 whatever the people pay the Government shall receive, the 
 problem becomes very simple. Revenue duties may be im- 
 jjosed on laces, embroideries, many kinds of silk, Hnen and 
 other fine textile fabrics, on tine glassware, on .fine chinaware 
 and on other commodities of like kind, and on opium and 
 projjrietary medicines, and beverages, without in any measure 
 impairing the ability of this country to compete with others 
 in maniifacturing, while at the same time securing to the 
 Government ample revenue from this class of subjects of tax- 
 ation. 
 
 It may also be observed that such is the present ability, 
 even of those who are occupied in the arts classified imder 
 the liead of "manufactures" in tliis country to produce their 
 goods at the highest rates of wages and the lowest cost of 
 labor per unit of pi'oduct, provided they are on even terms 
 with their foreign competitors in the free import of the crude 
 articles of foreign origin, that at least ninety (90) per cent. 
 of the articles listed to the number of over three hundred and 
 .sixty (360) in the census of 1890 specially as ''manufac- 
 tures" are free from any possible competition from the im- 
 port of any article of like kind from a foreign country; while 
 on the other hand even among many of the manufactures 
 thus listed the foreign market for their goods is the balance 
 wheel or regulator on which the mai-ket price of the whole 
 domestic product depends. In dealing with the ten (10) per 
 cent, or a little more or less, which might at this time be 
 subject to temporary injurious competition if revolutionary 
 changes were made in the tarifl', proper discretion may be 
 used and the right adjustments may be made until they also 
 l)ecome independent; thus recognizing in a certain sense a 
 vested right to consideration on their part in view of the long 
 prevalence of the stimulus of a very high tariff. I know 
 of no free traders, unless it be some theoretic doctrinaires, 
 who do not admit this, and their counterparts are foimd on 
 till' olher side among a few equally bigoted doctrinaires to 
 » Ikuu the words "free trade" have the same effect as a red flag 
 upon a bull. ]\lay not- tliis exhibition bring together all rea- 
 sonable men wlio will modify obsolete theories consistently 
 with the facts here made ma.nifest? 
 
 The first half of the present century was devoted to war. 
 In 1848 the uprising of the masses of the people of Europe 
 
THIKD DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER U, 1899 
 
 27 
 
 against the military classes was for a time suppressed. We 
 then entered upon the era of the railway and steamship, of 
 tlie telegraph and the telephone, in which the world has be- 
 come a neighborhood, tending to the diffusion of population 
 as well as of products. 
 
 Yet more revolutionaiy than these mere physical agencies, 
 we also then entered upon the era of common education. The 
 common soldiers who carry the guns are beginning to learn 
 their rights and may soon redress their wrongs. The think- 
 ing bayonet may become the pen more potent than the sword. 
 When that force is developed the lesson may be given, per- 
 haps in letters of blood, that power rests with the masses and 
 not with the classes who now oppress them in their efforts to 
 sustain jwivileges that no longer rest on rights. 
 
 My faith is firm in the power that makes for righteousness, 
 and I believe the dawning centui-y will witness the fruition 
 of Kant's prophecy of eternal peace, when the beneficent force 
 of commerce will suppress the hell of war. 
 
 On what grounds may it be held that the force of com- 
 merce will suppress war? We may assume that there is a 
 Power Supreme which makes for righteousness, and that the 
 conduct of the work of this world must be governed by 
 ethical principles. If there is no such power, then the re- 
 verse. \Vliat are the principles or rules of action governing 
 the conduct of commerce? Probity, integrity, truth, a high 
 standard of character, mutual trust and mutual service. What 
 is the motive? Gain; not at the cost of others, but to mutual 
 benefit. What is the sei^vice of commerce? To distribute 
 the abundance of the things necessary to human welfare; to 
 feed the hungry, to clothe the naked, to house the homeless. 
 It has been well said by Sir Henry Sumner Maine that the 
 conception of trust on which credit rests, which gives life to 
 commerce, is relatively modern. In the Homeric literatui'e 
 the cunning of Ulysses possessed as high a merit as the wis- 
 dom of Nestor or the courage of Achilles, but in the con- 
 duct of modern commerce such conditions have been devel- 
 oped in the relations of men to each other as to make it a 
 truth sustained by observation that the "trust reposed in 
 and deserved by the many creates the opportunity for the 
 fraud of the few." At a moderate estimate of the value of 
 the annual product of this country and the cost of its con- 
 version from one form to another and of its distribution 
 through all of its manifold phases, there is at least five hun- 
 dred dollars ($500) worth of trade, of bargain and sale every 
 year, nine-tenths at least on credit, in order that each man, 
 woman and child of our seventy-six million (76,000,000) 
 people may be fed, clothed and sheltered. It would not be 
 worth a quarter of one per cent, or twenty-five (25) cents on 
 a hundred dollars ($100) to secure the guarantee even of 
 the nation for the payment of these obligations substantially 
 at the time when they become due. Neither banks nor mer- 
 chants could pay a quarter per cent, for such a guarantee 
 on all transactions. Aside from these purchases and sales 
 of goods and wares there are to be added the huge dealings 
 resting on good faith, in stocks and Ijonds, in real estate and 
 for services of other kinds. 
 
 Eeverse this picture. Admitting that high and nolile qual- 
 ities have been, are now, and will again be developed in 
 the conduct of war; admitting that war in the defence of 
 liberty is justifiable, sometimes necessary; yet on what prin- 
 ciples is the science of war now based? Wiiat motives of 
 action govern the conduct of warfare even when directed 
 by the men of highest repute? Is not the first precept to 
 take advantage of the enemy at every point? In the con- 
 duct of a campaign musit not the motive be to deceive the 
 opponent, to mislead him, to learn about his movements by 
 the use of spies? Is it not necessary, in fact, to lie, to cheat, 
 to ambush, to strike the enemy in the back or on the flank; 
 to secure the gun or other instrument of carnage by which 
 
 his forces may be slaughtered without power of defence on 
 his part; often to destroy his property, to devastate his coun- 
 try, and by every evil method that would be thought dis- 
 lionorable and fraudulent in commerce, to secure the ends 
 that are sought in warfare? I challenge any one to deny the 
 validity of these statements. They may be qualified, they may 
 lie palliated, they may be stated in less offensive words, but 
 in their general terms such are the differences in precept and 
 practice between the conduct of commerce and the conduct 
 of war. It follows that to deny that as time goes on the 
 hell of war will be suppressed by the service of commerce 
 is to deny that God reigns. 
 
 "Shall this thing come to pass? 
 Nay, if it be — alas! 
 A vision, let us sleep and dream it true! 
 Or — sane and broad awake, 
 For its great sound, and sake. 
 Take it, and make it Earth's and peace ensue!" 
 
 (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Boies Penrose: 
 
 Gentlemen of the Convention: We are gratified to have 
 with ns to-day a citizen of the great Dominion which lies 
 north of the northern border of the United States, a great, 
 prosperous people, connected by association and by blood with 
 the citizens of this Republic. 
 
 I take great pleasure in introducing to you Mr. Henry 
 Miles, delegate from the Montreal Board of Trade, who will 
 read a paper entitled "Foreign Trade." 
 
 Foreign Trade. 
 
 Mr. Henry Miles: 
 
 Mr. President and Gentlemen: I have the honor of par- 
 ticipating in this great commercial gathering as a delegate 
 from the Board of Trade of Monti-eal, Canada. Fir.st — I 
 would extend to this meeting hearty greetings from the busi- 
 ness men in Canada whom I am here to represent, and, to 
 the Director of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, to 
 whose energy and untiring effort is due the holding of this 
 International Commercial Congress, I would .tender the 
 warmest and best wishes for success. 
 
 It is quite apparent that the organizers — our hosts to-day 
 — have already the enjovment of the first two essentials mak- 
 ing for the ultimate success of their great project, i. e., in 
 the number of National Governments that have accepted par- 
 ticipation in this Congress, in the number of acceptances of 
 invitation by commercial bodies in various countries, and in 
 the lai-ge attendance of delegates actually present to-day in 
 this great city of Philadelphia. 
 
 The ultimate success sought is in the direction of an in- 
 creased interchange of commerce between the United States 
 of America and the other nations of the world. For each coun- 
 try contributing to this issue, there exists the same interest. 
 The interest is one for us all here, and in speaking of the 
 natural products or of the manufactures of any country rep- 
 resented upon this occasion — the country's delegate will be 
 but adding information or data upon which an increased 
 commercial acti\ity may be souglit. Canada has many nat- 
 ural products similar to those of the United States and with 
 which her interest may stand in the light of a competitor — 
 yet the position is not invariably such. The commerce be- 
 tween the United States and Canada is quite important not- 
 vrithstanding the tariff disabilities existing on both sides of 
 the international boimdary. 
 
 These tariff obstacles, and in fact, I believe all matters that 
 tend towards restricting commerce between the two countries 
 
28 
 
 P'ROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 or Ihal. oll'ur at. all the opportunity for inijiiiiKlerstandiny, 
 arc, at tlii.s present time, engaging the attention of the re- 
 spective governments, and it is the earnest hope of our busi- 
 ness community that a fully satisfactory solution of every 
 item and difficulty may be spwdily reached. 
 
 As a Canadian merchant, I can tell you that hope is cen- 
 tered in the direction of an increased commerce with our 
 great and near neighbor. Propitious conditions or those 
 tending toward the fullest realization of this hope are un- 
 fortunately in a measure dependent upon the respective reve- 
 nue requirements of the two countries, and with Canada, 
 at any rate, a proper respect and consideration for vested 
 interest is involved; i. e., the capital invested in the manu- 
 facturing industries has had a measure of tariff protection 
 for many years past, and this cannot be immediately altered. 
 
 It is the view of competent authority that a desire upon 
 Ijoth sides to meet the question fairly can secure a, greatly 
 increased and more satisfactory trade. The policy of the 
 government of Canada is undoubtedly to foster foreign trade. 
 I'rod action for export has been greatly encouraged, and no 
 stone has been left uutunied that would facilitate or cheapen 
 transportation and favor the profita,ble marketing of produce. 
 'I'he foreign or export trade is deemed in Canada an all-im- 
 portant factor in the stability of our national life, and from 
 a commercial point of view, we have reached the platform 
 of success. For the past two years Canada's exports have 
 lieen greater than her imports. 
 
 Since the confederation of the Dominion of Canada — for a 
 period of some thirty-one years — the imports have exceeded 
 the exports in value nearly five hundred million dollars. 
 During this period the imports exceeded the exports one 
 year $52,000,000. In 18G8 the Canadian exports were ex- 
 ceeded by imports $20,000,000. The turn in the tide of com- 
 merce — the index of prosperous stability — that which has so 
 long been striven for — has come to us. In 1897 Canada's 
 total exports exceeded her imports by $18,731,6-10, and in 
 1898 by nearly $34,000,000, the value of exports in 1898 
 was $164,152,683, the volue of imports $140,323,053— a total 
 trade with the outside world of $304,475,736. 
 
 Canada stands in the position of selling more than she 
 buys. The returns for the year 1899 will, it would now ap- 
 pear, show a large increase in the figures I have quoted and 
 a continued augmentation in export trade. 
 
 Canada's trade is most important with Great Britain and 
 the United States. The aggregate trade, import and export, 
 in value, with both countries, on the basis of goods entered 
 for consumption and exported for the past five years, was as 
 follows: 
 
 Great Britain. United States. 
 
 1894 .$107,256,123 $88,844,040 
 
 1895 92,988,727 95,932,197 
 
 1896 !t9.670,030 103,033,434 
 
 1897 106,639,690 111,033,513 
 
 1898 137,489,735 124,410,936 
 
 In 1898 the exports to Great Britain were valued at $104,- 
 988,818, and the exports to the United States at $45,705,336, 
 while the imports entered for consumption for the same year 
 were as follows: 
 
 From Great Britain $32,500,917 
 
 From Ignited States 78,705,590 
 
 The percentage of duty collected on the value of goods 
 entered for consumption — dutiable and free — for 1898, was 
 16.95 per cent, and the customs duty collected in that year 
 represented $4.22 per head of population. 
 
 Figures such as I have presented to you are interesting in 
 
 connection with the sub^' i-t 1 would deal with and are es- 
 pecially so in the consideration of the conunercial position and 
 progress of Canada — a colony of the British Empire and a 
 comparatively recent participant in the world's trading. Not 
 long ago the word or name "colony" indicated usually a 
 far off part or territory that afforded an easy market to the 
 mother country, and in that respect alone yielded a return to 
 the parent nation through her mercantile community for the 
 expense of colonization and protection. 
 
 Canada has passed from this stage, and while affording a 
 good market for the mother country, has extensive trading 
 relations with many of the manufacturing or producing coun- 
 tries of the world — a buyer in the open markets and a seller 
 to a greater extent at the same time. My object now is to 
 speak of the products — natural and manufactured — of Can- 
 ada, to refer to what we have to offer for sale outside of 
 our own borders. In other words, and to state as briefly 
 as possible, I wish to expose to you what Canada's contribu- 
 tion can be towards that increased interchange of commerce 
 which business men of my native country so earnestly desire. 
 It ma.y not be out of place to state here that Canadians are a 
 free people. Our form of government is by the popular will, 
 and with bright and intelligent leaders, the people govern 
 themselves well. We owe allegience to our great and good 
 Queen Victoria, and to the institutions of the British Empire 
 we bow. Love, pride and respect are the links in the chain 
 of our happy bondage. 
 
 The Parliament of Canada enacts the laws under which 
 we live, and amongst the duties of this body one is to define 
 the fiscal policy of the country. The Tariff and Customs 
 Acts deal with, especially, the import trade — a most interest- 
 ing feature to those who wotild have access to our market 
 and to the trade within our border.?. 
 
 While the imperial sanction may be necessary before trea- 
 ties can be entered into with foreign countries, it can be said 
 that our own tariff is an ill-important factor and rests with- 
 in the power of Canada's legislators. Canada at present gives 
 a certain preference in her tariff upon the produce or manu- 
 factures of Great Britain with some exceptions, and also has 
 a commercial treaty in effect, upon some specific items, with 
 France. 
 
 The preferential tariff of Canada (35 per cent, reduction) 
 is applicable to other countries as well as to the British 
 Empire. 
 
 The benefit of this rebate has not so far been claimed by 
 other countries, for the reason that in every direction Canad.a 
 is met with tarift's of a more or less pTohibitory character, 
 and in no direction with that reasonable treatment that 
 would enable our Minister of Customs to consider we were 
 getting a fair return advantage. 
 
 It is for you, gentlemen, to remedy this. Great Britain 
 admits the products of her colonies, as well as of all other 
 nations, free of duty. 
 
 Let us see in what measure this condition can be met by 
 other trading nations. It is not unreasonable to ask the 
 question, "Why should Canada extend the preferential tariff 
 to countries that ta:x heavily or prohibit the importation of 
 the products she exports? 
 
 After Great Britain our largest business is with the United 
 States, and we import more heavily from that country than 
 from across the ocean. 
 
 We would look with pleasure ujuui an example being given 
 by the United States in this matter. It is worthy of consid- 
 eration, and woidd ajipear as within the scope of the aims of 
 this Congress. 
 
 I commend this point to the attention especially of the 
 delegates who represent the business interests of this great 
 union. With the United States, as also witli ofher nations 
 and States, there is a great desire upon the ]iarl of Canada 
 
THIRD DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 14, 1899 
 
 29 
 
 to foster and increase international commerce, and it is for 
 practical business men to encourage and pave the way 
 towards improving or amending existing conditions. In 
 opening wider our market to foreign competition, we look 
 for a reasonable return — an advantage in one form or other 
 for our own products that will extend and increase our ex- 
 port business. 
 
 I will now mention the principal exports of Canada, 1898: 
 
 Value. 
 Animals — Cattle, horses, sheep, swine, poultry $12,000,000 
 Breadstuffs — Barley, beans, bucWheat, corn, 
 
 oats, peas, rye, wheat. 
 Grain products — Bran, oatmeal, wheat flour, 
 
 malt 4(»,()ii(),0r)0 
 
 Carriages, carts, bicycles, etc 480,000 
 
 Coal, charcoal, etc 3,469000 
 
 Cordage, twine, rope, etc 152,000 
 
 Manufactures of cotton 578,000 
 
 Drugs, dyes and chemicals 575,000 
 
 Fish and produce of fisheries 10,5().3,000 
 
 Fruits, apples, etc 1,783,000 
 
 (In the year previous, 1897, value was $3,161,000.) 
 
 Furs and manufactures of 1,924,000 
 
 (In 1894 the value was $2,850,000.) 
 
 Hay 358,000 
 
 (In 1894 the value was $2,601,000.) 
 
 Hides, horns, tails, skins, other than fur 1,082,000 
 
 Hops 25,000 
 
 Leather and manufactures of 1.630,000 
 
 Gold and silver 7.109,000 
 
 Metals and minerals and maniifncturfs, total... 13,246,000 
 
 Musical instruments 370,000 
 
 Oil cake 199,000 
 
 Oils • 79,000 
 
 Raw pelts 39,000 
 
 Provisions: 
 
 Butter $2,523,000 
 
 Cheese 18,486,000 
 
 Eggs 1,25.5,000 
 
 Bacon hams 8,046,000 
 
 Canned meat.^ 255,000 
 
 Other meats and lard 609,000 
 
 The total value. provision exports, $31,174,000 
 
 Seeds 532,000 
 
 Ships 191,000 
 
 Spirits and wines 289,000 
 
 Stone and manufactures 370,000 
 
 Sugar and molasses 144,000 
 
 Tobacco and manufactures 197.000 
 
 Vegetables, potatoes, etc 741,000 
 
 Wood, timber, lumber, deals, etc. and manufac- 
 tures of 29,363,000 
 
 Wool and manufactures of 243,000 
 
 Coin and bullion 4,623,000 
 
 Any information that may be desired in respect to these 
 lines can readily be obtained by addressing the Department 
 of Trade and Commerce at Ottawa, the capital of the Do- 
 minion. 
 
 I will now refer in detail to some of the branches of Cana- 
 dian export trade: 
 
 Paper and Pulp — The paper and pulp industry is making 
 great progress, and our present position is indicated by the 
 following facts: Xumber of paper mills in operation, 34; num- 
 ber of chemical pulp mills, 12; number of ground pulp mills, 
 23. These mills turn out 64,000 tons of paper per year, 
 35,000 tons of chemical pulp per year, 125,000 tons of groimd 
 pulp per year. The capital em]iloyed in this industry is 
 $9,000,000. Three thousand two hundred and fifty people 
 
 are employed and $1,200,000 is paid in wages annually. 
 There are at present mills in course of construction that will 
 increase the figures given by 25 per cent., and it may be 
 stated that the supply of crude material is practically inex- 
 haustible. 
 
 Cotton Industry of Canada. — Up to 1874 there was very 
 little done in the manufacture of cotton, the product of the 
 mills to this date, consisted mostly of gray cloth, ginghams, 
 etc. In the above named year the Montreal Cotton Co. com- 
 menced to build their ' mill at Valleyfield, to make white 
 goods, this being the first attempt in Canada on a large scale 
 to bleach by machinery. This has become one of the best 
 equipped mills on the continent, and produces a great va- 
 riety of colored goods, employing nearly 2,000 hands, with 
 an annual output of two million dollars. The Dominion 
 Cotton Co. mills at Ilochelaga, Magog and other places, ai'e 
 a credit to Canada. The colored Cotton Co. mills at Corn- 
 wall, St. Croix, etc., are all doing a good business. There 
 are in Canada 22 cotton mills, containing, say, fifteen thou- 
 sand looms and eight hundred thousand spindles employing 
 a capital of twelve million dollars and producing goods of 
 the value of say eight million dollars per annum. 
 
 The only print mill in the country, that at Magog, on the 
 whole has been a success, producing goods that are popular. 
 The diversity of cotton fabrics made in the country, has 
 helped to keep our market to ourselves and also to export 
 a little occasionally, and giving employment to, say, 10,000 
 people. There has been no cotton machinery made in Can- 
 ada to the present except by a Valleyfield company, which 
 makes the Crompton Draper loom, a great labor saving ma- 
 chine. Business at present is good and all our mills are 
 running to their full capacity, to supply our own market; 
 we find it difficult to export/when we find it hard to hold 
 our own with an average protection of at least 30 per cent, 
 duty. 
 
 Grain. — The Province of Manitoba produces the bulk of 
 the wheat grown in Canada, this year's crop for export being 
 estimated at fifty million bushels. A large proportion of 
 this product finds its market in Europe via the St. Lawrence 
 route or the Erie Canal route. Ontario produces winter 
 wheat, but being a thickly populated province, the bulk of 
 this product is consumed locally. 
 
 The Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, are both large pro- 
 ducers of oats, peas and barley, and the surplus of same over 
 consumption is exported to Europe. A superiority is 
 claimed for Canadian cereals, due, the producers assert, to 
 the climate of our northern country. 
 
 None of these agricultural products of Canada find a mar- 
 ket in the United States, for as that country produces the 
 same cereals in profusion, it is a natural competitor with us 
 in the export to foreign markets. 
 
 Live Stock. — The "live stock" trade has varied greatly in 
 the past few years. The variation is dependent upon the 
 market and demand abroad, and not so much upon the 
 ability of Canada to supply. Montreal — the commercial 
 metropolis of Canada — is the principal shipping point, and 
 the following statistics of that port from 1893, and covering 
 a portion of the present year will give a fair index, in the 
 numbers of heads shipped, of the character of that trade. 
 
 The shipment of "live stock" from the port of Montreal 
 since 1893 has been as follows: 
 
 Sheep. Cattle. Horses. 
 During season of navigation, 1893. 3,743 83,322 1,660 
 
 1894. 139,780 86,635 5,623 
 
 1895. 210,607 94.972 13,303 
 
 1896. 76,520 98,507 10,421 
 
 1897. 60,638 117,247 10,051 
 
 1898. 34,991 99,189 5,827 
 During season up to Sept. 30, 1899. 44,537 68,724 3,695 
 
30 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 irjgh. — The fish industry of Canada is a very important one, 
 affording employment to a large section of the population 
 en the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and partial sustenance to 
 a siill larger uumlier of persons. For several years past the 
 average cx]iort value has heen in round figures ten million 
 dollari; yearly. 
 
 The once plentiful sujjply of herring and mackerel on the 
 .'\ilaiitie Coast of the Dominion has for some years not been 
 forthcoming, the reason given for this fact by the fishermen 
 being that tliose fish luive migrated to the coast of the Brit- 
 isli Isles. 
 
 The canning of salmon and Inbster has become an import- 
 ant industry in British Columbia and the maritime provinces 
 respectively, the fonner constituting about one-third of the 
 value of the total expoi-ts, canned lobsters about one-fifth, 
 dried codfish constituting another third. 
 
 The Egg Trade. — This trade bids fair to develop far and 
 away beyond any possible calculation based upon past rec- 
 ords. Until comparatively recently, the surplus production 
 was shipped to the Tlnited States market. The change made 
 a few years ago in the United States tariff obliged the seek- 
 ing of a more profitable outlet. The result of experiment 
 has opened to us an almost unlimited market in Great Bri- 
 tain. This has given a marvelous impetus and production 
 has largely increased. Figures obtained from reliable sources 
 expose the fact that the importation into the British Isles 
 amounts in value to nearly $15,000,000 annually, the surplus 
 coming from France, Denmark, Belgium and Russia. 
 
 We have overcome the first difficulty met with, i. e., the 
 transportation across the ocean in proper condition. To suc- 
 ceed in competing for a share in the egg trade in the British 
 market, scrupidous care and attention is necessary to many 
 details. The farmer, the gatherer and the storekeeper and 
 the exporter are obliged to closely co-operate to fulfill all the 
 necessary conditions. Cold storage or refrigerator in transit 
 has proven rather detrimental than othenvise — shippers find- 
 ing ventilation and care all around preferable. Provision to 
 this end is now sought from the railway and steamship lines, 
 The cities of the United States would seem our natural mar- 
 ket for this product, but the tariff in force practically pro- 
 hibits the trade. 
 
 The Canadian roultiy Trade. — The poultry trade of Can- 
 ada has completely changed within the past few years, the 
 market for our surplus poultry being now the United King- 
 dom, instead of the United States as formerly. The prepar- 
 ing of poultry for the English market has developed into a 
 science, English importers having been sent over to instruct 
 our people as to the best mode of killing and dressing. 
 
 The raising of turkeys, geese and chickens has grown to 
 large dimensions during the past year or two, and this year 
 will show a very large increase. A good authority on this 
 subject estimates tluif about, 3,.')00,000 pounds of dressed 
 poultry will be shipped to (ireat Britain during the coming 
 season, against about 2,300000 pounds last season. The 
 poultry is bought alive from the farmers by exporters who 
 kill and dress for the Liverpool, Manchester, London, Bristol 
 and other markets, instead of for the New York and Boston 
 markets a.s in former years. 'I'lie change is all ribulable to 
 an adverse alteration of the liiited States larilV. 
 
 Butter and Cheese. — The high esteem in which Canadian 
 daii-y produce is hold in Croat Britain to-day as compared 
 with ten to fifteen years ago is most marked. Ndt. more 
 than ten years ago the British community declined to enter- 
 tain any offers of Canadian dairy produce unless they could 
 procure it at a lower price than United States produce. 
 
 This was a state of affairs that Canadians felt nuist be 
 rhanged, and as soon as this fact was realized efforts were 
 made at once to improve the quality and to see if something 
 
 could not be done to turn out an article superior to that of 
 our competitors. 
 
 As a result of these efforts the position has been com- 
 pletely altered, and Canadian dairy produce to-day occupies 
 the same position to Great Britain as the other did ten years 
 ago, that is, Canadian dairy produce commands a higher 
 price in England to-day than the produce of those who com- 
 pete with us in this branch. 
 
 This has been attained by placing at the disposal of the 
 factory men a satisfactory system of transportation, and by 
 employing competent inspectors, who visit each factory from 
 time to time and keep a careful oversight as to quality. 
 
 Products of the Forest. — There are about six thousand 
 saw mills in Canada, giving employment to not less than fif- 
 teen thousand men. The average output of these mills is 
 for each saj', 400,000 feet per season. 
 
 The output from the 100,000 square miles under license in 
 the various provinces is 2,500,000,000 feet board measure, 
 and in addition there is a large amount taken from private 
 lands. 
 
 The carrying trade and commerce is largely indebted to the 
 forest, more tonnage being employed on the St. Lawrence 
 and canals in conveying timber and lumber to market than 
 on any other commodity. 
 
 My colleague, the Hon. Mr. Ward, will likely address you 
 at a later session, and it is his purpose to go more minutely 
 into this subject. 
 
 Canada with her population of less than six million people 
 has now in operation a most extensive system of railways 
 and canals, enaljling the carnage to her ports of the products 
 and manufactures I have enumerated. A system which, con- 
 sidering the enormous area of the Dominion and the com- 
 parative smallness of the population, can uiilaesitatingly be 
 spoken of as marvelous. 
 
 Nature has given us the St. Lawrence — the greatest nat- 
 ural highway in the universe — and to this the pluck and 
 enterprise of our citizens have added canals to overcome the 
 difiicultics of the rapid running water at several points, facili- 
 tating thereby upward navigation. We have now a fourteen- 
 foot waterway from the Great Lakes to the tide waters of 
 the Atlantic, and the season of 1900 will witness a marked 
 change in the transportation of the produce of the West. 
 The St. Lawrence navigation extends from the Straits of 
 Belle Lsle to Port Arthur at the head of Lake Superior — a 
 distance of 3,260 miles. 
 
 The canals of Canada were built and are operated by the 
 government, and the cost to the country has been about 
 eighty million dollars. 
 
 The railways of Canada cover 18,000 miles. The capital • 
 invested by the railway companies amounts to $981,000,000 
 and the government railways cost approximately $00,000,000. 
 
 I mention these facts seeldng to demonstrate to you that 
 the Canadian people are endowed with energy aud enter- 
 [ulse, and that they have unbounded confidence in their coun- 
 try and in the future. 
 
 Natui-e has blessed Canada Tvith boundless resources. In 
 forest and mine, in the waters that gird her shores, and in the 
 |u-(i(liirli\('iicss nf her soil. With increasing population will 
 ilu'se gi'cat l)]('s,'iings we possess he developed. The past, and 
 the present genei'ation have laid a foundation of which we 
 are to-day proud, and, in realizing the first fruits in our 
 national aim, we look forward ho])cfully to the future of our 
 country. 
 
 We join in the hopes and desires of our great neighbor, 
 for greater commercial activity within and without the bor- 
 ders of this c(mtinent of which we are proud to be a 
 jiart. We bail lliis opportunity with j)leasure, indeed, to 
 meet in Congress here therepreseniatives from'so many climes, 
 those who carry the messages of commerce from far and near, 
 
THIRD DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 14, 1899 
 
 31 
 
 for we want in Canada not only to improve and increase our 
 commercial relations witli the United States, but with all 
 nations to whom we can offer Canada's products and to 
 whom we can offer a market. 
 
 Mr. President and Gentlemen, I thank you for your atten- 
 tion, and in concludiug, I again extend the best wishes of 
 the Montreal Board of Trade for the success of this great 
 undertaking. 
 
 Hon. Boies Penrose: 
 
 Gentlemen: We liave a representative from the great sec- 
 tion of Pennsylvania to which I referred in my opening re- 
 marks — the western part of the State — who will address you 
 upon the great staple product of that section — the iron and 
 steel industry of Pennsylvania. I take great pleasure in in- 
 troducing Mr. J. H. Sternbergh. 
 
 The World as a Market for American Iron and 
 
 Steel. 
 
 Mr. J. II. Sleriihergh: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is not surprising 
 that in the early stages of the development of the industrial 
 arts in this country, manufacturers were unable to make goods 
 in competition with the older and more experienced foreign 
 makers. In most lines we were not able even to supply our 
 own demand, hence the importation of foreign goods to meet 
 the demand of our rapidly increasing population has been 
 for years on a stupendous scale. But years have come and 
 gone and our young men have been in school and college, 
 and have picked up ideas here and there, and we have at 
 length so improved the quality of our goods and increased 
 the product of our machines, as to be able not only to supply 
 the domestic demand in mosit lines, but to spare a surplus for 
 our friends across the seas. Time was when we thought we 
 should never be able to sell bolts and nuts in China and Japan, 
 or to ship iron and machinery to England and Australia, 
 but this is now no new experience to us. 
 
 It is my purpose to point out briefly a icw reasons why we 
 are able to ship to other countries: 
 
 Men. — In Europe there are eighteen or twenty millions of 
 men trained in the arts of war, a large part of whom are 
 withdrawn from agriculture, manufactures, trade and com- 
 merce to be ever ready for the defence of their country. 
 These men are in the prime of manhod, the best of their 
 class; as a consequence, to a largo extent, women and boys 
 are obliged to take their places in the fields and in the fac- 
 tories. In America, our eighteen to twenty millions of men 
 are trained in our colleges and schools of learning in the arts 
 of peace, while but a few thousand only are educated as sol- 
 diers. Rarely are women employed in our harvest fields, and 
 but few boys under sixteen years of age are employed in our 
 factories. Women and boys are ill adapted to devise and 
 promote improvements either in methods of agriculture, or 
 to invent machinery for use in the mechanic arts. Here in 
 America our intelligent men are the cultivators of the soil 
 and the inventors of our improved agricultural implements — 
 the plow, the reaping and mowing machine, the cotton gin 
 and the cotton press and many others; and men, rather than 
 women, are principally employed in our factories and work- 
 shops. Naturally under these conditions more numerous and 
 more useful inventions and improvements in the mechanical 
 and industrial arts are made in this country than in Europe. 
 It is not a question of cheap labor, nor inded of fertile soils 
 and congenial climates, but it is rather a question of intelli- 
 gent men, capal)le of adopting improved methods and in- 
 venting and using the most efficient machinery for the pur- 
 pose intended. The Western farmer equipped with Ameri- 
 
 can agricultural implements can raise and market wheat at 
 fifty cents a bushel and corn at fifteen cents a bushel, while 
 in Europe, the same crops could not be placed on the market 
 for less than double this sum; hence our happy isolation from 
 contentions and warlike neighbors enables us to employ to 
 the gi'eatest advantage our best men, in the prime of vigorous 
 manhood, in the development of the industrial arts and of 
 commerce. 
 
 Materials and Methods. — Scarcely less important is our 
 wealth of natural resources; the extent and fertility of our 
 soil; the enormous value and variety of our crops; the pro- 
 duct of our forests and mines, and the production of the 
 precious metals of all the countries under the sun. Great 
 Britain until recently, has led the race in the production of 
 pig iron, but the United States has lately caught up with her, 
 and now holds this coveted position herself; and neither 
 Great Britain nor any other country will' ever wrest it from 
 us. Twenty-five years ago we produced less than two million 
 tons of pig iron per year. This year we shall produce thir- 
 teen million tons, far outstripping the production of Great 
 Britain; and the first year of the twentieth century we shall 
 probably produce fifteen million tons; and no doubt in 1910, 
 if nothing in the meantime checks our onward progress, we 
 shall produce twenty-five million tons of pig iron; while Great 
 Britain will jirobably not be able to produce half this amount. 
 England mines deep for her ores and coal, and supplements 
 the scant supply with importations of ore from other coun- 
 tries, while in this country the richest and most extensive 
 ore deposits known in the world lie near the surface, in 
 close proximity to supplies of fuel and limestone. For three 
 cents per ton the ore is loaded by machinery on cars carry- 
 ing fifty tons each (a sample car of which you may see in the 
 transportation building), moved to the furnace over a line of 
 road laid with steel rails weighing one hundred pounds to 
 the yard, dumped into small cars that elevate the ore and 
 distribute it by automatic machinery over the surface of the 
 roasting ovens, where the excess of sulphur is driven off under 
 a heat of about fifteen hundred degrees Fahrenheit; thence 
 elevated automatically and dumped into the top of the blast 
 furnace where two-thirds as much coke and one-third as 
 much limestone are also dumped, and smelted l)y the aid 
 of coke and an air blast heated to fifteen hundred degrees, 
 blown into the furnace under a pressure of eighteen or 
 twenty pounds per square inch, and the molten iron drawn 
 off five times every twenty-four hours into large ladles sup- 
 ported on tracks and carried a short distance and poured into 
 small moulds, each of siiitable size for the pigs of metal, 
 wliich moulds with tbeir contents are carried by an endless 
 chain and drawn through a tank of running water in order 
 to cool the metal, and then dumped into a car, weighed au- 
 tomaticnlly and sliipped to the purchaser! All of these opera- 
 tions from first to last are perfonned by mechanical methods 
 without human hands touching the material! Formerly 
 .scores of men were employed about such a furnace; now only 
 here and there a man is to be seen. Over seven hundred 
 tons of pig metal are turned out by one of these modern 
 furnaces every twenty-four hours, week-days, Sundays, holi- 
 days and all — a real godsend to a railroad having such a fur- 
 nace on its line; for beside the one thousand tons or so of 
 iron ore, there is to be carried and delivered to the furnace 
 a thousand more tons of coke and limestone, and then the 
 product, seven hundred tons of pig metal, is to be carried to 
 market. In all twenty-seven hundred tons or more are trans- 
 ]iorted every twenty-four hours! Little wonder that this 
 country has at length been able to ship pig iron and mer- 
 chant bars to mother England; locomotives to China and 
 Japan; steel bridges to India and Egj'pt; and hardware ar- 
 ticles and machinery of all sorts to all of the distant corners 
 of the earth. Since last December the intense activity in 
 
32 
 
 PKOOEEDINGS OF THE INTEKNATIUNAL t'OMMEKCIAL GONURESS 
 
 all departments of trade and commerce has led to an ex- 
 cessive domestic demand for all kinds of goods, which has 
 checked for a time this export business; but normal condi- 
 liciis are bound soon to resume sway, and neither broad seas 
 nor far distant shores can prevent us from resuming on a 
 larger scale a business that has afforded so great satisfaction 
 in the beginning. Nor is the fact that we pay higher wages 
 in this country than anywhere else in the world, a bar to 
 our ability to renew the export of our manufactured products. 
 The greater productive capacity of our artisans, the lower 
 cost of i'ood and especially our improved methods and ma- 
 chinery, more than offset our higlier rate of wages. 
 
 Markets. — Notwithstanding these advantages, it is a fact 
 that but a small percentage of our manufactured products 
 has thus far found its way to foreign markets. This is owing 
 to our lack of commercial agencies abroad and an intimate 
 knowledge of the precise kind of goods wanted. The intel- 
 ligent and aggressive English and German manufacturer has 
 long since been there ahead of us. He has cstablislicd agen- 
 cies and sent out his cousins and his nephews to show goods 
 and solicit business. He has learned what quality and style 
 of goods are wanted, how to pack and how to ship, and is 
 willing to wait nine months or a year for his pay. He has 
 established financial institutions and laid deep and strong the 
 fotmdations of permanent trade relations. For Americans 
 to crowd in alongside of our enterprising Englisli and Ger- 
 man competitors means war — commercial war — not in a 
 liostile spirit, nor even an envious or jealous spirit, but in 
 friendly competition and open rivalry, relying for success on 
 the quality and price of our goods and upon our clean, 
 straightforward ways of doing business. But we shall get 
 there; and we shall stay, because we have got the men and 
 the materials and the machinery and the methods of manu- 
 facture, and these are bound ultimately to win for us the 
 markets. Indeed, so lofty is our ambition, that if we could 
 only find means of transportation, we should not be unwilling 
 to ship our goods to those bright orbs that so long have 
 cheered our nightly labors. Mars and Venus, Jupiter and 
 Saturn! 
 
 Mr. Chairman, I have believed in a protective policy for 
 this country. As long as we were more or less dependent, 
 and making an effort to supply our own demand, I have 
 thought it not unreasonable that we should build up a wall 
 and keep foreign goods out, at least such as if admitted free 
 would work a hindrance to our own development. But now 
 that we have grown more strong and lusty and are able to 
 compete with foreign makers in many lines, it seems to me 
 we ought to take off some of the stones from this wall and 
 allow a freer trade, at least to give as much to other nations 
 as we ask from them, and treat them in this respect as we 
 would like to be treated by them; hence a freer, more liberal 
 and fairer trade with all tlie nations of the earth. Such 
 friendly competition would tend to increase mutual respect 
 and confidence, add dignity 1o our national character, and 
 promote and strengthen tlie bonds dI jieace and fraternity. 
 
 The Amebican Coffee Market. 
 
 Mr. A. M. Woolson: 
 
 The American coffee market is without doubt the best 
 market in the world, for the reason that we drink more coffee 
 than any other country. 
 
 By reference to the United States Government statistical 
 abstract, published this year, it will be seen that we imported 
 the year ending June 30, 1898, 0,451,000 bags of coffee or 
 870,514,455 pounds, amounting to $65,067,631, at an aver- 
 age cost of 7 4-10 cents per pound, an estimated consumption 
 per capita of 11 45-100 poimds. These figures show that we 
 consume nearly as much coffee as do Germany, France, 
 Austria, Belgium, Holland, Eussia, England and all other 
 countries combined. It can be safely claimed that the Amer- 
 ican coffee market is the most important. It is presumed 
 that the foreign delegates would like to know how the mer- 
 chants of America market so much coffee. In this connec- 
 tion, I will state that previous to 1860 every retail merchant 
 bought his coft'ee green, and householders generally did the 
 roasting at home; but the inventive genius and skill of the 
 American mechanic improved upon the antiquated methods 
 of roasting to the manifest advantage of consumers, and the 
 appreciation of these benefits resulted in building up several 
 large roasting establishments. People rapidly became edu- 
 cated to buy roasted coffee instead of green, for it is natural 
 for the American people to shift all such responsibilities as 
 roasting coffee. 
 
 The industry has grown to such an extent that at the pres- 
 ent time ninety per cent, of all the coffee imported into this 
 country is sold by the merchants to the consumer after being 
 roasted. 
 
 The marketing of roasted coffee in this manner proves to 
 be a great saving to the consumer, for it is roasted by men 
 skilled in the business, thoroughly equipped with all the 
 neces.sary machinery and facilities for conducting the pro- 
 cess, which gives a more desirable and uniform product. A 
 few places in southern parts of the United States appear to 
 cling most tenaciously to the direct consumption of green 
 coffee, but through the North, East and West, the roasted 
 article virtually monopolizes the field. 
 
 It is to be regretted that so much of the coffee imported is 
 so impregnated with small stones, as we term them, Bra- 
 zilian diamonds; it forces the roaster to separate by machin- 
 ery these foreign substances from the coffee. The average is 
 nearly one pound of stones to the bag. The grower who 
 sends us the cleanest coffee is rewarded by having his coffee 
 graded higher, consequently a better price is commanded. 
 We have used hundreds of tons of these stones taken from 
 coffee in paving the walks and drives about our homes. Un- 
 doubtedly many growers believe that they receive more for 
 their coffee in the aggregate by working in as many stones as 
 possible, hut in this they are in error, for the green coffee is 
 all graded by experts, who grade stone coffee lower than they 
 do coffee free from stones. 
 
 lion. Boies Penrose: 
 
 Tlie Chairman has been informed that Mr. A. M. Woolson, 
 of Ohio, who was to have delivered an address here tliis 
 morning, has been compelled to leave Philaileljihia on ac- 
 count of sickness in his family. He has sent a paper here 
 which I will ask Professor Wilson to read by title. 
 
 Director W. 1'. Wihoii : 
 
 The title of Mr. Woolson's paper is, "The American ColTee 
 Mai'ket." 
 
 Hon. Boies Penrose: 
 
 I will now call on the gentleman from the southern section 
 of the United States, from the great State of North Carolina, 
 who will speak to you upon the staple products of our south- 
 ern-country — the cotton industry — and before I introduce 
 him I will simply state one fact that was recently called to 
 my attention by the Ti'oasury Department of the United 
 States, that for the manufacture of this single product during 
 tlie first five months of the current year one million spindles 
 have been em]iIoyed and the enormous sum of seventeen mil- 
 lion dollars ($17,000,000) has been added to the mills and 
 factories and investments already made there. 
 
D. M. PARRY, 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 JOHN B. JOHNSTON, 
 
 Minnesota. 
 
 EDMUND SEYMOUR, 
 Washington. 
 
 HENRY C. STAVER, 
 Illinois. 
 
 CHARLES R. FLINT, 
 N Ew York. 
 
 W. H. HAILE, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 COL. JAMES KILBOURNE, 
 Ohio. 
 
 HUGH CRAIG, 
 California. 
 
IVERSITY 
 
THIRD DAY'S SESSION, UCTUiJKK U, 1899 
 
 83 
 
 I take pleasure in introducing to you Mr. D. A. Tompkins, 
 of Charlotte. North Carolina. 
 
 Mr. D. A. TompMns: 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Commercial Con- 
 gress. — I know of nothing except the Christian religion that 
 can be compared with the influence of a free social and com- 
 mercial intercourse, for the softening of asperities and remov- 
 ing of prejudices and extending knowledge and promoting 
 human happiness. This sentiment was uttered by Mr. Robert 
 Aimes more than fifty years ag-o, in speaking upon the sub- 
 ject of constructing a railway from Charleston, S. C, to Cin- 
 cinnati, Ohio. It seems to be a peculiar and appropriate 
 sentiment pn this occasion when the people from all parts of 
 the world have assembled here for the purpo.se of encour- 
 aging commercial intercourse, and for the extension of knowl- 
 edge and promotion of human happiness. Although myself 
 born in South Carolina and now a resident of North Carolina, 
 I am by education and training a Pennsylvania mechanic, 
 and I have a peculiar interest in hearing the Chairman of 
 this Convention tell you of the development of the houses 
 of the working people in this city and in this State, and of 
 the extent to which the condition of the workingman has 
 been improved and the extent to which the homes have been 
 improved. I myself own one of those houses, bought while I 
 was working as a machinist for the Bethlehem Iron Com- 
 pany and i)aid for with machinist's wages. I can testify to 
 the fact tliat here in Philadelphia the condition of the me- 
 chanic who makes the best goods in the world has lieen most 
 extensively promoted, and that his home is the best home of 
 the workingman that I have ever seen in the world. It is 
 very gratifying to me to hear the expression of good-will 
 from the people who have come here to take part in these 
 exercises. I have just been to Montreal, the home of the 
 gentleman who has spoken as the representative of the Mont- 
 real Board of Trade, and I can testify to his statement that 
 the people there are active and energetic, and that they 
 are doing a great many important things. On that 
 trip I gained a great deal of knowledge and lost some con- 
 ceit, for I found there were other people who could do things, 
 even to spinning of cotton, as well as we can do it in North 
 Carolina. The conditions which surround the commerce of 
 states and nations are constantly changing. The best develop- 
 ment of commerce can only be made by studying the chang- 
 ing conditions and readapting the course of trade to those 
 changed conditions. Less than forty years ago the section 
 from which I come made raw cotton and exported it, and 
 there was very little there otherwise to interest a foreign 
 merchant. Within that forty years the whole condition has 
 changed, and that is not the only change that has taken place 
 in the cotton region of the United States. In the early days 
 of the Republic, the South was purely an agricultural country 
 with more or less diversified products. As time went on she 
 developed a large manufacturing interest under the protec- 
 tive policy established by Washington a.nd Hamilton, advo- 
 cated later by Clay, Webster and Calhoun, and, as late as 
 1810, the manufactured ]n>oducts of Virginia and the Caro- 
 linas and Georgia exceeded in quantity and value that of 
 the whole of the New England States put together. I state 
 this, not for the purpose of any invidious comparison or 
 boasting of what was there at that time, but to exhibit the 
 changes of enormous significance that can come about in a 
 very short time, and that they did come about in the South in 
 the early days. I will also show you other changes that have 
 taken place which it would be valuable for the commercial 
 world to know about. At a later period, the institution of 
 slavery was developed. The production of cotton with slave 
 lalior became more profitable tlian any other occupation. And 
 fis slavery developed the manufacturing interests dried up 
 
 until there was scarcely anything left — as late as 1850 or 
 1860. Then there came still another period following quickly 
 on the abolition of slavery, in which the people took up man- 
 ufactures as their grandfathers had done before them, and 
 in less than a quarter of a century the developments of the 
 cotton manufacturing business has gone so far in the South 
 that she makes the price that the world pays for cotton goods. 
 It is being developed on the export basis and with a rapidity 
 that cannot but be surprising to anybody who looks into the 
 figures; it becomes clear that in the very near future the 
 merchants of the whole world will have to look to the south- 
 ern part of the United States for the manufactured cotton 
 goods in coarse numbers. It is there also that the manu- 
 facture of pig iron was put upon an export basis in the same 
 quarter of a century succeeding the Civil War and the aboli- 
 tion of slavery, these two things being practically together. 
 It is there that out of a material which in the days of slavery 
 was practically worthless — cotton seed — there has be€n de- 
 veloped an industry out of which we get products worth one 
 hundred million dollars. It is there that the business of 
 lumber and woodwork is being done upon an export basis. It 
 would seem to me as if the development, both in the produc- 
 tion of cotton and its manufacture, were scarcely more than 
 well begun in that region. We are now making between ten 
 and twelve million bales of cotton a year, and yet I believe 
 that within the next fifteen years we will produce fifteen 
 million bales of cotton. In that same time the present manu- 
 facturing capacity of the southern mills will probalily be 
 doubled, if our government takes those steps which will pro- 
 mote and increase our export trade, upon which the manu- 
 facture of cotton in the South is practically entirely depen- 
 dent. 
 
 In entering into trade relations with other people — foreign 
 people I mean — it would be the consummation of folly to at- 
 tempt it, except upon the plan of reciprocity and mutual 
 advantage. We are well aware of the fact that no trade can 
 be permanent which is to our advantage alone, and in the 
 development of the cotton manufacturing business in the 
 South we are at all times making every exertion toward put- 
 ting it on the basis where it will be profitable for the people of 
 the world to come to us for our cotton goods. So far we have 
 been peculiarlv successful. 
 
 I very much favor some measure that will facilitate their 
 business in cotton goods, or any other manufactures of the 
 United States, with foreign people. (Applause.) I wish to 
 see the Nicaragua, or some other Isthmian Canal, constructed. 
 I wish to see any measure taken by this government which 
 will increase and promote the interests of our merchant 
 marine, in order that we may have shipping facilities with ' 
 other countries with which we may do a profitable trade to 
 our advantage and theirs. In every other way that we can 
 create facilities, I desire it shall be done, and that the gov- 
 ernment shall invite the co-operation of other nations in 
 bringing about the necessary facilities for the accomplish- 
 ment of trade between this and other countries. 
 
 ]\Ir. Chairman, I thank you for the invitation to speak, 
 and I thank the audience for the attention they have given 
 me. (Applause.) 
 
 Ron. Boies Penrose: 
 
 We have with us a representative or delegate from the 
 Chamber of Commerce of Aix-la-Chapelle, who will very 
 briefly address you. I will ask you to hear him — Mr. Leo 
 Vossen. 
 
 Mr. Leo Vossen: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Fellow Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen: 
 As I mil not n native of England, but n German, of course I 
 
31 
 
 PEOCEEDIXCIS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 c-minol sjiciik a< gond I'^nglisli ;is I should, and I must ask 
 your kind iiidtilgi'iK'e if I sliould lose my reins sometimes, 
 "but against that I will he as short as possible, and in the 
 meantime only give you an extract of what I have to say. 
 
 First of all, 1 have the ])leasure and iionor to present to 
 this Congress the greetings and most liearty salutations of 
 the Aix-la-Chapelle Clianibi'r of Commerce, and it is the 
 desire of our ( 'handier, as 1 dare say also is the present feel- 
 ing of all tlie industrial bidies of Germany, that this ('on- 
 gress will in its result stimulate the industrs^ of American 
 people, and then we will progress more and more, and always 
 get a larger development. 
 
 Let me say one word about the feeling in Germany towards 
 our cousins in America. Dr. Vosherg yesterday, in his Ger- 
 man si)ee<-h, mentioned this question, and lie asserts that in 
 (iermany everyhody will be glad to shake hands with every 
 American, except perha])s the chief appraiser. I go further, 
 and 1 hope and I lielicve that we will very soon be able most 
 heartily to shake hands even with your chief appraiser. 
 
 Wliat makes me think so is wdiat Mr. Sternl)ergh has said, 
 which you confirm when you applaud, and that is the inten- 
 tion to take by and by a few stones out of the wall which is 
 around you and combine in a general free trade. (Applause.) 
 (ientlemen, wo in (4ermany want your goods. We want your 
 wheat and we want your meat: we like your fruits: we like 
 your a])ples, and. liy and by, we will begin to like your ('ali- 
 I'ornia wines, and wine is a very good thing to join the na- 
 ti(ms. You take our wine and we will take your wine, (ien- 
 tlemen, now, you all know very well that trade is not done 
 l)y feeling, hut by intercourse. Well, I might say, that the 
 impressions that I will take with me from this C'ongress, are 
 in effect that by and hy it will lead to the feeling that on 
 both sides reciprocity is necessary. We in Germany can, 
 of course, not yet expect that against the csta1)lished inter- 
 ests of the United States you should now l)egin to take down 
 those stones out of your ])rotective wall, but I think that the 
 time will come, and quicker than we have hitherto believed. 
 We all in Europe sympathize with the principles of free trade 
 with America and when that time comes, of course, then we 
 will be all right. 
 
 I will refer, with your permission, to some words which yes- 
 Ii I'llay Mr. Stone, Tlis Excellency, the (Jovernor of Pennsyl- 
 vania, said about labor. J shoidd like him very much to 
 come over lo (iermany, and all of you gentlemen wdio have 
 not been I here, to see that just as wages are decreasing 
 bere in .\nieric-a, they are increasing in (Germany. If we 
 take into consideration tliat besides flic laboi' we also 
 havi' to pay very heavy t.ixes to our govei'iinient in (U'der to 
 enable it to satisfy the laws ])rotecting labor, which arc always 
 extended in (Jermany, as a ri\\i\ not madi' by the ininnfar- 
 turers in onr Parlianu'Ut, bnl by physicians and phi! i~o- 
 ])liers and ])eople not being practical men, but good fellows, 
 all of them — well, I thiid< that by and by you will find that 
 your wages and our wages will come to a level. Wtu ninsl 
 not forget that food is more expensive in (jcimanv than it 
 is bcfi', and that willi tlie same money y m can get mucli 
 nunc Tor ycmr li\in'_;' hei'e than in Gei'many, and thai ibis 
 will make the Icvcd come nincli ipiickei' than \\r belie\cil 
 until now. 
 
 (ientlemen. let me now express tlie ihsirc of the town of 
 .\ix-la-('haiiclle. It is that until this wall can be abolished 
 there will be facilities granted in so far that when a German 
 manufacturer has declared his goods for ex|)ort at the ofiice 
 I f the .Xnierican consular-:)nicer, the latter will legalix.i> his 
 export [)apers, showing that what he says is true and that it 
 
 should not be disapproved by the appraiser here. (Jentle- 
 meu, when that general hope, which I express here, will be 
 once aecomj)lished — and I hope that I shall still be living 
 when it will be aecomplislied — there will be no boundary be- 
 tween America and Germany, and I hope not between Amer- 
 ica and Europe, and we all will be able to work together for 
 the benefit of the whole world and come to the fulfillment 
 of those excellent words which yesterday the honorable chair- 
 man pronounced when he began to speak, that we are all 
 children of one (Jod and made out of the saiue blood and 
 that we must assist each other. (Applause.) 
 
 I am sorry that my colleague. Director (jeneral Schroeder, 
 of Aix-la-Chapi'llr. was unfortunately obliged to leave the 
 city yesterday, but 1 can state that his views coincide with 
 those exjjressed by me here. 
 
 Hon. Bdirs I'eiinise: 
 
 1 now will ask Professor Wilson to make a few anuDunce- 
 ments for the information of the delegates. 
 
 JUrrrliir W. F. Wilsa?i: 
 
 1 would state first that the meeting of this Congress will 
 convene on Monday at the Philadelphia Ciunmercial Museum, 
 233 South Fourth street. 
 
 Further, this evening there will be held what in America 
 we sometimes call a "smoker,"' on this fioor, in the rooms 
 just at tlie left. The foreign delegates and visitors, and the 
 delegates from the Chambers of Commerce of the Ignited 
 States are all invited and urged to bo present. We have in- 
 vited the exhiliitors, those who are manufacturers and have 
 exhibits, to meet you on this occasion. 
 
 In the notice given out for the excursion on the river this 
 afternoon, there are the words, "Credential cards must be 
 shown at the fi'rry and railway stations." 1 wish to state 
 that our representatives will l)e at the boat and that every 
 delegate from the chaniljers of commerce of the United States, 
 and all the foreign delegates are cordially invited. If your 
 credentials are not with you, it will make no dilferenee. Do 
 not stay away. 
 
 /lull. Itiiifs /'I'liriisc: 
 
 The program having been accomplislinl, j ikiu declare this 
 session adjourned. 
 
 (.M'ter a pause.) 'i'lu' convention will be in order for a 
 moment. 
 
 //(//(. lUrlninl I!. Dn/ii-ll (Canada): 
 
 I would suggest that the lirst |inilion ef M(niday nioi'iiing's 
 session be taken up with a discussion, limiting the speakers to 
 such length of time as our chairman thinks well. 
 
 //(///. Bdies Pi'iinifif: 
 
 If there is no objection that will be the order. 
 
 ninrlrr 11. /'. ir/7«//(.- 
 
 Some 111' I be delegations of the foreign go\ernnn'n(s have 
 asked to bave special sessions, to which .\mei-icans should be 
 added i\>v s|)ecial work. I would state that we ai-e attemjiting 
 to arrange that as soon as possible. The delegates will aid us 
 in doing that. 'J'hat can be facilitated largely on Monday at 
 the Mnsenni. where we have dilfei'ent roiuus. 
 
 Session elosctl at P^.ln p. m. 
 
PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 FOURTH DAY'S SESSION 
 
 riiii.Ainci.i'iiiA, Mduday, October IGtli, 1899. 
 Morning Session. 
 
 Tlie meeting was called to order at 10. ''i4 a. in., in the As- 
 sembly E )om of the Commercial Museum, by Director W. P. 
 Wilson. 
 
 Dircclur W. P. Wilson: 
 
 Will the deiet;ates frnni .Viislraiia, wlio are to speak this 
 morning, kindly take the phitform? 
 
 Is Mr. John iJarre Johnston here? (ilr. Johnston responds 
 "Here"). 
 
 We also have a jiaper this ninming from Mr. W. J. Mox- 
 ham, and one from Colonel G. W. Bell. These gentlemen will 
 jjlease take the platform. 
 
 Gentlemen, I have been a.sked to preside this morning. 
 Will you kindly come to order? It was the intention in 
 this Convention to give o])portunity for discussion after each 
 set of subjects, or after the subjects had Ijcen ])resented in 
 any given line. We will take a brief few minutes this morn- 
 ing for the discussion of the topics which were uppermost on 
 last Saturday, and that will give opportunity to anyone who 
 has anything to present to come forward. (Ap])lause.) 
 
 Allow me to introduce ^Ir. James D. Allan, of the Toronto 
 Board of Trade, wim has a word to present with reference to 
 our last session. 
 
 Mr. James D. Allan: 
 
 Dr. Wilson and Delegates to the International Commercial 
 Congress. — Reference has been made in the previous session 
 regarding the transportation problem and the ijossibilities of 
 its development for better service between the two countries 
 — the United States and Canada more particularly. Anyone 
 studying the geography of the North American continent will 
 be struck with the wonderful distriljution of fresh water lakes 
 and waterways. These waterways are largely, almost entirely, 
 I may .say, witliin the Canadian territory. Oljstructions do 
 e.xist, but these have been overcome by an enormous expendi- 
 ture of money by the Canadian Government, a canal system 
 alone having cost in the neighborhood of eighty million.? of 
 dollars; the obstructions of the river St. Lawrence have been 
 overcome by deepening the canals to a depth of fourteen feet, 
 thus giving a road into the Great Lakes for very much larger 
 vessels than it has been possible before. It is rather unfortu- 
 nate that there is no map that would show the exact po.sition, 
 but if you will trace these waterways through the interior of 
 the country you will see that the western part of the United 
 States is quite as much interested as Canada can be in the 
 perfecting of the systems of cheap communication. It is said 
 in the commerce of the United States that the cheapening 
 
 of freights to the extent of one mill per ton per mile would 
 mean a saving of a hundred million dollars to the agricultur- 
 ists of the West. We in Canada have adopted a very liberal 
 principle, partly of our own free will and partly as a result 
 of the treaty made in 1869 with the LTnited States Govern- 
 ment, by which we have given the free use of our canals to 
 the Americans, using them on the same terms as we ourselves 
 have done. This has largely increased the carrying trade 
 between the West and Canadian points. We have opened 
 up a line of railway extending from Parry Sound through to 
 the Atlantic which does now, carry grain from Chicago alone 
 to the extent in a single season — although it is only two yea.rs 
 old — of ten million bushels. This is enjoyed by Americans 
 almost alone. Some people have taken the ground that we 
 should not have offered the free use, because there will prob- 
 ably not be freight enough for the multiplication of marine 
 on these upjjer lakes, but anyone studying this great country, 
 the open lakes and the St. Lawrence River and its iinmeuse 
 and rapid development, should see that we cannot, in our 
 wildest dreams, pos.siljly arrive at what may come twenty or 
 twenty-five years hence. When we remember such miscon- 
 ceptions regarding the country as existed in the mind of an 
 American statesman, Henry Clay, when it was proposed to 
 build the St. Clary's Canal (in 1855), who sneered at the idea 
 as ridiculous and placed it on a par with a proposal to build 
 a railway to the moon — that is a little more than forty years 
 ago — we see to-day St. Mary's Canal as the pride of the world. 
 And it is a remarkable fact that the tonnage during the 
 season of navigation passing through the caual is greater 
 than that passing through the Suez Canal. You will see the 
 great importance of trade in Lake Superior, which a little 
 more than twenty years ago was scarcely traver.sed by ships 
 at all. 
 
 Regarding the agricultural country in the American 
 Xorthwest, it is a remarkable fact that when it was proposed 
 to settle up what are now the States of Dakota and Minnesota. 
 Proctor Knott stated there would never be enough agri- 
 cultural products in that district to fatten a grasshoj)per. 
 Within twenty years afterward, a thousand million bushels 
 of grain were harvested from that district alone. We, in 
 Canada, have opened up Manitoba and the Xorthwest terri- 
 tories. The Northwest territories in 1871 were taken over by 
 the Government of Canada on the jmyment of three hundred 
 thousand pounds from the Hudson Bay Company; settle- 
 ment has been going on there and so successful has been the 
 pursuit of agriculture that in this year the Province of Mani- 
 toba alone has raised sixty million bushels of grain to be 
 transported. This seems like a fairy tale, but west of Mani- 
 toba there is great territory to be settled. We have in that 
 territory of Canada sixteen hundred thousand square miles of 
 magnificent agricultural country. 
 
 The product of all this region must find its way to the sea- 
 hoard; it belongs to us as trade. It behooves us, then, as 
 shrewd commercial men to look fo the future and to be guided 
 
 35 
 
36 
 
 i'KULKIiDIA'GS Ui" THE iATEl{XATlU-\AL t'UM.MEKClAL LUA'GEESS 
 
 liV asioci.ili;- inU'LUiice and make preparation for the pouring 
 in iijioi! ii; of rhi? magnificent lieritagc of the West possessed 
 i.v V'otli countries (eries of "hear, "hear"). We boast in this 
 eo;;i;iry — I mean hy that Canada, but you are our brothers 
 iind our cousins, sir. part of the same stock. (Applause.) 
 We liave many things in common, and I am especially de- 
 liglited that this Commercial Congress has a.ssembled in this 
 great city of Philadelphia that has always been noted for its 
 progress and desire for the betterment of mankind. I was 
 especially pleased at the opening session with the s|)eech of 
 th(^ Minister rroni China — a s]ieech that I shall remember 
 with verv great iideresf. coming as it did from a nation that 
 is supposed to have been lying inert, asleep, while commercial 
 develo))ment was going on elsewhere. He comes here in the 
 greatest commercial activity and counsels ns that we take a 
 broad and liberal view of things, (lentlemen, tliat is tiu' true 
 spirit of connnerce. We should take a liberal view of things, 
 and the befter we can do in solving these various problems the 
 better we bless the lot of the huml)le toiler whom we re])resent 
 here. It is well for ns to remember that we constitute only 
 one side of what goes to make up ccmimerce, — production and 
 di.strihution go hand in hand, and if production is ever so 
 efficient and distribTition weak, then production is retarded. 
 But I take it that the business of the delegates here — reni'c- 
 .«entatives of the commerce of the world — is itself a great 
 influence. Whatever difficulties e.xist we ])ropose to si'lve 
 them. 
 
 I am drifting off into lengthy remarks which I had not in- 
 tended to make, I will come down to the subject that concerns 
 us in Canada. Mr. Dobell, member of the Canadian Cabinet, 
 who addressed the Conference the other day, briefly referred 
 to the position that exi&ts in regard to the navigation of 
 canals leading from the Hudson River to the capital of Can- 
 ada, Ottawa. American barges can go from New York to 
 Ottawa City, load lumber and return to New York City, 
 liaving in that time used for more than one-half of the dis- 
 tance Canadian waterways. We cannot load Canadian barges 
 at Ottawa and send them down to New York over the same 
 route. AVe are stopped at Wliitehall, in the State of New 
 York, and are obliged to unload. We have some other things 
 referring to the carrying of American grain in Canadian ves- 
 sels that is very peculiar. In this very Parry Sound route, 
 taking grain from Chicago for export via Boston, American 
 vessels can engage in that traffic, the reason being that they 
 are not "coasting" but are going between two American 
 ports, though they are actually loading in Chicago and un- 
 loading at a Canadian port. The Canadian vessels cannot 
 engage in that traffic, because the American authorities in 
 Boston say, "you are coasting." You have used the waters 
 of CaTiada and Canadian ports to unload your grain. But in 
 place of considering Parry Sound the end of the journey, 
 they consider Boston as the end of the journey, though our 
 transportation facilities by rail have been used in order to 
 make Boston the terminal ]iiiint. We are prohibited from 
 engaging in that trade. 'I'liere arc maiiv things of this nature 
 that have arisen between us; new conditions have arisen in 
 regard to our trade. As a matter of fact tlie Dtnninion (if 
 Canada, dm'ing the past three years, has gone forward by 
 leaps and liounds. Our foreign trade in the past three years 
 has reached more than it liad in ibe previous thirty years, a 
 new era seems to have dawned and Canada has arisen and is 
 a.sscrting herself in the sisterhood of nations. You will ask 
 what we are doing. We are only asking to take a part in 
 litjcrality with yoti in trade matters and in that matter we 
 appeal to your good sense. 
 
 Our mineral discoveries and di'Vrldpmeiits u|i then' read 
 almost like a fairy tale. We bavi' the greatest nickel deposits 
 in the world. According to Congressional reports furnished 
 your Amorican Congress, m'c have one district lying two hun- 
 
 dred miles north of Toronto, three hundred miles long and 
 seventy-five miles broad, containing si.ic hundred and fifty 
 million tons of nickel. Wliat possibilities there are in this 
 for numufac-turers of the United States and Europe it is not 
 necessary for me to state. You can estimate the vast possi- 
 bilities of this. You are all business men. We have made 
 rich discoveries in copper, and with the rise in the price of 
 copper during this last year, it seems to us a very opportune 
 time to have made the discovery. We have opened up corun- 
 dum mines which are very wonderful. We invite you to come 
 in and develop them. We have no alien labor in force; we 
 arc willing to make all these things as free as possible. 
 
 We ask the attention of the world to us as a country to be 
 developed and we do not fear. You will find in us children 
 of the same parent stock which wrested from King John the 
 rights of Magna Charta and made the Anglo-Saxon race 
 throughout the world synonymous with justice and fair play 
 and of Ijenefit to civilization generally. 
 
 The transportation problem is of the greatest importance 
 to the Western agriculturist, miner and lumberman, and with 
 the comjiletion of the canal system of Canada to a uniform 
 de];ith of fourteen feet, which can be used on equal terms by 
 the ships of the United States and Canada, and the large con- 
 sumption of American products by Canada and the com- 
 munity of interest growing between the two countries, justi- 
 fies the reasonableness of a request that the use of the inland 
 waters amd canal systems be extended to the shipping of both 
 countries on equal terms, including the right to trade between 
 any ports. 
 
 Directur W. P. Wilfion : 
 
 Gentlemen: I will now introduce to you Mr. D. W. Bole, 
 of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, 
 
 Mr. D. W.Boh-: 
 
 I have received this notice this morning that the names of 
 delegates be announced di.stinctly and the countries from 
 which they come. I will introduce myself as coming from 
 that section of Canada which gives a flat denial to the state- 
 ment made by William Brooks two years ago, that in 1930 
 the wheat-consuming world would overtake the wheat-pro- 
 ducing world. The province of Manitoba which I have the 
 honor to represent here has eight hundred townships of 3t) 
 square miles to each township. We hope, then, in twenty- 
 five years, according to the present ratio of increase, to have 
 two hundred million bushels of wheat for export. I will 
 simply state these facts and will emphasize the speech that 
 Mr. Allan has made. Quito a number of the Canadian dele- 
 gates intend to leave for home to-day or to-morrow, and I 
 wish to take this opportunity of thanking you and the peo])lc 
 of Philadelphia, through you, sir, for the wholes<ile hospi- 
 tality tlicy have extended to us. ("Hear, hear," and applause.) 
 I don't tliink. sir, I have ever experienced in all my lifu 
 greater hos])itality and more warmheartedness. 
 
 Dinrlvr 11'. /'. ^yihl,n: 
 
 We will now come to the origiiuil ])rogram. Tbe first jiaper 
 we have tlii< iiuu-ning will be given by John !?arre Johnston, 
 Esq., delegate from the Sydney Cliaud)er of Comnu'rce. (.\p- 
 plause.) 
 
 I'lxi'oK'i's AM) I.Mi'oii'is ()!•■ Ni:w S()i:th Wales. 
 
 .¥r. J. Barre Johndon: 
 
 1 tliank vou sincerciv for the brartv wclconu' y(m have 
 extended to a delegate bailing from the Antipodes. I am 
 glad to say, howt'ver. thai I am not the only representative 
 at this great Congi'ess from those far distant climes of Aus- 
 
FOrRTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 16, 1899 
 
 37 
 
 tralia; otherwise, I woiild naturally feel the responsibility 
 much greater. I am delighted to see from New South Wales 
 my friend Colonel Bell and your consul at Sydney. I was 
 nearly going to say our consul, for Colonel Bell has so 
 identified himself with New South Wales and its interests 
 that we are inclined to consider him one of ourselves, and it 
 is no exaggeration or flattery to say that no man in New 
 South Wales is held in higher esteem, not only in the com- 
 mercial conmumity, but also in the social life of the colony 
 and to his well-known eloquence I will leave the telling of 
 the story of New South Wales, her greatness, her magnifi- 
 cent capital and beautiful harbor, contenting myself by 
 referring as tersely as possible to her commercial achieve- 
 ments and future possibilities, which I hope may have some 
 interest for you, my brother merchants. I call you brother 
 merchants, because if there is anything which binds the 
 worlcl in brotherhood it is 
 
 COMMERC'K. 
 
 Commerce is, so to say, as old as the world itself. The 
 oldest records we have show the interchange of commodi- 
 ties. From the time that Esau sold his birthright for a mess 
 of pottage, until now, all records show how mankind has had 
 need of interchange. I am not here, however, to sketch 
 out the vari(nis changes which have t-aken j>lace a,s the 
 world has advanced from the time of barter, until now that 
 with money and credit the commerce of the world has 
 assumed the gigantic magnitude which is the boast of this 
 nineteenth century. Just drawing to a close; hut, rather, to 
 deal with the existing conditions, and the possibilities of a 
 further increase in that commerce which is the civilizer of 
 the world. 
 
 When Mr. Harper, representing the Philadelphia Com- 
 mercial Museum, first called upon the committee of the Syd- 
 ney Chamber of Commerce in 189? to advocate the views of 
 that institution, he was courteously received, and although an 
 immediately favorahle response was not then given, I am glad 
 to be able to say that the Sydney Chamber of Commerce was 
 the first mercantile body in Australia which became affiliated 
 with the Museum. I am of the opinion that the reason for 
 this response is, because New South Wales is, as she has 
 always been, a firm believer in Free Trade Principles, recog- 
 nizing that the more goods she receives from a country the 
 more goods that country' is bound to take in return. While 
 merchants everywhere, and the gathering hei'e to-day accent- 
 uates the fact, are endeavoring to foster the interchange of 
 commodities, it does not seem strange that politicians in 
 many countries have hut one aim and that is to build a tariff 
 wall around their respective coimtries. 
 
 I appeal to you, my brothers, to use your best influence 
 everywhere and at all times, to throw down these walls. 
 How galling are the restraints on commerce is shown, that 
 here and there, attempts at "reciprocity" are constantly 
 being made after the walls have been built. Wliat is the 
 "most favored nation" clause we often hear of? Is it not 
 a tacit acknowledgment that instead of fostering commerce, 
 efl'orts have been made to strangle it? Yet there is a ray 
 of light in the expression showing that some reparation is 
 sought to be made. Were it not for the tariff walls, which 
 have checked trade, the commerce of the world, great as it 
 is to-day, would, I have not the slightest doubt, have been 
 infinitely greater, and I know of no better way of removing 
 these walls than by a Congress of commercial men, such as 
 here assembled meeting together and deliberating tipon the 
 best way of doing it. I cannot think we should be entirely 
 dependent upon our politicians in matters of this kind. T 
 am hopeful that the deliberations of this great and enlight- 
 ened assemblage of business men will result in bringing 
 
 about a more liberal spirit in commercial matters and in 
 creating a greater interest and bond of union amongst 
 Chambers of Commerce all over the world. 
 
 Now, my brother merchants, in looking for business, one 
 of the first things necessary is to know what each country 
 can best produce and consume, and it remains to the credit 
 of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum that that body has 
 drawn together and catalogued so numerous and so valuable 
 a collection of exhibits, by means of which our United States 
 brothers are enabled at a glance, as it were, to know where 
 and in what quantities they can procure almost any article 
 in the world, and also to learn from tabulated statistics what 
 each country more especially wants of American products. 
 
 It is a lesson to me and one which I .shall do myself the 
 pleasure of communicating to my brother merchants in New 
 South Wales. 
 
 Now you will wish to hear something of New South Wales, 
 the oldest and most populous of the Australian Colonies 
 and of her Capital City, Sydney, the Chamber of Com- 
 merce of which I represent. But just before entering upon 
 the subject of New South Wales, I hope you will pardon me 
 if I digress a little for the sake of informing those who have 
 not studied the geography of Australia, tliat New South 
 Wales is only one State in Australia. Atistralia is by far 
 the largest island in the world — its area being 2,94G,G41 
 square miles. The Australian Colonies, including New Zea- 
 land and Tasmania, comprise a total area of 3,0'i9.'M7 sipiare 
 miles, not including ISritish New Guiana, estimated at 90,000 
 sqiuire miles. So you will see that the territory is much larger 
 than the United States of America. 
 
 Being situated in the Southern Hemisphere, we have our 
 sun in the north and our winter during your summer. The 
 climate is a very healthy one and well suited to Europeans 
 (and Americans of course, too). All of our Australian Col- 
 onies have choice sites for their coastal citie.s, with splendid 
 harbor accommodations for ships of the largest size afloat. 
 We have large tracts of land eminently suited for pastoral 
 and agricultural pursuits, and the quality of our wool is 
 famed throughout the world. Our vegetation is altogether 
 different from that of the rest of the world. Many of our 
 trees shed their bark instead of their leaves. We have some 
 excellent timbers and our hard woods are well known and 
 mtich appreciated in Europe for street paving purposes. Of 
 native animals, there are but few varieties. The kangaroo 
 is particularly remarkable, as it is found no where else. 
 These and the opossums form two-thirds of the native ani- 
 mals and both carry their young in a potich. The most 
 peculiar animal is the duck-billed platypus, which is a water 
 mole with a bill like a duck and fur instead of feathers. 
 Among the birds there are some rather remarkable, the emu 
 and black swan being the largest and distinctively Aus- 
 tralian. The laughing jackass is also a most interesting in- 
 habitant of the bush, while the lyre-bird and bower-bird have 
 great fame for their plumage. There are great varieties of 
 other native birds, but none remarkable for melodious song. 
 
 To pass by the poor "black fellow" when referring to 
 Australian natural histoiy would be unpardonable; strange 
 again that Australian-born whites should be, as a rule, men 
 of good physique, some of them renowned in the sporting 
 world, notably in the cricket field, yet that the aborigines 
 should lie so degraded a race, those of Aitstralia proper tak- 
 ing the lowest rank, while those of New Zealand (called 
 Maoris) a high position among the aboriginal tribes of the 
 world. They are all, however, fast decreasing and dj-ing out, 
 and soon we will not be able to have the "black tracker" as a 
 useful adjunct to our police force. 
 
 Australia has abundant mineral wealth. The Queensland, 
 Victoria and Western Australian gold fields yield richly — 
 the last named of which is our newest field, and is at pre.*- 
 
38 
 
 PROCEEDIXGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 cut yiuliliiiir at the nilc of £?,000.0()0 slcrling per year, and 
 iic.xf year the vield i^; exjieeted to exceed £10,000.000: bill 
 <;-old IS found 'in all the other eohmies. \Vc have also an 
 idinndance of silver, eopper, tin, and coal, all of which are 
 actively worked and form important features of our minin.t; 
 and exjiort business. If Australia has been richly endowed 
 with ndnerals and metals, it has also been favored with a 
 soil and climate eminently litted for the cultivation of other 
 products. The ])astoral industry is by far the most import- 
 ant, with us, and our producti<in of wool represents nearly 
 three times the value of our mining industry, while our 
 agricultural statistics at present show far exceeding those of 
 our mineral resources. The total value of our productions 
 for lS;)(i-!'7 amounted to £114,400.000. dis-tribiited over tiie 
 colonics as follows: 
 
 New South Wales £33.751,000 
 
 Victoria 30,405,000 
 
 New Zealand 21.855,000 
 
 tjueensland 14.387.000 
 
 South Australia 7.602,000 
 
 Tasmania 3.442,000 
 
 \Ve-:tern .Vustralia 3.01S.000 
 
 The stocl< returns for 18117 give the number of sheep as 
 103,511,lOiS. Of this numbei- 43.5 jier cent, are depastured 
 in New Soutli Wales. The total value of exports for 18!)7 
 amount to £72,354,()01 and the im])orts to £()5,74(>,505, thus 
 making the total trade of Australia £138,10] ,10(i, yet the 
 pojutlation is under 5,000,(100 souls. 1 )o not tliesc liguiTs 
 speak volumes for the richne.'^s of our country, and the in- 
 dustry and energy of our peojde? 
 
 Now, to return to Sydiu'y, I may say here in passing that 
 the Chandiei- of Comnieree was fotmded in the year 1851 
 and has since tlien extended its operations progressively and 
 witlunit ostentaticm up to the ]iresent time. It has done 
 good work and is recognized as the most important com- 
 mercial institutitm in our nndst. It munbers among its mem- 
 bers the most priuiiiiieiii niercliaiits. Iiaiikers and under- 
 writ I'ls of the city. 
 
 Xew South \\'ali'< (Ui the eastern coast of the island 
 contiiuMit of Australia, has a seaboard of nearl}' 700 miles, 
 her breadth lieiug about the same from east to west, giving 
 her an area of 3 i 0,700 square miles or 198,848,000 acres, or 
 a little over two and a half times that of Great Britain and 
 Ireland. 
 
 Tlie rainfall on Ihe coastal district averages 41 inches; 
 on tlie table land 33 inches; and <in wcslern plain> alimit 10 
 inches |ier annum. 
 
 With the long stietch froui uoit h to south, wit li thevarving 
 clianges on coast, table laml and western plains, she enjoys 
 such various lempeiatures that her productions \arv from 
 those of very temperate to almost lro|ii(al elinies. r>arle\', 
 oats, wheat, the nuts of Old I'higland to the vine, su:;aT, 
 bananas, and jnne a|)plcs <if warm climates. 
 
 Siieep flourish amazingly, and our wools have a wm-ld 
 wide reputation. Vor the season 18!)7-!is (niir wool season 
 is calculated from .Inly of <nie year to the thirtieth June next 
 year). New Sdutli Wales exported of lici' nwu |ir(i(hutiiui 
 no less than 281,l(i7.119 lbs. valued al t;8.000,0(i0 sti'riing. 
 
 Of tliis large exjiort, I regret to say that only a small 
 (piantity was directly taken by the I'nifed States of America. 
 The total value of woid exported from the .\ustralian Colo- 
 nies in 1897 was ovit £18,500.000 sterling. Oiu- cattle and 
 horses are as goo<l almost as any in the woidd. .\s regards 
 our race horses, y(iii know what they are, and San |-'raiu-ise-o 
 fnends have recognized their good points and taken miu'e 
 than one. 
 
 Our kangaroo and rabljil skins have no keener buyers 
 than those liailing fr(un the laml of the Stars and Stripes. 
 
 Our timliers are the sti-ongest in the world and none are 
 more suitable for wharves, etc.; tindier blixdcs (for street pav- 
 ing), the produce of Australia, are used in England and on 
 the Continent and I would here mention that the United 
 States Constd at Sydney, Colonel G. W. Bell, has furnished 
 your government with a splendid re|3ort on this subject. 
 
 Many of our timbers are s]ilendidly grained and suitable 
 for the finest joinery wm'k. 
 
 Our wattle tree provides oiu' of the most valuable barks 
 for tanning purposes. 
 
 Various species of the eucalyptus ju'odnce a volatile oil 
 extensively used for medical purjjoses. 
 
 The Government Director of the Botanic (iardens had 
 classified the varieties which properly belong to Australian 
 economic botany and already over 3,000 s])ecimens have been 
 described. Strange to say, however, but few of these varied 
 resources have as yet been realized, aiid here I wotdd ask 
 those present to keep this well in view. 
 
 As regards metals New South Wales has ]u-odiiced since 
 1851, £44.488,372. gold; 1881. £24,108,285 silver and ore; 
 1872. f(;,24G,418 tin: 1859, £4,351,343 co])])er. 
 
 In all the above, production is still going on, and owing 
 to better ajjplianees than existed when the first great outputs 
 took place, many fields are being profitably worked over again. 
 
 New South Wales has vast quantities of iron ore in close 
 proximity to limestone and coal. This iron stone on analysis 
 gives from 40 to 50 per cent, of juetallic iron. While I do 
 luit say that we shall early rival Pittsburg, I unhesitatingly 
 say that in her enormous deposits of iron sitone. New South 
 Wales has a still undeveloped asset, which, with a larger 
 po]inlation to work upon, must make itself felt, atid that 
 ]ieiha[is sooner than many expei t. 
 
 We have antimony in large (piantities. manganese, bis- 
 muth and many others. 
 
 C'oal is very widely distrilnited. it being computitl that the 
 ai-ea over which it is found is 23.950 square miles. I need 
 not mention Newcastle to you gentlemen, as it is too well 
 known in connection with the coal trade. 
 
 The (piantitv of coal raised in New South Wales during 
 the year 1897 was 4.383.591 tons. 
 
 We also raise in New South Wales kerosene shale largely 
 used for mixing with coal in nuiking g-as. The low price 
 of kerosene has stopped the manufacture of oil. 
 
 In precious stones we have diamonds, sa|)phires. emeralds, 
 I'ubies, garnets and 0]>als. In tin- last named, a steady increase 
 in production is reported. 
 
 Marble, slate, fire clays, purple and yellow ochre and other 
 ])i.gments are widely distributed. 
 
 Although New S(Uitli Wales produces largely in agricul- 
 tural lines, so far she has not been much of a factor in the 
 wcii'ld's sup]ily. The ,i;'rowth of wheat is. however, rapidly 
 exjianding. 
 
 ]\raiz(» figures largely in prodn<lion. but Ihe tluetuation in 
 price is veiw great, and aftei- a series (4' low value's farmers 
 have put their land, especially (Ui our northern I'ivers, under 
 su.t;ar cam'. 
 
 The low freights lalidy nding bctwetui New York and 
 Sydney lunc allowed of shipuu'uts of nniize being imiiorted 
 fi'oiu I he former. 
 
 New S(uoli Wall's is at present a jUdducin.ii; in contra- 
 distinction t ) a maniiraeturing country, ami that she does a 
 Ml; luisiiu'ss fiu' her I ] millions of peojile, the following figures 
 will show: . 
 
 In 1898 the imi)orts were £2-1, I53.5(i0 
 
 In 1898 the exports were C27,<;is.l i: 
 
 which von will. 1 am ^\Wf. allow are large amounts for so 
 small a pcqndation. 
 
FOFRTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER ]6, 1899 
 
 39 
 
 Now in respect to the trade between the United States and 
 New Soiitli Wales, and to a remark made early in my address 
 relative to the effects of free trade. Just let me give yon the 
 particulars of trade between the two countries for a few years: 
 
 Imports from United States— 1892, £823,532; 1893, £526,- 
 831; 1894, £542,427; 1895, £(i24,2(i8; 1896, £1,729,871; 1897, 
 £1,887,877; 1898, £1,002,954. 
 
 Exports to United States— 1892, £1,529,981); 1893, £026,- 
 566; 1894, £374.551; 1895, £(i83,0()0; 1896, £2,00-1,904; 1897, 
 £2,462,319; 1898, £5,951,287. 
 
 With the single exception of 1894, our exports to United 
 States of America exceeded our inipoi'ts there. In the ease 
 of 1898 a very great difference is shown, but this is owing to 
 transmission of gold to San Francisco direct, it being more 
 ])rolitable at the time. It is a noteworthy fact, however, that 
 during that year the United States took £1,379,278 worth 
 of the ])roduce of the colony. 
 
 I am quite content myself to note the steadily growing in- 
 terchange between countries so ;dlii'd liy ties of kinship and 
 friendship. 
 
 My brother merchants, I have no intention of wearying you 
 with statistics "viva voce," but I have had prepared n few 
 salient ligures which you can, and I hope will, read at your 
 leisure, and should any one of you notice an item which in- 
 terests you, I shall — upon your leaving with the Secretary 
 of the Museum a message that you wish to consult me there- 
 on — be only too happy to give you any information in my 
 power, wliich you may seek. 
 
 By the courtesy of the Government of New South A\'ales, 
 I have been provided with a few books and pamphlets which 
 1 shall be happy to distribute, from which you will be able 
 to gather more particular information as to the trade and 
 resources of the colony that can be compressed into so short 
 an address as I have considered proper to make to-day. 
 
 That New South Wales is not altogether a wild bush or 
 forest, will be understood when you look upon the photo- 
 graphs of our city buildings, wharves, railways, tramways, 
 water works, etc. 
 
 In Sydney we have three large ship docks (the Sutherland 
 being one of the largest in the world); the Fitzny, 450 feet 
 long, 59 feet broad, draught 21 feet 6 inches; Sutherland. 
 600 feet long, 84 feet broad, draught 32 feet; Mort-* (private), 
 640 feet long, 60 feet at top, 54 feet bottom, draught 19 feet; 
 five floating docks to take vessels up to 1,500 tons; two patent 
 ships to take vessels up to 2,000 tons. 
 
 Just at the time I left Sydney, Morts Dock and Engineer- 
 ing Company had commenced a new dock rivaling the Suth- 
 erland above mentioned. These are fitting docks for a per- 
 fectly landlocked and deep harbor which has a water surface 
 of the harbor proper of no less than fifteen square miles and 
 a .shore line of 165 miles. The City of Sydney and its suburbs 
 occupy 141 square miles and have witlnn their boundaries 
 about 410,000 people. Teleplioncs are in all our chief cities 
 and towns, and there is communiciition by telephone between 
 Sydney and Newcastle (about 70 miles). The telegraph and 
 railway systems of the colony are splendid and I may mention 
 that on the railways, the colony has spent £37,719,402, on 
 which they return a net interest of 3.75 per cent. 
 
 As a shipping port Sydney stands an easy first amongst 
 the Australian C'olonies. The depth of water at low tide is 
 between 28 and 30 feet, with a wduirfage frontage of nearly 
 seven miles. Powerfid and modern shipping appliances and 
 extensive storage accommodations are provided at all the 
 important wharves. The tonnage both inward and outward 
 is continually on the increase. According to our govern- 
 ment statistics the tonnage of the vessels entered in 1897 was 
 3,331,877 tons, and cleared 3,412,554 tons. 
 
 The comparative importance of the trade of Sydney may 
 be realized iiy viewing it in connection witli cbic'f ports of 
 
 the United Kingdom. The absolute Sydney tonnage is sur- 
 passed only by four English ports, viz; London, Liverpool, 
 Cardiff and Newcastle, while in point of value of trade 
 transactions, it is exceeded only by London, Liverpool and 
 Hull. 
 
 Now in connection with this subject of shipping 1 would 
 like to mention an interesting matter of history. More than 
 a century ago, or during the fifth year after the founding of 
 our first colony, Sydney being tbe only port, the first trad- 
 ing vessel not British was from your country, flying the Stars 
 and Stripes and bearing the name of the "Philadelphia." This 
 was on the first of November, 1792. 
 
 ■I must conclude) and I own it has ])uzzled me how best 
 to do so, and at the same time pay a deserved compliment to 
 that great nation of which we are to-day, through the Phila- 
 delphia Commercial Museum, the guests. 
 
 We have received their hospitality. How has New South 
 Wales deserved it? Well, I will tell yon — by conti?iuing to 
 use their ]iroducts. 
 
 We use American timber and slate in Imilding our houses. 
 We furnish our houses with Amerienn furniture, clocks, 
 musical instruments, etc. We light our bouses with Ameri- 
 can oil and lamps. Our women u-c .\nierican .sewing ma- 
 chines. Our children use American toys. Our lads and lasses 
 use American bicycles. Our sportsmen use American arms 
 and ammunition. Our pressmen use American paper. Our 
 travelers use American buggies. We smoke (in preference) 
 American tobacco. Our merchants use American tyjiewriters, 
 and, the soul of business, American advertising matter. I 
 wish I coiild add that Americans used freely Australian wools. 
 
 Revenue for year 1897-98 to 30th June, 1898. 
 Indirect Taxation. — Customs, excise, licenses. . . . £1.670,449 
 Direct Taxation. — Land, income, probate, etc. . . . 900,533 
 
 Land revenue of all descrijitions 2,031,601 
 
 Services. — Railways, Post and Tel., water supplies, 
 
 etc., fees, school, mint, pilots, harbor light, 
 
 registrar general 4,054,832 
 
 Miscellaneous 224,681 
 
 Temjjorary advances 80,734 
 
 Cross revenue £9,562.830 
 
 Sundry refunds liowever niaih' tbe nrl Hrvenne. . 9,304.253 
 
 The net ex])enditure 9,219,940 
 
 In 1898 the public debt was 03,112,720 
 
 In 1898 the interest was 2,570.479 
 
 Entailing a charge on the populatinn of £1,189 j)er head. 
 
 Railways. — Opened in 1895, 10 miles; opened by 1875, 435 
 miles; opened by 1880, 848 miles; opened by 1898, 2,691 
 miles; capital, £37,719,402; interest earned thereon, 3.75 per 
 cent. 
 
 SHIPPING, 1897. 
 
 ARRIVALS. DEPARTURES. TOTAL. 
 
 No. Tonnage. So. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. 
 
 Steam .2,659 2,635,929 2,389 3,672.000 5,048 5,307,935 
 Sailers . 086 09.5,948 731 740,548 1,417 1,430,496 
 
 Total.. 3,345 3,331,877 :!.120 3,412.554 (i,405 0,744,431 
 
 Commerce, 1898. — Imjiort^ (including intercolonial and 
 overland) £24,453,500; exports (including intercolonial and 
 overland) £27,048,117. 
 
 CHIEF SOURCES OF TRADE. 
 
 IMPORTS. EXPORTS. 
 
 £12,407,059 Australasian Colonies £8,075,199 
 
 7,744,418 United Kingdom 7,734,880 
 
 131,902 Canada . . .". 80,904 
 
 453,843. . . .In(ha an<l Ceyldn 85,338 
 
40 
 
 rR(>CKKI)I\(,'S (IF TIIK IXTP:i{K.\'l'ln\AI. ( 'OMMKIU'IAL (:()X(;i}F.SS 
 
 IMPORTS. 
 
 £81,574.. 
 106,43(5.. 
 
 n98.or?. . 
 
 151,341.. 
 
 »14,530.. 
 
 771,6^6.. 
 
 1,002,954.. 
 
 EXPORTS. 
 
 . .Hone; Kdiisi £202,187 
 
 ..Fiji ^ 138,076 
 
 . . Belgium 887,273 
 
 ..China l-t,745 
 
 France 1,699,629 
 
 . . Germany 1,158,814 
 
 . . I'niied States of xVmerica 5,951,387 
 
 PRODUCTION. 
 
 YIELD 
 Pi:i; ALKE. 
 
 10.560,111 bush. 
 
 10.6 bush. 
 
 6,713,060 " 
 
 32.0 " 
 
 269,008 tons. 
 
 30.8 tons. 
 
 19.718 cwl. 
 
 9.0 ewt. 
 
 The excessive exports were occasioned by gold sent xia. San 
 l-'ranciseo. 
 
 AGKICULTURE, CROPS YEAR ENDING 
 MARCH 31, 1898. 
 
 AREA. 
 
 Wheat 993,350 acres. 
 
 Maize 209,588 " 
 
 Sngar cane cut . 12,935 " 
 Tobacca 2,181 " 
 
 Live stock, December 31, 1898: Horses, 453,070; cattle, 
 1,892,316; sheep, 41,099,038. 
 
 The colony has since 1891 passed through a series of 
 draughts causing a considerable diminution in the numbers 
 of live stock. As an instance, the returns of sheep are given, 
 in 1891 we .had 61,831,426 sheep; 1894, 56,977,270; 1895, 
 47,617,687; 1897, 43,952,897; 1898, 41,099,038. 
 
 Meat export, 1897: Frozen meat, 504,372 cwts.; tinned 
 meat, 10,903,011 hs. 
 
 Dairy products, 1897: Butter, 29,409,966 pounds; cheese, 
 3,937,168; bacon, 0,544,781. 
 
 Butter shipments: Values, 1886, £3,862; 1890, £35,936; 
 1894, £150,263; 1895, £57,575; 1897, £258,725. 
 
 MINERALS WON. 
 
 MINERALS WON 
 1897. 
 
 Gold £1,088,413 
 
 Silver 
 
 Silver and lead ores. 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Tin and tin ore 
 
 16,711 
 
 . 081,528 
 
 23,688 
 
 49,900 
 
 Copper and regulars 283,174 
 
 Antimony and ore. ... " 
 
 I'latinum 
 
 Chrome iron ore 
 
 (loul 
 
 Kerosene slate 
 
 3,612 
 
 2,949 
 
 10,269 
 
 1,330,041 
 
 40,613 
 
 Opals 95,000 
 
 TOTAL WON IN 
 
 N. 8. W. 
 
 £44,488,371 
 
 1,336,067 
 
 33,772,218 
 
 34,731 
 
 6,346,418 
 
 4,351,343 
 
 187,011 
 
 6,428 
 
 46,933 
 
 33,049,372 
 
 1,835,835 
 
 161,599 
 
 Director W. F. Wilson: 
 
 Gentlemen: — The next address in order will be one by W. 
 J. Moxham, Esq., Delegate from the Sydney Chamber of 
 Commerce and Manufacturers, the subject — '"Manufactures 
 and Industries of New South Wales." (i\pplause.) 
 
 Manufactukes and jNDrsTiiiKs OF New South Wales. 
 
 Mr. W. J. Moxham: 
 
 In New South Wales, the mother colony of the great 
 (Continent of Australia, the manufacturing industries, "as 
 in all the Australian Colonies," are only in their infancy. 
 How can it be othenvise with a population l)etween four and 
 a lialf and live million persons all told, nevertheless the pro- 
 gress made denotes that enterprise which the An.trlo-Saxon 
 is deservedly popular for, viz: his indomitable energy and 
 ))luck. I now propose to briefly recajutidate a few facts in the 
 iiistory of the colony under notice. 
 
 Foundation of the (^olonv.- — AltboULdi .\uslralia had l)een 
 
 previously discovered, it was not until the 3(5th of January, 
 upwards of a century ago, the colony was formally proclaimed 
 a dependency of the British Crown. Where the gi-eat city 
 of Sydney now stands, with its population of 437,928, and 
 in the -sdcinity of what is now better known as the Circu- 
 lar Quay, the Union Jack was run up, as a signal of the 
 British occupancy of a land that is destined to become a 
 Greater Britain. 
 
 Our Sta]>le Industries. — The young colony experienced the 
 trials and vicissitudes pioneers are usually subjected to. It is 
 not my purpose- to deal with these, but rather proceed with my 
 paper, dealing with those subjects which are more likely to 
 interest and draw attention to the capabilities of a land for 
 producing and manufacturing. 
 
 Wool is the staple product of the colony. Its value in 
 exports exceed more than one-half of the total exports of 
 the whole Colony. The fir.st attempt in the direction of this 
 industry was made in the year 1800. It was no failure; on 
 the contrary, the quantities and value exported has steadily 
 increased. For the year 1898, the wool expoiied in weight 
 am'ount to 249,066,912 lbs., and the value of the same £8,339,- 
 387 ($41,644,435). Sheep between forty-three and forty- 
 four millions. (Decreased since 1891 about eighteen mil- 
 lions.) 
 
 With the discovery of gold in 1851, began the real history 
 of what subsequently made Australia famous. Hitherto what 
 was kno\«i as some remote island in the Antipodes, suddenly 
 sprung into fame. Seekers after wealth soon invaded our 
 shores. The population began to increase by leaps and 
 bounds. For a short time a mad frenzy existed, several indus- 
 tries became disturbed; sheep stations were kft without 
 hands to carry on the wool industry. In a word, people had 
 Init one thought, — "gold." The two great industries, wool 
 and gold, have been the source of Australia's greatness. The 
 export value of gold bullion and specie for 1898 amounted 
 to £6,933,645 ($34,668,225). 
 
 Coal also forms one the staple industries of the colony. It 
 was first discovered in the last decade of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury, and has reached a total export value of upward of 
 $5,000,000, or one million pounds sterling. This is an indus- 
 try which is less liable to fluctuation than any other item 
 of export. 
 
 Other items of export, silver, tin, copper, skins, tallow and 
 leather, also form an export of considerable value. The 
 former of these items, silver and silver-lead ore, has since 
 1884 developed into a leading industry. 
 
 The new process of extraction has brought about wonder- 
 ful developments, the total value produced in 1896 amount- 
 ing to $8,500,000, or £1,700,000. In fifteen years silver-lead 
 ore to the value of $25,000,000. or five million pounds ster- 
 ling, has been exported from the one colony. New South 
 Wales. 
 
 One of the improving industries of the colony is the manu- 
 facture of butter: 9,127,181 pounds were exported during 
 the year of 1898, yielding $1,935,150, or £365,030. It is 
 onlyrecently that capital has been employed developing what 
 must continue and remain a staple industry. Frozen mutton 
 and preserved meat is another young industry, the total value 
 of exports for 1896 being $3,777,940, or £555,588. The total 
 value of exiwrts in tallow for 1898 amounted to $3,479,590, 
 or £495,916; sugar, $1,089,335, or £317,817; leather, $1,700,- 
 000, or £340,000, and grain, $3,095,000, or £619,000. The 
 total exports of the colonies for the vear 1898 amounted to 
 $138,340,585, or .£27,048,117, and the imports, $122,207,800, 
 or .£24,513.560. Total trade was. therefore, $260,508,385, or 
 £53,101,677. 
 
 ]\ianufactorics and Works. — I have endeavored briefly to 
 deal with the raw producls of the colonies. I will now pass 
 on lo what niore imninli.-ili'lv concerns ilic chnndn'r 1 have 
 
FOT'T^TTT DAY'S SESSION. Of'TOBKE IC, 1899 
 
 41 
 
 tlie honor to represent, viz., The Manufactories of New South 
 Wales — which, as already stated, are but in their infancy. 
 
 The number of manufacturing establishments and the num- 
 ber of hands employed in New South Wales, during the year 
 1898, were as follows: 
 
 Number of establisliments, 2,839; number of hands em- 
 ployed, males 44,673, females 7,84.5; total, .52,.518; total value 
 of machinery, etc., £5,435,690. 
 
 These establishments are divided into the following classes 
 of industry, viz.: 
 
 1. Treating Eaw Material, the Product of Pastoral Pur- 
 suits. — Number of establishments, 176; number employed, 
 2,601; total value of machinery, £188,250, $941,250. 
 
 2. Connected with Food and Drink or the Preparation 
 thereof. — Number of establishments, 582; number employed, 
 9,330; total value of machinery, £1,856,611, $9,283,055. 
 
 3. Clothing and Textile Fabrics. — Number of establish- 
 ments, 415; number employed, 10.668; total value of machin- 
 ery, £119,020, $595,100. 
 
 4. Building Materials. — Number of establishments, 513; 
 number employed, 6,062; total value of machinery, £450,264, 
 $2,251,320. 
 
 5. Metal Works, Machinery, etc. — Number of establish- 
 ments, 270; number employed, 10,234; total value of machin- 
 ery, £1,076,275, $5,376,375. 
 
 6. Ship Building. — Number of establishments, 27; num- 
 ber employed, 1,312; total value of machinery, £188,603, 
 $943,015. 
 
 7. Furniture, Bedding, Etc. — Number of establishments, 
 99; number employed, 1.549: total value of machinerv, £23,- 
 347, $116,735. 
 
 8. Book.s, Paper, Printing, Etc. — Number of establish- 
 ments, 275; number employed, 4,891; value of machinery, 
 £483,868, $2,419,340. 
 
 9. Vehicles, Saddlery and Harness. — Number of establish- 
 ments, 187; number employed, 1,849; value of machinery, 
 £32,025, $160,125. 
 
 10. Light, Fuel and Heat. — Number of establishments, 81; 
 number emploved, 935; total value of machinery, £801,375, 
 $4,006,675. 
 
 11. Miscellaneous. — Number of establishments, 214; num- 
 ber employed, 3,087; total value of machinery, £216,005, 
 $1,0,84,025. 
 
 The foregoing statistics apply only to the Colony of New 
 South Wales. In the past, its fiscal policy has somewhat 
 retarded the multiplicity of our manufacturing industries, 
 but with the advent of Federation, and a uniform tariff, the 
 immediate prospect of a large increase is almost certain. 
 New Soiith Wales is destined to become the greatest of manu- 
 facturing centres, south of the line. Sydney, its capital, has 
 a harbor second to none in the world, with unlimited deposits 
 of coal, almost at its very doors. In fact, at the present time, 
 boring for coal is proceeding within a mile of the city, and 
 it is expected ere long under the waters of Port Jackson, coal 
 supplies will be obtained in unlimited quantities. 
 
 New South Wales offers a great field for the employment 
 of both capital and labor in the development of both natural 
 and artificial industries. The iron industry, for example, is 
 awaiting development. Both the ore and coal are located in 
 districts together, and it has been shown by experts that it 
 can be manufactured to compete with imported iron. An- 
 other important industry, "paper making," offers great in- 
 ducements, only two establishments employing under one 
 hundred hands, are at present in operation in the colony. 
 There are innumerable trades that the colonists have not 
 attempted to introduce, but will do so as the colony increases 
 in wealth and population. 
 
 The following .'hows the value of a few articles imported 
 
 during 1898, which niiglii have been produced in the colony 
 viz.: 
 
 Agricultural implements £360,335 
 
 Arms and ammunition 95,810 
 
 Bags and sacks 157,870 
 
 Bedsteads 29,278 
 
 Blankets 49,594 
 
 Boots and shoes 316,650 
 
 Brushware 30,790 
 
 Candles 53,837 
 
 Cheese 43,760 
 
 Funiture and upholstery 143,358 
 
 Plats and caps 176,980 
 
 Jewelry 157,720 
 
 Millinery 60,206 
 
 Pickles and sauces 40,777 
 
 Saddles and harness 24,238 
 
 Soap 90,221 
 
 Cement 83,710 
 
 Confectionery 28,074 
 
 Iron and steel 802,943 
 
 Machinery 616,083 
 
 Paper 200,000 
 
 Preserves 17,577 
 
 Varnish 27,701 
 
 $1,801,775 
 
 479,050 
 
 789,350 
 
 146,390 
 
 242,970 
 
 1,583,250 
 
 153,950 
 
 209,185 
 
 213,800 
 
 726,790 
 
 884,900 
 
 788,030 
 
 301,030 
 
 233,885 
 
 121,190 
 
 451,105 
 
 419,580 
 
 140,370 
 
 4,014,715 
 
 3,080,415 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 87,885 
 
 138,505 
 
 From the foregoing it will be easily seen that there is a 
 large field for profitable investment of capital in further 
 developing the manufactories of New South Wales. 
 
 The pioneer work is accomphshed, and as in the proposed 
 constitution the foundations of government are laid on the 
 broad principles of liberty and justice, we await the com- 
 ing of population and the creation of capital, for with these 
 to develop our native resources we will stand forth among 
 the favored nations of the earth. 
 
 Before concluding, it may be well to refer to the fact that 
 a board of experts has been appointed by the government 
 of New South Wales, whose duty it is to advise and aid in 
 the disposal of our surplus products, such aid has already 
 been given in the export of agricultural, dairy, horticultural 
 and forest products; even the rabbit, fomierly a pest, with 
 enterprise, promises to be made a means of revenue by the 
 joint effort of government and people. 
 
 On the following phases of trade the board has been 
 directed by a well digested programme, viz: 
 
 "Increased facilities in railway and steamship carriage for 
 perishable products, more careful supervision of same during 
 transit, and adjustment and reduction of freight." 
 
 "Eigid and impartial inspection of all export food sup- 
 plies with government certificates of quality, and, where neces- 
 sary, prohibition of the export of any product unfit for human 
 food, or otherwise likely to damage the reputation of colonial 
 products." 
 
 "'Establishments at ports of discharge of such a supervision 
 as may conduce to greater care in handling and better systems 
 of marketing produce." 
 
 "Creating, as an important branch of the board's functions, 
 a bureau of information on all nuitters connected with British 
 and foreign markets, and the dissemination of useful infor- 
 mation to merchants and producers by means of paragraphs, 
 pamphlets, etc., to shippers." 
 
 "Procuring reliable information respecting proper methods 
 of preparing, packing and shipping produce to suit the various 
 markets, and where necessary experimenting on a commer- 
 cial scale with the shipment of various products to such 
 markets as may be available." 
 
 x\nd now, in conclusion, I may mention that during the 
 vear of 1898, tonnage amounting "to 0.919,928 arrived at this 
 
42 
 
 f'KOCEEDINGS OF TTTE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 port, as agninsl (5.M4,'j;il in tlif preccdiiig year, showing an 
 iiitrease of 17.").i;»7 tohs. 
 
 1 luive endeavored in lliis lirief ]ia]iiT to ciuiiiiile from 
 figures and facts a fair insight into the progress of New South 
 Wales, its industries and manufactures. If I liavc succeeded 
 iu (list riliuling useful infnnnation. my lalioi's will not he in 
 vain. 
 
 Now. ^ir. Cliairnian. 1 will taki' this opportunity publicly 
 to thank you on lielialf of my Chandler for the boundless 
 hospitalitv and the stalwart kindness and courtesy which you 
 have extended to the didegates and. thanking you on Ijehalf 
 of my own chamber during my visit here. J am certain they 
 never will be able to repay yon in any way for such atten- 
 tion. (Applause.) 
 
 Direrlor ]V. P. Wilson: 
 
 The ne.xt address will be deliveicd by Cilimel (J. \V. itell, 
 the United States (Jonsul in Sydney, a geutlenuin who has 
 proven himself so useful to our commercial classes that his 
 services have been retained liy the present administration, 
 and so satisfactory to the Australians, that he has been com- 
 nnssioned by the (lovernment of New South Wales, to repre- 
 sent that great colony at this (^longress. (A]iplause.) 
 
 Cul (lenrge W. Bell: 
 
 Ml'. Chairman, Ijadies and Gentlemen: Commercial men 
 fnnn all creation — and i\Ianila — 1 greet you. (Ajiplause.) I 
 have seen very little of you since reaching Philadelphia, be- 
 cause I am a working niemljer. and I have had to deprive 
 myself of your association. But when it comes to the active 
 part of affairs, 1 am with you. I believe thoroughly in com- 
 merce. (Applause.) I believe commerce to be the basis — 
 the vei7 l)asis, of civilization, and I want in the first place to 
 pay my tribute of respect to the tireless man who bi-ought us 
 together, from the renu)test parts of the earth. T liold that 
 he who does niDst for commerce does most for our struggling 
 race, and when Dr. Wilson has laid down his burden forever, 
 when his eyes have closed to the mockery of light, and his 
 heart ceased its beating, to him, who has led this grand move- 
 ment and brought together in harmony so many representa- 
 tives of so many nations, the city of Philadelphia will raise 
 a monument. (Applause.) And when commercial men from 
 afar, meet liere in counsel, they will cast a flower on the 
 mould above him, in token of gratitude. We can hardly a])- 
 preciate the benefits that may arise from this, to be. historic 
 meeting. Why have we come tngether? Why but to study 
 and strive to devise means by which our people may most 
 readily exchange the products of all lands, with a hope of 
 satisfying all wants of an ever hungry and thirsty humanity. 
 We are the unsatisfied animal, and yet so economical in our 
 methods are we, that every man strives to secure the liest 
 j)ossil)le living with the least ])ossil)le expenditure and physi- 
 cal and mental force. This is the "object of the meeting," 
 and. this we hope to do by means of "exchange." What a 
 grand conception, this meeting was. AVhat a noble idea lies 
 in the devotion of a man, for the good of all men. As indi- 
 cated by mir worthy chairman, I am for this occasion, an 
 Australian. Of course 1 am an American, very much of one, 
 and if I have won the respect of the |)eo]de with whom niv 
 lot for the last six years has been so pleasantly cast, it has 
 not been by any .sacrifice of my coTiceptions of ti'ue and dig- 
 nified Americanism. (Apjdause.) i believe I have demon- 
 strated the folly of a gentleman, in hoping to win the respe<.'t 
 of strangers, anywhere, by lowering his own colors. (A]i- 
 plause.) 
 
 As a re]]resenlative of a foreign country, in my own laiul. 
 1 find myself not nuhap])ily surrounded. It seems to nu' that 
 the real importance, yes, the real grandeur, of this occasion 
 
 may be somewhat measured by the character <ir the response 
 made to the invitations issued by those devoted men to the 
 commercial world. (Applause.) Old Britain, is commercial, 
 and from all parts of her vast empire come active and pro- 
 gressive me7i, t<i join in the discussion of the civilizing force of 
 commerce. From the world's ccnnmercial centre, London, 
 came gentlemen holding exalted social, business and official 
 position, to represent sections of "Greater Britain," and to 
 join with the manufacturers, the merchants, the modern busi- 
 ness men and the tradesmen, in the discussion of exchange, of 
 commerce and of peat^eful jirogress. 
 
 Here sits, at my left, ]\Iajor-(Jeneral Sir Andrew Clarke, 
 whose long, valuable and devoted service to Ins country is so 
 highly appreciated that his name is a household word through- 
 out Her Majesty's vast domains, representing the beautiful 
 colony of Victoria. (Applause.) Here is Sir Horace Tozer, 
 whose name is indelibly connected with the wisest laws of 
 (Queensland, representing that colony, thirteen times greater 
 in area than our Iowa. Here is the Honorable W. P. Reeves, 
 an ex-Cal)inet Minister, loved and honored by the whole 
 citizenshiji of his country, representing picturesque New 
 Zealand, while my dear friend Dr. CockbTirn, who carries 
 jiatents of nobility from the Ahuighty, re])resents South Aus- 
 tralia. (Applause.) All these gentlemen are the agents-gen- 
 eral of their respective colonies at London, and I am proud 
 to be associated with these eminent men, as the representative 
 of the New South Wales, for my selection for that honorable 
 duty, was the highest possible compliment to my country. 
 
 But here a few general remarks about Australia, or possibly 
 1 might lietter say. New South Wales. I have prepared a 
 report which gives in brief much important infonnation 
 touching many phases of the bu.siness, social and commercial 
 life of that beautiful land, which I have submitted to Dr. 
 Wilson and his co-workers for their use. It will probably 
 be published, and if you care to examine it, I assure you the 
 books will be open. I will not consume your time in reading 
 it. for statistics are "dry," and I will merely "chat" to you 
 a little time about Australia. Of course, you know, as with 
 other countries, most of the best people stay at home, so 
 y lu cannot be sur<' of forming a true conception of Aus- 
 tralia's Worth by the feAV present at this Congress. (Laugh- 
 ter.) Let me tell you, in all candor, the Australians are a 
 splendid sam]ilc of our race. They are a commercial people, 
 and that means that they are an intelligent and a progressive 
 ])eo]ilc. But more: tlu-y are, considering population, if meas- 
 ured by the same rules, the most commercial people on the 
 globe, and that means that they are in all the essentials of 
 civilization, progress and lia])piness, iu the front rank of 
 human progress. (Applause.) Commerce means progress, 
 and as the Australians are the most commercial of all people, 
 in their social intercourse, in their business methods, in their 
 hiinie life and their political ideals, they are people worthy of 
 our study, of our res])ect, and in numy cases, I may say, of 
 our imitation. (Ap]ilause.) Commerce is the mightiest force 
 of civilization, and the magic wand of commerce has lashed 
 the Australians into a form woi'thy of dur highest admiration. 
 As a people trade, so are they: and if you will show me the 
 open books revealing any nation's dealing.s, I will show you 
 the true condition of the people of that nation, and write the 
 history of her jirogress or her failure. (Ap]ilause.) Let me 
 tell you, the Australians are not only jirogressive and com- 
 mercial, but per ca|iita, they are anumg the most wealthy 
 ]ico])lc on I he globe. I''urther, let me tell you, they are, ])er 
 ca])ita, the greatest producei's on the globe, greater than we, 
 though that may hurt our pride. Then let me tell you farther, 
 you connnercial men, that per cajiila. the living expenses of 
 the .Xustralian are greatei- llnin that of any nilier people; and, 
 being gi-eatei- producers, having a greater buying capacity, 
 they-jiay their "l)ills" according to contract. As a fact, there 
 
FOURTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 16, 1899 
 
 4.3 
 
 need be no losses in business in Australin, if business is done 
 by business methods. As a fact, as a people with whom to do 
 business, as a people with whom to trade, these four and n 
 half million Axistralians are as valuable, yes mire valualde, 
 than twenty million average Europeans. Think of that! 
 Sydney has an in and out tonnage greater than Lond(Ui had 
 when I came to this country, (laughter) greater than New 
 York had a little while before our "late unpleasantness." The 
 change. has come through the expansion of the commercial 
 idea, through the shop-keeping instincts of our race, and the 
 condition of the people has improved with the commercial ad- 
 vancement of the times. 
 
 Genius has annihilated time and space, and Australia, but 
 a few brief years ago the most distant and least known of all 
 lands under the sun, is now "very much in evidence," and 
 as commerce has begun her work of unifying and humanizing 
 the race, Australia shines forth as a beacon light for the 
 struggling millions whose souls are but just touched with the 
 tire of liberty. As the commercial ideal has been the motive 
 force back of every civilizing movement in the world's pro- 
 gressive history, so has commerce gradually emancipated man 
 from his ancient superstition, and his love of form and fet- 
 ters. (Applause.) x\s Australia stands foremo.st in oom- 
 merce, so stands she among the foremost in the social regen- 
 eration of the masses of the people. In legislation she is 
 called "advanced," but just laws can only express the noblest 
 yearnings of tho.se who must obey and live by them. The 
 heart of a nation is seen through its laws, so a people having 
 high ideals usually express their conscious force through leg- 
 islative enactments. 
 
 Americans know well the strength and the vigor of the 
 British Empire, as a political entity, but few of them realize 
 that the real strength of this grand empire rests in the 
 loyalty, the vigor, and the virtue of the individual units of 
 which the empire is constructed, or that the strength of that 
 unit developed fnom a lilierty as well defined by law and as 
 well acknowledged by authority, as that enjoyed by the people 
 of our grand republic! Now as the Australians are the most 
 commercial, so arc they among the most free, and being the 
 most commercial and the most free, they assert their superior 
 man and womanhood in the most advanced social and politi- 
 cal policy known among men. Tliey not only hold that 
 government should consist of the people, in their organized 
 capacity, but that the functions of government should be 
 exerted in the promlotion of the interests of the units of 
 society, composing the government. With them, the gov- 
 ernment is not a l)oss, but a handmaid. It is not a signboard 
 for the direction of the individiial in his journey, but a motive 
 force to which he may attach his industrial machine, relying, 
 however, upon his own effort and ability for success. 
 
 In Australia, the people, in their organized capacity, con- 
 struct, own and operate the many great utilities, necessary 
 to the industrial prosperity of the people, in their individual 
 capacity. In Australia, the railways, the tramways — street 
 cars — the telegraphs, telephones, and many other modern 
 devices for social betterment, are owned and operated by the 
 people in their organized capacity, for the betterment of the 
 people in their individual capacity, and though these public 
 utilities are condiicted with a view of self-support, the charges 
 are satisfactory, there are few abuses and no scandals. The 
 lands, are chiefly owned by the whole people, and leased to 
 some of the people, but in their management, there are few 
 complaints, few aliuses, and no scandals. The government, 
 or the people in their organized capacity, build school houses, 
 run the schools, the highways, and exercise the chief authority 
 in munioipal management, but the public conscience, being 
 but the reflex of the individual conscience, honesty prevails, 
 and there are few cases of injustice, few abuses and no 
 scandals. 
 
 Now, you people who desire to trade with the Australians, 
 who desire to enter that market for health, for pleasure or 
 for profit, must remember that they know what they want. 
 (Applause.) If they ask for a spool of silk, don't oifer them 
 kerosene (laughter). You cannot secure Australian confi- 
 dence by smiling pleasantly and looking wise, you cannot con- 
 vince them by fair promises nor by boasting of your goods, 
 but if you will patiently persevere, keep your wares up to 
 sample, pack properly, deliver promptly, not change your 
 fashions too often, you may build a trade, and then if yoii 
 "play fair," the trade will stay with you. 
 
 Remember, Australia is the strongest competitive point on 
 the globe, but with a people intelligent enough to choose and 
 wealthy enough to pay for what they want, among competi- 
 tors, it must be "the survival of the fittest." (Applause.) 
 Among competitors, I mean it must l>e the survival of the 
 fightest. (Laughter.) 
 
 Now, my friends, you may have noticed that I have spoken 
 in a general sense more of Australia than of New South 
 Wales, but you see the grandeur and greatness of New South 
 Wales, yes the grandeur and greatness of the people of Now 
 South AVales, goes without saying, (applause) while I feared 
 that these titled gentlemen would jje too modest to claim the 
 attention due this happy, sunny southern land. (Laughter 
 and aijplause.) 
 
 But a word more about this interesting and unicjue gath- 
 ering. It has no precedent. It stands alone in history the 
 first of all the ages of its kind. Think of that. The tireless 
 men who shape the progressive miovements of the race, men 
 of all colors, all races, speaking all langauiges and believing 
 in many religions, men from more than twenty different na- 
 tions, meeting in this staid city of Philadelphia, to cat Buz- 
 zard Bay oysters, to get acquainted with one another and to 
 discuss questions of business, business, the success of which 
 must secure the peace and happiness of the world. If the 
 ultimate aim of this meeting is accomplished, wars and con- 
 quests will vanish, for each needs the other, or modern civili- 
 zation is a failure. 
 
 Think of the grand future, if the hope of this meeting shall 
 be realized; when the well-lteing of each shall be the care of 
 all; when we shall nurture the interests of all men that we 
 may make money more easily by doing bu.siness with them, 
 (laughter) when we realize that we can o'nly be prosperous and 
 happy, with the world sharing our general joy. (Applause.) 
 To me this seems like the dawn of a new era, in which the 
 business sense of the world shall dominate, when the product.s 
 of man's patient toil shall no longer be wasted by war, but 
 distributed amlong the homes of the earth. Then each desire 
 shidl be respected and each shall render a just equivalent for 
 what he or she receives from other hands. I thank you. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 (Col. Bell's paper, "Glimpses of New South Wales," fol- 
 lows.) 
 
 A Glimpse of New South Wales. 
 
 The self-governing colony of New Soutli Wales is situated 
 in Eastern Au.stralia in latitude from about 141 to 153 E., 
 and longitude from about 27 to 37 S. It has an area of 
 olO,700 square miles, or al)out 198,848,000 acres. 
 
 Of this total there have been 47,700,000 acres alienated, 
 or in process of alienation, for which the government has 
 received the total sum of £43, 831. 000, the balance of the 
 land being still owned and controlled by the government 
 through a caljinet minister. 
 
 The government has leased, of the unalienated land.s, a 
 total of 124,184,000 acres under different fomis of contracts; 
 .-)2, 700, 000 acres being pa.sture leases, 37,000,000 acres occu- 
 pation leases, 13,000,000 conditioned leases, and other mil- 
 
44 
 
 PEOC'EEnTNr.S OF THE INTERNA TTONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 lioii.s luiiK'r six utlu-i' ]'.)nns of U-mirc. Frdiu tlmsu luascil 
 lauils iliere comes an annual revenue of about £"^,000, 000, or 
 nearly $10,000,000, or about $8 per cajjita for the population 
 of the colony. 
 
 The climate of New South Wales is very eqnalde, in some 
 jiortions semi-tropical fruits and vegetation are not uncom- 
 mon. The mean temperature in Sydney for forty years has 
 been 65 degrees Fahrenheit. 
 
 Owing to t-opogi'aphical conditions the rainfall in a large 
 poi-tion of New South Wales is rather slight, while a con- 
 siderai)le country in Central Austi'alia is well nigh rainless. 
 This arid tract laps somewhat over the territory of New 
 S.iuth Wah's. The cause for this slight waterfall is obvious, 
 ;is ihe mountains run in an nidjroken chain parallel to the 
 coast and only from 60 to 100 miles from the Pacific Ocean. 
 'I'his mountain chain is sufficiently elevated to cause the 
 chief precij)itation to be along the coast and "outside" the 
 range. 
 
 I woubl think about one-eighth of the colony from this 
 i-ause has a rainfall of from thirty to forty inches unequally 
 distributed, a rather larger area of what iijight be called 
 I iblc lands lying inside and parallel to this mountain chain 
 has from twenty to thirty inches annually, while approxi- 
 mately one-half of the total area has not more than from ten 
 to twenty inches. This slight and rather irregular rainfall 
 renders many industries rather precarious. 
 
 The productions of New South Wales are varied. The 
 chief cereal is w"heat, but there is considerable corn, some 
 barley, rye and oats gi-own. Only in wheat is there sufficient 
 production for home consumption. Most of root crops grow 
 well in the colony, but their cultivation is somewhat neglected, 
 -0 there are considerable importations in onions, potatoes 
 snd the like. The country is well adapted to the production 
 if many kinds of fruits, especially oranges, lemons, grapes, 
 I'mes, prunes and the like, and a considerable industry in 
 these productions will sometime be developed, but the people 
 who should raise, or would be expected to give their atten- 
 tion to these products, are inclined to ignore their importance. 
 
 Sugar in some of the northern districts does fairly well, 
 but it is occasionally injured by frost, and has to be planted 
 too often to enable the cultivators to successfully compete 
 with more favored countries. 
 
 Agriculture. — In 1898 there was a total area under crops 
 of 1,821,800 acres, the value of the product being £6,305,900, 
 or about $50,000,000. Of this there was 995,300,000 under 
 wheat, sown for Train, which yielded 10,560,000 bushels; 
 213,720 sow-n for hay, yielding 181,645 tons. To Americans 
 it seems strange to cultivate wheat for hay, but here the 
 practice is common. There was for the same year 220,000 
 acres planted to corn, 175,000 to oats and about 25,000 to 
 sugar-cane. This last produced but 269,000 tons of cane, 
 as about half of it for some reason was uncut. 
 
 The value of the wheat crop is £2,200,000, or about $10,- 
 (100,1100. Of the corn £923,000, of sugar £127,000, of potatoes 
 t'302,500, of other jiroducts than those above enumerated, 
 £1,621,000. There are engaged in the pursuit of agriculture 
 about 68,000 persons as toilers. There is relatively little good 
 agricultural land in New South Wales under present condi- 
 tions, and such lands arc mostly coidined to the alluvial val- 
 leys in the coastal districts. However, with some system of 
 irrigation, there are vast fertile districts in the interior that 
 may be in the future utilized by agriculfure. Then, as most 
 of the richer lands are covered with dense scrub or forest, 
 the cost of subduing them or placing them under cultiva- 
 tion in the first instance is vei^ considerable. The price of 
 land heretofore has also tended to retard agricultural growth, 
 wbilc the profits in other imrsuits have left the lands rather 
 liarr of inbaliitants. However, as recent land laws have been 
 more liberal, Ihe agricultural holdings have been increasini; 
 
 (juiic rajiidly during the last year or two; the number of 
 holdings was in 1897, 65,278; under cultivation, 33,518,000; 
 while in 1898 the holdings were 66,236, and under cultiva- 
 tion 43,935,115 acres. Farming in New South AVales, as a 
 rule, is carried on, like other bu.siness and industries, on a 
 large scale and the most improved machinery, largely of 
 American make, is generally used. 
 
 Live Sftock.- — New South Wales is essentially a stock-raising 
 country, for the year 1897 there were in the colony 43,952,- 
 000 head of she«p; 2,085,000 head of cattle; 495,034 head of 
 horses; 207,738 head of swine. 
 
 The number of sheep varies greatly during comparatively 
 short intervals. For instance, in 1891, there were nearly 
 62,000,000 sheep in the colony, while at the present time, 
 September, '99, there are hardly more than 43,000,000. How- 
 ever, as the flocks will almost double in a single good season, 
 the recuperative powers of New Soiith Wales, and of Aus- 
 tralia is marvelously great. This possibility of rapid increase 
 has a tendency to over-stocking in good seasons. 
 
 The small number of swine in the list will surprise Ameri- 
 cans, as would also the low price of horses. 
 
 Pastoral Products. — Wool is not only the chief product of 
 New South Whales, but a chief product of all the Australian 
 colonies. The wool clip for '97 was 258,514,280 pounds, or 
 722,427 bales, valued at £7,224,270; while owing to an in- 
 crease in price, the clip of 1888 of 713,610 bales was valued 
 at £8,227,876. Great pains are being taken by all the chief 
 breeders, here called "sotters," to improve the fineness and 
 the value of the fleece, the Vermont merino rapidly gaining 
 in favor and taking most of the prizes at the sheep show of 
 the colany. About sixty-nine per cent, of the New South 
 Wales clip is now being sold in the Sydney markets. 
 
 Meat. Frozen, Etc. — The exjiort of frozen meat by this 
 colony has become, or is becoming, a rather important in- 
 dustry, and during 1897 a total of 1,372,373 carcases of 
 mutton and 28,528 quarters of beef were exported, at a value 
 of £275,647; while for the same year there was exported over 
 3,000,000 pounds of meat in other forms, valued at £636,000. 
 
 Dairy. — As a branch of agriculture, the dairy industry of 
 New South Wales is also becoming an important one. The 
 present number of dairy cows as reported by Coghlin, is 
 411,498, and there was for that year 23,717,500 pounds of 
 factory butter and 5,676,457 pounds of "farm butter," or a 
 total of 29,409,906 pounds produced. This industry em- 
 ploys 25,443 persons, about e^qually divided as to sex. The 
 production of cheese is not increasing, the output for 1897 
 l3eing 3,937,168 poimds, or 187,339 pounds below the con- 
 sumption. The dairy plants are fitted up with the most im- 
 proved machinery, a fair portion of it coming from America. 
 The dairy stock is usually of superior breeds and is handled 
 with great care. The total exportation of pastnral and dairy 
 products for 1898 was £11,430,975, or about $57,000,000. 
 
 Fruit. — This country is naturally well adapted to horti- 
 culture and viniculture, though there is no scientific attention 
 given to both branches of this splendid industry. 
 
 In 1S9S there were 8,083 acres in grape vines, 4,490 acres 
 of wliicb were for wine making exclusively. This branch 
 of indnstrv is not in a very flourishing condition. It requires 
 nuire skill and a more projjcr ap]ireciation of the nu'rit-; of 
 the ]iroducts by the ])eo]ile themselves. In the same year 
 there M'ere 13,943 acres of oranges, but results in this line arc 
 not reassuring, unless more skill is applied to the cultiva- 
 tion. The possil)ilities, howevei-, are beyond question. In 
 "fruit garden,*" tlxere were 31,019 acres, yielding a product 
 valued at £155,521. I'or (lu> year under consideration the 
 colonv ex])orted fruits. umliT varimis classificatipns, to the 
 value'of ZIS8.000: bill imported 1 be same year about £31 1.000 
 worth. For the vear 1S98 there was a total of 12(1,01 I per- 
 
FOriiTJl DAY'S SESSION, UCTUBEK 16, 1899 
 
 45 
 
 sons engaged in the various branches of agriculture, pastoral, 
 fruit and dairy production. 
 
 Mining. — In 1897 — last completed statistics — there were 
 -11.208 persons eniploved in various mining operations in 
 New South Wales, with a value of plant of £1,698,230 iu 
 silver and silver lead, and £1,230,041 was in coal. This 
 industry is gradually growing. Sluicing and river bottom 
 dredging promises to materially increase the gold output for 
 the immediate future. The exports from the mining indus- 
 tries of New South Wales for 1898 were £3,482,000, or about 
 $11,000,000. 
 
 JIanufactures. — In 1897 there were of all classes of nuuiu- 
 facturing enterprises, in the colony, 3,826 establishments,_ 
 employing 51,439 persons, all of whom but 7.106 were males, 
 The horse power employed in these establishments is esti- 
 mated at 33,252, and there was invested in plants a total of 
 £5,535,905. 
 
 In these 2,826 establishments there was employed a "fixed 
 capital" of £17,538,979. The total amount of wages paid was 
 £4,458,836, the material cost £7,874,682, the fuel £425.1(il, 
 and the total value of the output was £16,095,629. The 
 term "Manufactory"' in the statistics, used in the last cal- 
 culation, is rather loosely applied, especially does the amount 
 specified as "fixed capital,"' seem to be out of joint with the 
 former calculations of an investment in "plant" of £5,535,905. 
 The manufacturing industries inchide a varied class of works, 
 such as treating raw materials of the pastoral kind, those in 
 connection with food and drink, of clothing, of building, of 
 furniture, of vehicles, of lioots and shoes, of light, etc., of 
 books and paper, of leather, iron and many others of the 
 nature. Most of the machinery and many of the appliances 
 are well np to date. 
 
 Total Production. — The total value of the products of the 
 colony, the value of wdiich constitutes the purchasing capacity 
 of the people, foots up as follows: 
 
 Manufactures i8,872,800 
 
 Agriculture 6.206,000 
 
 Dairv and poultry 2,653,300 
 
 Pastoral— total ." 11,823.400 
 
 :\Iining— total 4,853,300 
 
 Forestry and Fisheries 750,000 
 
 Aggregating 35,158.800 
 
 Deducting raw material 215.300 
 
 Total net value £34,943,500 
 
 This constitutes the Iniying capacity of the people of New 
 South Wales, a per capita buying capacity greater, much 
 greater, than any other people on the globe. The per capita 
 ])rflduction of Australia exceeds that of the United States as 
 20 is to 14. and ]iroduetion is the measure of her purchasing 
 power. 
 
 The po])ulation of this colony of 310,700 square miles is 
 about 1,250,000, nearly all being of English, Irish, Scotch 
 and AVelsh blood. The population of the colony, and I under- 
 stand the wealth also, has doubled during the last twenty 
 years, and notwithstanding unfavoralile seasons, the industrial 
 progress of the country is most promising. 
 
 The productions, as above noted, give the people of New 
 South Wales a greater per capita buying cajiacity, from 
 substantial incomes, than enjoyed by any other people on 
 the globe, possibly excepting those of some of the other 
 Australian Colonies. 
 
 Social Conditions. — New South Wales has a fairly good 
 public school system. T might -ay an excellent one from 
 almost any standpoint. Judging by results T think it would 
 
 bear favorable comparison with the systems of the most ad- 
 vanced nations. (_»ne feature, however, does not strike Ameri- 
 cans agreeably, as there is here a law and a custom that 
 parents who are able, pay for the instruction of their children, 
 while those who are not, send them free. I fear there is an 
 underlying danger in thus creating a class distinction. The 
 whole public educational system here is under and controlled 
 by the government through a cabinet minister. The 
 "Mini.ster of Education" is the sole director and responsible 
 head of the school system, aided by a pernuinont staff now 
 under a broad, liberal, non-jjartisan civil service board. 
 There were 2,577 State schools with 4,626 teachers and arf 
 average daily attendance of 148,381 pupils in 1897. Besides 
 the many schools, ranking with our "district schools" there 
 are a large number of high schools, some furnishing careful 
 technical training besides several colleges and the great' 
 Sydney University. Well-informed educators from our" 
 country speak approvingly of the practical workings of the 
 colonial schools. For 1897, this colony expended in the 
 administration of her primarv schools £692,395, or about 
 $3,450,000, £73,684 of which 'was paid in fees l)y the belter- 
 to-do parents. 
 
 There are some excellent reformatory and industrial 
 schools in the colony, and there are many well patronized 
 libraries in every city, town, suburb and village in the countrv. 
 The per cent, of illiteracy is very small; the people are con- 
 siderable readers and among the "well-to-do"' they are usiuilly 
 very well infornu'd. As a fact the "well-to-do"" classes are 
 exceptionally "well read," 
 
 The country has several very able and very well managed 
 newspapers besides many periodical publications having fair 
 merit. As in other countries there is an enormous amount 
 of "trash" read, though the leading journals are exceptionally 
 pure in tone and elevated in controversal discussion. There 
 is a plentiful supply of poets and authors of light literature 
 in Australia, but as yet there have been few attcm]its at 
 serious literary labor. 
 
 Charities. — I have never seen so charital)lc a [leople as 
 those in New South Wales, and never so strong a tendency 
 to avoid a feeling of humiliation from the unfortunates who 
 are compelled to receive "assistance." As there is a greater 
 concentration of property in few hands here than there is in 
 our country, there is considerable poverty here, espeeiallv 
 considering the newness of the community and the vastness 
 of the country. But the efl'orts made on every hand to 
 alleviate the suffering of the poor, but excite the surprise 
 and the admiration of all observing visitors from other lands. 
 What we in America call "Poor Houses" they of Au.stralia 
 call "Asylums," and theirs like ours are abundantly 
 "patronized." These asvlums are models of cleanliness and 
 comfort, and few indeed are the scandals connected with 
 their management. In asylums for the unfortunate and 
 hospitals and kindred institutions, our own country might 
 learn some valuable lessons from these young commonwealths. 
 During 1897 the Government of New South Wales expended 
 in charities £405,000, while private subscriptions for the same 
 purpose run the total amount for the year up to £525.000. or 
 nearly $2,500,000. This means for charity alone, a cost of 
 nearly $2.00 per capita for the whole population of the colony. 
 
 Tendency of Legislation. — The tendency of legislation in 
 all the Australian Colonies is decidedly democratic. Many 
 acts of these Colonial Parliaments, under a sturdy monarchial 
 system, would surprise the great democracy of our country. 
 The tendency is' almost more socialistic than democratic, for 
 democracy to my mind means a sturdy individualism. Here 
 I fear, while the greatest liberty is enjoyed, there is a growing 
 inc]inati(ni among a large class, of young men at least, to lean 
 on the government for guidance and support. In the colonies 
 where the gaveniment owns, controls and manages so many 
 
46 
 
 PR()CKEDlX(iS Ol' Till-: IXTKliXATIOXAL ('OM.MKIICIAL CONGKESS 
 
 of tlic common iitilities to operate wliioh it employs so many 
 persons, a great and ever increasing luimher of young men 
 are inclined to strive for positions in the Civil Service, and 
 iiiis. to my miud, checks the growth of sturdy self-reliance. 
 However, there are no dangers from cdinmunism, or any other 
 deterioratingism among the people so purely Anglo-Saxon. 
 The op])orUinities for self employment are not as great as 
 they have heretofore heen in the United States, but 1 sec no 
 more deteriorating effects from public employment in Aus- 
 tralia, than from public employment in the United States. 
 The honesty, the im|)artiality and the capability with which 
 the government-owned jjublic utilities are managed must be 
 a surprise to all impartial observers. In the borrowing and 
 the investment of say $2.")0,000,000, in the creation of these 
 pulilic utilities and in their management, there have been no 
 scandals. Many Americans view with disdain this species of 
 legislation, but my own observation is that for Australia it 
 has the wisest ])ossible policy as it has vastly accelerated the 
 industrial develo])nient and progress of the country. I have 
 thus briefly referred to the tendency of legislation in New- 
 South Wales and Australia because I know of no other 
 country in which business life is so intimately connected with 
 and influenced by legislative enactnu'uts. Here political, 
 social and business life, are closely allied. 
 
 Public I'tilities. — In nothing does the intelligence, pati'i- 
 (vtisni and integrity of ]ieople shine forth with more hope- 
 ful lustre, or in which the untramelcd authority of a peo]ile to 
 manage its own affairs demonstrates the quickening powers 
 of responsibility, than may be found in the fidelity with 
 which the public iilililics nt all the Ausli-alian colonies are 
 controlled and nuinaged. Xearly all the public utilities of 
 New South Wales, such as railways, telegraphs, telephones, 
 street raihvays, scliool buildings, highways, wharfs and 
 sewers, four-fifths of tlie land in the colony, are owned and 
 operated by tlic guvcrnment of the colony. In the colony 
 of New Siiutli Wales there are 2,()91 nules of railway, having 
 cost, willi wiii-kshops, nuichinerv, buildings, apjjliances and 
 rolling stock, /:;:,?19.4(»2, or about $lcS8,.5()(),()()(i. On these 
 government railways there are em])loyed 10.."); I men. receiv- 
 ing £l,n;!,l!H), or about $.•>.. ^C-t.Oo'o annually in w.iges. 
 These roads are under the absolute jnanagemcnt of a non- 
 partisan commission, the employes are under a semi-civil 
 .service system. 1'hey carried for 1899, ending June 'M). 
 23,233,20(; persons, ■l,4(i;5,728 tons of goods (freight) and 
 ]fifi,820 tons of livestock, while the gro.^s earnings were 
 £.'i,02G,T 18. or nearly $l.").(iii().ii(i(i, the working expenses were 
 $l^()14,(i()r). or a lu't revenue of $1 . 1 1 2.1 |-.'. or fully tliree 
 p(^i' cent, on "'inveslmenl."" 
 
 These railways being liuill. dwncil ami p.iid I'oi' hy the 
 people, are operated in the interest (if the peo|ile. ihe charges 
 adjusting themselves to the ]iulilic requirements — of course 
 always being nuinaged with a view of self-su])pnrt. 
 
 Tiiere are ;i.'i,00<) miles of telegraph mid l.-MM) tele|il es 
 
 in New South Wales, all owiu'd by the goveniinciii. and all 
 well and cbea|)ly managed by a non-partisan euiii|inny and 
 operated by civil-service employes. The nundier of govern- 
 ment "servants" — em|il(iycs — on the public ]iav-roll in New 
 South Wales is enormous, consideiing jiopulal ion; vet then' 
 is little of the laxity, inc-ompetency, or jiolitical evil jiicturi'd 
 by those unaccustomed to the system. The government — 
 which means an elected parlianu'ut "stipreine" in all its legis- 
 lative enactments — while it has borrowed eiKinnous sums of 
 nuiney, has created these public utilities, owned :iiid opei-ated 
 them, ein|)loying thousands of persons, owneil ,iiii| managed 
 four-fifths of the lands of the (•ommonwealth. and retained 
 a veT7 large aidlujrity over all municipal alfairs. there has 
 ni;ver been a scandal, a proven case «f favoritism, or a states- 
 man known to have used his position for ]icrsonal gain in the 
 liistory of the counti-y. One of the credited railway experts 
 
 of America, a gentleman wdio has seen more of the various 
 railway systems of the world than almost any other liring 
 man, told me that he regarded the New South Wales railways 
 as among the ))est and most efficiently managed of any on the 
 globe. There is another feature of these AiLstraliau railways 
 worthy of our praise. There is none of the careless, I will say 
 almost wilful, destruction of baggage on these roads such as 
 all travelers in America must submit to. In Australia anv 
 
 baggage mav be safelv checked, wlule in the 
 
 'nited States 
 
 none should be but dynamite. 
 
 Australian lianks. — There are thirteen banks of issue 
 ojieratiug in New South Wales. These are vast financial cor- 
 porations, vrith branches in all the colonies and in the suburbs 
 of the cities in which the head quarters are located. Some 
 of them have a few hundred branches, all being managed by 
 a board holding its sittings at the main office. As most of 
 these concerns advance on quite a variety of .securities, numy 
 of our people are inclined to regard them more as general loan 
 offices than as banks. The assets of these Itanks, operating 
 within the colony in the year 1898, were £42,638,224, while 
 the liabilities were but £31,311,293, leaving a surplus of 
 £11,326,931. The metallic reserve for tli,e same years was 
 £3,765,180, or about $28,000,000. The advance (loans) made 
 in this colony for 1898, mostly secured by real estate, 
 amounted to £34,403,700, and the deposits with these banks 
 for the same year amounted to i22,309,723, £19,040,896 of 
 which bears interest, usttally at 3 per cent. 
 
 All of those thirteen banks of Australia are banks of is.sue, 
 and four of them have their chief headquarters in Sydney. 
 The note circulation is not limited by law, but in Nen^ South 
 Wales there is a note tax of 2 per cent., from which the gov- 
 ernment receives about £25.000 per annum. This indicates 
 the value or amount of the paper money in circulation in the 
 colony. The rate of exchange in Sydney is established by 
 London, and it has been found that on some occasions money 
 could be tclegra])hcd to San Francisco cheaper than it could 
 be sent through the process of exchange. However, as a 
 rule, banking facilities are not un,satisfactory. There are two 
 remarkably well nuinaged government savings banks in Syd- 
 ney, which ai'e in\ahiable to the '■connnon pcNiple"' in the 
 community. 
 
 Public belit.— The public debt of New South Wales is 
 on a po[)ulation basis, enormouslv heavv, aggregating £63.- 
 112,720. being about $250 per capita. Of this indebtednes.s 
 £54.431,800 is held in London and but £8,680,000 in Sydney. 
 The interest will average aljout 4 per cent. This seems a heavy 
 burden for 1.250.000 peojde. Init this only "seems," as from 
 fuither inquiry it will appear. It must be remembered tiuit 
 the colony has constructed all it railways, its tramways and 
 other utilities, that it owns very valuable wharf improvements 
 lelcphones, telegraphs and ofher reproductive works. To 
 construct these utilities, to stock and furnish them, nearly all 
 this vast debt was incurred. The 2,639 miles of railway, up 
 t(i ilate. have rc(|uircd £.'i7,3(i9,205 in their construction and 
 ci|inpmcnt. !!ui this is a valuable a.-^set, and I am iuformtd 
 that the railways ami tramways could be sold at (he ]U'esent 
 tinu' for a sum c(|ualing their |U'esent cost to the community. 
 I'Vnm llicse re|.)rodiict i\c woi-ks and utilities, crealed b\ the 
 mnne\ tor which the debt was made, there is a revenue of 
 fully — I am informed — 3 per cent, net, on present standing 
 cost, and as the £1,976.81 (; annual rents from lea.sed lands 
 C'ome almost exclusively Irnm \alues created by their incroa.sed 
 accessihilifv. owing tn ihe constructiiui of the railways' into 
 the interior (d' the cnldiiy. the bui-dens are greatly decrea.sed. 
 'I'he net revenue from these i-eprodnctive luitional works, 
 was, in 1898. e4.610,546. Then, as a fact. New South Wales 
 has re])rodiicti\e assets, equal in value tn every shilling of her 
 indebtecbu'ss. and she actually i'eci'i\es an annual revenue 
 from the values created bv tlu' moiu'\ Inr which the debt was 
 
FOUETII DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 16, 1899 
 
 4T 
 
 incurred. Then, further, as a fact, I know of no country on 
 the globe whose public finances are in so favorable a condition 
 as those of this colony. It is not the size of the debt, but the 
 burden of interest that weighs on a people, as a debt, for 
 whicli there may be credited an asset, reproductive to the 
 extent of the interest on the debt, is no burden. 
 
 Business Methods. — The business methods of New South 
 Wales are peculiar to Australia. It is a country of "big 
 tilings." As I have shown in the case of the banks, so other 
 business operations may be estimated. The better lands are 
 mostly held in large tracts, and too many of the farmers are 
 really but tenants. From fifty to one hundred thousand acre 
 tracts are not uncommon in any of the Australian colonies, 
 and in the purely pastoral districts, there are stations — called 
 in America ranches — containing as high as a million acres. 
 One person, a nolile man — ])ut not a noljleman — owns over 
 1,000,000 sheep, and over 1,000,000 acres of land upon which 
 to pasture them. Several millions of the forty million sheep 
 now ownexl in New South Wales, are held in flocks of over 
 50,000. But to make this industiy profitable, large expenses 
 in improving the breed, in fencing "paddocks," in providing 
 water, sheds, and machinery for shearing are necessary. As 
 the upper thought guides the world, so does the most con- 
 spicuous business method set the pace of the business of the 
 community. The mercantile establishments of the colony 
 are on like scale with the "sheep runs;" the stores, as we 
 would call them, or the business houses that do $2,000,000 
 worth of business or over per year, and keep from 500 to 
 1 ,000 employes, are not very uncommon in Australia. As the 
 government parcel post comes also to the assistance of these 
 great merchants, by enabling them to extend their retail 
 operations throughout the colony, I am not sure these vast 
 concerns are an unmixed blessing, but they evolved from the 
 environing conditions. 
 
 But business here is stable. The people are rather con- 
 servative and so are their business methods. It is not as easy 
 to secure or to "step" into a thriving business here as in our 
 country, but once l)uild a l)usiness, by securing the confidence 
 of the trade, and it will stay by you. "Flirtations" with trade 
 are as unsafe as tlu'y are in social life. People here are not 
 usually in a hurry. An illustration of how they regard haste 
 may be interesting. Eecently at a banquet I was seated by 
 one of the most noted personages in Australia, when the con- 
 versation turned on the "bustle of American life." "What," 
 said he, "is the use of hurrying through life at ninety miles 
 an hour?" He was aiuused when I observed that "it would 
 be very foolish certainly, if wo could go one lumdred miles an 
 hour." But tbere are many admirable features in Australian 
 business methods. The people know what they want and 
 they pay their bills promptly when due. There need be no 
 losses in this country if business is conducted on business 
 j^rinciples. 
 
 Commercial S^'dney. — There are a few things to Ije ke])t 
 in mind by manufacturers and business firms desiring to 
 enter the Australian market. Kemember, Sydney, from a 
 commercial point of view, is practically New South Wales. 
 Sydney is one of the strongest competitive points on the 
 glol)e, where one mu.st meet the world's competitors on terms 
 of perfect equality. This is one point. Another is, that the 
 people are unprejudiced and they buy goods on their merits, 
 or at least on their own judgment of what they want. 
 Another is, that the people are not carried away with "new- 
 fangled"' notions, but want what experience has shown them 
 to be reliable and worth the money paid. Still another point 
 is, and this is an important matter, they are the most aide to 
 buy of any people of like numbers anywhere, and as there 
 need be no loss in business transactions — this may be an 
 interesting point. There is still another phase of this q\ies- 
 tion to be observed, and that is, that manufacturers or dealers 
 
 in sijecial articles should send special agents, to introduce 
 them, and when once brought before the public and popular- 
 ized, they should either keep the special agents employed in 
 special work, or deal through well-established houses, whose 
 staff know tlie demands of the trad€, the vicissitudes of the 
 seasons, the responsibility and reliability of the would-be 
 2)urcha.sers, and all the ins and outs of the export trade. 
 
 I will conclude l)y a brief review of last year's trade of New 
 South Wales, with esjiecial reference to the part the Ameri- 
 cans played in such transactions. 
 
 The last has been the fourth of a series of discouraging 
 years for New South Wales, as scarcely has the drought been 
 broken during this period, yet the resources of the colony are 
 so great and the enterprise of the people so untiring that 
 liusiness has shown some encouraging developments. 
 
 Total tonnage. — The books show the total in and out ton- 
 nage of the ports of New South Wales to have been: 1897, 
 0.744,431 tons; 1898, 0,919,928 tons. Of steamers entering 
 and clearing the i>orts of New South Wales for the year: 1897, 
 5,048 vessels, with 5,307,935 tons; 1898, 5,198 vessels, with 
 5,585,233 tons. Sailers: 1897, 1,417 vessels, with 1,436,490 
 tons; 1898, 1,383 vessels, with 1,334,695 tons. 
 
 Of the total foreign vessels of all kinds entering and clear- 
 ing, there were for: 
 
 1897. 
 
 Steam — I'nited Slates 17 with 32,73.S tons. 
 
 Sailers— United States 123 " 123,323 " 
 
 Totaling 140 " 155,961 " 
 
 Steam— German 09 " 211.001 " 
 
 Sailers— German 85 " 110,096 " 
 
 Totaling 154 " 321,097 " 
 
 1898. 
 
 Steam— United States 18 " 34,902 " 
 
 Sailers— United States 117 " 109,257 " 
 
 Totaling 135 " 144,159 " 
 
 Steam— German 56 " 191,123 " 
 
 Sailers— German 59 " 72,593 " 
 
 Totaling 115 " 263,716 " 
 
 Tile French have a uKuithiy service between Marseilles and 
 Sydney, Ijut the frequent trips of French steamers between 
 Sydney and the island i^ossessious render the statistics very 
 confusing. 
 
 The lesser total tonnage for United States for 1898 does 
 not mean a smaller trade with the colony, but a variation in 
 the number and tonnage of vessels coaling at Newcastle. 
 
 Commerce. — The total trade of New South AVales with all 
 the world for the last five years has been as follows, in sterling 
 monev: for 1894, £36,379,614; for 1895, £37,927,200; for 
 1896, £43,571,819: for 1897, £45,495,422, and for 1898, 
 £52,101,677. 
 
 This shows an increase of the total trade of 40 per cent. 
 
 As the chief interest of every nation in foreign trade is as 
 a seller, I submit the following facts as to the importations, 
 or buying power of New South Wales. Her importations 
 from all sources for the five years from 1894 to 1898 inclusive 
 were, in steriing money: £1-5,801,941; £15,992,415; £20,561,- 
 510; £21,744,350; £29,453,560; an encouraging increase. 
 
 The total imports from "foreign" countries — other than 
 British— increased from il.414,000 or about $7,000,000 
 worth in 1894 to £3,377,635 or $16,315,306 in 1898, while the 
 
48 
 
 I'HOCKKDING.S OF TllK INTKH.N A'J'lO.N Al- CO.M.MKi;! lAL ( O.XUIJKSS 
 
 followins allows the iini)ortatioii.s from the United States, for 
 cncli t»f d;o L-r.Ieiiflar years rcferretl to, in manufactures and 
 :i(.iienil lucrcliandise, eliminating the abnormal importations 
 i; '.vlical and flour, to wit: 
 
 For the ealendar year 1804 £543,427 or $3,93f.,196 
 
 .' '•• « ■" 181)5 624,308 or 3,033,943 
 
 " « " " is9(i 1.019.987 or 4,957.113 
 
 « « « " 1897 1.35G.328 or 0.591,755 
 
 « « " '■ 1898 1,546,007 or 7,516,511 
 
 The last, year's sales of Tnited States to New South AVales 
 almost equal iier entire purehasc from all the other -'foreign" 
 countries on the globe. 
 
 It will be seen that the United States market, for staple 
 merchandise in the colony, has steadily increased at a most 
 unprecedented rate during the years under consideration, 
 nearly the whole period of which has been marked by dis- 
 couraging seasons. 
 
 This market of staple merchandise and manufactured prod- 
 ucts, the chief value of which is labor, from £543.427 or 
 $2. 636. 196 worth in 1894. increasing in this short period to 
 £1,546.607 or $7,516,511 worth in 1898 means an increase in 
 the five years of over 184 per cent, or a trade almost three 
 times as" great as it was but five years ago. The United 
 States now su])plies about 47 per cent, of the total merchan- 
 dise bought by this colony from "foreign countries." 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 We have now concluded the addresses which were espe- 
 cially arranged for New South Wales, and will take up those 
 which are directed especially in the interest of Victoria. 
 The next address will be on "Victoria and Its Eesources," 
 and I have gi'cat pleasure in introducing Lieutenant-Gencral 
 the Honorable Sir Andrew Clarke, the Agent-General for 
 Victoria. 
 
 TAeuknant-Gevcral Sir Andrew Clarl-e: 
 
 I feel myself on this occasion, after the very brilliant 
 sjieeeh we have had from your counti-yman, your Consul in 
 Australia, Colonel Bell — I feel terribly handicapped with 
 what 1 have to say. for I must bring you down from the 
 cerulean blue, through which he has taken us, to matter of 
 facts, so that I will only have to give you a very short resume 
 of what you will find enlarged upon in very many documents, 
 books and papers which we hope, from time to time, to send 
 you from Australia, merely to fix in your minds certain facts 
 that yon can carry away with you with regard to the country 
 which I represent. T was one of the early pioneers of Vic- 
 toria, aided in rocking its cradle, at least in weaning its child- 
 hood and hc]])ing to lay wide and broad the foundations upon 
 which the institutions are now built. So, therefore, I ho])C 
 you will bear with me if I touch on one or two ])oitits of 
 interest connected with that colony. 
 
 Our population is one uiillioii two hundred thou.sand in 
 round numbers; our revenue is III, 500, 000, Our total ex- 
 penditure naturally is about the same. The ratable value of 
 property on which mimicipal taxes are raised is £67,000,000; 
 in the counties and shires, f1 03.000,000. Our imports are 
 £15,000,000 and our exports are £17,000.000. 
 
 Victoria, which has about the same area as Great Britain, is 
 the smallest of the five provinces into wliicb the great ccuiti- 
 nent of Australia is at present divided. -Mtliough the small- 
 est I am not going to tnudde you with figures comparing their 
 respective areas. In pojiulation and material resoni'ces it 
 com])ares favornlily, if it does not take an e(|nal position, with 
 tliat. of the mother colony from which it was scparateil in the 
 earlier [jarl of this last jialf century. Us limited area has 
 
 been no drawback to its progress and prosperity, in fact 
 rather othen\ise, as iu its civil admiuistratiou and means of 
 transport it lends itself to concentration and economic effi- 
 ciency. It is not perhaps within the province of these re- 
 marks to dwell at length upon its physical character and 
 features. One general observation covers the whole question: 
 that is, that with the advance of science the whole of the 
 colony promises to become productive to the general benefit 
 of its population. 
 
 Nor will I now tax your i)atience with every detail of its 
 State and municipal institutions. Its executive and legisla- 
 ture have maintained individual freedom and social order 
 whilst its municipal institutions have done their part in 
 securing the education and health of the people. The de- 
 liberations and procedure of all these public bodies are open 
 to the light of day, and consequently have commanded the 
 universal confidence and trust of their constituents. One 
 passing renuirk which every business man will appreciate is: 
 Althougli its liabilities — that is to say its interest-paying ex- 
 penditures — as compared with its population appears large, 
 yet the intrinsic value of this expenditure, if offered in an 
 open market, would probably exceed the original total capital 
 raised, for this expenditure has been devoted to reproductive 
 and dividend-earning railway works, condensing of water, 
 irrigation works, that in the near future, as the colony pro- 
 gresses, will render it still more valuable and solvent. 
 
 Having just touched briefly on the general framework of 
 the institutions on which the colony is administered. I will 
 pass at once to considering more in detail the subject which 
 has brought us together in this interesting and historic city. 
 
 My task in offering yon a few observations on our com- 
 merce is very much lightened by my being able to fall Ijack 
 on information very recently supplied by the Hon. Mr. 
 Taverner. the Minister in Victoria, who is responsible to the 
 colony for looking after its trade interests. 
 
 Victoria was first occupied by English settlers in 1837, In 
 1851 its present territory was more or less occupied by some 
 800 tenants on its Crown Lands devoted to pastoral pursuits 
 and providing its staple e.xports of wool, horses, live cattle 
 and sheep. In this year the great discovery of gold was made 
 and gave fresh impetus to the development of Victoria and 
 its resources. The importance of the industry can be fully 
 realized when I tell you that the total output of c:old up to 
 1898 amounted to 62".6S4,700 ozs., of a value of £350,733,724. 
 The gold yield of last year totaled 837,258 ounces, valued at 
 £3,349.023, being a substantial increase over 1897, and the 
 largest yield since 1882. The dividends paid by mining com- 
 panies during the year 1898 reached a total of £615,634. Its 
 mining authorities estimate that there are over 500 miles of 
 deejt lodes (channels or lieds of ancient rivers) known yet 
 to be worked, so that it will be seen that our mining industry 
 is prosperous, and that prospects are bright for future devel- 
 opments. Most of these lodes have been proved by diamond 
 drill boring at government expense. In all, gold to the value 
 of £411,000,000 has been produced in the Australian 
 colonies, and of this Victoria has produced over 60 per cent. 
 In passing I should just like to mention one of our new in- 
 dustries; I refer to coal. Considerable areas have been lately 
 found in Victoria that produce coal. The out])ut in 1898 
 amounted to 213,860 tons, valued at the pit's mouth at £103,- 
 099, that is 8s. 6d. per ton, this being the largest quantity 
 raised in any one year. Largo dividemls have been paid by 
 coal com]ianies, and as the industry is practically in its in- 
 fancy tliei-e are prospects for great developments. The 
 dairying iiuluslry plays an important part in connection with 
 our ex]iort trade witji this co\intry, the butter ex])ort. being 
 larger by far than that of any other agricidtural ])roduet. with 
 the exce|iii(Ui of wool. The annual value of the agricultural, 
 grazing, and ilairying iiidu-try in Victoria is estimated at 
 
5 i^ 
 
 o 
 
 V- 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 I- 
 
 I K 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o < 
 
FOURTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 16, 1899 
 
 49 
 
 £13,500,000. Tliere are 325 creameries and 195 factories, the 
 value of tlic plant and buildings being £390,000. This in- 
 dustry employs about 27,000 people, the cows producing 97,- 
 000,000 gallons of milk annually. The industry is carried on 
 under the most favorable conditions, inasmuch as our cows are 
 fed on natural grasses, our climate enables lis to dispense 
 with stall feeding, and our percentage of disease is lower than 
 any other country in the world. The figures I am about to 
 quote will give some idea of the development of our butter 
 trade, most of which is with Great Britain. In 1889 we ex- 
 ported butter to the value of £37,447; in 1897 to the value of 
 £884,976; while during the season of 1898-99 our export 
 amounted to about 10,000 tons, valued at nearly £1,000,000. 
 It will be seen that during the last few years we have secured 
 a position of real importance in this industry. It is only 
 fair that I should mention the name of the Hon. J. L. Dow, 
 who was Minister of Agriculture in the Gillies Government, 
 as being the founder of the butter export trade. 
 
 On the Victorian side the butter is received at the freezing 
 chambers by an expert of the Agricultural Department, who 
 stamps all sound and good butter with the brand "Approved 
 for Export." The same supervision applies to the products, 
 consequently the consumer can rest assured that our pro- 
 ducts are sound and free from disease. One of the great 
 advantages of our butter trade is owing to the fact that Vic- 
 toria, being in the southern hemisphere, and therefore en- 
 joying summer when the northern hemisphere is in winter, 
 she can supply the northern countries grass-fed butter at a 
 time when the article can only be manufactured in those 
 countries from milk obtained from stall fed cattle. 
 
 One of the industries about which we are most hopeful is 
 the exportation of fruit. We export fresh, pulp, dried and 
 canned, and in each case we treat only with the very finest 
 raw material. It may be of interest to the Americans pres- 
 ent if I mention one of the peculiar anomalies of legislature 
 in Great Britain. Our dried apricots are scheduled in the 
 customs tariff as plums and are therefore liable to a duty of 
 7 shillings per cwt., whilst canned apricots from California, 
 of which large quantities are imported into Great Britain, 
 are admitted free. However, it is only right that I should 
 mention that I am doing all in my power to persuade the 
 Imperial Government to remove this strange anomaly. Aus- 
 tralia is prepared to compete with America on an equal foot- 
 ing, but I do not think it right that our joint mother should 
 treat her prodigal child in a manner unfair to other children. 
 
 I now come to one of our most important and promising 
 industries — ^the wine. When you hear that our wine carried 
 off prizes at the Vienna, Paris, Philadelphia, Amsterdam and 
 Bordeaux exhibitions, you will realize the capabilities of our 
 soil and climate for wine production. Speaking approxi- 
 mately, the area of vines is 28,000 acres, and the number of 
 growers is 2,900, giving healthy employment to 15,000. We 
 produce 2,800,000 gallons of wine yearly. Our exports in 
 1894 amounted to 230,300 gallons, "and in 1896 it rose to 
 354,300 gallons; but I regret there was a falling off in the 
 following year to the value of about £10,000. When I ob- 
 serve that the imports into this country amount to more than 
 £5,000,000 worth of wine per annum, it certainly appears 
 that our wine growers .should strain every nerve to improve 
 their position on this market. Australian wine has distinc- 
 tive features which entitle it to the consideration of wine- 
 drinkers in this country, and I think that it is an industry 
 to which our chairman — the director of the great Commer- 
 cial Museum of Philadelphia — might devote a little of his 
 great energy with a view to introducing it into this country. 
 
 Another gi-eat Victorian industry is that of our frozen 
 meat. We export large quantities to England, where it is 
 considered of such good qualitv tliat it is frequently sold 
 as "Best Welsh" or "Best Home Killed" meat. In Victoria, 
 
 outside the Government depot, we have three companies who 
 have the most approved methods of dealing with this trade, 
 and these obtained from the Government healtli officer a 
 certificate that all the meat they export is sound and free 
 from disease. 
 
 Another article we export is the Australian "bunny." 
 Prior to 1895, a rabbit in Victoria was regarded as a nui- 
 sance, inasmuch as it devoured the grass that was required 
 for stock feeding. So serious was it considered by the State 
 that afl amount approaching £30,000 per annum was ex- 
 pended in digging out and destroying the rabbits. You can 
 quite underetand how pleased we are to be able to utilize 
 the rabbit as a market comraoditv, which returned to the 
 colony in 1895, £10,300, in 1896, £34,000, and in 1897, 
 £51,000, while in 1898 the exports amounted to about 
 £70,000. We claim for the Victorian rabbit that our sunny 
 and healthy climate produces and places before the consu- 
 mer, a cheap article of diet, within the reach of all classes. 
 In connection with this trade, the rabbits are received at 
 the cool stores, are graded by experts and after examination 
 by the health authorities, if approved, receive the Govern- 
 ment stamp "Approved for Export." 
 
 The Victorian leather export trade amounts to £300,000 
 yearly, and as we have undoubtedly the finest raw material, 
 I feel confident that the enterprise of our tanners will be 
 equal in the near future, to the supplying much of the wants, 
 not only of Great Britain, but also of those countries in which 
 leather is an important factor. It is important and interest- 
 ing to note Mr. Chamberlain's remark with reference to the 
 British Colonies' trade with Great Britain. Mr. Chamberlain 
 said: "Three groups of British Colonies, comprising Canada, 
 Australia and South Africa, with a population of 13,000,000, 
 are taking from us every year nearly as much as the three 
 greatest European States, I?ussia, Germany and France with 
 a population told of 220,000,000." It was recently stated 
 in France that agriculture and commerce and industry would 
 in future be the arena in which victories and defeats would 
 be decided. Every well-wtsher of his country can accept 
 these terms of battle, and speaking for Victoria, and I may 
 say Australasia, you can rest assured that our best energies 
 will be devoted to utilizing our natural resources with the 
 object not only of maintaining our present position, but with 
 a view to largely increasing our trade ^vith the mother country 
 and all nations. 
 
 Our stajrle products of wool and wheat are too world-wide 
 known for me to take up the valuable time of this meeting 
 by making any remarks on them. Suffice it to say that Vic- 
 toria is yet in her infancy, and as time progresses, so will her 
 trade, and I feel confident that an establishment like that 
 of the Commercial Museum, Tinder whose auspices we are 
 gathered together, will greatly assist in bringing our products 
 before buyers of all parts of the world, and at the same time 
 will enable manufacturers to know our requirements and so 
 permit them to take their share in the import trade of the 
 Colony. We are buyers as well as sellers. To sell, to Imy, 
 and how best to do both, is why we are all here to-day. (Ap- 
 plause.) 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 The next address will be given on the subject, "How to 
 Introduce Manufactured Products in the Australian Mar- 
 kets," by H. Rotherham, Esq., Delegate from Melbourne, Vic- 
 toria. 
 
 H. Rotherham, Esq.: 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Delegates: I desire to add my quota 
 of thanks extended to the officials of the Museums for their 
 very hearty and sincere welcome. I am sure we shall all 
 carry back with us memories of your kindness. 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Mv ])apei- is, "How to Introduce Manufactured Products 
 ou liic Australian Markets." (Paper read as follows): 
 
 How r>KST TO IXTKOUICK M ANUFAC'TUKKU PRODUCTS IN 
 
 Atstraman Markets. 
 
 Before placing my views on tlie above subject before you, 
 1 desire to tender iny sincere appreciation to the Philadelphia 
 Conuiiercial Museum for the honor conferred upon? me in 
 inviting me to read a paper before this distinguished dele- 
 gation. 
 
 1 recognize that commerce is the one great and importaiit 
 factor in the forward march of nations. A country whose 
 products do not expand cannot be termed progressive. Stag- 
 nation in output must sooner or later end in disaster and 
 national loss, if not in degeneration. I take it for granted, 
 therefore, that there are many manufacturers in this great 
 Republic who desire to reach out and beyond the limits of 
 their own territory, and it is to these that my remarks are 
 ])articularly addressed. I also believe that in assisting to place 
 tlie products of the British and American manufacturers in 
 a foremost position in the markets of the world, I am ren- 
 dering some little service in the glorious effort to -weld closer 
 together those bonds, which I trust will ultimately bind them 
 in an indissoluble brotherhood. When the trade of these en- 
 terprising nations is bound together — ^vvhen a spirit of gen- 
 erous emulation displaces keen, cutting, and in some instances 
 dishonorable competition, then their flags will float proudly 
 in the breeze, side by .side, fearing no foe and no outside 
 opposition. 
 
 As commerce is the soul or life of a nation, so, gentlemen, 
 in my opinion, will commercial and trade interests be the 
 arl)iter of any great European conflict. The two greatest 
 niiinufacturing nations cannot, and, in my opinion, will not, 
 allow any war to impede or seriously injure their commercial 
 interests. If England and America join hands, then indeed 
 ciiii such a combination regulate and control its own coni- 
 nirrce, without fear of any injurious interruption from out- 
 side iniluence. 
 
 Rxport. — 1 presume, as a basis for niy remarks, that the 
 necessity for exportation has arisen in this country, ami that 
 many manufacturers are looking for opportunities to exploit 
 new fields. There are in my oj)inion three ways of introduc- 
 ing mauuracturccl |i7'od\icts to foreign buvers in distant mar- 
 kets. 
 
 First. Througli exi)oi-t merchants. 
 
 Second. Occasional visits from a representative of the 
 manufactory. 
 
 Tiiird. Direct, and resident representation. 
 
 [ have no hesitation in stating that the la-t-nanud i- hy 
 ■far tlie best and most, effective means, if ethciently rarrud 
 out. 
 
 In (lie first phice, export mercluuits have iiiiiitifarinu< in- 
 terests to attend to — some coniiieting with other.s — and thi'V 
 generally attem|)t, tor it is only an attempt, lo rc|]ivscii't 
 a whole host of manufacturers, mercliants, and failors. Tlicii 
 again, they do not work from piirrly philanthni])ic motives — 
 they require payment other than the ordinary huving com- 
 mission, and in many instances .secure iiKuidaiv concessions 
 and quotations from manufacturers which are nof. on all oc- 
 casion.s, in the original, handed over to the Imyer. 
 
 In the second place, they do not always knowthe real re- 
 quirements of foreign markets as tliey develop -neither do 
 they come into direct and personal contact with the liuvers. 
 conseiiucntly they cannot secure the latter's friendship, or 
 any very close intimacy, nor can export merchants plac'c be- 
 fore their clients, on colonial markets, a full and comiilete 
 range of samples. 
 
 Export merchants are, in many cases, direct competitors, 
 and, lastly, buyers do not relish the fact that in negotiating 
 their business through this channel they must necessarily 
 give them the measure of their output. 
 
 I would here digress for a moment to point out that dealers 
 or distributors cannot successfully or favorably act in the 
 dual capacity as distributors anfl agents. Some manufac- 
 turers place their representation with a distributing house, 
 but I maintain that this is a suicidal policy. In the case 
 of a wholesale house a('ting as agents, their possiliilities are 
 local and confined, whilst an agent, acting as merchant or 
 trader, does not take u]i any hostile or antagonistic position 
 to any house, but all are treated alike — no one house receiv- 
 ing an advantage. The operations of a .sole agent, acting only 
 as such, must of necessity be equitable and sound. The more 
 distributing houses he has stocking his goods the better, as 
 every house has an equal chance in an open and competitive 
 market. Whil.'?t, on the other hand, a wholesale competitor, 
 buying from a distrilniting agent or firm, must purchase at 
 a disadvantage, as such a distributing agent does not generally 
 quote lowest rates, nor act as a philantliropist to, or with, 
 his competitoi-s. 
 
 The Australian InmmuHijn-, referring to this question in 
 last August's issue, says: 
 
 "In order to avoid friction with importing houses, and also 
 to obviate the necessity of tracing orders, the representative 
 sliould have a commission on all Australian business, whether 
 advised by him or not. By this system, all concerned re- 
 ceive equitalile treatment, and the agent is stimulated to ex- 
 tend the Australian demand as much as possible. The manu- 
 facturer will soon know if the agent is honestly earning his 
 salary. 
 
 "There is no douhf that the American manufacturer has, 
 to a great measure, been exploited by adventurers in his own 
 country, wlm, making false representations, either wilfully 
 or in ignorance, as to the amount of business they are able to 
 do, liave been induced to part with a good many hundred 
 dollars, only subsequently to find that they have been duped, 
 and tlieir money al)solutely gone. There has been a class. 
 t<M), wlio. liaving secured the representation of manufacturers 
 in the States, liave come out to this counti-y with no intention 
 of woi'king the agencies themselves, but simply with a view to 
 sell them to some merchant or agent who would be likely to 
 buy them out, and in this case also the manufacturer has 
 suffered. Again, really competent men have, in the i','nor- 
 aiice (if the expense of working such a business, undertaken 
 to sell goods on commission here, only to iiml tliai the ground 
 has been cut from under their feet by the huge commission 
 houses, and tlii'y have tliio\\n up the agencies in disgust. 
 
 "AH these tilings have tended to create a feeling of distrust 
 in the minds of manufacturers in the States as to the busi- 
 ness to lie done in Australia, and as to tlie agents who have 
 oU'ei'eil to do it. Tills has ojieiied a new field for the spolia- 
 tion of manufacturers in the Stales, hy people who undertake, 
 for a certain number of dollars per annum, to influence busi- 
 ness for Iheni. ilislribiile their catalogues through their agents 
 in the lirilish colonies, India and the Straits Settlements. 
 \'ery frecjuently these arrangements are unsatisfactory. But 
 that it is neces.sary for the .\nierieaii manul'aeliirer to bring 
 his goods directly under the iioiiee of ]iurcha<ei's on this side 
 goes without saying, and it appears to us that by far and 
 away (he best method of doing business is by engaging the 
 services of a really competent, energetic rejiresentative, on 
 a salary basis, who will undertake to .^^how the samples of the 
 manufaet urers to all the iivteresteil jiuiehasers on this side 
 of the wdrld, distribute catalogues, quote latest dis'-ounts, 
 and give vxrvy in format ion which the possible customer may 
 dc-ire, and leaving the (U'ders to find their way through the 
 usual indenting channels in New York and London. 
 
FOURTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 16, 1899 
 
 51 
 
 "Wherever this plan has been adopted, and the representa- 
 tive been honest and hard working, the results have been 
 evidently satisfactory. This plan does not antagonize the 
 New York commission houses; and they, finding their efforts 
 warmly seconded by the man who is strengthening their hands 
 by showing their samples and talking up the goods, for which 
 Ihe commission houses ultimafely receive an order, work with 
 him cun umore." 
 
 Occasional Visitation. — This mode does not commend itself 
 to me for many reasons. The gentleman selected for such 
 ;i task would undoubtedly be a tried man. It would be his 
 duty to proceed to a new country, and there make known, 
 advertise and sell the goods of his firm, and then return. 
 This is an excellent plan where no better is known or availa- 
 ble; but it is, first, very expensive, second, very slow, and. 
 third, only temporary. As first, passages to, and traveling 
 in all new regions are costly in the extreme; second, the man, 
 however good, arrives there a stranger — unknowing and un- 
 known — he is looked upon as a foreigner seeking to obtain 
 all he can get without having any permanent stake in the 
 country he is exploiting — that is, he takes as much as possible 
 out, and spends as little as possible in so doing. He is not 
 one of them — he is virtually a stranger. He may spend 
 enough time in the country to win a slight appreciation of 
 his goods, which, however, dies away as soon as he leaves; and 
 this method, though still folloT\'ed by .some conservative 
 houses, is reckoned obsolete by more enterprising firms. The 
 cost of such a visit would pay the salary of a resident agent 
 for some years. 
 
 I have known a principal — a partner — arrive in a capital 
 city, with the finest range of goods, in his particular line, ever 
 seen there, work hard for six weeks, never book an order, 
 and then leave the place disgusted. I have also known a 
 ]iartner make a costly and fairly successful trip and then the 
 imsiness, so expensively established, gradually die away until 
 his return three or five years afterwards. 
 
 Again, well established brands, only represented by similar 
 visits, have, to my knowledge, been almost obliterated by a 
 new line run by a live resident agent. 
 
 Direct Rejjresentation. — The plan which from experience 
 is recommended by the writer is: 
 
 (A) For the manufacturer to select some well-known, en- 
 ergetic man or firm, resident on the field of operation-s — such 
 a man, or firm, in no way to compete with his customers, 
 the distributors, but be solely an agent or representative. 
 
 (B) To equip the same with full range of samples — pre- 
 pared in the most careful and attractive manner. 
 
 (C) To give such a man or firm a fair annual allowance 
 toward expenses, and a fair commission on all business done. 
 
 (D) To constantly extend to him hearty co-operation, and 
 liberal assistance in exploiting the territorj' chosen. 
 
 I recommend the foregoing for the following reasons: 
 
 First. A direct and resident agent is one of the peo|>le, 
 spending his earnings among them, securing their friendship 
 Ijy honest endeavors to please, cultivating their acquaintance, 
 visiting their homes, associating with them as a citizen, hav- 
 ing common interests, thus securing by legitimate means the 
 confidence and esteem of all his clients. He knows their 
 wants and earnestly sets himself to the task of satisfying them. 
 He can be easily and quickly reached in cases of urgency, is 
 always ready to listen to their complaints, and, by judicious 
 actions, and conciliatory measures, to remedy them. 
 
 Second. He is fully cognizant of the needs and require- 
 ments of that ])articular territory. 
 
 One vital and most imjrortant element in the-;e competitive 
 days is the necessity of having an a^ent able to advise just 
 the particular make, pattern, style, weight, quality, etc. most 
 appreciated by his distributors. It is in adapting merchan- 
 dise to the real needs and requirements of a distinctive de- 
 
 mand that manufacturers can hope to extend their commerce 
 on foreign markets. 
 
 Third. He has already the connection necessary to secure 
 proper attention to, and consideration of new lines; is so well 
 furnished as to prices, weights, sizes, etc., that he will from 
 his samples select some that he well knows will act as a lead- 
 ing line, and which must book orders. These he pushes, with 
 all the assurauce such knowledge, gives him, obtains indent-;, 
 and in selling these leading, or tempting lines, also secures 
 others, which, while fair trade lines, do not command atten- 
 tion by themselves. 
 
 Fourth. A direct and sole agent is never a competitor in 
 the sense of placing one distributor against another; but if 
 he acts fairly and honestly, he supplies to all at the same 
 price, under ecpial conditions and terms. 
 
 Fifth. A resident agent should have the most complete 
 equipment of samples possible. A capital plan is to send out 
 a catalogue, and get the agent or representative to mark all 
 goods therein required for his particular market. In showing 
 a new line it is most difficult, if not impossible, in Australia, 
 to sell from a catalogue, and it not infrequently happens 
 that the order, possibly a substantial one, represents only 
 the goods actually exhibited, and that the buyer will not take 
 a single line from the catalogue. Buyers desire to inspect 
 samples — to see the actual article they are purchasing, so as 
 to estimate its value as an equivalent for their cash. Illus- 
 tration is one thing — the manufactured product another. A 
 full range of samples usually costs the manufacturer a little, 
 but it exhibits to the buyer the capability and output of the 
 maker; and while a poor range often disgusts the buyer, a 
 complete exhibit lends importance and dignity to manufac- 
 turer and agent, commanding not only respect but business, 
 as the man who will not buy one line will buy some other. 
 
 Sixth. A reasonable annual allowance and a fair commis- 
 sion should be the remuneration offered to a reliable agent. 
 A liadly paid man is generally a poor servant. Cheap labor 
 is always the dearest. Efficient and capable service is worthy 
 of adequate recognition, and invariably gives the best com- 
 pensation for the capital outlay. Liberal treatment is abso- 
 lutely necessary if success is de.sired. It is worth while doing 
 this, for the agent must travel thousands of miles in many 
 cases, where every move is costly; he must rent a suitable 
 and well-lighted sample or show room, in every great centre 
 he visits; he must observe the thousand and one little courte- 
 sies of the district and conform to social customs wherever 
 it is right for him to do so. He must, indeed, by every 
 honorable process, seek to win the good will and friendship 
 of departmental buyers as well as the proprietors, and in every 
 way be willing to give niTich time for very little result — • 
 especially so during his first yearis handling of any line. He 
 may work for months with very little encouragement indeed, 
 but if the line be good and the man capable, he will by 
 honest effort win a firm footing and secure an ever-increasing 
 business. He constantly hammers the nail on the head — ■ 
 knocking the point home — visits firms over and over again, 
 until by conversation, friendship, and general good-fellow- 
 ship the ice is broken, never to freeze again. I could men- 
 tion the one line almost totally unknow^n, which it was my 
 pleasure to handle. Weeks of work preceded the first order, 
 but in fifteen months every wholesale house in a city having 
 a population of 350,000 had the line on their shelves or an 
 order. A generous remuneration goes a long way to ener- 
 gize a man during this trying first year, as he realizes that, 
 though his efforts seem thrown away, he is at any rate reap- 
 ing some slight return fiu' his pains. A fair and equitable 
 .commission is never lost. Make it worth a man's while to 
 do your work thoroughly, and if he has a grain of manliness 
 pnd integrity in his co)n|)osition he will reciprocate yoitr kiiid- 
 ju'ss in a manner most acceptable to the manufacturer. 
 
52 
 
 PIlOUEEDINaS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 S('veiii]i. Hearty co-operation. If this is extended to an 
 iiijeiit he will go a long way to make your business the success 
 vou desire. The gentlemanly courteous letter, wishing him 
 good business and assuring him he has only to advise you that 
 his equipment is not perfect — not quite up-to-date — giving 
 you in detail what he requires to insure your attention there- 
 to, makes an agent buzz around and endeavor to demonstrate 
 that he is not guilty of what Shakespeare calls '"that base 
 sin — ingratitude."' I know from experience what it is, when 
 hard brain work and constant zeal had not won what I had 
 expected, and had a right to expect, to receive a letter worded 
 something like this: "The orders are few and small, but we 
 are confident you are doing your best, and we think tliat 
 soon our goods will assert themselves, and both you and we 
 will gradually win a satisfactory trade." And permit me 
 here to state that, provided the lines and prices were able to 
 stand against others, the result has always been good. 
 
 Eighth. .\ qualified agent is able to advise the best and 
 most economic modes of shipment, the quickest routes, cheaj)- 
 est freights, and all the necessary details connected with his 
 profession ought ever to be at his command. 
 
 Ninth. Latest ideas, patterns and prices. — The resident 
 agent is constantly finding some other house cutting him out 
 by a new line. He immediately secures a sample of each 
 line, forwards it to his principal, and the latter at once makes 
 the alteration — going one better, if possible, in some direc- 
 tion — dispatches this product to the agent; and they thus 
 stand on the defensive and offensive, retaining their trade — 
 always up-to-date, never far behind in the march of progress 
 towards something cheaper, better and more attractive than 
 their opponents. 
 
 Tenth. Between manufacturer and agent a complete con- 
 fidence in the uprightness and commercial integrity of each 
 must exist, if pleasant and successful issues are to be com- 
 passed. 
 
 Having given you sutficient reasons why I think a resident 
 agent is the best and surest means of establishing a new line 
 on a foreign market, permit me to dwell briefly on one or two 
 of the aids which an enterprising. Just and generous manu- 
 facturer can use to further the efforts of his representative. 
 
 (A) He must faithfully and promptly fill all orders, giv- 
 ing careful attention to any special instructions in relation 
 to details advised by his agent, the bulk goods in all in- 
 stances being equal to samples. As to this last feature, I 
 regret to have to state that some American manufacturers 
 have not always followed this most necessary rule. The re- 
 sult of such a line of action injures the agent's credit and 
 reputation, and is a lasting disgrace to the manufacturer. 
 Such deceit only serves once. 
 
 (B) He should give his agent the very lowest prices and 
 best trade discounts, extending to him a discretionary power 
 to give a slight increase in discounts or other small conces- 
 sion, rather than ])ermit business to pass him. It is always 
 an inspiration and a great advantage for an agent to realize 
 that the prices (juoted are the lowest given toanv buyer by 
 the manufacturer. 'I'he princi])al sliould also aim tn give 
 his agent some special inducement to offer to buyers on ci^r- 
 tain leading lines when introducing new goods. ' 
 
 ((') A mannfacturer can render further assistance by ad- 
 vertising. Catalogues are indispensable in almost all eases. 
 A capable rei)resentative will have a good supply of these 
 sent direct to him and will (listribnte. A successful plan is 
 to post all in one city at a given time. Then, two days or 
 so afterwards, call at every house and draw the attention of 
 buyers to it, by all means getting them to see the samples, 
 and, if possible, secure a sample order, however small. Per- 
 haps two or three calls will be necessary, but by this ])er- 
 sistent cour.«c every buyer receives a catalogue, in's|)ecls sani- 
 ])les, and is personally and directly posted in regard to the 
 
 special attraction of the line. By this method something 
 definite is done, and the manufacturer's efforts are ably sup- 
 ported by his agent. Catalogues without personal applica- 
 tion are but very poor representatives. For first-class lines 
 an inspection of actual samples is better than the picture, 
 and in reverse ratio poor ones disappoint the buyer. 
 
 (D) Advertising in Trade Journals. — A liberal assistance 
 should always be extended to an agent in this direction. 
 Here again the resident agent is greatly advantaged over th« 
 non-resident. He knows, how, when, where and what to 
 advertise to meet certain buying dates. He judiciously in- 
 serts special notes of new lines and attractive goods in the 
 best papers and journals. It is not the advertiser only that 
 grows rich, but the man who knows best what, where and 
 when to advertise. In Australia, the best journal for hard- 
 ware, engineering and kindred trades, is the Australasian 
 Inmmongn: Immediately after the manufacture of any new 
 product the manufacturer should despatch an electro for 
 insertion in the last named or other journals. 
 
 (E) The manufacturer should from time to time refresh 
 his agent's samples by new designs, always keeping him well 
 posted as to any new production by immediately despatching 
 samples, so that he may be the first to introduce it to the 
 buyers. This is a great help, at times, to new business. 
 
 Consignments. — In certain lines it is sometimes advisable 
 for the manufacturers to forward a small shipment for free 
 distribution — or for disposal by the agent as he may direct. 
 This mode may be used in some instances with pronounced 
 success, especially so when the need for popularizing, or creat- 
 ing a demand for a comparatively unknown product exists. 
 It is scarcely equitable for a manufacturer to expect an agent 
 to risk his capital — give his labor and connection — pay agency 
 and traveling expeuses-nwhilst the former takes little or no 
 risk, except, perhaps the despatch of a few samples. 
 
 Invoices. — These should be made out in triplicate and 
 clearly set forth the contents of each case, its measurement 
 and weight. 
 
 Packing and Labelling.— All goods should be carefully 
 packed, no space being lost. Each distinct class of goods, 
 sliould, as far as possible, be packed together, not broken, or 
 distributed indiscriminately. This want of proper classifica- 
 tion is a source of great annoyance to the Australian mer- 
 chant. Shelf goods should also be plainly labelled, the cjuan- 
 tity, size and name of the article being distinctly placed. 
 Too much detailed printed matter on a label is a mistake. 
 Short and distinct is preferable. 
 
 Payment for Goods. — The manufacturer, having confidence 
 in his agent, should at all times fall in with any special ar- 
 I'angements the latter may find it necessary to make in regard 
 to mode of payment. In many cases buyers have facilities 
 to pay at New York, but where such do not exist, then 
 either of the following can be safely adopted. 
 
 Drawing on buyers against documents — ^the manufacturer 
 discounting the bills if so desired — or by drawing at sight, 
 90 days, or 30 days after sight, or any other term agreeable 
 to the contracting parties, the buyer in all ca.ses paying bank 
 charges and other expenses connected with these modes of 
 jiaynient. Except under unusual and extraordinary circum- 
 stances the ])-L, invoice and documents should not be handed 
 over to the buyei' until goods ai'o i)aid for. It is on the other 
 liaiid scarcely fair for the manufacturer to expect a distrib- 
 utor to pay for goods before arrival — that is, allow the former 
 two or three months use of the buyer's cash — -while goods 
 are in transit — ^without receiving some substantial compei\- 
 sation as a quid pro quo. 
 
 Ill these days of keen coinpctition, lines not represented 
 are comparatively unl<no\\ii, whilst those lines largely hold- 
 ing the ciilnnial markets owe their pre-eminence to the elVorts 
 of a (lualilied agent. Ia'I me ask you a question, "Who can 
 
FOURTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 16, 1899 
 
 53 
 
 measure the needs of a distinctive market, or a buyer best, — 
 the manufacturer residing some tive thousand to ten thou- 
 sand miles distant, or the agent on the spot, being in almost 
 daily contact with his buyers — 'whose chief end and aim it is 
 to meet the special requirements and technical demands of 
 his customers and market?" There is only one answer to this 
 question. What may suit one market does not suit another. 
 Therefore a manufacturer having a resident, honorable, ener- 
 getic and sober agent, continually calling on all the best 
 houses — intelligently displaying the advantages of his wares 
 ■ — offering a complete set of samples to select from, must in 
 the natural order of things increase his output materially, 
 and the invariable result is that such a maker's goods occupy 
 the best and most prominent place both in the wholesale and 
 retail establishments, largely monopolizing the attention of 
 the general public, and consequently commanding the bulk of 
 the trade. However good a name a manufacturer's lines may 
 have, another line about equal in price and finish will run 
 the former almost out of the market if pushed by an energetic 
 and capable man on the spot. I could quote instances if 
 time permitted. I do not say that unrepresented firms cannot 
 secure some trade, as in a few isolated cases, the quality of 
 their manufactures always ensures a small constituency of 
 customers — ^bxit what I do assert is that their business is in a 
 state of stagnation compared with the tremendous increase 
 in the turn-over of firms having a real live agent on the spot, 
 working with well directed energy their particular lines. It 
 is also a remarkable fact, but one well known to the observant 
 agent, that some pattern or style, which to the manufacturer 
 may appear to be a non-essential and merely a matter of 
 minor detail, will prove the very greatest factor in relation 
 to the public demand. 
 
 There are, of course, many other points which could be 
 dwelt upon did time permit. Suffice it to say that if you de- 
 sire to expand your commerce abroad; to e.xploit new fields; 
 to secure a firm footing on foreign markets, you must manu- 
 facture a first-class article, both as regards quality, price and 
 finish; you must ever maintain a high standard of excellence; 
 you must be faithful and exact in the filling of all orders, 
 prompt in despatching same; you must be fair in the treat- 
 ment of your representative — extend to him your hearty co- 
 operation, and doing this, depend upon it, a properly qualified 
 agent will faithfully serve you — your interests thus being 
 identical with his own, he will always conserve the efforts and 
 exertions of both to the advantage and profit of each. (Ap- 
 plause.) 
 
 Director TF. P. Wilson: 
 
 We will consider our session adjourned until 8.30. 
 
 Philadelphia, Monday, October 16, 1899. 
 
 Aftehnoon Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order at 2.30 p. m., by Dr. W. 
 r. Wilson. 
 
 Director \Y. P. ^Yilson: 
 
 The first address this afternon will be on the Colony of 
 New Zealand, by Hon. W. Pember Reeves, Agent-General for 
 New Zealand and official representative of the government 
 of that Colony. 
 
 Hon. W. Pemher Beeves: 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: I cannot hope to give you the 
 fluency, the humor and vigor which flowed this morning 
 
 from my friend Colonel Bell, nor of course can I give you 
 anything like what fell from the lips of the servant of the 
 British Empire through Sir Andrew Clarke. I cannot ad- 
 dress you as brotlier merchants, or as brother producers, or 
 as a captain of industry, but only as the Agent of the New 
 Zealand Government in London. Having regard for this, 
 gentlemen, I feel a little cheered in remembering that there 
 have been men who have occupied the position that we occu- 
 pied for many years and I refer now to the most famous of 
 the colonies' agents, a very renewed citizen of Philadelphia, 
 Benjamin Franklin. (Cries of "hear, hear!") 
 
 Now I say, Dr. Franklin, in a situation of unusual diffi- 
 culty was occupying a position in London when an English 
 sea captain discovered far away in the South Seas two long 
 narrow mountainous islands. The first struck him a.-^ being 
 fertile, beautiful and good. He sailed around it several 
 times, examined it, majyped out the coast, studied the in- 
 habitants, and while doing so he hoisted the Union Jack over 
 these islands and took possession in the name of George III. 
 
 Fifty years passed away and the English Government was 
 not then as anxious for colonies as .she is supposed to be now, 
 and they declined to ratify the annexation, and had it not 
 been for the traitors, who went to New Zealand — the adven- 
 turers who went to New Zealand — the annexation never would 
 have been ratified. 
 
 At last the great statesman in the truest sense of the word, 
 one of the builders of the Empire, Edward Wakefield, a man 
 who helped to build up Canada, who helped to build uj) 
 Australia, and was the founder of New Zealand, determined, 
 as his Government would not take the island, that he would 
 found a colony on the island for himself. That worked up 
 the colonial authorities, and rather than have an independ- 
 ent Government, they hoisted the British flag over this is- 
 land. That was how it was sixty years ago the English 
 Government became our rulers. This history is both inter- 
 esting and romantic. I should like to say this, if you will 
 allow me to make one or two observations upon the indus- 
 tries and products of the country by a very brief sketch of 
 New Zealand and its people, because I think we may claim 
 that this land upon which Providence has conferred almost 
 every advantage except one — that is one of the great disad- 
 vantages, — that is, that it is such a long way off. It has 
 been supposed in this part of the world even to be a portion 
 of Australia, but that is not the case. The colony of New 
 Zealand consists of .two main islands, with several groups 
 of smaller islands lying at some distance from the principal 
 group. The main islands known as the North, the Middle, 
 and Stewart. Islands, have a coast line of 4.330 miles in 
 length— North Island, 2,200 miles; Middle Island, 2,000 
 miles; Stewart Island, 130 miles. A protectorate over the 
 Cook Island (Harvey Group) is exercised by the Imperial 
 Government, the Governor of New Zealand acting as respon- 
 sible advisor. 
 
 New Zealand is mountainous in many parts, but has, nev- 
 ertlieless, large plains in both the North and Middle Islands. 
 In the North Island, which is highly volcanic, is situated 
 the famous Thermal-Springs district. Middle Island is re- 
 markable for its lofty mountains, with their magnificent 
 glaciers, and for the deep sounds or fiords on the western 
 coast. 
 
 New Zealand has a variety of climates. It possesses a 
 very charming and pleasant climate. I have heard in pre- 
 vious addresses to-day of several colonies which possess one 
 of the best climates in the world, each of them, but I think 
 I am going to go one better than they, for I am going to 
 claim that New Zealand has the best climate in the world. 
 Wellington averages in temperature from 78 degrees Fahr. 
 to 33 degrees; Montreal from 88 degrees to 13 degrees below 
 zero (46 degrees colder than Wellington). Western Aus- 
 
>\ 
 
 PROCKEDINGS OF THE INTERXATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 tralia from 107 to 37. Now, you will see that Montreal, 
 Ciinada. is 10 defjrees hotter than Wellington, and that 
 Western Australia is 4f! degres colder. I do not need to 
 say ihat the climate is the same all over New Zealand. It 
 isiiot. The climate varies in different parts of the island. 
 The climate of New Zealand is somewhat feminine, variable 
 and mutable in turn; like many a fair woman, she passes 
 quickly from smiles to frowns and from frowns to tears. 
 (.Vpplau.sc.) 
 
 At the end of North Island will be found the groves of 
 palm trees and great fiords, there are also plantations of 
 oranges and lemons. Then on another part of the Island 
 in the soutii they get the cold winds from the Antarctic. 
 Those mountains are covered with glaciers that are harder 
 to clind) tban those of Switzerland. Fitzgerald told me that 
 he regarded the climbing of those mountains moi-e difficult 
 than the Alps. 
 
 It is the contrast of climate which makes the country so 
 interesting. When you are high up amongst the ranges of 
 the southern Alps you reach a part of the earth where there 
 is the silence of the dead. Going to the centre of one of the 
 islands, you will find yourself in a volcanic district all alive 
 with fire and heat, the volcanoes capped with snow above 
 and geysers of greater magnitude than those of Iceland and 
 grander than those of the Yellowstone. Also hot pools, 
 boihng lakes and thermnl s]irin'4s of every variety. When 
 it gets to be better known it will compete with the famous 
 spas "of Europe. If you want to be cured of nny disease you 
 cannot do better than go to New Zealand. 
 
 Now, I will .say a few words aliout the people of the colo- 
 nies and the institutions, so as to show you what kind nf n 
 country we have, that you may consider that both in our 
 present and in our future we are worth trying to establish 
 trade with North and South America. 
 
 New Zealand is supposed to be peopled by men purely 
 British, the most ))urely P.riiish race on the face of this 
 earth. I do not clnim that our i-ace is nimc iiccurately enti- 
 tled to the term British than the inhabitants of the United 
 Kingibim. But the people in the United Kingdom are one 
 part irisli. niu)fher ])art Scotch, a third part Welsh, and a 
 fourlh pai't l-'ugli>li: but the ]ieople of New Zealand are 
 ]nirely iiritish, and \\r bavc no Scotch, frish or Wel-ih. They 
 are l>rilish iind are likely to remain Kritish. (Applause.) 
 
 'i'lie pi-ivafe wealth of the peo]>le is at least £230,000,000, 
 and tlie average about £300 to the head. Public property, 
 about £45,000,000; the Maori land is equal to 9.000.000 
 acres. 
 
 There are ■^."iS.oiio clrcbu-s rei-ordcil ns votei-s out of a 
 population of "aO.OOO. and '* iiinst be I'cincinbercd that the 
 women vote there as Mcll as I be men. 
 
 Nearly all (he public works in New Zealand are in the 
 hands of the govcrnnunl of the cdlnny. and in the early 
 days Ihey sinq)ly kept pace with -piiad nf settlement. In 
 1870, however, a great impel iis was given to the ju'ogress of 
 the whole country by the inauguaratinn of the "Public 
 Works and Immigration Policy," which ])rovided for carry- 
 ing out work in advance of seftlenu'iits. Railways, roads, 
 water races were constructed, and ininiigralion was cdii- 
 ductcd on a large scale. .'\s a c'onseipicnce the |)opulation 
 increa.scd from a(i7,000 in ls:i i,, .Mil.ono in ISSl, and to 
 743,4f)3 at the close of I be year ls:)S. exclusive iif tbf 
 Maoris. 
 
 New Zealaiui is a ))asloral, lirstly, and, secondly, an agi-i- 
 cidtural country. Sown grasses are grown almost cveiv- 
 where, the extent of land laid down being about ten milli(}ns 
 of acres. 'I'he soil is admirably adapted for i-eeeiving these 
 grasses, and, afler Ihe bush has \wvu burni olf. i- nm-tiv 
 sown over wifboui previous plowing. In ]\ri(ldle Islaml a 
 largo area is covered with native grasses used for grazinu' 
 
 purposes. The large extent of good grazing land has made 
 the colony a great wool and meat producing country, and 
 its agricultural capabilities are, speaking generally, great. 
 The abundance of water and the cpiantity of valuable tim- 
 lii'r are other natural advantages. 
 
 New Zealand is free from any of the diseases so disastrous 
 to horned stock in other countries. It is said that Iceland 
 is the only other spot on the earth which enjoys the same 
 immunity. 
 
 New Zealand is the largest land owner, and always will 
 be a large land owner, and it is the largest employer of labor 
 and the largest collector of rent. It owns all the railways, 
 all the telgraphs, all the telephones, and it owns and man- 
 ages all the hospitals and charitable aid of the colonies. 
 There is no private benevolence. It owns and manages the 
 lunatic asylums. We do not consider the care of the insane 
 to be a matter for private profit. 
 
 In addition to that it owns and manages, and profitably 
 manages, too, a life-insurance institution, and it does nearly 
 half of all the life-insurance busine,ss of the colony. It 
 owns and manages, I suppose, one of the most successful 
 beneficial institutions of the world — the New Zealand Trust 
 Office, under which the industries, the assets, and the prop- 
 erty of the people who wish to leave their prpperty in safe 
 custody is taken charge of, and taken charge of safely, by a 
 department of tlie government service. 
 
 Now we have money to lend in New Zealand and it is 
 loaned by the Trust Office, that is, it is managed by the gov- 
 ernment. We have gone far beyond that; because, although 
 we do not endeavor to go into new fields of industry our- 
 selves as competitor.s — we prefer the merchant and the manu- 
 facturer to do that — still we have carried the regulation and 
 supervision to a greater extent than it is carried in any other 
 country that I know of. We have done this voluntarily and 
 some people think rashly. For example, we have more closely 
 control of the ownership of land. We have done our best 
 by the system of progressive graduated taxation to break up 
 a land monopoly and to prevent too much land being held 
 i)y a few hands. 
 
 Again we are forbidden to legislate on the question of 
 currency. It is one of those heads under which our autonomy 
 is limited, and since there has been no chartered company to 
 come to the rescue our statesmen have stepped in and the. 
 State has become one of the largest money-lending institu- 
 tions of the colony. 
 
 In addition to that we have regulated the relation of the 
 employer and the employe, thus regulating matters and 
 disputes between them. Every case of that kind is arbitrarily 
 refeiTed to a State tribtnial. Strikes and lock-outs are for- 
 bidden by law. IVfore than fifty disputes have been settled 
 in that way. 
 
 Now, one word more, u])on what is doubtless the main 
 object for the invitation extended to us. It is a question of 
 the possible extent of the trade between North America and 
 Australasia. Now. as far as we are concerned on our .side of 
 the ocean we have always lieen ready to hold up oui- end of 
 the line. 
 
 We have taken the lead in Ibis great Hepublic- — in our 
 little colony — taken the lead in establi.shing a steam service 
 lictween the .\ntipodes and San Francisco, and we have borne 
 ihe largest share of the expense for a greater part of the time 
 iliiring which the steatn service has bwn kept going. We have 
 actually gone far bi-yund thai. A few yt'ars ago we woidd 
 have been glail fur I be help of ilu' American Government in 
 llir way of cslabiishing a lable service lietween New Zealand 
 ami I lie Stales. Ibil I lie lime for the cable service has gone 
 by. .\nother c(iniih'\ lias stepped in and lakcn pn-stssiou of 
 the cable -!er\ic('. The I'nited Slairs might have liail M ju-t 
 as tlicv can ha\c luir Irade now bv e>tablisbinu' cbisei- 1 i-adc 
 
FOURTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 16, 1899 
 
 55 
 
 relations. This will be done when this great Republic ceases 
 to treat Australia and New Zealand as a negligible quantity. 
 (Apj^lause.) 
 
 We shall be very glad to trade with America. We have 
 always welcomed Americans there. We have always been 
 glad to come here, where we can get a special advantage to 
 ourselves in buying American machines and American goods. 
 When we cannot get what we want in this country or can get 
 a better article in England, we go there for it. We are always 
 glad to see you, but if you pursue the policy of doing the 
 selling without doing any buying, you will find that the 
 countries on the other side of the ocean can play the same 
 game. (Cries of "Hear! hear!") Still so far this great Re- 
 public has not thought it worth while to make any special 
 exertion to get our trade, but there is another country on the 
 north of you that has had the farsightedness to look a little 
 in our direction. (C'ries of "Hear! Hear!") 
 
 I take the opportunity here to welcome on the part of New 
 Zealand that great country on the north that is endeavoring 
 to meet us half way. 
 
 Now I hold in my possession the public opillioll^r cif seven- 
 eighths of the leading statesmen of Australia upon the future 
 relations of New Zealand and Australia. All these gentlemen 
 are good enough to say that while they welcome New Zealand 
 into the Federation, they will decline to consider entering 
 into reciprocal trade relations with New Zealand so long as 
 she insists on stating that it is a Federation. 
 
 Now I do not for a moment presume to suggest to the 
 -Australian colonial politicians, but I do say in the most 
 friendly way that, while it may be possible to argue New 
 'Zealand into a federation, it will not be easy to coerce her into 
 .a union. 
 
 I do not believe that we shall lose our trade with Austra- 
 lia, or the greater part of it, if Australia federates with us. 
 'I go so far as to say even if we do federate, as I do not believe 
 we shall, there is not much danger of our losing the greater 
 part of that trade. While I do not think for a moment that 
 •on that account we could be dragooned into a union wliicli 
 we do not want to enter. 
 
 The policy of Australia should be toward New Zealand 
 what the policy of the United States is to Canada, anrl I 
 venture to say the political results will be much the same. 
 
 I take this opportunity of saying that if we are cut out by 
 Australia just as the Canadians are cut out by the United 
 States, it would be only natural for New Zealand and Canada 
 ■ to come together in the closest possible union. (Applause.) 
 
 You will allow me to remark, my friends, that what I have 
 said has not been said in any unfriendly spirit. I decline 
 to believe there has been any attempt to exercise any unfair 
 pressure, political or otherwise, upon us or with regard to our 
 relations with you — such relations must be amicable in the 
 future as they have lieen in the past. (Applaiise.) 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 Gentlemen of the Convention: The next paper will be on 
 the "Commerce of New Zealand." I have the pleasure of 
 introducing Mr. Peter Barr, Delegate from the Dunedin 
 'Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 Mr. Peter Barr: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: If Mr. Reeves 
 Tiad reason to fear that his address wotdd prove tame and 
 uninteresting after the vigorous discussion that preceded it, 
 I have much more reason to fear that a written and read 
 paper, dealing to a large extent with details, will prove more 
 Tminteresting still. I noticed, however, that you did not find 
 Mr. Reeves' address uninteresting ("Hear, hear"), judgiuir 
 by the attention which you gave. T am not suprised at that, 
 
 for no man possibly, or few men, are better qualified to speak 
 on the subject of New Zealand. I am only sorry that Mr. 
 Reeves did not go on and fill up the whole time which was 
 devoted to New Zealand in the interesting chatty way in 
 which he has spoken to you in the last half hour, but duty 
 calls me to read to you my paper and I will proceed — entitled 
 "Commerce of New Zealand." 
 
 Traue and Commerce of New Zealand. 
 
 I have the honor at this Congress to represent the Cham- 
 liers of Commerce of Dunedin, Christchurch, Napier and 
 Auckland, in the distant British Colony of New Zealand. As 
 a public accountant and not trading either as a merchant or 
 manufacturer, I cannot speak from personal experience of 
 the handling of goods and merchandise. I hope, however, 
 to give a fair and general idea of the trade and commerce of 
 the colony and will be pleased later to place fuller descriptive 
 and statistical information, as to its various branches, at the 
 disposal of any who are sufficiently interested to desire it. 
 
 The presence and speech of the Hon. W. P. Reeves, Agent 
 (leneral, have rendered it quite unnecessary for me to spend 
 any time in describing the position and natural advantages 
 of the colony. I am glad that Mr. Reeves has given this 
 general description, as I fear that not a few citizens even of 
 this English-speaking country, are rather doubtful whether 
 New Zealand is a British or a Dutch colony, and have a vague 
 idea that it is a part of the continent of Australia, or possibly 
 connected with New Guinea, and "guess" that the delegates 
 from there should be colored. These interesting misappre- 
 hensions, however, will now be removed from the minds of 
 all here and gradually as the influence is felt of the colonial 
 experiences of the republic, more attention will be given by 
 even the mass of the people to those who inhabit "the ends 
 of the earth." At present the ordinary Philaileliihian is not 
 blameworthy if he scarcely knows of the existence of New 
 Zealand, much less if he knew little of its trade. New Zea- 
 land, as has already been shown, is a little country; how little, 
 both in size and population, one only begins to realize after 
 traveling day following day through this great continent. 
 lUit the Scotchmen of Dunedin, as well as of Edinburgh, 
 remind themseTves that "gude gear is pit up in wee buke," 
 and remembering the career of that other little land, far off, 
 but always even yet known on their tongues and in their 
 hearts as "home,'' New Zealanders jiroudlv claim the title of 
 the "Britain of the South." 
 
 I must hasten, however, to draw attention to a few details 
 as to the trade of the colony, and no apology for figures on 
 account of their being dry and iminteresting is needed in 
 this congress. For the statistics quoted I have depended 
 mainly upon the New Zealand Year Bonk for 1899, a publi- 
 cation which contains a marvelous amount of information 
 most admirably compiled by the Registrar-General (Mr. E. J. 
 von Dadelszen), and the Neu> Zealand Trade Revien\ pub- 
 lished in Wellington. 
 
 The lands of the colony, their occupation and prnduetive- 
 ness, have already been described, and I pass on to confirm 
 and support this by some little further reference to the 
 export trade. 
 
 The total exports of New Zealand, produce and manufac- 
 tures, for the year 1898, were valued at £10,.334,988. being 
 an increase from the trifling total of £43:3,9-1:9 of forty years 
 ago, and nearly doid^ling in twenty 3'ears the export values 
 of 1878. Of this total, about three-fourths come under the 
 heading of animals and produce, and in that sub-division 
 wool and frozen meat are in the first place. This is to be ex- 
 ])ected in a country with the grazing ca])abilities of New Zea- 
 land — where the acreage in sown grasses last year was 
 9,866,549 acres, nearly fourteen times as much as in all 
 
56 
 
 PROOEEDINnS OF THE INTERNA TIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Australia and Tasmania, although with only at)()ut one- 
 thirlioth of the total area of these colonies. 
 
 Wool is shipped almost exclusively to London, and the 
 total export in 1898 (omitting odd figures) was 149,385,000 
 pounds weight, valued at £4,045,804. The value of this 
 product to the colony is, of course, immense, and a rise of 
 one penny per pound, means an addition of al)out half a 
 million pounds sterling to the producers. The increase in the 
 production has been very satisfactory, rising from over 
 ninety-three juillion pounds weight in 1888 to about 150 
 million pounds in 1898, or 65 per cent, in ten yesirs. 
 
 I'Vozeu meat comes next in the list of exports, iinving 
 developed enornunisly during the past few years. The in- 
 dustry commenced in 1893, and has assumed such proportions 
 that i'or the year ending June 30th last, 169,097.000 pounds 
 weight were exported, comprising 111,544,000 pounds of 
 mutton, 45,175,000 pounds of lamb, and 12,377,000 pounds 
 of beef. The exports of lamb and beef are both now increas- 
 ing very rapidly. Reckoned by carcasses the frozen meats 
 exported last year, practically all to Great Britain, included 
 1,719,000 sheep, 1,168,000 lambs and 4,251,000 rabbits, be- 
 sides considerable quantities of beef, kidneys, mutton joints, 
 veal, etc. 
 
 There is only time to mention that in addition to wool and 
 meat, the colony exports animal produce in the shape of 
 butter and cheese, sheepskins and tallow, rabbit skins, pre- 
 served meats, sausage skins, bacon and hams, and salted beef. 
 Of the principal of these the quantities last year were over 
 96,000 ewt. of butter and 68,000 cwt., of cheese, 55,000 cwt.. 
 of preserved meats, 347.000 cwt. of tallow, 6,600,000 rabbit 
 skins, and nearly 5,000,000 sheep skins. As in Victoria the 
 one time pest, and nothing but pest, the rabbit, ha.s become 
 l)oth body and skin, a valuable source of income. 
 
 Agricultural products naturally come next. The export 
 of grain in the form of oats, wheat, malt, maize, etc., last 
 year (1898) was valued at £136,120, being a considerable 
 decline since 1890. Oats come largely first, viz., 816,210 
 bushels, maize 91,079 bushels, and wheat only 10,090 l)ushels. 
 The reduction in prices no doubt partly accounts for this, as 
 the area imder cultivation lias been increasing. The land in 
 grain and sown grasses in 1898 comprised over eleven million 
 acres as compared with eight million acres in 1890. 
 
 Last harvest, however, was most satisfactory and returns 
 recently published show a substantial increase both in area 
 and yield, of all crops. The yields for the 1899 harvest are 
 reported bv the Trade Review as follows, viz.: 
 
 Wheat from 399,034 acres, 13,073,416 bushels, an average 
 of 32.76 bushels; oats from 417,320 acres, 16,511,388 busliels, 
 an average of 39.56 bushels; barley, from 45,671 acres, 1,677,- 
 908 bushels, an average of 36.73 bushels. 
 
 The present prices of grain owing to the large yield are 
 very low, but tlie average prices throughout the colony last 
 year were 4s. per bushel for whciit, 2s. 9d. for oats and 2s. 9d. 
 for barley. One result of the large yield will be that instead 
 of importing some 60,000 bushels of wheat to supplement the 
 yield of about five and one-half million bushels as was done 
 in 1898, it is estimated that there will be a surplus for export 
 this year of about 7,800,000 bushels. About one-half the 
 expected yield, or nearly seven million bushels, is required 
 for consumption and seed. 
 
 Of other agiicultural products the ])rincipal exports are 
 grass and clover seeds and potatoes, of which, in 1898. the 
 totiils were 274,557 bushels and 22,507 tons respectively. 
 Want of time and space necessitates a mere summary of the 
 other exports, to one of which, however (gold), reference 
 will be made later. For 1898 the quantities and values of 
 the more important were as follows, viz.: 
 
 Gold, 280,175 ounces, valued at £1,080,691; coal, 56.332 
 tons, valued iit i;50,381; kauri gum, 9,905 tons, valued at 
 
 £586,767; timber, 40,721,632 feel, valued at £164,723; leather, 
 19,992 cwt., valued at £103,838; phormium (N. Z. hemp), 
 4,850 tons, valued at £74,556, and woollen and other manu- 
 factures, valued at £75,411. 
 
 Turning now to the imports, the total declared values for 
 the year 1898, amounted to £8,211,409 (exclusive of specie), 
 or £11 3s. Id. per head of the population. These imports are 
 so varied that it is impossible to go closely into detail. 
 Grouped under general headings they are as follows: 
 
 Soft goods, including apparel, boots and shoes, drapery, 
 hosiery, millinery, silks and woollens, £1,935,009. 
 
 Hardware and ironmongery, including agricultural imple- 
 ments, iron rails and bolts, pig and wrought iron, machinery, 
 cutlery and tools. £1,502.794. 
 
 Sugar and tea, £608,987. 
 
 Beer, spirits and wine, £273,378. 
 
 Tobacco, £161,836. 
 
 Paper, books and stationery, £342,331. 
 
 These divisions leave still under the heading of other or 
 "general imports" over £8,000,000, as to which details would 
 he tedious here, and would in any case, simply enumerate the 
 ordinary requirements of any British community, such a-s 
 fancy goods, bicycles (which are now a necessity even in New 
 Zealand), drugs, manures, musical instruments, furniture, 
 ceiftent, etc. 
 
 In the statistical returns goods are entered as imported 
 from the eoimtry from which they are shipped without refer- 
 ence to transhipments at foreign ports, so that they are to 
 some extent unreliable as indicating the original producers or 
 manufacturers. By far the largest proportion, however, of 
 New Zealand imports come from Great Britain. Last year 
 of the eight million odd jDOunds, over £5,100,000 came from 
 the mother country, over £1,150,000 from the Australian 
 Colonies, £249,000 from Europe,' £800,000 from the United 
 States, over £300,000 from India, £33,000 from China and 
 £39,000 from Japan. 
 
 With reference to the duties to which these imports are 
 liable, New Zealand has a tariff for which no apology need be 
 made here. The average on all merchandise for the past two 
 years has been just under 24 per cent., or on dutiable imports 
 30 per cent. Last year £2,800,000 worth of goods were im- 
 ported duty free, about £2,100,000 were subject to specific 
 duties and the balance of over £3,250,000 to ad valorem 
 duties, varying from 40 to 5 per cent., the larger half being 
 at 20 per cent. 
 
 In bringing this series of figures to a close it is sufficient to 
 mention that the imports and exports of the colony ior last 
 year together show a total trade of £18,748,555 (including 
 specie), an increase of £676,339 over the previous year, and 
 the largest trade the colony has ever done. 
 
 As regards the balance of trade, the excess of exports over 
 imports is also considerably larger than in the previous year. 
 It may be of interest to note that the imjiorts were in excess 
 of exports from 1873 to 1885 (with one exception) and for 
 four years of that peiiod to over £2,000,000 per annum. In 
 1886, however, the balance turned with an excess of exports 
 of £215,290. In 1889-90 and '91 the excess was each year 
 over three millions with a reduction in the following ycare, 
 but the upgrade is again commenced with an excess of £2,238,- 
 429 for last year. Most economists will agree that this is 
 satisfactory. 
 
 A number of subjects call fur iiltenliou l)efore (■losing, hut 
 must be omitted. Brief refereiU'C, however, must ])e made 
 to manufactures and kindred works and mining. 
 
 The nuniufacturing and other industries of the colony are 
 steadily jirogressing. In 1896 the total value of all man\ifac- 
 tures or produce was £9,549,360, including the output ol' 
 uieat-free/ing works, tanneries, fellmongeries, saw mills, grnin 
 mills, clotliiuir and liooi factories, bidter and cheese factories, 
 
FOURTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 16, 1899 
 
 57 
 
 i'ouudries, woolen-mills, soap works, coach and carriage lac- 
 tones, chemical works, iiax-mills, and many others. The 
 number of manufactories and works of various descriptions 
 in tliat year was 2,459, an increase of 513 establishments in 
 ten years, and the number of hands employed 27,389. Seven 
 different forms of industry employ over 1,000 hands each, of 
 which the Year-Book shows that in 1896 the numbers were: In 
 clothing and boot factories, 4,407; saw-mills, 4,059; printing 
 establishments, 2,351; freezing works, 2,037; foundries, 1,642; 
 tanneries and i'ellmongers, 1,629; woolen mills, 1,416. 
 
 These industries, of course, supply to a considerable ex- 
 tent the requirements of the people, and I can only illustrate 
 the extent by noting that clothing, boots and shoes in 1895 
 were imported to the value of £438,000, and manufactured 
 to the value of £616,000. Woolens were imported il70,000, 
 and manufactured £302,000. As to the latter, Mr. Green, of 
 this Museum, had the opportunity of visiting a woolen mill 
 neaji' Duuedin recently, and can testify to the quality of the 
 clothing, rugs, blankets, hose, etc., there turned out, — as well 
 iis to the up-to-date nature of the machinery and the pro- 
 gressive policy of the proprietors. The same could be said 
 of another mill a few miles distant, and of others in the Otago, 
 Canterbury and Wellington provinces. In addition to sup- 
 plying the local markets our woolen mills export to the value 
 of about £10,000 per annum, which is a testimony to the ex- 
 cellence of their productions, considering the heavy handicap 
 in the miles of ocean and other "fences" to be crossed. 
 
 Iron and brass foundries turned out over £300,000 in 1895, 
 and since these last available figures were compiled, their 
 business has enormously increased. 
 
 Mining machinery, and especially dredging machinery in the 
 south has made a much greater demand upon the foundries 
 than they can keep pace with, working at their utmost. Agri- 
 cultural implement factories also supply farmers to a con- 
 siderable extent with ploughs, liaiTOws, and other machinery, 
 though in this direction as well as in many others, the supply 
 has largely to be obtained from outside. Machinery was im- 
 ported last year to the value of nearly £450,000 and probably 
 the output of the foundries and implement factories was 
 somewhere about the same figure. 
 
 Wages. — The average wages paid factory employes is about 
 £78 per annum for males, and £30 per annum for females. As 
 to wages generally the president of the Canterbury Chamber 
 last year showed that "our male workers each year earn all 
 round £103 and female workers £34, giving for the whole of 
 the population the highest average in the world, and enabling 
 our colonists to spend more money than any other people." 
 
 A very brief paragraph only can be devoted to the mining 
 industry, although it is one of gi-eat importance to the col- 
 ony, and at present shows signs of great activity. From 1861 
 for about twenty years the Colony's gold export was about 
 £2,000,000 per annum, and for the next fourteen years it 
 seldom exceeded a million, but during the last four years 
 there has been a considerable revival. The export for 1898 
 was 280,175 ounces, valued at £1,080,091, the largest with 
 one exception for seventeen years. Of this Auckland con- 
 tributed over one-half, 142,383 oimces, the west coast (of the 
 South Island) 79,948 and Otago 55,343 ounces. By the 31st 
 of March, 1899, however, Otago had taken second place, and 
 for the half year ended June 30th that province exported 
 66,403 ounces, valued at £44,813, more than the whole export 
 for the year 1898. It is evident that the present year will 
 show a largely increased output. 
 
 The gold mining on the Auckland fields is almost ex 
 clusively quartz crushing by the usual methods. In this dis- 
 trict the cyanide process is now somewhat extensively used 
 for the refractory ores. On the west coast the precious metal 
 is won both from reefs and alluvial claims by crushing, by 
 sluicing and hydraulic elevating, and latterly very largely by 
 
 river dredging. Otago being my j^roviuce, I may just add a 
 few lines as to the development of the dredging industry 
 there, for at present it is the subject of interest in Dunediu 
 and the South. 
 
 About one hundred companies have been formed in Otago 
 during the past year, with a total capital of about £700,000. 
 The average capital is, therefore, £7,000, the largest being 
 £20,000. Almost the whole of this capital has been locally 
 obtained, and as far as I know absolutely the whole of it in 
 the colony. The success of the industry and the large profits 
 yielded so far are largely due to the sound basis upon which 
 it is carried out. The capital required is small, with a small 
 loading of usually about one-fifth in paid up shares. Cash 
 payments to vendors of claims are almost unknown. The 
 dredges cost from £3,500 to £12,000, according to the nature 
 of the ground to be worked. The cost of working averages 
 about 12 ounces or £50 a week, only six or seven hands being 
 required. As illustrating the fact that these companies are 
 not beginning work on a mere surmise as to problematical 
 yields, I find that eight companies with a capital of £51,700 
 won 6,040 ounces of gold or £24,000 in tliree months this 
 year. In the month of July one dredge returned no less than 
 1826 ounces, yielding in that month more than the £7,000 
 capital to the company. 
 
 Only about one-fourth of the companies formed are yet at 
 work, and machines for the others are being rapidly con- 
 structed. In this connection it is interesting to know that a 
 Dunedin firm recently built three dredges to the order of 
 Russian capitalists for use in Siberia. The industry, we 
 believe, is just in its infancy, and as the companies formed get 
 to work and outside capital is attracted, as it inevitably must 
 be, the proportions of the yield must be immensely increased. 
 Nearly all the rivers are gold-bearing, and the recent dredges 
 can work far into the adjacent flats, so that it is difficult to 
 limit the possible outcome. 
 
 The principal other minerals produced in the colony are 
 silver, of which 293,851 ounces last year returned £33,107 
 the coal yielding, from 907,033 tons, £453,517. The coal 
 measures are extensive and yielded about nine-tenths of the 
 total consumption in the colony last year. On the West 
 coast the bituminous coal is equal to any in the world. This 
 was proved when the British warship "Calliope" steamed 
 out of Apia harbor, Samoa, in the face of a gale which strewed 
 the beach with the other vessels in harbor.' She was coaled 
 from Westport. The Westport Coal Company alone last year, 
 put out 281,000 tons of which 43,000 went to ocean steamers, 
 and 74,000 to local steamers, and sold locally 85,000 tons for 
 household use, 43,000 to gas companies and 21,000 for steam 
 purposes. This coal is sold at Westport at 15 shillings per 
 ton f. o. b. Coal mines are scattered from the north to tlie 
 south of the colony, and of the total output last year the 
 classes of coal were proportionately, bituminous 538,000, 
 brown coal 298,000 and lignite 33,000 tons. 
 
 New Zealand, although in a smaller way than this great 
 coimtry, also bids for a share of the world's trade, and it is 
 capable of giving an answer to the special requirements of 
 many countries, if allowed to do so. She is now reaching out 
 in various directions. A strong effort is being made, for 
 instance, to get steamers to bear our produce to South Africa, 
 and in this the government is assisting, while private firms 
 have also recently sent representatives to that country to 
 endeavor to de\'elop trade. May the trouble there soon cease 
 and allow peaceful trade to prosper. 
 
 With Australian colonies we already do a large trade, 
 totaling over £2,500,000 per annum. Of this New South 
 Wales received £1,550,000; and Victoria £733,000 last year. 
 In Australia, under whatever conditions the policy of the 
 federated continent may be framed, we look forward confi- 
 dently to finding an increasingly large market. The whole 
 
58 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 spirit of the day seems to be tending toward ojjen doors for 
 conuneree. It is outside of my pro\ince to say more tlian tliis 
 at present. But we also looli further abroad to this and other 
 countries., We have borne a harge share of the burden of 
 the San Francisco service, and the whole feeling in the col- 
 ony is in favor of extending and improving the means of com- 
 munication and transport. At present New Zealand exports 
 to the United States katiri gitm, sausages, rabbit skins, hides, 
 flax, etc., to the extent of over £360,000 per annum and re- 
 ceives over £800,000 of goods in return. We are assured here, 
 however, that the States take as much from the colony as it 
 buys from them, and it may be so, for owing to the fact that 
 you buy largely second-hand, we cannot trace the goods and 
 give you credit. 
 
 I wotdd like, before closing, to suggest to our statisticians 
 that some uniform system of publishing statistics should be 
 adopted, so that comparisons between different countries, 
 which are now very diffictilt to make on account of the dif- 
 ferent methods of classification, could be readily compiled; 
 and also that an effort should be made, if possible, to trace 
 hack goods to their original port or to their final destination. 
 Better than this would it be if we could send ottr goods direct, 
 without let or hindrance, to those who will buy, and receive 
 in return such things as we need and cannot produce. I 
 believe New Zealand desires to do this with the United 
 States, and her jjeople are anxious to reciprocate in trade 
 wherever possible. 
 
 In this connection the absence of a parcels jjost by the 
 Frisco service, by which an exchange of samples could be 
 made, is especially felt in the colony, and either by subsidy 
 to the mail steamers or in some other way it would do much 
 good if this cotild be arranged. 
 
 Tills Museum and Congress will. dou1)tless, go far toward 
 assisting in these directions. 
 
 One institution of the States which, among others, I 
 should like to import to New Zealand is the decimal system 
 of coinage. Having begun to find my way so easily among 
 dollars and cents, it will not he pleasant to go back to £ s. d. 
 and half-pence. One objection which might be raised, how- 
 ever, would be that to express otir money in dollars instead 
 of pounds, might destroy our boast that we have no million- 
 aires, by multiplying each man's total by five. 
 
 Tn conchisiun I desire to express the high and grateful ap- 
 [ireciation with which I, and I am sure all delegates, receive 
 the splendid hospitality of this city and this institution. It 
 will not be forgotten in New Zealand, and the usefulness and 
 value of the Museum will be made widely known. 
 
 The cliambers I rejiresent are all on the advisory board of 
 tlie Museum, and the fact that there are four New Zealanders 
 here to-day is suihcient evidence that the doings of this Con- 
 gress are being watched with interest by the peo|)le who live 
 in tliat far-off little land — the Ijest clothed, best fed, healthiest 
 and happiest people in tlie world — New Zealand! 
 
 (Applause.) 
 
 Diredin- W. P. Wilson: 
 
 The ne.xt address before the Congress is entitled "New 
 Zealand Trade— Shipping and Transport," by W. T. Todd, 
 Esq., delegate from the Invercargill Cbambcr of Conitni rcc. 
 I have the honor of presenting Mr. Todd. (Applause.) 
 
 .1//-. 11'. 7'. Tmld: 
 
 ilr. I'rcsidciit, Delegates, Ijadies and (icnlli'mru: I beg 
 to convey to you on behalf of the Invercargill Chainbci- nf 
 Commerce, whicli I have the honor of representing, ihcir 
 heartiest thanks for the unbounded hospitality and kindness 
 extended to me in your City of Brotherly liove, and al>o to 
 express gratitude to tlie officials of the Museum for their uni- 
 
 form courtesy and attention shown me in all my dealings with 
 them. The paper that I have to present to you this afternoon 
 is on a special subject, viz: "New Zealand Trade — Shipping 
 and Transport," and as it is somewhat restricted in its bear- 
 ings, it will probably be of interest only to those who have 
 direct business dealings with the colony. 
 
 New Zealand Trade, Shipping and Transport. — Sepaiated 
 as our colony is by a stretch of 1200 miles of ocean from our 
 nearest market, and with a large extent of seaboard, an effi- 
 cient transportation system is at once a necessity for the 
 furtherance of our trade relations with other lands, and also 
 an important factor in the prosperity of our people. 
 
 Shipping Statistics. — The shipping returns for 1898 show 
 a total of 620 vessels entered inwards of 765,25.5 tons, while 
 entered outwards were 622 vessels of 765,793 tons, being an 
 increase of 162,021 and 172,241 tons respectively in the last 
 tlecade. These figures apply only to the foreign trade, but in 
 a new country such as New Zealand, as yet deficient in roads, 
 Ijut having an extensive seaboard and numerous good harbors, 
 the coastal trade is relatively very large, as evidenced by the 
 figures next given: Entered 19,894 vessels of 5,598,449 tons 
 and cleared 19,757 vessels of 5,901,434 tons. The total num- 
 ber of sailing and steam vessels on our Colonial Register is 
 517 with a gross tonnage of 118,113 tons. 
 
 Ports. — The much indented coast line has resulted in the 
 establishment of settlements on both sides of the island at 
 points wherever bays or harbors aff'orded a shelter for ship- 
 ping, the best being situated on the eastern side. "We have 
 five principal ports, two being in the north and three in the 
 south island. Of the former, Auckland harbor is considered 
 one of the finest in the world, being completely land-locked 
 and affording ample accommodation for shipping. Its im- 
 portance has just lately been amply demonstrated by an a.gi-ee- 
 ment entered into with the British Government, whereby it 
 has been appointed a naval station for the Australian squad- 
 ron, and its large dock, the CalUope, 525 feet long and 80 feet 
 broad, will be available for any of the fleet requiring repairs 
 or overhauls. The Admiralty is to have the first call on the 
 dock and machinery, ]iaying the Harl:>or Board an annual suh- 
 si<ly for the same, and when all the necessary machinery and 
 ai)i)liaiices have been erected it will become one of the most 
 complete establishments of the kind in the southern hemi- 
 sphere. Wellington, owing to its central position, first-class 
 shed accommodation and up-to-date hydraulic machinery for 
 luiudling large cargoes in the most expeditious manner, is 
 ciur chief distributing port, and possessing a deep-water 
 harbor covering 20,000 acres, is cajiable of holding w'ithin its 
 bounds a very large volume of shi])ping. It is the first port of 
 call of the mail steamers from London. Cargoes for both 
 these ports are delivered right alongside the citv warehouses, 
 and landing charges are consequently small. In the South 
 Island, however, these favorable conditions are not to be 
 found at the three principal ports, the cities to which they 
 owe their existence being distant from them from eight to 
 fourteen miles inland. Lyttleton, Port Chalmers and Bluff, 
 the ports of Christchurch, Dunedin and Invercargill resjiec- 
 tively, are all natural harbors, but the depth of water not 
 being sufficient for the due expansion of the shipping busi- 
 ness, dredging operation and reclamation have been carried 
 on to meet the requirements of the increasing trade. The 
 first named, Lyttelton, is the chief port for the export of our 
 wheat crops, extensive warehouses for its receipt before ship- 
 nieut have been erected on the foreshore, and vessels drawing 
 up to twenty-five feet can easily be berthed at the loading 
 wbarves alongside. Port Chalmers, besides being connected 
 by rail with Duncdin, has a water way between the two jdaces 
 used by all the coastal and intercolonial steamers and all .sail- 
 ing vessels visiting the jKU't. twenty feet of water being avail- 
 able in the channel, i'.liiir Harbor, with a deptli ol' twenty- 
 
FOUBTH DAY'S SESSION. OCTOBER 16, 1899 
 
 59 
 
 seven feet, has increased in importance during the last tliree 
 years, and the bulk of the oats crop is sent out of tlie country 
 irom this centre. Good docks have been built at all of these 
 ports except Bluff. 
 
 In connection with the deliver}- of goods at Dunediii, there 
 is a matter of considerable importance to shippers whose at- 
 tention thereto would remove a cause of friction between the 
 shipping companies and consignees at that port. As has al- 
 ready been stated, Dunedin is situated eight miles from Port 
 Chalmers, and bills of lading for goods to be delivered in 
 Dunedin are frequently made out for the "Port of Dunedin" 
 or "Port Chalmers," so that it may happen if a steamer is 
 unable to negotiate the upper harbor and land her cargo at 
 the Dunedin wharf, owing to her draught being too great, 
 consignees have to pay an extra railway charge of .3s. 7d. per 
 ton to get their goods delivered into their warehouse. As 
 the terms "Port of Dunedin" and "Port Chalmers" have been 
 decided in our law courts to be synonymous, bills of lading for 
 this port should be, therefore, made out for Dunedin wharf; 
 deliveiy being then made by the steamers accordingly, and all 
 unnecessary friction on this point will thus be removed. 
 
 Besides the above named ports, there are a number of 
 smaller ones usually made safe by breakwaters and protective 
 works, if the natural configuration of the country has not al- 
 ready made them so, a local harbor board fLxes the charges to 
 be levied on all vessels and goods entering their respective 
 ports, the same being determined by the amount of revenue to 
 be raised to meet the current expenses incurred in dredging 
 and other works of improvement, so that there is a great diver- 
 sity over the colony. 
 
 Local Transportation. — With so many ports to be served, 
 the trade on our coast is considerable, and although a few 
 sailing vessels are engaged in the carrying of coal, timber 
 and produce, the bulk of the transportation is carried on by 
 steamers; a fleet of fifty-three steamers, with a gross register 
 of 71,250 tons, o^\-ned by the well-known Union Steamship 
 Company, of New Zealand, taking the most of our carry- 
 ing trade. This company's operations have advanced with 
 the progress of the colony, and they are constantly adding 
 to their fleet boats that are required to meet an ever increas- 
 ing trade. Besides the coastal traffic, their steamers, in con- 
 junction with the two fine boats of Messrs. Huddart, Parker 
 & Co.'s line, keep us in touch with the Australian markets, 
 and also bring to ours the jute goods and other Indian pi-o- 
 ducts that are required by our people; and on the return 
 trips, now and again taking to India shipments of horses for 
 disposal there. One of the mail steamers running between 
 Frisco, Nw Zealand and Australia also flies their flag, and 
 by this route a largo number of passengers flnd their way 
 from London to the Colonies and vice versa. Of late years, 
 owing to keen competition of the well appointed lines of 
 steamers going via Suez, this route has been losing its hold 
 on the traveling public; one factor, which, to a large extent, 
 is causing dissatisfaction, being the unsatisfactory train ar- 
 rangements across the continent. Through pa.ssengers, when 
 booking, secure tickets which they presume will cover all 
 cost of transfer across the States, but on board the trains 
 they find so many "extras," such as sleeping cars, etc., which 
 are not included in their tickets, that the journey is fraught 
 with a good deal of annoyance at various points. If an ar- 
 rangement could be entered into by the contracting lines to 
 include all such charges in the general cost of the through 
 ticket, the comfort of passengers would be greatly increased, 
 and more would be induced to travel through the States who 
 at present prefer to patronize the other routes where such 
 extras are not met with. In a country so well known for 
 its scenic beauties, there is an ever-increasing stream of tour- 
 ists reaching our shores in search of the beautiful and won- 
 derful in nature, and to cater for their enjoyment, three or 
 
 four special excursions are made every summer to our west 
 coast sounds in the South Islands, which rival in magnitude 
 and grandeur the Norwegian fiords, while winter excursions 
 to the South Sea Islands have been successfully carried out 
 for the past two years. Three weeks' sail from 'Frisco lands 
 the tourist at Auckland, from which point he can reach the 
 most southerly part of the colony in a week or ten days. 
 With our Hot Springs in the north, round which the strange 
 manners and customs of the native Maori can be studied and 
 the extensive lakes and sounds, surrovmded with magnificent 
 mountain scenery in the south, our colony offers to all who 
 seek relaxation and rest a splendid opportunity for a most 
 delightful and enjoyable holiday- 
 In addition to this coastal service, the principal towns and 
 cities in each island are connected by railroads whose total 
 length now figures 2,090 miles. Wlien the building of these 
 lines was first inaugurated under the public works policy of 
 the Government in 1870, it seems that unfortunately political 
 influence bulked more largely in the minds of the leaders 
 than the opening up and development of the country's re- 
 sources, so that the lines were, in most cases, run along the 
 coast, connecting the seaport towms, and to a certain extent 
 running in opposition to the coastal steamers. This mistaken 
 I)olicy, however, is now being rectified. Most lines at present 
 under construction are running inland and across the island, 
 opening up large. tracts of good agricultural and pastoral 
 lands, together -with country full of mineral wealth, and 
 close connection with the local markets and shipping ports 
 will thus be secured. The whole of our lines, with the 
 exception of 167 miles belonging to private companies, are 
 owned by the State, thus giving the people a uniform tariff 
 throughout the colony, and enabling the Government in ad- 
 justing rates to foster the expansion of local manufactures 
 and the development of the country's agricultural and min- 
 eral resources. 
 
 It is impossible in a short paper like this to give full de- 
 tails of our railroad system, but a few figures will indicate 
 the extent of the traffic. Over sixteen million pounds sterl- 
 ing have been expended in the construction of the lines, 
 liesides £78,700 on the unopened lines, the average cost being 
 £7,848. 
 
 In 1898 the gross earnings from all sources were nearly 
 one and a half million pounds sterling, and cost of mainten- 
 ance £930,000, showing a net return of 3.29 per cent, on 
 the capital cost. The peculiar position of the lines, being 
 divided between the two islands and having no central 
 position to which they converge and from which they 
 can be controlled, renders the cost of maintenance more 
 costly than it would be if these conditions did not exist. 
 The passenger traffic is increasing. Nearly five million pas- 
 sengers have traveled during last year, and special facilities 
 and cheap rates, now made available, for suburban residents 
 of our cities and excursion parties, have increased to a remark- 
 able degree during the past few years. Nearly three million 
 tons of goods were transported during 1898, and to provide 
 rolling stock to undertake this and the passenger traffic, there 
 are Government workshops which turn out first-class car- 
 riages and engines, which have been supplemented by the im- 
 portation of a number of the latter from American houses. 
 
 The v\'hole system is at present in a sort of transition state 
 owing to the length of unopened lines, not yet revenue yield- 
 ing, but it is proposed to push on vigorously the completion 
 of these during the next few years, and thus open up large 
 tracts of country for settlement and increase of the volume 
 of our internal trade. 
 
 Foreign Trade. — Being a British colony it is but natural 
 that our closest trade relations are with the mother country, 
 but it is hoped that, as one result of this Congress, our trade 
 connections with other lands will be increased. To bring 
 
60 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 tlie hulk 1)1' oiir imports fidiu tlii' (itlu-r side of tiu' world, 
 thret- steainsliip companies provide the necessary tonnage, 
 employing nearly forty steamers, two lines running direct 
 and one coming via Australian ports. This means the ar- 
 rival of three to four steamers on an average every month, 
 and this service is further supplemented by a regular line of 
 sailing vessels from Glasgow, Liverpool, London and Ham- 
 burg. From the Stales shipments reach us by steamer from 
 "Frisco, but the bulk of American manufactures intended for 
 our market are shijjpcd at New York. Up till recently sail- 
 ing vessels were exclusively used as the means of transit, and 
 are still, to a certain extent, but steamers are rapidly sup- 
 planting them. Three lines have direct communication with 
 the colony, landing their cargoes at the principal ports at 
 regular intervals. 
 
 Export Trade. — As already stated, our principal exports are 
 frozen meat, wool, grain and dairy produce. The first named 
 lias been one of tlie chief factors in making our colony as 
 prosperous as it is at the present time. Starting in a very 
 small way in 1882, it has gone forward with leaps and bounds, 
 and the quantity of meat that leaves our shores is enormous. 
 For the year 1898 the total shipments amounted to 72,000 
 tons, while 16 years before in the year of the trade's incep- 
 tion, only 760 tons were frozen for export during that period. 
 
 The development of this industry has involved the erection 
 of a number of refrigerating works at the various ports, where, 
 besides the freezing of the meat, there are suitable appliances 
 for working up all the by-products from the sheep. 
 
 To place this large output on the London market we have a 
 Heet of over thirty steamers, fitted with special machinery and 
 insulated chambers, for the carriage of the meat in its frozen 
 state, their total carrying capacity, together with two sailing 
 vessels still engaged in the trade, being 2,600,000 carcases. 
 (Ml an average, about 2-10,000 carcases of mutton are shipped 
 every month, together with over four million frozen rabbits 
 and hares, which are carried in crates containing from 24 
 to 30 in each package. These are frozen in their furs, which 
 accounts for the apparent falling off in the returns of our 
 export of raibbit skins, the statistics not taking into account 
 the numbers that thus leave our shores. 
 
 The rich pasture lands of our colony make it eminently 
 suitable for the carrying on of the daiiying industry, and the 
 government has by every means in its power encouraged 
 the farmers to devote their attention to it. Cheese and butter 
 factories have been established in the most of the faniiing dis- 
 tricts. This produce is very carefully examined and graded 
 by competent experts before shipment, thus ensuring that 
 only the best quality is placed on the outside markets. Over 
 four thousand tons of butter and two thousand tons of 
 cheese were exported to London last year, over and above 
 which supplies were sent to Australia, South Sea Islands and 
 
 some South American ports. The increase in the export 
 oi this 2>roduce has been very remarkable during the last 
 eleven years, that of cheese being 87 per cent., while butter 
 shipments show an advance of 222 per cent. With a total 
 of nearly twenty million sheep, our wool clip necessarily bulks 
 very largely in our export trade and we have four lines of 
 steamers (with over forty craft), which are engaged in its 
 transfer to London. There are still a number of sailing ves- 
 sels loading each season with this staple. Wool sales are 
 held regularly at the large centres, being attended by Eng- 
 lish and foreign buyers, whose purchases are destined for 
 London, Yorkshire and the Continent. Only a small pro- 
 portion comes to America, the protective customs tariff mak- 
 ing it very difficult to fill orders for American houses, when 
 the competition is so keen with buyers from countries which 
 place no such restriction on this article of commerce. Our 
 import trade with the States is yearly increasing, and acting 
 on the true spirit of reciprocity, we are of the opinion that if 
 the protective barriere that, at present, are erected against 
 our raw products were, to a certain extent, removed, and our 
 wool all admitted here, without having to pay such a costly 
 fee for the privilege, the trade between the two countries 
 would be considerably augmented and results flow therefrom, 
 which would prove mutually lieneficial. (Applause.) 
 
 Director W. P. Wilsoti : 
 
 I want to call your attention, especially after this session, 
 to the announcement on the programme which .says we will 
 meet to-moiTow at the Exposition; we will change that to 
 this room. The session will meet here. Will you kindly 
 give notice to your friends? I shall take especial pains that 
 everyone at the hotels shall be notified. 
 
 A Voice: 
 
 May I ask if the other sessions will be held here? 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 It may be only to-morrow. To-morrow evening we shall 
 devote to an explanation here to all the delegates and others 
 who care to come, of the Museum and workings of this in- 
 stitution. Every department will be thrown open during the 
 evening from eight o'clock until as late as you choose to 
 come. 
 
 I want to say that the entertainment, to which all of the 
 delegates, and many others, and the delegates from this coun- 
 try, are invited, will take place at the Manufacturers' Club 
 this evening. 
 
 If there is nothing further before this meeting, we will 
 consider ourselves adjourned. 
 
 (Meeting adjourned at 5.25 P. M.) 
 
PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 FIFTH DAY'S SESSION 
 
 PHiLADELniiA, Tuesday, October 17, 1899. 
 
 Morning Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order at 10.30 a. m., in the As- 
 sembly Eoom of the Miisenm, by Director W. P. Wilson. 
 
 Director W. P. \Yilson: 
 
 We will open this session this morning with an address on 
 Queensland, by the Honorable Sir Horace Tozer, K. C. M. 
 G., Agent-General for Queensland and Official Representative 
 of the Colony. I have the pleasure of introducing him to 
 you. 
 
 Honorable Sir Horace Tozer, K. C. M. G.: 
 
 Mr. Director and Gentlemen: Yesterday 1 purposed that 
 my address should be oral, but on further consideration, see- 
 ing the nature of the work of this Museum, I decided to 
 put my views on paper, and for that purpose 1 will read the 
 paper I prepared since the meeting yesterday. 
 
 The Ambassador of the United States in London, when 
 forwarding your invitation expressed the hope that my gov- 
 ernment would avail themselves of it. Though limited by 
 you to one delegate (in this instance myself) they were so 
 desirous of endorsing the laudable objects of your Museum 
 and of evidencing the good will of their colony to the United 
 States that they have also specially accredited to this Con- 
 gress as one in a position to speak witli authority concerning 
 Northern Queensland. Mr. J. H. Rogers, United States Con- 
 sular Agent at Townsville, who directly represents the Cham- 
 ber of Commerce in that important city. You will also have 
 other delegates from all parts of the same colony represent- 
 ing various important trade organizations, men of high posi- 
 tion, trust and character, who by their special training in 
 mercantile matters can better diffuse knowledge of the trade 
 of Queensland tending to the general advancement of inter- 
 national commerce. I am sure I only express their thoughts, 
 as I certainly do that of myself and the Government of 
 Queensland, when I gratefully thank this magnificent repub- 
 lic, and in particular your Pliiladelphia Commercial Museum, 
 for the generous hospitality shown to us and for this excellent 
 opportunity for pleasant and instructive interchange of ideas. 
 
 We are all, of course, aware that the primary object of this 
 Congress is to expand the export trade of the United States, 
 and in so far as I can further this laudable object and bene- 
 fit the colony I here represent I shall most gladly do so. I 
 am putting my contribution to this end in the form of a 
 paper, because in the communication sent to me by Mr. 
 Wilson last April there was an express instruction that it 
 should partake of this form, though personally I should have 
 preferred to address you in a more conversational and less 
 ceremonious manner. My brief snjiurn in Xew York con- 
 firmed my previous impression that tiie very busy life of your 
 
 citizens prevented them from acquiring even an elementary 
 knowledge of the localities, forms of government and insti- 
 tutions of the remoter extremities of the British Empire, 
 and I had contemplated the necessity of devoting some por- 
 tion of this paper to a statement of these matters defining 
 the area, population, revenue, expenditure, imports, exports, 
 tonnage, railways, and other material facts connected with 
 the commerce and finance of Queensland, but when I reached 
 your enterprising, intellectual city and had placed in my 
 hand that veiy excellent publication of your Treasury De- 
 partment at Washington, called the Bureau of Statistics, I 
 found on page 1,486, No. 6, series; December, 1898, all the 
 information I could possibly furnish, made up to the end 
 of last year, and was thus saved the necessity of inflicting 
 on your good nature that narration of statistics with which 
 you have already been overwhelmed. That publication is 
 corrected to January 30th of this year, and I will content 
 myself by carrying the information up to the present time. 
 This I am enabled to do by the receipt of the cabled sum- 
 mary this week of the Treasurer's Budget delivered at Bris- 
 bane on the 3d inst., when he stated the year's revenue to 
 .Tune 30th last (£4,174,000) was unprecedented; that the large 
 increase thereby shown could not but be regarded as of a 
 fortuitous nature, and there was every indication of a new 
 era of unexampled prosperity. This progno.stication ha.s 
 been abundantly confirmed by the return of the quarters' 
 revenue to September 30th, amounting to £1,2.53,000. I only 
 mention these facts to satisfy your traders that they are 
 dealing with a solvent community, and one whose trade is 
 increasing largely and therefore worth cultivating. 
 
 You are, I take it, all aware that the island continent of 
 Australia is part and parcel of the British Empire, and that 
 the main land is at present divided into five colonies, analo- 
 gous in many respects to your States, all possessing respon- 
 sible governments and having a variety of tariffs. In build- 
 ing up these young colonies all have found the wisdom and 
 necessity of at sometime encouraging native industries, and at 
 the present day a majority possess protective tariffs on lines 
 somewhat similar to your own. Though the free list in 
 Queensland is very comprehensive, the tariff is intended to 
 be protective and ranges from 15 to 25 per cent, ad valorem. 
 This is not the place nor the time to discuss the wisdom or 
 otherwise of such a policy, all I need say now is that though 
 Queensland has not yet entered upon its fortieth year of 
 separate existence, and though its population is still short of 
 half a million, the volume of its trade already reaches about 
 £15,000,000 sterling per annum, and that the exports ap- 
 proximate twelve millions sterling. Almost the whole of 
 the trade is with Great Britain. Unquestionably political 
 causes have largely contributed to this result, but the prin- 
 cipal reason is that British capitalists, merchants and manu- 
 facturers, have not only answered all the demands made on 
 them for manufactured articles at reasonable prices, but they 
 have provided the means of transportation, and have largely 
 
 61 
 
62 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 assisted in the development of the local resources, and there- 
 by secured paramount influence, and thus paved the way to 
 ])ermanently retain the largest share of Quecnshmd trade and 
 cojnnierce. " ^Miilst this has been the case (and I hope will 
 long continue to remain so), Queensland has always shown 
 j)ractieal appreciation of American work and methods, and 
 would always have gladly welcomed closer trade relations' 
 with the United States. In proof of my statement, I can 
 give the assurance of myself as one of the Cabinet Ministers 
 in office from 1890 to 1898, and since then can state my work 
 in this direction as Agent-General. I know that the trading 
 community luive been customers for large parcels of wheat, 
 mineral oils, machinery of all kinds, preserved fruits, hard- 
 ware, provisions, tobacco, naval stores, boots, shoes, furni- 
 ture, etc., the purchase in some years amounting to half a 
 million pounds .sterling, but my more intimate connection 
 has been in the transactions of the government and in their 
 attempts to develop a trade between the two countries. 
 Queensland several years since became, and is still, a partner 
 in the cable to Noumea, the design of which was a continu- 
 ance to Honolulu, thence to the United States. This exten- 
 sion has never been proceeded with, and now Queensland, 
 whose territory is the nearest part of Australia to the United 
 States, has given vent to her enterprise by accepting more 
 than her share of the Pacific Cable, which will shortly con- 
 nect Australia with North America at Vancouvers. 
 
 In 1897 Queensland sent a special envoy to the United 
 States in the person of a Commercial Agent (Mr. Russell) 
 with a view to the expansion of trade, and the diffusion of 
 knowledge in regard to the raw materials she was desirous 
 of exchanging. The liooks of your local iron firms will 
 ,«how continuous and extensive purchases of railway material 
 and rolling stock, and only this year contracts have been 
 placed, some through myself with an American dredge engi- 
 neer, Mr. Ijindon Bates, for dredges to cost a quarter of a 
 million sterling. I have also placed on my list of London 
 tenderers for government supplies the names of several Amer- 
 ican firms who expressed a desire of supplying machinery 
 and iron work to the Queensland (joverinnent, and before 
 1 leave 1 hope to remove the difficulties concerning local 
 inspection, hitherto the principal barrier to successful busi- 
 ness negotiations in the United States. Those facts are 
 abundant e\'idence of the desire on the part of the Queens- 
 land Government to give a share of their foreign trade to 
 the I'nited States, but I regret to notice from lli(> same au- 
 thority I have already quoted that from a (Miuntry which is 
 almost, peculiarly and exclusively a iiriidiirci- of raw pro- 
 ducts largely used and often purchased by llir I'nihMl States 
 from other nations, the exports were almost nil and the share 
 Queen.sland received of these purchases was last year £25. 
 Understand 1 make no complaint on this head, iyid certainly 
 I have no intention of asking you to record any sympathetic 
 resolution condemnatory of the present or any past admin- 
 istration. It may be that there are difficulties of transporta- 
 tion to this country. T am content to simply state the facts 
 and I have no doubt that they will lead to a better under- 
 standing in tlu> future, and will show the changes necessary 
 to any large expansion of the trade between the UTiited States 
 and Queensland, viz.; that in retuni for our purchases the 
 Ignited States should take in exchange some of (uir raw 
 materials. I am not unmindful of the fact tlud sonu' of our 
 |iroducts are now being a])preeiated in the I'nited Slatrs" 
 newest possession, the Philippines, w!u>re quantities of Ihh'T 
 and ice ])roduced in Queensland are being consumrd by 
 American citizens. I hope this interchange of comnuidities 
 will expand till reciprocity is fully established. These mat- 
 ters, however, instr\ictivo as they may be as to past trans- 
 actions, do not satisfy even myself that T have doru' all in 
 my power to suggest improvements in llie trade relations 
 
 I have criticised. Herein is my difficulty. With the knowl- 
 edge I possess, begotten of an almost life-long experience, 
 I could suggest many avenues for advantageous trade rela- 
 tions, based on the existing fiscal policies of the two coun- 
 tries, but you are probably awaj'c that almost as a certainty 
 next year the federation of four slates of the Continent of 
 Australia will take place. This action will not be altogether 
 unfamiliar to j^ou in its consequences as affecting trade and 
 commerce, which will then be controlled or influenced by 
 the fiscal policy of the Commonwealth of Australia. It is 
 claimed for this constiution that it is the most democratic 
 in the world, and though I do not for one moment share 
 in Mr. Reeves' pessimistic forebodings that it will be uni- 
 versally directed in any hostile spirit to the sister Island 
 of New Zealand — ^Australia's summer holiday resort — yet 
 with such new and experimental machinery it would be haz- 
 ardous for me to even attempt a guess at the precise fiscal 
 policy of a new power. I know that presently the only 
 basis for the finances of the commonwealth consists in cus- 
 toms revenues, and that to provide a sufficient sum there 
 certainly must be some policy of protection, but how long 
 such may continue depends entirely on the voice of the peo- 
 ple expressed by the new system thereby provided. It seems 
 probable that in many respects it will resemble the present 
 fiscal policy of this country, in which event a large expan- 
 sion of trade will be unlikely. Again, as some responsible 
 ministers have suggested, there may be in force a British 
 Zollvereiu, under wliich Australia may consider it to its ad- 
 vantage to trade even more closely within its own Empire, 
 therefore pending these changes I have to postpone any sug- 
 gestions which are consequent on them. 
 
 But whether in or out of the new Union the colony must 
 buy and sell somewhere, and I think an extension of business 
 in the manufactured articles of this country can be expected 
 if some of Queensland's raw products are taken in exchange. 
 It may he that many of these are already largely produced 
 in the United States, yet the cost becomes a factor in the 
 consideration of purchases, and also the difference in sea- 
 sons. These products include wool, meat (chilled and 
 frozen), tallow, hides, sugar, gold, copper, pearl, shell and 
 many other tropical products, all of which industries are 
 capable of development. There is also a lucrative industry 
 in the neighboring island of British Guiana, viz: India rub- 
 ber. I do not propose in detail to demonstrate the possi- 
 liilities of advantageous interchange of all these products 
 but I must candidly state that in beef, sugar and copper, 
 satisfactory business ought to be done between the two coun- 
 tries at once. Queensland possesses as many horned cattle 
 as all the other colonies combined, and since the discovery 
 of artesian water and closer settlement by recent liberal land 
 legislation the prospect of a large increase is probable. This 
 ineat could be taken alive or chilled to your western sea- 
 board, but it cannot be taken to England or Europe unless 
 frozen, where it often realizes prices varying from If to 3d. 
 I notice the prices of bullocks now average about £4, i. e.. 
 Id. a pound, and I know the last contract price entered into 
 ))y me nu behalf ot tlie government last year was Id. per 
 pound fur Mie best beef dressed. 'I'lie eane sugar produced 
 there has no superior anywhere, and can be made merchant- 
 able at an a\crage of £7 Ms. (hI. a ton with ahimdant room 
 for expansion, 'i'heri' seems to be no limit to the new dis- 
 coveries of eoppiT al Chillagoe in Northern Queen.sland, and 
 r cannot but think judicious investments there would pay 
 lucratively. I also bazard the opinion that the surest way for 
 ibe United States to extend their foreign trade with Queens- 
 laud is to .secure an entrance on the ground floor of tlu'.se 
 industries by ex]iending part (if the surplus wealth and scien- 
 tific eiun-gy of their peo])le in tlie development of Queens- 
 laiurs many resources. There is mueh presently to be tlone 
 
FIFTH DAY'S SESSION", OCTOBER 17, 1899 
 
 63 
 
 in this way and judicious enterprise is likely to meet with 
 a rich re^-ard. I cannot guarantee to all a suitable mountain 
 of gold such as we have at Mount Morgan, near Rockhamp- 
 ton, but as our mining laws are equally open to the in- 
 troduction of American capital and people, I can certainly 
 promise a most hearty welcome to every citizen of the United 
 States desirous of displaying his vigor and enterprise in the 
 development of the resources of Queensland, and I only hope 
 that many mil assist to make this locality as progressive 
 as they have done in Russia and in many other foreign 
 countries. 
 
 In conclusion, I can only say I have endeavored to avoid 
 the introduction of any descriptive sketch of the geography 
 or history of Queensland, and its institutions, further than 
 such directly relate to the expansion of trade, and have made 
 no effort to specially prepare this paper; others will more 
 efficiently perform this duty. I have simply endeavored to 
 show the possibilities, as well as the obstacles to the expan- 
 sion of trade, and I hope if my suggestions bear no other 
 fruit they will, at least, induce some of your enterprising 
 biisiness men to send to Queensland special expert knowledge 
 with a view to an active participation in the development 
 of the virgin resources of this country, and by establishing 
 closer trade relations, further cement those friendly ties 
 which common race and common language have destined 
 to bind together in the closest bonds of friendship, the old- 
 est and the youngest of the colonies of the one great Mother- 
 land. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 I have the great pleasure of introducing to you Honorable 
 Sir Roderick Cameron, who will preside over the sessions 
 to-day. (Applause.) 
 
 Sir Roderick Cameron: 
 
 It is enough for me to say that I appreciate the compli- 
 ment that has been paid to me, and I will call upon J. H. 
 Rogers, Esq., of Townsville, Queensland, United States Con- 
 sular Agent and representative of the colony, who will read 
 a paper on the "Wealth of North Queensland." 
 
 The Wealth of North Queensland. 
 Mr. J. H. Rogers: 
 
 Mr. President and Gentlemen. — North Queensland, with its 
 area of 239,500 square miles, and a population of 100,000, 
 may be likened to a very large prairie in which a very small 
 baby is trying to make itself heard. On the immediate spot 
 upon which the baby rests there is much bustle, commotion, 
 and noise, but there is room for a very large number of other 
 babies before that prairie can be considered a complete nur- 
 sery. The magnitude of North Queensland's area, and the 
 paucity of its population, is at once made apparent by com- 
 parison. The Republic of Switzerland, with a population 
 of close upon 3,000,000, has an area of but 15,469 square 
 miles, a country fifteen times smaller than North Queens- 
 land, with a population thirty times as great. Or take the 
 more sparsely populated South African Republic, the Trans- 
 vaal, and there you find an area less than half the size of ours 
 carrj'ing seven and a half times the population. Turn to your 
 own country, and you see New York with 49,000 square miles, 
 holding a population of over 6,000,000; Kentucky, with its 
 40,000 square miles, peopled by nearly 2,000,000; Tennessee, 
 nearly the same; Ohio and Alabama, with their teeming mil- 
 lions on an area about a fifth of that of North Queensland. 
 And recognizing as you do what gi-eater capabilities these, 
 your own states, have, it is easy to conceive the enormoiis 
 possibilities of the land from which I come. Your own be- 
 loved country has made a name eternal as history itself, in 
 the councils of empires, and amid the clash of arms; and 
 
 her fame in the manufacturing and social sciences spreads 
 through all lands. As with the United States of America, so 
 with North Queensland. Nature has been a veritable Fairy 
 Godmother in the lavishness of her gifts. It has been said 
 of North Queensland by a poet of the soil, one to whom the 
 roar of the cities and the weird solitude of its bush lands are 
 alike familiar, that she is 
 
 A Goddess crowned with a crown of pearl, 
 Girt with a girdle of glittering gem. 
 Her rich dark tresses fall and curl 
 O'er breast and waist to garment hem. 
 With fleecy shoon on her firm young feet, 
 Bound limbed, majestic in her pride, 
 Yet generous of her own, replete 
 With priceless charms, possessions wide, 
 Not envious, pitying others' youth misspent. 
 She moves serene to plenty, peace, content. 
 
 From the depths of the coral seas in Torres' Strait come the 
 pearls that form her crown. Stretching far and wide from 
 Mackay on her southern boundary to Thursday and Friday 
 Islands, which Cook found and baptized, lie her boundless 
 stores of gold and gems. The "rich dark tresses" of her forest 
 land and virgin scrub fall over a lake and river watered 
 country unexcelled the world over for its wondrous fertility, 
 and its adaptability to products of every description. The 
 fleeces of her flocks help to array the simple savage as well 
 as the not always simple belle of society in many countries 
 and many climes. In the midst of war's alarms her herds 
 have fed your own gallant soldiers while they, face to face 
 with death, dauntlessly upheld the glory of their country, 
 and the honor of its flag. Therefore, deem me not boastful 
 when I claim that North Queensland, in its youth, has helped 
 to feed and clothe its older cousin, America. With supreme 
 confidence in the future of their country, our people, while 
 not fearing friendly rivalry, say that in the plentitude of 
 wealth which they possess there is much that should attract 
 the genius, the energy, and the capital of the trans-atlantic 
 race. They think that the American people could well afford 
 to pay more attention to the products of the vast territory of 
 Northern Queensland, and thereby not only cement our com- 
 mercial relations closer, but also strengthen the warm feeling 
 of friendship which we in our portion of Australia hold to- 
 ward our kindred in America. 
 
 Since my arrival on \o\\v shores I have risen m the morn- 
 ing and gone to rest at night, with compelled recognition 
 of the fact that I was not away from home. The same rest- 
 less energy that marks the people of the land from where I 
 come is apparent in every movement of your own people. 
 There is the same implied determination to keep ahead of 
 time; the same surface simplicity that covers a rich lode of 
 shrewdness; the same imstinted hospitality. And though 
 your rivers may be wider than ours, your mountains nearer 
 the clouds, 'your buildings more massive and palatial, there 
 is one dear little characteristic of my own home, and my own 
 people, that I everywhere meet — a familiar, sweetly simple, 
 inquisitiveness into the business of your neighbor. To my 
 mind it is flattery of the most charming kind. It implies an 
 inoffensive desire to know more of you, and thus increases 
 your self-esteem by the belief that, after all, you are really 
 worth knowing. So, in the belief that a better knowledge of 
 North Queensland on the part of Americans may be mutually 
 beneficial, I will, as far as my ability and the time at my dis- 
 ]iosal permits, tell you something of her. 
 
 Originally a portion of the parent colony of New South 
 Wales, Queensland with an area of 437,838,080 acres was 
 granted self-government, and entered iipon its separate ex- 
 istence in December, 1859. Tlie colony proper comprises 
 
64 
 
 PEOCEEDINaS OF THE INTERNA TJ ON AL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 the whole northeastern portion of the Australian continent, 
 but tlio northern division, of which I desire more particularly 
 to speak, is comprised within that portion extending from its 
 Southern boundary at Mackay to Cape York in the North. 
 As you pass along the 800 miles of its coast, from the one 
 point to the other, in the floating hotels formed by the mag- 
 nificent steamers that trade from port to port, almost every 
 (hiy brings you to one or the other of the numerous important 
 towns that are shipping centres for the products of the rich 
 lands of the interior, which extend from East to West, eleven 
 deo-rees of longitude. Not many decades have passed since 
 those liuuls were the hunting ground of the aborigines, and 
 their silence unbroken except for the voice of the stonn, the 
 twitter of birds, the thud of the kangaroo in its passage from 
 one pasture land to another, and the howl of the dingo in 
 tlio darkness of the night. To-day those spots are the sites 
 of many a busy industry, and the progress that has heen 
 made is impressively shown by the fact that last year the 
 supplies consumed and the products obtained by the whole 
 colony gave a grand total of £16,863,393. Of our exports, 
 America took, directly or indirectly, goods to the value of 
 £490,151, while the Value of the goods she exported to 
 Queensland amounted to £378,837. To provide for that 
 trade during the year mentioned there were entered at all 
 Queensland ports 7,203 ships, with a total tonnage of 
 4,126,910 tons, giving employment to 193,735 seamen — not 
 a bad record for a colony only 40 years old. It is almost 
 impossible to separate the statistics dealing solely with the 
 Northern Division of the colony from those of the whole, 
 and yet, by taking them in their entirety, the South gets 
 more than its proper proportion. Thus many of the imports 
 which supply Northern wants pass the customs at Brisbane, 
 and are credited to that port, while many of the exports which 
 are the product of the North are passed down the coast, and 
 as they are shipped from other points than Brisbane, they ap- 
 pear in the official returns as exports from that portion of the 
 colony. Thus in my quotation of statistics, it must be borne 
 in mind that though I am, at times, compelled to use those 
 of the whole colony of Queensland, the contributions of the 
 Northern division to the compilation of the figures occasion- 
 ally exceed those of the South. My meaning may be made 
 clearer if I take, for example, tlie gold yield of Queensland. 
 For the year 1898 the gold olitaincd from Charters Towers, 
 the principal gold field in North Queensland, was 457,850 oz., 
 of the value of £1,156,944, against 920,048 oz. of the value 
 of £2,750,349, the output of the whole colony. And when it 
 is considered that other northern gold fields — the Coen, Cook- 
 town, the Palmer, Croydon, the Etheridge. the Hodgkinson, 
 Ravenswood, the Russell, and other smaller gold-producing 
 centres contribute an additional 103,642 oz. out of that total 
 of 920,048 oz. (from which must also be deducted the 1898 
 yield of the worid-renowned Mount Morgan mine, equal to 
 172,527 oz.), the southern output is found to be only 186,029 
 oz.. as against 561,492 oz. from the North. Were.there a mint 
 in Brisbane, which turned the whole of that gold into sover- 
 eigns, it would be C(iually as correct to credit the South with 
 producing it as it is under the customs returns to credit her 
 with imports and exports properly belonging to the North. 
 
 And, right here, I may mention that it was to free itself 
 from the misrepresentation, and from other unavoidable in- 
 justice arising out of the attempt to govern 668,497 square 
 miles of territory from its extreme southern corner, that, on 
 the glorious second of September, the people of North Queens- 
 land, by a majority of eight to one, declared in favor of form- 
 ing part of a federated Australia. And though the gold out- 
 put of North Quecn.>^land to-day is great, though in the past 
 twenty-two years 10,632,605 oz". of gold have been gained in 
 the colony, this great industry is as yet in its infancy, and. 
 with but few exceptions, the surface of its mineral areas has 
 
 only, comparatively speaking, been scratched with ever rest- 
 less nature, those who devote themselves to mining, flit like 
 bees from one field to another, not wanting to exhaust the 
 treasure from any one store. The cry of "new rush" urges 
 them onward like soldiers responding to the call of the bugle. 
 Thus when a quarter of a century ago the rich alluvial 
 deposits on the Palmer were worked out, there was a rapid 
 exodus of miners attracted by the outbreak of the Hodgkin- 
 son, and the field, that in a few months from its shallow allu- 
 vial had given over six millions sterling worth of gold, was 
 abandoned. Yet a man whose name is not unknown to you, 
 a man who has done yeoman service in the mining industry 
 of Queensland — I speak of Mr. Jack, the geologist — has given 
 as his official opinion, as government geologist of Queens- 
 land, that heavy gold deposits underlie the desert sand- 
 stone, and that once the intervening strata has been pierced 
 the old glories of the field will return, and then the £6,000,000 
 of its alluvial past will be but a more twinkle compared to the 
 auriferous splendor of its rock-mining future. 
 
 But as all those who have had any experience in mining 
 well know such ventures are beyond the reach of the working 
 miner. To wrest that treasure from the stronghold, in 
 which past ages have entrenched it, the strength of capital, 
 the undoubted commander of brain and muscle, is needed. 
 And I say, unhesitatingly, that in no part of the world does 
 the mining industry offer fairer promise to the investment 
 of capital than do the gold fields of North Queensland. It 
 is not as though the mineral deposits were confined to the one 
 spot. To the East and the West and the North and the 
 South of almost any given spot within its enonnous area is 
 rich in precious metals. They have been found in its nl'oun- 
 tains and ravines, in its jungles, and on its plains; the rush of 
 water has prevented its recovery, and in dry arid places there 
 lies to-day paddock upon paddock of stone glistening with the 
 gold's rich yellow, within touch of the battery that only 
 awaits the liqadd message from the clouds for the crash of 
 its stampers to break the spell that holds the treasure, and 
 add the now unobtainable wealth to swell the gold yield of 
 North Queensland. All the gold centres I have mentioned 
 have an assured future before them. On the Hodglrinson. 
 years ago, claims were abandoned at a time when the stone 
 was yielding heavy returns, because of other rushes 'TDreak- 
 ing" where less capital was required. To show the richness 
 of the properties so abandoned I may mention the fact that 
 in one, taken up after lying idle for several years, the first 
 crushing of 30 tons gave a return of 88 oz. 8 dwt. of gold, 
 wortli £3,14s. per oz. On Croydon, the latest large auriferous 
 field discovered on the North, many sensational finds have 
 been made, and despite constantly recurring periods of flood 
 and drought it has given a total output of 777,072 oz. since 
 its discovery. The Etheridge has for the last 20 years yielded 
 an average of 20,000 oz., some of the gold being as high in 
 value as £4. 2s. 6d. per oz. And from the Etheridge northwards 
 to the gulf country you can travel for days without ever 
 losing sight of the outcrops of reefs. To-day, attention is 
 also being turned to the river beds, and companies are being 
 formed for dredging purposes. These efforts I am almost 
 certain will result successfully, for there is scarcely a river 
 in North Queensland but what at some time in past ages 
 enormous quantities of gold have been washed down into it 
 and deposited in its bed. It is the opinion of experts that 
 in Miocene times many of the valleys of these rivers were 
 dammed up by volcanic outbreaks and formed vast lakes in 
 which for a time fine silicious sand was rapidly deposited; 
 that the barriers being at length brokrn down by the streams 
 at the outlets of the lakes, numerous torrents removed the 
 greater part of the sands and brought down gravel charged 
 with gold: the second l)arriers were thrown up and great 
 layers of fine silt again deposited, and that over the nearly 
 
Hon. DAVID J. HILL, 
 Ass'T Secretary of State. 
 
 Hon. THOMAS BRACKETT REED, 
 Ex-Speaker U. S. House of Rep'S. 
 
 Hon. BOIES PENROSE. 
 U. S. Senator from Penna. 
 
 SIR RODERICK CAMERON, 
 New York. 
 
 Hon. CORNELIUS N. BLISS, 
 Ex.-Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 Hon. EVERETT FRAZAR, 
 
 Consul-general for Korea. 
 
 HON. SETH LOW, 
 
 President Columbia College. 
 
 Gen. H. H. BINGHAM, 
 
 Member of Congress from Phila. 
 
 J. C. MONAGHAN, 
 U. S. Consul at Chemnitz. 
 
:■:■. ...I 
 tr.-:i_: y.j ■ 
 
FIFTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 17, 1899 
 
 Vi 
 
 65 
 
 level surfaces thus produced immense Hows of basalt were 
 fiually poured out and formed beds of the lakes and rivers. 
 When the dredges get to work the result will probably be 
 another astounding 25i'oof of North Queensland's mineral 
 resources. To properly develop these resources the intro- 
 duction of capital is imperative, and I say again that never 
 was fairer field oll'ered capital for profitable investment, for 
 mining in North (Queensland is something surer than mere 
 sjjeculation. 
 
 To capitalists in any part of the world the new mining- 
 regulations of the colony of Queensland are worthy of atten- 
 tion. They are the outcome of the suggestions embodied in 
 the report of a recent Eoyal Commission on mining, which 
 commission was formed of some of the most practical and ex- 
 perienced miners in the legislature. It was their opinion 
 that the figures they quoted in their report spoke more elo- 
 quently than words of the almost illimitable mineral wealth 
 of the colony, and they added: "As a field for the investment 
 of capital it can scarcely be surpassed by any country that 
 your commissioners are aware of; but at the same time due 
 eaxe should be taken by intending speculators before launch- 
 ing out into large and extravagant expenditure. It is the 
 strictly economical yet scientific working of properties which 
 is required in order to repay investors, and unless companies 
 are prepared to employ the most skilled management, and the 
 most up-to-date machinery and labor saving appliances, they 
 are likely to meet with the same fate which has attended ex- 
 travagantly and badly conducted mining ventures on the 
 Etheridge and elsewhere. With good management, sufficient 
 capital, and the most highly approved appliances, it is im- 
 possible to estimate the wealth tliat may lie won from mining 
 properties now lying idle in Queensland. Surely the encour- 
 agements of experts, jjlended with caution b:)rn by experience, 
 was never more truthfully or succinctly expressed. Queensland 
 within the j)ast forty years has produced minerals to the value 
 of over £.51,000,000 sterling, and its present annual output 
 exceeds £3,000,000. As an industry, mining ranks next in 
 importance to the pastoral industry. Its production of gold 
 exceeds that of New Zealand, New South Wales. South Aus- 
 tralia and Tasmania put togetlier; its area of proclaimed gold 
 fields covers 18,6.38.010 acres, and in its thirteen proclaimed 
 mining districts there are 68 proclaimed gold fields. 
 
 Ami it is not alone rich in gold. Among its exports may 
 be found tin, silver, copper, wolfram and bismuth, and among 
 ■ its discovered gems are 'Opals, diamonds, rubies, sapphires, 
 garnets and other precious stones. From the Herberton tin 
 district alone there have been taken 27,300 tons of the value 
 of £1,251,191 within the past 16 years, and with the high 
 price for tin ruling when 1 left the colony greater attention 
 was being paid the industry than it had received tor some 
 years previously. At Ohillagoe, and other copper countries, 
 new and valuable discoveries are being made, and I am firmly 
 of opinion that at no time in the history of North Q.ueens- 
 land has the mining industry looked as prosperous as it now 
 looks; at no time has it ever offered better inducement for 
 the investment of capital. A man well-known to many of 
 you, Mr. S. B. J. Skertchly, the geologist, but recently said, 
 "I can and do state confidently, after nearly thirty years of 
 professional work in Europe, Asia, Africa and America, that 
 I never saw anything more promising than the northern area 
 of Queensland." That promise will reach fruition when the 
 mining industry of North (Queensland commands the atten- 
 tion it deserves. Then will follow the opening up of the now 
 neglected mineral country, which will provide happy homes 
 for large and prosperous populations. 
 
 Turning from the mineral to tlie pastoral industry the 
 wealth of North Queensland is again made apparent. Out 
 of her total area of 427,838,080 acres, nearly 13,000,0(10 
 have been disposed of by the government under a system of 
 
 deferred payment, and an additional 2,000,000, or thereabouts, 
 are now in process of alienation, while over two and a half 
 million acres are held by Crown lessees engaged in pastoral 
 and grazing pursuits. During 1898 the colony exported wool 
 to the value of £3,018,098; from its herds in meats and the 
 extracts thereof, hides and skin.s, leather, bones and bone dust, 
 tallow and live stock, £2,.550,021; while in the colony were 
 left about 18,000,000 sheep, over 6,000,000 cattle, and, in 
 addition to -1,231 exported of the value of £31,903, nearly 
 •500,000 horses. Of these. North (Queensland claims a large 
 portion. At intervals between Burketown to Mackay pasture 
 these flocks and herds. The history of the early pioneers was 
 made up of dangers and difficulties encountered and overcome. 
 Away in the far north, the country watered by the Flinders, 
 the Cloncurry, the Lejchhardt, the Gregoi-y, the Nicholson, 
 and the Albert Rivers is adnurably adapted for pastoral pur- 
 poses. Parts of the gulf country are better suited for cattle 
 than sheep raising, still to whichever branch of the pastoral 
 industry it is best adapted there is a grand future before it, 
 and in years to come it will constitute an important meat and 
 wool producing centre of North Queensland. And so with 
 the rich pasture lands that stretch away for miles and miles 
 over the blacksoiled prairie lands to the west of Townsville, 
 the capital of the Northern division. Undoubtedly the coun- 
 try south of the Jardine Valley down the Landsborough 
 River, and westwards on both sides of the Flinders, i.s one of 
 the best grazing lauds of the whole colony of (Queensland. 
 On them were built the homes of some of the sheep kings of 
 the North, who, however, will soon have to give way to the 
 20,000 acre gi-azier men whom the treasurer of (Queensland 
 has described as "a most desirable class of producers," — men 
 who, for the most part, have had a practical training in wool 
 growing. 
 
 Another highly important industry in North Queensland is 
 the cultivation of sugar. Originally the sugar hands in the 
 north were mostly in large areas, the principal plantations 
 being in the districts of Mackay, the Burdekin Delta, the 
 valley of the Johnstone River, Chairns, and the Herbert 
 River, but the passing of the Sugar Works Guarantee Act 
 lias induced small holdings to be put under cultivation by 
 authorizing the erection of central mills by the state, which 
 takes a first mortgage over the surrounding lands as security 
 for the advances. Over £500,000 has been thus expended, 
 their output equalling 50,000 tons annually, but as yet, these 
 mills have not paid interest and redemption. However, it is 
 |ii-ii]iiised to establish experimental farms in connection with 
 them by the aid of which the exact nature of the different 
 soils can be ascertained with the view of obtaining from them 
 the maximum of productiveness. The value of the sugar 
 manufactured in Queensland IVir the season of 1898-9 was 
 £1,750,000, the industry solely maintaining 30,000 people, 
 occupying an area of 111,091 acres, and employing 500 miles 
 of private railways to convey the cane to the mills, besides 
 5,500 horses and 2,227 drays. The manufacture of one ton 
 of sugar placed on the wharf ready for shipment costs about 
 £8, so that £1,304,000 of the value of the output goes, to the 
 producer and the labor employed. Under a federated tarifi" 
 it is hoped that the colony will be freed from the present com- 
 ])etition by the bounty-fed article, and that then the sugar 
 industry in North Queensland, like other of its industries, will 
 progress with a marvelous rapidity. 
 
 And so as you travel coastwise or through the interior of 
 this land you will find yourself confronted with the evidence 
 of wondrous wealth and ever increasing resources. On its agri- 
 cultural lands the sturdy fanner has settled, enjoying a life 
 free from the restrictions of an older civilization, and sor- 
 rounded l)y a family of young Northerners who must indeed 
 be far away in the solitude of the bush if they cannot avail 
 themselves of one of the grandest educational systems in any 
 
66 
 
 rJ{()('KHl)L\(iS OF Till-: J.VTHi;XA'l'l(»\.\I, COMMFIfCIAL COXCItKSS 
 
 |)iirt of the world, — a system maintaiued by a population of 
 000,000 people at an annual cost of more than ten shillings 
 ])er head, the sum on the estimate for that purpose for the 
 linaueial year 1899 being £^72,346. And as in other of the 
 Australian colonies the mining ajid the agricultural industry 
 walk hand in hand together. The mineral wealth attracts, 
 the richness of the soil detains. 
 
 It is marvelous to luite how, during the few decades in 
 which North (Queensland has been wrested from its ])rimitive 
 state, a iiund)er of line, haiulsome towns have sprung into 
 existence. Townsville, the capital of the North, the outlet 
 seawards for the products of its rich back country — the com- 
 mercial centre of the whole of the North — with its palatial 
 buildings, its busy streets, its magnificent harbor: C^barters 
 Towers, the scene of activity ever presented by a largo and 
 thriving mining community, crowded with the most modern 
 machiiu'ry for the recovery of gold; Jlackay, with its broad 
 streets opening out to the picturesque plantations beyond; 
 liowen, with oiu' of the finest harbors on the Northern coast; 
 Cairns, active with the life of a large producing and commer- 
 cial centre; Cooktown. full of historic recollections; Thurs- 
 day Island, with its mixed population, among which can be 
 found a representative of every race on the face of the earth, 
 and from the waters surrounding which over £12.3,000 is an- 
 nually recovered by the pearl shelling industry; Normanton, 
 with its rich jiastoral lands behind, and the prosperous gold 
 field of Croydon connected with it by rail: Burketown, with 
 its past romantic history, its present prosperity and its as- 
 sured future. 
 
 These and othci- towns can all be reached along the coast, 
 the traveller ])assing by scenery that at times arouses awe by 
 its magnificence, or lulls the senses by its peaceful beauty. 
 They may also be reached by a trip through the interior across 
 plains that stretch as far as the eye can reach; over mountains 
 whose tops touch the white fleece of the cbuuls; through 
 virgin scrub where the giants of the forest rear tlieniselves 
 heavenward and the glories of the tropical growth are en- 
 livened by the brilliant plumage of the birds, the song of 
 which at times joins in the music of the running stream. 
 
 Such is North Queensland in its infanthood. Would that 
 in years to com'e I could come back, but for the Iniefest 
 space of time, to look upon it when it has attained the full 
 strength of its maturity. In the Fnion tlag of your own 
 favored land, as in that, of ours, tlie azure blue of its field 
 is lightened by the silver sheen of its stars that symbolize 
 your jjower. As the United States of America, so the North 
 of Queensland is a land of freedom and plenty. It is a land 
 which calls forth all that is good and great in man during 
 his struggle with the forces of nature, and in his contest for 
 the higher civilization of the world. It is a land which arouses 
 like an eagle's instinct, backed by the strength of the lion, 
 that dauntless determination to acliieve success, which is the 
 glorious heritage of tlie descriidanls of the great Anglo-Saxon 
 race, whose lilood flows alil<e in the veins of America's sons 
 and the children of .\ustralia's sunny North. It is a land 
 that ofTers a home — the floors of which are content, and the 
 roof ])rosj)erity — to those who love to labor for labor's sake; 
 to those who are content to leave l)ehind them old world 
 <dass hatreds and creed distinctions, and have for their highest 
 ambition the riiiht to share in the liuiMing of a country whose 
 peo]ile shall dwell together in the bonds (d'a common brother- 
 hood; a couiili'y whose laws ^nc basi^l upon manhood's equal- 
 ity, resting (Jii the etei'iial ])ill;n\s of right and justice. To 
 such as those North Queensland olfers the greeting "come," 
 with the pronnse to them in the acceptance <jf her web^ome, 
 that want shall be ever a stranger to them. 
 
 In conclusion I desire to thank the I'biladclpliia Coinjner- 
 cial Museum for its invitation, on behalf f)f tlie Townsvilb- 
 Chainlier of ( 'oinmeree, ami to I'.xpri'ss a part icular d(<ii-c t hat 
 
 this Congi-ess shall be a most successful one. At the same 
 time, on behalf of myself and the other delegates of Queens- 
 land, I have to thank the Museum for the elegant manner in 
 which they have received us. and the way in wliich we have 
 been entertained. (Ayiplause.) 
 
 Sir Rodericlc ('(itiin-ini : 
 
 The next gentleman to address you will be Mr. William 
 Grant Clark, of Charters Towers, North Queensland, who will 
 read a ])a])er, entitled. "The Mining Interest of (Queensland." 
 
 Mr. W'il/iinii (hiiiil ( 'larh: 
 
 Air. President and Fellow Delegates.— The mining interest 
 of (Queensland is such an important matter that the time at 
 my disposal would not allow me to do it justice. 
 
 We have a territory of thirteen hundred miles from the 
 Tweed River in the south to Cape York in the north, and 
 nine hundred miles from east to west. You can understand, 
 gentlemen, when I say there are 437,840,000 acres of land in 
 that colony, mining of every kind is well represented. We 
 have in the south, on the borders of New South Wales, tin, 
 and near to Warwick, gold, and further north in the com- 
 munity with which our worthy Agent-General was at one 
 time associated, one of the richest gold fields in our colony. 
 I refer to Gympie. During a sojourn of something like 
 twenty years in this ]iart of the Em]iirc known as Queen.s- 
 land, I have traveled from the Tweed in the south to Cape 
 York in the north, and to the Never-Never Land in the far 
 west. Therefore, anything said by me in regard to mining 
 should be authoritative, having l)een on the spot, but I have 
 no intention of giving you figures. For, in the first place, to 
 the bu.siness man brevity, is a point that counts. Sir Horace 
 Tozer and Mr. Rogers have already given you plenty of figures. 
 
 I am sure you would not wish me to go into the figures of 
 the mining of our colony, for the simple reason that it may 
 be uninterestino- to you. All I say is this, that in our modest 
 (_'hamber of f!ommerce in Charters Towers, we have an able 
 body of men who are always alert, always on the qui vive 
 to do anything that they can to increase the popularity of the 
 district they are living in. 
 
 I say this to .show you. with all due deference, to your 
 worthy Dr. Wilson and his able officers, that our Chamber 
 of Commerce and Mines is alive and enterprising, as is also 
 the chamber of our sister town, from which you have a dele- 
 gate here who has recently spoken, Mr. Rogers, and our two 
 Chambers were the only ones that had appointed their dele- 
 gates to ibis Congress before being waited upon by your 
 commissioner, Mr. Green. This clearly shows that, though 
 living in a tro]3ical climate, it is possible for men to be active 
 as members of our Chand>ers, and they are not in the least 
 upset by the heat that we have to endure. 
 
 (Queensland was named in honor of our chief ruler. She 
 has reason to be pleased with the name, as we (^ucenslanders 
 are to our sovereign what you citizens of the United States arc 
 to your President; we are loyal and leal and true. 
 
 Now, gentlemen, it is not necessary for mo to go into par- 
 ticulars, in connection with the mining interest, but T will 
 .say this: that we have a ]iopulation, as stated by our .\gent- 
 General, of something uwv ball' a niilliiui. In our colony 
 \\r have the dignity of ihr luouiitains, as well as the disjnity 
 oT trniperatui'e. Tbr ibn-ninuictcr in Ibi' far west probably 
 goes lip III sometbing like 120 degrees in the shade. At a 
 place wliirli I visited sixteen years ago, which is considered 
 the leading copper field of the colony, the temperature was 
 over 120 in the shade, and yet white labor was working in flie 
 mines, well paid, and ihe ownci's wci'c well satisfied nntli the 
 work done. That shows tbiil oncu though we live in a very 
 boi rlimati'. white lalioi- has its I'cward. 
 
FIFTH DAY'S SESSION, OOTOliKE 17, 1899 
 
 67 
 
 In connection with what the Agent-General for New Zea- 
 knd mentioned yesterday, I may state that federation is an ac- 
 complished fact, or will lie within the next two years. He 
 said that in all probability Australia would shut out his 
 colony, New Zealand. Now that I do not think will take place. 
 New Zealand is a gold-producing country, as well as our 
 colonies, and the exports of New Zealand will be received, 
 I should think, without any addition to the original cost, 
 allowing for transport charges. ("Hear, hear.") 
 
 AVhen I traveled toward your country I passed through 
 the new possessions belonging to you Americans, the Philip- 
 pine Islands. We carried something like five thousand cases 
 of potatoes and onions, sent in transit, via Sydney, to supply 
 the American troops. So long as the Americans are fighting 
 for civilization in the Far East, the transport of supplies will 
 continue to pass through our country, or along our coast 
 without any additional charge. 
 
 Mr. President, in the name of the Chamber I represent, 
 I thank the city of Philadelphia, and I thank the United 
 States Government for the very welcome reception that we 
 have received, and rest assured, it will never be forgotten by 
 the speaker. 
 
 Sir Boderick Cameron : 
 
 Mr. Herbert Bowdcn, delegate from Thursday Island, 
 Queensland, will give }-ou an address upon "Pearl Shelling." 
 It will be very interesting, no doubt. 
 
 Mr. Herbert Bowden : 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen.— As I am a delegate from 
 Torres Straits, I wish to confine my remarks to the manner 
 in which the industry is worked there, and it will apply, in 
 the main, to all the industries where pearl shell is procured. 
 This island is nested among other islands and is a haveu for 
 all boats engaged in this industry. It is here that all the 
 boats are licensed, receive their provisions, and it is here 
 that all the boats hand up the catch for the year or of each 
 trip. The island is a small one, about fovir and a half miles 
 in circumference, and was seven years ago fortified by the 
 Imperial Government. The population consists of three 
 hundred Europeans and two thousand colored people of all 
 the various nationalities under the sun. We have found it 
 of great advantage in the past, and at the present time, in 
 having so many nationalities. Wlren there are many men of 
 different nationalities in a boat, there is no loafing or gamb- 
 ling. The modes of procuring the shell are by swimming — 
 naked divers — and by the air pump, etc. As the latter is the 
 most improved manner, I will treat with that first. A schooner 
 will have a fleet of from ten to fifteen pearling luggers. These 
 luggers will run from 8 to 15 tons register and cost £3.50. 
 To this is added £150 for diving pump, dress, helmet, etc. 
 With the small boats working with the fleets, they are never 
 allowed to work at any very great distance from the tender 
 or schooner. It has been found by men who work in the 
 schooners to be of great advantage and saving of time to 
 keep their vessels out from periods of six to twelve months. 
 From the grounds to the centre there will sometimes be at 
 least two hundred miles. 
 
 They also, by this manner of woriving, secure all the pearls, 
 the shells being collected daily, taken aboard the schooners 
 and opened and the owners get the pearls, whereas when they 
 are working from the .shore, these are simply in the hands of 
 the crew. The crew of a boat consists of a diver, who is 
 master, liaving a diver's license; next is the tender, who 
 looks after the life-line and pipe, and then a crew of four 
 or five men, the whole comjirising six or seven men of all 
 nationalities. The largest shelling area is what is known 
 as "old grounds." Those are shell-waters, running from six 
 to eight fathoms, and the shell procured from these grounds 
 
 is known as "chicken," and is tlie best quality of shell. The 
 diver works from seven in the morning to six or seven at 
 night, coming up for the purpose of refreshment or to get 
 air. The refreshment is very light, for a man in a diving 
 dress does not have his meals until his work is OTcr. The 
 diver, when he finds that he is on a good shelling ground, 
 shortens the sail and lets go the anchor, the vessel drifting 
 with the tide, and as the man who is diving has to walk 
 on the bottom, there muist be some check on the drifting 
 boat. This is done by means of letting go the anchor. When 
 they have gotten to the end of the ground they hoist up sail 
 and start operation again. In the deep water diving, in 
 which there have been over one hundred fatalities that have 
 taken away the cream of the divers, the manner of working 
 is slightly different. A man will dive in slackwater between 
 the turn of the tide, from ebb to flood or flood to ebb. He 
 (lives in thirty-two, and, indeed, he has been known to go 
 to thirty-five fathoms. That will seem a little bit of romance, 
 but I assure you that men are diving 200 feet deep at the 
 present time. The older divers do it on rather a scientific 
 plan, that is to say, the tender lowers the diver down, has his 
 watch in his hand and allows four minutes for the diver to 
 descend to the bottom, four minutes for working at the 
 bottom and four minutes for getting to the top. Really the 
 man is twelve minutes in dress and helmet. The diver will 
 not descend more than three times a day, and although the 
 life is a risky one, there is not much labor attached to it. The 
 shell is to thick in these deep waters that the men will 
 probably get six, seven, eight or nine tons per year, whereas 
 a man in shallow water is very lucky if he gets three. I 
 have found from statistics that the average last year was 
 three and a half tons per boat per year. I might remark, 
 if there is any inventive genius here — I know that America 
 is full of it — I will be very happy to join with any one 
 who can invent a diving suit in which a man can work in 
 from thirty to forty fathoms of water with freedom. I assure 
 you, gentlemen, that there is a huge fortune in it for the 
 man who can invent such an apparatus. There have been 
 drags and shells and all sorts of things, but most of them 
 have been left, as mementos, at the bottom of the sea. In 
 the deep waters the bottom is very treacherous. You will be 
 in eighteen fathoms of water and then drop to thirtj'-fivc. 
 That has caused much loss of life. When a man sees a large 
 cpiantity of shell, he is very much inclined to risk going down, 
 particularly as the divers alone are paid on the lay, getting so 
 much per ton for every ton of shell — eighteen and twenty-two 
 in shallow waters, and in deep waters from twenty to twenty- 
 five. A diver will earn two hundred pounds a year in deep 
 water if he is an excellent diver. 
 
 The oyster is of no value at all, although the grisly part 
 is edible and made into curry by the crew. I would not like 
 to recommend it to you. The shell is then cleaned and the 
 outer edge chopped off. It is brought into Thursday Island, 
 where it is packed in cases ranging from 2 to 2i cwt. It is 
 then shipped to London, which is the market for this product 
 for the world. It is sorted in piles, one to five and six, that 
 is, according to the likes of the buyer or the manufacturers 
 of buttons, cutlery, etc. Some of the people in the colonics 
 had started to sort it themselves. That is known as colonial 
 sorting. Colonial sorting is not appeciated in London; per- 
 haps the brokers desire to have the sorting in their own 
 hands, knowing the requirements of the buyers. The prices 
 Imve rans-ed from about £80 to £200 per ton. Some shells 
 will sell for £85, the very grubby, blister .shell: the fine .shell 
 has broiight as high as £200 per ton. We can work the in- 
 dustry at a profit at that price. If there are any gentleinen in- 
 terested in the shell business, if they wish to procure their 
 shells direct from the shellers, they must be prepared to take 
 the shell as we get it. T would like it to he understood that 
 
68 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTEENATTOXAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 wo do nut iiiiinufactiire the shell; only take it as Nature gives 
 it to us, and any dealers here must bo prepared to take it as 
 we "-et it. I have been asked if I would book an order for 
 ton Ions of pile oue. 1 could not possibly do it, for I mi<:;lit 
 have to get seventy or eighty tons of shell l)efore I got ton 
 tons of pile one. Then they tell me, "I want the flat shell." 
 In each pair of shell the bottom is Hat and the top is the 
 cup. Jf wo are going to send all the flat shells to America, 
 who will take the cup? If there are any gentlemen here 
 who are interested in biiying shells, they must thoroughly 
 understand, if they wish to do business direct, that they 
 must bo ]iroparod to take the shell in all kinds and quantities. 
 I miglit. perhaps, before concluding, make partial allu- 
 sion to ]ioarIs. We do not carry on the industiT for pearls, 
 although wv are very glad to get them. There liavo boon 
 vorv many ideas expressed to me as to how they are gotten; 
 whotlier the divers put the shells in their mouths. These 
 divers are closed in a suit. It is very difficult to get out 
 unless you have the aid of a tender and one crew. The hel- 
 met and corslet, which is a very heavy piece of gear, is very 
 closely sealed up, and on the shoulder is put two twenty- 
 eight pound loads; the boots weight fifty-six pounds. 1 
 have opened as many as three thousand shells and have not 
 seen a single pearl, and yet on another occasion the very first 
 shell I opened I found a handsome poarl. So you see that 
 is a matter of luck. The price ranges from one "to two thou- 
 sand ]iounds. Queensland pearls have been sold for mon^ 
 than that. It is a matter of their size, color, shap^e and 
 quality. 
 
 I presume you all know the origin of pearls. We are told 
 !)y scientists that when the .shell is feeding — it feeds with its 
 n'louth open to the tide, so as to get all the animalculae that 
 is edible to it — it gets a very little sand or sea weed, and it 
 is this irritant, which it is unable to eject, that is the bed of 
 the pearl. The oyster coats this irritant over with saliva and 
 thus makes the poarl. We have no scientific opinion as to 
 how long it takes for a shell to form the pearl, but this I 
 can state, that very fine pearls have been found in five-inch 
 shells. The life of the shell is not known, hut the early 
 growth is considered pretty rapid. It originally attaches 
 itself to any obstacle and it does that by what is known as 
 byssis or small anchor. The shell attaches itself to any ob- 
 stacle at the bottom and remains attached by that byssis 
 until it is heavy enough to resist the force of the tides. 
 Some experiments were carried out by ilr. Sayville Kent. 
 Ilis idea wa.s that he could produce pearls in the slicll. 
 There is one specimen that he has now. That is a fairly- 
 sized shell in which he bored a hole. That raised a lilisicr 
 inside. The oyster coated that ovor and so formed a vci-v 
 respoctablo looking blister. Pearls are really made in lay- 
 ers and an ex]>ort in "pearl-faking," as we call it, can re- 
 duce a ])earl to any size he likes. We off on do il, as wo may 
 get an exoellont poarl with a small \h\\\ . To do llial wo 
 have got to take ofl' the outer coating, Iml wi.' are vory oflrii 
 disappointed. 
 
 Tliere is anolbor industry — the lieche-do-mer — and only 
 one market in the world for the 13eche-de-nier, and that is 
 in China. To give you an wtiniate, I can tell you that Boche- 
 de-nier has been sold up to two hundred pouiuls a ton. 
 
 There is another small imlustry tluit we have, that of the 
 tortoise. The tortoise shell industry is now ean-ied on ex- 
 clusively for the shell. Large quantities of tlio green liirllr 
 ar<' collected for food for the crows and natives. I iliink 
 tlio day will conu' when that will bo an industry. I lia\e imt 
 gone very miu-h into statistics, l)ooauso, as a maltei' of laet, 
 I tliink llioro is really nothing that we can exi>eot lu lake 
 from yon. Tiu' |)resont system of diving gear has lieeii in 
 vogue for many years, and it does not seem to be improved 
 
 on. Unless someone can give us a deep-diving dress, I do 
 not think there is very much to take from America. I would 
 like to put my spoke in the large wheel and thank Dr. Wil- 
 son, the Commercial Mu.seum and the City of Philadelphia, 
 for the very courteous manner in which we have been re- 
 ceived. 
 
 The following are the official returns for the past three 
 years, and show a considerable increase in the number of 
 boats employed as against the quantity of shell procured: 
 
 1896. 1897. 1898. 
 
 (.iUANTITV. VALUE. QUANTITY. VALUE. QUAJJTITY. VALUE. 
 
 ions. cwt. gr. tons. cwt. gr. tODS. cwt. gr. 
 
 Pearl shell 1089 9 3 £94836 1233 r, 2 £1260012 1061 7 2 £109401 
 
 Bfche-de-nier 30 18 3 £2421 16 3 1 £1125 13 3 3 £1282 
 
 Tortoise shell 4934 Ihs. £3101 4221 lljs. £2865 3886 lbs. £2220. 
 
 Sir liiiilrrirk Ciiiiicnin : 
 
 We will now have a pa]ior read by the Honorable J. A. 
 Cockburn. ^1. D.. .\gent-(leiu'i-al for South Australia. 
 
 Jfdiiordlilr J. A. Ciiclt-liiini ( AL;'eiit-(ii'neral for Soutli .Vus- 
 
 tralia): 
 
 South Australia is the middle oolony of the continent and 
 is in neighborhood relations with all the colonies in the group. 
 Therefore I fool that my task has been rendered very easy 
 by the valualile ]iapor to which you have already listened, 
 because I am speaking of a colony which, being in immediate 
 relation with all the other colonies, is colored more or less 
 by its relationship. Its features are in many respects simi- 
 lar and in some abs<3lutely identical. For example, the veiy 
 interesting paper liy Mr. liowden would apply to the northern 
 territory of South Australia, because in that portion of our 
 colony the pearl-shell industry has assumed no inconsideralile 
 ]>roportions. I would like to see a map of Australia divided 
 into eolonios on the wall. V.\rn in our own mother country 
 a great deal of niisappreheiision exists as regards the topog- 
 raphy of Ansti'alia. It is not a rare thing to receive from 
 Lonilon a letter addresscil li> .\delaide. Victoria, New South 
 Wales. (Laughter.) If ymi will allow me, I will improvise 
 a very rough sketch of the eolonios of Australia. You see 
 here on the eastern coast — and I may say that, strangely 
 enough, in Australia as in .\merica and as in the history 
 of the world generally — \\v have a population that seems to 
 i-oll from east to west. (Referring to geographical sketch.) 
 Here are the more densely ])opulatod eastern shores of Aus- 
 tralia; Queensland, Now Soutli Wales and \'ietiu-ia. Occu- 
 pying the middle strip from the South Sea to the Indian 
 (ioean lies the colony of Soutli Australia. Our western 
 boundary is formed by Western Australia. So we are touching 
 hands with all of them, and, tlierefore, our prolilems are in 
 many respects identical with those of our sister colonies.- 
 Recognizing the ol)ligations of our situation and the claims, 
 of neighborhood, we buill at a lime wdicn we were not as'- 
 wealthy as wo are now a telogi'a|)li line right across what 
 was then regarded as an unex]ylored desert of two thousand 
 miles at a groat expense, and I may say that it is through ibis 
 lino that luisiiu'ss men of America can C(UTespond witli the 
 morcbanis in .\ustralia. The population of South Australia,, 
 as you mav supjjo.se from this small sketch, is not yet ade- 
 quate to its territory. The territory is 900,000 square miles; 
 the iiopulation is only :ii;i.(l(ii) poo]ilo. so that we have much 
 room for ilevolo|inieiit. and ue are glad to seize any oppor- 
 funitv we can of informing the ])oo]ile of the facililios that 
 exist for inoroasing tlio jjopnlation and for forming now trade 
 connections. 
 
 The climate of Soulh .\ustralia is omiuenily salubrious. 
 1 know of no more healthv climate in the world. The death 
 
FIFTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 17, 1899 
 
 69 
 
 rate, in common with almost all of the adjoining colonies, is 
 extremely low. Our chief industry is wool raising. We have 
 in the last ten years exported some four himdred and fifty- 
 six millions pounds weitrht of wool, and this wool is of the 
 very finest merino — ^it is just the wool required for the finest 
 textiles throughout the world. We woiild he very glad if 
 a portion of this, our largest industry, could find its way in 
 this direction. Some time ago, I believe, there was consid- 
 ferable expoi-t of wool from South Australia to the United 
 States. W^e protect our industries. We say to those who 
 wish to trade with us, "There is the tariff; you can lay your 
 business out to surmount an obstacle." But I am very much 
 afraid, in some countrie.«, the tarift' is like a brick wall which 
 is watched with the trowel in the hand, wherever there is 
 a little gap through which traffic is passing, an extra brick 
 is put in. In any case, I notice that there is comparatively 
 little export of wool or any of our products to the United 
 States, although we are veiy considerate buyers of products 
 from the United States. I was very much struck by the 
 paper read by Mr. Edward Atkinson, in which he pointed out 
 that in the per capita purchasing power of the United States 
 products, Australasia stood third in the list. We are doing 
 everything possible to assist our pastoral industries. Those 
 who are acquainted with the vicissitudes of the wool product 
 are aware that, in common with the whole of Australia. South 
 Australia has passed through seasons of abnormal drought, 
 and considerable losses have resulted to our flocks in con- 
 sequence. I believe that time has passed away: I believe 
 the industry is rapidly recuperating. The government has 
 done everything in its power to assist the squatter. We have 
 done everything in our power to assist and push fonvnrd 
 the recovery of the wool-raising industry. We grant liberal 
 terms to our pastoralists; we have given them large tracts 
 of country at a nominal rental. I expect that within the 
 next few years the product of the wool of South Australia 
 and Aiistralia generally will not only assume its normal pro- 
 portions, but will far outstretch everything that it has at- 
 tained to in the past. 
 
 Next to wool is wheat. Tlie wheat of South Australia 
 has for many years been famous throughout the world. We 
 have taken the prize at the world's exhibits. Our climate 
 is suitable for a fine, dry mill sample of wheat. The straw 
 is sufficiently brittle to allow the heads to be 
 stripped by means of a machine with a comb passed 
 under the ears; it takes the ear off the straw and 
 thrashes it out at the same time. Consequently large areas 
 of wheat can be harvested in a short time and at a small 
 expense. For many of our labor-sa\'ing agricultural ma- 
 chines we are indebted to the ingenuity of the United States. 
 A new feature has developed in connection with our agricul- 
 ture, and that is the use of the combined drill and fertilizer. 
 By using a very small quantity of artificial manure sowed 
 with the grains of wheat tjie productive power has been as- 
 tonishingly increased. Many of our worn out wheat lands 
 have l)een restored to fertility almost equal to their virgin 
 condition. 
 
 We do everything to encourage the formation of homes in 
 South Australia. Our idea is that an agriculturist should 
 be settled on his own land, not a tenant of any private land- 
 lord. The farmer can take his land from the State, either 
 by right of purchase, for which he pays his purchase money, 
 by small instalments, extending over a period of years, or 
 he can hold his land by what is known as a perpetual lease. 
 He can at any time sell to any purchaser, and at the same 
 time has this advantage, that he has not to pay down any 
 amount of the purchase money before he can go on his farm. 
 He can take his available capital and, instead of sinking it 
 in his land as purchase money, he can invest it in machines 
 and buildings in order to develop his property. 
 
 We are doing everything we can to settle labor. We have 
 a system known as workingmen's blocks. The farmers at 
 harvest time need much labor, but there is little work to 
 do during other portions of the year. Our idea is that the 
 laborer may have a small holding of his own, to which he 
 can put his spare time when there is a dearth of employment. 
 So that, instead of being idle, he can put in liis spare time, 
 when not employed, in building his cottage and improving his 
 property. To that end the State advances sums of money for 
 the building of cottages and making of improvements. 
 
 Our mild climate has advantages for our agriculturists. 
 There is no rigorous winter. It is not necessary to provide 
 winter housing for stock. The horses have merely a shed 
 erected for them, under which they can shelter themselves 
 during wet weather, and 1 will say, 'that they are very much 
 freer from disease living in this manner than when they are 
 confined in closed stables. 
 
 South Australia is a great fruit-raising country, and I think 
 that, in the course of time, it will be recognized as one of 
 the chief fruit-producing countries in tlie world. On the hills, 
 grow apples, pears and cherries to a size which is almost un- 
 known in their original habitat. On the plains, peaches, 
 apricots and grapes grow nnth extreme exuberance. One of 
 our chief industries is that of wine. We already make two 
 million gallons of ivine annually. This wine is finding fa- 
 vorable markets in many parts in the world, especially Lon- 
 don. We have a fine climate, a matchless soil, and glorious 
 sunshine, but we have a deficiency of rainfall in many parts 
 of South Australia. However, this is one of the conditions 
 of plant growth that can be supplied liy human ingenuity, 
 and much has been done in our colony in the way of water 
 conser^-ation. We sink artesian wells, make dams, and in 
 every way try to supplement this shortage of our water 
 supply. 
 
 Fortunately for our fruit industry, the trees are not so dis- 
 astrously affected by the drought as are cereals. Very little 
 irrigation is needed for fruit. Our Murray River has been 
 taken advantage of for supplying water to the arid districts. 
 Some time ago two gentlemen l)y the name of Chaffy came 
 from America — Canadians by birth — versed in all the' recent 
 methods of irrigation in use in the United States. They 
 established an irrigation settlement in South Australia and 
 another irrigation settlement in Victoria, and they gave us 
 an object lesson of scientific cultivation of fruit trees by ir- 
 rigation. Each tree being supplied with water, added to its 
 height every year a certain number of inches or feet, which 
 could be calculated with almost mathematical precision. In 
 our irrigation colonies, there is no room for doubt as to the 
 harvest. The water supply is constant, the ,sun is certain, 
 the soil is fertile and the crop is sure. The government has 
 lately made some interesting experiments in establishing what 
 are known as village settlements, when there was a dearth 
 of employment in the colonies. We assisted groups of work- 
 ing men to settle on the soil. They held their land in cum- 
 raon, held all their irrigation machinery, pumping plant and 
 means of production in common. They have continued to 
 work successfully for a considerable number of years, but 
 whether they will continue to co-operate in respect to their 
 tenure of land or ultimately divide their land into indi\'idual 
 holdings, is uncertain. 
 
 Another interesting experiment was made In' the Agricul- 
 tural Department a few years ago. A large portion of our 
 farmers are not able to undertake the expense of sending their 
 products to distant markets; the charges are so prohibitory 
 as to preclude them from the great markets of the world. 
 Only the big men who could forward large quantities and 
 secure the freight, insurance and disposal at the lowest pos- 
 sible prices could export certain lines of produce. The gov- 
 ernment has to some extent taken the place of the large 
 
70 
 
 I'T^OCKKDlXdS OF 'Pin-: IXTKl?\\\TTOy.\T. f'OMMT- TK'TAL COXCIJESS 
 
 dealer. We liave grouped tugellier rroiii the various I'aniir; 
 their little rivulets'of produce. One man lia,s boxes of fruit, 
 anothei' Mian a few score of lambs, another man has so many 
 cwt. of butter. Each of these little consignments is col- 
 lected by the receiving depot in a large parcel. It is after- 
 ward forwarded at a minimum of expense. The most favora- 
 ble arrangement is made for the shipment of the parcels. 
 In.suranee and freight are provided at the lowest cost and 
 the small lots are put forward as a whole shipment by the 
 department, sent to the hands of the Manager of the Depot 
 in London, who makes arrangements for the sale of the pm- 
 ducts on the be.*t conditions to the producer. So that all a 
 farmer has to do in South Australia, if he has a small con- 
 signment and wishes to try a chance in the markets of the 
 world, is to write to the Agricultural Department that his 
 goods have been forwarded to the depot; sometimes an ad- 
 vance of sixty per cent, is made to him, in order to let him 
 abide in patience the receipt of his chec<iue. This was at- 
 tacked as an interference with private enterjirise. The con- 
 ditions of the time must be solved according to the require- 
 ments of the case and so we think that, instead of interfering 
 with private enterprise, we are assisting it by giv- 
 ing to small farmers and producers an opportunity to receive 
 proper reward for their labor — we enable them to earn by 
 honest industry the highest possible amount. The criticisms 
 of the Agricultural Department have now ceased. Many of 
 our most adverse critics are now our warmest supporters. 
 The benefits of the system have been shown. We have an- 
 other way of assisting the producer. Formerly a farmer who 
 wanted to raise a little money to buy machinery or inake im- 
 provements had to pay very high rates of interest. I have 
 known as much as fifty per cent, charged to a fanner for a 
 little temporary accommodation. The State has, in the last 
 few years, recognized that everything that will assist the 
 producing jiower of the fanner is a benefit to the commu- 
 nity, and we have established a State bank through which 
 advances are made, and the farmers are enaliled, then, in con- 
 tinue to profitably occupy their holdings. As you have 
 already recognized from what Mr. Reeves told you yester- 
 day, in Australian Colonies the sphere of activity of the 
 State has been very much extended. Many will hold up 
 their hands in horror at what the Australian Colonies do by 
 means of the government. We look on the government as 
 not anything apart from the people, but as the people them- 
 selves. We regard the government merely as the directory 
 of a business in which the citizen is a shareholder, and we 
 beiieve that the duty of the State is to do what is necessary 
 for the welfare of the community. Our statesmen have been 
 noted in years past for their fertility in bringing forward 
 measures which have proved useful, not only within our own 
 territory, but adopted by the great jjortion of the civilized 
 world. 1 need not do any more than allude to the Torrens 
 Act. I understand it has been adopted in the United States. 
 I have heard of an electoral act, which is honored by the 
 name of the Kangaroo Act. I understand that some twenty- 
 five of the States in the United States have adopted our 
 Australian ballot system. 
 
 Then, we have also recently adopted a melliod of solving 
 vexed questions regarding our public ])olicy. We have 
 adopted the practice of referring any question in dispute to 
 the people themselves for their decision. This causes the 
 electors to ])articii)ate in the machinery of legislation, and we 
 tind this to be of great benefit. It assures a speedy and easy 
 mode of settling difficult questions, and it has this fui'ther 
 eifeet, that it keeps the citizens of our Colony const<intly in 
 touch with public questions, and gives each man ami wonum 
 a direct responsibility in legislation. Some (iinc in 1894 I 
 had the honor of introducing a l)ill whicli conti'rrcd the 
 franchise' upon tlie wonu'n of South Australia ("hear, hear," 
 
 aj)iilaiise). and vei-y well indeed it has worked. Let me tell. 
 you. ladies and gentlemen, there is not a man or a woman in 
 South Australia who would ever venture the suggestion to 
 recur to the former state of franchise. The women vote just 
 as orderly and intelligently as the men (''hear, hear," ap- 
 plause.) It has led to no family disputes. The husband and 
 wife drive to the polls together; they generally vote together 
 (laughter) and the same way, but it does not necessarily fol- 
 low that the wife votes under the dictation of the hu.sband. 
 I think that often the husband, by the sweet reasonableness 
 of the better half, is per.suaded into the right way of thinking 
 and viewing public questions (applause). All that I have 
 to say is that the experiment has been tried and proved suc- 
 cessful for us, as in New- Zealand. The women have not only 
 a vote, but are entitled to sit in parliament. There is noth- 
 ing to prevent a woman sitting in South Australian Parlia- 
 ment. Hitherto men alone have been chosen. I do not 
 think that women wish to depart from this custom, but should 
 they wi,sh to there is nothing in the law to prevent them 
 from giving voice in franchise to their own sex. We received 
 in our parliament sujiport in reference to franchise of women 
 from a direction which might not be looked for. We have 
 in both houses a consideralile nundjer of direct representa- 
 tives of labor; about one-fourth are composed of actual work- 
 ingmen, who have been at the bench, at the compositors 
 desk, or, in other ways, have occupied positions in actual 
 manual work. Among these representatives are some of the 
 most eloquent and most able mendjers of our house, and they 
 voted as a solid plialanx for the enfranchisement of women. 
 I will very rapidly say a few words about our mining in- 
 dustries, and I have papers whicli will give information on 
 the subject of such trade statistics as you may require. But I 
 must say that I find such an admirable supply of South Aus- 
 tralian statistics in the Museum that it is almost unnecessary 
 for nie to have encumbered myself with these statistical reg- 
 isters. Copper is the chief mineral which is found in South 
 Australia. Some gold fields have been worked for fifty years, 
 but no great gold discoveries, such as have enriched the neigh- 
 boring colonies, have taken place. Chopper has been a great 
 advantage to us. The export of copper from South Australia 
 is larger than the combined exjiorts from the group of 
 Colonies. Oour total export of copper has amounted to the 
 value of some twenty-three millions of pounds. One mine 
 alone has paid one million seven hundred thousand pounds 
 in dividends. 
 
 ^lay I say a word or two about education, of course the 
 national prosperity of South Australia must rest upon a 
 sound system of education. We have ever been solicitous 
 of the education of our citizen.s, and I must express my in- 
 debtedness to the admirable system of information supplied 
 by the United States bureaus. For the last fourteen years 
 I have been in the habit of receiving from the Bureau of 
 Education in Washington, circulars of information which 
 are sent out far and wide over the world. They were so 
 useful and did so much in South Australia towards adapt- 
 ing our education to the requirements of the State, that I 
 took the liberty of writing to the chief of the Educational 
 Bureau on one occasion, to express my debt of gratitude, for 
 the assistance we had derived from these publications. We 
 have taken many of our improvements from the T^nited States. 
 We have introduced drawing as a coni]nilsory study in all 
 our schools. In that I think we have followed the good old 
 State of Massachusetts. We have adopted manual training 
 and practical education id" every character. Another little 
 American exani])]e whic-li we have followed with the happiest 
 results in Arbor Day. We have expanses of treeless lands in 
 the country, and we have a day set apart for the planting of 
 trees. The childi'en ar(> encouraged to plant trees on tlu^so 
 davs. The leadiers aive tlu'ni a liltle lesson on forestry lol- 
 
FIFTH DAY'S SFSSION. OCTOBER 17, 1899 
 
 71 
 
 lowud by a. short address Ijy the mayor of the town, or some 
 other public official, and then the rest of the day is a holi- 
 day. Arbor Day has resulted in clothing the monotony of 
 our plains with foliage, and there is nothing that mitigates 
 tlie asperity of a dry climate more than the planting of trees. 
 This was first introduced from the United States into South 
 Australia. 
 
 We have our technical schools as well as our university. 
 As regards education in agriculture, we have done everything 
 we can do to advance it. We have isrimaxy sehools,in the 
 country in which practical agriculture is taught. We have 
 secondary agricultural schools, and then we have a high tech- 
 nical school in which a complete scientific education in agri- 
 culture can be obtained. 
 
 I cannot say what infinite jdeasure, as well as profit, it 
 has been to me to come and visit the United States on this 
 occasion. I have taken so many valuable hints from the 
 ingenious citizens of the United States that it is a real pleas- 
 ure to meet them in their own home. (Applause.) We in 
 Australia regard very highly the ties that bind us as com- 
 mon offshoots from the jiarent country. On the Fourth of 
 July we go down to the office of the American consul and 
 drink the health of the President. We are indebted to Amer- 
 ica for many of the facilities for occupying our vast coun- 
 try. You see all around in the farms your labor-saving ma- 
 chinery. You come into the workshop and there the ma- 
 chinery of the advanced type is American. We are indebted 
 for lessons given to us. It is strange if it were not so, for 
 the problems of the United States and Australia are similar. 
 You are in advance of us; we are following as fast as we can 
 in your footsteps. After all, we are all scions from the same 
 old stock, planted out under freer and more favorable con- 
 ditions for development. We had the good fortune to be 
 formed as colonies, when the traditions of the mother coun- 
 try toward her colonies had fortunately altered from what 
 they were, when the American colonies w"ere planted. We 
 have remained as a sister in our mother's house, but we look 
 to our elder sister for many of the means of solving our prob- 
 lems. When the proposition of this Congres was made to 
 the government, we accepted the opportunity of sending a 
 representative. I thank Dr. Wilson and all those connected 
 with the Museum very heartily for the information placed 
 at our disposal. We shall all go away recognizing that if 
 we would keep near the van of progress we must adopt the 
 method of collecting and disseminating information with 
 regard to commerce and trade which have been so success- 
 fully carried out by the authorities of this exhibition. 
 
 stitution has been developed during the last three years 
 into the condition in which you see it, and 1 want to ask 
 the favor that the delegates before leaving shall seek some 
 opportunity— and we can all find it— to study the Philadel- 
 phia Commercial Museum fully, so that you will understand 
 its work. 
 
 Now I have another favor to ask. This Congress — and 
 no one knows what important results may come from it in 
 one way or another — is the first one of its kind, composed 
 of men who are interested in the widest and grandest ques- 
 tions that can interest human beings. It would give me 
 great pleasure to see the photograph of every delegate who 
 has attended the Congress placed in the lioard Room of 
 this Institution. I have to announce that arrangements 
 have Ijeen made whereby two of our best photographers will 
 be glad to photograph the delegates without expense to them. 
 They are: F. Gutekunst, of 712 Arch street, and the Gili)ert 
 Photo Company, of 926 Chestnut street. 
 
 I have also to announce that arrangements have been made 
 for such of the foreign delegates as care to attend the theatre 
 on Wednesday evening, to see the play called "Sister Mary,'" 
 the star on that occasion being May Invin. The tickets will 
 be given out by Mr. C. A. Green." 
 
 Sir Roderick Cameron .• 
 
 I would suggest, in reply to the very modest request made 
 by Dr. Wilson, that he and the members of the jMuifeum have 
 their photographs taken and that a copy be presented to each 
 delegate in attendance. 
 
 (Adjourned 12.30 P. M.) 
 
 PiiiLADELPntA, Tuesday, October 17, 1899. 
 
 Afternoon Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order at 2.34 p. m., bv Director 
 W. P. Wilson. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 The first address at this afternoon's meeting will be given 
 on Western Australia by H. K. Calder, Esq., delegate from 
 the Fremantle Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 I have the pleasure of introducing to you Mr. Calder. 
 
 Sir Roderick Cameron : 
 
 The next paper is by Mr. H. K. Calder, delegate from the 
 Fremantle Chamlier of Commerce. 
 
 I propose an adjournment from now until half-past two. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 May I give one or two notices before the gentlemen of the 
 delegation disperse? 
 
 In the first place, the Philadelphia Bourse, an institution 
 on this same street, above, combining nearly all of the ex- 
 changes in the city and bringing together general business 
 — not a bourse such as we understand in Paris or Europe, 
 but for the general business of the city — ^has sent an invi- 
 tation to all of the delegates to visit the floor and exchange 
 at any time they may please. It is one of the finest build- 
 ings of its kind in the world. The button of the delegate 
 will admit to the floor or any other part of the house. 
 
 There is one other point I wish to mention. I am ex- 
 tremely desirous that a favor should be granted to me. 
 ("Hear, hear," and applause from the delegates.) This in- 
 
 Westekn Australia. 
 H. E. Calder: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen: In com- 
 mencing this paper on Western Australia I should in the 
 first place like to mention that it was the intention of the 
 government of Western Au.-^tralia to depute the official repre- 
 sentative for the Colony in London, to attend this Congress 
 and to give the delegates official information respecting the 
 colony, its resources and industries. 
 
 But unfortunately, Mr. Wittenoom, who I may mention 
 has been connected with the Colony for many years and has 
 held high positions in the government, was prevented at the 
 last moment, through important business in London, from 
 attending this Congress. 
 
 I was only advised of this three days ago, when I was 
 asked to give an address on the colony. Although quite im- 
 prepared to do this — and without document of any kind to 
 which I could refer — I was so strongly of opinion that 
 Western Australia has so many advantages for manufac- 
 turers and traders, that I ultimately consented to lay before 
 
•) 
 
 PROCKEDINGS OF THE INTEENATIOXAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 till' (Icli'j^ates of this (.Congress a few facts and figures con- 
 lU'ctei] therewith. 
 
 1 make tliis statement in exlcnuation of the shortness of 
 tliis ]vd\m- and for the meageniess of its information. 
 
 J lad r only more time and data to work ujjon. I feel very 
 conlideiit ilial 1 could have impressed you, gentlemen, not 
 only with the o]>jwrtunilies you liave for trade iu your manu- 
 I'actureil article?, hut. also with the natural products we have 
 for disposal, and which would he advantageous to you. 
 
 Wostei'u Australia has been called somewhat appropriately 
 the "Cinderella" of the group. Though founded as far back 
 as 1827 and in spite of a vast area approximately one millitm 
 s([uare miles (about a third of the continent), the population 
 in 181)0 was under fifty thousand. With tiie advent of re- 
 siionsible government in 1890, and the discovery of gold in 
 payable quantities about the same time, the long period of 
 inertia passed away, and since that time the Colony has pro- 
 gressed liy leaps and bounds. 
 
 I do not propose to weary ymi with many statistics, but the 
 fact that tlie revenue which' in 1890 was but four hundred 
 thousand pounds, in 1898 was little short, of three million 
 sterling, ami IIimI the population in this period has increased 
 from fiftv 111 our Iniudred and seventy th(nisand, will give you 
 a fair idea ol the magic wliicb a gi'eat gold-producing country 
 yields. 
 
 The temperature in the northern districts, where the sea 
 breeze does not penetrate, is high, and for one or two months 
 in the year the heat is oppressive. Imt the extreme dryness of 
 the atmosphere renders it more endurable than most tropical 
 climates. In the southern juirtion of the Colony, especially 
 between Perth and Albany, the climate is delightful. 
 
 I merely mention these facts because representatives of the 
 other colonies have praised their special conditions of tem- 
 perature so much, that were I to omit it, the impression might 
 be ci-eated that Western Australia has no climate whatever. 
 
 The noi'thern districts are admirably adapted to cattle 
 raising, but owing to the expense ^of transportation this has 
 not received the attention which more favorably situated 
 colonies attract. In the south most kinds of cereals, fruits 
 and vegetables may be ciillivated. and in the ojiiiiioii of 
 French experts the soil is especially lavoi-alile for the pro- 
 duction of wine and table grapes. 
 
 Pearling is carried on to a consideralile extent in the north- 
 west, and this pursuit increases yearly in imjiortance. Cop- 
 ])er. lead and tin have heen found in paying quantities, and 
 within the last year diamond washing has been carried on. 
 the stones found so far being ^mall but of line lustre. Coal 
 mines are also lieing opene(l up at Collie in the south, with 
 excellent prospects of ultimate success. 
 
 The wonderful progress imulc hy the Western Austi'alia 
 gold fields has astonished e\i'ii ihc uinsl saiiguiuc I'lir ai'ra 
 of declai'ed fields i^ atxiut two iinllinii nci'es. one hundred 
 thousand of which ha\'e l)eeii taken in mining leases. It is 
 oljvioiis that with so large an aicu. nuuh of it stretching 
 through waterless districts of tlic inlciioi-. the ground yet to 
 be thoroughly jirospected is immcn.-c 
 
 Three hundred and lifly miles inland fi'om Perth is the 
 gi'caf mining camp of Kalgooilic. Im v<'ai's ago a desert, now 
 a liiistling town of (Ifleeii thousand inhabitants, lit by electih- 
 light, with broad sticels and nuiny line buildings. In Ibis 
 district one mine alone produced in the month of .Innc. this 
 year, twenty thousand ounces of gold. 
 
 The great drawliack to cheap exiraction of gold in these 
 districts is the one of fresh wafi'r. all of wlii(h for domeslic 
 p\n'poses, boilers, etc., has to lie cimdi'iised. To meet this 
 , lack, the government has nnderlaki'U to sujiply watei' from 
 near the coast, by means of a gigantic engineering work 
 which is to pump it three h\indre(l and twenty-eight miles 
 through |]i|ies. to a final elevation of 1 .IJOO feel above the olV- 
 
 take level. The estimated cost of this is two and one-half 
 million pounds. 
 
 The contract for 34,000 tons of steel plates for these pipes 
 was taken by the great American firm of Carnegie & Co., 
 ami aliout (Uie-half of the plates have already been shipped 
 fi'om \ew York. When this scheme is carried through 
 an enormous area of low grade gold-producing country will 
 he made payable. The figures for gold won in Western 
 Australia for 189(1 were 280,000 ounces, for 1898 1,300,000 
 ounces and the estimate for 1899 is 1,500,000 ounces. 
 
 The qualities of our hard wood, jarrah and karri, have been 
 attracting gi-eat attention. The estimated area of available 
 timber forests is 30,000 s((uare miles, and they are rapidly 
 coming into demand in various jiarts of the world for all pur- 
 poses where toughness and durnhility are essential. 
 
 For general constructive works in necessary contact with 
 soil, water, and especially pier building and street pavement, 
 the unrottable jarrah is in great request. In countries where 
 the white ant, the enemy of all soft woods, pursues his way 
 through thick and thin, the jarrah is invaluable, and on this 
 account shipments are now made to India, where that insect 
 is well and unfavorably known. As piles for sea water piers 
 it has no equal, and in repeated tests, extending over a num- 
 ber of years on our northern coast, where the dreaded toredo 
 (an animated marine auger bit) gets in its deadly work, this 
 timber has proved its value again and again. 
 
 When used for wood blocking this timber has a life of 
 fifteen years under the heaviest traific, and although the 
 initial cost is somewhat heavier than soft woods, the cost of 
 relaying the latter two or three times adds up, in this period, 
 to a considerably greater price. It has this advantage also 
 over soft woods, that it does not absorb the contaminated 
 liquids of the streets, and therefore is free from the charge of 
 harboring microbes deleterious to public health. 
 
 The karri, the king tree of the continent in size, is used for 
 much the same pm-pose, being not quite so good for piers, 
 but perhaps better for wood jiaving. These trees, with their 
 straight, clean stems, attaining a height of 200 to 250 feet 
 and running up straight as a gun barrel for 150 feet clear of 
 branches, are an impressive sight. It is estimated that there 
 is over one hundred milli(m pounds' worth of these timbers 
 at present available, so there is no fear that the supply will 
 run short for some time. 
 
 To the stranger passing through the fine cities of the 
 United States the fact that the streets are so rudely, or rather 
 so roughly, laid with cobble stones is a surprise, seeing that in 
 so many other things this count ly. even in the Western towns, 
 is in advance of our cities, ami I am confident that, having 
 once had your streets paved with these blocks, you would 
 never be content to lie rattled about again. 
 
 Another thing wliieli it would lead to wiuild lie an oppor- 
 tunity to get cheap tonnage to Australia, as at present vessels 
 coming from United States ports to Australia and wishing 
 to come liaek again to reload, have to ai)]iroach by a circular 
 ti'eatmeut via various ports in Europe, and then come over 
 often in ballast, all this tending to put your products at a 
 disadvantage with countries M'liich buy as well as sell in our 
 ]iorts. 
 
 Contracts [or this timliei' in sizes of 9 \ 3 Utr block ])aving 
 
 are being carried out at li'om l.'is. od. to £5 10s., c. f, i.. 
 
 Ijonilon. and no doubt equally favorable rates coidd be ]>ro- 
 
 enred I'oi- ilie leading eastern ports of America. Any one 
 
 desiring to ed info definite figures uuiv al anv time get reli- 
 
 ... * ■ ^ 
 
 alile infoi'inat ion I'nim ^lessrs. 1?. W. ('ami'i'on i*^' Co., or any 
 
 oilier leading lii'iii^ in NCw ^'mk who are eloselv eonneited 
 
 with t he .\ust I'aliaii li'ade. 
 
 It may he said of Weslern .\uslralia that there is pi-acti- 
 
 cally no manufacturing carried on there, the import of 
 
 £(1,000,000 worth of merchandise for a pojiulation of 170,- 
 
FIFTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 17, 1899 
 
 73 
 
 000 people showing what a fine market it presents for its size 
 to tlie outside world. 
 
 To a great extent the portiDn of these figures which refers 
 to food products is being decreased yearly in proportion as 
 the land is lieing placed under cultivation, and in a few years 
 it is estimated that enough wheat and other farm produce 
 raised locally will he available for domestic consumption. 
 
 At the same time the demand for manufactured goods is 
 on the increase, agricultural, electrical, mining and other 
 machinery being imported on a much larger scale than here- 
 tofore. And we must come to your market for a long time 
 yet for most of our finished and light lines which freight 
 rates do not affect to any ajipreciable extent. 
 
 I feel that I cannot conclude my paper without thanking 
 the organizers of this gathering, on behalf of myself and 
 the Colony of Western Australia, for their most generous 
 hospitality; to thank them for the opportunities which they 
 have provided for studying the wonderful organization under 
 the auspices of which we are gathered together, and also for 
 the means which they have afforded for discussion of tho.se 
 commercial interests which are of vital impoi'tanee to the 
 welfare and advancement of all nations. 
 
 Diredor IT'. P. Wilson : 
 
 These papers have been of especial interest and value. 
 The next thing is the discussion on the topics relating to 
 New Zealand and Australia. I have the pleasure of calling 
 upon Jfr. A. Asher Smith, from Sydney Chamber of Com- 
 merce. (Applause.) 
 
 ^•1. Asher Smith: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: To look at the 
 map of Australia, one is not impressed with the idea that it 
 is densely populated, but from the number of papers that 
 have been read during the last two days, we are bound to 
 think that very little of that land remains undiscovered. 
 
 You have been told that our principal products are wool 
 and gold. Still I believe there is a very heavy duty on wool. 
 But I have not yet learned that there is any embargo upon 
 Australian gold in this market. I take it that is what you 
 would be glad to obtain from Australia, and that is the 
 object for which this Exposition has been arranged. Now 
 
 1 am pleased to be able to assure the American manufac- 
 turer that there is absolutely no prejudice in the Australian 
 market against his goods. In the past we have found the 
 American manufacturer liberal to the utmost, and in regard 
 to his facilities, we have found the packages in which he does 
 up his goods satisfactory and attractive, and just the sort 
 of thing we like to see on our shelves. Then in the matter 
 of packing, he also excels the German and the English manu- 
 facturers, but I think I may say, in justice to the American 
 manufacturer, that he has something to learn in regard to the 
 Australian trade. He ha.s not been sufficiently represented 
 in the past, but I am not going to discuss the method of repre- 
 sentation; suffice it to say that it is the only way in which 
 the Aiuerican manufacturer can get our orders and our busi- 
 ness. 
 
 Another feature which strikes the Australian importer is 
 the rather crude ideas in regard to shipping which exist here. 
 AVe find that the American manufacturer, or at least his repre- 
 sentative, has been leaning almost entirely upon some one else 
 instead of looking out for the shipping himself. 
 
 I think it is absolutely necessary, if America is to do the 
 full extent of business in Australia, that the American manu- 
 facturer should l)e able to ship to Australia direct. 
 
 In that connection it would be just as well if the American 
 manufacturer cordd be induced to say something about the 
 condition of things existing in the Australian trade, that is. 
 
 in the transport of goods from America to Australia. I feel 
 assirred that the more these hints are given and thought out 
 and acted upon, the greater it will be to their advangtage. 
 
 And, in connection with the hardware trade, I do not know 
 that the .statistics, wdiich have been very voluminously given, 
 include all the hardware of New South Wales, or are an ac- 
 curate description of the hardware trade in its complete form. 
 
 Now, when I tell you that New South Wales has a trade of 
 something like seventeen million dollars, it will at once be 
 seen that it is a trade worth cultivating, and there is a dis- 
 position on the part of the Australian people to give more 
 business to the United States manufacturers. But if that is 
 to be accomplished, the American manufacturer must keep 
 pace with them, that is to say, he must be in a position to 
 supply the trade wants at all times. It is sometimes the case 
 that when the American manufacturer gets very busy he pre- 
 fers to look out for his own trade rather than for the export 
 trade, and I was glad to see in my examinations made in the 
 Museum, that in some forms the manufacturer is looking 
 for trade when times are good. 
 
 On behalf of New South Wales, I should like to support the 
 idea of reciprocity wliich has been suggested at this Congress. 
 We import from America pig iron, which is raw material 
 for manufacturing purposes. Now, I should hope, sir, that 
 the time is not far distant when you will be calling for Aus- 
 tralian wool for the manufacturer in this market. It seems to 
 me str-ange that such a large manufacturing country as 
 America should have continued to import any portion of 
 woolen goods from other markets. I hope the time is not far 
 distant when Australian wool will be admitted free into 
 America, so that the American manufacturers can buy in the 
 cheapest market material for the comfort and well being of 
 the citizens of the United States. (Applause.) 
 
 In conclusion, allow me to say, on behalf of the Sydney 
 Chamber of ("ommerce, that we tender our thanks for your 
 entertainment and for the interesting evidences of American 
 enteri>rise. which we have been able to enjoy. I can assure 
 you on behalf of our Chamber of Commerce, that the 
 American manufacturers will always be welcome in the city 
 which claims to have the finest harlna- in the world — the City 
 of Sydney. (Applause.) 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 The next gentleman who ^vill take part in the discussion 
 will be J. Milne, Esq. 
 
 Mr. Milne not being present, I will ask if any one in the 
 audience cares to say a word on this subject? We will be 
 glad to hear from any manufacturer of the United States, if 
 he desires to ask a few questions concerning any point for 
 which there was not time in the numerous papers that you 
 have heard. 
 Fred. F. Smilh (Burlington, New Jersey): 
 
 The only cjuestion which I woidd suggest is in reference 
 to a line of wooden blocks that are used for paving. I would 
 like to know w"hether they could be shipped from Australia 
 and whether they coidd be received in exchange for Amer- 
 ican goods? 
 
 It is possible that many othei- things might be brought as 
 well as these paving blocks, and that a good trade might be 
 worked up which would be more to our advantage than 
 other lines. I cannot now think but undoubtedly the right 
 idea of commerce is to find some article in some country 
 wdiich you are trying to deal with that will be given in equal 
 exchange for goods that can be sent from that country. That 
 plan might be adopted for the sale of machinery, a great deal 
 of which is used in South Australia, and not manufactured 
 there. It seems to lie an easy trade to send a vessel load of 
 machinery to South Australia and to bring back wool, paving 
 blocks, and frozen ralibits. Perhaps it would be well to have- 
 
74 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 the idea of soiuu oi the yentleiiieii |ii('>eiit I'imiii that eniiiiliy 
 on this siihjcct. 
 
 Mr. A. Ashkr .'^milh.- 
 llow would you like to luivc a little of our gold? 
 
 .¥/•. Fred. F. Smith: 
 
 We would be glad to have a good deal of it. I l)elieve if 
 we could discuss these questions between the Americans and 
 Australians jiresent, we would get a lietter idea, and do jnueh 
 better than wo coidd by weeks of corresjiondence. We kjiow 
 wvy little abmii the wooden paving blocks. 
 
 ^fr. II. K. ('alder: 
 
 As a I'ejiresentative here from Western Australia, I do not 
 know a great deal about the actual handling of the blocks 
 because 1 am not in that line. I understand that tliese bk)cks 
 can l)e furnished on ships at a price of £.5 and ilO a thousand 
 feet. I do not know what the imee would be to the United 
 States because we have no trade with the United States to 
 guide me. I should say it would be very mucli tlie same 
 because we cannot always get outward freight ti) Australia, 
 but to New York it can be cjuite easily obtained. Eut, of 
 course, these l)locks can only l)e shipped by tlicmselves. You 
 must understand that. You cannot bring a cargo of Ijlocks 
 and general merchandise. I can give pri(;es of good piles 
 and tindjer if any of yon would like to try it, but I really know 
 \ery little about it. ]f you were once to use the blocks you 
 would use nothing else. They are actually the hardest bfo'cks 
 that can be got for that purpose. (Applause.) 
 
 Dimlnr ir. r. Wihon: 
 
 I ouglit to say right here that the Museum will illustrate 
 fully all the different kinds of hard wood which were jnade 
 uj) for us in Australia, and we have the paving blocks and 
 the wood in Cjuite a number of different forms. The 
 blocks were cut out and sawed up into six blocks and 
 they have been cut into different forms to illustrate different 
 modes of shipment. We have all the details in the Museum, 
 gathered several years ago when the City of Philadelphia 
 asked us to investigate the matter of w^ood paving. We wrote 
 at that time to 150 engineers in all the States and all over 
 the world, asking for their complete experience in wood pav- 
 ing, and we received many elaborate reports. 
 
 We also were favored, through the kindness of the repre- 
 sentatives in Sydney and elsewhere, with samples of a pave- 
 ment that had been laid and used, and thoroughly tried, 
 and which was taken up by the square, and sent to us! I beg 
 also to say in regard to these pavements that they are here and 
 can be seen, as also the reports that were made at that time on 
 wood paving. It would take an ordinary person a montli 
 lo go over the reports. We made out a short report, wliich 
 gave the substance of the matter, and it was passed over to 
 the City of Philadelphia. We i)ublished over a thousand of 
 tlie.se reports, sending them to the ]irincipal cities of the 
 Tuited States. That illustrates, gentlemen, here, a little 
 .something of the work this institution is doing just in one 
 particular. We invited, of course, all tlio.se States and cities 
 iufercsted in wood paving to send reports from their engineers 
 or to ,^end their engineers here to exaiuiuc and go over com- 
 pletely the ])a])ers on the sul)ject. If there are anv others who 
 desire to speak, we shall be glad to hoar fmui tli'em. 
 
 Mr. Jr. Bolhrrhaiii (Melbourne): 
 
 This Jarrah timber is a, very valualtle produ(-t and is shi])ped 
 largely to England for street paving. T believe it has given 
 every satisfaction, and if used here, would l)e a decided im- 
 liroyement. Your i}resent jjaving is most crude and the ever- 
 lasting noise of vehicles ]ia.«sing over the granite or stone 
 
 iiihble is very annoying to the pedestrian. If your city coun- 
 cil would give this wood-paving a trial I can assure you that 
 the timber lilocks would be supplied free of cost! Once 
 honestly tried, I feel convinced you would use it largelv in 
 this beautiful city. I should at any time be pleased to hear 
 from the authorities in the direction I liave indicated. 
 
 Col. George W. Bell (representing New South Wales): 
 
 Mr. Chairman, I am not an xVustralian, but I have given 
 some attention to the matter on behalf of my own cormtry, 
 and I can say something about it after residing there a year 
 and a half. I know a report was made on this matter, "and 
 it was read before the Chamber of Commerce, in London. 
 Some of our Western cities are laying street pavements of wood 
 cut in the same manner as our.s, except that w^e are not jmtting 
 the wooden blocks so far apart, we put them nearer together^ 
 partienlariy in New South Wales. I know nothing about the 
 industries of the other sections. I can a-ssure you the wood 
 can be had, but the price was not quoted. I think my little 
 pamphlet is without doubt on file in this Museum. 'But I 
 assure you that these timbers or blocks cannot be shipped 
 with general merchandise from New South Wales. It was 
 concluded the best way not to ship in blocks, but in scantling, 
 as they have machinery to make the blocks in the American 
 mills, ajqiliances by wliich they secure exact measurement, 
 more so than in the mills in our country. They put them 
 under an apron and saw them perfectly 'true, aiid they can 
 handle the timber much more cheaply in that form. 
 
 I am satisfied that if any one in your American cities is 
 willing to correspond with me when I return, I shall take 
 great pleasure in placing the correspondence in the proper 
 hands. There is no trouble, although I must say there is no 
 great amount of timber in Australia for manufacture or ex- 
 ]iortation. In my opinion it is the best wood for paving. 
 There is not a city in the world so well paved as Svdnev, in 
 New South Wales. I sent a block of the wood to this Mus- 
 eum, one side of which was polished and the other side split. 
 Blocks of this kind, I have been told by a friend of mine, a 
 gentleman in wdiom I have perfect confidence, have been used 
 on a street which was one of the most used streets in the 
 world for twelve years. Such is the hardness of these blocks 
 that after they have been in use for twelve years, they were 
 hauled up to the works, cleaned, cut by a machine andrelaidat 
 the moderate expense of sixty cents per square yard. Re- 
 member that these blocks were in use twelve year's, and had 
 only worn seven-eighths of an inch, if I am right. They have 
 been laid one-half inch apart;, but it was discovered that it 
 makes a better street to lay them clos« together. That is the 
 reason these blocks are taken up and sawed off and relaid — 
 that is, they put the same block down again. The analytical 
 chemist who examined tlie blocks declared there was no evi- 
 dence of deleterious matter or bacteria or anything of that 
 kind. This wood, in my opinion, is the best that can be put 
 to the purpo.se of paving. (Applause.) 
 
 T would like to add one word on the subject of Australian 
 lumber. Its great value lies in \\\n directions. First, its 
 hardness, and second, it contains a gummy oil which prevents 
 the al)sor])tion of moisture, and that is tlie great secret of its 
 siiecessful use. f believe hard woods of .\uslralia are the best 
 for paving, for that reason, liecause they are filled with oil 
 wliich prevents the absorption of moisture. The timbers that 
 were sent here. I observed, were absolutelv drv after vou had 
 jienetratcd hall' an inch. 
 
 Dhrrhir IT. /'. Wilson: 
 
 May i have the ])lea.sure of asking you. Honorable Sir 
 .Andrew Clarke, to jireside at the rcaib'ng of lln' next p.iper. 
 (A])l)lause.) 
 
FIFTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 17, 1899 
 
 75 
 
 Lieulcnant-Cleiicral, the llvii. Sir Andrew Clarke, G. G. M. (i., 
 C. B., C. I. E.: 
 
 On the subject of federation 1 have been asked to take tlie 
 chair. M}- only qualification in all probability, or my chief 
 qualification, being that I was there when the idea of feder- 
 alism was started, wliich was shortly after we obtained a 
 constitution under which we are now being governed. Fed- 
 eration was brought forward in the assembly of which I wa.s 
 a member. In those days each of the colonies had quite 
 enough employment to look after the interests of the com- 
 munity, and I felt it my duty to oppose federation, and it 
 was through my action, to a certain extent, that federation 
 disajjpeared from the public jilatform. I do not at all regret 
 this action, and I now feel a satisfaction that the time has at 
 last come when federation as a practical measure could be 
 a.dopted. My honorable friend and colleague, who is going to 
 offer this papier to you, has a special cause for your respect 
 and esteem. From the time I mention, down to "89 or '90, 
 the matter had been taken up and dropped, and taken up and 
 dropped. In 1889 the subject was again considered, and it is 
 due to the initiative of my friend Dr. J. A. Cockburn, in 
 conjunction with the late Sir Plenry Parkes, my friend, the 
 Prime Minister of Victoria, and Mr. Gillies. The conventions 
 having tliis matter in charge have followed the business up 
 until it has now culminated in the establishment of a com- 
 monwealth which will live for the future. I cannot sit down 
 without .saying a word about the matter as an old Tasmanian. 
 That little island that you see here representing a very small 
 portion of Australasia, was still one to which my eye was at- 
 tached in every possible way, and one about which I would 
 have been glad if somebody had spoken, especially of its many 
 good qualities, so that they would have been presented at this 
 Congress. Let me add these few words, because Tasmania 
 goes into this federation, and its present Prime Minister, a 
 dear friend. Sir Edward Braddon, is a far-seeing and a clever 
 statesman, one who has also been a ver}' active promoter of 
 this movement. Still, I say, I should have been glad if some 
 one could have been present from Tasmania, to represent 
 that island, which is not the least in the whole Australasian 
 group. I will with these few remarks ask Honorable Dr. 
 Cockburn to address this meeting on "Australian Feder- 
 ation." 
 
 Hon. Dr. J. A. Cockhurn: 
 
 First of all. Sir Andrew, allow me to thank you for the 
 honor you have done me in taking the chair on this occasion, 
 as I regard it a great privilege to 1)6 able to address as chair- 
 man, one who has been so long and so honorably associated 
 with political work in our colony. 
 
 Let me say also, ladies and gentlemen, that I feel it is an 
 act of much temerity on my behalf to dare to appear in this 
 city, in this vicinity, in the neighborhood of Independence 
 Hall, that Mecca toward which all eyes are turned whenever 
 the question of federation is discussed, in which federation 
 was adopted ultimately. 
 
 Allow me to say it is an act of temerity to venture on such 
 an undertaking. Sir Andrew Clarke is a man who has won 
 the claim to great regard. It has been my good fortune to 
 be present with federation from its inception in 1889 and 
 1890, when the conference was called by Sir Henry Parkes. 
 and I think it was called — the invitations were issued actu- 
 ally in the name of Mr. Gillies — and a conference was held 
 in Melbourne Legislative Council Chamber, in 1890. That 
 was the commencement of the present movement, which has 
 led, as you all know, to a final consummation which is just 
 now being had. 
 
 But I will not in this utilitarian Museum, where antiqui- 
 ties are out of place, where everything is carefully discussed. 
 
 go into the history of federation; 1 will not discuss the 
 archa?ological curiosities which obtain in remote ages; I will 
 not refer to the wonderful federation of mediaeval times, a 
 federation of one language, one government, one religion, 
 which took place under the Catholic Church. 1 wall confine 
 myself, as befits one who speaks in the shadows of Indepen- 
 dence Hall, to the utilitarian present day aspects of federa- 
 tion. You all know that there is a time in the affairs of civili- 
 zation, when there are movements constantly at work, to quote 
 an expression, centrifugal and centripetal movements some- 
 times prevalent, but at the- present time there is no question 
 as to what is the characteristic of our day, and there can be 
 seen in this close communion a desire to draw together closer; 
 it is that very centripetal tendency which has caused the Aus- 
 tralian federation to be an accomplished fact. (Applause.) 
 
 All the tendencies of the day are towards a closer union 
 of the Australian colonies. They felt this — they felt it be- 
 fore the colonies were formed. Sir Andrew Clarke has told 
 you, that in the old times, without being settled, the question 
 of federation was often discussed. I cannot follow that out, 
 but you all know that there is a certain time in the tide of the 
 affairs of men, which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. 
 The time then was not suitable; things were not ripe. The 
 time is ripe now. If the subject had then been forced to a con- 
 clusion, it would have led To greater antagonism between dif- 
 ferent parts of the country than ever. 
 
 Now, in the first place, our problem is a little difEerent from 
 that of other countries which have adopted a federal form of 
 government. Look as you will to the United States Feder- 
 ation, the Canadian Federation and tlie Swiss Federation, and 
 you will find that there were external causes w-hich tended 
 to bring the elements together. Common dangers — there is 
 nothing to make a bond of union so much as a common 
 danger, a hostile environment — it makes all the prodigals 
 come together, just like globules of oil dropped into a hostile 
 environment, a glass of water. We have had none of them to 
 drive us together. We have had no war and no hostile en- 
 vironment. It is all pleasant and there is no bad prospect of 
 the atmosphere being disturbed. We have been drawn to- 
 gether by a force of internal attractions, and I think we have 
 shown that it is possible to form federations with no com- 
 pulsion whatever. Tliis is an example of the people acting 
 their free will at the instigation of their own necessity, with- 
 out being driven to it by any outside force whatever. 
 
 Now, first of all, let me say to you here, that I hold in mj' 
 hands a parchment copy of the territorial bill signed by the 
 president and the clerk. This will go down in my family as ' 
 one of the most precious heirlooms. It is a measure which 
 was drawn up with so much care and which is now about to 
 be put in force and become law. Let me show you the title. 
 "Draft of a bill to constitute the Commonwealth of Aus- 
 tralia." We chose the name of Commonwealth because we 
 found that word more than any other well served to describe 
 Australian unity; to minister to the commonwealth and to 
 sujiply the needs of the whole community. Now, as a practical 
 matter, the chief gain we are striving for in this common- 
 wealth is a union of the colonies — to have inter-colonial free 
 trade. That is the chief object in view-, and that is the chief 
 giiin of this measure. Many of the other parts of the bill are 
 concessions, made in order to obtain this great boon. They 
 were confronted at the border with a hostile custom house, 
 and they determined to do away with it. We found it prac- 
 tically impossible to shape the general customs union with- 
 out an instrument of federation. I think the same was the 
 case with the ITnited States. I don't think there was a 
 general solid line of custom houses between the States until 
 there was a general legislative federal imion. We have 
 adopted this measure of union as an entering wedge from the 
 date of the removal of our hostile custom houses on the 
 
76 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 borders. For our chief object in view we have surrendered 
 some of oxir autonomy. The matter was discussed Ijy the peo- 
 ple, and they were asked whether thi'V wnidd make the sur- 
 render. The reason that appealed to them was that we are 
 not making it to another power, we are making it to ourselves. 
 It is o)dy the surrender of some of those jiowers which we 
 autonoiuously enjoyed, changed to a power whicli is Aus- 
 traliaJi, .seaied in Australia or some of its territories. Now 
 we have taken as our model the framing federal act. Three 
 of the great federations of the world were consulted. First 
 of all the United States, that has been our chief model, 
 secondly, the (.!anadian federation, and, thirdly, the Swiss 
 federatidu. 1 can assure you, sir, that the United States con- 
 stitution for the lasl; ten years has been one of the most well- 
 thumbed and well read instruments in (uir Australian col- 
 onies. (Ajiplause.) 
 
 Our problem has been almost identical with yours. We, 
 however, could see what was coming. AVe could hear in this 
 part of the globe, comprehend where the complication began. 
 And we knew that the conflict was between the large and 
 small states, and arose from their mode of looking at the 
 subject. 
 
 I well remember the Convention in 18i)(). I remember we 
 had then bickering all the time, and thei'c oame first the 
 surrender of one power, and then' anothei', and this in turn 
 I'lillowed bv the surrender of another power for the benefit 
 of all. 
 
 There was a rei^resentative, a ilr. j\lichael Scott, from 
 Ouecnsland. a man who was filled with a burning fire of 
 j)atriotism ami a desire for union. lie was a man who was 
 .^o eager that it had almost worn out his bodily frame. I 
 remember although he took an active part in the Conven- 
 tion of that year, that after the next Convention in 1891, 
 when the question was again the subject of discussion, we 
 were reverently bending over his remains. Time after time 
 during the deliberations of the Convention quarrels would 
 arise, and when we were about to go to our homes, having 
 al)andoned the resolution, something took place in the hall 
 which reminded me of the time when George Washington 
 rose and used words which are memoralile. I cannot ex- 
 actly repeat them, and I did not bring them with me, as I 
 thought every rhiladeljibian would know them by heart. 
 -And this is what (ieiu'ge Washington said to his people: "If 
 we ourselves adopt what we do not ourselves approve, then 
 we cannot succeed in our task and will not raise a standard 
 to which the wise and the honored can resort. The result is 
 in the hands of tiod." (Applause.) 
 
 At this time an impressive scene took place. Mv. ilc- 
 Crosson sjioke with such burning earnestness that it arrested 
 the attention of every one present. You could have heard 
 a )iin dro]) in the hall about two minutes after he ceased. 
 His words drew tears to the eyes of many, and there were 
 tears in his eyes and every one .sat there silent and uiuilile to 
 make any physical exertion, they were under the biscinaliim 
 of this sj)ell, the spell of a great deed whidi had conic dnwn 
 through a hundred years to us in Australia. We sat tbere 
 for about two minutes without a word, and then we (piietly 
 adjourjicd to meet the next morning in a bctirr frame nf 
 mind. (Applause.) 
 
 Now the present movejnent originated about ten years ago. 
 There was then a convention in Mellxnirne, which Mr. fiillies 
 helped to conduct with others whose names will be hundred 
 iis the names are honored in the United Stales of those who 
 fdunded the Union. The convention was held and delegates 
 were sent and at that time I was one of the del(>gates from 
 South Australia. We passed a resolution in 1S!)() that the 
 time had come for a union. We appealed to various parlia- 
 ments and a conference was held the next year, to which 
 seven delegates from each colony were sent. The ne.xt vear 
 
 the question came up again. There were seven delegated 
 from most of the colonies. I think some of the colonies did 
 not send their full t|uota. A bill was drawn up in 1891 which 
 was refeiTed to a conference — a parliament — -for considera- 
 tian, but I suppose the time was not ripe, the fruit was not 
 ripe yet to fall into onr hands, and the measure dropped and 
 was only resuscitated at a convention held in '97. On that 
 occasion, Mr. Kingston, the Premier of South Australia, was 
 president. The measure was lost then, and there was another 
 convention in the same year in Sydney. Finally, when this 
 bill was actually brought up and accepted, the convention was 
 held in Melbourne in '98. The provisions of the measure 
 were that it should have no force until it had been referred 
 to the people for their direct assent or rejection. Last year a 
 referendum took place and a conference, and it was carried 
 by a majority elsewhere, Init unfortunately in New South 
 Wales the constitution (irovided a certain number of affirma- 
 tive votes. That is, there should be eighty thousand affirma- 
 tive votes obtained in favor of federation. There was a refer- 
 endum, but it did not have any force, although a majority 
 decided in favor of the bill by about five thousand votes — it 
 was that much short of the eighty thousand votes required. 
 The resolution in consequence of the condition of things came 
 to a stand-still for a short space. The matter was pressed, 
 amendments were made in the measure which were thought 
 would reconcile the people in New South Wales to the bill. 
 The result was that early in this year a referendum was again 
 taken by the colonies, and at this time there was no necessity 
 for the statutory number of affirmative votes in New South 
 Wales. 
 
 The next step was to allow the people to have an opportu- 
 nity to approve the federal in.strument; it passed in the var- 
 ious legislatures of the colonies; addresses to the Queen were 
 made praying that an im])erial act might be introduced giving 
 effect to this majority. That is the position in which affairs 
 are now. These addresses have arrived in London and are in 
 the hands of Hon. Joseph Chamberlain. I am glad that 
 South Australia was the first to take effectual steps in this 
 matter. These were also taken in Victoria, and then in Tas- 
 mania and New South Wales, and the addresses have by this 
 time, as I have said before, arrived in London. At the Im- 
 perial Parliament next year this federal bill in its entirety, 
 with small amendments which we agree to, will be passed by 
 the Parliament, will receive the lm]ierial sanction, and become 
 the law of Australia. 
 
 Now the first point to which 1 think I should direct your 
 attention is the fact that we have clearly enumerated the 
 ]iowers of the Federal government. I suppose 1 am speaking 
 of a matter that is thoroughly understood here. I may say 
 that I refer to the dirt'erences between the constitution of the 
 United States and that of Canada. In the United States, 
 only certain enumerated powers are placed in the hands of 
 the Federal authorities. 
 
 You see this is a cardinal condition. We have followed 
 the example of the United States and delegated to our Federal 
 authority only enumerated ]iowers. This is the case with 
 the whole group of colonies. All j)owers that could possibly 
 be effectually preserved in the hands of the State were kept 
 in the hands of the State. The greatest pride of the Anglo- 
 Saxon race, and the thing which they most dearly prize, is 
 autonomv. T think that is what made our colonization 
 so successful. I say the lirst point is that only enumerated 
 powers ai-e plact'd in the hands of Federal authority. We are 
 constantly adding in Australia new powers undertaken by the 
 government, but they will not in any event countervene the 
 l*"ederal authority because not enumerated. 
 
 I will refer now to I he important ])owers vested in the Fed- 
 ei-al aulliorify. 'I'hc government, of course, is absolutely and 
 necessarilv foi- fi-cc ti-ndc. and it is the universal opinion that 
 
FIFTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEK 17, 1899 
 
 77 
 
 taxation should be uniform, especially so in regard to the 
 tariff. Among the powers vested in the Federal Parliament 
 are the control of postal, telegraph and telephone depart- 
 ments; also light-houses, quarantine and defense departments. 
 It is hoped that the marriage and divorce, naturalization, 
 bankruptcy and copyright laws will be uniform and that the 
 solution of trade disputes extending beyond the limits of any 
 individual State may be placed in the hands of the federal 
 authorities. 
 
 In South Australia we have a law by which a solution 
 can be reached in cases of federal dispute. This law gives 
 the federal authority the power to appoint a board in cases 
 where the solution extends beyond the limit of any State into 
 another State. 
 
 Mr. Reeves, the pioneer of the l>ill in New Zealand, con- 
 nected with this matter, had it incorporated in the constitu- 
 tion, so that in the case of a dispute in any other State 
 'embracing more than one State in its area, such disputes 
 could be settled as being outside of the enumerated federal 
 powicr. We find that New Zealand has taken the step ahead 
 of Australia in the matter of invalid old-age pensions. The 
 commonwealth does not interfere with this in any way, as 
 it is not one of the powers of the commonwealth. 
 
 Then there are some powers such as the acquisition of 
 railways with the consent of the State. Legislation is done 
 by a Senate and a House of Representatives. We have, 
 therefore, two houses, as in the United States and Canada. 
 We call our two houses the Senate and the House of Repre- 
 sentatives. As is the case in the United States under the 
 Constitution each State is to enjoy certain equal, inalienable 
 rights of rej)resentation in the Senate, no matter whether its 
 population is large or small, and no matter whetlier its area 
 is extensive or limited. We consider that this is absolutely 
 neeessarj', and I believe it has been found here too, owing 
 to the possibility of the rights of the smaller elements of 
 the Commonwealth being overlooked by the larger popula- 
 tion. At the same time the House of Representatives repre- 
 sents a wide pojiulaticni. and extra representatives are chosen 
 in an exact proportion, and on a population liasis — exactly in 
 proportion to the population of the individual State. There 
 are two houses so as to maintain a balance of power accord- 
 ing to the population — the power of the people. The mode 
 ■of election I may say also is this, in both houses, both Sena- 
 tors and Representatives are elected by a direct vote of the 
 people on an absolutely popular franchise. I believe I am 
 correct in saying that in the United States the members of 
 the Senate are elected by the legislatures of the several 
 States. We found that was impossible with us, with small 
 legislative houses. We have, therefore, both a Senate and a 
 House of Representatives elected by the people on the basis 
 of popular franchise. 
 
 We are to have six senators for each of the original States, 
 that is to say, the States that come in at the formation of the 
 new Commonwealth. We have not so many States as you 
 have in the United States, therefore we could not select, as 
 you do, only two Senators from each State. That would not 
 make the House of a practical size. We have six colonies out 
 of which to make States, and we give the right to each colony 
 joining the Commonwealth to send a certain number to the 
 House of Representatives, which would make a House of pro- 
 portionate size and magnitude to the interests which are 
 presented to it for consideration. Thus far four colonies have 
 given their adhesion, and the fifth one, Queensland, has 
 adopted the measure by popular vote, but will have to pass it 
 also in its Parliament. Each of the States will have six sena- 
 tors as indicated, and this number will not be diminished 
 without a change in the constitution itself. 
 
 Our representatives, as near as possible, are double in 
 number to those of the Senate. The senators take their 
 
 seats in groups, three for three years and three for a longer 
 time. The House and Senate ai'e subject to dissolution if 
 it is necessary. We do not think any Legislature should have 
 any fear of their constituents. So the legislators do not fear 
 going back to their constituents and asking for a fresh man- 
 date. When it was proposed to make the Senate subject to 
 dissolution it was thought it would weaken the Senate. I 
 was not in favor of it myself, and I took that view of it. 
 It was afterward thought that it would strengthen the Senate. 
 It does really keep the senators in touch with their consti- 
 tuency. I do not see that the dissolution of the Senate will 
 in any way have any influence on its strength. 
 
 Our representatives are chosen for three years, and the 
 House is liable to be dissolved. The qualifications of both 
 houses are identical. A representative must be twenty-one 
 years of age, and either an Australian subject or five years 
 naturalized. 
 
 Now there is the difference between the powers and uses 
 in that country and in the United States. No executive 
 powers in the first instance are vested in the Senate. The 
 Senate has no power to originate bills for raising revenue 
 or imposing taxation. Such bills must be brought forward 
 in the House. The Senate may suggest an amendment. 
 Each bill relating to taxation must contain one subject. No 
 coercion is exercised in that respect. There might be a case 
 where even dissolution would not be a conclusion, or a satis- 
 factory solution of a dilemma, because the members of each 
 Ijodj- might be upheld by their constituents. Each would be 
 of the same mind after dissolution, so that it would not be a 
 perfect remedy, and we have provided that in case a bill is 
 passed by the House of Representatives and is twice reported 
 liy the Senate to the Governor-General, he dissolving both 
 houses, then under the constitution, if the same bill is 
 passed by the House of Representatives, it can be rejected by 
 the Senate, and then a joint meeting of the two houses will 
 take place. This, of course, is a very serious matter, if the 
 Senate gives consent, or is of only half the normal strength 
 of the House of Representatives. That is one of the altera- 
 tions that has been made in the bill, as actually drafted in 
 Sydney. 
 
 As it stood then, it required two-thirds or a majority of 
 those sitting in the two joint houses to carry the bill which 
 tlie Senate had rejected. It is now decided that an absolute 
 majority of the joint houses in session shall carry the bill. 
 
 No doubt this weakens the Senate. There is no doubt then 
 about the earnestness of the laws made for the people, or 
 the earnestness of a certain class of people who may stand 
 up like a solid wall of resistance against the House of Rep- 
 resentatives. Personally, I always supposed that this amend- 
 ment was a good one, and I have not the slightest doubt 
 the instrument will work out its own destruction if it is 
 not a good one by making the people live up to the require- 
 ments of it. Of course, it must be remembered I am one 
 who comes from the smaller colonies. We do not hold as 
 much power as those coming from a greater number of con- 
 stituents. Therefore, we are not as strong. We should be as 
 strong as possible. We do not have any great number — it 
 is always on the basis of population, that is, the number of 
 representatives in the House. That number is selected on 
 the basis of population. Many men hold precisely views like 
 m}' own. They think that this is a great measure. I think 
 that we have more smaller colonies and it may be a protec- 
 tion to them. 
 
 Now the executi\e ])ower is vested in the Governor-Gen- 
 eral. This is what is called a constitutional government. 
 All his acts are undertaken in his own name, but of course, 
 he acts on consultation with his ministers. It is then really 
 tlie cabinet which decides the action of the Governor-Gen- 
 eral. Then there is this precaution taken against any usur- 
 
78 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 pation of authority or any undue exercise of it by the ex- 
 ecutive power. For instance, all appropriations of revenue 
 must be made by law. Of course, that places the executive 
 practically in the control of the Parliament. 
 
 They c-aunot carry ou business without money, and money 
 they cannot fi;et without the Houses of Parliament voting it. 
 
 Then we have a provision which may seem strange to 
 American ears. The executive officers must be members of 
 the Senate. Each minister must be a member of the Senate 
 or the House of Representatives. Here, of course, the actual 
 minister does not .sit in the Legislature. We have found it 
 best to have the ministers sitting in the Legislature. We 
 have an administration more in accordance with the popular 
 will. If the ministers are members of the Senate they will 
 take their scats and take })art in the discussion of the two 
 brandies of the Legislature; therefore, as you have in the 
 T^nited States, we have a High Court of Appeal. This High 
 Court of Appeal will exercise its jurisdiction in case of ap- 
 ])eal. and will also in eases where there is a call for the in- 
 terpretation of the constitution. These are functions of our 
 Supreme Court, the same as they are the functions of the 
 Supreme Court of the United States. I must say that during 
 the discussion on the federation movement we have always 
 entertained the highest respect for the Judges of the Supreme 
 Court of the United States. From Chief Justice Marshall 
 downward we look upon them as a numlicr of men whose 
 nanu's have been jdaced on the roll of honor. In numy re- 
 spects we have imitated the Fnited States High Court. Of 
 course, under some situations there is no appeal. There is 
 no appeal from the interpretation of the power of the con- 
 stitution. We thought it proper to give that power to the 
 Au.=itralian judges, so that they .shduld interpret the laws 
 which referred to the constitution. 
 
 Then there is an Interstate Commission, which is to decide 
 all (jucstions affecting trade, navigation and commerce. The 
 n\embers of the Interstate Commission are mcmliers for cer- 
 tain years, and can only be removed by the Judge of the 
 Supreme Court, in some form of proceeding. 
 
 I will not trouble you with ([uestions of purely individual 
 experience. 
 
 >'/'/■ . I Hihrir ( 'huir : 
 
 That remains wilhoiit alleratiim. 
 
 Hull. I)r. Jdliii A. (Jiiii-huni: 
 
 The cDustitution remains the same in this direction. I 
 think it docs m>t say very much abont it. At one time the 
 Governors liail more power than tln-y liavc now. 
 
 This is a crucial point that not only concerns the pro- 
 ducers of the United States, but of the world. The moment 
 the federation is formed, the customs duties are collected by 
 the federal authority, and within two years of the formation 
 of the eointrumwealtli a iinifoiiii customs tariff must be 
 framed. That is the point to whirb the commercial world 
 is looking. Here we have such a nrndition that a merchant 
 or manufacturer looks over a number of tariffs, in order to 
 find what tarilf he is to use to send g0(}ds to Australia. Fed- 
 eration simplifies that. After two years tliei'e will 1)0 one 
 taiTif for all the Stales included in the l''e(h'ial union. The 
 only exce|)tion is regarding Western .Australia. It is doubt- 
 ful whether Western Australia will come into the eommou- 
 wealth, but just at I be pi-esent they do not seem free to agree 
 to joining. Jkit we lia\'e met as far as ])ossible the comli- 
 tions of every one of the States. We have nu't the eomli- 
 tioiis of Western .\ustralia, with a little exccjition with re- 
 gard to customs duties. Their tariff was luit to lie a<>imi- 
 latcd; they were to do it by degrees; they were to have Hie 
 right to impose for some time on a declining scale and special 
 .series of customs duties. 
 
 The attitude toward the neighboring states is most friendly. 
 Queensland was not represented at the last convention. We 
 were anxious to get Queensland in the commonwealth and 
 glad she decided to come in. Had she remained in or out, 
 our relations would have been friendly. The same is true as 
 regards New Zealand. She sent representatives to the con- 
 vention in 1890 and 1891. In 1890 she sent Captain Russell; 
 in 1891 she sent three delegates — that grand old man. Sir 
 George Gray, Mr. Atkinson and Captain Russell. I have not 
 considered New Zealand coming into the commonwealth 
 as within the reach of practical politics, but if she comes 
 in, she will be hailed with acclamation; if .she remains out, 
 our feelings will always be most friendly toward her. We 
 look, of course, to this unification of our cu.stoms duty not 
 only as a boon to the commercial world, but also to the very 
 great expansion of our own trade and production. What the 
 whole commercial world longs for is some fixity in these mat- 
 ters. Once the federal tariff is fixed you \vill know where you 
 are. What that tariff will be I will not prophesy, but you 
 will lie fair in taking for granted that it will be between the 
 highest and lowest of Australian tarilf. You may make a fair 
 estimate that it will be somewhat of a moderate tarilf, a 
 revenue-producing tariff, but at the same time, a fairly pro- 
 tective tariff. 
 
 May I occupy your indulgence for a few minutes longer 
 when I say to you that this movement of federation in Aus- 
 tralia has been forming on an ever-broadening basis. We 
 have found that to get the people into the movement was a 
 necessity for the interest which is essential to sustain the 
 movement and to bring it to a successful issue. The con- 
 ventions that have been held within the last ten years have 
 failed, because they were not formed on a sufficiently broad 
 basis. In 1890 the delegates to the convention were nomi- 
 nated by the government. That was a narrow franchise, 
 and, as a result, the people didn't take a sufficient amount 
 of interest in it to make it a success. In 1891 they were 
 sent with a higher mandate, on a wider basis. They were 
 elected by the votes of the various colonies. Still, even that 
 did not bring the people into the movement and did not give 
 it the ]Kipular interest which the last convention endeavored 
 to arouse, and that convention is going to be successful. 
 
 Delegates to that convention were elected by the people; 
 the people felt that they had an interest in the movement; 
 they felt that they had a personal interest in the matter and 
 were able to make a basis upon which to form a federal struc- 
 ture with every aspect of stability. Now there is an inter- 
 esting innovation in this last instrument of federation, which 
 was ab.sent in the bill framed in 1891. That is, a consti- 
 tutional change can only be made in the commonwealth after 
 a referendum has been taken by the people on the subject. 
 To change the constitution the first step is to get the first 
 alteration passed by an absolute majority of both houses of 
 the federal parlianu^nt. After that, it is referred to the people 
 of the several states and the total majority is necessary in 
 order that alteration of the constitution may be ratified. 
 
 I thiid'C we have provided for a fairly rigid constitution, 
 and yet not an extremely rigid one. Anything so difficult to 
 amend, for example, as the Ignited States Constitution, would 
 not have proved very suitable to the exceedingly democratic 
 people of the Australian colonies. 
 
 The measure is, I think, one of the most ilemocratie. That 
 has been said so frecineiitly lliat it is almost ti'ite, but I think 
 that it is instinctive with the deni )cralic spirit. It breatlics 
 of tiusf in the people and faith in the future. We look to 
 ibis as an instrumeni in whieli wi' can cndiark our precious 
 freight and oiw national hopes without fear or misgivings, 
 f'veipient ly those wlio liave spoki ii in faxor of tliis federal 
 mo\ement have I.Immw ii a suspicion oii llii-- ^le.ii eoniin(Mit. 
 When WI' liavc placed our ])reeious freight in the const itu- 
 
FIFTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 17, 1899 
 
 79 
 
 tion which lias been framed, after iiiaiiy patient years of work, 
 we can exclaim with tlie i^oet in those most truly patriotic 
 expressions: 
 
 "Thou too, sail on, ship of state! 
 Sail on, Union, strong and great! 
 Humanity witli all its fears, 
 Witli all the liopes of future years, 
 Is hanging breatliless on tliy fate! 
 
 ''Sail on, nor fear to breast the sea! 
 Our hearts, our hopes, are all with thee; 
 Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears. 
 Our faith triumphant o'er our fears. 
 Are all witli thee — are all witli thee!"' 
 
 Sir Andrew Clarke- 
 Mr. Reeves, of New Zealand. (Applause.) 
 
 Ffiin. W. Pemhcr Rceres: 
 
 I^adies and Gentlemen. — 1 think that it will not be inap- 
 propriate that one who is a colonist — not an Australian — 
 one who has studied the federation of the Australian move- 
 ment very closely, but not yet from a point of view of a 
 sharer in it, should arise on this occasion to move a hearty 
 vote of thanks to our friend. Dr. Cockburn. (Applause.) 
 And I take the greatest pleasure also in embracing this op- 
 portunity to thank him personally for his friendly reference 
 to New Zealand. (Applause.) It is not the only friendly 
 reference to my colony that has been made by Australian 
 speakers, either on the platform here or privately to myself, 
 and I shall take great care to be sure that my government 
 knows the feeling, and I trust that it may not altogether fall 
 to the ground. Ladies and gentlemen, as you listened to the 
 eloquence and sincerity of the earlier part of Dr. Cockl)urn"s 
 address, I think it must have been borne in mind that to a 
 considerable extent the federation movement in Australia 
 was based on the feeling of heartfelt patriotism ("hear"), 
 and as you listen to the clear and plainly-worded exposition 
 of that very complicated thing, the Australian federal con- 
 stitution, tlie exposition that occupied the latter part of my 
 friend's address, I think that you must have been favorably im- 
 pressed with the business-like capacity evidenced by the Aus- 
 tralian Commonwealth. ("Hear."") But had you known what 
 a difficult and complicated task it has been to work out that 
 constitution, had you known the number of knots which in- 
 telligent people have managed to tie in trying to comprehend 
 that constitution during the last ten years, then your grati- 
 tude to Dr. Cockburn would have been greater still. (Ap- 
 plause.) I frankly admit that if I were to speak to you about 
 federation in general and the Australian federation, snme 
 of my views would not be those of my honorable friend. But 
 this is not an occasion for criticism. I propose to confine 
 my remarks to his speech, and on that I have no criticism to 
 offer. 
 
 I ask you. ladies and gentlemen, to pass a hearty vote of 
 thanks for my friend"s most able and instructive address. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 Gentlemen of the Convention. — 1 desire to have the honor 
 of seconding this vote of thanks. (Applause.) 
 
 <S'(/" A lid re ir Clarice : 
 
 And it becomes my duty to put the resolution that you have 
 heard, that a vote of tliaiiks be given to Dr. Cockburn. (Ap- 
 
 plause.) I wish you would do so by acclamation. (Applause.) 
 \'ote carried by acclamation. 
 
 Dr. Cockburn: 
 
 Mr. Reeves and Dr. \\'ilsou and Sir Andrew Clarke: I 
 thank you very heartily for this expression, and. Sir Andrew 
 Clarke, for the very liearty expression to which you have 
 just given effect. I can only say that although I occasion- 
 ally may have been obscure, it is an instrument which re- 
 quires one to keep his wits about him — thinking about it. 
 Every word of this constitution may frjmi a basis for in- 
 viting lawsuits in the future, and one feels almost as if he 
 were in a witness-box when speaking on this subject. How- 
 ever, I believe that the measure is simplicity itself, and I 
 thank you very much for your generous overlooking of any 
 obscurity. I deeply appreciate the vote of thanks of Mr. 
 Reeves and Dr. Wilson. Mr. Reeves and I are friends. We 
 have the honor of occupying the very same positions in the- 
 colonies. We have taken part in forward movements and we 
 have traveled in the United States. I deeply appreciate his 
 kind remarks, and also those of Dr. Wilson. 
 
 May I move a vote of thanks to Sir .\ndrew Clarke? (Ap- 
 plause.) 
 
 (Vote sustained by acclamation.) 
 
 Sir A lid re ir Clarke : 
 
 Thank you very much, brother delegates, for the lunior tliaf 
 you have shown me. 
 
 I hardly ever hoped I would see — I do hope still that I may 
 see — the accomplishment of this federation. I told you in the 
 beginning of my remarks that more than fifty years ago I 
 was called — I do not regret it — I was called to speak in be- 
 half of those who wanted federation at that time. I think 
 I may use this occasion by drawing your attention to one more 
 significant fact given by Dr. Cockburn with reference to the 
 reason why this federation is necessary for the establishment 
 of a uniform tariff. I dwelt upon this, because it is a matter 
 connected with the object of our being here in Philadelphia. 
 Remember when I opposed the establishment of the federa- 
 tion in 1855-56, we had free trade, a uniform tariff on taxa- 
 ble articles, in the hope that five colonies of Australia were 
 to be limited to certain revenue taxation. It was a departure. 
 I don't say it was justified. It was a departure from that 
 cmnmon system of customs that held over the Australian 
 colonies. It was a de])arture from that which has now given 
 birth to the reason why we should go back on that line, in 
 order to re-establish what we enjoyed in those days. For- 
 give me for alluding to a fact of this kind, but it is still 
 worth mentioning. I thank you very much. ('"Hear, hear," 
 applause.) 
 
 Director IV. P. Wihon: 
 
 Before I start I have two or three announcements to make. 
 First, that the mail for the delegates to-morrow will be found 
 in the little room, at the left of the platform, in the Conven- 
 tion Hall on the Exposition Grounds. That means that our 
 to-morrow's meeting will take place in the Exposition — the 
 Congress Hall — and that the mail will be carried there for 
 the delegates. Also that I am requested to ask the delegates 
 from the Chambers of Commerce from the United Kingdom, 
 to meet in conference on Tuesday (this evening), at eight 
 o'clock at the Hotel Walton. I am also asked to announce 
 that all those who wish to attend the theatre to-morrow 
 evening will find Mr. C. A. Green at the Hotel Walton, be- 
 tween six and eight o'clock. 
 
 Adjourned at 5. OS p. m. 
 
PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 SIXTH DAY'S SESSION 
 
 riULAUHLPUiA, AVeduesdiiy, October 18, 1899. 
 
 MoH.\i.\(; Sewsion. 
 
 The foUowiug delegates from the Aiiierieau Asiatie Astiu- 
 ciation were present at this session of the Congress: 
 
 Kverett Frazar, Presiih'iit nf Frazar & Co. 
 
 Saniuel D. Brewster, Vice-President of Deering, Millil-cen & Co. 
 
 Josejjh E. Patterson, Treasurer of Fearon, lianiel & Co. 
 
 John Foord, Secretary. 
 
 Silas D. Webh and Howard Ayres, of China-Japan Trading 
 
 Company. 
 A. M. Townsend, New York Agent Hong Kong and Shanghai 
 
 Banking Corporation. 
 (Jeneral William Barclay Parsons. 
 James S. Fearon, of Fearon, Daniels & Co. 
 H. Norden, of A. Norden & Co. 
 ]•]. P. Cronkhite, of Smith, Hogg & Gardner. 
 
 E. H. Sampson. 
 
 Capt. A. E. Piorkowski, L G. N. 
 
 Thomas E. Jevons, of I'usk & Jevons. 
 
 Albert Cordes, of E. D. Cordes & Co. 
 
 R. P. Messiter and J. F.C'owperthwait, of J\Iinot, Hooper & Co. 
 
 Thomas A. Plielan, of (icorge W. Lane & Co. 
 
 William Thomson, of the John Thomson Press Company. 
 
 Ralph N. Thomson, of the Neptune Water Meter Co. 
 
 R. N. Fairbanks of the Fairbanks Company. 
 
 C. A. Schieren, Jr., of (Charles A. Sehieren & Co. 
 
 W. P. Frothinghani, of the American Ih'adinn' Ciiiii|ianv. 
 
 Alfred H. Post. 
 
 F. B. Thurber, I'nited States Export Association. 
 James 1). I^'oot, of Kearney & Foot Co. 
 
 (ieorge C. C'larke. 
 
 George M. Tsniglit. 
 
 J. Alnion. of the Diairioiid State ('ar Spi'lng Co. 
 
 Tlie iiii^cting was called to oidci' in the ( 'oiivi'nt ion Hall, 
 E.xposilion r.iiilding. at J().."i.'> a. in., by Director W. P. 
 Wilson. 
 
 Din-dor \V. J'. Wilson: 
 
 It gives me great pleasure tins uioriiiug to have llir (i|i|ior- 
 tunity of introducing, as ('liainuau ot this session, llu' Hon. 
 Cornelius N. Bliss, of New York. (Api)lause.) 
 
 J foil. Cornel ins N. HIIss: 
 
 Gentlemen: I thank vmi I'oi- the |irivilege to express uiv 
 appreciation of your kindness in inviting me to ])resi(le over 
 the deliberations of this China Day, as I understand it to be 
 by the program. After a few brief observations I shall gi\c 
 way to the regular business of the day. 
 
 Of the many exposition- that lia\r I'ollowcil the Ceuleu- 
 
 nial Exhibition, organized in this good City of Philadelphia, 
 culminating in the White City of Chicago, none has been, 
 it seems to me, of greater practical importance, or is likely 
 to have larger influence on the commerce of the world than 
 this Exposition and Congress, instituted by the Philadelphia 
 Commercial Museum. Here we have gathered the official 
 representatives of commercial bodies of the chief business 
 centres of the world for consideration, face to face, of the 
 complicated questions that may lead to the perpetuation of 
 present relations and the fornung of such others as may be 
 found mutually advantageous. 
 
 Commerce cannot be conducted on sentimental lines; it 
 depends upon reciprocation of interests that will make it 
 fairly remunerative to those who engage in it. If prices of 
 our mercliandiso are not competitive with those of other 
 countries, if the exchanges favor other capitals, yoti, gentle- 
 men of the Orient, will not trade with this part of the Occi- 
 dent. It must be our joint etfort here to establish a basis 
 for conducting the vast business which awaits the enterprise 
 of the commercial men of the east and west. We, of Amer- 
 ica, are not entering upon a new and untried field in pro- 
 posing business relations with China and the Indies. In 
 the early days of the Repulvlic, and up to recent times, when 
 the telegraph, lailroad and steamship changed the current 
 of trade, our shi|)s went out to the I-Cast loaded with Amer- 
 ican products, returning two years later, if they escaped the 
 dangers of navigation and Malay proas, bearing the teas, 
 spices and silks of the Orient. The aroma of those cargoes 
 still floats about the old warehouses of Central Wharf in 
 Boston and in the old counting rooms lingers an occasional 
 venerable white-haired mariner who loves to tell of the 
 dangers and triumphs of his career. He occasionally writes 
 to the papers lamenting the decadence of our shipping, and 
 decline of our foreign commerce, not realizing that, although 
 our commerce is not of the magnitude that it should be, it 
 is still a thousand times greater than it was under the old 
 condition.s, when he sailed his beautiful ship of five or six 
 hundred tons for the Straits and a market. 
 
 Possibly the merchants of the United States have not been 
 so aggre.ssive as they might have been in seeking new fields 
 of activity, but we have nol been an idle |)eople. The 
 coming census will show a population of o\cr seventy mil- 
 lions: our resources have been developed to a marvelous 
 extent in agriculture, in manufactures and in mining, and 
 our \ast lerfifory has been covered with telegraph and rail- 
 i-oad lines. Westward and still westward has been the 
 niiii-eh of the people, from the .\tlantic to the Pacific, until 
 lo-ilay ii gi'cat population rests on the border of that once 
 lonelv lookinn' ocean, looking siJH wcslwafil. and willi true 
 c-ommerciai instinct they .say to you, to China, Japan aiul the 
 islands of the seas, "Let us take counsel (ogefher, and, act- 
 ing for our muliuil advantage, lei us cover Ibis silent ocean 
 with lleets of swift laden steamships that shall bear in inter- 
 change the products of the people of the Orient ami the 
 
 80 
 
HON. ROBERT ADAMS. JR., 
 Member of Congress from Phila 
 
 GEORGE H. ANDERSON, HON. W. W. ROCKHILL, 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. Director, Bureau of Am. Republics. 
 
 HON. IRVING P. WANGER, CHARLES H. DUELL, HON. GEORGE F. EDM U NDS, 
 
 Member of Congress from Penn'a. U.S. Commissioner of Patents. Ex-United States Senator. 
 
 EDWARD ATKINSON, 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 J. H. STERNBERGH, 
 Reading, Pa. 
 
 A. M. WOOLSON, 
 Toledo, O. 
 
SIXTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 18, 1899 
 
 81 
 
 Occident, that may rival the commerce of the Atlantic on 
 our eastern border." Then will come, after 400 years, the 
 realization of the dream of Columbus, and the western route 
 to Cathay will be open to the commerce of the world. The 
 events of the past two years have given to us a community 
 of neighborhoods. As you merchants of China sail towards 
 the Continent of North America you will find your first 
 greeting under our flag at Manila and again at Guam and at 
 Hawaii. That we hold under the sovereignty of the United 
 States these convenient stations in the Pacific is ascribed by 
 timid citizens, who are afraid of commerce and expansion of 
 American commerce, to a desire on the part of the govern- 
 ment and people for imperial power. No such word as 
 imperialism exists in the American vocabulary. I prefer to 
 believe that it is the old-time Providence of the God in whom 
 the fathers believed, that has not only permitted, but com- 
 manded, this nation to deliver the people of the Philippines 
 from the oppression and tyranny of the centuries and to give 
 to them, as will be done in due time, the blessings of peace, 
 civilization and good government. As near neighbors to 
 you of China we desire to cultivate with you the closest 
 commercial and friendly relations. We desire to see your 
 vast ancient empire maintain its integrity. We ask no 
 special "sphere of influence," so called, which appears to be 
 only another term for disintegration and ruin for China, but 
 we hope to see her ere long abandoning the policy of seclu- 
 sion, come forth in the light of her civilization and power 
 and join the community of nations, to share in the prosperity 
 that awaits the grand commercial development of the 
 twentieth century. 
 
 Proceeding with the regular order, gentlemen and dele- 
 gates, the first paper to bo read this morning is by Mr. Ar- 
 thur E. Dowler, delegate fi-om the Chamber of Commerce of 
 Shanghai. 
 
 Mr. Arthur E. Dowler: 
 
 To the engrossing subject which we are discussing to-day. 
 I would like to add a few words with which, in as concise 
 a form as possible, I will endeavor to lay before you some 
 suggestions and facts which appear to me to be especially 
 applicable to this occasion, although, in the time at our dis- 
 posal, it is impossible to treat so prodigious a subject as that 
 of our trade with the vast Empire of China in anything like 
 a manner of which it is worthy. Still, it is undoubtedly the 
 hope of all that any seeds of information which we may, on 
 this occasion, be able to plant, will, in future, bear good 
 fruit and enable us to secure a portion of China's trade com- 
 mensurate to our ])osition as one of the foremost producing 
 nations of the world. 
 
 As any one who studies the progress of nations can easily 
 perceive, the producing capacity of these United States of 
 America, has now reached a stage which far exceeds the 
 consumption, and the ratio of excess is assuming greater 
 ])roportions year by year. It is, therefore, imperative for the 
 manufacturers of this country to look beyond its border for 
 markets wherein they ca7i profitably dispose of their goods, 
 and I say that our geographical position points out the vast 
 Empire of China and the continent of A.sia with its yet un- 
 developed trade, as pre-eminently ours. The natural course 
 of events in the world, the enormous natural wealth of this 
 country and the character of its people, precludes the possi- 
 bility which some would have us follow of a continuance of 
 our past seclusion, or what I would take the liberty of term- 
 ing, a continuance of a hermit trade. 
 
 With the adoption of a colonial policy by tlie United 
 States, we may now hope to see a rapid development of the 
 schemes for bringing this country into closer connection 
 with China — I refer to the laying of the Pacific cable and 
 the building of the Nicaraguan Canal — the latter of which 
 
 will bring us on the Atlantic coast thousands of miles nearer 
 to China and make us independent of the present Suez 
 route. It will bring us within easy reach of a market con- 
 sisting of eighteen provinces — I refer to China proper only — 
 with an area of 1,300,000 miles, a population of nearly 400,- 
 000,000 souls, equal to about 290 per square mile, a country 
 in which the germ of progress is now making fast strides, 
 and in which the possibilities are limitless; a vast empire in 
 which we, by right of treaty, are entitled to the same privi- 
 leges as those enjoyed by others, or by the most favored 
 nation. I ask you all, therefore, to earnestly support the 
 policy of the most rigid maintenance of American rights, 
 and to demand the security of American trade. 
 
 To be successful in China we must have a fuller knowl- 
 edge of its requirements and be in close and daily touch with 
 its people, and I look forward to the day when this country 
 may have as close ties — and I might say family ties — with 
 China, as our English and German friends. It is this close 
 connection which brings distant countries so much nearer 
 home and makes them so much more understandable to 
 them than to Americans, wlio are so sparsely represented in 
 the Empire of China; but while on this point I can only reit- 
 erate and emphatically endorse what more than one of your 
 consular agents have stated, that it is worse than useless to 
 send to China, as representatives of American enterpri.se and 
 trade, any but those of undoubted reputation and business 
 ability, for a Chinaman is capable of judging men perhaps 
 as well, if not better, than most other human beings, and in 
 one's dealings with the Orientals, character and knowledge 
 of character play a great role. 
 
 The Making Vv of Goods. 
 
 I cannot too urgently call to the attention of your nuinu- 
 facturers the importance of studying the requirements of the 
 market for which your goods are intended, and of closely 
 following minute details, which greatly accounts for the suc- 
 cess of our European competitors. Shanghai, which is 
 known as the New York of China, is the great distributing 
 centre of the north. Its import and export trade amounts 
 approximately to $70,000,000. The means of communica- 
 tion in China are at present primitive, being chiefly confined 
 to a great network of waterways. It is, therefore, most 
 important, in the making up of goods, that the size of the 
 packages, etc., should be adapted to the manner and mode 
 of transportation, either liy steamer, junk or pack animal. 
 
 Teade Marks. 
 
 Another important matter is that of trade marks, for the 
 Chinaman lays great store or worth on brands. Even now, 
 with our growing trade with the East yet in its infancy, this 
 question is beginning to cause confusion, owing to the simi- 
 larity of brands used by ditferent firms, and it is only by 
 the exercise of courtesy and extreme good-will that now 
 exists between the representatives of China firms and manu- 
 facturers in tliis countr)', that we are able to avoid greater 
 inconvenience. In regard to piece-goods, I would suggest 
 to manufacturers the inadvisabiUty of selling or giving the 
 monopoly of their original mill brands to any one party. 
 This, in my opinion — which, I believe, is shared by many 
 others — 'restricts the consumption of your well-known mill 
 brands, and I would propose that such monopolies of a 
 cloth or article, if desired, be confined to private marks 
 owned by firms in China; but keep the original mill brands 
 or makes open to all traders. 
 
 While on the siibject of brands, I may be allowed to ex- 
 press the hope that in course of time, it will be found feasi- 
 ble to adopt a practical, easy, inexpensive method for thti 
 
82 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 registration of track' luark^ in tlie same maiiuer as tliat at 
 present pursued in I-Cngland. 
 
 Quality of Goods. 
 
 Tlien again, I would call your serious attention to the 
 juatter of quality. A Chinaman is at all times an excellent 
 judge as to wliether he is or is not getting his money "s 
 worth of goods as represented, and this fact is, I think, in 
 tliis country, little appreciated. It matters not whether it 
 be locomotives, rails, water-pipes, piece-goods, soap, raw 
 cotton, or any other article. At all times the quality must 
 be maintained, and the thought ever present that we do 
 )U)t desire the trade merely for to-day or to-mormw; but 
 to get and maintain a foothold tlu'ough the excellence, price, 
 worthiness and regidarity of our goods which will bring us 
 to the forenuist ranks of traders with China. 
 
 Deliveries. 
 
 The matter of deliveries is also often a vexed question 
 here in America. Of course it is to be found all over the 
 world; but is, I think, a little more accentuated over here 
 than elsewhere. In the closing of contracts with China, 
 there are many matters to be taken into consideration, such 
 as freights, exchanges and opening and closing of naviga- 
 tion, etc., which vary according to the time on which you 
 figure goods will be shipped, and the cautious merchant as 
 a rule, when closing a contract, arranges for the freighting 
 and exchange at the same time that he fixes the prices and 
 date of delivery with the manufacturer. You can easily, 
 therefore, conceive that it the latter d<)es not fulfill his con- 
 tract in regard to delivery, it not only leads to serious com- 
 plications -with the buyer in China, liut also to considerable 
 loss ofttimes in exchange and rate of freight. I would ad- 
 vise manufacturers, therefore, to be very conservative on 
 this point and allow a good latitude for deliveries in making 
 contracts. 
 
 Catering for Trade. 
 
 If we intend to secure our share of this export trade to 
 (■hina, it is of vital importance that we should at all times 
 l)e prepared to cater to it. At present the outcry is often 
 heard there, that it is useless to endeivor to build up a 
 regular trade in this or that line of American goods, as ycui 
 only use China as a dumping ground for surplus stocks in 
 time of trade depression over liere. Therefore I say to the 
 nninufacturers of this country now that you have en- 
 tered upon a policy of expansion — now that you do earnestly 
 intend to strive after foreign trade — follow the example of 
 your European competitors — set apart a portion of your 
 l)lant or adopt such other methods as will make you always 
 ])reparcd to entertain such business and to supply a regular 
 trade. J)ii not look upon the business as one of only to-day 
 or to-UKUTow, liut as one that will be with you always. 
 
 Samit.k Wakkiiouses. 
 
 I have often heard the question propounded as to which is 
 the best means of bringing American manufactures and pro- 
 ducts before the notice of the Chinese and know of no better 
 medium than that so successfully adopted by our European 
 competifor.«, viz., through the intermediary of the great 
 commercial liouses long established in Cliina. many of 
 which are represented in this country and are bending tlu>ir 
 energies lo-day to extend their Anin-ican business; but find 
 comiianilively little support IViiin manufacturers in lliis 
 counfvv. alflidugli 1 think 1 can safdv >av tlial Ibcv will be 
 
 only too willing to give all the necessary information and 
 help, — and in fact I assume that this is one of their objects 
 in being on the spot. 
 
 -i Parcels Post. 
 
 I tliiidv also the adoption of a parcels post on a litieral 
 Ijasis with the Far East would prove of immeasurable value, 
 as the means of sending or receiving small packages or 
 samples at present are primitive in the extreme Ijetweeii this 
 country and Cliina. 
 
 (inowTii OF Trade. 
 
 Now to give you an idea of tlie growth in trade between 
 the two c(.iuntries in one article alone, viz., cotton-piece 
 goods, during the first .seven months of this year, 202,652 
 jyackages, ajiproximate value $6,000,000, against 119,477 
 ])ackage,s, approximate value $3,500,000, for the same period 
 of last year, were exported from this country to the Chinese 
 Empire, which, with its teeming population of 400,000,000 
 has as yet been exploited only on its borders. To bring the 
 size and possibilities nearer home, let us compare some of 
 the provinces with the states of this Union: 
 
 Hupeh, population 33,000,000; area about the same as 
 Indiana and Ohio combined, with 6,000,0(10. 
 
 Ilonan, 22,000,000; area same as Missouri, with 2,750,000. 
 
 Szechuen, 67,000,000; area about the same as Ohio, Indi- 
 ana, Illinois, and Kentucky, with 11,500,000. 
 
 Kwangtung, 29,000,000; area the same as Kansas, with 
 1,500,000, etc. 
 
 I ask you, therefore, is it possible to overestimate the pos- 
 sibilities of trade in such a vast Empire, all points of wdiich 
 are slowly Imt surely going to lie thrown open to the worlil 
 by a system of railways, some now in course of construction, 
 others projected, Ijut so far only 350 miles completed? Such 
 a trade prospect as this thrown open to us is worth having 
 and protecting to the utmost; but to discuss this I should 
 have to pass over from the commercial to the political, and. 
 as this latter aspect will be put before you this afternoon, I 
 would restrict myself by comnu'iiding to your urgent notice 
 the following clauses, which ajipcar in tlie treaties between 
 China and this country, viz.: 
 
 "Citizens of the I'nited States resorting to China for tlie 
 purpose of commerce will pay the duties of import and 
 export prescribed in the tariff. They shall in no ca.se be 
 subject to other and higher duties than are or shall be 
 required of the people of any other nation whatever, and if 
 additional advantages of whatever descrijition be conceded 
 liereafter by China to any other nation, the United States 
 and the citizens thereof shall lie entitled thereupon to com- 
 plete, equal, and impartial particij]ation in the same." 
 
 Further, in a later treaty: 
 
 "The contracting parties hereby agree tluit should at any 
 time the Tatsing Empire grant to any nation, or the mer- 
 chants or citizens of any nation, any right, privilege, oi- 
 favor connected either with navigation, commerce, political 
 or other intercourse, which is not conferred by this treaty, 
 such privilege and favor shall at once freely inure to the 
 l)enefit of the United States, its ])ublic ollicers, merchants, 
 and citizens." 
 
 Anil 1 would a.*k you if Iliis does not give us the right to 
 i'e(|iiirc (if t.he govenunent of the United States, action and 
 siqipdit to maintain our rights at all costs, to maintain the 
 alisolute equality of trade advantages, the integrity of Cliina? 
 
 Tlu're is an article in tlie September number of the Nnrlh 
 Anifrliini Hcrinr. iMililIrd "Kx Oriente Lux." written liy 
 Mv. .Xrcbibald Little, than whom there are probalily few 
 belter judges of the sit ii.il ion in ('liiiia. and to Hmsc w hii 
 
SIXTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 18, 1899 
 
 83 
 
 have not already read it, 1 would suggest doing so. In it 
 Mr. Little says: " 
 
 "The only question for America to decide is: How far is 
 it wise for her to abandon her present expectant policy in 
 the Far East and to actively interest herself in the interna- 
 tional struggle, of which the Chinese metropolis has unwit- 
 tingly become the distracted centre? For," he adds, "there 
 is little doubt that events in China are hurrying to a crisis, 
 and that every nation that would safeguard its interests in 
 the face of such a crisis must decide on a course of action, 
 form a definite policy and be prepared to meet eventualities 
 that all can foresee." 
 
 In conclusion, I congratulate the Commercial Museum 
 on tlie great work which it has inaugurated. We look 
 for good results from the joint efforts of the Amei'ican 
 Asiatic Association of New York, the American Association 
 of China, and the Philadelphia Museum, and I ask your 
 cordial support of these thi-ee important bodies which are 
 working so earnestly in the interests of American trade in 
 the largest market of the world — the Empire of China. 
 
 lion. Cornelivs N. Bliss: 
 
 The next paper to be read will he by Mr. Thomas R. 
 Wheelock, delegaite from the Chamber of Commerce, 
 Shanghai.' 
 
 Mr. Thomas R. Wheelock: 
 
 I will not occu]>y your valuable time by placing before you 
 the numberless opportunities for the expansion of trade 
 whi<'h are offered in China, as the ground has been so ably 
 covered by inany writers — a paper which appeared in the 
 Journal of the American-Asiatic Association of June 10th, by 
 Mr. Foord, covers the ground so completely that I recom- 
 mend it to your perusal and serious consideraition. I do this 
 without Mr. Foord's knowledge, and hope he will pardon 
 me for the liberty I am taking. 
 
 There are several questions of vital importance to Shang- 
 hai which I wish to bring before this Congress — d:he principal 
 one being the conservancy of the River Whangpoo (upon 
 which Shangliai is situated) and its approaches. 
 
 This is a question which has been before the mercantile 
 community of Shanghai for a great many years, and efforts 
 have constantly been made to induce the Chinese govern- 
 ment to do something towards improving them, without, 
 however, any success. 
 
 It is now evident that nothing can be expected from that 
 quarter, and a scheme is proposed for the formation of a Con- 
 servance Board, with full authority to carry out all necessary 
 works of improvement and to collect funds to cover the ex- 
 pense of same. 
 
 I submit herewith a full report upon the whole question, 
 and shall be glad to confer with your representatives as to 
 the best means of bringing the matter to the notice of this 
 government, as it is of vital importance that the port of 
 Shanghai be made available for the largest steamships. 
 
 The navigation is becoming more dangerous year by year, 
 and further delay will render the work more difficult and 
 expensive. 
 
 There are many other questions to be considered in con- 
 nection with the China trade, and I shall be glad to meet 
 and co-operate with your representatives in bringing the 
 most important to the notice of the government. 
 
 The principal of these are the placing of the transit pass 
 svstem upon a more satisfactory basis, and the opening of 
 the inland waters to navigation by foreign vessels. This has 
 already been done to a certain extent, but under the present 
 reo-ulations the privilege is of little value. 
 
 These questions arc of vital importance to American and 
 
 British merchants, and as their interests are identical, some 
 concerted action should be taken to place the trade of these 
 countries on a more satisfactory basis, and to insist upon 
 their treaty rights being respected. 
 
 Memoraxdum on the Proposed Conservatory of the 
 Whangpoo River at Shanghai. 
 
 The Conservatory of the Whangpoo is a question which 
 has been agitated by the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce 
 for nearly forty years, and it would appear that a short 
 memorandum explaining the situation and the requirements 
 of the port of Shanghai may be useful to those who are in- 
 terested in the China trade, but who have not sufficient local 
 knowledge to follow the discussions which it is hoped may 
 before long be raised at home on the subject. 
 
 This so-called river is, as a matter of fact, a sort of back 
 water of the Yangtse, deriving, it is true, a small propor- 
 tion of its volume from the drainage of the surrounding 
 country, but dependent for its existence as a navigable water- 
 way on the flood tide. The country round Shanghai has 
 been formed by silt, having at one time been completely cov- 
 ered with water, and the process is still going on. 
 
 The Whangpoo may be regarded as a sort of lagoon where 
 the process of silting has not gone far enough to prevent the 
 ingress of the tide, and the channel has been kept open by 
 the alternate inward and outward flow. Changes in the 
 direction of deterioration are constantly at work, and the river 
 must, through natural causes, gradually sink into a creek 
 unless preserved by artificial means. 
 
 The well-known Gough Island may lie quoted as an ex- 
 ample of what is going on. This island, which is only a short 
 distance below Shanghai, is now several acres in extent 
 and well above the highest tide, whereas there are residents 
 now in Shanghai who can remember when it was a bank, 
 covered even at dead low water. 
 
 In 1878 the Chairman of the Municipal Council wrote to 
 the Chamber of Commerce, pointing out the danger with 
 which Shanghai was threatened owing to the narrowing of 
 the river. 
 
 The width between Pootung Point and the mouth of the 
 Soochow Creek (a creek which divides the American and 
 English settlements) was in 1875 only 1,250 feet at low tide, 
 whereas in 1866 it was 1,820 feet. 
 
 At the present time the width is under 1,000 feet. The 
 condition of the mouth of the Soochow Creek is also a cause 
 of grave anxiety. The entrance is gradually silting up and 
 there is now a channel 200 feet wide at low water, of which 
 only some forty feet give a depth of eight feet. 
 
 Mr. Bisbee, the Coast Inspector of the Imperial Maritime 
 Customs, drew up a short report on the river, showing very 
 clearly the general deterioration which was taking place in 
 the Whangpoo from the native city of Shanghai down to the 
 Y'angtse. This report was published by order of the Inspector 
 General of Customs (No. 111. Miscellaneous Series No. 22 
 for 1894, "The Woosung Inner Bar and Wlaangpoo River"). 
 
 In considering the question it is necessary to make a dis- 
 tinction between the conditions of the Woosung bar and the 
 state of the river generally, for it is in consequence of the 
 prominence which has been given to the former that differ- 
 ences of opinion have arisen, causing a certain apathy toward 
 the subject on the part of the general Shanghai community. 
 
 It is natural that peajile who are not thnroughly acquainted 
 with the necessity for works, probably involving an expen- 
 diture of some millions of taels, should shrink from incur- 
 ring expenses which thev hope may not be necessary; when 
 they hear it stated that the bar is no worse than it.:Was 
 twentv vears agd. Being under the impression that it is the 
 condition of the bar alone which has to be considered, it is 
 
84 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 excusable that they should show an inclination to oppose 
 the views of those who have been compelled to give the ques- 
 tion special consideration. 
 
 The bar has been varied from year to year, according to 
 the strength of the scour caused by the tides, but the ten- 
 dency on the whole has been for the worse. This is fairly 
 generally admitted. 
 
 What is not universally known, but what it is equally true, 
 is that the whole river has shoaled and narrowed, and where 
 shoaling and narrowing has not been so marked, there has 
 been a development of "channel splitting." 
 
 PLxperts who have studied the matter and have been a1)le 
 to compare s(nindings taken at intervals, appear to be agi'eed 
 that the AMiangpoo as a navigable river is dwindling away, 
 in the manner of which the Soochow Creek is a plainly visible 
 example. 
 
 This creek was formerly periodically developed by the 
 ( Chinese authorities, a process which has caused for some years 
 along one section, between the stone bridge at Sinza and the 
 entrance from the Whangpoo. The result is that the mouth 
 is setting up. In other words, the creek is only preserved by 
 artificial means. 
 
 There are those who say that the present agitation on the 
 part of the shipping companies is due to the increased size of 
 the vessels which visit the port. 
 
 It is admitted that the size of the vessels has increased 
 during the past few years, but if Shanghai is to maintain its 
 position, and still more its progress, as a shipping centre, it 
 must see that the class of shipping is ke])t up to date. 
 
 Entrances and clearances at Shanghai during 1898 amonnt- 
 cd to (;.870 vessels with an aggregated tonnage of 8,205,288 
 tons, while the tonnage dues collected here during the same 
 period come to Haikwan taels 401,000. 
 
 (Note. — A Haikwan tael may be taken as the equivalent 
 of 3s. or 75 cts. gold.) 
 
 iVhatever may have been the draught of vessels which for- 
 merly visited the port, we have to consider that many of the 
 modern vessels which now arrive, such as the trans-Pacific 
 boats, and some of those ninning to Europe, frequently draw 
 lietween twenty-three to twenty-five feet, sometimes even 
 more, and no one will deny that every encouragement should 
 be given to boats of this class of trade here. 
 
 That the conservancy of the river is a matter of vital im- 
 portance and deserving of the fullest support is clearly shown 
 by the repeated efforts of the Chamber of Commerce for many 
 years past to bring the matter to a practical issue. Are we 
 to allow the water approaches to the most important trade 
 eenli'c of the Far East to become closed to the largo ocean- 
 going steamers which now call there, or will it pay us to put 
 our hands in our pockets and prevent the extinction of Shang- 
 hai as a shipping port? 
 
 A glance at the trade returns and a very casual inspection 
 of the settlements and the industries now carried on will leave 
 no doubt as to the answer which must be given. 
 
 The Commissioner of the Imperial Maritime Customs at 
 Shanghai in his usual trade re|)ort for 1898 quotes tlic fullow- 
 ing statement of the Coast Inspector: 
 
 "The Whangpoo continues to show signs of deterioration. 
 The most serious feature is the tendency to an equalization 
 of the channels on either side of Gough Island, a process 
 which, if continued, must sooner or later cause a grave do- 
 crease in depth." 
 
 The suggestions which have been made from time to time 
 by experts for improving the condition of the river are 
 all fairly in agreement,. One canal should be maintained 
 through which the flow and ebb can run freely. 'IMiis was 
 the scheme advocated by Captain Arthur, R. N., as long ago 
 as 1872, when instructed by the British Admiralty to report 
 on the matter, and this principle has been unanimously en- 
 
 dorsed by every competent expert who has since examined 
 the river. 
 
 We have flowing past the foreign settlement of Shanghai 
 a fine stretch of water, but, as said above, only a small per- 
 centage of the water is actually the drainage of the basin of 
 the Whangpoo. By far the larger part of the current is 
 caused by the flood tide. 
 
 Once the flood tide is checked, the current, in and out, 
 shows a rapid diminution both in volume and speed, with a 
 corresponding shoaling and narrowing of the channel. 
 
 The natural tendency of the tidal river whose banks are 
 formed of a soft, alluvial soil, devoid of stone or rock, and 
 entirely unprotected by artificial work, is, under the influ- 
 ence of strong ebb and flow, to become more sinuous by 
 erosion; the concave curves become more accentuated, with 
 a corresponding extension of the opposite bank, thus caus- 
 ing a decrease in the strength of the current. 
 
 This -(vinding of the river causes the flood tide to run 
 .strongest on one side and the ebb tide on the other. 
 
 During certain states of the tide, cross currents are set up, 
 and this irregularity of the current causes the formation of 
 shoals in the centre of the channel, which in time develop into 
 obstacles to navigation, and sometimes into islands rising 
 above high-water level. This division of the currents, which 
 may be termed "channel splitting," is one of the first and 
 most serious consequences of the Whangpoo being left to its 
 own devices. 
 
 To eft'ect a permanent improvement, not only would shoals, 
 such as the outer and inner bars, have to be partially dredged, 
 but the banks would have to be protected against erosion. 
 All secondary passages should be closed. 
 
 The river would have to be regarded as a canal, requiring 
 uniform depth and regularity of bank. 
 
 Experts believe that a passage from the sea to Woosung 
 will always be open, either by the northern or southern pas- 
 sage, for vessels drawing twenty-six feet, and there is no 
 reason why the river Whangpoo should not be made navi- 
 gable for vessels of like draught. 
 
 Looking at the volume of water in the river, spread over a 
 wide channel which might ])e constructed by judicious en- 
 gineering, and knowing what has lieen done in the way of 
 eonsei-vancy works in other parts of tlie world, there can be 
 no doubt as to the feasibility of what is proposed; but the 
 longer the work is delayed, the greater will be the expense 
 and the difficulty. 
 
 The river right u]i to the foreign settlement can be made 
 a fair way for the larger vessels visiting Woosung, and this 
 must be done, unless Shanghai is to lose its position as the 
 greatest trading centre in China. 
 
 No doubt the work should properly be done by the Chinese 
 (iovernment, whose duty it is to preserve such an important 
 waterway; but the financial condition of the government and 
 its peculiar methods render it useless to hope for any serious 
 and practical action on their part. 
 
 How absolutely ignorant the Chinese officials are as re- 
 gards the necessity for scientific con.servation of the groat 
 waterways of the Empire, is shown by their continual neglect 
 to take "ordinary precautions to jjrevent deterioration being 
 .4111 further encouraged by the acticm of the inhabitants on 
 tlie banks of these rivers. 
 
 So far as the Whangi>i')0 is concerned, this chielly talces the 
 form of blocking waterways by the cultivation of watcrnuts 
 and other aquatic "crops," with (isbimi screens and tlie ac- 
 cumulation of rubbish and old building material which is 
 thrown into the cracks at (he various towns and villages. 
 The only means to grajiple with this problem is by forming 
 a conservancy board, wliidi. acting under skilled engineering 
 advice, will have full power to deal with all these abuses, 
 not only in Shanghai, but in the neighboring waterways. 
 
SIXTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 18, 1899 
 
 85 
 
 This work will Lave to be undertaken by foreigners inter- 
 ested in the protection and progi-ess of the port, and they 
 should insist on being granted certain powers to this end, 
 although such powers may, to some extent, trench on the 
 sovereign rights of the Emperor. 
 
 After interminable negotiations, a scheme for the forma- 
 tion of a conseiTancy board to supervise the work, and with 
 powers to raise the necessary funds, has been submitted by 
 the Chamber of Commerce to the consular body. The latter 
 have forwarded this proposal to the foreign representative 
 in Peking, with an earnest recommendation in its favor. 
 The diplomatic body are said to be unanimously, or almost 
 unanimously, in favor of the plan, but they realize that a 
 scheme of such importance cannot be dealt with by them- 
 selves, and have therefore decided to refer the matter for the 
 consideration of their respective governments. 
 
 It is under such circumstances that it has been thought 
 that the above memorandum might l)e useful. 
 
 Hon. Cornelius N. Bliss: 
 
 We now have the pleasure of hearing from Mr. A. M. 
 Townsend, delegate from the Chamber of Commerce, Hong 
 Kong. 
 
 Mr. A. M. Townsend: 
 
 In speaking this innrning on behalf of the Hong Kong 
 General C'hamber of Commerce, I would say that I represent 
 no mean city — though sixty years ago Hong Kong was an 
 unknown and barren island, to-day it is not only one of the 
 most beautiful cities of the world, but commercially one of 
 the most important. 
 
 It may sui-jirise some here to hear that the annual tonnage 
 entering the port of Hong Kong is 8,000,000 tons — wliich I 
 believe is next to London and Liverpool as a shipping centre. 
 The aiLQual trade of Hong Kong is valued at 250,000,000 
 gold dollars, and the place is alive with business activity. 
 Foreign banks are established there. Among its factories, 
 it has three large sugar refineries, glass and match factories, 
 cement works, ice factories, cotton mills, tramways and three 
 large docks, and the importance of Hong Kong will still 
 further be increased when it becomes the southern terminus 
 of the great American Railway from Hankow to its adjacent 
 colony of Kowloon. But at this time Hong Kong must have 
 a special interest to this country, lying as it docs on the 
 highway of Manila, and being so closely connected with the 
 trade of the Philippines. In the first place, it must be an 
 interesting question as to what the wonderful growth of Hong 
 Kong is due; and the answer to that question is free trade, 
 open ports and government; and in urging on this conference 
 the importance, the necessity of a lil)eral commercial policy 
 in dealing with the Philippines, I speak with no uncertain 
 voice. 
 
 The development, the prosperity of the native interests 
 demand this no less than your own trade. 
 
 In Hong Kong, we have long witnessed the strangling 
 effects in the Philippines of selfish and restrictive commer- 
 cial legislation, and now with the American flag we look for 
 freedom, progress and prosperity. We are not afraid of pros- 
 perous neighbors; we like them. 
 
 I think it must be obvious to anyone who studies the ques- 
 tion that many acts of protective legislation that may be ac- 
 ceptable in this country would be quite unsuitable to the 
 situation in the Philippines. Take, for instance, the Anti- 
 Chinese Immigration Act, which it is proposed to apply to tlie 
 Philippines. 
 
 In this country you have the highest foi-m of intelligent 
 labor, resenting the intrusion of inferior labor; whereas there 
 you have inferior labor awaiting the imi)ulse of superior 
 talent. 
 
 There is no demand for any such law from the natives, and 
 so far as the American residents are concerned the Chinese 
 would not come into competition with them, but would be 
 most useful allies. The Chinaman is a born trader and the 
 Filipino is not, and it is to the Chinaman that you have to 
 look for a reliable and useful middleman in developing and 
 expanding your trade with the natives. In fact I do not see 
 how you can do without him, not only as a trader but as a 
 go-between, in the matter of carrying out public works and 
 contracts. 
 
 Although it is premature to attempt to discuss the subject 
 of the currency in Manila, I would like to make a few remarks 
 on that subject. The banking currency and the money of 
 commerce in Manila is the .silver Mexican dollar. At the 
 present time, w^hat business there is there, is mostly in con- 
 nection with the United States army, who naturally do their 
 thinking in money matters in United States gold dollars, but 
 when commerce again resumes its course, then the Mexican 
 dollar will still be the natural curreuey, and it would in my 
 opinion be introducing an unnecessary cause of friction with 
 the natives to try to make any radical change at present. The 
 wheels of commerce will run smoothly on the accustomed 
 silver basis for some time to come. 
 
 Now I would like to say one word about credit, which is 
 the soul of business. I sometimes meet with men so shrewd, 
 so clever, that they tell me "that they trust no one." I think 
 this shows a lack of knowledge of the use, the value, the neces- 
 sity of credit, and there is no stronger evidence wanted of the 
 desire to push American trade, and to make use in an intelli- 
 gent way of all the aids provided than is offered by this great 
 exhibition and the work of this Congress, and it is even neces- 
 sary to sound a note of warning on the other side of the 
 question. 
 
 I believe myself that America is destined to control a 
 large and increasing share of the trade of the Orient, and 
 the caution I would venture to give is, that in dealing with 
 new markets it is not necessary to deal with new men; the 
 old are better. There are plenty of old established houses 
 in the China trade ready and able not only to undertake but 
 to co-operate with in introducing all kinds of new business 
 until such time as it seems to you advisable to establish your 
 own houses there, and by dealing with them you will be saved 
 from many disappointments and bad debts. 
 
 And finally, there is no subject that I can call to the atten- 
 tion of this Congress of more importance than that of the 
 necessity of maintaining in their integrity all the privileges 
 and rights now existing under treaties with the present gov- 
 ernment of China. These treaties provide for free trade, sub- 
 ject to modern revenue duties with all the ports of China 
 open to foreign trade, and with a huge trade looming before 
 you it surely behooves this Congress to use all its influence 
 to prevent any of those rights being in any way infringed or 
 curtailed. 
 
 (The Chairman then introduced Mr. Everett Frazar.) 
 
 Mr. Everett Frazar: 
 
 Of our good friend, Mr. Townsend, I can speak from a very 
 long acquaintance and a great many years of residence in 
 China and Japan. He is a very modest man and you might 
 not understand the influence that has been exerted by the 
 large institution over which he presides in New York City, 
 for the development of our trade with the Far East. Many 
 of you may not know this gentleman. I will say he is an 
 Englishman and well known in New York. He is manager 
 of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, the 
 largest banking institution in the East. 
 
 I could speak of the good which that bank has done in the 
 development and building up of our trade from personal 
 
86 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 intercourse, and transaetious, goiug back to ISGO in Ciiina 
 and Japan. Although an English gentleman by birth, we 
 consider that he is about two-thirds American by this time. 
 Wo have no American banking institution in the East, and 
 although perhaps stepping on -the toes of my friend, Mr. 
 Town.«end, we, as Americans, really hope to see American 
 banks established in the East in the near, future, following 
 the pacification of the Philippine troubles- land for the still 
 further development of our trade, in honest competition with 
 our older friend, the Hong Kong and Shanghai Unnk. 
 
 II un. Cornelius N. Bliss: 
 
 I can certainly corroborate all that Mr. Frazar has said, if 
 it needs corroboration. It never occurred to mi' — Mr. Town- 
 send in so well kno\^^l in New York — it never occurred to me 
 that he needed a special introduction to this audience. 
 
 Lieutenant-General J. Wimbiirn Laurie (Delegate from the 
 London Chamber of Commerce): 
 
 The Maintenance of the Oi'ex Dook Poijoy in 
 China. 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: I never undertook to read a 
 jiaper on the maintenance of the open door policy in China. 
 I was asked what subject I was especially interested in before 
 the Congress, and I said I was particularly interested in the 
 matter of the maintenance of the open door policy in China. 
 What I meant was as to whether the question of still main- 
 taining that policy, in view of existing circumstances, was 
 wise. A few years ago I shoidd have been as strong an advo- 
 cate as any man could be of the desirability of maintaining 
 our rights in China — the rights have been referred to by the 
 previous speaker.^ — rights conferred upon us by the agree- 
 ments entered into between the Chinese Government, whose 
 able representative sits on the platform here, whom you all 
 listened to with great pleasure the other day, and our govern- 
 ment. (Applause.) The agreements were entered into be- 
 tween that government and our government, or, in the first 
 place, England and France alone, if I recollect right, but 
 afterward extended to all other nations. Well, sir, the policy 
 of Great Britain, at any rate, has always been "open door,'" 
 and any rights she obtained in trade with other countries were 
 rights to be granted to all indist-riminately. (Applause.) 
 The British have acted I hope in this manner toward oui- 
 cousins in the United States, which country has obtained tlic 
 same rights as ourselves. (Applause.) 
 
 I know we are sometimes accused of land grabbing and 
 that we want territory. Well — why not? We want territory; 
 when we can obtain the trade of that territory by no other 
 nieans we are liable to strive to obtain it if we think we are 
 shut out of that territory or that there is a chance for us to 
 be cut out of it. To that extent we are land grabbers. When 
 that state of things arises which I have referred to between the 
 inhabitants of a territory, then we at once hoist our flag and 
 take possession in the^ name of civilization. But at a time 
 when our ancestors were running about with not many clothes 
 on, using .sea-weed to cover up the deficienc'V, (his nation had 
 a high state of civilization, as much so as it has to-day. There- 
 fore we are not approaching them with any idea of .spreading 
 the advancement of civilization. I think tbe educated gentle- 
 men of China too, will compare with those of any country, 
 and I am happy to say, judging from the magnificent speci- 
 men — the Ambassador to the United States, who spoke to 
 us the other day, a man who can shame us in the use of our 
 own language, (apjilause), a man who spoke English as we 
 cannot, that there are many more of them. To think of it. 
 a man from a foreign land whose language is quite di(TiM-ent 
 
 from ours, and yet he conies here and sj.ieaks to us, giving 
 us an example of the choicest English, and showing us what 
 can be done. Om' good friend the other day said this Con- 
 gress ought to attempt to establish a universal commercial 
 'language. Well, I think that is establisliing itself. If any- 
 body wants to trade now in any part of the world, he will find 
 intelligent IjUglish and Americans there — 1 suppose I ought 
 to say Americans and English (laughter and applause), and 
 he finds that he had better know English. As we have the 
 two allied nations, allied in blood, allied in language, allied 
 in ideas, as we practically have the very largest portion of the 
 world before us, 1 think that we have practically established 
 a universal commercial language in the shape of English, 
 and those who wish to participate in the trade will find there 
 is a necessity for acquiring the language and nsing it. So far 
 1 am simply following the suggestions of his Excellency, but, 
 h&wever, the 'point I come back to, is that we will stand solidly 
 on our rights under those treaties, as have been mentioned 
 on the part of the government of that great Empire, com- 
 piled, as it has been, to look around to see whether we can- 
 no-t devise some other policy than the open door and free- 
 dom of trade, throughout the whole Empire. 
 
 In the first place, they are under what is called the sphere 
 of influence of Russia, where commercial enterprise can only 
 take a share with the sanction of the Russian Government. 
 Are we to take a step forward and associate ourselves with the 
 new policy or sphere of influence? I hope to be able to ask 
 this question of those directly interested in the Chinese trade. 
 They are much more competent to advise us, as it is a specu- 
 lation, but a specidation to which efl^ect can be given accord- 
 ing to the desires of the commercial communities of the 
 world. Effect must be given so that commerce may be bene- 
 fited, and so the question comes to us, shall we stand on out 
 extreme rights nnder the treaty, reference to which has been 
 made, or shall we consider that in certain portions of the 
 Chinese Empire those treaties are practically abrogated, and 
 are we then to adopt this plan, originated through Russia? 
 Are we to have a British sphere of influence, a French and a 
 German sphere of influence, such as that of Russia? It is 
 quite certain that what my gallant comrade of the British 
 Navy — Lord Charles Beresford — said here was right, China 
 still holds to the bill that the open door policy is the right 
 policy, and that all we have to do is to appeal. I am perhaps 
 afraid that we have forgotten our friends, the four hundred 
 million Chinese. Will we take them over to our management, 
 and will we manage the various functions of their govern- 
 ment? Will not the four hundred millions of Chinese have 
 something to say about it? It is not, what, if we do this, 
 would our friends in China have to say about it. Are we 
 coming in contact with the Chinese in North China, and are 
 we to force them to comply with their treaties? 
 
 We can take the usual remedy for broken treaties by going 
 to war. That will not ])enefit commerce immediately. It is 
 very doubtful whether it will benefit it in the long run. 
 Therefore, I would like to put myself in the proper position 
 before you to-day and ask what the view of the American 
 commercial public is on this point? Do they desire us to 
 fight? For what, I frankly say, I believe, now to be im- 
 possilile — what I believe two years ago could have been 
 established — the "open door" policy of freedom of trade for 
 all thrnughout the whole Empire. I believe and I recognize 
 that the government simply wishes to give what is desired by 
 A majority of the trading nations. When one nation comes 
 forward and says we want this, and another nation says we 
 want something else, and they will not make any effort to 
 get it, that is one thing. Wc would naturally say that the 
 nuist energetic nation would make an cIVort to get it. It may 
 be desired by other nations: the most energetic nations maygot 
 il. while tbe other nations are apathetic. So it seems to me. 
 
SIXTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 18, 1899 
 
 87 
 
 and so I fear we have been apathetic. We did not rise to the 
 situation at the time as we should. Wrong as we English 
 were, I am afraid, sir, I must bring the same charge against 
 the American nation. The commercial man sat still and 
 wondered what we were going to do al)out it. I cannot help 
 thinking that had we come out solidly at that time, that the 
 Chinese Government would have said, "Here are our two 
 principal customers, those who biiy from us, and those who 
 sell to us. What they want should have our first considera- 
 tion." I am afraid you did not act in time in reference to 
 this question. What we want to do now is to redeem the time 
 that was lost, t^an we put ourselves in a position such as we 
 occupied with affairs as they are now? You must not lie back 
 and let the people of the United States say, some get the ad- 
 vantage over us with the Chinese Government. You must 
 go in with us and determine to place before the Chinese Gov- 
 ernment what you desire, and what you claim under your 
 treaty rights. It will not do for one nation to undertake to 
 be champion for the whole world. You were ever mindful 
 about your home market, we say nothing about the mainten- 
 ance of your home market, that is your question. It is said 
 with regard to your home market, you have placed yourselves 
 in the same position as we have in your late Congress. You 
 have offered to make a new departure. I hope it is a riew 
 departure in the commercial policy of the American nation. 
 Then the American and British nations can get together 
 under one flag, and wherever that flag flics the influence of 
 either nation shall lie felt. That will do something. We do 
 not claim for these territories extras of trade for the English 
 and the United States citizen. We will continue to do as we 
 have done in the past and claim an open door to all nations 
 of the world, and take the same privileges that a brother com- 
 petitor might claim for himself. 
 
 Now that is my idea of an open door, and I lielieve in the 
 open door question. It may he we have lost trade in a cer- 
 tain portion of that great Empire. It may be that that can 
 never be regained and restored to us, without taking our 
 army and navy into service. You have shown that you are 
 quite able to manage that part of the busines for yourselves, 
 and I do hope, as was said by Lord Charles Beresford, I do 
 hope sincerely that we shall at least assert our rights to 
 trade — British and American — throughout the whole world, 
 until not only what remains of the great Empire is open to 
 us, but until all parts of the world are open. I do not wish 
 to place my views in opposition to your views as to whether 
 we can first carry the open door policy, and secondly carry 
 it in any shape; if so, we must work together to do it. 
 
 I will say this, that inviting expressions of opinions and 
 discussions on subjects like this will be of inestimable value, 
 for it will attract the attention of leading commercial men, 
 and enable them to bring pressure to bear on the politicians 
 who, after all, are simply those who execute the policy of 
 the nation, and the great commercial policy of the nation 
 must be guided by commercial men. Then the interest of 
 the country will be sen'cd — they will adequately and posi- 
 tively be protected and they can only be so protected when 
 we have that expression from those most interested and 
 those able to direct. Allow me to apologize for having taken 
 up so much of yowT time (applause). 
 
 Hon. Cornelius N. Bliss: 
 
 I am sure, gentlemen, that you will all coincide with me 
 that we have certainly heard an exceedingly intere.«.ting 
 address. It is well to hear both sides of the question and 
 discuss the matter, if discussion is required. The next 
 paper will be read by Dr. Gustavo Niederlein, Commissioner 
 to China, from the Philadelphia Commercial Museiim. 
 
 Dr. Gustavo Niederlein (Chief of tlie Scientific Department 
 
 of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum): 
 
 1 have here before me a mass of information systemati- 
 cally arranged, which I collected in China during a stay of 
 fifteen months. I also have here a number of sj>ecial papers, 
 all of which would be of great interest to you to hear, such as 
 on the foreign trade of China, a full account on the financial 
 conditions of China, including taxation, revenue and expen- 
 diture, loans, currency, foreign and native banking, as well as 
 a monograph on Chinese trade and Inisiness methods, with a 
 full account on the native and foreign merchant and their 
 business organizations. 
 
 I have here in my hand an historical sketch of CMnese 
 civilization, which also is too long to be read before you. I 
 invite therefore those interested in Chinese matters to look 
 these papers over with me at some other time. 
 
 This sketch of Chinese civilization demonstrates, on au- 
 thentic ground, its self-development, due largely without 
 doubt to China's separation by sea, high mountains, deserts 
 and long distances from other civilized nations, and to her 
 varied cofifiguration, climate, soil, flora, fauna, mineral 
 wealth, agriculture, industry and e.vtensive inland naviga- 
 tion, which had made her independent of the supplies from 
 foreign countries. 
 
 I present in this sketch a people nearly unchanged, like 
 its flora and fauna through ages, and in their way, cultured 
 for milleniums, which have survived Chaldea, Assyria, 
 Media, Babylonia, Persia, Judea, Egypt, Greece, Rome, etc.; 
 her most famous contemporaneous nations and cultures of 
 antiquity we know of, without having been much indebted 
 to them for contributions to her civilization. 
 
 In fact, we know only from a legend, although Chinese 
 historians make it appear as history, that in time of Iluangti 
 (about 2()50 B. C), ambassadors from Kuen-luen, the so- 
 called roof of the earth, came and brought science and art. 
 We judge from certain similarities that Chinese civilization, 
 especially its astronomy and astrology, might have been 
 influenced by Assyrians and Babylonians. 
 
 I demonstrate also that China had for ages her elective 
 and for about four millenniums her hereditary government, as 
 it had had her feudal and imperial sway, her native and 
 foreign dynasties, her male and female rulers and also twice, 
 within the last 3,000 years, her socialistic trials. 
 
 I further demonstrate that China several times, in different 
 epochs, had command over many nations in Asia, far beyond 
 her actual limits; that on the other hand she has also fallen 
 in several periods under the yoke of conquerors, but that 
 also she has been able to assimilate the foreigners, such as 
 Huns, Mongols and Tartars, in her civilization, as she had 
 been equally capable of giving hospitality in her own phi- 
 losophy to a great variety of religions. 
 
 I furthermore illustrate that in various periods her trading 
 ships went to India and Ceylon, and sometimes as far as 
 the Euphrates, while at other epoclis, all kinds of foreign 
 traders came to her ports and marts. 
 
 I could date back to remote antiquity her astronomy and 
 writing characters, her agriculture, silk culture, mining and 
 iron industry, copper coinage, bronze castings, etc. 
 
 I could also trace far back the construction of canals, 
 bridges, roads, as well as many government organizations, 
 l)esides certain laws, taxes, government monopolies and the 
 highly important institution of literary examinations for 
 the selection of government officials. 
 
 I further found that over 3,000 years ago there had already 
 been schools and the Kuotz'chien University established; 
 that for over 2,000 years the Chinese almanac, and for over 
 1,000 years the 6,ad.\y official paper, had regularly been pub- 
 lished. 
 
 I ultimately noticed that over 1,800 years ago, the Chinese 
 
88 
 
 PROCEEDI^'GS OF THE INTERN^ATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 paper, niifl i^ince more than 1,000 j'ears ago, the printing, 
 the gUMjiouder, the mariners compass, the porcelain, etc., 
 had i.icen invented, as well as the paper currency which then 
 for centuries had come into nse. 
 
 At last I understood that China had been a world and a 
 civilization by herself, solidly based on the principle of filial 
 piety, inchiding ancestor worship, and for milleniums snc- 
 cessfully upheld by the ethics of Confucius and through the 
 system of literary examinations, as weU as by the almanac, 
 which for about 2,000 years has regulated the public obser\'- 
 ance, and by the mentioned daily record, published on gov- 
 ernment affairs, for not less than 1,000 years, which has had 
 the necessary moralizing effect on the ruling class. 
 
 Going more in detail, I observed that for ages, it had been 
 the custom to give local autonomy and to leave to the gen- 
 eral government the care for national defence, internal peace 
 and order, as well as justice and a kind of legislation, pub- 
 lic examination and appointment of government officials, 
 public works, including roads, canals and river works, taxa- 
 tion and finances, coinage and currency, public ceremonies, 
 etc. 
 
 I may now add that the Emperor at the head of this mild, 
 despotic, patriarchial government, had usually been assisted 
 by a ministry of the Imperial house, and six ministers, cov- 
 ering civil matters, finances, culture, justice, war and puli- 
 lic work, besides by a board of censors, in charge of severe 
 criticism of all government acts, and since 18(il also by the 
 Tsungli-yamen, or ministry of foreign affairs, further by re- 
 sponsible viceroys, and governors in the provinces of China 
 proper, and by princes and governors in Manchuria, Mon- 
 golia, Thibet and other dependent states, which on their part 
 were assisted by commissioners of finance, commissioners of 
 justice, directors and collectors of the salt gabel, commis- 
 sioners of grain, intendants of circuit, several classes of 
 prefects, and sub-prefects and district magistrates. 
 
 I further may add, that the connection of the provinces 
 with the central government has always been relatively 
 loose, consisting mostly in regular remittances of taxes, a 
 certain prefixed sum of money, so that the provincial au- 
 thorities had always to be considered as the real rulers. 
 
 Chinese legislation had always been done only by the Em- 
 peror, on suggestion of his ministers, without a proper legis- 
 lative council; and then usually in a moi-e general way. I 
 found no precise and proper laws which would fit and legal- 
 ize the taxes or would regulate the functions and attributes 
 of each office and government official, or would represent a 
 real national legal code; nevertheless, the existence of volum- 
 inous books, such as, for instance, the Ta King liu li, or 
 Book on Chinese laws, in 436 volumes. 
 
 I noticed Chinese finances based on land tax, monopolies, 
 customs dues, sale of rank and position, some times on capi- 
 tal and poll tax, but lately, I have to add, they are based on 
 all kinds of taxes, at the choice of mandarins, to the detri- 
 ment of commerce, agriculture, industry and the people in 
 general. 
 
 Chinese ti'udo esju'cially had at all times sulTered, causing 
 various peculiar usages in commercial intercourse, as wefl 
 as VC17 high money intere.'^t, counterbalanced somewhat by 
 guilds established to protect their members from excesses. 
 Chinese industry I could not find better off. ,\s (here never 
 was estalilished a proper commercial code, so thor(> never 
 existed, until very recently, laws of patent and of protec- 
 tion of trade marks, and the encouragement and I'eward.s of 
 which Abu Zaid spoke, a thousand years ago, they have long 
 since gone out of usage. Industry, however, still subsists, 
 I may add, in good condition, through vigorous apprentice- 
 ship, kept through ages, and like commerce. Hi rough the pro- 
 tection by guilds or trade associations. 
 
 In regard to weights and measures, so essential in com- 
 merce and industry, they all show the influence of local 
 gdvernments for millenniums, being most varied throughout 
 the country. 
 
 The influence of ages and the varied political faith of dif- 
 ferent parts of the Empire in the course of time, is also visi- 
 l)le in the copper coins, of which over S(JO different kinds 
 have been collected, and in the immense variety of silver 
 weights. 
 
 Signs of time passed by, are further seen, in nearly every 
 road, bridge, canal, public edifice, as well as in nearly every 
 village, town, city, pagoda and temple of the Empire, mclud- 
 ing the capital, Peking. 
 
 Signs of decay are ob.served, not only in nearly all the 
 functions of the government, but also in public conscience 
 and in the character and morals of the people, as well as 
 in the economic condition of the nation. 
 
 A better aspect has agriculture, which millenniums ago 
 reached a high development, although there are many im- 
 jirovements, possible through scientific methods, wanted 
 everywhere in connection with proper exploitation of natural 
 resources. 
 
 Science, in our sense, never existed among the Chinese, 
 although they did know for ages the circulation of the blood, 
 and that the earth was round and suspended in space. 
 
 Chinese education has been for millenniums without peda- 
 gogy, reduced to retain in memory a numljer of classical 
 books, and the Chinese scarcely ever 'paid attention to the out- 
 side world. 
 
 China arrived, however, more than all modern countries, 
 at the truly normal state of a social equilibrium. There 
 are large regions, with dense population, where everything, 
 under their own .standard of right and wrong, goes smooth 
 and in perfect order, without the aid of a single policeman, 
 life and pi-operty being perfectly safe. Each village governs 
 itself without let or interference. Every man's house is his 
 castle, which no inferior officer can legally enter without a 
 special warrant from the provincial governor. 
 
 So we see hundreds of millions of farming people peaceful 
 and law-aliiding, cultivating their little fields; tens of mil- 
 lions of wheelbarrow men, cart, mule, donkey, horse, and 
 camel drivers, and freight carriers on back or "pole, crossing 
 happy and satisfied on bad and narrow roads, on plains and 
 mountains, all over the country; tens of millions of boatmen 
 and fishermen peaceably navigating the thousands of creeks, 
 little streams, rivers, canals, lakes, seas ;and tens of millions 
 of laborers and artisans worldng quietly in tens of thousands 
 of cities, towns, and villages, as well as tens of millions of 
 merchants following their trade, and other tens of millions of 
 lillerali, the aristocrats of the countiy, teaching or study- 
 ing, if not adnunistering as mandarins this vast country. 
 
 If we now consider that when modern civilization first 
 approached China, by the then discovered waterway around 
 the Cape of Good Hope, it was represented by traders and 
 seamen, which were little better than pirates, and which were 
 unable to prove its superiority or to inspire respect for west- 
 ern civilization. 
 
 When we further consider, that all following traders for 
 centuries, were culpable of frequent provocations and unfair 
 acts, as well as pronounced fendeiu'y for acirte selfishness in 
 their dealings; when we furthermore consider, that all em- 
 bassies of foreign countries bad nothing but mercantile gain 
 in view, I think, we shoulil 11. t lihnne China for having been 
 cautious in dealing with this rivilization and to have re- 
 stricted as much as possible all intercourse with foreigners. 
 When \vc consider, also, that the highly unjust opium war 
 and all f illowiiig wars could only augment the contempt 
 for foreign civiliziition, how can we expect that the Chinese 
 should learn to sympathize with western civilization, although 
 
SIXTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 18, 1899 
 
 B9 
 
 they had frecjueiit opportimily to recognize western super- 
 iority in warfare and mechanic-al art. 
 
 Not one of those nations which under the tlag of civiliza- 
 tion and Christendom, pressed China, showed an interest in 
 aiding her to cheek or to smooth over the tremendous conse- 
 quences, which an unrestricted opening to free intercourse 
 would have brought about, the economic conditions of un- 
 counted millions, which so far have lived for thousands of 
 years in peace and enviable social order and harmony, under 
 an entirely different basis of civilization. 
 
 Not one of those nations, with the utmost desire to 
 establish steamship lines and railroads, to introduce time 
 and labor-saving machinery, or anxious and continually 
 pressing and insisting to fill up the country as much as 
 possible, with its own manufactured goods and products or to 
 employ its capital in new industries, has cared for the future 
 of those tens of millions of simple-minded men. occupied in 
 navigation, or of those tens of millions occupied in trans- 
 portation overland, or of those ten of millions occupied in 
 labor and domestic industry; nor have those nations, anxious 
 to fit up China as a shield and aid against their own sphere 
 of interests, ever thought to aid China in raising the enor- 
 mous funds necessary to organize an army and navy and a 
 coast defence which would coiTespond to her area and popu- 
 lation; nor have those nations anxious to have China civil- 
 ized in their way, demonstrated the possibility of having in 
 eontinuaney all the necessary funds to reorganize the gov- 
 ernment, the finance, public instruction, means of commu- 
 nication, etc., so as to be able to pay a sufficient salary to 
 each mandarin and a pension to those who retire, to main- 
 tain tens of thousands of primary schools, together with pro- 
 fessional, technical and higher schools, to extend, broaden 
 and conserve the canals and rivers, to improve the tea and 
 silk production, agriculture, live stock, forestry, mining, etc. 
 
 Shall we wonder that under such circumstances China hesi- 
 tated to open her country to western civilization or to intro- 
 duce it, up.setting her entire economic and social equilibrium 
 so well settled by ancient customs? 
 
 Only force could compel her to give all the concessions to 
 foreign commerce of which we are so proud. 
 
 It is strange to say, but it is a fact, that China with all 
 her European intercourse had not realized the superiority of 
 modern civilization until five years ago, when she ceased to 
 Ije respected by western nations, and when Japan, Russia, 
 France, Germany and (Ireat Britain took the advantage, in 
 which they were only cheeked by their jealotisies and con- 
 flicting interests, in view of the immense chances opened for 
 commerce and all kind of enterprise, so that the United States, 
 Belgium and Italy were permitted to obtain for their citizens 
 huge railroad and mining concessions. 
 
 Russia, with its railroad concessions, Port Arthur and Port 
 Taliwan, was soon considered as holding Manchuria and the 
 Liaotung peninsula as her sphere of interest. 
 
 In leasing Kiaochow bay for 99 years and in obtaining rail- 
 road and mining concessions in Sliantung, the entire province 
 of Shantung was looked upon as Germany's sphere of influ- 
 ence, despite the occupation of Wei-IIai-Wei by Great Britain 
 in the same province. 
 
 Great Britain, having protested against any alienation of 
 the Yangtse Valley, got the reputation of having claimed 
 this most beautiful and rich territory with over 150,000,000 
 ]>opulation, as her sphere of interest. 
 
 On the same ground of protesting against further aliena- 
 tion, the province of Fokien became in the eyes of politicians 
 a Japanese sphere of interest, while the southern provinces 
 of Kwangtung, Kwangsi, Yunnan and Kucichow became 
 French ones. 
 
 These facts are, in short, the consequences of the last 
 struggle of China in keeping up her old civilization in its en- 
 
 tirety, as well as her old prestige and her old influemce in 
 Korea. 
 
 As we already stated, war and indemnity payments and 
 those ccmsequences just related, convinced China, although 
 slowly but lirmly, of her weakness. 
 
 After about four years of grief and contemplation. Emperor 
 Kwangsu conceived a system of reorganization, and in the 
 course of three montlis he ordered, among other reforms, the 
 general right to memorialize the throne direct by closed 
 memorials, the encouragement of journalists to write on poht- 
 ical subjects for the enlightenment of the authorities, and the 
 establishment of newspapers; approval of the western system 
 of budgets; abolishment of useless boards; establishment of 
 commercial bureaus for the encouragement of trade; intro- 
 duction of patent and copyright laws; construction of the 
 Lu Han Railway; bureau of railways and mines; abolishment 
 of the imperial courier post in favor of the imperial customs 
 post; refonn of military examinations; establishment of naval 
 academies and training ships; report on adoption of western 
 arms and drill for all Manchu troops; reform of literary ex- 
 aminations; establishment of school boards; establishment of 
 scliools in connection with legations for Chinese in foreign 
 lands; schools for instruction in tea and silk; establishment 
 of agricultural schools; establishment of the university in 
 Peking, and encouragement of art, science and modem agri- 
 culture. 
 
 These reforms were almost entirely annulled after the coup 
 d'etat and the Empress Dowager began a reactionary policy. 
 
 However, progress or the gradual adoption of modem civil- 
 ization cannot now Ije stopped, although it might be the de- 
 sire of many. 
 
 The former feeling of indift'erence has passed away. The 
 literary class shares the desire of reorganization, and also in 
 the minds of the merchant class, the desire of reform has 
 grown stronger. There is no doubt that the majority of the 
 people are ready and willing to assist in the reorganization and 
 in the development of the nation's resources in ojjening mines, 
 in im])roving industry, in extending steam navigation, in con- 
 structing railroads, etc. 
 
 Ordinary statesmanship adopting the improvements of 
 modem civilization without offending the customs and pre- 
 judices of the people, wiU not only have free hand, but the 
 sympathy and assistance of millions. Also the ignorant mass 
 of the people, seeing prosperity, and especially a rise of wages, 
 will soon join in the movement. 
 
 America has the greatest chance in China. The United 
 States have in China, among all nations, the most honorable 
 record. They have never been aggressive, never demanded 
 more than what was just and right, and never mingled in the 
 attempted dismemberment of China. They have also never 
 asked for compensation for services rendered, which in many 
 cases have been of the utmost importance. 
 
 The United States of America, just as well as Great 
 Britain, would find among the consular and diplomatic body, 
 custom house officials, professors, missionaries, merchants, 
 etc., a very large number of able men, well acquainted with 
 the peculiarities of China and apt to assist statesmen, not 
 counting a very large number of Chinese, who have been edu- 
 cated in the high schools of the United States or in Europe, 
 and not taking into consideration a large number of all kinds 
 of foreigners, resident in China, who equally could be utilized. 
 
 The trouble in instalUng modern methods in this ancient 
 I']nipire will be recompensed a thousand-fold by the benefits 
 which capital, all kinds of manufacturers, merchants, edu- 
 cators, etc., would reap. 
 
 Speaking here more to the Chinese than to this audience, 
 I would like to advocate a program stating that our western 
 statesmen could follow Emperor Kwangsu's reforms, begin- 
 ning with a budget, dividing it into a national one and into 
 
90 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 proviiRMiil lines, providing suHicient salary i'or eacli olHt-ial, 
 regulating alsu promotions and paying pensions for some time 
 to retiring olHcials. In connection with this would come the 
 proper regulation of service in each government department; 
 further, that of the taxation of revenue, land taxes, salt 
 monopoly, customs duties and other kinds of taxes, based on 
 laws, which would be published; besides it would promote the 
 codiiication of existing laws, or the making of new commer- 
 cial, civil and penal codes, under the direction of a national 
 and provincial legislative council; it would further have to 
 organize municipal laws and regulations; followed by regu- 
 lations of property, the establishment of modem mortgage 
 laws, mining and other laws. Also a general census would 
 have to be made and statistical bureaus installed. 
 
 It would further have to decree a uniform metal and paper 
 currency in connection with a national bank, as well as uni- 
 form weights and measures throughout the country; it would 
 have to establish patent and copyright laws and give pro- 
 lection to trade marks; it would have to extend the postal 
 and telegraph seiTice, to regulate the improvement and ex- 
 tension of roads and bridges and building of new ones to at- 
 tend the regulation and cleaning of the waterways, to extend 
 steamship navigation and give concessions for new railroads, 
 to order a geological survey in certain regions, to open the 
 mineral resources, especially coal and iron mines, to establish 
 lioards of trade and chambers of commerce, to open primary 
 schools all over the country under a proper and uniform sys- 
 tem of education, selecting proper books, followed by agri- 
 cultural, industrial, professional and higlier schools, adopting 
 in connection with it a new method of selecting officials; it 
 would further have to improve properly the tea and silk cul- 
 ture and agriculture and live stock in general, giving, perhaps, 
 special rewards in regard to the latter and establishing proper 
 schools for the former. Besides it would have to give special 
 inducements for establishing newspapers and periodicals 
 tiiroughout the country, to instruct the people and to awake 
 tlie sentiment of honor, patriotism and good sense and reform 
 tlieir moral stanadard. 
 
 This task will not Ije too heavy. There will be sufficient 
 men, capable to take hold of the different departments of 
 such government . organization and to act upon the willing 
 mass of humanity, organizing it, stimulating and utilizing it 
 for the welfare of themselves and for the welfare of all nations. 
 
 The realization of such a problem, I repeat, will be not at 
 all impossible, but, as I said, an inexhaustible treasure of 
 wealth and prosperity, which no other policy on earth could 
 supplant. 
 
 But putting entirely aside this program, although worth 
 the sweat of great nations, there still remain all the o]i]ior- 
 tunities in connection with the reforms, which peremptorily 
 h'ave to come. 
 
 -..The army and navy have to ho organized, arms and weap- 
 ( ns. vessels of all kinds, and all other i'e(|uirements for the 
 national defence have to be ae(iuired, more forts and fortified 
 harbors to be built, uniforms to be made, telegraphs, tele- 
 phones, railways, tramways, electric cars, bridges, roads, etc., 
 to be constructed. Merchant steamers, launches and all other 
 kinds of vessels for inhuul navigation have to be bought, 
 canals and waterways to be im])roved, mines of all kinds to 
 be opened, carts and other means of transportation to be made 
 or im])orted, agriculture to be improved, labor and time-saving 
 machinery put in o])eration, the raw products somewhat trans- 
 formed in order to pay the transportation, wood and all kinds 
 of building material to be imported, the ten thousand of 
 -chools to bo furnished, modern mills and modern industries 
 to be introduced, gas and electric light and power plants, as 
 well as steam power set up, water works to be erected and 
 thousands of other things to be imported or to be made. 
 Besides, there will he increased exports of silk, tea, tobacco, 
 
 china grass, straw braid, hides, skins, furs, leathers and other 
 supplies. 
 
 These opportunities (everybody will admit it) will have to 
 be properly watched and properly attended. We will have 
 to follow closely each step forward in the reforms, always 
 present at the right time with proper offers and proposals. 
 We have, so to say, to follow China's struggle for civilization 
 and always be ready to help. 
 
 For that purpose I think we should establish an interna- 
 tional institute of trade in China, with the proper economical, 
 technical and scientific bureau of information, a permanent 
 exlfibition of all kiiuls of goods and products, machinery, 
 means of transportation and communication, of exploitation 
 of mines and natural resources of all kinds, articles for the 
 army, etc. In connection with that, there should be published 
 a special newspaper in English and Chinese, also a great bank 
 \\ill be necessai^y, which will have, besides other functions, 
 the character of a clearing house. 
 
 This institution should have directors of official rank, in 
 order to be properly listened to and have free intercourse 
 with the Tsungli-yamen, viceroys, governors, taotais, directors 
 of railroads and mining bureaus, superintendents of trade, 
 etc. They should be capable of winning the perfect confi- 
 dence of the officials in order to be appreciated as advisors 
 in all matters of economic reforms. Some of them should 
 have a thorough technical education, while others should be 
 all round men in order to be able to give competent sugges- 
 tions also in other intended refonns. 
 
 The bureau of information would have two principal sec- 
 tions, a department where all information from home would 
 lie received for distrilnition, and another where information 
 would be gathered to be sent home. To these would be added 
 a ti-anslation bureau and library, as well as a newspaper de- 
 partment, wdiich at the same time would have the functions 
 of n. school for merchants, in which to acquire the Chinese 
 language and exact knowledge aboat the commercial usages, 
 economic and trade conditions, resources, customs, means of 
 trans])ortation, lianking, etc., of China. 
 
 There will also have to be a technical and scientific depart- 
 ment, whose principal functions will be to attend to the needs 
 of the Chinese, to see the public officials, make proper sug- 
 gestions for their system of reform, follow Chinese progress 
 in all its details and aid in giving the mentioned lectures 
 to foreign merchants, to establish and to attend a mu- 
 seum of Chinese products, to organize and attend an advisory 
 Ijoard all over C'hina, keep close relations with Chinese boards 
 of trade, guilds, etc., as well as with foreign chambers of 
 commerce and associations, missionaries, merchants, etc. It 
 also will have to attend, instnict and recommend travelers and 
 suggest, when convenient, the sending out of experts or ex- 
 pert commissions. 
 
 There will be further, as mentioned, a liank connected with 
 this Institute of Trade. 
 
 This bank .should be e<|ually sustained by the chambers of 
 commerce, boards of trade, and manufacturers' associations 
 of all interested nations, and should be a syndicate bank in 
 every way, protected by all the interested governments, and 
 also be capable of 'eventually taking over the administration 
 of Chinese finances for, let us say, 25 years, including the 
 payment of interest and extinction of the foreign debts, guar- 
 anteeing a gradually increasing amount of revenue to the 
 central aiid provincial governments, offering after, say, 10 
 years, 50 per cent, of the surplus, after 15 years 75 per cent., 
 and after 20 years 90 ])er cent., under specified conditions 
 with respect to the employnu'ni of these sums in national 
 defence, public instruction, means of eommuniciifioii. salaries, 
 etc. The rest of the surplus should be kepi by ihe syndicate 
 as a reserve fund for eventualities, i'or interest on new national 
 loans, special improvements, etc., under its own control. 
 
SIXTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 18, 1899 
 
 91 
 
 This syndicate bauk would tlieu eventually take hold uf 
 the collection of revenues throughout the country, making 
 use also of the Imperial Maritime Customs service in accord- 
 ance with a revised customs tariff and well fixed provincial 
 taxes and monopolies, based properly on laws, and would 
 have further under its entire control all the necessary police 
 force on water and land for preventing smuggling, etc. 
 
 This bank should then also have the privilege to issue a 
 national paper currency, while all other notes of native banks 
 or merchants would be prohibited. In connection with it, 
 perhaps, the gold standard would be introduced and the cop- 
 per cash gradually retired from circulation. 
 
 At the same time, a uniform standard in weight and meas- 
 ures should be established and gradually put into use all over 
 the country. A special banking law and commercial code 
 for the entire Empire should also be issued, reforming the 
 very varied banking systems, including pawn-shops and cash- 
 shops and reforming the too varied commercial usages as well 
 as reducing the rate of interest and exchange and giving 
 greater credit facilities in connection with th|e creation of a 
 new mortgage law, the proper codification of existing laws, as 
 well as proper supervision of the administration of those laws. 
 The syndicate bank, in taking the responsibility for Chinese 
 finances would have to get the privilege to negotiate new 
 improvements, as it would also have to approve all new con- 
 cessions and supervise the reforms. Members of the syndicate 
 bank woidd conseqtiently be members of a necessaiy legisla- 
 tive council where the budgets of the Imperial Government 
 and of all provincial governments should be examined and 
 approved. 
 
 The mentioned permanent exhibition of goods, with the 
 character of bonded wai-ehouses, would have expert salesmen 
 attending special sections. There would be also others, com- 
 petent in working new ground, to go with samples to the 
 interior to open new markets, to give full information, to 
 appoint agents and give commissions for sale, etc. 
 
 Besides 1his central institute in Shanghai, there should be 
 three smaller branches, the largest one in Hong Kong, for 
 the Southern trade, one in Tientsin for the Northern trade, 
 and one in Hankow for the interior trade. 
 
 The functions of this institute of trade in China would, as 
 indicated, not be limited to petty technical details, it would 
 look out for all mercantile interests in general and take full 
 care how to uphold, preserve and further them. The duties 
 of the directors would be most comprehensive in guiding the 
 Chinese in their stniggle for modern civilization and in watch- 
 ing their improvements, as well as in aiding taxation and 
 financial reforms, extension of means of communication, de- 
 velo2)ment of resources, having perhaps often to work out 
 proper systems in connection with offers, which *w-oidd benefit 
 the capitalists, manufacturers, merchants, etc., at home. They 
 also would have to look out for early information about pro- 
 jected public works to secure contracts or invitations for 
 tenders. They often would have to supply special informa- 
 tion and make estimates in regard to mining and industrial 
 .and other enterprises, or to .send out experts or competent 
 engineers. They further would have to study the general con- 
 ditions and requirements of trade in China, the growth of 
 manufactures, the existing competition, the fluctuations of 
 trade of foreign countries, distribution of imports, character, 
 quantity and quality of exports and raw materials, .shipping, 
 etc. They also would have to collect samples of certain 
 foreign goods with all necessary data to he sent home, as well 
 as to look out for new products and report everything China 
 wants and interested nations can supply or what the Chinese 
 would take, if they would see it; further they would report on 
 l)anking and fluctuations of exchange, give all kinds of in- 
 structions in connection with the permanent exhibition. 
 
 attend properly to advertising, and keep the Chinese con- 
 stantly interested in this institute. 
 
 The trade in China has taken a very peculiar form, on 
 account of the compradore system, which does not compel the 
 foreign merchants to learn the language and to mingle direct 
 wdth the Chinese customers. 
 
 Chinese dealers are now displacing everywhere the foreign 
 merchants, and it is only a question of time when the foreign 
 merchants will also lose their still appreciated character as 
 "go between" to obtain their stocks. 
 
 In Shanghai, foreign merchants are ceasing in an alarming 
 way to be merchants, becoming mere commission agents, 
 making contracts for Chinese for goods lying still in the 
 United States or in Europe, which goods are then sent on 
 Chinese account. It is authentically stated that already 
 seventy-five per cent, of all miscellaneous merchandise, and 
 fifty per cent, of all cotton goods, arrive on Chinese account. 
 
 The direct importation of goods is almost entirely hmited 
 to Hong Kong and Shanghai. Hong Kong supplies the 
 south, while Shanghai gets the stocks for the Yangtse valley 
 and the north of China. 
 
 Merchants from the interior usually make their purcha,ses 
 through Chinese agents in those places. The export trade 
 does not show in stich an alarming way the tendency to slip 
 out of the hands of the foreigners, but here also the cable and 
 hanking facilities are reducing the merchant to a mere com- 
 mission agent. 
 
 A foreign merchant in China now and in the future, will 
 only succeed when his enterprise is large, while that of the 
 competitive Cliinese is still small, and when he deals in 
 articles of popular demand, which will have an enormous 
 sale, enabling him to he satisfied with a small profit. 
 
 The times of large and quick profits have passed in China, 
 due also partly to the great competition of foreigners among 
 themselves, but besides the fact that the Chinese and the 
 foreigners are on an equal footing at all treaty ports, and 
 that the Chinese, living considerably cheaper, traveling much 
 cheaper and knowing perfectly the circumstances of their 
 clients, can outwit every foreigner in retail and wdiolesale. 
 They only require to learn English and some European com- 
 mercial usages and to know the name of some manufacturers, 
 to put the foreigners out of work. 
 
 Imports and exports in Chinese hands suffer very much from 
 the fact that the Chinese merchants do not take the trouble 
 to introduce new articles. The supposed and often described 
 antipathy for improvements and new foreign goods on the 
 part of the Chinese people is imaginary, as it can be proved 
 every day and everywhere. 
 
 This short sketch, which I extend in other chapters, here 
 on hand but too long to read, will be proof enough that a 
 tremendous commercial field can be opened, with unheard 
 facilities in establishing this proposed institute of trade which 
 would take proper care of all interests, including the per- 
 manent exhibition of goods which would show the goods as 
 they are, would give the prices and all information required 
 about them, would give the names of the agents or manu- 
 facturers and so promote direct trade. 
 
 The expenses for the establislmient and first installment, 
 building, etc., of this proposed International Institute of 
 Trade in China, as well as the running expenses, wovtld be 
 best Ciixried hy the united chambers of commerce, boards of 
 trade, manufacturers' associations, manufacturers and mer- 
 chants, as well as by exhibitors of the permanent exhibition 
 and others interested in Chinese trade. It w^oidd soon become 
 self-supporting, as also Chinese merchants, guilds, govern- 
 ment yamens and whoever would require the services of this 
 institute would pay an annual amount or for every single ser- 
 vice. The running expenses I estimate would he not much 
 over $.50,000 a vear, and I hope, that in order to preserve and 
 
92 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 improve the much desired market of 300,000,000 of highly 
 industrious Cliiiiese, ray piau will find approval and sometime 
 he carried out. This, ladies and gentlemen, would be one <if 
 I he i^Dlutions of the complicated Chinese problem 
 
 Hon. Cornelius N. Bliss: 
 
 The next paper will be by Emil S. Fischer, delegate I'l-dui 
 the Wiener Kaufmiinnischer Verein. 
 
 I\Ir. Emil S. Fischer (from Shanghai, delegate from the 
 
 Wiener Ivaufmiinnischer Verein): 
 
 One of the subjects that I suggested for discussion at this 
 Congress was "Currency and Banking" combined with the 
 money question. For those who are accjuainted with the 
 trade of China and those who are intending to enter into 
 business relations with this coxmtry, there is no question more 
 important than the Chinese cuiTency and banking problem. 
 The defectiveness of the Chinese currency even is confirmed 
 by the greatest Chinese administration, the Imperial Mari- 
 time (Customs, which is governed by Europeans. A book, 
 "China's Defective Currency," was puljlished in 1897 by order 
 of the Inspector-General of Customs, but nothing seems to 
 have been done since that time. During almost forty centu- 
 ries, the Chinese Government only coined the so-called copper 
 "cash," which is a small metal coin having a small square 
 hole in the centre, in order that a number, mostly about a 
 thousand, may be carried on a string. I must state that 50(.) 
 to 1,000 of these "cash" are only the equivalent of $1.00. In 
 former times these coins were made like small knives and 
 spades. I do not want to enter more fully into the cpiestion 
 of this coin, but only to say, that there seems to no question 
 but that cash are becoming more scarce every year. Owing 
 to the high price of copper, the minting of cash has become 
 unprofitable, and good copper cash are mostly withdrawn, 
 to l)e used by peojile in the manufacture of all kinds of co])per 
 goods, so that the circulation of these coins is becoming very 
 limited: still there is a great need of them because the great 
 mass of people want to buy their rice and local products with 
 this money. All the manufacturers of China suffer on 
 account of high price of cash because they have to pay laborers 
 in this coin. 
 
 If we look into any of the books referring to tlie money 
 and coins of the whole world, we will find that C'hina has a 
 silver currency called the "tael," but in reality there is no 
 such coin l)rought into circulation by the Government of 
 China. For most of those acquainted with Chinese affairs, 
 this currency called "tael" remains a myth, and it is true that 
 most of the foreigners arriving in China soon give up trying 
 to penetrate the mystery of this fiction. They only know 
 that there bank accounts are kept in tael and that all they buy 
 is to be paid in tael and all they sell is invoiced either in 
 foreign currency or at its equivalent in the Chinese so-called 
 "tael." Not only is there no uniform tael standard for the 
 whole country, but the most astonishing fact is the existence 
 of different tael in one place: as, for instance, in Tientsin, 
 where you can find about eight different tael to count with. 
 One is different rr<im another. Each government administra- 
 tion in Tientsin, has its own standard value of taels. Of 
 course, there is one tael in Tientsin on which everything is 
 calculated. This is the local conimercial tael of Tientsin, but 
 it is queer enough when you consider lli.'il there are so iiiany 
 difl'ereiit values in one ])lace alone. 
 
 i''or those who are not ac(inainted wiili Chinese reckoning. 
 I must give .some explanation i-egarding the taels. AAHiat is 
 a tael? A tael represents one part of a Chinese weight. T'hc 
 ('hinese reckon with piculs. catties, taels, mace, candareen> 
 and cash. These are only the juimes of weights adojjfed liy 
 foreigners in the trade with the Chinese The Chinese names 
 resjjectively are Tan, Ching, Iviang, Chienfen and Li. 
 
 One picul has 100 catties. 
 
 One catty has 16 taels. 
 
 One tael has 10 mace. 
 
 One mace has 10 candareens. 
 !' One candareen has 10 cash. 
 
 Therefore you can see that a tael is only a part of a weight 
 of a picul. Piculs are reckoned exclusively for the weigiit 
 .of merchandise. One picul is equal to 133 1-3 English 
 pounds, but as to the tael, this has a different weight in each 
 place, according to the fineness of the silver used in this place. 
 1'hese taels are the standard of the currency. 
 
 There is no coin made in China which are taels, but there 
 are ingots of silver of different weight which we call "syeee," 
 or silver shoe. The system of silver shoes was established 
 in China about ten or fifteen centuries ago. Silver was at 
 that time brought to China in bars in exchange for goods sold. 
 This prevailing .system, which, as before stated, has numerous 
 inconveniences, is not exactly a merchandise and is not yet 
 a currency. It is one used to represent the reckoning cur- 
 rency called tael. This is the unit of important commercial 
 transactions. The ingots or shoes are reckoned according to 
 the number of taels' weight which they represent. The name 
 of the money is the same as its weight. Therefore, speaking 
 of ten taels is the same as speaking of the value of ten taels' 
 weight of silver. 
 
 The short time which is accorded me to speak about the 
 currency does not allow me to give you any more informa- 
 tion about the different taels, but I want to say that the 
 ('hinese buy the silver which is imported by the foreign banks 
 in bars from England and America. These bars are melted 
 down into ingots of about seven pounds'" weight, wliieli in- 
 gots have the appearance and form of a certain kind of 
 Chinese shoe. The Chinese call the shoe "syeee," which 
 means "fine silk," because the silver could be sewn into fine, 
 silk-like threads. These ingots or shoes have certain stamps 
 from local official authorities of the places. 
 
 I only can say that for the prosperity of this great country, 
 it is very necessary that a change in the system of the cur- 
 rency should be made by its government. If the currency 
 of China were administered like the customs, under European 
 supervision, then I am siue that, like the imperial customs of 
 China, it would be of great importance to the coimtry. There 
 have been certain movements made by different governors to 
 erect mints. The first move in this direction was made about 
 ten years ago by the Viceroy of Canton, who established there 
 the greatest mint in the world, but this mint at the present 
 day turns out, on acount of high copper prices, only a very 
 small quantity of copper cash. Other mints have been erected 
 since then in Hankow, Tientsin, Nanking, and other places. 
 These mints turned out a great quantity of small silver coins 
 of the value of five, ten, and twenty cents and circulated them, 
 but they never succeeded in bringing into circulation any 
 quantity of Chinese dollars. The country people in general 
 object to the acceptance of any of these coins. It is only in 
 the trading ports that the silver coins have become the 
 medium of money exchange. 
 
 I want to state here, that it is almost exclusively the 
 Mexican dollar which is imported from abroad that serves as 
 a medium of exchange in the trading ports in the purchase 
 of necessary articles for foreigners as well as Chinese. In 
 southern f'hinese ports, the Hong Kong dollar and the Japan- 
 ese silver yen are accepted for the same purpose, but as for 
 hiTge commercial transactions, the local tael is the only basis 
 iif reckoning. There is a continuous basis of exchange be- 
 tween taels, dollars and cash, which fluctuates according to 
 I lie market value; if the foreign merchants did not liave 
 ('liincse employes, (compradores and shroffs), who are ac- 
 customed to all these complications, thev would neviM' find 
 their way through these money traiisactions. The commer- 
 
SIXTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 18, 1899 
 
 93 
 
 eial dealings of the European with the Chinese wliich are 
 based on taels are mostly balanced with money orders on 
 Chinese banks called bank chops. Tliese bank chops are 
 placed by the foreign mercliants into the hands of their 
 foreign bankers, who are entrusted with the collection. The 
 banker collects the silver shoes as soon as the bank chop is 
 due and puts the silver into his vaults. There is no clear- 
 ing house in China, and the banks which receive so many 
 hundred thousands of taels a day or have to pay as many to 
 another bank, will have to deliver it in actual silver weight. 
 It can easily be imagined what an inconvenience this is, and 
 as before stated, it would be very desirable if China would 
 adopt a currency on an international basis. 
 
 I do not want to refer much to gold, as this precious 
 metal, which is found in large quantities in the north of 
 China', is mostly dealt with as merchandise. Gold is bought 
 by the foreign "banks and shipped to Europe. • The actual 
 value of the gold shipped to p]urope is 1894 was 13,746,727 
 taels. This was the highest amount exported from China 
 in the last ten years. 
 
 In 1898 the expoi-t of gold amounted to only 7,703,842 
 taels. China is trading on a silver basis exclusively, and 
 suffers very much from the depreciation of the white metal. 
 Merchants do not know how to calculate their imports. 
 They always want ito expect raising exchanges. On the 
 other side, the tea, silk and other products, of course, de- 
 pend on the fall of silver, and this constant fluctuation of 
 change is what makes the continuous excitement among 
 business men. This situation renders exports very danger- 
 our and the imports very difficult. Stocks bought at one 
 time are undervalued by the following purchases made at 
 an inferior rate of exchange, without being compensated by 
 an increase of price in China or abroad. The exporters are 
 suffering in the same way. Will they succeed in getting in 
 China a currency on modem principles? Will there be a 
 tael coined in the regular way at the regular standard, or 
 will they generalize the use of the dollar? This is a ques- 
 tion very hard to answer. It will depend upon the number 
 of circumstances, the principal of which will be a larger or 
 smaller degree of interference by foreigners who are doing 
 l)usiness in China. The cash cannoi be abolished. 
 
 This is all to which the Chinese look to buy their rice. 
 All that can be hoped, is to once see a uniform currency and 
 constant relations with an adopted unit. If ever these things 
 can be realized, one may foresee an epoch of great progress 
 for the Chinese as well as the foreign merchants. Inextri- 
 cable complications beyond the reach of accidental intellect, 
 and the bargaining, and the profits derived therefrom is all 
 that reflects the Chinese minds. The Chinese are rather 
 conservative, especially in monetary questions, and attempts 
 to change their currency have many times failed, but it 
 would be the greatest pro'.sjress to the country if the Chinese 
 Central Government would adopt a circulating money me- 
 dium on foreign principles, and assuredly China would de- 
 rive a great benefit. 
 
 There has lieen in the last few years a great development 
 of industrial enterprise in China. The time seems near when 
 railroads will also be built and o])ened throughout the vast 
 country. Mines will be worked and will affect the expan- 
 sion of the trade; and it is to be- hoped that a uniform cur- 
 rency will facilitate the commerce of China in general. 
 
 Having for many years been connected with the German 
 I'ank of Slianghai,' it was my special object during all this 
 time, not only to take an interest in Cliinese money matters, 
 l)ut to study the Chinese money question from Chinese books 
 with the aid of my Chinese teacher. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Cornelius N. Bliss: 
 
 There is one more paper to be read which will be read 
 
 this afternoon when we will also take up the papers relating 
 to China and will have an address from His Excellency the 
 Chinese Minister, and other discussions. We will now ad- 
 journ the session until 2.30. '■ 
 
 Phil.\delphia, Wednesday, October 18, 1899. 
 
 Afternoon Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order at 2.4.5 p. ni., by tlie 
 Ohairman. 
 
 Hon. Cornelius N. Bliss: 
 
 Gentlemen, please come to order. We will call up(Hi the 
 Hon. John Barrett, ex-ITnited States Minister to Siam, 
 long known and probably better known regarding Eastern 
 affairs than almost any American residing at home. ]\Ir. 
 Barrettt is obliged to begin now, as he has to leave for the 
 South at an early hour. So without waiting any longer for 
 the audience to arrive, we will ask Mr. Barrett to address 
 us on "Foreign Trade Possibilities in the Far East." 
 
 Hon. John Barrett: 
 
 Mr. Chainnan and Delegates of the International Com- 
 mercial Congress, and Ladies: I do not know but what 1 
 had better say "chairs," too, from the large attendance of 
 chairs unoccupied. But this afternoon, while appreciating 
 very much the honor which has been conferred upon me to 
 j)articipate in this discussion, I must say that the time is 
 somewhat limited at my disposal, as it is my desire to catch 
 a train for Dallas, Texas, where I wish to go to attend the 
 State Industrial Convention, the Governor of the State hav- 
 ing asked me to come down and take part in that gathering. 
 In order that I may get there speedily and not tire you out 
 too much, I am going to read the printed slips which I had 
 struck off this morning. As one of these slips has arrived 
 just in time for me, I will read part of it, and, therefore, not 
 take up so much of your time as I would if I wandered off 
 in this discussion. 
 
 You may, however, pardon me, by way of introduction, if 
 I say that this question is one upon which I feel most 
 strongly from long experience and residence in the Orient. 
 I do n(k believe the man lives, whether he be English, Ger- 
 man, Russian, Japanese, American or French, or of any 
 nationality, who, after he has lived in the Orient and trav- 
 eled through the great countries in the Far East, can 
 come to any other conclusion than that there is there the 
 greatest undeveloped opportunity in the world. It is the 
 great question before the nations of the world to-day, whether 
 they shall develop this upon lines which shall be longer and 
 broader and higher. It is the cardinal point which underlies 
 the policy of the United States to-day, that all nations shall 
 work t(>getlier for the exploitation of the markets 
 of the Orient upon lines giving fair play and no favor. 
 I know that the United States, or the merchants and manu- 
 facturers and exporters of the United States, stand ready 
 to meet the manufacturers and exporters and merchants of 
 the other countries of the world in competing for these mar- 
 kets of China, Manchuria, Japan, Siam and the Philippines, 
 without any of those influences to advance one country's in- 
 terest overthe other, and the main thing that I wish to say 
 to you this afternoon is based on this idea. 
 
 China presents to-day, not only the most important but 
 the most interesting field of trade expansion and exchange 
 not yet extensively exploited and appreciated by American 
 manufacturers, exporters and merchants. The entire far 
 
94 
 
 PliOCEEDlNUS OF THE IJMTEENATIUNAL COMiMEKClAL CONGliESS 
 
 Ea^t, from Siugapore and Bangkok in the south to Yokohoma 
 and Vladivostoek in the north, witli its harbor-indented 
 coat^t line of 4,000 miles and its population of over 500,000,- 
 000, facing the Pacific and looking to the east, directly oppo- 
 site our American-Pacific shore, looking to the west, affords 
 a mighty commercial opportunity awaiting our best efforts. 
 
 Five years" continuous residence in the Orient as a diplo- 
 matic representative of the United States, where it was my 
 repeated experience to visit not only the coast ports but the 
 interior of t'liina, Japan, Korea, Siberia, M;mchuria in the 
 north, and Siam, Indo-China, Straits Settlements, Java and 
 the Philippines in the south, has convinced me beyond 
 question that the markets of the far East are only in the in- 
 fancy of tlieir development. The buying and selling capacity 
 of the Asiatic can only be measured by the opportunity given 
 liim to bring his own varied products to a foreign market 
 and to buy in return what foreigners have to sell. So far 
 this opportunity has been comparatively limited, and yet he 
 lias improved it far beyond the expectations and prophecies 
 of a decade or two ago. As conditions are bettered, treaty 
 ports increased, the interior opened, resources exploited, 
 railroads Iniilt, watenvays cleared, embargos on trade re- 
 moved, mutual confidence developed and political influences 
 well directed, the future Avill witness progress in commercial 
 demand and supply, of wJiich the past provides no concep- 
 tion. 
 
 These 5U0,0Ul»,00U people must Ijc clothed and fed. The 
 class of clothing they wear and the quality and variety of 
 the food they eat improve as they come in contact with the 
 outer world, and find what it has to olfer them and that it 
 provides them with more money to use in purchases as they 
 in time secure an enlarged market for their own wares. 
 Pessimists who urge that the Asiatics will not become great 
 and permanent consumers of foreign products, cannot base 
 their arguments on the experience and record of the past. 
 The present limited demand in China now for imports, for 
 instance, does not mean that it cannot be multiplied and 
 enlarged many fold. On the other hand, it augurs well for 
 the future. We have only just begun to have extensive 
 trade relations with the Far East. Were it already a great 
 developed field, like P]urope, it would not so much concern 
 us at present. There we liave learned after many years of 
 vigorous effort wluit is the market for our exports; in the 
 Orient we are experimenting in a wide area, and among 
 multitudes of whom the majority of our manufacturers 
 know absolutely nothing, belong mere imagination and 
 liearsay. and who in turn know even less of ns. 
 
 Tn the brief limit of time at my di.sposal to-day, I can only 
 make passing reference to salient features of the Asiatic 
 commercial opportunity. It is so vast, varied and interesting, 
 that I hardly know where to begin and where to end. As 
 the sutvject of the day implies, T shall devote the main por- 
 tiim of my remarks to China. Tlie situation there is such 
 that it demands our immediate attention, and possibly 
 action by our government to proteot our growing markets. 
 The tendency c)f the hour is towards the division of China 
 into spheres of influence of foreign nations, which is only 
 another fcrni for areas of actual supremacy, and which will 
 mean the abrogation of the old Tientsin treaties whicli guar- 
 antee us al)Solute freedom of trade throughout China in com- 
 petition with otiier nations. That is, we luive now the same 
 privileges of trade exchange that all otlier lands enjoy fmm 
 Canton to Newchaweng, and from Shangliai to Chunking. 
 Where spheres of infiuence are admitted and hccome gene- 
 ral, tliere may be no portion of this gi'eat ]*hn])ire where we 
 will have e(|ual opportunities with others. Tu eac-h sphere 
 we may find |)referential duties or rates in Tavor of llu' |iri)- 
 diicts of Ibe parliculai- land, and against ii-:. which applicil 
 to all <pliei'('s, will pracliiiillv cxcluilc us IVmri a I'aii' partici- 
 
 pation in the immeasurable growing demands of a country 
 that holds 300,000,000 people, and reaches over an area of 
 4,000,000 square miles, or greater than the United States. 
 
 We have everything to lose and nothing to gain by the 
 dividing of China into such spheres. ISTow the development 
 of the markets depends upon our own efforts in fair compe- 
 tition with all the world; with China divided, we must face 
 individual and C(dlective obstacles of all kinds that ai-ise 
 \inder new conditions and treaties. 
 
 Such an alternative is possible that we might do better 
 under these doubtful spheres, but it is so improbable as to 
 merit no support. If we accept them we throw away a bird 
 in the hand for one in the bush. Now all signs point to a 
 great demand throughout China for oiir manufactured cotton 
 goods, machinery, raw products of flour, oil, and miscellane- 
 ous manufactures and raw supplies coming from all parts of 
 the United States, wesit, south, east and noi;th, and we find 
 that we can sell successfully what we have in open competi- 
 tion with the similar products of Europe. If the door is 
 closed by preferential duties, then our growing trade might 
 be nipped in the bud or have to face conditions that may 
 ])rove disastrous. It may seem incon.si.stent for America 
 with a high protective tariff to work against such measures 
 in China, but that is begging the question. The issue in 
 Cliina is simply one of treaty rights, framed long years ago 
 and applied to all nations alike. We might not be able to 
 object if China herself should raise her duties against all 
 foreign products. We would still have equal privileges with 
 others and could stand tlie pace. What the manufacturers 
 and exporters of the United States fear is that with spheres 
 of influence will come preferential duties that will overcome 
 our advantage of open competition and effectually close the 
 door against us. And it cannot be denied that the tend- 
 ancy of the hour in Cliina is toward at least her nominal 
 division. The United States and Japan are the only import- 
 ant powers of the world that have not in agreement, treaty 
 or letter recognized that any nation has any more influence 
 or privileges in certain portions of China than either of them 
 have. The United States undoubtedly stands to-day as the 
 strongest influence for the integi-ity of the Chinese Empire. 
 Were we for one moment to indicate our acquiescence in 
 such spoliation of this great kingdom, there would follow 
 a scramble and rush for China's rich area that would aston- 
 ish the world with its wantonness. 
 
 There are moral reasons of great force why the United 
 States should lend its vigorous influence to preserve the in- 
 tegrity of the Chinese Empire, and I would that I had the 
 time to discuss them, but this is a commercial congress and 
 I am speaking from the commercial standpoint. It is a 
 question of the hour. It appeals to the whole country. It 
 is one that may come before Congress. It requires the de- 
 velopment of public sentiment to support the government, 
 and it is to be hoped that the vast importance of extending 
 and protecting our markets in the Far East may be so fully 
 appreciated throughout the land that the President and 
 Congress may not be afraid to act with a strong hand. We 
 cannof. tliink of rushing into an unwarranted expression of 
 a bold, war-like policy, but we can exert a strong moral iii- 
 fluenee at Peking and elsewliere tlirougluuit the Far East 
 that will protect and enlarge mii- intcri'^ts. It we will 
 take the lead, or if we will point llic way clearly, there is 
 no valid reasoii why we should not only join, not in exact 
 treaty agreement or allegiance, but in sympathy and ])ur- 
 ]iose with Great Pritain, Germany and .hipan, Init willi 
 Ku.«sia, France and other countries concerned, in preserving 
 tlie integrity of treaty rights thrcnighout all China. Tict us 
 nnt adopt a policy of pitting oni! natioTi au-ainst another or 
 uniting with one nv wmvv against others,, lull li'f. us act 
 singly or in co-ciprratidii willi tbosc who will assist us in 
 
SIXTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEK 18, 1899 
 
 95 
 
 exerting sucli vmmistakable influence at Peking that other 
 nations will not only not oppose, but will adopt a similar pol- 
 icy. It seems to me that it is peculiarly fitting that the 
 United States, with no desire for ten-itorial aggrandizement 
 in China and with no axe to grind except that of legitimate 
 trade expansion, should take the lead in the permanent solu- 
 tion of this material problem. America's relations with Rus- 
 sia, Great Britain, Germany, France and .Japan are such that 
 she is in a strong position to initiate such a policy, while no 
 country possesses more the confidence of Cliina and the 
 Chinese people than the United States. In short, we stajid 
 in a position to be the arbiter of her future, and hence, pos- 
 sibly, of the interests of all other powers in the Pacific. 
 
 Two courses are open to lis. We can and should stand 
 steadfastly against the delimitation of so-called spheres of in- 
 fluence, and tor the full integrity of the Empire, from Kwan- 
 tung to Majichiuia, together with the permanent maintenance 
 of tht rights guaranteed in the Tientsin treaties. This is 
 our plain and direct duty. We should do it in justice and 
 protection of our own rights, to those of China, and to those 
 of other powers who have similar interests, and would lend 
 us their moral support. On the other hand, if spheres of in- 
 fluence are to be delimited, and China shall be thus divided, 
 despite our best interests, and in accordance with an apparent 
 tendency of grejit controlling foreign interests in China, and 
 we may not feel equal to the responsibility of checking the 
 movement, then it behooves the United States to take a strong 
 stand for the direct and continued ajiplication of the letter, 
 spirit and meaning of the Tientsin treaties, to whatever 
 spheres may be delimited. In other words, we must have 
 spheres of influence and the open door at one and the same 
 time. If we do not take this step — our only alternative to 
 bei]ig shut out altogether — there is little doubt that the great 
 opportunity that awaits us in China will be seized, appro- 
 priated and improved by other nations, which will in the end 
 make us a second-rate power in the Pacific. If we control 
 the future of China and lier commerce we shall be the para- 
 mount power of the Pacific. 
 
 While I am in earnest in stating my views upon this great 
 subject, I would not appear as an enthusiast or an alarmist. 
 My conclusions are only reached after long and hard study of 
 the situation on the ground. I may be in error in my opin- 
 ions; if so, none will be more ready to correct them if they are 
 proved to be wrong. My picture of our great field of trade 
 is not inspired by enthusiasm, it is the natural result of 
 careful investigation of the laws of supply and demand in 
 the principal communities of Asia; nor is it one recently 
 jMiinted. Years ago, in reports of the State Department, and 
 in letters to Chambers of Commerce, I was faithfully endeav- 
 oring to awaken interest throughout America in our Oriental 
 trade possibilities. It is not a new story with me. Not a 
 post helium arsjument, not one to suit the interest of the hour, 
 but a statement of conditions and opporunity repeatedly told 
 in former years but requiring a Dewey victory in Manila Bay 
 and the consequent awakening to realize the truth of our 
 Pacific and Asiatic possibilities. 
 
 I would not excite undue alarm in regard to the attitude 
 of foreign powers in China, but urge immediate forceful 
 action to forestall the alami which may otherwise come. At 
 ))resent our relatious, for instance, with Russia in Eastern 
 Siberia and Manchuria seem favorable to trade, and Ameri- 
 cans are securing large and numerous orders in connection 
 with railway building and other enterprises, but we must 
 provide for future contingencies. Wliile developing new trade, 
 let us take steps to protect that already well started. While 
 su]i])lying Russia's wants of railway coustruction, let us make 
 sure tlial the door will not be closed in ^fancburia for the 
 great and rapidly growing demand for (uir cotton goods, which 
 
 has already reached encouraging proportions, but can be made 
 ten times as large. 
 
 Let us consider a few concrete facts that bring us face to 
 face with our great Asiatic opportunity — and I speak after 
 five years' cai'eful study of the principal Asiatic communities. 
 Across the Pacific, directly opposite our own shores, is a 
 wonderful coast line of 4,000 miles, indented with scores of 
 deep water harbors, upon which are located great cities, whose 
 foreign trade already reaches nearly one billion dollars, and 
 is yet only in the infancy of its development, and upon which 
 trade five million people. The principal Asiatic ports are 
 crowded with steamers. The day I left Hong Kong there 
 were over fifty ocean-going vessels loading ajid unloading. 
 There is vigorous commercial activity everywhere, from Java 
 and Singapore to Japan and Siberia. 
 
 The North and South China seas, in the vessels that come 
 and go, remind one of the great lakes of America. One 
 sweeping statement gives some idea of what awaits foreign 
 development in China, with 300,000,000 people, and an area 
 of 4,000,000 square miles: she has only 350 miles of railway. 
 Imagine what will be the effect on commerce when China is 
 gridironed with railways: 20,000 miles await construction at 
 once, with an investment of if 4(10,000,000. Then her canals 
 and rivers must be improved at a great outlay. China's 
 foreign trade now only amounts to about $250,000,000, or, 
 taking her population at a most conservative estimate, $1.00 
 per head. When, with the opening of the interior and the 
 improvement of the government and general conditions, this 
 trade is developed like that of Japan, which now averages 
 $6.00 per head, we may have a magnificent total of $1,500,- 
 000,000. Taking a st'ill more conservative figure of $3.00 
 per head as the average of other countries of Asia, retrogres- 
 sive as well as progressive, and we may have even then a 
 grand total of $750,000,000 as a reasonable possibility. There 
 is no doubt about the buying capacity of the Chinese if given 
 an opportunity. When the Yangtse River was first opened, 
 one million dollars and one or two steamers represented its 
 trade; now a finer fleet than that on the Hudson or !Missis- 
 sippi carries the business which is valued at fully $50,000,000. 
 A few years ago a little or no flour was sold in China; last 
 year we shipped over five million dollars' worth. Cotton goods 
 from America have advanced with corresponding rapidity 
 until their value this year will reach nearly $10,000,000. 
 Kerosene oil, machinery and miscellaneous products are being 
 sold in increasing quantity and value, and yet we have only 
 scratched the surface of China. 
 
 I wi.sh I had time to speak of Japan, which, under her new 
 treaties, is going forward to new life and greater demands 
 for our products and which, according to Mr. Komura, the 
 esteemed Japanese minister, should buy of us to the extent 
 of $40,000,000 in a few years more. Her total foreign com- 
 merce is now rapidly forging ahead of the $300,000,000 mark. 
 
 Korea has a trade of $12,000,000, which should be devel- 
 oped in another decade to $45,000,000. Siam, one of the 
 richest and most progressive countries of all Asia, has a 
 foreign trade of $20,000,000, which bids fair to reach $60,- 
 000,000 in the near future. 
 
 Of the Phiuppines I can say that, after traveling exten- 
 sively through them, they are the richest country in propor- 
 tion to area in all Asia. Under American enterprise, this 
 foreign trade of $33,000,000 should be extended in ten years 
 to $100,000,000 or $150,000,000. All foreisrn houses doing 
 business in Manila are ]ireparing to increase their capital and 
 enlarge operations. With great staple products of hemp, 
 sugar, tobacco, copra, rice, together with coffee, spices, fruits, 
 grains, and valuable woods, as well as mineral resources of 
 con.siderable value developed to their present extent under the 
 depressing and retarding conditions of former years, it is diffi- 
 cult to state what limit can be placed on their development 
 
96 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 with American capital and industry. The people, moreover, 
 take kindly to foreign products, and will bny an increased 
 quantity and value as they are given greater opportunity to 
 sc-'ll their own products. Railway construction alone in the 
 Philippines is needed, which w^ould involve the safe invest- 
 ment of $50,000,000. At least 1,500 miles should be built 
 within the next ten years. 
 
 My remarks are not an attempt at oratory, but simply a 
 plain statement of a few facts. 
 
 Before I close I wish on behalf of the Pacific coast of the 
 United States and of the Portland (Oregon) Chamber of Com- 
 merce, of which I have the honor to be a delegate, to invite 
 all foreign delegates to this Congress to visit that great sec- 
 tion if they shall find time while staying in America. They 
 will be given a cordial welcome, and well repaid, I am con- 
 fident, for the time such a journey would require. Though 
 nearly 3,500 miles away, it presents conditions of national 
 development that would be of interest to all wlio are eon- 
 cemed in the progress of this land. 
 
 Although I was born and raised beneath the green hills 
 of Vennont, on the Atlantic seaboard, I live on the Pacific 
 coast. You will see out there the people of the East joining 
 with the people of the West and building up new common- 
 wealths and new interests, looking upon the Pacific for a 
 wonderful progress and development of that ideal citizen- 
 ship which we like to see in any country. I assure yon that 
 if any of you should find time to visit tlie other shore which 
 looks out toward Japan and China, yon will find the same 
 hearty welcome that this city of Philadelphia has given you. 
 I wish also, coming fom the Pacific coast and also recently 
 I'rom the Orient, to express my high regard for the splendid 
 labors of the Commercial Museum and of the Export Exposi- 
 tion, to present, not only to you foreign delegates who are 
 here, but to us Americans, what are our possibilities on the 
 Pacific and what onr interests are in the foreign trade. Un- 
 limited ci'edit is due to Dr. Wilson and to his assistants. I say 
 that there is probably not a delegate here who, while he ap- 
 ])reciates fully the difficulties, also appreciates the opportunity 
 of coming into contact, of greeting each other, and, therefore, 
 broadening the views of all of us and carrying back to the 
 respective cities and countries a wider knowledge of the in- 
 terests of all countries in foreign lands. 
 
 Just one word before I close. I wish to say this to these 
 foreign delegates who are here that I hope they will look upon 
 the United States in her present situation in the Pacific and 
 the Far Fa.st with that kind and healthful sjiirit which will 
 enable us successfully to solve the great problems bef:)re us. 
 Only those of us who have been in the foreign service of the 
 I'nited States can realize what a great change has come over 
 this country in foreign lands as a result of the events of tlic 
 ])ast year or two. Japan, China, Siam and Korea treated us 
 with the utmo.st courtesy and respect, yet there was that im- 
 pression that we (lid not come from one of the foremost 
 powers of the world, but since these events have transpired, 
 it seems as if we stood shoulder to shoulder with Great Bri- 
 tain, France, Germany, Russia iuid .rnpau and other leading 
 countries of the world, while before we were trailing a long 
 way behind. Oh, my friends, 1 cannot speak to you in too 
 emphatic terms on this. It is easy for a man to sit in a sanc- 
 tum in America, or in an ollice in America, and tell how our ■ 
 foreign afi'airs .should be managed, but when he has to go far 
 from home, without a delegate or Oeel respective, then he 
 can realize what may be the effect of the great events of llie 
 last year and a half. And I say, now, that we come into diii' 
 wider opportunity, 1 say to you. Foreign Reiirosentatives and 
 Delegates, tliat we are coming into our wider O])portunities 
 with no swelled appreciation of our position, Imt that we conu^ 
 into our just rights with the intention of treating you with 
 
 that measure of respect that you deserve, and expecting that 
 you will treat us in the same way. 
 
 In conclusion I can simply say this: The situation in the 
 Far East as afl:"ected by the results of the late war is just be- 
 ginning to unfold itself, and we trust that the events will fol- 
 low on each other and as one nation works with another, the 
 United States and all the powers which are represented here 
 in this Congress, may be always found standing harmoniously 
 and admirably together for the legitimate extension of lib- 
 erty, progress and civilization. I beg of you, in judging of 
 America's policy in the Far East, to remember that these 
 closing days of the nineteenth century are times that try 
 men's sonls, when all the nations are unsettled as to what the 
 future will bring forth. There is confusion in the minds of 
 the people. The TTnited States has her share of trials and 
 tribulations. But there will soon be an end to it all, when 
 the sunshine of peace and serenity will break through the dark 
 clouds. Let us hope that this day will soon come and brin? 
 such a decision that will promote the comity, prosperity and 
 well-being of all nation.s — American, European and Asiatic. 
 I thank you. (Applause.) 
 
 ffnn. Cornelius K. Blif-s: 
 
 1 will now introduce to you ilr. James S. Fearon, who is a 
 delegate from the Chamber of Commerce of Shanghai. 
 
 Mr. Jdiiu's S. Feiiniii: 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: After listening to the in- 
 teresting address of my friend, Mr. Barrett, I feel very re- 
 luctant to have to speak before you. However, I have been 
 asked to give some facts and figures regarding the cottcfn 
 goods trade in China, and it will be of most interest to those 
 engaged in cotton goods manufacture. I have lived in 
 Shanghai for over thirty years and have watched this trade 
 grow up from most insignificant proportions to what it is 
 to-day. 
 
 The increase in the importations of American cottons into 
 China from 1887 to 1897 was 120 per cent., while there was 
 a decrease of about 15 per cent, in the trade with England 
 during that period. There was an increase in the deliveries 
 i)f American cloth in China in 18il8 over 1897 of 35 per cent., 
 and up to the end of August of this year, there has been a 
 further increase of 25 per cent, in the deliveries for consump- 
 tion over the same period in 1898. These figures show the 
 steady increase and growing ini])'ortance of our trade, but, 
 notwithstanding the strides it has made in the past ten or 
 twelve years, I venture to say that the next five years will 
 show still greater development, as there is a general dispo- 
 -itinii on the part ol^ the natives to take American cloth when- 
 ever obtainable, in preference to the filled Lancashire-made 
 goods they have hitherto used, even at a .somewhat enhanced 
 cost. 
 
 I feel satisfied that it is only a question of a few years when 
 American manufacturers will control this great trade, and 
 that there is ample room for the ex]iansion I anticipate is 
 evident when it is remendiered that our exports amount to 
 l)ut 40 per cent, of the plain cutton used in China. 
 
 During the year 1898. the exports to China Ir-nm Oreal 
 Britain amounted to 390,000,000 yards of i)lain iloth, of 
 which 70,000,000 yards were bleached, 50,000,000 yards were 
 of dyed and colored and 15,000,000 yards were of printed 
 goods, or 155,000,000 yards in all, while our own exports did 
 not exceed lt)O,O00,00() yards in all, ahcuit 98 jjcr cent, of 
 which consisted of 2.85 yard, 3 yard and 3^ yard drills and 
 sheetings. These goods, as you are probably aware, are al- 
 most exclusively sold in the northern provinces of China, and 
 should those nations who now claim this section as (lu'ir 
 sphere of influence show any disposition to restrict that mar- 
 
HON. JOHN BARRETT, 
 
 EX-MlNISTER T ' SlAM. 
 
 HIS EXuELLENCY, WU TING FANG, HIS EXCELLENCY, J. KOM U RA, 
 Chinese Minister at Washington. Japanese Minister at Washington. 
 
 HON. TRUXTUN EEALE, PRESIDENT CHARLES W. ELIOT, HON. CARROLL D. WRIGHT, 
 
 Ex-MiMiSTER TO Persia. Harvard University. Washington, D. C. 
 
 COL. A. A. POPE, 
 
 Boston, Mass 
 
 MR. J. B. CALVO, 
 
 Costa Rican Minister at Washington. 
 
 MR. JUAN J. ULLOA G., 
 Consul-General OF Costa Rica. 
 
OF TTIW 
 
 university 
 *£Lcalifo2^^"''' 
 
SIXTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEK 18, 1899 
 
 97 
 
 ket to the advantage of their own citizens, there is grave 
 danger that this vahiable trade will be lost to us, unless the 
 government of this country proceeds to obtain substantial 
 guarantees that the trading privileges we now enjoy, under our 
 treaties with China, shall not be interfered with. 
 
 As I have already pointed out, our exports of cloth to China 
 now consist almost exclusively of coarse yard-lieavy goods, 
 which find their market in the Northern provinces, but there 
 is no reason why our mills should not make an effort to secure 
 a portion of the trade of the great Yangtse Valley, and of 
 Southern China, by giving more attention to the manufadure 
 of the finer yam and lighter cloths required there. It is no 
 use, however, trying to force the Chinese to buy the goods 
 you are accustomed to make for the home trade; they are con- 
 servative people, and, unless they can get from us exactly 
 what they want, and what they have been accustomed to, 
 they will go elsewhere. 
 
 There is a large and valuable trade in fine bleached cottons. 
 China took from the Lancashire looms 70,000,000 yards 
 last year, and another 60,000,000 or 70,000,000 yards of "dyed 
 and printed goods; and I feel satisfied, that with a little 
 study of what is req\iirod by the native traders, the manu- 
 facturers of this country will find they can successfully com- 
 pete for this trade with our ''cousins over the water." Al- 
 though our trade with China has increased in the past few- 
 years by "leaps and bounds," its extent is insignificant when 
 the population to be supplied (all of whom use garments of 
 cotton cloth), is taken into consideration. The difiiculties 
 and lieavy cosit, owing to the lack of modem methods of 
 transportation, of reaching the densely ])opulated districts in 
 the interior, has hitlierto been the chief obstacle to such an 
 increase in the demand as would tax the capacity of the 
 looms of the world, biit now that great trunk lines of rail- 
 roads are projected that will enable us to reach the densely 
 populated provinces of Szechuen, Hunan, Kwangsi and Man- 
 churia, there is no reason why our trade should not in the 
 future increase in a far greater ratio than it has in tlic past. 
 provided, of course, there is no curtailment of the privileges 
 granted us by the treaties now in existence. 
 
 Hon. CorneKus N. Bliss: 
 
 1 have now the honor of intr.iducing one, whom I am satis- 
 fied you will all be rejoiced to hear — a gentleman so well 
 known to this country, and so popular — the Minister from 
 China. ("Hear, hear," Applause.) 
 
 Miiiisler Wu Tiiig-fang: 
 
 Mr. Chairnum, Ladies and Gentlemen: We are assembled 
 here to-day to discuss matters aft'ecting international com- 
 merce — to enter into a general discussion respecting the 
 world's trade, with a view to its development for the benefit 
 of all nations. China gladly takes part in this Congress, and 
 she has, accordingly, sent two delegates to represent her in 
 this body. It is a well-knowTa fact that China's trade and 
 commerce with foreign nations has been and is increasing 
 every year. This is especially the case with the United States. 
 Since the opening of my country to foreign commerce, fifty 
 years ago, her trade with the United States has been steadily 
 increasing. To go no further back than the year 1891, I 
 find in the trade returns of the Imperial Maritime Customs 
 for that year that the exports from the United States to 
 China amounted in round numbers to 7,700,000 taels, and the 
 imports from China, 9,000,000 taels. The volume of trade 
 has increased rapidly every year, and it reached the following 
 figures last year: Exports from the United States to China, 
 17,163,312 taels, and imports from China, 11,986,771 taels. 
 with a total of 20,150,083 taels. It is a significant fact that 
 for many years the value of your exports to C^hina was less 
 
 than your imports, but last year it was the other way. Your 
 exports exceeded your imports by over 5,000,000 taels. Thus 
 it indicates clearly that your export trade has been and is 
 increasing immensely. I have taken these figures, as I say, 
 from the Cusitoms Eeturns, but according to the United 
 States Consul at Chefoo, Mr. Fowler (who seems tO' have 
 taken great pains in going over the figures), the United States 
 trade with China is underestimated by one-third, because the 
 customs method of reckoning is to credit the ship with the 
 merchandise she carries; so that, in the case of a steamer fly- 
 ing say, the British flag, and carrying a large quantity of 
 American goods, the goods so imported will be put down 
 as British and not American. Thus, according to Mr. Fow- 
 ler, your trade with Chi-na last year was 40,000,000 taels. 
 Gratifying as these figures are, they will not stop there, but 
 will continue to advance every year. Now that the United 
 States has practically become our neighbor by its recent ac- 
 quisition of the Philippine Islands, the prospect is brighter 
 than ever, and I should not be surprised if, under favorable 
 conditions and not retarded by unwise methods, the trade 
 will be doubled or trebled in a few years. I say, if not re- 
 tarded by unwise methods. Let me give you an illustration. 
 Mr. Wildman, the United States Consul-General at Hong 
 Kong, used these significant sentences, in his report of No- 
 vember 22, 1898, after having studied the question thoroughly: 
 "Broadly speaking, there is not an industry in the Islands 
 (Philippines) that will not be mined if Chinese labor is not 
 permitted."' And again, in his report of July 1st last, speak- 
 ing of the establishment of cotton mills in Hong Kong, 
 which is looked upon as a remunerative undertaking, 
 he says : "The only thing that the promoters of this 
 English industry fear is that mills will be established in 
 Manila, which would only be possible if .Chinese labor 
 were admitted freely." This opinion of your Consul, 
 who has been many years in the East, and whose business is 
 to protect the interests of his countrymen, is universally con- 
 firmed by all other competent judges in the matter. It is, 
 therefore, manifestly to your interest that Chinese immigra- 
 tion to the Philippines should be as free as possible. In set- 
 tling upon a policy of such vital importance, affecting the 
 welfare and prosperity of your newly-acquired possessions, it 
 is well to study the course pursued by another great power in 
 its colonies adjacent, whose conditions are very much similar. 
 Take the case of Hong Kong. It was but a barren rock on 
 the Chinese coa-st. But since its occupation by Great Britain, 
 every inducement has been given to Chinese to come and 
 settle there. Now it has become a great centre of trade, as 
 fair a city as can be found under the tropical sun, a genuine 
 pearl of great price, and the pride of the British Empire. 
 It is tire Chinese that have contributed so lai'gely to the 
 prosperity of that British colony. Then again, consider the 
 Straits Settlements, which are not so near to China as the 
 Philippines. There the Chinese form a, large proportion of 
 the population. Their presence has been deemed desirable, 
 and no restriction is placed upon their admission. The Eng- 
 lish peo]de are well known to be shrewd and good colonizers, 
 and if Chinese immigration were objectionable, they would 
 have stopped it long ago. But instead of doing that, tliey 
 have held out every inducement to Chinese to come to their 
 colonies, because they know by experience that Chinese are 
 useful to them. It is not for me to say what policy should 
 be adopted by the American Government for the Philippine 
 Islands, but, apart from other considerations, and looking 
 solely to the interests of the Archipelago, it would seem to he 
 a suicidal policy, from a statesman's point of view, to pro- 
 hibit the entrance of Chinese labor into those islands. 
 
 ^Tliile upon this subject, I feel compelled to refer to the 
 status of my countrymen in this country. Although from 
 fear of undue competition with American laboi-, it wa^ 
 
08 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 thought expedient seventeen years ago to enact a law to pro- 
 hibit the coming of Chinese laborers to this country, subse- 
 quent legislation on this subject has gone so far as to inter- 
 fere with. the coming of other classes of Chinese as well. It 
 has been held by the highest legal authority in this country 
 '"tliaii the result of the whole l)ody of these laws and decisions 
 thereon is to determine that the true theory is not that all 
 ('hinese per.sons may enter this country who are not forbid- 
 den, but that only those are entitled to enter who are ex- 
 pressly allowed. ■■ In consequence of this opinion, all col- 
 lectors of customs and inspectors in this country and in the 
 Hawaiian Islands have been instructed to refuse admission to 
 persons descrilied as salesmen, clerks, buyers, cashiers. ])hysi- 
 cians, ])roprietors of restaurants, etc. My attention was called 
 the other day to the case of three Chinese clergymen who 
 were not allowed to land. The legal functionary stated his 
 decision tlnis: "1 am nf ilie opinion that ministers, preachers, 
 and missionaries, as well as doctors, lawyers, etc., are not of 
 the c.xem]!! class." Therefore, should His Excellency Li 
 Hung Chang come to New York as a private individual, he 
 would not be allowed to land. Fortunately, I came to this 
 country before this opinion was rendered, otherwise I should 
 have been excluded, and I must abandon any intention I 
 may have of coming to the United States m ths future 
 as a Confucian missionary, because T shall be turned 
 back. It must not be inferred that in this matter I 
 throw any blame on the oflficials charged with the carrying 
 out of the Chinese exclusion laws. They are simply doing 
 their duty. And here I would acknowledge the uniform 
 courtesy and kindly feeling shown me by all the officials, higli 
 and low, with whom I have come in contact. I simply point 
 out that under the existing laws and regulations, my country- 
 men are singled out as the only people who are not permitted 
 (except a very few under certain strict conditions) to come 
 to the United States and its colonial possessions, while the 
 subjects and citizens of all other nations, of whatever color 
 or race, including Japanese, Malays, Siamese, and other 
 Asiatics, and .Vfricans, and even savages, are f^t liberty to 
 enter freely- Persons are generally disliked on account of 
 their indolence, immorality and other bad (jualities, but I 
 l)elieve this is the first instance in the history of the world 
 that a people are considered as undesirable and excluded from 
 a country because of their industry, perseverance, honesty, 
 and other good qualities, (^'hina does not make such in- 
 vidious distinctions. \Yimt is open to one nation is open to 
 all others. All are ('((ually welcome. So far from taking 
 any retaliatory measure, she is still holding the most friendly 
 and cordial relations with the United States, and I hope and 
 trust these relations will long continue. And referring to 
 the discussions to-day about open door, (!hina is for open 
 door; she opens her doors; Iht doors are wide open to you 
 all without distinction of rac(> and color and of any nation 
 at all; all are welcome equally. In view of llic cei'tain in- 
 crease of this vast trade and commerce beiweeii China and the 
 United States, and in view of the unrivaled oppoitunities 
 China offers to American ca]yiUil and enterprise, the question 
 naturally arises whether it is worth while to keep on your 
 statute book a discriminating law against a people with whom 
 it is to your interest to keep and maintain relations of the 
 most friendly nature. This is a i|ucstioii for the merchants, 
 manufacturers, capitalists and laborers of this country to de- 
 cide, and I am sure they will decide rightly and fairly wlnii 
 the fiicts are laid before them. I do not fear that even Amer- 
 ican laborers will offer any opposition, because being intelli- 
 gent men and men of common sense, they will understand 
 that increase of trade means, of necessily, increase of employ- 
 ment and work, hence prosperity, for them. 
 
 With (be view of expanding the tr:iili' between China and 
 11)0 United Slate.s, il has occurred to mc that the establish- 
 
 ment of an institution on lines somewhat similar to those laid 
 down for the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, at some 
 Chinese seaport, say Shanghai, would be an excellent thing. 
 Manufacturers could then send samples of their goods there 
 on exhibition, so that the natives could see what America 
 has to sell in the way of manufactures and agricultural pro- 
 ducts. On the other hand, the products of Chinese factory 
 and soil might also be placed on exhibition in the same build- 
 ing. A permanent exposition of this kind would certainly 
 result in lasting benefit to both sides. I nc>tice that a similar 
 scheme has been proposed by the United States Consul-Gen- 
 eral at Shanghai and Hong Kong, and I take great pleasure 
 in recommending such a scheme to the favorable considera- 
 tion of the manufatturers aiid merchairts of this country, 
 
 I am exceedingly glad that I have l)cen able to be present 
 at some of the sessions of this Congress. This is an era of 
 conference and international conferences. We have seen the 
 Social Congress, the Medical Congress, the Women's (Con- 
 gress, the Mothers' Congress, the Congress of Demography 
 and Hygiene, the Disannament Congress, etc., that have been 
 lield in different countries. Now we have this International 
 Commercial Congress, Great credit is due to Dr. Wilson and 
 his associates for getting up this Congress, and I am sure 
 I am expressing the sentiment of all of us that we are grateful 
 to them for inviting us to take part in it. This Congress, 
 in my opinion, cannot fail to do good to the world at large. 
 It has brought together the representative men from different 
 countries and afforded them an opportunity to propose and 
 express their views from the standpoint of their respective 
 countries, and at the same time ascertain the views of other 
 nations and states. I anticipate that the results of this Con- 
 gress will be far-reaching, \\nien the representatives of the 
 different nations report to their respective governments and 
 chambers of commerce the things they have seen, the people 
 they have met and talked with, and the impressions they have 
 formed from personal contact and investigation, a better un- 
 derstanding will naturally be established between nations and 
 peoples, leading to closer friendship and to the increase of 
 trade and commerce. My earnest hope is that in our delibera- 
 tions here, we shall rise to that higher plane which eniibles 
 us to see our way to contribute as much as possible to the com- 
 mon good of the world, while not giving up the national 
 interests of each, T pray that the efforts of these good men 
 in getting up this Congress will be crowned with great siiccess, 
 and that its beneficial results will be permanent. (Prolonged 
 applause.) 
 
 Jflltn Foord, Esq. (Secretary of the American Asiatic Associa- 
 tion of New York): 
 
 Mr. President and Fellow Delegates: By way of giving 
 compact expressions and directions to some of the sentiments 
 that have been expressed here this afternoon. T have been 
 asked to submit to you the following practical preamble and 
 resolution which necessarily comes from only a portion of this 
 Congress, inasmuch as it is submitted by the manufacturers 
 and merchants of the United States interested in the China 
 trade to the International Commercial Congress. It is a 
 resolution that colicerns our brethren from other countries, 
 however, and I will read to you the preamble and resolution, 
 and with these remarks, so you can understand il is presented 
 I'ather for the action of a certain portion of the delegates 
 here than for the action of all the delegates here. I think 
 everybody has actually awakened to the importance of [he 
 subject of trade relations between the United States and 
 China, and that the conditions of those relations justify xis 
 in adopting just such a resolution as this. It has been sub- 
 mitted to us with reference to every one of our international 
 friends, in Europe and elsewhere. 
 
 'J'he ]n'eand)le and resolution are as follows: 
 
SIXTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 18, 1899 
 
 99 
 
 Whereas, the exports of American manufactures to China 
 are growing in value and in volume with a rapidit\- unex- 
 ampled in any other market; and 
 
 Whereas, no other market in the world offers such vast and 
 varied opportunities for the further increase of American 
 exports; and 
 
 Wliereas, foreign powers have shown a disposition to re- 
 strict that market to the advantage of their own citizens and 
 the exclusion of others by the creation of spheres of influence, 
 therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved, as the judgment of the representatives of Amer- 
 ican industry and commerce engaged in the China trade, here 
 assembled as delegates to the International Commercial Con- 
 gress at its session held in Philadelphia this 18th day of 
 October, 1899, that an emphatic declaration should be made 
 by the Government of the United States of its intention to 
 protect to the fullest extent the rights which its citizens enjoy 
 under existing treaties to pursue their trade in the Chinese 
 Empire; and be it further 
 
 Resolved, that a copy of this preamble and resolution be 
 transmitted to the President of the United States and to the 
 Secretary of State. 
 
 The resolution I think is in unison with the words you have 
 heard in remarks made by Mr. Fearon and Mr. Barrett. The 
 whole subject is too familiar to the persons to whom it is ad- 
 dressed to require any argument on my part. The resolution 
 is now before you and I respectfully submit it to you for your 
 action. 
 
 Mr. Everett Frazar: 
 
 Mr. President, Dr. Wilson and Gentlemen: I have great 
 pleasure in seconding this resolution. 
 
 In doing so I had intended making some remarks, but the 
 ground has been so well traveled over to-day by the different 
 speakers who have given an abundance of information, that 
 I am candid in saying to you that I think the subject has 
 already been very fully covered. 
 
 In reference to the district of China where the largest pro- 
 portion of goods go, I would say, that, from 80 to 90 per cent, 
 pass through Shanghai and are re-exported to the Northern 
 ports. 
 
 Now the great Northeastern province of Manchuria has 
 practically come under the control of Russia. You can well 
 see, gentlemen, how important it is that we follow up what 
 has already been accomplished in our American Asiatic As- 
 sociation and in the Chamber of Commerce in New York. In 
 both these connections I have had the pleasure of taking part 
 in these matters, and on two occasions I visited Washington, 
 and had interviews with both the President and Secretary Hay, 
 arguing that our minister at Pekin should be notified to act, 
 and to see that our treaty rights are fully maintained. If 
 that can be accomplished, we will have no further trouble 
 about the question of the "open door," and our expanding 
 trade with that great Empire will receive its full share of the 
 lienefits to be derived therefrom. 
 
 I have much pleasure in seconding the resolution, in order 
 that other gentlemen may have the opportunity of making 
 remarks thereon. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Coriieliiifi N. Bliss: 
 
 You have hoard the resolution, gentlemen. Avhich has been 
 made and seconded. Are there any remarks to be made on 
 this resolution? If not — 
 
 Direrlnr W. P. Wi'hni, : 
 
 Before this resolution is put, I feel myself constrained to 
 say one word to the Congress. This Congress is a peculiar 
 body. It is made up of representatives from foreign govern- 
 
 ments and chambers of commerce and from members of 
 chambers of commerce in the United States, quite a number 
 of whom are present this afternoon. 
 
 In my view of the case, the government delegates present 
 at this Congi-ess would not be expected to vote upon such a 
 resolution. They are of course perfectly free to vote in 
 every way, and sd'is every delegate. I simply wanted to 
 refer to the peculiarity of this Congress, and the question of 
 bringing up a resolution which has not been carefully dis- 
 cussed in a section, which should be made up of a committee 
 of representatives from the government and the trade body. 
 
 I want to put myself on record also as being thoroughly 
 in sympathy with this resolution. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. W. P ember Beeves: 
 
 Mr. Chairman: As a delegate from a portion of the great 
 Pacific not very often heard from, I can only speak on this 
 resolution, and on such resolution, by your kind permission. 
 I only rise to say a few words, and to appeal to the American 
 delegates, and to ask them whether they think a portion of 
 the resolution is quite fair and just as regards Great Britain. 
 The part of the resolution I allude to is that which has refer- 
 ence to the action of foreign powers in creating spheres of 
 influence in China, and thereby tending to exclude American 
 merchants. 
 
 Gentlemen, I would remind you with reference to Great 
 Britain, the nation that holds and exercises the greatest 
 sphere of influence in the East, that she always does and 
 always has kept an open door to American merchants, and 
 that she is the only great power in the world who does that, 
 and I would therefore appeal to j'ou whether in fairness you 
 ought not to recognize that in any resolution you pass 
 to-day. 
 
 Mr. James S. Fearon (Delegate from the Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Shanghai): 
 In reply to what the gentleman has said in regard to the 
 
 sphere of influence, I would like to say that England has not 
 
 created a sphere of influence, but has maintained the dignitv 
 
 of the Empire. 
 
 Mr. C. J. Whellams (Secretary, North-Western Manufacturers' 
 
 Association, St. Paul, Minn.): 
 
 Mr. President:- While the gentlemen were talking amongst 
 themselves, we American delegates from the West had a con- 
 ference about the very clause which seemed to us too sweep- 
 ing. It seemed unfair. We all know, and all appreciate that 
 Great Britain has ever done her utmost to throw open the 
 door to commerce. We think the words "foreign powers" 
 there are unjust. I move that amendment to the resolution. ' 
 
 Hon. Cornelivs N. Bliss: 
 
 The gentleman will put his amendment in writing. 
 
 Mr. H. Sell (London, England): 
 
 Mr. President: This is open to a general discussion. I sup- 
 pose, and if so, I would like to say to his Excellency that I 
 think he has undoubtedly again and again done his utmost 
 for other countries. I nnsh you would consider, gentlemen, 
 what would be the eft'ect on" the 400,000,000 of Chinamen, 
 when like Englishmen and Americans they are fully educated 
 to the use of machinery and other methods of working. What 
 will their influence then be upon the Anglo-Saxon race and 
 upon the European races? I take it for granted that we all 
 admit that the (hinese are all industrious, as you say we are, 
 beyond measure. They live economically on one quarter of 
 what I suppose would support an English workman, 
 
100 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Hon. Cornelius N. Bliss: 
 
 Is the gentleman speaking on the amendment to this reso- 
 lution? If, not, he is hardly in oi-der in his remarks. I am 
 waiting for a written copy of the amendment proposed hy 
 this gentleman. 
 
 Mr. Fred. F. Smith: 
 
 I wonld say that 1 think that this amendment can he ti.xed 
 up this afternoon. If it cannot he arranged, then it might be 
 postponed until to-morrow afternoon. I think we can get 
 the amendment in shape to-morrow afternoon. I think we 
 can get the amendment in shape and all right before the 
 session closes to-day. We want all nations treated fairly and 
 equally, therefore, this resolution should he amended, 1 tiiink, 
 and a few gentlemen can leave the room and make the amend- 
 ment and bring it in later. 
 
 Hon. Cornelius N. Bliss: 
 
 Is not this all in the same line as the proposed amendment? 
 
 A Delegate: 
 
 I believe we should amend this resolution as read, to 
 properly give expression to the sentiments that we feel as 
 Americans to the representatives from abroad. We would 
 like a little time to consider it. I think we ought to be given 
 a half hour, and in that time we could fix it up. We don't 
 want to entrench on to-moiTow's business. 
 
 [The resolutions were shortly afterwards pre.sented to the 
 Congress again, in amended form, as follows: 
 
 Whereas, The exports of American manufactures to China 
 are growing in value and in volume with a rapidity unex- 
 ampled in any other market; and, 
 
 Whereas. No otherniarket in the world offers sucli vast and 
 varied opportunities for the further increase of American 
 exports; and. 
 
 Whereas, These opportunities a.re absolutely dependent on 
 the maintenance of the equality of commercial privilege, 
 which treaties made with the United States secure through- 
 out the whole of the (.'liinese Empire; and, 
 
 Whereas, Certain foreign ])owers seem to show a disposition 
 to restrict that market to the advantage of their own citizens 
 and the exclusion of others, by the creation of .splicros of 
 influence; therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved, as the judgment of the representatives of Amer- 
 ican industry and commerce engaged in the China trade, here 
 assembled, as delegates to the International Commercial 
 Congress, at its session hold in Philadelphia this ISth day oC 
 October, 1899, thai nn cniiiliatic declaration should be made 
 by the (lovernment of the Tnifed States of its intenti(jn to 
 protect to the fullest exfciit Ihc rights which its citizens 
 enjoy under existing treaties to pursue their trade in ihc 
 Chinese Empire; and, be it further 
 
 Resolved, That a cojiy of this preaiidilc and rosohilinn he 
 tran.smitted to the President of the United States and In the 
 Secretary of State. 
 
 The resolutions were adoj)ted, but at subsequent sessidii 
 of the Congress this action was reconsidered, the point liaving 
 been raised that all resolutions must be referred to the Cdin" 
 mittee on resolutions for action. The resohitioiis were there- 
 upon referred, but the commitiee failed to approve them and 
 they were not again reported to the Congress. | 
 
 Hon. Cornelivs N. Bliss: 
 
 There is one more address to be made. We will now listen 
 t6 Col. G. W. Bell, United States Consul at Sydney. 
 
 Cul. G. W. Bell (U. S. Consul at Sydney, and representing 
 the Colony of New South Wales): 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: I am here because I believe in 
 civilization, and I believe that commerce is the strongest 
 force in civilization. I believe that he who does most 
 for commerce does most for civilization. I hardly be- 
 lieve we realize the importance of this magnifleent gath- 
 ering. I doubt if in the history of the world the repre- 
 sentatives of so many nations have been called together to 
 consider questions of trade, to consider the questions above 
 all others which bring men in harmony, to consider the ques- 
 tions which in themselves are the prophecies of peace. I 
 have positive opinions, as most men have, I believe every 
 man should have a reason for his opinions, to which he should 
 hold fast as he would to the title deeds of his property. I 
 hold that the integrity of China must be maintained. I hold 
 that the autonomy of China must be protected at all hazards. 
 We must keep the open door of the far East, as the only 
 refuge for the ever-increasing surplus of the United States. 
 I hold that the time is coming when those who brought to- 
 gether this magniticent Congress will be held in reverence by 
 all nations, because it is the grandest promise for the future. 
 1 am not going to talk about dollars and cents to you, I am 
 not going to discuss dry statistics, but I want to call your 
 attention to a few most interesting and important ideas, in 
 which all men of all countries must necessarily feel deeply 
 interested. Let us just for a brief time quit the puzzling task 
 of wearying figures, and float a.way in the realms of ideas 
 until from the perplexing theme we refresh ourselves with a 
 little mental relaxation. We are here, I take it, to discuss 
 questions of commerce, as a means for advancing the general 
 good of all concerned. It is a most liberal gathering, where 
 liberty of speech is only bounded by respectful discretion. 
 
 I am going to give you my reasons for the great anxiety I 
 have regarding the policy to be pursued in opening up this 
 wonderful dreamy oid "Far East." As we are all citizens of 
 different countries having opinions moulded to a large degree 
 Ijy otir pectiliar surroundings, 1, of course, mttst speak from 
 the standpoint of an American, but as America is becoming 
 so important a factor in the world's doings, the condition 
 of her people and the policy of her business men must be of 
 interest to all the world. We are what the past has made us 
 and the future will be according to our actions to-day. Amer- 
 ica, then, being a powerful factor in the world's present 
 doings and being destined to be a more powerful factor in the 
 future, [ feel sure of ynur interest in an American's ideas 
 regarding American conditions, her duties and her destiny. 
 To me this calling together of all the nations is a most im- 
 portant occasion and a rounding out nf the century with a 
 gi-and event. It is a unique gathering and the producing, the 
 ialMD'ing. the commercial and the trading classes of allthe 
 cDuntries here represented, yes. all peo])le of the earth, should 
 and sometime will, acknowledge a debt of gratitude to these 
 tireless men who have so long, and finally so successfully, 
 struggled for this most auspicious consummation of a grand 
 projcel. 
 
 'i'his meeting is the liiii'liinger iif a mighty good f u' the 
 \\iirld, and some effort should he rnade by the members of 
 this Contrress, to utilizi' this sph'iidid Commercial Museum, as 
 an instrumentality througii which the work now being done 
 here could he carried nn In a fiillei- ivalizal imi of the original 
 ho|ies of the ])rojectors. 
 
 Why are we here, representing progressive peoples from all 
 quarters of the globe? Why, except to devise means by which 
 the ]M'ople may iiioiv r<'adily exchange the products of their 
 varied skill and of tlieir varied climates ami soil, that the con- 
 ditions of the homes of the world may !»> made more happy. 
 IMiis is commerce, to jiroinote which we have come together. 
 This reminds us that the world is growing smaller and that 
 
SIXTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 18, 1899 
 
 101 
 
 the cultivated tastes of tlie people of modern ages require 
 and demand for their satisfaction all the skill and industry 
 of all men. This is the grandest of all the ages. We are 
 the most wealthy, the most civilized and the best provided 
 for of all the generations that ever inhabited the globe. To 
 my mind we stand at the dawn and not at the high noon of 
 civilization. To my mind the future historian will record 
 this as the ushering in of a new era, as really the first genera- 
 tion of civilized men. The end of this century will mark a 
 mil'e-stone in the path of human progress, and this meeting 
 and its deliberations will be conspicuous in history. The last 
 half of this century has done more for civilization, more to 
 happify the common home, more to raise to a common level 
 tlie great mass of the people, more to humanize, to unite and 
 to elevate the race, than all the generations from Constautine 
 to Gladstone. Why this wonderful change? Through what 
 forces have we leaped the gulf of the silent centuries and 
 come so suddenly to our present position? How, but through 
 the force of commerce, that subtle force that drew us together 
 from the remotest parts of the earth. Commerce is the might- 
 iest civilizing agency known to man, and this Congress is a 
 recognition of this truth. But what is commerce? — for this is 
 worthy of our inquiry. Well, we are land animals; we are 
 children of the earth; we subsist from the products of this 
 little planet and all the things which w^e properly call goods, 
 are products wrenched from the treasure house of nature by 
 the genfus and toil of man. The exchange of these goods is 
 commerce, and just to the extent that men exchange the 
 product of their toil with that of others, for the product of the 
 others toil, do we become civilized. The force behind is, that 
 man is the unsatisfied animal, and his wants increase with 
 his knowledge of the world and his conceptions of nature. 
 He ever hungers physically and intellectually, and so he 
 studies his surroundings. We see that every distinct spot of 
 earth is better adapted to the production of some one than 
 of any other thing. Then we begin to specialize, then the 
 products of special industry are exchanged for the products 
 of other special industry. Then we learn that organization, 
 concentration and specialization, multiplies almost infinitely 
 our powers of production, and thus arises a hope for the satis- 
 faction of our wants. But our wants ever increase and outrun 
 our powers of production. All the great movements looking 
 to the progress of humanity have their inception in the com- 
 mercial idea, the idea of exchanging products for products. 
 In this they follow the decree of nature, for each and all of 
 us ever strive to secure the best possible living with the least 
 possible work. A civilized man exerts his energies in the 
 production of one or a few things, but as the civilized man 
 desires many thousand things, he specializes his efforts and 
 in exchanging his one for many things he develops com- 
 merce. As you sit down to dinner to-night, each of you 
 think how many people of how many nations of the globe, 
 have been contributing to your comforts, for 'tis this for which 
 we are here. Here we are the representatives of more than 
 forty nations, each of us require, need and must have, the 
 assistance of all the others, without which our table, our 
 raiment and our happiness, would be incomplete. Then as 
 the wise man desires to improve the buying capacity of his 
 customer, commerce is the apotheosis of business and the 
 prophecy of peace and plenty. Of all the missionaries then of 
 civilization the commercial agent is the most potent. It 
 was the commercial instincts of the Phoenicians that led 
 them beyond the pillars of Hercules; it was the commercial 
 instinct of the Greeks that peopled the shores of the Medi- 
 terranean; it was the commercial instinct of the times that 
 erected Venice and Genoa, as beacon lights for the new ages: 
 it was the commercial instinct of Columljus, who desired to 
 arrest from decay his own beloved land, that led to the dis- 
 covery of America, and it was the commercial or shop-keeping 
 
 instinct of our friends, that brought them here together to 
 help make the world worth living in. 
 
 The new discoveries of the new world offered such grand 
 rewards for mental and physical effort, that genius arose in 
 answer to the cries of humanity for better things. Oppor- 
 tunities, enlarged opportunities, in America, developed the 
 inventive genius of man and the application of science to pro- 
 duction has lifted the age out of its old and non-progressive 
 systems of government and industry. 
 
 Soon after the "camping out" of our ancestors among 
 the rugged hills of New England and the not over-fertile 
 soil of my owti Virginia, the progressive instincts of the 
 race began to show themselves. Our people, in the very 
 early ages of our history, showed their superiority as traders 
 and navigators. They were great in their childhood. We are 
 great still, and any American will admit that, if you get him 
 quietly to one side and get an honest expression. But let us 
 think. Forty years ago we were one of the leading commercial 
 countries of the globe; the American ship was in every 
 harbor; the stars and stripes kissed every breeze and were 
 honored and cheered in all lands under the sun. Less than 
 half a century ago, and but little more than a half a century 
 from the birth of our national life, so strongly had our people 
 developed their commercial and maritime instincts that our 
 ships carried a third of the world's tonnage; they carried 
 three-fourths of our own products, and from our shipyards 
 were sold to other nations the most graceful and rapid sailing 
 vessels that had ever defied the waves. The American "skip- 
 per" was the navigator of navigators, and the American sailor 
 was the sailor of the times. Wliere have these all gone? 
 
 To-day we carry less than twelve per cent, of our own ton- 
 nage, our share of the world's carrying is insignificant indeed, 
 and we pay foreign ships, owned by our competitors in the 
 world's markets, nearly three hundred millions dollars an- 
 nually for carrying our goods to the points of competition. My 
 patriotism revolts at such a situation. On the grand Pacific 
 Ocean, whose boisterous waves lash more than a thousand 
 miles of our shores, we have less than three per cent, of the 
 carrying trade. Why this melancholy change? Through 
 what influence has the American abandoned the waves? Why 
 have we yielded the helm to other hands? Why have we sur- 
 rendered an industry, without which no nation ever became 
 truly great? Let us inquire. Well, in the fulness of our 
 strength and our greatness as a maritime power, gold, yellow 
 gold was discovered in "far off California." Our race, you 
 know, is controlled by dominant ideas and gold, gold, gold, 
 became the ruling passion. The wisest American knew little 
 of the possessions of which we boasted; we abandoned the 
 seas; our ships swung at anchor until the cables parted and 
 they floated leisurely to the distance, disappearing — I hope 
 not forever. The skipper and the sailor plunged into the 
 mines for gold. As a nation, we reversed the history of 
 progressive action. Instead of crossing the sea from land 
 to land in search of pay cargoes, we crossed the land from 
 sea to sea, in search of pay dirt. We opened our arms to 
 the world; the world came and soon we were numerically 
 strong. In searching for gold we discovered the greater wealth 
 of our country, the wealth of soil, and forest and baser mines, 
 and in the genius of our people, which had been aroused by 
 the ever enlarging opportunities. The energies of the nation 
 were exerted in developing the interior resources of the coun- 
 try. So rapidly did we grow, so rapidly did we multiply, that 
 the market and the system of exchange satisfied the ambition 
 of the most progressive for many years. The achievements of 
 America during these ambitious decades pales the lustre of the 
 world's authentic history. But now what? Our temple is 
 erected;our shops are finished;the grandest industrial machine 
 ever conceived by man awaits the touch of a spring to leap 
 into action. We have become the most wealthy, the most pro- 
 
102 
 
 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 grussive aud the most ambitious of people. Of course, you 
 ■'foreigners" will pardon me for appearing to speak so directly 
 of my own country, but these things alfect you all very deeply. 
 
 i^et mc tell you. We now produce more of the things that 
 satisfy huuiau wants than any other four nations on the globe, 
 aside'from England, a tliird more than even she. But we now 
 discover that the American stomach will not hold the Ameri- 
 can crop; we now discover that our means and our powers of 
 production have far outrun our capacity for consumption, and 
 that our improved conditions and our improved wants, de- 
 mand a broader exchange. We must go abroad, as other pro- 
 gressive people have done before us, we must have a market 
 for our surplus products. This is the crucial test of our 
 civilization, and our social system. Can we adjust ourselves 
 to the demands of this jH-ogressive age? Evefy nation is 
 striving to secure a market among other nations, for its sur- 
 plus products. Rememlx^r, this is an age of aggressive action, 
 an age of intense activity, an age of almost warlike competi- 
 tion because it is an industrial age of vast surpluses. Each 
 strives to get abroad. Each nation is striving to do unto 
 others what it would not have others do unto them. The sal- 
 vation of each country seems to be in finding a market for its 
 products, that its labor may be employed, and its civilized 
 wants may be somewhat satisfied. 
 
 Now, no nation more emphatically requires a foreign market 
 than ourselves. We have demonstrated our capacity for pro- 
 duction, as well as our capacity for competition, under proper 
 conditions. But here is an important matter. Production 
 has become so specialized that it requires to-day greater capi- 
 tal, greater energy, greater mental capacity aud a greater num- 
 ber of people to carry, to sell, to handle and to exchange 
 the products of industry, than to produce them. The condi- 
 tions of this commercial and progi-essive age have evolved 
 this phase of civilized progress. We must meet the world in 
 competition, in the world's own markets, but we must re- 
 member that all the productions of man's skill must be 
 moved from the point of production to the point of con- 
 sumption. This is transportation. Tbis is another important 
 factor in commerce, in exchange. We have the goods, but 
 iiow are we to "get there?" How shall we, how do we reach 
 I lie point of competition? How shall we, my countrymen, 
 meet our competitors on anything like equal terms? Shall 
 we become inland drudges exerting our stupendous energies 
 only in creating goods? or shall we broaden the scope of our 
 sjilendid man and womanhood by enlarging our industrial 
 appliances. Now let us think again. I reminded you that we 
 had practically abandoned the seas. Practically, we have 
 no ships and our producers are at the mercy of their com- 
 petitors in the means of reaching the point of competition. 
 The carriers of the world, you know, may easily control the 
 channels of the world's trade, and crush or spare their com- 
 . petitors at will. We have no ships, remember, practically, 
 ■and we now pay nearly three hundred million dollars an- 
 nually to foreign shipowners, to our competitors, for carry- 
 ing our goods to the point of competition. How can we suc- 
 cessfully meet such a condition of affairs? It is impossible, 
 even with our boasted superiority of energy and business 
 capacity, to overcome such disadvantages as these. Now, 
 while the most of us, on general principles, are opposed to 
 S[)ecial favors and feel that every man and every industry 
 should stand upon its own merits, we are confronted by a 
 condition and not by a theory. We must get abroad, or de- 
 pression, stagnation, idleness, discontent, sedition and possi- 
 ble revolution, may arise to close our magnificent pretensions. 
 We must get abroad, or our progress will be checked, and 
 we must yield the advanced position to others, to less pre- 
 tentious hands. Commercially our condition is almost a 
 melancholy one, but we must awaken to our new duties. 
 What is our renu'dy? On principle, we may lie opposed to 
 
 subvention, to subsidizing anything. Yes, on principle, we 
 are opposed to war; on principle we are opposed to many 
 things, but under certain conditions, patriotism demands that 
 we change our policy. We are so determinedly opposed to 
 war, and such lovers of harmony, that we will have peace if 
 we have to fight for it. We have been opposed to subsidizing 
 ships, but we are confronted by a condition, for when any 
 great nation adopts the policy of subsidy, others must follow 
 suit or be left behind the procession. Subsidy may not be 
 the best means of obviating the difficulty, but something must 
 be done. Can we afford to abandon the seas? Can we afford 
 to rely upon our competitors to carry our goods to the point 
 of competition? Can we afford to abandon a sphere of action 
 for which our people by nature are so well fitted? Now, sup- 
 pose we should subsidize American ships to the extent, say 
 of three per cent, of the amount we now pay foreign ship 
 owners. Should we go to this extent, we would encourage 
 American sea carrying from seven to nine million dollars a 
 year. This would bring into existence, in a few years, a finer 
 commercial merchant marine than now plies the ocean under 
 any flag. This would enable American producers to go abroad 
 on even terms with their competitors; it would do more, it 
 would create a merchant marine, to man which would require a 
 quarter of a million men and to build and supply which would 
 require another quarter of a million, and this would solve the 
 unemployed question for an indefinite future. 
 
 Now, let me tell you, the sea has always been the best 
 refuge for the discontented, for the dissatisfied, for the re- 
 fractory and seditious element of society. Then this diversity 
 "f industry would broaden the scope of our national life, that 
 employment for mind and body would be pos.sible for all our 
 people. With a merchant marine, worthy of our pretentions, 
 our flag would be known, would be respected the world over, 
 and would mean something to our own people. In our mer- 
 chant marine, there would be a member of every hamlet and 
 almost every family of our country, and our flag would become 
 an object of national admiration, yes, of national adoration. 
 Loyalty would be more than a sentiment, more than a dream, 
 'twould touch the heart and the home of every true American. 
 Let me tell you, ray countrymen, without a merchant marine, 
 we will be unable to dispose of our surplus products as we 
 will be hampered in this competitive war; without disposing 
 of our surplus we cannot keep our vast industrial machine 
 running, and with this even checked in its operations a large 
 number of our population will be in idleness and want; with 
 idleness and want there will be discontent, then will dangerous 
 factions arise and then may come sedition and revolution to 
 wreck our promises for the regeneration of the world. I am 
 no alannist, but for the love of my country, I plead for a 
 symmetrical development that will confer the greatest bles- 
 sings on the greatest number of our people. It is surely to be 
 regretted that the millennium has not yet dawned, and that 
 great navies are regarded as necessary. With our changed 
 condition the necessity of a greater naval force in our country 
 is almost universally conceded. But how can a people sup- 
 port a navy without a commercial marine from wliich to re- 
 cruit the navy? With a great commercial marine, manned 
 by Americans, as it should be, there would always be a naval 
 force ready with a few days' training for any emergency. It 
 is not England's vast navy that makes her invincible at sea, 
 i)ut her 280,000 seafaring men, who stand ready to man the 
 U'uns upon the sea. It is folly to talk of a navy which must 
 depend upon foreigners to man its guns. Under present con- 
 ditions we, by our vast practical subsidies to foreign ships, 
 are keeping afloat the navies of the world; are keeping afloat 
 Ihc navies tlint may overwhelm us. Of this, of course, we 
 have no IVai-. I'lul a miTcbaiil marine is an absolute neces- 
 silv, to cniilili' .Americans to compete successfully in the 
 
SIXTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 18, 1899 
 
 103 
 
 world's markets, where we must compete, or smother in our 
 own grease. 
 
 Let us go back upon the seas! Let us reoccupy this great 
 sphere of human action, for which we are so well fitted by 
 nature. Let us grapple again with the waves, where we stood 
 so proudly conspicuous less than half a century ago. With a 
 merchant marine, we can successfully get abroad, and once 
 abroad, we can successfully compete anywhere. 
 
 This brings us to another question. With the surplus, and 
 with the ships, where are we to find a market? All the nations 
 have surpluses. All the nations are striving, striving in the 
 competitive markets. Each must find a market to satisfy its 
 people, to employ its labor and to fulfill its destiny. But none 
 are driven by a greater necessity than we. We must find new 
 fields for the exercise of our enormous powers, for the dis- 
 posal of our enormous surpluses, for the expansion of our 
 stupendous energies. Now where shall we turn? 
 
 In the far East, in this new old world, there has recently 
 arisen from its centuries of slumber, a country containing 
 one-third of the human race. These Orientals, these Chi- 
 nese, are a peculiar jjeople, but they are very human and 
 once aroused, their wants will enormously multiply, for I 
 say they are awfully human. China is an unexploited world. 
 China has approximately four hundred millions of people 
 who are but recently touched by the magic spark of civili- 
 zation. It is folly to quote statistics; it is folly to write enor- 
 mous columns of figures; it is folly to speculate on the 
 probable or possible magnitude of this trade in the East, 
 for it is positively beyond computation. A people's capacity 
 for consumption is only equalled by their capacity for 
 production, and a suddenly awakened people reach out 
 in their desires as earnestly and passionately as those of older 
 civilization. None can calculate the trade of four hundred 
 millions of people. Who could ever have dreamed that four 
 millions of people would export and import three 
 hundred and sixty million dollars worth of goods per year, 
 as do the wide awake and enterprising Australians. Of 
 course, the Chinese are not Australians, but consider, the 
 population and the possibilities become staggering. But 
 China must be our future market. Upon the shores of the 
 broad Pacific there already arises a prophecy of a coming 
 change, greater and grander than we ever witnessed before 
 in the history of the world. China once aroused, her capac- 
 ity for production increased, she will furnish a market for 
 other nations for generations. But in this matter there are 
 some serious questions to be considered. The eyes of all 
 nations are centered on China. Here must the competitive 
 war be carried on, by methods which we may aid in shaping 
 for the future. In China the capacity of the different na- 
 tions, the different peoples, evolved by different systems of 
 government, musit test the virtue of their manhood and of 
 their peculiar institutions. Now here is an important mat- 
 ter. Under our free in.«titutions, we have developed the 
 sturdy individual in the unit of our society, which is the chief 
 factor in our social and political structure. No king, no 
 counsel, no parliament or no congress, can guide a people 
 as wisely as they will guide themselves, when each is left 
 to pursue his or her choice in means for betterment. Upon 
 the individual effort is the success of our national life based. 
 Upon the success of the individual, depends the success of the 
 nation, for the greatness of a nation consists in the greatness 
 of the individuals composing the nation. This success born 
 of the sense and genius of our country, I say has aroused 
 the discontent of the struggling millions of the civilized old 
 world. Then in this new competition, there may have to 
 be fought out, not only the relative merits of our industrial 
 systems, but the fitness and the capacity of the people of 
 different political systems to adjust themselves to the new 
 order of things. It may be more than an industrial com- 
 
 petition. It may be the test of individualism or centralism 
 as forces in the evolution of civilization. It may be to the 
 interest of several nations to partition China, that they may 
 l)usy giddy minds wi\h foreign broils, or foreign opportuni- 
 ties, and thus perpetuate for a time the old sy,sten¥.' By the 
 division of spheres of influence in China, different countries 
 might find abundance of markets for their products, places 
 for their ambitious and discontented citizens, and many re- 
 wards for those whose influence they desire to retain. " But 
 the door of China must be left open. It must be left wide 
 open. To the individualism of America, of Britain, and 
 of the struggling world, it is an overwhelming necessity, but 
 especially to America. The salvation of America depends 
 upon her finding an outlet for her surplus products, and 
 this is th?'one unexploited field. With the door of China 
 open, there may be markets found for our surplus products 
 for generations to come. I have no fear of the industrial 
 competition in China. It is folly to remind us that these 
 people are "small consumers," for human desires increa.se 
 with human knowledge, and consumption increases with the 
 capacity of a people to buy, or to satisfy their wants. The 
 possibilities of the awakened wajits of the people of China 
 are beyond the dreams of the mo^ enthu.siastic speculator. 
 The demands of China will increase with the awakening of 
 China. Her industrial progress will increase her capacity 
 to purchase and like other peoples, she will purcha.se up to 
 her producing capacity. We are often warned that China, 
 once thoroughly aroused, with her tireless industry and imi- 
 tative skill applied to modern methods of production, would 
 ovei-whelm the civilized nations with the products of her 
 cheap and efficient labor. No greater folly was ever preached 
 to a people, in my opinion. This is to assume the unnat- 
 ural. It is to assume that awakened China would be con- 
 tent to live as sleeping China has lived, during the many 
 centuries of her nationhood. It is to assume that a people 
 fired by the ambition of modem civilization would be con- 
 tent to live the lives of ancient serfs and slaves. It is as- 
 suming the grotesque, the unnatural, the impossible. To- 
 day the people of China, like the people of other countries, 
 live on a plane measured by their earnings. Their wants 
 are restricted to their purchasing power. In China, as in 
 other countries, the plane of the living of the individual 
 corresponds with the income. Economy is not natural with 
 them, it is only a necessity. His Excellency, the Minister of 
 the Celestial Empire to our land, who has so ably and elo- 
 quently joined in our discussion here, assures us that grad- 
 ually American imports into China, have gained on China's 
 exports to America, and that lasit year, our sales to China 
 far exceeded our purchases from China. This is, as any 
 student might infer. The more aroused China becomes, the 
 greater become her wants and the greater also becomes her 
 ability to buy our goods. China aroused by modern ideas, 
 fired by modern ambition, touched deeply by the magic force 
 of modern civilization, will find it possilile to remain at home, 
 and by her awakened industrial force, she will be able to 
 consume fabulous amounts of our various goods. Commerce 
 is but the exchange of the products of industry by methods 
 we call purchase and sale, and the more wealthy, intelligent 
 and productive a people become, the more they have of their 
 own creation to exchange for the creations of other people. 
 Individually the people of China are poor, they have 
 little to buy with, as their methods of production are primi- 
 tive, but they buy all they are able to pay for. Increase the 
 productive capacity of China tenfold, and you will increase 
 her wants tenfold, her purchasing capacity tenfold, and her 
 general business enterprise at the same ratio. 
 
 It is not in a race, but in the social condition, that we 
 see economy or extravagance. The wants of all people in- 
 crease more rapidly than their capacity to supply such wants, 
 
104 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 ami in this is the safety of civilization. Wealthy Cliinamen 
 live extravagantly; well-to-do Chinamen live comfortably, 
 and poor Chinamen live very hard indeed, but is not that 
 liie ease with all peo])le, regardless of race, color or nation- 
 ality? 
 
 It won"t do, the barriers of China are broken down; China 
 is awakening; her millions are rubbing their eyes preparing 
 for the new play and for generations she will furnish the 
 most desirable market for our surplus products and the most 
 interesting history in the pages of human progress. Ilcr 
 door must be kept open, well open; her temtorial integrity 
 must be nuiintained; her autonomy must be respected, and 
 we must adopt a policy that will afTord opportunities for 
 our people ecpial to any other nation in this greaite^t of com- 
 ])etitive markets of the world. 
 
 This reminds me again of the necessity of our getting 
 al)road to get our goods to the door of this falnilous market. 
 Now, remember I remark that on the broad I'acific we car- 
 ried less than three per cent, of the tonnage. Further, I 
 may remark, that the people who live on the opposite side 
 of the world, who must round Cape Ho:-n or the Cape of 
 Good Hope, or pay toll through the Suez Canal, to get to 
 the Chinese waters, do the carrying of this ocean that lashes 
 a thousand miles of our shore. But the ships doing this 
 trade are mostly subsidized sis millions of dollars per year, 
 being paid by tlio nations whose flag protects the commerce. 
 So you see wo are not in it. How can we meet this com- 
 petition? How can our merchants go in these foreign ships 
 to the point of competition and meet the nations, the pro- 
 ducers of which aid their carriers to such an extent. We 
 must change our policy. As we use modern machines and 
 modern guns on emergencies, so we must adopt the methods 
 in our commercial pursuits, used by our competitors. The 
 highest principle, after all, is to promote the general material 
 interests of our people, for industrial prosperity is the chief 
 source of the happiness and well being of the nation, and 
 the individuals composing the nation. 
 
 Ijct me tell you, to keep our people employed, and thus 
 contented, intelligent, loyal and free from the mischievous 
 iniluence of ambitious or designing men, our great industrial 
 machiiu' mu.st be kept unceasingly at work. To keep the 
 industrial machine run)iing, we must vastly increase our 
 foreign trade; to increase our foreign trade, we must find 
 a greater market and devise some means for reaching it on 
 terms as rea,sonable as those enjoyed by our competitors. 
 Well, we have the most perfect industrial machine known 
 to the world; by a free shipping bill or some subsidy scheme, 
 we may easily furnish means of employing our people and 
 of carrying our goods abroad; we have discovered a market 
 awaiting us in the Orient, and thank God and old Dewey, and 
 the necessities of war, and a firm admini.stration, we hold 
 to-day one of the' most fair and fertile spots on earth, but 
 six hundred and forty miles from the door of the only un- 
 exploited country on this earth, and I have a firm faith 
 tiuit our enterprising people will have the sagacity to make 
 the be,st use of these new opportunities. And this menus a 
 short chapter on Manila. 
 
 I)Ut let me rendnd you that the most vital que.'^lion of the 
 hour, not oidy with us, but with all other nations, is the 
 disj)Osa! of surpluses, arising from the application of science 
 to production. IjcI me remind you, that the peace and prog- 
 ress of (Hir countiy, yes, its very salvation, rests absolutely 
 upon our success in the disposition of our surplus in the 
 competitive markets of the outside world. Let me impress 
 upon you, that without an increased foreign market, there 
 must 1)0 increased domestic idleness, which must bring do- 
 mestic discontent, and possible friction and danger to the 
 ]ieace and safety of our coimtry. AVe must assume a posi- 
 tion in the world, commensurate with our wealth, our intel- 
 
 ligence, and our general pretensions. The Far East, and 
 chiefly China, I believe, must be largely our reliance in this 
 overshadowing necessity. Well, I have positive opinions re- 
 regarding recent events that have given us an advantage in 
 the Orient. I do not deny to others an equal intelligence or 
 an equal patriotism. I do not deny to any other American 
 the right to express an honest opinion. I do not claim su- 
 perior knowledge or sagacity, regarding the public policy of 
 our country, but as an American, I claim the right to express 
 my opinions freely. For myself, considering the necessities 
 born of our industrial progress, the fields to which we must 
 turn for a market for our ever increasing surplus, I do not 
 weep over the emergencies that placed us in the position we 
 now occupy so near the door to the Asiatic markets. Here 
 again, honest men may differ in opinion, but from the be- 
 ginning we have been a growing, an enterprising, an am- 
 liitious people and an "expanding" people. Our industries 
 have extended, until ruin threatens us unless we find a 
 broader market. Our ambition has expanded, until we feel 
 capable of the most marvelous achievements. Our country 
 has expanded, from one million square miles along the East- 
 ern border of the Continent, to its present stupendous wealth 
 and proportions. Then we are all expansionists, as we all 
 approve the policy of our forefathers, in making our grand 
 country whait it is, and really worth, living in. Let us think, 
 again. Genius has annihilated time and space, so it is now 
 a question of cost and convenience only, in discussing our 
 dealings with foreign lands. When we acquired Louisiana 
 — by treaty — New Orleans was further from Philadelphia, in 
 danger, in time and cost, than is Manila to-day. We ac- 
 quired Louisiana by treaty, before we knew much of, or 
 needed, her territory. Then we had few people and a com- 
 ]»aratively broad area of unoccupied land. We acquired 
 Florida, by treaty, long before it was known or needed by 
 our people. In time, in danger, in cost, it was more dis- 
 tant than Guam is to-day. The territoij of Florida was not 
 needed, but we "expanded"; I am glad of it. Then we ac- 
 quired Texas, by treaty. It was so distant that the average 
 American knew less about it than he now knows of Australia, 
 (U' the Islands of the Pacific. We "expanded"; I am glad of 
 it. Then by a war, regarded by nuiny as hardly justifiable, 
 we acquired about all that was worth having of Mexico — - 
 by treaty. We "expanded;" I am glad of it. In time, and 
 cost it was more distant than the furthermost parts of the 
 earth are to-day, from the centre of our wealth and popula- 
 tion. We never acquired an inch of territory thait has not 
 proven an advantage to us, though we never acquired an 
 inch of territory without tlie l)itterest opposition from pa- 
 triotic men. To souls caged in a shell, growth is i>ainful. 
 When we had reached from ocean to ocean and from lake 
 to gulf, when we had become a mighty people, though before 
 we needed additional territory, we acquired, by treaty, Ala.ska, 
 but patriotic men objected. We expanded, and I am glad 
 of it. Each and every one of these acquisitions became oure 
 by treaty, when they were very distant in time and cost, and 
 long before they were needed by our people. I am an ex- 
 pansionisit, because I approve of the expansion policy of my 
 country, a policy without the adoption of which we would 
 to-day have been one of the minor powers of the world. 
 Well, later still, through the fortunes of one of the most 
 justifialile wars in the anmils of the world, Manila fell into 
 OU1- lap. and by a gemu-ous and riilightened treaty on our 
 |ini-t, we acquired the Philippine (iroup with their capital 
 iiul six hundred find forty miles from a gi-eat and expanding 
 nuirket. As wo acquired the Philippines by the same means 
 we acquired tliree-foni-t lis of oiii' mtire present territory, i 
 regard llicm as much a part of the rightful jwssessions of 
 our cduiitrv iis Iowa, California, Oregon or Washington. If 
 I liclievc'il ill till' mcildlesonu'm\ss of a partial I'rovideiU'e in 
 
SIXTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 18, 1899 
 
 105 
 
 the bloody affairs of men, I would point to our acquisition 
 of the Philippines as an evidence of Divine favor. Now let 
 us be honest. All the country we have acquired, we have 
 acquired by treaty, and we have extended the blessings of 
 our humane government over many peoples. We gave to 
 the inhabitants of all our acquired territory, opportunities for 
 enlightenment and progress. Now, as we acquired the Phil- 
 ippines by the same methods by which we acquired our other 
 territory, I feel that we are bound to defend their territorial 
 integrity as we -would defend that of Florida or California. 
 I impute no unholy motives to others, but I could reconcile 
 no other position in this matter as consis'tent with my con- 
 ception of loyalty and duty to my countij and her institu- 
 tions. I am a Southerner, but I remember that once upon 
 a time a very respectable number of very respectable people 
 proitested against marching in the main procession of the 
 Union, and it was very firmly decided to use the ancient 
 arts of persuasion in the matter. I remember, too, that some 
 very intelligent and very respectable gentlemen denied the 
 right of this government to control certain political paddocks, 
 without the consent of the people, and their attention was 
 very forcibly called to some peculiar definitions of some very 
 expressive terms in the English language. 
 
 Well, briefly, let us look at the condition of the Philip- 
 pines. I have never been there. I boast of no personal 
 knowledge of them, though I have had close business and 
 social relations with many hundreds of people who have been 
 studying them and doing Inisiness with them for many years. 
 I regard the Islands as among the most valuable of our ter- 
 ritorial acquisitions. Of course, their possibilities are largely 
 matters of speculation, but we have a very correct idea of 
 what American enterprise can do in a country with great 
 resources. Among the seven millions of people, said to exist 
 on these Islands, there are several races and many tribes, 
 speaking different languages, believing in different religions 
 and enjoying varied degrees of civilization, or none, the high- 
 est of which is low as measured by our standard. To say 
 Aguinaldo represents the sentiments, the feelings, or the in- 
 terests of any considerable portion, even of his own race, to 
 my mind is absurd. To say that he represents the people 
 of the Islands, is too foolish for refutation, and to say that 
 people of the Philippines are fighting for liberty is using 
 terms of which they have but the dreamiest conception. 
 We acquired these Islands frqm Spain, by treaty. Her title 
 to them has been acknowledged by the powers for more than 
 three hundred years. We acquired all her rights, her titles 
 and paid for them. The people belonged on the Islands and 
 owed allegiance to the legal possessors of the Islands. Agui- 
 naldo and his little band of half-savage disturbers are in re- 
 volt against the legal authority of the United States, now 
 the legal possessors and owners of the Islands. To my mind 
 that revolt must be suppressed, yes, it must be crushed, and 
 order restored among the people. To my mind no question 
 of form of government for the Islands, should engage the 
 attention of our people imtil the rebellion is quieted. To me 
 the cry of Imperialism is all cant. There are no Imperialists in 
 America, there are no American citizens who woiild not grant 
 these people all the privileges and all the libei'ty consistent 
 with the l)est interests of the whole. It goes without saying 
 that we will give the people security, that we will give them 
 the best government they are capable of enjoying, that we 
 will give them protection against the rapacity and the op- 
 pression of their own ambitious countrymen and all the power 
 suggested by their capacity for the exercise of political au- 
 thority. I say, hold the Philippines, not only as a matter 
 of defending our rights, not only as a matter of defending 
 nur legally acquired teri-itory, and not only as a matter of 
 l)atriotism and duty to those whom the fortunes of war has 
 thrown into our care, but because our business interests de- 
 
 mand that course. Eecent events have forced upon us new- 
 responsibilities, and we cannot shirk them. We cannot aban- 
 don one inch of soil over which our flag has ever floated, 
 without doing violence to our pride and our pretentions as 
 a nation. We cannot abandon one inch of soil acquired by 
 treaty, and in justice to our industrial classes, we cannot 
 abandon any possession which broadens our opportunities for 
 industrial development. Patriotism and the interests of our 
 people demand that we stand firm. I believe in our institu- 
 tions, I believe in our obligations to the weak, and I believe 
 in our grand destiny as a civilizing force for the future. 
 Great men are scarce. I wish I were great, that, when I tell 
 the American people that the salvation of this country de- 
 pends upon an increased foreign trade, that a merchant ma- 
 rine is an absolute necessity, and that a halt in this emer- 
 gency means that we are not in the vanguard of progress, 
 they would listen to my appeal. To conclude, then, my 
 friends, America must have a merchant marine, she must 
 build, own and operate the Nicaragua f'anal, and she must 
 have the door of China left wide open to her commerce, or 
 her efforts in the future movements of our race will be so 
 restricted that her civilizing influence will be largely lost to 
 the world. Thank you. (Applause.) 
 
 Minister Wii Tliiri-faiig: 
 
 Mr. Chairman: I wish to say a few words in reply to a 
 gentleman who has previously spoken. He said that China 
 has four hundred nuUions of people, and if the law of ex- 
 clusion is abolished the four hundred million Chinese would 
 all come to America. That is his statement of the question, 
 but I am very sure they would not come, and I am obliged 
 to him for having made that statement because it affords me 
 an op])ortunity for answering him. 
 
 That question has often been debated by people, and it 
 often shows itself in the press, and ] am glad of it; and I am 
 glad that I now have the opportunity of answering his state- 
 ment. 
 
 He says that if the Chinese were allowed to come here, a 
 very large part of the population of China would come here. 
 But he does not understand the ])eculiar circumstances in 
 China. I must tell him, if that gentleman is here, that they 
 come from only two or three districts in the Canton prov- 
 ince. You never find here in this country any Chinese from 
 the northern part of China. You never find" here any Chi- 
 nese from the central part of China. You have heard to- 
 day about Shanghai, but you have never heard of a China- 
 man from Shanghai coming here. I appeal to all gentlemen 
 who are acquainted with China, whether they have ever found 
 a Shanghai Chinaman in America, except as a member of 
 my Legation, of course: but not as a trader, nor as a work- 
 man, you never find them here. What is the population of 
 the Chinese in America? Only about one hundred thousand; 
 and they are found in your large cities, such as San Fran- 
 cisco, New York, AVashington, and in different parts of the 
 country. But this one hundred thousand Chinese, who are 
 they? They all come from Zse-ling and San-ifoi, and one 
 other district. I will tell you why. Because thirty years 
 ago, when you eon.structed your railway from the East to 
 the West you were then in need of laborers, and you sent to 
 t'hina for them; and you invited the Chinese, and held out 
 inducements for them to come here to work on your railroad. 
 If you had not sent for the Chinese to come liere, the Chi- 
 nese would never have come here, I am sure. But you 
 wanted the Chinese laborers in this country, and got several 
 thousand of them from Canton. These are the poor laborers 
 from Canton, who came here to work and got from twenty 
 dollars to thirty dollars per month for their work, and then 
 they went home and reported to their friends and relations, 
 and so they came to this country; Init thev only come from 
 
106 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRPISS 
 
 Mu'se hvo districts. And these two districts liave only a 
 population of one million. Suppose you were to abolish your 
 exclusion laws, why, there would not be more than one half 
 a million of Chinese to come here, I guarantee, no more. 
 And what is a half million of Chinese here in this vast coun- 
 try? You will be benefited here by them — by Chinese labor- 
 ers coming here. They don't rob you; they work for you by 
 the sweat of their brow, and they have to work here day and 
 night; they are useful servants; they do not steal, and if you 
 do not employ them of course they will go away. They only 
 \rant to cam an honest penny, and if yon want to employ 
 t hem, well and good. My only reason for getting up was to 
 refute your argument. You fear that the Chinese will come 
 here in large numbers. There is no fear of that, and as re- 
 gards their living in this country, I admit they want to make 
 a few dollars and go home. The American and English peo- 
 ple, they go to China and they want to make their pile just 
 I lie same. (Applause.) Why do you blame them? You 
 need not blame them; they want to make a few thousaml 
 dollars and go home, the same as you do. You go to a foreign 
 country for the same purpose; the same as you know of somr 
 people coming here. I want to infonn you that these Chi- 
 nese in their own counti-y have very few luxuries. When 
 ihey come here they learn your habits, and they spend their 
 money freely. I know that from personal experience. Now, 
 wiien you go to China, you go to China how? You go there 
 and you spend your money. That is the way all the foreigners 
 in China do. And that is the way the Chinese will do, and 
 as soon as they learn to smoke your cigars and drink your 
 
 champagne, they will live luxuriously and spend their money. 
 They do not save much money. What I want to say is with 
 regard to this vast trade — China could furnish a vast trade 
 for this country. Is it wortli your while to keep on your 
 statute books this exclusion law against the Chinese? I say 
 it is against your interest in the long run, and that the law 
 should be abolished, and the sooner it is al)olished the sooner 
 you will be benefited by it. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Frazar: 
 
 As the programme is fini.shed, I beg to propose that this 
 meeting will adjourn to meet to-morrow morning at 10.30 
 o'clock. 
 
 A Delegate: 
 
 One moment. I would like to make a motion that in fu- 
 ture, resolutions shall be offered one day, and acted upon the 
 next. 
 
 Hun. Coriicliiis N. Bliss: 
 
 You have heard the motion, are there any remarks? 
 
 (The question being on the motion that all resolutions 
 hereafter should be acted upon the day succeeding the pre- 
 sentation, it was ag^i'eed to.) 
 
 On motion of T. R. Wheelock, the Congress adjourned to 
 meet Thursday morning at 10.30 o'clock. 
 
 -MP 
 
PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 SEV15NTH DAY'S SESSION 
 
 Philadelphia, Thursday, October 19, 1899. 
 Morning Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order in the Convention Hall, 
 Exposition Unilding, at 11.10 a. m., by Director W. P. Wil- 
 son. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson : i 
 
 I have to announce, on behalf of the exhibitors in the 
 Exposition, that there will be a smoker this evening in this 
 room, to which all the foreign delegates are invited. It will 
 consist of some entertainment. I believe there is a cake-walk 
 mentioned, and some other things. This is gotten up entirely 
 by the manufacturers here exhibiting in the Exposition, and 
 they are the hosts of the evening. I will state, at the same 
 time, that this room and the general guests' room will be open 
 on Monday evening to a general meeting for the foreign 
 delegates, the delegates from the States, and business men in 
 the Exposition and out of it, who desire to meet the foreign 
 delegates from the Chambers of Commerce and from the 
 governments, for the discussion of business relations or any 
 other topics of interest. On Monday evening at eight o'clock 
 you will be the guests of the Philadelphia Commercial 
 Museum in this room and in the adjoining room. 
 
 I have to announce that the German-American Section, 
 which has been holding its sessions daily, presents its com- 
 pliments to the Congress and requests the president to an- 
 nounce that the sessions of the German-American Section 
 will be held daily in the forenoon only, at the Commercial 
 Museum, beginning at 10 o'clock, and that any American 
 manufacturer desiring to express his views with reference to 
 the difBculties in the way of a freer and fuller commercial 
 intercourse between the two countries is heartily invited to 
 attend the sessions. We have this morning a very interesting 
 series of subjects before its. We have with us Mr. Everett 
 Frazar, the Consul-General of Korea and president of the 
 American-Asiatic Association, who is well known to many of 
 you. I have the pleasure to introduce Mr. Frazar as the pre- 
 siding officer of the day. 
 
 Mr. Everett Frazar: 
 
 Mr. President, Gentlemen and Delegates, Business Men 
 and Minister of Japan: We have considered that China and 
 Japan days would be two as interesting days as we could have 
 placed before the Exposition during its several meetings. 
 Yesterday we received a deal of very interesting and correct 
 information on matters pertaining to China. These records 
 will be placed in print, and I am sure will be universally read 
 by those interested in trade with the Far East, for those who 
 were not able to be present, as well as for future reference. 
 We have an equally interesting day before us, I hope and 
 believe. This is what we call "Japan Day," the forenoon 
 
 being devoted to the interests of Japan and the afternoon 
 to the interests of Korea, followed by that of Native India, 
 of Central Asia, of Queensland, and one of no less import- 
 ance, the Philippines. 
 
 1 shall have to call on the delegates who will have remarks 
 to make to be as prompt and short as possible, confining them- 
 selves to fifteen or twenty minutes, in order that we may get 
 through our program and not go too late into the early hours 
 of the afternoon. 
 
 The Japan question is such a large one that I really would 
 not like to undertake in this short space of time to cover 
 much of the ground. I will endeavor to be brief in placing 
 before yon the experience of forty years from my first voyage 
 tothe East, but in order that I may here have the opportunity 
 to do justice to our friends of the Exposition, and particidarly 
 to our good friend Dr. Wilson, I feel it my duty to pay one 
 more compliment to him and to his officers for what they 
 have done and are doing for all the interest centered in this 
 grand exposition. 
 
 In 1858, on my first trip to China, and in 1859 to Japan, I 
 remember landing at the little Island of Desima, adjoining 
 the city of Nagasaki. That port was not a success and we 
 left Nagasaki and went to Kanagawa, where we did not find 
 sufficient water for our ships, and then we opened at Yoko- 
 hama a very convenient post about ten miles from Tokyo. 
 Later on Kobe was added to the list of open treaty ports. In 
 the great city of Osaka, not fifteen years ago, the factories 
 could be counted on the ends of one's fingers; the chimneys 
 could be seen with one short glance. But to-day it is the 
 Manchester, or the Philadelphia, we may say, of Japan. 
 Osaka is a very large city and a beautiful city; it has increased 
 its territory very much indeed, has fine water running 
 through the city, making it very healthy and convenient for 
 transportation. It is so fast becoming a manufacturing city 
 that I believe it will interfere very seriously with our own 
 manufactures here as time proceeds. 
 
 I will dwell a moment on the new treaty with Japan, for 
 in the preliminary list of subjects to be presented to-day I 
 find the following: "The New Independence of Japan and its 
 Eelations to the World's Trade." This new treaty between 
 Japan and the United States which became operative in July 
 last, will, without doubt, work wonderful changes for the 
 benefit of Japan particularly. It allows her, first, to double 
 her import duties on the average, while all export duties are 
 abolished. Second, it does away with the foreign extra- 
 territorial clause in our treaties, whereby all Americans have 
 been able to place the differences before their consular officers, 
 assisted by two American assessors, or jur3'men. This is a 
 personal liberty privilege, always considered dear to Amer- 
 icans abroad, which is now transferred to the Japanese courts. 
 
 By many it is considered somewhat of an experiment, but 
 I have every confidence in the good faith of Japanese Gov- 
 ernment and its officers, and we feel that they will use every 
 
 107 
 
108 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 exertion, in eonferenee with onr foreign ministers and ton- 
 -tiUir iiiitiioritios, to see that tlie working of the new treaty 
 siiall not give us trouble, but be of assistance to us. A few 
 years experience will give us the proof of this. Tliinl. the 
 collection of local taxes from foreignei's upnn their Imsincss 
 and pro})erty, together with numy other nuitters of minor, 
 importance which are greatly to the advantage of Ja])an. In 
 return Japan gives us the privilege of intercourse and resi- 
 dence in the interior, with the establishment of factories. 
 
 I have not prepaix'd any set speech for you. iirrlVi i iiij; iidt 
 to do this, as there are many papers to be read hei'c. 'I'lie 
 few remai-ks that I have made I give in the way of an intro- 
 ductory, and am sure that the papers to follow will giM' us 
 the information and statistics that we so much desire. 
 
 Among our friends and our guests of honor to-day. we 
 have Mr. J. Komura, the recently ari'ived ^linister from 
 Japan, and while he is not on our list for a set speech, he has 
 very kindly promised me that if called ujum, he wcuild make 
 a few remarks. 
 
 1 have very much pleasure in introducins; to you the Japan- 
 ese Minister, Mr. Komura. 
 
 M iiiislcr J . Komurit : 
 
 Mr. Chairman: Being here in the Exposition I thought 
 that all I had to do was to listen, not to speak. I should love 
 to remain silent, for I don't want to speak, but I will do my 
 duty in saying a few words in acknowledging the courtesy that 
 has been extended to me as a representative of Japan. I thank 
 you sincerely and also the chairnuTU for the remarks with 
 reference to Japan, and I am assured that it needs no protesta- 
 tion from me to convince you of the extreme gi-atitication that 
 I feel in having the honor to be present on this interesting 
 occasion. The policy of Japan has been and, I am sure it will 
 be, nothing but peaceful expansion to the men of commerce 
 and industry. (Applause.) As I presume the delegates from 
 Japan are prepared to tell you what Japan has done in the 
 pursuit of this policy, and what she will do in the future in 
 that direction, it is hardly necessary for me to add anything 
 to what they may have to say, and acting on the suggestion 
 of the Chairman that we should be as brief as possible, I will 
 no longer detain you, but thank you again for your kind at- 
 tention. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Everett Frazar: 
 
 Gentlemen and Delegates assembled: I have very great 
 pleasure in introducing to you the Japanese Consul from 
 New York, Mr. S. Uchida, a genfleman with whom I have 
 had the pleasure of an acciuaintance in a business way for 
 the last two years, and I am sure that you will be very much 
 pleased to bear from him. He has taken upon himseir a very 
 severe task in the carrying out of our new treaty in reference 
 to the shipping of goods to Japan. The ]ira(liei' is to piil 
 the goods through his office, as we have had to do in China 
 and Japan when the goods are shipped from that comilrv to 
 this. It is something new for his consular office to uiuleriake 
 this work, and I am free to say that he has shown the great- 
 est courtesy to our merchants in New York. When he has 
 been overwhelmed at the time of his mail and might at limes 
 delay the perfection of necessary documents, he has t;i|.eii 
 great pains, early and late, to accomujodate us all. 1 l'( cl ;i 
 warm resjieot for him and for his offiicc in \ew Voile, and il 
 is with the very greatesi pleasure that I intnidnee to vnn Mi-. 
 S. T'cbida, Imperial Japanese Coiisul-Ceiieral and (i(.\cni- 
 ment Delegate, 
 
 Mr. 8. Uchida: 
 
 Mr. Chairman and my Colleagues: It is my great pleaMiic 
 to have the honor of addi'cssing you as the delegate of lhi> 
 
 Japanese Government at this meeting of the International 
 Commercial Congress, held here under the auspices of the 
 Philadelphia Commercial Museum. The limit of time 
 allowed each speaker this morning compels me to make my 
 speech as short as posihle, and instead of making a long 
 speech I have the pleasure of presenting to every one of you, 
 with the compliments of my colleague, Mr. A. J. Ost- 
 heinier and myself, a copy of "Commercial Japan in 1S99," 
 which has been so well compiled and published by the Treas- 
 ury Department of the United States Government. This 
 pamphlet gives valuable information in reference to our 
 country, much more than I can in the short time of the ses- 
 sions of this Congress. 
 
 (~As you all know, our countiy, which had \)v('\\ shut up| 
 at the eastern corner of the earth until the middle of the I 
 present century, was ojiened to trade and intercourse with the; 
 western world by the famous expeditions of Commodore 
 Perry, of the United States, and since then she has been 
 brought to the notice of other nations by the rapid progress 
 and development which have marked the last thirty years the 
 history of modern Japan. 
 
 To say nothing about the reform of the government from 
 feudalism to a constitutional monarchy, the organization of 
 tlie army and navy upon nu)dern principles and equipments, 
 the advancement and spread of education throughout the 
 country, the estal)lishment of free internal communication by 
 railroads and steamship lines, as well as postal and telegraph 
 .systems, the conclusion of the new treaties placing Japan on' 
 an equal footing with the enlightened nations of the West, 
 the adoption of the gi.dd standard in common with the rest of 
 the civilized world, and hundreds of other changes and pro- 
 gi'esses which have been accomplished in a short period of' 
 our national career with the introduction of the western 
 civilization, I would like to call your attention to the rajjid 
 develop)ment of our commerce and industries, and especially 
 to the remarkable advancement of trade between Japan and 
 the United States. 
 
 Going through the statistics of our foreign commerce back 
 to 18(18. the first year of the reign of the present Emperor of 
 Japan, we find the total value of exports and imports in tluit 
 vear was only 2],IHI(),()00 yen, but in 1878 it increased to over 
 '."i8,lJ(H),0U0 yen; in 1888 it was 131.000,000 yen, and in 1898 
 it reached to 443,000,000 yen. Thus you will see that the 
 amount of the foreign commerce of Japan increased enor- 
 mously in the last three decades, and in the last two tliere 
 was no single year whose amount of the foreign commerce was 
 smaller than any ]>receding year, and especially during the 
 last ten years its volume has increased with leaps and bounds. 
 
 The ]n-incipal articles of our export are raw silk, silk piecei 
 goods, silk hantlkerchiefs, cotton yarns, coal, tea, rice, 
 nial(hes. eoiijiei-, matting, cotton piece goods, straw, plaits, 
 dried lish, china ware and camphor. x\nd the principal 
 .■iiii(le- (if onr ini|init are i-Jee. raw cotton, sugar, cotton ami 
 \\(H)len piece goods, cotton yai'ns, kerosene oil, steamships, 
 beans, tobacco, drugs, iiuHlicines, chemicals, dyes and paints, 
 bean cakes, railroad loconuifives, rails, steel and iron, different 
 kiiuls of machinery, watches, paper, leather and hides, alcohol, 
 lliiui' and -exi'iai oilier kinds of goods, each amounting in 
 \alne to over a million yen, according to the official trade 
 i-el urns I'oi- tlie last year. 
 
 The leading countries with which we have commercial re- I 
 laiions are (Jreat Hritain, Germany, France, Belgium, Switzer- | 
 lain! and Italy in hhirope; the United States and C^anada in 
 Nerth .\nierii-a: and Cliitia. IJong Kong, British. French 
 and Dutili India, Korea, Siam ami Philippine Islands in 
 .\sia. 
 
 rnlil (|nite I'ecently ahnost all shipping trade between 
 .'apan ami other eounti-ies, except China and Korea, was con- 
 iliieted l)y foreign vessels, mostly British, German and French. 
 
SEVENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEK 19, 1899 
 
 109 
 
 In 1893 the Nippon Yusen Kaisha, or Japan Mail Steam- 
 ship Company, extended its lines to Bombay, India, and a 
 few years later the same company opened its regular service 
 lines to Europe, Australia and the United States, and in the 
 last spring the San Francisco via Honolulu line was also 
 started by the Toyo-Kisen-Kaisha, or Oriental Steamship 
 Company, with three large steamers built in England. About 
 two years ago another Japanese steamship company opened 
 a new line to China, besides several other native companies, 
 which have been engaged in the carrying trade between Japan 
 and t^hina. During the last year about one-fourth in value 
 of all the exports and imports of our country was carried by 
 Japanese vessels, while only five years ago the proportion did 
 not reach even one-twelfth part of the total amount. 
 I Now, speaking of the commerce l>etween the United States 
 ) and Japan, Americans may be rightly called the pioneers of 
 our foreign trade. Though the Dutch had been allowed to 
 do business at Nagasaki before the expeditions of Commo- 
 dore Perry, they were conducting the trade in exclusion of 
 others under strict restrictions, and the amount of our foreign 
 trade was very limited in those days. It was Americans who 
 opened the door of our foreign trade to all other nations of 
 the world, and tlie first treaty of Japan with the United 
 States is the dawn of the commercial and industrial progress 
 of modern Japan. 
 
 The annual amount of trade between these two countries 
 has increased enormously in recent years. From 8,500,000 
 yen in 1878 it increased to over 87,000,000 yen in 1898, or, 
 in other words, the amount has increased oven ten times dur- 
 ing the last twenty years, and about 20 per cent, of the total 
 amount of our foreign trade is now being done witli this 
 country. 
 
 The United States is the best customer for our raw silks 
 and tea. Over 50 per cent, of our raw material for the Ameri- 
 can silk industry is imported from our country. The tea im- 
 ported from Japan, including Formosa, constituted about 
 60 per cent, of the total consumption of the article in this 
 country. A good deal of our silk piece goods and handkci'- 
 cliiefs are also purchased by the American public. Other 
 principal articles imported from Japan are matting, porcelain, 
 straw plaits, rice and brushes. 
 
 On the other hand, up to a few years ago, the principal 
 article exported to Japan from this country has been kero- 
 sene oil, and there was a large balance of trade against the 
 United States. For instance, in 1881 our exports to this 
 country were over 11,000,000 yen, while our imports from 
 the United States were only 1,750,000 yen, that is to say 
 there was the balance of about 80 per cent, of the total 
 amount of trade against this country. This percentage, how- 
 ever, was gradually decreased by the importation from this 
 country into Japan of raw cotton, railroad materials, such as 
 rails, locomotives, bridge structures, different kinds of ma- 
 chinery, electric plants and leaf tobacco, with the gi'owth 
 of the cotton, railroad, electric, tobacco and other industries 
 in our country, and tlie trade l}alance between the two .coun- 
 tries was not only reduced to 7,333,000 yen, or about one- 
 eighth of 1 per cent, of the total amount against the United 
 States in the last year, but in this year it is now turned in 
 her favor to the amount of over 5,000,000 yen, according to 
 the statistic-s of our foreign trade for seven months ending 
 July 31. 
 
 Tlie industry of Japan has made at least ecjual pi'ogress 
 with our foreign commerce. Of its various branches, none 
 has had a more remarkable growth than silk filature, silk 
 weaving and cotton industries, the products of which con- 
 stitute nowadays the most important articles of our export 
 trade. The amount of annual exports of raw silk depends 
 upon the crop of cocoons every year, but it ranges between 
 10,000,000 and 20,000,000 pounds, including all sorts of raw 
 
 silk, which represents 50 to 70 per cent, of the total annual 
 production in recent years. The silk weaving industry was 
 conducted in our country long before the communication was 
 opened with the western world, and heavy fabrics, plain or 
 of elaborate design, still continue to be manufactured for 
 home use, but with the development of our foreign commerce 
 the light-weight silks, known as Habutai and Kaiki, began to 
 be specially woven for the purpose of exportation to Europe 
 and America, and the output of these articles rapidly in- 
 crea,sed during the last ten years. Silk handkerchiefs are 
 made mostly with Habutai, also for foreign shipment. 
 
 The cotton spinning industry has made rapid growth dur- 
 ing the last few years, and the number of spindles in opera- 
 tion at the end of last year was estimated at over a million, 
 while it was only aliout 354,000 in 1891. Though the prin- 
 cipal products of the cotton mills are of coarser grades of 
 yarns, they are trying to increase the production of finer 
 gi'ades for home consumption. The weaving of cotton fab- 
 rics has also made considerable progress with the growth of 
 the cotton spinning industry. 
 
 Match, matting, straw plaiting, paper, soap, brush, beer, 
 camphor and porcelain factories have sprung up year after 
 year in diiferent parts of the country. The cultivation of tea 
 and rice has gradually increased to meet our home as well as 
 foreign demand. Silver, coal and copper mines and petroleum 
 wells have been developed with modern machinery and ap- 
 paratus. Though the output of silver and petroleum is rather 
 limited at present, coal and copper may be now classified 
 among the leading articles of our exportation. Besides those 
 enumerated, there are a hundred other new industries started 
 and grown up in our countiy within the last two or three 
 decades, but the list is too long to be mentioned here. 
 
 Apart from large amounts of capital invested in our rail- 
 roads, extending about 2,500 miles already, we have a large 
 shipping business, with coa.sting, as well as foreign lines, 
 reaching, as I have .said l)efore, to Europe, Ameiica and Aus- 
 tralia, and also telegraph, telephone and mining industries. 
 TJie total sum of the paid-up capital of all the manufacturing 
 corporations only amounted to 36,000,000 yen in 1894, but 
 in 1897 it had increased to 75,000,000 yen, with no watered 
 stock, in addition to the capital invested in partnership or in- 
 dividual undertakings of the same nature, which must have 
 amounted to much more than that during the last yeax. 
 
 As a matter of course we admit that the annual amount ' 
 of foreign trade and amount of capital invested in our indus- 
 tries cannot be compared as yet with those of the most 
 prosperous countries of tlie world, but at the same time it 
 would be no exaggeration to say that the speed with which 
 our commerce and industries have grown up, and are grow- 
 ing up, is not below any one of them. And this speed is 
 going to be accelerated by the operation of the new currency 
 law, and the new treaties concluded with all the civilized 
 powers. 
 
 Under our old currency system, with a silver standard, the 
 rates of exchange on Europe and America, and also prices at 
 homo, u.sed to fluctuate with the ups and downs of the silver 
 markets of the world, which have been so badly disturbed 
 during the last three decades, and consequently merchants 
 and manufacturers had to run a serious risk in their business 
 transactions. But with the operation of the new currency 
 law ado])ting a gold standard, which was passed in March, 
 1897, and took etfect October 1st of the same year, foreign 
 exchange on gold countries assumed their staliility, a.nd prices 
 at home began to be regulated by ordinary causes, that is, 
 the demand and supply of the commodities themselves, and 
 the abatement of the risks in the business transactions with 
 Europe and America is going to result in the sound develop- 
 ment of commerce and industries in our country. Under \ 
 the old treaties with diflierent countries, foreigners were not ' 
 
110 
 
 rEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTEKNATIONAL CO.MMEECIAL CONGRESS 
 
 allowed to live or conduct a business, or even travel without 
 a passport outside tlie narrow limits of foreign settlements at 
 a few ports specially open for foreign commerce, but with 
 ilio operation of the new treaties above referred lo, which 
 tnok effect on July 17th this year, all the restrictions against 
 foreigners have been taken away, and they are now allowed to 
 he engaged in any business, in any part of Japan, the whole 
 country being wide open to them. It is expected that the free- 
 dom thus granted to foreigners will enable them to assist the 
 further development of our commerce and industries with 
 skill and capital from their own countries, to the mutual 
 benefit of both the natives and foreigners themselves. 
 
 Finally, as to the future of the commerce between Japaii 
 and (lie I'nited States, I can declare that we have the most 
 brilliant prospects assured by the rapid progress in the past. 
 With the future development of our industries, which will be 
 made with greater strides than ever before, we have to import 
 on one hand more raw materials and machinery than we used 
 to do, while on the other hand, we have to find foreign mar- 
 kets to sell our products. 
 
 Now, the United States being the largest agricultural and 
 mineral countiT in the world, and her people being unsur- 
 passed by any other nation in their inventive genius, she 
 will be able to give our country the most abundant supply 
 of her products, such as materials and implements for our in- 
 dustrial development, and at the same time, being one of 
 the wealthiest nations in the world, with her vast population 
 of over 75,000,000, she will continue to be the best customer 
 for our principal products. 
 
 The great prospect of commerce between the United States 
 and Japan, we believe, will be made much greater on the eve 
 of opening of the Nicaragua Canal, which may be completed 
 in the near future. 
 
 Thus we have every reason to expect that the special friend- 
 ship, which has been happily existing between the people of 
 the United States and our nation, with no interruption what- 
 ever since the time of Commodore Perry, will be confirmed, 
 cemented and made everlasting by the increasing material 
 interests for both countries in their commercial relations. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 1//-. I'Jverell Frazar: 
 
 Gentlemen. — I am sure that you have listened with very 
 great pleasure to the valuable address just given by the 
 Japanese Consul in New York. It gives us the latest and 
 most reliable figures, which will be well worthy of reference 
 and go on our record — information, which up to this time, 
 \vc have not had so concisely placed before us. We certainly 
 iliaid': him very much for the pains which he has taken, and 
 I will now follow with the third of the official representatives 
 of the Japanese Government in bringing forward to you the 
 Imperial Japanese Consul and Government Delegate, who 
 will speak to you upon "Comtnercial Japan in 1899." This 
 gentleman, 1 think, needs no introduetion to Philadelphians, 
 but to delegates out of town he may not be known. I have 
 great pleasure in introducing to you Mr. A. J. Ostheimcr, 
 liriperial Japanese Consul and Governmenf Delegate. 
 
 Co.MMKliCIAT, J.WAN IN' 1899. 
 
 Mr. Alfred J. Ostheimer: 
 
 .Mr. Chairman and Delegates. — After the numerous most 
 el<i(|iient addresses of welcome, and the equally eloquent rc- 
 ]ilies by the distinguished representatives of the commercial 
 bodies from all over the civilized world, pronounced at the 
 convening of the Internafional Commercial Congress, it ap- 
 pears to be the concens\is of ojiini m fiial (his International 
 i'oinmercial Congress can be most likened to a family gather- 
 
 ing of nations, where each member wishes to bring to the 
 attention of all the others that which the country he repre- 
 sents is most famed for. 
 
 It is generally conceded that the interchange of views by 
 practical business men on important (juestions of international 
 commerce can only be to the advantage of the world's busi- 
 ness. The International Commercial Congress and Export 
 Exposition are naturally the outcome of great improvements 
 in transportation, such as rapid transit and the cheapening 
 of freight ratef;, which have made the whole world neighbors 
 and turned it into one immense trading community. As one 
 of the honorable delegates very pertinently remarked: "Each 
 nation has much to learn from other nations in the way of 
 commerce," and therefore the acceptance of the invitation 
 extended by the great Commercial Museum of Philadelphia 
 was cordial from all parts of the world. Every nation of 
 the world is struggling for new trade, and they are all scan- 
 ning the whole horizon for new fields of commerce, as it is 
 an acknowledged fact that the most successful nation is the 
 one which can attain commercial supremacy. We are all keen 
 competitors for trade, and are all business rivals, and our 
 coming together at this time will unquestionably confer great 
 benefit upon each country, for the reason that it will exert 
 a stupendous influence to stop many systems of warfare which 
 we have waged upon each other for many years. Expressions 
 of opinion and mutual explanations will do away with many 
 imaginary grievances, and it is almost safe to predict that 
 this first International Commercial Congress will be suc- 
 ceeded by another, and that before long there will be annual 
 international commercial meetings in different parts of the 
 world. It cannot be denied that commerce is seliish; that 
 every good merchant in the world will buy wherever he can 
 obtain the best things for the least money; and for that reason 
 every nation is indebted to the Philadelphia Commercial 
 Museum for the opportunity to bring forth and talk about 
 the advantages of its own country, at this Congress. 
 
 It will be universally admitted that American industry is 
 full of magnificent achievements, full of triumphs over many 
 obstacles, and in many cases full of victory over Nature her- 
 self! In all the annals of commerce, in all the chronicles 
 of conquest, there is probably nothing more impressive than 
 the wonderful mastery over adverse conditions which has 
 been won by the American manufacturer, and it would be, 
 perhaps, only just to say that the Americans have been the 
 largest ccmtributors, in both ideals and results, to the in- 
 dustrial progress of the world within the century which is 
 just now closing. The bold originality of the American 
 methods, and the striking departure from the traditional 
 practices, have startled older nations, and it cannot be denied 
 that American ideas have made their impress upon the indus- 
 tries of the world in a manner that cannot be mistaken. 
 
 Probably the most surprising revelation, after the United 
 States, is the significant progress which has been made by the 
 country wliich I have the honor to represent as an official 
 government delegate, and about which it is my intention to 
 say a few words in this paper. I refer to the "Island Em^ 
 pire of Japan," which has, during the past few year?; ks- 
 sumed an important rank in the list of commercial nations, 
 and which, in so doing, has vastly increased her commerce 
 with the United States, the nation which was insti^imental 
 in tirst opening the door of that country to the commerce of 
 the world. 
 
 On the 17th of last July, the new treaties between Japan > 
 fhe Tniicd States and nearly all the nations of Europe and 
 some (if tlie South Atnerican Republics went into effect. 
 IMiis was an event of far-reaching importance in the relations 
 between Japan and the United States, as it does away with 
 the treaty methods which have been in vogue tor nearly fifty 
 yi'ars and substitutes an entirely new method of procedure. 
 
SEVENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 19. 1899 
 
 111 
 
 On the 17tli of July, Japan was placed on an entirely new 
 footing with the world at large, and she is now recognized as 
 an equal in every respect. It can be said that this date 
 marks the tnrning point in diplomatic history, not only of 
 Japan. l)iit of Oriental countries in general. It will be the 
 first instance in which Western powers have recognized the 
 lull sovereignty of an Oriental State. This action of the en- 
 lightened nations of Europe and America shows that if any 
 nation is ready to assiime a full share -of responsibility in 
 affairs of the world at large, tlie old and enlightened coun- 
 tries are ready to admit such a nation to full comity among 
 nations. So we regard the advent of this treaty a.s a very 
 important step, not only for Japan, hut for all the nations, of 
 the East. To auiderstand ihe chanije, it is necessary to look 
 fat the system under the old treaties. This was essentially 
 based on two principles: First, that foreign residents in 
 jjapan should enjoy the privileges of extra territoriality— that 
 is, they should be amenable to the law.s and jurisdiction of 
 the consuls and courts of their own country, and not to Jajia- 
 nese jurisdiction: and, second, that foreign residents in Japan 
 should be confined to certain open ports, outside of which for- 
 eigners could not reside, own property or engage in trade. 
 The result was in effect about fifteen or sixteen systems of 
 courts in Japan, for the purpose of trying foreigners who might 
 commit offences in Japan. Furthermore, most of the powers 
 lelaimed that Japanese laws were not binding upon foreigners. 
 For instance, take our quarantine law. Wliile it protected 
 us against our own people, yet there was no protection in the 
 case of an infected foreign ship. The only exception to this 
 refusal to recognize Japanese law was the Fnited States, 
 which recognized from the first the binding force of the 
 Japanese law. One of the bad effects of this system was that 
 foreign residents had entire immunity from taxation. The 
 Japanese paid all the taxes. All this has now disappeared, 
 and foreigners have the same privileges as well as the same 
 obligations as the Japanese citizens, no more and no le-is. 
 The first step in the new system was to put an end to the old 
 fiction of cxtra-tcrritoriality, by which foreigners were judged 
 by a different .'standard from the Japanese. 
 
 The second essential thing is the opening of the entire 
 interior of Japan to foreign residents and' trade. Until now, 
 there have been only five treaty ports, Yokohoma, Nagasaki, 
 Kobe, Hakodate and Niigata. In these places foreigners had 
 been able to live, to purchase property and to trade: but 
 outside of these they could not even travel without a special 
 permit. These five places are comparatively an insigiiifieant 
 part of Japan. Henceforth the entire interior of the Empire, 
 with its populous cities and inviting fields of industry', is 
 thrown open to foreigners. They may live anywhere, engage 
 in any kind of business, and will be assured of the .same pro- 
 tection to life and property that is given to the Japanese. 
 
 In bringing about the new system of treaties, Japan natu- 
 rally feels most friendly towards the Ignited States, becau.'je 
 she has always shown a most sympathetic interest in Japan's 
 desires to adopt modern methods and to deal on even terms 
 with the rest of the world. 
 
 The United States, which ha.s been constantly and activelv 
 associated with the development of Japan, has participated 
 largely in the growth of her commerce. Thousands of young 
 men from Japan have visited the United States as students, 
 and thousands of merchants and business men from the 
 I'nited States have visited Japan as instructors in educational 
 and commercial lines. As teachers and professors in schools 
 and colleges: as editors and publishers; as merchants, Avho 
 engage in both importing and exporting: a.s manufacturers: 
 as constructoi-s of railways and telegraphs, and in ef?tablishing 
 modern electrical aids to commerce, citizens of the United 
 States have been active in Japan. As a consequence, the trade 
 relations lietween the two countries have grown with greater 
 
 rapidity than between Japan and any other nation. The 
 total exports from Japan in 1898 amounted to 163,796,652 
 yen in value, and of this amount nearly .50,000.000 yen went 
 to the Ignited States. The exports of Japan to the United 
 States consist mainly of raw silk, of tea, of mattings, of rice, 
 chemicals, of drugs, of manufactures of silk, of manufactures 
 of bamboo, of lacquered ware, and many other products pecu- 
 liar to Japan. The United States is to-day the largest pui-- 
 chaser of raw silk from Japan, whose total exportation of 
 raw silk exceeds 50.000,000 yen annually. Japan's imports 
 from the United States have grown with even greater ra- 
 ]iidity than her exports to the United States. In 1881, the 
 exports from the I'nited States to Japan amounted to not 
 (|uite 200,000 yen, while in 1898 thev had readied over 40,- 
 000,000 yen in value. In the fiscal year of 1892, the United 
 States exported to Japan a little over $3,000,000, and in 
 1899 the United States will export to Japan nearly $18,000,- 
 000. These exportations consist of raw cotton, tobacco and 
 manufactures thereof, iron and steel and manufactures 
 thereof, illuminating oil, bread stuffs, distilled spirits, paper 
 and manufactures thereof, 'instruments for scientific pur- 
 poses, leather and mauufactures thereof, clocks and watches, 
 parafline wax, lubricating oil, condensed milk, chemicals, 
 drugs and dyes, wood and manufactures thereof, and India 
 rubber manufactures. In 1899 the United States exported 
 to Japan in locomotive engines nearly $600,000. The gro\rth 
 of importations of tobacco into Japan has been phenomenal, 
 growing from a total importation in 1892 of about 80,000 
 yen to nearly 5,000,000 yen in 1899. 
 
 Exportations of cotton cloths to Ja]ian have fallen by i-ea- 
 son of the rapid increase of the manufacture of cotton" cloth 
 in that country, while the exportations of raw cotton to Japan 
 has increased from $85,000 in 1890 to nearly $6,000,000 in 
 1899. 
 
 The geography of Japan is well known, and the territory 
 extends over about 4,000 miles, covering a popnlatioii of 
 nearly 45,000,000, or an average of about 292 per square 
 mile. In addition to this, the population of the Island of 
 Formosa, which was ceded to Japan by China after the war 
 between China and Japan, is given as nearly 3,000,000. Rice 
 is the largest and most important crop agriculturally, sup- 
 plying, as it does, the principal food to a'large part of the 
 population. 
 
 Coal is one of the most important of tlie minerals of 
 Japan and is found in large quantities in the northernmost 
 island, Hokkaido. Coal has been mined systematically dur- 
 ing the past thirty years, formerly by the government, but 
 more recently the management has been transferred to a 
 prominent financial firm of private citizens, who promptly 
 established trading stations, not only in Japan, but also iii 
 China, Straits Settlements. Burmah'and the Philippine Is- 
 lands, their product rapidly taking the place of Australian 
 coal, upon which steamships in that part, of the world were 
 formerly compelled to largely rely. Locomotive engines from 
 the United States, and electric power have been introduced 
 into mines to take the place of horses, and branch railways 
 convey the coal to ports fifty miles distant, where steam.>5hip.s 
 can have constant access to the docks and depots of supply. 
 It is believed that for a great many years to come Japan will 
 prove a most important coal producer and distributor in the 
 East; and when it is remembered tliat the supply of natural 
 water power in the mountains of Japan must necessarily be 
 very great, and that this may now be conveyed in the form 
 of electricity to accessible points, the manufacturing possi- 
 bilities of Japan, with its large industries and skillful popu- 
 lation, will be very apparent. 
 
 Methods of communication and transportation, which ]ilay 
 such an important ])art in the jiroductive possibilities of any 
 country, have so ra])idly improved in Japan during the last 
 
112 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTEKNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 few j-ears as to add greatly to its iadustrial prospects, whetlier 
 agricultural, mining or manufacturing. 
 
 Railway lines now stretch along the coast on either side 
 of the principal islands, the total length of railroads being 
 over 3,000 miles, with a largely additional mileage proposed 
 and in many cases under construction. Telegraph and tele- 
 phone lines form a network over the entire group of islands, 
 while large sums of money have recently been expended by 
 the government in the constiiiction of highways for trans- 
 portation, connecting the railways. 
 
 The educational conditions in Japan are the subject of 
 very favorable comment by those who have had opportunity 
 for thorough investigation, and the official reports of the gov- 
 ernment sho\y that the number of schools, teachers and pupils 
 has rapidly increased during the past few years. It can be 
 truly said that Japan by her efforts to promote the welfare 
 of her OAvn people by the establishment of enlightened laws 
 and liberal institutions, now rea])s the reward of an equal 
 place among the Western nations, and from none has Japan 
 received more hearty congratulations than from the ])eople 
 of this country, who have always been conspicuous and con- 
 stantly most friendly to Japan. 
 
 The Imperial Commercial JIuseum of .Ia|i;ni, which has 
 recently been established under the control of the Department 
 of Agriculture and Commerce of the Japanese (iovernnu'iit. 
 seeks to obtain the same objects as those of the I'biladi'Iphia 
 Commercial Museum. 
 
 The government development of Japan is un(|uestionably 
 one of the most remarkable features of this wonderful cen- 
 tury. Wlien Commodore Perry forced his way into the Japa- 
 nese ports in 1853 he found an absolute monarchy under a 
 feudal system, similar to that which Europe outgrew centuries 
 ago. Fifteen years later Japan swept away at a breath this 
 feudal system, which had lasted nearly three hundred years, 
 and in 1899 an absolute nu)iiarch gives his people a constitu- 
 tion and parliamentary form of government. Thus in a pe- 
 riod of about thirty years Japan passed fidiu a feudal mon- 
 archy to a parliamentary form of government, achieving at a 
 single stroke a development which cost Ihiropean nations cen- 
 turies of bitter struggle, and now since the now treaties have 
 gone into effect Japan has entered upon a new career, as far 
 as international relations are concerned, which lifts it into 
 a position with the most favored nations in the world, and 
 all must recognize fully the right of the great Island Emjjire 
 of Japan to equality of treatment in the field of international 
 relations. Of course, the most noteworthy provision in tiie 
 new treaties, of which tliat with the ITnited States is a type, 
 is that declaring that from the time they come into force 
 the jurisdiction exercised by the consular courts in Japan, 
 and all the exceptional privileges, exemptions, and immuni- 
 ties then enjoyed by the citizens of the several countries as 
 a part of or appiiricnant to the consular jurisdiction will 
 absolutely cease, and lliat tbereaftci' all such jiirisdictiim sliall 
 be exercised by the .lapanese courts. 
 
 I The provision guarantees the legal inde|iendeiice of Japan. 
 It is a feature of no less than fiftet'u treaties — those, namely, 
 with the ITnited Stales, (Ireat liritnin, (lei-niany, France, 
 Russia, Austria, Italy, Spain, Poitugal, lU'luiiim. Il(dland, 
 Denmark, Sweden and Norway, Switzerland and I'eru. These 
 treaties have lifted Japan into a position of e(pialily in in- 
 ternational law with the other sovereignties of the globe. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Everell Frnzar: 
 
 We no^v have to Iiciir IVoni several of llic ciniinicrcial ddi'- 
 gates from Japan \\ bo are here with us, the Urst one being .Mr. 
 Kahe Otani, delegate from the Japanese Traders' Society and 
 the Chambers of Commerce of Tokyo and Yokohama. Ow- 
 ing to the fact that he speaks English a little indistinctly, 
 
 he has requested not to he called upon to address you in 
 English. There are a number of persons here who will un- 
 derstand the Japanese and I am sure they will be pleased to 
 hear from him in his own language. I must say Mr. Kahe 
 Otani represents a liigh p.^sition in Japanese society and the 
 Chambers of Commerce of Tokyo and Yokohama. 
 
 (Mr. Kahe Otatii then addressed the Congress in Japan- 
 ese. Mr. T. Mizutauy, the delegate from the Japanese Central 
 Tea Association, interpreted ilr. Otani"s remarks.) 
 
 il/r. T. Mizulnnij: , , ^ 
 
 Mr. (diairnian. Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen: Mr. 
 Kahe Otani has spoken in Japanese and the, time' is now very 
 limited, and I am requested by your Chairman to read as fast 
 as possible, so I think I will read at the rate of one hundred 
 miles an hour. 
 
 J/r. Kalu Otani: 
 
 It affords me the gTcatest pleasure to be present at this 
 Congress, and to have this opportunity to express, my humble 
 remarks before the distinguished delegates from various coun- 
 tries of the world. It is an established fact that the trade 
 between Japan and America has beert steadily increasing, and 
 will be greater year by year, and in this connection I may say 
 that we have a special interest in the City of Philadelphia, 
 where the first national exhibit from Japan was made at the 
 Centennial Exposition in 1876. The subjects I am going to 
 speak upon are most important ones concerning the present 
 and future trade between America and Japan, and I hope you 
 will kindly spare a few moments for me. Mr. Mizutany will 
 read the first part, as I represent here four different commer- 
 cial bodies in Japan, the Japanese Traders" Society, the 
 Chambers of Commerce of Tokyo and Yokohama, the Japan- 
 ese Business Soeiety, and the Japan Central Tea Association of 
 Tokyo, and each of these desires me to present its own views. 
 
 The (^).MJiE]u'i.\L Relations Between J.\p.\n and the 
 United States of Ameijica. 
 
 The ()uantity of the [troducts which one country sells to the 
 other should be identical in value with the quantity which 
 it buys. Hence, to sell it must buy. It is owing to this fact 
 that the customs regulations of a nation, according as they 
 liave been wisely framed or otherwise, have always brought 
 about that nation's success or failure in international trade. 
 
 By the consent and agreement of the United States of 
 America and of other foreign ])owers. Japan recently put into 
 iperation the revised treaties, and at the same time made a 
 cliange in its customs system. In consequence, the greater 
 ]iart of the goods imported into Japan have had the duties 
 on them more or less increased. Still, excepting a few special 
 cases, the tariff rate does not exceed on the average ten to 
 lifteen ])er cent., while the old rates have been retained as far 
 as jjossible for the most important goods of )ni])ort.. Your 
 nation, however, whose commercial relations with us have 
 been yearly increasing in magnitude, seems to have deter- 
 ntined upon a policy of imposing excessively licavy duties ou 
 tlie jiroducts of Japan. 
 
 In examining the conimei'iial ]n'ogress of Japan since its 
 opening to foreign commerce, it is seen that" I'hirtqie has al- 
 ways been in a position of an ex|)orter to Japan, while j'our 
 nation has always been an imi)orter. In other words, you have 
 alwavs bought a, great deal from lis l}ut sold us in return very 
 lillle. The ]u-ogress of tlie .faiian-American trade from 1873 
 to |S,S7 shows fliat your exports to Japan did not e.xeeed 
 oiu'-.seventh at its minimum and one-fourth at its maximum, 
 as compared with the nin(iunf of Japair's exfiorts to the Ignited 
 States of America. 
 
JOHN A. KASSON, 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 GEO. H. DANIELS, 
 New York. 
 
 CHARLES PAGE BRYAN, 
 U. S. Minister to Brazil. 
 
 CHARLES A. SCHIEREN, 
 New York. 
 
 EUGENE SEEGER, 
 U. S. Consul-General at Rio. 
 
 ULYSSES D. EDDY, 
 New York. 
 
 WILLIAM E. CURTIS, WILLIAM I. BUCHANAN, 
 
 Washington, D. C. Director-Gen., Pan-American Exposition. 
 
 A. B. FARQUHAR 
 York, Pa. 
 
SEVENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 19, 1899 
 
 113 
 
 But in 1888, a sudden change came over the situation and 
 American exports to Japan rose at one jump from three 
 million yen to five million six hundred thousand yen (one yen 
 is nearly equal to fifty cents in American gold). This favor- 
 able state of affairs lias steadily been kept up ever since, your 
 exports to Japan reaching the high figures of ten million yen 
 in 1894, followed by 16,000,000 yen m 1896, 27,000,000 yen 
 in 1897, while it at last increased to the enormous sum of 
 40,000,000 yen in 1898. Thus the difference between export, 
 and import in the Japan -American trade has been steadily 
 diminishing until it now threatens not only to disappear alto- 
 gether, but very likely your exports to Japan will overbalance 
 your imports from Japan. The following table will show the 
 matter iu detail: 
 
 Comparative table of the total value of commodities ex- 
 ported to and imported from America by Japan: 
 
 Year. 
 
 Exports 
 
 Imports 
 
 Total Exports and 
 
 
 yen. 
 
 yen 
 
 Imports, yen. 
 
 1873 
 
 4,226,162,180 
 
 1,017,761,460 
 
 5,243,922,640 
 *3,208,400,720 
 
 1874 
 
 7,464,843,860 
 
 1,047,249,810 
 
 8,512.093,670 
 *6,417,954,050 
 
 1875 
 
 6,890,132,270 
 
 1,920,346,100 
 
 8,810,478.370 
 *4,969,786,170 
 
 1876 
 
 5,797,825,410 
 
 1,124,881,780 
 
 6,922,707,190 
 *4,672,943,630 
 
 1877 
 
 5,232,321,600 
 
 1,736,780,690 
 
 6.969,102,390 
 *3,495,540.910 
 
 1878 
 
 5.845,063,620 
 
 2,727,584,920 
 
 8,572,652.940 
 *3,117,483,100 
 
 1879 
 
 10,879,053,390 
 
 3,212,273,090 
 
 14,091,326.480 
 *7,666,780,300 
 
 1880 
 
 12,041.150.720 
 
 2,669.333,700 
 
 14,710,484,420 
 *9,371,817,020 
 
 1881 
 
 11,087,556,370 
 
 1,816,199,830 
 
 12,903,756,300 
 ♦9,271,356,540 
 
 1882 
 
 14,280,199,140 
 
 3.133,665,570 
 
 17,413,864,710 
 *11, 146.533,570 
 
 1883 
 
 13,293,758,570 
 
 3,232,032,300 
 
 16,526,790.S6O 
 *10,060,726,270 
 
 1884 
 
 13,130,923,670 
 
 2,498,969,510 
 
 15,620,893.180 
 *10,640,954,160 
 
 1885 
 
 15,629,005,130 
 
 2,751.320,950 
 
 18.390.326.080 
 *12,387,684,180 
 
 1886 
 
 19,922,429,410 
 
 3,358,986,800 
 
 23.351,416,210 
 *16,633,442,610 
 
 1887 
 
 21,519,266,970 
 
 3,283.096,120 
 
 24.812,363.090 
 *18,346,170,S5O 
 
 1888 
 
 32.618,483,480 
 
 5,648,733,700 
 
 28,267,317,180 
 *16,969,749,780 
 
 1899 
 
 25,282,873,660 
 
 6,142,171,108 
 
 31,426,044,760 
 *19.139.702,560 
 
 ] 890 
 
 19,821,437,750 
 
 6,874,521,590 
 
 26,645,969,700 
 *12,946,905,800 
 
 1891 
 
 29,795,754,840 
 
 6,840,047,970 
 
 36,625,803,810 
 *22.955,706,870 
 
 1892 
 
 38,674,971,360 
 
 5,988,053,560 
 
 44,663,021,920 
 *32,686,917,800 
 
 1893 
 
 27,739,458,310 
 
 6,090,408,400 
 
 33,829.866.710 
 *21,619,049,910 
 
 1894 
 
 43,323,557,0(;() 
 
 10,982,558.440 
 
 54,206,115,500 
 *32,340,998,620 
 
 lSi)5 
 
 54,038,950,2(tO 
 
 9.2; (i. 360.350 
 
 63.304.950.850 
 *44.752,589,850 
 
 189(; 
 
 31,533,341.130 
 
 16.372.419.850 
 
 47,905,760,980 
 *15.158.931,280 
 
 1897 
 
 52,436,404,480 
 
 27,030,537,560 
 
 79,466,942,040 
 
 1898 47,311.154.900 40,001,097,520 
 
 1899, Jan. 6,201,309,500 3,125,845,200 
 
 1899, Feb. 5,380,854,380 2,011,635,560 
 
 1899, Mar. 3,538,019,410 4,246,771,440 
 
 1899, Apr. 2,414,075,430 3,412,083,910 
 
 1899, May 2,338.316,150 3,377,819,170 
 
 * Excess of Exports over Imports. 
 f Excess of Imports over Exports. 
 
 *25,405,866,930 
 
 87,312,252,420 
 
 *7,310,057,380 
 
 9,327,151.700 
 
 *3,075,464,300 
 
 7,292,489,940 
 
 *3,369,218,830 
 
 7.774.790.850 
 
 t718,752J030 
 
 5.826.159,340 
 
 t988,008,480 
 
 5.716.135,330 
 
 tl,039,503,020 
 
 It will be most important here to determine what class of 
 commodities has contributed to this increase in tlie American 
 export trade. 
 
 In examining the items which exceeded one million yen for 
 the last three years, during which time it took the remark- 
 alile progress above referred to, we obtain the following: 
 
 Principal Items of American Export to Japan Exceed- 
 ing One Million Yen in Value, per Year. 
 
 Item.s. 1896. 1897. 1898. 
 Machines and Ma- 
 chinery 1.104.250.06 4,259,536.74 2,983,376.12 
 
 Iron 674,567.59 2,758.547.30 4,173,696.02 
 
 Kerosene 5,383,909.40 5,975,866.30 5,910,774.16 
 
 Gin Cotton 4,352,398.26 7,273,331.69 14,751,199.91 
 
 Flour 980,303.96 1,152,318.48 1,979,359.32 
 
 Tobacco 519,864.96 886,016.81 2,940,500.65 
 
 From the above it will lie seen that the principal article? of 
 importation are those for which the demand will increa.se 
 with the economic progress of Japan and the increase of its 
 national wealth. 
 
 Hence, while their importation may be more and more en- 
 couraged, there is no reason why it should in any way be 
 objected to. It should, however, be noted that the case of 
 tobacco in the above table is an exception. Its importation 
 amounted to nearly three million yen in 1898-1899, but that 
 was owing to the fact of a heavy duty — heavy, at any rate, asi 
 (•(inipared with the duty on other commodities — to be levied) 
 on tobacco from the succeeding year. Therefore, the amount- 
 of tobacco importation of last year is quite an exception, 
 and tlie figure of that importation, for an ordinary year, may 
 be safely put down at from 800,000 to 900,000 yen. 
 
 Under these circumstances we do not propose to place to- 
 bacco in the same categoi-y as .the other principal articles of 
 importation. 
 
 Leaving, then, toliacco out of the question, we can see 
 clearlv that the tariff rates levied on the other articles of ex- 1 
 ]iort are by no means excessive, the lowest being only 5 per 
 cenf. while the highest does not exceed 15 per cent. It 
 should be especially noted that gin cotton, the import of 
 which amounfs in value to nearly fifteen million yen, and 
 which still heads the list of American exports to Japan, is 
 on the free list with us. Such being the case, it may be con- 
 cluded that our government has not committed much of a 
 bluiuler in its customs policy, so far at least as the principal 
 American articles of import to Japan are concerned. "Where- 
 as, the Japan- American trade has reached a high state of de- 
 velopment, the exports and imports nearly balancing each 
 other at the respectable figure of about fifty million yen... 
 the course that has been adopted by our nation ha-s attained 
 
lU 
 
 PliUt'KEUiiNUS Oh' THE ix\TEKXATiUi\AL CUALMKltClAL CUiNGliESS 
 
 a tertaiii degree of satii^lactioii. fur it has beeu our aim uot 
 (o take any course tiiat may seriously interfere with foreign 
 irade. 
 
 XotHtlhsiandiiiji the ahove fat-t, it appears tliat you aj-c 
 aliout to ado})t a ])oliey of im2X)sing heavy duties upon our 
 jM'incipal and most imjjortant products of export. This can- 
 not but be a matter of regret to our own country especially. 
 
 A reference to the following table will show how the arti- 
 cles proposed for increased taxation by your government hap- 
 j)eu, unfortunately, to he our must impurtaiit exports to your 
 country: 
 
 Tabi>k (IF 'ijii'; t'oMMdiJiriiis Exported to Amichu'a i;y 
 Jai'ax, which E.xcekd one JIillion Yex a Year. 
 
 1896 1897 1898 
 
 I?a\v Silk 14,080.981.3: 32,262,900.31 2.5,311,401.03 
 
 'JVa r..210,7?8.18 6,489,493.23 6.541,716.19 
 
 Ilabutai 2,240,452.59 3,528,804.39 4,015,504.37 
 
 Silk goods ... . 1,913,988.92 1,561,519.25 1.997,559.98 
 
 Fancy matting . 2.683,255.00 2,697.249.83 3.707,460.10 
 
 In studying the history of your tariff system for several 
 years back, one cannot but perceive that you have advanced 
 many ste]is further toward the policy of protection since tiie 
 year '181(;. Vuu now threaten to charge heavy duties even 
 on '"half maiuifacturcd" articles. Can this be a policy con- 
 sistent with the progressive tendency of the Japan-American 
 trade, and with the fact that your commodities are enjoying 
 a gofxl market in Jajian? Nothing more can be said if it is 
 yuur ])olicy m.it to increase your markets. If, however, the 
 |iolitics of a nation were to be based on its trade and cum- 
 merce, it could not send out its ])rodticts far and wide, unless 
 it would follow the policy of absorbing those of other 
 countries. If it is to make the recent progress in the Japan- 
 American trade continue and become even more striking, 
 then there can 1)e liut mn' eourse to follow — a course of free 
 reci]irocity. As a measure of financial exigency, our govern- 
 ment was compelled to levy a slightly heavy duty on tobacco; 
 Ijut it has already been shown that that article does not form 
 an 'item of s])ecial importance in Japanese-American trade. 
 It points out, after all, an attitude of fairness, if the more im- 
 portant items are taken into consideration. It might be 
 different if the trade of two countries were to remain all one- 
 sided to Japan, as in former years, yonr nation lieing disad- 
 vantageoiisly ])Iaced in ihe matter of exchange, bid things 
 are not so. nay, we are to march shoulder to shoulder along 
 the |)ath of mutual trade and commerce, our ini]iorts and ex- 
 ports being fairly balanced one against the other. Under these 
 circumstances, it seems to be the duty of the moment for both 
 cotintries to uiiili' in tlicir (•iruri< for maintaining the jiri-sent 
 slalus quo. 
 ' In conclusi(Jii, we beg to say that we have in the ])ast dune 
 all in our power to improve tlie progress of .Tapan-Anierican 
 trade, always adhering to the princi|)les above stated; and it 
 will continue to be so in the future. Furthermore, it has 
 bound itself to use its influence in fighting against any policy 
 on the part of the govcrnnieni or even against any tendency of 
 ])td)!ic opinion injurious or opposed to that principle. Should 
 your business men, as well as your govei-nment, hold the san:e 
 view as we have, and .should tliey agree tu a policy of securing 
 further jirogrcss and ])rosperity to the midual trade of both 
 '•ountries, it will not only give great .satisfaction tu us. but 
 it will be a matter uf congratidaiimi to the pcuplc uf the 
 T'^nited States of .Anu'rica atid Ihe Empire uf Japan. 
 
 Om Ti-:\ DfTY. 
 
 Jlr. Chairman. Delegates. Ladies and (ieiith'men: 1 have 
 
 heretofore .spoken ahout the general oiiinion of the Jajianesc 
 Traders" Society in regard to the Japan-American commercial 
 relations. Now I beg, furthermore, to say a little more par- 
 ticularly of the tea industry of Japan and its duty. I have 
 been interested in the tea business for the la.st forty years — 
 in fact from its Ijeginning to the present — and am very thank- 
 ful and glad that I have had a good opportunity to express my 
 c)wn. and our general opinion of tlie tea trade. 
 
 The sul)ject will be principally on tea duty and its effects, 
 (ienerally speaking, we have no right to say anything about 
 your tariff or duty, as it is a national right that cannot be in- 
 terfered with liy any foreign power, but one thing that I 
 have to call to your i)ublie attention is simply for mutual 
 benefit of your own and our own nation at large. 
 
 Ladies and gentlemen, you are well aware that tea is one 
 of the so-called "necessities" for everybody in this coun- 
 try; a heavy duty on it jiractically means "a heavy burden 
 to your own people as well as for Japanese. Let us reflect 
 a moment on the duty im])osed upon the tea last year — ten 
 cents a pound — twenty cents a pound in Japan; that is, one 
 dollar and a third more than the average cost per one hun- 
 dred pounds of Japan tea, which occupies the greater part — 
 65 per cent. — of tea imports of the United States of America. 
 I know, however, the duty was merely to raise a revenue to 
 meet the war expenditures of your government, and not to 
 exclude Ja])an teas from your market; but nevertheless its 
 effect will undoubtedly be to cut off the consumption to the 
 least amount, and finally it may entirely exclude the Japan 
 tea from your States. . I say that the Japanese tea planters 
 and growers are suffering nearly to death; would you not 
 synijiathize witli such a miserable condition at present of our 
 tea planters? 
 
 You are (uie t)f the countries which are richly gifted with 
 all resources of wealth in land and in ocean, and you are 
 surely one of the must wealthy and progressive nations on the 
 surface of the globe. Let me repeat to say that your resources 
 arp simply enormous, and you have taxed the tea that is 
 necessary to everybody and is not produced in this country. 
 I cannot see wliy. 
 
 Ladies and gentlemen, a sudden change in customs duties 
 ami tariffs is sometimes necessary for tlie protection of do- 
 mestic ]n-oducts and industi^, but you do not grow tea, and 
 there is no rea.son or fact that should bring any antagonistic 
 feeling between the two nations. Nay, I see, and you see that 
 the amounts of imports and exports of the two countries are 
 coming up to the mtv ]ioint of lialance, as I have .said before, 
 ajul we have always encouraged the increasing imports of 
 American gootls to Japan. 
 
 'IMie jtresent situation of Japan tea is entirely dependent 
 upon the American market, and the heavy duty of ten cents 
 a pound may stop altugether the importation of Japan tea to 
 .Vmerica, unless certain stejis should be taken at once, or in 
 the near future. 
 
 This is the most important matter that 1 have to bring 
 before you, and in presenting it I appeal to your public sym- 
 jiatliy. I dare say the Japanese peo])le who were brought into 
 contact with foreign countries through your ])eople. have 
 always shown their waiin and sincere feeling toward vent, 
 and this feeling will ne\i'r change. On tb(> other hand what 
 a miscialilc thing il is to see five millions of Japanese tea 
 ]ilaiitcis siiiVii-Jiiri ,111 account uf the duly so suddenlv jilaced 
 on tea. which may, \\i' Tear, also .-ilTcct the general trade be- 
 t \M'<'n t he luii countries. 
 
 I heg. in couclnsiou. to say that we nmsl sincendv desire 
 and hope that such In'avy duly will he abolished as soon as 
 possible by your gu\eiiimenl. and that you will nui ha\c anv 
 more similar cases in tlu' fuliire. bringing sudden nuclnations 
 ill the coinniei'ci' and indiistiy of two nations. I thank von. 
 (.\pplan>e.) 
 
SEVENTH DAY'S SESSlUN, UCTUBER 19, 1899 
 
 115 
 
 Mr. S. T. Nishimura: 
 
 Gentlemen: It seems to me very necessary to quote i'roni 
 the statutes of the United States a portion relating to the 
 coasting trade, ilr. Otaui has I'equested me to read it. and 
 1 shall do so. 
 
 On the Coasting Tkade of the United States of 
 America. 
 
 Section 43-t7 of Kevised Statutes of the United States con- 
 cerning the coast trade which was enacted by the United 
 States Government in 1817, says: 
 
 "No merchandise shall be transported under penalty of 
 forfeiture thereof, from one jwrt of the United States to 
 another port of the United States, in a vessel belonging 
 wholly or in a part to a subject of any foreign power. The 
 same rule applies when foreign vessels pass through a foreign 
 port, while transporting goods between the two ports of the 
 United States; but this section shall not be construed to pro- 
 hibit the sailing of any foreign vessel from one to another 
 port of the United States, provided that imported goods in 
 such vessel from some foreign port, and which shall not have' 
 been unladen shall be carried from one port or place to an- 
 other in the United States.'' 
 
 This section was amended several times since its first enact- 
 ment, but the principle involved in it has never been changed. 
 On February 17, 1898, the section was again amended and 
 expanded as follows: 
 
 "No merchandise shall be transported from one port of the 
 United States to another port of the United States with 
 goods on board the vessels, either directly or via a foreign 
 port, or for any part of the vo)'age, in any other vessel than 
 a vessel of the United States," etc. 
 
 Again a law concerning the transportation of passengers, 
 which was enacted in 188G and amended on February 17, 
 1898, reads as follows: 
 
 "No foreign vessel shall transport passengers between ports 
 or places in the United States, either directly or by way of a 
 foreign port, under a penalty of two hundred dollars for each 
 passenger so transported and landed." 
 
 Now, these laws are not only applied to the main coast of 
 the Ignited States, but different courts in the United States 
 have interpreted these laws as applicable to Lancodas Islands 
 in the Atlantic Ocean, and the Treasury Department pre- 
 pared many rules in applying these laws to the different ports 
 in Porto Rico in the West Indies. It is rumored, moreover, that 
 the United States government is intending to extend the 
 application of these laws to the Hawaiian Islands and the 
 Philippine Islands, the recent acquisitions of this country. 
 Now, until to-day, both in the Hawaiian Islands and in the 
 Philippine Islands, all foreign vessels have enjoyed all the 
 freedom of transportation of goods and passengers. 
 
 If these exclusive laws were applied to the.se two groups 
 of islands in the Pacific, then all the foreign vessels which 
 are now used for the purpose of commerce on the Pacific 
 must sufFer a serious effect. For instance, foreign vessels, 
 loaded with goods and passengers in some ports of the 
 Orient and bound for ports of the United States, can disem- 
 bark a part of her goods and passengers in Honolulu, and 
 the remainder in the ports of the ITnited States, but 
 there cannot l)e taken in any goods or passengers bound for 
 the United States in Honolulu. Again foreign vessels, 
 bound for the Onent and starting from ports of the United 
 States, cannot take in goods and ])assengers bound for Hono- 
 lulu in these ports. Above all, tlie new and extended ap- 
 plication of the laws would make it im|>ossil)]e for foreign 
 vessels to transport goods bound for iManila from one port of 
 the United States to llong Kopg — the goods which are in- 
 
 creasing very rapidly every day. For the section in the laws, 
 amended on February 17, 1897, plainly prohibits foreign ves- 
 sels from making any part of the voyage between two ports 
 of the ITnited States with goods on board the ships. If any 
 foreign vessel, now sailing on the Pacific, would lose the 
 traffic between the United States and the Hawaiian as well 
 as the Philippine Islands, she would be deprived of the largest 
 part of her business. 
 
 Of twenty-nine vessels which are now plying between the 
 United States and the Orient, only six belong to the United 
 States. The remaining twenty-three vessels would suffer 
 sudden and great lo.s,s as a result of the new application of 
 the laws. In consequence of this the transjwrtation between 
 different ports Ijecomes inadequate. Capitalists must pay 
 comparatively more for the transportation, and consumers 
 must pay extraordinary prices and still cannot satisfy their 
 demands. It is as clear as the light of the sun that both par- 
 ties, the United States and other nations, would not reap 
 any profit, but rather suffer gi-eat loss. 
 
 Such being the case, we earnestly hope that for tiie profit, 
 of the United States herself, as well as that of the world 
 at large, tlie Hawaiian Islands and the Philippine Islands 
 will not be included in the sphere of the exclusive laws on 
 the coasting trade. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Everett Frazar: 
 
 Mr. Kahe Otani has divided his paper into three parts; he 
 will speak to you again in Japanese. 
 
 (Mr. Kahe Otani then spoke again in Japanese and his re- 
 marks were interpreted by Mr. T. Furuya.) 
 
 Mr. T. Furvija: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen: The lay- 
 ing of the submarine cable across the Pacific Ocean being of 
 the utmost importance between the North American Con- 
 tinent and the Far East, Mr. Otani desires to discuss the 
 question and has done so in his paper. I have the honor of 
 reading his paper before you. 
 
 Mr. Kahe Otani (representing the Yokohama and Tokyo 
 Chambers of Commerce and the Japan Traders' Society): 
 
 A Proposition for the Laying of a Submarine Tele- 
 graph Cable in the Pacific. 
 
 The laying of a submarine cable across the Pacific being of 
 the utmost importance for the further development of com- 
 mercial intercourse between the North American Continent 
 and the countries in the Far East, we hereby propose that 
 the question be discussed and that such measures be taken 
 by the conference as may seem .suitable. 
 
 It was not more than fifty years ago that the North 
 American States first came into contact with the countries 
 in the Far East Yet their commercial intercourse has at- 
 tained .such a prosperous pitch that in 1898 the total sum of 
 exports and imports between the United States and Japan 
 had increased to 87,313,2.52 yen, compared with that of the 
 previous year, which was 79,460,942 yen. This state of things 
 points to a very promising future. 
 
 Now China is inclined to adopt the "open door" policy, 
 and, opening her ports, she seeks to afford a convenience for 
 the commerce of the world. What the future trade relations 
 between the great continent, and the vast empire having a 
 population of four hundred millions may be, it is needless 
 to enumerate here. 
 
 But among several means for promoting this hopeful rela- 
 tion, one that is very urgent is to secure the requisite means 
 of ooninnuiication between the twu ci>ntiiu'uts, that is, to 
 
11& 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 furnish the complete organs of transportation and of corres- 
 pondence. The former is in a fair state of perfection for the 
 present; but the latter, especially in the ca.se of telegraphic 
 communication, is still in its infancy. Telegrams between 
 America and the Far East can only be exchanged by two 
 routes, the one going throxigh Siberia and northern Europe, 
 and the other through India and southern Europe. As a con- 
 sequence, high charges are inevitably levied on the corres- 
 pondence and delays are frequent. For instance, the rate 
 per word from Japan to New York is 3.58 yen via the north- 
 em, or 4.38 yen via the southern route; the time required 
 for the transmission of a telegram is about thirty hours; and 
 as it passes through a great many stations, the frequency 
 of errors is unavoidable. 
 
 This is the present condition of telegraphic service between 
 the American Continent and the Far East. 
 
 As the telegraph is one of the commercial organs, the 
 merchant must make use of it, and the charge which he 
 pays for telegrams is in reality a duty imposed on com- 
 merce. Should the transmission be slow, it retards commer- 
 cial transaction;;. Should the occurrence of errors be fre- 
 quent, it impairs commercial confidence. 
 
 Lower charges, quicker transmission of telegrams, and 
 confidence — these are the essential ingredients for the futher- 
 ance and development of commercial intercourse. Even with 
 sucli an imperfect telegraph system, as altove stated, twenty 
 thousand telegi'aphic messages, containing some two hundred 
 thousand words, were forwarded and received between the 
 North American States and Japan during the year 1898. 
 The existing telegi'aph system between North America and 
 the Far East, not only does not guarantee to meet the com- 
 mercial requirements of the futui'e, but is even incompetent 
 to answer the necessities of the present. Such l)eing the 
 case, a perfect and reliable system must be constructed as 
 early as possible. 
 
 Now, most countries are telegraphically placed in one 
 neighborhood, notwithstanding the existence of high moun- 
 tains or of vast oceans. The absence of electric wires across 
 the Pacific and the desert of Central Africa is a matter 
 which has long been regretted; but in the latter place Brit- 
 ish enterprise has already commenced the establisihmcnt of 
 the lines which will .*oon be completed. 
 
 What about the Pacific? Nothing has yet actually been 
 done. Is it not a great defect, technically of the world, 
 commercially of the North American States and of the coun- 
 tries of the Far East? 
 
 The Pacific cable must be laid, connecting North America 
 with Japan, China and Australia. This cable, when once 
 opened, would effect a great saving in charges and time, and 
 the telegraphic errors which occur in transmission would 
 naturally be aliafed, as the messages would pass a less num- 
 ber of intermediate stations. Thus the advantages arising 
 out of the cable would enormously affect the commerce of 
 North America and of tlie Far East. 
 
 As I have explained above, the laying of a cable in the 
 Pacific is to make good the deficiency of the telegraphic 
 system of the whole worhl. We will now consider whether 
 the undertaking could be effected vrithout any difficulties, 
 and whether the income arising out of the working of the 
 cable would be sutiicient to maintain it. The surveys pre- 
 viously made show that the depth of the Pacific is generally 
 less than tliree thousand fathoms, but it is supposed there 
 might be ])laces reaching five thousand fathoms. Would it be 
 possible to lay a cable in five thousand fathoms of water? At 
 a meeting held by the members of a certain scientific asso- 
 ciation at P>r)siol, in the latter part of 1898, it was decided 
 that the Pacific cable would not be a matter of impossiliilify. 
 if the wires should be constructed and laid with special caii- 
 tion in places reaching five thousand fathoms, a.< some of tlie 
 
 present cables have been laid in depths of three thousand 
 fathoms of water and no serious difficulty has been met with 
 in grappling them up for repairs. Of course an enormous 
 capital must be invested for the carrying out of the enter- 
 prises, but I am of the opinion that the income would be 
 more than sufficient for maintaining the line, as in spite of the 
 present round-about routes and the high charges, the total 
 number of words transmitted yearly between Japan and the 
 North American States does not come under two hundred 
 thousand. 
 
 If, therefore, in the event of the completion of a cable 
 across the Pacific, the messages should be transmitted 
 quickly at reduced rates, it is evident that the traffic between 
 Japan and America would be considerably augmented, and, 
 moreover, messages for China and Australia might be for- 
 warded by this route. This is the natural consequence. 
 
 The question whether the Pacific cable would injure the 
 interests of some of the cable companies is not a matter worthy 
 of serious notice. The cables between Asia and Europe 
 may be exclusively used for traffic exchanged between the 
 two continents; and those between America and Europe for 
 traffic exchanged with each other. With the profits deriv- 
 able from their respective traffic, the companies should be 
 able to maintain their own, and they would not play the 
 foolish part of attempting anything to retain the monopoly 
 in their handvs, despite the geographical position and the 
 public interests. So far, we can see nothing to obstruct the 
 Pacific cable plan, which has been talked about for so long 
 a time. 
 
 In 1870 Mr. Cyrus Field designed to lay a cable between 
 (California and Japan, via Alaska. In 1879 the United 
 States Government sent out a war ship for the purpose of 
 surveying the Pacific. The result having been excellent, 
 the sa.me government proposed to lay a cable to con- 
 nect North America with the Sandwich Islands, and to 
 extend the wire to Japan, via the Bonin Islands. In 1884 
 a certain syndicate of financiers formed a plan to connect 
 Brisbane with San Francisco by a subnuirine cable. In 
 1892 the United States Government again dispatched a war 
 ship in order to survey the Pacific, and ascertained that a 
 submarine cable could be laid, the depth not exceeding three 
 thou.¥and fathoms. The same design was formed by Mr. 
 Spalding in 1895. His intention was to connect California 
 with the Sandwich Islands and thence to extend the line to 
 Japan, and he concluded an agreement with the Hawaiian 
 Government to that effect. 
 
 Similar plans have been formed by many other parties, 
 but most of them, having been projected merely as specula- 
 tions, have ended in failure, sometimes through the oppo- 
 sition of the cable companies or sometimes through the 
 policy of the governments concerned. Recent information 
 from aln-oad stated that a cable company had been formed 
 in New York, with a capital of ten million dollars, for the 
 purpose of laying, across the Pacific, a cable which would 
 connect the Unit'ed States with the Philippines, Jajjan, and 
 Au,s.tralia, and had applied to the I'nited States (iovernmeut 
 for the concession. Another report announced that Canada, 
 together with Phigland .uul the Australian Colonics, were 
 ]iroposing to link each other by a calile in the Pacific. 
 
 We desire that the cable shcnild lie laid as quickly as pos- 
 sible. It matters not whether tliis gigantic enterprise shall 
 be undertaken by some of the present cable companies or 
 by a new cable company established by American capitalists 
 or by the combined capitalists of several nationalities. 
 
 As the cable, besides requiring an enormous capital, af- 
 fords a great iiiieresl and advantage to the commerce of 
 North Amerii-,'1 ami of the l'"ar I^ast, the governineiil- con 
 ccnicd shmdd be (juite willing to assist the enterprise. 
 
SEVENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 19, 1899 
 
 117 
 
 We shall endeavor to induce the Japanese Government to 
 guarantee such aid as it will be possible to render to the cable 
 company, if it should be founded on a firm and steady basis. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Everett Frazar: 
 
 Gentlemen: These papers are exceedingly interesting, and 
 as the reporters may not be able to understand all the ex- 
 pressions used there, we shall depend upon having a good 
 translation for the official record. I know from experience 
 that these remarks are very interesting and the statements 
 quite correct, and I hope that we shall get all the infomiation 
 we want from these delegates from Tokyo, which will be very 
 valuable. I know that Dr. Wilson will appreciate the honor 
 these gentlemen have conferred upon us by being present at 
 this Congress from the distant East at a sacrifice to them- 
 selves both in their business and loss of time. We have no 
 doubt they will leave behind them very valuable papers. 
 
 In order that we may economize our time, as I notice there 
 are several papers, two or three that have not been presented, 
 I would like to call on Mr. George G. Ward, of the New 
 York Chamber of Commerce, but I am pretty sure he is not 
 here or I should have seen him. Whether he has sent a 
 paper or not I cannot say. It may be that some one in the 
 room has this paper, if so I would be very glad to hear it. 
 Does any one in the room know where it is? Mr. Ward's 
 paper not being before us, that will remove one paper. I 
 would like to know if Mr. Thornton, from the Honolulu 
 Chamber, is present. If not, his paper has been placed 
 probably in the hands of some delegate or representative of 
 his. Both of these gentlemen may be heard from later. 
 There is a gentleman here who has quite an interesting and 
 valuable experience of thirty years in the Hawaiian Islands, 
 and he has got a paper that we would very much indeed like 
 to hear read. Before the paper is read perhaps he will make 
 a few personal remarks. Therefore I am very happy and 
 have much pleasure in introducing to you General Alfred S. 
 Hartwell, a delegate from the Government of the Hawaiian 
 Islands. 
 
 General Alfred S. Hartwell: 
 
 Mr. Chairman: WTiile, in a sentimental point of view, 
 the juggernaut wheel of progress of civilization is passing 
 over the Hawaiian Islands — those beautiful islands of the 
 Pacific — the life of the lotus-eater, I am sorry to say, is no 
 longer a possibility, but the morning and evening news will 
 be read there from all parts of the world, and the daily 
 cablegram will make a connection there very soon. 
 
 The volume of commerce in the Orient and Australia, 
 which is already large, and is soon to become enormous, pej- 
 mits no unnecessary delay in the establishment of a complete 
 system of Pacific Ocean submarine cables. 
 
 The military necessity to the United States of such cable 
 communications follows, as a matter of course, from the 
 annexation of Hawaii and the Philippine events. Slight 
 inquiry will show that the governments concerned in these 
 commercial and military objects will have to establish such 
 cable lines at their own expense, or else aid in their construc- 
 tion and operation by companies or corporations which will 
 be subject to governmental control. The seven powers which 
 are concerned in this subject are the United States, Eng- 
 land, Germany, France, Russia, China and Japan. Sound- 
 ings have been taken both by United States and British 
 men-of-war for cable lines between Hawaii and the coast of 
 California, as well as between Hawaii and British Columbia. 
 A complete system of cables would require lines from the 
 Pacific Coast to Hawaii: thence to Yokohama via Manila; 
 from Yokohama to Vladivostok; there connecting with the 
 
 trans-Siberian-Russian telegraph; and, for the South Pacific 
 Ocean, from Hawaii to Sydney via Samoa and Fiji, as well 
 as for the French interests via Tahiti and the French Island 
 of Noumea to Sydney. There is already cable communica- 
 tion between Yokohama and Hong Kong. It is understood 
 that the French Government desires to connect its South 
 Pacific Islands with the Pacific Coast via Hawaii, affiliating 
 at that point with the American cable. And also that the 
 British Colonies, aided by the home government, desire to 
 establish their lines from Sydney to Hawaii, also connecting 
 at that point -with an American division of the cable. 
 
 There can be no doubt, I infer, that both China and Japan 
 would unite with the United States in establishing or aiding 
 cable communication between their respective countries and 
 the United States via Hawaii. The ditticulties in the way 
 of laying these cables, from the unprecedented ocean depths 
 off the coast of British Columbia as well as off Japan, will, 
 it is believed, be overcome; but they cannot be ignored. 
 
 For over thirty years, the subject of these cables has re- 
 ceived considerable attention from submarine cable experts, 
 cable construction companies, and from the San Francisco 
 and Honolulu Boai'ds of Trade; and, on repeated occasions, 
 from the United States Congress. Exclusive franchises and 
 subsidies, ranging from $25,000 to $40,000 a year, have been 
 offered by the Hawaiian Government dating from the year 
 1876; but, thus far, Congress has declined to appropriate 
 money to enable the holders of these franchises to make 
 practical use of them. Last year the Government of Hawaii 
 entered into a contract with the Pacific Cable Company of 
 New York, for the landing in Hawaii of cables connecting 
 with the coast of California and with Japan, giving that 
 company an exclusive cabling right between Hawaii and 
 Japan, and no subsidy. The contract provided that it should 
 be invalid if disapproved, within six months from its date, 
 by the United States Department of State. At the sugges- 
 tion of a majority of the Hawaiian Commission, composed 
 of Senators Morgan and Cullom and Representative Hill, 
 on the part of the United States, and President Dole and 
 Justice Frear, on the part of Hawaii, the Secretary of State, 
 upon the last day of the six months, expressed the disap- 
 proval of that contract by the Department. Measures were 
 introduced at the last Congress, both in behalf of the Pacific 
 Cable Company and of another company, which will undoubt- 
 edly come before the next Congress. 
 
 Undoubtedly, the first question for decision will be 
 whether appropriation shall be made for a cable to be laid, 
 owned and operated by the United States Government, or 
 by some corporation subject to the control of the United 
 States Government. The former method has commended 
 itself to some of the senators and members of Congress, and 
 it is possible, but, I think hardly likely, that it may be 
 adopted. Private ovmership and operation of the cable, 
 securing to the United States Government precedence, suit- 
 able rates and the right to take possession in time of war or 
 any other emergency, and also to buy the cable outright on 
 specific terms, appears to me to be the wiser course. This 
 is the method adopted by the British Government in regard 
 to the submarine cables constructed by the aid of its sub- 
 sidies. 
 
 If this method shall be adopted by Congress, it would be 
 a simple thing to ascertain the precise cost of the material 
 and construction of a cable and the approximate cost of its 
 repairs and operation; and also, perhaps, to estimate with 
 some degree of accuracy the receipts likely to aecriie for a 
 term of years. After making a reasonable allowance for 
 wear and tear and breakages, there ought to be no difficulty 
 in determining how much government aid should be granted, 
 in order, on the one hand, to invite capital by a fairly safe 
 investment, and, on the other hand, to avoid unnecessary or 
 
118 
 
 PROrKKDINOS OF THE INTKRNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 iiiuliic use (if public I'miils for private benefit. 
 
 Whichever method sliall be adopted, the interests of the 
 ("iiited States imperatively demand an early accomplish- 
 ment of a sy.stem of telegraphy between the Pacific Coast 
 and the Orient via Hawaii. 
 
 H .-^eems to be a proper subject for treaty stipulation to 
 be entered into between the seven powers concerned in these 
 cables, to the effect that in time of war they shall be regarded 
 as strictly neutral property, not subject to be interfered with 
 by any belligerent. 
 
 In order to avoid the a])pearance of partisanship in the 
 interest of this or that cable company, it is ])ossible that this 
 Interiuitional Commercial Congress might with advantage 
 ap]>oint a committee to investigate and recommciul the ac- 
 tion that it deems liest upon this subject of internntional im- 
 portance. 
 
 Mr. Everett Frazar: 
 The time is short. 
 
 Mr. .s7;7)H- (Wilkesliarrc Board of Trade): 
 
 I move that a committee of seven be appointed by the 
 Chair to take into consideration all resolutions presented to 
 this Congress. 
 
 Mr. .V. /). Kelly (Philadelphia Trades Ix'ague): 
 
 1 .second that motion. 
 
 (The question being on the motion of Mr. Straw it was 
 agreed to.) 
 
 Director IF. P. Wilson: 
 
 It will facilitate the busine.ss if the names are presented to- 
 morrow morning, I suppose. 
 
 Mr. Everett Frazar: 
 
 The names will be presented to-morrow morning, and we 
 will now adjonra until 2.30 p. m. 
 
 PHiLADLrni.\, October 19, 1899. 
 
 Afternoon Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order at 3 p. ni. by Mr. Everett 
 Frazar. 
 
 Mr. Everett Frazar: 
 
 Gentlemen and Delegates: I would like to say that in our 
 forenoon session some of our papers took a little more time 
 than we had e.xpected and we were unable to quite get through 
 with the program there laid out There are two or three 
 — two, here, I see — that yill be brought into the afternoon 
 session, but to follow the lines laid out in the program now 
 before you it will be proper for mo to introduce to you what 
 we consider to-day to be the third important country in the 
 Far F'.ast having treaty relaticms with the United States — that 
 is, tlie Kingdom of Korea. We have had China Day. We 
 have had this forenoon devoted to Japan, and 1 would 
 like to say a few words to you this afternoon, at the opening 
 of this session, on matters pertaining entirely to Korea. I 
 will then call upon the delegates who were unable to get 
 their papers in this morning. 
 
 I regret very mucli to say to you that there is no other 
 representative of the Korean iuupire here to-day but myself. 
 I had hoped that our Minister in Washington from Korea, 
 Hon. Chin-Pom-Yc, would have been here, but had he been 
 here he could not have spoken to you iu English, and you 
 could not, of course, have understood him iu Korcnn. .As the 
 
 representative of the Korean Government in iS'ew York City, 
 I have had .some little knowledge of the trade passing between 
 that country and the United States. 1 think it is right, in 
 our proceeding.s, that we should have that little information 
 noted in the records of the International Commercial Con- 
 gress, to make the minutes correct. In the preliminary list of 
 subjects we are asked "to report on the local trade interests 
 of Korea, and as to the prospects f(n- a continued development 
 of trade with Korea. Now, gentlemen, wlien we consider 
 that only sixteen years ago Korea was a sealed book, and 
 was' open to trade only with China and Japan, I think you 
 will agree wath me that she has made a very fair progrefss, 
 but not such as we would apply to Japan, hers being a 
 wonderful progress in those si.vtcen years. Only three years 
 ago Korea had no railways. Within a very few months the 
 first steam railway line between Seoul, the capital, and Che- 
 muljx), twenty-five miles distant, will be opened. That con- 
 cession was given to me about ten years ago by his Majesty, 
 the King of Korea, not only for the building of the railway, 
 but for the opening of two coal mines, together with a Gov- 
 ernment loan. Those concessions from the King I was able 
 to perfect, and had expected ten years ago that early progress 
 would have been made in that direction, but through certain 
 circumstances, connected with the hypothecation of the cus- 
 toms, Korea complicated with her neighbor, China, and the 
 negotiations were laid over indefinitely. Following later, our 
 American friend, Mr. James E. Morse, was able to secure a 
 concession, and by dint of hard work and perseverance he 
 .succeeded in getting the support and favor of American 
 manufacturers for the prospective building of the railway 
 line, although the financial part be found, as I myself did, 
 a difficult matter to arrange in the United States. Besides 
 that line of railway, there is a second concession for a road 
 to be started in the not very distant future, between Seoul 
 and Fusan, the southeastern open port, about three hundred 
 miles distant. The third concession is one of about four 
 hundred miles between Seoul and Wuji on the northwestern 
 province adjoining Manchuria and Korea. The concession 
 between Seoul and Fusan has been given to Japanese, that 
 from Seoul to the northwestern frontier to a French syndi- 
 cate. Besides these, there is an electric trolley road of six 
 miles running through the capital of Korea now in working 
 order, and this will eventually be a great success, although 
 it met with much opposition on the part of a few Koreans at 
 its opening. That is, however, gradually being overcome, 
 and the people of Korea will soon be able to see and witness 
 for themselves the great advantages they will have in this 
 modern imiirovement, the influence of which will be found 
 to be irresistible in nudcing its way in that Kingdom, as has 
 been done in Japan, and will be done in China. Gold min- 
 ing is being successfully prosecuted by Americans, while con- 
 cessions have also been granted to British and Germans. The 
 principal products, and some of these are capable of much 
 larger expansion hy the adoption of improved foreign meth- 
 ods, with American machinery now being sent out from the 
 United States are: coal, wheat, rice, ginseng, timber, sea- 
 weed, furs, etc. The late opening of several new ports vol- 
 untarily by the Korean Government, shows the desire of the 
 people for a further expansion of Korea's trade. As to the 
 trade interest in Korea, I think no material change has lately 
 shown itself other than the largely increased demand for some 
 of our American products, one of which is refined petroleum. 
 The streets of Seoul are lit not only with this oil largely, 
 but with electricity as well. Kerosene lamps are found in 
 nearly all the important towns iind houses of all classes. A 
 statement nuule in a late report by British Consul John Wal- 
 ker, might he here wortli mentioning to you. He speaks 
 satisfactorily of .Xmericnn oil, 'imw it lui.s worked a veritable 
 revolution iu Knrenu ibuiiistic life. ncMrlv cvcrv cottage being 
 
SEVENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 19, 1899 
 
 119 
 
 uow supplied with the very best of Amerieau oil and Japan- 
 ese made lamjjs at very reasonable prices, while the streets 
 are well lit in the same manner." The present development 
 of steam and electric railways, opening of gold and coal 
 mines, the introduction of foreign machineiy for mining and 
 other purposes, with increased local and foreign steamer 
 traffic, the establishment of our modern postal money order 
 system already introduced, are working satisfactorily in Korea, 
 as in China -and Japan; adding to these the opening of the 
 new ports, all combining to give great hopes for the further 
 expansion of Korean trade. The people are now taking more 
 active interest in public alfairs through contact with foreign- 
 ers, and the reform movement, both by men and women, 
 through their club organization, is gaining ground, with a 
 desire for more extensive surveys, better roads and sewerage, 
 lighting of .streets, etc. 
 
 I will not detain you further, gentlemen, on this subject 
 of Korea. 1 think 1 have given you sufficient to place on 
 record what 1 have seen and experienced within the past 
 sixteen years, and what is likely to take place in the near 
 future. It is impossible for Korea to stand still, with Japan 
 on the one side urging her forward, increasing her trade and 
 giving her the example and experience of our present mod- 
 ern advancement and civilization. China on the western side 
 is slowly but surely moving forward under the .same influ- 
 ences of competing American and European nations for the 
 vast trade which is constantly developing in that empire. 
 
 Now, gentlemen, I would like to take up the continuation 
 of the two or three papers that were to have been read during 
 the forenoon session. 
 
 AVe have a gentleman present here who has to return to 
 Washington very shortly. He has asked a favor, and if not 
 granted we would not have the pleasure of his appearing 
 before you and reading what I believe will be found to be 
 an interesting paper. The Hon. Truxtun Beale, ex-United 
 States Minister to Persia, had intended to be present and read 
 his paper on "The Trade of Central Asia." He has found 
 that engagements interfere so that it will be impossible to 
 come, and he has deputed his good friend, Mr. Williams C. 
 Fox, of Washington, to appear on his behalf, and with your 
 consent, gentlemen, I shall ask Mr. Fox to come to the front 
 and read Jlr. Beale's paper. (Applause.) 
 
 (Mr. Williams C. Fox, of Washington, then read the paper 
 prepared by the Hon. Truxtun Beale, ex-United States Min- 
 ister to Persia, entitled '"The Trade of Central Asia'"): 
 
 lion. Truxlun Beale: 
 
 It is difficult at first to realize that a large part of Middle 
 Asia will be commercially more accessible to the United 
 States than to any of the great commercial nations. The huge 
 mountain barrier formed by the junction of the Hindoo Koosh 
 and the Altai Mountains effectually closes it to European 
 trade by land. The several attempts the English have made 
 to establish trade routes for the Indian markets on the south, 
 between India and Central Asia, have failed, because of the 
 great height of the Himilaya passes, which for many months 
 of the year are closed and have a climate of Arctic severity, 
 and it will be many years before Eus.sia, on the north, will 
 build railroads to that country from Siberia across (he icy 
 passes of the Tien Shan range of mountains, whose northern 
 slopes are constantly swept by the ice laden winds of the 
 Arctic region, rushing so\ith without an obstruction across 
 the steppes of Siberia, making a climate there which often 
 closely approximates to that of the pole itself. This great 
 portion of the continent of Asia thus penned in by the highest 
 mountain ranges of that hemisphere is open only from the 
 seaside, so that its trade — when it becomes sufficiently de- 
 
 veloped to have a trade — must flow with the rivers to the 
 Pacific Ocean. 
 
 To reach it by sea, European traders have the alternative 
 of a long and expensive route by the Suez Canal or of 
 doubling either of the capes, twice crossing the line, with all 
 the attendant risks and delays, w-hereas from the Pacific coast 
 there are direct and unobstructed w^ater routes to every part 
 of the coast of Asia facing us. Tliis huge territory, whose 
 great resources are about to be developed, forms, roughly 
 speaking, a triangle, whose base is the coast of China, and 
 whose apex pierces Middle Asia, and is the last great por- 
 tion of the Temperate Zone that is not already in process of 
 development by the enterprising races of Europe. In my 
 opinion, tliis Congress could do no more effective work for the 
 extension of the world's trade than to resolve that that coun- 
 try should forever remain commercially neutralized; that its 
 trade should be unobstructed, fair and free for all, and it is to 
 be hoped that the delegates here asseml)led will use their best 
 elforts with their respective governments for the accomplish- 
 ment of this end. The conclusion of this Congress, full of 
 the spirit of the coming industrial age and unembarrassed 
 by the barbarous traditions of militarism and obsolete schools 
 of statecraft, should have the greatest weight with all pro- 
 gressive governments. For this purpose, the strategic import- 
 ance of the Philippines is so great that the T^nited States can 
 hold them with all the more profound conviction of right, if 
 from that point of vantage, she holds the door of Asia open to 
 the trade of all. From these islands co-operation with Eng- 
 land to effect this object would be easy. Distant as it is from 
 the English Islands of Hong Kong and Singapore, the three 
 points command the channel of the China Sea — the road to 
 Europe. They should, therefore, tlank the communications of 
 any nation attempting to shut off that portion of the world 
 from friendly and fair competition in trade. With the door 
 thus held open to the capital of the world, the development 
 of that whole region, from the Pacific Coast to the depths 
 of Middle Asia, would be rapid. In the race for the enormous 
 trade that will follow this rapid development now that local- 
 ity, time and space count for so little, no nation can afford 
 to put artificial obstructions to exchange in her way, while 
 others have a clear and open path to the goal. Those nations 
 that can soonest emancipate themselves from the slowness, 
 extravagance and unadaptiveness of protective tariffs will 
 benefit most from the regeneration of this last great territory 
 that in the present state of science is capable of a high ma- 
 terial development. The portion of Central Asia referred to, 
 though a country capable of enonuous development, is one 
 of the least advanced and most sparsely populated countries 
 of Asia. The Chinese have now held it for twenty-five years, 
 but have done nothing towards its development and little for 
 its trade. If they were enterprising and progressive, they 
 could supply the whole eight millions of Siberian Russians 
 with the tea which is now furnished by India, despite the fact 
 that there is duty against it, for there is no duty on Chinese 
 goods going into Siberia and Russia west of the great wall. 
 The cotton area could also be immensely increased. There 
 is an opportunity also for a grand system of irrigation from 
 the streams running from the slopes of the Tian Shans and 
 the branches of the Yarkand and Tarim rivers, when Ameri- 
 can methods of saving and using water are introduced. This 
 would multiply many times tlie area of cultivation. There 
 are two principal trade routes running from this part of Cen- 
 tral Asia, a caravan route through the passes of Tian Shan 
 by the Fortress of Xarine into Siberia; the other by Turkis- 
 tan over the range of Altais into Central Asia. Through this 
 latter come all the manufactured goods of Russia and the dry 
 fruit and leather of Central Asia: through the former, iron 
 ore from Siberia and some few crude Siberian products. The 
 
120 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Central A.si:ins send back by both routes, principally hand- 
 made diy goods, wool in the grease, felt carpets, Chinese 
 silver in the form of bulhon, silk, cotton, skins and a small 
 amount of tea. But a camel, under the most favorable circum- 
 stances upon the plains, can only cany one-twentieth part of 
 the load of a freiglit car, and in a day can only carry one-twen- 
 tieth part as far. The passes are steep and dangerous, cara- 
 vans on the Siberian route being frequently detained for 
 weeks by the snow, and sometimes dispersed and totally de- 
 stroyed by the Arctic blizzards that blow across the Siberian 
 steppes, antl on the Turkistan route, w-hen the passes are not 
 completely blocked by snow, the gorges in the high altitudes, 
 both trnil'and sides, are fantastically, though completely, stuc- 
 coed by ice. The trade is therefore small. The llussian Gov- 
 ernment gives a bounty to the Russian merchants on all man- 
 ufactured goods exported into this country, which amounts to 
 more than the cost of transportation, so that Russian goods 
 are cheaper in this part of Central Asia than in Russia itself, 
 the object being to crush out the cheap hand-made goods of 
 the country and confine the natives to producing the raw ma- 
 terial, thus leaving the market entirely to the Russian mer- 
 chants. It also prevents the importation of these cheap native 
 goods to their large Kirgizh settlements in Russia. It is evident 
 that nothing on a large scale, either for material development 
 or trade, can be effected for this country before the advent of 
 railroads. In my opinion, they will be built from the Pacific 
 Coast, and since American engineering skill has been called 
 upon to build railroad bridges in the heart of Africa, it will 
 probably be the whistle of an American locomotive tlaat will 
 break the silence of the Gobi desert. Of that part of Middle 
 Asia across the divide formed by the Pamir and the Hindoo 
 Koosh, and whose waters flow towards Europe and the Persian 
 Gulf, Russia is developing the northern portion, and the ac- 
 count of its wonderful material progress will doubtless be 
 treated of under the head of the Russian Empire. Of the part 
 that remains, Persia is the country which will command the 
 attention of those countries whose destiny it is to civilize, and 
 build up others. 
 
 It was once said that every grave is a cradle, and every 
 cradle is a grave. This double aphorism may certainly be 
 applied to Persia. It has been in turn the home and the tomb 
 of empires, and its fitful history recalls to us most vividly the 
 decline and fall of dynasties. 
 
 The past of Persia stretches back to the dawn of human 
 history, and its present position is all the sadder when one 
 remembers he part it has played in tlie early progress of the 
 world. 
 
 Its fall was due not to real decay, but to other circum- 
 stances, which had far-reaching consequences. The rounding 
 of the Cape of Good Hope by Vasco de Gama opened up a 
 new route between Europe and Asia. The conquest of Asia 
 Minor by the Turks completed the isolation of Persia, and cut 
 off all communication between Europe and the remote East 
 through Persian territory. 
 
 As a result of these causes, Persia ceased to have direct 
 communication with the western world, and lost touch with 
 the ideas which have regenerated modern Europe. 
 
 It is not surprising, therefore, to learn that the wealth of 
 Persia, which was at one time fabulous, almost completely 
 disappeared, and that the intellectual activity for which it 
 had at one time been famous, became a mere tradition. 
 
 Even twenty years ago the condition of the country pre- 
 sented a picture emldematic of Asiatic retrogression. The 
 capital of each province had its own mint, and the coinage 
 was carried on in so haphazard a manner that there was a 
 difference of seventeen per cent, between coins of the same 
 nominal standard. The Kran fluctuated so much in value 
 as to paralyze all attempts at buying and selling and opened 
 up a ready means for fraud and dishonesty. So uncertain 
 
 a medium of exchange was in many respects inferior to the 
 system of barter which it had superseded. 
 
 Tlie Shah's first visit to Europe seems to have marked the 
 beginning of a new era, and to have brought Persia once more 
 into touch with the Western world and Western civilization. 
 
 Persia liad no sooner broken down the barrier of her isola- 
 tion, than European capitalists began to look upon the country 
 as a field for investment. The Renter concession marks the 
 first effort to regenerate Persia with European gold. The 
 temporary failure of this concession did not discourage other 
 similar enterprises; and, within the last few years, several 
 luiropean companies have commenced operations in the coun- 
 try. The Imperial Bank of Persia, the Mining Rights and 
 Roads Company, the Tramway, and Railway Company, the 
 Persian Gulf Trading Company and other mining undertak- 
 ings are already established in the country, and nearly $30,- 
 000,000 of European capital is now used in Persian produc- 
 tive industries. 
 
 The results of this friendly financial invasion are already 
 conspicuous. In every province Europeans are engaged in 
 transacting the business of foreign companies. The capital 
 is lighted by a European company and a tramway runs along 
 the streets. A road is now in course of construction between 
 Teheran and the head of the Kanm River. On all sides, in 
 town and country, there are indications of the beginning of 
 progress. The sudden influx of Western energies, and Euro- 
 pean capital has overcome the inertia of centuries, and the 
 country is awakening to the new influences which are now 
 at work. 
 
 There is certainly ample scope for progress and improve- 
 ment in Persia. The present condition of the country abounds 
 in proofs of the necessity of urgently introducing new meth- 
 ods of production. Formerly Persia was the seat of an exten- 
 sive sugar industry. The sugar cane was grown in many parts 
 of tlie country, and a large export trade was carried on. At 
 present, the Caspian littoral is the only district where sugar 
 is produced, and the yearly export of sugar is only ninety 
 tons. The silk trade was once a flourishing industry. Twenty 
 years ago a disease attacked the silk-worm, and the trade was 
 destroyed, no attempt having been made (as in France and 
 elsewhere) to introduce silk-worms from other countries. 
 Cotton can be grown in almost every province of the country, 
 hut to-day there is not a cotton-gin or even a steam or hy- 
 (li-aulic press within Persian territory. A few wooden hand- 
 presses in Ispahan, bale and pack all the produced cotton 
 in the country. No effort has been made to extend the wool 
 export trade, which is, no doubt, capable of immense devel- 
 opment. The area of cultivation for wheat, barley, rice and 
 tobacco might be greatly increased with an elementary knowl- 
 edge of American processes of cultivation. 
 
 In spite of these serious drawbacks it must not be supposed 
 that nothing has been done. As a factor in the development 
 of production, a good system of currency is as useful as rail- 
 roads and telegi-aphs. A few years ago it took twenty-eight 
 camels to convey £2.o,000 worth of silver to tbe new bank, 
 then established, and the difliculty of transportation of money 
 from one part of the country was such a clog upon inter-pro- 
 vincial dealings, that the very first need of the country was the 
 establishment of sound |iaper currency, based iipon tlie Euro- 
 pean sy.stem. 
 
 A uniform silver currency is now firmly established. Bank 
 notes, at first viewed with suspicion, are now in constant use, 
 and may be seen at the liazaars. There can be no doubt that 
 the ease with which paper money can be sent from one part 
 of Persia to another has contributed materially to the growth 
 and development of commercial transactions. This easy and 
 cheap transmission of paper money, as contrasted with the 
 difficulty and cost of transjtorting specie, together with the 
 confidence felt in the stability of European banking methods, 
 
gl:VENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 19, 1899 
 
 n\ 
 
 has led many Persians to convert to productive uses, wealth 
 formerly hoarded up, and especially has brought the different 
 parts of th€ kingdom into closer commercial relations with 
 one another. 
 
 The distance and inaccessibility of Persia have been much 
 exaggerated. California, in 1849, was less known than the 
 Persia of to-day. A three months' journey separated Cali- 
 fornia from the borders of civilization. The overland and 
 the Panama routes were almost equally dangerous to the emi- 
 grant whose alternatives were shipwreck, fever and attack by 
 the bandits of the Isthmus. 
 
 This comparison between California and Persia might be 
 further amphfied. The former was peopled with Indians; 
 the latter has a peaceful and skillful population. Persia to- 
 day is only three weeks from London; in 1849, California was 
 as "many months from the iinancial centre of the world. 
 
 Persia is now ready to receive the benefits of Western ma- 
 terial development. 
 
 The pace at which modem progress moves and the means 
 already at hand in Persia to import European methods, give 
 hope that, as in Western States, so also in Eastern lands, ad- 
 vancement once begun will be rapid. It is frequently con- 
 tended that labor is so cheap that improvement by the intro- 
 duction of machinery is impossible; that wages are less than 
 the interest on the money required to purchase machinery. 
 This premium set on ignorance is a time-worn fallacy which 
 has become an economic anachronism. 
 
 Agriculture in Persia is carried on under the crudest con- 
 ditions. One man and two oxen axe occupied in plowing one 
 acre per day. A Stockton plow, to be found on any ranch in 
 California, would not only plow twenty times as much land 
 in the same time, but also increase the production per acre 
 five-fold. 
 
 In Persia,, the cost of transport is about ten cents per ton 
 per mile, in America two cents. So much for the economy 
 of labor where wages are low. 
 
 It would, in my opinion, be difficult to exaggerate the 
 benefits which would accrue in Persia from the introduction 
 of American methods of tillage and agriculture. 
 ■ The wants of Persia may be learned from the progress of 
 California. The two countries resemble one another in 
 physical conditions and climate, and what has been accom- 
 plished in one, is a fair standard liy which to gauge the pos- 
 sibilities of the other. 
 
 California has just one-third the area of Persia, yet the 
 county of Fresno, which is only twenty years old as a fruit- 
 growing district, exports more fruit than the whole of Persia. 
 Though Persia is as well adapted as California for the growth 
 of the wine grape, no Persian wine crosses the Persian fron- 
 tier. California produces .54,000.000 pounds of wool, most 
 of which is exported; the wool supply of Persia only reaches 
 6,000,000 pounds. California exports wheat to the value of 
 $25,000,000. From Northern Persia, owing to lack of means 
 of communication and methods of tillage two thousand years 
 old, not a bushel of wheat is exported. 
 
 It now becomes a question, what part the United States 
 will play in the progress of this far distant land now on the 
 verge of great changes. For a generation, Americans have 
 been the pioneers of educational and religious movements in 
 Persia. In addition to these chaimels of usefulness, there are 
 " othere where one might well expect to see the full tide of 
 American advancement. The aim of America should not be 
 to obtain concessions or initiate organizations for exclusive 
 monopolies. 
 
 American eapitali.^ts may well leave permanent invest- 
 ments in Persia to others, seeing that they can obtain a high 
 per cent, in their own country. The real objects and scope of 
 American influence in the material regeneration of Persia 
 
 are to be found in the establishment and development of 
 legitimate trade and commerce. 
 
 Where, then, is America's best chance of success in com- 
 parative competition with other nations? Our own industrial 
 history supplies a ready answer. Our own plains have ma,de 
 efficient agricultural implements necessary, and this necessity 
 has been the mother of inventions, which all the East espe- 
 cially needs. 
 
 Cotton is grown everywhere throughout Persia, but there 
 are no gins, steam or hydraulic presses throughout the king- 
 dom. The area given to wheat cultivation is capable of im- 
 mense increase. At the present time methods of tillage are 
 of the crudest description. The plow in use is similar to that 
 employed centuries before the Christian era, and the harrow 
 is a bunch of brush roughly tied to the end of a pole. 
 
 During my residence there, I received many inquiries from 
 American exporting ajid importing houses, and already 
 American machinery has been ordered which will be tried in 
 every part of Persia. 
 
 Be it remembered, too, that Persians possess considerable 
 mechanical skill. An American buggy was built for the Le- 
 gation by Teheran worlonen, and an American artesian drill 
 may to-day be seen boring in the centre of the Persian capital. 
 
 The merchants of Persia have shown themselves anxious 
 to profit bv the example of other countries, and the govern- 
 ment is making every effort to encourage this new departure. 
 The export duty was remitted on all goods sent to the Chicago 
 Exposition, and all goods bouglit by Persian merchants at 
 the Fair were allowed to enter Persian territory free of the 
 usual charges on imported goods. 
 
 The construction of roads, the Karun route, and the new 
 spirit of enterprise will undoubtedly lead to a great develop- 
 ment in the exports and imports of the country. 
 
 Persia has advanced too far to turn back. Here is the first 
 step in the regeneration of Central Asia, and, in this, America 
 has before her a conspicuous part to play. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Everett Frazar: 
 
 The next paper in order on our list will be that from Mr. 
 George C. Ward, of New York, on the "Need of a Cable in 
 the Pacific." I will ask if Mr. Ward is present, or if his paper 
 is in the hands of one deputed by him to read it? (No re- 
 sponse.) The probabilities are that it will have to be passed 
 for to-day. (Paper read l)y title only.) 
 
 Mr. J. B. Atherton, delegate from the Honolulu Chamber 
 of Commerce, has a paper on the same subject, "Need of a 
 Cable in the Pacific." If Mr. Atherton is not present, or a 
 representative deputed to read his paper, we shall have to 
 pass that also. (Paper read by title only.) 
 
 The next in order will be a paper by Mr. K. Yaraamoto, 
 delegate from the Chamber of Commerce from Kobe, Japan, 
 one of the most important and rising ports in that kingdom, 
 which by many Americans to-day is considered in its trade to 
 be surpassing that of Yokohama. A few years ago it was 
 considerably behind, but it is becoming one of our most im- 
 portant points where Aiuerican trade is being largely devel- 
 oped. 
 
 I have much pleasure in introducing to you Mr. Yama- 
 moto, and I am sure we will have pleasure in hearing the 
 latest reports of trade in that important point. Mr. Yama- 
 moto does not speak English suttlciently clear for you to un- 
 derstand it. He would like to introduce his subject in his 
 own language briefly, and then, in the hands of his interpre- 
 ter, have it read to you. 
 
 (Mr. K. Yamamoto, delegate from the Chamber of Com- 
 merce of Kolie. Japan, then road in his native tongue a paper 
 prepared by him on the "Future Trade in tlie Far East," 
 which was interpreted by Mr. T. Kimura, as follows): 
 
122 
 
 PROCKRDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Mr. 7'. Kiniuru: 
 
 ijfi'ore speaking a few words on belialf ol' Mr. K. Yama- 
 nioto, delegate from tlie Chamber of Commerce of Kobe, 
 .lapaii. I mu.^t apologize for my limited knowledge of English, 
 hut please remember tliat my lOiiglish has been taught only 
 in my own eoiintry, far distant from your coiintrv or h-ng- 
 land. 
 
 "ThK FuTUISK 'j'HADK IN THE Fa U EaST." 
 
 .1//'. K. Yamamoto: 
 
 My. I'resideut, ]..a(lies and (ientlenicn: It gives me the 
 greatest satisfaction to state that I have the honor of repre- 
 senting the commercial men of the Empire of the Rising Sun 
 who have the most intimate friendship with this mighty na- 
 tion, in the presence of the most respected gentlemen of the 
 whole world for tlie advancement of the material interests of 
 the various countries, and at the same time to express my 
 warmest thanks for the most cordial and magnificent treat- 
 ment bestowed on me by the generous people of the City of 
 Philadelphia, of the Stale of Pennsylvania, nay, of the wliole 
 I'nitcd States of America. 
 
 I intend to speak upon the subject, "Future Trade in the 
 l-'ar East." 
 
 First, Japan a.s maritime depot. 
 
 Second, trade relations between America and Jajian. 
 
 Third, navigation between America and the Orient. 
 
 Fourth, telegraphic communication over the I'acitic. 
 
 Fifth, war tax. 
 
 Sixth, the port of Kobe. 
 
 To enter into details on so many points would take \ei'y 
 long, and it is beyond the time at my disposal. So I will speak 
 only a few words on each subject, and first of all take up 
 the subject, Japan as the maritime depot. 
 
 You all know that the resources of our country have re- 
 cently been developed with great strides and our international 
 trade has been growing larger and larger year after year. 
 .Vnd when we take into consideration the opening of the 
 .Xicaragua canal, the construction of the Siberian railroad, 
 the future development of China and the expansion of the 
 I'nited States dominion in the vicinity of our sea, it is not 
 unreasonable to expect that our country will become, so to 
 spc>ak, the great maritime depot for canning on the trade 
 between the Old and the New World. 
 
 We, the people of Japan, are making preparation in every 
 possible way for this golden age of commerce to come. Our 
 principal harbors have been or will be repaired so as to make 
 them still more commodious than at present. The poit of 
 Kobe, which is naturally a good harbor, its water being gen- 
 erally six and one-half fathoms deep, will be made more con- 
 venient in the near future for loading and discharging 
 cargoes. 
 
 Preliminary surveying has already been made and the plan 
 draw^n by the experts will soon be carried out. I expect that 
 at least those who have any trade connection with Northern 
 China, Formosa, or the Philippiiu' Islands, will assist me with 
 all their might and main and make our Kobe the New York 
 III' Japan. 
 
 Now in regard to the commerce between the United States 
 and Japan, it has been one-sided for several years pa.st, but 
 recently the scale ha,s been turning and now the exports and 
 imports between the two countries have almost been eqtialized 
 and we have every reason to expect that the exports from this 
 country to Japan will increase still more year after yeai- and 
 at no distant time the trade between the two coimtries will 
 again become one-sided, but this time Invorabli' to the I'nited 
 Stales, not to us. . 
 
 Among the ex]5oi-|s fr<:m tlie Fniled Stale-; to nur country. 
 
 the principal items are cotton and macliinery. But with re- 
 spect to the latter I have nothing more to say than to con- 
 gratulate the manufacturers of this renowned city. 
 
 The value of the American cotton imported in 1893 was 
 two and one-half million yen, but it increased to fifteen mil- 
 lion yen in 1898, and let me add that out of this fifteen million 
 yen, twelve million passed through Kobe, from which I have 
 been delegated. 
 
 From wdiat has been said, nobody will deny me the lib( rty 
 to speak a few words about cotton. 
 
 That the quality of American cotton just meets our re- 
 ijuirements is too well ])roved by the never ceasing increase of 
 its import into our country. 
 
 ]5ut the quantity each bale contains, if I mistake not, is 
 not the same with every kind. For that reason our merchants 
 warehouses and insurance companies and bankers feel it very 
 inconvenient in tran.sacting their business. 
 
 In such a country as this, where each Sttite and every city 
 has its own institutions, the fact just referred to, I think, 
 might be said to be unavoidable. However it may be, 1 can- 
 not help but saying that if what I have said be true, it is a 
 serious defect accompanying the American cotton. I earn- 
 estly recommend the cotton growers and merchants of this 
 C(Uintry to consider the matter for the lienefit of both na- 
 tions. 
 
 Though the commerce between the United States and 
 Ja]:ian has advanced rapidly, as I said before, yet it is very 
 doid>tful whether the means for transjiortation have kept pace 
 with that progress. 
 
 There are at present seven regular steamer lines running 
 upon the great Pacific, but the sliijis used are small in com- 
 parison with the Atlantic liners. We want more shipjs of 
 greater tonnage and at the same time cheaper freight for 
 goods, — nay, we want to have something more. 
 
 However perfect would become the accommodation for the 
 trans-Pacific line, it serves only for carrying the merchandise 
 from the west of the United States to the Orient or vice versa. 
 
 How flourishing w-ould grow the trade between the coun- 
 tries, if the direct shipping could be carried on over the 
 Pacific between Asia and the eastern part of the United 
 States, wiiich is the center of industry and commerce of the 
 wiiole world. 
 
 It would be an unsurpassed and everlasting benefit to the 
 whole human race if the Isthmus of Panama could be cut 
 through at any advantageous point and direct trade could be 
 carried on between the east of the United States and the far 
 side of another hemisphere. I firmly believe that the open- 
 ing of the Nicaragua canal will be practically carried out at 
 no distant day by the rich and enterprising people of the 
 world. 
 
 At present telegraphic communication between America 
 and Asia can be nuide only through the Atlantic cables. The 
 inconvenience and great cost resultinsr from this circum- 
 stance have been felt by everybody. And the laying of sub- 
 marine cables in the deep Pacific waters has been proposed by 
 the leading men of the world, as stated by representatives of 
 tlie Chambers of Commerce of Yokohama and Honolidu tluis 
 morning. 
 
 What T want In .-ay now, has liecn tiiUy staled by them, 
 sii 1 will not liui'dcii VdU any nmri'. but simply endorse tluir 
 o])inion. 
 
 But before coiKiudiiig. let iiir assume the part of a prophet 
 just a moment. I sav that almul the middle of the next 
 century we will Ik- cnabbMl to send messages from one side 
 of i]\e Pacific to the other, not by the submarine cables, but 
 by ^larconi's wireless tek'gra])hy. 
 
 The peo))le of .\nu'rica who have such ancestors as Frank- 
 lin and ]\rorse will surely accomplish this feat for the benefit 
 of mankind at lai'ge. 
 
SEVENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 19. 1899 
 
 123 
 
 As you all kuow, the Goverjinimt of tlie liiiited States 
 levied a war tax on several articles. 
 
 It is beyond my power to speak aljout stamp duties, but 
 I may say a few words about the duty on imported goods as 
 the delegate from the commercial port and as the member 
 of the International Commercial Congres-s — nay, it is, per- 
 haps, my duty to venture to speak upon this subject. 
 
 I know very well, from my experience aljout Formosa, that 
 the Government of the United States needs very mucli money 
 for controlling the newly-acquired tenitory. But a great 
 country like the United States has many rich sources of taxa- 
 tion and need not, I think, resort to imported good.s, which 
 are necessary for keeping the international trade upon a hrm 
 footing. For instance, though the import of machinery, 
 cotton and other things into one country is increasing year 
 by year, it will decrease by and by unless export from that 
 country should )je kept up, and not dropped off, for if the 
 goods decrease to be exported on account of heavy tax, the 
 freight for the import must necessarily become higher and 
 prices dearer and the demand decrease until eventually the 
 import will be cut ofiE. On the occasion of great national 
 emergencies something must be sacrificed for a great cause, 
 but I hope the burden will be discharged as soon as the 
 necessities will have ceased. 
 
 Kobe, one of the principal commercial ports in the Far 
 East, is situated in 135° 24' 29" of E. long., and 35° 
 37' of N. lat. 
 
 The climate is mild and healthy. In 1897 the highest de- 
 gree of temperature was 34° 4' Cent, on the l^th of August, 
 and the lowest 5° Cent, on the 17th of February. 
 
 The native population, estimated in Decendjer 31st, 1899, 
 was 214.119. The number of foreigners resident is 2.044, 
 of which 161 are Americans. 
 
 The district where the foreigners mostly reside is the model 
 Occidental settlement in the East, the houses being neatly 
 built, the streets broad, clean and well lighted. 
 
 Kobe is very near to two large cities, Osaka and Kyoto, 
 with which it is connected by railways, and laimches and 
 Japanese boats are also plying to and fro. It is also in touch 
 with the western part of the Island proper by means of the 
 railroad which runs along the beautiful inland seacoast. 
 
 Ocean-going vessels of several flags enter and clear from 
 or to America, Australia, Europe and other parts of Asia. 
 
 In 1897, 285 steamers of 326,611 tons cleared, and 335 
 steamers of 500,429 tons entered. 
 
 The people of Kobe can communicate with all parts of the 
 world by the cable, either by way of Shanghai or Vladivostok. 
 
 The water-works have now been completed. Water is sup- 
 plied from two sources, one of which is the water-fall Nu- 
 nobiki, renowned for its beautiful scenery. Any ship in the 
 harbor can be supplied with fresh water at the rate of 45 sen 
 per ton. 
 
 There are two docks in the port, belonging to the Kawas- 
 aki shipyard, which is presided over by the son of Count 
 Matsukata, the present Minister of the Treasury. One of the 
 two is 900 feet long and 24 feet wide, and the other 500 feet 
 long and 20 feet wide. In addition to those mentioned, the 
 said company is now constructing a wet-dock, 390 feet long 
 and GO feet wide. The Mitsubishi Company owned by Baron 
 Iwasaki, the Oriental Vanderbilt, is also building a large dock 
 capable of accommodating any steamer of more than 10,000 
 tons. 
 
 There is one iron pier (585 feet and 10 inches long) and 
 two railway piers. The iron pier, being very near to the 
 Custom House, is very convenient for blading and discharg- 
 ing cargoes. 
 
 Vessels at the pier have to pay pier dues at the rate of 
 $50 to $150 per vessel, according to the amount and nature 
 of coniniodities to be loaded (U- discharged. 
 
 Ballast can be obtained at the rate of 40 sen per ton for 
 sfvnd and 1 yen and 20 sen for stone. 
 
 Labor is very cheap, and coal can be abundantly found. 
 
 The harbor is deep and commodious. The area included 
 within the harbor limits is 6,084,667 square yards, and the 
 water is generally six fathoms deep. 
 
 North winds are very prevalent, but they are cut off by the 
 hill ranges. 
 
 The people, however, not being content with the present 
 natural state of the harbor, are earnestly contemplating mak- 
 ing it still better, and surveys have already been completed 
 by competent experts, and the result has been reported to 
 the City Assembly for consideration. I am sure that the 
 project will be successfully carried out at no distant time. 
 
 The trade of Kobe has been rapidly developed, and it now 
 successfully comi)etes with Yokohama and Shanghai in the 
 Far Orient. The subjoined tables will clearly show this fact. 
 
 TABLE I. 
 
 Comparative trade relums of Kobe, Yokohama and Shang- 
 hai for 1898. 
 
 Export. Import. Total. 
 
 Kobe 60.119,645 yen. 138,133,797 yen. 198,253,442 yen. 
 
 Yokohoma .. 80,312,435 " 111,014,139'" 191,336,574 " 
 
 Shanghai . . . 67,141,235 " 56,960,778 " 134,102,013 " 
 
 In regard to the trade relation existing between the United 
 States of America and Kobe, the latter might be looked upon 
 especially as the import market for the former. More than 
 half of the imported goods, and the majority of American 
 cottons, pass through Kobe. Though the export trade of 
 Kobe with the United States is comparatively small in value, 
 its tonnage is far greater, for the chief exports from Kobe 
 to America ai'e mostly bulky things, such as mattings, straw 
 braids, etc., etc. This fact should not be forgotten by those 
 who are engaged in carrjing on business. 
 
 The trade relation existing betw:een America, on one side 
 and Kobe or Japan on the other, is shown by the following 
 tables: 
 
 
 TABLE II. 
 
 
 
 Exports to the United States. 
 
 
 
 From Kobe. From Japan. 
 
 Percentage. 
 
 1894 . 
 1895 
 
 7,061,519 yen 43,323,557 yen 
 
 9,685,442 " 54,028, 950 " 
 
 16.3 
 17.9 
 28.6 
 16.2 
 30.6 
 
 1896 , 
 
 1897 . 
 
 7,437,765 " SlisSS, 341 " 
 
 8.502.094 " 52 436 404 " 
 
 1898 . 
 
 9,746,269 " 47,311,154 " 
 
 
 TABLE IIL 
 
 
 
 Imports from the LTnited States. 
 
 
 1894 . 
 
 1895 . 
 
 To Kobe. To Japan. 
 
 5,633,347 yen 10,983, 558 yen 
 
 4.563.793 " 9 276 360 ' " 
 
 Perce.stage 
 51.2 
 49.2 
 52.0 
 50.1 
 57.1 
 
 1S96 . 
 
 8 495 903 '* 16 371 4.1 Q '* 
 
 1897 . 
 
 1898 . 
 
 13,545,337 " 27,030,537 " 
 
 33,850,116 " 40,001,097 " 
 
 
 TABLE IV. 
 
 
 
 Chief Exports to the United States 
 
 
 
 Kobe. Japan. Kobe. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 
 Tea. Tea. Mattings. 
 
 Mattings. 
 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 1896. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 
 2,358,773 yen 6,267,364 yen 1,754, 958 ven 
 3,070,147"" 7,390,883 " 3,083, 471 "" 
 3,4.54,937 " 5,306,442 " 2,612,030 " 
 2,278.511 " 6,549,460 " 2,647,109 " 
 2,.531.674 " 6.S23.S5S •• 3,666,564 " 
 
 1,759,957 ven 
 3,083,123 '" 
 2,683,255 " 
 
 3,697,249 " 
 3,707,460 " 
 
124 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 KoBK. Japan-. Kobe. .Iapan. 
 
 Kke. Eick. Camphor. Ca.mphok. 
 
 1S<)4 547,257 yen 549,304 yen 292,879 yen 292,879 yen 
 
 li,y5 S23.:il5 "•• 820,626 " 72,540 " 72,560 " 
 
 lS!)(i 673,324 " 717,353 " 125,933 " 127,755 " 
 
 1897 691,595 " 098,937 " 425,054 " 434,625 " 
 
 18U8 084,437 " 697,330 " 403.939 •• 403.939 •• 
 
 Kobe. Japan. 
 
 Carpets. Carpets. 
 
 1894 916,690 yen 927,363 yen 
 
 J895 V. 1,005,053"" 1,076,049 '• 
 
 1896.. 523,198 " .525,366 " 
 
 1897.'.'. 395,286 " 393,785 " 
 
 1898 '.'. 268,628 " 270,278 " 
 
 TABLE V. 
 
 Imports from the Uniterl State.'?. 
 
 Kobe. Japak. Kobe. .1a pan. 
 
 Cotton. Coal On,. 
 
 1S94. 2,432,882 yen 2,680.671 yen 2,709,863 yen 4,079.352 yen 
 
 1895. 1,803,280 " 2,338,177 " 1,494,980 " 3,039,254 " 
 
 1896. 3,639,052 " 4.252,398 " 2,730,992 •■ 5,282,909 " 
 
 1897. 6,475,921 " 7.273,221 " 2.777,864 " .5,971,866 " 
 ■1898, 12,218,064 " 14,751,199 " 3,018,012 " 5,910,774 " 
 
 ■ • ■ '*' Tobacco. 
 
 Kobe. Japan. 
 
 1894 9,232 yen 9,248 yen 
 
 1895 13,567 " 16,128 " 
 
 1896 32,008 " 35,133 " 
 
 1897 268,166 " 298,378 " 
 
 1898 1,464,961 •' 1,598,235 " 
 
 The trade hetween America and Northeni China is said to 
 be very promising, when we consider the future development 
 of the" latter's resources and the rising export trade of the 
 former. It will be much more so, when we take into con- 
 sideration the opening of the Nicaragua Canal. 
 
 Even at present, many thousands of rails and other similar 
 materials are exported to Manchuria from America, and most 
 of them are transshipped via Kobe to their destination. 
 
 Though ^lajichuriathus importsmanythings fromAmerica, 
 siie cannot afford to export any incrc-handise which Ameri- 
 cans want. Thus vessels loaded with American goods, and 
 going directly to Manchuria, have no commodities to carry 
 on their return voyage. 
 
 The case is quite ditferent with our trade with Maiuhuria, 
 for we have to import great quantities of beans (necessary 
 articles of food), bean-cakes (useful manure), and other mer- 
 chandise from Northern China. The natural inference is 
 that the freight demanded by our shipping agent~s for the 
 goods to be re-ex])orted to l\Ianchuri:i, should be much lower 
 than that which .\niericaii merchants must ]iiiy ubcu tliey 
 ship their goods (Hrcctly to Northern Cliiiia. 
 
 Let me add, oi paasaiit, tliat Japanese ships employed for 
 the carrying trade between iMauchuria and Kobe arc suffi- 
 cient to meet the present demand, and are to lie improved 
 very much in flie future. 
 
 The large mail .steamers owned l)y the Nippon Yuscn 
 Kaisha ])\y once in every four weeks lietvveen Kol)c and si-v- 
 eral ]>orts in Norflunni Cliiiui, and those belonging to llic 
 Osaka Shosen Kaisha, tltrice per month. Both roinpanics 
 are lil)erally sul)sidized liy our Government and ready to in- 
 cur any pecuniary loss if necessary, and especially willing 
 to make the charges for the comTnodities to be re-exported 
 to Manchuria as low as possible. 
 
 The part taken by the L^nited States of America in regard 
 to Taiwan (Formosa) trade is very favorable. This fact is 
 amply shown liv the following table (semi-annual returns 
 ending June 30", 1897): 
 
 Names ok Countries. 
 
 I hina 
 
 lloii^- Kong- 
 
 I'. S. of .\nierica 
 
 ( Ireat Brituiii 
 
 Exports. 
 
 , 3,735,518 yen 
 
 , 1,038.474 '•• 
 
 , 463,444 •■ 
 
 0,081 •' 
 
 Imports. 
 .(.420,241 yen 
 203,208 ' " 
 486,300 " 
 543,092 " 
 
 Totals. 
 
 7,161,759 yen 
 
 1,241,742 •' 
 
 949,804 " 
 
 950,373 •• 
 
 We need not say that the commercial relations between 
 America and Formosa have become closer and closer through 
 the annexation of the Philippine Islands. 
 
 The steamers belonging to the Nippon Yusen Kaisha ply 
 thrice every month, and those of Osaka Shosen Kaisha six 
 times a month between Kobe and Formosa. 
 
 The Nippon Yusen Kaisha"s mail steamer bound for Aus- 
 tralia calls at ilanila once in every four weeks. 
 
 There are at present seven regular steamer lines upon the 
 Pacific. Their names are as follows: 
 
 1. Nippon Y'^usen Kaisha (Japan Mail Company). 
 
 2. Toyo Kisen Kaisha ((Jriental Steamship Company). 
 
 3. Northern Pacific Steamship Company. 
 
 4. Pacific Mail Steamship Company. 
 
 5. Occidental and (Jriental Steamship Company. 
 
 6. Canadian Pacific Railway Company. 
 
 7. California and Oriental Steamship Company. 
 
 The large increase in Pacific liners may be accounted for 
 by the recent expansion of American export trade, but I would 
 call the attention of the American public to the fact that it 
 is decidedly necessary to foster Japanese import trade, if it 
 be desired to enable those seven lines to carry on their busi- 
 ness successfully. 
 
 Now, without detaining you any longer, I will close my 
 speech, hoping what has been and will be talked over by 
 the most distinguished gentlemen of the world during the 
 present session, will be put into practice as far as possible 
 for the welfare of mankind at large, and for the honor of the 
 Philadelphia T'ommercial Museum and of the whole grand 
 Empire of States. 
 
 Mr. Everett Fruzar: 
 
 We have one more paper from our Japanese friends. This 
 paper will be upon the situation of Japan in 1899, by Mr. 
 Okada, a delegate from the Chamber of Commerce of Ku- 
 mamoto, Japan. I have gi-eat jileasure in introducing to you 
 Mr. M. Okada. 
 
 Mr. M. Ol-ada: 
 
 Mr. ('hairinan and Gentlemen: It is my great honor and 
 pleasure to have the privilege of attending this Inteniational 
 Commercial Congress as a delegate of the Kumamoto Cham- 
 ber of Commerce, Japan. I am very happy to have the 
 pleasure of hearing the discussion on commercial and indus- 
 trial subjects. I thank you very much for giving me the 
 opportunity of addressing this meeting. I do not intend to 
 give you a statistical report, asthat has been done by a previous 
 speaker this morning, and no doubt you are veiy tired of 
 it. I am going to give you a brief general address. 
 
 It is almost useless to say anything about the relationship 
 which exists between the T'nited States and Japan, for even 
 the cliildren of liolli countries know that in 1853 Commo- 
 dore Perry, with a fieet of American vessels, visited our 
 country and persuaded her to open her doors, which had 
 l)een closed to all the world long before your nation existed, 
 and five years later Townsend Harris concluded at Y^edo the 
 treaty which became the basis of .lapaiicse conventional rela- 
 lions with western luitions. 
 
 It was to the United States lli;i( Japan fir.st sent envoys to 
 make an acquaiiitiince with ,'iii(l to investigate the results of 
 modern civilization, al'tci' which (uir social, political, educa- 
 tional, commercial and industrial revolutions followed in 
 >wift succession, and her great stride on the path of progress 
 
SEVENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 19, 1899 
 
 125 
 
 is recognizee! and wondered at hy all the natrions of the 
 world. 
 
 At the conclusion of the war with China, Japan stood l)e- 
 fore the world as a powerful nation. As a result of her vic- 
 tory various railroads have been projected, indu.strial enter- 
 prises have been made, importations and exportations have 
 gi-own enormously, educational facilities have rapidly multi- 
 plied and wages have advanced. 
 
 A new order of things is in practice, and Japan has be- 
 come the object of commercial interest to all the nations 
 and especially to Americans. Now, under the new treaties 
 which were inaugurated on the seventeenth of July, 1899, 
 her doors are wide open to all nations. Both our govern- 
 ment and people welcome you 'with gladness to our interior. 
 Japan of to-day is the commercial and industrial country 
 of the Orient. Her land is fertile; she has rich mines of 
 coal and iron in the northern and southern parts, and the 
 mountains of the interior may have other hidden treasures 
 which are yet to be discovered. She has fine seaports all 
 along the coast and the great Empire of China is our near 
 neighbor on the west and the great continent of America 
 on the east. After the completion of the Siberian Railroad, 
 and when the canal of Panama is opened, Japan will become 
 the market place between the Old and the New World. 
 
 Japan has a population of over 40,000,000 and her people, 
 though generally small, are intelligent and enterprising. 
 But so far our industrial enterprises have met with little 
 success or with failure, simply on account of scarcity of cap- 
 ital; indeed, Japan wants capital and her arms are always 
 open to the foreign capitalists. 
 
 Commerce is an interchange of merchandise between na- 
 tions or individuals. Commerce is never improved between 
 nations if one of them is exhausted. In other words, com- 
 merce between two nations will become larger and larger 
 if both of them are increasing in wealth. The increase of 
 the wealth of our country by the investment of your capital, 
 means the increase of commerce between your country and 
 mine. 
 
 As our country is situated .«o far in the East and our peo- 
 ple are of a different race, with different customs and man- 
 ners, it is quite natural that the people of western nations 
 do not take much interest in Japan and if they do, it is 
 sentimental rather than practical. 
 
 You may therefore ask, "Can there any good thing come 
 out of Japan?" I will answer, "Come and see." 
 
 Mr. Everett Frazar: 
 
 We have now finished the papers on Japan. I think 
 we will be very glad to listen to some remarks upon the 
 trade and surroundings of Aden, by E. Somenille Mur- 
 ray, whom I have the pleasure now to introduce to you. 
 I hope our good friend Mr. Murray will be able to give you 
 a more unprejiidiced idea of the place called Aden than I 
 have in my own mind. I have passed through that hot port 
 many and many a time from India, China and Japan. I 
 had the pleasure in Bombay of meeting an old officer — 'Liv- 
 ingston — -nith whom I lived for two weeks. Going through 
 the Red Sea we went into Asia, and stopped at that exe- 
 crated place — I think it is the worst I have ever been in. It 
 is called by many travelers the last place that the Almightv 
 made, and that the cindei-s and refuse that was left over were 
 thrown in a heap about the country of Aden, and this port 
 was raised on the top of them. 
 
 At the time of my last trip, in 1887, they were then ar- 
 ranging to get water other than from tanks. The water that 
 they had was not very good, and the water that they have 
 to-day is entirely from the sea. that has been made over into 
 fresh water. I am quite sure there has been a great im- 
 
 provement since that time. I am also sure I will myself 
 learn something about Aden that I do not know now. Per- 
 haps many of you will he placed in the same position. 
 
 I have much pleasure no^' in introducing to you Mr. E. 
 Somerville Murray, delegate from the Chamlier of Commerce 
 at Aden, who will speak to you on "The Surroundings and 
 Trade of Aden." 
 
 Mr. E. Somprrille Murray: 
 
 The SijheoundinCtS and Tr.-vde of Aden. 
 
 The British settlement of Aden is situated in Southern 
 Arabia, latitude, twenty degrees, forty-seven minutes north; 
 longitude, forty-tive degrees ten minutes east, about one 
 hundred miles east of the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, the south- 
 ern entrance to the Red Sea. It is a rocky peninsula of vol- 
 canic origin, in form irregularly oval, about fifteen miles in 
 circumference, and joined to the mainland by a narrow neck 
 of land which is at one place nearly covered by the sea at 
 liigh spring tides, in fact, would be but for a raised roadway 
 which leads to the village of Shaikh Othman, seven miles in- 
 land, which was purchased from a neighboring Sultan in 
 1881, and which is the northern limit of actual British ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 To the west of Aden, across the harbor, lies the peninsula 
 of Jebel-Ihsan, or Little Aden, which is of very similar size, 
 shape and formation to Aden proper; but, although this piece 
 of territory was acquired by purchase in 1863, it has not been 
 utilized and tlie only inhabitants are a very few native fisher- 
 men. 
 
 Vessels visiting the port lie either in the outer roadstead 
 or the inner harbor of the Bunder Tawahi, otherwise called 
 Aden West Bay, at Steamer Point, where are to be found the 
 shipping offices, the port officials and a certain proportion of 
 the garrison. Five miles distant over the hills is the old town 
 of Aden, better known by the name of Camp, so called be- 
 cause the troops were originally all stationed there. Most of 
 the merchants have their offices and warehouses in this vicin- 
 ity, and it is there too that the flag of the stars and stripes 
 may daily be seen floating over the United States Consulate. 
 
 The climate of Aden is trying to Europeans, more espec- 
 ially during the hot season, which extends from April to 
 October. The months of May and September arc particu- 
 larly disagreeable, these being the periods of the change of 
 monsoons, when the wind almost entirely ceases and the air 
 is close and oppressive. 
 
 Brackisih water is to be had from wells; and when rain falls, 
 wliich is neither often nor to be depended upon, it is collected 
 in a series of tanks of very ancient origin, thirteen of which, 
 with a capacity of 8,000,000 gallons, have been restored, but 
 they have only been full on one or two occasions, and are by 
 no means to be depended upon. Most of the water supply 
 is obtained from the Indian Ocean, the sea water being passed 
 through elaborate condensers and fresh water of practically 
 unlimited quantity thus manufactured and supplied to resi- 
 dents and the ship^ frequenting the port. Ice, which is one 
 of the necessaries of life in that climate, is also made by 
 machinery. For food supplies the settlement depends to a 
 large extent on sheep and cattle imported from the British 
 Somali coast on the other side of the Gulf of Aden. Vege- 
 tables and fruits come from Suez, from Zanzibar, from Cey- 
 lon; and most of the other necessaries and luxuries of life 
 are imported and sold by the store dealers and native shop- 
 keepers. 
 
 The ancient history of Aden is interesting, but lengthy, 
 and I will pass it over and come to the year 1839, when the 
 British took possession of the peninsula. At that time it be- 
 
12(5 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTEENA TloN Al. CO^^KltClAL COXCiHKSS 
 
 joiigcd to the Abdale Sultan of Ltilieji. In cousequeuce of 
 an outrage committed on the passengers and crew of a vessel 
 wrecked near Aden, an expedition was dispatched by the 
 tiovenmient of Bombay and the j)ort was blockaded. In 
 January, 1839, a force consisting of two ships of war, with 
 three hundred English and four hundred native troops, bom- 
 barded and took the place by assault. Aden thus became the 
 first new accession of temtory in the reign of Her Majesty, 
 (^ueen Victoria, and treaties of peace and friendship were 
 entered into with the surrounding tribes. For many years 
 subsequently, liowever, disturbances were constantly breaking 
 out among these restless Bedouins and had to be quelled liy 
 force of arms. 
 
 Jleyond Shaikh Othman, already referred to, the British 
 sphere of influence embraces eight independent Aral) tribes 
 whose territory lies between Aden and the Turkish Yemen. 
 The Sultans, or Chiefs, of these states receive annual sub- 
 sidies from the Britisih, and are officially tenned as being "in 
 subsidiaiy alliance." The great aim of the British authori- 
 ties is to keep open the caravan routes through all of these 
 districts, and to see that any duties levied on goods passing 
 tlirough are not exorbitant, as such would, of course, inju- 
 ■ riously all'ect the trade of Aden. 
 
 The inhabitants of Aden numljer aliout :ii),000, the great 
 majority of whom are Arabs, Jews, and Somalis of the coolie 
 or laboring class. The remainder of the population consists 
 of government officials, the garrison and merchants and 
 traders. 
 
 The settlement is presided over by a civil governor, who is 
 styled a Political Eesident, and is politically subject to the 
 (ii)vernment of India. He is also military commander of the 
 garrison, and as such, holds the rank of brigadier-general. 
 For administrative purposes, there are several Assistant Resi- 
 dents with magisterial powers, and the laws in force are those 
 of British India. 
 
 The chief fortifications of Aden are on the seaward side, 
 the land defences commanding the interior being now dis- 
 used. All the very latest improvements in engineering and 
 artillery have been steadily applied within recent years — and 
 it is a dangerous place to quaiTel \vith. A writer of recog- 
 nized authority descrilies Aden as a "link in the chain of 
 British fortified coaling stations;" and it is an exceptionally 
 strong link. Whatever its future may be as regards the trade 
 of the neighborhood, it is bound to remain for all time an 
 Imperial coaling station and harbor of refuge. The British 
 navy and foreign ships of war are constant visitors, and I am 
 pleased to be able to state that in late years, many vessels of 
 the United States navy have found their way to the port. 
 Wlule the defences have been thoroughly modeniized, the 
 harbor has not been neglected. The outer roadstead has a 
 safe entrance, three and one-third miles wide, and ample an- 
 ciiorage ground for a large fleet; and for several years past, 
 the inner harbor has been steadily dredged until now there is 
 a depth of twenty-six feet of water at the lowest tides at 
 nearly all the mooring berths. In other words, there is water 
 enough for all vessels jiassing through the Suez Canal. Dur- 
 ing the southwest monsoon, the shelter is Found of great 
 advantage, as the work of coaling and loading cargo can be 
 gone on with nuub more expedition than outside, where 
 file heavy swell renders such operations difficult and tedious. 
 Among others, the vessels of the Peninsular and Oriental S. 
 N. Co., British India, S. N. Co., Messageries Maritimes Co., 
 Russian Volunteer fleet, and (iernuin F;ast Africa Co., make 
 constant and increasing n.se of the inner mo jriiig basin. 
 
 'I'he arrangements for coaling at this port are exeellenl. and 
 vessels visit iji? the harbor receive (juick dispntch. There are 
 old established linns with all the necessary ]>lant laid down. 
 and fleets of steam tugs and lighters, the latter loaded and in 
 readiness at all hours of tlu' ilav and niglit. Vessels entering 
 
 are jjromptly signaled, and no time is lost in sending oft- to 
 ascertain their requirements. Ample facilities exist for re- 
 pairs to steamers and their engines, and many cases have 
 occtirred of vessels putting in with damaged hulls or machin- 
 ery broken down, wliich have been repaired and the voyage 
 thereafter proceeded with. 
 
 The geographical position of Aden always gave it special 
 advantages as a trade centre, and in earlier times, its rulers 
 fumed this to account by levying very heavy imposts. The 
 rapacity of its successive possessors impoverished the place and 
 its trade, so that when it was taken by the Brittsh, its former 
 prosperity had long gone. After its occupation in 1839, until 
 the year 18-50, customs dues were levied as in India; but the 
 settlement did not at first fulfill the promise its geographical 
 position warranted in regard to the development of trade, and 
 it was found impossil)le to take away traffic from the channels 
 to which it had been diverted, notwithstanding the increased 
 safety to the persons and property of the merchants frequent- 
 ing Aden. Mocha and Hodeidah continued to monopolize 
 the valuable trade of Arabia and Africa, and to remedy this, 
 Aden was declared a free port in 1850 by an act of govern- 
 ment of India. The result of this free trade policy was a 
 steady increase in the trade of the port. 
 
 The mercantile community of Aden may be divided into 
 three classes; the first class belongs to the old established, 
 well-known and comparatively wealthy English, American, 
 French, German, Italian and Indian firms. They carry on 
 mercantile business, according to the u.stial practice of civil- 
 ized countries. Through the medium of the Aden Chamber 
 of Commerce they keep in touch with each other, and discuss 
 common grievances and mutual interests. The great bulk 
 of the importing and exporting business is carried through 
 by these firms. The second class of merchants are almost all 
 Arabs. They are sometimes very wealthy men and their 
 principal business is the importation of coffee and products 
 to the first described class. The third class may be more 
 popularly termed "petty traders." It consists of Arabs, So- 
 malis and Indians, who travel round to the small ports in the 
 neighborhood, taking goods of various kinds to exchange for 
 products of the country, which they send to Aden by means 
 of native crafts. 
 
 Aden is not, to any extent, either a producing or a con- 
 suming port, btif is merely headquarters for the distribution 
 of goods received by deep sea steamers from all parts of the 
 world, and for the collection of products from the neighboring 
 countries for shipment chiefly to Euro])e and America. Be- 
 sides the overland traffic of Southern Arabia, there is regular 
 communication both by coasting steamers and by native ves- 
 sels with the Red Sea ports, such as Mocha, Hodeidah, Jed- 
 dah, Massowah and Suakim, and with the ports of Berberah, 
 Zaila, Bulbar and Kurim, in the British Somali Coast Pro- 
 tect(U-ate. 
 
 The principal exjiorts and imports are: 
 
 (_'oal. — Imported from England and disposed of in bunker 
 su])plies to steamers. 
 
 Oil. — Kerosene in cases from both the TTnited States and 
 Russia. Tliere is a limited local demand, but considerable 
 iiuantifies go to the interior. 
 
 Piece goods and domestics are largely iiii|iorfed from Eng- 
 land, India and the United States, and find their way far 
 up country in Arabia, Somali land and Abyssinia. 
 
 Sugar. — There is a good market I'oi- (lilferent i|uaniities 
 from .Austria, Mauritius and China. 
 
 .•^iiks are iuipoited both from (jhina and Bombay, the latter 
 mo.stly juade by hand loom at Sural, having a large sale 
 auHuig the Arabs. 
 
 Salt is manufactured by evaporation in the neighborhood 
 ol' .Xili'u. and exported largely to Caleulta :u\'\ Singa])oiv. 
 
 Dry Sl<ius and Hides, — Large <iuantilies arrive from the 
 
SEVENTH .MAY'S SESSION, UCTOBEK 19, 1899 
 
 127 
 
 Somali Coast and the interior of Arabia, mostly from the 
 former, which is a pastoral country with large Hooks of sheep 
 and goats. The raw skins undergo a simple process of salting 
 and drying in the sun, after which they are dusted over with 
 naphthaline, as a preservative, and shipped mostly to the 
 United States and England in large bales. 
 
 Coffee. — The world famed Mocha coffee is grown in the 
 Yomen district of Arabia and formerly came through the 
 port of Mocha, from which circumstance it derived the name. 
 Mocha is now virtually a dead port, and the coffee either 
 arrives in Aden overland from the interior, or by sea from 
 the port of Hodeidah. Owing to the high position this 
 coffee holds in the market, Aden merchants take great pains 
 to keep the quality up to the standard, which can only be 
 done by carefully separating and grading the original con- 
 signments from the coffee growing districts. This coffee is 
 nearly all bought by the United States, France and London. 
 
 Gums and Resins. — The following are obtained in some 
 quantity: 
 
 Gum arabic, frankincense, myrrli, gum mastic, copal, ben- 
 jamin, aloe and dragons' blood. 
 
 Sliells. — Considerable quantities of mother-of-pearl-shells 
 are to be had chiefly from the Red Sea: also tortoise, turtle 
 shell and cowries. 
 
 Besides the foregoing, there are many other kinds of mer- 
 chandise dealt with in small quantities. As I have already 
 pointed out, the local trade of Aden is limited and the sur- 
 rounding countries, for which it forms a commercial centre, 
 do not appear at present to be capable of much expansion. 
 Up to the last financial year the trade returns had shown a 
 steady annual increase, but the official returns for the year 
 ending the 31st of March, 1898, show a decrease as compared 
 with the preceding year of one erore and twenty lakhs of 
 rupees; in other words, the total value of imports and ex- 
 ports fell from nine crores and thirty-eight lakhs to eight 
 crores and eighteen lakhs. Tn give its equivalent in English 
 money, the falling oif was £S00,()00, the total trade having 
 dropped away from £6,200,000 to f .5,400,000. The more im- 
 mediate causes of this were the drought and famine in the 
 Yemen, and the unsettled .state of that country, owing to the 
 protracted rebellion against Turki-sh rule. 
 
 It is worth while keeping an eye on the British Somali 
 Coast Protectorate in East Africa, which was under the gov- 
 ernment of India until the end of 1898, when it was trans- 
 ferred to the jurisdiction of the British Foreign Office, with 
 a view to further opening up the promising trade there. Its 
 chief port is Berherah, which is in regular communication 
 with Aden by c^iasting steamers. Zailah, another port in the 
 same territory, is in close and constant touch with Harrar, 
 the frontier town of Abyssinia. This is a kingdom, or rathei- 
 empire, of which a good deal has been heard in recent years. 
 Political missions from various nations have visited the Em- 
 peror Menelik, and exploring parties have partially pene- 
 trated the country, but so far, increase of trade with the out- 
 side world does not seem to have resulted. It would appear 
 that it is a fertile agricultural country, and the people are 
 content with producing very little more tlian enough to sat- 
 isfy their own modest wants. Probably in the near future 
 the advance of civilization and further contact with the white 
 races will mean the opening up of this neighborhood and in- 
 creased requirements on the part of the inhabitants. 
 
 When I return to Aden, two months hence, it will be my 
 pleasant duty to report to the Chamber of Commerce there 
 regarding the cordial and courteous reception I have met 
 W'ith from the Commercial Museum and from the people of 
 Philadelphia. As we can never hope to have a Congress in 
 that neighborhood, and thu< i-eciprocity is otiI of the ques- 
 tion, I can only place on record in this manner my warm 
 
 appreciation of all that has been done for me during my visit 
 to this great flourishing city. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Everett Frazar: 
 
 Gentlemen. — I am sure that we have all been much pleased 
 to know Mr. Murray. We have for our next speaker, Mr. 
 Virchand R. Gandhi, of Bombay, who will address us on 
 ■'Trade Relations Between the United States of America and 
 India."" I have great pleasure in introducing to you our 
 friend, Mr. Gandhi, who will now address you. 
 
 .)//■. Vircliaiul I!. Gandhi: 
 
 Mr. Chairniiui, Ladies and Gentlemen. — On behalf of my 
 people, especially the Bombay Piece Goods Merchants' Asso- 
 ciation, and the Society for the Encouragement of Commer- 
 cial and Industrial Education in India, I offer my heartfelt 
 tlumks to the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, for the invi- 
 tation they sent us to participate in the deliberations of this 
 Congress. Dr. Wilson, you did invite us, not because you are 
 kings and emperors, who have an authority to command us, 
 but because you recognize the principle that nations should 
 once for all stop the barbarous practice of war for deciding 
 political problems of the day, and that commerce, pre-emi- 
 nently international commerce, is the harbinger of peace 
 among nations. An international conference in matters com- 
 mercial has been the dream of philosophers, and it is highly 
 creditable to your genius that that dream has been realized. 
 It is an event unique in the history of the world and the Phil- 
 adelphians justly deserve the credit of having consummated it. 
 
 During a residence of six years in this country, through the 
 hospitable facilities afforded on every hand, I have learned 
 much of your commercial and industrial institutions. It is, 
 therefore, a great pleasure to me to address you to-day on 
 "The Trade Relations between the United States and India." 
 
 Since the early beginning of history, India has been the 
 Klondyke of the world. The Persians, the Greeks, the Mon- 
 golians, the Mohammedans, had each their days in India, and 
 the last and latest are the British people, who rule over that 
 vast continent. In international commerce, India is an an- 
 cient country. Long before the Christian era, its commodities 
 and works of art had found their way to the shores of the 
 ^lediterranean. In modern days, international commerce has 
 linked India with all the countries of the civilized world. 
 
 Our commercial relations with other countries deserve a 
 close study. The annual imports of foreign merchandise in 
 India are "about $300,000,000. Its exports are from 350 to 
 395 millions. Of all the countries that pour forth their com- 
 modities into India, Great Britain stands first. Straits Settle- 
 ments, Germany, Belgium, C-hina, Austria-Hungary, Russia 
 and Mauritius come next in order. United States comes after 
 them all. In 1897-98, the exports from this countiT to India 
 amounted to about $4,800,000. which is only 1.6 per cent, of 
 the total imports of India. You will be surprised at the 
 smallness of your export trade with India. But I ask you to 
 examine the causes of this state of affairs. In the first place, 
 most of your trade is done through England and English 
 houses. Naturally, therefore, it is only when the English 
 manufacturers will not suit the requirements of our markets 
 and all the ways and means have been tried for their introduc- 
 tion, but failed, that your mauufacturers will have a chance. 
 This is not the true method of export trade. If you want to 
 succeed, therefore, approach the consumers in India direct. 
 Secondly, if you want to establish trade with India, people over 
 there shoidd be given the opportunity of seeing your goods be- 
 fore huying them. In fact, you must establish a sample ware- 
 house for your goods or a]i]ioint agents in India to do the 
 same work for you. Thirdly, the English and German manu- 
 facturers having already secured the markets in India, you 
 
128 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 must meet their competition in prices and terms. I am much 
 amused when your manufacturers quote prices, so many dol- 
 lars cash f. o. b., on cars in Cleveland or railroad station. New 
 York. You take for granted that the export manufacturer on 
 this side is perfectly reliable as to his standing, and capability 
 of executing the order, while the importer on the other side 
 has no standing and has no commercial integrity. In fact, 
 there is no reciprocity between exporters and importers. 1, 
 as an individual, or my house as a firm, have no diiRculties 
 with you, for many of you have knowTi me and I have known 
 you for several years. But what I mean to say and do say 
 now, is that the United States manufacturers as a class will 
 not be able to compete with other manufacturers until they 
 adopt the true methods of export trade, the first requirement 
 of which is reciprocity. 
 
 With these few preliminary remarks, I now wish to go into 
 details of American manufactures and commodities which can 
 Ik! profitably introduced into India. I shall give them in 
 alphabetical order. 
 
 Agricultural Implements. — You know, doubtless, tbat 
 India is mainly an agricultural country. Eighty per cent, of 
 its population is engatred on farms and fields. For keejiiug 
 their bodies and souls together they depend entirely on what 
 the Mother Earth will yield in crops with the primitive imple- 
 ments they use. What a boon it will be to them if they could 
 only use, and use intelligently, American agricultural imple- 
 ments! In the year ending June, 1898, your total exportf^ 
 in that one line to all foreign countries were about 7^ million 
 dollars, out of which India received only $8,300 worth of im- 
 plements. What is the cause of this state? Those through 
 whom you now prefer to do your export business do not come 
 in contact with agriculturists in India, do not speak their lan- 
 guage and have little knowledge of the agricultural require- 
 ments of my counti-y. In this line alone, you have an im- 
 mense field for expirt trade. 
 
 Aluminum and Manufacture of Aluminum. — V(jur cxpurls 
 to India last year were only $3,500. The metal here is very 
 expensive, and for some time to come it will be difficult, if 
 not impossil)le, to use it in India for domestic ])urposes. It 
 has been tried in Southern India and the experiment has been 
 successful. Hut there will be a limited C(msuuij)tian so long 
 as it is a costly commodity. To some extent novelties madf 
 of aluminum may be introduced. 
 
 Blacking. — With the spread of Western education in India, 
 we have learned western methods. The western boots and 
 shoes are fast displacing the country shoes and are bringing 
 with them the blacking and various kinds of shoe polishes. 
 You sent last year to India blacking worth about $!I(I0. More 
 can be profitably introduced. 
 
 Books, Jlaps, etc. — Only a snuiU percentage of our popu- 
 lation know the English language, Imt the total population 
 being about 300,000,000, that small percentage comes to ho 
 a large number. Last year, India imported $600,000 wortli of 
 books and printed matter from foreign countries; our statis- 
 tical records show that only $6,000 worth were imported from 
 the I'nited States; some more came through Great Britain. 
 Your statistics .show that you sent about $13,000 worth of 
 book.s, etc., to our counti^. That is only one-fiftieth of our 
 total imports of books. The fact is that your books are very 
 high priced, more expensive than English books. Your book 
 manufacturcirs, I know, have to sell their books in Great Bri- 
 tain, at a price lower than in the United States. 1 do not see 
 any great future in this line, as long as your manufacturer 
 who produces a book for 20 cents expects the reader or st>i- 
 dent in India to pay 100 cents. Your sy.stem of distribution is 
 wrong somewhere. You maintain too many distril)utors and 
 auxiliary ])ersons in trade. We cannot alTord to maintain 
 them all. 
 
 Brass and Mantifaetures of Brass. — By far the largest part 
 
 of brass and brass manufactures comes to India from or 
 through Great Britain. Last year the United States exported 
 to us about $6,500 worth. You exported to Great Britain 
 $430,000 worth, to Germany $150,000 worth, to Australia 
 $23,000 worth, to France $55,000; certainly there is a good 
 prospect for your trade with India. Lack of shipping and 
 banking facilities are oljstacles, you will have to realize this 
 fact. 1 shall refer to it in the sequel. 
 
 Brushes. — This is a line in which you have a good field 
 in India in my opmion. LTnfortunately some of your manu- 
 facturers who are just now very busy on account of abnormal 
 conditions in this country, do not care for export trade.. When 
 the temporary causes shall disappear (and they are bound to 
 disappear), you will slowly but surely turn your faces towards 
 the East. Let it not, I hope, be too late. 
 
 Candles. — Your export trade in candles is limited. Your 
 total exports to all foreign countries is only $230,0011, while 
 we in India alone import from foreign countries $36O,(iO0, a 
 good market indeed. 
 
 Carriages, Cars, etc. — Railway cars were exported to India 
 last year to a value of about $1,800; railway companies in 
 India being under P^iiglish management, and shipping facili- 
 ties being greater from England tjuin from New York, there 
 is no great ho})e for this trade. American cycles, however, 
 will have an increased demand in India, with the lowering of 
 prices every year. Carriages also eaii be introduced, if handled 
 by proper parties in India. 
 
 Chemicals, Drugs and Medicines. — In chemicals, acids for 
 instance, you have been able to do very little with Great Bri- 
 tain; much less therefore you will do with India. There is 
 the same initial difficulty of direct shipping. Some trade has 
 been done in patent medicines with which your country is now 
 oveirflowing. 
 
 Clocks and Watches. — American clocks have had a good 
 I'eputation in India. About $50,000 worth were sold last year, 
 b'rom Europe we get more clacks than from the United States. 
 1 am personally interested in this trade. With the establish- 
 ment of proper agencies, there is a good prospect. American 
 watches have been exported in a limited quantity. Greater 
 eft'orts are necessary. 
 
 Cotton. — India is a cotton produeing eouutry, but your 
 cotton is stiperior to ours. From our cotton we can spin yarn 
 up to No. 36. For higher counts we depend on Lancashire. 
 With the increasing progress of cotton mills in India, Ameri- 
 can cotton will have a good market in India, only that you 
 must be able to supply us at a rate a little lower than Liver- 
 pool. This you cannot do unless you establish direct ship- 
 ping with India with comparatively lower rates of freight. 
 
 ( 'otton Manufacture. — This is my hobby. I do not wish 
 to tire you with details. But I shall be glad to furnish par- 
 ticulars to those who dessire. f^nly this I will say, that we can 
 ireate a good market for certain lines of your cotton goods. 
 
 Iron and Steel and Manufactures thereof. — The United 
 States is already doing some business in this department. Just 
 at present on account of abnormal conditions here very little 
 is possible. The future is great, however. 
 
 Flardware and Cutlery. — Y(ni manufacture better and bet- 
 ter lookiui;- goods. In 1897-98, our total imports in this line 
 were aljout $5,000,000. You sent only $40,000 worth. Most 
 of y<Hir trade in this line is done through commercial trav- 
 elers. They go to India, stay there for a few weeks, hut being 
 uiuible to speak (Uir language, are not able to accomplish 
 nnich. The tnily way of successful business is the appoint- 
 \nvut of good, energetic, local agents. My house has under- 
 taken to do this work for some of your manul'aet urers. We 
 expect better results in the future. 
 
 Machinery. — In this you beat the whole world. .A. foleiubly 
 large quantity comes to India. Unprejiidiced, well informed 
 agents in India can do much more for trade in this line. 
 
C.()\T:PMMI:MT DI:LI:C.ATC5. 
 
 SIR HORACE T02ER, 
 
 Queensland. 
 
 HON. DR. J. A. COCKBURN, 
 
 South Australia. 
 
 SIR ANDREW CLARKE, 
 
 Victoria 
 
 COL. GEO. W. BELL, 
 
 New South Wales. 
 
 DR. MARTIN GARCIA MEROU ALBERT G. BERRY, 
 
 Argentine Republic. Secretary, Australian Delegation. 
 
 HON. W. P. REEVES, 
 
 New Zealand. 
 
 J. H. ROGERS, 
 
 Queensland. 
 
 ENRIQUE WULFF, 
 Bolivia. 
 
SEVENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEK 19, 1899 
 
 129 
 
 Metal working machines, wood working machines, printing 
 presses, pumps and pumping maeliinery, sewing machines of 
 your country are already known in India. With more ener- 
 getic eiiorts there is a better prospect for them and others 
 also. Steam engines are being manufactured here for a rail- 
 way company in India. Typewriting machines are becoming 
 more popular every day. 
 
 Pipes. — A large quantity goes to India. 
 
 Saws, Files, Hasps and Tools, will have a better market 
 there than present, with increasing knowledge. 
 
 Lamps, Chandeliers, etc. — About $31,000 worth were ex- 
 ported last year. 
 
 Leather, Boots and Shoes. — American boots and shoes are 
 just beginning to appear before the public in India. Very 
 little effort is made in this country for their introduction. Ex- 
 port manufacturers will do well in communicating with us if 
 they wish to introduce their goods into our markets. 
 
 Musical Instruments. — In this line I am sorry to say that 
 your manufacturers have little information as to the require- 
 ments of India. American organs and pianos are much better 
 in construction and tone than many others of foreign make. 
 But to introduce them into India, the manufacturer here 
 must know something about the music of India, and the 
 climatic condition of that country. 
 
 Oils. — American petroleum oil is a well-known commodity 
 in India. Sales are increasing every year. Lubricating oil 
 is also introduced. With greater effort much more can be 
 done. 
 
 Paints and Colors. — Very little has been tried in this line. 
 We have undertaken to push the trade in India and hope to 
 do something for your manufacturers. 
 
 Perfumery and Cosmetics. — They are introduced in a mod- 
 erate way. Exporters must put forth greater energy. The 
 same remarks apply to soaps, toilet especially. 
 
 Tobacco and Manufactures. — They are already introduced 
 and the sale will be increasing every year. 
 
 Wood and Furniture has been introduced to a limited ex- 
 tent. Local agents should be appointed to create a larger 
 demand. 
 
 Shipping and Banking Facilities. — In reference to all that 
 I have said before, there are obstacles in the way of your ex- 
 port trade. You have no direct shipping of your own, and 
 there are no good banking facilities. You have no idea as to 
 how much you lose by not having your own merchant ships. 
 In 1897-98, the total exports to India from the United States 
 amounted to six millions of dollars. Freight to India comes 
 about ten per cent.; this means that you paid to foreign ship- 
 owners about six hundred thousand dollars for freight to 
 India. If you had your own ship.s, the whole amount would 
 have come to you. Besides, those very steamers would have 
 earned freight for carrying goods from India to this country; 
 for the same year your imports from India were 27 millions 
 of dollars; you would have earned two million seven hundred 
 thousand dollars. In fact you have lost more than three mil- 
 lions of dollars in trade with India alone so far as transpor- 
 tation is concerned. Add to it, the amount of freight you pay 
 for export and import trade with many other countries, and it 
 comes to be a tremendously large sum. I hope this fact alone 
 will induce you to establish your own merchant marine. Fur- 
 ther, lack of facilities in shipping has hampered your trade 
 with my country. It is a great obstacle in the way of its devel- 
 opment. The freight rates of foreign shipowners from the 
 United States to India are in some cases so exorbitant that 
 it is impossible for you to successfully compete with English 
 and German manufacturers in many lines. A national mer- 
 chant marine is the mainstay of foreign commerce. 
 
 I now wish to say a few words in reference to banking. 
 It is a surprise to me that a nation so rich, so energetic, so 
 smart, so enterprising as yours should not establish its own 
 
 banks in foreign countries. London to-day is the financial 
 center of the world, as you all know. Almost ail your drafts 
 in connection with foreign trade pass through London banks. 
 KeaJize how much of your money in the form of discounts 
 and commissions finds its way to Lombard Street, and also the 
 fact that just because London is several thousand miles distant 
 from you, many of your manufacturers cannot have suffi- 
 ciently induceable facilities for reimbursement. This is also 
 a great obstacle for your foreign trade. 
 
 Before concluding I wish to say a few words in reference 
 to your import trade with India. In spite of the difficulties in 
 direct shipping and banking facilities, more than 27 mil- 
 lions of dollars' worth of merchandise came here from India 
 in 1897-98. Most of your purchases of Indian goods take 
 ])lace through Great Britain. With better an-angements you 
 can save the profits of middlemen, and we, over in India, 
 would get better prices. Adoption of better methods is sure 
 to increase this trade. 
 
 In conclusion I wish to assure you that conferences like 
 this will place us in better relations and will establish reci- 
 procity that will result to mutual advantage. Whatever the 
 future may await for you or for us, the hospitality you have 
 accorded us touches our hearts, and that alone will strengthen 
 the bonds of union between the East and the West. (Ap- 
 plause.) 
 
 Mr. Everett Frazar: 
 
 There is one more name on our programme, that of Mr. 
 Wiliam Grant Clark, of Queensland, who was to have read a 
 paper on '"Eecent Conditions in the Philippines." The paper 
 not being forthcoming we shall have to pass it by. 
 
 There are two other matters I want to bring before you. 
 A letter has been received from Mr. F. A. Brockelmann, a 
 delegate from Canton, China, enclosing a paper which was to 
 have been read yesterday, but which arrived too late. It will 
 1)6 printed in the official proceedings. 
 
 Our friend, Mr. Kahe Otani, hands in an extra paper on 
 packing and immigration. 
 
 Remarks About Packing. 
 
 Mr. Kahe Otani: 
 
 It is almost unnecessary to say that packing must be suited 
 to the geographical condition as well as the transportation 
 facilities of the country to which goods are exported. The 
 development of trade to a great extent, depends upon how 
 merchandise is packed. Generally speaking, there is not any 
 merchandise better fitted to the coimtry than that imported 
 from Europe. As regards American merchandise, it is some- 
 thing to be wondered at that more attention has not been paid 
 to this point. 
 
 The fact that American packing is much inferior to Euro- 
 pean can be well proved by the report made by some American 
 merchants, who visited the Central American States a few 
 years ago, which says, "the preference for English and Ger- 
 man articles to American articles must be due to much better 
 packing of the former; otherwise the latter being more 
 favorably situated geographically must naturallv surpass the 
 other." ■ 
 
 It is well worth paying particular attention to the growing 
 demand for American articles in Korea, North China and 
 Vladivostock. 
 
 At present, the demand being comparatively limited there, 
 all cargoes destined for those countries are at once imported 
 to Japan to be re-exported or transhipped at Japanese ports. 
 
 In all these cases, it would be a great assistance and benefit 
 to the trade if the packing were made suitable. 
 
130 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTEKNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS. 
 
 About Immigration. 
 
 It must not be forgotten that immigration has close con- 
 ui'ction with import and export trade. Since Gray's Act came 
 into force, all sorts of severe and unbearable restrictions have 
 l>een enforced. It may be well for the United States to keep 
 l)ad elements aloof by enforcing the act, but at the same time 
 it must be remembered that this act excludes good immi- 
 grants too. Furthermore, special caution should be exorcised 
 in the appointment of immigrant inspectors, as, in many cases 
 even the character of the otficers appointed is questioned. 
 
 There is no doubt that if some modification be made in the 
 law, it will benefit not only the country that sends the emi- 
 grants, but also that which receives them. 
 
 Mr. Everett Frazar: 
 
 No doubt, gentlemen, you will appreciate the information 
 aboiit packing, in our American markets, when goods are to 
 l)e sent East. It is an important subject, and I can speak upon 
 it from knowledge that goods must be packed in a certain 
 way to go to the Far East. Packing is a matter that is called 
 to our attention constantly, and our American manufacturers 
 are reluctant to change their regular standard course of pack- 
 ing, such as they have been following for many years. 
 
 You have heard our friend from Bombay and you must 
 form your ideas of the conditions of India. There the pur- 
 chaser holds the money, and you cannot get his money unless 
 yo.u accommodate him in the way he asks you to do. If you 
 "do not want to accommodate him he will go to England and 
 get his goods. 
 
 I will ask if any gentleman has any .paper or anything else 
 to say further on matters pertaining to the Asiatic question 
 to-day. 
 
 Qaptain J. Cordeiro da Grai;a (Brazil): 
 
 Mr. Chairman: I would like to know if to-morrow there 
 is to be any discussion on these papers that we have heard, 
 because I am prepared to take part if there is to be a general 
 discussion. If there is to be such a discussion I think Dr. 
 Wilson could inform me. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 T will say to Captain da Graqa, the official delegate from 
 Brazil, that it may be possible that the papers will come up 
 to-morrow for discussion late in the afternoon; if not, they 
 may come up at a later date, and I shall take pleasure in in- 
 forming him. 
 
 Mr. Fred. F. Smith (delegate from the Board of Trade, 
 Bridgeton, N. J.) : 
 
 I have some resolutions bearing upon the immigration laws 
 between China and the United States which I believe under 
 the new arrangement, are to be offered to the committee on 
 resolutions under the ruling. The resolution was passed yes- 
 terday a]i]iointing a commit tec of seven for this purpose. 
 
 Mr. Everett Frazar: 
 
 A resolution was pro]iosed l)y Mr. Straw, a delegate from 
 Wilkesbarrc, Pa., seconded by Mr. N. B. Kelly, of the Trades 
 Leagiie of Philadelphia, for the appointment of a committee 
 of seven, to whom shall be referred all resolutions for future 
 discussions not named on the printed program of the day. 
 
 The chair was requested to appoint a committee of seven 
 and will appoint as chairman, E. Tracy Tobin, John B. Jolin- 
 .sfon, Frederick F. Smith, W. H. SchofF, II. Sell, Mr. Corbin 
 and N. B. Kelly, of Pliiladelphia. 
 
 The committee will meet after each afternoon's session 
 and all resolutions will be referred to this conunittee and l)y 
 them to the meeting just previous to the organization in the 
 morning — other resolutions may be referred to the chairman 
 of the committee just before the opening of the meeting. 
 
 Mr. Fred. F. Smith: 
 
 I wish the resolution to be read before the meeting, before 
 it is handed to the committee. 
 
 Mr. Everett Frazar: 
 
 There can be no objection. In justice to the delegate who 
 offered the resolution, it could be read and referred to the 
 committee, if the gentleman wishes it to be read. 
 
 Mr. Fred. F. Smith: 
 
 The resolution was framed and slightly altered afterwards. 
 They are as follows: 
 
 "Whereas, the condition of affairs have changed in the 
 United States since the passage of the Chinese restriction act. 
 
 "Whereas, since the passage of the said act, the United 
 States has acquired the Sandwich Islands and the Philippines, 
 where there is a large pojmlation of Chinese; 
 
 "Wliereas, it now becomes necessary for the United States 
 to modify the said (Jhinese restriction act, in order to have a 
 uniform law for the whole of the United States and territories 
 or possessions; 
 
 "Whereas, the United States and China have been brought 
 door to door to each other, and a great fortune in trade, 
 manufacture and commerce is opened up for both countries 
 which will be beneficial to both; therefore be it 
 
 Resolved, That the Congi-ess of the United States be petiti- 
 oned to pass an act modifying the said Chinese restriction act, 
 and granting the Chinese' the pri%'ileges ofl;ered to other coun- 
 tries, the said privileges shall be in a manner to bring about 
 a harmonious solution of the question of labor between the 
 I'nited States and China to the best interests of both coun- 
 tries, excluding pauper labor and the criminal class. 
 
 "Resolved. That a copy of these resolutions be presented to 
 the Congress of the ITnited States." 
 
 Mr. Everett Frazar: 
 
 What is your pleasure with regard to the resolutions? Will 
 some gentleman move a reference to the committee? 
 
 Mr. Fred. F. Smith: 
 
 I move that the resolutions be referred to the committee. 
 
 (This motion was seconded. The question being on the 
 reference of the resolution to the standing committee they 
 were refeiTed.) 
 
 Mr. Everett Frazar: 
 
 If we have no further business to bring fonvard a motion 
 to adjourn will be in order. Dr. Wilson may have an an- 
 nouncement to make. 
 
 Director ^Y. P. Wilson : 
 
 I want to announce to the foreign delegates and diplomatic 
 representatives, who may be here, that His Excellency, the 
 President of the United States, will give a reception to the 
 foreign delegates at three o'clock on Saturday afternoon in 
 Washington. We will provide a special train from Philadel- 
 ]ihia to Washington and return. 
 
 .1 Delegate: 
 
 Are the American delegates invited also? 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 All are invited, including the ladies. We will take the train 
 as full as it will hold. I am also requested to announce that 
 tliere is a smoker here to-night for the foreign delegates, 
 given liv the exhibitors. 1 understand it is limited. 
 
 Mr. Everett Frazar: 
 
 As there is no further business to come before this mcfting, 
 I declare the session adjourned. 
 
 Adjniinu'd at 5.20 p. lu. . 
 
PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 EIGHTH DAY'S SESSION 
 
 Philadelphia, Friday Morning, October 20, 1899. 
 Morning Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order at 11.10 a. m., in Conven- 
 tion Hall, Exposition Building, by Director W. P. Wilson. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 Gentlemen: I have the honor to introduce to you for our 
 presiding officer to-day the Honorable Seth Low, President 
 of Columbia University, New York. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Seth Low: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: The managers of 
 the International Commercial Congress have done me the 
 honor to ask me to preside over this session, which is to be de- 
 voted to the consideration of commercial education. I count 
 it both a privilege and a pleasure to be here to-day. As many 
 of you know, I was connected for more than ten years actively 
 with the commercial interests of the country, and now for 
 almost ten years I have been connected with its educational 
 interests. You may readily understand, therefore, how much 
 this theme appeals to me. H is very characteristic of our 
 times that this Congress should arrange for a session upon 
 commercial education. The object of this whole imdertak- 
 ing is, as I suppose, to enlarge the export business of the 
 United States. The time has been when it never would have 
 entered into the minds of any one connected with such an 
 undertaking to give up part of a day to the consideration of 
 commercial education. But we have come to understand 
 that a school projierly organized with reference to the aim 
 to be accomplished may fit a man for almost any occupation 
 in life. Our late war with Spain was marked by wonderful 
 achievements on the part of the American navy. It is liter- 
 ally true, I think, that these victories were the triumph of 
 the Naval Academj^ at Annapolis, of the Naval War College 
 at Newport, and of the school-ships for the training of sailors. 
 No school can fit any man for the practice of his profession 
 or his occupation independently of the practice itself, but a 
 school can give a man the theory and the principle upon 
 which his profession or occupation must rest. It can give 
 him much information of which the practice of the profession 
 or his occupation will give him the opportunity to learn the 
 significance. These things the school has done, as I have 
 pointed out, for war. It has done it for war on the land and 
 on the sea. It has done it still longer for the medical pro- 
 fession and for the legal profession, li is doing it now for 
 all of the applied sciences, and there is no manner of reason 
 to doubt that it can be equally serviceable to the man who 
 has spent his days in a business life. The one thing — the first 
 thing — to be determined is the aim, and when that is once 
 understood, the educator may be trusted to develop the 
 method. On that subject we shall hear on the educational 
 side, later in the day, from the President of Harvard Uni- 
 
 versity, than whom no man exists, no man is to be found in 
 this country, who can speak with more authority. 
 
 Before that address, we are to hear from other men who 
 are connected with the practical side of business life. I be- 
 lieve that Mr. Parsons is not yet here, and, therefore, I will 
 call first upon Mr. W. C. Barker, of New York City, who 
 will speak on the subject of "American Export Methods Com- 
 pared with European." (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. William C. Barker: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Delegates: Before I touch upon 
 the subject upon which I am prepared to address you, I wish 
 to say that I cannot find words to express my gratitude and 
 pleasure at being permitted to address you, having the Hon- 
 orable Seth Low as the presiding officer of the day (applause). 
 a man who, above all others in this country to-day is the ex- 
 ponent of the highest educational qualities that we possess. 
 He is an enthusiast on that subject. 
 
 One of the first things that came under my notice upon 
 entering this building upon the day of the assembling of this 
 Congress, was a copy of the "Exposition Bulletin," in which 
 I saw this remark: 
 
 "It is no small matter to represent millions of people, 
 whose bread and butter, so to speak, depends upon the trade 
 or manufacture, agriculture or mining." 
 
 This thought has been growing on me ever since, and after 
 having listened to so many able and eloquent addresses, I 
 begin to fear, Mr. Chairman, that two mistakes have been 
 made — one by the directors in asking me to deliver an address 
 before this Congress, and the other by me in accepting that 
 invitation, but I find consolation in the remark once made by 
 Professor Phelps, who said: 
 
 "A man who never made a mistake, never made anv- 
 thing." 
 
 Therefore, Mr. Chairman, if a mistake has been made, 
 you and the delegates present will be the sufferers, not I. .. 
 
 European ts. American Methods. 
 
 The range of thought suggested by this subject, when ap- 
 plied to foreign trade, is so wade and susceptible of being 
 subdi\ided into so many auxiliary branches, that I shall 
 briefly refer to only a few of the most important features. I 
 will compare the methods employed by manufactui-ers in 
 Europe and the United States, pointing out the good — criti- 
 cising the bad in both, and if I say anything that is not very 
 complimentary to either class, I ask them to pardon me, as 
 I do it, believing that it will only be necessary to bring the 
 defects to their notice for them to profit by it. 
 
 In using the term "European," I mean it to apply to all 
 Trans-Atlantic countries, but as England and Germany are 
 the two most prominent ex])orting countries, we will use 
 their institutions and metliodg as models for corap^trisou, 
 
 131 
 
132 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS. 
 
 Education. 
 
 As education is the fountain-head of all commercial growth, 
 it is the most important subject to consider. In Europe, there 
 are several schools specially equipped for educating young 
 men as foreign commercial travelers, where language, coin- 
 mercial law. international law, commercial treaties, tantl's 
 of different countries and all o^;her subjects that tend tn fit 
 the student for his calling, are taught. We find sons and 
 other relatives of the members of manufacturing firms as 
 students in these schools. • j. ■ , 
 
 The tariff laws of different countries are subjects of special 
 study, so that young men, fitting themselves for commercial 
 life in any country, can learn all about the tariff laws of that 
 country as applied to the class of goods they are to sell. 
 
 The" value of these schools cannot be estimated in money. 
 I think they have contributed more toward the commercial 
 success of European manufacturers than any other one 
 
 thing- 
 
 What are we Americans doing in the way of schools for 
 training our young men for commercial life in foreign coun- 
 tries? It is true that sons of rich men can go to college and 
 learn languages as taught there, that is, to read and write, 
 general composition, but I do not know of a school or col- 
 lege where a young man, who wishes to fit himself for a 
 commercial traveler in any foreign country, can learn the 
 commercial language of that country. I regret to say that, 
 as a rule, the sons of our manufacturers care more for base- 
 ball, golf, rowing and other athletic sports than they do 
 about international law or commercial languages. If an 
 American firm wants a foreign traveler, are they able to find 
 an American who can speak the Gemian, French or Spanish 
 languages, who is competent to do it? They may, but they 
 are verj' scarce. 
 
 I know of a firm who recently advertised for a traveler for 
 Europe. They stipulated that apjjlicants must be able to 
 speak and write German and French. They received several 
 hundred applications, but not one per cent, of them were 
 American-bom citizens. 
 
 The question is often asked. Which is to be preferred, a 
 man who speaks the language, knows the customers, the cus- 
 toms of the country, but does not understand American ways 
 of doing business, "or the possibilities of American goods, or 
 of the manufacturers to supply goods to meet all require- 
 ments, or an American who thoroughly understands the goods 
 he is to sell, their possibilities, American ways of doing busi- 
 ness and is imbued with American ideas and enterprise, but 
 who is not able to speak the language and does not know 
 the customs of the people? Having tried both in connection 
 with the sale of agricultuviil mnchinery, I will take tlie latter 
 every time. 
 
 1 know a man who rejiresented a manufacturer of harvest- 
 ing machines in Europe; he could not speak anything but the 
 English language. A trial of different makes of machines was 
 to be held. All the other representatives were foreign born 
 and spoke the language, but their machines were of Aniericaii 
 manufacture, and he did not understand their language. My 
 friend, being an American, and his machine, being of Ameri- 
 can manufacture, uiulerstood each other so well that the 
 judges employed a talking machine to tell him that he had 
 won the first prize, and the principal dealer employed the 
 same talking machine to secure the agency. 
 
 The American commercial traveler has nn equal in any 
 country; his enterprise, hustle and acuteness are proverbial; 
 lie possesses a species of "contagious enthusiasm," and lias the 
 faculty of inoculating all with whom he comes in ccmtiict, 
 with his enthusiasm for American goods. 
 
 The American commercial traveler is at a great disiidvHU- 
 
 tage by reason of not having the proper commercial educa- 
 tion, but we are fast realizing the advantage of travelers 
 having such an education, and I predict that in the very 
 near future, such schools will be established and equipped 
 with the best teachers and apparatus the world can supply. 
 
 Give American commercial travelers the advantages of such 
 an education and our European cousins will have to look 
 closely to their laurels or the United States will soon become 
 the centre of the world's commerce. 
 
 Business Methods. 
 
 There is a marked difference in the methods of obtaining 
 and conducting foreign trade. A German manufacturer 
 sends his representative to a foreign country to learn what 
 kind of goods are sold, to obtain samples for him to copy 
 and to take orders for imitations at prices lower than those 
 asked for the originals; he then imitates them, even to 
 original manufacturer's name, trade mark or patent number. 
 To sell such goods at a low price he must reduce his work- 
 men to the lowest plane of wage earning; this course does 
 not benefit the dealer or consumer, for an "imitation" is 
 never better than its "original." 
 
 An English manufacturer insists that his machinery or 
 goods are just what is wanted; he will not entertain the 
 thought that they should he modified to meet the require- 
 ments. He argues, that having manufactured them in their 
 present form, for so many years, they must surely be perfect. 
 Neither of these methods stimulate inventive genius or 
 the development of new ideas. 
 
 An American manufacturer sends his representatives to 
 study the requirements of the trade in his line, and report 
 carefully all conditions of labor, power used, et cetera, then 
 he makes such modifications in his goods or machinery as 
 will meet those requirements. I say "modifications." An 
 American manufacturer seldom changes the mechanical 
 principles of his goods. As a rule it is not necessary, as we 
 have within the limits of these United States every kind of 
 soil, grow nearly every kind of grain and crop, have nearly 
 every class of labor and climate to contend with that can be 
 found in the world, and our manufacturers have adapted 
 their products to meet all these varied demands. Tliis being 
 the case, it is only necessary for them to know the require- 
 ments of a market to supjily them. They will not make 
 antiquated articles, neither will they make imitations. They 
 give the dealer something new and better, put into the hands 
 of the user an article that will enable him to earn more 
 money, live better and be a better man or woman; for such 
 an article the user will pay a better price, and the manufac- 
 turer can pay better wages for producing it, thus the dealer, 
 user and producer are all benefited. 
 
 In the office of tlie European manufacturer, you will find 
 South American, Mexican, Australian and American depart- 
 ments; in each of these, there are men who have a thorough 
 knowledge of the requirements and people of the markets 
 tliey look after, speaking and writing the languages of the; 
 same. 
 
 All foreign countries are alike to a majority of the Ameri- 
 can manufacturers, and only the English language is spoken; 
 there are exceptions to this, however. We find a few manu- 
 facturers, each making some special class of goods, forming 
 a co-operative organization, maintaining offices in New York, 
 employing competent men who have made a life study of the 
 export trade, where the languages and all other details of the 
 trade are known, and a thorough and efficient organization 
 maintained, and who send travelers to the far cornei-s of the 
 worid, thus enabling a dealer to obtain a complete line of 
 goods direct from the maker, yet all through one ehannel. 
 
SEVENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 20, 1899 
 
 133 
 
 Agencies. 
 
 The European manufacturer establishes a branch house and 
 sends out S6me one from the home office to manage it, sells 
 his goods direct to the small mercliant or consumer, thus 
 ignoring tlie importer; or he sends his goods on consignment 
 to an agent, fixes his price for the consumer, pays his agent a 
 small commission and takes the profit. 
 
 An American seeks out the importers in the various 
 markets, sells them his goods at a fixed price, leaves them 
 free to sell to the merchant or consumer and make their 
 profit. 
 
 I think those of our friends who are importers, who are 
 here, will have noticed this difference and appreciate it. 
 
 A European manufacturer, as a rule, is also a merchant 
 and banker. As a merchant he sells to the consumer, as a 
 banker he supplies "credit." 
 
 The American manufacturer devotes his entire time and 
 energies to the production of his goods, leaving the trade of 
 the merchant and consumer to the importer, and the supply 
 of credit to the banker. 
 
 Factory Methods. 
 
 In Europe, a manufacturer will make a large assortment 
 of different classes of goods, thus necessitating the frequent 
 shifting of his men from one class of work to another. As 
 the result they are not experts in any one class of work. 
 
 The American manufacturers confine themselves to one 
 specialty or class of goods, the men working at the same 
 machines or on the same parts continuously, thus becoming 
 experts in that particular thing, and being paid by piece work, 
 develop special tools for their work, premiums often being 
 offered by the proprietors for new ideas or tools for this 
 purpose. 
 
 The Em-opean manufacturer of machinery builds on the 
 theory, "weight indicates strength." The American manu- 
 facturers say "weight does not indicate strength;" therefore, 
 the reason of the great difference in weight between the 
 European and American machines. As, for instance, a 
 European agricultural engine developing 20 actual horse 
 power, will weigh about 20,000 pounds; an American of 
 same power about 13,000 pounds. A European mower 
 weighs about 1,000 pounds. An American of same width 
 of cut weighs 750 pounds. 
 
 As transportation and duty are based on weight, this ad- 
 ditional weight is an expensive matter for the importer, to 
 say nothing of the saving in motive power for moving them 
 from place to place. 
 
 The European manufacturer says, "time is of no value." 
 They sacrifice "time" to save outlay in new and improved 
 methods, they employ old machines, tools and methods, 
 speed their machines to suit the movements of poorly paid 
 workmen. 
 
 An American manufacturer says "time is money" — ^they 
 spend money to save time, they employ the latest and most 
 improved machines, tools and implements, they speed their 
 machines so as to tiirn off the greatest possible amount of 
 work and employ the best men money can hire to operate 
 them. 
 
 Governor Stone, in his address of welcome the other day 
 said, "Our manufacturers economize labor." I want to 
 emphasize that point, and say, that they also economize 
 "time." 
 
 I once had the pleasure of visiting a large manufacturing 
 establishment in Europe, where they made nearly every 
 article known in the line of agricultural machinery. I was 
 interested, and desired to go through their works; at first 
 the general manager was rather doubtful as to the propriety 
 
 of pennibting me to do so, but when I assured him that I 
 would give him the benefit of suggestions as to how we did 
 things in the United States, the manager concluded that pos- 
 sibly he might get some ideas from me that would be as 
 valuable to him as what I might see would be to me, so we 
 started on the rounds of the shops. We entered the wood- 
 working shop, there I saw them using the old single spindle 
 boring machine, and the single chisel mortiser, boring one 
 hole and cutting one side of a mortise at a time. The man- 
 ager was greatly surprised to leam that American manufac- 
 turers used gang boring machines, boring all parallel holes 
 through a piece at one movement, and gang mortisers cut- 
 ting all parallel mortises at one stroke. In the forge room 
 I found them using rope and pulley attached to a drop ham- 
 mer, running in upright guides, worked by hauling the 
 liammer up by hand and allowing it to fall — this was their 
 trip hammer — it was a "tripper" in earnest. When I re- 
 ferred to our power hammers, striking 100 to 150 blows per 
 minute with power equal to 1,000 to 2,000 pounds per stroke, 
 the manager could hardly believe it. 
 
 I saw a man working at a machine, and I had to look 
 twice to see if either the man or machine was in motion. I 
 inquired why they did not speed the machine up and have 
 it turn off more work; his reply was, that the machine was 
 set to suit the speed of the man, and when told that in Amer- 
 ican shops the machines were run to -their highest efficient 
 speed, and if a man could not or would not speed his move- 
 ments to correspond, another was put in his place who would; 
 his reply was that their workmen would not do so. 
 
 When asked his opinion as to the reasons European manu- 
 facturers adhered to the old ways and principles, while 
 Americans adopted new ones, he said, " The European 
 manufacturers have inherited their ideas from their ances- 
 tors, their workmen had done the same, and they could not 
 change them now, while the ancestors of you 'Americans,' 
 when they landed with William Penn on American soil, 
 found themselves surroimded with new conditions that re- 
 quired new methods of thought and action to meet, so every 
 one set himself to thinking in his own way along different 
 lines, to provide the means and methods to meet these new 
 requirements; they accomplished it, and their descendants 
 have each kept on thinking out new ways and methods of 
 doing things ever since — as a result they have become 'a 
 nation of inventors and mechanics.' " 
 
 What are the results of these different methods? I will 
 not tire you with statistics beyond stating that in 1890 we 
 exported $151,102,370 worth of manufactured goods. In 
 1899 we exported .$338,667,79-1 worth of manufactured goods, 
 an increase in nine years of $187,505,418. 
 
 The Baldwin Locomotive Works of this city received on 
 January 1, 1896, an order for thirty-two large passenger loco- 
 motives for Russian railways. These locomotives were re- 
 quired for transportation purposes during the festivities at- 
 tending the coronation of the Czar. They were shipped in 
 two lots, sixteen on March 30 and sixteen on April 3 of the 
 same year. They reached their destination, were erectj?d and 
 put into operation in time for the coronation festivities. One 
 of these locomotives was run by Prince Hillkoff. Minister of 
 Ways and Communication, of Russia. 
 
 The same company received in January, 1898, an order for 
 four locomotives for use on the Egyptian railroad in the 
 Soudan. Shipment was guaranteed in eight weeks. A 
 liounty was offered for anticipating the contract date, and 
 the engines were completed and shipped in thirty-three days 
 from time order was placed. 
 
 We have factories building grain binders, that harvest the 
 world's wheat crop, at the rate of one complete machine in 
 every three minutes. 
 
 We build pumps to supply water for the deserts, and peo- 
 
134 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNA'I'IONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 ])1(! i)f all classes, at, the rate of one complete pump in eaeh 
 three- fourths of a minute. We build plows to turn the soils 
 nf nil nations and climes at the rate of two per minute. 
 
 In ISaO, we imported from Eiif;land all the bicycles used in 
 tills country. In 1899, we exported more bicycles than were 
 made in all other countries put together. 
 
 One of the most striking illustrations of the diiference 
 between l^uropean and American ways, and the truth of 
 the axiom that, "time is money" is the con.struction of the 
 Atbara bridge in Central Egypt. On October 16, 1898, 
 Lord Cromer made a requisition upon the War Department 
 of the ]'-gyptian Government in London for a bridge. Plans 
 were prepai-ed, and on December 29, 1898, report was made 
 that no suitable material was in stock. The English builders 
 .^tid it could not be completed within two years. Lord 
 Cromer urged its constniction, saying that if not completed 
 before the Hoods, the advance on Khartoum would be delayed 
 for at least six months. Therefore, bids were a.sked for froni 
 two different American firms. The Pencoyd li-nn Works of 
 this city offered to furnish the material in six weeks, there- 
 fore, a contract was signed early in February of this year, 
 work was begttn on February 8th, delayed several days by 
 reason of the blizzard, the material was shipped in two lots, 
 one lot on February 25th, and the other March 16th. The 
 liridge was erected under the direction of American fore- 
 men, who did not understand the language of their laborers, 
 and turned over to the authorities on August 26. 1899 — 
 () months and 18 days after the contract was signed. When 
 we consider the distance which this material was transported, 
 it makes one of the most notable feats of American enter- 
 ])rise yet on record. Another notable feature of this trans- 
 action was the price. The lowest English bid was $67,750 
 and two j'ears' time to erect. The American firm's bid was 
 $31,000, or a trifle over two-fifths of the English price. 
 
 Correspondence. 
 
 As nearly 75 per cent, of the international trade is done 
 through correspondence, I take the liberty of calling atten- 
 tion to a few points relating to same. 
 
 American manufactitrers want full details of the require- 
 ments of their correspondents. As I have before stated, 
 when these are known, they are able to give, what is wanted. 
 When writing, give name in full (printed if possible), also 
 atidress, .state whether dealer or farmei-. If the subject in- 
 quired about is not of sufficient importance to write on a 
 sheet of jiaper with name and address printed thereon, and 
 to send under .seal, then save your postage and do not write 
 at all. 
 
 If you have not had previous correspondence with the 
 manufacturer making the article inquired about, then take 
 pains to state clearly the following facts: 
 
 Ist. The class of business you do, and the goods you 
 handle. 
 
 2d. What the requirements are which you wish to meet 
 with the article inquired about. 
 
 3d. Give your references, or say that if business results 
 satisfactory references will be given. 
 
 These three features clearly and fully stated, will do more 
 towards inspiring confidence in the writer, than promises of 
 large orders. 
 
 Labor Conditions. 
 
 In Europe, the laborer is taught that bis government will 
 provide for liim in old age, so he has no care for the morrow. 
 In America, the laborer knows that he must provide for his 
 own future, and does it. 
 
 In Europe, governments enact laws compelling employ- 
 ers to deduct a certain amount from wages earned by their 
 employees for the government insurance fund for their em- 
 ployees, thus taking away all incentive to provide for them- 
 selves. 
 
 In Europe, capital rules labor. In the United States, labor 
 rules capital. 
 
 In America, our workmen organize building and loan asso- 
 ciations and savings banks of their own; by this means, they 
 soon own their own liomes ami lay l>y a competency for the 
 future. 
 
 Home builders and savings banks depositors are seldom 
 found in the ranks of strikers or of labor agitators. 
 
 In Europe, workmen, as a class, are poorly paid, poorly 
 educated, and have but limited voting power. In America, 
 we have manufacturing establishments that maintain free 
 libraries, lecture rooms, free hosjiitals, and the workmen have 
 their societies and organizations, officered and controlled by 
 those chosen from their own ranks, and their vote has the 
 same power as that of the capitalist. 
 
 Railway Development and Cost of Traffic. 
 
 I think the railroads of this country have done as much as 
 any other one thing to increase the international trade of this 
 country. 
 
 On my right you will see a chart illustrating the railway 
 mileage of all European countries and the United States in 
 1870. You will note that some of them had more mileage 
 at that time than the United States. 
 
 On my left, you will see another chart, illustrating the 
 same for 1897. On this you will see that the United States 
 has nearl}', if not quite, as much mileage as all the countries 
 of Europe combined. 
 
 By another chart on my left you will see illustrated the 
 relative cost for transporting goods. 
 
 You will notice that the cost of transportation per ton in 
 the United States is only about one-fourth of what it is in 
 some of the European countries. In Germany it is nearer to 
 our cost than in any other, yet you will notice the cost in the 
 United States is 33 1-3 per cent, less than in Germany. 
 
 Our railroads have no support from governments, and in 
 most cases pay dividends on investments. European rail- 
 ways are, in most cases, either directly owned or supported 
 by their governments or enjoy large subsidies. 
 
 I predict that the time is not far distant, when the merchant 
 marine of this country engaged in international trade will 
 occupy the same relative position on the high seas that our 
 railways do on land with other nations, both in tonnage and 
 cost of transportation. 
 
 Organizations. 
 
 The effect on international trade of public organizations is 
 far greater than many think. In Europe, we find organiza- 
 tions of different kinds, but in no country have they such an 
 organization as the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, or the,. 
 National Association of Manufacturers of the United States 
 of America, both of this city. 
 
 The Philadelphia Commercial Museum undertakes to 
 supply accurate information regarding conditions and re- 
 quirements in all lines of trade from every part of the world. 
 Other organizations are supplying other wants equally 
 important, such as the International Freight and Transjwr- 
 tation P>ureau, through which accurate and up-to-date in- 
 formation is given to manufacturers and buyers, and all 
 subjects pertaining to cost of freight, routes of shipment, 
 etc. .\s a result of these differences between European and 
 .\merican ways, you are here as delegates to the largest in- 
 
EIGHTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 20, 1899 
 
 135 
 
 ternational commercial congress ever assembled in any 
 country, and to attend the first "National Export Exposi- 
 tion'' ever held. 
 
 As you examine tlie products of our factories, brought 
 together in this Exposition for your inspection, you will see 
 the results of Amei-ican methods, and believing tliat you want 
 to be leaders in your respective lines of trade, you will realize 
 that to do so, you will need to cultivate a closer acquaintance 
 with American manufacturers and American ways, and will 
 return to your homes imbued with the spirit of progress, 
 with which the very air yon breathe while here is charged. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Seth Low: 
 
 I am sure that no one could have listened without inter- 
 est to Mr. Barker's summaiy about some of the differences 
 between American and European methods. There is one 
 factor in the development of American manufactures which 
 is very pertinent to this occasion and which I don't often 
 hear mentioned. As I told you, I was for ten years engaged 
 in business life. During that time I came into very close con- 
 tact with the silk industry of the country, as my father's 
 firm, of which I was a member, was a large importer of raw 
 silk for manufacture. I think that the silk industry has ad- 
 vanced in this country more because it was always willing 
 to leai'n than for any other single reason. You remember it 
 was said long ago, "whoever shall be great among you let 
 him be as little as a child." Undoubtedly that has moral 
 truth in it when spoken in its first application from that 
 point of view, but there is no characteristic of a little child 
 greater than its teachableness, and it is because the Ameri- 
 can manufacturer has been teachable that he has progressed 
 so far. Now, that I can illustrate from the silk industry 
 there are three great centres of silk manufactures in Europe 
 — Lyons, in France; Crefeld, in Germany; Zurich, in Switzer- 
 land. The people of Lyons thought they knew everything 
 about the silk manufacture that was worth knowing. The 
 manufacturers of Crefeld and Zurich used to think the same 
 thing. The result was, that Crefeld would not learn from 
 Zurich and Lyons, and that Lyons would not learn from 
 Crefeld and Zurich, and that Zurich would not learn from 
 Crefeld and Lyons. But our American manufacturers under- 
 stood that they did not know all that could be known on 
 •the subject of silk manufacture, and they sat at the feet of 
 all three of those places and learned constantly from every- 
 one. That is the reason, that is the one great reason, why 
 the American silk manufacture has progressed so rapidly 
 and gone so far in a short time in the United States. There 
 is danger on the part of our manufacturers that success may 
 cause them to lose sight of that fact. I think it is pertinent 
 to this Congress on commercial education to point out the 
 bearing of teachableness on successful manufacturing, and 
 to express the hope that what has already produced such 
 great results will continue to operate here in full vigor and 
 efficiency. (Applause.) 
 
 I have now the pleasure of introducing Mr. W. H. Par- 
 sons, of New York, who will speak on "Progress in Paper- 
 making." 
 
 Mr. W. H. Parsons : 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen. — The invitation I received 
 from the officers of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum to 
 prepare and read a paper on this occasion, requested that 
 the topic should relate to the commercial interest with which 
 I am identified. Hence, the subject of this paper is — "Pro- 
 gress in Paper Making." I should be more familiar with this 
 subject than with any other, although I am willing to con- 
 fess that I know less about it than I thought I did twenty- 
 five years ago. 
 
 The most comprehensive and intelligent description of 
 paper and paper-making that has come under my observa- 
 tion is nearly one hundred years old, and is found in a book 
 published in 1801, of which Matthias Koops, of Loudon, was 
 the author. The volume is dedicated, "To His Most Ex- 
 cellent Majesty, George The Third, King of the United King- 
 doms of Great Britain and Ireland." Mr. Koops states: 
 
 "The art of papermaking ought to be regarded as one of 
 the most useful which has ever been invented in any age or 
 country; for it is manifest that every other discovery must 
 have continued useless to society, if it could not have been 
 disseminated by manuscripts, or by printing. It may be as- 
 serted of this country (England), that its grandeur and com- 
 mercial dignity have been greatly exalted by the invention 
 of paper." 
 
 The position which paper held as a necessary and useful 
 commodity one hundred years ago it still holds to-day, and 
 it is largely due to the improvements which have been made 
 in this art that facilities have been granted for the dissemina- 
 tion of knowledge, thereby increasing the intelligence of the 
 inhabitants of such portions of the world as use paper freely 
 in reading and writing. 
 
 You may regard the claim here made as very broad and 
 far-reaching. If so, I ask you to consider what our condi- 
 tion would be to-day, if it were not for the knowledge which 
 we acquire from the arts of paper-making and printing. 
 While these two are separated, they are twin sisters and 
 closely linked together, and for the dissemination of intelli- 
 gence, one is practically dependent upon the other. Look- 
 ing over the nations of the world, it must be admitted that 
 where we find the largest consumption of paper for printing 
 purposes, we find the greatest enlightenment, intelligence, 
 and, I may add, prosperity. 
 
 Paper derives its name from the fact that the first paper 
 of which we have any record was made in Eg^pt from the 
 fibre of the papyrus plant, supposed to grow only on that soil. 
 From an humble and almost insignificant beginning, the art 
 of paper-making has reached its present proportions, and 
 stands to-day, in this country, third, I think, on the list of 
 its manufactured products. 
 
 To those of you who are residents of this vicinity, it will 
 be of interest to know that the making of paper in America 
 first had its inception by residents of this city, and a paper 
 mill was built in Germantown, in the year 1690, by William 
 Kittinghuysen, a native of Holland, with whom was asso- 
 ciated, William Bradford, a printer. The paper was made 
 from linen rags, and the production of the mill was about 
 250 pounds per day. 
 
 To show their appreciation of the benefits derived from 
 the construction of tlus mill, a bill was introduced into the 
 Legislative Council of the State of New York, to encourage 
 William Bradford and his assigns to establish a paper mill 
 in New York, by prohibiting all other persons from manu- 
 facturing it in the province during the space of fifteen years. 
 
 The public spirit which found expression in the erection 
 of the first paper mill in this country, has found expression 
 in the establishment of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, 
 in the erection of the beautiful exhibition buildings, in the 
 gathering within their walls samples of the machinery and 
 manufactured products of the country, and the convening of 
 this International Commercial Con.gress. It may be assumed 
 that the proprietors of the paper mill had due regard to their 
 own personal interest, so I hope that to the city of Phila- 
 delphia will come a greater benefit than to other portions of 
 the country, and thus reward its citizens for the effort and 
 expense they have put forth in the conception of and success- 
 fid carrying out of the comprehensive plans of which we are 
 witnesses. 
 
 The time allotted to me will not permit more than a brief 
 
136 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OP THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 review ol' tlie progress made in the art of paper making, but 
 to give some idea of the advance that has been made, it 
 would seem necessary to talce a rapid glance covering a period 
 as far back as the year 1290, when the first paper mill was 
 erected in Germany. During the succeeding period of fifty 
 or sixty years, mills were built in France and Italy. 
 
 Some fifteen years ago, it was my privilege to spend a 
 winter in Italy, and in the course of my travels I visited a 
 most beautiful spot, Amalfi, situated on the Bay of Salerno. 
 Taking an excursion one day on donkey back up the moun- 
 tains to an ancient city, the bridle path led along the banks 
 of a stream upon which were situated several paper mills. 
 The volume of water in the stream at that time would cer- 
 tainly not bo more than sufficient to fill a twelve-inch pipe, 
 but the fall was very gi-eat. 
 
 1 had the curiosity to alight from my donkey and inspect 
 one of these mills, and whether or no it was among the first 
 built in Italy, it had the appearance of having been con- 
 structed for at least five or six hundred years. The entire 
 space covered by the building was hardly more than equal 
 to fifty or seventy-five feet square. The machinery consisted 
 of an engine and cylinder macliine, and the force employed 
 within the mill seemed to be two men, who looked almost as 
 ancient as the mill itself. 
 
 The raw material was conveyed up the mountain to the 
 mill upon the backs of two women, and the manufactured 
 product was taken down the mountain side in the same man- 
 ner. There was no way of drying the paper upon the ma- 
 chine. It was taken off the cylinder in a wet condition, and 
 either put upon the gi-ass or hung upon lines, so exposing it 
 to the sun and air in order to dry it. It was used, I was told, 
 for wrapping macaroni. Its appearance was most venerable 
 and such as might be expected from the manner in which it 
 was manufactured. 
 
 The date of the construct i(in of the first paper mill in 
 England was probably prior to the year 1500, and while it is 
 true, that long before this date the Moors had a method of 
 grinding rags and other substances and making them into 
 paper, it is not clear to just what extent machinery was in- 
 troduced, either in the preparation of the stock or the process 
 of converting it into paper. 
 
 It has been generally supposed — in fact, I imagine there 
 are some people among those present on this occasion, who 
 entertain the idea — that paper must be and is made from rags. 
 Such is not the case to-day, and such was not the case when 
 Matthias Koops wrote his book previously referred to, for the 
 preface contains a letter addressed: • , . 
 
 "Most Gracious Sovereign, Sire: — Your Majesty having 
 been most graciously pleased to grant me Patents for ex- 
 tracting printing and writing ink from waste paper, fit for 
 writing, printing and for other purposes; and also for man- 
 ufacturing Paper from Straw, Hay, Thistles, waste and refuse 
 of Hemp and Flax, and different kinds of wood and bark, fit 
 for printing, and almost all other purposes for which paper 
 is used. 
 
 "And Your Majesty having in September last year con- 
 descended to permit me to lay at Your Feet the first useful 
 paper which has ever been made from Straw alone without 
 any addition of rags; the Gracious Reception it has met with 
 from Your Majesty, the approliation of the Poblick, and the 
 encouragc^ment which the Legislature has given me by jDassing 
 an Act of Parliament in its favour, has encouraged me to 
 reprint tliese lines on Paper manufactured from Straw solely 
 in a more improved state, although not yet brought to such 
 a state of perfection as it will be made in a regular manu- 
 facture, which must be entirely constructed for such pur- 
 poses, and which T most humbly flatter myself will now much 
 sooner be established by the indulgence which Your Majesty's 
 
 Parliament has granted me. This new Essay proves there 
 cajinot be any doubt that good and useful Paper can be 
 made from Straw alone. 
 
 ■'^\'ith the most ardent vrishes for Your Majesty's health 
 and longevity, and with all possible deference and humility, 
 I beg leave. Most Gracious Sovereign, to subscribe myself, 
 
 "Your Majesty's most devoted, most obedient, and most 
 humble servant, . - 
 
 "Mattliias Koops." 
 
 The book referred to is printed partly upon paper made 
 from straw, which is of a yellowish color, and partly upon 
 paper made from wood, as it appears that Matthias Koops 
 had made application for a patent to make paper from wood, 
 in addition to his patent for manufacturing it from straw, 
 etc., etc. 
 
 While it is true that we shall have to waive our claim that 
 the use of wood as a paper-making material is an invention 
 of the last thirty or forty ye;irs, it is nevertheless true that 
 it is only within this period that the art of preparing wood, 
 straw, etc., has reached a sufficiently successful development to 
 make a paper to meet the present demands or to be of com- 
 mercial value. 
 
 In the year 1750, a device for manipulating rags and other 
 stock by a rotary engine, and converting it into paper pulp, 
 was introduced into this country. It was invented by the 
 Dutch and called the "Hollander." It bears the same name 
 still, although great improvements have been made in its 
 construction and capacity. In consists of an elongated tub, 
 the material rotating under metal blades, by means of revolv- 
 ing cylinders, until it is reduced to the proper consistency. 
 
 It is stated that in the year 1790, a papermaker's wife, in 
 washing some fine linen, accidently dropped her bag of pow- 
 dered blue into some pulp. The husband discovered, in great 
 astonishment, the peculiar- color of the pulp, and it was from 
 this time that the practice of blueing paper had its origin. 
 
 In 1799, Zenas Crane, a resident of Massachusetts, estab- 
 lished a paper mill in Berkshire County, in which he em- 
 ployed five workmen. His descendants are to-day making 
 })aper on an extensive scale in the same vicinity. 
 
 The year 1804 marks an important era in the progress of 
 pa}ier-making. It was during this year that the Fourdri- 
 nier machine was invented. It bears the name of two broth- 
 ers, wealthy stationers in London, who purchased the patents 
 and made extensive improvements in the invention, but at 
 such great cost to themselves, that they became financially 
 embarrassed. They state that the expense of making paper 
 by machine at that time was 3s. 6d. per cwt, while the expense 
 of making it by hand at the same period was 16s. per cwt. 
 
 As late as 1 850 to 1855, a Fourdrinier machine making two 
 to three tons of paper per day was a marvel, and there were 
 but few mills in this country whose product exceeded eight 
 to ten tons per day. Now there are several mills of a capacity 
 of one hundred to one hundred and fifty tons per day. 
 
 In 1867, the widest paper machine was probably not more 
 than 100 inches, and was run at a speed not to exceed 100 
 feet per minute. When in 1888 machines were constructed 
 to run at the rate of 300 feet per minute and make twenty 
 tons of paper in the twenty-four hours, it was supposed by 
 many that the maximum speed and production had been 
 reached. To-day there are machines in this country running 
 at a speed of from 450 to 500 feet per minute, making a 
 lu-ddiict of from thirty to thirty-five tons per day of news- 
 ])aper, wound continuously in reels, from three to seven feet 
 wide, the length of paper contained in these reels being from 
 two to three miles long, the majority of them without breaks. 
 The widest machine at the present time, of which I have any 
 knowledge, is 162 iuclics, wliile there are many from MO to 
 150 inches wide. 
 
EIGHTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 20, 1899 
 
 XZI 
 
 Going back, for comparison, to the year 1828, it is estimated 
 that the newspapers then printed in New York City con- 
 sumed 15,000 reams of paper per year, say about 235 tons, 
 not equivalent to the average supply for three days of some 
 of the papers of the largest circulation in this country at 
 this time. I believe that the maximum amount consumed 
 upon any one edition of a newspaper was 458 tons, used in 
 the publication of the Christmas number of the New York 
 World in 1897. If spread out in single sheets, the edition 
 referred to would make a pathway 21^ inches wide, 8,518 
 miles long, and would reach from New York to Madrid, 
 Spain, and back again. 
 
 In 1860, it appears by the census, that the United States 
 produced annually more paper than either Great Britain or 
 France, and the consumption was estimated to exceed that of 
 both those countries. There are at present no reliable statis- 
 tics of the amount of paper produced in this country, but 
 the government compiled and published a table, showing the 
 production from 644 plants to have been 944,087 tons, from 
 January 1 to June 30, 1898. 
 
 The great revolution in paper-making in this country com- 
 menced about the year 1866, with the introduction of wood 
 as a material from which paper could be successfully made. 
 Two machines for grinding wood wei'e brought over here 
 from Germany and installed at Curtisville, Mass. The pro- 
 duct of these two machines was about a half a ton per day. 
 
 The process consists of putting blocks of wood on the face 
 of a grindstone being held by hydraulic pressure, the stone 
 meanwhile revolving at great speed. So great has been the 
 improvement in pulp grinders, that there are at this time 
 machines making a daily product of from five to six tons, and 
 claims are made by some manufacturers of even a much larger 
 production. 
 
 In 1866, wood pulp commanded 8 cents per pound, but de- 
 clined very rapidly until it reached about 4 cents per pound, 
 at which point it remained for a considerable period. The 
 present market price under favorable conditions, is f to 1 
 cent a pound. As a consequence, news paper has declined 
 in price, say from 12 cents per pound in 1870-71, to 2 to 2| 
 cents per pound. 
 
 As wood, either mechanically or chemically prepared, en- 
 ters moi'e or less into the manufacture of all grades of paper, 
 with the exception of the finest quality of writings, there 
 have been very material I'eductions in the price of all classes 
 of paper. Book papers, which in 1870-71 were selling at 
 fourteen to sixteen cents per pound, can be purchased to-day 
 at five cents per pound, or less, and other grades at corres- 
 ponding reductions. 
 
 Following close upon the introduction of the process of 
 gi'inding wood, came the method of preparing wood chemi- 
 cally, by what are known as the sulphite and soda processes. 
 
 The first named process was invented by Benjamin C. 
 Tilghman, of Philadelphia (who, I believe, is yet alive), but 
 it was developed in Germany and finally brought back to 
 this country. 
 
 Soda fibre was invented hy Hugh Burgess and Charles 
 Watt, who took English patents in 1852. the first American 
 patent being granted in 1853. 
 
 "Necessity is the mother of invention."' The introduc- 
 tion of the press printing paper from the continuous reel 
 and the introduction of paper made from wood were almost 
 simultaneous. It would be quite impossible to print news- 
 papers at the speed at which presses are run at this date, if 
 it had not been for the introduction of wood, for the reason 
 that paper made from wood absorbs the ink more rapidly 
 than when manufactured from any other material yet dis- 
 covered. 
 
 Mr. Bullock seems to have been the first inventor of the 
 Webb presses, i. e., a machine that would print from the 
 
 continuous reel. Previous to its introduction paper had to 
 be cut into sheets and fed to the press by hand. 
 
 In or about the year 1873, the New York Times imported 
 from England a Walter press. Its capacity from one set of 
 plates was about 12,000 to 15,000 copies per hour. There 
 are presses running in the city of New York to-day (and I 
 have no doubt elsewhere in this country) that print, paste, 
 fold and count 72,000 eight- page copies per hour. 
 
 While paper is still made by hand, the great bulk of it is 
 made by machinery. The former process is not much in 
 vogue in this country, but it is to a considerable extent in 
 England and upon the Continent. Great skill is required 
 in this process, and I might add, in all paper-making pro- 
 cesses. I am informed by an English gentleman, who has 
 been connected with tlie paper industry all his life, that 
 there is no trade union so carefully guarded by the work- 
 men as the union of the hand paper-makers. They will not 
 admit apprentices outside of their own families, but the art 
 is confined to their sons, and in some of the English mills 
 to-day the third and fourth generation are employed as 
 workmen. 
 
 The stock, consisting almost entirely of cotton and linen 
 rags, is prepared in the engine, run out by pipes into a stuff 
 chest, then transferred to vats or tubs, about five feet in 
 diameter and two and one-half feet deep. The operator, who 
 is called the vat man, has a mould, which consists of a 
 wooden frame, the top being covered with a wire cloth or 
 screen, the mesh varying in fineness with the paper to be 
 made. The pulp being reduced to the proper consistency, 
 he takes it up on his mould, and so great is his skill that he can 
 form a sheet so nearly rmiform that there is no perceptible var- 
 iation in the thickness of the ditferent parts, and not a greater 
 variation thaji 15 to 20 per cent, in the weight or thickness 
 in sheet,s made by one man during a tour. 
 
 In making paper from rags by machinery (and the pre- 
 liminary process is the same when made by hand), the rags 
 are separated and put through what is knowTi as the railroad 
 duster, removing the dust and foreign material. From the 
 duster, the rags are carried to the cutter and there cut into 
 small pieces suitable for cooking. Then to the rotary 
 Ideacher, which is a large steel boiler, carrying about 2\ 
 tons of rags. In this boiler, the rags are cooked, or boiled, 
 under press^jre of about forty pounds to the square inch for 
 from twelve to fourteen hours in a liquid composed of lime 
 and a very small amount of soda ash. The cooking destroys 
 the colors and puts the rags in a condition for washing. 
 After they have been cooked, the rags are emptied from the 
 boiler and the liquor, color and dirt allowed to drain off. 
 They are then in condition for washing and are carried to 
 the washing engines, where the process of washing and beat- 
 ing goes on, taking from six to twelve hours, depending 
 upon the kind of paper made. The rags are then emptied 
 into drainers and bleached to the necessary color. After 
 being suitably bleached, they are taken from the drainers and 
 furnished into the same kind of an engine as the washer, 
 with the exception that it has a different bed plate. In this 
 engine, which is called a beater, the stock is beaten very fine, 
 suitable for the machines. It is then emptied into what is 
 known as the stuff chest, and from this chest the pulp is 
 pumped through a refining engine and carried to the machine 
 chest, from which the stock is pumped to the machines. 
 
 The process of making paper from wood begins in the 
 forest, w'here the trees are cut and carried to the river or 
 railroad for transportation to the mills. In the ground-wood 
 process, •^he trees are sawed into two-foot lengths, the wood 
 prepared, or cleaned, by barkers and made ready for the 
 grinders. Fi'om the grinders, it is pumped to the wet machine 
 and the water removed, so the pulp can be conveniently 
 handled. 
 
138 
 
 PTfOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 The lir^t stages of Jiaiulliug wood to hv choiiiically trcatuil 
 by the f^ulphite process arc practically the same as in making 
 niechanical pulp, except that the blocks of wood are chipped 
 by means of a chipper into small pieces, carried by conveyere 
 into the digesters, where the process of cooking by STilphur- 
 ous acid goes on. After cooking, the pulp is blown from the 
 digesters under pressure and comes out a white substance. 
 From the digesters, it is carried to the wet machines and 
 handled the same as in the ground-wood process. 
 
 In making newspaper from wood, a certain percentage of 
 each sulphite fibre and ground wood pulp is furnished in 
 the engines iu the same way as rags, hut the engine is dif- 
 ferently constructed so as to handle the stock more rapidly. 
 It is then emptied into the stuff chest and treated in the same 
 wav as rags. So rapid is this process that it is practicable, 
 under favorable conditions, to cut down a tree in the forest 
 one day and convert it into paper the same or the next day. 
 
 I have a clipping from a western paper, which states that 
 an experiment was made, and a tree cut doAvn and converted 
 into paper in two hours. It was in the west, and we do not 
 do things here quite so rapidly as they do in that section 
 of the country. (Applause.) 
 
 "Quick Papee Making. 
 
 "Growing Trees Converted Into Paper in Less Than Two 
 
 Hours. 
 
 "People whose business takes them to the stock yards de- 
 light in telling how rapidly a live hog is converted into 
 bacon, sausage and tooth brushes, but the most improbable 
 stories they tell do not equal the exploit of the employees of 
 a paper mill not far from Chicago, says an exchange. Quite 
 recently three trees standing near the mill were felled at 
 7.35 a. m., and hurried to the manufactory, "where they were 
 sawed into pieces about one foot long, which were further 
 decorticated and split. They were then conveyed by the 
 elevator to five deliberators to do their worst with, and the 
 wood pulp which resulted from the contact of the chips with 
 the defiberators was run into a mat, mixed with the not 
 altogether harmless but necessary chemicals and the process 
 was finished. The liquid pulp was sent to the paper ma- 
 chine, which, at 9.34, turned out the firsit completed sheet 
 of paper, one hour and fifty-nine minutes after the tree was 
 felled. 
 
 "The manufacturers, accompanied by a notary public, who 
 timed and watched the work throughout, then took the paper 
 to a printing establishment two miles away and by 10 o'clock, 
 or in two hours and twenty-five minutes, the trees had been 
 converted into newspaper ready for delivery." 
 
 There are four important conditions necessary to success 
 in making paper from wood: — 
 
 First, abimdant water power; second, mechanical skill; 
 third, advantageous transportation facilities to desirable mar- 
 kets; fourth, an abundant supjily of raw material. 
 
 I think I may safely claim, that tliese four conditions are 
 combined on this continent tnore advantageously than in any 
 other country of the world. 
 
 Various kinds of wood are used in paper-making. Spruce 
 has the best fibre. The quesition which is agitating the 
 minds of those interested in paper-making is, whether there 
 is a sufficient amount of spruce and other paixir-making 
 wood to supply the demand for any consideralilc period of 
 time, and I append some few facts, furnished by an acknuwl- 
 cdged expert on fore.stry: 
 
 "The growth of .spruce is mainly confined to Northern 
 New England, the Adirondacks, a limited area in West Vir- 
 ginia, and small area.s in Nortliern Michigan, Wisconsin and 
 Minnesota. 
 
 "iMaine and New Ilampslnre gi'uw more spruce than all 
 the balance of tlie United States. 
 
 "Less than ten States out of forty-five grow any spruce. 
 
 "New Hampshire grows more spruce to the acre and of 
 better quality than any other State, averaging 8,000 to 
 10,000 feet saw logs, or fourteen to eighteen cords pulp wood 
 per acre. 
 
 "Maine has the largest spruce area of any State, though 
 about 4,000,000 acres in the basin of the upper St. John 
 River are not available to railroad pulp mills without ex- 
 pensive railway development. 
 
 "Large pulp wood areas are to be found in the valleys of 
 the Androscoggin, Kennebec and Penobscot. 
 
 "Ea.st of the Androscoggin Valley, Maine, spruce lands 
 will not average over 2,000 feet spruce saw logs to the acre, 
 which is also about the average yield of the Adirondack 
 forest. 
 
 "The Androscoggin Valley yields double the spruce per 
 acre which may be found in other parts of Maine. 
 
 "Vermont has but a comparatively small area of spruce 
 lands, lying largely on the slopes of the Green Mountains, 
 and cutting but a small figure in the aggregate supply. 
 
 "The mature spruce tree is 150 to 250 years old. 
 
 "Modern forestry demands the cutting of the large, fully 
 grown trees to promote the more rapid growth of scores of 
 half grown trees shaded and starved by the older specimens. 
 
 "Thus, when you cut down one overgrown tree, which 
 may be starving twenty half grown trees, you immediately 
 start into life and growth the twenty trees which have not 
 had a fair chance. 
 
 "For spruce to reproduce themselves, a considerable num- 
 ber of trees should be left upon each acre when cutting 
 pulp wood or saw logs. 
 
 "The besit spruce grows in rich soil on hillsides where each 
 tree has its share ol sunshine, light and moisture, at an alti- 
 tude of 800 to 1,500 feet above the sea." 
 
 Of course, there are almost unlimited tracts of spruce 
 timber to be found in Canada. Some authorities are of the 
 opinion that spruce grows as rapidly as it is consumed, but 
 on this point there is a great difference of opinion, and it is 
 certainly very desirable that more care should be used in 
 cutting spruce timber and judicious legislative action taken in 
 the States where it grows, for its preservation and continuance. 
 
 To the several friends who aided me in preparing this 
 paper, by furnishing information and facts, I desire to ex- 
 press my thanks. I am especially under obligations to the 
 editors of the publications of the Lockwood Press, and to the 
 editors of the journal entitled Paper. 
 
 I have had recourse to a valuable book entitled "Paper 
 and Paper-making," Joel Munsell, of Albany, being the au- 
 thor and publisher, and also one published by Matthias Koops 
 (to which I have made previous reference), "who, though 
 dead, yet speaketh." 
 
 //()/(. Seih Low: 
 
 A year or two ago a gentleman of my acquaintance, when 
 returning from Europe, said the trouble with the European 
 nations was, from his point of view as a mechanical engineer, 
 that they did noit know junk when they saw it. His illus- 
 tration was rather striking. He said that he went from 
 London to Edinburgh on a train weighing 300 tons, wliich 
 was dragged liy two locomotives. He said he thought of 
 the two locomotives and two engineeiis and two firemen to 
 haul a train weighing (mly 300 tons — why, he said that those 
 locomotives would jump the track, if they would know it. 
 I thought of that remark when listening to this interesting 
 jjajier which Mr. Parsons ha.s just read, and any one who 
 listened to this interesting paper of Mr. Parsons must have 
 realized how important it would be for any ninnufacturer 1o 
 
ETOHTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 20, 1899 
 
 139 
 
 compete, with any prospect of success, ulicii he was con- 
 stantly contriving his machineiy to keep pace with every 
 invention. That, I take it, is one of the greatest lessons to 
 be learned in the manufacturing industry, and perhaps in 
 all business, that it is economy to keep up with the times. 
 
 Our universities have two functions, one is to discover 
 natural laws, to discover the principles which underlie in- 
 vention, and the other is the teaching function. I can illus- 
 trate the first rather happily, in this way: A few years ago, 
 during the Chicago Exposition in 1893, when Von Helm- 
 holtz, the great Gennan physicist, was in this country, and 
 when Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, 
 heard that Von Helmholtz was in New York, he came all 
 the way from his home to shake him by the hand, as he 
 said himself, in order to say to this great physicist that it 
 was his investigation of the laws of sound which had made 
 the telephone possible. I speak of that in order to point 
 out, that investigation of invention in the university, while 
 it is removed one step or two or three from the application 
 of principles to industry and commerce, is nevertheless vitally 
 involved in the subjects which are before this Congress. It 
 is the teaching function which is more closely involved, as I. 
 said before; and where will we iind one more competent to 
 speak on the educational side of the question that President 
 Charles W. Eliot, of Harvard University, whom I now have the 
 pleasure of presenting to you. 
 
 President Eliot: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: The very interest- 
 ing papers to which I have hstened, must have satisfied you 
 all that we as a nation have already made encouraging prog- 
 ress towards successful competition in the markets of the 
 world for our manufacturing products as well as for our own 
 materials. 
 
 The problem of commercial education in this country is 
 the problem how to facilitate further progress in this country. 
 
 How may education develop the power of the American 
 people to occupy and compete successfully in the markets of 
 the whole world? One answer to this question is given by 
 the Philadelphia Commercial Museum. An institution prom- 
 inent in its nature, offering admirable facilities for instruct- 
 ing the people in the needs of commerce and the means of 
 promoting it. 
 
 Another answer is by this Exposition which we are now 
 attending. 
 
 There must be the production of systematic commercial 
 education in its higher range, I think. That particular sub- 
 ject was assigned to me at this time. 
 
 The phrase commercial education is likely to remind an 
 American of the commercial course in a high school, or of 
 the fictitious banks, offices, and shops of the private school, 
 called a commercial college. The so-called commercial 
 course in an American high school is almost universally a 
 course hopelessly inferior to the other courses, being made 
 up by substituting bookkeeping, stenography, typewriting, 
 and commercial arithmetic for some of the language, history, 
 mathematics, or science of the classical or English scientiiic 
 course. This course exists in our public schools because it 
 has for committeemen and parents a practical sound. It 
 seems as if the child, who had learned a little about these 
 technical subjects, might be better able to earn its living 
 earlier than the child who has only studied languages, historv, 
 mathematics and science. Eor the purposes of mental train- 
 ing, this course is never to be recommended, and it is rare 
 that the slight knowledge of these arts acquired by pupils 
 in the public schools proves to be of much use to them in 
 winning a livelihood. The so-called commercial schools sup- 
 plement for many young people a defective elementary edu- 
 
 cation, but they seldom train anybody for service above that 
 of a clerk. It is not of any such training that I propose to 
 speak. 
 
 I ask your attention for a few moments to the chief features 
 of a commercial education capable of preparing men and 
 women for much more than clerical service and much more 
 than narrow retail trading. An indispensable element in the 
 training I have in view is a sound secondary education; ihat 
 is, an education in a first-rate school, public, endowed, or 
 private, which occupies the whole school time of the pupil 
 fom tliirteen or fourteen till eighteen years of age. This 
 secondary education should include the modern languages 
 — an essential part of a good preparation for the higher walks 
 of business life. It may or may not include Latin, or Latin 
 and Greek. Thus the German non-classical secondary edu- 
 cation is a very substantial preparation for business life, 
 although it includes no technical subjects whatever. It deals 
 with modern languages, including the native tongue, the 
 elementary mathematics, history and science both pure and 
 applied. For international commercial life in English- 
 speaking countries, a good knowledge of three languages be- 
 sides English is desirable — namely, French, German and 
 Spanish. A reading knowledge of the languages will ordin- 
 arily suffice for principals; but for traveling agents, or agents 
 resident abroad, a speaking knowledge of at least two of these 
 language is desirable. This knowledge should he acquired 
 at the secondary school. 
 
 Let us imagine a boy equipped at eighteen with these 
 broad fundamental acquisitions, and let us then ask our- 
 selves what additional subjects should be treated in an upper 
 commercial school. The following list of subjects is by no 
 means complete, but may serve to give a fair idea of the 
 diversity and difficulty of the subjects appropriate to superior 
 commercial education: economics, statistics, banking, cur- 
 rency, exchange, arbitrage, insurance, government tariffs, 
 transportation by land and water, commercial geography, 
 climates, ethnology, commercial products by region and by 
 nationality or race, consumption by region and by race, mari- 
 time legislation, blockage rights, neutrals' rights, commercial 
 law, industrial combinations of capital, labor unions and — if 
 I may use a new but convenient word — financing new under- 
 takings. Some of these subjects are already taught elaborately 
 in universities, and the elements and general principles of all 
 of them can be taught systematically to groups of pupils and 
 enforced by examples and problems just as well as styles in 
 architecture, rules of evidence in law, or the diagnostic value 
 of blood examinations in medicine are now taught and en- 
 forced in special schools. That a given subject has practical 
 applications, and it to be really mastered only by much prac- 
 tice, is no reason why it should not be taught systematically 
 in its elements by teachers skilled in expounding principles 
 and guiding practice. 
 
 It is obvious from the mere enumeration of these subjects 
 that no young man could master any large proportion of the 
 list in two or three years, which might wisely be allotted to 
 such studies. A system of choice among these studies would 
 therefore have to prevail in any well-conducted commercial 
 school. The variety of business occupations in the modem 
 world is immense, some of them being very broad, and others 
 very narrow, and for these various occupations widely differ- 
 ent bodies of informaition or knowledge are needed. We can 
 classify these occupations, and say that some of them are 
 trade, others are manufacturing and others are transporta- 
 tion; but there are many business occupations which are con- 
 cerned with all these three gi-oups, or with portions of 
 them. The youth who enters the upper commercial school 
 knowing what the business is which he is subsequently to 
 pursue would have sure guidance in the selection of his 
 studies: the vouth who had no such knowledge would do well 
 
140 
 
 PEOCEEDKCGS OP THE INTEENATIONAL COMMEECIAL CONGRESS 
 
 to acquaint liimself with the general principles of the most 
 tuudameutcil subjects. 
 
 For wliat classes of persons would such a training, extend- 
 iu"- oii the average through the twenty-first year, be appro- 
 priate and ' desii'able ? Let me first exclude two classes of 
 young men. An elaborate training of this deseriptiou is 
 not necessary for men whose occupation through life is to be 
 purely clerical. Eor that class the investment of time and 
 money would be unreasonably large. Neither would it be 
 the best course for the sons of men who are carrying vn a 
 well-established business, and are able to introduce their sous 
 into their already organized business, and push them up 
 rapidly through all its grades. For a specific busiuess, 
 selected l>eforehand and entered upon with sure prospect of 
 rapid advancement, tlie best training is to work up through 
 all the grades or departments of that particular business. 
 But it is only exceptional youths who have such oppor- 
 timities of acquainting themselves thoroughly with the de- 
 tails of a complicated business which later they are to direct. 
 The thousands who every year come forward into business 
 life have no access to a family business, but must take their 
 chances of employment and advancement in whatever com- 
 mercial occupation may become accessible to them. To what 
 business careers, then, might young men carefully trained in 
 an upper commercial school, parallel with a college or scien- 
 tific school, look forward with confidence? For what careers 
 higher than that of a clerk might they be trained? Eemem- 
 Jx>ring that such a school would not provide one uniform 
 curriculum for all its pupils, but permit selection of studies 
 among a great number of important subjects, we may confi- 
 dently enumerate the occupations of the following classes of 
 persons as appropriate to young men so trained: Consuls, or 
 government agents in foreign parts, actuaries, public account- 
 ants and auditor.*, managers of departments in a large busi- 
 ness, buyers abroad for home use, and sellers of home pro- 
 ducts in foreign parts, state, city and corporation officials in 
 great variety, merchants engaged in international trade, 
 junior officials in banks and insurance companies, and in 
 transportation companies by sea and by land. In all these 
 eases the instruction received at the commercial school would 
 have to be supplemented by practical experience in an actual 
 industry, office or trade; but this sul)sequent requirement 
 would not be at all peculiar to this school. No school of en- 
 gineering, or of applied chemistry or physics, nowadays un- 
 dertakes to turn out students fit at graduation for responsible 
 posts. They simply graduate young men well fitted to enter 
 upon the novitiates of these several professions, well fitted, 
 that is, to begin to learn rapidly and well the practical details 
 of an actual busiuess in these several departments. That is 
 precisely what might reasonably be expected of an upper com- 
 mercial school — that its graduates should be fitted to loam 
 rapidly and well the practical details of any mercantile pursuit 
 in. which they might engage. 
 
 It would not be the avowed object of such a school to train 
 heads of great houses or of great corporations, although i( 
 might easily happen that such persons might later be found 
 among those who had received its training. The qualities 
 which make captains of industry or of commerce are in large 
 Tneasuie natural gifts. Such leaders must possess extraordi- 
 narj' energy, good judgment, insight in choosing subordin<;tes, 
 vivid imagination, and firm, upright characler; and if I were 
 asked what education would he best for a young man known 
 to possess these gifts and destined for commercial life, I 
 should .say, give him the best attainable college education and 
 tlien let him travel. In attempting to estimate the value of an 
 upjjcr commercial school we should not, however, have such 
 persons as these in mind, for tliey are highly exceptional. An 
 upper commercial school should serve young men of fair parts 
 by the hundred and the thousand. Nevertheless, we shall do 
 
 well to recognize the fact that international trade, and indeed, 
 domestic trade also, is becoming more and more complex, 
 competition is growing keener, the percentage of profits 
 smaller, the transactions larger, and the decisions of the prin- 
 cipal necessarily quicker. The successful merchant has to 
 know more to-day than he ever did before, and he has to be 
 more alert and more inventive. Hence his preliminai-j' train- 
 ing should be both more ample and more a]ipropriate than it 
 has been in the past. 
 
 I may illustrate the various classes of young men to whom 
 an U])per commercial school could be useful by stating briefly 
 some of the uses of foreign languages in biisiness. And, 
 first, to buyers. The conditions of many industries and trades 
 have now become international. The raw materials of an 
 industry of commerce may come from various parts of the 
 globe in different qualities; and he is the best buyer who gets 
 his material at the e.xact spot where it is best produced, or 
 procures the cultivation in many places of that best plant or 
 best animal which has heretofore i>een developed only in one 
 place. The best cotton for a given fabric must be either 
 bought in the one district where it is raised, or the cotton 
 plants of this district must be spread throughout other cot- 
 ton-growing countries. If China has a better tea plant than 
 Ceylon, tea mu.st be bought in China, or the better tea plant 
 must be transferred to Ceylon. A chocolate industry estab- 
 lishment in Boston must seek its cocoa wherever cocoa best 
 gi'ows, and must be always inquiring in what other parts of 
 the world cocoa can be well produced. This means that good 
 buyers for great interests must often be polyglot men. As 
 for the drummers or runners who solicit business, it is obvi- 
 ous that they need to speak the language of the people with 
 whom they would trade and among whom they must study 
 on the spot the existing commercial conditions. The man- 
 agers of great international industries need to be able to study 
 foreign trade conditions in foreign newspapers and books, 
 to understand the eonunercial intelligence in a foreign paper, 
 besides knowing all the complications of local currencies, 
 weights and measures. Year by year, as ocean carriages be- 
 come securer and quicker, and as business is done more and 
 more all over the world by telegi'aph and telephone, the 
 individual merchant's needs of overcoming the obstruction 
 to comnuu'ce caused l^y the variety of languages spoken and 
 written in the business world becomes more and more press- 
 ing. We Americans are at a great disadvantage in learning 
 foreign languages. We cannot pass, like Dutch or Belgian 
 boys, in a few hours to a nation speaking French, or Ger- 
 man, or English. We have to learn the modern languages 
 by main force, as it were, without the advantage of immersing 
 ourselves on occasicm in the foreign speech. 
 
 Time does not permit me to dwell upon the specific prepa- 
 ration that might be obtained in an upper commercial school 
 for a variety of interesting callings. I can only mention two 
 callings for which very definite preparation might be made 
 in such a school. The first is the calling of correspondent, 
 traveling or stationary, for the commercial press. This func- 
 tion of the press, in maintaining fresh correspondence with 
 all parts of the commercial world, is becoming more and more 
 important as international trade spreads and fructifies, and 
 it is obvious that this function, if it is to be well discharged, 
 implies in the coTTespondent discrimination, insight, lingu- 
 istic skill and a thorough understanding of commercial con- 
 ditions. The other calling I wish to mention is the service 
 of governnu'ut as consuls, or of intelligence de])artments con- 
 ducted by trade organizations. AVo have so long regarded 
 consulships as mere political prizes that we have lost sight 
 of their real function as commercial agencies. If this country 
 is to enter seriously into competition for international trade 
 tlie world over, the very first administrative reform needed 
 in our government is the conversion of consulships into com- 
 
EIGHTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 20, 1899 
 
 141 
 
 mercial intelligence bnreans. It is obvious, however, that the 
 men who are to discharge this function should have a first- 
 rate training in several of the subjects which I have enumer- 
 ated as appropiiate to an upper commercial school. A gov- 
 ernment school for consuls would be just as legitimate as a 
 government school for the anny or the navy, and would be 
 hkely to lead to correspondingly good results. Such a school, 
 however, would imply a life career for its graduates as do West 
 Point and Annapolis. 
 
 An upper commercial school should possess the means of 
 keeping its knowledge of commercial conditions absolutely 
 fresh. N"o salted provisions or canned goods would be useful 
 in its larder. Its teachers would have to live at a commercial 
 centre, and breathe every day a wholesome commercial atmos- 
 phere. Boards of trade' woiild be better supervisors for such 
 a school than any bureau of education. Men actively en- 
 gaged in foreign commerce ought to oversee it. I can hear 
 the objection of the old-fashioned merchant to this whole 
 prospect of a commercial school . He is saying, "Business 
 cannot be learnt in a school; it must be learnt in a counting- 
 room or a real shop." He is saying, "The only way to bring 
 up a boy for business is to set him to sweeping thfe office and 
 running errands." In answer, I can only say that I believe 
 commerce and industry in their higher ranges to be eminently 
 intellectual pursuits, and that I know no other intellectual 
 calling for which a professional school is not now provided. 
 It used to be the fashion to study medicine, by cleaning the 
 doctor's horse and buggy, grinding his drugs, and driving 
 round with him to make his calls, and to study law, by copy- 
 ing deeds and briefs in a la^vyers office and reading books 
 taken from the lawyer's library in the intervals of clerical 
 labor; but the world ha.s now learned that there are better 
 ways of studying medicine or law, namely, by going to a profes- 
 sional school, where progressive systematic instruction rapidly 
 developed is to be had. The intending physician or lawyer 
 who does not go to a medical school ot a law school condemns 
 himself nowadays to hopeless inferiority, even if he ultimately 
 gets into his chosen profession. 
 
 To deny that young men may be systematically trained 
 for industry and commerce is to assert that industry and 
 commerce are merely imitative ai-ts, to be acquired only by 
 seeing other people do the tricks and then practicing them. 
 The gypsy in Asia Minor makes iron nails one at a time with 
 a hammer on an anvil, just as his ancestors did before him 
 for hundreds of years. I have seen him doing it; but I also 
 observed that his small children were stark naked and that 
 his larger ones had only one garment. In short, he was not 
 making much of a living. Moreover, not one-thousandth 
 part of the nails we use in this country could possibly be 
 made in that way. In industry and commerce all things are 
 becoming new and new methods of preparing young men for 
 these occupations must be invented with discriminating fore- 
 sight, established with prudence, and maintained with 
 liberality. 
 
 BIr. Seth Low: 
 
 I have the privilege of calling upon two or three gentle- 
 men to discuss this subject upon which you have heard the 
 paper. I believe that the rule is that the speakers are limited 
 to five minutes. I have the pleasure now of calling first upon 
 Dr. S. M. Lindsay, of the University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Dr. S. M. Lindsay: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I think perhaps it 
 is only fair to say that in accepting the invitation to the Con- 
 gress to discuss this subject, I had prepared what I have to 
 say without any knowledge of the contents of the excellent 
 address to which we have just listened. 
 
 The Liberal Ctjltuee Element in Commercial 
 Education. 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen; The adjustment of 
 educational facilities to the needs of a progressive people and 
 to the increasingly complex character of a democracy 
 is an intricate and delicate problem. Assembled as we are 
 to-day in this splendid gathering of representatives of the 
 commerce of the world, I take it that the proposition needs 
 no demonstration that there is a crying and present need 
 everywhere for the broadest and best education that can 
 be specially adapted to the special need of the business man. 
 So many of the addresses to which you have listened were 
 characterized by a breadth of view, a largeness of purpose 
 and a reaching out after plans of commercial activity of 
 world-wide scope, that I am sure that you will welcome all 
 efEorts to train up men equal to these things. Wien we stop 
 to think that in our countiy, it is not a titled nobility nor a 
 small leisured and cultured class that controls our govern- 
 ments, forms public opinion, rules in school, college and 
 church; but that it is the banker, the merchant, the indus- 
 trial magnate, the business man and man of affairs who 
 really exercises the supreme power in government, in the 
 formation of public opinion, yea, even in school, college and 
 church, we realize how important the question is: How are 
 such men educated? Are they broad-minded, liberal, keen 
 to recognize the far-reaching consequences of their acts, pub- 
 lic spirited, and filled with high ideals concerning their voca- 
 tion and calling? 
 
 Commercial education, of course, appeals primarily only 
 to one class in the community. Notwithstanding its import- 
 ance, therefore, no appeal for higher commercial education 
 should mean the closing of doors now ojjen for intellectual 
 equipment in other directions, but rather the opening of new 
 doors. The true educational system in a democracy must 
 provide for the specific wants of all classes. It is certainly 
 one of the most pressing problems of higher education at 
 present in this country how far this may be done. How can 
 we open up new subjects and regroup old ones in the pre- 
 scribed studies of the high schooX college and university to 
 meet the specific needs of definite gi-oups of students with more 
 or less well-defined aims so far as their careers in life are con- 
 cerned? The high school, college and university have until 
 very recently catered almost exclusively to the wants of a 
 few classes in the community; namely, for groups of students 
 in training for one of the liberal professions and for no others. 
 How many young men with natural bent and special endow- 
 ments' for a business career in which they might have suc- 
 ceeded admirably have been turned a.side by the influences of 
 a college course into one of the professions in which they 
 have miserably failed, none can compute statistically, but 
 the number is doubtless a large one. If our colleges offered 
 suitable training for the development of the natural tenden- 
 cies of the future business man, not only might many of 
 these WTCcks in professional life be avoided, but thousands 
 who now leave the school at an early age to go into Uie 
 office or shop might be kept for years under the refining 
 infiuences of a liberal education. 
 
 This brings me to my main proposition. It has to do with 
 the question of who shall provide the training that is both a 
 part of liberal culture and specifically adapted to the natural 
 inclinations, qualifications and aims of him who is destined 
 for a career in the marts of the world and is at the same 
 time "to the manor born." Special schools, from the busi- 
 ness college so called, w'hich teaches arithmetic, penmanship, 
 bookkeeping, type^^Titing and stenography to the highly 
 specialized schools of commerce, are all performing perhaps 
 useful serrice and have their place, but they do not meet the 
 supreme need. Only the special school that is in vital con- 
 
142 
 
 PKUCEEDINGS OF TllE LXTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 tact with the larger equipment of a modern college or uni- 
 versity and is drawing constantly from its life and spirit, 
 partaking of its ideal, breathing its atmosphere, and sharing 
 iu its intellectual riches, traditions, aspirations and power, 
 can provide the best kind of special training for business men, 
 training that promises to make men first, and then lay the 
 foundations for expert and technical knowledge afterwards, 
 lictter still, if the special school for this purpose is an inte- 
 gi-al department of the college, which implies that my propo- 
 sition would then mean that such a department should have 
 its counterpart in the preparatory school and high school, 
 in order that the student entering college could carry on the 
 studies of this special department in quite as advanced a 
 stage as the studies in the other departments of the college. 
 It would mean also that such special department should be 
 a special department of the university as well, and offer facili- 
 ties for graduate insti-uction to enable one to carry such 
 studies to a high degree of specialization. Until some such 
 ideal is realized on a larger scale than at present, those truly 
 interested in higher commercial education must feel that the 
 business man is being legislated against and is not offered, 
 in our educational system, opportunities for culture com- 
 mensurate with those enjoyed by the professional classes in 
 the community. 
 
 What group of subjects then may properly constitute, in 
 a modern college, a special department of the character in- 
 dicated? It is well to remind ourselves that the college and 
 university stand primarily for culture, that certain subjects 
 have been proven by experience to have a high culture value. 
 Moreover, certain subjects, by reason of the rigid college 
 course of the past, are better taught than newer subjects. It is 
 easier to find good text hooks, to get the results of a_ larger 
 teaching experience, embodied in the average individual 
 teacher in many of the older subjects represented in the col- 
 lege curriculum, than it is in the newer ones or in those 
 clamoring for admission. These are weighty considerations, 
 yet the special training demanded for the business man re- 
 quires, I take it, the introduction of many new subjects. 
 Economy of time and, in fact, the physical possibilities of 
 the case make necessary some sirbstitution of new subjects 
 in the place of old and tried ones. We must therefore sec 
 to it that the new course of study, whether required or elec- 
 tive, offers ample representation of courses that are primarily 
 cultural as well as those which are primarily technical and 
 practical, or are chiefly what has been termed "information 
 studies." The cultural studies will be those which furnish 
 the best training in. correct reasoning, which develop the 
 critical faculties, enlarge the powers of observation, broaden 
 the sympathies and require intellectual exertion to grasp and 
 ma.ster their fundamental truths. For the special depart- 
 ment for which I am pleading, such studies would consist 
 of courses, first of all, in economics, considered as pure theory, 
 u'hich opens up some of the most fundamental, complex and 
 subtle problems underlying all human conduct; (2) sociology, 
 considered as social ethics, the history of social evolution and 
 the principles of social organization and control; and (3) 
 political science, comprising a study of the principles of gov- 
 ernment and an analysis of the fundamental concepts of in- 
 teniational and public law. Certainly these three disciplines 
 offer amj)lo op[)ortunity, in varying flegreos, for the dcvcloji- 
 ment of logical power and mental discipline while at the same 
 time opening up a wide range of phenomena which the coni- 
 mercial man aiul th^ intelligent citizen must sooner or later 
 face in their sterner realities. On the technical side, and 
 concerning the infonuation studies, I need only say briefly 
 that a special department of the college, designed for com- 
 mercial educatiiin, jnust needs offer a wide range of courses 
 in ])oliti(al economy in the narrow sense in business and 
 coniniorcia) law, in money, trade and banking, in the ihcoi-y 
 
 and practice of international exchanges, in economic, physi- 
 cal and commercial geography, in transportation, finance, 
 accounting, in English and modem foreign languages, in 
 general, industrial and economic history, etc., etc. It is the 
 combination of these two groups of subjects, theoretical and 
 practical, which, I believe, constitutes liberal culture for 
 one who will pursue them for four years under the direc- 
 tion and regulation of a college faculty and according to 
 college methods of work, presupposing, of course, adequate 
 preparation to begin most of them in the college on a some- 
 what advanced plane from the start. It is this, I say, which 
 makes a trae and liberal college education specifically adapted 
 to the needs of one who is to enter commercial pursuits. 
 Such a course of study will not turn out ready-made mer- 
 chants nor full-fledged bankers, industrial kings and public 
 men, but it will lay broad foundations in these particular 
 directions. It should not be supposed that such a couree was 
 an equivalent for the actual experience of business life, but it 
 should enable one and, in fact, such training has enabled 
 many men to get subsequently business experience on less 
 costly terms than the boy who leaves the elementary school 
 for the counting-house, and with vastly greater final results. 
 I should scarcely venture to speak with so much boldness 
 if I were discussing a purely abstract proposition in educa- 
 tional reform. It has been my good fortune, however, dur- 
 ing the past fifteen years to be connected both as student and 
 instructor with such a special school, which has, in a meas- 
 ure, carried out in its eighteen years of existence many of the 
 plans and aims about which I have spoken. I refer to the 
 Wliarton School of Finance and Economy, founded by Jos- 
 eph Wharton, one of Philadelphia's leading business men. 
 The Wharton School is an integi-al part of the University of 
 Pennsylvania, whose grounds adjoin those of this Exposition. 
 I do not know that I can make any better contribution to this 
 discussion than to give a very brief description of the courses 
 offered in the Wharton School and a few facts concerning 
 its history. The objects of the foundation is to give young 
 men a collegiate training which will fit them for good citizen- 
 ship and practical business life. The course covers four years 
 and leads to the degree of B. S. in economics. For the full 
 regular course the studies are prescribed in the first and sec- 
 ond year, partially elective in the third year and almost wholly 
 elective in the fourth year, thus permitting of considerable 
 specialization looking toward special careers in law, banking, 
 journalism, the public service, business, railway service and 
 commerce. 
 
 In addition to the regular four years' course, two special 
 courses have been established — a two years' course, including 
 the studies of junior and senior year, and a three yeai-s' course, 
 including the studies of sophomore, junior and senior years. 
 Students completing these courses receive a certificate of pro- 
 ficiency. 
 
 Students who, for good reasons, can take neither a regular 
 nor a special course may be admitted to a partial course if 
 they give satisfactory evidence of fitness for the studies which 
 they wish to pursue. 
 
 The plan of instraction embraces recitations, lectures and 
 the preparation of papers. The endeavor is made to ti-ain 
 t;he students to think independently on the topics that form 
 the subjects of instruction. An earnest effort is made to 
 exclude all dogmatism in political or economic teaching, to 
 present fairly all aspects of disputed ([uestions. and to put 
 the students in a position to form intelligently their own 
 opinions. To heighten the interest of students at present in 
 political and economic problems, lectures are given at inter- 
 vals by men prominent in public life. 
 
 Original research by the students, imdci llie dircciion of 
 the professors, is a part of the work of tiie school. The re- 
 
EIGHTH DAY'S SESSIOX, OCTOBER 20, 1899 
 
 143 
 
 suits of some of this investigation have been published as 
 follows: 
 
 "The Recent Development of American Iiidustries," by the 
 Class of '91, pp. 111. 
 
 "The City Government of Philadelphia," bv the Class of 
 '93, pp. 278. 
 
 Now let me summarize most briefly what I shall .submit in 
 greater detail as an appendix, for insertion, if you please, in 
 your printed proceedings; namely, some account of the ac- 
 tual subjects studied in this four-year course. In the first 
 year, two hours per week throughout the year are devoted 
 to English composition, two to physical and economical geog- 
 raphy, two to Roman history, two to constitutional law, three 
 to German, three to accounting, two to mathematics or four 
 to chemistry, and one to P^nglish language and one to jour- 
 nalism. In the second year, we have two to English litera- 
 ture, two to practical finance and foreign exchange, two to 
 theory and geography of commerce, two to political economy, 
 two to joitrnalism, three each to Gennan and European his- 
 tory, and one each to business law, legislative procedure and 
 public speaking. In the third year, two hours each are 
 required in logic and ethics, English literature,, economics, 
 sociology and modern legislative problems, and then the stu- 
 dent must elect four of the following two-hour courses: 
 American history, English constitutional history, elemcntaiy 
 common law, Roman law, banking, statistics, journalism and 
 sociology. In the fourth year, three two-hour courses are 
 required; namely, in European history, finance and public 
 administration, and the student is required to make a total 
 of sixteen hours per week from electives in advanced econo- 
 mics, sociology', American history, monetary history, trans- 
 portaition, commerce and commercial relations, political sci- 
 ence, international law, municipal government, English legal 
 institutions, court decisions on the Federal Constitution, and 
 journalism. 
 
 From this you can readily see the way in which we have 
 tried to combine the theoretical and practical elements in 
 what we claim constitutes a liberal cotirse of study. I wish 
 I could describe some of these courses and give you a clearer 
 idea of their context and the sort of training they furnish, 
 but time forbids. I have taken the liberty of referring to 
 this particular practical experiment rather than to similar 
 schools and departments in other colleges, because I know 
 more about this one, and also because I have been asked many 
 questions by the delegates to this Congress about the Wharton 
 School of Finance and Economy. Inasmuch as many of you 
 have visited or will visit the University of Pennsylvania before 
 you leave the city, there seems to be additional appropriate- 
 ness in referring to that department in which you are likely 
 to be most interested. The Wharton School was the pioneer 
 in this tj'pe of education in this counti-y and it has had many 
 imitators. Excellent department? similarly constnicted now 
 exist in many of our large colleges and universaties. We 
 have at the present moment about one hundred and twenty- 
 five students in the Wliarton School. With a somewhat larger 
 equipment, which will enable us to offer additional groups 
 of subjects, groujjs made up on the cultural side of the same 
 fundamental studies, but on the practical side of additional 
 special studies appealing to the interests of still other phases 
 of business and commercial life, we might have, in a large 
 city like Philadelphia, several times that number of students.' 
 We are not discouraged by the results of our educational ex- 
 periment. We have now in public life in several departments 
 of government service, at the bar and in important positions 
 in business, in banking, in financial and commercial institu- 
 tions and in positions of power and influence, in practical 
 journalism, many worthy representatives of the Wharton 
 School who are more than sufficient encouragement to go 
 forward. T want to say, however, that in the last analysis it 
 
 rests with the representatives of business and commerce, such 
 as are gathered together in tliis Congress, it rests with you 
 who really control public opinion, to say how much you want 
 the colleges and higher schools of the country to do for higher 
 commercial education. This Congress seems to me to be a 
 sign of the times, and an indication of an aroused public 
 interest in the importance and \vide possibilities, and signifi- 
 cance of commercial pursuits. It can scarcely result in less 
 than an increased demand on your part and on that of the 
 classes you represent for suitable preparation of the youth of 
 the land to enter into your labors. 
 
 College education can never again be of one single type. 
 It must appeal to all classes and develop all manner of talents. 
 To quote a sentence from the distinguished authority on 
 American education to whom we have listened this morning; 
 President Eliot has said, that "a high school or academy with 
 a single limited progi'am, or a college with a uniform pres- 
 cribed curriculum, nixist suppress individual differencesinstead 
 of developing them, and must leave individual capacities un- 
 discovered and untrained, thus robbing the individual of 
 happiness and serviceableness, and society of the fruits it 
 might have enjoyed from the special endowments of thous- 
 ands of its members," Higher commercial education of any 
 sort must mean the utilization of much material that now goes 
 to waste to the permanent enricliment of democratic society 
 and to the increased happiness and usefulness of many indi- 
 viduals. If we see to it that higher commercial education in 
 this country is provided on a plane that will make it liberal 
 culture on a par with the liberal culture of the old-fashioned 
 college, as well as a training in the mere facilities of routine 
 business, then we shall have at the strongest centres of 
 influence broad-minded men, liberal and charitable men, 
 public-spirited men, and, most important of all, men, those 
 who are men; first, devoted to the ideals of lofty democratic 
 citizenship, and, secondly, able merchants, bankers and 
 leaders in all manner of commerce and trade. 
 
 Appendix, 
 
 Description of a Practical Experiment in Higher 
 Commercial Education at the University of Penn- 
 sylvania, Philadelphia, U. S. A. 
 
 The Courses in Finance and Economy. 
 
 Wharton School. 
 
 The AYhai-ton School: The Wharton School of Finance and 
 Economy was founded in 1881 by Joseph Wharton, Esq., of 
 Philadelphia, to give young men a collegiate training which 
 will fit them for good citizenship and practical business life. 
 It constitutes one of the departments in the college of the 
 University of Pennsylvania, and its students, upon graduation, 
 receive the degree of Bachelor of Science in Economics. The 
 tuition fee is one hundred and fifty ($150) dollars per annum. 
 
 The founder of the school expressed the desire thnt it 
 should offer facilities for obtaining: 
 
 (1) "An adequate education in the principles underlying 
 successful civil government." 
 
 (2) "A training suitable for those who intend to engage 
 in business and to undertake the management of property." 
 
 Scope of Instruction: It is in accordance with these ideals 
 that the curriculum of the school has been arranged. Its 
 groundwork lies in the study of politics and economics. 
 Aroimd this basis have been grouped history, logic, languages, 
 commerce, banking, journalism, and kindred topics. The 
 growth in recent years of the political and social sciences, and 
 
144 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 of history has fumislied a store of knowledge which forms an 
 appropriate basis for collegiate instruction — a fact which has 
 found expression in the increased attention now given to these 
 topics in our educational institutions. 
 
 To give young men, through the study of the social sciences, 
 the intcllect:ual discipline of a college education, is not the 
 whole purpose, however, of the course in finance and econ- 
 omy. The couree aims to make its graduates broad-minded 
 and practical men of affairs, furnished not only with a general 
 knowledge of the complex problems of modern life, but equip- 
 ped also in some measure for various practical careei-s. Its 
 studies and methods are designed to be of value to young men 
 who intend to go into business, whether banking, commerce, 
 transportation, or manufacturing; and to those who look for- 
 ward to journalism, to the study of law, to the civil or con- 
 sular service, to teaching, or to work in connection with 
 organized charities. 
 
 Curriculum: An outline of the cumculum of the Whartnn 
 School will be found following. A detailed description of 
 the course there mentioned will be mailed to any address 
 upon request. In their development in the class and lecture 
 rooms many questions of public interest are discussed, such, 
 for example, as the following: 
 
 Money and currency (including coinage laws, greenbacks 
 and the "endless chain," national banking system, bank note 
 issTies based on assets, free coinage of silver, monometallism, 
 etc.); tariff (including a survey of the tariff history of the 
 United States, regarded as a special phase of its industrial 
 history; an examination of the arguments advanced for pro- 
 tection and for free trade; and an analysis of the causes which 
 have lessened the importance of the tariff question as a na- 
 tional issue); labor (including trades-unions, strikes, lockouts, 
 wages); taxation (single tax, corporation taxes, excise, laud, 
 income, inheritance, property taxes); civil service (organiza- 
 tion of public service in Nation, State and city, civil service 
 examinations, removal from office, pensions): electoral laws 
 (ballot reform, corrupt practices laws, gerrymandering, quali- 
 fications of voters); municipal government (organization of 
 cities, regulation and ownership of public works, gas, water, 
 street cars, constitution of legislative bodies, power of the 
 executive); railroads (economic and social aspects, competi- 
 tion, combination, public regulation, relation to waterways); 
 criminal classes (prison, reformatory schools, convict labor, 
 penal reforms); charities (support of the poor, indoor and out- 
 door relief, hospitals. State aid); education (relation of the 
 State to primary, secondary and higher education). 
 
 Business Educaition: The conditions of success in business 
 have greatly changed during the last fifty years. Markets 
 have widened, competition has increased, and the scale of 
 operations has been enlarged. These changes have raised the 
 .standard of intelligence for success in the business world, and 
 education has become as necessary to the man of affairs as 
 for a lawyer, clergyman or ]ihysician. It must be both broad 
 and special in character, not only producing intelligent, well- 
 poised men, but also acquainting them with the laws and 
 forces of the business world. Economics, economic history, 
 the geography and dcvelo)7inent of conimeree, business law, 
 banking and iransporlalioii are all inipmiant components of 
 such an education. 
 
 The civic and political res])onsil)ilities of the business man 
 were never greater than they are to-day. lie has l)ecome an 
 important factor in public affairs. Many of the questions 
 at issue concern him mo-st closely, and his opinions have 
 weight. It is a familiar fact that the complexion of legisla- 
 tures and of Congress is steadily changing, voters manifesting 
 an increased inclination to select their lawniakci-s from among 
 men of affairs. An adequate education for l)usiness life must 
 recognize these new responsibilities of business men. It mu.st 
 include a thorough study of the principles of government, 
 
 of the Constitution of the United States, of social and legal 
 institutions, and of the political and con.stitutional history 
 of his own and other countries. Such an education, Iji-oad 
 and generous in its scope, yet special and practical in its appli- 
 cation, the Wharton School is designed to give. 
 
 Banking: The magnitude of modern business undertak- 
 ings, and the intimate financial relationship established by 
 the cable and telegi-aph between all parts of the earth, as well 
 as the relation of banking to great issues of national politics, 
 have made a wide intellectual horizon essentia] to a banker's 
 safety and prosperity. The theoi^ and histoi-y of money, 
 credit, and banking, lianknotes as issued in the United States, 
 Canada, England, France and Germany, the experience of 
 State banks prior to 1860, the economic and financial causes 
 affecting the rate of interest, the nature and history of panics, 
 stock exchange operations, investments, the mechanism of 
 foreign and domestic exchange, the international movements 
 of gold, commercial law — all these topics, which are promi- 
 nent in the Wharton School curriculum, are indispensable to 
 any adequate preparation for the business of banking. 
 
 Railway Service: Those now in the railway service, and 
 those intending to enter it, will find the Wliarton School 
 courses directly related to their vocation. The course on 
 transportation deals with the theory and history of railway 
 transportation, with the relation of railways to one another, 
 to other transportation agencies, to the public and to the gov- 
 ernment. C'ourses in physical, economic and commercial geo- 
 graphy aim to give the student a thorough knowledge of the 
 resources, industries and conunerce of the United States. 
 These courses, together with the study of accounting, busi- 
 ness law, business practice, and the nature and organization 
 of corporations, will give a young man special fitness for work 
 in the railway service. 
 
 Commerce: The growth of our industries and the recent 
 territorial expansion of our coimtry have greatly emphasized 
 the importance of geographical and commercial studies. In 
 many lines of industry special efforts are being made to de- 
 velop trade in foreign countries, and there is a demand for 
 young men who possess a knowledge of the industrial condi- 
 tions existing in the LTnited States and in other countries, 
 who are informed regarding the commercial needs of foreign 
 countries, and who have studied the methods by which those 
 needs can be met and our commerce developed. The Wharton 
 School curriculum, particularly in its courses in physical and 
 commercial geography, the hii'tory of commerce, and commer- 
 cial law, meets the educational requirements of young men 
 intending to engage in commercial pursuits. 
 
 Journalism: The 'ducational needs of the journalist are 
 probably broader an. I more varied than those of any other 
 intellectual worker. No information is worthless to him. 
 The more he knows of the sciences, of medicine, of law, of 
 business?, of history, of religion, of politics, of literature, the 
 1 letter his equijmient for elficient work upon a news]iaper. 
 Manifestly no college course can in four years fully round out 
 a young man's preparation for journalism. It does not follow, 
 however, that one kind of education is as good for the jour- 
 nalist as another. The particular subjects he can least afford 
 to neglect arc the great and common interests of the people, 
 for it is chiefly upon topics connected with these that he must 
 write. In matters which concern the ])eo])le as a . whole — 
 which affect national and social welfare — 'the journalist needs 
 the training and knowledge of a specialist. lie must know 
 well the history of his own country, must understand its con- 
 stitution, must have clear ideas about the origin and purpose 
 of its political, legal and social institutions, must be pre- 
 pared to discuss intelligently all topics that concern the com- 
 mercial and industrial welfare of the people; must be familiar 
 with the principles and recent platforms of ]iolitical parties: 
 he should, in short, know more than most educated men about 
 

 (.()\'r:I^N 
 
 NliNT l)l:LI:(i/AI r 
 
 :-S, 
 
 
 CAPT. J. CORDEIRO da GRACA, 
 
 NICANOR BOLET PERAZA, 
 
 
 FEDERICO A. BEELEN, 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 
 
 Honduras. 
 
 
 Chile. 
 
 CHOW TSZ CHI, 
 
 
 
 YUNG KWAI, 
 
 
 D. N. HARPER, 
 
 China. 
 
 
 
 China. 
 
 
 Ecuador. 
 
 G. D. WAET20LDT, 
 
 
 
 S. UCHIDA, 
 
 
 ALFRED J. OSTHEIMER, 
 
 Germany. 
 
 
 
 Japan. 
 
 
 Japan. 
 
EIGHTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 20, 1899 
 
 145 
 
 the important issues upon which public opinion divides. 
 
 In the Wharton School, a special effort is made to give a 
 young man wishing to take up newspaper work the kind of 
 training and education that will be most helpful to him. A 
 course in journalism was established in 1893. It aims not 
 only to give the student an extensive and thorough train- 
 ing in history, politics and economics, but also to make him 
 ready and accurate in the application of his knowledge to the 
 discussion of current problems. He studies the law of libel 
 and the history and art of newspaper making; and in addition 
 to work in English composition and literature, is required 
 throughout the course to practise writing upon topics of live 
 interest. The purpose of the course is not to turn out ready- 
 made editors, but to make intelligent beginners. 
 
 Preparation for Law. — The need of thorough preliminary 
 training for the study of law is more and more widely recog- 
 nized by our law schools, which are pressing for a collegiate 
 education as a requisite for admission to their courses. 
 Among the studies which fit men for legal study, economics 
 and polities have a prominent place. They are particularly 
 valuable to those who look upon the practice of law as a 
 stepping-stone to public life. 
 
 Public Service: A slow but steady progress in the devel- 
 opment of our civil service is assuring more permanent tenure 
 of office, and thus increasing the attractiveness of this career. 
 The public service of other nations is recruited from a highly- 
 trained element of the population. The constantly rising 
 standard of requirements in our system will create an in- 
 creased demand for men with special preparation. 
 
 With the extension of our commercial relations, the stand- 
 ard of qualifications for consuls and commercial agents has 
 been steadily rising. The business community has awakened 
 to the fact that the possibility of opening new markets de- 
 pends largely upon the efficiency of this branch of the public 
 service. In those regions in which our commercial expansion 
 is likely to be most marked, responsibilities of an exceptional 
 nature rest upon our consuls. A knowledge of the principles 
 of international law, and of the rules of intercourse in inter- 
 national relations is absolutely essential to efficiency in public 
 service at home and aliroad. Courses in such subjects, com- 
 bined with work in modern languages, commerce and bank- 
 ing, will be in the nature of direct preparation for such a 
 career. 
 
 Sociology: The opportunities for specially trained men 
 for careers in connection with large philantlu-opic societies, 
 charity organization societies, social settlements, and reform 
 organizations are increasing rapidly. The courses in the 
 Wharton School aim to prepare for such careers by offering 
 training in the foundation theories of such work and in its 
 historical development. 
 
 An-angement of Studies: The course of study for regular 
 students who receive the bachelor's degree covers four years. 
 Part of the work of the senior year is elective, so that a stu- 
 dent may give special attention to subjects bearing directly 
 upon his future work. 
 
 Special Coui-ses: In addition to the regular four-year 
 course, two special courses have been established — a two-year 
 course, including the studies of junior and senior year, and a 
 tliree-year course, including the studies of sophomore, junior 
 and senior years. Students completing these courses receive 
 a certificate of efficiency. 
 
 Students who, for good reasons, can take neither a regular 
 nor a special course, may be admitted to a partial course, if 
 they give satisfactoi7 evidence of fitness for the studies which 
 they wish to inirsue. 
 
 Outline of Studies: An outline of the curriculum is given 
 below. In this statement, the number is given by the year, 
 though some of the one-hour courses are arranged in actual 
 instruction as two hours for half a year, and some of the two- 
 
 hour courses as four hours for the half year. Students taking 
 journalism are allowed to omit certain other subjects. 
 
 Methods of Instruction: The plan of instruction embraces 
 recitaitions, lectures and the preparation of papers. The en- 
 deavor is made to train the students to think independently 
 on the topics that fonn the subjects of instruction. An earn- 
 est effort is made to exclude all dogmatism in political or 
 economic teaching, to present fairly all aspect of disputed 
 questions, and to put the students in a position to form in- 
 telligently their own opinions. To heighten the interest of 
 students in present political and economical problems, lectures 
 are given at intervals by men prominent in public life. 
 
 Original research by the students, under the direction of the 
 professors, is a pari; of the work of the school. The results 
 of some of this investigation have been published as follows: 
 
 "The Eecent Development of American Industries," by the 
 Class of '91, pp. 111. 
 
 "The City Government of Philadelphia," by the Class of 
 '93, pp. 278. 
 
 Feeshman Yeah. 
 
 Hours. 
 
 English Composition 2 
 
 English Language 1 
 
 German 3 
 
 Mathematics, or 2 
 
 Chemistry 4 
 
 Roman History 2 
 
 Accounting 3 
 
 Physical and Economical Geography 2 
 
 Constitutional Law 2 
 
 Journalism 1 
 
 Sophomore Year. 
 
 Hours. 
 
 English Literature 2 
 
 German 3 
 
 European History 3 
 
 Practical Finance and Foreign Exchange 2 
 
 Business Law 1 
 
 Theory and Geography of Commerce 2 
 
 Political Economy 2 
 
 Legislative Procedure 1 
 
 Journalism 2 
 
 Public Speaking (Optional) 1 
 
 Junior Year. 
 
 Logic and Ethics 2 
 
 p]nglish Literature 2 
 
 Economics 2 
 
 Sociology 2 
 
 Modem Legislative Problems 2 
 
 American History 2 
 
 English Constitutional History 2 
 
 Elementary Common Law 2 
 
 Roman Law 2 
 
 Banking 2 
 
 Statistics 2 
 
 Journalism 2 
 
 Charities and Correction 1 
 
 Race Traits and Distribution 1 
 
 Senior Year. 
 
 European History 2 
 
 Finance 2 
 
 Public Administration 2 
 
 English Civilization .• 2 
 
 Social Reformers ^ 
 
146 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 American History 2 
 
 Monetaiy History 2 
 
 'ri-fuisportation 2 
 
 t'ommerce and Commercial Relations 2 
 
 I'rinciples of Government 1 
 
 JIunicipal Government 1 
 
 International Law 2 
 
 English Legal Institutions 2 
 
 Court Decisions on the Federal Constitution 2 
 
 Journalism 2 
 
 Mr. Seth Low: 
 
 1 will now call upon a gentleman who is a delegate from 
 South Australia to discuss this question. 
 
 Hon. Dr. Jolni A. Cod-burn: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen — I came here this 
 morning to be a listener only, and I have listened with a great 
 deal of pleasure and profit to the most excellent addresses, 
 until I suddenly received, a few moments ago, a mandate from 
 Dr. Wilson which immediately arrested the process of mental 
 digestion, and I feel myself called upon at short notice to say 
 a few words to you, so 1 am at a loss somewhat in what way to 
 express the thoughts that first arise in my mind. 
 
 Let me say though, that as one who for many years has been 
 in a position connected with education in a young country, I 
 have long recognized that the paramount need of all nations 
 is for a technical education, to give direction in national 
 affairs. Technical education for the merchant is just as neces- 
 sary as it is for the physical engineer, or any other profes- 
 sional branch. 
 
 I should like to say in this connection, that we should avoid 
 the danger of lieginning the specialties too early. First of 
 all a certain amount of general education must he given to 
 making, as Dr. Lindsay suggested, the man, just as the potter 
 has to temper the clay to a certain degree, no matter what 
 shape the vessel may take when the clay has heen placed on 
 the wheel. 1 think Dr. Eliot has warned you, in globing 
 words, against this danger, so that there is no fear that any 
 one who has had the honor of listening to his remarks will 
 ever fall into tliis mistake. 
 
 Above all, let us avoid the danger of looking at commercial 
 education, as in any degree qualified to take the place of the 
 primary and secondary schools. 
 
 President Eliot has also uttered an emphatic warning 
 against the danger of reverting to the old commercial schools. 
 I have had a great deal of experience with old commercial 
 schools, in which bookkeeping and clerical work generally are 
 attended to at the time when the mind should simply be form- 
 ing, instead of receiving any technical training, and I can 
 :,speak from experience in this matter that these schools turn 
 out the most incompetent citizens any school could possibly 
 manufacture. 
 
 Between the old commercial school and the old classical 
 school, however deficient tlie latter may be on any subject, 
 it made far better men and turned them out with a much 
 better education and higher character than the old commercial 
 Bchool. 
 
 Mr. Parker said, wlial commerci' lU'cded was to have men 
 of enterprise and hustle and full of enthusiasm. I agree with 
 him. A man of action is neeik'd in commerce as in every 
 other call in life. A man of action should also have an edu- 
 cation such as will enable him to convert his thoughts rapidly 
 into action, and you have gone a great way toward imparting 
 a commercial education when that is done. 
 
 I hope this movement towards commercial edneatinn will 
 do nothing to disturb the movement in primary and secondary 
 schools, towards practical education, which has been going on 
 of late years. . , ■ 
 
 I don't know that I have anything further to say on this 
 subject. It has been a great boon to listen to the remarks of 
 one who is better qualified than any one else in the world to 
 speak on such a topic. President Eliot. I believe his words are 
 worthy of being graven on our minds. I do not think that, 
 bearing his warning in mind, we shall run much danger in 
 incurring risks which lie in this direction. I think we all 
 recognize now the fact, that in inaugurating a system of com- 
 mercial education, we are inaugurating another form of tech- 
 nical education, and that we will recognize, that in no wise 
 shall we commence specialization too early, and by that pre- 
 mature specialization destroying the preliminary mental train- 
 ing which eve:-y man should undergo before his attention is 
 directed to one particular branch. 
 
 Let me say one word in regard to modern languages. To 
 learn the grammar of the language before learning to speak 
 the language is entirely wrong, and that is not the way a 
 native learus his own language. I am bound to say that very 
 few of us who speak the English language learned it in that 
 way from the grammar. It is very interesting to know all 
 ab<iut the gi-ammar, but the way to learn a language is not 
 to study the grammar first. In saying this I may he saying 
 something contrary to the accepted theory, but it is true. 
 
 -I hope that the extension of the teaching of modern lan- 
 guages will accompany this movement of commercial educa- 
 tion, and when it does I hope that that mistake of systematic 
 grammar will not be repeated. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Seth Low: 
 
 T now have the pleasure of calling upon Dr. R. P. Falkner, 
 of the University of Pennsylvania, to discuss the subject. 
 
 Are Current Ob.jections to Higher Commercial Educa- 
 tion Well Founded. 
 
 Dr. R. P. FaJl-ner: 
 
 To the urgent appeal of a few men interested in educa- 
 tional affairs that our colleges and universities should do some- 
 thing for commercial education, the most frequent and most 
 depressing ohjection is that it cannot be done. This objec- 
 tion is heard in the mouths both of business men and edu- 
 eatoi-s. To both I am tempted to rejily that, however impos- 
 sible in their eyes, something has l)cen done and more is plan- 
 ning. 
 
 To dismiss the contention with this assertion, is to give rise 
 to the counter assertion that, while we may delude ourselves 
 into thinking that we have taken up this problem at the right 
 end, yet our pretense is a sham, our achievement a moekeiy. 
 It behooves us, therefore, to examine into the grounds on 
 wliich the ohjection rests. 
 
 The bu.siness man concedes o\ir aim to be admirable, but 
 ridicules our methods. The successful man of business is a 
 product of life, not of schools. No school can teach a young 
 man the maxims of success so that they become part of his 
 mental fibre and impel him onward to achievement. There is 
 no school for business they tell us, except that of experience. 
 They would have all follow in the path which they have trod. 
 They remind me of that self-educated and sturdy pamphleteer, 
 William Cobett, who in his advice to young men tells them 
 that the way to learn a foreign language is to read the gram- 
 mar three times, copy it ofT twice and then from memory write 
 it off again. A laborious process, but one which he practised 
 and one which he therefore commends. 
 
 The business men of this generation have, as a rule, had 
 their entire training in the school of experiencr. We cannot 
 wonder that they commend it to their sons. College men be- 
 lieve a love for .Mma IMater to be one of the first instincts of 
 a gentleman, and they must applaud when men of affairs look 
 
EIGHTH DAY'S SESSION, UCTOBEK aO, 1899 
 
 147 
 
 back with admiration, upon that grim but efficient school 
 mistress, Dame Experience, who has guided their steps. But 
 tliis natural and commendable feeling should not blind them 
 to the fact that new times bring new schools, and that those 
 which excelled in the past often fail in the present. 
 
 We must briefly examine what it is that the business man 
 has gained in the school of expeiience, before we determine 
 that it can or cannot be duplicated in the college or univer- 
 sity. Nor should it be forgotten that we are proposing to 
 substitute college work, not for the entire school of exper- 
 ience, whose session never ends, but for four years at the most 
 for the initial stages. Our program is a modest one to start 
 a man in life. 
 
 In liis business experience a man gains at once power and 
 knowledge. Power reveals itself in his ability to grasp a busi- 
 ness situation, to see opportunities for profit, to embark in en- 
 terprises at the proper moment, to control men, gaining their 
 confidence, and associating them in his purpose. These are 
 the qualities of mastery wherever it is found. And these, I 
 frankly admit, no college can guarantee to its graduates. It 
 umy make masters of arts but cannot insure that all shall be- 
 come masters of men. 
 
 But power, unless reinforced by knowledge, is vain and im- 
 potent. What is the knowledge which supplements the skill 
 of the successful man of business? The knowledge of the 
 laws of trade, the mechanism of commerce, the conditions of 
 production and exchange of the products in which he is in- 
 terested. To give a detailed statement of what the business 
 man must know to insure success would be presumptuous, 
 but there are some things so obvious that all will agree that 
 they form a part of his necessary equipment. 
 
 First, he must know the legal principles which govern the 
 common business transactions. He must know what con- 
 stitutes a contract, and what makes a sale binding, he must, 
 if in partnership, have no misunderstanding of his own rights 
 and duties and those of his associates. If interested in cor- 
 porate activities, he must know the limits of powers which law 
 confers on officers and directors. He should freely under- 
 stand the ins and outs of the legal forms used in ordinary 
 business transactions and the rights and obligations which 
 ensue from them. 
 
 Secondly, if he is engaged in foreign trade, the business 
 man miist know the functions and duties of consuls. He must 
 know how far these commercial agents can protect and aid 
 him in the transactions of his affairs. 
 
 Thirdly, he must know the money market and its practices. 
 He must be intimately familiar wth the functions of banks 
 and be able to enlist their aid. He must know how to gauge 
 the money market, must be alert to the symptoms of strin- 
 gency and be ready to meet it. He should understand the 
 functions of foreign exchange, the meaning of gold ship- 
 ments, and how they rea.ct upon business. All this involves 
 a knowledge of accounts, an understanding of commercial 
 statements, which are the barometer of business affairs. 
 
 In the fourth place he must understand the industrial or- 
 ganization of the countiT. The histoi-y of the past is the 
 key to the present. He should know the industrial organi- 
 zation of the different parts of the country, know where he 
 can look for markets, and seethe opportunities for developing 
 business relations. 
 
 Fifthly, and in intimate connection with the foregoing, he 
 should know the resources of his country. He should be 
 familiar with the relative advantages of one section or an- 
 other for this or that enterprise. He should be able to fore- 
 cast the severity of competition in new sections. If engaged 
 in the foreign trade, his knowledge must be even wider, for it 
 must embrace many countries. 
 
 These are a few things which the business man must know. 
 It is our simple contention that through iugitruotion in polit- 
 
 ical economy and its applications, in industrial history, in 
 monetary practice and financial history, in the theory and 
 geography of commerce, in accounting and kindred topics, 
 they can be taught in our colleges and universities. We 
 claim indeed that some of us are already teaching them. We 
 do not pretend to finish a business man's education, but to 
 begin it. We hold that we can give him in four yeai-s' teach- 
 ing a better equipment than he would gain in the same period 
 in actual business experience. 
 
 In offering the college as a substitute for the school of ex- 
 perience, we further contend that the latter is not what it 
 used to be. At one time it offered a real apprenticeship to 
 the young man, with supervision and instruction by the em- 
 ])loyer. With the growth of lai-ge enterprises, this personal 
 relation, for better or worse, has passed away. The young 
 man must be his own teacher far more than ever before. He 
 k'arns what he can pick up in a haphazard way. Doubtless 
 he learns it well, perhaps better than he could learn it in 
 college, but he runs the danger of learning very little. 
 
 The business man's contention thart, colleges and univer- 
 sities can do nothing for education, we believe to be overborne 
 not only by experience, but by argument. We are doing 
 sometliing, and as far as it goes we are doing it well, with a 
 distinct purpose and by adequate methods. 
 
 But a like objection, that it cannot be done, is heard not 
 infrequently from the mouths of educational authorities. 
 They tell us, and it appears self-e\adent, that they cannot 
 obtain the teachers, that men capable of teaching business 
 affairs, will be actually engaged in business, earning incomes 
 with which the college treasury cannot compete. But it is 
 an error to suppose that the alternative lies between success- 
 ful business men who are unattainable and unsuccessful men 
 who are not wanted. We want, first of all, teachers. Expe- 
 rience has shown that great lawyers do not make a great law 
 school, nor great physicians a great medical school. A great 
 school is made by great teachers, and these are by no means 
 men who could earn large incomes in the competitive strug- 
 gle of the outside world. The successful man of business 
 may know nothing of teaching what he knows. Practical ac- 
 countants make poor teachers of bookkeeping. 
 
 The difficulty of obtaining a suitable teaching force is not 
 peculiar to this type of education, nor is it insuperable here. 
 It is less to-day than it was fifteen years ago. The men who 
 teach are not necessarily the men who do. There is a type 
 of mind which perceives without acting, just as there is one 
 which acts without perceiving. In earlier days this type was 
 represented in business matters by the financial editors of the 
 daily press, the editors of trade and commercial journals, the 
 secretaries of commercial bodies. To-day it is represented 
 further by an ever-growing flood of young men who leave our 
 colleges and universities trained in the principles of economic 
 thought, but capable of mastering the mechanism of economfc' 
 processes. Men can be found to-day, and will be found iii 
 the future, in even greater numbers, capable of giving the 
 instruction which an intelligent, enlightened and progressive 
 higher commercial education demands. 
 
 Side by side with tJie objection that colleges can do noth- 
 ing directly for the business man, goes the objection that they 
 ought not to do anything in this direct fashion. This ob- 
 jection comes from the college authorities who are prone to 
 claim that they are already doing for the business man some- 
 thing better than commercial studies could do. They tell us 
 that they are making not business men, but men in the 
 broadest sense, nolile types of manhood: that character is far 
 l)eyond intellectual attainment, while general education and 
 mental maturity are of greater value than specific knowledge. 
 This is a large question and I can only Cfill attention to two 
 considerations. 
 
 In the first place, we should be the last to UJi<leresti(uate 
 
148 
 
 TROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 the importance of either character or mental training. These 
 are the i^nb-structure of all enduring success. But is it not 
 a dubious assumption that there is only one way — the old way 
 — of building up character and strengthening mental power? 
 Must it not appear strange that men strengthen character 
 and g-ain mental power through the sitress and strain of com- 
 mercial ijursuit.s, and that the knowledge which they acquire 
 possesses no talisman to produce kindred results when it be- 
 comes a part of college instruction? 
 
 In the second place, I am met wntli the objection that tlie 
 function of the college is not to train men for any special 
 place in life, but to fit them for leadership anywhere. To this 
 I would answer that the purpose of the college must respond 
 to the needs and capacities of its students. The age of grad- 
 uation has so much advanced in the last half century that we 
 are dealing with prolilems other than those which confronted 
 our predecessors. Advance this age as it has been done, and 
 the need of a definite relation to the future life work becomes 
 more and more pressing. Men of twenty-two are not con- 
 tent to begin life where boys of nineteen were wont to do in 
 former years. Fnwittingly, and under the plea of giving a 
 preparation for life in its broadest sense, our colleges have for 
 a long time been giving an education which, whatever its gen- 
 eral excellences, has been in a special sense a preparation for 
 professional studies. The objections to higher commercial 
 education, which I have reviewed, seem to be the most serious 
 which have been brought forward. I trust I have succeeded 
 in demonstrating that they rest upon a misapprehension of 
 the purposes and methods of commercial studies and are not 
 tenable. 
 
 My conclusion would be that the colleges and universities 
 can do something for commercial education, and that they 
 ought to do it. If, as President Harper contends, the uni- 
 versities of the country are the symbols of its democracy, 
 they cannot hold aloof from the most potent forces of our 
 modern democracies, their commercial and economic inter- 
 ests. To do so is suicidal. It relegates them to a secondary 
 place. For the better or for worse, the rising star on our social 
 horizon is the business man, and I hold that I do honor to 
 the Sage of Concord when I earnestly commend to our col- 
 leges and universities not to neglect that star when they are 
 hitching up their wagons. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Seih Low: 
 
 I believe that Dr. Wilson has some announcement to make, 
 and I believe there is an invitation to a reception in Houston 
 Hall. 
 
 Dr. S. M. Lindsay: 
 
 I would hke to remind the delegates to this Congress that 
 they have been invited by the University of Pennsylvania to 
 a luncheon tluit will lie served in Houston Hall. It is the 
 large l)lue stone building on Spruce street, between Thirty- 
 fourth and 'i'hirty-sixtb. ^'ou are invited to that place after 
 the adjourninent — Houston Hall. 
 
 Director W. I'. Wilson: 
 
 I would like to read a notice to wliicli I call the attention 
 of foreign delegates and others. 
 
 Tha President of the United States sends his coiupliments 
 to the delegates of the International Commercial Congress 
 and invites their presence at a rece])tion to he given l>y him 
 in their honor at three o'clock on Saturday afternoon, at the 
 White House, aT\d through the courtesy of the lialliniore and 
 Ohio Ikilroad Company, a special train has been provided to 
 convey delegates to Washington to attend the reception. The 
 train will leave the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad station at 
 Twenty-fourth and Chestnut streets, at 8.50 a. m., Saturday 
 morning. 
 
 The ladies accompanying the delegates are included in the 
 invitation, and it is earnestly requested that all delegates who 
 can possibly do so will attend. A special train will leave 
 Washington at 4.30 p. m., arriving here at 7.30 p. m. Dur- 
 ing our stay in Washington it will be possible to visit the 
 public library, the Capitol and several other interesting places 
 to which arrangements have been made for us to go. This 
 includes the foreign delegates and their ladies in attendance, 
 and the delegates from the United States Chambers of Com- 
 merce. Our session this afternoon wiU open just a trifle later, 
 at three o'clock sharp. 
 
 Mr. Seth Lotv: 
 
 The session is now closed. 
 
 Philadelphia, October 30, 1899. 
 
 Afternoon Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order at 3.25 p. m., by Dr. W. 
 P. Wilson. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 Will the gentlemen come forward? Will the gentlemen 
 in the rear and others who cannot hear come forward a little? 
 You will be able to hear much better. 
 
 Will the gentlemen who are to speak this afternoon kindly 
 come on the platform? There are several present here. 
 
 Is Mr. J. M. Keith, of Costa Rica, here? (No response.) 
 
 Is Mr. Eutis? (No response.) 
 
 Now, Captain da Graga, will you kindly come on the 
 platfoiin? (Captain da Graga steps forward on the plat- 
 form.) 
 
 We have for discussion this afternoon parcels post. I re- 
 gret to say that we have been informed that the Hon. Charles 
 Emory Smith, Postmaster-General, who had intended to lead 
 this subject and preside this afternoon, is unable to be here. 
 The suljject is one of unusual interest to commerce, and one 
 which claims thorough study, a subject which should natur- 
 ally receive the attention of every majiufaoturer. 
 
 I am going to call first upon Mr. Milton Jackson, president 
 and treasurer of the Miller Lock Company, a large manufac- 
 turing concern of this city. (Ajiplause. 
 
 Mr. Milton Jackson : 
 
 However men differ in opinion upon subsidies and tariffs, 
 there are some propositions upon which all agree. To what- 
 ever country we belong, we do not object to receiving free 
 samples of the products of any other nation on earth accom- 
 panied by descri]ition and price quotation. We all prefer to 
 [)urchase only of what our eyes have beheld. Confidence 
 must be felt liefore we can consent to make an investment. 
 
 The merchant or producer, who cannot present a sample 
 of the goods offered, is at a great disadvantage in competi- 
 tion with his competitor who has samples on exhibition aiul 
 who carries them to his prospective market. 
 
 Ilngland, through her colonial ju-ogress, has already her 
 mercantile agents in almost every market. The world's great 
 markets have been placed at her command. Her fleets cover 
 the seas. Her commercial travelers cover the earth. Her 
 bankers and capitalists see to il that London is made the 
 cleai-ing house for all nations and that every nation pays its 
 tolls and tithes to the British pocket. 
 
 To facilitate this immense traffic, the luiglish have devised 
 what is called tlic pan-els post. As a department of the Brit- 
 ish mail, it was created simply to aid Rnglish domestic and 
 colonial trade. 
 
 Witliout attempting to st«itc with historic accuracy the 
 
EIGHTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 20, 1899 
 
 149 
 
 order of this development, it is plain that at a small cost to 
 the national treasury, British merchants were enabled by this 
 simplest of devices to keep easily in touch with their friends 
 in the colonies and with those in all countries consenting to 
 a parcels post convention with Great Britain. 
 
 How important this is to the British merchant, the vast 
 value of articles ajnply attests. 
 
 In 1898, the people of Great Britain exported, by parcels 
 post, goods to enormous value, millions of pounds. 
 
 Her exports by parcels post were to a very large propor- 
 tion of the world market, — the chief exceptions being the 
 United States, Brazil and Russia.* 
 
 That the German merchant was not slow to copy this 
 British device of trade is well known. 
 
 The mercantile policy of Germany as to foreign trade, since 
 the unification, has been astute. Her agents and her sons 
 are in every land, availing themselves of every opening, train- 
 ing for every fray. In a protected market, she opened free 
 ports. In foreign lands, her merchants and bankers have 
 established branches, and to enable her to compete to the last 
 degi-ee with the British, she negotiated her parcels post treat- 
 ies, so that her samples can go at but trifling expense from 
 the producer to the foreign distributor or consumer. Where 
 the British trader fails the German gets in. He is a most 
 aggressive competitor. 
 
 Germany has parcels post conventions with: 
 
 All Europe, save a few towns in Turkey and in Greece. 
 
 In Asia, the same as England. 
 
 In Africa, every civil State and all the English, German 
 and Belgian dependencies. 
 
 In America, with Argentina, Bolivia (cities). Canada, 
 United States, Mexico, Peru, Salvador, Brazil, Chile, Guiana, 
 Guatemala, Uruguay, Colombia, Nicaragua, Honduras, Para- 
 guay, Venezuela (cities), etc. 
 
 It is therefore evident that the manufacturers and mer- 
 chants of these United States must be permitted to expoi-t 
 by parcels post if they are to compete on fair terms with the 
 gi'eat exporting nations of Europe, with the great pioneers 
 of modern trade. 
 
 Commerce is made up of trade in two important classes of 
 products, — staple goods and specialties. What may be staple 
 in one market may be a rare specialty in another. 
 
 Wliile staples form the greater volume, specialties educate 
 those who receive them. Specialties are the product of the 
 latest thought. Specialties sell at the greatest per cent, profit. 
 It is for the producer of specialties we speak, and not less for 
 the consumer of them. This is a reciprocal matter. 
 
 And again, we speak for the products of the small manu- 
 facturer. In these United States we have thousands of these, 
 none of whom can individually afford to bear the expense of 
 sending capable salesmen to the ends of the earth. Thou- 
 sands of products and tens of thousands of producers desire 
 to reach your markets. Thousands of your merchants de- 
 sire these for their tens of thousands of customers. 
 
 The Philadelphia Commercial Museum is able to present 
 to every American merchant or producer of goods suited to 
 a given market, the address of every well accredited mer- 
 chant therein. And likewise this Museum has on file 
 similar information available to you through its correspond- 
 dents abroad, that would enable your great merchants and 
 your producers of specialties to procure the name of every 
 reliable American dealer in goods of a given class. 
 
 Other agencies are prepared to supply the same information. 
 
 *Great Britain has parcels post conventions with .^ustro-Hung.iry in Europe 
 France (and French dependencies , Germany (and German dependencies), Turkey 
 Eoumania, Switzerland, Belsium, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, Norway, Spain, Holland 
 Denmark, Bulgaria. Practically all of Europe save Russia and Greece. 
 
 In Asia, with Turkey, Persia, Siam, Japan, Chinese Ports, Dutch East Indies, etc. 
 
 In Africa, with Egypt, Morocco, Zanzibar, Liberia, etc. 
 
 In America, with Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Coata Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Peru, 
 Salvador, Uruguay, etc. 
 
 It is not proposed that everybody should trade with every- 
 body. Not so by any manner of means. Trade will find 
 its legitimate channels. It will run where it can run deepest. 
 But advertising is a matter not far ajjart from trade and not 
 to be separated from it. 
 
 All specialties must be advertised, must be sampled by the 
 purchaser before he will buy, and the producer must bear 
 the expense of introducing his specialty and of rendering it 
 a staple in the market. 
 
 We claim that the simplest and most effective foreign ad- 
 vertisement is by sample, and that by parcels post these may 
 often be most easily distributed. 
 
 By this means, remote nations may discover mutual inter- 
 est in the products of the other, and friendly and more inti- 
 mate relations would naturally follow. 
 
 Send from Brazil, to a hundred selected names taken from 
 the Blue Book of Philadelphia, one hundred samples of some 
 extra delicious coffee, duly labelled, and a demand for that 
 brand of coffee would instantly create orders for stocks of it 
 for our leading grocers. These orders would follow the usual 
 course of trade. No disturbance of business relations would 
 ensue. 
 
 The matter of import, or of export duty may be refen'ed to 
 the oversiglit of the consular service, and can be easily adjusted 
 in each individual case according to the law of the country 
 interested. 
 
 The parcels post is not new to the people of these United 
 States. As a domestic institution it is quite familiar. With 
 us it is a beneficent provision. It matters not whether our 
 citizen resides in a remote mountain region, or upon the vast 
 plains of the central West, or yet upon the shores by the 
 sea. Moimtains and rivers alike are quickly passed and in 
 point of rations and supplies, whether for body or mind, we 
 are made one people. 
 
 Has not the time arrived when this blessing should be- 
 come international? When our people should be pei-mitted 
 to extend their acquaintance to the peoples of everv friendly 
 nation abroad? And unll not the citizens of almost every 
 friendly nation gladly reciprocate? Intelligence has spread 
 over the earth. Vast populations of remote nations now 
 watch the daily progress of each other. The Australasian 
 Continent is now closer in point of time than was Europe 
 before the cables were laid, and every American article of 
 necessity, luxury or convenience is appreciated to-day by mil- 
 lions who gave us hardly a passing thought not fifty years ago. 
 
 The success or the failure of this movement for interna- 
 tional parcels post conventions rests largely upon you who 
 are our distinguished guests. Will you rheet us part way? 
 
 Let us Join in a proposal. Let this Congress declare for 
 a universal parcels post — as universal as the Latin Postal 
 Union! What nation wishes to abrogate the Postal Union 
 and cut off its intimacy with the world? By your presence 
 and participation here you can accomplish what a decade 
 would fail to produce had you remained at home. 
 
 Let us unite the forces here represented; let us request the 
 authorities of our respective governments to take these ele- 
 mentary steps towards a generous intercourse. 
 
 It has taken the development of centuries to bring us up 
 to our present friendship. Centuries to bring about such a 
 Congress as this. 
 
 As for the people of these United States, now that they 
 are about to develop a colonial policy — now that Americans 
 have discovered in themselves the spirit of colonization. — 
 now that they have in part learned that we may not safely 
 depend upon our home markets to keep the wheels of ouV 
 industries moving and our laborers well paid, — shall we not 
 accept the lessons and examples set by England and by Ger- 
 many, and copied (as to parcels post) within the limits of our 
 own coimtry? 
 
i.-,o 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Ours is an era of great awakening. JSIever before was 
 there sikJi stir among the peoples. Tlie machinery of the 
 modern world has startled the nations. Jove has proclaimed 
 iis at Santiago and .Manila, gaining for us a mighty prestige. 
 Shall we not step forward and embrace the opportunity? 
 
 Never were conditions so generally favorable to Intman 
 progress. It is safe to predict that this International Con- 
 gress will be a forerunner of friendly trade, of reciprocal 
 conventions, of international banks, of American lines of 
 ships, of inter-oeeanic canals and of greater social and com- 
 mercial inteniational friendships. Let us adopt every facil- 
 ity, remove every unjust barrier, and cement our friendship 
 by treaties that shall bind our common interests and enable 
 the people of the nation most remote from these Unit-ed 
 States to share with us and we with them in all gifts that can 
 be transported, that make for Innnan comfort and the pro- 
 gress of the race. (Applause.) 
 
 Director IF. P. Wilson: 
 
 I have the pleasure of introducing ne.xt in this discussion 
 Captain da Graca, the government delegate from Brazil. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 I'dpl. J. Ciirdi'ini da Graga: 
 
 Mr. t'hairman, Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen: What 
 we just heai'd from the gentleman who preceded me was suffi- 
 cient, so that I have to add very little. They touch upon 
 a point that is of great interest to your country and to ours. 
 One of the gentlemen spoke about samples of cofl'ee which 
 we send to this country, not by the hundreds, but by the 
 thousands. It is very difficult to send from our country to 
 yours samples not only of coffee, but of fibres and other pro- 
 ducts which we export. 
 
 The lack of communication — that is my Cheval de Bataille 
 (Battle Horse), as the French say, — is a serious obstacle in 
 the way of our producers in general. Our country has 
 alwayts been represented at every Congress, and especially at 
 this Congress where postal matters are discussed; and the 
 Brazilian Government would receive with great pleasiu'e and 
 satisfaction any suggestions or proposals for the establish- 
 ment of a parcels post agreement. 
 
 Moreover, this should be preceded by better facilities for 
 communication. If you, Mr. Chairman, do not object, I will 
 read in the presence of this assembly an article which was 
 )nibli.slied years ago by one of the leading newspapers of this 
 city: and what was published then is now the principal ques- 
 tion of the day. It is an article published by the Philadelphia 
 PuUic Ledger of August 13, 1897, just after this gi-eat insiti- 
 tion, which is known all over world, and is called the Phila- 
 delphia Co'ramercial Museum, had been founded, at the time 
 of the Pan-American Congress. This is an article which will 
 prove of great interest to all Americans. 
 
 '{''his article is signed by a gentleman very well known in 
 the United States, and I made his acquaintance while in 
 Washington. The initials are J. M. C. — Major John M. 
 Carson. 
 
 "There is food foi- thought in a recent despatch from Lon- 
 don in reference to the energy and activity being manifested 
 by the Bureau of American I!e])ublics in the matter of bring- 
 ing to the attention of .\nicrican manufacturers opjiortunities 
 for trade development in South and Central America. Ac- 
 cording to the despatch in question, voluminous reports con- 
 cerning the operations of the American Bureau have been 
 received in London from the British Ambassador at Wasii- 
 ingion, and as a result, the London Board of Trade has ap- 
 pointed a special committee on the development of foreign 
 trade, of which Sir (Courtney Boyle is the chairman. The 
 
 committe*; is instructed to consider and advise as to the best 
 means of bringing to the knowledge of the home trades the 
 information furnished by consuls and commercial attaches 
 and other represeirtatives of the government througliout 
 South America as to the supply and demand and other con- 
 ditions of the market in their respective districts, and as to 
 the opportunities which they afford for the introduction and 
 development of British trade. Also to report whether it is, 
 in their opinion, desirable that consuls and agents should be 
 instructed to remit home, from time to time, samples of goods 
 most in demand in such market.?, and, if they should be of 
 that opinion, to advise what arrangements .should be made 
 for the exhibition of such samples in London, or for their 
 circulation with the aid of Chambers of Commerce through 
 the provincial trade centres with information as to price and 
 other conditions under which they are supplied. 
 
 "The London Board of Trade. 
 
 "Commenting on this action of the London Board of Trade, 
 Mr. Smith, Chief of the Bureau of American Republics, said: 
 *l^ic London Board of Trade is the most powerful agency 
 of the English Government for the promotion of its foreign 
 commercial affairs, and. unlike this modest bureau, em- 
 bfiices several important departments of the British Govern- 
 ment.' 
 
 "Its annual appropriations in the line in which this bureau 
 is engaged appear to be somewhere in the neighborhood of 
 $325,000, while those of this bureau for the current year for 
 all purposes only amount to $33,000. However, we seem 
 to be occupying their attention somew-hat, and I feel bound 
 to say that if the business men of the United States will give 
 the Ijureau of American Republics the support and active 
 co-ojieration which they seem everywhere disposed to give, 
 it we will make a great difference in our trade in the countries 
 to the south of us, and ultimately secure the prestige and 
 supremacy there which we ought now to enjoy. The nations 
 of Europe are selling annually to Mexico. Central and South 
 America and the West Indies from $100,000,000 to $150,000,- 
 000 worth of goods, the gTcat bulk of which ought to be sold 
 to those countries by the United States. We have hitherto 
 largely neglected this great natural market, and apparently 
 taken to these countries only such of our surplus manufac- 
 tured ])roducts as we could find a market for nowhere else. 
 In the past year or two, however, we have begun to manufac- 
 ture goods in great volume, especially adapted to the Central 
 and South American countries, and have already demon- 
 strated that we can meet our European competitors upon the 
 unfavorable conditions at present existing, and, on anything 
 like equal terms, meet them and beat them in these neutral 
 markets of the world. 
 
 "The Communion of Interests. 
 
 "The communion of interest between the American States 
 is great and striking, and must be apparent to all. The 
 Soufh and Central American Republics are fashioned like 
 unto the United States, and there can be no clashing of 
 interests between us. For many years they are not likely 
 to be manufacturing countries, but will be mainly devoted 
 to agriculture, foresting and mining. They will naturally 
 exchange their gold, silver, lumber, dye stuffs, sugar, coffee, 
 iropical fruits, guano and other sources of wealth for the 
 manufactures and productions of the United Statets. Tlierc 
 is no good reason why we ought not to sell them the major 
 porlion of the flour, cured meats, clothing, cottons, woolens, 
 agricultural imi)lements, milling machinen', steam engines, 
 lioilors, locomotives and the tiumeroiis other articles of iron 
 and wooden machinery which we make, but which as yet they 
 
EIGHTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 20, 1899 
 
 151 
 
 do not inamifacture in sufficient quanitities to provide for 
 their own necessities. Every maker must have a taker, and 
 surely there is no field so rich in results for the future to the 
 laborers and the manufacturers of the United States as those 
 vast and undeveloped, but immensely rich countries to the 
 south of us. If this great Yankee nation shall devote but a 
 small part of its immense energies to the development of a 
 trade at once advantageous to North and South America as it 
 has devoted to the internal development of the United States, 
 we will soon enjoy an ascendency in the trade which they 
 offer us on terms fair and advantageous to all countries in- 
 terested.'' 
 
 Now, two words to this point. We are, in Brazil, produ- 
 cers of raw material. In business they say there is no senti- 
 ment, only self-interest. But if we are producers of raw 
 material and look to your country to supply us with manu- 
 factured goods, it is because there is a great deal of sympathy 
 in our countrj' for yours. You obtain business from us and 
 we receive none from you, which is not a })roof of frie'ndship 
 and no fault of ours. 
 
 My mission here as official representative of my govern- 
 ment is to cement closer the friendly relations between the 
 two countries. We want your manufactured products, and 
 we buy them with pleasure, but you must also do something 
 to give us better facilities for communication. You can do 
 so easily, because you build so many ships, and, moreover, 
 the establishment of communication is a matter of self-in- 
 terest and not of sentiment. If we export to the United 
 States our raw materials, and import from you your manu- 
 factured goods represented by samples, it brings you into 
 competition with other manufacturers; Europe will bid for 
 our products and will offer us her goods, .so we will have to 
 buy them where they are the cheapest; and as they are cheaper 
 here, we would like to buy them in this country, if you 
 would take our products in exchange and have tire proper 
 shipping facilities. 
 
 Apart from our friendship, which we offer you, we also 
 have our interests in mind. It is for us to show that we, in 
 Brazil, are not indifferent to this great institution, the Phila- 
 delphia Commercial Museum, whose representative attended 
 the opening of the Commercial Museum at Rio de Janeiro— 
 a branch of the Philadelphia Museum, and our desire for 
 closer relations is so great that my government is passing a 
 bill in our Congress which I hope may be received favorably, 
 that the goods you wish to send for our permanent exposi- 
 tion will be entered free of duty in our country. I cannot 
 add more to this, because the facts will speak for me. Now, 
 to continue Major Carson's article: 
 
 "Events Tending to Our Favor. 
 
 "Events seem to be tending in our favor toward a great 
 gain in this Southern trade. Improved and continuous 
 water commimicafion may be classed as the first essential of 
 commerce, as speedy navigation is the second and safe tran- 
 sit the third. In a modern commercial view, necks of land 
 such as the Isthmus of Panama were created but to be cut 
 through, that fleets of steamers may be rushed the quicker 
 to and forth, and the nations thus put in command of mar- 
 kets are growing rich. We have a good example of the great 
 advantage of such a canal as oug'ht to be constructed across 
 the Isthmus of Panama in the wonderful Suez Canal, which 
 has given C4reat Britain such a commanding advantage in 
 the trade of India, The need of such a canal as the pro- 
 posed Nicaragua route has been recognized from time im- 
 memorial, and the further rapid development of our Pacific 
 Coasit commerce is of itself a sufficient inducement to our 
 manufacturers and traders to complete this great natural 
 waterwav. 
 
 "Progeess Made. 
 
 "Independent of the canal, sensible progress has been made 
 in creating important agencies for stimulating and directing 
 the export trade on the present inadequate lines of transpor- 
 tation, such for example as the National Association of 
 Manufacturers, the Philadelphia Museum and the export 
 associations of Ne\v York and other cities, but it is too soon 
 as yet to reap large results from their efforts. The fact that 
 manufacturers now constitute a notable feature of our export 
 trade, is, therefore, of some significance and it becomes even 
 more impressive when we consider that the United States is, 
 with the exception of the Hawaiian Islands, at present with- 
 out any treaty arrangement which secures to it the advan- 
 tages other countries enjoy in trade with each other. It 
 would seem clear that, with a thorough organization and 
 equipment of the industries and trade bodies of the United 
 States for the purpose of extending ouriselves abroad, and 
 with the conclusion of commercial agreements, wisely 
 guarded to permit of the introduction of certain classes of 
 foreign goods without injury to our domestic manufacturers, 
 the gain would be wonderfully exhilirating, and to the im- 
 mense advantage of all the leading lines of our establis:hed 
 industries, with incidental benefits to our producers of raw 
 materials. 
 
 "Tributary to Us Geographically. 
 
 "The opportunities afforded to the coimtries south of us 
 naturally first present themselves in the work of foreign 
 trade expansion. These countries are, geographically, tribu- 
 tary to us. Their political forms are modeled upon those 
 of the United States. They look to this country more than 
 to any other for support and protection. They are anxious 
 to trade with us on terms of mutual advantage. The whole 
 of the West Indies may be said to be dependent on the 
 United States, not only for the sale of its products, but also 
 for the supply of the necessaries of life. Our trade with 
 the Antilles follows the natural law, and only artificial obsta- 
 cles can check its development. The same may be said of 
 Mexico and Central America. The countries of South Amer- 
 ica are more independent. Their commercial relations with 
 Europe are a matter of habit, and time will be required to 
 counteract the adverse influences now existing. 
 
 "The First Steps. 
 
 "But the first great steps to our closer intercourse with 
 them as with the rest of the Latin-American Repiiblics, are 
 better means of transportation, better methods of banking, 
 a better system of commercial ratings, so that longer credits 
 may be safely extended, and a safer and more satisfactory 
 business intercourse established. These are great questions, 
 and may properly occupy the attention of another American 
 International Conference in 1900. The Bureau of American 
 Republics, established by the lasif conference, will continue 
 its work with all the vigor its resources admit, upon the line 
 that no true reciprocity in trade can be secured without a 
 reciprocity of information, so that the manufacf:urers and 
 merchants of North and South America shall become thor- 
 oughly acquainted with one another, and gradually adjust 
 themselves to the close relations of equitable and amicable 
 business. The British Board of Trade is certain to do all it 
 can to exclude us from this and from other markets, yet the 
 advantages we enjoy are so great and so easily increased 
 that it will be our fault if we do not gain very rapidly in the 
 fields from w-hich they have so long practically excluded us." 
 
 A few words more. Brazil, since it became a republic, did 
 not enjoy very much the sympathies of the world, even, I 
 
152 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 may say, of this republic until a few years ago. I will 
 explain" till' reason why we became a republic, and every one, 
 I am sure, will then do us justice. 
 
 When, on November 15, 1889, we proclaimed a republic 
 in Brazil, our emperor — I never say ex-emperor — the late 
 Emperor l)om Pedro, was very ill. He was not capable of 
 governing us; he knew nothing of what was going on. The 
 government was disintegrating the army and navy, officers 
 were banished from the country on the strength of anony- 
 mous letters received so that they never returned or were 
 able to see their families. You will excuse me, but as the 
 representative of the Brazilian Government I shall endeavor 
 to explain our position. On November 15, 1889, we knew 
 that the emperor would abdicate in favor of his daughter, 
 who had married a Frenchman. But it is not safe to be 
 governed by a foreigner, and we would not submit to the 
 government of Elizabeth, his daughter, because no matter 
 how able a man her French husband might be, we could not 
 accept a foreigner's rule, just as you citizens of the ITnited 
 States would not allow a foreigner to be President even if he 
 could be elected to the office. 
 
 We knew that on December 2, 1897, Dom Pedro would 
 abdicate, and the battalion of the Rio de Janeiro garrison 
 was sent away aljout that time, and after that another bat- 
 talion was sent to the far off boundary. We protested against 
 it. We said no more battalions or ships shall be shifted 
 from Rio de Janeiro. On November 15th, when General 
 Deodoro went to the chief of the government, he was not 
 received by Dom Pedro, but we could not recede from our 
 demands. We are now a republic, as you very well know. 
 Our government is modeled after yours, and if we are a 
 republic it is because we have served the interests of our 
 people instead of the interests of a single man. This is the 
 reason why our government is being transformed, and it is 
 certainly worthy of the sympathy of the world. We receive 
 every one that comes to our shores with the same great hos- 
 pitality, and give him the same liberty that we wish to find 
 in other countries and therefore we have a claim to the sym- 
 pathy of the world. (Applause.) 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 I ^have the pleasure of introducing to you Mr. Jacques 
 Schuk, of Budapest, Himgaij, who will also present a paper. 
 
 Mr. Jacques Schuk: 
 
 Mr. Chainuan, Ladies and Gentlemen: Being the delegate 
 of one of the most important Chambers of Commerce of 
 Hungary, that of Nagyvarad, I would like, as all the other 
 delegates have done, to give you some idea of my country, 
 but, knowing 'that one of my fellow delegates — and a more 
 c-apable speaker than I am — ^will do this, I will only give 
 you my ideas about the question which is now before us. 
 
 When T accepted the invitation of the Museum to speak 
 on this subject, in spite of my lack of knowledge of the 
 English language, I did so only because I felt sure that you 
 would take into consideration t^he fact that it is very difficult 
 for a Hungarian, who has never been a politician, but only 
 ft merchant, to make a speech in a foreign language, and 
 especially in English, which we have so rarely an opportunity 
 to use; for I regret to say that our commercial I'elations 
 with England, as well as with the United States, are not as 
 yet extensive. 
 
 When I came here, I eami.^ — like Tny fellow-delegates — with 
 the intention and with the desire of increasing the business 
 relations between my country and the United States. Con- 
 trary to the other delegates who have already spoken, T do 
 not intend to hold a lecture about my own countrj', nor to give 
 you such interesting descriptions of the political, geographi- 
 
 cal and commercial situations of Hungary, as some of the 
 most prominent delegates, such as Hon. Reeves, have already 
 given you of their countries. There is no doubt that the 
 publication of the data collected from the papers which have 
 already been read, will prove the most valuable hand-book 
 of commercial geography which has ever been produced in 
 our commercial circles. 
 
 I adopted another way to fulfill my task. In order to 
 show American manufacturers the great importance of our 
 markets, in order to acquaint them' with the customs of our 
 country, and with the progress we have made, I came six 
 weeks before the Congress began, and have endeavored to 
 establish direct connections between American manufactur- 
 ers and our importing houses. In the meantime, I have not 
 declined to buy at once articles which I deemed saleable in 
 our country, and I think that I can say that my endeavors 
 Iiave been successful, and that hundreds of manufacturers 
 with whom I have come into contact, or with whom I have 
 corresponded, now have a correct impression of our country. 
 1 hope that my efforts in this behalf will prove as beneficial 
 to you and the extension of your trade as to ourselves, and 
 that it will induce my fellow delegates to do the same. 
 
 Speaking of the question of parcels post, I can only view 
 it from my own .standpoint and from the experience I have 
 had in my own business, which is pi'obably the only practi- 
 cal way. I think it is a fair comparison to state that the 
 shipping of goods by the parcels post is to the .shipping of 
 goods by common freight as the telegTaph and telephone are 
 to communication through letters. In former years every- 
 body was satisfied to communicate and transact business 
 through letters, now there is no important transaction which 
 does not require a telegraph message or the use of the 'phone. 
 So it is with the shipment of goods by common freight and 
 shipping by the parcels post. In this way, the goods can 
 be forwarded more rapidly; there is no necessity of going 
 through the minor details which cause so much delay, and 
 the consignee receives the goods without further annoyance. 
 Moreover, the parcel is small and does not require the pack- 
 ing which goods sent in the ordinary way by rail would 
 need. No bills of lading are necessary, detention in the cus- 
 tom house is avoided; in short, this is the greatest time- 
 saving device for sending goods. If business is to be done, 
 samples are required, and we cannot wait the length of time 
 that these would take to reach their destination if for- 
 warded by common freight. The parcel thus acts as a mis- 
 sionary in a foreign country, and is the peacemaker of for- 
 eign trade. 
 
 If we leave the parcels post to the management of private 
 individuals or com])anies, its most important object will not 
 be attained. That is, if this method of transportation is left 
 to five, ten or even more firms, their business would not 
 require them to send a carload of parcels each day, but they 
 must wait one. two and sometimes four weeks before they 
 would have suflicient parcels to make it profitable for them 
 to send them to their destination. On the other hand, if 
 the parcels post is put into the hands of the po.stoffice, and 
 the parcels from the whole universe were sent by this means, 
 carloads would be shipped each day and the delivery of goods 
 would be as expeditious as the delivery of letters. 
 
 There is no doubt that the facilities of the parcels post 
 make it one of the most important devices for increasing 
 trade. In looking over the statistics of my country, I find 
 that our exports have always increased with those countries 
 with whom we have parcels post agreements. Thus, Hun- 
 gary itself, in the year 1897, received no less than five million 
 of parcels from Austria, nearly six hundred thousand from 
 Germany, whereas the parcels which came from America did 
 not rcaih the amount of f(Uir thousand. 
 
 I have no doubt that American nuuiufacturers, as well as 
 
EIGHTH DATS SESSION, OCTOBER 20, 1899 
 
 153 
 
 the Government of the United States, realize the great im- 
 jjortance of this question, and there is no doubt that the 
 agreement with Germany in regard to this has been tlie out- 
 come of this need. If I now claim that the same i^rivileges 
 which you have given Germany in this agreement, are not 
 only due to my own country, Hungary, but also to the mon- 
 archy of Austria-Hungary and all the other comitries of 
 Europe, it is not because we are jealous of our German 
 competitors. I think that the generous and broad-minded 
 American people should not give to one country, and that 
 country which is their greatest competitor, the facilities of 
 the parcels post. If this partiality is shown, there is no doubt 
 that all the surrounding countries of Central Europe will 
 use the German postoffice for forwarding all their parcels 
 not only to the Ignited States, but also for sending parcels 
 frona the United States to all the different countries of 
 Europe. In other words, Germany will be the centre of, 
 and control the trade of all Europe. I feel confident that 
 this will l)e as injurious to your own trade as to ours, and 
 that the only way to profit by the great advantages offered 
 by the facilities of the parcels post, is to give the same facili- 
 ties to all the other countries in the world. (Applause.) 
 
 Director If. P. Wilson: 
 
 I will call upon Mr. A. A. Rutis, of Brazil, delegate from 
 Sao Paulo. (Not present.) Mr. Rutis is not here at the 
 present moment. 
 
 I will call, therefore, upon Mr. Virchand R. Gandhi, dele- 
 gate from India to the International Commercial Congress, 
 Philadel2)hia. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Virchand B. Gandhi: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: This afternoon I 
 intend to speak on two important subjects; one is the parcels 
 post and the other is commercial education in America. 
 Both of these subjects are of more importance to your manu- 
 facturers than to my people in India. In the first place, the 
 prime object of this Commercial Congress is the extension of 
 American export trade. Now, there are two great factors in 
 a nation of foreign commerce which must be attended to if 
 the manufacturers of the country wish to succeed. The 
 fiLrst is, that they themselves must have a competent knowl- 
 edge of the methods of business, of the conditions and re- 
 quirements in the countries with which they wish to deal. 
 I find -in this country that the manufacturers are educated; 
 they have a knowledge of mechanics and various other sci- 
 ences. They also have a knowledge of arithmetic, algebra 
 a,nd other mathematical sciences, but so far as commercial 
 geography is concerned, so far as the economics of trade are 
 concerned, so far as tlie requirements and conditions of trade 
 in foreign countries are concerned, I find a wonderful ignor- 
 ance. A manufacturer in this country would talk to me 
 about his article for a half hour; would give a beautiful 
 description as to how it is made and how it would sell in 
 India. But ultimately, I would tell him that he is utterly 
 ignorant of the conditions of trade in my country. It just 
 reminds me of a judge in England before whom a lawyer 
 cited many authorities, especially in the form of statutes and 
 acts, and he took two hours in doing that. Ultimately the 
 judge said: "My good friend, those statutes and acts were 
 repealed twenty years ago." 
 
 Now that is just the case with many of your manufactur- 
 ers. I know it would he most polite or politic to speak to you 
 only of the most pleasant and agreeable things, but we know 
 we .are all here for the purpose of establishing better relations 
 between the different civilized countries of the world, and 
 therefore we must actually face the problems that are before 
 u.s — the two problems of commercial education and parcels 
 
 post are the most important. Unless your manufacturers, 
 your merchants, your agents, your shippers know something 
 about commerce in general, about the commerce of the 
 world, the conditions and requirements of foreign countries, 
 you cannot extend your export trade. We must all admit 
 that a commercial education cannot be thoroughly given in 
 a school — ^in an ordinary school — nor can it be thoroughly 
 given in a college or university. So far as commerce is con- 
 cerned, you learn it simply by being engaged in it, but then 
 there are certain scientific aspects of commerce that must be 
 studied and known by all who wish to take part in inter- 
 national commerce. You must understand how the wealth 
 of a country, say, for instance, India — how the wealth of 
 India passes from that country into England, or how the 
 trade balance of India is equalized by the trade balances of 
 other countries. You must study all those things; you must 
 also know sometliing about finance and then about the eco- 
 nomic uses of the various products of the countries of the 
 world. You must also know something about the chemistry 
 of the various products, and finally you must know some- 
 thing about the currencies of the various countries. The very 
 fact that all your price lists sent to foreign countries — ex- 
 cept to South America — are sent with quotations in the cur- 
 rency of the United States, and the terms "f . o. b. New York,' 
 show that the manufacturers or the agents here have no 
 knowledge of the countries from which we come. Those price 
 lists are of no use in our country. They are simply a waste 
 of money and energy and time on your part. I laiow that 
 time is of value to you, although it is not of so much value 
 in my country. Still we do not like that your time and energy 
 should be wasted away at that rate. 
 
 So far as commercial education is concerned I will say one 
 word in conclusion, and that is, that you have in this country 
 a wonderful institution that is willing to give you this educa- 
 tion. Of course, in the young age, we may be able to attend 
 schools and colleges and learn everything there; in the ad- 
 vanced age it is impossible — but here you have the Phila- 
 delphia Commercial Museum (applause), which is willing and 
 ready to give you all the information you want, information 
 about the character of India. If you want any information 
 concerning the condition of trade, or trade in dry goods in 
 Sicily, they are willing to give you that information, and 
 the}' take much trouble in getting that information for you. 
 I only wish that all the trade organizations, the commercial 
 organizations, and organizations of manufacturers would 
 largely take advantage of this opportunity which is offered 
 to them. 
 
 Now, I have come to the other point, and that is the parcels 
 post — commercial education with reference to the personal 
 capabilities and capacities of the manufacturers, merchants 
 and agents. The parcels post is an instrument that facilitates 
 the extension of export trade. Now, for instance, when I 
 am in this country I may like to send a few watches to India. 
 I know that some of my friends would like them, and I 
 would like to send them, but your post office is not willing 
 to send them. The only way for me to do is simply to go to 
 England and buy those things there, and, of course, as I can- 
 not go there and get them as cheaply as I could biiy them here, 
 I have to go without my watches, and so with many other 
 articles. 
 
 It is, therefore, entirely to your interest to present this 
 matter to the Congress of the United States, and extend the 
 system of the parcels post to all the countries that are within 
 the postal union. I do not see any reason, I do not under- 
 stand why this parcels post has not been extended, and the 
 only reason that I can think of is simply this, that some of 
 your express companies or steamship agents or the owners 
 might not be willing to create a demand for them, or that 
 they may be jealous of the fact of their trade, and that busi- 
 
154 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 ni'ss would be rlimiiiis^hed. i>ut, if their trade and activities 
 would be diminished, I am quite sure that the advantages 
 would ho returned in favor of the people (applause); all the 
 money that the post office would get would be used by the 
 ^rovernment, and to that extent your taxes would be lower. 
 Tliereforc, it would be wisdom on the part of the govern- 
 ment, on the part of the people, on the part of the manu- 
 facturers, to urge this matter in the House of Representatives 
 and Senate, and I am quite sure that if the parcels post is 
 extended tn all the countries of the world, trade in many 
 lines will I>e opened. I was just thinking only a few days 
 ago — I had an inquiry from India — as to whether cotton and 
 wheat could be exported to India. One of my customers was 
 willing to export to India large quantities of cotton. I found 
 that I could not send to India five pounds of cotton liy parcels 
 post. Well, what shall 1 do? I shall have to go to Liver- 
 |i )ol and send the cotton from that place. If 1 could send 
 cotton from here, you can see my friend in India would be 
 able to say whether he would like it or not. and whether it 
 was suitable or not for his cotton mill. But then there would 
 br diniculties in my way which cannot be surmounted. I 
 can only send it through an express agent, through a steam- 
 ship line that will charge a very high rate, in fact, these 
 difficulties are an obstacle in the way of the American ex- 
 port trade, and the sooner you remove them the better it is for 
 y.iur interests. (Applause.) 
 
 Dirertor W. P. Wilsfm: 
 
 I take great pleasure in introducing Mr. H. Rotherham, 
 delegate from Melbourne, Australia, who will now address you. 
 
 Afr. H. Rntherhnm: 
 
 I do not know why I have been selected to speak on this 
 subject, unless it is because I have suffered from the lack of 
 propel and efficient postal exchange between this country and 
 Australia, in regard to the transmission of samples and small 
 packages. 
 
 It has always been a matter of great surprise to me that a 
 country so enterprising, so progressive and aggressive as the 
 United States undoubtedly is, should allow the present state 
 of postal exchange in this regard, between the Australian 
 Colonies and this country, to remain in operation. 
 
 T believe that one of the noblest and greatest objects of 
 this Congress is to remove, or endeavor to do so, any and every 
 restriction which hampers trade; the one great idea being to 
 make it easy rather than difficult for the quick and safe 
 metliod of commercial exchange and transit of goods between 
 this country and foreign markets, — to break down all barriers 
 which place an embargo on commercial relationship. 
 
 One can scarcely believe, that in this progressive age, the 
 liovernment of the ITnited States has not adopted a parcels 
 post system with the Australian Colonies. To show you what 
 ibis want of quick parcels connection means, to the business 
 man on the other side, let me give you an instance. 
 
 Some few months ago, I had occasion to forward a few small 
 samples of a certain manufactured prodiict, weighing a few 
 pounds, to the Fnited States, and I had the pleasure of pay- 
 ing no less a sum than $8.50 freight for their transmission, he- 
 sides the cost of making out bill of lading and other docu- 
 ments. Now I could have sent the same parcel to anv city 
 in England for $1.00. 
 
 The limit of weight of any sample that can be transmitted 
 between Australia and the ITnited States is 10 oz. Wliile be- 
 tween those Colonies and almost any other country a parcel 
 3 feet G inches in length and 6 feet in girth and length com- 
 bined. witli a weight of 11 pounds, can be forwarded at a very 
 low rntc. The charges for the carnage of parcels from Aus- 
 trnlin to England are as follows: 1 shilling for the first pound. 
 
 and <i pence for every additional pound. The maximum 
 weight allowed by the government is 11 pounds for one parcel. 
 
 I sincerely trust that a recommendation will go forth from 
 this Congress to the Government, asking it to seriously con- 
 si. Kr tills matter, and bring into ojjeration the great benefits 
 irt commerce, which arc possible under a liberal parcels post 
 system. It is to me, sir, an outrage on the commercial com- 
 munity of this great country that such conditions as these 
 should be allowed to exist. 
 
 This is a mo.st important, matter for the manufacturers of 
 this country, who arc cultivating export business. America 
 cannot afford to remain in this isolated position. It is an in- 
 jury to commerce, and an insult to the progressive manufac- 
 turers who have, and are, upholding the commercial interests 
 of this gi'eat Republic, or foreign markets. I ask, gentlemen, 
 that you take this matter up with vigor, let not political 
 movements impede your progress, but go right on, leading 
 rather than slowly follow'ing in the wake of other nations. 
 
 I am told that the cost of the transmission of parcels from 
 the seaboard would l>e too costly to make the undertaicing a 
 paying one — that the labor and necessary machinery would 
 be enormous. W'hy, sir, do the American people admit failure 
 before trial? Are they overcome before making the attempt? 
 Surely not. If necessary, why not charge an additional mile- 
 age rate from the seaboard to the interior. I cannot believe 
 any undertaking is too difficult or too vast for this enter- 
 prising nation to grapple with to evolve a successful issue. 
 
 Director W. F. Wilson: 
 
 I have to introduce Mr. J. M. Keith, of Costa Rica, who will 
 also speak to us on the subject of "Parcels Post." 
 
 Mr. J. M. Keith: 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen. — I was informed when I 
 arrived here this afternoon I was to hear a discussion and 
 that I was to take part in it. I take great pleasure in giving 
 my testimony to the efficiency of "parcels post" between the 
 United States and the country I represent, Costa Rica. We 
 have had a parcels post arrangement w'ith the United States 
 for about five or six years. Part of that time, we were forced 
 to send out packages by means of the International Express 
 Company, which charged us anywhere from tw'o dollars to 
 five dollars for the most insignificant packages. At the pres- 
 ent time, we can send a package weighing five kilos into the 
 United States from Costa Rica and vice versa. This is of 
 great advantage to our merchants, who avail themselves of 
 the parcels post in bringing novelties in, and a thousand and 
 one other things which they do not care to send by the regu- 
 lar steamship routes. We also have the advantage of for- 
 eigners being able to receive their remembrances on Christ- 
 mas and on their birthdays, which is a connecting link be- 
 tween themselves and those at home. It is difficult for them 
 to secure in any other way the advantage of the parcels post. 
 This is really of great use to the foreign colony abroad. Wlien 
 the United States Government makes parcels post treaties 
 throughout South America, by which the United States is 
 really helping the American colony as much as by any other 
 provisions of treaty, they will prove to be an enduring link 
 between Americans abroad and friends at home. 
 
 We have also in Costa Rica great facilities for clearing 
 goods through the custom house when they come by jiarcels 
 post. Such packages reach us from New York and Phila- 
 delphia in about eight days, and on their arrival are sent im- 
 mediately to the interior, being cleared at the custom house by 
 a special officer detailed for that purpose. Therefore, in nine 
 days, at the utmost, we are able to receive our packages, 
 which, if they came to us by any other means, would not reach 
 us for a fortniijht or three weeks. 
 
MGHTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 20, 1899 
 
 155 
 
 While speaking on this subjeci;, I wish to call your atten- 
 tion to another tiling we have in Costa Eica, which is an 
 example of the liberality of our government, and that is the 
 practice of sending newspapers and literary matter free 
 through the mails. In this matter, I think Costa Rica has 
 excelled every other country, both in liberality of treatment 
 and accommodation to foreigners. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 I have now the pleasure of calling upon R. N. Fairbanks, 
 to make some remarks on this question. 
 
 Mr. B. N. Fairhanhs: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: It will be rather 
 difficult to add to the very excellent paper that was first read, 
 and the remarks that have been made since, but I will be 
 very glad to give a little cumulative evidence, gathered from 
 residents of foreign countries, as to the necessity of a United 
 States parcels post system. 
 
 It would be absurd if, while other government's were giving 
 us a postal service, this country should still be clinging lo 
 tlie old method of sending letters by freight and express. The 
 United btates has the same rule as otlier countries with re- 
 gard to all other foreign matters, except as to newspapers 
 alone. We are pursuing m that respect the method of ii89, 
 instead of the methods m use at the close of the nineteenth 
 century. 1 am able to say, from my own personal experience 
 with tne matter of parcels post, that it greatly handicaps the 
 American merchant abroad. 
 
 1 have from lime to time sat at the desk of the merchant 
 in Aubtraha, J\ew Zealand and India, and uniformly, there 
 would come to him hrst the letters, tnen by succeeding mes- 
 senger, tiu'ough parcels post, the samples, packages and adver- 
 tising matter, wiuch are sent, following tne letters. To illus- 
 trate: borne things woiUd come from Uermauy and some from 
 the United States, but m those from the latter country, there 
 would be no method; while those from Germany would closely 
 follow the letters regai'diug the same. Articles are not sent in 
 that way from the Umted fcJtates, they come by a separate 
 service altogether, and sometimes they are lost; this happens 
 in many cases, and they do not reach the merchant for whose 
 beneht they are sent. 
 
 If any member of this Congress has not traveled widely 
 and extensively and used the parcels post, he cannot conceive 
 of the beneht of an arrangement of this kind as the means of 
 sending samples by the mails. Parcels post is used for the 
 transportation of actual merchandise; still its use as such is 
 not so important. But 1 have noticed its use as a matter of 
 great convenience, especially by the American colony, as sug- 
 gested by the delegate from Costa Rica. Th'ere is one other 
 point with regard to some statements which have been made, 
 which I desire to quite emphatically deny, and that is, that 
 there is any great difficulty in the collection of duties under 
 the customs tariff. I have found that the matter seems to 
 be attended to by a special service, and I do not know that 
 there is any hesitation in extending the reciprocity treaty on 
 this account. 
 
 Then I can assure you a new parcels post arrangement 
 with the Republic of Mexico had not been in force a week, 
 before it was found to be of great practical value, and this 
 will be found to be the case in every country where the sys- 
 tem is adopted, and the system should be recommended by 
 this International Congress for universal adoption by this gov- 
 ernment, and the delegates, both American and foreign, 
 should put themselves emphatically on record for its speedy 
 adoption. (Applause.) 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 I would like to ask whether there are other delegates pres- 
 ent who wish to speak on this question. Mr. Rutis is here now. 
 
 Mr. A. A. Rutis (Sao Paulo, Brazil): 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: Although my 
 mission to this Congress consists only in bringing my 
 State, Sao Paulo, briehy and reliably described, to the atten- 
 tion of a large number of business people, I am very much 
 gratified to be invited by Dr. Wilson to make a few remarks 
 on the parcels post service. 
 
 For several years I have studied this question in Brazil, 
 with a view of finding a method that could be generally and 
 successfully used by the public at large, to whom the import- 
 ance of such a service is obvious. 
 
 I do not merely speak of the parcels post system for use as 
 a domestic institution, but from the standpoint of interna- 
 tional commerce as well. If the system has not developed 
 gi'eatly up to the present time, the principal reason may be 
 found in the stringent tariff laws, which hamper the service, 
 making it so difficult that in many cases it is not possible to 
 utilize it. During many years of observation in Europe, I 
 had suflicient opportunity to turn my attention to this matter, 
 and I found that there are only two countries in which the 
 service has reached a stage of perfection satisfactory to the 
 manufacturers and the public, namely, in Germany and in 
 Switzerland. In other countries the service is discouraged 
 by the proliibitive measures of certain postal statutes, and be- 
 cause of failure to collect the money on delivery. 
 
 I have come to the conclusion that the systematizing of the 
 parcels post service for international use should be carried out 
 exactly in the same manner in which the postal and tele- 
 graph service was established by the International Bureau in 
 Berne, Switzerland, for all the countries belonging to the In- 
 ternational Postal Union. If the principal countries could 
 agree on a certain plan to promote the parcels post service 
 under the laws governing the international postal service, the 
 first consequence would be that the railroads, which are now 
 obliged to cari-y the mail without government compensation, 
 would have to make new provisions for the construction of 
 extra cars to carry the parcels, on account of the new service 
 being for the public welfare. In many countries where the 
 railroads are owned by the government there would be noth- 
 ing to hinder the realization of this project, but in countries 
 where this is not the case, laws and decrees would have to be 
 enacted to insure its being carried out. 
 
 With the progress of civilization, and the underlying con- 
 stantly growing conviction of the people that private in- 
 terest must give way to the public w'eal, the parcels post ser- 
 vice stands a fair chance in the near future of developing into 
 an international service, regulated and managed with the same 
 perfection that characterizes our mail service. 
 
 Entirely different, however, is the outlook regarding the 
 handling of this service when we come to consider the trans- 
 mission of parcels across the ocean. As is well known, the 
 large steamship companies, such as the Royal Mail Line, the 
 German Lloyd, the Italian Company Florio-Rubattino, the 
 Austro-Hungarian Lloyd, etc., undertake to carry the mail 
 free of charge in consideration of the subsidy granted them 
 by the respective governments for running their lines on time 
 according to shipping schedules agreed upon. 
 
 As most of my fellow delegates, as well as the audience, 
 are surely familiar with the manner in which the trans- 
 Atlantic mail is handled on shipboard, I shall not attempt a 
 description of it. No matter how large the mail may be it is 
 invariably transmitted to the steamers with comparative facil- 
 ity, but the conditions would change if a large and extensive 
 parcels post service were to be accommodated at the same 
 time. It is hardly imaginable that the present acconunoda- 
 
156 
 
 peoceedinttS of the inteknational commercial congress 
 
 Hons afforded by the trans-Atlantic mail steamers would be 
 sufficient to meet the requirements of a thorough system of 
 parcels post; on the contrary, it would probably develop to 
 sucli au c.xlent that additional space on shipboard wouJd be 
 necessary. 
 
 Now, in order to realize the project in a practical way, 
 it is my opinion that the parcels post service must be placed 
 on the same basis as the existing International Postal Union, 
 and be made binding between all the nations, which by virtue 
 of the Union, are already bonded together. The details of 
 the management and the terms could, of course, be arranged 
 between the governments and the steamship owners, and as 
 the subsidies arc granted by the governments, they would 
 constantly have a weapon against the steamship companies for 
 exacting favorable terras of transmission. 
 
 For example, the space occupied by parcels coiild be paid 
 for on the basis of so many cubic yards or metres, or by 
 weight, and the freight rate for parcels on each vessel could 
 be about one-half the rate of other freight abroad. A cer- 
 tain amount of free space could, of course, be obtained by 
 the governments, and if a beginning were once made, agree- 
 ments could be favorably renewed from time to time for the 
 benefit of the nations. 
 
 I therefore wish that my fellow-delegates on their return 
 home, as well as those who are interested in this question here, 
 would, by word and pen and deed, exert their influence toward 
 urging the various governments to adopt the idea of sub- 
 sidizing steamship companies. 
 
 As I said at the outset, I find that there is a second obstacle, 
 which, however, may be considered as only momentary, 
 namely, the extra work which a parcels post service would 
 entail in the custom house. It is clear that once properly 
 developed, the parcels service would enormously augment the 
 labors of the custom house officials since a verification of 
 every parcel woiild be necessarv'; but even if this would be 
 the case, great progress could be made by the practical appli- 
 cation of good-will on the part of the officials to the exclusion 
 of bureaucratic measures. 
 
 Each country has its own peculiar customs regulations, 
 which differ as widely as day and night, and I hardly think 
 that an agreement tending to level these differences could 
 be effected at present; or, in other words, that this service 
 could be comprised and managed by a general international 
 law. 
 
 From the standpoint that "unity brings strength," I be- 
 lieve I may suggest a method by which this obstacle, at least, 
 can be removed, relying, however, as I do on those interested 
 to persistently agitate the adoption of the parcels service be- 
 fore their respective local authorities. 
 
 To open every parcel at the custom house of the respective 
 country is absolutely impossible, as too much time would be 
 wasted, -just as it would be ludicrous to reqiiire receiving 
 clerks to read the full address on a letter, instead of merely 
 reading the place of destination, as is the rule. 
 
 The following method, however, might be conveniently 
 adopted to surmount the obvious obstacles the introduction 
 of the parcels service would have to meet. 
 
 Having fixed the various classifications of forms, weights, 
 measures, etc., by international law, every country should have 
 the power to require securily from the shipper, thnf is, those 
 firms which would avail themselves of the parcels service 
 should funiish security in confomiify with the regulations 
 l)rovided, and the security should bo proportionate to the 
 size of the shipment. 
 
 A similar system of handling freight already exists in the 
 custom houses of several countries, including the United 
 States, and it is e\idcnt that it could be carried out by the 
 postal authorities with much greater facility. Of course, I do 
 
 not pretend to enter into details, and merely confine myself to 
 outline my ideas. 
 
 The firm or person sending parcels having furnished the 
 required security, the country of the forwarder would be in a 
 position to guarantee the counti-y of destination, that the con- 
 tents of the parcels are identical vnth the list of contents 
 marked on the forwarding label of the package, so that when 
 it reaches its destination it may promptly be disposed of by 
 the customs official at sight of invoice. 
 
 Since the customs officials would be required to open par- 
 cels now and then to vei'ify the contents listed on the invoice, 
 any irregularity occurring might easily be covered by the 
 payment of the difference and a fine, since the sliipment is 
 secured. Besides, it is doubtful if respectable people would 
 ever risk their reputation by dispatching parcels, the contents 
 of which could not correspond with the invoice. 
 
 "Modus est in rehus," said the ancient Romans, and fol- 
 lowing their line of thought I should be veiy happy if these 
 incompletely expressed ideas of mine would appeal to my 
 fellow delegates and all practical people, with a view of per- 
 fecting and applying the methods for adopting the parcels 
 post system on an international scale. 
 
 Gentlemen, I thank you for your kind attention. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 I will now call upon Mr. William C. Barker, of New York 
 City, to make a few remarks on this question. 
 
 Mr. Wm. C. Barl-er: 
 
 With your permission, I -mW say what I have to say right 
 here. I did not intend to say anything on tliis subject this 
 afternoon for the reason that there are others so much bet- 
 ter posted on the subject than I am, but as the Chairman has 
 invited me, I have thought, sir, that I might say a word or 
 two, which might possibly l)e an explanation to the delegates 
 present, and throw a little light on this subject. 
 
 I have had the honor of being on scientific committees 
 with a good many national organizations which have had this 
 question of parcels post imder consideration and investigation 
 for the last three or four years. It is not a new question to 
 ask here in the United States, as it may seem to be to many 
 of you gentlemen from foreign countries. We have gone 
 into this matter further, perhaps, than you think, biit when 
 we are about to go to our government in reference to it, we 
 find there are things that have stood in the way of the parcels 
 post, which the private individual never understood, and 
 which citizens of foreign countries cannot understand. 
 
 Now, I am not here to agitate or defend any system that is 
 at present in vogiie in this country for the transportation of 
 small parcels, neither am I here to uphold or defend the 
 lethargy of the officials at Wasliington; but, gentlemen, we 
 have a condition here in this country that does not exist in 
 any other country that I know of. In all conferences which 
 I iiave attended with the post office officials at Washington, 
 in reference to this foreign parcels post system, we have been 
 confronted with this fact: that if the parcels post or package 
 ]iost came to our shores from a foreign country, then we have 
 to carry that parcel to the furthest extremity of Alaska, or 
 beyond the Rocky Mountains. Now the percentage or rule 
 that is involved in all the conventions that are in force be- 
 tweeii this country and foreign countries on parcels post, is 
 that the country of origin receives the cost of transpartation. 
 That is to say, if the parcels post originates in Germany, 
 under the present postal system, Gennany retains all the 
 revenue that is to be derived for tr;msporting that parcel, 
 and when it reaches our shores this government has got to 
 take it and forward it over the railroad throughout this 
 country. 
 
EIGHTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 20, 1899 
 
 157 
 
 Now, these are the conditions that the joint officials of the 
 postal system in foreign countries do not have to contend 
 witli. There, the lines over which these systems extend, 
 and the parcels post are limited as compared with what they 
 are here. Onr officials at Washington have been diligently 
 searching, and they have had conferences, and convention 
 after convention, with delegates from foreign countries try- 
 ing to find some equitable basis upon which this can be 
 arranged, and I am glad to say that we are making rapid pro- 
 gress. For it is not more than three weeks ago that I was 
 at Washington on this very business, and I was quite aston- 
 ished to see what was being accomplished, and what foreign 
 nations were urged to do in bringing about the adoption of a 
 universal parcels post, with this object in view that we will 
 have in time, I hope, a parcels post system that will be as 
 conunon as the postal union of to-day. 
 
 Now, Mr. President, I have simply made these remarks, 
 as I want these gentlemen to go home and feel that, as Ameri- 
 cans we would like to take hold of this, but that we have 
 conditions here to provide for, that they do not have, and 
 that we are ready to reach our hands across the ocean, and 
 across the Southern countries, and welcome anything you 
 can give, aud meet you at your own shores, and we are going 
 to do it. (Applause.) 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson : 
 
 Does any other gentleman desire to say a word on this 
 question? I have the pleasure of introducing to you Prof. 
 Carlo Betoechi, delegate from Chambers of Commerce, 
 Naples, Ban, Messina and Catania, Italy. 
 
 Prof. Carlo Betoechi: 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: I have been very much 
 pleased in hearing the remarks of the other speakers before 
 the Congress to-day, and as 1 listened to the remarks of 
 the other gentlemen I thought that it wouldn't be long 
 before the United States of America would come into this 
 line, and that it would not be many years before both the 
 systems would be in use here, but I felt almost sure that this 
 would be introduced some day or other. And the gentle- 
 man speaking before me, assured me that steps were going 
 to be taken in that direction by the authorities in Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 I want to point out to you one or two points in relation to 
 this matter. The parcels post, as you know of course, has 
 been in existence but a short time in Europe. It began only 
 in the shape of a short run, very timid and modest, say only 
 with a limit of three kilos, and this was supposed to be at 
 first more than would be wanted, and it was a surprise when 
 these three kilos were extended to ten kilos at the very low 
 price of fifty or sixty centimes, from Spain to Russia. The 
 use of the system became very extensive. For the first few 
 years it was thought that these three kilos would be a suffi- 
 cient amount. It was said the three kilos would afford all 
 the help that was wanted, .but it was soon brought up to five 
 kilos. And I am glad to saj', only a few months before my 
 leaving Italy, the Italian government had taken the initia- 
 tive for a ten kilos parcels post, and it has spread over all the 
 States of Europe. 
 
 It is used now for the purpose of introducing what we 
 call agricultural parcels post, that is to say, for the products 
 of the soil, giving the limit up to ten" kilos, which I 
 think would be about twenty-three pounds here, which is con- 
 sidered the right measure for sending the principal products 
 of the soil. This system has been extended and accepted 
 by the whole of Europe. At first they did not send over 
 
 three kilos, then it was extended to five, and now they have 
 raised it to ten kilo.?. Ten kilos is the maximum figure. The 
 agi-icultural parcels post system is extending all over Italy, 
 and will very soon extend throughout Europe. I advise the 
 United States to adopt the system. 
 
 I would say this, that if the United States should intro- 
 duce this parcels post system, they should not begin by a 
 small attempt, but should introduce it on a large scale. When 
 it was first introduced in Europe, as I have said, it was 
 three kilos, then five kilos were recognized as being suffi- 
 cient. Now it is a common rule to send five kilos by par- 
 cels post. By the ten kilos they send dry goods, fruits, 
 grapes, and especially produce which is not subject to de- 
 terioration, and can only be sent in large amounts. (Ap- 
 plause.) 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 Is there any one else who would care to say a word on this 
 question? 
 
 A Delegate: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, I have a resolution I would like to offer, 
 which can be referred to the committee, in reference to the 
 parcels post. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 I think it had better be referred to the committee. 
 
 A Delegate: 
 
 It is in reference to parcels post. 
 
 Whereas, It has been demonstrated in various foreign coun- 
 tries that the parcels post system is one that is of incalculable 
 advantage to the respective countries. 
 
 Whereas, By means of the parcels post, a far more direct 
 and eff'ective means of introducing samples of commerce can 
 be established in the countries of the world. 
 
 Whereas, This International Commercial Congress is pri- 
 marily for the purpose of suggesting such matters as will 
 tend to further the mutual commercial interests of the United 
 States and foreign countries, therefore be it 
 
 Resolved, That we, the International Commercial Congress, 
 do recommend that the Congress of the United States be re- 
 quested to establish such a system. 
 
 Referred to the standing Committee on Resolutions. 
 
 Mr. Creasy John Whellams: 
 
 Mr. Chairman: Before we adjourn, I have a motion to put 
 before the Congress. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 The motion is on the invitation to Washington. 
 
 Mr. Creasy John Whellams: 
 
 Mr. Chairman: Yesterday there was a question put as to 
 who was to be the spokesman for the delegation which has 
 been invited to visit the Hon. WilUam McKinley, at Wash- 
 ington, to-morrow. It is the wish of the delegates that 
 this motion should be put. and that Dr. W. P. Wilson, the 
 Director of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, be the 
 spokesman at the reception given by Hon. William McKinley, 
 to-morrow. I think I can say for all the delegates that I 
 do not tliink there is any one better able, or better fitted 
 than our Director, Dr. W. P. Wilson, to speak on that 
 occa,sdon. 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Capl. J. Cordeiro da Graca (official delegate of the Brazilian 
 Government, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil): 
 
 Mr. Chairman: 1 have listened mth a good deal of atten- 
 tion to what has been said, and I can say that it is the desire 
 of all the foreign delegates that Director W. P. Wilson shall 
 be the spokesman of the Congress. 
 
 You know that there are differences in regard to the people 
 of South America as to communication with foreign coun- 
 tries. They have not the same facilities of commtinieating 
 with the British people or other nations. Therefore, I should 
 like to say, speaking on behalf of the nations represented (for 
 1 know the foreign delegates would not be jealous of each 
 other), that they all desire that Director W. P. Wilson be the 
 spokesman of the (Congress, and we are sure that what he says 
 will be sufficient. (Applause.) 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 Of course, I have not in the slightest degree outlined what 
 the proceedings will be on the part of the delegates who will 
 make the visit, and who will attend the President's reception 
 to-morrow. If it is the desire of the Congress that I should 
 make known to the President the purposes for which the dele- 
 gates to this Congress have come together, I will do it to the 
 best of my ability. 
 
 I think it is perhaps time to close our session, and I have 
 one or two notices which I should like to give. I want to 
 repeat again, so that you will all understand, as there may 
 be some delegates here who did not hear the former announce- 
 ment, that I shall deem it a great favor to have you, as pre- 
 viously notified, go to Mr. Gntekunst, at No. 712 Arch street, 
 and have your photographs taken. I wish them to be placed 
 in a frame in the large room in the Philadelphia Commercial 
 Museum. I believe that this Congress fifty years later, when 
 written up, will have a history that will be appreciated, and 
 
 that important results mil grow from it, such as cannot be 
 surmised. What is entered on the record will, I believe, show 
 the beginning of many a reform in commerce and in interna- 
 tional relations. 
 
 Mr. Fred. F. Smith: 
 
 May I ask whether any report has been made before this 
 Congress by any committee as to the taking of a photo- 
 graph of the whole assembly with one of these buildings as 
 a background — taking a group, which I think is much better 
 than taking separate photographs? This could be preserved 
 as a souvenir. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 We would be very glad if Mr. Smith should take that 
 matter in charge and see that it is done. 
 
 1 wish that you would not forget the special train to-mor- 
 row morning for the President's reception, which will leave at 
 8.50 from the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad depot. 
 
 I do not wish you to forget, and you will kindly notify 
 your associates, that on Monday evening there will be a 
 social business meeting between the delegates to the Congress, 
 and the business men of the Exposition, in this room and the 
 next room. It will be like the meeting we had a week ago last 
 Monday. 
 
 I have asked the foreign delegates to give a little account 
 of themselves in writing, to be placed on record in the Phila- 
 delphia Commercial Museum. I shall feel personally obliged 
 to you, therefore, if you will give me a brief statement of your 
 lives and business. 
 
 We will now consider ourselves adjourned. 
 
 (Adjourned at 5.20 p. m.) 
 
PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 RECEPTION OF DELEGATES BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Philadelphia, Saturday, October 21, 1899. 
 The Washington Cebemonies. 
 
 On Saturday morning, October 21, three hundred delegates 
 from the International Commercial Congress, now in session 
 in Philadelphia — representing the nations of the world — were 
 conveyed to Washington by special train over the Baltimore 
 & Ohio Railroad, for the purpose of greeting the President 
 of the United States and taking a bird's-eye view of the 
 Capital city. 
 
 The train, which was composed of five vestibuled coaches, 
 left Pliiladelphia at 9 o'clock a. m., arriving in Washington 
 ait 11.56. By ten minutes after 12 o'clock the delegates were 
 all comfortably seated in open carriages and driven to the 
 Capitol, which was reached at 12.20. Small parties were then 
 formed, each in charge of a guide, and were thus able to be- 
 come familiar with the most important points of interest in 
 the nation's capital biuldings. 
 
 It was an ideal October day and Washington was par- 
 ticularly picturesque, with the gently-rolling Virginia hills in 
 the distance and the placid Potomac in between. 
 
 From the Capitol the party walked to the Congressional 
 Library, a square away, arriving there about 1 o'clock. On 
 the steps of this building the delegates were photographed. 
 After reviewing the methods in vogue in the library' and the 
 handsomely decorated interior, the party left in carriages 
 for the Hotel Arlington, reaching there at ten minutes of 
 two. A few minutes after two a luncheon was served in the 
 banquet hall. 
 
 After tliis pleasant refreshment, the delegation again took 
 carriages and were driven directly to the t\niite House, ar- 
 riving there a few minutes before three o'clock, the appointed 
 hour for the reception by the President. All assembled in 
 the east room, at 3 o'clock the President entered. Then Di- 
 rector General W. P. Wilson, turning to the President, said ; 
 
 "It is my pleasant duty to recall the impressive occasion 
 when two years ago you honored the city of Philadelphia 
 with your presence and officially pronounced the Philadel- 
 phia Commercial Ifuseum open for the transaction of busi- 
 ness. Since that time the Philadelphia Commercial Mu- 
 seum has thoroughly organized and exteiuled its work and 
 enlarged its sphere of action from the Chambers of Com- 
 merce, Boards of Trade ajid trade organizations of the 
 United States, to the leading Chambers of Commerce of for- 
 eign nations. One of the plans looking toward this end was 
 the organization and holding of a great International Trade 
 Congress, which should have for its direct object, the thought- 
 ful consideration of the mutual interests in commerce which 
 exist Ijctween every nation and the United States. 
 
 "I leave you, Mr. President, to judge of the success of this 
 undertaking when I present here to-day 300 thoughtful dele- 
 gates who have traveled from everj' quarter of the globe to the 
 United States to bring messages of peace and good will, for 
 this is what commerce always does. 
 
 "As his Honor, the Mayor of the City of Philadelphia, and 
 the executive head of tlie Philadelphia Commercial Museum, 
 greatly regrets his inability to be with us to-day, 1 present 
 ex-Mayor Warwick, who ^v^ll represent him." 
 
 Mr. AVarwick then addressed the President, as follows: 
 
 "Mr. President: W^e regret exceedingly that his Honor, 
 the Mayor, is not with us to-day. Engagements of a public 
 nature made it impossible for him to leave Philadelphia. His 
 absence, however, gives me the pleasure and privilege of pre- 
 senting to you the delegates to the Commercial Congress. 
 
 "In many respects this Congress is the most remarkable 
 convention ever assembled in the history of the world. The 
 delegates are messengers of peace and they meet in the 
 interest of commerce, to bind the nations together in the 
 bonds of friendship and peaceful intercourse. They come 
 from the banks of the Ganges, the Tigris and the Nile, as 
 well as from the Thames, the Seine and the Danube. They 
 come from Europe, Asia, Africa, Australa.sia and from every 
 section of our beloved countrv-. And many of them come 
 from the most remote parts of the earth, and some of them 
 from States that preceded and have survived the glory of 
 Athens and Eome. The influence of this Congress will be 
 felt for ages to come. 
 
 "It gives me gi'cat pleasure, Mr. President, to present in a 
 body the members of the Commercial Congress of Phila- 
 delphia." 
 
 At the conclusion of Mr. Warwick's speech. President 
 McKinley bowed generally to the delegates and said that he 
 prefeiTed welcoming them individually to making a speech. 
 This he did. The representatives of different nations, some 
 with their wives, were then personally presented to the 
 President. He evinced much interest and had a pleasant 
 word of greeting for each one, being especially gracious to 
 the ladies. 
 
 The ceremonies were over by 3.30. The party re-entered 
 the caniages in waiting and were driven by circuitous routes 
 to the station, in order to afford an opportunity to see inter- 
 esting parts of the city. The special train left Washington 
 at 4.20, arriving at Philadelphia shortly after 7.00, making 
 the run of 135 miles in two hours and forty-seven and a half 
 minutes, including four stops, one of six minutes. 
 
 In lioth directions refreshments were served on the train. 
 
 159 
 
PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 NINTH DAY'S SESSION 
 
 Philadelphia, Monday, October 23, 1899. 
 
 Morning Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order at 11.18 a. m., in Conven- 
 tion Hall, Exposition Building, by Dir€ctor W. P. Wilson. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson : 
 
 Will those in the rear of the room kindly come forward? 
 
 I have the honor to introduce as our presiding officer this 
 morning, the Hon. Henry H. Bingham, member of Congress. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 General H. II. Bingham : 
 
 Director-General, Gentlemen of tlie Congress: I am re- 
 minded this morning, looking upon your limited gathering, 
 that it is Monday morning (a ripple of laughter), and, having 
 been for a long time the representative in the American 
 Congress from the first district of this city and State, I am 
 free to admit that in the limited number present, it brings 
 to my mind many Monday mornings in the American Con- 
 gress. (Laughter.) The reason, however, always given by the 
 member because of his temporary absence, appearing later in 
 the day, is that he has either been to the de]iartments in 
 Washington concerning the interests of his constituency, or 
 that he had a long wait at the AVhite House, in order to secure 
 his interview with the President. I presume, therefore, 
 gentlemen, that in your recent visit two days ago to Washing- 
 ton, many of the representatives and gentlemen who accom- 
 panied you, having had one visit to the President, were so 
 charmed with the sweet radiance of that magnificent person- 
 ality, William McKinley, President of the United States, that 
 they are desirous of making a second call at the White House. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 We are very proud of our President — the people are — with- 
 out regard to ])arty. Ho represents the best type of American 
 manhood. Starting in life in the walks common to our peo- 
 ple, as a youth he entered the army in defence of the Union, 
 and from that day to this his work has been dedicated to the 
 welfare of his people, and so pronounced has been his splendid 
 character, that they have lifted him up to the highest gift in 
 their power, the highest honor of the rejuiblic. (Applause.) 
 Carry with you to your distant homes the pleasant recollection 
 of your Saturday in Washington', remembering that that beau- 
 tiful city presents its delightful suroundings and its works 
 of architecture, as well as beauty and development, all having 
 been built during the bust thirty-fiv(! yeai's. Washington to- 
 day represents the growth it ha.s attained since the war. J'rior 
 to the war it lacked and needed many of the conveniences for 
 governmental administration that it now posses.ses. 
 
 You are to be congratulated, gentlemen, upon the good 
 work you have been doing. Your utterances have gone from 
 
 one length of this land to the other, and our press has made 
 your papers household reading, embodying as they do your 
 best thought, your best judgment and your best conclusions 
 for developing international commercial relations. I con- 
 gratulate you upon the work of the Congress and trust that 
 you will all feel, as I am sure the representatives of this 
 Museum feel that we are glad to have had you in our midst, 
 and that you go from us with tlie satisfaction and feeling,- not 
 only of our good will for you in the futiu-e, but also that your 
 presence here has done us much good. (Applause.) You 
 come to us at a period in our history unexampled in our pros- 
 perity. To-day from one end of our laud to the other happi- 
 ness, contentment and industry reign. I do not tliink in the 
 history of this country we have ever enjoyed such blessings 
 as we are now enjoying. God, in liis wisdom and in his provi- 
 dence, has made our land a land of plenty for years, and from 
 the industi-y that enters the soil has come forth richness and 
 fullness. To-day our land is a blessed one, and we want you 
 to carry to your homes the knowledge and the fact that you 
 saw us during your short sojourn here in our very best in- 
 dustrial development. (Applause.) 
 
 We are a government of parties. In our contentions from 
 almost the commencement of the government, there ha.s 
 been a radical difference in the judgment of the suft'rairists 
 and of the people on great economic question.*, as well as 
 political national questions, especially as to what should be 
 the policy of the government in its method of securing main- 
 tenance by taxation, as well as the best industrial protection 
 of the people. What has been called "free trade" and a 
 "revenue only for government e.xpenditure." and administra- 
 tion has been the dominant controlling thought; the test of 
 one side in the competition of parties for the control of gov- 
 ernment. Another party believes that the revenues of the 
 government should not only be able to meet its expenditures, 
 but in connection with these revenues there should be a pro- 
 tection of the industrial conditions and enterprises of the 
 country, so that they might develop a growing strength, se- 
 cure a home market, and later enter into competition for the 
 mai'kets of the world. That antagonism has been the an- 
 tagonism of parties from the commencement of the govern- 
 ment. I am of that ]iarty representing this industrial State, 
 and this great city of manufacture and enterprise, who liave 
 always, during a long career in public life, labored to vindi- 
 cate the policy of my party in its identification with a rev- 
 enue that maintains the government and fosters the industries 
 of the people. (Applause.) ITpou that position my party 
 claims the conditions of to-day; the other i^arty would claim 
 that had their jiolicies been C(nitinued and accepted, a larger 
 nu<asuro of jirosperity would follow. However, the ]ieople 
 clia.nge vei-}' frequently in their jiopular elections. Our House 
 of Representatives, which comes directly from the people, has 
 its election every two years. We go before our constituencies 
 to render to them an accounting of our stewardship and our 
 work; they pass judgment upon us. It is often a matter of 
 
 160 
 
(.OVIll^NMCNT DELEGATUS. 
 
 M. DE ROUTKOWSKY. 
 Russia. 
 
 CARLOS R. SANTOS, 
 Paraguay. 
 
 GENARO RAIGOSA. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 W. T. JAMES, 
 Bermuda. W. I. 
 
 MIGUEL J. ROMERO, 
 Venezuela. 
 
 PRUDENCIOde MURGUIONDO, 
 Uruguay. 
 
 C. ARTHUR SHAND, 
 Leeward Islands, W. I, 
 
 GEN. EMILIO NUNEZ. 
 
 Cuba. 
 
 DR. JAMES JOHNSTON, 
 Jamaica. 
 
NINTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 23, 1899 
 
 161 
 
 surprise that the judgment of to-day by the people is reversed 
 radically iu two years, but such is our history. 
 
 In order to illustrate, let me briefly say to you that within 
 the fourteen years just passed from 1885 — the incoming of 
 Mr. Cleveland's administration, who was elected by the vote 
 of the people to the Presidency — at that same election a 
 House was elected to aid him in the administration of public 
 affairs, and that congress showed in return to have in the 
 Senate six majority Republican and in the House a Demo- 
 cratic majority of thirty-nine. Therefore, it became impos- 
 sible for the people who had sent their representatives under 
 our system to Congress — the House — to formulate upon in- 
 dustrial questions or political, any legislation that could pass 
 a Republican Senate and reach the Executive for his approval. 
 At the close of that Congress, the representatives went before 
 the people and under our system the result was a Senate 
 Republican by two and the Democratic majority in the House 
 reduced from thirty-nine to fifteen. Therefore, you may say, 
 that the Democratic majority in the House by virtue of the 
 Republican majority in the Senate with an Executive in sym- 
 pathy with the Democratic side, could consummate no posi- 
 tive question, either upon political or upon domestic lines in 
 connection with tariff legislation. Mr. Harrison goes into 
 power after Mr. Cleveland's four years and he finds a Senate 
 with a majority of ten and a House with a Republican ma- 
 jority of sixteen able to consummate legislation, because the 
 two branches of the government were in common. At his 
 next election, to show you how the people pass judgment for 
 themselves on public questions, we find the Senate majority 
 reduced to six and that the sixteen Republican majority in the 
 House has been revolutionized and the 129 Democratic ma- 
 jority made their successors. We follow again and we see 
 that in the next administration the people have elected Mr. 
 Cleveland. They give him for that administration a majority 
 of three in the Senate and a majority of thirty-four in the 
 House. He has during tliat Congress free opportunity for the 
 consummation of what may be called the ''legislation de- 
 mands" of his party. 
 
 But the eighty-four Democratic majority in that house 
 comes before the people for a re-endorsement of their action. 
 What follows? The Senate continues with a Democratic ma- 
 jority of two, but the people have taken that Democratic 
 majority of eighty-four, and again revolutionized and made 
 it a RepvTblican majority of 138, and so I might go on. But 
 what I specially desire to illustrate is that to-day, in the 
 administration of our public affairs for the consummation of 
 not only what may be called ])olitieal but industrial legisla- 
 tion, the House and the Senate, in conjunction with Presi- 
 dent McKinley, as the Execiitive, will have ten Republican 
 majority in the House, and thirteen Republican majority in 
 the Senate, so that during the two remaining years of this ad- 
 ministration the legislative branch of the government will 
 be in accord with the Executive. 
 
 The Congress that will assemble in December next ■will, 
 perhaps, have before it the most important public questions 
 that a Congress has ever been called upon to consider in our 
 history. Perhaps in the early days, after the adoption of our 
 constitution, or the days of the War of the Rebellion, from 
 1861 to 1865, during that period as important problems were 
 submitted for the attention of the Congress and the Execu- 
 tive. To-day, we are, as a people, confronted with new propo- 
 sitions unthought of by the fathers, unthought of a generation 
 ago. That the representatives of this nation in their work, 
 thinking only of the people, and our Executive, looking only 
 to the welfare of this great country, will act wisely and well, 
 is the confident hope every American has the right to en- 
 tertain. 
 
 We are confronted with a government for Hawaii; we are 
 confronted with government for Porto Rico; we are con- 
 
 fronted with the conditions in Cuba, now under military 
 control, but which will, in accordance with the solemn utter- 
 ances of the American Congress and the Pi-esident of our 
 Republic, enjoy "their freedom and their independence" 
 whenever, as a people, through their suffrages, they show the 
 ability to control. 
 
 There will be no wavering on the part of the representa- 
 tives of tlie people or of the Executive. There will be no 
 wavering on the part of the American people in the fulfill- 
 ment of their legislative declaration that the people of Cuba 
 shall have their "freedom and independence." The Philip- 
 pine question must also be considered. In recognition of in- 
 ternational understanding the treaty of peace of Paris, in its 
 every stage, has been accepted by the civilized world. The 
 Philippines have been given to this republic for government 
 and control. That flag was placed there by the guns of 
 Dewey. That flag has been maintained there by American 
 soldiery, with their bravery and their undaunted courage. 
 That flag will remain there, and wherever it floats it gives 
 secui-ity and protection. It gives life, liberty, and the pursuit 
 of happiness, the same as it promises to the forty-five States 
 of this Union. (Applause.) 
 
 The money question will be acted upon. These are ques- 
 tions on which it is not my purpose to elaborate, but simply 
 to show to you how important will be the session of Con- 
 gress about to convene a few weeks hence. The money ques- 
 tion and necessary legislation for a few years past has been 
 a dividing line in the parties of the country. The last Con- 
 gress appointed a committee of each body, or rather not the 
 Congi-ess, but the representatives of the Republican party 
 in the two bodies, appointed a committee in the Senate and a 
 committee in the House, to consider the money question dur- 
 ing the period of the sine die adjournment of one Congi'css, 
 and the commenc.ement of its successor. That committee has 
 met and has had its deliberations. Their conclusion will 
 be presented in the early stages of the 56tli Congress, that 
 is Republican, and that committee's report will pass the two 
 Houses and receive the sanction of the Executive. The legis- 
 lation will be that the dollar of this nation shall be a dollar 
 of intrinsic value throughout the civilized world. (Applause.) 
 Honesty not because it is policy, but honesty because it is 
 right. 
 
 Our navy, brilliant and magnificent in the great work of 
 a year past, will receive for its development and enlarge- 
 ment, careful and wise attention. It is not necessary for 
 me to jjav trilnite to the great work which the officers and 
 the men behind the guns have done. It is sufficient to know 
 that the American people applaud its many victories and ac- 
 cept the responsibilities of the victories, whatever and 
 wherever they may be. 
 
 The army also, in the United States Congress will have a 
 large measure of careful examinations, but upon that ques- 
 tion the American people are largely divided. It is neither 
 common to our institutions nor common to our experience in 
 connection with our isolated and independent territorial con- 
 ditions, and in our relation to the nations of the world, that 
 the American people should have a large army. We needed 
 something of an army on our frontier during the Indian 
 troubles, but the American people well remember that during 
 the war of the rebellion, from 1861 to 1865, the armies of 
 the Union carried into the field nearly three millions of 
 men. Four years they labored and bravely fought, recruit- 
 ments coming, enlistments concluding, and men retiring again 
 to the walks of life. So that at the close of the war we 
 mustered out a million men, who quietly melted into the 
 daily vocations of home and industrial enterprise. From 
 186.5 until we entered the recent war, we have had at the 
 maximum but an army of about twenty-five thousand. There- 
 fore, it would seem that all of our past history and instructioix 
 
162 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 go to the conclusion that the American people believe a lim- 
 ited, small army will meet every requirement of public and 
 international relations, should danger threaten us. We will 
 also be confronted with a question that has loomed up into 
 almost colossal importance during the past year or year and a 
 half; what is called trust combinations, in contradistinction 
 to corporate combinations, or corporate rights. The question 
 is largely new with us; where the line is drawn between cor- 
 porate power and trust power is not clearly defined. It will 
 be a subject ol .'iearchiug investigation, but it is a well known 
 fact among our people that whenever monopolies trench upon 
 either the industry of labor or the necessaries of life, the 
 strong arm of government intervenes; for the basis of our 
 institutions, our liberty and security rest in the fact that 
 this is a government for the people, and it is a government ad- 
 ministered by the votes of the people. 
 
 I read but a few days ago in an address by Mr. Dawes, 
 who is the Comptroller of the Currency, a very able and 
 clear explanation of the trust question. A few lines I will 
 quote to you, showing the position that every American 
 citizen shoiild take upon this great and serious proposition, 
 coming up to lis in its immensity and in its colossal conditions 
 more forcibly to-day than ever in our history. 
 
 "Rather tlian have in the hands of any corporation the 
 power to absolutely fix the price of a necessity of life at an 
 arbitrary figure, the people of the United States will event- 
 ually and rightfully do one of two things — they will enact 
 legislation for the protection of the people from extortion by 
 a governmental legislation, more or less extended as public 
 necessity may require, or they will enact legislation for the 
 enforced creation of competition by the disintegration of 
 trusts. With nothing less than one of these two things will 
 or should the people of this counti-y be satisfied. The right 
 of government to interfere with and regulate monopolies is 
 well recognized in law and practice."' 
 
 This, gentlemen, is a subject that might be discussed from 
 this platform hour in and hour out. I have adverted to it 
 only for the reason that I am submitting to you the great 
 work the next American Congress will have before it, and in 
 many cases its conclusive action. The inter-oceanic canal 
 or waterway will reach some form of action. It has been 
 the subject of investigation for years, and in our midst we 
 have the adherents of the Panama and Nicaragua Canals, as 
 well as the declaration that we can reach the trade of East- 
 ern Asia through the Suez Canal as quickly and economically 
 as we can from the expenditure of a hundred million or more 
 in either one or the other enterprises. To-day a most intelli- 
 gent commission has this subject under examination, and it 
 will be reported before the conclusion of the Fifty-sixth Con- 
 gress. 
 
 The question, however, whii'li seems more directly con- 
 nected with your gathering is "our merchant marine." You 
 see us in the midst of industries unexampled. You find us 
 to-day in conditions looking to the development of our wealth, 
 the handling of the products of the soil and our manufac- 
 tures in every foreign market, and yet, in the vital connec- 
 tions between our home industry and our export trade we are 
 almost ])osse.ssed of the weakness of an infant. We are pow- 
 erless in the competition of ocean carrying trade with the 
 other nations of the world. They have pursued policies that 
 have strengthened their merchant marine, we have had no 
 consistent policy that has ever strengthened ours, but a 
 policy that has made it weaker and weaker as the years go by. 
 During our colonial period and about ilie lime of the adop- 
 tion of our constitution, we were able to build the cheapest 
 ships in the world, and at that period, and before the year 
 1800, we carried ninety per cent, of our foreign Irade in 
 American built bottoms. In ISlf) and 1828 legislation so 
 followed that there was a gradual weakening and decreas- 
 
 ing of our carrying capacity. From the almost ninety per 
 cent, we enjoyed in 1800 — in 18.j8 we had been reduced to 
 seventy-five per cent. The introduction of iron and steel in 
 ship-building at an earlier period was being monopolized by 
 Great Britain, and gradually we were losing our tonnage. 
 The war came upon us, ancl the privateers drove from the 
 ocean more than one-half of our tonnage, and from that day 
 to this, we have never been able to build up our merchant 
 marine and carry the great trade this nation has with the 
 world and the world with us. We find ourselves capable of 
 handling every other economic proposition; but, strange as 
 it may seem, we can-y but eleven per cent, of our foreign 
 trade. You have doubtless a full appreciation of what that 
 trade is. Our exports in 1898 — fiscal year — were $1,231,- 
 482,330; our imports, $616,049,654, making a sum total of 
 $1,847,-531,984. In 1899 we exported $1,227,210,419, and 
 our imports were $697,116,854, the sum total being $1,924,- 
 337,373, and of that great export and imf>ort trade but eleven 
 per cent, is carried in American bottoms. 
 
 Foreign governments — England, Germany, France, Italy, 
 all the great foreign commercial nations — make annual con- 
 tributions in some form or another in amount almost twenty- 
 five million dollars annually. They are not only doing that 
 in 1899, but have for many years past. Such benefactions 
 from our governments have not been rendered to our can-y- 
 ing trade. At the next Congress the bill called the "Payne- 
 Hanna Bill" will come before the two houses for action. The 
 bill is the best judgment, after two years of examination on 
 the shipping question by the Boards of Trade and Commerce, 
 our Bureau of Navigation, and the best statesmanship of many 
 of our pul)Iic men. AVhether it will consummate what we hope 
 is a question for further determination. I will read you the 
 preamble of the bill, and explain to you briefly its main 
 features. 
 
 "Whereas, The profitable employment of the sui-jjlus pro- 
 ductive power of the farms, factories, mines, forests and fish- 
 eries of the United States imperatively demands the expansion 
 of its foreign commerce; and 
 
 "Whereas, The merchant vessels, officers, engineers, ma- 
 chinists, electricians and seamen necessary to the expansion 
 of the commerce of the United States are also essential as 
 auxiliary to the forces of the I'nited States in time of war 
 and otherwise, and to the better security of the nation and 
 the protection of its possessions; and 
 
 "Whereas, It is deemed especially expedient to make im- 
 mediate provision to these ends." 
 
 The paragraphs which follow go into the details of the bill. 
 It is based upon tonnage. It is based upon the frequency of 
 interchange between port and port. I will read the important 
 sections that are the essential parts: 
 
 "The Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and 
 directed to contract with the owner or owners of any vessel 
 of the United States hereinbefore descrilied and registered 
 for foreign trade, for the payment to said owner or owners 
 for a period of twenty years, and subject to the provisions 
 of this act, out of any money in the Treasury, not otherwise 
 apjiropriated, the sums following." 
 
 Remember the contract is for twenty years. 
 
 The total compensation to be paid out of the Treasui7 
 as provided in this section, shall, in no fiscal year, exceed 
 the sum of nine million dollars, and the Secretary of the 
 Treasury shall make such regulations for the payment of the 
 said compensation as will cause any excess in the total amount 
 of compen.sation iNinicd under tliis section in any one fiscal 
 year over and alunc niiu' niillions of dollars to be deducted 
 pro rata from llic lolal comjiensation due each individual 
 oi- corporation entitled to such c(nn]iensation hereunder dur- 
 ing said fiscal year." 
 
 In other words, the contribution from the Treasury cannot 
 
NESTTH DAY'S SESSI ON, OCTOBEE 23, 1899 
 
 16:: 
 
 exceed nine millions annually, and should there be an inflow 
 of tonnage or shipping that would come under the provisions 
 in this bill, and should it exceed nine millions of dollars, then 
 it will be pro-rated to all who come under the benefactions. 
 
 "That no contract shall be made by the Secretary of the 
 Treasury after ten years next following the passage of this 
 act; and Congress may at any time amend or repeal this 
 act, subject to the obligations of the contracts existing at 
 the time of such amendments or repeal." 
 
 Those are the distinctive features of the legislation pro- 
 posed. It is believed the bill would have passed the last Con- 
 gress but our Congress has in its sessions what are called the 
 long and short sessions. The session which will convene the 
 first Monday in December next, this coming December, will, 
 perhaps, run continuously into the August following. The 
 recess is then taken. The December session again convenes, 
 but under the constitution the Congress expires on the foiirth 
 of the following March. Therefore, in what we call the 
 second session of Congress but three months are given to 
 us for a vast mass of legislation, most important, of course, 
 being the great appropriation bills for the conduct of the 
 Government for the following fiscal year. The bills were re- 
 ported favorably, but fell because of the shortness of the 
 session. We will again be confronted with this well-digested 
 and carefully prepared proposed legislation. Whether it will 
 pass or not, or whether it will meet the approval of a new 
 Congress, which, in the House of Eepreseutatives has thirty- 
 three per cent, of new members, is, of course, a question for 
 the future. 
 
 Mr. Frye, and perhaps no man is more familiar with the 
 subject of our merchant marine than that honorable gentle- 
 man, from the State of Maine, makes this statement: "That 
 the volume of our foreign commerce is approximately some 
 fifty million tons annually. He estimates that the average 
 cost of carrying this is four dollars a ton — two hundred mil- 
 lion dollars a year. He estimates that the ships that our 
 people will build as a result of this bill will effect a reduction 
 in freight rates of 25 per cent.; will effect a saving of fifty 
 million dollars a year. So, for the expenditure of nine mil- 
 lions a year in compensation to our ship o-miers, our people 
 will save fifty millions a year in the cost of transporting the 
 foreign products they buy and the American exports they 
 will sell abroad." 
 
 Certainly, gentlemen, this is a fair field for American en- 
 terprise. By our protective system we have built up our 
 manufactures that compete with the manufactures of the 
 world in like products, and a distinguished writer states: 
 "This nation's policy for forty years has been to protect such 
 of its industries as are subject to foreign competition, barring 
 our ships. Lacking protection, our shipping in foreign trade 
 has declined from 2,500,000 tons in 1861 to 700,000"tons in 
 1898, althousrh the value of our foreign trade has increased 
 from $500,000,000 in 1861 to nearly $2,000,000,000 in 1898." 
 
 Gentlemen, your labors here in the interchange of infor- 
 mation have been wholesome and instructive. I know you 
 have expressed in your discussions many suggestions, sub- 
 mitted many facts that will be used in the debates in the com- 
 ing American Congress. While you doubtless regard your 
 measures of great importance, you can readily understand 
 the magnitude and the im])ortance of the measures that will 
 confront the American Congress when it assembles, in a few 
 months hence. Whether we can ever reach the solution of the 
 proposition of doing our own foreigii carrying trade is a ser- 
 ious question — that we handle a carrying trade in greater 
 proportions in our internal commerce is a fact known to all. 
 It is a problem that must be met and must be solved. Our 
 own merchant marine must carry our foreign commerce. 
 We want to build up and strengthen this great Republic in 
 this, its generation of labor, in its future of greatness, in its 
 
 humanity to man, and its brotherhood in the human family. 
 We want to build it up that it may go on in its future as it 
 has gone on in its past, with light, liberty and the pursuit of 
 happiness common to every man within its magnificent con- 
 fines and under the protecting folds of our Stars and Stripes. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 General 11. H. Bingham: 
 
 I am requested by the Director to introduce to you Mr. 
 H. Llewell}Ti Smith, representing the British Government, 
 who will submit to you a paper on the need of greater uni- 
 fonnity in the trade statistics of the different countries. 
 
 Uniformity in Teade Statistics. 
 
 Mr. H. Llewellyn Smith: 
 
 In inviting the attention of the Congi'ess to the need of 
 greater uniformity in the commercial statistics of various 
 countries, I approach the suliject rather from the point of 
 view of the statistician, than of the practical commercial 
 man. I am addressing, however, an audience largely com- 
 posed of representatives of practical commerce and industry, 
 from whose returns and for whose benefit commercial statis- 
 tics are mainly collected, and who should therefore, above all 
 others, be in a position to throw light on their deficiencies 
 and offer useful suggestions for their improvement. 
 
 In order to economize time, I shall confine myself in the 
 main to the question of unifomiity of basis, leaving to the 
 paper which follows, any full discussion of the equally im- 
 portant question of uniform classification. Commercial sta- 
 tistics bear to national industry a relation not unlike that 
 which bookkeeping and accounts bear to individual busi- 
 ness — they serve two purposes, one temporary and one per- 
 manent. They are at once a test of the condition of trade 
 at a given moment and a record of its progress over a period 
 of time. 
 
 All civilized countries collect and publish some figures, 
 more or less detailed, and at more or less frequent and regu- 
 lar intervals, showing the state of their business relations 
 with other countries; but there is the great possible varia- 
 tion in the period covered by these publications, the details 
 which they contain, the basis on which the figures are col- 
 lected and the method of their classification. 
 
 As regards the period, the most usual system among the 
 principal commercial countries is to publish accounts both 
 annually and monthly — the annual figures being the more 
 complete and detailed for the purpose of a permanent record, 
 while the monthly summaries are intended to serve the prac- 
 tical needs of the moment. Some countries, however, only 
 issue their summaries at quarterly intervals, and some issue 
 nothing but annual statements. It would be a very great 
 advantage if an approach could be made to unifoimity of 
 practice in this matter, and if the monthly and annual sys- 
 tem which has commended itself to so many of the leading 
 countries, that it may be said to hold the field, could be 
 adopted universally. 
 
 Possibly some representatives of South American countries 
 which do not, as a rule, issue monthly statistics, could tell 
 us what chance there is of such, a suggestion meeting with 
 favorable consideration. 
 
 Countries differ among themselves not only as regards the 
 frequency of their returns, but as regards the exact period 
 included in their annual statistics. In some (e. g., the 
 United Kingdom) the calendar year is taken. In others (e. g., 
 the United States) the period is from July to June. Here 
 unifonnity, though highly desirable, is no doubt difficult to 
 attain, because the period covered by the statistics may some- 
 times be affected by the date of the beginning of the finan- 
 cial year. 
 
164 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 It is not. however, nec-essary tliat these two years— the 
 financial and statistical years respectively — should coincide, 
 as is sho-ira hy the practice of the United Kingdom, where 
 the financial vear is from April to March, and the statistical 
 year is the ea'londar year. There can be no question of the 
 liTcat convenience that would result from the adoption of the 
 same period tor their statistics by all the chief commercial 
 countries. 
 
 If we pass from the period to the contents of the trade 
 accounts, I do not think that it will be disputed in tlie ab- 
 stract, that so far as practicable, it is desirable that foreign 
 trade 'statistics should be collected and presented by each 
 country in such a way as to admit of ready comparison with 
 those of other countries, without the risk of the fallacious 
 inferences from the comparison of unlike quantities. 
 
 I say so far as [U-acticable, because fhe objects for which 
 trade statistics are obtained are manifold, and of these the 
 comparison of one country with another, though an import- 
 ant object, is not perhaps the principal one. 
 
 It might, therefore, be that a well meant attempt to force 
 the method of one country into a fonnal uniformity with 
 that of another, might involve the sacrifice of something 
 for which the gain would not compensate. Wo must recog- 
 nize that each country has its own special commercial char- 
 acteristics, and we must not be pedantic or become victims 
 of a passion for logical uniformity. 
 
 Moreover, we must remember that one of the greatest ob- 
 jects of commercial statistics is to establish a record of the 
 progress of trade from year to year, and that hasty changes 
 of classification of basis tend to disturl) this most important 
 kind of comparison. 
 
 I make these reservations at once that I may not be 
 thought to have overlooked the difliculties of the case, when 
 I call your attention to some of the chief points in which 
 uniformity is now lacking, and the disadvantages which re- 
 sult therefrom. 
 
 AVlien these drawbacks have been fully realized the ques- 
 tion of removing them without introducing greater evils re- 
 mains to be considered in each case on its merits. 
 
 It will be agreed that whether or not uniformity of prac- 
 tice is possible, it is essential that the present divergence of 
 practice should be fully understood, and that it should be 
 continually before the minds of all who handle the stati-stics 
 of foreign trade. 
 
 1. ]\Iy first example of want of uniformity in the basis of 
 trade statistics is the difference of methods of valuing imports 
 and exports. 
 
 In the United Kingdom, and I believe throughout the 
 British Empire (though on this point I speak under correc- 
 tion from the representatives of some of the British Colonies), 
 the values of imports and exports are based on declarations 
 of the importer and exporter, checked, of course, where ne- 
 cessary by the customs, and they refer to the values of the 
 commodities at the point where they reach or leave the coun- 
 try respectively. Thus the import value includes freight and 
 insurance but not custom duty. The export value does not 
 include freight or insurance. 
 
 In the United States I understand tliat tbe import values 
 stated in the consular invoices on which the statistics are 
 based, represent the wholesale market prices ruling in tbe 
 country whence the imports come, thus not including insur- 
 ance and freight. 
 
 Here at once is a sufficiently iinporlani divergence — the 
 value of imports in the Britisli returns including cost of 
 carriage, which is excluded in the United Slates returns — 
 a dilferente which tends to vitiate comparisons, and which, 
 until remedied, should be carefully borne in mind in using 
 the official figures to illustrate discussions of the relations 
 of imports and exports in the two countries respectively. 
 
 But there is also another point of divergence which is 
 perhaps not so generally known, and which may serve as an 
 interesting illustration. 
 
 United States import values are based, as I said, on the 
 values current in the market of the exporting country. 
 Thus in the case of articles which are subject to internal 
 taxation, in the country from which the goods are received, 
 the amount of that internal tax should, according to the in- 
 structions of the United States Treasury, be included in the 
 value stated in the consular invoices, on which the import 
 statistics of the United States are based. For example, 
 whiskey exported from Scotland to the United States must 
 be valued at its wholesale price in Scotland, including the 
 excise that it would have paid had it been put on the 
 Scottish market, but which in fact it never paid, having 
 been exported from bond. This procedure, which follows 
 from certain recent Treasury decisions supported by a deci- 
 sion of the Supreme Court, must, if uniformly adopted, have 
 a marked result on the statement of import values of excis- 
 able articles. It would be interesting to know whether it 
 is generally followed in practice. 
 
 I should like to know, for example, whether it is applied 
 to sugar, imported say, from Germany into the United 
 States. Is the German internal excise included in the 
 recorded value of this imported sugar? If so, the compari- 
 son of that value with the corresponding figures for previous 
 yenrs before the date of the Treasury decisions, and also 
 with those for other countries, will be seriously affected. 
 
 Possibly the present state of the matter is that the excise 
 is included in the case of articles subject to ad valorem du- 
 ties, and not in the case of artioles subject to specific duties. 
 If so, confusion is worse confounded. 
 
 If we turn to Germany, France and other European coun- 
 tries, we find ourselves in the presence of yet a third method 
 of valuing imports and exports, viz., by official scales of 
 values revised annually by an expert commission. This 
 method of official values is common to many countries, both 
 in Europe and in South America, though the frequency of 
 revision varies greatly. 
 
 In one South American country at least, the official v;iJu- 
 ations in use up to a very recent date, had been employed 
 without revision for twenty years. Under such conditions 
 it will be evident that the official returns of the values of 
 imports and exports must often diverge ver\' widely from 
 the true values. 
 
 In the case of countries like Germany and France, in 
 which the official values are annually revised, the chief point 
 to notice is that their statistics will ])e less immediately sen- 
 sitive to a rise or fall of prices, and hence to inflations and 
 depressions of trade, than those of countries in which de- 
 clared or market values are employed. For a certain period 
 the monthly accounts, being still based on official valuations 
 made at the beginning of the year, wll show no trace of 
 I'lianges of price, and then suddenly when the new valuations 
 come into force, the full effect of the year's changes will 
 be shown in a single month. 
 
 Thus the changes shown in the statistics will both lag 
 behind the actual changes, and will appear as sudden steps 
 upward or downward, instead of as continuous fluctuations. 
 
 A diagram of the course of trade of countries using actual 
 values in their returns, woulil lend to lie a flowing curve — 
 that of countries using official valuations, would rather re- 
 semble the steps of a staircas<'. 
 
 A good example of this difVerence is alTorded by a com- 
 parison of the monthly trade accounts of various countries 
 which impoi't wheat during I lie jieriod of the rajud rise in 
 the price of wheat last year. 
 
 Lastly, we have some countries, of which I may quote 
 Belgium as an example, which adopt a mixed system of 
 
NINTH DAY*S SESSION, OCTOBER 23, 1899 
 
 165 
 
 oMcial and declared values. In Belgium, goods shown by 
 value are recorded at their declared values, and all others 
 are estimated according to olheial valuations. 
 
 I have indicated one or two of the fallacies to which this 
 want of uniformity in the valuation of imports and exports 
 may lead — fallacies in comparing imports and exports, and 
 fallacies in estimating the relative effect at a given time of an 
 inflation or depression of trade on the various commercial 
 countries. 
 
 I am not so sanguine as to expect the attainment of ab- 
 solute uniformity in this matter in the near future, especially 
 as none of the competing methods can claim perfection, and, 
 of course, each country considers its own way the best. 
 
 Moreover, the interest of countries with "ad valorem" 
 duties is not quite the same as in those with specific duties. 
 But it is highly desirable that the nature of the existing 
 differences should at least be continually borne in mind, and 
 that evei-y opportunity should be taken to advance toward 
 uniformity. 
 
 2. The second point of divergence to which I draw atten- 
 tion, is one with regard to which I shall only say a very few- 
 words, because it is well known and has been repeatedly dis- 
 cussed, viz., the registration of imports and exports accord- 
 ing to the countries of true origin and ultimate destination 
 on the one hand, and the countries from which and to which 
 the goods are immediately shipped on the other. 
 
 In this matter, the nominal difference among countries is 
 pTobably somewhat greater than the actual difference in 
 practice. Thus in the United Kingdom, we only profess to 
 state the countries from which the goods are received and 
 to which they are sent, but where possible exporters are re- 
 quired to state the country of ultimate destination, and 
 when this is done that country is regarded as the coimti-y to 
 which the goods are exported. Moreover, even as regards 
 imports, as to which the problem is more difficult, the coun- 
 try of true origin is entered where clearly indicated in the 
 papers. 
 
 The United States classify their foreign trade according to 
 the country in which the goods are invoiced — the practice 
 being thus in the main identical with that of the United 
 Kingdom. 
 
 In Germany, France and some other countries an effort is 
 made to show the true countries of origin and ultimate des- 
 tination, but in some cases this must be very difficult to 
 carry out in practice, and the origin of some classes of goods, 
 made in one country and marketed and perhaps packed and 
 slightly altered in another, is in reality ambiguous. 
 
 Here, perhaps, we may say that there is hardly a question 
 of principle involved, the matter being one of practical difR- 
 culty, and the difficulty of following an article back to its 
 place of origin is naturally greater in countries which dis- 
 pense with certificates of origin, than in those in which these 
 documents are required. 
 
 Most countries either adopt the principle of countries of 
 shipment, or of countries of origin and destination, in their 
 statistics, and I have suggested, whichever be the nominal 
 principle, the current practice will usually be, perforce, a 
 mixture of the two methods. But I have heard that in Chile, 
 and perhaps some other South American States, a third 
 practice used to be followed, and perhaps to-day is not en- 
 tirely disused, viz., the classification of imports according to 
 the flag of the carrying vessel — an entirely different princi- 
 ple and one which it is not easy to defend. 
 
 While speaking of the classification of exports as regards 
 destination, I may allude to a point which affects considera- 
 bly the value of the returns of some countries, viz., the prac- 
 tice of dispatching cargoes for orders. 
 
 In the case of the Argentine Eepublic, I am informed that 
 
 over 20 per cent, of exports sometime appear in the returns 
 with no definite destination, but are described as "for orders." 
 
 The natural suggestion that occurs to one's mind is, that 
 this proposition might be very largely reduced in the annual 
 returns, if exporters who describe their consignments in this 
 way were required to make a second declaration later, show- 
 ing the actual destination of the goods. 
 
 I should like to learn what practice other countries follow 
 in this matter. 
 
 3. I pass now to a third point of divergence, which has, 
 perhaps, attracted less attention, viz., differences of practice 
 regarding the treatment of transit and trans-shipment trade, 
 and of so-called temporary imports and "improvement 
 trade." 
 
 To take the last point first: Countries which levy no duties 
 on raw material, as for example, the United Kingdom, have no 
 special reason for taking separate account of the "improve- 
 ment trade" — i. e., of goods imported to be re-exported after 
 undergoing some further process of manufacture, — it is all 
 included in the general statistics of imports, though foreign 
 and colonial goods re-exported without being changed by 
 manufacture are separately shown in the exports. 
 
 Thus, raw cotton figures among our imports, and cotton 
 fabrics made therefrom figure in our exports, including in 
 their value the full value of the raw material imported. 
 
 There is, however, no uniformity in the practice of vari- 
 ous countries in this respect. Germany, I imderstand, now 
 includes the improvement trade in the statistics of its "special 
 trade," while Austria omits it; and Switzerland excludes it 
 both from its "special" and "general" trade accomits. 
 
 Thus we have every variety of usage, with con-esponding 
 results in the trade returns of the different countries. 
 
 For example, a rise in the price of raw cotton will appear 
 to raise the value not only of British imports, biit also of 
 British exports, although the actual value of the produce of 
 the industry of the United Kingdom — the spinning, weaving 
 and dyeing— may have actually decreased. Countries which 
 keep the improvement trade separate in their accounts would 
 not show a similar result. 
 
 Turning to transit and trans-shipment, the United States 
 appear to exclude both from their statistics. The United 
 Kingdom excludes trans-shipment, but includes transit. 
 France and Germany include both in their statistics of "gen- 
 eral trade. 
 
 These differences of method are partly explicable by the 
 different positions and circumstances of various countries 
 in relation to these branches of trade, but they are highly 
 calculated to mislead the nnwaxy, and it would be a great ad- 
 vantage if a uniform practice could be introduced. 
 
 4. My last example of divergence as regards the collection 
 and basis of trade statistics, is one which has not attracted 
 very much attention, but which is of growing importance, 
 and which has become a veritable trap for the statistical 
 amateur. I refer to the treatment of the statistics of free 
 ports. Are the goods arriving at or despatched from these 
 ports to be included in the statistics of trade of the country to 
 which the free port belongs? In Copenhagen and Genoa, 
 they are so included, but as regards parts of Hamburg, I be- 
 lieve that the figures axe not included in the Imperial German 
 returns. 
 
 Thus, a part of the goods sent from Germany to various 
 countries via Hamburg, appear in the imperial returns as ex- 
 ports to Hamburg, while a quantity of goods manufactured 
 in Hamburg itself for export, will not, I take it, figure in the 
 imperial returns at all. Anyone not alive to this point will be 
 most seriously misled in attempting to arrive at the exports, 
 say of sugar from Germany, to various coimtries, from an ex- 
 amination of the imperial returns alone. 
 
166 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Hore ihe adoption of some uniform practice is highly to be 
 
 desired. 
 
 I have lingered, perhaps, too long over questions of the col- 
 lection of statistics, and I must only say a few words as to 
 their classification. As regards this there seems to me to 
 be three main points — (1) the great classes in which the com- 
 modities .shall be grouped; (3) the items whicli shall be in- 
 cluded in each of tliese classes; (3) the nomenclature and 
 units of weight, measure and value in which the statistics shall 
 be expressed. 
 
 As regards the last mentioned point, it is clear that, as 
 the primary objects of the.se statistics is to give information 
 to persons within tlie country, the terms and units employed 
 must in the main follow the current practice in that country, 
 even at the risk of being less readily used for international 
 comparison. 
 
 Thus, the (|uestion of imiformity of trade statistics in this 
 respect is only part of the wider question of the adoption of 
 common standards, and of uniform terminology in commer- 
 cial language. This is a most interesting and important 
 question of the Congress, but to discuss it in this paper would 
 lead us too far afield. 
 
 I pass then at once to the question of clas.sification. At 
 present, there is a great divergence both in the classes and 
 in the distribution of articles among these classes. 
 
 The most generally adopted classes in European statistics 
 are food, raw materials, and manufactured articles, ^vith some- 
 times an intermediate cla.ss of semi-manufactured articles. 
 
 Sometimes two of these headings are run together, viz., 
 Hussia unites raw and semi-manufactured articles. Austria 
 groups food with raw materials. Sometimes the classes are 
 subdivided, viz., in the United Kingdom, where imports are 
 classed under nine heads, and the United States, which also 
 departs from the usual arrangement by introducing a special 
 class for articles of voluntary use. 
 
 Now, while it is not necessary that the classes should be 
 absolutely the same in all countries, it is at least desirable 
 that the groujiing or subdivision shoidd be performed in such 
 a way as not to cut across the usual or "standard" classes, so 
 that by addition or subtracticm the person who wishes to 
 make international comparisons may be in a position to con- 
 struct comparable totals. 
 
 For this purpose, to take a single example, the separation 
 of alcoholic drinks from the food class in which they are 
 usually inchided, and their statement as a separate class (as 
 in New South Wales), is less perplexing than the merging 
 of them in another class as "articles of voluntary use" (as 
 in the United States). 
 
 Wlien we examine in detail the contents of the main classes, 
 we find a bewildering variety of practice, of which I need 
 only give a single example, tak(!n at random; in fact, the first 
 tliat fell under my notice. With the food class is usually 
 combined a class of live animals, seeing that such animals 
 form an important item in food supply. What is to be done 
 with the horses, however? They are clearly live animals, but 
 not (at lea.<t primanly) animals for food. If they are in- 
 cluded, the special food cliaracter of the class is upset, if ex- 
 cluded, where are they to go? Every variety of practice has 
 been followed. In the United States, Germany, Russia and 
 Holland, horses are live animals. In the United Kingdom, I 
 find them under the safe, if ambiguous, heading of "miscel- 
 laneous articles." In France, Austria, Italy, and Switzeriand, 
 they are boldly claissified as "raw materials." It is not neces- 
 sary to multiply examples. In this matter any approach to 
 uniformity must necessarily be slow, but the desirability of 
 an approximation to uniformity should be always before' our 
 minds. 
 
 Lastly, though perhaps it does not very strictly come 
 within my scope, I would like to allude to a point of difficulty 
 
 which all statisticians must have experienced who have had 
 to do with the issue of official trade statistics — a matter not 
 arising from conflicting methods as between different coun- 
 tries, but from conflicting wants on the part of different sec- 
 tions of the public, and the multiplicity of objects which the 
 statistics are designed to serve. 
 
 I .said at the beginning, that trade statistics are intended 
 both as indications of conditions at the moment, and, as a 
 record of industrial changes over a period, to afford the prac- 
 tical business man information as to the state of the import 
 and export trade in the particular commodities in which he 
 is interested, and to afford the general public, the government, 
 and men of affairs generally, information as to the progress of 
 the national industries as a whole. 
 
 For the first oljject the practical man demands two things 
 which are not always easy to combine — promptitude of pub- 
 lication and minuteness of detail. He is interested in one 
 or a small number of articles only, and he chafes if he finds 
 them merged in the trade accounts with other articles or even 
 other qualities of the same article, and he wants his informa- 
 tion red hot. We, in the United Kingdom have continually 
 had to consider, and sometimes, reluctantly to refuse re- 
 quests "from business men to give more minute details in our 
 monthly trade accounts, requests wlaicli singly could be com- 
 plied with at no very great trouble, but which, if generally 
 acceded to, would have the effect of postponing the issue of 
 the accoimts for an appreciable period. 
 
 1 lielievc in the United States the mode adopted of over- 
 coming the dithculty, is to give very minute details in the 
 montlily statistics, and meet the demand for promptitude by 
 the issue of preliminary advance sheets subject to correction. 
 
 With us, the method adopted has been somewhat different. 
 The publfshed monthly accounts do not pretend to give the 
 minute detail contained in the United States statistics that is 
 reserved for the annual volume, and the governing considera- 
 tion in the preparation of the monthly accounts is prompti- 
 tude of issue. Our monthly accounts appear about the 8th 
 of the following month, earlier, I think, than in the case of 
 any other country. To meet the demand of business men 
 for more minute detail in certain branches of trade, there is 
 attached to the bill of entry office at the Customs House, a 
 branch which supplies to subscribers on payment of a fee the 
 more detailed particulars respecting special articles. Perhaps 
 someone here could tell the Congress whether anything of this 
 kind exists in any other country. 
 
 I have, I think, said enough to show that this question of 
 the uniformity of trade statistics deserves your careful atten- 
 tion. I may conclude with repeating the warning with which 
 I began, that in making any changes with a view of obviating 
 the evils to which I have alluded, the greatest possible care 
 should be taken not lightly to destroy the sequence of statis- 
 tics over a period of years. 
 
 Important as are international comparisons at a given time, 
 they are not usually so important as comparisons of the 
 trade of the same country with its amount at some previous 
 period. To preserve continuity may be of more importance 
 than to secure comparability, and when once the thread of 
 continuity is broken, it may be that the loss can never be 
 repaired. 
 
 I am aware that in this jmpcr T have left a lai'ge number 
 of ini]iorfant points uiitoiu-hcd. 
 
 It has been my object ratlier to indicate sonic of the points 
 which seem to me to deserve the further attention of this 
 Congress, than to offer any cut and dried scheme of my own. 
 I venture, however, in concluding, to express a hope that 
 some way may be found either through the appointment of 
 a special committee, or otherwise, to take advantage of this 
 unique gathering of re]ircscntatives of the commerce of 
 nations to set in motion some machinery for pronioting the 
 
NlNT^H i)AY>S SESSt ON, OCTOBER 23, 1899 
 
 167 
 
 introdiiction of greater uniformity into trade statistics, wliicli, 
 when we separate, may be sul>niitted to the consideration of 
 the various governments represented at this Congress. (Ap- 
 plause.) 
 
 General II. H. Bingham: 
 
 I have the pleasure of presenting to you the Hon. Carroll 
 D. Wright, United States Commissioner of Labor, who will 
 present a paper on "The Need for Greater Uniformity in the 
 Trade Statistics of DifEerent Countries." 
 
 Advantages of a Uniform Classification of Commer- 
 cial Statistics by Different Countries. 
 
 Ron. Carroll D. WriijU (U. S. Commissioner of Labor): 
 
 Whenever the student or the writer or the legislator, and 
 especially the latter, consults official statistical publications 
 he has a right to assume that what he finds there has been 
 properly classified. He probably will not concern himself 
 with the question as to whether statistics is a science, but he 
 will conclude, in any event, that it is a scientific method of 
 presenting accumulated data, and that classification, wliich is 
 the essence of all science, is essentially the distinguislung fea- 
 ture of statistics. As a rule there will be no difficulty under 
 this assumption when aggregated statistics are used, such as 
 those for population; nor will he find any material difficulty 
 when he uses commercial statistics for the purpose of present- 
 ing the volume of foreign trade of a single country. When, 
 however, he undertakes comparisons of international trade to 
 determine the volume of trade of one country as against that 
 ,of another, he will find the difliculties increase to such an 
 , extent that he cannot arrive at a clear idea of the facts. His 
 ; very first difficulty will be found when he uses the statistics of 
 , exports of one country to another country in comparison 
 ■ with the statistics of imports of the latter from the former. 
 ..As an item for illustration: The exports of flour from the 
 .United States to the United Kingdom, as shown by the export 
 . statistics of the United States, will not agree, though the 
 , difl;erence is here less than in other cases, with the statistics 
 , of the United Kingdom of imports of flour from the United 
 . States. He will find, furthermore, a great variety of classifi- 
 , cation followed by different nations, and various other differ- 
 . ences that will confuse his study and invalidate his compari- 
 sons. My purpose at the present time is to present some of 
 the advantages of a uniform classification of commercial sta- 
 tistics by different countries, ignoring for the time a dis- 
 ^cussion of the collection of such statistics. Tliis latter feature 
 of trade statistics has been discussed by my friend, H. 
 Llewellyn Smith, Esq., representing the London Board of 
 Trade. To show the advantages of a uniform classification 
 in the clearest light, it is wise, it .seems to me, to show the dis- 
 advantages of the methods prevailing at the present time. 
 
 There are two main sources of infomiation in this coimtry 
 concerning statistics of foreign trade — ^the reports of the cus- 
 toms officials, published by the Bureau of Statistics of the 
 Treasury Department in its various series of publications, and 
 the reports of foreign governments, republished in summary 
 form by the Bureau of Foreign Commerce of the Department 
 of State, as reported by the consular officers of the United 
 States Government in foreign countries. 
 
 It is often desirable, for one reason or other, to make a 
 comparison of trade statistics of different countries, but un- 
 fortunately, owing to the diverse systems of collecting the 
 statistics pursued, it is, on this account alone, almost impos- 
 sible to make such comparison. As a brief example of this 
 difficulty reference may be made to the annual report of the 
 Bureau of Foreign Commerce of the State Department on 
 
 "Commercial Relations of the United States," the introduc- 
 tion to which is entitled "Review of the World's Commerce." 
 In this introduction for the year 1898 there is given (pages 
 24-74) a statement from the Bureau of Statistics of the 
 Treasury Department showing the total value of imports and 
 exports for the years 1889 to 1898 by years and countries, 
 and the quantity and value of imports and exports by articles 
 and chief countries for the two years ending December, 1897 
 and 1898. In this statement it is found that the total value 
 of imports from the L^nited Kingdom to the United States 
 in 1897 was $159,002,286, and of exports from the United 
 States to the United Kingdom $482,695,024. Turning now 
 to volume II. (page 611), where the trade statistics of the 
 United Kingdom are reproduced, it will be found that exports 
 from the United Kingdom to the United States during 1897 
 amounted to $189,669,585, and imports from the United 
 States to the United Kingdom $565,208,135. Comparing 
 the returns as given by the United States and Great Britain, 
 it will be seen that there is a difference of $30,667,299 in the 
 value of goods sent from the United Kingdom to the United 
 States, and of $82,513,111 in the value of goods sent from the 
 United States to the United Kingdom. 
 
 Tliis great difference may be accounted for in a num1>er 
 of ways, the most important of which is that of the difference 
 in the methods of valuation. The attempt was made to make 
 a comparison of particular classes of goods by quantities 
 rather than by values, in order to eliminate this item, but 
 here the equally great dilficulty was encounteretl that totally 
 different systems of classification have been adopted, with a 
 result that it was practically impossible to make such com- 
 parison for any important single commodity or class of com- 
 modities. 
 
 Tlie detailed annual reports of the Bureau of Statistics of 
 the Treasury Department have been examined, but here not 
 only the foregoing obstacles to a comparison were encoun- 
 tered, but in addition the fact that the tables were mostly, 
 if not entirely, for the fiscal year ending June 30th. which 
 does not correspond with the year for which most foreign 
 trade statistics are given. This difficulty, of course, can be 
 overcome by using the monthly or quarterly reports of our 
 Federal Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department, so 
 that the calendar-year statements can be brought into com- 
 ]iarison with the calendar-year statements of other countries. 
 
 Though it is impossible to determine the reasons why a 
 comparison of international trade statistics is ditficult, the 
 fact remains that it is doubtful if even a specialist in trade 
 statistics can safely make such comparison. The subject of 
 the comparability of trade statistics of various countries has 
 repeatedly occupied the attention of the International Sta- 
 tistical Institute, the Royal Statistical Society, the American 
 Statistical Association, the Australasian Association for the 
 Advancement of Science and other scientific bodies. These 
 discussions have been carried on for years by the International 
 Statistical Institute on reports and propositions submitted by 
 A. E. Bateman, Esq., one of the most distinguished statis- 
 ticians of England, Sir Robert Giffen, Dr. Frederick C. Hicks 
 and others. I can do but little here other than give an 
 epitome of these discussions, and to offer some suggestions 
 of the way out of the difficulties. 
 
 All the difficulties in the way of such comparisons have 
 been thoroughly examined by this body, and efforts have been 
 made to induce the different governments to adopt a more 
 uniform system for securing and presenting their trade sta- 
 tistics, but as yet, no progress whatever in this direction has 
 been made. 
 
 The chief obstacles to be overcome are the difficulties ex- 
 isting in: 
 
 1. The method of classifpng the various categories of ex- 
 ports and imports. 
 
168 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 2. Tlie nicthod of valuing imports and exports. 
 
 o. The iiielliods of registering imports and exports accord- 
 ing to eoinitry of origin and ultimate destination, as distin- 
 giiished from the country of immediate import and export. 
 
 Tlie great disadvantages arising from the conilicting 
 methods employed as regards these three points are such, 
 tliat there should he a mcst strenuous effort to overcome 
 them. Under the fir.st, the method of classifying the various 
 categories of imports and exports, it is found that not only 
 does the method existing in different countries vary greatly, 
 but also that there is a great variation in the classitication in 
 the same country of imports and exports. This variation 
 occurs particularly in the trade statistics of the United King- 
 dom and of the United States. In this country the imports 
 are divided into five classes: 1. Articles of food and live 
 animals; 2. Articles in a crude state for use in domestic in- 
 dustry; 3. Articles wholly or partly manufactured for use 
 as materials; 4. Manufactured articles ready for consump- 
 tion; and 5. Articles of voluntary use, luxuries, etc. The 
 last class includes tobacco and alcoholic beverages, as well 
 as articles made with lace, embroideries, or insertions, which 
 are all considered in the United States to Lear the stamp of 
 luxury. As regards exports, it is found that there are six 
 classes, the largest of which is class 1. They are: 1. Food 
 products and agricultural products, including tobacco in 
 the leaf; 2. Products of mines; 3. Products of the forest; 
 4. Products nf tlie fisheries; 5. Miscellaneous products; and, 
 6. Domestic manufactures. In the classitication of imports, 
 food products and raw materials are the largest classes, 
 while in exports, food products and domestic manufactures are 
 of the greatest importance. Of course, with such a varied 
 industry as that existing in the ITnited States, it is debatable 
 groimd as to whether the same classification of imports, even 
 by a more minute differentiation, could be made comparable 
 with the classification of exports. 
 
 The United Kingdom presents the same difficulty. There 
 are four classes of imports, with several sub-divisions: 1. 
 Food products, which is divided into two classes, comprising 
 animals living and articles of food and drink, including 
 tobacco; 2. Raw materials and jiartly manufactured articles, 
 with five sub-divisions; 3. Manufactured articles; and, 4. 
 Miscellaneous products. In the classification of exports 
 there are four classes, with several sub-divisions: Class 1. 
 Food products, which, the same as in the imports, lias two 
 sub-divisions, animals living and articles of food and drink; 
 2. Raw materials; 3. Articles manufactured and partly 
 manufactured, which class is sub-divided into several sec- 
 tions, including yarn and textile fabrics; metals and articles 
 manufactured therefrom, except machinery; machinei7 and 
 mill work, ap])arel and articles of personal use, and chem- 
 icals, including all chemical and medicinal jweparations; and, 
 4, all otbi'r articles, either manufactured or partly manufac- 
 tured, including articles sent liy parcels post. These are fair 
 samples of the difficulties of making comparisons under the 
 first obstacles named, that of classifying the various categories 
 of imports and exports. 
 
 The second obstacle, the different methods of valuing im- 
 ports and exports, offer very great advantages as at present 
 carried on. In one country, imjjorts are valued at the port 
 of departure, and in another, at the port of arrival. In some 
 cases, the values are determined from the statements of the 
 shippers, checked by the customs authorities, and in others, 
 by a permanent valuation commission which fixes a schedule 
 of official prices which it revises from time to time. Some- 
 times the values a,s given include the cost of packing, freight 
 and other incidental expenses, and sometimes these charges 
 are omitted, so that there is a constant disturbance of the 
 valuation of exports and imports of the same articles. 
 
 For these, and other reasons, a better comparison for most 
 
 purposes of the volume of imports and exports is by units of 
 quantity. This can be secured only by a minute classification 
 of each article by the quantities involved in the trade. In 
 a class of imports quantities cannot be given, but in the 
 great body of imports and exports there ought to be little or 
 no diiUculty in classifying them by quantities, regardless of 
 values. This, of course, is attempted in many cases, and 
 with good results. 
 
 The third obstacle is through the method of registering 
 imports and exports according to country of origin and ulti- 
 mate destination, as distinguished from the country of im- 
 mediate import and export, and under this method there is 
 more deception, probably, than under the other two. Thus, 
 for instance, the rule in Holland is to consider as the coun- 
 try of origin the country from which the vessel carrying the 
 goods started, according to the bill of lading. All products 
 exported by sea from Holland appear in the statistics as 
 Dutch products, although they might have come from some 
 other country originally and simply crossed Holland to gain 
 a port. This illustrates the methods in vogue in otlier coun- 
 tries, and some of the greatest importance in foreign trade. 
 Anyone using the statistics of imports and exports to make 
 comparisons without reference to this difference in the 
 metliod of registration, would thus confuse, even vitiate, the 
 conclusion which might be reached. Much time might be 
 taken in reviewing these differences, but a single illustration, 
 it Seems to me, sufficiently emphasizes the fact that there is 
 a great opportunity for reform under this method. 
 
 The above are the chief disadvantages of the prevailing 
 methods of classification, and they point clearly to the ad- 
 vantages which would obtain with a uniform classification 
 of the trade statistic of different countries. It is at once 
 admitted that the chief difficulty in securing uniform classi- 
 fication lies in the method of valuation. So long as there 
 are restrictions upon trade there will be, perhaps, not frauds 
 in valuation, although they occur now and then, but an 
 endeavor on the part of the importer, when duties are to be 
 paid upon imports, to secure the lowest possible valuation. 
 This, as a rule, does not conflict with the interests of the 
 ex])orter of the same articles. He is sending them out at 
 market prices, and at prices which are warranted by the trade 
 itself, but the valuation of the exporter can rarely be the 
 valuation of the importer of the same goods. 
 
 'J'lie ditficulty of making comparisons to learn the volume 
 of trade of one country as against another, to which I have 
 alluded — the gi'eat disparity between the import statistics in 
 one country and the export statistics in another of the same 
 article — can be overcome only by quantitative classification 
 and by an extreme carefulness not only in the collection but 
 in the classification of the facts. Herein lies a very great 
 difliculty in securing a uniform classification, but a difficulty 
 which, once overcome, would show the great advantages to 
 be obtained. 
 
 It is of the greatest advantage in all international con- 
 siderations to be able to make fairly exact comparisons, and 
 this is of more advantage to our great importers and ex- 
 porters and to the producers of raw material everywhere, as 
 well as of manufactured products, than to the economist. 
 The financiers of different countries are also greatly inter- 
 ested, and the value of their work would be materially en- 
 hanced through the securing of iiiiil'nriiiity. It the great 
 financiers of difi'erent countries aix' making eaknilations 
 based upon incomparable statistics of imports and exports, 
 they are quite sure to arrive at false conclusions in reference 
 to international monetary systems or the elements of inter- 
 national exchange. If they are deceived through considering 
 as exports of a country all those things which are sent out 
 of its ]>orts, without reference to the place of production, 
 and of another as only those things which are produced in 
 
NINTH DAY»S SESSION, OCTOBER 23, 1899 
 
 169 
 
 and exported from that country, they are sure to arrive at 
 false conclusions, and the basis of their theories will be 
 vitiated. So the merchant or the producer who undertakes 
 to make calculations as to the prospect of trade by entering 
 into comparison like those just described, would come to a 
 false conclusion as to what he had better do in reference to 
 exporting or importing the articles in which he is concerned. 
 
 The problem, therefore, for this International Commercial 
 Congress is, to consider what means can be taken to over- 
 come the difficulties outlined. The first method which would 
 naturally suggest itself is that of memorials to the govern- 
 ments of different commercial countries, with a view to secur- 
 ing by the governments themselves a reorganization of their 
 classification of commercial statistics. Experience shows that 
 there is not much to be hoped for from this method. Gov- 
 ernment officials everyw^here would claim, and with much 
 propriety, that their classifications are the result of the ex- 
 perience of many years; that they have each tried to present 
 their exports and imports in such a way as to comprehend the 
 leading elements of the particular trade of the country in- 
 volved, and no country would l)e willing, under such a pro- 
 test, to throw aside the classification used for years and adopt 
 that of another country. Each would naturally claim that 
 its own classification was the best to be obtained under all 
 the circumstances, and recognizing all the difficulties in uni- 
 formity. Nevertheless, this Congress might join its efforts 
 to those of the International Statistical Institute and other 
 scientific bodies. Boards of trade, chambers of commerce, 
 and commercial associations everywhere, should add their 
 powerful memorials to the appeals from academic sources. 
 Thus an impression would be made far greater, and with 
 much more powerful influence, than could be secured through 
 the appeals from academic sources alone. 
 
 Should this method not be deemed wise or hopeful of ad- 
 vantageous results, the whole matter of classification must 
 be left either to private enterprise or to the scientific work 
 of some department of governmental service, which under 
 law shall imdertake to harmonize the classification of com- 
 mercial (Statistics of diiferent countries for the benefit, not 
 alone of the merchants aaid producers of the country in- 
 volved, but of the world. This may be accomplished here- 
 after in the United States through the establishment of the 
 proposed Department of Industry and Commerce. Should 
 such an office be established its head being a member of the 
 Cabinet, much could l>e accomplished; for with an ade- 
 quately equipped department the official commercial statistics 
 of different countries could be arranged and re-arranged so 
 that the classification thereof would be fairly uniform and 
 constitute a reasonable basis for comparison. 
 
 Anotlier method which has always been rather attractive 
 to me in this direction is through the efforts of organizations 
 themselves. Some years ago I had the honor to make before 
 our National Board of Trade a proposition for it to establisli 
 a bureau of statistics, the main purjiose of which should 
 be to collect, classify and publish at short intervals, on a 
 \miform basis, the statistics of production and trade of the 
 different countries of the world, and I still believe that in 
 this suggestion there is much weight. The Philadelphia 
 Commercial Museum might undertake this work. With the 
 means at its disposal, joined to the means which might be 
 contributed by the National Board of Trade and by the dif- 
 ferent boards of trade and chambers of commerce throughout 
 the country, a bureau might be established that could act 
 with far more promptness than a government office, and 
 especially with much more promptness than a chain of gov- 
 ernment offices, even supposing for a moment that different 
 governments might be induced to unite in securing uni- 
 formity. It is not a question of money. The producers, 
 exporters, and importers of the United Kingdom or of the 
 
 United States could with perfect ease furnish the means for 
 supporting a bureau devoted to this work. It would, of 
 course, have all the facilities of every government office in 
 the world devoted to commercial statistics in securing 
 promptly advance statements, on their own classification, 
 for the purpose of editorial work and classification. It is 
 safe to assume that with men of great power, and with the 
 lirains which they bring to tiieir own individual activities, 
 there should be found enterprise enough, and sufficient 
 energy to institute measures which shoidd be effective and 
 lead to the most satisfactory results. A committee or an 
 officer authorized by such a comliination of associations would 
 soon show the commercial world the benefits to be derived 
 from a uniform classification of the commercial statistics of 
 different countries. (Applause.) 
 
 General H. H. Bingliam: 
 
 1 have the pleasure of presenting to you Lieut. -General 
 Laurie, M. P., Delegate, London Chamber of Commerce; lie 
 will discuss the subject presented by Mr. H. Llewellyn Smith 
 and Hon. Carroll D. Wright, "The need for a greater uni- 
 formity in the trade statistics of different countries." 
 
 Lieul.-Gencral J. Wimhitrn Laurie: 
 
 Mr. Chairman: I have no intention of reading a paper on 
 this subject, because I conceive that the two papers have ab- 
 solutely covered the ground, so, if I had a paper, I should 
 prefer to withdraw it and to allow this question to stand on 
 its merits, as the papers placed before you by representative 
 men are specimens of two great commercial nations. These 
 men are more fully able to speak from years of experience 
 more to the point than any individual could speak. What I 
 desire to do, if possible, is to give effect to the papers by Mr. 
 H. Llewellyn Smith and by Hon. Carroll D. Wright. The 
 suggestion has been made that some practical action be taken, 
 following out the papers read, so I prepared a resolution on 
 this subject which I handed to Dr. Wilson last Tuesday, un- 
 derstanding that these matters were to be brought up. I will 
 read the resolution: 
 
 Resolved, That it is most desirable that, as far as practi- 
 cable, the trade statistics of all countries should be a,ssimi- 
 lated for purposes of accurate comparison, and that this Con- 
 gress place this resolution before the Government of the 
 United States with a view to any action which may be found 
 possible by consultation with foreign goveraments to obtain 
 such assimilation of statistical returns. 
 
 Now I have listened to the proposal by Mr. Wright, and 
 to some extent by Mr. Smith, in reference to statistics, that 
 private individuals should take hold of this matter, that the 
 International Statistical Institute should deal with this ques- 
 tion and endeavor to assimilate statistics. The result of that 
 would be, so I conceive, that you would have a class of statis- 
 tics with which you would be able to work. You would have 
 a class of statistics prepared by Government officials and by 
 private enterprise which would not in all respects agree, and 
 the question would arise by which you would be guided. The 
 office of statistics would not be what yoii w-ould expect, and 
 you would be just where you are now. You would still be 
 left with statistic-s that are diverse in statement that would 
 be placed before you. It seems to me that you don't want two 
 sets of statistics; we want one set prepared by the Govern- 
 ment. Would it not be better to ask the Government to 
 assimilate? Should not each delegate be required to ask its 
 Government to modify its statistics? Each Government 
 would then naturally say, "We know our own business, and 
 we prepare such statistics as suit our people." Pass my reso- 
 lution. My resolution propo.ses that the delegates of the 
 different countries should be invited to come together to as- 
 
170 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OE THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 certain how their statistics may be so collated as to assimilate 
 for all practical purposes to cover the same period. I cannot 
 liclp thinking that we will in time amve at the best i-esult.s 
 wc all desire to attain — the assimilation of statistics. At any 
 rate, if the Government of the United States, represented by 
 ^Ir. Wright for this ])urpose, and if the Government of Great 
 Britain, represented by Jlr. Smith for this puqajse, both de- 
 i-'ire that statistics shonld be assimilated, I feel quite satisfied 
 that tliese two Governments will find a method for doing it, 
 because these two are able representatives of the statistical 
 departments of hotli countries, and I cannot conceive that the 
 diiiiculties are insurmountable. With your permission, sir, 
 1 pi-opose the resolution that I have read, and I trust, that 
 though there may be a better method, until some better 
 method is discovered, this may be ado]ited as a solution of the 
 difticulty, and that we shall endeavor to carry it nut. (Ap- 
 plause.) 
 
 (ieneral H. II. Bingham: 
 Mr. Wright desires to nuxke a correction. 
 
 nmi. Carroll D. Wri,jM: 
 
 ]\lr. Cliairman: 1 uuTcly wisli to correct an impression. 
 Mr. Laurie's suggestion is that this commercial body and the 
 boards of trade and chambers of commerce everywhere, in 
 their memorials to their different governments, supplement 
 the work of the memorials of the International Institute, not 
 that tlie Institute was to conilict, but its statistics were to sup- 
 plement those obtained by the (4overnment and those ob- 
 tained from business men. I am heartily in sympathy with 
 the resolution offered which I saw before it was presented. 
 
 Lient.-General J. Wimhurn Laurie: 
 
 Mr. Chairman: It was my desire that the initiative should 
 he taken by the Goveniment of this great country where we 
 are assembled in Commercial CongTCSs. 
 
 General H. H. Bingham: 
 
 The Chair will recognize Mr. William Angus, of the Lon- 
 don Chamber of Commerce, a delegate to this Congress. 
 
 Mr. William Angus: 
 
 As a member of the London Chamber of Commerce, I am 
 glad to have the opportunity of seconding the resolution just 
 moved by my colleague. General Laurie. We are told that the 
 Jealousy of commerce will prevent governments from work- 
 ing together, but surely tlie uniformity of trade statistics must 
 lie a convenience to all. All useful information stimulates 
 trade, and anything that promotes trade between nations 
 benefits civilization. This jealousy of commercial nations is 
 only a survival of the early instincts of savagery, when every 
 man fought for his own existence. I cannot understand why 
 one nation .should fear the commercial progress of another — 
 surely every country benefits by the indu.stry of other enun- 
 f.ries. It is the sluggish nations which we should fear, for 
 they produce nothing, and thus clog the wheels of advaiu-ing 
 civilization. Let us adopt every means of assisting trade 
 throughout the world, dro]) the old prejudices against rival 
 nations, and following up the generous and enlightened policy 
 now begim by the Philadelphia Comiru'reial Museum, work 
 togetiier to encourage commerce and raise the standard of 
 human life. 
 
 We liear of Continental countries emiibining to stay Ihe 
 commercial progress of (i real Britain and .America, and in Ihe 
 latter ctmntries, we hear arguments that the awakening nf tlie 
 Ka.'itern countries will swam]> the industries of the West, ff 
 the Continental countries combined, and by some means re- 
 
 duced Great Britain to the condition of its people a thousand 
 years ago, they would only succeed in losing their best market. 
 If we could stay the commercial aspirations of the East, and 
 prevent their entering into competitive manufacturing, we 
 would assist in retarding progress and the world would lose, 
 as it is now losing, the wealth which could be produced by so 
 many hundred millions of people. We need not be afraid 
 that the supply might be greater than the demand — com- 
 ])otition makes trade. Tlie supply creates the demand. If 
 China and Japaji, with their millions of people, and their 
 great natural resources, became manufacturing and commer- 
 cial nations, they would also become large buyers from all 
 other countries. A nation does not trade one way; if she 
 sells, she must take something in exchange; she creates new 
 wealth throiigh the employment of her labor, and by bring- 
 ing into active use tliat, which before had no living value, she 
 enriches herself and adds to the world's wealth, making the 
 world more lieautifrd, and life happier for all God's creatures. 
 I take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to Dr. 
 Wilson, who has given me the opportunity of attending this 
 great World's Commercial Congress, and on behalf of the 
 London Chamber of Congress, of thanking him and all of the 
 official staff of the Museum for their full and generous assist- 
 ance, and for the information with regard to their ingenious 
 and advanced .system of advancing the commercial interests of 
 their country. (Applause.) 
 
 General H. II. Bingham: 
 
 Under the rules of the Congress, the resolution will be re- 
 ferred to the committee. I have the pleasure of recognizing 
 ]\Ir. Joel Cook, member of the Congress. 
 
 Mr. Joel Cool-: 
 
 I wish to speak on a cognate matter to tliat which has been 
 so ably discussed. It is a resolution of the Philadelphia 
 Board of Trade to the International Commercial Congress 
 now in session. The resolution is as follows: 
 
 Resolved, That the delegates of the Philadelphia Board of 
 Trade to the International Commercial Congress, now in 
 session, be requested to bring to the attention of the said 
 Congress, the subject of the establishment, by the commercial 
 nations of the world, of an international bureau for the col- 
 lection and dissemination of the agricultural reports of said 
 nations as to their cereals, with a view of securing the widest 
 and prom]>tcst international circulation of said reports. 
 
 Mr. Chairman, I desire to present this resolution to the^ 
 convention and ask a favorable consideration of the topic. 
 
 Genei-al II. H. Bingham: 
 
 The Chair will hold the resolution, and present to the Con- 
 gress Mr. M. de Routkowsky, who \vi\\ sjieak on the subject 
 of "The Need of an International Bureau for the Collection 
 and Disseminatidu of Agricultui-al Reports and Statistics." 
 
 3/"r. 71/. lie l!iiiilh»r.9l-ii : 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Delegates: T am very happy to say thait 
 I have heard with pleasure the proposal made by the repre- 
 sentative of the Board of Trade of Philadel])hia to establish 
 an international bureau for the colh'ctioii and dissemination 
 of such reports and statistics, and 1 will explain to you the 
 reasons why. 1 am heartily in sympathy witli the resolution 
 and will support it. 
 
 For about twenty-five years, our l)ef)artment of Commerce 
 has mad(> a vei'v careful investigation concerning the situation 
 ol' production and sale of grain, and this investigation lu-ought 
 our Department of Comineree to the following conclusion: 
 
 (•'rom 18(!0 up to 1883, the construction of ra.ilroads. 
 brought the old markets of Western Europe nearer to new 
 
NINTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 23, 1899 
 
 171 
 
 lands with fertile soil, thereby supplying the distant markets 
 with grain at cheaper prices than it could be done in Western 
 Europe, where the high value of land, combined with the ex- 
 hausted condition of the soil and necessity for fertilizers, did 
 not allow the farmers any longer to produce bread stutfs pro- 
 fitably, at then existing prices. Low prices came as a con- 
 sequence of the operation of the law of supply and demand. 
 
 During the decade of 1882 and 1892-3, the area of culti- 
 vated land increased only five per cent. The amount of crops 
 gathered increased from five to six per cent. At the same 
 time, the population of the countries which are consumers of 
 wheat, the United States of America and all the European 
 countries, increased about eleven per cent. Now, the statis- 
 tics show us that the consumption per capita is increasing 
 every year. If you compare these figures, you wUl immedi- 
 aitely see that at that time there was no over-production of 
 wheat, and as the number of consumers increased, the amount 
 of wheat at the disposal of mankind was less than the demand. 
 Therefore, if only the law of supply and demand were in 
 operation, the price of breadstuffs would not be lower than 
 in 1883, but in fact the price of breadstuffs was much lower, 
 the price of wheat for example being 50 cents per bushel lower 
 than in 1883. It is evident, therefore, that this low price 
 earmot be explained except by the law of supply and demand. 
 
 Here comes another factor, or perhaps many other factors, 
 which should be taken into consideration. First, let us con- 
 sider what is the condition of the farmer and the merchant 
 who deal in grain. Their position, I must say, is rather an- 
 tagomstic. The farmer is interested in selling bread-stuffs 
 at prices which may cover his expenses, and leave him suffi- 
 cient profit to live on. The merchant is not interested at all 
 in the price at which the product is sold. He is interested in 
 buying at a certain price and selling at a higher price; even 
 if the profits are very small, he still can get large aggi'egate 
 profits by increasing the volume of operations. The mer- 
 chants are concentrated in the big centres of trade and have 
 a powerful organization at their disposal. They have produce 
 exchanges, where they can get information about the situation 
 of all foreign markets. 
 
 The farmer has very small means, and it is very difficult 
 for him to form associations and combines. We have seen 
 that to be the case in this country where, on two occasions, 
 associations were formed by farmers, one known under the 
 name of "Grangers" and tlie other under the name of the 
 "Eiarmers' Alliance," which did not accomplish anything and 
 were merged later into a political party. They could not 
 bring any practical recommendation which could be taken up 
 by the government for the benefit of the people. This brings 
 us involuntarily to the conclusion, that it is time for the State 
 to intervene and try to find a solution. The difficulty is, that 
 various States have different interests. Take for example, 
 the governments of Great Britain, Belgium and Holland: 
 they are rich industrial, manufacturing countries, and are 
 interested in having wheat as cheap as possible, because it 
 makes it easier for laborers to exist and to make savings. 
 France, Italy and Germany possess a very large agricultural 
 population; they have to protect it by import duties on 
 grain, and they are less interested in having cheap bread, be- 
 cause low prices would ruin their agrarian population. Other 
 countries are producers of grain in such quantities that they 
 have to sell the surplus of their production in all parts of the 
 world, as for example, the ITnited States, Argentine Kepublic, 
 the East Indies, Australia, Austria, Eussia, Eoumania, etc., 
 etc. These countries can not protect themselves by customs 
 duties — they have a common interest, viz., to sell their bread- 
 stuffs at a fair price. It would, perhaps, be to their advantage 
 to agree upon some concerted action, which woidd better pro- 
 tect their interests, than the establishment of imjwrt duties, 
 as has been done in the United States. A country, which ex- 
 
 ports bread-stuffs worth $200,000,000 derives small benefit 
 from such a measure as import duty. I think this is not a 
 method to greatly help the agricultural population. There 
 are probably other ways to protect the agricultural popula- 
 tion, which, perhaps, future experience will show. 
 
 Perhaps the CongTess will be interested to know what has 
 been done by the Russian Government to help the Eussian 
 farmers. You are familiar with the fact, that when the time 
 comes for the crops, the farmer needs money to pay his labor- 
 ers, his taxes, his bills for supplies, etc. How can he get it? 
 By selling his crop, at once. But if every farmer sells his crop 
 at the same time, a great mass of grain is thrown in the 
 market, depressing the prices. The Imperial Eussian Gov- 
 ernment decided to pass a law which authorized the State 
 Bank to give credit to the farmers at a low rate of interest 
 (in 1897, 4 per cent, per year), and the farmers were enabled 
 to get money equal to two-thirds of the value of the grain 
 from the State Bank. Another law was passed which made it 
 a misdemeanor to sell grain wliich was given as collateral for 
 a loan obtained from the State Bank. In this way, at one 
 time, fifty-three million roubles were loaned to farmers, which 
 enabled them to sell their grain at prices higher than they 
 could have obtained if they had sold in the autumn. 
 
 I speak of this matter only to show what measures could 
 be taken in the interest of the farmers. It is not my intention 
 to detain this Congress, by discussing what measures could 
 have been proposed and taken by countries which are mostly 
 interested. My object is to draw your attention to the fact, 
 that up to the present time very little has been done by various 
 Governments for the protection of their agricultural popula- 
 tion, and that one of the most pressing needs is to strengthen 
 the position of the farmers and to give them means to get at 
 least reliable information as to the condition of the grain 
 markets of the world, stocks of grain, etc. This purpose could 
 be carried out by the establishment of an International 
 Bureau for the collection and dissemination of agricultural 
 statistics. 
 
 Up to date, every country does this in a different manner, 
 and information is not exchanged in a practical way. It 
 might be well to establish at once the interchange of informa- 
 tion, and later this interchange between various Departments 
 of Agriculture would certainly bring about the estalDlishment 
 of an International Biu-eau. 
 
 I think in these few words I have explained the object I 
 had in view, showing why I consider with such favor the pro- 
 posal of the representative of the Board of Trade of Philadel- 
 phia. We favor it to such an extent, that I am authorized to 
 state to the Congress, that the Russian Government is ready 
 to contribute its quota of expenses for the establishment of an 
 International Bureau, as proposed. (Applause.) 
 
 General IT. H. Bingham: 
 
 I have the pleasure of introducing to you Mr. Wilfred 
 Powell, Her Britannic Majesty's Consul in Philadelphia. 
 
 Hon. Wilfred Powell: 
 
 The question which is now before the Congress appears 
 to me to be one With which the Governments of the various 
 countries vnW have almost entirely to deal, therefore, as rep- 
 resentative of Her Britannic Majesty's Government, I find 
 that it is only necessary for me to say that I shall consider 
 it my duty to forward the proposal, made in the motion, for 
 the consideration of Her Majesty's Government; at the same 
 time, I wish to gu£lrd against any premature expression that 
 might be considered in any way lunding on my Government. 
 
 I believe I am right in asserting that a somewhat similar 
 plan has already been tried for the collection of statistics by 
 the Governments of various nations in Europe, but I xm- 
 
172 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF ME INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 (Icrstiind that it has not proven an unqualified success; it 
 may he, however, that a Bureau such as suggested for gath- 
 ering agricultural statistics might prove more satisfactory. 
 
 General H. II. Bingham: 
 
 The resolutions that have heen read to the Congress will 
 under the rule he referred to the Committee on Resolutions. 
 
 Is Professor T. C. Mendenhall present? If not, I will pre- 
 sent to you Professor James Henry Gore, who will suhmit 
 a paper "on the suhject of the adoption of a universal metric 
 system. 
 
 Prof. J. II. Gore (Washington, D. C): 
 
 Tlie matter of weights and measures had become so con- 
 fused and so complicated in France during the eighteenth 
 century, that as soon as the revolution found itself able, it 
 began to consider the importance of revising them. At this 
 time, there were no sentimental as.soeiations connected with 
 old things to interfere with the introduction of new ones, 
 and the assembly readily took up the question of a new sys- 
 tem of weights and measures that had been referred to it by 
 the Third Estate. 
 
 This important matter was at once referred to M. de Talley- 
 rand, the minister of foreign affairs under the new regime. 
 In his report he said, "The great variety of our weights and 
 measures and their irreg\ilar miiltiples of one another, cause 
 considerable confusion of ideas and are the source of em- 
 barrassment to commerce; besides, those now employed are 
 not only subject to error, but different lengths have the same 
 name. Such a motley of imits is a great snare for trusting 
 persons — ^a species of deception that is more widely practiced 
 than one would imagine, since for each name to which usage 
 seems to have attached a fixed length, there are a confusion 
 of ideas and multiplicity of lengths. Nothing can justify 
 such an abuse — nothing but the National Assembly can rec- 
 tify it." 
 
 Then, after reciting, with that clearness which character- 
 ized the utterances of this scholarly minister, the many ad- 
 vantages which would attend the adoption of a uniform sys- 
 tem of measures with a unit taken from nature and invariable 
 as nature herself, he proposed that England be invited to 
 co-operate with France in fixing upon such a standard. 
 
 "Each one of these two nations," he added, "should con- 
 struct for itself a standard bar representing this unit and 
 preserve it with the greatest possible care, so that if centuries 
 after, one should suspect a change in the length of the siderial 
 day this vare vould be called upon to definitely decide the 
 matter. Perhaps one can see in this united interrogating 
 of nature for the purpose of establishing such a standard the 
 beginnings of a political union brought about by the inter- 
 vention of the sciences." 
 
 This proposition of M. de Talleyrand was referred to a 
 commission, which through its secretary, M. de Bonnay, sub- 
 mitted a report on the eighth of May, 1790. The commis- 
 sion, after having recounted the advantages which would re- 
 sult from the adoption of a universal .system of measures, 
 said that P'ngland w'as ready to join in fixing such a system 
 and added: "When these two nations, which have only one 
 another as rivals, adopt it, all Europe will follow." It then 
 presented a series of resolutions providing for the co'llection 
 of all the fundamental units in use throughout the provinces 
 of France, their comparison with the new unit when obtained, 
 and a formal invitation that England authorize the Royal 
 Society of London to appoint a commission to co-operate 
 with a commission equal in size and appointed by the Acad- 
 emy of Sciences of Paris in detennining, wherever mutually 
 asjreeable, the length of the second's pendulum on the forty- 
 fifth parallel — or some other parallel — and to deduce from it 
 a universal unit of length. 
 
 Many objections w-ere raised to the use of the penduluni, 
 which up to this time was lacking in precision, and the 
 proposition ultimately adopted was, that it (the Assembly) 
 take the length of a meridianal quadrant of the earth as the 
 base of the new system of measures, that agreeable to the 
 Academy's suggestion the measurement of the arc from Dun- 
 kirk to Barcelona be immediately executed, that the king 
 charge the Academy to appoint a commission to carry on these 
 operations in concert with Spain, whenever Spani.^h territory 
 is occupied. These resolutions also provided that the unit, 
 to be called the metre, should be the one-ten-niillionth part 
 of this quadrant. The decree was signed by Louis XVI on 
 March 30, 1791. 
 
 The National Assembly felt sure that it could rely upon 
 the co-operation of England, but unfortunately, England, 
 either for lack of symjiathy in the evident ascendency of a 
 republican form of government, or not wishing to share the 
 glory of establishing a new unit with another nation, declined 
 to appoint a commission to meet the French commission. 
 This refusal piqued the Assembly, and in the fullness of their 
 new-bom power, passed a resolution on August 1, 1793, in 
 which they denounced to all the world the English people 
 and the conduct of the English government. It also strength- 
 ened itself and the doubting spirits of France, who were 
 not clamoring quite so loudly for new things, by adopting 
 a decree defining what the metre was to be, and declaring 
 that its use should be obligatory on July 1st of the following 
 year. This decree contained a table of measures which was 
 magnanimously offered to all the people of the world. 
 
 It was not until July 17, 1799, that this gift became act- 
 ually available. ()n this day, the two branches of the legis- 
 lative corps met in joint session, to receive a bar of metal 
 whose length was assumed to be the one-ten-millionth of the 
 distance from the earth's equator to one of its poles. This 
 delay was caused by changes in government, arduous labor in 
 carrying on the geodetic work necessary to determine the 
 length of the earth's quadrant and the careful revision of all 
 the computations that liad been made. 
 
 It is quite natural that the meml)ers of the commission, to 
 which this task has been entrusted, should rejoice over the 
 completion of their work, a work which readily sustained the 
 closest scrutiny and withstood the severest critici-sm, nor is it 
 surprising that their spokesman should say: "To employ as 
 a fundamental unit of all measures a type taken from nature 
 herself, a type as unalterable as the globe which we inhabit, 
 to propose a metric system all of whose parts are intimately 
 interdependent, and whose multiples and subdivisions follow 
 a natural progression, simple, easy to comprehend, and always 
 uniform, is certainly an idea, beautiful, grand, sublime, 
 worthy of the brilliant century in which we live." 
 
 The claim that a standard of invariable length had been 
 procured was unfounded, and the assertion that it could be 
 easily recovered is invalid. At best, the standard must be 
 preserved as a bar of metal whose liability to change depends 
 upon its constitution and the care exercised in its preserva- 
 tion. If lost or destroyed, a new determination of its length 
 from the earth's quadrant would not accord with the former 
 value. This is because of the improvements made each de- 
 cade in instruments of precision, methods of observation and 
 accuracy of computation. The only claims that the metric 
 system possess are, the single unit — ten, or its multiple; 
 and the ease with which unils of cajiacity and of weight are 
 dcducible from the unit of length. I'.ut these claims are 
 ample to overcome all obstacles except one, that is, prejudice 
 or the indolent inertia that opposes change. 
 
 If in the entire world there were but one man, his sole 
 effort would be to meet his own wants. He would not be 
 called upon to work to another's orders, and in his own 
 needs he would find all the measures. He would make his 
 
NINTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 23, 1899 
 
 173 
 
 clothing to fit his own person nor would he preserve its pat- 
 tern or measure, for with each year a different size would be 
 needed. His axe handle or walking stick could be his unit 
 of length, and as it would be carried directly from one 
 measured article to one that is to be measured, it would be 
 of no consequence if his crude standard should be lost. 
 
 With the appearance of the second man there would arise, 
 sooner or later, a desire to possess the fruits of eacli other's 
 labors. As long as the two parties to the transfer could meet 
 face to face, there would be no confusion even when each 
 one used his own measure. It is the exchange of one pile 
 for another pile, one group of articles for another group. 
 As the circle of exchange grows larger, however, and a token 
 or money is offered in return for the articles desired, it be- 
 comes necessary that the buyer and seller should have in mind 
 the same sort of money and the identical imit of measure. 
 Thus, out of the multiplying and complex relations between 
 man and man, has arisen the need for weight and measure, 
 and with the forging of closer relations between men and 
 men or nations and nations, comes the necessity for the uni- 
 fication of all weights and all measures — the indispensable 
 and universal instruments of commerce. 
 
 We find each nation studiously observing the progress of 
 every other nation in the perfection of instruments of de- 
 struction. Every method that one can devise for the killing 
 of fellow-man, is in demand the world over, and if the bar- 
 riers of military secrecy were broken down, we would find 
 the same artillery, the same gun, the same sword and the 
 same bayonet everywhere employed in the trade of human 
 slaughter. In the arts of peace, in the efforts to improve 
 the condition of one another by creating wants and satisfy- 
 ing needs, nations complicate the task by refusing to weigh 
 by the same pound, to measure by the same rule, or to dip 
 with the same cup. 
 
 There are nations that are willing to continue "the ap- 
 plication of the same generic term to different specific things 
 and the misapplication of one specific term to another spe- 
 cific thing." Or to become more specific or personal, the 
 English system gives us an avoirdupois pound that is heav- 
 ier than the troy pound, while the ounce avoirdupois is 
 lighter than the ounce troy. The ounce, the dram and the 
 grain are specific names indefinitely applied as indefinite 
 parts of an indefinite whole; a dozen may be 12, 14, or even 
 16; 28 and 25 are quarters of a hundredweight and the 
 twentieth of a ton is either 100 or 112 pounds. The quart 
 and the gallon signify three different measnres, in the 
 United States there have been 130 different measures called 
 lusliel, and none of them conformed to the bushel of 
 England. And at one time the laws of Pennsylvania au- 
 thorized the innkeepers to sell beer within the house by the 
 wine measure; but for that which they sent out of the house, 
 the beer gallon or quart was to be used. 
 
 In the vocabulary of the metric system there is one spe- 
 cific, definite, appropriate word to denote the linear unit; 
 one for the unit of area; one for solid measure; one for the 
 unit of capacity, and- one for the unit of weight. The word 
 is exclusively applied to the thing, and the thing to the 
 word. Thus, the metre is a definite measure of length and 
 nothing else; it has only one value at home and can have 
 none other abroad. This system employs five imit words and 
 seven prefixes or twelve words in all, while in the English 
 system there are seventy-four units having fifty-six names, 
 eighteen of which are ambiguous. 
 
 "The metre," says Adams, "will surround the globe in use 
 as well as in multiplied extension, and one language of 
 weights and measures will be spoken from the equator to 
 the poles." 
 
 This prophecy is reaching fulfillment. On the continent 
 of Europe, the metric system prevails from the Atlantic 
 
 Ocean to the borders of Russia, it has invaded the Russian 
 custom house, and on this side of the water every country 
 to the south of us has found it to its interest to adopt the 
 universal system. 
 
 Sooner or later, weights and measures with all their in- 
 consistencies, force themselves upon the contemplation of 
 the legislator, who immediately seeks to invoke the aid ot 
 law to bring them into uniformity and cause them to con- 
 form to a system. He does not always appreciate the fact, 
 that legislative enactments are ineffectual over the will of 
 his subjects, and that grave conflicts arise when he attempts 
 to go counter to their settled habits and established usages. 
 In seeking to change anything that lies so close to the daily 
 life of a people, it is necessary first of all, to convince them 
 that such a change is more than desirable, and that it lacks 
 objectionable principles and properties. It is essential to 
 show, tliat greater prosperity will reward its adoption and 
 closer international relations will be the result. The ener- 
 gies of legislation, therefore, must be called into existence 
 by the energies of public opinion. 
 
 If two or more prosperous commercial nations should at the 
 same time attempt a revision of their system of weights and 
 measures on the principle of uniformity within itself, unless 
 the system should be the same, the result, so far as concerns 
 their relations with each other, must be, not uniformity, but 
 new and increased diversity. 
 
 The operation of changes of custom in England is slow 
 and there is a deep and general aversion to change. Still, 
 the Elnglish have repeatedly tampered with their weights. 
 They brought into iise a third gallon and legalized two 
 bushels of a different capacity. Their main argument 
 against the adoption of the metric system is that it would 
 cause confusion while the people were becoming accustomed 
 to the new order of things. And yet nothing in the past 
 history of England has been more unstable than the value of 
 the pound, the gallon, and the bushel. Under their past 
 liberal government, a committee of the House of Commons 
 was appointed to investigate and report on the question of 
 weights and measures, which they did in a most exhaustive 
 manner. Their conclusions, with but a single dissenting 
 voice, were in part as follows: 
 
 "The select committee appointed to inquire whether any 
 and what changes in the present .system of weights and 
 mea.sures should be adopted, have considered the matters 
 referred to them, and have agreed to the following report: 
 
 "They have in the first place received evidence from 
 witnesses representing different interests — (1) official, (2) 
 commercial, (3) manufacturing, (4) trade, (5) educational, 
 (6) professional. 
 
 "They have also received from numerous corporations, 
 school boards and other public bodies resolutions without 
 exception in favor of the adoption of the metric systems. 
 
 "Your committee find that almost all of the witnesses 
 express a strong opinion as to the complicated and unsatis- 
 factory condition of our present weights and measures, and 
 of the distinct and serious drawback to our commerce, espec- 
 ially our foreign trade, which this system entails, differing 
 as it does from the system now adopted by every European 
 nation except ourselves and Russia, as well as by a great 
 majority of non-European countries with which this king- 
 dom trades. The evidence, however, goes further to show 
 that not only is our foreign trade, in every branch, seriously 
 handicapped, but that the home trade would be benefited 
 if more simple and uniform standards of weights and meas- 
 ures than those now existing were adopted." 
 
 A delegation representing forty-six chambers of commerce 
 waited upon Mr. Balfour to urge upon the English govern- 
 ment the desirability of adopting the report of the committee. 
 Sir Henry Roscoe made the argument for the deputation. 
 
174 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Scientif.c meu had long been practically a unit in favor of 
 the change, but never before had great commercial interests 
 and the working classes come forward to maintain that 
 English trade, both at home and abroad, suffered greatly 
 through clinging to the complicated English system of 
 weights and measures. Trade union congresses, both in 1892 
 and 1893, passed resolutions affirming it to be highly de- 
 sirable "in the interest of the working classes," that the 
 decimal system be adopted in Great Britain, and evidence 
 was at hand from several eminent manufacturers who had 
 established the metric system in their works, that it was 
 both easy for English workmen to learn and greatly to their 
 own advantage in foreign trade. It was pointed out that 
 llus-sia and the United States were the only civilized states, 
 other than England, not using now the metric system, and 
 it was believed that the initiative of (xreat Britain would be 
 sufficient to carry both those nations with it. Mr. Balfour 
 made a sympathetic response, though he would commit the 
 government to no positive action. 
 
 Soon after this, the conservative party came into power 
 pledged to those principles that gave it is name, and the 
 revision of the metrology of England must slumber until 
 awakened by a consciousness of its ovenvhehning necessity. 
 Tills may come as slowly as the Gregorian calendar came — 
 200 years after its promulgation — and the recollection of the 
 people's clamor for their lost eleven days may be still ringmg 
 in the ears of the timid ones who fear a writ of mandamus 
 for the recovery of the English, tlie barleycorn, or the 
 pennyweight. 
 
 With the numerous custom houses found in small coun- 
 tries it was necessary to keep a force of computers to eifect 
 transformations of values upon the invoices of the commodi- 
 ties passing through their hands because of the diversity of 
 weights and measures and moneys with which they had to 
 deal. The need of a common system was pressing, and tlu' 
 metric system being available, if was taki u and legalized 
 without anyone concerning himself with tiie questions 
 whether the metre would not have been better if it had been 
 a little longer or a little shorter, or if it had represented somc- 
 tlung different from what it does represent, or whether in 
 fact it does, after all, really represent anything at all. 
 
 So we, who are still outside the pale of univer.sjdity, can 
 accept the good features of the metric system and preserve 
 if we like our old terms. We can call half a kilogram a 
 pound, the litre a quart and the metre a yard thus avoiding 
 the use of terms that seem odd because strange. This has 
 been done in Switzerland and not one person in a hundred 
 knows that a slight change has taken place in their j)ouiid 
 to make it equivalent to the half kilogram. 
 
 Where the metric system has been introduced by force in 
 advance of the demand by public opinion, difficulties have 
 been encountered, not only because the manner of its intro- 
 duction did violence to men's established habits of thought, 
 but berause its existence was a badge of subjugation and a 
 ]>erpetual reminder of the national humiliation of those who 
 were compelled to use it. But on the other hand, after the 
 strongest elements of a state l)ecome convinced of the import- 
 ance of simplifying their metrology, a debt is placed upon 
 the ri,sing generation for each day of delay in adopting the 
 simpler system — a debt measured by weeks of time required 
 to learn our cumbrous system and tlie cost added to articles 
 imported occasioned by the figuring and counter figuring of 
 tlie computers who make the transfer in price and quality. 
 
 When Pnissia adopted the metric system, tfiere were a 
 number of units in u.<e, so many, in 'I'act, that when the 
 Prussian foot, for exani])le, was referred to, it was necessarv 
 to specify whether it was the foot of Eastern Prussia or of 
 Western Prussia. There was no one standard, there was 
 a variety of them, and the unit employed must always be 
 
 mentioned. So when Prussia adopted the metric system 
 they had not only the confusion of ])assing from one system 
 to another, but the additional confusion of passing from sev- 
 eral systems to a single .system. 
 
 We have an analogous condition in this country with re- 
 spect to the bushel. What does it signify? It stands for 
 one thing in one State, and for another in another, and even 
 in the same State it means something different for every dif- 
 ferent product. Wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat, potatoes, onions 
 and barley are sold by weight, wliich prices are invariably 
 quoted at so much per bushel. The number of bushels is 
 obtained by dividing the number of pounds of an article by 
 the number of pounds of that particular article in a bushel, 
 in that particular State. AVhen oats are quoted in Ohio at 
 twenty cents per bushel, it means to the Dakota farmer that 
 thirty-six pounds of oats are worth twenty cents; to the Maine 
 farmer, that thirty pounds are worth twenty cents, while the 
 Ohio farmer would exj^eet to surrender thirty-two pounds of 
 that product for the amount named. 
 
 No cause, since the earliest organization of civilized society, 
 had contributed more largely to emliarrass business trans- 
 actions among the members of the family of nation.?, espec- 
 ially by placing obstacles in the way of commercial exchanges 
 between different countries, or between diiferent provinces, 
 cities, or even the individual cities of the same countiy, than 
 the endless, senseless diversity of instrumentalities employed 
 for the purpose of determining the quantities of commodities 
 awaiting exchange. 
 
 In Rome, the foot was equivalent to 11.62 inches; in Lom- 
 bardy, 13.68 inches, and in Lucca, 23.23 inches. In Neuf- 
 chatel, the foot was 10. .52 inches; in Rostock, 11.23 inches; 
 in Basel, 11.99 inches, and in Geneva, 19.21. 
 
 The metric unit of weight in commerce is the kilogram; 
 in analytical chemistry and i)liarniacy, it is the gram. The 
 line is a known multiple of the other so that drugs could be 
 bought by the wholesale in kilograms and sold retail in grams 
 instead of the awkward method our druggists have of buying 
 by avoirdupois and selling by troy weight. The metric unit 
 for dry measure is the hectolitre; for liquid measure it is the 
 litre; the metric agrarian unit is the hectare and the metric 
 itinerary unit is the kilometre. It is one of the merits of 
 the system, that while, like other systems, it allows any de- 
 nomination to be made a unit for special purposes, yet it 
 permits also instantaneous transformations from one denomi- 
 nation to another without changing a figi.ire, but by the sim- 
 ple moving of a point. This cannot be done in non-decimal 
 systems. The inch, for exanijile, is with us the unit of the 
 mechanical engineer and draftsman. The rod is the farmer's 
 unit of distance, and the perch is used by the roadmaker. 
 lint tn reduce inches to feet, yini must divide by 12, changing 
 all your figures; and to reduce rods to feet you must multi- 
 ply by IG^. It is only in our currency, that we realize the 
 benefits of a decimal system. And here we divide the dollar 
 into halves and quarters to our great convenience and the 
 decimal feature of our currency is none the worse for it. 
 
 If. of a certain article, a ])oun(l should cost 25 cents, it 
 would suit a purchaser of .5 cents' worth if the pound were 
 divided into five parts, likewise, either the buyer or the .seller 
 must lose if a quarter of a pound is to bi> paid for. With our 
 16 ounces to the pound, it is only when an article costs a 
 niulti]de of 16 cents a pound that an exact number of ounces 
 can l)e bought for an exact number of cents. In the metric 
 system, on the other hand, by knowing the price in dollare 
 [jer kilogram we should have at once the ])rice in cent,'; ]K'r 
 gram. Likewise', the ]u-iee of land if given as so many dol- 
 lars per hectare, tells at onw the ])riee per arc in cents. This 
 most important advantage of the metric system would not 
 appeal to tlie English with their cumbrous monetary system. 
 
NINTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 23, 1899 
 
 175 
 
 which may explain why they are so slaw to adopt the decimal 
 system. 
 
 The convenience named above is analogous to the spirit 
 that animated Congress to provide that the interest on the 
 District of Columbia bonds should be 365 per centum or 
 $3.65 per year on a hundred dollar bond, which would be at 
 one cent a day, so that in computing the interest on a bond, 
 when making a transfer, it is necessary simply to count the 
 number of days since the last interest date, and the number 
 of days would at once give in cents the interest on each hun- 
 dred dollars of the bond. 
 
 If we can rid ourselves of the foot we shall free ourselves 
 of the ratio of 1728 to 1; 1728 to 231 in liquid measure and 
 1728 to 215.4 in dry measure. If we adopt a rational system 
 for passing from units of length to units of c-apaeity, we should 
 no longer have the incongruous condition of reducing our 
 capacity measures with water at a temperature of 39.83° 
 while in England the temperature of the water is taken at 
 62° thus giving two different values for the Winchester 
 bushel. 
 
 One of the strongest arguments that we hear advanced 
 against the metric system is the uncertainty that would arise 
 in any redetermination of qualities measured under the old 
 system. That is to say, if we had a deed to a city lot calling 
 for so many feet front and so many in depth, some think 
 it would be difficult in making a resurvey to know whether 
 you were receiving your full share of ground or not, because 
 of the use of a new unit of measure. If, however, it is re- 
 membered that the tape line used in the previous measure- 
 ment depended for its length upon the standard foot or yard 
 of the time of the measurement, while in the next determina- 
 tion a tape line resting upon another standard was employed, 
 one can readily see that there would exLst a great uncertainty 
 as to the identity of the two standards employed as could 
 possibly arise in knowing the relative value of the metre and 
 the foot of the earlier measurement. 
 
 Another objection is the disturbing effect the adoption 
 would have upon the daily vocations. "How would the ser- 
 vant-girl,'" some ask, "know how many litres of milk to buy, 
 if in all her previous purchases she had bought only pints 
 or quarts?" Suppose she knew nothing of the change, that 
 it should begin at midnight of a certain date. On the next 
 morning she would hail the milkman and say, "Let me have 
 two quarts of milk." He would answer, "We don't have 
 quarts now." "What do you have?'' "Litres," would be the 
 answer. It is not likely that she would be terrified by the 
 word, but would ask to be shown a litre measure, and to her 
 eyes it would look as much like a quart that she would at 
 once know how many of these units of milk she would want. 
 The same would be true if a lady should try to buy a cer- 
 tain number of yards of goods. If she found she could not 
 have it in yards, she would ask to see how long the metre was, 
 and could then form a fairly accurate opinion as lo how many 
 she would need. 
 
 In the great majority of the petty transactions of our daily 
 lives, we are guided in our purchases by the amount we wish 
 to expend for the various articles, or by the looks of the size 
 of the pile the shopkeeper measures out or puts in the bal- 
 ance. If the price per pound is asked, it is usually for the 
 purpose of being able to give the order in pounds, otherwise 
 the request would be for "so many cents' worth." 
 
 The change in our S3'stem of weights and measures would 
 be accompanied by considerable expense. New scales or 
 weights would be required, but as the average life of a counter 
 scale is only about two years, the merchants could, by know- 
 ing in time when the change would be made, either hasten 
 or delay somewhat the necessary purchase of a scale so as to 
 buy one in the new system. Some new machinery would 
 have to be constructed and new dies cut, but all manufac- 
 
 turers who are seeking foreign markets must make machines 
 to conform to the measures in use in the country where they 
 are striving to create markets. At this time many of our 
 shops are required to keep two sets of machinery on this very 
 account. It is idle to assume that our customary units shall 
 completely pass away on the day of the adoption of the new 
 system. The most radical proposition goes no further than 
 to say that contracts to be legal must be drawn in the new 
 system, permitting for years to come, the use of the familiar 
 units, just as at the present time, hundreds of units are in 
 use eveiy day that have no legal recognition whatever, — 
 the bit, the levy, and the hand. 
 
 In the Post Office Department, every letter and every piece 
 of mail going out of or coming into this country has its weight 
 determined in grams, then why not weigh all mail matter in 
 the same way and in the same scales? 
 
 The law prescribes the weight of the half-dollar and dime 
 in grams. Why w^igh the dollar in grains? All the opera- 
 tions of the Office of the Surgeon-General of the Navy involv- 
 ing weights and measures are expressed in metric terms, why 
 not equally those of the army? 
 
 If any question arises as to the accuracy of scales or of any 
 of the instruments used in determining length of capacity, 
 such question on final appeal must be referred to the gov- 
 ernment for decision. But the English standards are not 
 emploj'ed in making the comparison. Neither the pound troy 
 nor the pound avoirdupois is called into service in case it is a 
 question of weight, but the kilogram. Although the govern- 
 ment possess standard bushels, quarts and gallons, reference 
 is made to the international litre wherever an authoritative 
 determination is asked for, as to the accuracy of a measure of 
 capacity. 
 
 • Then, again, the troy pound — preserved in the mint — is 
 resorted to as the only source from which to derive the pound 
 of daily use, the pound avoirdupois. And this standard is of 
 uncertain accuracy. It is a copy of the old English standard, 
 kept in the Tower of London and many years ago destroyed, 
 so that there is no means of comparison to ascertain if our 
 standard is correct. It is composed of brass, a material which 
 readily oxidizes, and being of unknown density but little 
 confidence can be placed in its accuracy. 
 
 We therefore see, that adopting the metric system, it simply 
 means its use in everj'-day life and nothing more, as our cus- 
 tomary units now have their values given in terms of the 
 metric units and are detennined by comparison with metric 
 units. 
 
 Just now, the nations of the earth are striving towards the 
 realization of the principle of division of labor, and as con- 
 tributory to this, each is seeking to find where its people's 
 wants can be most economically satisfied and where their 
 surplus products can obtain the best markets. The one great 
 question now paramount in the minds of the commercial 
 world is how to extend ti-ade, how to remove the barriers that 
 stand in the way of natural tendencies and artificial stimuli. 
 Mr. Furbish, when Director of the Buj-eau of American Re- 
 publics, said: "The failure of the United States Govern- 
 ment to adopt the metric system is one of the most inex- 
 plical)le instances of false conservation in the history of the 
 country. In face of the fact that almost every civilized gov- 
 ernment has seen the necessity of a common system of weights 
 and measures to facilitate the exchange of commodities, the 
 people of the LTnited States have persisted in retaining their 
 old and cumbrous system, which might have served those 
 who believed in non-intercourse with the outside world, but 
 which stands as a barrier to that freedom of exchange to 
 which the whole world is now tending. We send consular 
 representatives to every quarter of our globe for the express 
 purpose of making possible an extension of our foreign com- 
 merce, and then busy ourselves in an attempt to make such 
 
176 
 
 PEOCEEDING-S OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMEECTAL CONGRESS 
 
 foreign commerce possible, and retain a system of weights 
 and measures which add to our own difficulties and make us 
 mere barbarians to the more progressive nations. 
 
 "I believe that one of the most important works under- 
 taken by the Bureau has been the preparation and publica- 
 tion of a code of Commercial Nomenclature, in which is in- 
 cluded over 48,000 commercial terms not found in diction- 
 aries, but in constant use in trade. This is for the purjjose of 
 removing one great difficulty in the way of those who seek 
 trade with the countries of Latin America. By means of this 
 work, when adopted by the different governments, shippers 
 to republics of this continent will be saved the lalxir which 
 now seriously impedes their intercourse. If, in addition to 
 this, there could be a uniform adoption of the metric system, 
 merchants and mauufaciurere of all these republics would 
 wonder that they had so long endured the discarded form." 
 
 Accompanying the report of the committee of the House 
 of Commons already refeiTed to, are extracts from eighteen 
 different and important British consulates. Everyone re- 
 ports that in their opinion the adoption of the metric system 
 by Great Britain would greatly promote her commerce with 
 those countries, and that the fact of her not having that .sys- 
 tem, was exercising a depressing effect on her commercial in- 
 tercourse with those several nations. There can be no possible 
 doubt of these facts, and the United States, in its commerce, 
 is to-day suffering from the same cause. 
 
 We are out of touch with all the nations of the world 
 commercially except Russia, with which our commerce is 
 small, and England, with which our commerce is not growing. 
 The articles we sell England are mainly grain, sold by the 
 bushel, and our bushel differs from the English bushel; petro- 
 leum, sold by the gallon, and our gallon differs from the Eng- 
 lish gallon, and cotton sold by the pound, and our pound cor- 
 responds with the English pound. 
 
 Our consuls emphasize the conclusions reached by their 
 British colleagues. Thus Consul Morris speaks in one of his 
 reports: "After the language in onsideration, but equally 
 important in its effects, are the standards of weights and 
 m-easures and prices. A busy man can not and will not 
 stop to reduce weights and measures to his own every-day 
 standard, and frequently he who does, makes vital mistakes. 
 Everyone has not the necessary tables at hand nor the re- 
 quired experience. How many people in ordinary American 
 life have any adequate idea of the price of wine, for ex- 
 ample, which sells at 100 francs the hectolitre. The foreigner 
 is in a similar state of mind, if we quote him a price per 
 gallon. Nor is this all; we must not simply adopt some unit of 
 the foreign standards employed, but we must use the usual 
 units respectively in vogue for the various kinds or classes 
 of the goods. 
 
 "Without conforming with these standards, the American 
 seller leaves the first chances of even a courteous considera- 
 tion of his wares or goods to the amiability of his prospective 
 buyer. There is no easy standard of comparison with the 
 products offered by Ill's foreign competitors, and in one half of 
 such cases, the American circular or letter goes to the waste- 
 basket and his continental rival gets the trade. In this one 
 point, all the continental nations of Europe enjoy a decided 
 advantage in their mutual relations of trade. They all make 
 use of practically the same units of weights and" measures. 
 It is one of the most important lessons we have yet to learn." 
 
 Similarly from the consul at Calais, who says: "It would 
 seem hardly necessai-y to rejjeat what had been urged in our 
 consular reports from every section for so many years?, that 
 circulars, price lists, etc., however artistically and carefidly 
 prepared, are practically of no use when printed in a lan- 
 guage foreign to that of the country where they are sent, 
 with the added disadvantage of weights, measures and prices 
 expressed in the unfamiliar units and phrases. ... All 
 
 information of this kind should, to be of any use, be in the 
 French language, with sizes, weights, measurements and prices 
 stated in units of the metric system." 
 
 Consul General Mason, now at Berlin, says: "But — and 
 here is the marrow of the whole matter — whatever the article 
 to be sold, it is useless for American exporters to expect, as 
 so many of them obviously do, that German retailers and 
 jobbers will order direct suppHes of American manufactured 
 goods from catalogues printed in English, in dollar prices 
 and pounds avoirdupois. . . . Generally speaking, Amer- 
 ican goods, to be introduced in Germany, must be offered 
 here either by established agents or by salesmen who can 
 show and explain samples and make prices and conditions in 
 currency, weights and measures that the purchaser can readily 
 understand." 
 
 Mr. Sawter, consul at Glauchau, concludes an important 
 report with the words: "Naturally the almost cosmopolitan 
 use of a system of weights and measures totally different from 
 that employed in the United States, places its merchants in- 
 terested in foreign trade at a great disadvantage. Not only 
 are American price lists confusing to the foreign merchants, 
 owing to the different denominations used, but the fact that 
 foreign lists are made in terms equally unfamiliar to Ameri- 
 can merchants is said to result in unfair discrimination and 
 often in fraud." 
 
 The adoption of the metric system by this country would 
 undoubtedly aid our commerce with the metric using nations. 
 If it should aid us in selling, it would help us to buy through 
 placing larger means at our disposal, then, with our increased 
 prosperity, would come a greater prosperity to the other mem- 
 bers in the family of nations, the circle of exchange would be 
 enlarged, and wealth thereby created. 
 
 Gen. H. H. Bingham: 
 
 Professor Carlo Betocchi, delegate from Naples, Italy, will 
 read a paper, entitled, "Plan for an International Central 
 Office of Chambers of Commerce." (Paper deferred to after- 
 noon session.) 
 
 The Congress stands in recess until 2.30 p. m. 
 
 Philadelphia, Monday, October 23, 1899. 
 
 Afternoon Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to (irder at 3.23 p. m., by Director 
 W. P. Wilson. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 Gentlemen, if you will come right forward, we will begin 
 the afternoon session. 
 
 Will the delegates make any corrections in the proceedings 
 which have already been published where there have been 
 any speeches or papers read? Will you kindly take the pro- 
 ceedings that have been issued and correct them carefully? 
 They are not in their present state a permanent publication, 
 and we solicit corrections in every case. These corrections 
 will be made and the proceedings will be permanently pub- 
 lished from your personal corrections. Corrections of all the 
 papers will be made.- We solicit that in each case before they 
 arc permanently published. 
 
 (len. II. II. Bingham: 
 
 Professor Carlo Betocchi, delegate from Naples, Italy, will 
 jiresent his "Plan for an International Central Office of Cham- 
 bers of Commerce." 
 
^'^. 
 
 ■^ .>y 
 
 F. SHIPPEY, 
 PlETERMARITZBURG, NaTAL. 
 
 R, LEWIS BRINKWORTH, 
 
 Port Elizabeth, Cape Colonv 
 
 M. BERLINER, 
 Cafe Town, Africa. 
 
 HERBERT BOWDEN, 
 
 Thursday Island. Queensland. 
 
 PETER BARR, 
 DuNEDiN. New Zealand. 
 
 SOMERVILLE MURRAY, 
 
 Aden, Arabia. 
 
 J. BARRE JOHNSTON, 
 Sydney, N. S. W. 
 
 W. G. CLARK, 
 
 Charters' Towers, Queensland. 
 
 HERBERT K. CALDER, 
 Fremantle, W. Australia. 
 
NINTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 23, 1899 
 
 177 
 
 Plan for an International Central Office of 
 Chambers of Commerce. 
 
 Prof. Carlo Bclncrhi (delegate from tlie Chambers of Com- 
 merce of Najiles, Catania, Bari and Messina, and from the 
 Association of Maritime Law, Naples, Italy) : 
 
 Gentlemen. — It is not an a.-sembly of traders which must 
 be addressed as to the advantages and importance of the 
 Chamhers of Commerce of the present day. They are the 
 organs — not of the least imjiortance — of the mechanism of 
 modern life, the most powerful springs in the continual move- 
 ment of commei-cial expansion of the nations. Yet, as the 
 steam engine can only utilize a small part of the power which 
 is developed by the vapor, while the rest is entirely lost, so 
 the powerful engine, the Chamber of Commerce, which is 
 within the reach of all traders, is far from having attained its 
 utmost usefulness, a great part of its energy vanishes, as it 
 were, for want of auxiliary mechanisiiis, which would unite 
 the last particles and distribute them in proportion, accord- 
 ing to the wants of all those who might take advantage of it. 
 
 The sphere of action of Chambers of Commerce up to the 
 present time has been limited, not exceeding the territorial 
 bounds of their administrative centres. The laws which have 
 established thcni, or the regulations which govern their work 
 are applied within strictly determined limits. The protection 
 of industrial and commercial interests, the inspection and 
 controlling of stock exchanges, brokers, fairs and markets, 
 ports and piers, industrial and commercial experts, the man- 
 ner of electing judges to the tribunals of commerce, reports, 
 the statistics, the improvements of docks, warehouses, etc., 
 can only be exercised within a comparatively limited field, and 
 it would be im]iossible to overstep these limitations without 
 violating the laws and regulations. 
 
 It is true, there are a great many Chambers of Commerce 
 established abroad in centres where international interests are 
 more numerous and important, but they are, nevertheless, a 
 direct outgrowth from the mother country, and their sphere 
 of action is always strictly limited by the nation wherein they 
 act or are located, and subject to the influence of the home 
 centre. Such a .state of things is incompatible with the move- 
 ment for expansion and the desire for an extension of influence 
 abroad, which has taken hold of nearly all commercial insti- 
 tutions, at least those which in a direct or indirect manner 
 favor the preparation and dissemination of commercial re- 
 ports. An irresistible force has for a long time been drawing 
 the commercial world towards a tacit understanding, superior 
 to commercial or political treaties, towards a universal fed- 
 eration of wants, of intere.sts, of mutual advantages, — a force 
 which truly belongs to a century that has tunneled the moun- 
 tains, subjected .the ocean and that has been brought to a 
 close by Marconi's telegraph whereby physical force, as a 
 means of transmission, is replaced by ether particles in their 
 new vibrations, hitherto unknown. 
 
 I need not call your attention, gentlemen, to a phenomenon 
 which occurs more frecjuently, springing as it does from the 
 very nature of things, namely, the tendency to widen the 
 bounded horizons, to break the barriers, mostly artificial, 
 placed upon the work of official organizations and corpora- 
 tions. All that is recognized as good and useful for a nation 
 could not cease to be so beyond the limits of a frontier, or on 
 the other side of the sea. If, to use the familiar illustration of 
 water in communicating vessels, there is a tendency among all 
 countries to place themselves on the same level of justice 
 and morality, the new spirit must accord an equal treatment 
 to the ideas emanating from other countries. 
 
 In other words, that which a few years ago was strictly 
 naFional, especially in industrial and commercial matters, is 
 becoming more and more international, acquiring strength 
 
 and authority universally recognized, owing to the fact that 
 needs are no longer localized and the standard of public inter- 
 est, properly speaking, is nearly the same in all civilized com- 
 tries. It is not necessary to dwell on the post and telegraph, 
 railways, the protection of trade marks, etc., which have made 
 such rapid strides. 
 
 The settlement of damages caused by collisions on the high 
 sea, now within the jurisdiction of the first port of call, will 
 come in a few years, through the initiative of the Hamburg 
 Chamber of Commerce, within the jurisdiction of tribunals 
 of international arbitration, to the great advantage of ship- 
 pers, steamship and insurance companies. 
 
 Thus, the commercial museums, whose existence have been 
 very short, but none the less glorious, are multiplying rap- 
 idly. They are in constant communication with each other, 
 especially with regard to the exchange of information and 
 samples; so that in view of the increase of their number, it 
 is easy to foresee that before long, they will cover the world 
 with a thick net of international communications, to the great 
 advantage of all who are interested in them. 
 
 Furthermore, the conference convoked at Antwerp by the 
 "Comite Maritime International," concluding its labors in 
 October, 1898, on the proposition of Mr. Beemaert, Minister 
 of State and President of the "Association pour TUnification 
 du droit maritime," passed a resolution favoring the estab- 
 lishment, in all countries, of powerful associations among the 
 shipowners, insurance agents and brokers, for the purpose of 
 studying the unification of maritime laws from a national 
 point of view. 
 
 These facts arc an indicaticm of the new life which animates 
 the work of the Chamber of Commence. These Chaml)crs are 
 l)eginning to feel confined in the field originally assigned 
 them, and are shaking oft' the weight of sectionalism, which 
 deprives them of the power to let their voices be heard, and 
 their influence felt beyond the political limits. 
 
 It is the duty of Chambers of Commerce to overcome their 
 deficiencies, that is to say, to put themselves in such a posi- 
 tion as to render to their members, associates and adminis- 
 trators, valuable services beyond the limits of their own 
 countries, — services which are at present dependent on the 
 good will of diplomatic or consular agents, and whenever 
 rendered, deplorably slow, and therefore inefficient. 
 
 In the actual state of things, for instance, if a Chamber of 
 Commerce is called upon to answer an inquiry of the Minister 
 of Commerce, relating to the stock of cotton existing in April, 
 1899, of the qualities, prices, etc., it will be obliged either to 
 address all CHiambers of Commerce of the United States of 
 America aiul England, or to distribute circulars by the hun- 
 dreds to foreign consuls. 
 
 This mass of correspondence would choke up the archives 
 of Chambers of Commerce and consular offices; and to assign 
 the work to a number of officials, whose duties from the be- 
 ginning to the end of the year, consist of nothing but an- 
 swering hundreds of similar questions, brings with it the 
 natural slowness of bureaucracy, and the answer of such an 
 inquiry reaches the interested merchant when he no longer 
 needs it — the favoral:)le time having passed. 
 
 The cordial feeling and the courteous intercourse exist- 
 ing between the Chambers of Commerce of all civilized coun- 
 tries, can by no means lessen the inconveniences and disa- 
 greements which spring from the very nature of these things. 
 Lastly, the important part that commercial museums are 
 called upon to take in our modem economic life must not be 
 forgotten. These institutions, bom only yesterday, are be- 
 ginning to establish themselves on a firm basis. Their ex- 
 istence, their development and the value of the services they 
 are called upon to render trade and industry, will depend on 
 the sources and extent of the field from which they obtain 
 their information. In other words, in order that a commer- 
 
178 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTEENATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 cial museum may attain its maximum usefulness, it is neces- 
 sary that it ofier to the public the facilities of information 
 and an exliibition of samples from the greatest number of 
 jiroducing and consuming countries, the trade marks, the pat- 
 terns, the most varied and rare kinds of packing, such as could 
 be acquired only iiy an assiduous work of research and in- 
 terchange, througli the assistance of the gi-eatest possible 
 number of Chambers of Commerce. 
 
 The most serious difficulty of execution is now presented. 
 Let us proceed on the hypothesis that all the commercial 
 museums of the world are thinking of completing their in- 
 stallations by the most extensive and varied purchases. We 
 see that the immense work would overwhelm the Chambers 
 of Commerce, which are not in position to render the re- 
 quired service. Each museum would have thousands of ques- 
 tions to ask and samples to secure from the Chamliers of Com- 
 merce throughout the world. The latter would likewise have 
 questions to ask and samples to secure from each other. Even 
 in reduced proportions, however, the actual isolation of the 
 Chambers of Commerce places them in a position in which 
 they are unequal to the task which would shortly be the most 
 important, viz: to supply the commercial museums with the 
 latest products of this progressive age. It is not necessary 
 to be a prophet to foresee that tliis task will soon be forced 
 on commercial bodies, since we already see the governments 
 occupying themselves with the necessity of studying the for- 
 eign commerce at home, of exploring and commercially colon- 
 izing, instead of waiting under the shadow of national in- 
 dustry, or tai'iff protection, for the foreigners to come and 
 take possession of the native production, totally unknown 
 abroad. 
 
 The museum must also possess large and valualjlc collec- 
 tions of the raw and unmanufactured products of foreign 
 countries, and maintain technical lal^oratories in which tests 
 can be made for all commercial purposes. In every other 
 legitimate way, the museum must act as an international trade 
 stimulus and centre for commercial information. 
 
 The Philadelphia Commercial Museum lias attained this 
 degree of perfection, but is still a national institution, whose 
 relations to foreign Chambers of Commerce are strictly cor- 
 dial, it must rely upon its own efl:'orts to secure the infor- 
 mation which it requires, and keep this information, if pos- 
 sible, up to date with the progress of foreign industry and 
 commerce. It is then necessary that commercial bodies and 
 (jhambers of Commerce find, in some way, a continuation of 
 their own existence in an instituticm communicating with 
 the exterior world, with foreign countries; an organ at once 
 receiver and transmitter; a centre capable of absorbing and 
 expanding; an office of centralization and distribution; at 
 the same time a receptacle and an outlet for the needs of all. 
 
 The jjroposition with which we have to deal is by no means 
 new, being only an application to Chambers of Commerce of 
 a process which has been tried with success in many otluT 
 fields of activity, having in its favor the advantages of a long 
 and fruitful experience.' We shall not, tlierefore, be obliged 
 to walk in the dark, for we will liave but to take the best 
 experiences of others, and apply tliom In mir own purposes. 
 There is no longer any need to decide as to the practicaljility 
 of tlie new weajjon which we propose to use in the loyal 
 combat of international competition; the results have been 
 obtained by experiments and if now only I'cuiains to ])iil the 
 (•om]>let(' plan into operatidii. 
 
 Chnmljcrs of Commerce of all civilized countries, now sepa- 
 rated by their charters of incorporation and powerless to 
 unite, should be placed in connection witli eacli other by 
 means of a central institution, the Central International 
 Office of Chandlers of Commerce, something like the bureaus 
 for post and telegraph, railways, trade marks, etc., which are 
 already in existence at Bern. 
 
 Constitution of Office. 
 
 The Central International (.)ifice of Chambers of Com- 
 merce shall be instituted by the agreement and contributions 
 of all (Chambers of Commerce participating. 
 
 II. 
 
 Composition of Office. 
 
 The Office shall be managed by an international commission, 
 of delegates and by subiu'dinate executive officials. Cham- 
 bers of Commerce of every nation shall have the right to ap- 
 point one representative, whose expenses shall t)e charged to 
 the budget of the office. The administrative officials shall be 
 clidseu bj' the commission above described. 
 
 III. 
 
 Duties of the Office. 
 
 The objects of the Office are: 
 
 (a) To gather all commercial and industrial information, 
 statistics regarding production, consumption, export and im- 
 poi-f; also lists of names which shall be periodically furnished 
 it by flie corresponding Chambers of Commerce. This material 
 shall lie carefully classified according to a fixed rule and a rigo- 
 rous method, so that it may be easily, rajiidly and accurately 
 examined. AVith this purpose in view, all corresponding or 
 associate chambers, represented or not, shall communicate to 
 the Office all information which may be of interest to inter- 
 national trade. The languages to be used shall be English, 
 Fi'eneh, German and Italian. The statistics given shall be 
 Compiled according to one formula only, and I was very glad 
 tn hear the remarks upon this subject by Hon. H. Llewellyn 
 Smith and Hon. Carmll D. Wi-ight. who jireceded me in this 
 discussion. 
 
 (b) To eolleet all the samples of jiroducts, provisions, pack- 
 ing, merchandise, raw material, models, designs, fac-similes, 
 re])roductions, etc., which are to be sent by corresponding or 
 associated chambers, commercial associations, or by traders 
 and manufacturers in their own name. The associate Cham- 
 l)ers shall undertake to send these periodical consignments, 
 taking care that all samples, etc., be sent in the greatest pos- 
 sible variety, marked, numliered and sliowing the source, pro- 
 duction, price and all information as to quality, season, dis- 
 ]iosal)le quantity, stock, etc. 
 
 The Central Office, to which a commercial and merceologic 
 museum shaJl be annexed, shall be obliged to carefully classify 
 the materials according to country and origin and prepare an 
 illustrated catalogue in three languages. It shall be ol)liged to 
 keep itself in direct correspondence with the associate (!ham- 
 bers, in order to obtain the necessary shipments to complete 
 or augment the collecticms. 
 
 (c) To furnish free of charge to assoi-iate or e(UTes])onding 
 Cbambers, or through tliem, to the |iulilic. all infm-mation as 
 III customs tariffs, stati-lies, etc. 
 
 Tlie Office shall lie liv im means re~|Hiiisible for the coiumu- 
 niealiiuis in;i(le on ri'iiuest. 
 
 (d) Til rmiiisb tn assdiiate ehaiiilier,-. nr (lii-iiugh lliem to 
 the public, on reimbursement of the lu-ees.sary expenses, de- 
 signs, sani|iles, ete.. whieb may exist in the merceologic mu- 
 seum, and to lend its aid in oblaining tliose wMeli may l)e 
 wanting. 
 
 (e) To fake the iniliaiive in establishing a series of studies, 
 and in cmitinuing Ibem, with Ihe view of preparing a series of 
 proj)o.sitions in the interest of the commercial classes of all 
 
NINTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER a3, 1899 
 
 179 
 
 countries. With this purpose in view, the coiTesponding or 
 associate Chambers of Commerce shall periodically send to the 
 Office the resolutions they will have passed, the reports they 
 will have forwarded upon request of the governments or the 
 public, the refonns they will have suggested regarding postal 
 rates, railways, customs, inrlustrial production, etc. 
 
 The Office shall classify this information according to its 
 character. 
 
 Even the governments, by whose support the Office is to be 
 established, should be obliged to communicate to it all re- 
 ports which may be of interest to the commercial and indus- 
 trial classes throughout the world, save those reports which 
 are of a political or private character: also> the views and 
 comments made by the governments, commercial bodies, 
 boards of arbitration, agricultural and industrial syndicates 
 regarding bills introduced into legislatures. 
 
 The Office shall be able to call the attention of the govern- 
 ments to legislative questions of general interest, for the 
 purpose of facilitating the enactment of commercial, inter- 
 national and uniform legislation, the need of which, espec- 
 ially such legislation as concerns maritime rights and the 
 numerous questions which they present, arc so keenly and 
 universally felt. 
 
 The Office should particularly devote itself to the dissem- 
 ination, Ijy a continual propaganda, of such ideas and princi- 
 ples as may be desirahle to all countries, such as the decimal 
 metric system, the universal postage stamp and postal card, 
 a coin of international account on the basis of a certain uni- 
 versal standard, the unifieation of the commercial standard 
 of time in order to avoid reductions of the hour of single 
 countries; in short, the adoption of all uniform and unequivo- 
 cal terms, which will not admit of different interpretations. 
 
 The policy of the Central Office can thus be summed up in 
 two distinct parts, both complete and balancing each other, 
 and both having for their purj)ose the encouragement and 
 upbuilding of international trade. 
 
 (1) A centripetal force, attracting to the centi-e, that is to 
 say, to the International Offic;;^ the most important communi- 
 cations of Chambers of Commerce. 
 
 (2) A centrifugal force, expanding and distributing ac- 
 cording to needs and interests, the results that have been ac- 
 cumulated through the common work. It may be consid- 
 ered as a perfect organ, being at the same time brain and 
 limb, means and end, intermediate agent and institutor, pre- 
 cursor and administrator, pioneer and planter. 
 
 IV. 
 
 0ffici.\l Publications. 
 
 The organ of the Office— the Official Bulletin of the Cen- 
 tral International Office of Cihambers of Commerce — shall 
 be published at least once a month, for the purpose of spread- 
 ing to the greatest possible extent, information which the 
 office may deem of general interest; to call tlie attention of all 
 its correspondents and officials to the most vital questions 
 which are to lie taken up for consideration by' the govern- 
 ments or Clhamliers of Commerce. 
 
 The usual make-up of the Bulletin shall be as follows: 
 
 (a) A quasi-official part, containing the communications 
 of the office, the government proceedings, laws, law-projects, 
 regulations of international interest, etc. 
 
 (b) An administrative part, consisting of information use- 
 ht] to CDmmerce and industry, compiled from tlie material 
 periodically contributed to the office by correspondents. 
 
 (c) A third part, devoted to a summary of the subjects con- 
 sidered by the Office, propositions, inquiries and resolutions, 
 wl^ich, through the Chambers of Commerce, are submitted to 
 the governments, commercial congresses, hoards of trade, in- 
 
 dustry and agriculture, and public relief and labor commis- 
 sions, with the main purpose of making the laws uniform, so 
 that regulations which are almost the same m all countries, 
 can be classified in a uniform manner, thereby assui-ing the 
 advantages of legislative codification to the greatest number in 
 the commercial world. 
 
 V. 
 
 Privileges of Office. 
 
 The Office shall be placed under the protection of govern- 
 ments, with the condition, however, of keeping the strictest 
 neutrality. Officials shall be strictly f(n-bidden taking part 
 in the political discussions of the country wherein the Office 
 is located. Members of tlie International Commission shall 
 be scrupulously bound to keep aloof from participation in 
 political, administrative and religious controversies, and from 
 every interference in industrial or commercial affairs, either 
 directly ot indirectly. The government shall have the power 
 to warn the International Commission regarding the neutral- 
 ity clause. The members of the Commission shall enjoy, on 
 this condition, protection and inviolability assured to the 
 diplomatic and consular- representatives. The seat of the 
 Office shall be e.xtra-territorialized and protected by inter- 
 national law. The Office shall incur no responsibility in con- 
 sequence of publications or information furnished. 
 
 The Office shall enjoy postal and telegi-aphic privileges, in 
 order to correspond with Chambers of Commerce, govern- 
 ments, tlie diplomatic and consular corjjs. The Bulletin of 
 the International Office shall circulate free in all states of the 
 Postal ITnion. 
 
 The correspondence of Chandjers of Commerce addressed 
 to the Central Office shall lie exempt from postage. The pro- 
 vincial stock and other exchanges of each country shall 
 transmit to its capital or commercial centre all desired infor- 
 mation, and this information shall be summarized and trans- 
 mitted to the Office in daily dis2>atches, which shall take pre- 
 cedence over all other telegrams, thereby communicating 
 promptly the average rates of exchange, ruling prices, etc. 
 
 With the project thus outlined, further details may be left 
 for future consideration. My ])rincipal aim is to bring to 
 the attention of the commercial world this most important 
 subject. The real purpose of Congresses, the only result that 
 they can and must reach, is the agreement of the delegates on 
 a limited number of practical principles, leaving the detailed 
 application of these principles to other assemblies less numer- 
 ous, and therefore, more able to regulate the practical work 
 and to fill up the voids of the plan. It is not, perhaps, 
 too rash to presume that, as a principle, no one can doubt the 
 great ]3ractical utility of the proposition, which the Naples 
 Chamber of Commerce has the honor to submit for the con- 
 sideration of this Congress. 
 
 The Naples Chamber of Commerce is proud to have an- 
 swered the call which came to her across the ocean, and to 
 have brought her modest contribution of ideas. She would 
 be still ]iroducer, if a small part of tlie same should be recog- 
 nized as valualile, and nuirked with the seal of honor which 
 would be bestowed, should the Congress take into considera- 
 tion the adoption of the principles here set forth. Such ac- 
 tion would, HO doubt, be followed by the unanimous approval 
 also of the w-orld's leading husiness men. 
 
 (h'li. II. II. BiiH/liam : 
 
 Is Colonel Pope here? Please come forward. (Colonel 
 Pope comes forward to the platform.) Colonel Albert A. 
 Pope will read his paper on "Export of American Bicycles." 
 It might be proper for me here to state that Colonel Pope 
 was .among the first — the founder of the great bicycle enter- 
 
1£0 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 prise in this country, lie is at the head of one of the largest 
 maniLfac-tories in that business. He has also been active in 
 \vf)rk in connectitm with the better condition of highways 
 throughout the country, and, as a natural sequence of that 
 line (^f work, takes great interest in motor or automobile 
 wauons. I have pleasure in presenting Colonel Albert A. 
 ro])e. 
 
 "Export of American Bicycles." 
 
 Colonel Albert A. Pope: 
 
 'J'here could be no better indication of the advance of 
 civilization, thiiu the successful meeting of this assembly of 
 international delegates which 1 now have the honor of ad- 
 dressing. 
 
 Jt seems to me, that moneyed interests and closer trade 
 relations will do more to bring about prosperity and univer- 
 sal peace, than all the famous battles of which our historieti 
 boast. It is, therefore, of great value to us to study care- 
 fully the successes and failures of various industries in differ- 
 ent 'countries, as, by so doing, we may learn how to attain 
 greater successes or avert like failures. 
 
 In all such discussions as these, we should constantly keep 
 in mind the fact, that healthy competition is essential to the 
 full development of trade, and as such, should lie encouraged. 
 If one nation, by its skill, enterprise and businesslike 
 methods, has won the first place in any trade, the rest of civili- 
 zation should learn the reasons of this success and profit by 
 the example. 
 
 Bicycling of to-day is the result of an evolution of long 
 chiration, and the business side of it has passevl through 
 strange vicissitudes. The prototype was but a toy, whilr the 
 modern wheel is a machine of practical utility, as well as a 
 means of healthful exercise. 
 
 In 186.5, Pierre Lallemont, a Frenchman, conceived the 
 idea of attaching a pair of cranks and pedals to the front 
 wheel of a velocipede. His success in tliis device solved the 
 problem of propelling the man-motor vehicle without bring- 
 ing the feet in contact with the ground, which, up to this 
 time, had been the method of propelling the Draisine and 
 all kindred machines. In learning to ride he found, after 
 nuiny attempts and failures, that it was a simple system 
 of balancing by turning the front wheel from side to side, 
 and always in the direction of the threatening fall, just as 
 we walk by balancing the weight first on one foot and then 
 on the other. 
 
 Lallemont created soine surprise liy riding this original 
 "bone shaker" through the pulilic thornughfares, and his em- 
 ])loyer, M. Michaux, exhibited it at the Paris Exposition in 
 180.5, but what afterwards proved to be a very important im- 
 l)rovemenf in the driving gear, attracted then but little atten- 
 tion. 
 
 The next year, Ivallemoiit worked his passage to America, 
 where he at once liiiilt a wheel and aroused eonsiderabte 
 interest by riding it through the streets of New Haven. In 
 November, IStiti, one Carroll joined him in his enterprise, 
 and to Lallemont and Carroll jointly was granted the first 
 patent in the 1,'nited States, showing the two-wheeled velnci- 
 ]iede with foot cranks, in fact, this was the first eiini|ilete 
 patent actually obtained anywhere for such a niaehine. 
 After a year or two of struggling eiVort to start the inamirac- 
 ture of these machines, some of them were put on the market. 
 In the winter of 18fi9 and 1870, many carriage makers turned 
 their attcTition to this line of work, and ]ii-e|iared a \:\r<j.r 
 stock of unnecessarily heavy and clum.sy veloci[)e(les. 
 
 Riding scliools were established in the larger cities of our 
 countrj' and the spring opened with the promise of good 
 trade, but, when put to actual use, the machines proved to 
 
 be impracticable, and this resulted in a complete failure of 
 the business. This sad experience, however, taught us an 
 excellent lesson, and, as an important result of it, inventoi-s 
 gradually brought forward such improvements as hollow- 
 tube frames, movable saddles, slotted cranks, bifurcated forks 
 and round contractile ndjber tires. 
 
 After we had abandoned the velocipede, the English took 
 up the idea, and by the year 1876 had brought out a very 
 creditable bicycle. The first I saw of these machines were 
 exhibited at the Centennial Exposition in this city in 1870. 
 
 In the summer of 1877, I made an improved bicycle, which 
 was finished in August of that year, at a cost of $313. That 
 was the beginning of the industry in the United States. 
 
 I have thus briefly called attention to some of the chief 
 features in the early history of bicycling, in order to empha- 
 size the jioint of contact between the United States and Eng- 
 land in the initiative stages of this very important business. 
 
 Although at first our bicycles were imported from Eng- 
 land, we soon began their manufacture here. In the spring 
 of 1878, we gave our first order for fifty machines to the 
 Weed Sewing Machine Comiiany, of Hartford, Conn., a 
 concern which was afterward absorbed by the Pope Manu- 
 facturing Company. Our home product proved so success- 
 ful, that we became competitors with a steadily increasing 
 business, so that fewer machines in proportion were imported 
 as time went by, until, after about a dozen years, the impor- 
 tations practically ceased, and soon after American machines 
 began to appear in England and other foreign countries. 
 
 By 1890, American bicycles were systematically exi)orted, 
 and the business has gradually grown, until now it has become 
 a very im])0Ttant element in the trade. When we began to 
 seek this trade, most of the machines sold in foreign countries 
 were made by the English, although the Germans and French 
 exported a few. Our main line of competition, therefore, has 
 been with the English manufacturers. While England still 
 continues to do a considerable export business, she has been, 
 in some region.s, gradually giving way before the competition 
 in American bicycles. Most of the machines imported into 
 ({ermany and France to-day ccmie from the United States. 
 
 One of the chief difficulties whicli Americans met in com- 
 peting with foreign makers was in the matter of steel tub- 
 ing, which, during the earlier years of the trade, we bought 
 in the foreign market, and were, therefore, dependent largely 
 upon England for the materials with which to construct our 
 machines. For some years past, however, we have not only 
 made our own tubing, but turned the scales by exporting to 
 Knglish firms large quantities of our bicycles. We believe 
 to-day that the number of Anuuican wheels used in England 
 and her colonies and dependencies would have been much 
 lai'ger, but for a natural, and in many respects commendable 
 prejudice in favor of home-made goods. 
 
 We have been successful for various reasons: in the first 
 plaee. our agents and traveling salesnum have studied very 
 carefully the conditions and eonseqiient re(|uirements for all 
 the countries of the civilized world. We have, therefore, 
 equipped machines to meet the conditions nf dilVereiit cotin- 
 trics. 
 
 Fntil 1S9(). we hanilleil nui- e\|ioi1 husiiiess incid<'ntally 
 in e(inne(tiiin with diniieslic tvaile; nnw we have a dcpart- 
 ineiit with full |iara|ilieriialia foi- export liiisiness and facili- 
 ties for irauslating or transcriliiiiL; in several languages, and 
 niii- |iriiduet has been described iii hamlsome catalogues 
 printed in Kreneh, Spanish, (iernian, Danish and Dutch, with 
 smaller eatalogui's and priee lists in other languages. 
 
 We manufacture (Oi a vit\ large scale and do everything 
 ]Missihle by macbinerv. The Knglish have been more con- 
 servative, and have (hnibtless been influenced in this particu- 
 lar by the difficulty in managing the la])or unions, who.se 
 teachings seem to be opposed to the adoption of labor-saving 
 
NIXTII DAY'S SESSIO^\ OCTOBER 23, 1899 
 
 181 
 
 devices, and this tendency has also been apparent in other 
 countries. It is, however, a signilieant fact that many of 
 the first-chiss foreign factories of to-day are equipped with 
 American automatic machinery. The Europeans always 
 found it difficult to displace machinery which was likely to 
 do good service for several years, even though they knew 
 that later devices would produce better results. Our aim 
 has been never to spare expenses which would insure in- 
 creased and better product. The only point which we have 
 insisted upon was that the large expense incurred would be 
 economy in the end. This same spirit influenced us in what 
 might by some have been considered extravagance in study- 
 ing the conditions of foreign trade, by bringing our salesmen 
 into personal contact with the merchants and riders in for- 
 eign lands. It is true, that many trips failed to pay an im- 
 mediate return, but the seed thus sown, has in almost all 
 eases proved to have fallen on fruitful soil, so that, as a 
 result, the investment made has been a profitable one. 
 
 No general records of foreign trade were kept until the 
 United States Bureau of Statistics took up the matter and 
 separately enumerated cycles and parts in July, 189.5. 
 
 Prior to that, they were included in all other manufactures 
 of iron and .steel. For the remaining six months of that year 
 the total business was $343,721. For the calendar year, 1896, 
 this business amounted to over three and a half millions; for 
 1897, nearly seven millions; for 1898 it increased about 
 $100,000, and of the total for this year, the United Kingdom 
 took $852,000, Germany $1,724,000, and France about half 
 a million. The volume of busiiie«;s for 1899 did not show 
 the increase that might have Ijeen expected, though the num- 
 ber of machines was much larger. This was the result of a 
 large reduction in price and an accompanying demoraliza- 
 tion of the trade. 
 
 The formation of the American Bicycle Company will, we 
 believe, be a material benefit to both our domestic and for- 
 eign trade. We own or control the use of about a thousand 
 patents, and we have, for the management of this indu^tiy, 
 the combined capital and ability of the forty-four leading 
 concerns which united to form it. 
 
 For various reasons, the price on American bicycles has 
 been so reduced from time to time that it seems now to have 
 reached the lowest point. This tendency downward in the 
 market price is, of course, a natural tendency in most trades, 
 but it has been accelerated in the bicysle business by the 
 too eager competition of some capitalists who came into the 
 trade as one would take a flyer on the street. 
 
 The price of materisl has greatly advanced during the 
 past year, but still, with the saving in running expenses and 
 otherwise, which our combination will probably effect (if not 
 this year, at least in following years) we expect to be able 
 to do our business successfully without increasing the price of 
 bicycles. 
 
 Of course, during the first year of the American Bicycle 
 Company's career, the full benefit of the union will not be 
 available, but when we get the organization so perfected in 
 detail that to our various plants can be assigned less models, 
 the small ones making proljably only one, we can bring out 
 a product cheaper and better. All of you who have had 
 any experience with manufacturing know the great advan- 
 tage in amount and quality of product which can be secured 
 by keeping a set of men working constantly on one part of a 
 macliine. It lias been only by such an arrangement as this 
 that American watches have been made in such perfection 
 and sold at so low a price. 
 
 The combined output of the concerns forming the Ameri- 
 can Bicycle Company for the past year was over eight hun- 
 dred thousand machines. With everj'thing in running order, 
 and each plant running in conjunction with the whole, in- 
 stead of in opposition to others, our product can be increased 
 
 materially and we believe marketed. We feel sure, therefore, 
 that we can meet the open comi>etition of the world, so that it 
 will be for the advantage of foreign buyers to purchase 
 American bicycles. 
 
 If we want to increase our export trade, not only in bicy- 
 cles, but in other lines, we must not have a prohibitive 
 tarift', but a fair one, and raw materials ought to come in 
 free, or at the lowest possible rate. There are many things 
 made in foreign countries better than we can produce them 
 here. Let the tariff be so modified that we can have a fair 
 exchange of our manufactured articles for those made to 
 better advantage in other countries. At present, the tariff 
 on many things is prohibitory, and is way beyond what is 
 necessary to protect our manufactures. The industries of 
 our country have grown so strong that most of them do not 
 need the protection under which they have developed. 
 
 All aggregations of capital, if rightly handled, tend toward 
 the betterment of the public. This is a doctrine which all 
 of us have not yet quite comprehended, but the experiences 
 of every passing year emphasize its truth. 
 
 It seems to me, that we are fairly entered upon a wonderful 
 period of political and financial history. Everything indi- 
 cates that the restdt will be the greatest good for the greatest 
 number, with labor and capital as allies and justice for both. 
 
 Other things being equal, the nation possessing the best 
 facilities for the transportation and distribution of its product 
 will take the lead. The bicycle has been instrumental in 
 bringing before the public the vast importance of better high- 
 ways, the proper development of which will be of inestimable 
 vahie both to our domestic and foreign trade. 
 
 It is estimated that in New York City there are twelve 
 thousand trucks, can-ying on an average a load of a ton and 
 a half for three miles on each of the business days of the 
 year, and with an average daily cost of four dollars for each 
 truck. This means sixty-five million tons transported one 
 mile in every year for fourteen million dollars, or about 
 twenty-two cents per ton per mile. This transportation can be 
 done by rail at six-tenths of a cent per mile. 
 
 When our highways have been so constructed that the 
 maximimi load can be hauled at the minimum price, when 
 motor vehicles, which are coming surely and rapidly into 
 general use, have supplanted the horse and done away with 
 the filth and disease which animals bring into cities, when 
 the lowest freight rates and greatest freight conveniences 
 have been combined, or, in short, when we have secured a 
 free interchange of commodities throughout the civilized 
 world, we shall then liave insured "j)eace and good will among 
 the nations." (Applause.) 
 
 General H. H. Bingham: 
 
 Mr. Herbert Gibson, Delegate from the Argentine Eepublic 
 and "Sociedad Bural Argentina," will submit his paper on 
 "Decrease in the World's Wool Production and the Import- 
 ance of Argentina as a Source of Supply." 
 
 Decrease ix the World's Wool Productiox axd the Im- 
 
 PORTAXCE OF ArGEXTINA AS A SoURCE OF SuPPLT. 
 
 Mr. Herbert Gihsnn (Argentine Eepublic): 
 
 A statement made last year before the British Association 
 sent a cry of consternation through the whole press of that 
 coiuitry. The President, Sir William Crooke, said that by 
 1930, the world's demand for wheat will have overtaken the 
 supply. Coming from a country which sends abroad to-day 
 for the world's consumption, 1,-500,000 tons of wheat, after 
 feeding its own people, and which has nevertheless, made so 
 small a call upon its resources, that the area under grain, in 
 relation to the area available for cultivating that cereal, bears 
 
182 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 tlie ?aine proportidn as the ground space covered by the 
 Capitol at Wasliington, to the majestic Park in which it 
 tftands. I am unwilling to believe that the world's production 
 of tlie eoninion necessities of life is in any appreciable danger 
 of failing to reach the world's requirements. 
 
 Nevertheless, we are facing at the present moment a shrink- 
 af^o in the supply of a commodity as necessary to humanity 
 as brc4ul, namely, wool, and the decrease bears in its aspect 
 so many features of a permanent character, that a few con- 
 .siderati'ons of the circumstances from which this decrease is 
 derived ai'c worthy of the attention of the industiy associated 
 with its i)roduction. 
 
 It has i)cen the experience, both of the leading nations of 
 Kiirojte and of this country, that the sid>division of land and 
 the advance of agriculture tend to displace the sheep as a 
 lirofitable branch of the farming industiy. If the small 
 farmer finds that Ids agricultural produce can be best turned 
 to account by feeding it to live stock, he selects cattle and 
 swine as the medium for converting the fruits of his field 
 into meat. The sheep divested of its fleece does not repay 
 in meat alone for its food as generously as the ox or the hog. 
 In the course of a sheep's life, it will give its owner in wool 
 two-thirds of the value of its carcass, but the farmers busi- 
 ness is not to gather the golden eggs, ]>ut to sell the goose. 
 When the market price for agricultural produce is low, and 
 the live stock of the farmer increa.ses in consequence, that 
 increase is found in cattle and swine and not in sheep. 
 
 To farmers who are buyers of store stock, cattle are more 
 profitable than sheep as meat producers. A prime steer 
 represents eight times as much food stuifs as a prime wether, 
 and gives ten times as much meat. The bullock is a less 
 dainty feeder than the sheep, he will ccmsume a greater 
 variety of foods. 
 
 Where the small farmer is also a stock breeder, the dairy 
 produce of the cow is regarded as a better source of revenue 
 than the fleece of the sheep. Where land is handed over to 
 small retail business, the shepherd must break his pipes and 
 liang up his crook, the sheep-fold is replaced by the cow- 
 Ityre with its accessories, the dairy, the piggery and the poul- 
 try yard. 
 
 Belgium may be taken as a country typical of small farms, 
 whore the sub-division of land and the relation of the agri- 
 cultural ])opulation to the area has reached a very high point. 
 In Belgium, for every sheep on the farm, there are six head of 
 cattle, five head of swine and one goat. 
 
 If we take the three countries which lead tiic world to-day 
 in every branch of agriculture and commerce, namely. Great 
 Britain, fiermany and the United States, we find that during 
 the past quarter of a century, they have been the scene of a 
 most notable decrease in their sheep stock. Since 18T4, the 
 proportion of slieep in Great P.ritain to every thousand in- 
 iiabitants has dro])])ed from 1130 to 750, a decrease of 33 per 
 cent. During a similar period, the ]iro]>ortion of sheep in 
 Germany to every thousand inhabitants has decreased from 
 580 to 200, a decrease of 05 ])er cent. During a sindlar period, 
 the firojHirtion of sheep m the United States to even' thou- 
 sand inhabitants lias decreased from 795 to 500, a decrease of 
 37 per cent. 
 
 In the last twenty-five years, tlic sheep stock of Germany 
 has decreased from twenty-five millions to ten and one-half 
 millions. During that period, cattle have increased from fif- 
 teen and three-fourth millions to eighteen and one-half mil- 
 lions: pigs have increased from seven millions to fourteen 
 millions: population has increased from forty-two and one-half 
 millions to fifty-fotir and one-half millions. 
 
 Taking the whole continent of Europe, it is impossible to 
 find one single country where the sheep stock has increa.sed 
 projMirtionafely with the population. In most of them, the 
 decrease is as remarkable as in fbe cinintries alreadv men- 
 
 tioned. In Austria-Hungary, for instance, the number of 
 shee]) has dropi>ed, in the last third of a century from 20,000,- 
 (100 to 11,000,000. 
 
 In the United States, where the relation of population to 
 area is one to thirty acres, the decrease in sheep stock is still 
 more remarkable, because its exjdanation is much less a])- 
 pareut than in E^irope. The sheep breeder is covered by a 
 jirotective tariff, which adds sixty per cent, to the value of 
 the fleece. He lives in a country where the demand for wool 
 is in excess of the supply. His competitor, the cattle raiser, 
 receives no similar bounty at the hands of his coimtry. Beef 
 and corn ovei-flow the local demand and seek a foreign 
 country. Nevertheless, the Treasury Statistical Bureau and 
 the National Association of Wool Manufacturers tear witness 
 that in the last fifteen vears this countr}''s sheep stock has 
 dimiidshed from 50,000,000 to 37,500,000, and the country's 
 wool production from 300,000,000 pounds to 21)6,000,000 
 pounds. I confess that the decrease in sheep stock in this 
 country is to me unintelligible. It would be presumptuous to 
 suggest that the North American flock master is blind to his 
 own advantage. I mu.st content myself with the bare state- 
 ment of fac-ts. 
 
 Throiighout the whole world, we have to-day only three 
 geographical districts where the production of the textile 
 wool is in excess of local requirements. These three divisions 
 are, Australasia, South Africa, and the River Plate Re- 
 publics of Argentina and Uruguay. There are, indeed, 
 countries from which the raw material is exported, but only 
 to be returned from the manufacturing nations in the shape 
 of finished goods. Fi'om the East, there comes to Europe a 
 large parcel of wools and mohairs, but from Europe, there 
 returns to the East a still larger parcel of textile goods. 
 There are left to us but three regions, all in the Southern 
 Hemisphere, from whence to fill up that constantly increasing 
 deficit in our woolen supplies. 
 
 When we turn to these three producing regions we are 
 (•on fronted with figures far from reassuring. During the 
 past decade, in every portion of Australasia, with the ex- 
 ception of New Zealand, there is a decrease in the number 
 of sheep stock. In New South Wales, the shrinkage is appal- 
 ing. In the younger colony of South Australia, where an in- 
 crease might with reason be expected, we find the number ha.s 
 creiit below 5,000.000, from 7,000,000 depastured there in 
 1890. Tasmania, Victoria, West Australia, have all suffered 
 more or less a depletion in their sheep stock. The continent 
 of Australia is carrying to-dav 30,000,000 less sheep than it 
 did in 1890. 
 
 It is a matter of satisfactidu, here at least, to be able to at- 
 tribute the cause to temporary circumstances, and to enter- 
 tain with sincerity the hope and the belief that Australia will 
 get back to her old figures and probably surpass them. Since 
 1894 Australia, particularly New South Wales, has been the 
 scene of continued droughts and adverse seasons. The valu- 
 able merino stock of that country has been the chief sufferer, 
 more than one year's land)ings have been partially lost, — in 
 parts wholly lost. S^ich a period of misfortune cannot last 
 forever, and even their competitors must join in ho]iing that 
 the Australian sheep breeders are going to nuiud the corner 
 and build up again their depleted sheep stock. 
 
 In New Zealand, the nuudier of sheep has remained sta- 
 tionary for the last five years. Since 1886. it has increased 
 eighteen ]ier cent. Dui'ing the same period, cattle have in- 
 creased fifty-three per cent. Ihiiing the .same period, the 
 pojiulation has increased tliiiiy prr cent. New Zealand is be- 
 coming the home of the small farmer, and the small farmer 
 will follow bis Eurojiean Cfuitemporary: he will increase the 
 output of agricultural produce, of dairy |)riMluce and o( beef; 
 he will crowd out the shepherd. 
 
 Sonlli .\frica presents a more discouraging picture to the 
 
OTNTH DAY*S SESSION, OCTOBER 23, 1899 
 
 183 
 
 wool consiiuier than Aus^tralia. Adverse seasons cannot be 
 alleged in this case to exphiin away the decrea.se in sheep 
 stock, which has dropped over 3,000,000 in nine years, from 
 18,000,000 in 1890, to less than 15,000,000 in 1898. 
 
 In Argentina and Urngiiav, there is to be found the sole 
 exception to this general decrease in sheep throughout the 
 world. Tiie two coimtries combined carry to-day more than 
 20,000,000 sheep in excess of what they carried in 1890. 
 There is no indication of a break in the upward march of 
 their flocks. The sheep stock of Argentina at the pre.=ent 
 time is approximately 85,000,000, and of Uruguay 17,000,000. 
 
 It would be misleading to tenninate this exposition of the 
 falling off in the world's sheep stock, without reference to the 
 result obtained from that stock by better husbandry. With 
 more intelligent methods of sheep breeding, the sheep capital 
 of the world gives a greater per centum of mutton and of wool, 
 than it did a quarter of a century ago. This is evident more 
 especially in the younger countries, evident perhaps, most of 
 all, in Argentina. From every thousand head of sheep, there 
 are more lambs successfully reared than there were twenty- 
 five years ago. From every thousand head of sheep, there is 
 more wool and better wool gathered than there was twenty- 
 five years ago. An unfavorable season, a year of drought, or 
 of excessive rain may occasion an exceptional drop in these 
 results, but talcing averages, the returns are better. What- 
 ever allowance is made for this improvement in proportionate 
 returns, it is, however, outweighed by the decrease in the 
 capital. We cannot ignore the evidence of the facts pre- 
 sented by the returns from every continent and countrj'. 
 The long record of progress in the world's wool parcel, dating 
 from the days of McArthur and his brother pioneers, was 
 broken three years ago. The maximimi point, at any rate, 
 for some years to come, has been reached. The volume of the 
 wool of the world is shrinking. 
 
 A feature as striking as that already alluded to, perhaps 
 even more striking, is the change in quantities of wool fibre, 
 of carding and combing sorts, in the wool parcel of to-day as 
 compared with fifteen j-ears ago. 
 
 Dating back to the second half of the year 1895, there 
 has been a steady continuous drop in tlie values of medium 
 cross and long locked lustre wools, and a correspondingly 
 steady rise in the values of merino and fine cross wools, in 
 January, 189G, the price on the London Colonial market for 
 merino wool was thirty per cent, higher than the price for the 
 same article in the same month of 1895. From that date up 
 to the present year, this rise has continued and we have re- 
 cently seen Australian merino wool sold at twenty-three pence 
 per pound. During same period, the value of medium crosses 
 and long wools has depreciated, their price to-day being from 
 forty to forty-five per cent, lower than their value in 1895. 
 The explanation of this notable variation in the value of the 
 different classes of wool fibre has been attached to a change 
 in fashion, which has demanded an augmental supply of 
 merino and fine wools and diminished pr(jportionally the use- 
 fulness of the coarse sorts. A little comparative study of the 
 breeds of sheep composing the world's flocks of to-day, and of 
 ten years ago, would demonstrate that the demand of the 
 wool markets obej's a more stable law than that of capricious 
 fashions. 
 
 In old countries, where husbandry follows the traditions 
 of many past generations and centuries, we are not likely to 
 find within the narrow limits of a decade any remarkable 
 change in the type of fleece produced by these countries' 
 flocks. Each breed has its recognized district, the topograph- 
 ical and climatic conditions of which have in process of time 
 tanght the husbandman the type of sheep best suited to his 
 region. The tendency here is not to change the breed, but 
 toward a perfection of the recognized type of that breed. The 
 proportion of merino, fine cross, medium cross and long- 
 
 locked wools produced on the Continent and in Great Britain 
 has suffered litle change in the past ten years, and what 
 change tliere has been, is due to the decrease in .sheep in such 
 countries as Germany. 
 
 The Australasia and River Plate sheep breeding countries 
 supply rather more than 40 per cent, of the whole world's 
 wool parcel. A change in the types of wool produced by 
 these countries would speedily be felt in he world's woolen 
 trade. Within the past ten years this change has taken 
 place, and may be briefly .sttmmarized under three headings: 
 (1) An increase of 100,000 tons of medium cross and long- 
 locked wools, caused by the conversion, chiefly in Argentina, 
 of fifty million sheep from the merino type to the strong- 
 wooled mutton type; (2) a decrease of 100,000 tons of me- 
 rino wool from the same cause; (3) a further decrease of 
 70,000 tons of merino wool arising from the series of drought 
 and bad seasons in Australia dating back to 1894, through 
 which to-day, the merino sheep stock of that country has 
 been reduced by thirty million head. The climax in this 
 change of proportion has not yet been reached. It will ar- 
 rive, at the earliest, in 1900, when the world's wool supply of 
 merino and fine wool will be 170,000 tons less than it was 
 in 1889, and the supply of medium crosses and long wools 
 Avill be 100,000 tons more than it was in that year. The de- 
 crease in merino is derived not only from conversion, but 
 from mortality in the Australian merino sheep stock. In 
 this is the explanation why the rise in merino wool is greater, 
 proportionally, than the fall in the combing sorts. Arising 
 from the foregoing comes a question. Will the new propor- 
 tions of wool classes remain permanent, or will there ensue 
 a process of reversion? The answer covers an element of 
 speculation, but it is, that the supply of ipedium cross and 
 long wools will not decrease, though the supply of merino 
 and fine cross will get back to its old figures. Australia 
 will build up her sheep stock again, and she will go solid 
 for merino. The mutton breeders of Australasia (chiefly 
 New Zealand), will continue to breed for mutton, despite the 
 low price of the medium cross and long wool. In Argentina 
 and Uruguay, some of the breeders will revert to merino 
 again. In the former country there is still a vast depastur- 
 ing hinterland imstocked, and it is a merino zone. In most 
 of the country where the merino has been changed into the 
 mutton sheep, the latter, with its medium cross fleece, will 
 continue to prevail. 
 
 The conversion of fifty million merino sheep into mutton 
 cross-bred types approaching the Down and long-wooled 
 white-faced lareeds, took place chiefly in Argentina. It was 
 in response to the mutton trade which began with the export 
 of frozen mutton in 1883, and was strengthened by the export 
 trade in live stock commencing in the early nineties. The 
 breeder scored in every direction; he got a better price for 
 his carcass; the cross wool in the first and second generation 
 was still a "fine" cross, it brought even a better price per 
 pound and the fleece wa.s a heavier one; the introduction 
 of the hardier constitution of the English types of sheep 
 gave him a larger increa.se. This felicitous state of things 
 could not last forever. With each successive generation the 
 fleece departed more from the merino type and became more 
 approximated to the open lock of the long wool. In their 
 enthusiastic pursuit of the Lincoln breed, some have alto- 
 gether overshot their market, and not only find the dullest 
 of trade for their strong fleeces, birt they are beginning to hear 
 complaints from the freezer and the live stock exporter, that 
 their sheep are too coarse. They have a propitious climate, 
 however, and within the limits of the mutton-growing sheep 
 they can produce a fleece of good elasticity, softness and 
 lustre. The older portion of Argentina's sheep-breeding 
 country is not favorable to the merino; the climate is moist, 
 the rainfall a heavy one, and these are conditions adverse to 
 
184 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 the goldeii-flet'cecl sheep of Spain. In exchange, it is a 
 eoiLutry well a(]aj)ted i'or fattening stock, and its proximity 
 to the sea coast and market centres turns the scale in favor 
 of mutton. 
 
 A change in .sheep .-;tock, cither l)y conversion of jjreed, lU' 
 by decrease or increase, is not felt on the wool market at 
 once. 'J'hc lamb wliich died in 1894, is only missed by the 
 maniifactui-cr in lS!)(i. The cause is forgotten before the 
 effect is Celt. Hence it ha,s been said "merinos are in fash- 
 ion," when iji truth it should be said "merinos are scarce and 
 in demand." I'or some years after the general crossing of 
 merinos with luigli.sh breeds had commenced in Argentina 
 the aspect [n'cscnted by the Buenos Ayres markets remained 
 unchanged; merino was the distinguishing feature. Tlu'ii, 
 from one year to another, the intermediate stage was passed, 
 rneriiu> wool seemed to have suddenly disappeared, lost amidst 
 the piles of white long-locked fleeces. 
 
 From tfie foregoing evidence of a general decrease in the 
 wool su)iply to the manufacturing countries of the world, as 
 well as the displacement of merino and approximately me- 
 rino carding wools by the combing sorts, it is apparent that 
 -Vrgcntina has become, at any rate, for the present, tlie most 
 important source of supply. 
 
 The total wool parcel from that country has now reached 
 800,000 tons. Of this, 90 per cent, goes to the French, Ger- 
 man and Belgian manufacturers, France taking 42 per cent, 
 of the total parcel. The remaining 10 per cent, is divided 
 between the markets of Great Britain, the United States and 
 Italy. Taking both the home production and the foreign 
 supply handled by the wool manufacturers of the Continent, 
 of (Jreat Britain and of the United States, we find that Ar- 
 gentina conti-ibuted 3\ per cent, to the trade of Great Bri- 
 tain, 4 per cent, to the trade of the United States, and 43 per 
 cent, to the combined trade of France, Germany and Belgium. 
 
 Most of the wool of Argentina is sold direct on the Buenos 
 Ayres markets to buyers who represent the Continental manu- 
 facturers. Seventy-five per cent, of the total clip is shi|ipe(l 
 to-day straight from the River Plate markets to the Euro- 
 pean industrial centres. Intermediary niarkeis, such as Ant- 
 werp, now receive a greatly dimini.shed parcel. Jn 188(i, 
 alK)ut 5.") ])er cent, of the Argentine wool crop was shipped 
 to .Antwerp, anil in 18!)(i. the export to that centre did not 
 <[uite reach 25 per cent. 
 
 Fifty years ago, when slice]) in that country were neglected 
 by the majority of stockmen, and little care was taken to 
 improve tlieir (|uality and free the pastures of burr-bearing 
 weeds, the English manufacturer rejected Argentine wools 
 as unsuitable for his trade. That period of neglect has long 
 since faded into the shades of history, but it would appear 
 to live as green in the memory of the British manufacturer 
 to-day, as it did then. The parcel of wool which finds its 
 way from Argentina to the English textile industry, is nearly 
 as insignificant, as that exported ri-nni the same source to 
 the Ignited States. 
 
 For a number of years, the Argentine Repulilic has been 
 the largest buyer of fine and pedigree sheep in the world. 
 During the piist five years, she has taken 80 ])er cent, of the 
 value of the total .sheep exported by Great Britain for abroad. 
 Out of 42,909 sheep, valued at £468,813, which was the 
 British export from 1894 to 1898, Argentina alone alisorl)c(l 
 2(1,(540, valued at £372,805. For the ])a.st quarter of a cen- 
 tury, the Argentine breeder has been the l)est knowti and 
 most freipient buyer of merinos from Gernumy and 
 France. The Fnited States of America has contributed 
 \'ermont merinos to the Argentine floek.s, and New Zealand 
 lias supplied liincolns from its best .studs to the same mar- 
 ket. It would be strange if .Argentine breeders, situated 
 in the best sheep country of the world, had nothing to show 
 in exchange for .so much enterprise and outlay. 'I'he present 
 
 high standard which Argentine flocks have attained is little 
 known except by those who have visited the River Plate 
 within recent years, possibly it is least known in the United 
 States of America, which is the sole buyer of the hairy stuff 
 grown by that remnant of the old Creole breed in the upper 
 jirovince.s, where it is fast disappearing before the advance 
 of intelligent husbandry. Manufacturers here may perhaps 
 have judged Argentina's wool parcel by this little consign- 
 ment of Creole wool, but they will find no more than the 
 sample they already take. 
 
 The English representative breeders who visited the In- 
 ternational Stock Show, held near Buenos Ayres last year, 
 exjiressed amazement at the magnificent collection of locally 
 bred sheep presented for their inspection. The English 
 Board of Agriculture, in its report for 18!)8, alludes to "the 
 nuirked improvement in the quality of sheep" sent from that 
 source. In the earliest days of the industry, it was remarked 
 that the offspring born in the country of merinos, imported 
 from Germany to Argentina, was superior in type and fleece 
 to the progenitors. Argentina's climate and soil are par- 
 ticularly favorable for sheep breeding, and the wool acquires 
 a softness and lustre not readily found in Europe. To these 
 natural conditions, has now been added a competent knowl- 
 edge and care on the part of the Ijreeder, and the extension 
 of the railway system has been followed by the formation 
 of agricultural societies, shows and fairs in every district, 
 bringing with them the familiarity of the points of each 
 typical V)reed to the eye of the flock-master, and providing 
 him with the market at his door, in which he can buy the 
 sires he needs to improve and renew the blood of his flocks. 
 Argentina now offers to the world's manufacturers her store 
 of wools, merinos and medium crosses and long lustres, all 
 healthily and carefully grown, of fair, unifonn, quality, and 
 claiming to as high a standard as those from any other quar- 
 ter of the globe. She will be the most ready to respond 
 to the cry for more merino. During the past autumn, the 
 large sale of merino types in all the fairs was remarkable. 
 In July, a selection of merino sheep from Germany brought 
 an average price of $510 in Buenos Ayres. These are signs 
 that tlie x\rgentine breeder has noted the scarcity of merino 
 wool and is going to meet it. 
 
 With an annual increase in the volume of her wool parcel 
 the Argentine Republic has looked to the development of the 
 wool manufacturing industry of North America as a promis- 
 ing factor in the operations on her markets of fhis textile. 
 Her relations with the Continental industry are well estab- 
 lished, she does not desire to see her trade in that direction 
 diminish, and she is not apprehensive of it doing so. The 
 producing country, however, is a young and fertile one, it 
 must seek new channels of exit for its constantly increasing 
 output of raw produce. The present appears to be a most 
 opportune occasion for inviting the manufacturers of North 
 America to extend their operations on the Buenos Ayres wool 
 markets. 
 
 Taking the past ten years of the woolen trade of the United 
 States, up to .'iOtb of .Tune, 1898, there has been a large in- 
 crease in the quantity of raw wool manufactured in the coun- 
 try, and this increase has been met, not by the home grower, 
 but by the foreign producer. The abrogation of the duty 
 on r.\\\ wiHt] in lS!i."i was discounted in tlie pri'vicuis year, 
 which shows a drop in ipiantifies all along the line of the 
 trade. A similar, though not so heavy a. droj), is I'vinced 
 in 1898. caused by the introduction of the Uingley tariff, 
 (irouping the last decade into series of two consecutive years 
 each, we get a clearer view of the npwai'd niai'di of the 
 woolen industry. The increase in the consumption of raw- 
 wool is 51,833 ton.s, or say 30 per cent. The proportion of 
 foreign wool to home grown rises from 39 per cent, to -15 
 pel' cent. The ])ro])ortion of imported raw wool to thi' total 
 
Ninth day's session, October 23, 1899 
 
 185 
 
 net import of wool and woolens has risen from 33 per cent, 
 to 53 per cent. Finally, the export of woolen goods from 
 the United States has well-nigh trebled. The woolen indus- 
 try of tlie country is ex]ianding. and it must be fed from 
 foreign sources. These are the deductions which encourage 
 the Argentine producer to regard the United States as his new 
 client in the future, and if he needed further conviction of 
 the development in the manufacturing industries in the great 
 northern republic, he would derive it from the expansion in 
 that country of the coal, iron and steel trades. 
 
 The amount of wool imported by the United States in the 
 year ending 30th of June, 1898, was 59,230 tons; to this 
 parcel Argentina's contribution was G,138 tons, or 10.3 per 
 cent., the proportion being 1,882 tons clothing wool (9.3 
 per cent, of tlie total) and 4,256 tons combing wool Class III 
 (11.3 per cent, of the total). This parcel represents roughly 
 the two extremes of Argentina's wool crop, viz., a portion of 
 her finest merino and all of her hairy carpet wool from the 
 Cordobese Creole sheep. 
 
 In the section of clothing wools of finer fiber, there is room 
 for augmenting the international trade. The quantity of this 
 class exported to the United States is a very small portion 
 of what the country produces. In addition to the foregoing, 
 the market prices ruling at present for medium cross and 
 long lustre wools are well worthy the attention of the North 
 American manufacturers. They form the bulk of Argen- 
 tina's wool crop, and the grades she produces are notable 
 for their softness and elasticity. It has generally been the 
 experience of the manufacturing world, that when some ar- 
 ticle of raw produce has outstripped its market and dropped 
 to a low level of price, a new process of application has 
 been found for it, which again encourages its production. 
 The causes already alluded to which have influenced the 
 fall in the price for strong wool fibre and the rise in that of 
 fine merino wools give the manufacturers an opportunity of 
 acquiring the former at a figure whicli, in the eyes of the 
 producer, is disproportionate to tlie care and outlay he has 
 expended in growing it. In connection, therefore, with the 
 hoped-for and opportune advent of the United States as a 
 regular buyer in the Argentine wool markets, the present 
 condition and selling value of medium cross and long lustre 
 wools is one deserving of particular attention. 
 
 In order to create a regular supply of Argentine raw wool 
 for the manufacturers of the United States, tliere are three 
 things of capital importance. First, the presence of agents 
 or representatives of the manufacturers on the wool markets 
 of Buenos Ayres; second, the estal)lishment of direct steam 
 communication between tlie two countries; third, direct bank- 
 ing relations. 
 
 Gen. H. H. Bingham: 
 
 Is Mr. E. Brinkworth in tlie room? If not, Mr. M. Ber- 
 liner, Delegate from the Chamber of Commerce of Cape Town, 
 South Africa? 
 
 Mr. M. Berliner: 
 
 _ Mr. Director and Gentlemen: I am sorrj- that the gentle- 
 man whose name was called before mine is not present to 
 address you, because he, as I understand, comes direct from 
 South Africa, is a resident and business man in South Africa, 
 while I, although representing the Chamber of Commerce of 
 Cape Town by their request, am an American citizen, and a 
 very old American citizen, having lived in this country for 
 about fifty-one years. I am. however, quite as much person- 
 ally interested in South African affairs, probably as he whose 
 absence I regret, because, aside fronnnore than forty years' cor- 
 respondence mth South Africa in business and other matters, 
 I have had the honor, for almost twenty-five years, of being 
 
 the agent, and still have the honor of being the commercial 
 agent of the Cape Government. Thus, as I said, I have a 
 direct personal interest. However, I do not possess the quali- 
 fications which some of the gentlemen do, who so eloquently 
 have addressed you, not only to-day, but during tlie whole 
 of the session, to present commercial problems to you in the 
 instructive and interesting manner which they have done. 
 I shall, therefore, confine myself mainly to presenting to 
 you a few statistics in relation to Cape Colony, in which I 
 trust I may interest you. 
 
 South Africa, as it is probably known to you now, at this 
 day, having been spoken of so much, is uufortmiately in a 
 condition which is a source of great grief to all who are 
 interested in that country. It is unfortunate that the war 
 has broken out, a war which will undoubtedly leave a great 
 deal of sadness, a great deal of mourning and a great deal 
 of suffering when it is ended, and I am afraid it is a war, 
 the effects of which will not be eradicated during the ex- 
 istence of the present generation. 
 
 AYe know the conservative character of the Boers — the 
 Dutch population of South Africa — and can readily under- 
 stand that they will leave to their children and children's 
 children a legacy which will not be productive, I am afraid, 
 of the very best feeling toward the rest of the inhabitants of 
 South Africa who are not of their extraction. 
 
 The British possessions of South Africa, according to the 
 census of 1890, comprised a population of a little over one 
 and a half million persons, about equally divided between 
 male and female; of these, and perhaps it may be a surprise 
 to many, there were less than four hundred thousand whites 
 or Europeans. Of course, the population has since increased 
 beyond the figure I have given to you, but the proportion 
 between the natives and whites has not increased, or rather, 
 has not increased in favor of the whites. So it is a question, 
 and a serious question, as I have understood all along, both 
 from correspondence and reading — it is a serious problem of 
 the future. The correct returns of the whole of South Africa 
 I have not yet at hand. I would say that, by reason of the 
 discovery of gold, the trade has considerably increased. The 
 value of the imports in 1879 — and I will here remark, the 
 gentleman representing the British Government mentioned 
 to you what the declared values in the statistical returns of 
 the British possessions are — they are the values which are 
 given by merchants who import, and export; and these are 
 the figures which I take from the statistical register of the 
 Cape Government, as it is presented annually for the sessions 
 of the Cape Parliament. I will repeat, therefore, that in 
 1879, the declared value of the imports amounted to a 
 little over seven million, one hundred thousand pounds, 
 and in 1889 about eight and a half million pounds sterling, 
 but in the fiscal year of 1898 they had gone to sixteen and 
 three-quarter million pounds sterling. It may be interesting 
 to my American friends to know that a comparatively small 
 sum, two million two hundred thousand pounds sterling, were 
 the imports from the United States. The exports of the 
 Cape Colony grew also in large proportions. In 1879, they 
 were somewhat less than six and a half million, they became 
 nine and a quarter million in 1889, and twenty-four and a 
 half million 1898. Of course, a very large amount, the pre- 
 ponderating amount, consists of diamonds and gold. The 
 gold, which came from the Transvaal, passed through the 
 South African ports in its transmission to Great Britain. 
 All the exports, however, were, aside from the diamonds, 
 favorable to Cape Colony. 
 
 I suppose you are aware that, outside of the diamonds 
 and gold, Cape Colony exports wool, ostrich feathers, hides 
 and skins and various other products of similar value. The 
 largest item of export — ^the largest in value — is wool. It has 
 been mentioned by two gentlemen who have preceded me. 
 
]36 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 that Soutli Africa i;; a large wool producing country. Last 
 vi-ar, the shipments of wool from South Africa were 183,305 
 bales. Of this quantity, comparatively large for the size of 
 the countrv, only l,27t) hales were entered for the United 
 States, though 1 liiiow several hundred bales more — it is 
 c-fnerally so^canie by way of England, and there were prob- 
 ably 1,500 to 1,800 bales destined for the United States. A 
 very small quantity, not more than a few hundred bales, re- 
 mained in the United States, the remainder passed in tran- 
 sit to Canada because of our taritf. 
 
 I confess that 1 had in my mind, when 1 jotted down the 
 statistics, to state the grievance which our South African ex- 
 porters of wool have against the United States — a few business 
 men who also import. They are not the men who simply 
 deal in wool, they deal in everything— these large exporters 
 and im]>:)rters import from all over the world, and they export 
 the products of their small colonies to all parts of the world. 
 They have a grievance against the United States, liecause of 
 the tariff, which excludes altogether from the I'nited States 
 tlieir wool and some other products. 
 
 I listened with a great deal of attention tliis morning to 
 the remarks of our esteemed Chairman, who, in the course 
 of his address, mentioned that the next session of Congress 
 will be one of the most imjiortant ever held, becaitse the 
 (|uestions concerning the ac(iuisition of the new territories by 
 the United States will be considiTcd )iy them, but not less 
 important are questions affecting (Uir commerce with the 
 world. 
 
 1 could gather from his remarks, at the same time, that he 
 is one of those gentlemen who honestly believe that the 
 Fnited States needs a protective tariff, at least I gathered that 
 from his remarks. 1 was, therefore, more than pleased to 
 listen to the remarks made by the head of one of the largest 
 industrial establishments in this country, Mr. Pope, who ex- 
 pressed himself as opposed to that bill. 
 
 I may here say, in connection witli tliat question, that I 
 have it from a man high in the industrial occupation of wool 
 — a city which is much engaged in the wool industry — who 
 says that the high tariff has not been such a boon to them 
 here, and there are perhaps others who will admit that it 
 has not been such a boon to this country as it was intended 
 it should be. It was really not more than two weeks ago 
 that a gentleman, a very large dealer — or rather when I say 
 dealer I should say he is a very large buyer and trader in 
 domestic wool — said: "AVe did a great deal better before the 
 enactment of the tariff than we are doing now; in fact, we 
 lost money last year." He has one of the largest interests; 
 he comes from Utah; buys and trades in wool all over the 
 territory. He further said: "If you speak to manufacturers 
 the same as I do — and I just came from Boston — they will 
 tell you the same thing that I do." 
 
 Xow. of course, 1 cannot expect remarks made in that way 
 will in any way inlluence the legislation of our Congress. 
 At the same time, when Hon. Henry H. liingham spoke of 
 the great ])roblems which the next Congress will have to take 
 u]), it may lie well to take into consideration the trade prob- 
 lems, so far a.s legislation is concerned. I'\ircign traders come 
 here and look around, tlicy look at our industries, they see 
 what we have to sell, they see what we jiroduce, and when 
 they come to trade with us — having soincthing to s(dl them- 
 selves — they find the doors closed against them. H is so, 
 gentlenu'n — I am perhaps a little too severe in saying it — 
 but these arc the facts. I am quit(> sure gentlemen who are 
 inti'ri'slt'd in industrial concerns and liave suffered under the 
 jirotective tariff will bear me out. It would be futile to afld 
 any more to these renuirks. I know it is in the hamls of 
 Congress. It would not have been a bad idea if the meet- 
 ings of this International Congress could have been held 
 at the same time that Congress meets, so that members of 
 
 Congress, who have an interest in international commerce, 
 could hear, just as our Chairman and other eminent Ameri- 
 can gentlemen who have presided here have heard, the ex- 
 pressions from those who came here from all parts of the 
 world and who have sa.id, "We are -willing to take your goods, 
 but we ask for the open door in commerce, the principle of 
 give and take."" 
 
 I hope that the Commercial Museum, that the Director of 
 tile Commercial Museum, who has done so much within the 
 last few years to increase the interests of foreigners in our 
 American industries, will continue to do so, and will at the 
 same time consider this as one of the questions that interests 
 not only Americans, but interests intei-national commerce at 
 large. 
 
 (Jni. H. II. Bingham: 
 
 Is Mr. F. Shippey presenty If so. we would lie jtleased to 
 have him come to the platform. 
 
 (Mr. Shippey not being present, ]Mr. F. W. Smith, of 
 Charters Towers, Queensland, Australia, read his paper.) 
 
 Nata l. 
 
 Mr. P. Shippey: 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: Although Natal is only a 
 small spot on the map of South Africa, it is at the present 
 moment attracting the attention of the whole world on ac- 
 count of the war which has broken out. Naturally, sir, it 
 would ill become me to touch upon the political aspect of this 
 unfortunate state of things, neither is there any necessity 
 for me to do so, as you can get columns of it for the humble 
 cent out in your streets. 
 
 One of the names l^y which it is generally known is that of 
 the "Garden Colony,"' owing no doubt to the great and pleas- 
 ing contrast it presents to the surrounding territories. The 
 Transvaal on our north, and the Orange Free State on our 
 northwest are, generally speaking, immense grassy table lands, 
 while Basutoland on our western border is a rugged, moun- 
 tainous country. So favorably does Natal thus stand out in 
 its physical aspect, that those sturdy pioneers of South Africa, 
 the Boers, when treking northward in the "thirties,"" as they 
 readied the eastern portion of the Drakensberg Mountains 
 and beheld Natal lying hundreds of feet below them and 
 stretching out towards the Indian Ocean in beautiful de- 
 scending terraces, exclaimed, "This is the Promised Land." 
 
 Sirs, almost of necessity, a paper like this must partake 
 somewhat of the nature of a geography lesson, otherwise it 
 would be iiii]iossible for those of y(m interested in commerce 
 to fully understand the conditions and requirements of the 
 country. Those whose energies and ingenuity are employed 
 in the manufacture of light railways, irrigating and pumping 
 machinery, etc., will find Natal a splendid field. In as few 
 words as possible, I should like, therefore, to present to you 
 some of the general features of the Colony, and I feel urged 
 to do this because I find, .sirs, that a great many of you need 
 y:)ur geography, as regards this jiart of the world, a little 
 "brushed u])."' 
 
 The Colony, by a series of almost regular steps or terraces, 
 .starting from the coast, attains an altitude of about (),000 
 feet above the level of the sea. The first terrace extends 
 aliout fourteen miles inland, and reaches an elevation of about 
 1,000 feet; the second, starting from tliis point, is about 
 twenty miles broad, and attains the height of "^,500 feet; the 
 third terrace, about twenty-five miles in breadth, rises to 
 3,;00 feet: the fourth, of similar breadtli, is about 5,000 feet, 
 while the next and last brings us to an altitude of about 
 ('i,000 feet. Owing to this formation, luit of our many rivers 
 only two arc at all navigable, and those only for a few miles 
 from the coast. 
 
^INTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 23, 1899 
 
 18? 
 
 We have only one port of real practical use, that of Dur- 
 ban. For years, the government has been spending large 
 sums in attempting to remove a sandbar at the entrance of 
 the bay or harbor, where the wharves are situated. Happily, 
 the works in progress point to a successful issue, as there is 
 now an average depth of about twenty-two feet at high water, 
 which we trust, will very shortly be considerably increased, 
 enabling vessels of any size to come in without risk. On ac- 
 count of the improved facilities, I believe the English Gov- 
 ernment has under consideration the advisability of making 
 Durban an imperial coasting station. I would call the spec- 
 ial attention of those interested in shipping to this fact, as 
 some may not iie aware of the existence of our vast beds of 
 good coal, which are now being opened up and worked. 
 
 Durban is a busy, prosperous and growing town; it is here 
 that most of our merchants, who own or support stores in 
 the interior, have their head offices and warehouses; also aji 
 immense quantity of merchandise is here landed and sent di- 
 rect to the Transvaal and elsewhere. Its white population is 
 about 18,000, while the colored people number about 15,000. 
 It has a good system of tram-cars, at present drawn by horses, 
 but arrangements are now being made to work them by elec- 
 tricity. Although somewhat hot in the summer months, 
 from November to February inclusive, it is healthy, and will 
 no doubt become more so, as lately splendid drainage works 
 have been introduced. 
 
 The next town, in point of size, is the city of Pietermaritz- 
 burg, or, as we generally call it, "Maritzburg." This is the 
 capital of the Colony, the seat of the government and hcad- 
 qiiarters of the troops. This city, like Durban, is rapidly de- 
 veloping in every way, and is now displaying a wonderful 
 amount of enterprise and energy. The lighting of the streets 
 by electricity is now in progress, and before long the question 
 of electric tram-cars in our streets, and a complete system of 
 sewerage and drainage work, will be faced by our corporation; 
 so, once more, I say to those interested in these matters, "Keep 
 your eye upon us." 
 
 Maritzburg is the centre of a splendid agricultural district, 
 and our farmers, who are a most progressive body of men, are 
 ever open to avail themselves of any improved or "up-to-date'' 
 methods. 
 
 Being situated 2200 feet above sea level, its climate is much 
 more bracing than that of Durban. It is also fast becoming 
 an educational and residential centre. 
 
 Now, sir, I will close, if I may so call it, this geographical 
 portion of my paper, trusting that I may have created in some 
 mind an increased interest in Natal. 
 
 Before proceeding to the commercial life of the Colony, 
 I would like to remark that I have noticed some who have 
 been addressing this Congress, have stated that until very 
 recently the United States has had its hands full in supplying 
 neighboring markets in the enormous territories which consti- 
 tute the States, but that now, through overproduction, you 
 feel that you must look furt.her afield and foster your export 
 trade more than yon have hitherto done. 
 
 We are in the same condition you have been for so many 
 years, i. e., our export trade, with the exception of wool, hides 
 and wattle bark, is confined almost entirely to the neighboring 
 States in South Africa. I will not inflict more figures upon 
 you than I can help, and then only in globular sums. Un- 
 fortunately, some of the statistics for 1898 I cannot give, as 
 I left Natal several months ago and the necessary information 
 has not reached me. 
 
 Wool: We export this chiefly to London and the annual 
 value is about $2,500,000. Hides, skins and Angora hair 
 reach about .$.i00.00n. Wattle bark, or the bark of the 
 "Acacia Molissima,"' is a rapidly growing industry, and very 
 soon will assume large proportions, as it is proving vei"y suit- 
 
 able for tanning purposes. About 100,000 cwt. was shipped 
 last year. 
 
 Now I come to our coal, which, as I remarked before, is 
 going to become of immense importance to us. The quality 
 is excellent, both for domestic and steam purposes, and it 
 exists in such vast quantities that it is practically inexhaust- 
 ible — the various lines of steamers that call at Durban regu- 
 larly take on large suj)plies. Last year's output was about 
 250,000 tons. 
 
 The sugar industry is naturally one that varies very much, 
 according to whether the season is a, favorable one. There 
 are about forty mills for crushing and manufacturing, and 
 an average season produces about 20,000 tons. 
 
 It is not generally known that before many years Natal 
 may become a competitor in the world's tea markets. The 
 Hon. Mr. Hulett, a colonist of many years' standing, and 
 one who has played an active part in onr government, may 
 be termed the pioneer of the tea indust;ry. Every year wit- 
 nesses a larger area under cultivation, and the demand is 
 always in excess of the supply. 
 
 Fruit, such as the orange, banana, pineapple, mango, etc., 
 flourish on the coast, and the last few years have seen a re- 
 markable development in this direction, hundreds of acres of 
 hitherto unproductive land having been dug up and planted. 
 
 Stock farming has proved far more successful, and has 
 grown more rapidly than has agTiculture. Owing, however, 
 to the ravages of Rinderpest during the past two years, we 
 have had to import lai'ge numbers of live stock from South 
 America and frozen meat from Australia. 
 
 Horned cattle owned by Europeans and natives are roughly 
 estimated at 750,000, while sheep nimiber about one mil- 
 lion. 
 
 Railways: There are aljout 430 miles opened for traffic, and 
 year l)y year these will be further extended. 
 
 Sirs, one of the chief objects of this paper is to show yon 
 that the "Garden Colony" is worth looking after, as there is 
 a great future before it, in common with the rest of South 
 Africa, in spite of the teiTible experiences it is just now pas- 
 sing through. 
 
 We have a good harbor, healthful climate, immense beds 
 of magnificent coal, coast lands, which can produce tea, sugar 
 and fruit in almost unlimited cpuintities; uplands, where 
 cattle-rearing and maize-growing are successfully carried on; 
 a large native population, happily prohibited by stringent 
 laws from obtaining intoxicating drink, who are large pur- 
 chasers of cutlery, tools, ploughs, blankets, etc. Taking all 
 these, together with our geographical position, I think un- 
 doubtedly our commercial outlook is a very promising one. 
 
 Am&rican agricultural implements, American furniture, 
 and what used to be called "Yankee notions," generally are 
 largely imported. The manufacturers in the United States 
 have a happy knack of anticipating and meeting the wants 
 of those with whom they seek to do business. The term 
 "knocked down" is purely American, I believe, and is so 
 illustrative of the splendid ways you adopt in packing mer- 
 chandise for exports. 
 
 Before I close, permit me, sirs, to join in the chorus, which 
 has been swelling louder and louder, feebly expressing, how- 
 ever, our united appreciation of the courtesy and munificence 
 of the reception, we, as delegates, have received. Wliy, sirs, 
 in some cities, if you are a stranger, they fair yon in; here, to 
 be a stranger is practically to have the freedom of the city 
 presented to you. 
 
 Fellow-delegates, it will be our own faults if we do not leave 
 this city wiser and better men. (Applause.) 
 
 Director If. P. Wilson: 
 
 The program for to-morrow has not yet been printed. I 
 would announce that the presiding otficer will be Mr. Talcott 
 
188 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 ^\■illialn.s well known in the United States. Tlie day will be 
 called "('anal Dav.'" That the first paper will be presented 
 hv ilr. U. L. Rives, of New York, on the Inter-oceanic Canal 
 and' the iirobleni? attendant thereto. The ]\Iinister of Costa 
 Rica and the Minister of Colombia and the Minister of Xieara- 
 L'lui will 1)6 present and each one of them will present a yiaper 
 on (his subject. The Hon. H. A. Gudger, U. S. Consnl at 
 I'anama, wi'll present a paper; Sir Horace Tozer, of Queens- 
 land, and Mr. Johnston, of Minnesota, will also present 
 jiai)ei-s, and othei-s have been invited to attend. 
 
 .1 Dch'ijate: 
 
 IJefore we adjourn, I would like to make a motion that the 
 t'ommittee on 'Resolutions appointed last Thursday be in- 
 creased, and that two delegates from each country repre- 
 sented in this Congress be added to that committee. ^ I would 
 suggest that the government delegates be added from the 
 niuntrics present, and that we make it an international com- 
 inittee, as this is an International CongToss. It would give 
 eacdi country a chance to present resolutions before the com- 
 niilti'c and would enalilc the committee to act in an intelligent 
 iiia.iinrr. 
 
 Ihm. J. C. Monaylian (United States Consul, Chemnitz): 
 1 second the motion. 
 
 Dimiiir IF. P. Wilson: 
 
 Before that motion is seconded, I was going to make one 
 remark— it might aft'ect the maker of the motion-— that we 
 would have a very large committee if \ve took two from each 
 country. 
 
 Geii. 11. H. Bingham: 
 
 Suppose you take one from each country? 
 
 .1 Dvh'ijiile: 
 
 I accept the suggestion. Let the committee be composed of 
 one delegate, and that a government delegate from each 
 country. 
 
 Hr. (Uixtarn Nicdi'rkin: 
 
 The American delegates have appointed a committee. Now 
 it will be necessary that a committee be appointed from the 
 South American countries and that we present a resolution 
 prepared by all the South American nations. I don't know 
 how they \vill entertain the proposition. ^ 
 
 Mr. II. l;nllirrJi(im: 
 
 It a|)iiears to me, this committee which has to take into con- 
 sideration these resolutions should not all be one-sided. I do 
 not think the resolution moved by my friend entirely meets 
 the case; 1 think it is a little confusing; it refers only to 
 American delegates. 
 
 niirr/or W. P. ]Yilf:on: 
 
 I understand that eaeh country, the delegates from each 
 country, are forming themselves into sections and ]>reparing 
 resolutions to jvresent. It is a point, however, immaterial, 
 ^'ou carrv the (|uestion and the resolution will lie ref(M'nMl to 
 tlu' committee. 
 
 Mr. I'lmil *•?. Fischer: 
 
 The mover of the motion said that the govcrniiicni dele- 
 gates should be a])pointed on the eomniittee. 1 w(uilil ,siy 
 it would be fairer to appoint oidy those on the coiuiuittee wlm 
 have regularly attended the meetings. A good many of the 
 government delegates have already gone, and besides that 
 
 others do not attend, and they would lie on the committee 
 only nominally. 
 
 II nil. J . ('. Mvncujhan : 
 
 1 understand each separate delegation in this Congress 
 will be represented on the committee. I think it eminently 
 jiroper that this should be the ca.'^e. The object is to obtain 
 an endorsement from every nation. The resolutions will go 
 out under the authority of this International Congress as an 
 exjiression of opinion of the International Congress. This 
 resolution is entirely inde])endent of the action referred to 
 by Dr. Wilson. 
 
 Mr. Henry Sell: 
 
 Mr. President: While this resolution is being reduced to 
 writing, I was asked by the delegates of the United Kingdom 
 to present a resolution, and with your permission I will do so 
 now. 
 
 We, the delegates from the United Kingdom, wish to return 
 our hearty thanks for the hospitality, kindness and attention 
 extended to us by the autliorities of the city of Philadelphia, 
 by the Director of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, and 
 we wish also to express our thanks to the citizens of Philadel- 
 phia for their universal open-door attitude to us. It is not the 
 attention given to our bodily wants, although that has been 
 most bountiful; it is not the attention paid to us collectively, 
 Init what touches us is the hearty handshake of all citizens 
 with whom we come in contact. 
 
 Gen. H. H. Bingham: 
 
 That will be made jiart of the I'Ccord. 
 
 ^•1 Delegate: 
 
 I call for the I'eadin' 
 
 of the resolution. 
 
 (Icn. H. H. Bingham: 
 
 The gentleman's nuition is in these words: "It is moved 
 that the Committee on Resolutions be increased so that one 
 member from each country be added to the Committee on 
 Resolutions." 
 
 The question being on the nuition, it was agreed to. 
 
 Direrftir W. P. Wilson: 
 
 You liave all heard the program for to-morrow. Kindly 
 remember that at eight o'clock to-night we assendjle in this 
 room for a pleasant social business conference — the foreign 
 delegates and the delegates from the United States, and the 
 business men of the Exposition. The chairs will be taken 
 away from the centre of the room and we shall have an opi)or- 
 tuni'ty to talk, and have a social, business meeting. 
 
 I want to say one word with reference to the last announce- 
 ment on the program, which is in reference to the School of 
 Industrial Art. I want to state, that that school will be an ex- 
 ample of the finest schools in the United States, which teach 
 young men and young women industrial art. Jt is a technical 
 school for weaving, for designing and everything of that kind. 
 You are invited to visit the place, and it will be open and run- 
 ning to-morrow. It is at the corner of Broad and Pine streets. 
 It is near the Walton Hotel, just across the street, but a little 
 lower down. You will be welcomed any time after to-day, 
 as the school will be opened to-ni<irrow. 
 
 (Irn. 11. TI. Bingham : 
 
 Gentlemen, your ('ongres> stands adourued till ten o'clock 
 lo-inoiTow. 
 
 (Adjourned at .^.ISO p. m.) 
 
PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 TENTH DAY'S SESSION 
 
 PHiLADELniiA, TuL'sday, October 24, 1899. 
 
 Morning Session. 
 
 •±jie luet'tiiig was called to order at 11.80 a. m., in Con- 
 vention Hall, Exposition Building, by Director W. P. Wilson. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilso7i: 
 
 Will the gentlemen in the rear of the hall kindly come for- 
 ward? 
 
 Consul Monaghau, will you kindly come forward to the 
 platform? 
 
 It is my unpleasant duty to announce this morning, that 
 the presiding officer, Mr. Talcott Williams, is not here. I 
 have the pleasure, however, of asking Cousul-General Mona- 
 ghan, one of our most active Consuls, from Chemnitz, Ger- 
 many, to preside over the sessions to-day. 
 
 Hon. J. C. Monaghati: 
 
 Mr. President, Gentlemen, Delegates and Ladies. — ^The 
 German Phuperor has said, within recent times, that Ger- 
 many's future lies on the water {Deutscliland's Zukunft liegt 
 auf dem Wasse7-). And the best energies and all the efforts 
 of that most remarkable ruler of the Empire since the days 
 of Frederick the Great, seem to tend towards obtaining 
 power on the water. The Empire has been cut by a vast 
 system of canals. It is not my purpose to-day to enter 
 into any detailed statement of what these canals have done 
 for the Gennan Empire. Those facts will probalily be brought 
 out by the figures to-day. Russia, emulating the example of 
 the German Empire, following the wisdom of this gi'eat 
 statesman, has projected a vast network of canals for the de- 
 velopment of that great Empire, and I said only a moment 
 ago to a gentleman, that to me it was one of the most aston- 
 ishing facts that this Republic of l)usiness men, noted not 
 only for their enterprise, but for their vast intelligence, had 
 not built the Nicarag\ia Canal fifty years ago rather than to 
 think of building it to-day. 
 
 The Suez Canal, from the year 1868 down to the year 
 1884, has saved to the world the vast sum of more than 
 three thousand millions of dollars, and a gentleman well in- 
 formed said to me that once the Nicaragua Canal is cut that 
 it will save the vast sum of four hundred millions of dollars 
 annually. Let us suppose that it costs two hundred millions, 
 (and the estimates are not much over one hundred millions), 
 it is a mere bagatelle compared with the vast savings to com- 
 merce. When that canal is cut it gives to this Continent 
 that which the German Empire and the German Emperor 
 so much desire; it gives us a vast power on the water, and 
 so brings all the people of the earth together. 
 
 As a gentleman said on the first day of this Congress, "that 
 the waters of the world that formerly divided us have become 
 golden links, and the nations of mankind are united." 
 
 I want to say to the young men of this Congress, and of 
 this country, when they think sometimes that all the vast 
 projects have already been completed, and fame and fortune 
 have passed away, that the greatest possibilities are now open 
 in just such projects as the Nicaragua and other canals. 
 
 There is no name in history, there is no name in the long 
 line of statesmen and of scholars that gild the dome of French 
 names, no name so grand as that of de Lesseps, who built the 
 Suez Canal, and so the government and the men that build 
 for us the Isthmian Canal mav write their names side by 
 .side with that of de Lesseps. 
 
 Ladies and gentlemen, I have the honor to-day to intro- 
 duce to you, or to present to you, Mr. J. B. Calvo, Minister 
 of Costa Rica, who will discuss this question in a manner 
 that will not only win your attention and approval, but the ap- 
 jjroval and attention of our government and our j)eople. Mr. 
 Calvo. (Applause.) 
 
 His Excelkncy, J. B. Calvo (Costa Rican Minister): 
 
 The thought of uniting the two great oceans by means of 
 a canal across the American isthmus sprang up, as is known, 
 from the moment the conviction was reached that the pas- 
 sage, which from the days of Columbus, had been thought 
 to exist towards the Southern sea, was not a reality. 
 
 To recommend the merits of this project is unnecessary, 
 since they are at once evident, upon the mere suggestion of 
 the advantage to the world of a short and easy route between 
 the Atlantic, which is the sea of Europe, and the Pacific, 
 which is the great ocean of Asia, Australia, and the extensive 
 western shores of the New World. 
 
 The history of the project in general is well known, and 
 as to the practicability of the work, we all know that eminent 
 authorities in the matter have given a favorable opinion. 
 
 I will not, therefore, dwell upon either of these points, 
 nor do I deem it necessary to engage the attention of this 
 honorable Congress by any extended treatment of the advan- 
 tages which are offered to the commerce of the whole world 
 by the great undertaking of connecting the two seas; my 
 desire in taking part in this session is limited to expressing, 
 although briefly, that it may be better appreciated, the posi- 
 tum of Costa Rica and her direct interest in the canal enter- 
 prise. 
 
 The territory of Costa Rica lies between that of Nicaragua 
 and Pananui, the two parts of the Isthmus whose names dis- 
 tinguished the French project of the Panama Canal from 
 the Nicaragua Canal, which has always been the American 
 project. This advantageous position assures to the indus- 
 trious and peaceful people of Costa Rica all the benefits of 
 proximity as the nearest neighbor, whichever of the two 
 places the route may ultimately traverse. But the Costa 
 Rican frontier does not reach the line of the Panama Canal, 
 while a portion of our territory is indispensable to the Nieara- 
 
 189 
 
190 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 ffua route. x\nd this is not a new fact or one established 
 by recent survej-s, but which is well known since the very 
 ilays ol' Yasco Xunez de Balboa. Nevertheless, the first sur- 
 vey of tlie land was not carried out until the year 1-591, when, 
 in ob('<licnce to superior instructions, (.'aptam Antonio Pe- 
 rcira, Guvenior of ('osta Kica, organized an expedition and 
 explored the route by way of the San Juan lliver, the lake 
 and the rivers, emptying into Gulf Nicoya, Costa Rica. 
 Thirty-nine years later, IJiego de Mercado submitted to King 
 Philip 111., bis famous report of January 83, 1(530, suggest- 
 ing the route by the river and lake, and thence through Costa 
 Rican territory along the tjuebrada or Barranca Honda to 
 Salinas Hay. then called Puerto del Papagayo. 
 
 Either because the magnitude of the underUiking was at 
 that time superior to the necessities of trade, or, as was said. 
 because Spain considered the canal antagonistic to her in- 
 terests, the era of independence arrived without the execu- 
 tion of the project ever having been entered upon. 
 
 After inclependence, the Congress of Central America, in 
 which Costa Rica and Nicaragua were represented as States 
 of the Federation which succeeded the Colonial tJovernment, 
 enacted, on June 16, 182.5, a decree providing for the con- 
 struction of the canal, and in that same year Don Antonio 
 Jose Canas, diplomatic representative of Central America in 
 Washington, nddressed the Secretary of State, Mr. Henry 
 Clay, informing him of his resolution and stating that 
 a company formed of American citizens of respectability 
 was ready to undertake the work as soon as a, treaty with 
 the I'nited States insuring the cooperation of the latter was 
 signed; that he was ready to enter into negotiations for the 
 treaty, and that nothing would be more pleasant for Central 
 America than tu see the generous people of the United States 
 joining her in the opening of the canal, sharing the glory 
 of the enterprise, and enjoying the grcnt advantages to be 
 derived from it. 
 
 The Government of Central America cnidd not carry tht' 
 undertaking into effect, notwithstanding that among the 
 means eni])lr)yed to reach the desired result there, ligures the 
 arrangement concluded with the King of Holland, in October, 
 1830. But, though the hopes centered in the undertaking 
 were frustrated, to the honor of Central America, the decla- 
 ration of that Congress, which constitutes, like the conces- 
 sion for thi' canal itself, one of the loftiest public documents 
 ever issued by any nation of the earth, has become a matter 
 of record. 
 
 The C-'entral American federation dissolved this inipijrtant 
 matter attacheil in Nicaragua and Costa Rica directly, and 
 the boundary line between the two republics having been 
 determined by the treaty of April 1.5, 1858, as were also the 
 points relative to the canal, the two governments jointly 
 granted a concession on May 1 of that .same year tii Mr. 
 Feli.x Belly, a distinguished French writer, to whom the i'hn- 
 peror Napoleon gave his support to carry forward the under- 
 taking. This failing of accomplishment, the two i;iivern- 
 ments, in perfeet accord, concluded tbe eontrai-t kn i\\ii as the 
 Ayon-Cbevalier, signed by Nicaragua on Octobei' 1(1. ISti.S, 
 and by Costa Rica on June 18, 1K(;!». wbicb, it is unnecessary 
 to say, also failed to |ii-oduee any residt wlialev(>r. 
 
 Some years after the evpiration nf tins last contract, Nica- 
 ragua promnfed a diseiissidu as to tlie validity of the treaty 
 and the meaning of sonu» of its sti])idations, which Costa 
 Rica upheld iti its original form, and the (juestion was snl)- 
 mittetj to the decision of the President of tbe I'nited Stati's. 
 Mr. Clevelaiul, who in his award of March 22. 1888, accepted 
 l>y iioth parties, declared the treaty valid and binding \\]ittu 
 each republic, and interiireted the points which in the o]iin- 
 ion of .Nicaragua were dnubtrnl. Arcording to the provision^ 
 of both of these documents, the treaty and award, oven in th(( 
 remote event that the natural rights of Costa Rica should not 
 
 be injured, Nicaragua is bound not to make any grants for 
 canal purposes across her territory without first asking the 
 opinion of the Republic of Costa Rica. 
 
 Three years prior, and while this question was still pend- 
 ing, Nicaragua concluded the treaty known as the Zavala- 
 Frelinghuysen, signed in Washington on December 1, 1884, 
 whereby the title to the canal was conveyed to the United 
 States, and Costa Rica adhered to this treaty under date of 
 February 23, 1885; but the negotiations remained without 
 effect, because, ratification having been denied in the Senate, 
 although a reconsideration of the subject had been agreed to, 
 President Cleveland, on inaugurating his first administration, 
 withdrew the document from the Senate. 
 
 Tilings then returned to the status they formerly main- 
 tained, and Nicaragua, in A])i-il, 1887, and Costa Rica, in July, 
 1888, respectively granted the concessions pursuant to which 
 the construction of the American waterway has been pending 
 of late years. 
 
 The Congress of the United States has been giving special 
 attention to this important matter since the year 1893, and 
 commissions have been created charged with the survey and 
 location of the route, as well as the study of the influence 
 of the canal in its diH'erent aspects. Recently the investiga- 
 tion is not limited to the route by Nicaragua and Costa Eica 
 alone, but extends to Panama, and it is hoped that when the 
 new commission appointed this year presents its conclusions, 
 ( 'ongress will determine whether a canal will be constructed 
 by this government, and if so, which of the two routes will 
 be adopted. 
 
 Costa Rica realizes the great importance of this work, the 
 most transcendental, perhaps, undertaken in this age, and 
 contributes to encourage it, consulting her own interest and 
 the impulse to be derived from it by the general progi'ess of 
 the world, and especially of the nations of this continent. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 Ifiiii. ./. ( '. M iimiijluni : 
 
 I have the lioimr now to introduce to you Dr. Luis Cuervo 
 Marquez, Secretary of the Coloml)ian Legation and Charge 
 ilWlfaires, who will read a paper jirejiared on this subject by 
 Mr. Climaco Calderon, ^linister of Colombia. 
 
 II is Execllcucii, Climaco Calderon (Minister of Colombia): 
 
 Mr. President and Delegates, Gentlemen. — To discuss the 
 necessity of opening an inter-oceanic canal to complete the 
 work of the great Balboa is useless, as the daily necessities 
 of the trade of the world are every day gi-eater and demand 
 that the waters of the Atlantic shall be joined to those of the 
 Tacific within the American continent. 
 
 'i'he commercial side of the work has been investigated as 
 well as the technical, and there can be no doubt of the prac- 
 ticability of this great enterprise. As to the route that must- 
 lie chosen, in my judgment no doubt can exist. 
 
 The works at Panama represent an accumulation of mater- 
 ial and intellei'tual efPort which cannot be equaled in many 
 years elsewhere, and it would be a crime against civilization 
 to permit them to be lost. 
 
 The Colombian nation, following its glorious traditions, has 
 in this mattci- only considered the interests of civilization, 
 and when tbe concession for tbe o])ening of that caiml in its 
 territory was given, it was given without liniitati(ni e.Kce])t 
 as to tiic sovereigntv and integrity of its territory and the 
 interests of universal c(unmcrce. 
 
 Colombia has at present in France an accredited ref)resen- 
 tative idenipotentiary to study all the matters ]ii'rtaining to the 
 great Panama Canal, and u|inn bis rcpm't will de])end in great 
 part the decision to be jiassed on so delicate a subject, but T 
 can a,ssure you thai we are accorded complete liberty of action, 
 
TENTH DAY'S SESSION, OOTOBEE 24, 1899 
 
 191 
 
 and that for our country, it is a matter of indifference as to 
 what source the capital comes from to do the work, so long 
 as the international guarantees which now exist are not in- 
 terfered with. 
 
 The great American people, whose standard has been re- 
 spect for all rights, will realize from the completion of the 
 work of Panama greater benefits than any other of the great 
 nations of the earth, and the opening of the canal will be a 
 new bond to unite the people of Colombia with the great 
 Republic of the North. 
 
 lion. J. v. Moiunjhan : 
 
 A certain elder asked on one occasion, of a lady, what her 
 son John was doing. She replied, '"He is not working at all; 
 he has gone into the consular service." We have with us 
 to-day a gentleman, who has worked in the consular seifice 
 and is in that sei-vice, who will show us that he has been 
 working and will tell us what that work is. I cannot 
 neglect so good an opportunity to say here that while the 
 consular service of the United States may be improved, we 
 have in it to-day, in the person of Marshal Halstead, in Bir- 
 mingham, England; in Colonel Mason, in Berlin, Germany; 
 Mr. Peters, in Plauen, Germany; Mr. Louis Stern, Hamburg, 
 Germany; Mr. Eugene Seeger, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; ]\[r. R. 
 T. Patterson, Calcutta. India; Mr. J. G. Stowe, Cape Town. 
 South Africa, and Colonel G. W. Bell, of Sydney, Australia, 
 and othei's whose names 1 cannot think of for t.he moment, 
 all over Eurojie and in South America, men who are doing 
 splendid work, men who are awakening almost envy on the 
 part of the English and German Foreign Office for the ex- 
 cellent work they have done and are doing. Nor can I neglect 
 the opportunity to say that much of that work has been aided 
 and assisted by the splendid corps of men in this Museum, 
 Dr. Wilson and his aides, Mr. Harper, Dr. Niederlein, Mr. 
 Tingle, and the rest of them. 
 
 I have the honor of introducing to you Hon. H. A. Gudger, 
 United States Consul at Panama. 
 
 Hon. II. A. Gudger: 
 
 Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: There is more 
 than one route contemplated for a canal across the Isthmus. 
 I think in all these discussions it is necessary and well to 
 set forth the advantages of each. You have heard with 
 regard to the one and I shall say something with regard to 
 the other, and before I begin my remarks I desire to endorse 
 the sentiments of the presiding officer, both with regard to 
 the consular service and with regard to the efficiency of this 
 institution here. I have had much to do with it in South 
 America, and I can speak from personal experience. 
 
 The Panama Canal — Its Influence on Export Traue. 
 
 The people of the United States are thoroughly practical, 
 and before spending money or energy they calculate results. 
 This is purely business. The great mass of people have long 
 since made up their minds as to the urgent need of a canal 
 across the Isthmus at some point, and the only question 
 to be decided is the cheapest, best and most feasible route. 
 The most of those who are infonned see the undeniable benefit 
 of the Panama line, and they cannot understand the motive 
 that causes the division as to location, which division en- 
 dangers the entire project. 
 
 If all who wish success to the enterprise could concen- 
 trate, and would concentrate their efforts, nothing could 
 stem the tide. In this, as in most things, unity is strength 
 and division weakness. 
 
 For more than two years I have had opportunity to in- 
 form myself as to one of these proposed routes, and partially 
 as to the other, and I do not hesitate to express an opinion, 
 to state facts, and challenge anyone to show that they are 
 not correct. 
 
 In no way directly or indirectly connected with either, 
 under no obligation to them, with no expectation of favor, 
 I consider the question purely and only from an American 
 .standpoint, and calculate the result as affecting our people 
 and country. 
 
 When the gold fields of California opened up during the 
 forties and men rushed westward with the wild desire to 
 make fortunes, the natural route was to Colon, across to 
 Panama and to San Francisco. For half a century and 
 more, this has been the conceded natural way, and, for all 
 these intervening years, capital has, for various reasons, 
 .sought a competing route; and yet, notwithstanding the 
 outlay of millions of money, the expenditure of vast energy, 
 it has proved an utter failure and the stream of passengers 
 and shiploads of freight continue to go this way. 
 
 Now we see the government solicited to vote millions to 
 divert this and turn the natural into the unnatural. 
 
 To aid in this, the scandals of years ago are resurrected 
 and held up before the public as a mighty scarecrow, and 
 [jeople are asked to judge the feasibility of a great project 
 under such circumstances. That millions have been mis- 
 applied, 110 one will deny, and that, again, millions have 
 been properly expended, no one can gainsay. The work is 
 there and speaks for itself, and you can see it, as I have 
 done, if you will take the trouble to examine it. 
 
 It is estimated that from twenty-five to thirty-three and 
 one-third per cent, of the work is completed. 
 
 The old company, about which so much has been said 
 and written, went into liquidation, and on its ruins the new 
 company has been organized. This company is composed 
 of men of the highest probity, who have done and are 
 doing all that their limited means will permit to carry for- 
 ward the work. 
 
 Climatic Influences. 
 
 One of the factors in constructing a canal across the Isth- 
 mus which deserves and must have serious consideration is 
 that of climatic influences. 
 
 The extreme heat of the .sun, the long rainy and dry sea- 
 sons, are fruitful in producing disease, and more especially 
 .so among those unacclimated and who refuse or fail to ob- 
 serve the rules of health so essential in tropical countries. 
 
 The condition, however, at this point on the Isthmus' is 
 much better than at any other place where a canal is con- 
 templated. I would not be understood as picturing this as 
 a health resort; there is abundant proof to the contrary. 
 Hundreds from northern latitudes who went there to better 
 their fortune lie in unmarked gi'aves, under a scorchiu"- 
 tropical sun by day and the lieautiful Southern Cross at 
 night. 
 
 A great deal of the difficulty, however, is imaginary, as 
 those who live or have .^pent much of their time there know 
 from exiK'rience and observation. Take it all in all, the 
 Isthmus is about, if not fully as healthy, as other points in 
 the tropics, and vastly superior to a great many places. 
 
 The ])ublic is too often reminded of the old' story that, 
 during the construction of the Panama Railroad, a life was 
 lost for each cross-tie laid. This is a fake long since ex- 
 ploded; and yet the mortality was alarmingly great. 
 
 We are reminded that it was on the Isthmus, on this line 
 during early canal days that there was an "epidemic" of 
 suicide among Chinese laborers. Thousands of our Oriental 
 brothers were landed there as laborers; unused to the 
 
192 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 people^ the work, the climate, they became morose, despond- 
 ent, morbid, and the result was that hundreds of them, by 
 their own hands, sent their souls to their fathers. This was 
 at Mattichin, so named because the word means "death to 
 Chinamen." 
 
 This great loss of human life might have occurred any- 
 where else under similar conditions. The death rate, during 
 all this time so veiy great, was largely due to two or three 
 causes which do not now exist. 
 
 L The climate was not understood, nor the rules of health 
 enforced. 
 
 2. The removing of the top soil the entire length of the 
 canal had a deleterious etfect. 
 
 3. The cutting out of the excessive undergrowth and dig- 
 ging in the swamp bred disease. 
 
 4. 'J'he bad water .supply. 
 
 5. The want of sutticient and pro])er house room. 
 Happily the.w conditions have, at least to some extent, 
 
 been overcome, and now there is less danger here than across 
 the Isthmus at any other contemplated point for a canal. 
 The work in the swampy part is finished, the top soil has 
 been removed for the entire line, the luxurious growth of 
 vegetation has disappeared, houses have been constructed 
 for the help, water sujjply has been provided, and years of 
 close scientific and sanitary study, with past experience as a 
 guide, have removed, in the main, the cause of disease. 
 
 Good Hahboks. 
 
 Nature, always abundant in Iut manifold blessings, lias 
 dealt lavishly with this specific section in providing a natural 
 harbor at each entrance of the canal, and one suthciently 
 large to do all the work required. At any rival place, the 
 harbor at each entrance must be made at the cost of millions 
 of dollars, and must be ke]>t up by the outlay of milliinis 
 each year and then not be nearly so good as those at Panama 
 and Colon. 
 
 Uaii.koads Along tiiic Route. 
 
 Paralleling this route is the Panama railroad with its tirst- 
 class modern equi])ment, by which all the men, the macliiii- 
 ery and the su])piies can be taken to any point without delay 
 and at little co.st. Who is there that can discount the vast 
 advantage this affords? Does it not justify us in the opinion 
 that with this aid the canal can be constructed cheaply and 
 quickly? 
 
 At either end of this road lidtli at ( 'oloii and at Panama, 
 are large hosjritals for the sick, under the care of the Sisters 
 of Charity, who go like angels of ineiey in human form to 
 aid the sick, (jod bless these raillil'ul wduien in their wnik 
 of saving hunum life! 
 
 C,\.\ 'I'nK rM'l'KI) Sta'IKS (ilCT CoNTIiOi. OF 'I'lll'. ( \\\1.?' 
 
 'l''he information nn this subject can be gott( ii ti-imi 
 congressional records, and from them an allirmative an^ 
 is given. It has been no part of my duty to make spe 
 incjuiry. and such has not l)een done. 
 
 From this source, and after a careful survey of the I 
 on the ground, 1 believe the time is ripe for a purchase 
 reasonable price of the entire concession, or a control 
 interest therein. The terms of the concessicui are liberal 
 the plant would be highly beneficial to our goveiiiment, 
 it is my opinion that the Rei)ublic of Coloniliia would 
 with ])leasure the ownership of this work liv the I'li 
 States. 
 
 the 
 -uer 
 eifie 
 
 ield. 
 ill a 
 ling 
 and 
 and 
 hail 
 liled 
 
 Facts About the Canal. 
 
 J^'rora ocean to ocean at this point is forty-li\e miles and 
 the first fourteen miles from Colon are practically finished. 
 The troublesome and expensive work is at Culebria Ridge, 
 a little more than midway the line. For some eight miles 
 from Panama the work is done. The width of the canal 
 will be 160 feet at the top and 72 at the bottom, except 
 through the ridge, where it will be 'i'S feet at the top and 29 
 at the bottom. 
 
 The proljlem of harnessing the Shagres River and making 
 it an element of good has been fully solved, and, with a few 
 locks, greatly cheapening the original estimated cost, as 
 well as controlling the waters of this stream w'hich was once 
 regarded as an obstacle. The engineering feature is so far 
 reduced as to insure the best results with the least outlay of 
 money. 
 
 FoREKiN Exports. 
 
 The completion of an interoceanic canal would give a 
 wonderful impetus to the export trade; in fact, it would 
 revolutionize busines,s. Our gocxls, carried by our vessels, 
 would go to all the Pacific Coast of South and Central Amer- 
 ica and to j\Iexico, as well as to all the islands of this great 
 sea. 
 
 The cities along the Atlantic Coast of the United States 
 could send their merchandise, without breaking bulk, by an 
 almost direct line to the Orient, thus avoiding the danger of 
 Cape Horn, not to mention the great saving of time. 
 
 The American flag would tiy to every breeze in this ocean, 
 and, wherever it goes, with it will go the products of our 
 mills and our farms; and our merchants, manufacturers 
 and farmers would reap the reward of vears of patience anu 
 toil. 
 
 The consummation of this enterprise would, in the lan- 
 guage of de Ijessejjs, ""unite in marriage the two great 
 oceans," and who can prognosticate the mighty influence on 
 commei'ce and trade such a triumph portends for our com- 
 mon country, blessing the present generation and handing it 
 down as a heritage, thus enriching generations yet unborn! 
 
 I plead in behalf of throwing out the lines, opening up 
 the markets of the world for a better, larger merchant ma- 
 rine service, that we may show the nations of the earth the 
 untold resources of our country. 
 
 Do we want to see the factories of this country running 
 (111 lull time and their owners prosperous? Do we desire that 
 our merchant class shall be hopeful and independent? Do 
 we long for the time to come when the farmer shall get the 
 full fruit of his labor? Do we want to see the workman on 
 lirst-class wages which will yield a sufficiency to maintain 
 his family clu.sfered around his own fireside? Do we dream 
 of the time when prosperity in the highest sense of the word 
 shall ramify every business interest of the country? If so, 
 nothing can bring about these blessings more quickly and 
 moil' certainly than the strengthening and the establishment 
 (if i-ecipro(-al trade relations willi llu' nations of the world. 
 
 No right thinking man, a mt'iiiber (if this great free re- 
 public, the admiration of the patriotic sentiment of enlight- 
 ened Christendom, can for a moment conlemiilatc with ap- 
 pi'o\al aiiv iili'a nl' imperialism, ami yet Ihe number are 
 millions who «(udd righlly and ju.^lly extend our trade 
 until there is not an ocean under Ihe sun where our flag does 
 not float and nui- ships dn not sail, nor a land where our 
 goods are not known, used and a]"i]irecialeil. 
 
 .Mready the wave of prosju-rity has spread over our coun- 
 try from ocean to ocean, and from the lakes to the gulf; 
 millions of luMrts have been gladdened, and homes and fire- 
 sides surrounded by happy families have been the places of 
 
FRED. WILLIAM SMITH, 
 Charters' Towers, Queensland. 
 
 SYDNEY STOTT, 
 Melbourne. Victoria. 
 
 W. T. TODD, 
 
 Invercargill, NewZealand. 
 
 H. ROTHERHAM, 
 
 Melbourne, Victoria. 
 
 W. J. MOXHAM, 
 Sydney, N. S. W. 
 
 JAMES MILNE, 
 Brisbane, Queensland. 
 
 EMIL S. FISCHER, 
 Vienna, Austria. 
 
 DR. ALEXANDER VON DORN, 
 
 Vienna, Austria. 
 
 A. ASHER SMITH, 
 Sydney, N.S. W. 
 
TENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 24, 1899 
 
 198 
 
 general rejoicing. Standing in the ftood-tide of the mighty 
 onward-flowing stream, some of us are astounded, amazed 
 at the changes which have brought so much hope, so much 
 cheer. The dark chnids of discontent, of doubt, of want of 
 confidence, wliich have so l(mg liung like a mighty fate over 
 the land, have disappeared, and in their stead we have re- 
 stored confidence, actively returned business conditions and 
 an abiding faith and trust in the future. 
 
 The present century will close under these bright auspices, 
 and the new century begin with larger opportunities to still 
 further brighten the sphere of human life. 
 
 Amid it all, as an hunble citizen of this great Republic 
 over which the Stars and Stripes float so loved and honored 
 by every true American — the emblem of individual and na- 
 tional liberty — permit me to rejoice that we forget not in 
 the stride for business, that we have money enough and will 
 enough, and energj' enough to e.xport the gospel of peace 
 and joy to all the benighted peoples of the earth with its 
 civilizing and Christianizing influences to make them better, 
 nobler and happier in every walk of life. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. J. C. Monaghan: 
 
 I have now the honor to present Dr. J. J. Ulloa G., Con- 
 sul-General of Costa Rica and also ex-President of the Re- 
 public of Costa Rica. 
 
 Hun. J. J. Ulloa G., Consul-General of Costa Rica: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: If I should speak 
 in my ow-n native tongue very few of you would be fortu- 
 nate enough to understand me, while if I did it in my 
 broken English the number of sufferers would be greater. 
 Relying, then, on yoixr own well-known patience, I will try 
 to make myself understood in the language of Shakespeare 
 and Longfellow. 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Members of the Different Delegations, 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: There is not such a word as "Im- 
 possible" in the dictionary of American enterprise. This 
 being the case, I cannot understand the delay of the muscu- 
 lar Uncle Sam in cutting through the narrow strip of land 
 which is the only flimsy barrier preventing him from sailing 
 across the continent, saving so many days in going from one 
 ocean to the other to carry the innumerable products of this 
 nation, whose progress has astonished the world, not only 
 for its magnitude, but for the rapidity with which it grows. 
 
 It seems unnatural, not to say ridiculous, that such a 
 pigmy as a ie\v yards of land should oblige the Giant of 
 Commerce to go around Cape Horn, spending in his trip so 
 many days more than he should do, not only to extend hi.s 
 trade, but to communicate by sea with the Pacific States and 
 the new possessions of this confederation. Let us wait no 
 longer; let us soon see the steam and electricity giving all 
 the power necessary to make a reality that whicli constitutes 
 to-day the most important project of the age, and have thi.s 
 big brother of ours accept the cordial invitation extended 
 to him by his two little sisters, Costa Rica and Nicara.srua, 
 who want to see "Old Glory" sailing across their domin- 
 ions, carrying with it the elements which constitute to-day 
 the desideratmn of all nations w'ho are anxious to go ahead 
 in the road of progress and prosperity. 
 
 Columbus died a disappointed man because he did not 
 succeed in finding a new route to the Indies, his ship hav- 
 ing been stopped by the impassable barrier of a new con- 
 tinent. Balboa, when he went across Darien in 1513, was 
 the first one to realize how narrow wa.s the separation 
 between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. Ever since 
 then there has been an ever increasing desire to cut through 
 the Central American Isthmus to save that barrier, and that 
 desire was very much increased in the United States bv the 
 
 discovery of gold in California in 1848, which was the start- 
 ing point of the wonderful development acquired in later 
 years by the until then very little important Pacific states 
 of the Union. 
 
 The trip of the "Oregon" during the past Spanish- 
 American war was an object lesson which conclusively 
 demonstrated the commercial and political necessities of the 
 canal, which will make a difference of ten thousand miles in 
 the approximation by sea of the two coasts of the United 
 States, and which will also bring very much nearer the new 
 American possessions of Hawaii, the Philippines and the 
 Ladrones. 
 
 The canal must be dug by the Government of the United 
 States, in preference to private enterprise, because it will 
 sei-ve better the benefit of Congress and of the general public. 
 $125,000,000 taken by yearly instalments out of the pockets 
 of the prosperous Uncle Sam will not make him feel much 
 poorer, and will undoubtedly be the most profitable invest- 
 ment ever made by him, because he will succeed in cutting 
 down considerably the actual transport<ation and freight 
 rates, giving his countrv'men a good opportunity to get the 
 best of European industries in the markets of Central and 
 South America and also in those of the Eastern countries. 
 The terrific handicap on American business exercised to-day 
 by the long and tedious sea voyage or by the high rates of 
 the trans-continental lines of railroads, will be done away 
 with, and the enterprise of this world of steam and electricity 
 will flourish and eclipse its competitors of to-day. 
 
 The canal across Costa Rica and Nicara^eiui is a project of 
 the United States, just the same as tlie canal of Panama is a 
 project of France. Different commissions have at different 
 times and on different occa-^ions made all the necessary 
 studies, and the conviction of the many advantages and 
 feasibility of the first route are deeply rooted in the major- 
 ity of the people of this nation. The practicability of the 
 canal across Costa Rica and Nicaragua is out of discussion, 
 and the be.st of American, as well as of foreign talent, with 
 very few exceptions, all agi-ee in preferring this route to any 
 other, not only because of its many natural advantages, but 
 on account of the richness of the lands on both sides, and 
 for the superiority of its climate as compared to that of 
 Panama. The river San Juan and the lake of Nicaragua 
 diminish considerably the extension of land which it is neces- 
 sary to dig, and the magnificent lake is besides an acquisi- 
 tion whose value is of very difficult estimation, when we con- 
 sider it as an internal station for all kinds of steam and 
 sailing vessels. 
 
 The digging of this canal is not a question of party matter 
 but constitutes one of those needs which have to be com- 
 prehended by the patriotic term of American policy, and as 
 a consequence, all the good Americans with their far-seeing 
 instinct, have to endorse it. Leaving aside the diplomatic 
 side of the question to be considered by those to whom it 
 concerns, let us confine ourselves to the practicability of the 
 project and to the advantages to be derived from its realiza- 
 tion. 
 
 All the commissions that have studied this project agree 
 in its favorable issue, and really the only point in which they 
 differ, is in the estimation of its cost. From the reports of 
 Rear-Admiral Walkers canal commission, as well as from 
 that of Colonel Ludlow's, it will be seen that the entire cost 
 of the canal will be under $135,000,000, which is really a 
 small sum when we consider on the other side the results 
 which will be obtained by the parties concerned in it. 
 
 I do not enter into the consideration of details of the work 
 or of the statistical facts connected wath it, because those 
 points have been fully treated by the able orators who have 
 preceded me, and who have discussed the subject in the elo- 
 quent and conclusive manner in which they have done it. 
 
194 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 The canal will divide, to unite more firmly, the two sisters 
 of Niearagiia urul Costa Rica, who will introduce their "Uncle 
 Sam'' into Central America, where he w-ill find ample 
 liieatre foi' his machinery and for his money, to develop a 
 practically virgin soil, that needs nothing else than the 
 sj)ade of well-directed enterprise, to return trebled in a very 
 short time, the value of the money, of the talent, and of the 
 energies em])loyed tliere. 
 
 It is of the utmost importance that the United States 
 should know us better than they do, and not continue in the 
 deplorable ignorance in which they are about our natural 
 resources, customs, uses, climate and other advantages of a 
 country where there are no extremes of temperature, where 
 land is cheap, and where misery is unknown, because the 
 slightest work will make the soil produce readilv all that is 
 necessary to live and prosper. 
 
 Take as an example tlie Repulilic of Costa Rica, which is 
 I he part of Central America which 1 know the best, and 
 there you will find about 20,000 square miles of land fully 
 iiTigatcd, of different kinds, and where all sorts of products 
 from the torrid as well as the temperate zones grow perfectly 
 well. Its soil produces the highest grades of coffee, tobacco, 
 sugar cane, rubber and all kinds of fruit and vegetables. In 
 its forests you will find the best of woods, as cedar, mahog- 
 any, guayacan, tinctoreal ones also, and all kinds of textile 
 and medicinal plants, and in its hills many vei-y rich mines 
 of gold and silver. 
 
 The climate of the countij is a most channing one. The 
 temperature runs between 64 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit, 
 and the poor people suffer neither from the want of ice nor 
 of wool. The .scenery is grand and varied and the traveler 
 will always find places which will interest him as there are 
 very few spots in the world where nature shows herself so 
 fine and so grand. Add to all these natural advantages a 
 population composed almost in its entirety of white people, 
 hard-working, fond of progress, of a peaceful disposition, 
 and who love and help all foreigners who go there to de- 
 velop the country in their different capabilities, and you will 
 have undoubtedly to agree with me, in stating that it must 
 lie preferred Ijy American capital and enterjirise in the cer- 
 tainty that the best results will be obtained there. 
 _ I am a decided partisan of expansion, but of that expan- 
 sion which has as its only soldiers, science, the arts and 
 industries. 
 
 I want Cncle Sam to go to Central America in ships or 
 in trains loaded with the products of his industries, to trade 
 with us on friendly terms and give us the fruits of his knowl- 
 edge and of his experience in exchange for those of our 
 rich soil. We must be always good friends and profit amply 
 hy the doctrine of Monroe, but justly applied. We do not 
 want to admire the United States for her guns or for her 
 nieii-of-wai'. but we do wish to admire her, for her loco- 
 motives, caliles and machinery. We do not want your steel 
 made in torpedoes or in rifles, but we welcome it', in rails, 
 bridges and ploughs. 
 
 Study our countries a little more than you have done 
 until now, open your eyes, make your calculations, and l.t 
 us all work together for our mutual bciiclit ami for the bet- 
 terment of the worid of Columbus. 
 
 Hang up your guns, and take hold of your [ucks and 
 shovels. Time is money. Go aliead. Uncle "Sam, and take 
 the extensive strides for which you are adapted so uvll by 
 your long legs, and hurry up in buildina (be canal wbi.-ji 
 you need, which we need, and which I he wlmlc uorld need* 
 Among many other things you are celebrated, Tnclc Sam 
 for being an expert in the preparation of mixed drinks and' 
 taking this into consideration, allow m(> to repeat what T 
 said on a previous occasion. 
 
 Treat the whrde world to the grandest of all cocktails by 
 
 mixing up the high-spirited waters of the ocean of to-day's 
 progress, with the pacific ones of the ocean of the civiliza- 
 tion of to-morrow. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. J. C. Munaglian: 
 
 I was reminded a moment ago by the quotation, made by 
 our Consul at Panama, from de Lesseps, of the fact that com- 
 merce and commercial relations have, in the history of the 
 world, done as much or more for the building of national 
 power and fame than any other force. The Phoenicians car- 
 ried their civilization with their commerce, and the debt of 
 gratitude that Europe and the world owes to the Arabs is 
 incalculable. Venice annually wedded the Adriatic to sym- 
 bolize the wonderful power and prosperity brought within 
 its gates by the ships that went into foreign ports. Portugal 
 and Spain conquered, as they thought, and divided the 
 "world between them, because of the power of their ships. 
 When England came out among the commercial nations of 
 the world a new era dawned, ajid that "tight little island," 
 as the Englisii sometimes love to call it, became the most 
 powerful nation of all times, and England owes her great- 
 ness and her grandeur not only to her Nelsons and her 
 Drakes, but to the manufacturers and merchants who have 
 sent the products of her looms and her factories and the 
 civilization that always goes along the lines of commerce to 
 all parts of the world. I cannot help expressing the hope 
 of which the consul spoke, of the marriage, of the ceremony 
 of the people of Venice. I cannot help expressing the hope, 
 as I did on one occasion, in a limited fonn, in Europe — I 
 said in a meeting of German manufacturers and officers, "I 
 hope the time will come when there will be an alliance of 
 the Anglo-Saxon speaking races, when England and Ger- 
 many and the United States will bind themselves together 
 as one great force and factor for civilization." To-day, and 
 since attending this Congress, I have extended my hope and 
 wish to say here now that I hope that the building of this 
 canal and the sentiments which have gone out from this Con- 
 gress will bring out an alliance <if all the nations and peoples 
 of the 'world. (Applause.) 
 
 We have to-day Mr. Henry Sell, reiiresciiting the city of 
 London, wlnnn I now have the bcuior of presenting. (Ap- 
 plause.) 
 
 New Te.vde Routes of the World. 
 
 Mr. Henry Srll: 
 
 from the time when ancient Venice lost her supremacy as 
 the centre of the trade of the world in consequence princi- 
 pally of the discovery of new trade routes, so the opening 
 of new trade routes bringing closer together the distant parts 
 of the globe must continue to bring aliout gi-eat changes in 
 commercial centres. The constructimi of an Isthmian Canal 
 and of the great Siberian Railway across Russia will bring 
 about in the world's lines of communication in the near future 
 new trade routes that will alter the face of the world. Im- 
 proved means of communication will open up to the upera- 
 tions of traders, countries of which hitherto, commerce has 
 but touched the fringe, and new trade routes will enable many 
 ciinipetitors to vie with mic annilicr c\cn wmwv keenly than 
 at ]iresent in the markets nf llie wniM. Imili dd and new. 
 
 It may not lie unnecessary tn point mil llial. however great 
 improvements the next century may .see in motive power, sea 
 carriage must always be cheaper than land carriage, if only 
 that, with motive force a consiant factor, the water way must 
 always have the advantage, owing to there being no expense 
 on permanent way. 
 
 The ready access to the ocean enjoyed by every part of Great 
 Britain and by the great sea-borders of the United States 
 
TENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 24, 1899 
 
 105 
 
 is a great point in their favor and is likely to remain so. Even 
 canal communication, excellent as it is, has its disadvantages, 
 and though much is being done in this direction in some 
 countries, notably in Germany, nothing can quite make up 
 for want of proximity to a sea-board. 
 
 Starting from England, for instance, and taking New Zea- 
 land for our objeetive, we see that the present route round 
 Cape Horn is 12.000 miles, or via Cape Town, 13,100 miles, 
 whereas the distance from Auckland. New Zealand, to South- 
 amption by an Isthmian Canal, touching in the West Indies 
 for coal, would be 10,700, a reduction of 1,300 miles. Sydney 
 to Plymouth, via Panama, would be 11,880 miles, a slight 
 saving on the 12.145 miles from London by the P. & 0. route. 
 Yokohama would not be brought nearer to Great Britain, but, 
 on the other hand, the western shores of South and North 
 America would be brought comparatively near to us, while 
 it will at once be apparent from the contour of the coast line 
 how New York and the other cities on the eastern side of the 
 United States would gain by the close pro.ximity of the 
 markets of the western coast of South and Central America. 
 
 The Great Trans-Siberian Railway in Russia, 
 
 with a total length of 6,400 miles, it is universally felt, is one 
 of the most important of the social, political and material 
 forces now in process of evolution. That railway will open 
 up immense natural resources in coal, iron, gold, silver, 
 platinum, etc., besides affording a direct means of communi- 
 cation with the interior of China, which should introduce 
 great economic changes in the relations of that empire with 
 the rest of Europe. Its completion will make Russia much 
 closer to Japan and China, by way of Siberia, than England 
 and Frajice can ever be by the ocean. A recent consular re- 
 port announces that a branch of the South Siberian Railroad, 
 leading to the borders of Afghanistan, has been opened for 
 business, and that the first trip was made on November 20, 
 1898. This road, it is declared, "is the key to Afghanis- 
 tan, the borders of Persia, and, above all, the capital city of 
 Herat and the great valley of Heri-Rud." The importance 
 of this branch it would be difficult to overestimate, and when 
 Russia's great railway scheme is complete she will be able 
 to move goods from any part of European Russia to the heart 
 of Persia, India or China, more quickly and more cheaply 
 than any country of Western Europe or the United States. 
 It will be in no way surprising if a great emporium of trade 
 develops in Central Asia, once the prolific nursery of the 
 Tartar hordes, who swept in successive waves across Europe. 
 
 But while these great schemes are afoot we must not over- 
 look another route which, in all probability, \rill shortly be 
 open and of great importance. It only requires a compara- 
 tively short length of time to unite the 
 
 Yang-Tse Valley and the Burmah Railway, 
 
 whence communication across India, via Calcutta, is had to 
 Bombay, thence by the Persian Gulf to Kuweit by sea, to 
 Bagdad by the projected German line, to Tripoli by the pro- 
 jected British line, and thence to Brindisi home. 
 In Africa the 
 
 Cape to Cairo Railway 
 
 promises to open up the Eastern and Southern and North- 
 eastern provinces to trade. 
 
 Within a short time the French Government will probably 
 take up the construction of the 
 
 Trans-Saharian Road, 
 
 which will bind her flourishing pro^^nces of Algiers and Tunis 
 to Timbuctoo and the Soudan. It is nearly a quarter of a 
 century since the Trans-Saharian was first broached, and 
 several years since the first link was planned by the ministry 
 of public works. Actual work has not yet been begun; but 
 M. Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, the eminent French economist, has 
 ]X)inted out repeatedly, in the journals for which he writes, 
 that the Trans-Saharian is essential to French domination 
 of Africa and that under its operation France would also open 
 a new world to trade. The heart of Africa info which Stanley 
 penetrated through so many dangers, is likely to become in 
 a few years an easy journey of a few days, in a Pullman 
 sleeper, from French civilization on the northern coast. 
 
 These are but some of the many great trade routes that 
 are being considered. Undoubtedly the actual can-ying out 
 of many great engineering schemes for girdling the globe 
 will be accomplished in the neai' future. Time alone can show 
 how far-reaching their effects will be, or what changes will 
 be made in the commercial maps of the world. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. J. C. MonagJian: 
 
 I have now the honor to introduce Mr. J. W. Humphreys, 
 of Colon, a delegate of the Chamber of Commerce of that 
 city. We have heard from the Consul of Panama and now we 
 will hear from someone at the other end of the canal at Colon, 
 Mr. Hum]ihreys. 
 
 Mr. J. W. Humphreys: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen: The 
 question of an inter-oceanic canal on the Western Hemis- 
 phere is not to-day a theory, a scheme or a matter of specu- 
 lation. It is a partially accomplished fact that has been 
 realized at the Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 Benefits. 
 
 Doubtless every nation on earth will be benefited by the 
 opening of such a waterway, but none to the extent of the 
 United States of America. Her interests in that great work 
 are paramount. It is a national necessity, and the world 
 looks to her to join her sister Republic, France, in carrying 
 that enterjirise to a successful issue. 
 
 An inter-oceanic canal means a saving to California of 
 nearly $4,000,000 annually, for that section of the United 
 States ships to J^urope nearly two million tons of wheat and 
 other merchandise annually; and via the canal after paying- 
 toll, there would be a saving on freight of $3.00 per ton. 
 
 There are the immense pine forests in the Southwest, 
 whose timbei-s are wanted in the West Indies and other coun- 
 tries in exchange for the sugar of those islands. The best 
 timbers of Central and South America are on the West Coast, 
 also the lumber fields of Washington and Oregon. There are 
 the coal fields of the Southwest of America. There is the 
 wealth of Ecuador, Peru, Chile, etc. There is the saving of 
 distance between New York and San Francisco of ten tliou- 
 sand miles, and other places in proportion. Besides these, 
 there is the additional number of twenty-five million custom- 
 ers for the American exports. 
 
 Where Shall it Be? 
 
 The necessity and advantages being thus briefly alluded 
 to, the mo.st suitalile route has been found. That spot, indi- 
 cated by nature herself, has been adopted by many of the 
 most eminent inquirers of the world. On the political part 
 of the question I am not here to speak. The United States 
 
196 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 liave taken notes, no doubt, of the voyage of the "Oregon." 
 
 The Americans themselves have been the first ami only 
 ones who have established a transit sei-vice by railroad, and 
 it is to be found from Colon to Panama, in the Panama Piail- 
 road, built bv Aspinwall, Stephens and Chauncey, yonr 
 cuuntrj^men. "All well-informed and unbiased men admit that 
 Panama is the only practicable route. 
 
 That great American general. President Grant, who liad 
 been tramcd as an engin"eer at West Point, passed through 
 the Isthmus in 1809 and had studied that route. Convinced 
 of its practicability, he sent Stephen W. Hurlbut, an eminent 
 western lawyer, as' Minister to Bogota, Colombia, with special 
 instructions respecting that matter, the result being that a 
 treaty was signed bv him and Dr. Justo Arosaueua, on behalf 
 of Colombia, on January 26, 1870, Article 8 of which reads: 
 •■•The United States shall construct or cause to be constructed 
 a canal at Panama," etc. 
 
 The sovereignty of Colombia was guaranteed. That treaty 
 was sent to the United States Senate on March 31, lS7n. 
 Enemies of the proposed treaty on the canal in the Colombian 
 Congress so mutilated the document and placed such restric- 
 tions that the United States could not accede. It was after 
 that, that General Grant, evidently in disgust, turned his 
 attention in another direction. General Grant's preference for 
 Panama over every other route has been shared by many other 
 prominent Americans. 
 
 The Business Views. 
 
 Apart from that choice, what is the present business as- 
 pect of this matter? At Panama we have a canal three-fifths 
 c.omi)leted, with material and installations now there for 
 terminating the work, such material being justly character- 
 ized as formidable — ^all ready to resume work, and safe ports 
 at each end; all the plans complete — the hydrography of the 
 changes known with acctu'acy for the regulation of its waters; 
 with a summit divide of only five miles, with sixteen miles of 
 channel on the Atlantic side and seven on the Pacific navig- 
 able — a well-equipped and well conducted railroad. Wher- 
 ever a canal has to be built a railroad must be constructed, 
 and above all, the practicability of making the canal to sea 
 level and the cost of completion must be less than that of any 
 other pro])osed canal. This Panama Canal is located at a 
 jilace which is most accessible. 
 
 Will Americans, the engineers and mechauics of the woild. 
 [termit anyone else to complete this work which will be a 
 climax to the glories of the recent campaign? But then' is 
 more than glory to be secured by putting into the Panama 
 Canal the energy and pluck of such men as constructed Atbara 
 bridge in Egypt. Energies of which Philadelphians are so 
 justly proud, should surely be enlisted in this work. 
 
 Ihni. ./. ('. Monnr/haii : 
 
 I liave now the lumor of presenting Mr. Wilfred II. ScliolT. 
 Chief of the Foreign De|)artment of the Commercial Miisciiiii. 
 who will read a ])aper l)y Mr. l''nri(|iic Wiillf. ConsnI-Crncial 
 and delegate from Bolivia. 
 
 1 1 fill. Eiiriijuc Wulff: 
 
 Mr. President: Of all the advantages which the American 
 Continent can derive from this Congress, none would be of 
 greater importance than the formal declaration that the 
 Panama Canal is an inevitalile necessity for the civilization 
 and commerce of the Latin-American nations. Such a decla- 
 ralirin would put an end to all uncertainty and would strongly 
 conlril)ute to the early completion of that great undertaking 
 whirh now is not in the securest of positions, heeanse its 
 magnitude demands universal aid which cannot be obtained 
 as long as there is a difTerence of opinion about the canal. 
 
 ^hen a union of forces is applied to a fixed object, the 
 body moves, and with more or less difficulty arrives at the de- 
 sired end; but if those forces are drawn asunder, so that one 
 is brought into resistance with the other, neither is effective. 
 Two locomotives joined together will draw a heavy train, 
 fiying over the plains and mounting the steepest grades, but 
 if they are put at each end, drawing in opposite directions, 
 what will result? 
 
 This is to-day the case with the Panama and Nicaragua 
 Canals. The United States Government shows itself inclined 
 to favor the latter, and this can be readily explained by its 
 greater proximity to the southern coast of the IJnited States, 
 and to the new American possessions in the Pacific. But here 
 we are considering questions not political, but commercial, 
 and these all cry out for the Panama route, which is the 
 more natural, the shorter and the only one which can satisfy 
 the desires of the South American Republics. 
 
 The greater part of the trade of Chile is done with the 
 markets of Eurojie. Bolivia in exporting its products is 
 o])liged to j)ay very high freights and charges, which prevent 
 it from coming into free competition with other countries 
 less fertile, but geographically better situated. Peru, Ecua- 
 dor and Colombia, forced tributaries of the usurious Panama 
 railroad, progress with difficulty under the tyranny of their 
 masters. 
 
 If the canal were once opened and commerce conld go 
 through in a few hours, the freight rates would immediately 
 go down, and the above mentioned Republics would see their 
 industries flourish, their agriculture prosper, their trade 
 greatly develop, and, what would be worth more to them than 
 all, their public peace assured. People who are idle and poor 
 naturally join revolutions because they have nothing else to 
 lose, and hope to gain something from a new order of things. 
 Peoples whose labor is properly paid take pride in their in- 
 dustries, and, in the quiet and abundance of their produc- 
 tion do not take time to think of politics or of revolutions, 
 which can only reduce them from prosperity to -nTetchedness. 
 The national good luck of Chile has brought it peace for 
 many years. The bad luck of Colombia and Venezuela pro- 
 vokes a new revolution every day. In the republics on the 
 Pacific coast there are entire provinces devoted almost ex- 
 clusively to the cultivation of cofFee. The fall in price of 
 this product has a most discouraging effect on agricultural 
 interests and will lead inevitably to the abandonment of plan- 
 tations situated at a distance from the high roads of com- 
 merce. These plantations are being abandoned because to- 
 day thev must pay the exorbitant freight charges and can- 
 not compete with those of less value in countries which pos- 
 sess better communication with the great markets of the 
 world. Within a short time then we shall see thousands of 
 fortunes reduced to nothing, and thousands and thousands 
 of laborers without work, and what shall become of these 
 men? Deepening poverty and forced idleness will soon de- 
 moralize them, and the well-known warlike spirit of those 
 races can only foreshadow a new era of revolutions. 
 
 The opening of the Panama Canal would greatly change 
 this situation, because therein', iln' abundant agriculture of 
 the Pacific would be enabled to compete with that of the At- 
 lantic; and what T sav if eofTce is applicable to all other ex- 
 portable products. Tagua, or vegetalile ivory, which at times 
 lias been in great demand, to-day can liardly be exported be- 
 cause its price scarcely covers the cost of transportation. 
 
 To-day. furthei-more, there are a thousand vegetable prod- 
 ucts which in other quarters would constitute wealth, but 
 which here cannot be cultivated because they cannot be profit- 
 ably exported. St(>am navigation in the Pacific is practically 
 monopolized by two powerful companies. The long and dan- 
 gerous journey through the Straits of Magellan prevents 
 European and .^nlprican shipbuilders from entering into com- 
 
^ENTii JDAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 24, 1899 
 
 197 
 
 petition. Consequently the present rulers of Pacific naviga- 
 tion, taking tlie position of conquerors responsible to tlieni- 
 selves alone, make such charges as they please — charges that 
 for a quarter of a century have not varied in any apprecia- 
 ble degree. All this would come to an end with the opening 
 of the canal, or even with the public assurance of its com- 
 pletion, because the steamship companies, which, feeling 
 assured of their present position, take no risk to encourage 
 commerce and enterprise, would then show a much more 
 liberal spirit in order to retain their control of the trade. 
 The ports of those countries would then be open to the first 
 comer, whose interest it would be to build up enterprises and 
 commerce and not to strike them down. 
 
 The Panama railroad, belonging to the canal company, is 
 and has always been a factor of evil for the commercial 
 prosperity of the Pacific coast countries, both because of its 
 usurious freights and because it works in entire harmony with 
 the steamship companies which have monopolized the trade. 
 This has undoubtedly driven away support from the canal 
 enterprise, but we should not judge the whole by the part, and 
 especially in a case like this, where the harmful part would 
 disappear before the great fact of the completed canal which 
 once opened would invite the trade of all flags and make a 
 railroad unnecessary for anything but the local traffic of the 
 Isthmus. 
 
 The Nicaragua Canal, compared with that of the Panama 
 Canal, takes a secondary place because the republics of Cen- 
 tral America, with the exception of Salvador, have the greater 
 part of their coast line upon the Caribbean Sea, and because 
 this narrow territory can be readily crossed by railroad lines, 
 which would make the canal almost unnecessary; and even if 
 this were not true, the iiniversal trade developed through the 
 Panama route would be of benefit to Central America, because 
 they could consign their products by way of the Panama more 
 cheaply than through the Nicaragua Canal. Tliis Nicaragua 
 route is not, therefore, a necessity for Central America as the 
 Panama route is for South America. 
 
 To-day we all know that the Central American Canal will 
 not be completed without the official aid of the United States 
 Government, and we know also that this great Republic is 
 obliged by the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty not to undertake such 
 a work without the assent of England. This difliculty, it is 
 true, may be surmounted because the question is between two 
 gi'eat nations of the same race, which appear to-day to be ap- 
 proaching the future hand in hand. But, can we be assured 
 of the conditions on which England would give up its rights? 
 The United States would be quite willing to make great con- 
 cessions to arrive at such an agreement, and naturally would 
 seek its own recompense elsewhere, which would lead in time 
 to still further annoying questions of diplomacy. 
 
 Everything seems to indicate that the Nicaragua Canal 
 will be a private enterprise and not an international one, 
 and this destroys its commercial importance. The Suez Canal, 
 open in peace or war for the ships of all nations, yields to 
 universal traffic every benefit expected of it, and the same 
 would be true of the Panama Canal, which is also an inter- 
 national undertalving. 
 
 These and other considerations which are well known to 
 the honorable members of this body, lead mc to propose that 
 the Congress should take action nn this important question, 
 and let fall the weight of its valuable opinion on one side 
 of the uncertain balance. 
 
 Already statistics have shown that the two canals, if they 
 were both to be completed, could hardly pay the cost of 
 maintenance, no matter what impetus might result in pres- 
 ent maritime commerce. It is indispensable that there he 
 one alone, and that one can only follow the Panama route. If 
 the Nicaragua Canal were to be undertaken as a private enter- 
 prise of a powerful government, it might be completed with 
 
 the assent of the states bordering on the San Juan River and 
 Nicaragua Lake, but it could never take on the character 
 of an international enterprise and developer of the world's 
 trade. 
 
 lion. J. G. Monayhan : 
 
 Quite a number of the children of Israel once went to an 
 ancient prophet and asked him how they might rebuild the 
 temple and the city, and the aged man said to them: "Go 
 home and let each do that which he finds to be done at his own 
 door," and it occurred to me, as the last speaker was read- 
 ing his paper, that, instead of abrogating the Bulwer-Clay- 
 ton treaty and building the canal ourselves, it might, not be 
 a bad idea to make it an international enterprise, to invite 
 all the nations of the world to participate in so great a work. 
 And so possibly if each and everj' gentleman here repre- 
 senting foreign governments goes back and does that which 
 he finds to be done at his own door, so to speak, urges upon 
 his government some such movement to participate with the 
 government of the United States in the building of this canal 
 — the Panama or Nicaragua — the canal would certainly be 
 built. 
 
 I want to say, ladies and gentlemen, that this meeting 
 stands adjourned until three o'clock this afternoon, when a 
 general discussion will take place in this hall on this subject. 
 
 (Adjourned at 18.45 p. m.) 
 
 Phil.-idelphia, Tuesday, October 24, 1899. 
 
 Afternoon Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order at 3.25 p. m. by Hon. J. 
 C. jVIonaghan. 
 
 Hon. J. C. Monaghan: 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: I think in your own interest it 
 will be much better if the persons in the back part of the hall 
 would come forward and occupy seats up near the platform. 
 You \vill find it much pleasanter for yourselves. The acoustic 
 properties of this hall are all right when it is full, but, un- 
 fortunately, when it is only one-third or one-half full, it is 
 difficult for speakers to make themselves heard beyond the 
 first seven or eight rows of chairs. 
 
 Before announcing the next speaker, I have the honor to 
 state that His Excellency, Minister J. B. Calvo, has anotner 
 paper on the Nicaragua Canal, which he has written in Span- 
 ish and which is translated and will be included in the pro- 
 ceedings to-day. Minister Calvo has been obliged to attend 
 another very important meeting. His manuscript is now in 
 charge of Dr. Niederlein, who will be glad to show it to 
 anyone who desires to see the manuscript, and it will appear 
 later in the proceedings. 
 
 I have to announce a telegram received by Dr. Wilson. 
 It reads as follows: "Washington, D. C, October 24th, '99. 
 Doctor William P. Wilson, Director Philadelphia Commercial 
 Museum — Letter 21st received yesterday afternoon. Had 
 made an-angements to be there to-day. Sudden indisposi- 
 tion unfortunately prevents. The remarks I would have 
 made will be published later. Luis F. Corea." 
 
 I might add that Mr. Corea, Minis.ter to Nicaragua, was 
 on the list for this morning. 
 
 I would ask if Col. J. L. Pearcy is in the audience? If 
 so, I would like to have him come to the platform. 
 
 Is Mr. Rotherham in the audience? If so, he will kindly 
 come to the ]ilatfnrm. 
 
 Mr. Rotherham then went to the platform. 
 
 Mr. Rotherham, delegate from Melbourne, Australia, will 
 
198 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 now address us on the subject of the canal. Of course you 
 can understand that not only Melbourne, but all Australia is 
 very much interested in this vei'y important subject. It is 
 nu moi-e important to us, perhaps, than it is to them — the 
 delegates from Australia. I have the honor and pleasure of 
 introducing to you Mr. H. Rotherham. 
 
 Mr. II. Rotherham: 
 
 J[r. Chairman, Dr. Wilson, Fellow Delegates and Ladies: 
 I scarcely know why I have been asked to speak on this sub- 
 ject, as I am not an expert on canal construction, but prob- 
 ably my opinion has been sought in the light more of a busi- 
 ness man than that of an expert. An expert is largely a 
 man of one idea; a man of one idea is a man whose ideas 
 generally run in a particular direction. It is very difficult 
 to got sucli a man out of a beaten track, though you may 
 be able in some degree to convince him that his opinions 
 arc not altogether infallible. The highest ideal of human 
 life is that of living away from self for the benefit and well- 
 being of others. 1 take it, Mr. Chairman, the highest ideal 
 of commerce is to endeavor to confer the greatest blessing 
 upon the greatest number, and I believe in the construction 
 of either of these canals because its construction would bene- 
 fit humanity at large and the commercial world in a special 
 degree. Of course it does not much matter which of them 
 is constructed so long as one of them is built, because it 
 will be such a help to commerce in our quarter of the globe. 
 It is a matter of indiflferenee which we favor. It is, how- 
 ever, a matter of great importance that the canal should be 
 built quickly. Political trickery or stock-jobbing should not 
 be allowed to enter into so noble — so national — an enterprise. 
 It should be lifted beyond and out of tlie reach of sucli sor- 
 did elements. 
 
 Anything which would shorten the transit from one coun- 
 try to another, not only as a question of freight, but as a 
 (picstion of time, is a factor that would confer upon the 
 merchant a great benefit. In the second place, it would 
 confer a continual blessing upon the consumer, and as a busi- 
 ness man I think that the Americans are far bttiind in this 
 matter. As our friend here just remarked, "Uncle Sam is 
 looked upon as an aggressive and a progessive individual." 
 It is only lately that he has taken to follow some^vhat closer, 
 tbe foot-steps of his great parent in the way of land-grab- 
 bing. It is all there, gentlemen, and it is coming on by 
 degrees, and this canal when constructed will bring you into 
 closer relationship with the other parts of the world, and 
 by that means not only confer lasting blessing upon your- 
 selves, but upon us. 
 
 J take it that this matter should not be one for the poli- 
 tician to decide. Fi'om what we gather from your newspapers 
 and from other writings your politician is perhaps not the 
 most honorable of men and he is somewhat given to what 
 we call in our country "log-rolling" — doing good to another 
 for his own particular advantage. If you manufacturers and 
 men of business in this great country would rise up in your 
 miglit and in your power, you could compel the powers "that 
 be to confer this blessing upon you as a community and upon 
 the world at large. (Applause.) 
 
 }l<m. J . C. Miinaghan: 
 
 We have with us to-day a document submitted by Mr. 
 Merry, United States Minister to Costa Rica. Unfortu- 
 nately for us Mr. Merry is not able to be present. He 
 has sent this paper, asking that it be read at this mooting. 
 and inasmuch as it deals principally with the Nicaraguan 
 route, and as we have heard this morning arguments very 
 strongly advocating the Panama route, it is only fitting that 
 we hear and have printed something on the other side of that 
 question. 
 
 Advantages of the Nicaragua Caxal Route. 
 
 \Vinia7n Lawrence Merry: 
 
 In a fair consideration of the advantages offered by the 
 Nicaragua Canal route over the Panama or other routes 
 south thereof, it is necessary to draw comparisons with the 
 projected Panama lock canal in which French interests are 
 now involved after the disastrous failure of the Panama sea 
 level canal attempted by the late Count de Lesseps. In such 
 comparison as will be made by the writer only statements 
 wdiicli cannot be controverted will be permitted. It is 
 proper that I should admit at the commencement of this 
 [laper that the Panama route offers one incontestable advan- 
 tage in its being about one-quarter the length of the 
 Nicaragua route, although the canal proper at Nicaragila is 
 several miles shorter than at Panama, the remainder of the 
 route being still water, river and lake navigation. This 
 salient fact predisposes the new investigator in favor of the 
 Panama route, but as the question is carefully studied it 
 becomes evident that no other advantage attaches thereto; 
 it is in every other particular inferior to the Nicaragua route 
 for canalization. The inquii^ naturally commences with 
 
 Sanitary Conditions. 
 
 The favorable sanitary conditions of the Nicaragua canal 
 route are well known to all who have interested themselves 
 in the American Inter-oceanic Canal question. Yellow fever 
 has never attacked any place on the line of the Nicaragua 
 Canal. Malarial fevers of nuld type are experienced on the 
 Atlantic littoral, but the lake region is generally free from 
 them. The reports of the medical officers of the vainous 
 surveying expeditions in Nicaragua, without exception, re- 
 mark upon the general good health of the employes both 
 native and foreign. The northeastern trade winds from the 
 Caribbean Sea follow up the valley of the San Juan, even 
 gathering force as Lake Nicaragua is reached, until at Brito, 
 the Pacific terminus, it blows a moderate northeast gale 
 (called by the natives the Papagaijo wind) most of the year, 
 the exceptions being short ^Jeriods during the rainy season, 
 when the southwesters blow from the Pacific, bringing heavy 
 rain storms, lasting three to four days. There will doubt- 
 less be increased malaria when construction commences, but 
 with proper sanitation and medical attention, such mortality 
 as exists at Panama need not be anticipated. 
 
 "Pernicious malaria" and yellow fevers are prevalent on 
 the Panama Isthmus. The Isthmian Canal Commission has 
 t)een obliged to defer examination of the Panama route 
 until November or December next, owing to the prevalence 
 of yellow fever at Panama, w^hile its engineers and other 
 employes have already commenced operations at Nicaragua 
 without hesitation. The incontestable fact carries its own 
 e(]ually incontestable argument. 
 
 P^ooNonY OF Navigable Distances. 
 
 The Nicaragua Canal effects a saving in distance as com- 
 pared with Panama to vessels coming from the north on 
 either ocean of 545 miles on the Pacific and 42 miles on the' 
 Atlantic. The 587 miles thus saved make two days naviga- 
 tion for a fairly fast steamship or three days for a slow 
 freight ship. The comparatively small navigation from the 
 south will not greatly offset this striking advantage. The 
 distances from the difi'erent ports of the world across the 
 Atlajitic and Pacific Oceans lioth n(u-th and soutli of the 
 ei|uator are Tint greatly dilTei'eiii. and as these differences 
 largely oll'set each other need not be considered, except that 
 as mo.st of this navigation is from and to northern ports the 
 advantage must rem.'iin with the Nicaragua route. 
 
TENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 24, 1899 
 
 199 
 
 Facility of Ocean Navigation. 
 
 In this ijarticular there is little difference between the two 
 projected canals as regards their use by steamships, but 
 while the Nicaragua Canal will be available for sailing ves- 
 sels, the Panama Canal is practically inaccessible to them, 
 especially from the Pacifie Ocean, owing to the prevalent 
 calms in the Bay of Panama. I have in mind an illustration 
 of this fact in a voyage of the Pacific Mail steamship 
 "Golden City," Captain Lappidge. En route from Panama 
 to San Francisco the "Golden City" when fort;/ miles south 
 of Panama passed a coal laden ship from the Atlantic, con- 
 signed to the Pacific Mail Steamship Agency at Panama, 
 Captain Lappidge took his steamer to San Francisco, dis- 
 charged passengers and cargo, coaled and left for Panama. 
 Just prior to arriving there and teyi miles south, of the port 
 he passed the same ship, bound in, having only made thirty 
 miles while he made a round voyage to California. Wliile 
 this is an exceptional case the standard authority, Maury's 
 Sailing Directions, remarks, that were nature by a gigantic 
 convulsion to open a free passageway tlirough the Panama 
 Isthmus it would still be unavailable for sailing ships by 
 reason of the prevailing calms in the Gulf of Panama. At 
 both termini of the Nicaragaia Canal route the trade winds 
 blow with almost unvarpng regularity, as well as across 
 that magnificent inland sea. Lake Nicaragua. I may prop- 
 erly add that the construction of a ship canal, either at Nic- 
 aragua or Panama, will tend to a rapid increase of steam ton- 
 nage and a decrease of sailing ships. 
 
 Facility of Construction. 
 
 At Nicaragua the most formidable obstacle is the restora- 
 tion of the Atlantic terminal port at San Juan del Norte. 
 The construction otherwise offers no problems that have not 
 already been satisfactorily solved elsewhere, and even the 
 Atlantic port can be restored under the latest plans pre- 
 sented with absolute certainty as to results and at a cost 
 which commerce can aft'ord to pay. 
 
 At Panama the diversion of the Chagres River, which has 
 been entirely avoided thus far, is an engineering problem of 
 enormous difficulty and with uncertain results. In fact, be- 
 sides the navigable lock canal, before condemned and now 
 adopted, another canal, nearly half as long, must be made to 
 carry the Chagres to the Atlantic; a torrential river that has 
 been known to rise forty-two feet in one night, flooding its 
 entire valley at Matachin. Count de Lesseps publicly stated, 
 on more than one occasion, that if a lock canal w^ere to be 
 constructed the place for it would be Nicaragua. It is a 
 matter of record that before he took the Bonaparte-Wyse 
 concession at Panama himself, Blanchet and other French 
 engineers made application to the Nicaraguan Government 
 for a concession to canalize the Nicaraguan Isthmus, but 
 failed to obtain it for political reasons. It may be stated as 
 a fact accepted by civil engineers that in a country with 
 heavy rainfall a lock canal offers advantages over a sea level 
 canal, for the reason that the former does not disturb the 
 natural drainage, while the latter necessarily becomes the 
 drainage ditch of all the country near it and also necessitates 
 much heavier excavation. Consequently a lock system is 
 preferable at Panama and necessary there as well as at Nic- 
 aragua. The successful service of locks at the St. Mary's 
 Canal, which annually passes approximately three times the 
 tonnage that uses the Suez Canal, has silenced all reasonable 
 opposition to lockage, and the recent improvements in lock- 
 age are likely to be followed by others of even greater 
 importance. The summit level "of the Nicaragua Canal is 
 to be that of Lake Nicaragua after the canal has been com- 
 
 pleted. The projected siunmit level at Panama has been 
 variously stated and may not have been definitely decided 
 upon, but will presumably not be higher than Nicaragua, 
 while some semi-official reports have made it lower. This 
 is a point of minor importance within moderate limits, a 
 higher level necessitating increased lockage but decreasing 
 very expensive deep excavation and increasing difficulties in 
 drainage. 
 
 Supply' of Lockage Water. 
 
 In Nicaragua, the inland sea of that name, at the summit 
 level of the canal and Lake Managua (united to and four- 
 teen feet above it) with the tributary water shed, furnishes 
 about ten times as much lockage water by gravity as can 
 sensibly be used, even with a duplicate lock system. At 
 Panama this lockage water must be impounded in the 
 neighboring mountains by utilizing the headwaters of the 
 Chagres, two artificial lakes being arranged for this purpose. 
 The quantity of water available for this purpose is so doubt- 
 ful that Count de Lesseps asserted the intention to pump 
 any deficiency from the sea level, necessarily at great cost 
 for machinery and fuel. It will thus be noted that while 
 the Panama Isthmus has an enormous supply of water, it 
 is, for canal purposes, unfortunately below the level for lock- 
 age by gravity. 
 
 Materials for Construction and Food Supply. 
 
 Both canals will need large quantities of heavy lumber 
 in long lengths, for construction, which must be obtained 
 in the Southern States, Oregon and Washington. At Pan- 
 ama there is no material available for construction. At 
 Nicaragua heavy timber in short lengths, excellent lime 
 and stone of second grade can be obtained in abundance. 
 Concrete will be largely used in construction. The food 
 supply in Nicaragua can be largely obtained in the country, 
 which produces abundantly the food necessary to maintain 
 a working force. The Panama Isthmus produces no food 
 supplies worthy of mention. Electric power can be cheaply 
 developed on both routes; on either is a supply of coal or 
 metals to be conveniently obtained. 
 
 Cost of Construction and Operation. 
 
 Both canals having locks, would in that particular cost 
 the same to operate, providing the summit levels are approxi- 
 mately equal. But in addition to the lift locks Panama must 
 have a tidal lock at its Pacific terminal, owing to the very 
 large tidal movement at the head of the Bay of Panama. 
 Consequently ships must there await the tide to pass in and 
 out. This may be considered a minor difficulty, as the 
 operation of a tide lock is comparatively inexpensive and 
 devoid of ordinary danger. The Nicaragua Canal being 
 longer should cost somewhat more to operate than the 
 Panama Canal, were the difference not offset by the addi- 
 tional lock and impounded supply of lockage water and by 
 the care of the Chagres diversion works. It may be fairly 
 stated that the cost of operation should not materially differ, 
 and with an effective staff should not exceed eight per cent, 
 of the gross receipts, when the canal is actively in operation, a 
 striking comparison with the best railways in the United 
 States, which use 45 and 55 per cent, of the gross receipts for 
 expenses of opera-tion. It is safe to assume that a toll of 
 one dollar per ton of 2,240 pounds or 40 cubic feet on present 
 available tonnage wall pay the operating expenses at Nica- 
 ragua and leave a net annual profit of four per cent., provid- 
 ing the canal costs the estimated $1'35,000,000. I am under 
 the impression that construction can be contracted for at 
 
200 
 
 PSOCEEWl^GS 61F THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 $100,OUO,000. The Suez Caual at present charges $1.85 per 
 ton and deelares diviflends of IT to 20 per cent, per annum. 
 [t= cost was approximately $91,000,000. It could be evacu- 
 ated by modern machinery for $5,000,000, or even less. 
 
 LOCAT. Eakxing C.wacity. 
 
 'I'lie Panama Canal can have little or no local earning 
 ca])acity; it would he merely a connecting link between the 
 oceans.' The Nicaragua Canal will be not only that, but a 
 system of internal navigation, (when connected with Lake 
 Managua, about 270 miles long) through a country of extra- 
 ordinary natural resources and capable of a production which 
 bids fair, within ten years after the opening of the canal, to 
 pay its opera tijig expenses. Its earnings will also be liberally 
 increased by pa.ssenger travel, for thousands of voyagers will 
 make the trip from the Atlantic to the Pacific through the 
 Nicaragua (^'aiial to enjoy the beautiful scenery of Lake 
 Nicaragua and San Juan River, the voyage between the 
 Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the L'nited States occujjying 
 about twelve days witli full powered steamships, generally 
 with line weather and smooth navigation. 
 
 Eahtiiquakes. 
 
 There is a minimum risk of seismal action on both routes, 
 but it cannot be considered wortliy of consideration. The 
 zone of volcanic activity in Nicaragua is well north of the 
 canal route, and while occasional shocks have been expe- 
 rienced, no serious earthquake has been recorded near the 
 canal line since Europeans have been in Nicaragua. The 
 canal works on both routes would be mostly below the im- 
 mediate surface and much less liable to injury by seismal 
 action than structures above ground. On the Panama Isth- 
 mus also earthquake shocks have been experienced but they 
 never have been destructive in that vicinity. 
 
 Stratkgetical Positions. 
 
 Without going into details, it may be properly .stated that 
 the strategetical advantages of the Nicaragua Canal to the 
 United States as compared with the Panama route are so 
 obvi«us that it does not merit discussion. It is incompre- 
 hensible that the United States Government sliall not con- 
 struct a great work, so important to its military and com- 
 mercial advantage at the nearest available location, aside 
 from the obvious fact that it also offers the greatest advant- 
 ages otherwise. 
 
 It is respectfully suggested that this short and imperfect 
 paper satisfactorily demonstrates the following points: 
 
 1. That the sanitary ccniditions are more favorable at 
 Nicaragua than at Panama, 
 
 2. That the Nicaragua Canal on the wiiole will save 
 greater distances. 
 
 3. That the Nicaragua route is availal)le for sailing ves- 
 sels, while that at Panama is practically available only for 
 steamships. 
 
 4. That the facilities for construction are the most favor- 
 able at Nicaragua. 
 
 5. That it has materials for construction and food supjily 
 which are hicking at the Panama Isthmus. 
 
 G. That the sujiply of lockage water by gravity is super- 
 abundant at Nicaragua and doubtful at Panama." 
 
 7. That the cost of operation will not inaterially ditTer. 
 
 8. That the Nicaragua Canal will have a local earning 
 eapacity which cannot be developed at Panama. 
 
 y. That the liability to seismic disturbances arc apparently 
 equal in both locations and not worthy of serious considera- 
 tion. 
 
 10. That the strategical position of the Nicaragua Canal 
 in its relation to the L^nited States is decidedly superior to 
 the Panama route. 
 
 The value of tliese conclusions must depend largely upon 
 the intimate knowledge of the subject necessary to form 
 them. This makes it proper to state that the writer has 
 resided on the Panama Isthmus one year, crossing it once or 
 twice weekly during that period and has also visited it 
 eighteen times, while a three years' management of the 
 Nicaragua route, when it was used for transporting passen- 
 gers to and from the Pacific Coast to the United States, 
 necessarily also crossing there from ocean to ocean many 
 times, has enabled him to acquire a thorough local knowl- 
 edge of both projected canal routes. The inter-oceanic 
 canal has largely engaged his attention since 1889, he has 
 carefully studied all reliable documents that have been 
 printed in relation thereto and a favorable opinion of the 
 comparative merits of the Nicaragua route has been reached 
 without any private interests which might aflfect his judg- 
 ment. He has enjoyed the personal acquaintance among 
 lit her experts on the canal question of Count de Lesseps; Cap- 
 tain Lull, U. S. Navy; Real-Admiral Daniel Ammen, IT. S. N.; 
 A. G. Menocal, C. E. U. S. Navy; Captain James R. Eads, 
 C:. E.; Col. Totten, C. E. (the builder of the Panama Railroad), 
 and most of the gentlemen constituting the present Isthmian 
 Canal Commission. During the last twenty years he has con- 
 sulted with them and with many other experts on all subjects 
 connected with inter-oceanic communication. The sole purpose 
 of this paper is to aid, so far as it may be in his power, such 
 a solution of this important question as will be of the greatest 
 advantage to the people and government of the United States 
 and to the commerce of the world. (Applause.) 
 
 Hdii. J. C. Monar/han: 
 
 1 had hoped to have the pleasure of an address from Mr. 
 Kelly, connected with the Trades League of this city, but 
 he has been assigned to a duty, a very pleasant one, I un- 
 derstand, to him, to take care of the Delaware delegation, 
 which is here visiting to-day with the Governor of Delaware. 
 
 It gives me great pleasure to now introduce Colonel J. L. 
 I'earey, ex-United States Consul at Colon. 
 
 Co]. J. L. Pcarcy: 
 
 I have engaged in most all vocations during my life, except 
 that of speech-making, inasmuch as this is my first offence 
 (laughter). — I am not an engineer or a scientist, and only 
 look at this question from a practical, everyday standpoint. 
 
 I have lived on the Isthmus of Panama a number of years, 
 for four years in the capacity of the United States Consul, 
 and since that time as a merchant, and I have had many 
 opportunities of seeing and going over the various routes 
 that have been proposed as a caual route. j\Iy business takes 
 me up and down the coast of Central and South America, 
 and I have also on several occasions made trips into the in- 
 terior of the Isthmus of Panama over the proposed routes, 
 and I am free to say, if there is anything in appearances, the 
 Panama route is not only the shortest and most practical 
 route for any kind of a canal, but it appears to me to be the 
 (mly possible route for a sea level canal. 
 
 Advancing civilization demands that the Central Ameri- 
 can Isthmus should no longer be permitted to act as a baiTier 
 to the circulation of trade, and I believe that the people of 
 the United States have determined that a canal should be 
 dug at some point, and the only question that remains to be 
 settled is, w^here it shall be located. 
 
 A commission was appointed a few years ago, composed 
 of General Ltidlow, Mr. Alfred Noble and Mr. Endicott, men 
 of great learning and of highest respectability, to examine 
 
*ENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 24, 1899 
 
 201 
 
 and report on the Nicaragua route, and I remember at the 
 time the resolution for the apjiointment of this commission 
 was discussed in the United States Senate, an efEort was made 
 to amend the resolution so as to allow these gentlemen to 
 examine any other routes, but the amendment was promptly 
 smotliered by the friends and promoters of the Nicaragua 
 (Janal Company. 
 
 The report of this commission, however, did not prove 
 satisfactory to the promoters of this company and another 
 commission has been appointed by President McKinley, by 
 direction of Congress, to examine not only the Nicaragua 
 route, but the Panama and all the other routes. 
 
 This commission is composed of gentlemen of learniag and 
 high standing, above the suspicion of partnership or par- 
 tiality, and they will shortly visit the isthmus and make thor- 
 ough investigations, and I am satisfied when their report is 
 made, it will be one that can be relied upon. I, furthermore, 
 believe that it will show that the Panama route is the most 
 practicable, by far the cheapest and best of all possible 
 routes. Now, as I indicated before, I am no engineer or 
 scientist, and don't know how to dish out a lot of technicali- 
 ties and mystifying terms, but I have gone over the gi'ounds 
 often, and I know that forty-six miles is a shorter route than 
 one hundred and eighty-nine miles. I know that out of 
 forty-six miles of the Panama route about twenty-one or 
 twenty-two miles are practically completed. I have myself 
 made frequent trips up the oanal from Colon to Bujio, a dis- 
 tance of nearly fifteen miles, in a steamer. I have frequently 
 seen it stated in the American press that this canal has been 
 destroyed, or partially so; that the banks had caved in, and 
 that the channel had been filled up with sand and the wash- 
 ings from the mountains. Strange to say, the officers and 
 directors of the Panama Canal have been strangely silent 
 and pursuing, as I thought, a policy of secrecy and mystery. 
 But during that time, and for the past four or five years, 
 they have kept steadily at work with three or four thousand 
 laborers and have accomplished as much as could be done 
 anywhere in the world with the same amount of labor and for 
 the same amount of money expended during that time. 
 
 Fully forty per cent, of the work of excavation on the 
 Panama Canal is completed, and it is amply equipped with 
 machinery and appliances necessary to finish this great work. 
 A technical commission, composed of French, German, Eng- 
 lish and American engineers, has recently made a report, 
 showing conclusively that there are no engineering difficulties 
 in the way, and that the work can be completed inside of 
 eight years, and for something less than one hundred millions 
 of dollars. 
 
 Then again, we have for the Panama route two of the 
 finest harbors in the world, that do not have to be dredged 
 or kept open by any artificial means. Now contrast these 
 advantages with the Nicaragua route, which is one hundred 
 and eighty-nine miles long, as against forty-six miles by the 
 Panama route. It has been shown coiuclusively that it would 
 take a steamer forty-eight hours to go through the Nicara- 
 gua Canal, whereas, by the Panama route it would take only 
 twelve hours; so that, if both canals were in operation, two 
 steamers, one, entering the mouth of each canal at the same 
 hour, the one going by the Panama route could pass out into 
 the Pacific, go up the coast and be a half-day's journey be- 
 yond the mouth of the Nicaragua route before the other 
 steamer coming by that route would emerge from the Pacific 
 outlet of the Nicaragua route. On the other hand, if the 
 coast was southward, the steamer leaving the outlet of the 
 Panama Canal would have about two and a half days' ad- 
 vantage. Again, while a great deal has been said in the papers 
 in this country about the Nicaragua Canal, leading some 
 people to believe that there is such a thing as the Nicaragua 
 Canal, and that the Panama Canal was filled up and a failure. 
 
 exactly the reverse is true. Not an ounce of earth has ever 
 been removed on the so-called Nicaragua Canal, but it has 
 been dug on paper and in promoters' otfices. They haven't 
 the semblance of a harbor on either coast; their route runs 
 through a lake one hundred and ten feet above sea level in 
 a volcanic country with many of the essential elements in con- 
 struction undecided. 
 
 Now, the gentleman who preceded me spoke about the un- 
 healthy conditions of the Isthmus of Panama. That fable 
 lias been published in the newspapers for many years in this 
 country about a dead Cliinaman and a dead laborer for every 
 cross-tie, and it is purely manufactured and a fable. I have 
 lived there for seven years, and the people themselves there 
 are no worse than they are in many parts of the United States. 
 Every particle of the digging and dredging to be done on 
 the Panama route in the marshy country has been completed, 
 whereas, on the Nicaragua route, all of that will have to be 
 gone over. Therefore, I contend that the healthy conditions 
 on the Isthmus of Panama will be much better than they 
 will be by the laying of the Nicaragua route during the first 
 few years of construction there, and they will have the same 
 disadvantages to contend with that we had on the Panama 
 route during the dredging of the marshy ditches. 
 
 Now, the firm I am connected with to-day is having built 
 in Connecticut a vessel of a very light draft, in order to 
 get into Greytowu and other harbors on the Caribbean Sea, 
 because every river mouth and every port is filled up on the 
 Caribbean Sea except the one at Colon alone; every one, the 
 mouth of the Magdalene, the mouth of the Turin and the 
 Chagres River at Colon. I have been all along it. There is 
 not a place where you can run a vessel anywhere, except at 
 Colon, and there they have a natural barrier that prevents 
 the silt and the sand from filling up the harbor. This is a 
 coral wall extending out on each side of the harbor, that 
 washes the silt and sand into two or three hundred fathoms 
 of water, whereas, at Greytown, for the last twenty years, 
 it is gradually filling up. They have no harbor, they have 
 no port, and I have been told by naval officers of high degree 
 and understanding that it woidd be a work of forever to keep 
 that port clear. Thank you, gentlemen. 
 
 Hon. J. G. Monaghan: 
 
 If there is a name in English of American mercantile or 
 business history that stands for all that is liigli and noble 
 and generous, that name is Peabody. I have to-day the sio-- 
 nal pleasure and honor of introducing Mr. Henry W. Pea- 
 body, representing firms-doing business in New York, Boston, 
 Ijondon and Sydney. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Henry IF. Peahodtj: 
 
 Mr. t^hairman. Ladies and Gentlemen: This is my first 
 day at this Congress, and I have enjoyed very much the dis- 
 cussion or the presentation of the views of those who know 
 regarding these two important projects, which are yet in- 
 complete, the canals. The Panama Canal, we have always re- 
 garded as a French affair. We have known of many sums 
 of money being invested there, and yet the work is incom- 
 plete and useless. American capital has identified itself to 
 some extent with the Nicaragua Canal, and, therefore, we 
 have been instructed regarding that, and we have, perhaps, 
 been taught by the numerous exponents of that to regard it 
 as the perfect route. It is evident that the gentlemen who 
 have been before us to-day generally considered that a sample 
 question, and our government has not decided that that is 
 the canal for the future. The question has at last become 
 one of the recognized problems in the politics of the domi- 
 nant party, and I have no doubt that within a short time a 
 digest will be made, which will determine which canal shall 
 
202 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 bo considered the responsibility of our government. I have 
 >io doubt that the pressure of events, especially the need now 
 Hi the government, the necessity of a shorter passage be- 
 tween the Atlantic and the Pacific, as well as changes which 
 liavc come about in the commerce of the world by which sail 
 is giving way to steam, that one of these routes will be estab- 
 lished. The United States, naturally, is looking to accom- 
 plish this result, and more easily might assume that obligation 
 wliere American capiUd has already been invested. 
 
 We can realize what an immense saving and safeguard such 
 :a channel would be when we recall the exciting voyage and 
 the remarkeble experiences of our battleship "Oregon" (ap- 
 plause), in coming from a Pacific port to the rescue of our 
 beleaguered fleet in the Gulf. There is no doubt in my mind 
 thai the canal problem would have been solved long ago if 
 the American supremacy upon the ocean which existed thirty 
 or forty years ago had been maintained, but, unfortunately, 
 our position upon the ocean has become insignificant. 
 
 One of the speakers this afternoon said that he wanted 
 to see "Old Glory" going through the canal, and another 
 this afternoon spoke about our flag i7iaintained in every sea 
 and in every port. Now, we have not enough vessels to carry 
 those flags; we have not enough to go around, you may say. 
 The fact is, that our commerce, which is identified with the 
 foreign trade, has become so small that we have not three 
 hundred thousand tons that would come through this canal 
 if it could be built; in contrast to which England has more 
 than ten million tons. The commerce of the United States 
 on the Atlantic Coast has always been conducted with re- 
 mote countries like Australia and the Philippine Islands, 
 Java, etc., around the Cape of Good Hope. It is a long way 
 since steam has become so much the method of the future. 
 It has been the cheaper way, because sailing vessels do not 
 very often use the canals. But the requirements of the 
 future will press upon those who are now responsible for the 
 development of improved changes needed, and the eanal is 
 certainly a necessity. 
 
 I believe, that what has been said here to-day, from those 
 who know regarding these canals, will be of a great value to 
 the country, and 1 hope it will stimulate the interests of this 
 great country in its enormous commerce, although it has to be 
 done by other people's vessels. The imports and the exports 
 from the United States last year were eighteen hundred mil- 
 lion dollars, but less than ten per cent, of that was done in 
 American vessels. The position which we regret to-day is 
 (bat we have almost no vessels to use the canal if we should 
 build it. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. J. C. Monaghan: 
 
 Before opening the discussion 1 would like to submit one 
 or iwj points the members have asked me to put practically 
 in the way of questions. The first was — not hardly to be 
 seen on this globe — that the arc of a great circle drawn from 
 the Isthmus of Darien across the Pacific takes in the Alleu- 
 tian Islands and touches China and Korea and Java, and all 
 those more important points in the East, and is some 
 seven or eight hundred miles shorter than the direct route 
 from the Isthmus across the Pacific, that is, the Northern 
 route from the Nicaragua Canal would be seven or eight hun- 
 dred miles shorter than the route that would be started from 
 the Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 The second point or question was, Would not the North- 
 ern route bring more trade and tribute than the Panama? 
 The Panama is thought to be more important for South 
 America than North America. This, however, the paiiy has 
 stated, was not a settled fact, although Colombia has been so 
 much interested in the Panama Canal that they have voted 
 subsidies for the purpose of assisting in the building of 
 that canal. 
 
 The next question asked was. Which would be the best 
 for sailing vessels? and, as an addenda, it was stated that sail- 
 ing vessels have sometimes taken from one liundred to one 
 hundred and eighty days to beat out from the Bay of Panama 
 into the ocean. Another point to be considered was, that the 
 route around Cape Point is, strictly speaking, but a very 
 narrow one, for the reason that the ice-floes from the Ant- 
 arctic Ocean come up for a very long distance beyond the point 
 of the cape. 
 
 Another question asked was. Does not Nicaragua offer the 
 advantage of a great, flourishing community, and is it or is 
 it not a fact that Na])oleon III., in his interests in Mexico, 
 saw the great value of the Nicaragua rather than the Panama 
 Canal? 
 
 I simply throw these suggestions out with a view of bring- 
 ing about the discussion of these very important points. I 
 may say now that these questions are open for any gentle- 
 man, or any lady, I might add, who may desire to express an 
 opinion or offer suggestions in the matter. 
 
 If there is no other business before the Congress, we stand 
 adjourned until the regular hour to-morrow morning. 
 
 (The nicoting adjourned at 5 o'clock p. m.) 
 
PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 ELEVENTH DAY'S SESSION 
 
 Philadelphia, Wednesday, October 35, 1899. 
 
 Morning Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order at 10.45 a. m., in Conven- 
 tion Hall, Exposition Building, by Director W. P. Wilson. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 I have to announce that the sessions of this Congi-ess for 
 Friday, Paii-Anierican day, will be held in the Bourse, on 
 Fourth street between Chestnut and Market streets. The 
 meetings will he held in the Trades League room, on the 
 second floor, beginning at 10.30, and continuing until 13.00, 
 at which time a lunch will l)e provided. Between the time of 
 the sessions all the attending delegates and others will have 
 the privilege of the floor on the exchange, which is one of 
 the finest in the world. 
 
 I now have great pleasure in introducing to the Congress 
 the Hon. Eobert Adams, Jr.. who will preside. 
 
 Hon. Boberi Adams, Jr.: 
 
 Mr. Director a.nd Delegates to the International Commer- 
 cial Congress: Allow me to express my appreciation of the 
 great honor of presiding over this Congress, which represents 
 the civilization, I may say, of the world. The subject sub- 
 mitted for our consideration to-day is "Expansion, Com- 
 mercial and Territorial." 
 
 As I understand this subject it includes the development of 
 trade and commerce, not of our own country alone, but of 
 the entire world. Naturally we depend on the amount of 
 information which each nation has of the products, and the 
 wants of every other nation. Therefore, I think one of the 
 most important means for the development of trade and com- 
 merce is a difl^usion of knowledge on the subject referred to, 
 and I hold the chief means is the movement now taking place 
 in the city of Philadelphia. 
 
 First, in the founding of the Commercial Museum; second, 
 in the assembhng of this Congress, where all are free to 
 present full information in regard to the productions and the 
 needs of their individual countries. Next to that I consider 
 most important the plan that was suggested by one of the 
 greatest statesmen our country ever produced, and I am proud 
 to say that he was a native of this State — the State of Penn- 
 sylvania — and was Secretary of State. I refer to Hon. James 
 G. Blaine, who suggested that permanent exhiliitions should 
 be established in different coimtries for the display of Ameri- 
 can products. More particularly did he turn his view towards 
 the development of our trade with Soiith America; but I will 
 not touch on that subject, for there is one here to-day who 
 can give you information as to that matter up to a much 
 later date, our Minister to Brazil. During my ofiicial resi- 
 dence in that country, as United States ]\[inister. my attention 
 was forcibly called to one great need which our country, I 
 
 regret to say, has not supplied, in comparison with some of the 
 European countries, and that lies in our consular service. 
 Under our system of government the consular service is not 
 attached to, nor subservent to, the diplomatic branch, as it is 
 in England and other countries. 
 
 I voluntarily looked into our system as it existed in South 
 America, and it was not at all satisfactory. Since then I 
 have studied somewhat the relations of our service in other 
 countries, and while I wish to do full credit to many of our 
 representatives, who furnish us with full information in re- 
 gard to the commercial status in the way of statistics, manu- 
 facturing and other information of many of the posts, our 
 service as a whole is far from satisfactory, not equal to that 
 of many other countries. 
 
 I consider that one of the most important means of dissemi- 
 nating information throughout all countries is through our 
 consuls to foreign countries, and through your consuls in the 
 United States. The consular service should be filled by well- 
 educated men — especially those educated in technical matters 
 which will come under their observation. They should always 
 speak the language of the country to which they are ac- 
 credited, or at least that of France. They should pass a 
 thorough examination on entering the service, and it should 
 be a life tenure, or during good behavior. There should also 
 be promotion for eiflcient ser-^ace, as an incentive for a man 
 to do good work. I regret to say in our country our service 
 has none of these conditions. The men are appointed largely 
 through political influence, and not on account of special 
 fitness, and it is due to the system in vogue in this country, 
 and not to either political party especially. Under the pre- 
 sent condition it is impossible for any Executive to stand up 
 against the political pressure that is brought against him. 
 It is a system that must change; and it is one of the most 
 curious phases in American life, that with all the energy and 
 push and ingenuity of our business plants and manufactories, 
 so little attention is paid to what you may call the practical 
 executive branches of our government. They are not politi- 
 cal, they are business, and I again state, as a well known fact, 
 that in the couree of time whatever the difl'erent business 
 interests of this Eepublic really want they get. There is 
 no measure that is universally supported by the business 
 manufacturing interests of our country that goes to the Na- 
 tional Congress that can he withstood, if it is founded on 
 business principles and if it is supported by the will of the 
 people. I can illustrate that in one minute, by pointing to the 
 establishment of the Philadelphia Commercial Mu.seum. A 
 bill came to Congress, and that bill was passed, carrying an 
 appropriation of $350,000, an entirely new proposition to the 
 American Congress, because never before had an appropri- 
 ation been made for a building, or for a corporation that was 
 not to be under the control of the United States Government. 
 
 Being an entirely new proposition, it met with considerable 
 opposition, but I can state here without fear of contradiction, 
 that without one dollar of expenditure of money, and with- 
 
 203 
 
t04 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OP THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 out «o imicli iis the shadow of a lobby in the halls of Congress, 
 hut eiitij-cly Uiroiigh the pressure from the business interest, 
 ChaiiilHTs "f Commeree, Boards of Trade, and such bodies, 
 tint approiiriation was jjassed under a suspension of the rules, 
 wtiich require a two-thirds vote of the House of Representa- 
 tives Therefore, I say it is one of the peculiar phases of our 
 couiitrv that the business people do not bring that pressure to 
 bear ujion their representatives even by wnitiog to them favor- 
 m^ matters of great importance to their welfare. Impressed 
 with the necessity of au improvement in our consular service, 
 ■IS long as ten years ago, on my return from South America, 
 1 wrote an article in the North American Beririr. calling at- 
 tention to that fact. Later, upon my election to represent the 
 citv of I'hJladelphia in the House of Representatives, being 
 a^^io-ncd to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. 1 sa« an op- 
 porfuuitv to do something practical. I introduci'd a lull, 
 which was a combination or extract, I should say, of what i 
 considered the best points in all the former bills that had been 
 introduced on this subject, but which had been allowed to lie 
 in committee, and could not even so much as secure a favor- 
 able report. I am happy to say that in the last Congress, and 
 the Congress before that, the bill was reported favorably to 
 other committees on foreign affairs, and it was placed on the 
 calendar; but unfortunately, owing to the pressure of war and 
 other measures, there was not sufficient lime for its consider- 
 ation. 
 
 Mr. Director, it shall be one of the first bills introduced 
 into the coming session next December. The bill recently, 
 only la.st year, commenced to arouse the business men, and 
 received the support of the business portion of the commu- 
 nity, wliich it should. It was endorsed by every Chamber 
 of Commerce, and by every Board of Trade in every large city 
 in our country, and" I have been promised that that pressure 
 shall be continued. I am hoping to pass it successfully 
 through the coming Congress. I understand that a day has 
 been set aside in this Commercial Congress for the considera- 
 tion of diplomatic and consular nuitters, and I trust that on 
 that day our friends from other countries will furnish inform- 
 ation which may be of lienefit in developing the service in 
 our own country. 
 
 A Congress assembled recently at The Hague, composed of 
 diplomat,s from the different countries, sent to consider the 
 best means for preserving peace throughout this universe 
 which we inhabit. After mature deliberation some means 
 were suggested, but, Mr. Director, I consider that the dele- 
 gates who sit in this hall will have a much more potent in- 
 fluence in preserving the peace of the world in time to come 
 than all other diplomats that can be assembled from all the 
 countries of the world. The more you make a community 
 interested in the commerce and trade between the nations 
 of the earth, the greater will be the pressure, and the greater 
 will be the interest of ovciy country to see that peace is main- 
 tained. (.Applause.) As commerce and trade become inter- 
 twincil every nation in the world will halt those who would 
 disturli ciiinnicrrc and liindcr the progress of human devel- 
 opment, (lentlernen, develop th(- extension of commerce 
 and trade by every means in your power. This Republic wel- 
 comes vou in ihat measure essential for peace. We are not 
 a warlike i>eop]e. AVe do not maintain large armies and 
 navies. Our institutions nw sucli. and the temperament of 
 our people is such, that they will not bear taxation to sup- 
 port, them; therefore, we have a greater interest in devehip' 
 ing our country on the lines of permanent |)eace than any 
 of the warlike countries, and I trust that this Congress which 
 has as.scud)led in this city, which is known as one of brotherly 
 love, will lie a potent means for extending trade and com- 
 merce, and thereby helping in time to come to preserve the 
 peace of the world. (Applause.) 
 
 I have the honor to introduce the Hon. John A. KassoH, 
 Special CV>mmissioner Plenipotentiary, who will now address 
 you. 
 
 Hull. John A. Kas»tiii: 
 
 Mr. Chairman: Permit me td make a single remark before 
 ta,king uj) the topic which has been specially assigned for 
 to-day to the gentlemen who are present. It must have been 
 apparent for at least ten or fifteen years, especially for the last 
 ten years, that the diplomacy of the world is not concerned, 
 as formerly, with the relative power and influence of reigning 
 families, with the cpiestion of territorial acquisition, \vith the 
 ([uestions of war and peace. To-day the diplomacy of the 
 world is engaged in the commercial questions with which the 
 world is concerned. Everybody, every jurisdiction of man 
 that takes up the question of international commerce, is en- 
 gaged in the business of di]ilomacy at this particular era, and 
 therefore, I beg that it may be perpetually in the minds of 
 the gentlemen engaged in this undertaking that they are the 
 diplomatists of the world engaged in promoting civilization 
 and the peace of mankind. 
 
 Mr. Chairman and gentlemen, you have devoted this day 
 to the discussion of a topic of intense interest to our own 
 country and to the civilized world. It invites attention to 
 national expansion, to the wonderful vista now opening be- 
 fore the eyes of Americans engaged in commercial production 
 and exchanges. It presents, also, the question of national 
 duty in the pro.gressive civilization of mankind. Never be- 
 fore has the future held a promise so bright and so well 
 assured for the expansion of commerce, and of all the in- 
 fluences which tend to the uplifting ot the ignorant and back- 
 ward races. 
 
 Within the past two years our own country has sprung 
 from a condition of apathy and discouragement to one of 
 abounding hope and prosperity. Our people in 1896 aban- 
 doned the policy of carelessness and indifference to their 
 home industries, and adopted a policy of vigilance and pro- 
 tection for them. In 1897 they entrusted the national ad- 
 ministration to an experienced statesman, well known for 
 his fidelity to the national interests. Hope, faith and effort 
 immediately revived. The sun-rays of prosperity steadily ex- 
 panded and spread over the whole horizon. And now corn 
 and cotton are again rival kings. Our railroads are over- 
 burdened in the distribution of harvests, and of the products 
 of mines and factories. Our workshops present open doors to 
 the energies of labor. ' Interior land and water lines are 
 crowded with transportatiim. 
 
 Strange as it may seem to narrow and selfish minds, our 
 prosperity has awakened the industry and communicated 
 prosperity to other countries, thus proving the fraternity of 
 international commercial interests. The maxim "Live and let 
 live" is commended to all nations. 
 
 Nor is this all. Our national treasury meets all demands 
 with ease. Banking centres among the people are more than 
 ready to supply the wants of the people at rates beyond pre- 
 cedent. This, in turn, has both stimulated and cheapened 
 ]n-oduction. Above all, the country joyfully believes itself in 
 permanent possession of a sound money basis, the surest basis 
 of circulation and redemption known to the world. Even our 
 school-boys disdain longer to play with the puzzle of IG to 1. 
 The common sense of the country has regained control and 
 demands 16 to 16 — par all round, in all its pockets. 
 
 Contt'iuporaneously with the revival of confidence and of 
 prosperity came a fresh impulse to our export trade. In the 
 course of two years it has advanced with giant strides, es- 
 pecially in the department of manufactures. I invite your 
 attention to a few of the articles whicli illustrate this prog- 
 ress in two years, from 1897 to 1899. 
 
ELEVENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 25, 1899 
 
 205 
 
 COMMEECIAL FaCTS (INTERNATIONAL CoMMEEOE). 
 
 The comparison of a few United States exports of the 
 year 18!)9 with the same exports of 1897 shows an increase 
 in value of: 
 
 Agricultural implements exported 137 per centum. 
 
 Wheat flour (rose from 55 millions to 73 
 
 millions, or) 31 "' " 
 
 Cars and carriages 39 " " 
 
 Chemicals, drugs, etc 13 " " 
 
 Manufactures of cotton 12 " " 
 
 Scientific and electric instruments and ap- 
 paratus • 44 " " 
 
 Manufactures of iron and steel exported 
 
 (rose from 57 millions to 93 millions).. 63 '' " 
 
 Leather and its manufacture 22 " " 
 
 Malt liquors 161 " 
 
 Oil cake 51 " 
 
 Cotton and other vegetable oils 62 " " 
 
 Paper 64 " 
 
 Oleo and oleomargarine 34 " " 
 
 Lard (rose from 29 to 42 millions, or). . . . 45 " " 
 
 Lard compounds 40 " " 
 
 Pork, bacon and hams (from 53 to 73 mil- 
 lions, or) 36 " 
 
 Milk exports 100 " 
 
 Sugar and molasses 73 " " 
 
 Manufactures of copper 65 " " 
 
 Reciprocity. 
 
 So much is already gained. But what for the future? 
 
 The same tariff act of 1897, which prescribed the general 
 rules for regaining prosperity, also conferred authority on the 
 President to make special concessions of duty in reciprocal 
 agreements with foreign countries. This was wisely de- 
 signed to meet the emergencies in special branches of inter- 
 national trade by removing obstacles, either in our own or 
 in foreign tariffs, which might be found to obstruct a profit- 
 able commerce. Under this provision several conventions 
 have been made which await ratification and others are in 
 progress, all of which, it is confidently expected, will tend 
 to the further advantage of our export trade. The principle 
 of reciprocity is so correct, and its adaption to the needs 
 of modern commerce is so evident, that it must long remain 
 in operation for the regulation of the commercial intercourse 
 bet^veen different groups of nations. 
 
 The Law of Our National Development. 
 
 But there are other prospects for the future more brilliant 
 and more far-reaching than those which I have mentioned. 
 
 Never before have our people acquired so clear a percep- 
 tion of the providential law of our national evolution. It 
 was a saying of Bismarck that a nation which has ceased to 
 grow has begun to decline. We are beginning to appreciate 
 the fundamental and health-giving law of our American na- 
 tional life, which has been so plainly illustrated throughout 
 the nineteenth century. The law is not merely a continual 
 growth within our original limits, of the year 1800 — no 
 more than a boy's growth is to be limited to the compass of 
 his first school-day breeches. 
 
 A young country, like a sturdy youth, must be given 
 room for the expansion of its energies. While our popula- 
 tion was still scant, our expansion began with this century 
 in the acquisition of Louisiana. This was followed by the 
 purchase of Florida. In both cases we stretched our jurisdic- 
 tion over foreign peoples and languages. Then we expanded 
 
 over a vast region of undeveloped territory originally belong- 
 ing to Spain, and occupied by aliens and savage tribes; and 
 so reached the rarely visited coasts of California. This again 
 was followed by the acquisition of the vast outlying terri- 
 tory of Alaska, which extended our jurisdiction to the Arctic 
 Ocean on the north. 
 
 All these expansions were met at the time with querulous 
 opposition. But who now regrets them? Who would sur- 
 render them? After a few years all the blind recovered 
 tlieir sight. 
 
 Long before the Spanish war the United States had taken 
 peaceful possession of fifty-seven islands in the Pacific Ocean 
 — mostly in the Southern Pacific — extending to a distance 
 of nearly 4,000 miles from San Francisco toward the Philip- 
 pines. We hold them still. In 1867 was also acquired the 
 great chain of Aleutian Islands in the North Pacific, which 
 extended our possessions and jurisdiction within the radius 
 of Asiatic interests, reaching eighteen degrees farther into 
 Asiatic longitudes than the Siberian Pacific frontier. Still, 
 no partisan outcry against expansion, except the usual 
 grumble of men born with blinders, who see no future good 
 in anything which they have not inherited. Next, upon 
 the second invitation, wo expanded to take the Hawaiian 
 Islands in, because we began to see their enormous import- 
 ance to us in the probable future development of commerce 
 on the great ocean whose central future they apjieared to he. 
 
 Up to the time of the Spanish war, no party had been bold 
 enough to thrust its organization against the operation of 
 our national law of growth and development. 
 
 But now, at this stage of our history, the unforeseen hap- 
 pened. Providence — I say it reverently — ^took us by the 
 shoulders and with humane purpose thrust us into a war 
 with Spain. To our astonishment, Porto Rico stretched 
 forth her arms to us; and our expanding line, already in- 
 cluding thirteen small islands in the Caribbean Sea, curved 
 around that lovely island, which is to share henceforth our 
 civilization, our liberty, and our prosperity. 
 
 Least contemplated of all the events of that Providential 
 war was the event of the far Pacific. Our small Asiatic 
 squadron of six vessels from the moment of the declaration 
 of war had no port of rest, or refuge, or supply, in that hemis- 
 phere. The friendliest nation must drive our ships from 
 its harbors in twenty-four hours. Necessity, the agent of 
 the Almighty, compelled the prompt capture of a harbor 
 and coaling station from the enemy. The man of destiny 
 was there to obey the dictate of destiny. Five days after 
 the proclamation of war the harbor of Manila, and the key of 
 the Philippines, were in the hands of our gallant commodore. 
 But the glory and completeness of that victoiy of Dewey 
 and his men, who are now receiving the abounding grati- 
 tude of the nation, must not be allowed to conceal from us 
 the essential fact that this movement was dictated, not by 
 lust of conquest, but by that mighty underlying force of the 
 ages which shapes the destiny of men and nations. If any 
 event of human history reveals the impress of God's mould- 
 ing finger, it is this incident of the Philippines which led 
 up to their acquisition by treaty, and the expansion of our 
 jurisdiction over them. 
 
 This last expansion, gentlemen — I do not hesitate to af- 
 firm it — promises a greater immediate advantage to our coun- 
 try than any other which has preceded it. ^^Hien their pop- 
 ulation of six or seven millions produced only for the profit 
 of their oppressors, the motive for enlarged production did 
 not exist; and limited production meant limited consump- 
 tion of foreign products. Give them a world-market, and 
 the right to work for their own profit under the inspiration 
 of American enterprise, to keep their own earnings, and the 
 development of commercial wealth there will reproduce the 
 brilliant story of the development of California after its de- 
 
206 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 liverance into American control. The coming outburst of 
 Philippine prosperity will also give a fresh impulse to the 
 activities of our Pacific Coast, which, with the coming Isth- 
 mian Canal will be equally extended to the Atlantic. With 
 extended markets comes enlarged demand for labor. When 
 we add to this the inevitable increase of our navigation in- 
 terests, resulting from the requirenrents of intercourse with 
 all our insula'r dependencies, you will justify my prediction 
 of the many new elements to be introduced tending to the 
 still greater" prosperity of our republic. 
 
 The Philippines and American Opportunity. 
 
 We already know something of the enormous capacity of 
 the Philippines for agricultural production of tropical wealth. 
 Of its mineral wealth we know less; but the indications are 
 of the highest significance, not only of the baser metals but 
 also of the most valuable. When the islands were first oc- 
 cupied by the Spaniards, among the natives were worn the 
 silks and cottons of China, for which they had exchanged 
 the o'old dust of the Philippines. A German author who 
 traveled in the islands in 1859 and '60 styles it "this beau- 
 tiful country," "that lavishly endowed Island Kingdom.'" 
 Hernando Riqucl. an early Spanish visitor, states that there 
 were many gold mines in Luzon seen by the Spaniards and 
 adds: "The ore is so rich that I will not write any more 
 about it, as I might pos.sibiy come under a suspicion of ex- 
 aggeration; but I swear by Christ that there is more gold 
 on this island than there is iron in all Biscay." 
 
 While our critical theorists at home are opposing the ac- 
 quisition already constitutionally ratified, the ever practical 
 Americans are taking possession. 
 
 The French Consul at Manila recently sent to his govern- 
 ment a dispatch containing a long list of enterprises which 
 Americans are establishing in the archipelago, and warns the 
 French people that they must be up and doing unless they 
 want to be left far in the rear. He writes: — 
 
 "The appearance of Manila is destined tn cbange in a 
 short time. The introduction of a new and powerful factor 
 in the commercial problem of this country will compel 
 Spanish merchants to close their houses, or to entirely change 
 their business methods. American competition has com- 
 menced, in iiivX, to assume alarming projiortions. What 
 will be the importance of this current when these newcomeis 
 are free to direct the commercial destinies of the Philippines 
 — to flood this market witli all the products of their indus- 
 tries? 
 
 "The English and Uerman merchants, formerly masters 
 in this colony, watch with keen interest the events now in 
 progress and await, with undisguised impatience, the termi- 
 nation of the struggle between tlu^ Americans and the in- 
 surgents that they may discern the tuni that things will 
 take. No one however doubts that a strong rivalry is about 
 to arise, and tlu^y regret the past einiditioii i)f alfairs and 
 the advantages they then possessed. 
 
 "It is probable that under the enterprising and energetic 
 methods of American business men, a new and rieher market 
 will soon be opened on these islands. IjhIIi in inipdrls and 
 exports." 
 
 It is otricially ]-e])oi'ted from Manila (hat over a hundred 
 men from a single returning Tennessee regiment declined 
 to come home. They remain to seek their fortunes in the 
 islands. The Americans are tliere, gentlemen, and are there 
 to stay. 
 
 Self-Government of the Philippines. 
 
 In respect to the present fitness of the Philippines for .sell'- 
 government you can have no difficulty in deciding. Agui- 
 
 naldo's so-called government is not chosen by the people, 
 but is a simple military despotism. It represents only one 
 of the many tribes, and that not the most numerous one. 
 There is irrefutable testimony as to its unfitne.ss for civilized 
 government. The careful German scientist and writer al- 
 ready quoted says that half-castes and Creoles had been the 
 foremost in revolt and risings; and that the people "are 
 politically divided among themselves, and really have no 
 steady object in view." General Funston, gallant soldier, 
 scientist, scholar, and speaking Spanish with Filipinos, de- 
 clares as the result of his personal knowledge of the race: 
 "Occasionally I found a smattering of education. But they 
 are absolutely an ignorant race and quite incapable of self- 
 government." I add that after Spain's defeat and complete 
 withdrawal from the Islands the insurgents have constantly 
 refused to free their Spanish prisoners, contrary to the usage 
 of all civilized peoples. Their so-called government holds 
 them for ransom. This is the barbaric practice of the mid- 
 dle ages. 
 
 At Aguinaldo's door a general of his army who had in- 
 curred his displeasure is assassinated, and his assassin is 
 rewarded with a colonel's commissinn. This was the act of 
 a despot of barbarism. They still hold prisoners many 
 Spanish ministers of religion, either for cruelty or for ran- 
 som. In either case it is a trait of savagery. They de- 
 manded the entrance of their armed bands into Manila with 
 tlie intention to loot the city. This intention was so well 
 known that Manila was surrendered by the Spanish, with 
 only a show of fighting by our soldiers, that the city might be 
 under the protection of a civilized force. It was so arranged 
 in advance, by the advice of foreign consuls, for that express 
 ])urpose. This statement I make on the authority of Ad- 
 miral Dewey himself, who jnadc tlie arrangement before the 
 nominal fight. They afterward plotted to burn the city. 
 They refused to exchange prisoners according to customs of 
 civilized warfare. Does all this look like a responsible na- 
 tive government worthy to win the admiration of loyal Amer- 
 icans? When they turned the arms we had given them 
 ay-ainst us to drive from the island the very Americans who 
 had banished their oppressor and opened the door of liberty, 
 peace and justice for them, and did it without a word or 
 act of common gratitude, or even a suggestion of compensa- 
 tion for the twenty millions paid by us to S]>ain for a peace- 
 ful title to the country, did they exhibit any single charac- 
 teristic of civilization? 
 
 The inhabitants of the I'hilippines are estimated at about 
 seven millions. Only one of the many tribes of differing 
 languages is committed to this rebellon against our author- 
 ity, and that tribe is only a minor factor in the number of 
 tlie population. 
 
 This tribe has no claim to the government of the Philip- 
 pines, and never has had it. It has never had the suprem- 
 acy over the single Island of Ijuzon. I have the highest 
 authority for saying that the insurgent leader's active fol- 
 lowing can only be estinuited at about 40,000 out of a popu- 
 . lation of two and a half millions of Luzon alone. Our 
 withdrawal would nu-an the savage loot and massacre of 
 Manila, and tlie intervention and possession of the islands 
 \i\ a military power of Europe which would end forever 
 iheii- hope of self-government. Europe would never leave 
 those islands in the control of their tribes in their present 
 uncivilzed state, not even for a year. Their abandonment 
 1ty us would threaiten the peace id' the world. 
 
 The anti-expansion theorists say that in acquiring and 
 administering the Philippines without their consent, we are 
 violating the principles of the Declaration of Independence, 
 if we are, then JelTerson who wrote it, and Madis(Ui, IMonroe 
 and (,)uincy Adams, who are supposed to have umlerstood it, 
 at least as well as these anti-leaguers, also violated it. For 
 
ELEVENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 25, 1899 
 
 207 
 
 Jefferson, Madison and Monroe were all combined in mak- 
 ing the treaty with France by which we acquired and ad- 
 ministered Louisiana without the consent of its inhabitants; 
 and Monroe and Adams repeated it in the case of Florida. 
 Are they no safer guides in the interpretation of that great 
 document than are the critics of to-day in Boston and New 
 York? The constitution itself, if the leaguers are right, 
 violated in 1789 the Declaration of 1776 by giving the Con- 
 gress of the United States the perpetual right to govern the 
 inhabitants of the territories without their consent. We 
 have for thirty-two years been governing Alaska and its in- 
 habitants without their consent, and did the same by the 
 native peoples of New Mexico and Arizona. And yet all 
 these peoples refuse to be unhappy about the Declaration of 
 Independence! All the world knows that the great Decla- 
 ration referred only to people fitted for self-government and 
 respecting the rules of an orderly civilization; not to the 
 King of Dahomey and his cannibals, nor to territories law- 
 fully rescued from barbarism and oppression to civilization 
 and liberty. 
 
 So far as concerns the question of our right to expand our 
 jurisdiction over the Philippines there is not a jurist in the 
 wide world to dispute it. Spain for over three centuries had 
 exercised the rights of sovereignty, and in full accordance 
 with international law has conveyed them to the ITnited 
 States, as fully and as rightfully as she conveyed Florida to 
 us eighty years ago. The conveyance was not merely a re- 
 sult of conquest, but was for a large money compensation. 
 There was no other sovereignty over the islands. There 
 never had been any other knovpii to history, the local organi- 
 zation being that of many distinct tribes, and barbarian in 
 character. 
 
 Expansion — A Univeesal Principle of Civilization. 
 
 Wliy then this sudden partisan hostility to expansion, as 
 if it were some new principle? or new policy? It is as old 
 as our occupation of this continent. Even older, for our 
 occupation of this fair continent is itself the product of 
 ancestral expansion. It ran through the history of our an- 
 cestral cobinists. Their colonial life was one long struggle 
 for expansion over the territory of savage natives. Wash- 
 ington was an expansionist across the Alleghenies against the 
 French. Massachusetts expanded over Maine in a struggle 
 against French and Indians. All colonial New England 
 sought expansion over the province of Quebec. So, later, 
 did the Continental Congress. Our whole early history is 
 chequered with stniggles for expansion over territory occu- 
 pied by savages, or claimed by aliens; a struggle as inevitable 
 as any other law in the evolution of man and nature. It is 
 not only a right but a duty of civilization to supersede the 
 perils and vicious practices of barbarism with the security 
 and good order of civilized conditions. It was Spain's neglect 
 to perform this obligation that cost her the loss of vast pos- 
 sessions, continental and insular. She conquered, but did 
 not civilize. The most civilized of European nations are the 
 most expansive over barbarism and semi-barbarism. 
 
 Russia has expanded in Asia with admirable results of 
 peace and order, and the extension of peaceful commerce. 
 France and Belgium are expanding over great regions of 
 dark Africa, and seeking to siibstitute the peaceful relations 
 of trade for the horrors of savage warfare and slavery and 
 cannibalism. Holland maintains peace, order and a profit- 
 able commerce in Oriental possessions, over which she ex- 
 panded in the brilliant period of her history. Gennany has 
 expanded, first at home to include seaports, and then over 
 everythina: within reach and unacquired by a civilized power. 
 And England, the freest of them all in her civilizing influ- 
 ence, has in this half century expanded her liberties with her 
 
 jurisdiction till she has belted the earth with illuminating 
 centres for the diffusion of civilized order and the lights of 
 human progress. If, while accomplishing this, she has reaped 
 great rewards of commercial greatness and political power, it 
 only confinns the wisdom of her action. 
 
 I am not speaking of expansion by force over civilized and 
 self-governing peoples, who already recognize and obey the 
 common law of nations. But so long as we follow the lines 
 of destiny, marked out as they are now by the finger of the 
 Almighty Providence, this great liberty-loving republic need 
 not hesitate to take her own part in this grand civilizing 
 march of the nations against ignorance, despotism and sav- 
 agery. It is a movement which is destined to fill the earth 
 with the music of peaceful and productive industry, and to 
 cover all the great oceans vpith the vehicles of commerce and 
 of friendly interc(uirse among nations. 
 
 The Natural Deift of the Philippines to America 
 Foreseen and Predicted. 
 
 I have endeavored to portray to you, gentlemen, the Philip- 
 pine situation with perfect candor and upon the best available 
 authorities. Their natural relationship is with America and 
 not with Europe. They were discovered by Magellan sailing 
 west, and they were for two centuries regarded by Europe as 
 belonging to our Western Continent. They were colonized 
 from America. Chinese commerce came through Manila to 
 America. Dr. Jager, the German traveler, said in his scientific 
 report of his observations in the Philippines in 1860: — "The 
 proper field for their commerce is what is to us the far West: 
 they were colonized thence, and for centuries they had no 
 communication with Europe but an indirect one, by the 
 annual voyage of the galleon between Manila and Acapulco. 
 Now, however, when the eastern shores of the Pacific are at 
 last beginning to teem with life, and, with unexampled speed, 
 are pressing forward to grasp their stupendous future, the 
 Philippines will no longer be able to remain in their past 
 seclusion. No tropical Asiatic colony is so favorably situated 
 for communication with the west coast of America." This 
 was said over thirty years ago. 
 
 This book was translated into English, and also into 
 Spanish and published at Madrid. He seems to have been 
 both scientist and prophet. His concluding chapter is so 
 significant and prophetic that I quote the following remark- 
 able sentences: 
 
 '•When first the shores of the Pacific re-echoed with the 
 sounds of active commerce, the trade of the world and the 
 history of the world may be really said to have begun. [A 
 istart in that direction has been made.] Not so very long 
 ago the immense ocean was one wide waste of waters, traversed 
 from both points only once a year. From 1603 to 1769 
 scarcely a ship had ever visited California, that wonderful 
 country which, twenty-five years ago, with the exception of a 
 few places on the coast, was an unknown wilderness, but 
 which is now covered with flourishing and prosperous towns 
 and cities, * * * gygjj ^i ^-j^ig early stage of its existence 
 a central point of the world's commerce, and apparently des- 
 tined, l)y the proposed junction of the great oceans, to play a 
 most important part in the future. 
 
 "In proportion as the navigation of the west coast of Amer- 
 ica extends the influence of the American element over the 
 South Sea, the captivating magic power which the great 
 republic exercises over the Spanish colonies will not fail to 
 make itself felt in the Philippines. The Americans are evi- 
 dently destined to bring to a full development the germs 
 originated by the Spaniards. As conquerors of modern times, 
 they pursue' their road to victory with the assistance of the 
 pioneer's axe and plough, representing an age of peace and 
 
208 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 cnmmercial prosperity in contrast to that bygone and chival- 
 rous age who=e champions \vere upheld by the cross and 
 protected by the sword. 
 
 "A considerable portion of Spanish America already be- 
 longs to the United States, and has since attained an impor- 
 tance which would not possibly have been anticipated either 
 under the Spanish Government or under the anarchy which 
 followed. With regard to permanence, the Spanish system 
 cannot for a moment be compared with that of America." 
 
 Tliis remarkable prophecy was published in Europe when 
 not a statesman, not a poet, not a dreamer in the United States 
 had even conjectured the possibility of our political connec- 
 tion with the Philippines. It was a philosophic forecast of 
 the natural development of international history. 
 
 We are then fully justified in saying that this last expan- 
 sion is in the line of our rational and providential destiny, 
 for the Philippines as well as for our Republic; and that it 
 means development and prosperity for both countries. In a 
 word, we were forced to fight for them. We won them. We 
 paid for them. Our title is recorded in the international 
 records of the world. We won them with all the sanctions of 
 the common law of nations, and in conformity with our own 
 national precedents. There is no contestant save one insur- 
 gent and semi-barbaric tribe, which never itself was sovereign. 
 We are only fighting them for peace, and for the opportunity 
 to give them, wnth all tlie others, justice, knowledge, good 
 order and prosperity. Tlie military despotism they seek to 
 establish against us, and over the other tribes, must cease. 
 The gates to the vast wealth of the archipelago must be 
 opened to its inhabitants, to our enterprise and to commerce. 
 Our rights and our oliligations to the world must be main- 
 tained. When this transient revolt of a tribe — which is only 
 the final sequel of the Tagal habit of revolt against Spain — 
 is over, the local industrty and commerce will revive with 
 fresh vigor. The islands will throb witli a new life, responsive 
 to tlieir new experience of liberty, and of jirotection for the 
 rigiits of person and of jinperty. I'hey will fur the first 
 time begin to understand what civilization means. There will 
 be lietween us a reciprocity of fidelity and prosperity. Then 
 will the German prophecy be fulfilled, and tlie captivating 
 magic power of the Great Repuljlic over the Spanish Colonies 
 will lie felt in the Philippines also. {A])plause.) 
 
 //(()). Hdbert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 Gentlemen, I have the honor to introduce His Excellency, 
 (' )lonel Charles Page Bryan, United States Minister to Brazil. 
 
 Ci'l. Clnirlcfi I'dfie Bryan: 
 
 (u-ntlenien. — Before I had seen the program to-day, I jotted 
 down this morning some homely and practical suggestions for 
 business men desiring to extend our commercial relations 
 with (lie great Soutliern Republic. I hope they will not be 
 inconsistent with the theme chosen for to-day, wliieh includes 
 e( inniereial exjiansion. 
 
 Mr. (_'hainnan, before speaking what J have to say on the 
 subject of eonuneree, may I refer to that portion of your re- 
 marks which related to tlie consular representation in South 
 America. It alTords me great pleasure to say that in Brazil 
 at least the I'nited States is represented by an intelligent, 
 liiisiness-like, energetic- set of consuls who are traveling and 
 working at great fatigue and great expense to themselves 
 (a]iplause), exploring the remotest corners accessible in that 
 great eountry — for us a terra incognita — striving and studying 
 conditions which will surely result to the b(>iicfit of mir com- 
 merce throuL'hout the great South American continent. The 
 chief of that consular corps is here to-day to sjieak for him- 
 self, and will, I have no doubt, give you many inferc'^ling 
 facts along the lines of his studies and travels. 
 
 It may seem a* inappropriate for a diplomatic ofTicer to 
 
 suggest to merchants or manufacturers how to conduct their 
 business, as for them to attempt to direct the policies of em- 
 bassies and legarions. But it is rare that a man of common 
 sense cannot, after opportunities for observation, give valua- 
 ble suggestions to those engaged in other fields of activity. 
 It is well said that the man who attends exclusively to his 
 own business succeeds, because he has no competition, but 
 my experience at a remote diplomatic post convinces me that 
 every one expects his minister to be a silent partner, from 
 the stamp collector to the land speculator who dreams of ac- 
 quiring empires. 
 
 It is no violation of proper diplomatic reserve to say that 
 paramount in South America missions and consulates are the 
 desire and the effort to extend our commerce. To accom- 
 plish this we are constantly and imperatively urged from 
 Washington. The prestige of our arms and the general 
 policy of a wise administration have greatly helped, but the 
 earnest, business-like co-operation of our exporters is now 
 essential. 
 
 We are ever having the disparity of our imports from 
 Brazil compared with our exports thither. If a rich lawyer 
 buys of you most of his supplies he cannot expect you to 
 retain him profes.sionaTly, unless he practices in the depart- 
 ment of law to which your litigation belongs. Nor can the 
 tailor, however much he may purchase of you, look for your 
 ]iatronage unless he is willing to accommodate his styles to 
 your fancy. To seek to please the traditional tastes of cus- 
 tomers is a common sense business policy which, if followed, 
 will secure for ns increased trade below the equator. If the 
 American hatter, who, with the shoemaker, is likely to be 
 greatly favored by the differential import taxes proposed by 
 Brazil, will but change his lilock or last to suit Southern 
 tastes and climate, as he does to please fashion's changes at 
 home, he can easily supplant his French competitor in the 
 markets of Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires. Make your 
 plows in the special pattern the Brazilians prefer, but im- 
 prove on the quality they have, and you wall soon enjoy a 
 monopoly in that line. The enactment referred to will aid 
 our manufacturers of agricultural implements as well as of 
 mining machinery. 
 
 Much of the manganese produced in Brazil is sold in this 
 State. Wlieii the representative of these Brazilian mines 
 visits you in December, he will, doubtless, find much machin- 
 ery that is needed by his company. Eraser & Chalmers, of 
 ( 'hicago, have furnished the plant for a gold mine near those 
 of manganese in the State of Minas Geraes. 
 
 As you well know, American engines from your great 
 Baldwin Works draw most of the trains on the government 
 railway of Brazil, to which your neighbors, the Allison and 
 Ilarlan-IIollingsworth Companies, have furnished cars. Brar- 
 zilians are tenacious customers. They do not change will- 
 ingly. The Gemians now have business representatives in 
 every community, studying the tastes of the inhabitants. 
 Why not we? This brings one to the suggestion that cannot 
 lie t )o strongly urged, which is representation of American 
 l]usiness hou.ses in distant lands, by citizens of our couutrj', 
 or of that where the agency is established. Better still is 
 a partnership of an American with a native. A European 
 liranch hou,«e may, for instance, take the agency of American 
 coal, which, however, will only be offered for sale when every 
 elTori fo dispose of the Welsh supply, always plentiful, has 
 Im'cu exhausted. So a Belgian will sell our steel rails only 
 \\ hen no purchaser of those from his country could be found. 
 Kniiwledge of Portuguese, Spanish or French in South Amer- 
 ii'an countries is absolutely indisjionsable. Americans pos- 
 sess greater adaptability for new surroundings than Euro- 
 p(>ans, which is another recommendation of our countrymen as 
 agents. None hut the steadiest men should be sent. Any 
 form of dissipation is fatal in the tropics. Speculation on Ex- 
 
DR. E. PISTOR, 
 Graz, Austria. 
 
 JACQUES SCHUK, 
 
 Nagyvarad. Hungary. 
 
 R. STRASCHNOW, 
 
 Silesia, Austria. 
 
 JULIUS VON SZAVAY, 
 Raab, Hungary. 
 
 DR. OTTO THORSCH, 
 
 Vienna. Austria. 
 
 HENRI VAN DER STRAETEN, 
 Bruges, Belgium. 
 
 A. A. RUTIS, 
 
 Sao Paulo, Brazil. 
 
 GEORGE ANDERSON, 
 
 Toronto, Canada. 
 
 HENRY MILES, 
 Montreal, Canada. 
 
OP THB -^ 
 
 UiNTTVERsiTr ' 
 
ELEVENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 25, 1899 
 
 209 
 
 change, so common in Rio de Janeiro, should be sternly for- 
 bidden to all agents of American interests. (Applause.) The 
 Brazilian Clovernment is often deeply incensed at the bearish 
 influence exerted by foreigners on Exchange, and any preju- 
 dice that may exist, on the part of the natives, against Euro- 
 peans and North Americans in business, is largely due to the 
 policy of the former, some of whom thrive by increasing the 
 instability of the currency. 
 
 Competition w^th Europeans is keen. In commercial alli- 
 ance they stand united against all newcomers. In this regard 
 our business agents in South America are not as judicious. 
 A great government contract for an important American 
 product was recently lost, because the representatives of dif- 
 ferent companies and their respective partisans so discredited 
 each other's material that the oiRcials concluded, on American 
 authority, it was all bad. Such losses for our commerce are 
 little short of calamities. Once introduced, no matter by what 
 producer, American coal, for instance, would soon find favor 
 and be known as the best, as has been the case with our flour, 
 the siipremacy of which we are stri\ing to maintain. 
 
 Longer credits given by Europeans increase the difficulty 
 of competition for our houses. Would it not be practicable, 
 under the far-reaching beneficial auspices of the Philadel- 
 phia Museum, to estalflish an exchange of American manufac- 
 tures and products in payment for Brazilian coifee, or other 
 of their exports, thus giving our S.nithern neighbors a profit- 
 able chance of familiarizing themselves with North American 
 staples. 
 
 No effort should be spared to establish American banks 
 and steamship lines. They would pay handsomely, and the 
 return to our commerce would be incalculable. Several 
 State Legislatures of Brazil are voting subsidies, and the 
 Federal Congress is contemplating like action for a line of 
 steamers to New York. Such an enterprise and a great rail- 
 I'oad would promise magnificent opportunities for large 
 American investors. 
 
 Millions of the best of the Southern Europeans are settling 
 in Brazil. The Italians take more naturally to agi'icuUural 
 than to manufactiu-ing pursuits. This is to our advantage, 
 with exchange of materials in view. These thrifty Tuscans 
 and Lombards may help the friendly Brazilians develop a 
 modern Rome in the South which could become the most 
 potent commercial ally of the United States of America. 
 Let us employ every judicious business effort to cultivate this 
 already most friendly connection. (Applause.) 
 
 It is peculiarly pleasing for me to-day, Mr. Chairman and 
 gentlemen, to say that in addressing your Chairman, I am 
 speaking to him who was first among diplomats to Brazil 
 accredited to recognize the Repulflic in that countrv. The 
 Brazilians remember with the most intense gratitude that 
 action of our government through my distinguished predeces- 
 sor, and have shown in all the struggles through which we 
 have so recently gloriously passed, a sympathy for the main- 
 tenance and glorification and expansion of their sister of the 
 North, who is their traditional friend. Let us take advantage 
 of that sentimental friendship, and put it to practical use, for 
 there will surely be within the day of the youngest of you 
 here, forty or fifty millions of prosperous people, a land larger 
 than the original United States, without Alaska, and of vast 
 national resources, which must be of infinite benefit in time 
 to her commercial ally, our own Republic. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Boberl Adams, Jr.: 
 
 Gentlemen, I have the honor to introduce the Hon. Eugene 
 Seeger, United States C^onsul-General at Rio de Janeiro, 
 Brazil. 
 
 Hon. Eugene Scege.r: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: There is no land 
 
 on the face of the earth where a cosmopolitan body of dis- 
 tinguished men, like yourselves, come from near and far for 
 the purpose of advancing the commerce of the nations, for 
 mutual benefit — there is no land, I say, where such a gath- 
 ering could be more in harmony with its surroundings than in 
 the United States of America. 
 
 Ours is a great countiy and we are very proud of it, but 
 we will never hesitate to gratefully acknowledge that almost 
 all the nations represented in this International Congress 
 have, more or less, either directly or indirectly, contributed 
 to its development. And there are very few of you, gentle- 
 men, who could not, in scrutinizing the history of the 
 United States, find countrymen who in one way or another 
 have distinguished themselves in this field as contributors to 
 the public good. 
 
 There is, of course, one marked difference between you, 
 gentlemen, and the bulk of your forefathers, who came pion- 
 eering over here. You had the good fortune to come in the 
 first cabin, and in parlor cars, and you are surrounded with 
 ail the luxuries of a refined age; they came over in the steerage 
 and had to rough it. 
 
 This great commonwealth was founded, not by the rich and 
 mighty, not by the uppertendom of the old world, but by the 
 oppressed, by the pocn- and humble; and we are glad, and I 
 am sure you are, that you are here to see the results with your 
 own eyes. 
 
 Prosperity in the United States always was, is and ever 
 will be a blessing, yea, a necessity to the old world and to 
 the rest of America as well; for we richly give where we get, 
 we are strong friends of our friends, and we are always ready 
 to reciprocate. 
 
 Gatherings like this great International Congress, consti- 
 tLite a sign of sound progi'ess and high order of ethical devel- 
 opment, it shows the desire of civilized nations for co-opera- 
 tion in the pursuit of trade and commerce, instead of antag- 
 iinism, for mutual better acquaintance, and for an era of good 
 feeling all around. 
 
 To achieve this praiseworthy end will be the more ea.sy 
 for you, our honored guests, and for us, inasmuch as in the 
 veins of our nation runs some of the blood of nearly every 
 nation repi-esented in this great assemblage. 
 
 Let us look back a moment — just a moment, I will not 
 detain you long. Right at the threshold of our history, in 
 the dim past, we behold, emerging from the nebulous atmos- 
 ])here of fable and tradition, the outlines of a tall and vigor- 
 iius sailor, in a strong but primitive craft, who had come on 
 a venturesome voyage from the far North: Leif Ericson, the 
 Norseman. It was he who discovered us first — about 900 
 years ago. He left no traces on his return — emigrants in 
 those times hardly ever did — but centimes after, hundreds 
 of thousands of his race came over here, the Scandinavians, 
 to establish their homes here. The great Northwest owes 
 them much, and they rank among the best of our citizens. 
 Years rolled by, several hundreds of them, and there came, 
 not from the North but from the South, another hero of the 
 deep with his followers. His eyes were not blue, his hair 
 was not flaxen. He was a brown-faced nurn with long dark 
 hair and fierce black eyes, a representative of the Latin race 
 — it was Christopher Columbus, the great Italian, who dis- 
 covered us also, by order and with the ships of the Spanish 
 Government. Later on the French came; those daring 
 cavaliers and devoted missionaries and pathfinders, — La Salle, 
 Joliet, Father Marquette and others, whose lives are closely 
 interwoven with our early history, and whose names are 
 household words among us. 
 
 Then the gi-eat Anglo-Saxon founders of this Republic 
 commenced to come in, the "Mayflower" bringing the pil- 
 grim fathers. I need not recapitulate here the history of 
 those immortal men. 
 
210 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Soon after the Hollanders arrived, the great pioneers of 
 New York. 
 
 From the German fatherland came with his followers, 
 good, honest, industrious Pastorious, the "Pennsylvania Pil- 
 grim," the founder of Germantown, who brought with him a 
 poetical heart, a clear head, and the first printing presses used 
 in this countiT. He issued, together with other members of 
 the "Society of the Friends," the first public protest (ItiSSj 
 against the heinous institution of slavery prevailing in the 
 new American colonies. 
 
 Our recent history shows the co-operation and blending of 
 the different nationalities yet stronger. 
 
 The German-American element of the Union is now esti- 
 nuited at over eight millions. Then, ne.vt to them in num- 
 erical strength and importance among the foreign-born 
 citizens are those of Irish descent. The Scandinavians, com- 
 pactly settled in the Northwest, count hundreds of thou- 
 sands. 
 
 So do the Slavonic and Latin elements, mostly in our big 
 cities — all those and others who came here into the union 
 from foreign shores have co-operated and co-operate with 
 the native Americans in the development of their common 
 country, and they stand shoulder to shoulder in its defence. 
 There is not a more pathetic or inspiring page written in the 
 history of nations, than the one which relates the heroic 
 deeds done and the sacrifices made by the native and the 
 adopted citizens alike, at the time our country was in danger 
 of disintegration. 
 
 The elements briefly mentioned above, jointly constitute 
 what in foreign countries are usually called "the Yankees." 
 And I venture the assertion, that the more our foreign dele- 
 gates see of them, the better they will like them. In Europe 
 and elsewhere "the Yankees" (i. e., the people of the United 
 States) are frequently styled as cunning, shrewd and egotisti- 
 cal dollar-hunters, whose motto is: "God helps those that help 
 themselves." And there is, I will admit, an excuse for this. 
 Our statisticians are to blame. Proud of our rapid and 
 vigorous material development, we never tire of publishing 
 how many hogs and steers we kill annually, how many tons of 
 coal we dig, how many miles of railroad we operate, how much 
 money we make, etc. But our intellectual, ethical and 
 artistical achievements are lost sight of. They are not covered 
 by statistics. 
 
 If it were known to the world at large, how much of their 
 earnings the people of the United States annually donate, of 
 their own accord, to the public welfare, for purposes of pub- 
 lic instruction, art and charity; how ready the strong are to 
 help the weak; with what enthusiasm the people uphold tlieir 
 school system, build public libraries and endow their count- 
 less institutions of worship and charity with comfort and even 
 luxury; how assiduously they have commenced to take up 
 music and the fine arts as soon as the pioneering epoch of 
 their civic existence was over; how earnestly they investigate 
 the great problems which face intellectual liumanity in our 
 rapidly ])rogressing age; how, in the great centres of popu- 
 lation they daily manufacture train-loads of books and news- 
 papers, which are eagerly stnight and bought by the people. 
 and last but not lea,st, how they love their homes and the star 
 spangkd banner; if abroad they liad an idea of all this, they 
 could not hel]) arriving at the conclusion that the typical 
 American — your Yankees, if you please^are a liberal-minded, 
 big-hearted people, idealists of the first water! 
 
 By the way, isn't this great Commercial Museum, witli 
 its wonderfully organized international Bureau of Informa- 
 tion, also a jjroof of what 1 asserted? Isn't it a sjdendid 
 monument of an enlightened and progressive commercial 
 sentiment? And isn't the method by which our government 
 instructs its foreign representatives to study within tlicir 
 sphere the necessities and possibilities of trade and commerce, 
 
 and then publishes daily the results of such investigations for 
 the benefit of all, at home and abroad, who care to read them 
 — isn't that also a proof of liberality and idealism? 
 
 This may seem to you a rather lengthy preface to my con- 
 tribution to this Pan-American day, but I hold, in order to 
 fully understand Pan-Americanism, one must fully under- 
 .stand the people of the United States. I now want to lay be- 
 fore you, gentlemen, some of the results of my observations 
 dming a recent trip through the interior of the States of 
 Southern Brazil — Parana, Santa Catharina, and Rio Grande 
 do Sul. 
 
 There is probably no land in the civilized world more in- 
 teresting than Brazil, and less known. Besides the fact that 
 it is "the country where the nuts come from" and the "Rio 
 coffee," and that the yellow fever rages there, very little is 
 known among the masses abroad about the great South 
 American Republic, which contains an area equal to that of 
 the United States. 
 
 In speaking of the character of Brazil and the Brazilians 
 it is impossible to generalize. The inhabitants of Brazil are 
 radically different, according to the latitudes in which they 
 live, and the race mixtures of which they are the product. 
 
 While the sociological and climatic conditions are such that 
 the Saxon, Teutonic and Celtic races cannot prosper in the 
 North of Brazil, it is far different in the States of Southern 
 Brazil. There is life, there is vigor and aggressive energy. 
 In the Northern States, especially along the coast, the atmos- 
 phere is mostly moist, overheated, enervating and often disease- 
 breeding. The three Southern States, Parana, Santa Catha- 
 rina and Rio Grande do Sul, with the exception of a few coast 
 towns, are blessed with an almost ideal climate, and are ab- 
 solutely free from epidemics. 
 
 In the North, the children of white immigrants are mostly 
 smaller than their parents, and show signs of nervous and 
 organic degeneracy. The second generation in the South, 
 however, is very frequently more vigorous than the first, and 
 enjoys a degree of vitality unexcelled anywhere on our 
 planet. 
 
 The same, by the way, may be said of the domestic animals. 
 Horses, cattle, dogs, etc., imported from more congenial lati- 
 tudes, rapidly degenerate in the climate of Northern Brazil, 
 but in the Southern States, their development and usefulness 
 is all that may be desired. 
 
 Strong and characteristic is the contrast, physiologically 
 as well as psychologically, between the Northern and South- 
 ern Brazilian type. There are and always were compara- 
 tively few colored people in the South, slavery not having 
 been tolerated anywhere in the German colonies. The Ger- 
 nmns, so very numerous in the three Southern States, have 
 never inter-married with the colored or the "cabocole" ele- 
 ment, even very rarely, as far as the first generation is con- 
 cerned, with the native Ijatins, both races being a great deal 
 less in touch with each other than they ought to be. 
 
 The dissimilarity of the South and the North of Brazil is 
 also the reason or pretext why opponents of the present sy.s- 
 tem of government in Brazil, or foreigners with whom the 
 wish is father to the thought, often prophesy that the South 
 would, in a very near future, secede to form a republic of 
 their own, etc., t'ic. Absurd ideal 
 
 The Southern Brazilians are a jiatriotic people who firmly 
 iiclieve in the future of the J^razilian nation and are certain 
 that Ihe three Southern States, together with the great States 
 (if Sno Paulo and l\Iinas Geraes, are destined to play a leading 
 paii in the TTnion. 
 
 Southern Brazil is wnnderf\dly I'udowi'd by nature; it has 
 a very favorable geographical position, a fine climate, a rich 
 soil, gigantic rivers, mountains and uK'ndows, a sea front of 
 ;.'i(l miles (ui the east, witli numenms n.-itiirnl barliors. and, 
 last but not least, it has its great forests wbiib. with their 
 
ELEVENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 25, 1899 
 
 211 
 
 endless varieties of valuable hard woods, their palms, roots 
 and herbs, and their yerbamate, furnish the colonist with 
 almost anything needed for food and shelter, and thus give 
 that country a decided advantage over the treeless plains of 
 Argentina and Uruguay. 
 
 What Southern Brazil needs is: Capital, transportation, 
 and more men of skill and enterprise to develop its vast re- 
 sources. 
 
 Only one-tenth of this great country of 332, .500 miles 
 square is under the influence of civilization. There is no- 
 where a more lucrative field for legitimate enterjjrise. 
 
 Will the people of the United States, who have lately so 
 vigorously asserted themselves, as one of the leading indus- 
 trial and commercial powers of the world, continue to refrain 
 from competition with the Europeans in an American field 
 of such exceptional promise, or will they come forward and 
 help in the development of the richest section in South 
 America? 
 
 Of course we cannot send colonists. But we can send ships 
 with merchandise, improved machinery and implements of all 
 kinds. We can send capital with engineers and electricians. 
 We can construct roads, canals, bridges, factories, gas works, 
 electric plants, etc. We can organize new industries and im- 
 prove the old ones, and we can show an industrious, hard- 
 working and sympathetic people how to fight the battle of 
 life with improved weapons and to enjoy its pleasures in a 
 potential way. That would be our share of the work. And 
 it would be for mutual benefit. 
 
 The develci|iment and advancement; of the Southern States 
 of Brazil will l)e the step]ung-stone to an enterprise yet 
 greater and more important, which cannot fail to materially 
 influence the character and future of the southern half of 
 this continent, an enterprise cut out for the early part of the 
 century the threshold of which we are now standing: the 
 building of a railroad connecting the capital of Paraguay with 
 the Brazilian railroads already existing or soon to be con- 
 structed, with terminal points in Porto Uniao (on the 
 Iguassu, in the heart of Parana) and in one or two parts of 
 the State of Santa Catharina, on the Atlantic coast. Thus 
 the great 'Tiinterland" of the Southern States of Brazil: 
 Paraguay, I\Iatto Grosso, so rich in mineral and agricultural 
 resources, Goyaz and a large part of the Amazon country — 
 which territories now have but a slow and precarious river 
 connection with the outside world, by way of Buenos Aires 
 — would be brought hvo thousand miles nearer their natural 
 outlets and enjoy the blessings of a rapid transit; the most 
 important part of South America would be opened to the 
 markets of the world. 
 
 We ought to have our legitimate share in this grand in- 
 dustrial enterprise. We cannot reap a harvest without sow- 
 ing the seed; we cannot expect benefits for which we have 
 not worked in competition with others. The great commer- 
 cial advantages the Germans have secured in South America 
 during the last ten years are not surprising in view of the 
 efforts made for them. 
 
 German capital is invested there largely, and in a few 
 months the German-l'razilian Bank, a very strong and lucra- 
 tive institution, will have a branch in Porto Alegre. The 
 German fleet in the service of the South American trade re- 
 ceives additions every year and is developing into a highly 
 profitable enterprise. 
 
 Not less than thirty-one steamers were built within the 
 last ten years for the service of the trade with the east 
 coast of South America and the River Plate eoimtries, by 
 the Hamburg-South American Steamship Company, twenty 
 during the last five years, and six in 1898. Six steamers of this 
 line call regularly at the Southern Brazilian ports, and the 
 next year there will be two more, besides the cargo steamers 
 
 of the Freitas Line of Hamburg, and half a dozen steamers 
 of the North German Lloyd, and the Hansa Company. 
 
 If we are not willing to let our legitimate share of the 
 trade with South America, and particularly with the promis- 
 ing Southern States of Brazil, go by default, we will have to 
 bestir ourselves to make up for lost time, and to enter into a 
 rational, vigorous and systematic competition. 
 
 In order to do this successfully, it will be necessary to 
 create a regular American steamer service between the 
 United States and the principal South American ports; to 
 establish a banking system with branches at Para, Rio de 
 Janeiro, Blumenau, Porto Alegre and Buenos Aires; to take 
 a leading part in the construction of railroads necessary to 
 develop the resources of the Southern States of Brazil. 
 
 Let us hope that our capitalists, manufacturers, exporters, 
 and our national law-makers will find time to give this mat- 
 ter the proper attention. 
 
 Detailed information as to the different points above re- 
 ferred to, can always be obtained by our Department of State 
 and your obedient servant. 
 
 It is a great and inspiring sight to see the great American 
 flag — the Star Spangled Banner — on top of the mast of war 
 vessels sailing into a foreign port. I had the pleasure to 
 witness it when the "Oregon" and "Iowa" came into Brazil. 
 I say it is a great sight, l)ut it is still a greater and more 
 inspiring sight to see that glorious banner in the interests 
 of American commerce, to see it on the mast of a ves- 
 sel of the American merchant marine, and in the ser- 
 vice of civilization. I hope that every one of our 
 countrymen who are here will use his influence to that effect 
 with his congressmen, and with all men who have influence, 
 and who have a voice in the aft'airs of the nation. And in 
 this hope I take leave of you, thanking you heartily for the 
 kind attention that you have been so good to bestow upon 
 me. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 I have pleasure in introducing to the delegates General 
 Emilio Nunez, delegate from the Government of Cuba. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 (Jeiicral Emilio Nunez: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Delegates to the International Commercial 
 Congi'ess: I am here to represent, at the International Com- 
 mercial Congress, a people who, after four years of war, 
 of cruel war and desolating war still finds itself between 
 hopes and doubts, busy with the removal of the ruins under 
 which were buried one-third of its population. 
 
 Therefore, you will not wonder if I only refer to those 
 days of horror and extermination, as if passing over burn- 
 ing coal, and draw your kind attention to the clearer pres- 
 ent, althoitgh it is not exempt from mist, and to the future, 
 which I perceive full of brilliant promises. 
 
 From an economic point of view, Cuba once occupied a 
 prominent place among the people of America, to such an 
 extent, that not many years ago, the harbor of Havana 
 ranged third in this continent, as to its commercial import- 
 ance. Its exportation reached the enormous sum of $100,- 
 000,000, enormous when it is considered that the population 
 did not exceed 1,-500,000 inhabitants. In 1893, its importa- 
 tion from the United States alone amounted to $24,000,000, 
 according to statistics, but I am sure that it was much 
 higher. At the time, the statistics on this subject lacked the 
 necessary exactness on account of the then peculiar manner 
 of doing business with Cuba. 
 
 Nobody will deny that we always have been a producing 
 more than a consuming people, and nobody will deny 
 that the motives which caused this were of a very compli- 
 
212 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 cate<1 character, motives which could never be the subject of 
 thi? paper; aiul 1 am inclined to believe that in the future 
 ma- consumption in relation to our population will enor- 
 mously increase so that the Cuban markers will be sought 
 liv all* nations i'or the interchange of goods, and on this I 
 base my hope that the L'nited States, even considering only 
 its own interests, will open its doors for our natural and 
 aoricuHural products in exchange for its manufactures. 
 
 The political revcdution brought anarchy into the business 
 circles, and it would be impossible to show to-day their dis- 
 tinct tendencies in relation to other people. What Spain 
 had to lose, the United States had to win by necessity. It 
 could not be otherwise. Our natural market is this country; 
 here we have sold 80 per cent, of our exportable products, 
 and it would be nothing but logical to have imported from 
 liere in proportion. This would have been the case were it 
 not for the differential duty as to the bottoms that carried 
 the goods, a duty that favored our old mother country to the 
 detriment of Cuban and American interests. 
 
 It I'an be foretold that our future commerce will be almost 
 entirely with the LTnited States, and that we will export to 
 Europe only our raw and manufactured tobacco, importing 
 in exchange some few articles ■with wliich so far the United 
 States could not supply us. 
 
 Cuba has the right to hope, and she does hope, that this 
 country will give her the benefit of a most favored nation, 
 or otherwise many of her industries would perish. If, for 
 example, our sugar cannot reach this country under the 
 same conditions as that of other countries, it will be im- 
 possible for Cuba to compete witli them, the result beint;- 
 that the industry would be extinguished or would exist only 
 in agony. 
 
 We do not fear an honest comjx'tition. We can ]ji-(iduce 
 sugar cheaper than any other land, and our Havana tobacco 
 has no rival as to its quality, besides the inexhaustible nat- 
 ural riches of our country. 
 
 It has been stated by someliody that the soil adapted for 
 the culture of tobacco is limited to a small territory only, 
 and that its price is exorbitant, a .statement which has macle 
 many interested persons believe that the culture of that 
 weed could not possibly be extended. I can assure you that 
 we have enough adaptable lands for the culture of tobacco 
 to suj/ply half of the total consumption of this article in the 
 entire world, its average price being from fifteen to twenty 
 dollars .per acre, and I do not think that I am exaggerating 
 if T say that Cuba can produce enough sugar to su]iply the 
 needs of the whole world. 
 
 Two things are needed in Cuba, capital and labor, and T 
 believe there is no other place where capital could be invested 
 with larger profits, nor where emigrants could settle with 
 great probabilities of making a fortune in a short time. The 
 country has an area of 43,000 square miles, with a popula- 
 tion of only 1,400,000 inhabitants, and only two-fifths of our 
 territory is under cultivation. Besides, the greater number of 
 our mines of iron, manganese, copper, silver and gold are 
 still in an undeveloped condition. 
 
 I shall not finish without alhuling to the present situation 
 of the Island of ("uba, that I might show what a laborious 
 people, still fighting almost insuperable difficulties, is able to 
 accomplish. Yo)i all k-now what the war has been for Cuba. 
 Entire provinces were desolated. Not a single home, mil a 
 single domestic beast, not a single planting was lel'l uiuh-- 
 stroyed, even the fruit-bearing trees were felled. 
 
 The seats of population were converted inio centres of 
 mendicity and foci of infection, and caused deadly fear to 
 those who visited them. Even the power of recupei-ation 
 .seemed extinguished in that people. All of this T could still 
 see on January first. 
 
 Nine months have passed and the change realized in so 
 
 short a period of time seems incredible. The homes are re- 
 constructed, the fields are cultivated, the seats of population 
 are clean and in such hygienic condition as they never before 
 experienced. Everywhere activity and labor are seen, and 
 the beggars have disappeared. This is the work of Ameri- 
 can intervention united to the energies of a people, as heroic 
 in war as civic in peace. 
 
 The American administration in Cuba has demonstrated 
 that the country, with an honest government, can become 
 in a short time one of the most flourishing of America. Its 
 well-administered custom houses have produced sufficient 
 to cover the expenditures of the government, leaving a sur- 
 plus of $1,500,000 which can be appropriated for public 
 works. 
 
 Taking into consideration A\hat has so far been 3aid, it 
 seems incomprehensible that the Americans have not yet 
 perceived the great possibilities for profitaljle business which 
 present tlieniselves in Cuba. Machinery, electric plant.s, 
 agricultural implements, building materials and hardware in 
 general would find a ready sale, although it would be al- 
 ways necessary to study the requisites which irldispensably 
 have to be filled to obtain the markets of the island. For 
 this purpose it seems to me extremely convenient that aH 
 Association of American Manufacturers should establish in 
 the city of Havana a permanent exposition of their manu- 
 factures. I can assure you without fear, that no other peo- 
 ple enjoy greater sympathies in my country than the people 
 of the United States, and it could not be otherwise, for to 
 the generosity of this nation we owe it that our people were 
 not exterminated. Many Cubans, as myself, in our trial 
 days, found a home in this land of liberty. Many Cubans 
 have American children, and our youth have visited your 
 universities. Illustrious Cubans have filled high positions 
 in your institutions, and it seems as if our social and com- 
 mercial relations are destined to become closer every day. 
 
 It only remains for me now to express my most cordial 
 thankfulness for the mo.st benevolent reception accorded me 
 l)y the Directors of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, 
 and to beg them to express also this sentiment of thank- 
 fulness to the people of Philadelphia and its municipalitv, 
 assuring all, that I make myself the full interpreter of the 
 feelings of the ]ieople whom I have the honor of representing 
 in this distinguished assembly. (Appiause.) 
 
 1 
 ('apt. J. Ciirdi'irii da Graga: '" 
 
 .Mr. Chairnian: Only a word. As a Brazilian I cannot 
 lie silent to the expressions of the two gentlemen who occupy 
 very high positions in my countrj', the LFuited States Minister 
 and the United States Consul-General. I, as a Brazilian, will 
 be the echo in my country to tell that these two gentlemen, 
 have placed justice above everything. All the Brazilians will 
 be very much gratified at the good expressions and with the 
 truthfulness with which these two gentlemen luxve just ex- 
 pressed the conditions in our country. We have here three 
 citizens of the United States — the Minister to Brazil, the 
 Consul-General and the Rev. Chamberlain, who lived in 
 Brazil for about thirty or thirty-five years. All of them are 
 our friends and all of them we always want to see in Brazil 
 looking for the interests of the two great nations — the United 
 States of America, the greatest Republic in the world, and 
 the Fnited States of Brazil, the newest Bepublic in the world. 
 (Ajij)lause.) 
 
 Hull. Hiihcrl .\ilaiiis, Jr.: 
 
 This Congress now stands adjuurju'il uulil '.'..'io jj. ni. 
 
 (Adjourned at 12.54 p. m.) 
 
ELEVENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 25, 1899 
 
 2l3 
 
 Philadelphia, Wednesday, October 25, 1899. 
 
 Afternoon Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order at 3 p. m., by Hon. Robert 
 Adams, Jr. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 Will you please come to order? I ha\'e the pleasure of 
 introducing to you Mr. George H. Daniels, General Passen- 
 ger Agent of the New York Central Railroad. 
 
 Railroaps and Their Relations to Oitr Export 
 Trade. 
 
 Mr. George H. Daniels: 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the International Com- 
 mercial Congress: I congratulate the United States, and 
 every commercial country on the globe, upon the interest 
 which this Congress has inspired, and which has secured the 
 attendance of representatives of commercial bodies from prac- 
 tically every country of the world. 
 
 I also congratulate the city of Philadelphia, the greatest 
 manufacturing city in the United States, upon the public- 
 spirited character of its citizens, who have organized and 
 carried to a successful issue the National Export Exposition. 
 
 The holding of such expositions as this, and the Pan- 
 American Exposition to be held in Buffalo in 1901, cannot 
 but be of great value in aiding the extension of international 
 commerce, and the whole world is interested in its extension. 
 
 An Age of Transportation. 
 
 One of our great writers has said of this closing period of 
 the nineteenth century, that it is an age of transportation. 
 
 Transportation underlies material prosperity in every de- 
 partment of commerce. Without transportation commerce 
 would be impossible. 
 
 Those states and nations are rich, powerful and enlight- 
 'ened whose transportation facilities are best and most ex- 
 tended. The dying nations are those with little or no trans- 
 portation facilities. 
 
 Richest Country on the Globe. 
 
 Mr. Mulhall, the British statistician, in his work on "The 
 Wealth of Nations," said of the United States in 1895: "If 
 we take a survey of mankind, in ancient or modern times, 
 as regards the physical, mechanical and intellectual force of 
 nations, we find nothing to compare with the United States." 
 
 Mr. Mulhall proved by his statistics that the working 
 power of a single person in the United States was twice that 
 of a German or Frenchman, more than three times that of 
 an Austrian, and five times that of an Italian. He .said the 
 United States was then the richest country in the world, its 
 wealth exceeding that of Great Britain by 35 per cent., and 
 added that in the history of the human race no nation ever 
 before po.ssessed forty-one millions of instructed citizens. 
 
 Should Mr. Mulhall revise his figures to-day, the differ- 
 ence would all be in favor of the United States, for in the 
 past eighteen months we have demonstrated the superiority 
 of our manufactures in every direction, and our ability to 
 cope successfully with questions which have heretofore been 
 handled exclusively by the older nations, is now recognized 
 by all the world. 
 
 Results of War Between Japan and China. 
 
 In an address before the New York Press Association, 
 four years ago, I referred to the future of our export trade 
 as follows: "One of the inevitable results of the war be- 
 tween Japan and China will be the opening to the commerce 
 of the world, fields heretofore unknown, perhaps the rich- 
 est on the globe," and in urging the members of the New 
 York Press Association to do everything in their power to 
 assist in securing to the United States a portion of the great 
 commerce to be developed between the western nations and 
 these two old countries of the world, I asked these ques- 
 tions: 
 
 "Shall the grain in China and Japan be harvested by 
 machines manufactured in the United States, or will the 
 manufacturers of England and Germany supply them? 
 
 "Shall the fires in Yokohama and Tientsin be extin- 
 guished with engines built at Seneca Falls, or will France 
 or England send their fire engines to Japan and China? 
 
 "Will the locomotives to haul the fast mail trains be- 
 teen Yokohama and the interior of Japan and through the 
 rich valleys of China be built at Schenectady, Philadelphia 
 or Dunkirk, or will our Oriental friends and neighbors in the 
 Pacific buy them of our English cousins? 
 
 I predicted that active efforts towards the extension of 
 American commerce by Commercial bodies, supported by a 
 liberal and broad-minded policy on the part of our govern- 
 ment in connection with the aggressive action of the trans- 
 portation companies, would secure to the United States the 
 blessings that come from a great and varied commerce, and 
 I said that the New York Press Association and similar as- 
 sociations all over the country could stimulate a public spirit 
 that would insure the important results outlined. 
 
 At that time we had no idea that a war between one of 
 the old nations of the earth and our young Republic would 
 be fought; at that time we had no idea that American 
 manufacturers would be furnisliing locomotives to the Eng- 
 lish railroads, as well as to those of nearly every other coun- 
 try on the globe. No one thought four years ago that 
 American bridge builders would go into the open market 
 and successfully compete for the building of a great steel 
 bridge in Egypt; nor that in so brief a time American engi- 
 neers would be building railroads into the interior of China 
 from her most important seaports. 
 
 At that time, no one supposed that the Trans-Siberian 
 Railway would be laid with steel rails made in Penn.sylvania, 
 upon cross-ties from the forests of Oregon, and that its trains 
 would be hauled by American locomotives; nor that this 
 great railway, which is to stretch from St. Petersburg to 
 Vladivostok and Port Arthur, a distance of more than six 
 thousand miles, would be completed two years in advance of 
 the original expectation, as the result of the use of American 
 construction tools and machinery. 
 
 But this is all true and it is further true that the tools and 
 machiner}- for the construction of the western portion of the 
 Trans-Siberian Railway were supplied by American manu- 
 facturers at about one-half the price that Russia had been 
 paying previously, and with this American machinery, the 
 Russians are able to do nearly double the work that they 
 could perform with the machinery manufactured in other 
 countries. 
 
 An Empire Express in the Orient. 
 
 In a letter from a friend in Tokio, Japan, written only a 
 short time ago, there was this significant sentence: "You 
 will be interested in knowing that I have hanging on the 
 wall of my office a framed picture of your Empire State Ex- 
 press, and expect in the near future to be hauling a Japanese 
 
214 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Empire Express with an American locomotive." They 
 liavo now in Japan more than one hundred locomotives that 
 '.vtre bnilt in the United States. In Russia they have nearly 
 one thousand American locomotives, and practically every 
 railway in Great Britain has ordered locomotives from this 
 country since the beginning of the war with Spain. 
 
 In this connection it will be interesting to note in passing 
 that the second American locomotive was built at the West 
 Point Foundry, near Cold Spring, on the Hudson River, 
 and was called the "Best Friend," and from that day to 
 this the locomotive has been one of the best friends of this 
 Republic. 
 
 Our Superior Railway Equipment. 
 
 P)Ut it is not alone our locomotives that have attracted the 
 attention of foreigners who have visited our shores, our 
 railway equipment generally has commanded admiration 
 and is now receiving the highest compliment, namely, imi- 
 tation by many of our sister nations. 
 
 Prince Michael Ililkoff, Imperial Minister of Railways of 
 Russia, has, since his visit to the United States a few years 
 ago, constructed a train on much the same lines as the 
 "Limited Trains"" of the New York Central and the Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 Only a short time ago, at the request of one of the Impe- 
 rial Commissions of Germany, I sent to Berlin, photographs 
 of the interior and e.xterior of our finest cars and other data 
 in relation to the operation of American railways. Several 
 other countries have asked for similar information and 
 there is a general waking up of foreign nations on the sub- 
 ject of transportation, brought about mainly by the wonder- 
 ful achievements 'of American railways. 
 
 The demand for American locomotives from all parts of 
 the world is attributable, in the first place, to the superior 
 quality of our machinery, and in the second place, to the 
 fact that the general ])assenger agents of the American 
 railways have, through their advertising, made the marvel- 
 ous results accomplished by our lucoiiintives, liDusehnld 
 words in every country on the globe. 
 
 A Naval Object Lesson. 
 
 The admiration of foreign nations for us is not by any 
 means confined to railways. One incident that startled the 
 entire world, and directed the attention of thinking people 
 everyhere to American achievements in machinery, was 
 that of the United States battleship "Oregon," built at the 
 Union Iron Works in San Francisco, and which steamed a 
 distance of more than half around the globe, without loosen- 
 ing a bolt or starting a rivet, and amved at her post off the 
 Island of Cuba prepared to perform any service required of 
 her; and then having given a most satisfactory account of 
 herself on tliat memorable third of July, 1898, off Santiago, 
 slie steamed back to the Pacific, and without unnecessary 
 delay crossed that great ocean to join Admiral Dewey's fleet 
 at Manila. On her arrival there the Secretary of the Navy 
 received one of those condensed messages, for which the 
 Admiral — 'Who has shed imdying hustre upon the name of 
 the American Navy — is so noted," which read as follows: 
 
 "Manila. March 18, 1899. 
 "The 'Oregon' and Tris" arrived to-day. The 'Oregon" 
 is in lit condition for any duty. — Dkwey." " 
 
 The.se demonstrations of what American shipbuilders can 
 accomplish, create a desire on the part of every naval power 
 in the woHd for ships of the character of the "Oregon," and 
 the logical conclusion of thinking people was tbnl if we 
 
 could build ships like the "Oregon," anything else that we 
 build must be of a superior quality, and the demand for 
 American manufactures began to increase and is increasing 
 with each day until thousands of our factories are now run- 
 ning night and day, and business in the United States was 
 never in a more prosperous condition than it is in these 
 October days of 1899. 
 
 Trade and the Flag. 
 
 It has been said by a great American writer that "Trade 
 follows the flag." Recent events have placed our flag upon 
 the islands of the Pacific, directly in the natural track be- 
 tween the Pacific Coast of the U^nited States, and Japan and 
 China, and as we contemplate our growing commerce with 
 the.se old nations, we are reminded of the prophetic state- 
 ment made at the completion of the first continuous line of 
 railroad between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, by the 
 joining of the Union and Central Pacific Railroads, more than 
 thirty years ago, by that prophet of his time, Thomas H. 
 Benton, who, standing on the summit of the Rocky Moun- 
 tain and jjointing towards tlie Pacific Ocean said: "There 
 is the East; there is India." 
 
 Previous to the construction of this artery of commerce, 
 the route to India had been by the way of our Atlantic 
 seaports and Europe, but with the completion of our trans- 
 continental system of railways, the route was changed, and a 
 better way was found by way of the Pacific seaports and the 
 Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Our Commerce in the Orient. 
 
 There are some who seem to think that we might get 
 along without trade with China, and that it is a new-fangled 
 idea that Chinese trade can especially l)enefit the United 
 States. 
 
 Commerce with China began one hundred and fifteen years 
 ago, the first vessel sailing from New York on Washington's 
 lliithday in the year 1774. This vessel returned to New 
 York May 11, 1775. The success of the venture was such 
 a.s to warrant its repetition, and from that day to this, trade 
 between the United States and China has continued without 
 material inteiTuption until it is now greater in importance 
 and value than that of any other nation trading with China, 
 with the single exception of Great Britain. If we are to 
 continue as one of the great nations of the world, we can 
 hardly alford to ignore a country that comprises one-twelfth 
 of the land area and nearly one-fourth of the jiopulation of 
 the globe. 
 
 Change in Sentiment. 
 
 At times there have been periods of legislation in the 
 United States adverse to the great transportation interests 
 of the country, almost invariably the result of a misunder- 
 standing of the real situation, and the ha.sty legislation of 
 such times has usually been repealed upon the sober second 
 thought of the people, for in the language of our great Lin- 
 coln: "You can fool all the people some of the time, some 
 of the people all the time, but vou can"t fool all the people 
 all the time." 
 
 A striking illustration of the change in sentiment which 
 has taken place in the public mind in regard to railroads, is 
 the recent election by the Legislature of New York to I be 
 United States Senate of the Honorable Chauncey M. l)epe\v, 
 a man whose whole life has been spent in the closest associa- 
 tion witli the transportation interests of the country. This 
 event is especially significant, and marks a new era in the 
 history of our country — an era of better undei'staiuling, and 
 
ELEVENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 25, 1899 
 
 215 
 
 closer and more amicable relations between the commercial, 
 agricultural and industrial interests and the transportation 
 interests of the United States. 
 
 Its Peculiar Significance. 
 
 The election of so prominent a representative of the trans- 
 portation interests of America to one of the highest political 
 positions in the gift of the people, comes with peculiar sig- 
 nificance in the same week and almost in the same day that 
 two of the imperial governments of Europe gave to the 
 world their endorsement to the idea that modern transporta- 
 tion facilities form the surest foundation upon which to 
 build and sustain a nation. 
 
 China Joins the Army of Progress. 
 
 More than twenty years ago, one of the imperial ministers 
 of China, in a report to the Emperor and Empress, urged 
 upon them the construction of a system of railways from 
 their principal ports to the interior of the Empire. In his 
 report he used this significant sentence: 
 
 "Japan, which is a mere speck upon the map, is building 
 railways, and her people are being benefited thereby. Should 
 not your Celestial Empire, which comprises one-twelfth of 
 the land area and one-quarter of the population of the globe, 
 do as well as this handful of people among the islands of the 
 sea?" 
 
 To-day this suggestion is being carried out, and railroads 
 are being constructed in a dozen different directions in China. 
 
 Germany Extends Its Railroads and Praises Ours. 
 
 Railroads Supersede Canals. 
 
 The Emperor of Germany in his speech to the Prussian 
 Diet, in January last, did not lay the greatest stress upon 
 the necessity for increasing the army, or for the construction 
 of additional ships for the navy, but he did impress upon 
 his hearers the great importance of extending the railroads 
 and the navigable canals. 
 
 In order that the German nation might have knowledge of 
 the most advanced theories and practice in the construction 
 and operation of railways, an Imperial German Commission 
 was sent to the United States a short time ago, for the 
 purpose of examining American railways and making such 
 recommendations as their investigations should suggest. In 
 the report of this commission, which was recently published, 
 one of the first sentences is as follows: "Lack of speed, lack 
 of comfort, lack of cheap rates, are the charges brought 
 against the German Empire's railways, as compared with 
 those of the United States." They recommend the adoption 
 of many of our methods, explaining in tlieir report that 
 they were far superior, not only to those in vogue in Ger- 
 many, but also superior to those of any other country. 
 
 Influence of Railroads in Russia. 
 
 The Budget of the Russian Empire for 1899 discloses the 
 almost incredible efforts in railway extension that the im- 
 perial government of the Czar is putting forth; in this year 
 alone, one hundred and nine million roubles will be devoted 
 entirely to the railways, and during the past twelve years 
 four hundred and twenty-five million roubles have been 
 thus expended. 
 
 The immense sums which the Russians are devoting to 
 the extension of their railways entirely overshadow the de- 
 mands of both the army and navy. 
 
 Railroad Men in the Cabinet of the Czar. 
 
 It is a fact not generally known that the two men who 
 are closest to the Czar of Russia, and who, perhaps, have a 
 greater influence than any others in shaping the commercial 
 policy of the present government of that great empire, are 
 M. de Witte, the Imperial Minister of Finance, who, sixteen 
 years ago, was a station agent at a small town on one of 
 the railways of Russian Poland; the other is Prince Michael 
 Hikoff, who, when little more than a boy, left St. Petersburg 
 to seek his fortune, learned mechanical engineering in the 
 city of Philadelphia, and who is to-day the Imperial Minister 
 of Railways of the Russian Empire, and a member of the 
 Cabinet of the Czar. 
 
 One hundred years ago the Governor of the great State "of 
 New York advised liis friends not to invest their money, or 
 waste their time, in aiding the building of railroads, express- 
 ing the opinion that, while it was possible that improved 
 methods of construction and jjerfected machinery might, in 
 the remote future, enable the people to move a ear upon a 
 railroad at the rate of five or six miles per hour, he did not 
 believe that they could ever be made of material advantage, 
 and that any attempt to transport passengers and freight by 
 rtulroad from one part of the country to another must result 
 in endless confusion and loss. The Governor died in the 
 belief that the canal was the only means of conveyance for 
 a great commerce. 
 
 Notwithstanding his prediction, the railroads have grown 
 to such vast proportions that to-day the world's entire stock 
 of money — gold, .silver, and paper — would not purchase one- 
 third of its railroads. 
 
 The building of the Erie Canal, extending from Buffalo 
 to Albany, a distance of 363 miles, was commenced July -1, 
 1817. It was completed in 1825, at a cost of $7,602,000. In 
 1896, the State of New York appropriated $9,000,000 for en- 
 larging and improving this canal, and a few figures from 
 the State report on canals may be of interest in this connec- 
 tion. 
 
 Rehable statistics of its traffic are not obtainable for the 
 earlier years of its operation, but, in accordance with the 
 last "Annual Report of the Superintendent of Public Works 
 of the State of New York," we find tliat the tonnage of all 
 the property carried on all the canals in bo^;h directions, in 
 1837, was 1,171,296 tons, valued at $55,809,288. 
 
 The tonnage and the value increased until 1872, when it 
 amounted to 6,673,370 tons, valued at $220,913,321. 
 
 I'roin 1872, the tonnage and the value of the property 
 carried decreased, imtil in 1897 there was only 3,617,801 
 tons carried, with a value of $96,063,338. 
 
 This, in the face of the face that the receipts of grain and 
 flour at Buffalo had increased from 1.] 81.685 bushels in 1837 
 to 842,1-10,306 bushels in 1897. 
 
 Decline in Canal Traffic. 
 
 The greatest number of new boats registered as operating 
 on the canals in a single year was in 1862, when there were 
 850 new boats. In the year 1897 there were only 16 new 
 boats registered. You will wonder what has caused the 
 abandonment of several canals in the State of New York, 
 and the steady decline in the commerce passing through the 
 Erie Canal. 
 
 There are three general causes for these results. The first 
 
210 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTEENATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 is the great rediic-iion in the rates of freight by the railroads 
 in the I'nited Stales, and notably in the State of New York, 
 'i'hc second cause is the marrelons development of the motive 
 power and rolling stock of American railways. Less than 
 a quarter of a centui-y ago, upon the average American rail- 
 road, the capacity of a freight car was twenty thousand 
 pounds; the capacity of a freight engine was from twenty to 
 thirty of such cars to the train. 
 
 To-day, on the New York Central, whose six tracks run 
 alongside the Erie C^anal for the entire distance from Buffalo 
 to Albany, the capacity of the grain cars is from sixty to 
 sixty-six thousand pounds, and a locomotive of the latest 
 type will haul from seventy-five to ninety such cars loaded 
 to their full capacity. It is not an infrequent occurrence 
 for a single engine to haul through the Mohawk Valley, 
 beside the Erie Canal, eighty-five to ninety thousand bushels 
 of grain in a single train. The same engine will haul from 
 one hundred and ten to one hundred and twenty-five empty 
 cars. When you consider that in the busy season there are 
 from seventy-five to one hundred such trains a day passing over 
 the New York Central alone, you will get some conception 
 of the sitnation. 
 
 Export Trade Requires Fast Time. 
 
 The third cause for the failure of the canals is the general 
 demand of the American ])idjlic for quick time. A shi])per 
 having a hundred thousarui barrels of flour, or a million bush- 
 els of grain for export, must move it from Buffalo to New 
 York within a specified time, and he cannot risk the slow pro- 
 gress by way of the canal. 
 
 Railroads Essextiae to Progress. 
 
 In a recent address before the t'liamber of Commerce of 
 Rochester, N. Y., I cited this illustration of the ditference 
 between modern railway transportation and transpurtation 
 by canal: 
 
 In 1822, Thurlow Weed, one of the great newspaper men 
 of his day, wrote of what is now the city of Rochester, as 
 follows: 
 
 "Rochester is a straggling village of about half a hundred 
 inhabitants, but it is a go-ahead place, and from its advan- 
 tages is destined to become an important inland town." 
 
 At that time Rochester's only means of transportation was 
 the Erie Canal, and the diiferenee between the insignificant 
 village of Rochester in 1822 and the magnificent city of 
 Rochester of to-day, is the difference in its transportation 
 facilities. This difference is graphically shown by a com- 
 liarison of the canal packet, towed Ijy a mule at the rate of 
 fourniih's an hour, and the Empire State Express, thundering 
 through the Genesee Valley at a speed of sixty miles an hour. 
 
 Influench of Railway Advertising. 
 
 American railway management is always alert and ready 
 to take advantage of every opportunity for extending the 
 commerce of the country, and railway men are among the 
 very first to seize u])on each coign of vantage. Within a 
 week from the day that the Paris Peace Commission ad- 
 journed, more than one American railway had ordered the 
 re-engraving of its maps to include the West Indies, the 
 Hawaiian Lslands and the Philippines. The description of 
 the beauty of our American lakes and valleys, the magnili- 
 cence of our rivers, the grandeur of our mountains, the fertil- 
 ity of our soil, the wealth of our mineral resources and the 
 
 superiority of our manufactures, with which our railroad 
 advertising is filled, has been of incalculable value to the 
 export trade of the United States. It has induced thousands 
 of foreigners to visit every section of our country who (ither- 
 wise would never have come here. It has been the means 
 of the investment in the United States of untold millions of 
 foreign capital. It has been one of the strongest aids to the 
 expansion of American commerce in every direction. 
 
 Marvelous Increase in American Exports. 
 
 The general effect upcni our export trade of the increased 
 facilities afforded by American railways is shown in the mar- 
 velous increase in our exports, which are now the largest in 
 (lur history: the increase for the eight months ending with 
 August, 1899, being twelve million dollars. 
 
 A Century of Martels. 
 
 Mr. Chairman, we are approaching the end of the nine- 
 teenth century, a century which, Henry Drummond said, 
 '"has added more to the sum of human learning than all the 
 centuries that have passed.'' 
 
 A few examples of the achievements of American railroads 
 i n a little more than half a century, and many of them within 
 the last twenty-five years, cannot be inappropriate. 
 
 Before the railroads were built, it took a week to go from 
 New York to Bufl:'alo, nearly three weeks from New York to 
 Chicago; and at that time no man would have thought of 
 taking a trip from New York to the Pacific Coast, except a 
 few of the hardiest pioneers. When on such an occasion 
 the good-byes were said it was expected on both sides that it 
 would be forever. If to-morrow night you should place a 
 letter on the Pacific and Oriental mail train, which leaves 
 New York at 9.15, yon may be sure that your correspondent 
 in San Francisco will be reading it next Monday night — four 
 days from New York. 
 
 The framers of our constitution would have considered a 
 man entirely beside himself who would have suggested such a 
 possibility. 
 
 What the Railroads Have Accomplished. 
 
 In 1875 the States east of the Missiuiri River were sending 
 food and clothing to the starving people of Kansas. 
 
 Thanks to the facilities afforded by the railroads the corn 
 crop of Kansas this year is three hundred and forty million 
 liushels. 
 
 It seems l)ut a very few years since I made my first trip to 
 Colorado, and stopped on my way at the home of Buffalo 
 Bill, at North Platte, Nebraska, on the Union Pacific. At 
 Ogalalla, fifty-one miles west of North Platte, the Sioux 
 Indians were roaming over the prairies and making more or 
 less trouble for the early settlers who ventured so far out of 
 the beaten paths of civilization. The Nebraska crop this 
 year covers eight milion acres, and the yield is two hundred 
 and ninety million bushels. 
 
 Previous to the construction of the Northern i'acific, the 
 (Ji'cat Northern, Northwestern, St. Paul, Burlington, and 
 oilier railways that traverse that wonderful region known as 
 llic "wheat belt," there was nothing to be seen but ]irairi(> 
 gi-ass. and an occasional baiul of untamed savages. 
 
 Minnesota this year will ship ninety million bushels of 
 wheat. South Dakota forty-five million bushels. North 
 Dakota sixty-five million bushels and Montana four million 
 bushels. 
 
ELEVENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 25, 1899 
 
 217 
 
 Devklopment of the Pacific Coast. 
 
 In 1849 there came across the continent reports of the dis- 
 covery of gold in California, but the only means of reaching 
 its golden gate was by sea round Cape Horn, or the long and 
 perilous journey with ox teams, across the plains, including 
 what was then styled in our geographies the American desert, 
 and through the hazardous mountain passes of the western 
 part of the continent. 
 
 The completion of the Pacific railoads changed all this, 
 and opened new fields for all kinds of enterprises, in an un- 
 explored territory stretching over more than two thousand 
 miles to the west, northwest and southwest of the Mississippi 
 River, the products of which region were practically value- 
 loss until the means of transporting them were provided by 
 the railroads. 
 
 The wheat crop of California this year is 37,000,000 bush- 
 els. The largest crop ever produced in California was in 
 1880, when, owing to exceptionally favorable weather con- 
 ditions, that State produced 63,000,000 bushels. 
 
 The gold output of California for the year 1899 is esti- 
 mated at $16,000,000. 
 
 The vineyards and orange groves of California would be 
 of practically little value were it not for the fact that the 
 railroads, by their trains of refrigerator and ventilated fruit 
 cars, make it possible to transport the products of her fertile 
 valleys to all sections of the country. 
 
 It seems but yesterday that the railroads were completed 
 into Portland. Oregon, Tacoma and Seattle, Washington, and 
 it is marvelous that for the year ending June 30, 1899, there 
 were exported from the Columbia River valley 16,000,000 
 bushels of wheat, and from the Puget Sound region 10,000,000 
 bushels. 
 
 Oregon and Washington form the northwest corner of the 
 territory of the Hnjted States south of the line of Britisli 
 Columbia, and are directly on the route to our extreme north- 
 west possession, Alaska. 
 
 The wheat crop of the States of Oregon and Washington for 
 the year 1899 is 48,600,000 bushels. 
 
 There were exported during the year ending June 30th, 
 1899, from the Columbia river direct to foreign ports, 1,100,- 
 000 ban'els of flour, and from Puget Sound points 300,000 
 barrels. 
 
 Colorado, which, with its inexhaustible mines of gold, sil- 
 ver, lead, iron and coal, foims almost an empire in itself, 
 will produce this year of 1899, of gold $24,000,000; of silver 
 $14,200,000; of lead $4,000,000; in addition to a magnifi- 
 eent crop of wheat, fruit and vegetables. Thanks to her rail- 
 road facilities, ilontana is to-day the richest mineral region 
 of its size in the world. The latest published statistics — 
 those of ]897 — give the natural output of Montana as $54,- 
 000,000. 
 
 Without railroads, Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota, North 
 and South Dakota, Montana, Colorado, California, Oregon 
 and Washington would still he the home of savages. 
 
 third-class fare, for vastly inferior service, is two cents per 
 mile, but only on certain parliamentary trains. 
 ■ In Prussia, the fare is 3.00 cents per mile; in Austria, 3.05 
 cents per mile, and in I^anee, 3.36 cents per mile. 
 
 Our passenger cars excel those of foreign countries in all 
 that goes to make up the comfort and convenience of a 
 journey. 
 
 Our sleeping and parlor car system is vastly superior to 
 theirs; our baggage system is infinitely better than theirs, 
 and arranged upon a much more liberal basis. American 
 railroads carry 150 pounds of baggage free, while German 
 railroads carry only fifty-five pounds free. 
 
 The lighting of our trains is superb, while the lighting of 
 trains on most foreign lines is wretched. 
 
 Some Striking Examples. 
 
 I may be pardoned for citing two examples of what I mean 
 by the unsurpassed passenger train facilities of American 
 railways. 
 
 A single locomotive recently hauled a passenger train of 
 sixteen cars, nine of which were sleeping and parlor cars, from 
 New York to Albany, a distance of 14.3 miles, in three hours 
 and fifteen minutes, which is forty-four miles per hour, and 
 is the regular schedule time of this train. The train weighed 
 1,832,000 pounds, and was 1,212 feet — or nearly a quarter of 
 a mile — long. 
 
 The Empire State Express has for years been making the 
 run from New York to Buffalo, 440 miles, in eight hours 
 and fifteen minutes, an average speed of fifty-three and cme- 
 third miles an hour, including four stops — two of them 
 for changing engines — and twenty-eight slow-downs, on ac- 
 count of running through incorporated towns and cities. 
 
 For one stretch of twenty-two miles, another of seventeen 
 miles, another of sixteen miles, and another of sixty miles, 
 the regular schedule time is exactly sixty miles an hour. 
 For one stretch of twelve miles it is 63.40 miles an hour. 
 For another stretch of nearly ten miles, it is 64.86 miles an 
 hour. 
 
 The weight of this train is 608,000 pounds, and it has 
 seating capacity for 248 passengers. 
 
 These are some of the achievements of American railways 
 in passenger service that have not been approached in any 
 other country on the globe, and in my opinion it is achieve- 
 numts of this character that have made it possible for the 
 I'nited States to expand its commerce with such astounding 
 rapidity. 
 
 The fact that American passenger service attracts the at- 
 tention' of people of every other country who visit our shores 
 is demonstrated by the desire of all foreigners to ride on the 
 Empire State Express — the fastest long distance train in the 
 world, and the further desire to examine the magnificent 
 machines that haul our great trains. 
 
 Extent of American Commerce. 
 
 Service of American Railroads. 
 
 It is beyond question that American railroads of to-day 
 furnish the best service in the world, at the lowest rates of 
 fare, at the same time paying their employees very much 
 higher wages than are paid for similar service in any other 
 country on the globe. 
 
 In the United States, the first-class passenger fares last 
 year averaged 2.14 cents i>er mile, although on some larger 
 railways the average was several mills less than two cents per 
 mile; in England, the first-class fare is four cents per mile; 
 
 The extent of our commerce, both domestic and foreign, 
 may well astonish the representatives of other lands who 
 visit us for the first time, but the extent of the territory of 
 the United States made possible by the negotiations of 
 Admiral Dewey in May, 1898, supplemented by those of the 
 Peace Commission at Paris, will surprise our own people, as 
 well as our cousins from across the water. 
 
 We thought before the purchase of Alaska that our terri- 
 tory was large, but what vistas of commercial enterprise pre- 
 sent themselves to us as we contemplate the fact that it is 
 3,144 miles from San Francisco to St. Michaels, Alaska, 
 
lis 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 '.vliero an empire in exuiit awaits develi)p'nu'nt by Anierit-an 
 .■api;;il and eiwrg}-; tliat it is T,T29 miles from San Fran- 
 . isct. to ^lanila nii tlie Island of Luzon, and that this is only 
 one of tlie hundreds of rieh islands that await similar de- 
 velopment, not overlooking the Hawaiian Islands, whicli lie 
 in our new ocean pathway. 
 
 Saturday afternoon last, a ITnited States eniiser left Now 
 York for Manila, via the Suez Canal, and the Sunday papers 
 stated it would take her three months to reach her destina- 
 tion. 
 
 Kailroail men will l^e interested in kiinwiiig that the 
 Manila and Dagujian Railroad on the island of Luzon, 
 which is the principal one of our Philippine grouj), is laid 
 upon mahogany ties, the road passing through forests of 
 that valuable wood and over inexhaustible beds of coal and 
 other rich minerals. Shall we wonder then that American 
 railroads are seeking connections that will secure a portion 
 of the commerce that must come from the development of 
 this rich region, which has recently been added to the terri- 
 toiy of the United States. 
 
 Trapi^ Follows the Flag. 
 
 If it is true that "trade follows the tlag,"' then with co- 
 operation and reciprocity between the great tiansi>ortation 
 interests of the United States and the iiminu'rcial ami indus- 
 trial interests of our Republic, and with proper encourage- 
 ment given to American shipping, our commerce should be 
 as diversified as are the products of our soil, our mines and 
 our mills. Our export trade should reach every mart on the 
 earth, and it should flourish on every sea and river where 
 vessels ply; for, since the almost miraculous events in Ma- 
 nila Bay and off Santiago, we may paraphrase the sentiment 
 of Joaquin Miller in regard to Colorado and say of our Jiag. 
 "it floats forever In the sun." (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Hiiherl A Jams, Jr.: 
 
 It is my pleasure now to introduce to the Congress Mr. 
 William (irant ('lark, of Queensland, who will address you 
 on "The Philipi)ine Islands.'' (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. WilUdin a rant Clnrl-: 
 
 Mr. President: Ciuning to you from Queensland I spi'iit 
 some time in the l'hilii)i)ines. This, I presume, is the rea- 
 son for being asked to say something relative to your far-off 
 Eastern possessions. After listening to this morning's paper 
 read by Hon. .1. A. Kas.son. 1 must congratulate the honor- 
 able gentlenum for the able manner in which he handled 
 that portion of his subject relating to the Philippines. The 
 largest, or one of the largest islands in the group is Min- 
 danao. Traveling from Mindamio in the South to Luzon in 
 the North, is something like a thousand miles. There are 
 many islands in the group of rather extensive nature. 
 These I shall leave out, and dwell on the one where 1 s|ieiit 
 most of my time during my sojourn in tlinl pai'l of the 
 world, namely, Luzon. Manila, llu' |irincipal town, is. or 
 was during my stay there, under martial law, ubicli, td a 
 stranger, is a rather awkward condition. Iniinedialcly on 
 my arrival I went to the headiiuarters of (u'ueral Otis, and 
 asked foi' a jja.ss to give me tlu; liberty to visit the oulsidi' 
 districts within the lines held by the .\inerican tronps. My 
 re(|uest was refuseil. In justice to (ieueral Otis, lioui'vei', 
 I learned that sever.d visitors there hail been provided uitb 
 passes by the General and did not make good use of them, 
 and therefore they have written derogatory of his doings. 
 
 The following day I went to head(]uarters and saw his 
 
 aide-de-camp, informing him that 1 carried from the Cham- 
 ber of Commerce of our colony a letter of introduction to 
 the Commercial Museum at Philadelphia. I also pointed out 
 to the aide-de-camp that it would be very likely I should 
 be questioned as to what routes I traveled to this country. 
 I certainly indicated that I could only say, if questioned, 
 relative to the condition of the Americans in the Philip- 
 pines, that I knew nothing, because the city was under mar- 
 tial law, and that I had to be inside my hotel at half-past 
 eight in the evening, not being allowed outside of the city. 
 The aide-de-camp took a kind view of the situation, and said 
 that he would see the General again, with the result that 
 (ieneral Otis handed me a document which, in its reading, 
 was short but impressive. The wording of the pass that was 
 given to me was, "Pass W. Grant Clark along all lines held 
 by the American forces. By order of General Otis, Com- 
 manding Eighth Army Corjis, Manila," and signed by the 
 aide-de-camp, Lieutenant Stanley. A\'ith that pass I could 
 travel anywhere within the lines, on tlie train or on the steam- 
 boat going to Cavite, a distance of seven miles, or to any 
 place flying the American flag. 
 
 During my stay I went to the North, to San Fernando, 
 which is about sixty kilometere, or forty odd EngUsh miles. 
 That was the most distant outpost of the Americans when 
 I was there in June. I went, of course, at my own personal 
 risk, and I was in the trenches with the soldiers — I saw them 
 on duty — while on the other side of the cane field was 
 Aguinaldo and his men, also entrenched and occasionally 
 pegging away at the American forces. 
 
 The American soldier is one far above the ordinary, in 
 that he carries with him a humor in doing his duty. Not 
 only has he to fight the insurgent forces, but he has also to 
 put up with the climate, which, to say the least, in the wet 
 season, is a most trying one. Still he is in good heart, and 
 at his best when the enemy rushes the trenches, which in- 
 varialily they have done during the heat of the day, in order 
 that the American soldier, who is not acclimated, would be 
 used up by the exercise and the wading through swamps and 
 rice field.s, under a tropical sun, with a temperature of ninety- 
 five degrees in the shade. 
 
 The country from Manila to San Fernando is perfect. 
 Sugar, rice, tobacco and hemp are the great productions. 
 
 It is needless to say that the continued state of anarchy 
 which has been prevailing in that country for something well 
 nigh twenty years, has caused many of those districts to sink 
 into a deploralile condition. The sugar and rice fields are 
 devastated by the insurgents, not by the Americans. The 
 Filipino is a cruel man, and not even to lie trusted in the 
 city under the pretense that he is a pacifico. He is treach- 
 erous in the extreme. So far as the country is concerned, 
 very little is known owing to the native law being club law. 
 A'ery few outsiders indeed have ventured into the interior. 
 I!u1 it is an admitted fact that minerals abound, and when 
 everything has quieted and settled down these unknown min- 
 eral districts will be explored. I have every confidence in 
 saying that this will be effected within the next six or eight 
 inoTitbs, for you Americans will certainly crush the rebellion 
 before the next wet season. 
 
 It has been said of Aguinaldo that he is one of the heroes 
 of the world. If they had said that General Cuna was a 
 belli, tlinl would have been more :ip|ilicable, for Aguinaldo 
 will ne\cr lie found in the roverrmil of the battle. He is 
 always one to stay in the rear. That the late (ieneral Luna 
 was killed in front of Aguinaldo's residence, (it is generally 
 belie\eil by the consent of Aguinaldo), simply goes to show 
 his jealousy of Luna. Both General Luna and his aide-de- 
 camp were sot upon by the guard at Aguinaldo's headquar- 
 ters, and actually cut to pieces with bolo knives, very dan- 
 
ELEVENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 25, 1899 
 
 219 
 
 geroUs weapons, which are always to Ije found on the Fili- 
 pino, or, as he is generally known, a Manila man. 
 
 The population of Manila, roughly speaking, is four hun- 
 dred thousand, three hundred thousand being Filipinos or 
 of the mixed Filipino, and other nations. There are fifty 
 thousand Chinese who have come in since the Americans 
 took possession. The balance belong to other nations. 
 
 Although Manila was under martial law, it had its better 
 side. There is a famous driveway called the Lunetta, which 
 runs probably a mile or more along the Bay of Manila on 
 the one side, and the walled side of Manila on the other. 
 It is a beautiful place. I can only compare it to something 
 like the boulevards in Paris. On the driveway, between 
 five and seven o'clock in the afternoon, there are many car- 
 riages and vehicles of all kinds driving around the circle to 
 the band stand, which is now under the control of one of 
 the regiments, and the music performed there each evening one 
 finds is something to be remembered. As an Anglo-Saxon, 
 it seemed rather unique to listen to the good old piece, "Kil- 
 larney," being played on a foreign soil. 
 
 Speaking about railroads — Mr. Daniels gave you a very 
 interesting paper on that — ^there is great room for Ameri- 
 can enterprise in that particular line in the Philippines. 
 The railway, I believe, is an English corporation, and as far 
 as San Fernando, when I was there, it was in the hands of 
 and used by the Americans. Beyond San Fernando the rails 
 were torn up, and that portion of the interior was in the 
 hands of Aguinaldo, and I believe, the best portion of the 
 rolling stock. Americans pay for the use of the line but 
 Aguinaldo does not. His aim is destruction. I do not think 
 that he is a pure Filipino; he is an adventurer and working 
 for a point which he will never get. If he was in power some 
 other Filipino would make it his business to shift him as 
 soon as possible. I think the name of the bridge was Bagbag 
 where the Filipinos were strongly intrenched before our train 
 came up. Your people had a diflicult foe to contend with 
 because they could not see him, while the keen eye of the 
 natives could pick out the Americans much quicker than it 
 was possible for the latter to sight them, owing to the 
 natives being hidden in the Ijamboo thickets. 
 
 Kelative to the railway, the train I traveled on was actu- 
 ally known as an armed train. It was carrying the fully 
 equipped soldiers to the front, and relieving other detach- 
 ments along the line. The soldiers were sitting on the tops 
 of the carriages as well as filling the interior, and they were 
 in good heart, smoking their pipes and carrying their rifles 
 loaded for emergencies. The pace which we went could cer- 
 tainly not have been more than eight or ten miles an hour. 
 The reason of this was owing to the inequality of the line 
 and the possibility of its having been tampered with. But 
 when your nation settles this rebellion, the railway will make 
 the country, and it will improve its commercial value to this 
 country. Many will go to those islands to see what a truly 
 tropical paradise it is. The miner, who is always a man of 
 venture, will not be afraid to penetrate to the interior in 
 his search for gold. 
 
 The American, you can rest assured, will open the door. 
 The various islands will be held and ruled with a firm hand, 
 and it will be an invitation for all nations of the world to 
 come and live there, knowing that the American flag will 
 secure them protection. (Applause.) 
 
 J foil. Eiihcrt Adams. Jr.: 
 
 The reading of the papers having been concluded, if any 
 one desires to make any comments on the subjects which 
 have been delivered, either this morning or this afternoon, 
 they are now open to the members of the Congress. 
 
 Mr. Fred. F. Smith: 
 
 Mr. Chairman: With your permis,sion I would like to 
 make a motion on a very important subject which Dr. Wil- 
 son very well understands. To rehearse briefly, unfortu- 
 nately, at the session held at the Museum last week there was 
 no Committee on Resolutions created. Consequently in the 
 ardor of our first two or three days' proceedings some mo- 
 tions came before the Congress which perhaps could have 
 been put in better shape had they been before the Commit- 
 tee on Resolutions. To save time it would have been better 
 that the same resolutions come before the Congres.s, which 
 perhaps were not exactly fit for us bearing on certain sub- 
 jects. Then a Committee on Resolutions was appointed, and 
 it was done hurriedly on account of the. resolution coming 
 up at a time when we could not give it immediate attention. 
 Unfortunately in the rush of business a list of names was 
 handed in, and there were too many Americans in it. 
 
 A resolution was then introduced later, a day or two ago, 
 in order to make it fair and equal to all, creating or adding 
 to this committee one member from each nation. But that 
 was done perhaps without the forethought necessary, and as 
 there are forty nations represented, it made a committee of 
 forty-seven, which was unwieldy and it was found impracti- 
 cable to handle, as we could not get a quorum, had they 
 been appointed. They were not, however, appointed, so the 
 committee still stands as seven, but in this shape we cannot 
 do business. We, therefore, in talking over the matter, 
 thought it best to resign. The chairman of the committee 
 has sent in his resignation, and all the other members have 
 expressed themselves as perfectly willing to resign, so that 
 Dr. Wilson can make a new committee. I think this is 
 suificient to bring the whole thing before the Congress, and 
 undoubtedly a new committee .should be an international 
 one. 
 
 I, therefore, with the Chair's permission, will make a 
 motion that, in lieu of the first committee appointed on reso- 
 lutions and the proposition to add to it a member from 
 each nation, a new international committee on resolutions 
 be appointed with Dr. Wilson as ex-officio member — two mem- 
 bers from Australia, four jnembers from the United States, 
 two east and two west preferably; two from the continent 
 of Europe; two from Great Britain; one from Asia, one from 
 Africa, one from the West Indies, and one from South Amer- 
 ica, making a total of fourteen, the quorum being seven. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr. : 
 Is this motion seconded? 
 
 A delegate: 
 
 I take pleasure in seconding the motion. 
 
 Mr. H. Botherham : 
 
 How are we to understand this? Are the preceding motions 
 to be cancelled? 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 1 would state that the Chairman has had the kindness to 
 hand in his withdrawal or resignation, and all the other mem- 
 bers have previously withdrawn from this committee. So it 
 leaves room to appoint a new committee. 
 
 Mr. II. Botherham: 
 
 I am rather asking what will become of the resolutions re- 
 
220 
 
 PJiOCEEDINGS OF THE INTEENATIONAL COMMEECIAL CONGRESS 
 
 iVircfl in the fornuT r-diiini.ttef? What will be the particular 
 (liitii-.- of the new coiiiinittee when appointed!' Will the reso- 
 lutions framed and pasised by llie old committee be turned 
 over to the new eonimittee on resolutions for their consid- 
 eration and revision? 
 
 Uircdor 11'. P. Wilson : 
 
 I will state that such a course is not really possible. As 
 I understand it, this iiody is a mixed delegation of govern- 
 ment delegates, and delegates from Chambers of Commerce 
 and Boards of Trade, and only such resolutions as are outside 
 of the pale of politics, and outside of the policies of govern- 
 ment, can be considered. 
 
 I may cite, as an illustration, a resolution which has already 
 been presented and read here, and which I deem absolutely 
 suitable to be passed upon, namely, the resolution with refer- 
 ence to uniformity of statistics over the whole world, to 
 make them definite and practicable, so that every country 
 shidl have the advantage, as quickly as possible, of statistics 
 from every other country. That is the kind of resolution 
 which, 1 believe, is gennane to this Congress, but when the 
 resolutions are brought up which have a decided political 
 bearing in them, and have a policy in them on which our gov- 
 ernment or your government may take this side or that side 
 strongly, then I believe this Congress is not the place for it, 
 and 1 hope that when the committee is newly formed that it 
 will rule out such resolutions, if any be presented. 
 
 . I delegate : 
 
 Now, I suggest that all the resolutions presented hereto- 
 fore, that have been referred to the former committee, shall 
 lie referred back to the Congress to be referred again to the 
 new committee. 
 
 "Whereas, Realizing that a greater measure of good will 
 inure to the mutual advantage of the commercial interests rep- 
 resented in this (.'ongress through the establishment of various 
 centres throughout the United States for the purpose of the 
 collection, interchange and periodical grouping and display of 
 such data and products: and 
 
 "Wliereas, Kealizing the great advantage, the establishment 
 of such centres would be to the promotion of the manufac- 
 turing and agricultural interests of the United States; there- 
 fore be it 
 
 "Resolved, That we, the International Commercial Con- 
 gress, do suggest and recommend that centres be established, 
 and that the various commercial bodies, agricultural associa- 
 tions and centres do appoint representatives to confer with the 
 Philadelphia Commercial Museum for the purpose of further- 
 ing this work, and for the establishment of such centres 
 throughout the United States; and be it further 
 
 "Resolved, That through these representatives the matter 
 be presented to all the sections of the United States, and the 
 importance and advantage of this work be urged upon the 
 various centres, and through them their respective represen- 
 tatives in Congress, that this work should receive their sup- 
 port so as to aid and foster it in the interests of the manu- 
 facturer and aufriculturist." 
 
 II (in. Jidbert Adams, Jr.: 
 Is that motion seconded? 
 
 .1 ddegate: 
 
 I take great pleasure in seconding it. 
 
 Mr. Fred. F. Smith: 
 
 That is to be understood. 
 
 Hon. Bobert A dams, Jr. : 
 It is moved and seconded- 
 
 Ifiiii. L'niirrt Adams, Jr.: 
 
 J should think as a matter of parliamentary law that when 
 this committee falls those resolutions would go back to the 
 body that created tlie committee. Are you ready for the 
 resolution? 
 
 Till' question being on the motion, it was agreed to and the 
 motion was adopted. 
 
 Mr. ('.■/. W'hi-lhims: 
 
 1 have the following resohition to offer: 
 
 "Wliercas, The International Commercial Congress, realiz- 
 in<>' the advantage and great good that has been inaugurated 
 and is being carried on by the Philiideljibia Commercial 
 Museum for international trade; and 
 
 ■•Whci'eas, The i'bila(lcl|ibia Commercial Museum has and 
 is collecting foreign exhibits and data that are of incalculable 
 lienefit to the various business interests of the United States; 
 and 
 
 "Wbereiis, It would seem that it would bo advisable and of 
 great advantage to tlie business interests of all sections of the 
 United States to extend these facilities for the procuring of 
 similar data and exhil)ils of the domestic products; and 
 
 Mr. H. Eotherliam: 
 
 I would like to say that I support that resolution heartily 
 as one of the foreign delegates who has received considerable 
 Ijenefit from the exhibits from other countries during my stay 
 in this city. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 Are you ready for the question? ^• 
 
 Director W. P. Wilso7i: 
 
 I would like to make one remark with reference to this 
 resolution. I only hope that before passing to the committee 
 to which it is refeiTed, it be broadened in one sense. The 
 Philadelphia Commercial Museum is collecting raw materials 
 and products from every counti-y on the face of the globe, 
 and it invites every country to deposit with it such products. 
 In time it will have sixteen acres of buildings, only three of 
 which have as yet taken shape here. The Philadelphia Com- 
 mercial Museum will coiiperate with similar institutions which 
 may be established in Australia, or China, or Japan, or South 
 America, or anywhere. It offers them the exchange of its 
 nuiterial in the United States, and the exchange of duplicate 
 material which it may receive fnun Mexico or other foreign 
 cmmtries. I would broaden this resolution somewhat, and I 
 will make a motion that it be referred to the incoming com- 
 mittee. 
 
ELEVENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 25, 1899 
 
 221 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams. Jr.: 
 Is that motion seconded? 
 
 A delegate: 
 I second it. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr. : 
 
 It is moved and seconded that the resolution just offered 
 be referred to the incoming committee which is to be ap- 
 pointed under the previous resolution. 
 
 The question being on the motion, it was agreed to. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 If there is no further business, 1 have to announce again 
 that the meeting for Friday, during both forenoon and after- 
 noon sessions, will be held at the Bourse, in the Assembly 
 Room of the Trades League, on the second floor. Not only 
 are the delegates invited — the delegates from the United 
 States and the delegates from foreign countries — but all of 
 your friends. The meetings are in the foreno'on and after- 
 noon of Friday, and a lunch is to be given at midday. All 
 present will also have an opportunity to go on the floor with 
 the business men of Philadelphia from twelve to two o'clock. 
 
 I have the pleasure of announcing that there will be a 
 meeting of the Academy of Political and Social Science, at 
 the New Century Drawing Room, 124 South Twelfth Street, 
 at eight o'clock this evening. Mr. John H. Converse, who is 
 at the head of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, of this city, 
 will preside. Brief addresses will be made by Hon. Frederic 
 Emory, Chief of the Bureau of Foreign Commerc-e of the De- 
 
 partment of State at Washington, on "The International 
 Rivalry in Trade;" the Hon. John A. Cockbum, Agent-Gen- 
 eral in London and formerly Premier of South Australia, on 
 ■'Recent FIxtension of the Sphere of State Activity;" Hon. W. 
 Pember Reeves, Agent-General in London of New Zealand, 
 on '"Arbitration in Labor Disputes." 
 
 The Congress will convene to-morrow morning in this room. 
 To-morrow will be devoted to European topics. 
 
 Capt. J. Curdcirii da Oraqn: 
 
 I was so pleased with the kind words to which I have list- 
 ened as they were uttered liy the LTnited States Minister to 
 Brazil, that I take great pleasure in announcing that I have 
 cabled to my government the expressions of good feeling 
 that exist in this country for her sister nation, Brazil. I shall 
 do all in my power to bring closer and closer the relation of 
 friendship and trade between the two countries, and will do 
 all I can to increase the strength of that bond. 
 
 On this occasion, and in view of the fact that Saturday 
 will be South American Day, I should like to specially invite 
 all those interested in our country to be here. I shall be very 
 glad to see this room crowded with people who take an in- 
 terest in Brazil, and I shall also be very glad to give any ex- 
 planations in- any information which they may desire concern- 
 ing my country. (Ajiplause.) 
 
 Hon. Eol)ert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 It is moved and seconded that the Congress adjourn until 
 10.30 to-morrow morning. 
 
 Motion carried. 
 
PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 TWELFTH DAY'S SESSION 
 
 ' Philadelphia, Thursday, October 26, 1899. 
 Morning Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order at 11.12 a. m., in Conven- 
 tion Hall, Exposition Building, by Director W. P. Wilson. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson : 
 
 I have the pleasure of introducing to you to-day Mr. 
 (ieorge H. Anderson, who will preside over the sessions. Mr. 
 Anderson was for a number of terms State Senator, and is 
 now secretary and manager of one of the largest and most 
 active commercial bcidies of the State, the Chamber of Coiii- 
 merce of Pittsburg. (Applause.) 
 
 If (in. (Inirge II. Anderson: 
 
 Mr. Director, Ladies and (lentlemen of this CJongre.-s: I 
 desire to say that I have been called upon to preside over the 
 deliberations of this honorable body without a moment's 
 thought or preparation. It is hardly fair to me or to the 
 audience, but, at the same time, any reciuest that comes to me 
 from Dr. Wilson I could not very well decline, es]>ecially in 
 view of the fact that I am asked to preside over an assembly 
 of exceeding honor and dignity, and I appreciate it very 
 highly. Without the slightest ])reparafcion, 1 am impressed 
 with "a few thoughts, to which it may be well to give expres- 
 sion at this time. I have for years had the idea of cultivating 
 peace relations on the part of the United States with all the 
 world, believing that it is not only right, but that the com- 
 mercial relations of the world would be benefited thereby. 
 It seems to me that the only way to cement business and cmii 
 merce is to bi-ing men together face to face from every part 
 of the inhabitable world. I like to see your faces, and I hop'_' 
 you are pleased with ours. 
 
 The Governor of our State mshes ycui the greatest success 
 in this enterprise. 
 
 This is all very well, business men love to make money and 
 build up their nation, f think the right of hospitality in this 
 country proceeds out of commerce. I think so. T know in 
 our part of the country it i.s so. I feel also that the work (if 
 this body will be taken as a consensus of \\w. business judg- 
 ment of the commercial world, and as such, will caiTy weight 
 such as no other body could i-iuiniinnd. Kow, Mr. Direetnr, 
 lilease bear in mind that you are, here in Philadelphia, 
 building better than you know. Where can yon find a com- 
 munity of interest, of men in commercial life who know sn 
 much about the needs of their own cmuitry, |)olitical ami 
 commercial? They come here to see what we are about, and 
 we are glad to exchange ideas with them, and to learn sonic- 
 thing of the various countries that we ought to know. Tt is 
 just possible that they may take Inune some ideas also that 
 will not be amiss to them. Our workshops are opi-n to insjjec- 
 
 tion everywhere, so when the time comes for them to go 
 away they will find that their trip has not been in vain. 
 
 With these brief remarks I am now ready to proceed with 
 business. Mr. Enrique Alzamora, a delegate from Majorca, 
 Spain, will be the first gentleman we shall hear from this 
 morning. I have great j^leasure in introducing Mr. Alza- 
 mora. 
 
 Trade with Spain'. 
 
 Mr. Eiirii/iie AlzdnKira: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, I^adies and (Jentlemen: The kind recep- 
 tion accorded the few words of my address to the (Jongress 
 some days ago encourages me to enter to-day into somie con- 
 sideration about the trade between the United States and 
 Spain. 
 
 According to the data collected by the Philadelphia Com- 
 mercial Museum, the value of Spanish goods imported into 
 the United States during the fiscal year ending the 30th of 
 June last, amounts to $3,982,000. This sum may represent, 
 ])erhaps, the direct imports from Spain, but I have reason 
 to believe that it does not represent the total value of Span- 
 ish ]iroduets consumed in the ITnited States, as I know that 
 in many cases those goods are not Innight in Spain, but in 
 France or England, and therefore their value is credited to 
 the imports from those countries. In certain cases the French 
 and English sellers cannot deny that their goods are from 
 Spanish sources, but in other.s they succeed in concealing it, 
 and I have been able to verify the fact thait Spanish products 
 are sold in the United States with French labels and at higher 
 prices, nn account of being French, than those at which they 
 might be sold if obtained directly from Spain. Although 
 there is not always such a concealment of source, still there 
 is always some loss for the American buyer in obtaining Span- 
 ish goods through intermediaries in other coimtries, and this 
 fact alone is enough to make it desirable for the United 
 States consumers to de\'elop direct relations with Spain. 
 
 To obtain this development, which may attain great import- 
 ance, it is naturally necessary to make the Spanish products, 
 as such, well km)wn here, and to that end the I'hiladelpbia 
 Commercial Museum c(mld in tlie first place confribule with 
 its admirable Information Bureau and with its ])ermanent 
 exiiosition of samples. It is to be wished that the Museum 
 may not hesitate in increasing its collection of samples of 
 Spanish products till it can give a good idea of what is pro- 
 duced in Spain, as I am sorry to say that the samples of Span- 
 isli goods in the Museum, procured in greater part from the 
 Cliicago Kxjvosition, do not represent by large odds the 
 pi'cseut Spanish products. Jfany articles from Spain, not 
 shown in the Museum, are ciuisumed in the TInited States, 
 and others yet uidctiown might find a good market here. 
 
 ]{eferriiig to file export trade of the United States with 
 Spain. I have mi ddiibt that the sum of .$9,077,000 shown 
 
 222 
 
TWELFTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 26, 1899 
 
 223 
 
 by the official statistics for the last fiscal year, could be in- 
 creased considerably if the American goods (to-day known 
 in Spain less than the Spanish articles in the United States), 
 were systematically introduced into the Spanish markets, 
 and above all, if at their introduction the patriotic assertions 
 of the Governor of Pennsylvania in the Congress could be 
 confirmed. If it is true that on acount of the low price of raw 
 materials and because of labor-saving machinery the United 
 States is in a condition to supply foreign markets with pro- 
 ducts as good and as cheap as any other nation, such products 
 can obtain in Sj)ain and everywhere an easy success, and the 
 export trade of the United States might realize that idea of 
 great development which has given life to the National Ex- 
 port Exposition, and perhaps might conquer the markets of 
 the whole world, which is hoped for by the American indus- 
 tries, if we interpret aright the words of Governor Stone. 
 
 All this might be attained, but I woidd not dare to insure 
 its attainment. Because, even if we accept as exact and 
 proven the above-mentioned assertions, it is not enough that 
 the United States products be as good and as cheap as those 
 of other nations; but it is necessary that the other comitries 
 be willing to open the door to the American goods. In truth 
 it is necessary to aver that to attain these ends it is not the 
 best road, the one on which the United States is marching, 
 by establishing the barrier of protective duties to foreign 
 articles. The idea of reciprocity in the application of the 
 customs tariff is getting hold to-day of most nations, and that 
 being so, how is it possible not to see a drawljack for the ex- 
 portation of the United States in its own tariff, which curtails 
 importations? I am not able to harmonize well the protective 
 theory with the idea of expansion for American export trade. 
 I fear that the protective system, good enough, perhaps, when 
 the aim is to control the domestic consumption, is neither tiie 
 most appropriate to produce cheap goods nor the fittest to 
 obtain concessions in the tarii? of other nations. These two 
 elements being of first importance in furthering the export 
 trade, is it not natural to question that if the system has been 
 suitable for certain purposes, may it not be so for the opposite 
 aim? Is it not reasonable to doubt of the efficiency of pro- 
 tection in reaching for foreign markets, even if we admit that 
 it is the most powerful medium to control the home market? 
 
 On the other side, and referring particularly to Spain, it 
 is yet necessary to provide for the shipment of American 
 goods at a low rate of freight. Unfortunately, we have no 
 direct and easy means of transportation between both nations, 
 as we cannot consider as such the isolated and irregular ex- 
 peditions of Sjjanish ore sent here and of American petroleum 
 shipped to Spain. The trade between both countries is done 
 to-day with transhipments in France, England or Italy, caus- 
 ing by this process great loss of time and large increase in 
 the expenses. 
 
 Nevertheless, it is to be expected that in proportion as the 
 trade increases the means of communication will improve 
 (or vice versa), and that before long trade between Spain and 
 the United States will reach a progressive development bene- 
 ficial to both nations. I ardently wish that may happen soon, 
 as I understand trade — which is the symbol or embodiment 
 of peace, because it cannot exist without peace — is the best 
 balsam for the wounds which war inflicts. (Applause.) 
 
 //((/(. George H. Anderson: 
 
 The Austrian Government has honored this Congress by 
 sending one of its distinguished citizens to this honorable 
 body. I have the honor to introduce to you Mr. Richard 
 Knoller. 
 
 AUSTRIA-HUNGAET. 
 
 Mr. Richard Knoller: 
 
 As a delegate from the Imperial Royal Ministry of Com- 
 
 merce of Austria, I should have addressed the Congress on its 
 second day's session, but owing to a misunderstanding, this 
 was not possible. I therefore take this opportunity of tlrank- 
 ing the Philadelphia Commercial Museum and the city of 
 Philadelphia, in the name of the Imperial Royal Ministry of 
 Commerce of Austria, for the invitation to this great Congress, 
 as well as for the most cordial and hospitable manner in which 
 both my coimtrymen and myself have been received here. 
 
 My Austro-Hungarian fellow-delegates have requested me 
 to inform you as briefly as possible in reference to the con- 
 ditions of trade and the productions of our monarchy, which 
 is following the example of many distinguished previous 
 sjieakers. All I am going to say will probably be found in 
 the excellent United States consular and other reports, but 
 I am also speaking for the numerous delegates here present 
 who come from very distant countries where Austria-Hungary 
 is not so well or generally known as we would wish it to be 
 in the interest of universal commerce. 
 
 Austria-Hungary, though situated in the heart of the Euro- 
 pean Continent, is difl'erent from most other European states 
 in the respect that its population of forty-five millions, which 
 is composed of a great many difl'erent nationalities, varies in 
 almost as many ways as regards its necessities, tastes and 
 industrial facilities. Importations should therefore be 
 adapted to these requirements and customs, except perhaps, 
 machinery and like branches, where the internal capacity 
 alone covers the necessary standard. 
 
 This diff'orence in the national character, together with 
 climatic conditions and the nature of the soil, existing in the 
 various districts of our monarchy, manifests itself most clearly 
 in their different productions. Our southwestern provinces, 
 traversed by the high Alps, and with scenery which is equal 
 to the grandest and most beautiful of Switzerland, are, on 
 this account, somewhat deficient in industrial activity. Yet. 
 there is considerable being done in mining operations and in 
 iron works, and they form, together with the famous medi- 
 cinal springs in the northwest of the Empire, the principal 
 attractions for the foreign tourists. The provinces in the 
 northwest, as well as those in the centre of the monarchy, are 
 the main industrial districts. They are in reality the New 
 England and Pennsylvania of Austria-Hungary. 
 
 From the southern provinces, which are washed by the 
 waves of the Adriatic Sea, the great commerce with the 
 Orient has been done for centuries. It is now being concen- 
 trated in the two important seaports, Trieste and Fiume. 
 Close to these are the new territories, in which, during the 
 l)ast twenty years of our government, remarkable acliieve- 
 ments have been accomplished in civilization. By means of 
 their extraordinary natural treasures they are beginning to 
 more than repay us for our endeavors. 
 
 Our monarchy is traversed throughout its entire extent by 
 the Danube, which becomes a mighty stream on its entrance 
 into the lowlands of the east, and with its many wide tribu- 
 taries, almost covers the entire country with a network of 
 streams, which made it one of the most fertile countries in 
 the world. Waving cornfields here extend like an ocean over 
 the immense plains, as far as the mountains of the eastern 
 boundaries. 
 
 I am too much limited in time to give you more than a 
 brief report based upon approximate figures concerning the 
 most imjiortant products of our monarchy, more especially 
 those which are of some importance in the export trade. It 
 might be well to give y(.)U first tbe figures of our foreign 
 trade for the fiscal year 1898-99. 
 
 The value of the ijnport was $322,000,000. 
 
 The value of the export was $3.53,000,000. 
 
 The wheat crop in Austria-Hungary approaches, even in 
 time of poor harvest, about 200.000,000 bushels. The 
 amount of cattle raised is sufficient for a considerable export 
 
•22-1 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 trade. The production of coal foots up 40,000,000 tons. 
 Iron and steel of excellent qualities are being produced to 
 the extent of about 2,000,000 tons, entirely sufficient for the 
 needs of the home eountr\^ This is also the case with the 
 liisrhly developed manufacture of locomotives, steam and 
 other engines. However, there still remains some demand 
 for textile machinery and American machine tools. 
 
 The output of mineral oil is rapidly increasing, and with 
 ninety million gallons a year we already occupy the third place 
 in the world's production, although still much behind tlie two 
 leading countries. 
 
 One of our most important industries is sugar, which yields 
 al)out one million tons per annum, one-half of which is ex- 
 ported. 
 
 The value of our textile industry is aliout $200,000,000, 
 and in this branch the cloth and linen are largely exported, 
 they being known all over the world. 
 
 The same may be said of our manufactures of ancient and 
 highly famed glass and porcelain. 
 
 In short, our country produces nearly everytliini; in the 
 most important branches of consumjition. We know very 
 well that the United States, with her immense industrial 
 establishments, is able to put on the market articles in 
 such quantities as to exclude comparison with us. Indeed, 
 we confine ourselves in most cases to providing the markets 
 of the world with such specialties, the exquisite execution and 
 artistic merit of which make them of great value on account 
 of their individuality, and it is therefore evident that these 
 industries are the result of a very ancient civilization. We 
 are, however, fully alive to the advantages of the manner 
 in which the Americans do their work, and it is therefore 
 with mud) interest that we come over here to see this coun- 
 try and its immense progress in order to learn from it, and 
 in many cases we have adopted American systems of manu- 
 facturing, especially in the manufacture of staple articles, only 
 the cheapness of our labor frequently obviates the necessity of 
 using machinery to an equal extent. 
 
 Finally, permit me to say that in my estimation the devel- 
 opment of international commerce depends also largely upon 
 the free interchange of international information and exper- 
 ience, and I wish to lay particular stress on the fact that the 
 Americans give us a very excellent example by not conceal- 
 ing anything, knowing full well that secrets cannot exist for 
 any length of time, and tliat fair coni|ietition is tlie surest way 
 to progress. (Applause.) 
 
 II oil. George H. Anderson: 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: We have listened with great pleas- 
 ure to the representative of the Austrian Government, and it 
 gives me great pleasure now to state that we have with us Dr. 
 Alexander von Dorn, delegate from the Austria-Hungarian 
 Export Association of Vienna. The Doctor will please take 
 the floor. (Applause.) 
 
 Dr. Ahxaiuler von Dorn : 
 
 T only wish to refer bcielly (o the princi])les which must be 
 observed if we desire to develop internati(nial commerce. It 
 is, further, my intention to take an e(|ually short view, from 
 the standpoint of these principles, of the conclusions which 
 it is the purpose of the Congress to draw, and to discuss tlie 
 question as to which measures the United States will have to 
 lake, if they, without injuring their own rightful and well 
 understood interest-s or prejudicing their economical inde- 
 pendence, really and sincerely want to further their commer- 
 cial relations with other nations, and especially with the Euro- 
 pean ones, and establish them on a sound basis. 
 
 Above all, I would like to state that conunercial intercourse 
 cannot be one-sided. Although in transacting individual busi- 
 
 ness, goods are paid for in cash, such payments can only be 
 considered provisional in the intercourse between two com- 
 mercial territories, and upon the whole it would be princi- 
 l)ally a question of interchange of merchandise, there being of 
 lourse many cases where these goods may consist in services 
 i-endered, as, for instance, in transportation. If the equal 
 balance necessary for this intercourse between two nations 
 be seriously and continuously disturbed, the interests of both, 
 or at least one of them, would be very much prejudiced, and 
 the intercourse would decline and might even under circum- 
 stances become entirely impossible. 
 
 It is an acknowledged principle of science which must be 
 evident to every one, that a business transaction between two 
 people nuiy only be called a good one from a general economic 
 standpoint if it is advantageous for both parties. Further- 
 more, business relations established between two persons or 
 firms can only be permanent if the individual business trans- 
 acted between them be at least, as a rule, of this character. 
 The same must also be said of the intercourse between the 
 different nations, and it is impossible that it should be per- 
 manently maintained if one of them were to retain for itself 
 all the advantages or only the greater part of them. As far 
 as it is the question of legal or administrative measures which 
 are employed in commerce between two nations as regards 
 the transfer of goods to their respective territories, it is evi- 
 dently necessary, with reference to the above-stated principle, 
 for the interests of a uniform development of trade, that 
 the obstacles which are constantly being put in the way of 
 this intercourse must not be greater on one side than on the 
 other. This would have the effect of decreasing commer- 
 cial intercourse, and even be the means of stopping it en- 
 tirely, and only the country presenting the greatest obstacles 
 would be placed in a state of isolation such as would entail 
 upon its commerce the most injurious consequences. For just 
 as in the present organization of production, the single in- 
 ilividual cannot possibly exist without availing himself of the 
 result of the labor of innumerable fellow-men, all the nations 
 of the earth are, according to the development of the world's 
 commerce to-day, dependent upon each other, and any nation 
 excluding itself from this international intercourse, or acting 
 in such a manner that it would gradually be excluded from 
 the same, will some day have cause to l)itterly lament the con- 
 sequences of this course of action. 
 
 I do not wish to discuss here the question of protection, 
 livery nation must decide for itself as to how far it deems a 
 higher or lower tariff necessary for protecting any particular 
 branches of its production. The convening of this Congress 
 is in itself the best proof of the fact that the protective 
 tariff and the exclusion of all foreign competition, as a gen- 
 eral principle, are found to be very disadvantageous, and that 
 the protectionists themselves feel this to be tlie case. For 
 here we see assembled the representatives of numerous states 
 which are strongly in favor of protection, and all of whom 
 come here in order to olitain means of facilitating iijterna- 
 tional commerce, i. e., in reality free trade measures — though, 
 of course, each one more anxious to demand than to grant 
 concessions. Though it must be admitted that every one 
 has a perfect right to be as much of a protectionist as he 
 wishes, it must equally be admitted, with regard to the char- 
 acter which the relations between the nations have a.ssumed 
 ■ in all other respects, under the l)eneficial influence of pro- 
 gressive civilization, that it is only just to ask that at least 
 that part of commercial intercourse which still has a pos- 
 sibility of existing under the protective tariflf should not be 
 constantly endangered by new and incalculable obstacles liable 
 to appear at any time.' Those European states which are 
 advanred in civilization have for a long time recognized this 
 claim and formed their commercial and tarifl' policy accord- 
 ingly. 
 
TWELFTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 26, 1899 
 
 225 
 
 The merchant or the producer, iu so far as he acts as mer- 
 chant, will need above all a safe basis for his calculations. 
 If he now should wish to sell to some foreign country, the 
 tariff of the latter would form in most cases a very impor- 
 tant factor in his calculations, and he must tliereforc be able 
 to take these charges into account Ijeforehand. But a safe 
 basis for this purpose can only be obtained by means of specific 
 duties. After having reached the conclusion tliat, in the 
 commercial policy of nations in their relations to each other, 
 clearness and loyalty are also of the greatest advantage to all 
 participants, the former very popular system of ad valorem 
 duty was given up, and that of specific duties adopted. The 
 ad valorem duty is not considered by us consistent wath 
 the present conditions of commercial civilization, and this 
 antiquated system, so far as Europe is concerned, has only a 
 home in Turkey. 
 
 As a matter of fact, the ad valorem system, which cer- 
 tainly has a great many theoretical advantages, might be 
 very well carried out, if it were possible to give an accurate 
 standard for determining the value of the merchandise which 
 would exclude all inaccuracies iu the valuation. But this is 
 quite impossible, and as no sufficient security can be given 
 against mistakes or evil intentions, it becomes clearly evident 
 that, with the ad valorem duty, a strong element of unfair- 
 ness and corruption would almost necessarily be introduced 
 into international commerce. Even though the standard of 
 the tariff accepted be either high or low, the equally strong 
 interests of all states as well as of the commercial world de- 
 mand absolutely that its application should, as far as possible, 
 be beyond the influence of errors or corruption, and this end 
 can only be obtained in an approximate way by a corres- 
 ponding scale of specific tariffs. 
 
 If the business man be in a position to make an estimate 
 of the import duties on his goods according to a foreign tariff, 
 it is further necessary for the accuracy of his calculations, 
 that he should be sure to find the same tariff existing at the 
 time the import takes place. This interest has also been 
 recognized in Europe as being justified, and the consequence 
 of this acknowledgment was the system of European com- 
 mercial treaties by which the tariff" is generally made binding 
 for a longer or shorter period. In this way the necessary 
 stability is assured. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to discuss here any further the use- 
 fulness of these measures in the interest of the commercial 
 circles as well as of the nations at large. The application 
 of what has been said on the questions which are occupying 
 us here, the promotion of the commercial relations between 
 the United States and the European countries, is self-evident. 
 It will surely be not only in the interest of Europe, but also 
 of the United States, to remove those disagreeable features 
 from the commerce existing in the import of European prod- 
 ucts, which are the consequences of the tariff' and valuation 
 system existing here, especially in view of the fact that the 
 importation of European products is of immense import<ance 
 and profit to a large section of the American people. It is, 
 therefore, my opinion that exevy American who is favorable 
 to the promotion of commercial relations on a general prin- 
 ciple of fairness and honesty will agTee to the wish I here ex- 
 press, namely, that the United States should abolish, as soon 
 as possible, the injurious system of ad valorem duties, intro- 
 duce specific duties, and also adjust the system of commer- 
 cial treaties binding the nations to a definite tariff for a fixed 
 period. 
 
 It must, unfortunately, be admitted that this wish will en- 
 counter opposition in influential circles and may not be ful- 
 filled for a long time to come. 
 
 At the same time it appears most necessary, and in the in- 
 terest of all concerned, to remedy the most obnoxious feat- 
 ures of the present system — the annoyance arising from the 
 
 valuations by the appraiser, which, often through the draconic 
 severity of the customs law, have brought thoroughly honor- 
 able men into great trouble in an altogether undeserved way. 
 
 I will not now go into details, these will be discussed by 
 others, but I should like to call attention to one feature which 
 is especially obnoxious and unjust and wholly unreconcilalile 
 with the general character of other public institutions in this 
 country, namely, the manner in which contested appraise- 
 ments are tried by the Board of General Appraisers. 
 
 This Board has the power of a full-fledged inquisition, from 
 which the only effective and otherwise so highly lauded public 
 control is excluded, so that not even the simple and primitive 
 maxim, ^'Audiatiir el altera pars," finds apphcation. 
 
 Whatever the reason in the individual cases may have been, 
 it is incontestable that numerous decisions of the Board of 
 General Appraisers have been, manifestly unjust. As a proof 
 of this assertion the fact may be cited that, when on account 
 of the presumptive fraud alleged in the law the matter hais 
 come to public trial, the defendants have been acquitted, in- 
 dicating that the appraisement of the board has been incor- 
 rect and without foundation. This result was due to* -the 
 public trial giving the defendant a chance to represent and 
 to protect his interests and prove the correctness of his asser- 
 tions, as well as to the cross-e.xamination of the experts whose 
 opinion was the basis for the decision given by the appraisers. 
 
 Even from the most conservative point of view the tolera- 
 tion and fostering of manifest injustice can hardly be in the 
 interest of any state, and it must also naturally be supposed 
 that such cases arise from incomplete legislation and have not 
 been anticipated by the lawmakers. 
 
 The wish that the secret trial of the Board of General 
 Appraisers be abolished, and in its stead a public trial with 
 cross-examination substituted, similar to other tribunals in 
 this countr}', seems most just and capable of fulfillment. 
 
 Only in this way is it possible to arrive at a reasonably 
 bearable condition and guarantee of at least fair play to both 
 sides in the disagreeable but for the present unavoidaldo con- 
 flicts l)etwcen importers and appraisers. 
 
 Tliat certainly is the least anyone can demand. (Applause.) 
 
 I/iiu. Cieorfie H. Anderson : 
 
 Mr. Director, Ladies and Gentlemen: I have the honor 
 n )w of presenting to you a gentleman from the Imperial and 
 Royal Commercial Museum of Vienna, the Hon. A. J. 
 Ostheimer, who will address you. 
 
 The IjtrEBiAL-RoY.\L Austrian Commercial Museum of 
 
 ViEXNA. 
 
 Hon. A. J. Ostheimer: 
 
 Having been honored by this institution with a request to 
 act as tlieir representative at the International Commercial 
 Congress, it aff'ords me the greatest pleasure to be able to say 
 a few words about a commercial school of an entirely original 
 organization. I am instnicted to felicitate Dr. W. P. AVilsou 
 and his associates upon the magnificent success of the Inter- 
 national Commercial Congress, and to express a sincere re- 
 gret upon the part of the officers of the Imperial-Royal Aus- 
 trian Cimimercial Museum, that important duties at home 
 ]u evented their accepting in person the very cordial invita- 
 tion which was extended to attend this Congress, and further 
 to express the hope that the high objects sought to be at- 
 tained through the medium of the Congress, be speedily 
 realized. 
 
 With the increase in the world's commerce, and the increas- 
 ing power and influence of merchants and manufacturers, 
 bankers and ship owners, a new era has begun, and by bring- 
 ing together as many consumers and producers as possible. 
 
226 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 the great natural highways and waterways of the world are 
 about being opened. 
 
 The institution which I have the honor to represent, is 
 similar in many ways to the Philadelphia Commercial Mu- 
 seum, excepting, that it is directed by a high official of the 
 Austrian Ministry of Commerce, and is closely allied to the 
 Imperial Academy, which has for many years been the Im- 
 perial Austrian Consular Training Academy. 
 
 The honorable president of Harvard College remarked in 
 his magnificent paper on commercial education, that '"in this 
 country consulships were regarded as mere political prizes," 
 and he advises that in order to successfully compete for in- 
 ternational trade, the very first administrative reform needed 
 in the United States is the conversion of consulships into 
 commerfial intelligence bureaus. He further said, that a 
 government school for consuls would be Just as legitimate as 
 a government school for the army or the navy, and would be 
 likely to lead to correspondingly good results. 
 
 The Imperial-Royal Austrian Commercial Museum has 
 just .such an institution, and although yet very yoiiug, the 
 Vienna Export Academy, about which I wish to say a few 
 words, is an integral part of the Vienna Commercial Museum. 
 
 Another noted commercial school in Vienna is the Com- 
 mercial School of the Association of Vienna Merchants, 
 which is represented at the Congress by the lion. Emil S. 
 Fischer. 
 
 Only a short time ago the Hon. Carl Bailey Hurst, the 
 United States Consul-General at Vienna, made a special re- 
 port on the Vienna Exjwrt Academy, and in it he says: 
 'Tt cannot help being of s]jecial interest to the United 
 States and that he would advise a similar school to be added 
 to the Commercial Museum of Philadelphia, owing to the 
 fact that the Export Academy is proving itself to be emi- 
 nently successful in achieving practical results," and he fur- 
 ther says that such a school would be of untold benefit to 
 the commerce of the United States if attended for a short 
 while by the men about to enter their consular service. In 
 other words, he thinks it would prove an ideal consular 
 training school. 
 
 Naturally the great object of this institution is to prdmote 
 the Austrian export trade. It is not expected that young 
 rnen, immediately after finishing their stiidies, should at 
 once become Austrian exporters; on the contrary this is an- 
 other phase of the institution's plans: "It is desired that 
 the graduates, on leaving the academy, act as clerks in ex- 
 porting and manufacturing firms, there to learn the practice 
 of some special branch of the business, whereupon, under 
 special support of the Ministry of Comniei-ce, the graduates 
 are to be placed with larger firms, and finally, by joint pro- 
 tection of the Au.strian Government, the Chambers of Com- 
 merce, and the particular foreign consulate concerned, tliey 
 will be aided to establish themselves abroad." 
 
 The Imperial Royal Commercial Museum has put at the 
 disposition of the Ivxport Academy its library, its valuable 
 trade collections, and all the reiiuisite geographical nui])s 
 and apparatus. The Academy has a yearly subvention from 
 the Mini.s-try of (,'ommerce of -.'d.ooo' florins ($8,000). and a 
 like sum i.s being raised by ])opular subscription. The Acail- 
 emy has a preparatory cour.se of one year and a regular 
 course of two years, l)osides having special courses of greater 
 or less duration. The tuition fee is 150 llorins ($G0) a year. 
 
 Pupils are besides given o«'asional opportunity to visit, 
 under the supervision of thoroughly informed teachers as 
 guides, tlie most ])rominent industrial esiablishments en- 
 gaged in the manufacture of ai'licles foi- export, as well as 
 certain commercial cities and ports of special ini|)ortance. 
 For instance, an excursion was recently made to Ilamburg, 
 while shorter trips to mills, sugar refineries, breweries, and 
 other factories are frequently undertaken. Crnduates of the 
 
 higher commercial schools are entered as regular students 
 at the Export Academy. Pupils are admitted who have 
 passed the grammar schools and possess such knowledge of 
 commercial branches and of the Fi-ench and English lan- 
 guages as can be acquired in the commercial schools. All 
 who desire to be admitted as regular students mu.st pass a 
 preliminary examination. In exceptional cases, students 
 who have complected their studies in an unusually excellent 
 way, and who can show testimony of having already done 
 praiseworthy work of a practical kind, might be admitted 
 as students to the regular course by the faculty without pre- 
 liminary examination. Two grades of students can be 
 plainly distinguished, those with, and those without, prac- 
 tical experience. In no class of the academy are more than 
 thirty students admitted, and only twenty in the preparatory 
 course. The actual number of students at present is near 
 the maximum allowance. 
 
 Attendance at the classes and lectures of the Academy is 
 compulsory, and subject to strict supervision. An absence 
 of eight days without proper justification is followed by 
 striking the student's name from the roll. At Christmas 
 and at Easter of every year, an oral examination is held in all 
 the branches of study. Luring the first year the annual ex- 
 amination takes place in the first half of July. 
 
 Regular students have to undergo a severe final examina- 
 tion at the close of the second year before a board of exami- 
 ners, presided over by a representative of the Ministry of 
 Commerce. The names of students who do not pass one 
 oral examination, without good excuse, are stricken from 
 the rolls. There are thirty-four hours weekly in the prepar- 
 atory course, and in the first year thirty-four or thirty-five 
 obligatory hours every week, besides some that are not oblig- 
 atory. The preparatory course has for its purpose to ad- 
 vance graduates of "Gymnasia" and "Real" schools about 
 as far in one year as ordinary commercial schools do in two 
 or three. Of the two yearly courses of the academy, only 
 the first has so far been opened, and the students have, in 
 all examinations up to now, given brilliant evidence of the 
 excellent curriculum. In this course great stress is laid on 
 tlie study of the French and English languages, with prac- 
 tice in correspondence (six hours each, weekly). Four hours 
 a week are devoted to foreign and domestic law, so far as 
 it concerns commerce. Three hours are given to practical 
 t'xercises in the office work of export, import and factory 
 businesses. Instruc-tion in this important branch is entrusted 
 to the vice-director of the academy. The limited time given 
 to this "muster comptoir" work is only the natural conse- 
 quence of the fact that all students must be familiar with 
 tlie principles of office work before their admission. 
 
 In view of the burden entailed by tbe large number of 
 school hours, home time is demanded only for languages and 
 office lessons. Instruction in economics, with special regard 
 to tariffs, in the usages of export trade, in commercial 
 geography, and in knowledge of the world's wares, accord- 
 ing to kind and ])roduction, is imparted in so-called .semi- 
 naries — that is, insitiiutions which afford immediate practice 
 iif wlial lias been learned from the l('acd)ei'"s lecture, and a.s 
 far as po.ssible, actual inspection of the modes of production 
 and of samples. This experiment of giving the pupil the 
 most inqjortant facts riu'ht in the school, instead of letting 
 liim learn by lirarl what lie is sure to forget speedily, and to 
 li.ive bim practice it nn llie <p(il until indelibly engraved 
 iiild bi> memory, is (Uic of ihe iimsi daring as well as ini- 
 piirlanl innovations in the lield nf pedagogics, and de.servevs to 
 be jinqiagated. 
 
 Besides all thi>. lertures on selected subjects of actual 
 interest are given by the j)rofe.ssors of the I'lxport Academy, 
 by manufacturers in the various industries, and by minis- 
 terial oflicers, and are attended voluntarilv bv the students. 
 
TWELFTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 26, 1899 
 
 227 
 
 who display deep interest in them. lu this manner they 
 become acquainted with special questions of the day that 
 are engrossing ])ublic interest in a manner which is unbiased 
 by party standpoints. 
 
 The Vienna Export Academy claims that in no brancli is 
 knowledge greater power than in a commercial one, and 
 that commercial knowledge means commercial power, and 
 that it is their object to prove the truth of this saying by the 
 practical results of their institution. They claim that each 
 year the international commercial situation becomes more 
 and more complicated, and that to be aide to quickly judge 
 of a situation, and to act immediately, it is neces.sary to have 
 had a practical experience. The degree to which science 
 has become an adjunct of industry, and the vigor of inter- 
 national competition, add materially to the importance of a 
 thorough business training for young men who are to carry 
 on their country's commerce. That which can be taught in 
 schools, that which can be learned from books, lectures, and 
 from libraries, is practical only in a broad sense of the word. 
 More attention should he paid to modern languages and to 
 the materials of commerce, so as to render the pupil more 
 apt to pick up its methods and practices, and later on when 
 he comes to a position of responsibility and initiative, he 
 must have at his disposal a certain amount of knowledge 
 and ingenuity, acquired at a practical commercial establish- 
 ment. At the Vienna Export Academy they teach the 
 youth to think clearly. They train his mental powers, and 
 provide him with alulity to rise superior to the most difficult 
 tasks and the most critical situations. As was well said by 
 one of the speakers on commercial education: "Our times 
 make greater demands upon the man of business and indus- 
 trial life than was formerly the case, demands which the or- 
 dinary commercial schools are no longer able to fulfill." 
 The number of business men who have enjoyed the advan- 
 tages of an academic education is far greater to-day than ever 
 before. Political and economic science should be oblig'atory 
 upon all students desirous of obtaining the highest commer- 
 cial education, and is insisted upon at the Vienna Export 
 Academy. It is not their object to provide a better class of 
 bookkeepers and commercial travelers, but they are provid- 
 ing the Empire of Austria with merchants, bankers and 
 manufacturers who have a keener sense of the commercial 
 needs of their own great country and of the world, besides 
 having a fuller appreciation of the incidences of economic 
 legislation and a better understanding of the great commer- 
 cial forces of the world, and of the currents, by which it is 
 to be swept fonvard to prosperity. (Applause.) 
 
 Hov. George H. Anderson: 
 
 I now have the pleasure of announcing that we will be 
 addressed on the subject of "Arts and Artistic Industry." 
 The gentleman who will speak to you has attained the 
 highest excellence himself in his department of life, and I 
 am tempted to say, ladies and gentlemen, without offending 
 anybody, that the father of the gentleman represents the 
 highest type of dramatic excellence, a gentleman who, above 
 all others, brought the drama and tlie stage to the highest 
 point ever reached in this age. 
 
 i have the pleasure of introducing Professor Mario Sal- 
 Tini. ' 
 
 Prof. Mario Salvini: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen: In the 
 name of the Chambers of Commerce of Florence and Bologna, 
 Italy, which I represent, I have the honor of tendering my 
 .salutation to the creators and organizers of this International 
 Commercial Congress, and to my fello'W-delegates convened 
 here from all parts of the world, and I earnestly hope that 
 this selected reunion will be the means of facilitatins; and 
 
 extending international intercourse and commercial ex- 
 changes. 
 
 It may seem strange to you that an artist and a foreigner 
 addresses you in your own language, which he does not 
 correctly possess, and that he speaks to you about arts at 
 this time when the feast of the manufacturing industries is 
 celebrated. Your people, however, have always been very 
 courteous to my family, and I take courage from your 
 kindness. 
 
 What I am going to say, if not expressed in the same 
 clear and elegant language which was spoken by the orators 
 who preceded me, is strictly in harmony with the conception 
 which inspires this International Congress, and, if you hear 
 my, voice to-day, it is because I have been told that the dis- 
 cussions of this Congress will have an influence on the future 
 tariff legislation of your great country. I do. not speak 
 merely for the interests of the artistic production of my 
 country, but I speak for the common interests of both the 
 American and the Italian people, and I speak in the name 
 of art, which knows no boundaries. 
 
 The easier the introduction of your ingenious machines 
 shall be made in our country, the easier it will be for our 
 people to compete -with your manufactured products. The 
 easier you make the introduction of art works and other 
 products of our artistic manufacturers, who use no machin- 
 ery, into your country, the sooner your artists and your 
 mechanics, who are excellent observers, shall become as 
 expert in art as our own people, who have lived for centuries 
 in an ambient .saturated with art, and who transmit from 
 father to son that innate ability which has slowly gunc 
 through the most correct transformations. 
 
 The interest is therefore reciprocal and we do not wish 
 anything better than to enlarge oiir exchanges in the com- 
 mon interest. 
 
 The tariff duties which are now ruling with you are so 
 onerous that they may be called prohibitive; nevertheless, 
 since they have been enforced, no essentially artistic indus- 
 tries have been established in your country. 
 
 Open the door to all artistic productions, provided that 
 they are the production of the hand and of the arti.stic cul- 
 ture, and let your homes become decorated with the elegant 
 articles, always reminding you of the individual ability of 
 their makers, and you will then easier and quicker create in 
 your country those industries which you are now trying to 
 promote by protective tarifl's, but which in effect do not mate- 
 rialize, because art cannot be improvised. A long period of 
 years is required to form a good artistic education, and the 
 surroundings must be adapted so that the eye may be trained 
 to the beautiful, just the same as the arm is trained to work 
 by exercise. 
 
 Opinions must be respected, and I respect your own; if 
 you prefer to be protectionist I have no objection, but you 
 should select the proper time and apply your high tariffs 
 when your countr}' possesses industries which will require 
 protection. To-day the only effect of your high tariffs is 
 to make it harder for you to obtain the material which is 
 necessary for the diffusion of artistic taste amongst your 
 people. This artistic taste is now in a great measure lacking 
 in your country to the great detriment of your own artists. 
 
 Art, from which artistic industries derive, has an interna- 
 tional flag, and the artist carries with him the best passport; 
 he is recognized by his open countenance and by his plain 
 manners. He fraternizes with everybody, and in any part 
 of the world where he may go he is received and accepted as 
 a friend. He carries into your family good cheer, the love 
 of beauty and poetry, he leads you into his dreams and his 
 visions and infuses you with his happiness ,and your soul 
 feels itself surrounded by a spiritual well-being, which ex- 
 hilarates you. 
 
228 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 With your minds continuously enclosed in the steel circle 
 of your vertiginous husiness, you are certainly in need of an 
 eleiuent which may hrino- you relaxation and joy. 
 
 You also have your artists, and expert ones, and snme of 
 them have heen my fellow-students, and with others I have 
 fraterni/A'd here in" Philadelphia; hut in your immense coun- 
 try they are too few and too scattered. However, those 
 few will tell you, as I do, that art must always have free 
 access and that the laws made for the same must partake of 
 the character of the artist, who is always free and will not 
 submit to any bondage. 
 
 Art ed\icat.es and rehnes the people: art speaks of the 
 customs, manners and history of the people! Give free pass 
 to art! 
 
 1 beg your jiardon, gentlemen, if for a i\'w iiiimites I have 
 led you into the realms of poetry, but coming down to prose 
 again, 1 will say that the income from import duties collected 
 on artistic works imported in the United States amounts to 
 such a small figure, that your government could well afford 
 to be liberal and abolish the .same. It is needless to add, 
 gentlemen, that, above all, technical ditticulties render the 
 appraisement of art works in your custom houses very 
 difficult, and that, consequently, with all the good-will of 
 the officials, injustice is often done, which is certainly con- 
 trary to your in.stinct of fair play. 
 
 Your industries are now looking for an extension of their 
 trade abroad, because their production is exuberant, and for 
 this purpose you have opened this Industrial Exposition so 
 well appointed and organized. This extension of trade you 
 shall obtain because your ingenuity and your work will lie 
 appreciated in foreign countries: your wonderful machinery 
 and useful production will be admired and sought: but as 
 you expect that other people will open their doors to you. 
 it will only be an aot of justice that you also show more 
 benevolence towards our products. 
 
 It is unnecessary for me to tell you that I am a free-trader 
 in theory as well as in practice, but, in my capacity of an 
 artist, I am led still farther by my thoughts. I think of the 
 hapj)y days when all the nations of the earth will fraternize 
 with each other so that even the inhabitants of the frozen 
 regions may enjoy the fruits of the soil warmed by the all- 
 producing sun, while the others may enjoy the products of 
 the rich undersoil thousands of miles away, ({od has created 
 man with only one mould and T think that it is eminently 
 humanitarian to co-operate, to the end of entirely eliminating 
 the barriers of any kind which now separate the ]ieo])le of the 
 earth. 
 
 As the guest of a free country, which I love with eiitlui- 
 siasm, I am and feel free, and freely speak to you. 
 
 I defend the common cause in the name of art which 
 flourishes over there in my dear Italy, in tbat country iiii- 
 fortunately little kno\\n liei'c, but which is dear lo all the 
 Americans who live under her beautiful sky, and is a|i- 
 jireciated by all your countrymen who have resided there U>y 
 some time. 
 
 Our industries over there are not, like ycmr uww. in ;in 
 intensely prosperous condition, do not spring and iniiltiiilv 
 as with you, but still they slowly take an honorable [losilion 
 in the international market, and, in ])roof of this a.«sertion, 
 I bog to state that in the com]K>tition called bv the .Adminis- 
 tration of the Paris Kx|)ositi(in for 11H)(I. the Italian (inn 
 Tosi has won and obtained the contract for the supplv nnd 
 installation of the plant for the electric illumination of tlie 
 Exposition. 
 
 In our small land, talent and genius have never lacked in 
 the past and do not lack in the present: the proof of this lir- 
 in the artistic productions .sought by all the world, in the 
 sweet melodies of our great masters (which your orchestras 
 so wonderfully execute), in the young scientist well known in 
 
 South America, the di.?coverer of the yellow fever bacillus, 
 and in another young genius, to-day your guest in New York, 
 the inventor of wireless telegraphy. 
 
 Genius and talent are not, however, lacking in your country, 
 where everything is great: great men abound with you as well 
 as heroes: but — pardon the artist for his innate frankness — 
 you have not the artistic ambient, the ambient which tends to 
 refine, educate and complete those who have an artistic ten- 
 dency, the ambient which you will soon po,ssess if you give 
 free access to the artistic productions from my country, which 
 is rightly called the Cradle of the Arts. 
 
 This, gentlemen, is what I ask of this Congress; that the 
 same recommends the maximum liberality in regard to import 
 duties on art works, so that my words receiving your appro- 
 bation, may exercise the necessary influence on the minds 
 of those wise men who will have the task of enacting the 
 future tariff laws of the United States. 
 
 I shall always preserve a grateful remembrance of the 
 hospitality of your admirable country and e.s{>ecially of your 
 lieautiful city of Philadelphia, which resembles so much my 
 dear Florence, because the Philadelphians, like the Floren- 
 tines, are gentle and refined. 
 
 Your ladies adorn them.selves with flowers, the perfume 
 of which calls to my mind our flowery fields, our rose-laden 
 hedges, our gardens filled with candia lilies. From this 
 patriotic city, founded by the great Penn, from this city, 
 which will never forget the sound of the liberty bell, and 
 which will always have a deep reverence for the great Henry, 
 Hancock and Adams, who more than a century ago inspired 
 the delegates of the colony with strength and vigor to fight 
 the war of independence. I only ex])ect the most liberal as- 
 sistance. From you, kind ladies and gentlemen, I expect to 
 receive the indulgence which niily great and generous people 
 like yonrselves can grant. (Prolonged and tremendous ap- 
 plause.) 
 
 //()(/. (ienrge H. Anderson: 
 
 The program of regular addri^sses has now been gone 
 through with for the forenoon and the ("ongress is open for 
 a general di-cussion; speeches, say, of not more than three 
 or four minutes at the outside. These speeches will be ap- 
 propriate as corollaries for the addresses read. 
 
 Mr. Kmil S. Fisihrr: 
 
 1 thank you, Mr. Chairman, for giving me this opportu- 
 nity of addressing a few words to this assembly about coni- 
 mercial educatiim. In the first place I have to thank our 
 oteemed consul. Mr. Ostlieimer. for mentioning the school 
 of the Association of Merchants of Vienna, which association 
 I reiiresent here. It is an established fact that the superin- 
 tendent of schools in New York, at the beginning of this year, 
 pointed out the deficiency of the system of commercial edu- 
 cation of the United States. Of ciuirse there are highly valu- 
 able schools for higher commercial cdncnlion in the United 
 States. 
 
 A good inanv vcuing men leave the public schools to enter 
 linsincss life and avail themselves of the opportunity aiforded 
 by tlic evening high schools to inipro\e tluii- commercial edu- 
 cation. When I visited this country in IS'.l-J, 1 wi'iit to one 
 of these niuht schools, where I hail occiision to acquaint my- 
 self with its working. 'J'hey are doing good work, but their 
 education i> one-sided, that is to say, a man can attend only 
 certain classes; as to time of attendance, viz., two hours a day, 
 for live days in the week, is insnfiicient to allow him to study 
 more than one oi- two subjects. 
 
 To advance commercial education the superintciiilcnt oi 
 schools, the Chamber of Commerce of New York, and some 
 e-rent busine-s establishments of that cifv have conferred with 
 
TWELFTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 26, 1899 
 
 229 
 
 Columbia College, with a view of establishing a department 
 of higher commercial education, for which the Chamber of 
 Conxmerce of New York will, I believe, contribute $10,000 
 a year. No doubt this will raise the standard of commercial 
 education. This has already been done in other countries, 
 and it is a peculiar fact that the United States has not done 
 this long ago. 
 
 When in 1891 I visited Japan, 1 investigated commercial 
 education. There is a commercial college named Koto iShogio 
 Gakko at Tokyo. It is a vei-y large school, where five hundred 
 young men are educated, not only by Japanese professors, 
 but also by teachers from Belgium, Holland. France and other 
 countries. It is to institutions like this that Japan owes her 
 recent rapid progress. 
 
 President Kliot, of Harvard University, spoke before this 
 Congress of the necessity of higlier commercial education. 
 So far as this applies to Austria it has not been neglected 
 there. Not only United States Consul-General Hurst has re- 
 ported this fact to his government, but I can also refer to the 
 report of the secretary of the British I'hubassy of Vienna to 
 his government in 1S99, "Conunercial Education in Austria," 
 in wlrich he shows the high grade of the graduates of the 
 school of the Association of the Merchants of Vienna (Han- 
 delsschule des Wiener Kaufmiinnischen Vereiues); and he 
 furthermore points out the possibilities of commercial in- 
 fluence in the future, owing to the training given to young 
 men in a special P^xport Academy such as now^ exists in 
 Vienna. 
 
 In eonchision allow me to say that all of our Austrian 
 yormg men who have received this education are admirably 
 equipped for working in business houses abroad, and I take 
 this opportunity of recommending them to business men who 
 need young men with the best possible educational equip- 
 ment. 
 
 Mr. William E. Tucker (Philadelphia Board of Trade): 
 
 I think the United States is fast recognizing the fact of 
 her being practically verj' far behind the nations of the 
 world in connection with the subject of commercial educa- 
 tion. Allusion was made by Mr. Adams, who presided yes- 
 terday, to an effort which is being made on the part of the 
 United States to secure radical reform in our consular service 
 which is one phase, at least, in the direction of commercial 
 education. There is no doubt at all, that our consular service 
 up to the present time has hicked that element of commercial 
 education which has made the success of foreign governments 
 so great in their efforts to secure for their citizens in different 
 countries the information, which proves so valuable to them 
 in competing for the commerce of the world. 
 
 One of the elements that goes to make a consul in this 
 country is certainly not that of education, but the time surely 
 will come, as this country is reaching out, by evidences that 
 you have here, for the trade of the world; when the United 
 States will arrive at the conclusion that it will be absolutely 
 necessary that this one seTvice of the government shall be 
 occupied by men of education, who have secured a training 
 fitting them to handle the questions they are called upon to 
 deal with in the nations of the world. 
 
 The question of the education in foreign languages is cer- 
 tainly one that has been much neglected. While I have, as 
 an American, the greatest regard for the English tongue, I 
 recognize that in international relations there should Ije one 
 tongue which the most of the nations could speak. We have 
 up to the present time recognized French as the diplomatic 
 language. It is a matter of common sense that we must adopt 
 one medium of intercourse by which all nations should ap- 
 proach each other. In this country our common schools, I 
 believe, in their higher branches, attempt to teach the langu- 
 ages — Grerman, and perhaps French — and, here recently with 
 
 our effort to extend our trade with tlie countries to the South, 
 Spanish. When the day arrives that our common, schools will 
 see the necessity of turning out their young men with an 
 eqrupment of more than one language — Enghsh and French, 
 (jierman or Spanish — America will then be in a position, not 
 only by the value of her great manufactures which claim the 
 attention of the world, but she will be able intelligently to 
 represent the value of those productions to the nations of the 
 w"orld, and there will be a common tongue which will be 
 spoken in lines of diplomacy as well as in lines of business. 
 
 Mr. Adams, who presided yesterday, has a bill before our 
 Congress which looks towards a thorough reorganization of 
 our consular service on lines of business education, and of 
 proper equipment for the performance of the functions of 
 tliat very important office in connection witlr the commerce 
 of this country. I thank you very much. (Applause.) 
 
 Jliiii. Geiirge II. Andcrsnn: 
 
 I understand that Mr. Frederic ICmory, Chief of the Bur^ 
 eau of Foreign Commerce of the Department of State, is 
 present, and we would Ije very glad to hear from him. 
 
 Mr. Frederic Emory : 
 
 It is always more or less dangerous for an official to speak 
 without notes and I had intended simply to listen to any 
 reiuarks and not make any expression of my own views, but 
 I have heard so much about the deficiencies of the consular 
 service of the United States, and so many recommendations 
 have been made for its improvement, that it has occurred to 
 me that something should be said as to the practical utility of 
 the American consular service. People naturally think that 
 consuls ai'e appointed in such a way that the chances are they 
 are inferior men, or men who have not special qualifications 
 for their work. Another cause of the feeling is this, that 
 foreign considar services undoubtedly are made up of men who 
 are especially trained with a view to their political duties, 
 their social duties, and generally they make a better Impres- 
 sion than men who are not trained, men who simply go into 
 the consular service. There is, however, one very notable 
 fact about oiir consular service, to the general intelligence 
 and we may say the business genius of our people, and that 
 is in matters of trade and industry. It has been fomid — 
 and I speak more particularly from the testimony of foreign- 
 ers, foreign Chambers of Commerce, foreign trade news- 
 papers and even official expressions — it has been foimd that 
 the American consular officers generally have the business 
 instinct, more or less, that they have a general education, 
 and that they have a certain business adaptability which 
 enables them to get practical information. I think it will 
 be the testimony of most manufacturers and exporters, W'ho 
 have received the reports of our consular officers during the 
 past three of four years, that they are practically complete, 
 that they give the infomation whicli the manufacturers and 
 exporters actually want, and it seems to me to be obvious 
 that in devising any system of appointment, of education, 
 we shoidd try to preserve every valuable clue. I think, of 
 course, we should have a better system of appointment, a 
 better system of tenure and the greatest possible advantages 
 of education. In any device, in any such scheme, however, I 
 think due weight should be given to wdiat the consular service 
 is actually doing, and one thing that I think especially valu- 
 able is the progress which has l>een made in the publication 
 and distribution of the consular reports, commercial reports 
 T might say, but they are really consular reports of the 
 diplomatic, as well as the consular officers all over the world. 
 And we are now publishing annual volumes, special volumes, 
 monthly reports and daily reports. I do not think that it is 
 as widely known as it should be that the Government of the 
 
230 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 [rnir.ed States publishes every day reports of its consiJar 
 ollieers, as they are received, as nearly as possible. (Ap- 
 jilause). That is something that was inaugurated on the first 
 of January, 1898, and it has been remai'kably successful. It 
 has excited a great deal of comment abroad. I am not, of 
 coiu-se, speaking for tlie Department of State, or wishing to 
 o.xploit its work in any way, but I have heard so much about 
 the eonsidar service and about its deficiencies, that I think 
 it is only fair to the service and to our own government that 
 this phase of the matter should be brought out. (Applause.) 
 
 llim. Geui-ije H. Anderson: 
 
 Dr. AVilson will make the following announcements. 
 
 Direclor W. P. Wilson: 
 
 1 want to remind the delegates that the meeting to-morrow 
 does not occnr in this hall, but at the Bourse Building, the 
 immense building on Fourth street, between Market and 
 Chestnut streets. 
 
 I would state a little something about the program for 
 Friday — it is Pan-American Day. Friday, the presiding 
 otticer will be Mr. Henry W. Peabody of Boston. Saturday 
 will also be Pan-American Day. 
 
 We will be called to order again here at three o'clock this 
 afternoon. 
 
 (Adjourned at 12.45 p. m.) , . . 
 
 Philadelphia, Thursday, October 36, 1899. 
 Afternoon Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order at 3 p. m., by the Chair- 
 man, Hon. George H. Anderson. 
 
 11 071. George H. Anderson: 
 
 The Congress will please come to order. 
 
 I have the pleasure of announcing that the distinguished 
 representative from the Valhalla of the Vikings, Mr. Chr. B. 
 Lorentzen, delegate from Drammen, Norway, will now ad- 
 dress you. 
 
 Mr. Chr. B. Lorentzeri: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Gentlemen: 1 am here as a delegate from 
 the United Association of the Chiunbers of Commerce of 
 Norway, in Christiania, and of my local Chamber of Com- 
 merce of Drammen. 
 
 I shall not take up much of your time and not weary you 
 'with long statistics, but only make a few brief remarks about 
 the trade and prospects of my country. 
 
 I observe that many foreigners do not clearly distinguish 
 between the two countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula, 
 and I find it therefore necessary to say, that when I am speak- 
 ing here 1 am speakirig aliout Norway, of which I am a repre- 
 sentative, while the Swedish Chambers of Commerce have 
 tlioir own representative here. 
 
 I suppose that many of you when mentioning NorAvay, 
 chiefly let your thoughts dwell upon "midnight sun," carjole 
 drives, high mountains and deep fjords, but I want to point 
 out to the representatives of the world, that our little country 
 is of interest not only to tourists. It has a great many natural 
 resources, which makes it interesting, also if seen from a com- 
 mercial point of view. 
 
 If you will cast your eyes upon the map of the world you 
 will see what a good position we have for trade with other 
 countries. 
 
 Our country is very narrow, our mountains with minerals 
 and different kinds of useful stones are close to the sea, our 
 waterfalls which contain thousands and thousands of horse- 
 power, with large lakes and snow mountains as reservoirs 
 behind them, are also practically on the seaboard, and we look 
 forward to a period when we shall be able to ship not only 
 products made by electricity, Init even power in the shape of 
 electricity to all parts of Europe, perhaps to more distant 
 parts of the world. In order to give you an idea of the 
 abundance of our waterfalls, I beg you to look to this map. 
 
 See, for instance, in the Drammen River, what a number of 
 pulp mills on the map pointed out by the red lines, and 
 spread along the river a distance not exceeding sixty English 
 miles from the sea to the Randsfjord Lake. Every one of 
 these mills requires very large water power. 
 
 We have a long coast washed l:iy an ocean abundant with 
 fish. 
 
 Norway exported in 1898, fish and products of fish valued 
 at about Kr. 4.'), 000, 000, or between eleven and thiiieen mil- 
 lion dollars. 
 
 Our forests are rich, and the export of wood and manu- 
 factures thereof amounted in 1898 to a value of about 
 $13,(100,000. 
 
 Norway supplies, togetlier with Sweden, the greater part 
 of Flurope with wood pulp, the most important raw material 
 for paper. Germany, Finland and Austria, however, supply 
 themselves, and ship some quantities abroad. Norway alone, 
 in 1898, shipped 315,374 tons of wood pulp chiefly to the 
 different countries of Europe, while Canada and the States 
 together during that year shipped about fifty to sixty thousand 
 tons to the same markets. Paper is also made and shipped to 
 nearly all parts of the world. 
 
 The tonnage of the Norwegian vessels is only beaten by 
 Great Britain, and it may interest the American shipbuilders 
 to know that Norway, in 1898, bought from foreign coun- 
 tries seventy-four steamers with a tonnage of 70,517 to the 
 value of a little more than $4,000,000, and ninety-seven sail- 
 ing vessels with a tonnage of 57.487 to the value of a little 
 less than $1,000,000. Most of these vessels were bought in 
 England. 
 
 Our laborers are intelligent and broadminded, partly be- 
 cause a gi'eat many of them go out in the world for a time 
 on our vessels before they settle down at home, and our cli- 
 mate is a good one, not too hot in summer, and not by far 
 as cold in winter as most foreigners believe. The Gulf Stream 
 touches our coast and breaks the cold, wliich is not much 
 lieavier than you have it, for instance, in New York during 
 the winter. 
 
 Mr. Henry Miles, from Canada, spoke about the importance 
 of canals, and he is right. But if you look to our country, 
 you will find that it is practically all on the seaboard and 
 our canals are the North Sea, with ndt feet, but fathoms, of 
 water to Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, etc., and 
 Skagerak, Kattegat and the Baltic to Denmark, Germany, 
 Finhmd and Russia, countries with hundreds of millions of 
 inhaliitants. 
 
 I ought to mention here that a motion has been brought 
 up in Norway with the intention to pass a law that would give 
 an opportunity to make any place, where power and labor 
 are cheap, under certain conditions a kind of free harbor, 
 where raw materials could l)e im]iorted free of duty, and the 
 different manufactured articles tluis shipped to other mar- 
 kets wilhout having any part of it passed through customs 
 in i^orway. With our low sea freights, our cheap water power 
 and cheap and intelligent labor, Norway may in tlie future 
 offer a good opportunity for manufacturers. 
 
 Our industry is rapidly increasing, and our country is and 
 will lie a gor)d market for different classes of machinery. 
 
 Norway has not many jiroducts to ship to this country, 
 
TWELFTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 26, 1899 
 
 231 
 
 but she lias had au exjjort to America which lias been of the 
 greatest importance. She has sent a greater percentage of 
 her sous and daughters to this eounti-y than any other nation, 
 and I dare saj'ithat there is hardly one family in Norway 
 which is not in correspondence with friends or relatives on 
 this side. I believe, therefore, that no foreign nation feels 
 more for America and the American people than the Nor- 
 wegians, and many a blessing is sent over the Atlantic from 
 old mothers and fathera sitting in their small homes under 
 or on the side of our mountains when they receive American 
 dollars sent from their children in America to assist them in 
 their aged years. I partake with them in their blessing of 
 this country, which has become a good second fatherland to 
 many of my countrymen, and our intercourse with America 
 has developed our democratic spirit and widened our views. 
 
 Gentlemen, I invite all of you to come, not only to visit our 
 hospitable shores as tourists, but also to study our waterfalls 
 and other natural resources. 
 
 Hon. George H. Anderson: 
 
 We have with us a distinguished gentleman from New 
 York, who is extremely well qualified to talk about the value 
 of the export trade when pushed. I have the honor of intro- 
 ducing to you Hon. Charles C. Schieren, of New York. 
 
 Hon. Charles C. Schieren: 
 
 Gentlemen of the Congress: It gives me great pleasure to 
 be here tliis afternoon to aid somewhat in the proceedings of 
 this important gathering. Its importance to you I cannot 
 measure by the audience which is present, its importance can 
 only be measured by my friends and the world at large, 
 hepapse the ideas which are promulgated will go around the 
 commercial world, and will be read with a great deal of 
 interest. (Applause.) 
 
 yesterday you had a gentleman here from New York, who 
 gave you a paper on the wonderful advances made in trans- 
 portation, but he did not tell you all. He did not tell you, 
 sir, that in this country the railroads have brought down 
 transportation to three mills per mile per ton. That is, they 
 will transport a ton for three-tenths of a cent per mile. There 
 is no country on the globe that can bring that figure down. 
 He told you about railroads, I want to tell you that our 
 canals transport even at a less figure. Some of the canals 
 have transported goods for less than one mill. Here I want 
 to say a word of the importance of canals for transporting 
 goods for the benefit of commerce. Look at what the Em- 
 peror of Germany is doing to-day. He stands firmly to it 
 to-day. For what? To build canals from the inland to the 
 North Sea, so that the goods do not need to go through a 
 foreign country, but can pass from the Rhine to the Elbe, 
 and then right into the sea through their own country. That 
 is what he is trying to do by canals. What should we do 
 in this country? We should do likewise. We should im- 
 prove and deepen our canals so that we can compete with all 
 the nations of the world. I have not come here to talk on 
 transportation, I have a different subject which is the value 
 of the export trade when pushed. As printed, this subject 
 is not as it was given to me. The subject that 1 received was, 
 "The value of the export trade when continuously worked 
 up at home." It is about the same thing with a difference. 
 Therefore, I want to read to you a few remarks I may make 
 about the subject allotted to me. 
 
 Every foreigner who visits our industries, and is interested 
 in manufacturing, expresses his surprise at our improved 
 machines and machinery. In almost every article manufac- 
 tured in this country we excel in labor-saving appliances. 
 Our mechanics seem to be more diligent and to produce more 
 goods, even when operating the same machinery, than for- 
 
 eign workmen. While wages are higher in this counti-y, and 
 in many instances almost double what they are abroad, still 
 liy quick and skillful handling of our machinery the American 
 workman is able to do more work, which enables the employer 
 to compete with foreign manufacturers even at the low rate 
 of wages abroad. 
 
 This is a great advantage to manufacturers here, producing 
 a large amount' of W-ork and employing comparatively less 
 labor. It has, however, also a disadvantage in this, that we 
 are more liable to over-produce. In fact, over-production is 
 the national evil of our manufacturers. In prosperous times, 
 such as we are having now, when orders are plentiful, the 
 average manufacturer is likely to enlarge his plant and to 
 put in more machinery in order to supply, as he says, the 
 growing demand. He believes these prosperous times are 
 going to continue indefinitely, and the belief becomes general 
 that we have entered upon an era of prosperity such as this 
 country has never witnessed before. Consequently he goes on 
 and extends his facilities until they have reached immense 
 proportions. Yoii will all agree with me — such as have visited 
 our factories — that at the present time we cannot fill our 
 orders. 
 
 Suddenly a change takes place, perhaps through a disturb- 
 ance in our political atmosphere, which is liable to occur at 
 any time by reason of our peculiar system of government, 
 when every four years a new administration begins, whose 
 policy toward business and financial affairs is not known and 
 may threaten to make radical changes, creating uncertainty 
 in the business community. We have experienced such 
 periods when business became depressed to an alarming extent. 
 
 It is in such a period that our over-producing and sanguine 
 manufacturer suffers most. He has large facilities on hand, 
 even when working on reduced time is piling up an alarm- 
 ing surplus of goods, with no immediate prospect of finding 
 a market for them. It is at this stage of affairs that he real- 
 izes that a foreign market is very desiralde, and hastens to 
 send his representatives or agents abroad to the markets of 
 the world to get rid of his accumulated stock. 
 
 But he learns very soon that a foreign market cannot be 
 so easily obtained even by offers of lower prices; yes, even 
 ruinous rates. He finds the foreign buyer is very careful; 
 indeed, almost suspicious; and very likely has already made 
 a connection with an American manufacturer for the same 
 class of goods. A firm that used foresight in establishing 
 an export trade, whether times were prosperous or bad at 
 home, and having made it a policy to establish export trade, 
 reaps the benefit. Such a firm secures a foreign trade for 
 its surplus and follows it up persistently until thoroughly 
 established. 
 
 Foreign merchants are more critical than ours. It takes 
 linger time with them to introduce goods. Reputation is 
 required by them both as to the quality of the goods as well 
 as in regard to the firm offering the same. Foreign mer- 
 chants require a great deal of detail as to the mode of pack- 
 ing, shipping, regulations of custom-house duties, etc., all 
 of which must be carefully studied, and, in fact, every detail 
 of a foreign business must be religiously followed up for 
 success. 
 
 No nation has studied the foreign markets and its demands 
 more than Germany, and she has captured them to a marked 
 degree. One of the German characteristics is persistency. 
 The German will pursue his object continuously, sacrificing 
 ]>oth time and money to obtain success. He does not feel 
 discouraged even under adverse circumstances, but plods along 
 slowly, but surely. This characteristic accounts for the mar- 
 velous development of Germany as a manufacturing nation, 
 rivaling England, which was until recently considered the 
 greatest industrial nation in the world, hut now Germany 
 seems to have outstripped her. 
 
232 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE I^*TERNATI01CAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 rjcniiaii poods arc fniuil in all the markets of the world. 
 The Gi-niiaii nianurac-turer never loses sight of his exiDort 
 trade, and seems to \n\y more attention to it than to his 
 home trade. Whether "there is a demand for his goods at 
 home or not. he holds his foreign trade with an iron grip. 
 This poliey lias made Germany prosperous. She studies the 
 vari«l tastes and habits of the foreign customer; sends agents 
 who are thoroughly educated and understand the language 
 of the eounttT where they propose to do business. The Ger- 
 man merchant is careful to comply with the revenue laws 
 and custom house regulations of every foreign port. And 
 Germany encourages every effort made by her manufacturers 
 to further their export trade. 
 
 The American manufacturer may take an object lesson 
 from this. Many of our manufacturers have been successful 
 in opening foreign connections. Their goods find favor for 
 their quality and fine workmanship, their orders are increas- 
 ino-, and this countij soon may become a successful rival of 
 Germany. ]5ut our manufacturers do not seem to have per- 
 sistency and staying qualities, even after goods are intro- 
 duced "and a foreign demand has been created. In many 
 instances they ne2:lect prompt shipment, and especially in 
 these prosperous times manufacturers are too apt to supply 
 the home demand first, so easily witliin their reach, and 
 neglect their export trade. This is a fatal mistake, because 
 the foreign buyer resents such treatment, he is sometimes even 
 unreasonable, and demands more attention for his trade 
 than a much larger corresponding home trade requires; but 
 we must submit to his whims if we wish to Iniild up a per- 
 manent export trade. 
 
 The old' maxim, "In time of jjcace prepare for war," is 
 applicable to our export trade, namely, in prosperous times 
 prepare an outlet for your surplus. We know how little 
 sitability may be in our prosperity. A political cloud or 
 agitation in" this country may create a threatening storm in 
 our financial and business world, which may bring calamity 
 to our industries. Fortunate is that Inisiness concern whicli 
 has pursued a wise policy and encouraged a foreign trade, 
 even in prosperous times, and is not dependent upon the 
 brief period of a "boom" at home. 
 
 Gentlemen, sio much for my subject. 1 sliall make a few 
 remarks in reference to the necessity for a commercial edu- 
 cation, a commercial education of mir people who desire to 
 do a foreign trade. 
 
 My son recently took a tour through Europe, and there he 
 met other young men and agent.s and representatives nf 
 American firms. They did London in a half a day and 
 Paris in two hours a la Ainericaine. They would storm 
 into a man's office and expect to get an order in five min- 
 utes and then in a half hour be off to Berlin. That is not 
 the way to do foreign trade. My son took one week to get 
 acquainted with one man in Moscow, Russia — one week — 
 but he got that man. (Applause.) He went from there to 
 Buda])est. It took him four days to get an introduction to 
 the propel' ])erson whom he coiild reach. He was success- 
 ful there, but it took persistency and study and it took him 
 time to learn just what these people wanted and their char- 
 acteristics. You cannot do a foreign trade unless you know 
 that. Now, what is necessary, is to send out young men 
 who understand their l)usiness, know tlieir business thor- 
 oughly, who also understand what their customers waiil. 
 If they do not want that, let them understand what the 
 customer docs want and then oiler him the goods. It is all 
 a waste of time, a waste of money and a waste of energy. 
 My son siiys one of the young men presented his card at 
 this ])laee, at Moscow. He was referred to the typewriter, 
 who understood a little English, and when the young man 
 left that office he thought he niaile an impression. 'I'be 
 only impression he made was tlie ini])ivssion of his card on 
 
 the typewriter desk. l)r. Wilson understands that I am 
 somewhat cranky on that subject, but I know its importance 
 and I feel that we are a growing manufacturing nation, that 
 we can supply the markets of the world. Therefore, we 
 must study whait the markets of the world need. And I 
 want to close my remarks with what Cowper says — Cow- 
 ]ier"s lines on Commerce: 
 
 "The band of commerce is ^lesigned 
 To associate all the branches of mankind. 
 And if a lioundless plenty be the robe 
 Trade is the golden girdle of the globe." 
 (Applause.) 
 
 //()//. Gcnrf/c]!. Anderson: 
 
 We will liave pleasure in hearing Mr. B. G. Assan, a dele- 
 gate from Roumania, who will talk to us about "The Ad- 
 visaljility of a Commercial Treaty Between the United States, 
 Russia and Roumania, Concerning tlie (irain and Petroleum 
 Trade." Mr. Assan. (Applause.) 
 
 TnK Advisability of a Commercial Treaty Between 
 THE United States of America, Russia a\d Rou- 
 mania, Concerning the Grain (Wheat, Rye 
 AND j\1aize) and Petroleum Trade. 
 
 il/?-. B. U. Assan., E. M.: 
 
 Gentlemen: The subject which I have the honor to sub- 
 mit to your high consideration is quite delicate, and I feel 
 assured that the criticisms it will receive will be quite at 
 variance, depending whether the criticism comes from a 
 country importing or from a country exporting grain and 
 petroleum. 
 
 I'nder the grain exporting countries, I mean those in 
 which the export of gi-ain is larger than the import. The 
 countries classified according to the importance of their ex- 
 ports are: The United States of America, Russia, Roumania, 
 part of British India, Argentine Repidfiic, Egypt, Austria- 
 Hungary, Bulgaria, Australia, Ghile, Canada, Turkey, Ser- 
 via, etc. 
 
 It is in favor of the people of those countries wliich consti- 
 tute the majority of the bread-eaters, that I propose the es- 
 tal)lisment of a "treaty, first, between Russia and the United 
 States of America, the two countries which are of pre- 
 eminent importance in the export of grain and petroleum, 
 and lietween Roumania which 1 have the honor to represent 
 at this Congress, and whicli is classed as the tliird grain-; 
 exporting country. 
 
 As the cereals are of many varieties, the treaty would only 
 concern itself about the three important kinds in the world, 
 namely: Avheat, rye and maize, which serve as the predomi- 
 nant food of mankind, having a large consumption, which 
 is continuous and increasing. 
 
 The commerce of grain has always played an important 
 part in the commercial movements of the civilized world, 
 and at this time has, in consequence of a persistent decline, 
 liecome a subject of particular interest for study. 
 
 The words "wheat crisis" may, perhaps, be objected to, for 
 a crisis is a condition of short duration, essentially transitory, 
 but in this case it is already more than twenty years that we 
 liave sulVercd from its rigor, witiumt being able to see its 
 end. If tlie [irice of wlieat was increased for a short time it 
 was due to the energe'lic and speculative means of ])urely 
 ,'\merican device. One of tlic principal causes that has 
 clianged tlie condition of agricultnre on the continent, and 
 reduced tlie jirices of wheat, was the creation and develop- 
 ment 111' the means nf rapid coininnniealinn between the 
 dilVei'eni pai'ts (d' i*'.ur(i]ie and with the countries across the 
 
TWELFTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 26, 1899 
 
 233 
 
 sea. Steam and electricity have made radical changes in the 
 commercial relations of the world, so that the exaot knowl- 
 edge of facts that are going on in the producing countries 
 has become indispensable to fanners as well as to merchants. 
 
 However imperfect and biased the statistical documents 
 concerning the yields of grain may be, they are none the 
 less of immense use, for they give a general idea of the re- 
 sources of various coimtries, and state with precision the ele- 
 ments of competition, which, owing to the progress of the 
 means of transportation, we are more and more forced to 
 consider. 
 
 The approximate number of the world's population is 
 estimated to be 1,500 millions, which number has been un- 
 equally distributed on the surface of the globe. Europe has 
 thirty-seven inhabitants per square kilometer, Asia nineteen, 
 Africa five, America three, and the Islands of Oceanica four. 
 The average number for the whole globe would be eleven 
 inhabitants per square kilometer. 
 
 Only a little more than one-third of mankind consumes 
 bread; the number of bread-eaters, as they are termed in 
 England, is. according to the estimate of Mr. David Wood, 
 actually 510 millions, there were 371 millions in 1871. 
 
 In twenty-five years the number of consumers would be 
 increased 37 per cent, while the area cultivated with wheat 
 is only increased 25 per cent. 
 
 Of these 510 millions of bread-eaters, 300 millions are from 
 the exporting countries and are classified in the following 
 order: 
 
 European Countries Exporting Wheat. 
 
 Country. Millions of Yield of wheat per 
 inhabitants. capita in kilograms. 
 Russia, Poland and Cau- 
 casus 115.9 93 
 
 Austria-Hungary 43.2 121 
 
 Turkey in Europe 6.2 149 
 
 Roumania 5.5 283 
 
 Bulgaria 3.3 325 
 
 Servia 2.3 110 
 
 Total 176.4 
 
 Non-European Countries Exporting Wheat. 
 
 Country. Millions of Yield of wheat per 
 
 inliabitants. capita in kilograms. 
 
 United States 72.3 191 
 
 Part of British India 30.3 220 
 
 Argentine Republic and 
 
 Chile 7.4 420 
 
 Canada 5.0 369 
 
 Algeria 4.4 113 
 
 Australia 4.2 219 
 
 Total 123.6 
 
 Thus, it appears that the total jiopulation of wheat-export- 
 ing countries is 300 millions. 
 
 It can be seen, then, that included in the 510 millions of 
 bread-eaters there are 210 millions that are from the import- 
 ing countries, the remaining 300 millions constituting the pro- 
 ducers and exporters of grain. A little more than one-half of 
 these 300 millions are in Europe, and the remainder (123.6 
 millions) live in the non-European countries. 
 
 The importing countries in Europe create great difficul- 
 ties for the grain trade by burdening the grain with high 
 customs duties. Thus, the duty in France is 7 francs per 
 100 kilograms of wheat. In Italy the duty is 5 francs, in 
 Portugal, 10 francs, etc. These enormous taxes var}' from 
 
 30 to 60 per cent, of the value of the wheat. Against these 
 taxes the exporting countries are compelled to wage war 
 with entirely unequal weapons, for in the most of these coun- 
 tries agriculture is their only source of wealth. Thu.s, to 
 mention only Roumania, we find she exports produce to the 
 value of about 380 millions of francs per year, and 90 per 
 cent, of the value of these products is grain. Russia is near- 
 ly the same way. In the United States of America a ten- 
 dency manifests itself to increase the exportation of agri- 
 cultural products in a manufactured state, and to decrease 
 the exportation of agricultural products in a raw condition; 
 this tendency is quite legitimate, and I propose for considera- 
 tion a treaty between the United States of America, Russia 
 and Roumania, by which these three countries shall mutually 
 agree to levy an internal tax, say a uniform tax of 5 to 10 
 francs per 100 kilograms on the export of grain (wheat, rye 
 and maize) in a raw state, and to exempt the export of grain 
 in a manufactured state from taxation. In this way the 
 agricultural interests will have a new protection in these 
 countries, for if the wheat will be subject to an export tax, 
 there will be a tendency to export it in the shape of flour, 
 «hich is to be exempt from any tax. This will be a weapon 
 against those countries which impose high duties on grain 
 and its products, and this weapon could be put in force im- 
 mediately, for there is at present no treaty in existence by 
 which a State binds itself not to impose internal excise du- 
 ties on its national articles for export. This treaty will per- 
 haps have the effect of forcing the importing countries to 
 change the existing customs tariffs into a more equitable 
 system. 
 
 The reason why I have proposed a treaty only between 
 three countries (Russia, the United States of America and 
 Roumania) is, that these three countries hold the record 
 among the other grain-exporting countries of exporting 
 more than 30 per cent, of all the exports (wheat, rye and 
 maize) in the world. 
 
 If these three countries succeed in establishing such a 
 treaty, it will be in the interest of the other countries to 
 also enter this new kind of trust, for the advantages they 
 will obtain by it will be enormous. According to Ger- 
 man official statistics, the exporting countries have exported 
 thirteen million and a half tons of wheat, rye and maize 
 per annum during a period of five years (1885-1889). If an 
 internal tax equal to the amount of the French customs duty, 
 which is 70 francs per ton (of 100 kilograms) were imposed, 
 the thirteen exporting countries would have collected abottt 
 one thousand million francs in one year. 
 
 This treaty, then, deserves to be taken into serious consid- 
 eration, especially if one recognizes the other general ad- 
 vantages that will be secured, particularly the encouragement 
 of agricultural industries. 
 
 And here are the complete figures of the German official 
 statistics; although somewhat old, they must, nevertheless, 
 be considered as true according to the comparison I have 
 made with the more recent statistics. 
 
 Excess of Export Over Ijiport. 
 (Annual average during the period of 1885-1889.) 
 
 ^Vheat Total in niil- 
 
 and Rye. Maize, lions of tons. 
 
 1. United States of America 3,230 plus 1,561 4,791 
 
 2. Russia 4,046 " 373 4^419 
 
 3. Roumania 804 '•' 607 1,411 
 
 Total for the three countries 10.621, or 
 
 80 per cent, of the exports of the world. 
 
23i 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 )f Export Over Import — Continued. 
 
 0. 
 
 (). 
 
 »%■ 
 i . 
 
 8. 
 
 !1. 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 
 W;.eat 
 and Rye. 
 
 Argentine Republic .... 128 
 
 Egypt "-lOl " 
 
 Austria-Hungary 395 minus 
 
 Bulgaria and Ronmania. . 286 plus i 
 
 Au.^tralia I<i2 " 
 
 Algeria '"'^ "■ 
 
 Turkev (in luirope) "-Jii 
 
 Servia "20 ■' 
 
 Maize. 
 
 277 
 313 
 094 
 0G9 
 001 
 000 
 00.5 
 005 
 
 Total in mil- 
 lions of tons. 
 
 395 
 314 
 301 
 295 
 163 
 108 
 025 
 025 
 
 Total for the ten countries 
 20 per cent. 
 
 of tlie exports of 
 
 . 2,617, or 
 the world. 
 
 According to this table it will be seen that Austria-Hun- 
 gary has been importing 94,000 tons of maize, which quan- 
 tity must be deducted from the quantity of wheat exported, 
 in order to establish the excess of her export over her import 
 of wheat, rye and maize. Canada, although exporting 
 wheat, has not been included in this table on account of her 
 importing a larger quantity of maize tlian her export of 
 wheat and rye. 
 
 As far as maize is concerned, it will be seen that the United 
 States of America exi:)'orts 50 per cent, of the total exports 
 of the world. Then comes Roumania with 20 per cent., or 
 the fifth part of the world's exports, and then Russia with 
 10 per cent, of the exports; the 20 per cent, which consti- 
 tutes the rest is exported by the other ten countries. 
 
 Concerning rye, I can state that Europe imported dur- 
 ing 1892-1895, on the average, 10,521,000 tons, of which 
 5,538,000 tons were imported from European countries, and 
 the remainder, 4,983,000 tons, from non-Kuropean countries. 
 One-half of the imports of wheat to Europe comes from 
 European countries, the other half comes from America, 
 Asia and Australia. 
 
 The situation of Great Britain is the most interesting to 
 note. On the one hand, the import of wheat in England is 
 nearly equal to that of all other importing countries in Eu- 
 rope combined (Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, Spain, 
 Portugal, Netherlands, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Nor- 
 way and Greece); while on the other hand it is equal to the 
 export of all exporting European countries (Russia, Rou- 
 mania, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey and Servia). 
 
 It follows from those comparisons that F>ngland does not 
 need to ask for wheat from the non-Eurojjcan countries to 
 supply her need for l}read. Continental luiro]ie could meet 
 England's wants wit'hout her being compelled to resort to 
 the countries across the sea. 
 
 What I have said, gentlemen, about a treaty relating to 
 grain may also be applicable with the same success and 
 with greater facilities to crude petroleum; for the export of 
 crude petroleum is mostly carried on by two countries only 
 — the United States of America and Russia. By imposing 
 an internal export tax on crude petroleum, and exempting 
 the refined petroleum and its products from any export tax, 
 the industry will receive a new protection, and will take on 
 fresh life ill tlie countries producing lhi~ ]irerious jiroduct. 
 I cannot ho))e, gentlemen, soon to see the realization 
 of an agreement regarding the grain and petroleum trade, 
 but, I believe that we shall come nearer to an international 
 understanding as regards the world's statistics concerning 
 the matter of stocks and prices of wheat, a project which Mr. 
 de Routkowsky, rej>resentative from Russia, is striving to 
 bring into realization. 
 
 I mu6t express my regret tha.t the relations between the 
 
 United States of America and Ronmania are not of greater 
 extent, and I wish that this state of affairs could be improved 
 to the' advantage of both nations by establishing official 
 Roumanian and American representatives, the need of which 
 is moi-e and more felt in the two countries. I hope to be 
 able to greet before long in Bucharest the future United 
 States Minister Plenipotentiary to Roumania. 
 
 Gentlemen, there is nothing nujre left for me than to ex- 
 press in the name of the Government of Roumania and the 
 Chamber of Commerce of Bucharest, my sincerest thanks 
 to the organizers of this Congress and to the city of Phila- 
 delphia, for the hospitality, cordial reception and kind con- 
 sideration with which we 'were treated during our stay in 
 this beautiful city; and permit me to express my gratitude in 
 the Roumanian language, in order to give you an idea of this 
 Neo-Latin dialect: 
 
 '•Exprim oiiiaijhlc nivlc organisaloriUiv a cestui emigres pentru 
 hiispitalitaiea perfeda ce caracteriseda pe poporul American." 
 (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Geo. H. Anderson: 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen of the Convention: The program 
 for the afternoon will be practically closed by a presentation 
 of the work of the German-American Committee by Dr. 
 Vosberg-Rekow, Chairman. 
 
 Now, the same order of business will prevail at the close 
 of this gentleman's report as we had in the forenoon. At 
 the close of his report the Congress will be open for three 
 minute speeches, commentaries of the work that has gone 
 before, and the management will be ]>leased to have the 
 gentlemen who speak on the subject speak promptly and an- 
 nounce their names as they arise. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 It would be pleasant to the Congress if the German and 
 Austrian commissions, which have been working together for 
 some eight or ten days in sections, would kindly come forward 
 and take the platform. (The gentlemen then assembled on 
 the platform as requested.) 
 
 I would explain to the Congress that the gentlemen who 
 are representatives from Germany and also from Austria have 
 been working for some days with several American gentlemen 
 considering the commercial relations between the United 
 States, Germany and Austria, and will present resolutions of 
 this work this afternoon. 
 
 Mr. Emit S. Fischer: 
 
 I would ask that the names of the gentlemen who com- 
 pose the commission be announced, so that they shall be 
 honored by their names appearing in the 
 this reason that I make this suggestion, 
 members of the commission. 
 
 record. It is for 
 I am not one of the 
 
 Dr. Vosherg-Rekow: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: The German- 
 American commission, as delegates to the Congress from Ger- 
 many and Austria, together with certain American represen- 
 tatives, begs leave to submit a few woi-ds to the Congress. 
 
 The commission was assembled for the purpose of consider- 
 ing thoroughly the commercial relations existing between the 
 United States, the German Empire and Austria-Hungary. 
 The commission, after earnestly considering the question, and 
 after liaving heard representatives of American, German and 
 Austrian industries, has reached the conclusion that a more 
 intimate relation of the commercial conditions between the 
 aforesaid countries is desirable, and the maintenance and 
 fostering of friendly relations between them is to be sought 
 and may be secured. As the f(uindation for these views, the 
 
TWELFTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 26, 1899 
 
 235 
 
 commission refers to its report of its sessions which it has the 
 honor to hand to the President of the Congress, and a copy 
 of vvliich it will imdertake to bring to the attention of the 
 respective gov«mments interested. 
 
 The commission requests the Congi'ess to agree with it, 
 that in order to accomplish this aim, first of all the forma- 
 tion of an impartial Customs Advisor}' ('ommission in each 
 country is to be recommended. 
 
 As delegate and as vice-president of the commission, I 
 move, therefore, Mr. President, that it is the sense of this 
 Congress that such commissions should be formed. 
 
 Hon. Geo. H. Anderson: ■ 
 
 That will be referred to the Committee on Eesplutions with- 
 out discussion. (Applause.) 
 
 Dr. Vosberg-Bekow: 
 
 The names of the members of the commission are: 
 Mr. E. W. S. Tingle, Philadelphia, formerly United States 
 
 Consul in Braunschweig, Gennany. 
 Mr. H. C. Cai-penter, Philadelphia, fonnerly United States 
 
 Consul in Fiirth, Germany. 
 Major Black, Philadelphia, formerly United States Consul in 
 
 Niiremberg, Gennany. 
 Mr. Monaghan, present United States Consul in Chemnitz, 
 
 Gennany. 
 Mr. Wirth, manufacturer, Sorau, Germany. 
 Mr. Post, manufacturer, Hagen, Germany. 
 Mr. Goldschmidt, Director-General, Berlin, Gennany. 
 Mr. L. Vossen, Aix-la-Chapelle, Germany. 
 Mr. Van Giilpen, Wesel, Germany. 
 Mr. H. L. Geissel, Philadelphia." 
 Dr. Pistor, Gratz, Austria. 
 Dr. Alex, von Dorn, Vienna, Austria. 
 Dr. Otto Thorsch, Vienna, Austria. 
 Mr. Julius Ilerlitschka. Vienna, Austria. 
 Mr. Carlo W. Kiichler, Trieste, Gennany. 
 Mr. Marheinecke, German Consul at Philadelphia, guest. 
 
 Mr. G. E. Waetzoklt, Commercial Attache to the German 
 Consulate in Chicago, delegate of the Imperial German 
 Government, guest. 
 
 Hon. Geo. H. Anderson : 
 
 As stated to you a moment ago, the time has arrived for 
 commentary speeches not exceeding three minutes in length. 
 I may say that I have had a great deal of faith in three- 
 minute speeches. Gentlemen can compress their ideas into 
 few words and deliver them in a short time, and they fre- 
 quently lose nothing by this rule being enforced. Now, 
 while the matter is before you, we would be pleased to have 
 the gentlemen who have ajiything to say to speak promptly. 
 
 (After a pause.) 
 
 There seems to be no desire on the part of our friends to 
 make three-minute speeches. I would just say that Mr. N. B. 
 Kelly, of the Bourse of Philadelphia, ajid Secretary and Com- 
 missioner of Transportation of the Trades League, will make 
 the necessary announcements, after which the body will 
 adjourn. 
 
 Mr. N. B. Kelly: 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: On behalf of the various 
 commercial organizations having their homes in the Phila- 
 delphia Bourse, which is the onl}' institution of its kind in 
 the United States of America, I desire to extend to the for- 
 eign delegates, visitors and the American delegates an invi- 
 tation to meet in the rooms of the Bourse to-morrow at 9.30 
 a. m. A lunch will be provided between twelve and one to 
 all foreign delegates and visitors and the session in the after- 
 noon will convene at two o'clock. During the hours of one 
 and two p. m. there will be a public reception in the main hall 
 of the Philadelphia Bourse, to which you are all invited. 
 
 Hon. Geo. H. Anderson: 
 
 The Congress is now adjourned to the time appointed to- 
 morrow. 
 
 (Adjourned at 4.06 p. ra.) 
 
PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 THIRTBENTH DAY'S SESSION 
 
 Philadeli'IIIA, Friday, Octolier 27, 1^99. 
 
 Morning Session. 
 
 ■ The meeting was called to order at lO.riri a. m., in the 
 Trades League Eoom, Philadelphia Bourse, by Director W. P. 
 Wilson. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson : 
 
 I have the pleasure to-day of introducing to you as our 
 presiding officer, Mr. Henry W. Pealiody, whom you all know, 
 and have long known, as one of the foremost men in the 
 United States in furthering the foreign trade of this country. 
 Mr. Peabody will preside. 
 
 Mr. Eeivry IF. Penhody: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Delegates and Ladies: It is a great pleas- 
 ure to me to receive this renewed honor at the hands of the 
 Commercial Congress. It was my privilege two years and a 
 quarter ago, when it was first formed, to be a delegate from 
 the Chamber of Commerce in Boston. Like all the other 
 delegates. I came here not knowing what was contemplated 
 and I found considerable progress made toward the develop- 
 ment of what we have seen this time in the fruitage. 1 was 
 then honored, greatly to my surprise, with the chairmanship 
 of the Advisory Board which represented the delegates who 
 attended the convention. 
 
 It has been very pleasant to me to come here this week to 
 meet many of the friends whom I then met, and especially 
 to come in touch with those from other countries, other sec- 
 tions of our great America. 
 
 The United States is an important country and its people 
 are brothers in equality and freedom. We have north of us 
 the great Dominion from the same parentage which we may 
 call a "bi-other" to the Ignited States. We have south of 
 us and on the Southei'n Cimtinent a large number of repub- 
 lics, which are often hap])ily called "sister republics.'' It 
 seems to nie that as the Dominion of Canada may be called 
 our "Ijrother," and these republics of South America and 
 Central America the "sisters" of ilie fTnited Stat(>s, the 
 children of those several countries may be regarded as our 
 "cousins," and as such we are very glad to welcome them to- 
 day, and to tiT to feel that in all onr relations we should be 
 near enough to each other to become ac(|nainted, and to culti- 
 vate all business channels between our respective countries. 
 
 Canada has had its representation lin-i'. 'I'borc arc none 
 down upon the program of this day, but there are delegates 
 present from that ]i(n"tion of the country. Onr attention 
 is mainly directed to the Spanish sections of our countrv. 
 and tliose who have })een appointed to speak arc from tbal 
 portion. 
 
 It may not be known to many <t( you that while niv busi- 
 ness is that of exporlei- and inip(u-tcr, I bad carlv experi- 
 
 ences in that calling. My father was a merchant, and in 
 my early days he was a resident in Buenos Aires and Mon- 
 tevideo. In fact, it was more than sixty years ago that I 
 madt' a voyage to South America, and I arrived at Montevideo 
 the day I was a year old. (Laughter.) 
 
 After remaining there for some four years and learning two 
 languages together — learning Spanish better than I did En- 
 glish at first — I returned to tliis country. So I was re- 
 imported, and I have remained where I was born ever since. 
 Unfortunately, very much to my regret, in my later years, 
 my knowledge of Spanish faded away. It was a trouble to 
 me when I first came home, a little boy five years old, for the 
 school boys would ask me to count in Spanish and say other 
 things in Spanish. 1 did not appreciate it. the rich possession 
 to have command of the language, and unfortunately it went 
 into disuse. 
 
 The business of America with the Argentine Eepublic in 
 those times was largely conducted in the city of Salem, where 
 I live, and I well remember the vessels that used to come there 
 with hides, wool and horns and other products, and go out 
 again, loading at the wharves in my native city. I made the 
 voyage and returned in a vessel of 200 tons register, the trip 
 lasting seventy days. So, I may say, the facilities of trade 
 have been immensely improved since that time. One of the 
 most active houses in the trade in the .\rgentine Republic is 
 represented by a delegate who will shortly address you. 
 Among the few remaining houses in the coTnmerce of the 
 United States which do a compound business of sending out 
 i-argoes to that country and returning cargoes from that coun- 
 try, are the houses which are rejn-esented by the first speaker, 
 who is now a resident in this country, but fonnerly ajid for 
 many years a resident of the Argentine. 
 
 I have great pleasure in introducing to you Mr. Coolidge 
 S. Roberts, delegate from Buenos Aires. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. ('iKiliihjr N. Unhrrh: 
 
 .Mr. ('hairman. Ivadies and (Jentlemen: I shall speak briefly 
 regarding the outlook of the Argentine i-iepublic and matters 
 of the enlargement of trade; also wdiy American trade is not 
 larger, and will incidentally touch on a few other subjects. 
 ]\fy friend and colleague will undoubtedly .speak on topics that 
 I shall hardly mention. 
 
 Till'; Ol'TT.OoK OK THE ARGENTINE pErrm.IG. 
 
 Description of conditions of trade. — It is a matter of sur- 
 ])ri«e to the Argentine )ieople visiting the United States to 
 (ind bow little is known in this country of the River Plate 
 l{e|mlilics. A\niile the .\igeiitine Republic is a small country 
 as regards po])ulation. yet it is a large country in its area, and 
 its prospects for the not distant future are ])romising. 
 
 i'rovidence has favored the .Argentine I^epublic with a 
 climate of surpassing health I'nlness. and a soil of great fer- 
 
 236 
 
THIRTEEN'TH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 27, 1899 
 
 237 
 
 tility. It is a country with an important future and is sure 
 to exercise a powerful influence in South American affairs, 
 which will also be felt more and more throughout the civilized 
 world. The Argentine people are active, intelligent and 
 watchful of all that takes place in the United States and 
 Europe in the way of improvements, and all new discoveries, 
 inventions, etc. are at once noted and utilized in their enter- 
 prising cities. 
 
 The area of the Argentine Republic is a little more than 
 one-third that of the Ihiited States without Alaska and the 
 more recent possessions. The j)opulation of the United States 
 is about thirty-five persons to the square mile, while that of 
 the Argentine i.'; but about three and one-half per square 
 mile. If the population of the Argentine were as gTeat per 
 square mile as that of the United States, it would have a popu- 
 lation of about 28,000,000 souls. 
 
 It has been considered by competent authorities that the 
 Argentine can siipport a population of 80,000,000 to 100,- 
 000,000 in the near future. In view of the fact that the United 
 States is so rapidly tilling up, and no longer offering the wel- 
 come to the immigrant as formerly, the temperate and health- 
 ful climate of the Argentine now offers a greater inducement 
 to the people of the overcrowded countries of Europe than 
 does any other country of either North or South America. 
 
 It seems highly probable that another generation wiU wit- 
 ness the Argentine Republic occupying- a place of high rank 
 in the commercial and industrial world. With the increase of 
 population will come an ever-increasing amount of commerce. 
 Argentina will be a large buyer of the merchandise of the 
 civilized world, and will offer for sale a continually augment- 
 ing quantity and variety of the products of her flocks, herds 
 and agriculture. With increasing immigration and with the 
 natural increase of population, will come an enlargement of 
 opportunity for commerce, and when it is remembered that 
 the River Plate countries now depend, and will depend upon, 
 other countries to supply their needs to a large extent, it is 
 only pertinent to inquire what part of this trade will be con- 
 trolled by citizens of the United States. 
 
 For a long time, Argentina cannot expect to be an impor- 
 tant factor in the manufacturing world, owing principally to 
 her great drawback in being unable, as yet, to obtain coal or 
 iron in quantities of importance within her own borders. 
 There are valuable mining ])roperties in different sections of 
 the Argentine, es])ecial]y in the northwestern portions of the 
 Republic, where undoubtedly, coal, iron and other minerals 
 exist, and will later be discovered, but as yet, enterprise and 
 capital have not been directed in any great degree toward 
 the investigation and development of the mineral wealth 
 that is to be found there. A few coal deposits have been un- 
 covered in different localities, but the quality has not yet been 
 found satisfactory. The search for minerals is still 1)eing 
 conducted, and there is little doubt that in a short time 
 mineral wealth of great value wall be found. 
 
 As regards the industries of the Argentine Republic, the 
 government of that country has watched with interest the 
 experiment of protecting its industries, still in their infancv, 
 and during the past decade or two its manufactures have in- 
 creased to an extent not anticipated by the people who have 
 predicted that Argentina would only be suitable for raising 
 cattle, sheep, horses, and the pursuit of agriculture. 
 
 An important element in the population of the citv of 
 Buenos Aires is the number of mechanics from the various 
 manufacturing centres of Europe, who have gone there with 
 their capital (usually moderate), and their mechanical skill, 
 with the intention of making it their permanent home. 
 
 Enlargement of Tr.\de. 
 
 It is a question worthy of serious thought how to enlarge 
 the volume of Argentina's exports to the United States so 
 
 that the American people may be indiiced to buy at least as 
 much in return as they sell to this southern Republic. The 
 amount of business has not been satisfactory to either peetple. 
 It is a reproach to the people of the two Republics that they 
 know so little of one another, and show so slight an interest 
 for a more extensive intercourse. The Argentine has natur- 
 ally turned to the countries of Europe whose buyers are al- 
 ways on hand in Buenos Aires, Rosario, and the other com- 
 mercial centres. 
 
 Formerly, the export business was largely done by houses 
 at the River Plate shipping to the United States and Europe 
 on consignment, but this is now changed, and the produce at 
 present is sold either on f. o. b. basis at port of shipment or 
 c. i. f. to the foreign port interested in purchasing. 
 
 At the present time the owners of the products of the Ar- 
 gentine do not feel obliged to make any special effort to at- 
 tract the buyers of the world. In all the cities of the River 
 Plate are numerous mercantile houses with branch houses in 
 the cities of England, France, Gennany, Belgium, Spain and 
 Italy. The representatives of these houses in the Argentine 
 are in close cable communication, and the competition be- 
 tween the different foreign houses affords an excellent op- 
 portunity for the sellers of the products of the River Plate to 
 obtain the full market price at all times. 
 
 Strange as it may seem, yet it is quite true that there are 
 not as many American mercantile houses in the Argentine 
 Republic now (I refer to business houses with a fair amount 
 of capital and standing) as there were one or two years ago, 
 while European business houses in the meantime have mate- 
 rially increased in number, capital and iniluence. To give a 
 better idea of commerce with the Argentine, we find in the 
 official reports of the United States Treasury Department that 
 the imports of Argentine averages about $35 per capita per 
 year, or two and one-half times as much per head, as those 
 of the United States, and for a long time this amount is not 
 likely to be materially reduced. 
 
 Some Reasons why the Trade is not Larger. 
 
 In Argentina, Americans have little interest and influence 
 in the general affairs of the country. Most of those who go 
 there do not go with the intention of settling, but desire 
 only to remain for a few short years, at most, and as a rule 
 they are rarely successful. The reason for this is not diffi- 
 cult to find. It is in their unwillingness to remain for a 
 term of years, and do as other foreigners who make it their 
 permanent home. It is as difficult to make a fortune in the 
 Argentine in a short time, as it is in other countries. The 
 reward of industry, there, as elsewhere, is only achieved by 
 continual effort and frugality. One of the reasons why 
 American exjwrts have not increased with the River Plate 
 countries is that the methods of introducing and advertising 
 the goods have not always been of the liest. The most effec- 
 tive way to introduce the exports is to do it through American 
 commercial houses, especially with those which have been 
 long established and are thoroughly familiar with the mar- 
 ket requirements, and also with the customs, langitage and 
 habits of the people. Although it is often said that there is no 
 sentiment in business, yet in some ways we find a good deal of 
 sentiment among the natives of the River Plate countries. 
 Friendship and respect go a long way in opening tip rela- 
 tions and connections, and in obtaining a carefitl hearing on 
 the part of the customer with whom we wish to negotiate. 
 One who has not lived in the Argentine can scarcely form 
 an idea of how important it is to be on an intimate footing 
 with the peo])le. It is not easy to get their confidence, owing 
 to their having suffered in the past through misrepresenta- 
 tions: but once their confidence is secured, it will be re- 
 tained l:)y honest and upright dealings, and by delivering in 
 
238 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 every case the exact quality sold whether by sample or in 
 other ways. The man who goes there with low ideas of 
 conimerci"al integrity is foredoomed to failure. Character and 
 honesty count for as much in the Argentine as in any other 
 country, and it is of the utmost importance that a commer- 
 cial house secure a name for upright dealing. In order to 
 sell goods in the Argentine suitable stores should be taken, 
 and a stock kept up all the time, so that there shall be no 
 long interval of waiting for replenishing. The selling price 
 of course, must be on a parity with that of similar articles 
 made in Great Britain, France and Germany, and the mer- 
 chandise should be put up in an attractive manner. 
 
 Another needed quality is patience. It takes a long time 
 in the Argentine to get a business well established, losses are 
 not unusual during the elementary period, and final success 
 can only come through honesty, enterprise, and patience. 
 It is essential, in doing business in the Argentine Republic, 
 that one have sufficient capital, as the foreign houses, of which 
 there are many of high financial standing, will be found to 
 be strong competitors, and the American going into business 
 there must have the ability and willingness to sell merchan- 
 dise on long credit, usually six months time. The foreigner 
 sells with this credit, and if the American is not willing to 
 conform to the market usages, he will be materially handi- 
 capped in placing his goods. In fact, long credit is almost 
 indispensal)le. 
 
 The English and (.{erman houses, with their strong Euro- 
 pean financial support, are only too willing to take such 
 business risks, as it gives them an opportunity for investing 
 their money at a fair rate of interest, and, as they have coui- 
 petent men on the spot, with ample knowledge and experi- 
 ence, they are naturally in a good position to act intelligently 
 in £;iving credit. 
 
 There is a large demand for American machinery of all 
 kinds, especially agricultural implements, which enter with 
 only a nominal custom-bouse duty. The variety of Amer- 
 ican manufactures is being extended continually, and with 
 better facilities for making buyers acquainted with what the 
 manufacturers of the United States have to olfer, there is no 
 doubt that the trade will be an increa,sing one. In this con- 
 nection it is rather surprising to learn that during the last 
 few years tlie export trade from the United States to the 
 Argentine has not kept pace with the exports from the 
 leading European nations. 
 
 It would seem as if. the American.s were rather larking in 
 enterprise in this direction. We believe the export trade in 
 machinery has been profitable for the manufacturers in the 
 United States and satisfactory to the Argentine buyers. 
 The quality of the goods, as a general rule, is better than 
 those imported from Europe. Oftentimes American articles 
 cost more than Euro])can, owing to better material used and 
 more care exercised in the manufacture and finish; it takes 
 quite a time for the Argentine to apfjreciate the fact that the 
 difference in price results from a better quality. But all 
 such things become known in time, and are accorded their 
 rightful place. 
 
 A reason often given wliy the United States does nut in- 
 crease its business with the countries of South America is 
 because steaii:ships carrying the Ameiican flag ai'e wanting; 
 hut this rea.soning is fallacious, because wherever there is 
 freight to be had, there the steamers (lying (he flags of dif- 
 ferent countries are to be fouiul competing. From personal 
 observation, I know that there is no ditTiculty in securing 
 room at all times for merchandise, whether outward or home- 
 ward, at reasonable rates. The freight bu.siness is being done 
 more and more by steamers which are replacing sailing ves- 
 sels. The American flag is scarcely ever seen on steamers 
 at the River Plate, except on vessels of war, or other ves.sels 
 in the United States Government service. During (he year 
 
 1898, not a single mercantile steamer entered or cleared from 
 River Plate ports, flying the American flag. 
 
 A few American sailing vessels are still plying between 
 the United States and South American ports but their nuni- 
 lier is diminishing yearly. 
 
 The Policy of Protection. 
 
 The Argentine Government lias adopted the policy of en- 
 couraging home manufactures, ostensibly for the purpose of 
 aiding infant industries. At the present time the question 
 nf reducing the tariff and curtailing the amount of protection 
 u])on local manufacture is being agitated with strenuous 
 efforts in favor of and against the measure. Argentina has 
 considered that as the protective system is so popular in the 
 United States, it must be a good thing for the Argentine 
 also, and is giving it a fair trial, but not without strong op- 
 position in various quarters. The pastoral and agricultural 
 interests desire a tariff for revenue only, while the protective 
 manufacturers are making a hard struggle to hold the advan- 
 tage they have gained, and are striving to obtain larger 
 favors. 
 
 The Argentine Republic is anxious to increase her vol- 
 umes of commerce with the United States, and has earnestly 
 desired a better understanding and larger opportunity for 
 the excliangc of the products of the two countries. 
 
 The important exports from the Argentine are hides, wool, 
 sheepskins, goatskins, horsehair, together with the products 
 of it^ fertile soil, as wheat, maize, linseed, barley, oats and 
 hay; also, live cattle, sheep, hardwoods and others of lesser 
 importance. Of late, an increasing business has been done 
 in exporting the many and excellent hardwoods of the Cran 
 ( 'haco, chief among which is the quebracho, used in Europe 
 and the United States with growing acceptance for chemical 
 and tanning purposes. 
 
 The attitude of the United States Government with re- 
 spect to the Argentine exports has at times rather surprised 
 and disappointed us, more particularly so when we consider 
 the repeated declarations made by the American people of 
 their desire to have a closer and more intimate union, both 
 of international comity and trade with their sister republics 
 of the south, and much time and eft'ort have been given to 
 attain this desired result. But while the Americans are 
 naturally looking forward to increasing the sale of the prod- 
 urts of their inventive skill and of their factories — and it is 
 admitted that they are excelled by no .nation in Europe — 
 the Argentines likewise desire to increase the sales of the 
 jiroducts of their country. They claim, and it seems to be 
 with some degree of justice, that while all the leading con- 
 suming markets of Europe are freely open to their exports, 
 and the governments of Europe, at the requi^sf of the mer- 
 chants, have removed almost all the obstacles that restrict 
 the enfi-ance of River Plate exports, yet the United States 
 (Jovernment, wliile professing deep interest and sympathy 
 with the Republic of Argentina in her desire for a larger com- 
 mercial friendship, has given us a feeling of disappointment 
 that her evidently good wishes should not have taken a 
 more material and practical An'm in reducing or removing 
 the tariff restrictions upon merchandise peculiar to the Ar- 
 gentine Reinililic. It is to be regretted that the governments 
 have through their tarifl's endeavored to put obstacles in the 
 way of an increasing volume of merchandise from tlie United 
 States to the Argentine with American manufacturers, etc., 
 and from the River Plate to the United States with raw 
 matei-ials needed by her factories for the wants of (lie Amer- 
 ican pi'o]il(\ This is a pi'actical tiiu-stion. ami sliould lie 
 treated with the elear, good sciis(< of the peo|ile of llie I'nited 
 States. 
 
 To show the relative position of the I'nited States in the 
 
THIETEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 27, 1899 
 
 239 
 
 commercial life of the Argentine Republic, I will briefly 
 state that during the year 1898 the value of Argentina's ex- 
 ports to the United States were about -ii per cent, of her 
 total exports, the other 95^ per cent, went mostly to Europe, 
 while during the same year the value of Argentine imports 
 from the United States were about 10^ per cent, of the entire 
 amount of her imports; truly a poor showing of trade for 
 both countries. 
 
 The Argentine Republic would like an unrestricted en- 
 trance for her natural products into the United States; and 
 she does not feel wholly satisfied with the present United 
 States tariff, which seems to her to be unfavorable to her 
 pastoral interests. For two or three years before the tariff 
 act was passed, in 1897, her wool came into the ports of the 
 United States without payment of duty. The hides from 
 the Argentine Republic had not been dutiable since 1872. 
 The present tariff bill of 1897 imposed a duty of 15 per cent. 
 ad vahirem on hides and also placed the largest import duty 
 on wool in the history of the country. Of course, Argen- 
 tina felt this to be an effort to keep these articles from en- 
 tering the ports of the I'nited States, or at least to reduce 
 the quantity imported as much as possiljle. 
 
 Reciprocity Treaty. — The matter of commercial reciproc- 
 ity between the United States and the Argentine Republic 
 has received careful attention by the representatives of- the 
 respective countries, and it is undci'stood that the Hon. W. 
 I. Buchanan, United States Minister to the Argentine Re- 
 pxiblic, has recently returned to this country bringing with 
 him a provisional treaty which has been signed by the 
 authorities of both nations, and is subject to the ratification 
 by the Congress of each. This treaty covers the admission 
 of a number of articles peculiar to each country, to be im- 
 ported into the other, subject to a material reduction in the 
 duty. This treaty is a step in the right direction, and it is 
 one of the most encouraging features that we have recently 
 seen in the direct interest of the extension of f rade, and we 
 trust it is but the beginning of an era when the bars will be 
 let down more and more, and tariff modifications will have 
 a beneficial influence in permitting the merchants of both 
 countries to exchange their products with as little legislative 
 hindrance as possible. We trust this treaty will be ac- 
 cepted by the respective governments, and that the mercan- 
 tile element of both countries will be enabled to do all else 
 that it needed to bring to a successful issue, the object for 
 which the Congress is assembled. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Henry W. Peabody: 
 
 Mr. Roberts ha,s covered the ground very interestingly, 
 but he, as he says, has a colleague who is going to tell us 
 more on the same subject, and we shall be very glad to hear 
 from him. I have very great pleasure in introducing to you 
 Mr. John C. Zimmerman, delegate from Buenos Aires. 
 
 Mr. John C. Zimmerntaii : 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Fellow Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen : 
 The Chamber of Commerce of the city of Buenos Aires, 
 the city from which I come, has done me the honor to name 
 me one of its delegates for this Congress. I wish to record 
 my high appreciation of the welcome which has been ex- 
 tended to us by the President of the TTnited States, through 
 the efficient Assistant Secretary of State, Mr. Hill, and also 
 to the good citizens of this city through their ^Vfayor, ilr. 
 Ashbridge; and at the same time I wish to express my thanks 
 to the Philadelphia Commercial Mixseum for their generous 
 hospitality and many kind attentions. 
 
 My colleague, Mr. Roberts, has already addressed you 
 upon subjects relating to the Argentine Republic, so I may 
 
 trench a little upon the subjects he has touched upon. I 
 shall be as brief as possible, and I desire your indulgence. 
 
 If I may judge by the questions which are sometimes put 
 to me, Buenos Aires is to many of the people of this country 
 a sort of indefinite quantity in the great Continent of South 
 America. That it is in South America somewhere is so far 
 geogi-aphically known, but less accurately, supposed to be 
 in Brazil. Now this is very flattering to our neighbors of 
 Brazil, as rather indicating that their country is better known 
 to our North American friends, and yet it is not — I may be 
 allowed to say, as it should be. I would remind the citizens 
 of this country that there is another sister republic lying to 
 the south of Brazil, which has made vast strides of advance 
 in the last quarter of a century and of which productive soil 
 and natural resources open up a vista of great future possi- 
 bilities, which will be well worth watching closely. 
 
 Buenos Aires, the capital of the Argentine Republic, is 
 the largest, if not the finest city, of the continent of South 
 America. It stands seventeenth on the list of the largest 
 cities of the earth, is population to-dav being estimated at 
 about 780,000 souls (779,872 in July, i899). It is situated 
 on the right bank of the Rio de la Plata, in latitude thirty- 
 four degrees thirty-six minutes south, and about one hundred 
 and twenty miles from the Atlantic Ocean. It enjoys one 
 of the most beatttiful and salubrious of climates, its average 
 temperature being about sixty degrees Fahrenheit, and as 
 regards its healthfulness, the death rate has been lately under 
 17 per thousand, which will bear favorable comparison with 
 any city of the world. In it are to be found all the com- 
 forts of modern life, and an adaptability to absorb the latest 
 inventions of the age, which is often surprising. If my 
 memory serves me right, we have at least ten daily organs, 
 of which two are English, one German, one French, one Ital- 
 ian and one Spanish; and while you gentlemen are reading 
 daily news of great events that are taking place in the world, 
 we are reading them in Buenos Aires almost at the same time. 
 I lay a little stress upon it because I found that that some- 
 times lias caused surprise to many who ha^■e gone from here 
 to see the daily cables which come from Europe and all parts 
 of the world to us. 
 
 The city has an excellent system of drainage and water 
 supply, which were constructed at a cost to the nation of 
 $40,000,000 gold (an Argentine gold dollar equals 96.36 of 
 United States money). It is the grand centre of the com- 
 mercial life of the nation, and there are to be found the 
 headquarters of its many banks, i-ailways, industrial and finan- 
 cial associations. It possesses a chain of fine stone docks, 
 built also by the- nation at a cost of $3.5,000,000 gold, and 
 from the city radiate the main railway lines of the country. 
 Its urban and suburban service is well supplied by horse ears, 
 and within the last twelve months the electric car, due to 
 the enterprise of the American citizen, has made its appear- 
 ance. Soon, no doubt, the latter will supplant the horse; 
 362 kilometers of horse traction and 63 kilometers of electric 
 traction, or a total of 26.5 miles of line being in operation 
 at present. The materials for these electric lines were all 
 supplied by this countiy. As a sample of the passenger 
 traffic in the city I may state that the total number of per- 
 sons carried by the surface cars in 1898 amounted to 106,- 
 000.000, and the total number of persons entering the city 
 by the railways in the same year was 11,000.000. Of banks 
 there are twelve, viz., the Bank of the Nation and two Ar- 
 gentine, four British, one French, one Gennan, two Italian, 
 and one Spanish. Their paid up capital aggregates $49,- 
 500,000 gold, and in addition to these there are the Mortgage 
 Bank of the Nation and two English trust, loan and land 
 mortgage companies, besides many important commercial 
 firms, insurance companies, etc., all prosperous and paying 
 good returns to their shareholders. One of the difficulties 
 
240 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 which commerce and capital have to face is the inconvertible 
 paper currency, uiiicli i.'; subject to continual variations; yet 
 not\rithstanf1in<j this, foreign capital flow,s into the country 
 for investment. In the year 1868 the first foreign bank was 
 started in the city of Buenos Aires, the London and River 
 Plate Bank being the pioneer in that field of enterprise; and 
 now, as you will have heard by my preceding statements, 
 there are. nine, but among that number we regret to see no 
 North American banking firm. 
 
 The Argentine Republic, whose territory stretches with 
 more oi' less variation between latitudes 20 and 55 south, and 
 whose area amounts to about 1,200,000 square miles, offers 
 with its genial climate a great field for immigration and fu- 
 ture expan.sion, and owing to its natural richness of soil" it 
 is undergoing extraordinary development as an agricultural 
 and farming region. Witliin the la.st fifteen years many 
 local industries and manufactories have sprung up, fostered 
 in many cases, it is true, by a protective tariff, but neverthe- 
 less supplying many articles which were formerly of exclu- 
 sive importation and giving employment to many hundreds 
 of hands. The absence of. coal and iron, however, must act 
 adversely on many branches. Its population is sparse — the 
 census of 1895 gave the number of inhabitants as 4,094,911, 
 but this has always been stated to have been imperfect, and 
 the general estimate is 4,500,000 — still a small number for 
 so large an area of country. 
 
 The government of the country is federal republican — in 
 fact, a copy of the United States, with its executive, legisla- 
 tive and judicial, and a con.stitution modeled after that of 
 the United States. The nation is composed of fourteen 
 provinces or states and nine territories. The head of the 
 executive is a President, elected for six years, and each prov- 
 ince has its own Governor and State Legislature. The terri- 
 tories are ruled by governors named by the government. The 
 commercial and civil codes of the country are copied very 
 largely from those of the United States. Thus, you will see 
 that your southern sister has imitated you in many ways. 
 
 It was in 1816 that the Republic declared its independence 
 from Spain, and in 1824 it was admitted into the world's 
 family of nations by the recognition of its independence, first, 
 by Great Britain, which also signed with it a treaty of com- 
 merce, and secondly, by President Monroe for the United 
 States, and by Portugal. From those early years there have 
 been continued commerciarrelations between the two coun- 
 tries — at one time of more importance than now. Many arti- 
 cles of import, of which the United States then held the 
 larger share, have diminished or entirely become a thing of 
 the past, such as flour and sugar now produced by Argentine 
 herself sufficient for all her home consumption and a large 
 excess for export. Jn former years, also, the United States 
 was Argentine's liest customer for her fine wools, but unhap- 
 pily your dr>ors have been closed against her by the tariff, and 
 ]'!uro|)e now is her best friend. For dry hides, however, the 
 United States is her best custoiiii'r. A few statistics here may 
 not come ami.ss: The export of wheat and flour for the 
 season of 1897-98 was 770,000 tons. This season's, 1898-99, 
 will be about 1,700.000 to 1,800,000 ton>. Home consump- 
 tion is estimated (1898) at 650,000 tons. 
 
 Wool, l)ales 5(),'). 1 1.") 
 
 Sheepskins, bales 78,1 69 
 
 Sundry skins, bales 13,;?3S 
 
 Hair, bales 4,443 
 
 Tobacco, bales 7. 11 7 
 
 Minerals, hugs 12,.'53S 
 
 Sugar, bags 24:i.651 
 
 Frozen sheep 2,035,168 
 
 Frozen sheep, quarters 123,332 
 
 Live stock, steers 115,124 
 
 " sheep 543,932 
 
 " horses 4,544 
 
 mules 2,659 
 
 JViaize, bags 8,885,787 
 
 Linseed, bags 1,884,144 
 
 Hay, bales, and sundry minor articles 490,546 
 
 Dry hides " 1,790,896 
 
 Dry hor.se 144,000 
 
 Salted ox and cow 1,210,786 
 
 Salted horse 143,897 
 
 Tallow, pipes 69,051 
 
 Jerked beef, bales 301,686 
 
 Preserved beef, boxes 22,858 
 
 Extract of beef, boxes 14,527 
 
 Preserved tongues, boxes 10,150 
 
 Butter, boxes 25,898 
 
 Bone ash, tons 32,000 
 
 Hardwood, tons 122,435 
 
 Sundry seeds, bags 60,023 
 
 Bran, bags 1,378,463 
 
 Oil cake, bags 96,588 
 
 Now the value of all this in dollars is cal- 
 culated at $133,829,458 gold 
 
 And the imports into the country 107,428,900 " 
 
 Total trade of 1898 $241,258,358 " 
 
 The returns for the half-year ending June 30, 1899, show: 
 Exports. . . $89,050,762, an increase over 1898 of $7,417,937 
 Imports. . . 57,452,942. an increase over 1898 of 7,899,567 
 
 $146,503,704 
 
 $15,317,504 
 
 If this is maintained till end of year the total trade of 
 Argentina for 1899 will amount to "$293,007,408 gold, say 
 $293,000,000. 
 
 ily statistics for 1898 give the trade with the LTnited States 
 as follows: 
 
 Exports from Argentina to the United States. . . $ 5,874,295 
 Imports from the United States to Argentina. . . 11,129,005 
 
 Total $17,003,300 
 
 Therefore, of tlie total trade of Argentine in 1898, the 
 United States took, of the $241,258,358, $17,003,300, or s;iy 
 7 1-20 per cent. 
 
 This would show that there is room for improvement, and 
 that Argentine buys more from you than you from her. 
 
 Percentage oe Imports .wd ExpoitT.s eor 1898. 
 
 Imports. Exports. Both. 
 
 United Kiiigilom 36.3 14.4 24.4 
 
 (icrmanv 11.7 15.2 13.2 
 
 France " 9.9 22.4 16.8 
 
 Italv 12.7 3.9 7.9 
 
 Belgium 8.8 10.4 9.8 
 
 United States 10.4 4.4 7.0 
 
 All others 10.2 29.3 20.9 
 
 Note. — In exports, under "all others,'' are shipments "for 
 orders." These chiefly go to Great Britain. 
 
GEORGE MITCHELL, M. P. P., 
 Halifax. Nova Scotia. 
 
 FRANCISCO GARBONELL W. 
 
 Barranquilla. Colombia. 
 
 J. W. HUMPHREYS, 
 Colon, Colombia. 
 
 JAMES PATON, 
 Charlottetown. P, E. I. 
 
 BENJ. E. PIZA, 
 San Jose. Costa Rica. 
 
 JULIO A. CASTELLANO, 
 Barranquilla, Colombia. 
 
 P. G. VAN VLEET. 
 Toronto. Canada. 
 
 J. M. KEITH, 
 San Jose. Costa Rica. 
 
 M. A. DE LEON, 
 Colon. Colombia. 
 
TIIIETEENTH DAY\S SESSION, OCTOBEE 27, 1699 
 
 241 
 
 Table Showing Argentink's Imports and Exports, 
 
 1893-97, IN Millions of Gold Dollars. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 
 
 United Kingdom 32.5 33.2 38.5 44.7 36.4 
 
 Germany 11.0 10.7 11.2 13.9 11.1 
 
 France 12.1 10.2 9.1 12.0 11.0 
 
 Italy 9.3 8.9 10.4 11.4 10.9 
 
 Belgium 9.6 9.0 7.4 8.4 8.1 
 
 United States 9.6 10.1 6.7 11.6 10.1 
 
 All others 9.4 7.9 9.6 10.4 9.4 
 
 Total 93.5 90.0 92.9 112.4 97.0 
 
 Exports. 
 
 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 
 
 United Kingdom 18.5 20,4 14.7 14.4 13.0 
 
 Germany 11.5 11.5 13.3 13.3 14.0 
 
 Eranee 18.2 18.8 20.3 23.7 23.0 
 
 Italy 3.4 3.1 3.5 3.09 4.1 
 
 Belgium 10.8 12.8 15.4 12.1 8.9 
 
 United States 3.4 5.3 8.9 6.5 8.3 
 
 All others 15.1 16.0 15.2 14.9 12.3 
 
 Total 80.9 87.9 91.3 88.8 83.6 
 
 Beth. 
 
 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 
 
 United Kingdom 51.0 53.6 53.2 59.1 49.4 
 
 Germany 22.5 22.2 24.5 27.2 25.1 
 
 France 30.3 29,0 29.4 35.7 34.0 
 
 Italy 12.7 12.0 13.9 15.3 15.0 
 
 Belgium 20.4 21.8 22.8 20.5 17.0 
 
 United States 13.0 15.4 15.6 18.1 18.4 
 
 All others 24.5 23.9 24.5 25.3 21.7 
 
 Total 174.4 177.9 184.3 201.2 180.6 
 
 From these figures it is apparent that Argentine imports 
 more from the United Kingdom, and exports more to France. 
 
 Thirty-three years ago the country possessed four railways; 
 now there are twenty-five, of which the Buenos Aires Great 
 Southern Company, with its 1,960 miles in operation and 174 
 in construction, and with a capital of 20,000,000 pounds ster- 
 ling, is the largest. The total mileage of railway lines in work- 
 ing order in the country in 1898 was 9,820 miles, of which 
 525 miles were the extensions of tlie year. 
 
 Total number of passengers carried, 17,074.015. 
 
 Total freight carried, tons, 10,657,689. 
 
 , Total revenue, $75,143,171 currency, eiiuals gold, $29,- 
 092,560. 
 
 Total expenditure, $43,275,258 currency, equals gold, $16.- 
 754,524. 
 
 The total capital invested in Argentina in railways amounts 
 to gold, $524,699,579, of which the greater part is British. 
 
 The immigration into Argentina during 1898 was 95,190 
 jiersons, of which 39,135 were Italians and 18,716 Spanish. 
 Of the total immigration into Argentina, about 60 per cent, 
 of it has been Italian. Thus you will understand how they 
 turn to their own countiy for their wants, and this senti- 
 ment is becoming a factor in the trade. 
 
 Europe has more zealously sought the trade of Argentina, 
 and as she is the principal consumer of Argentina's produc- 
 tions, so in turn Argentina buys more from lier. Consider- 
 ing the many millions of dollars invested in national bonds, 
 in banks, railways and many important undertakings, com- 
 bined with every facility given by wealthy banks, and by 
 
 large and important lines of steamers from England, France, 
 Germany, Italy and Spain, it is only natural that the bulk 
 of Argentina's trade goes to those countries. If the manu- 
 facturers of this country seek a larger share, they will have 
 to study more closely the South American markets, and learn 
 the tastes and requirements of its people. Agents are often 
 sent who neither speak the language nor bring credentials 
 of their identity, and who in a hurried visit expect to learn 
 what it has cost others years of work and expense of capital 
 to obtain. 
 
 The international relations between the two republics have 
 happily always been friendly and cordial, and I should like 
 to call your attention to the followin,g facts: 
 
 Twice has Argentina submitted questions of dispute with 
 her neighbors, to the United States — first, in a question with 
 Paraguay over the ownership of part of the Chaco territory, 
 which was decided by President Hayes; second, the Misiones 
 question with lirazil, decided by President Cleveland — both 
 of these adversely to her. Then, again, in her contention 
 with Chile over the possession of Patagonia, through the good 
 otliees of the United States Ministers to Chile and Argentine, 
 that vexed question was brought to an amicable solution; 
 and now the final settlement of the boundary line of that 
 great territory is, by mutual agreement of the two nations, 
 in the hands of her Majesty, Queen Victoria. Only this year, 
 in another difference with Chile over the possession of the 
 Poma de Atacama, on the frontiers of Bolivia, by agreement 
 of the two powers, the United States Minister, resident in 
 Buenos Aires, Mr. W. I. Buchanan, was appointed arbitrator, 
 and a peaceful and satisfactory -solution of the affair arrived 
 at — thus removing all the war clouds which at one time hung 
 around those questions. May I not say, therefore, all honor 
 to Argentina and her neighboring sister republics, who have 
 given to the world a practical example of what arbitration will 
 do to smooth away the discords which will at times arise be- 
 tween nations? 
 
 In conclusion, I beg to add my hopes that out of the delib- 
 erations of this Congress good may come, and through the 
 medium of commercial inter-communication of the nations 
 represented, obstacles may be smoothed away, and all may 
 learn to know each other better, and so draw more closely 
 together the ties of trade, of mutual friendship and esteem. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Henry W. Peabody: 
 
 Yesterday, in going through the sample room of the Ex- 
 hibition, and looking at the products of various foreign coun- 
 tries, the collection of photogi'aphs very much interested me 
 as I looked at those of Venezuela, indicating a climate and 
 surroundings of fascinating beauty. We judge of merchandise 
 by the samples that are presented; we have the privilege of 
 judging of men by the samples that are sent to us as dele- 
 gates, and I could wish nothing better for Venezuela than 
 that all of its inhabitants should be of the tj-pe which is 
 represented to us to-day by Mr. Antonio E. Delfino, Consul- 
 General of Venezuela, now resident of N"ew York, whom I 
 have the pleasure of presenting to you. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Antonio E. Delfino: 
 
 I must present my acknowledgments to the chairman for his 
 personal compliments. It is kind of him, but I feel they 
 are undeserved. (Applause.) 
 
 It was my privilege two years ago to come to this city at 
 the invitation of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum as a 
 delegate of the Chamber of Commerce of Caracas, the same 
 which I now represent, and to be honored as your guest. I 
 retain a vivid impression of the marvelous sight offered to 
 
•242 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTEENATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 115 in this and in all cities that so cordially welcomed us, 
 tlioir wonderi'ii] workshops, of the infinite variety of their in- 
 dustries, and of their great productive power. 
 
 Now it is highly gratifying to me to be present at this 
 Congress, the first Commercial Congress that has ever been 
 assembled, including all the civilized nations of the earth, 
 and I compliment the directors of the Museum and the city 
 of Philadelphia for the great civilizing work of universal 
 benefit, and of international comity, which they have acoom- 
 ])lished. 
 
 1 beg to lay before this assembly some of the possibilities 
 of A'enezuela which, in my judgment, may be of interest to 
 international commerce, and especially to this large consum- 
 ing country. 
 
 Venezuela is situated on the northern coast of South 
 America, and has an area twice as large as that of France. 
 Half of this large area, the southern part, is covered by im- 
 mense forests scarcely yet touched by the axe, and is watered 
 by many navigable rivers. It keeps almost intact its hidden 
 treasures of gold, quicksilver and vanadium, its luxuriant 
 vegetation of valuable woods, of medicinal plants, rubber 
 trees and textile plants. Some of its smaller rivers and natural 
 channels are sometimes impassable on account of thick shoals 
 of turtles, and sometimes great flocks of herons, aroused by 
 the rare passage of a traveler, take their flight and darken 
 the light of the sun. This region is to-day the same as it 
 was described by Sir Walter Raleigh in glowing terms. 
 
 The other half, or the northern part, is equally divided 
 into agricultural and grazing land. The chief export prod- 
 ucts of Venezuela are coffee, cacao, hides, cattle, rubber, 
 woods, asphalt, copper and gold in bars. Our exports amount, 
 roughly speaking, to about $20,000,000. The coffee repre- 
 sents ab(jut eighty per cent, of the total value. This amount 
 increases or decreases according to the oscillation of the 
 market prices. Our imports do not reach the value of our 
 exports, but are always fluctuating according to our buying 
 power. 
 
 The principal market of Venezuela for imports or exports 
 is the United States. We sell here half of our crops; the 
 other half is bought by France and Germany. Our cattle are 
 shipped to the West Indies. Our money markets are London, 
 Paris and Hamburg. 
 
 \'enczuela is very thinly peopled and the population is 
 scattered along the northern c last. It may be said that Vene- 
 zuela to-day in agriculture, in forestry, and in mining ha.s 
 its wealth still unexploited and undeveloped. But still, apart 
 from the mines there are lines on which trade could be carried 
 on, which are of great importance to-day, and which will be 
 more so in the future. 
 
 The cattle in Venezuela ^outnumber the population many 
 times, and nature keeps a large part of the country fit only 
 for grazing purposes. 
 
 The overflowing of the rivers of the interior during the 
 rainy season covers immense plains which, as soon as the 
 waters retire, are clothed with tho best pasturage. The rap- 
 idly increasing population nf (he Tuited States and the con- 
 secjuent diiiiiinition of its grazing territory, will force it to 
 look abroad for its beef supply. No country can alfer a 
 larger, a better and a nearer supply of cattle to this country 
 than Venezuela. Its coast is nof; three days distant from 
 New Orleans, and scarcely six from New York and Philadel- 
 phia, with steamers of moderate speed in direct communica- 
 tion with those cities. I would call the attention of the great 
 packing industries of this country and of Eiirdpe to the facili- 
 ties that Venezuela offers for this trade. Our ports, PiR>rto 
 Cabello, Ouanta and Carenero, are the best natural ports for 
 sliipping that can be imagined. It is from these ports that 
 we supply (,'uba with cattle. Our race of cattle is large and 
 hardy, and as oxen for working in a tropical country, they 
 
 liave not their equals. The nearness of Venezuela makes 
 possible the export not only of cattle on the hoof but also of 
 dressed beef. I am convinced that in a few years we shall 
 see the establishment of a great packing house near one of 
 the above mentioned sea ports that will supply the West 
 Indies and the southern coast of the United States with 
 dressed beef. Just as Chicago does cities fifteen hundred 
 miles away. Not long ago a European corporation, aware 
 of the increasing needs of the world, and of the grazing lands 
 of Venezuela, purchased a large tract near one of the sea- 
 ports for raising cattle. 
 
 There is another large industry in the I'niled States that 
 is paying to-day for its raw material twice its former price, 
 and that Venezuela could furnish with an ample supply. I 
 speak of henequen or liemp. It grows wild all over the 
 coast. A recent traveler interested in the cordage industry 
 in going through the western part of the country was struck 
 by the great quantity of the textile plant that spread in 
 uninterrupted course for miles, and he noticed that the 
 leaves were, on the average, two feet longer than those of 
 the Yucatan plant. I should not be surprised at Venezuelan 
 hemps being on the market before long. 
 
 Along the coast there are mines of coal, asphalt and 
 copper, and ([uarries of marble, and mucli remains to be 
 develo])ed. 
 
 To sum up, men of enterprise with some capital, knowl- 
 edge and perseverance, will have their labors repaid in Vene- 
 zuela by large returns, whether they choose to enter the field 
 of the mining, agricultural or grazing industry. 
 
 I thank the Director and Staff of the Commercial Museum 
 of Pliiladel])hia on behalf of the Chamber of Commerce of 
 Caracas, and on my own behalf, for their invitation and 
 courtesies, and through them the Honorable Mayor and 
 official representative of the city of Philadelphia. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Iliiiiij 11'. Pcahody: 
 
 We have been enjoying to-day this beautiful room by the 
 courtesy of the Philadelphia Bourse. It gives me great 
 pleasure to know that \\'e may hear a few words from the 
 President of the Philadelphia Bourse, Mr. George E. Bartol. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 ]\[r. Gcanje E. Bartol: 
 
 Gentlemen of the Congress: I do not propose to tire 
 you with any extended remarks. 1 simply want to say that 
 you have lieen officially welcomed by the President of the 
 United States, through his representatives, by the mayor of 
 this city, and now it affords me great pleasure, on behalf of 
 tlie Philadelphia Ijourse, and on behalf of the trades asso- 
 ciations whose headquarters are with us in these liuildings, 
 whose names appear on this invitation, to welcome you to 
 the Philadelphia Bourse. AVe have been very glad to see 
 the busines men of foreign countries come here and meet 
 the business men of Philadelphia. 
 
 Our program is a very brief one. and 1 hope it will not be 
 tedious. We expect to adjourn ininiediately on the conclu- 
 sion of my remarks to lunch. We expect to adjourn from 
 hiiieh at 1 o'clock to tlie main lloor, wlieve the nu'inliers of 
 the trades assoeiation of l'liila(h'l|i|iin have been invited to 
 meet vou at a genera! |iulili<- i-i'ee|ilion lasting from 1 to ■-' 
 o'eliiek. During that time, or up lo •.' o\loek, if any of you 
 are inleresteil in nieclianieal appliances or machinery or any- 
 lliiim- of thai kind, wc will lie glad In have you go down 
 ■lo the main lloor. or lo Ihi' room below tlie main floor, into 
 the basement, and ins|>ect the exhibition of machinery there. 
 At 2.30, as vou know, the Cpngress will reassemble in this 
 room. That is all I have to say. As soon as the chairman 
 announces that you are ready, we will be glad to escort you 
 
THIRTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 27, 1899 
 
 243 
 
 in to lunch. I should remark that you will find a good 
 many gentlemen present with yellow badges or buttons who 
 are the members of the trades association. They are the 
 directors and members of the various trades bodies in these 
 buildings. It will afford them very great pleasure to act as 
 your escorts, individually, and to give you any information 
 about the city and the commerce and the various trade 
 organizations or anything of that kind. You will find, I 
 believe, every class of trade in Philadelphia thoroughly 
 represented here in this building, and through the directories 
 you will be able to get any and all the information you wish. 
 The rooms of the various societies are largely to be found 
 on this floor, and if any of you wish to visit the individual 
 rooms of the Trades League, Board of Trade or Lumber- 
 men's and Drug Exchanges, you will find the secretary 
 there ready to furnish any and all information you may 
 desire. I thank you. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Henry 11'. Peabody: 
 
 Gentlemen, the Congress will stand adjourned until 2.30 
 this afternoon. 
 
 (Adjourned at 12.06 p. m.) 
 
 Philadelphia, Friday, October 27, 1899. 
 
 Afternoon Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order at 2.30 p. m. by Mr. 
 Henry W. Peabody. 
 
 Mr. Henry 11'. Peabody: 
 
 DL4egates of the Congress and Ladies: The hour has ar- 
 rived for our afternoon session, and we must lose no moment, 
 as the program is long, and I beg leave to introduce to you, 
 as the first speaker of the afternoon, Mr. Affonso A. Rutis, 
 delegate from Sao Paulo, Brazil. (Applause.) 
 
 The State of Sao Paulo (Brazil) Commercially Con- 
 sidered, With a Few Obsertations on 
 THE Coffee Trade. 
 
 Mr. Affonso A. Rutis: 
 
 Honorable Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: My first ac- 
 quaintance with the Philadelphia Commercial Museum was 
 about three years ago, when a circular concerning its aims 
 and objects fell into my hands. I confess most willingly 
 that the circular made a deep impression upon me, for it 
 showed me in what manner this great institution could as- 
 sist me in the work, which I was engaged in, namely, in in- 
 troducing and spreading new ideas and culture by practical 
 propaganda. I made up my mind firmly then to enlist the 
 efforts of the Museum in behalf of the development of Pan- 
 American interests, and was fortunate enough in subsequent 
 correspondence with its honorable Director to attract the 
 attention of this model institution to Brazil, and especially 
 to the State of Sao Paulo. 
 
 A visit from the capable chief of the Foreign Department 
 of the Museum, Mr. Wilfred Harvey Schoff, who is known 
 to all of you, has caused our business and commercial ad- 
 vantages to be judged at their right value, and the Museum 
 possesses thereby valuable material for commercial and in- 
 dustrial enterprises. 
 
 I, therefore, avail myself of the opportunity upon this 
 
 occa.sion to express my special and sineerest thanks to the 
 Honorable Director for the interest shown my State. 
 
 Brazil is known all over the world as a large and rich 
 country. It is often underestimated, however, and as we 
 are now in the United States, I may add, in order to give 
 you a good idea about its size, that its area is equal to that 
 of this beautiful country, which is now entertaining us as 
 guests, exclusive of Alaska. No other South American Re- 
 public can show 3,000 miles of sea coast. 
 
 The Honorable Captain da Graga, the distinguished rep- 
 resentative of the Brazilian Government, will have the 
 pleasure to inform you of other details, and I will, therefore, 
 confine myself to the State of Sao Paulo and its develop- 
 ments. 
 
 Sao Paulo has in Santos the largest coffee shipping port 
 in the world. With an area of 106,939 square miles, and a 
 population of 2,500,000, it may be considered the model ag- 
 ricultural State in Brazil, especially as no other State has 
 olfered such inducements to immigrants, or made such sacri- 
 fices for the development of agriculture. Of the 14,700,000 
 sacks of coffee, which represent the estimated crops of the 
 world for 1897-1898, Brazil produced about 11,000,000, of 
 which four-fifths came from the State of Sao Paulo. The 
 sacrifices made by our coffee planters in the last years have 
 unfortunately in no way been rewarded with good results, as 
 the same symptoms have appeared which were formerly ob- 
 served in wheat-producing countries, i. e., the price obtained 
 is simply sufficient to pay the expenses of production. Con- 
 sidering the enormous capital which flows into the country 
 in payment for exported coffee, it is well worth our while 
 to occupy ourselves a few moments with this important 
 product. 
 
 The coffee planters caused the State Government to create 
 laws for the introduction of suitable labor, which was lack- 
 ing owing to the liberation, in 1888, of the slaves who had 
 been employed in the agricultural industry; free passage 
 and maintenance for several days after landing were offered 
 as inducements to such families in Italy, Portugal and Spain, 
 as were willing to come over and devote themselves to cort"ee- 
 raising. In this way hundreds of thousands of European 
 workmen coine over at the expense of the State, and into 
 the State Imdget are charged large amounts to pay the Euro- 
 j)ean steamship companies for their passage. 
 
 The practical revenue is derived from the export duty on 
 cofl'ee, which is payable when the coffee is loaded into ships 
 for trans-oceanic points of destination. 
 
 You know, perhaps, that a coffee-tree does not yield any 
 returns until the fourth, and usually not until the "fifth year 
 after planting, while the expenses up to this psychologic 
 point, if I may be permitted to use the expression, become 
 greater from year to year. No wonder, therefore, that the 
 State revenue, and the material welfare of the inhabitants, 
 depend on this production, and it may be said, without 
 going into other minute details, that the production and 
 export of coffee alone has a decided influence on the rise of 
 exchange, the so-called intrinsic value of our money sys- 
 tem. 
 
 The price of coffee has declined year by year to such an 
 extent that the planter now gets very little profit out of his 
 formerly very lucrative plantations. In foreign countries 
 this fact is usually attributed to the so-called over-produc- 
 tion, but I for my part place the blame in an entirely dift'er- 
 ent direction, and say it is caused, mainly, by speculation in 
 the world's markets, w-hieh supply the demand for coffee in 
 other countries, especially London. New York, Hamburg, 
 Trieste, etc., and secondly, by the too high import duty, 
 which in some European countries makes it enormously dear 
 and limits the consumption. As the coffee is almost as ne- 
 cessary an alimentary substance as bre^d, it has been seized 
 
'244 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 upon by the speculator, and coffee exchanges have been es- 
 tablished in many large cities. In this way large quantities 
 of bags are sold daily on futiire delivery, never delivered, 
 but settled for by simply paying or receiving the difference 
 between the buying and selling prices. This forces the price 
 diwn systematically to the detriment of the planter who, 
 instead of getting for his products the prices he should have 
 according to the actual supply and demand, only receives 
 what represents the speculation value. 
 
 As the time is too limited, I will not say anything about 
 the tricks of which the speculators avail themselves in order 
 to get control of the goods. It will be sufficient to look 
 through one of their so-called bulletins, to have this state- 
 ment confirmed. 
 
 .\nother chief factor affecting the consumption to an enor- 
 mous extent, as already stated, is the unrea.soiiable import 
 duty in force in some European countries, especially Italy, 
 France, England and Austria. It is not my purpose to talk 
 about the politics of other governments or to make allusions 
 that would be out of place in an International Congress, but 
 when coffee is being treafed as an article of luxury and 
 subjected to a duty of fifty cents per kilogram in Italy, and 
 thirty-live cents in France, while according to quotations 
 published in the latest Brazilian papers, the price obtained 
 by the planter for his coffee is rs. 700 per ten kilograms 
 (equal to about thirteen cents per kilogram taking the ex- 
 change value of one milreis to be sixteen cents), this tariff 
 must appear almost prohibitory. The United States, the 
 largest buyer of coffee, admits it free of duty, considering it 
 to be a national beverage and a necessary alimentary article 
 for the working classes. 
 
 But even in the United States the prices quoted are greatly 
 in favor of the dealer, for the name of Brazil coffee is used 
 seldom or never, !Mocha and names of otlier countries being 
 substituted in its place. 
 
 The United States import from Brazil coffee, rulilier and 
 other products to the value of $54,000,000 annually, wliile it 
 exports to that country about $14,000,000 only. 
 
 This difference of about $40,000,000 ought to stimulate 
 the efforts of our nothern friends who wish to sell their goods 
 in our markets, and this successful Exposition which we have 
 before us daily, is a sufficient demonstration of the fact that 
 they can easily compete with any P^uropean nation. 
 
 But two things are absolutely necessary if they want to do 
 so successfully; a regular steamship connection, represent- 
 ing only American interests, and the establishment in Brazil 
 of an American bank, through which all your business would 
 naturally be transacted. 
 
 '{'here never has been a inm-c opportune moment for hoist- 
 ing the American flag on a line of .steamers which, loaded 
 with the products id' American industry, would take their 
 course toward our beautiful "Cruzeiro," and tlien return (o 
 the "Home of the Free and the Brave" iliarged with a full 
 freight of Brazilian products. 
 
 Another article of which i^razil, and e.<pccially oui- Stafi' 
 of Sao I'aulo, coulil consume enormous quantities, is coal, 
 which is found, especially in the State of i'ennsylvaii'n, in 
 almost inexhaustible beds. Cardiff has so far had cniiic 
 control of the sale of this article to our consumers, while. 
 according to analyses I have before me, the Pennsvlvaira 
 product is in every way equal to the British one, and be=ide- 
 cheaper in price. 
 
 This beantiful and rich field \'nr .Amri'ican c.\[iort ti-ade is 
 therefore open to enterpi-ise, and in the rich manganese ore 
 and other minerals to be found in Brazil, and which would 
 only have to be explored, every vessel could easily take in a 
 return freight which would be sure to make any steamship 
 line a profitable one. 
 
 In order to give to .my esteemed audience a few data con- 
 
 cerning railway conditions in the State of Sao Paulo, 1 will 
 present the following figures, illustrating their development 
 in this State, which have been compiled from official reports 
 published by the Department of Agriculture, Commerce and 
 Public Works for the year 1897. According to these reports 
 the following important railroads are in existence in our 
 State: 
 
 Central Railway of Brazil 274 kilometers. 
 
 Sao Paulo Railway Company I'A'J 
 
 Estrada de Ferro Paulista 791 " 
 
 " " Mogyana 809 
 
 " " " Uniao Sorocabana 851 " 
 
 " " Bragantina e Ytuana ... 52 « 
 
 " " Itatibense 20 « 
 
 " " Rio Sao Paulo IS " 
 
 " " Bananal 11 
 
 The Minas & Rio Railway 23 
 
 Ramal Dumont 23 " 
 
 Ramal FeiTeo (,'ampineiro 43 " 
 
 Estrada de Ferro Sao Paulo a S. Amaro.. . 21 " 
 
 " " Santos a S. Vicente.... 9 " 
 
 Tramway da Cantareira 21 " 
 
 Total 3,105 " 
 
 The gauges vary considerably, viz: 
 492 kilometers have a guage of 1 meter 60 centimeter. 
 9 " " " " " 1 " 36 
 
 2,153 " " " " " 1 
 
 261 " '■ " " " "96 " 
 
 169 " " " " " " 60 
 
 3,105 kilometers. 
 
 Sao Paulo might therefore, easily become a valuable field 
 for American manufacturers of railway materials. 
 
 In order to convey some idea of the advantages of these 
 lines, and the profits that may accrue from there. I will give 
 the following statement of the more imjiortant lines for the 
 first six months of the year 1897. Of their earnings the 
 percentage of expenses was as follows: 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Sao Paulo Railway (English Co.) 57.98 
 
 1']. Ferro Paulista (Domestic Co.) 59.9 
 
 K. FeiTo Mogyana (Domestic Co.) 66.49 
 
 Unione Sorocabana & Ytuana (Domestic Co.) 64.12 
 
 You will readily see from these rates that investments in 
 railways already pay better than in most other countries of 
 the world, and with the extension of these lines and the 
 opening up of the most fertile sections in the interior of the 
 State, each new railway enterprise would prove still mcu-e 
 |irofitable. 
 
 Allow me to add a few words concerning our banking 
 system. 
 
 .\longside of the very well established and successful do- 
 mestic banks, there are operating in oiii- principal cities, as 
 for instance, Sao Paulo and Santos, three JMiglish banks, one 
 German and one I'^rencb baidc, to which a Belgian one will 
 be added in a feu months. .Ml these banks have deposits to 
 an amount which is nearly e(|ual to their capital, and are 
 able to distribute among their fortunate shareholders divi- 
 dends amounting to from 10 to 25 jier cent, annually. 
 
 How rich a field wmdd therefore be opened for an Ameri- 
 can bank, the natural mediator of our interests. It is with 
 great .satisfactioTi that I am able to state that enterprising 
 
THIETEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 27, 1899 
 
 245 
 
 Philadelphia merchants will, in a very short time, call into 
 existence an institution of this liind, and that the tirst steps 
 in this direction have already been taken, so that the Amer- 
 ican exporter will be able to place his interests in the hands 
 of a trustworthy concern. 
 
 Sao Paulo has a very important industry in cotton prod- 
 ucts, the cultivation of cotton being carried on throughout the 
 State with great facility, and it can easily compete in the so- 
 called "resgados" with either England or Germany, having 
 made itself entirely independent. 
 
 The manufacture of felt hats has also assumed very large 
 proportions and not only covers the home consumption, but 
 also that of the other States. A jute spinning mill furnishes 
 the material for the sacks in which coffee is exported. 
 
 Immense waterfalls, with a horse power of several thou- 
 sands, lie still in unharnessed condition, and from them could 
 be easily utilized motive power for many industrial estab- 
 lishments. This should especially appeal to the enterprising 
 American as a hrst-class opportunity for a profitable invest- 
 ment. 
 
 Sao Paulo, possessing breweries which represent a capital 
 of millions of dollars, is also entirely independent of imported 
 beer. iSTot far from the capital is situated the largest and only 
 factory of Portland cement existing in South America which 
 produces cement of a quality that is equal to the best foreign 
 brands. 
 
 One of nature's great blessings favoring the development 
 of our State is a healthy climate. Santos, which until a few 
 years ago was held to be the most unhealthy place in the 
 world, has had its hygienic conditions so much transformed 
 by magnificent constructions, as, for instance, quays and other 
 improvements of its harbor, that it is now equal in this respect 
 to any other port. 
 
 One-half of the population of the State may be said to con- 
 sist of Europeans, so that there is a market for every article 
 which can compete with European products. From a politi- 
 cal point of view we may say that we have a very good ad- 
 ministration: from our conservative elements, which are rep- 
 resented by the "Fazendeiros" (planters), who devote their 
 time and money to agriculture, a very fine race has developed 
 which is equal to the best in Brazil as regards intelligence 
 and culture. I 
 
 Sao Paulo takes great pride in calling her sons "Paul- 
 istas," and the best proof of their excellent qualities is the 
 fact that the last President of Brazil, Dr. Prudente de Mo- 
 rass, as well as the present head of the government, Dr. Cam- 
 pos-Salles, are both sons of this great State, and also both 
 planters. 
 
 It would take too long to enumerate here many more fav- 
 orable factors; a study of the consular reports, and a new 
 book on this subject which is about to appear, will supply 
 all supplementary facts of the statements which I have made. 
 
 While inviting American interests to make a special inves- 
 tigation of the advantages of our State, I have the honor of 
 calling their attention also to the rich material which is open 
 to their inspection in the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, 
 this model institution where detailed information on all trade 
 conditions can be obtained. I have the greatest satisfaction 
 in expressing to the directors of this institution my thanks 
 for the many courtesies they have shown us, and also desire 
 to thank this audience for the attention with which you have 
 listened to me. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Henry TF. Peahody: 
 
 All the delegates who have to speak here have indicated 
 their great want and desire for communication and facilities. 
 One of the most important houses in the city of Xew York 
 is represented here by a delegate who needs no initroduction 
 
 to the Spanish-American countries. I have great pleasure 
 in introducing to you Mr. Eddy, of Flint, Eddy & Co., New 
 
 York. 
 
 I 
 
 Mr. Ulysses G. Eddy: 
 
 Some thirty years ago I left New York for South America, 
 taldng with me some twenty tons of samples of American 
 manufactured goods. At that time the South American coun- 
 tries took from the United States, principally, such merchan- 
 dise as lumber, flour, some agricultural implements, hatchets 
 and axes, and certain classes of woodenware, but the volume 
 was small. Merchandise was shipped entirely in sailing 
 vessels, and the business was a limited one, carried on in an 
 old-fashioned way. 
 
 I first reached the city of Buenos Aires, then a place of 
 perhaps one hundred and fifty thousand inhabitants. In due 
 course, I obtained a proper room, and opened a sample dis- 
 play. This included a great variety of American hardware, 
 a number of styles of American house-furnishing goods, as 
 well as small machines, and some agricultural implements and 
 tools. I was then informed that no such goods had ever been 
 exhibited in that city before. In a very short time I succeeded 
 in taking orders for more than three hundred thousand dol- 
 lars' worth of merchandise, all from responsible firms who 
 promptly paid for what they bought. 
 
 It is perhaps interesting to compare the business methods 
 of to-day which are used by firms trading with South 
 America, with those of thirty years ago. At that time, orders 
 were sent by mail. It was some six weeks before letters con- 
 taining orders reached the United States. It would fre- 
 quently take a month or two to accumulate the merchandise 
 called for. Meantime a sailing vessel was chartered, loaded 
 in a leisurely manner and would very possibly take sixty days 
 on the outward voyage. After the arrival of the vessel in 
 the outer roads of Buenos Aires it was necessarj- to lighter 
 the cargo for several miles, transfer it in shallow water to 
 high-wheeled carts, in which it was transported to the custom 
 house. To receive merchandise from the United States with- 
 in six months of the date of the order was an extraordinary 
 event — it was more likely nine months. To-day in all im- 
 portant staple lines the merchandise is offered by the Ameri- 
 can merchant to the buyer in Buenos Aires by cable; the 
 price so offered is in sterling money, and includes delivery in 
 the harbor there. As a rule, such cable offers are only good 
 for twenty-four hours. If accepted there, merchandise is 
 almost always shipped by steamer. As there are weekly op- 
 portimities for such shipments, it frequently happens that 
 the merchandise is delivered in Buenos Aires forty days after 
 offering it to the buyer. On its arrival the steamer enters a 
 magnificent dock with every modern facility for unloading 
 and the merchandise is promptly transferred to the customs 
 warehouses. 
 
 While thirty years ago Buenos Aires was a mediaeval city, 
 to-day it is modern, with a population of nearly 800,000 in- 
 habitants! Much of this transformation from the ancient to 
 the modern has been accomplished by Americans, and by the 
 utilization of American inventions and productions. Amer- 
 ican boilers fed with American coal furnish steam to American 
 engines; these drive American dynamos and send electrical 
 current over American copper wires: this current is fed to 
 American trolley cars, which run upon American rails. Amer- 
 icans are laying asphalt pavements there. Important commer- 
 cial houses are established, and devoted entirely to the exten- 
 sion of trade with the United States. These houses are follow- 
 ing the custom of England and Germany in taking young men 
 from the United States, and educating them in the necessities 
 of the trade of that region. Retail establishments devoted 
 solely to selling American merchandise are springing up, such 
 
246 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 as American shoe stores, American bicycle agencies, American 
 t ypewi-itcr agencies, etc. 
 
 " \V]iik' 1 speak of i'>iienos Aires, the same conditions will 
 lie found in most of the countries of South America, and the 
 same transformation lias come about. 
 
 I'lie increased volume of export trade to South America 
 is not due solely to the effort of American merchants and 
 manufacturers to sell their goods. It is largely due to our 
 improved methods of organization, in product and transpor- 
 tation. 
 
 A study of the exports from the United States for recent 
 years will' sliow that their great growth is due to the fact of 
 the ability of the large units to produce, transport, and market 
 at cheaper prices than the smaller units doing a like business 
 in other countries. 
 
 A field in which the increase has been most remarkable of 
 late is that of iron and steel, and the various articles made 
 from these materials. The main elements in the cheapening 
 of these products to a point where they are able to compete 
 for the world's trade are, first, the gigantic supply of raw 
 material and the enormous scale upon which it is mined and 
 transported. The ores of Lake Superior are removed from 
 the earth by the most complicated and elaborate machinery, 
 costing many millions of dollars at the lowest possible cost. 
 Smaller mines, operating individually, could not possibly raise 
 the ore at any such jirice. It is transported from the mines 
 to the Great Lakes over railways specially devoted to that 
 purpose, in cars of most ingenious construction each one 
 carrying an enormous weight. It is deposited in the steamers 
 of the Great Lakes at a minimum cost withoiit being touched 
 by the hand of man. This is only possible by the use of great 
 aggregations of capital, and, by doing the business on a great 
 scale. The steamers carrying it from the shipping ports of 
 the lakes are of immense capacity and carry freight at lower 
 cost than any tonnage in existence. The unloading arrange- 
 ments at the ports where it is put on shore are marvels of 
 economy, and their capacity to handle vast bulks at minimuiu 
 cost has never been equaled. Railways, liy means of wliich 
 this ore is transported to furnaces not situated upon the lake 
 borders, are, in some cases, entirely devoted to such transport, 
 and over them are operated cars, each one carrying fifty tons 
 of ore which has never been touched by any human labor: 
 from tlie moment it was extracted from the mine it has been 
 handled by machinery. This ore is deposited at steel works in 
 which, owing to their enormous capacity, every possible econ- 
 omy of production is made. The finished product is trans- 
 ported over the most efficient and economical railroads in the 
 world from the stand])oint of production to the seaboard, and 
 is landed there at prices that enable it to hold its own in the 
 markets of the world. All this is impossible, except by oper- 
 ating large units. 
 
 The cost of the transportation of grain of all kinds from 
 the farm to the seaboard has been enonnously decreased by 
 the improvement of railways, their consolidation, the larger 
 cars in which it is transported, and the gradually improved 
 facilities for storing and handling. The farmer of the country 
 can only look with satisfaction upon the enormous benefits 
 conferred upon him by the consolidation of railway interests, 
 and their operation in larger units. 
 
 The export of meat has been rendered possible by the 
 superior facilities given by the operation of large aggrega- 
 tions of capital. The position of the United States as the 
 greatest producer of copper is due not only to the supply of 
 ores, but also to the fact that these are worked ujjon a great 
 scale. The comparatively moderate growth in the exporta- 
 tion of cotton goods is d\ie to the lack of organization in that 
 branch of business, and to the fact that so far there have been 
 few consolidations, and the imits now organized are not 
 sufficiently large. 
 
 The rapidly growing exportations of American locomotives 
 would not be possible except for the enormous plants in ex- 
 istence, insuring rapid delivery and the greatest economy in 
 production. But for the organization called the ''Standard 
 Oil Company," a large share of more than fifty million dol- 
 lars" woith of the products of petroleum would go from Rus- 
 sia and other countries rather than from the United States. 
 There are many regions where the crude oil can be procured 
 far more cheaply than in the United States; but by the pipe- 
 line transportation, the best known methods of refining, and 
 the thorough utilization of all by-products, the producer at 
 the well is able to get a satisfactory price for the raw mate- 
 rial, and the foreign buyer finds the United States the cheap- 
 est place to buy his products ready for consumption. Were 
 the trade not so highly organized and so unified, other coun- 
 tries would be making the profits of this commerce instead of 
 (lurselves. 
 
 It will be noted by a study of the export trade of the United 
 States that our exports and manufactures are almost ex- 
 clusively of articles that can be made by machinery, and in 
 which the same articles can be reproduced of the same 
 pattern again and again. In order to produce economically 
 and to export against the competition of other manufactur- 
 ing nations of the world, it is necessary to manufacture in 
 larger quantities in order to obtain the economies that are 
 not obtainaljle except by buying raw materials, transporting 
 and turning them into merchandise in very large quantities. 
 The small savings made at these various points by the 
 larger buyers and the larger sellers are sufficient to make a 
 profit. 
 
 The evolution in the export trade of manufactured goods 
 from the United States has and wall move on the lines of the 
 ex])ortation of goods of large consumption which can be 
 cheaply repeated. The LTnited States cannot expect to 
 excel in the supply of merchandise for the individual — that 
 trade can be properly left to Europe; it involves smaller 
 units of manufacture and more hand labor. 
 
 Much criticism has been made of the slow expansion of 
 the export of American cotton goods as compared with the 
 sales made from jManchcster. In Manchester it is possible 
 to have five, or fifty pieces of a certain pattern made up on 
 an ordei-. ^I'heir manufacture is so organized that this can 
 1)0 done. In the United States it is impossible, without ser- 
 ious loss, to do business in such a way. With a spread of 
 European and American civilization throughout the world, 
 there is gradually coming about a uniformity in the articles 
 called for. There is a tendency to make sizes, lengths, thick- 
 nesses, etc., t<i the same scale or standard. 
 
 This is more highly developed in the United States than 
 elsewhere, and it is fair to presume that this tendency will 
 be accentuated with the passage of time, for there is no 
 other way by which the consumer can be served so cheaply, 
 and can have this labor reduced to minimum in using such 
 manufactures for the purpose which they are destined. If 
 this tendency be recognized as existing and growing, it speaks 
 for the future advantage of the TTnited States, as this is the 
 country in which re-duplication has reached its greatest 
 development. 
 
 In American electrical machinery, certain types are pro- 
 duced, which are the results of the best experience of the most 
 accomplished engineers. A plant is equipped with machines 
 of the accredited type which can be made in large numbers 
 with the greatest economy. In England the engineer de- 
 signing an electrical plani will generally insist upon modifi- 
 cations of more or less importance. As a result, great num- 
 bers of patterns have to be made, and many changes which 
 involve a much higher first cost for the manufacturer, and 
 the disadvantage that the electrical engineer, who is con- 
 stantly designing machinery for the largest users, is much 
 
THIRTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 27, 1899 
 
 247 
 
 more expert and knows better what is the best construction, 
 than can any engineer who to-day designs an electrical plant 
 and to-morrow a plant of some other branch of manufacture. 
 
 The re-duplication principle is applied by us from watches 
 to locomotives, and it is also largely applied in our modern 
 fire-proof structures. The most scientific dimensions for iron 
 beams and girders, such as are used in our modern buildings, 
 are to-day universally accepted in the United States, and are 
 gaining acceptance abroad. If the export of American 
 manufaotures is to continue to increase in the future as it 
 has in the past, it will be necessary to still further perfect 
 our organizations for production and transportation. This 
 can only be done in other fields as it has been done in the 
 field of railway transportation by a series of combinations and 
 consolidations. 
 
 The larger units involve the organization of combinations, 
 which are to-day called trusits. Such combinations are con- 
 demned as in restraint of trade. Yet if the facts before stated 
 are correct, instead of restraining trade they stimulate it. 
 
 A friend has called my attention to the fact that every 
 citizen of the United States is a stockholder in what to us is 
 the great trust. It prepared and issued to the world its pros- 
 pectus and articles of association in the last century. Its 
 operations directly or indirectly affect the well-being of 
 every inhabitant of this continent, and its influence is prac- 
 tically world-wide. The prospectus is signed by some fifty- 
 five gentlemen who undertook, as is usual, mosit of the risks 
 connected with the formation, and agreed to devote their 
 energies and fortunes to the enterprise. The prospectus 
 promised to respect the rights of all, and to guarantee equality 
 of treatment; yet opportunities arise by which many of the 
 shareholders grow rich while others remain poor. The 
 avowed object of the promoters was clearly and boldly an- 
 nounced in the prospectus to be fo avoid obnoxious legisla- 
 tion and competition. 
 
 This trust began with about a dozen corporations taken 
 over as going concerns, and has enlarged its operation, until 
 it is now composed of nearly fifty. Its power extends from 
 the Atlantic to the Pacific and it is reaching across the 
 oceans for new fields of conquest. The articles of association 
 define the powers of the board of directors and of the chair- 
 man, and place the whole conduct of affairs in their hands. 
 
 The shareholders have a vote for director, only once in 
 two years, and a vofe by proxy for the chairman every four 
 years. The board is not obliged to meet oftener than once 
 a year. The chairman selects the heads of departments, and 
 may force their resignation at any time. The board deter- 
 mine their own remuneration, and have unlimited power to 
 borrow money, and to assess the shareholders. In spite of 
 set-backs, the business of the trust has grown beyond all 
 expectations. Never was it so prosperous, and never have 
 so many people been benefited by it. It is rich, yet it does 
 not hesitate to tax the poor. It is monopolistic and suffers 
 no infringements upon its rights. All the most unpopular 
 features of the industrial trust system are present here, and 
 anathemas launched against these minor trusts, working 
 with small powers in restricted fields, apply -with greater 
 force to the prototype of all trusts formed in the year of 1770, 
 whose prospectus is called the Declaration of Independence, 
 whose articles of association are known as the Constitution, 
 whose motto is "E phiribus mnim," and whose coinage bears 
 the legend "in God we trust." 
 
 Mr. Henri/ W. Pedbody: 
 
 The Congress would like to hear from the Commissioner 
 of the Pan-American Exposition, now resident in Washin"-- 
 ton, Mr. William E. Curtis. '^ 
 
 Mr. William E. Curtis: 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: If I had had a little notice 
 that I would have been called upon to speak to-day, I would 
 have been much better prepared to appear before you, as 
 I always like to be well prepared to meet an audience like 
 this. Professor Wilson says, however, that I can do a little 
 talking. I am always able to do a great deal of talking. I 
 have been talking on the subject which you have before you 
 for sixteen years everywhere I go, and I see some disciples 
 here and some peo2>le who were with me at the start. 
 
 I once knew on old Methodist clergyman — this story is 
 not for the foreign delegates — I once knew an old Methodist 
 clergyman, down in Missouri, a circuit rider — missionary — 
 who told me that he had been going about there preaching 
 for more than forty years, and I said, "Have you done any 
 good here? I don't notice much evidences." He said, 
 ■'You don't suppose that I could tell that Jesus Christ died 
 to save sinners for forty years without getting somebody to 
 believe it?" And I have succeeded in getting a good many 
 people to believe that there is an opportunity for trade 
 between this country and the Latin American countries, but 
 they don't go at it right, and our government has stood in 
 our way. As soon as we get a policy defined for the encour- 
 agement of trade, we change our Congress, and we change 
 our President, and they knock it all over. That has been 
 done twice, and it will probably be done again. 
 
 We hold conventions, and we meet in various places, and 
 we have expositions, and those expositions promise us great 
 things, but finally something new comes up and the atten- 
 tion is turned, and the great harvest is not so large as we 
 expected, although it is large every time. We have not 
 done a thing without making progress, and a meeting like 
 this indicates it. 
 
 Ten years ago in this country it would not have been pos- 
 sible to have a Philadelphia Museum. We went before 
 Congress and got an appropriation of $.500,000 to establish 
 such an institution in Washington. The amendment to the 
 appropriation passed the House of Representatives; it passed 
 the Senate, and we went home thinking we had it all right, 
 and it dropped out in the Conference Committee.. It was 
 possible that we were not up to it then, but we are up to 
 it now, and this meeting which you are holding to-day will 
 do it, I hope. 
 
 Professor Wilson, are you not going to have a convention? 
 Professor Wilson is not so hopeful as I am, but if we do not 
 have it in this country we will get some other country to 
 have it, and we will meet somewhere every year and talk over 
 trade topics until we get better acquainted. 
 
 I have just come from South America. I have been spend- 
 ing the greater portion of the year down there, and I have 
 the most striking evidences of what Mr. Eddy has been 
 talking about. I had not visited some of those countries 
 for twelve or thirteen years, and the progi-ess that has been 
 made in trade and in handling trade and the class of goods 
 that will help make trade now, as compared with that of 
 fifteen years ago, is quite remarkable. I am speaking now, 
 not to the foreign delegates, but to the American delegates. 
 The Germans are now ahead of you: the Germans are 
 monopolizing the country. They are driving the English 
 out. Fifteen years ago when I went to South America the 
 Enghsh were in control of the trade; now the Germans are 
 controlling it, not on the east coast or the west coast, but up 
 in the centre of Bolivia. I was there this summer, and 
 where any business wa.s going on there was a German in 
 charge of it. Fifteen years ago it was an Englishman you 
 met: now the German commercial traveler is everywhere, 
 on the cars and in the steamships. You very seldom meet 
 an English traveler. I saw a good many more than I saw 
 
248 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Americans, ihou.irh very few; but you see lots of Germans, 
 and vol! will find on every steamer seven or eight, five or six 
 in every town, and in every hotel you will find five or six 
 German comniereial travelers. They are there for business, 
 not for pleasure, and they are getting the trade. 
 
 We do not go at things right. We are too proud, we are 
 too independent, we are not patient enough. An English- 
 man or an American will go into a town in Bolivia, for ex- 
 ample, wliich is proliahly the most |irimitive. the must 
 isolated c(juntry in South America — lie will go into a t(uvn 
 there and call ai'ound upon the customers, asking them it' 
 they want any goods to-day. They will tell him, no; they 
 do not want any. "Well, can I not sell yon something of 
 this or that or something else?'"' "No. T dont want any- 
 thing at all," and he goes off. 
 
 Tlie German commercial traveler, when he comes in, sits 
 down. He understands the character of the man he is deal- 
 ing with, and he will let it work out. He will sit down. 
 He does not say anything about the trade at all. He will 
 get acquainted, and either he will ask the merchant to din- 
 ner or the merchant will ask him. He won't say anything 
 about trade that night, and he will go around and call on 
 some other people, and he won't say anything about trade 
 for 'two or three days, and by and hy the merchant will in- 
 quire what he is doing down there, and he will want to see 
 his samples, and the German will say, "Oh, that's all right; 
 I don't believ^e I have anything you like." "Well, I want 
 to see the samples, any how," and he will sell him a whole 
 cargo of goods. 
 
 Now, that would not work in England, and it would not 
 work in the United States, hnt dowTi there you are losing 
 the trade because you do not adopt these methods. 
 
 There has been a great improvement in all South Ameri- 
 can countries during the last few years. They are growing 
 fast and richer than we know of. Every year piles u)) a 
 growth in wealth, in culture, in general intelligence and in 
 education that makes them more ready to receive us and to 
 accept our hospitality than they used to do. 
 
 I still find a bugbear. The same old hoodoo is going 
 about, the fear that the United States wants to dominate the 
 hemisphere, and the people who have been talking that way 
 for a great many years are able to prove it now because we 
 have taken the Philippines. You will see in the conservative 
 papers — not in the liberal papers, in the conservative papers 
 - — the liberal papers understand the situation and the con- 
 servative papers understand it, too, but they use this bug- 
 bear for palitieal reasons, because they want to suppress 
 the influence of the United States; they want to keep out 
 our ideas and make our institutions unpopular — the old 
 biigliear that we want to seize tliem and eat them up. 
 We don't want to seize anybody or eat up anybody. We 
 didn't want the Philippines. There isn't a man in office in 
 Washington, I don't believe, from the President down, who 
 wanted the Phili])pines. There is not a man in office, from 
 the President <iown, who would not be glad to get rid nf 
 them if we could do so honoralily. Tbis nation was i'lU'ced, 
 by a combination of circumstances. \n take charge of that 
 people. Jf we hadn't falcon chari;e of them there would 
 have been a univer-al war. instead of fighting the Boers. 
 England would have been lighting the 
 the Russians, or the French, or some 
 the possession of these islands which 
 to take in order to keep the peace in 
 We have got them, we are going to keep them, we are going 
 to make a good government for them, and we are going to 
 have their trade. (Applause.) ]?ut we don't want anything 
 else, and I hope that will be firmly impressed on the Tuinds 
 of these foreign delegates before they go home, because no- 
 body knows, who has not been in those countries recently, how 
 
 Gei'mans to-day, or 
 other nation, over 
 we were com]ielb'(l 
 God's ercat I'amilv, 
 
 often and how much the cession of the Philippines is talked 
 about as evidence that the United States is a nation of con- 
 quest, and that we are grabbing everything we see. Pro- 
 fessor Wilson, I fear that I have overstepped my five min- 
 utes. (Dr. Wilson, "Not at all.") But I thank you very 
 luueh for the opportunity. 
 
 ^fr. Henri/ W. Peahody: 
 
 We are honored by the presence of the L^nited States Min- 
 ister to the Argentine Republic. I have great jileasure in 
 ])resenting to you the Hon. W. I. Buchanan. (Applause.) 
 
 Hull. IF. /. Buchanan: 
 
 ]\Ir. Chairman and Gentlemen: Wlieu 1 recall the many 
 instructive addresses and papers you have had the good for- 
 tune to listen to during the sessions of this Congress, I can- 
 not avoid the conclusion that the people of the United States 
 owe the Museum a debt of gratitude for its initiative in 
 bringing about this admirable method for the international 
 exchange of views in regard to commerce. 
 
 I am especially glad, Mr. (Chairman, to be here to-day, as 
 it enables me to again meet many acquaintances from my 
 own country and from South America, and to enjoy the 
 excellent addresses I have been pennitted to hear. 
 
 I several times advised Dr. Wilson within the past month 
 that I feared that it would be impossible for me to find the 
 requisite time to prepare an address to be read before you, as 
 lie so kindly requested I should do. But he was so cour- 
 teous and so complimentary in his wish that I should to some 
 degree participate in your sessions, that I could biit modestly 
 accede. 
 
 I have no special topic to speak upon and believe, there- 
 fore. I can possibly do no better than to make use of this 
 opportunity to answer a number of inquiries I have received 
 since my return home with regard to my opinion of the 
 proliabilities surrounding South American commercial and 
 industrial development. 
 
 I lay no claim to a thorough or even partial knowledge of 
 all of South ximerica. But I Itelieve I will not be far wrong 
 ely apply 
 republics 
 
 I recall no part of the world to which more attention has 
 Ijecn given during the past three years than to South 
 America: and especially to the republics of Southern South 
 America. 
 
 France within that time sent a special commi*ion there, 
 who spent a year in the study, and whose report has been 
 acted upon with distinct advantage to their interests by 
 P'rench manufacturers and capitalists. 
 
 The British Board of Trade also sent a representative there 
 who went over the whole industrial ground carefully, and 
 reported his conclusions (most favorable ones) to his asso- 
 ciation. Germany, too, sent special attaches to several of 
 lier prominent consulates there, and they have gone about in 
 all directions and have transmitted to their government 
 lengthy reports with regard to the development to be seen in 
 the republics I refer to, and in South America generally. 
 
 One commission from among the manufacturers of this 
 country visited the same countries within that time, under 
 the auspices of the Museum here, while even now reprcsen- 
 l.ilives of some of our great packing interests are engaged in 
 uiakinir a detailed stu(iy of the (leld they cover, as it exists 
 in nil of Soul b .Vincrici. 
 
 In ndililicjn to the aliove there is to be taken into account 
 the elVorN that have been and arc being made by such insti- 
 tutions as tli(> Philadelphia Musicnm, and similar ones in the 
 old world, and by private firms, to secure information regard- 
 iut; the couufries of which T speak. 
 
 in conservatively applying to all wliat I do know regarding 
 several of the republics there. 
 
THIKTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 2^, 1899 
 
 249 
 
 Applying the above facts to my own knowledge of the sub- 
 ject, I am led to the conclusion that the commercial world 
 is to-day more interested in forecasting future possibilities 
 in South America than has ever been the case heretofore; 
 and that the gi-eat changes which have occurred in recent 
 years in the productive character and capacity of several of 
 the South American Kepublics, have attracted the world's at- 
 tention and mark but the beginning of those which can and, 
 I think, will be brought about in others and expanded where 
 they have occurred. 
 
 Until we stop and think, few of us realize how striking and 
 remarkable have been the changes that have taken place in 
 the character of the production of North and South America 
 during, say, the past thirty or forty years. 
 
 For instance: Chile, not so many years ago either as one 
 might be inclined to think, produced and sold almost all the 
 flour used on the west coast of South America and Central 
 America, and even as far north as California. 
 
 To-day, California and Oregon and Wasliington not only 
 produce the flour they consume, but export toward the South 
 and Europe millions of bushels of wheat and enormous quan- 
 tities of flour; while Chile, having ceased being a great ex- 
 porter of flour, has become prominent as an exporter of nitrate, 
 copper and wines, and a producer of splendid fruit with an 
 exceeding bright future, I tliink, ahead in that direction, 
 while her mineral and forest wealth has as yet hardly been 
 touched, nor it is so long ago since the Argentine Republic 
 imported flnur from the United States and exported nothing 
 but dry hides, bones and coarse wool; to-day she exports in 
 flour and grain thirty-five million bushels of wheat; one-third 
 of that amount of maize, gi"eat quantities of butter; more 
 than two million frozen carcasses of sheep and some hundreds 
 of thousand of fat live sheep and cattle. 
 
 Part of all this, be it remembered, goes to Brazil and there 
 replaces a commerce once wholly in the hands of the United 
 States. 
 
 Brazil, a few years ago, produced nothing but cofl^ee and 
 sugar, and but a limited quantity of the first. To-day her 
 coffee crop has reached nearly nine million bags, while present 
 probabilities indicate that her southern section bids fair to 
 liecome in the future a great cattle-producing zone. 
 
 All present can easily remember when the Missouri River 
 constituted the western line of the producing section of the 
 United States. To-day the small section of territory west of 
 that river, comprising Nebraska, alone produces S44 million 
 bushels of maize, thirty million bushels of wheat, and fifty 
 million bushels of oats. 
 
 Not many years ago, United States breadstuff s and provis- 
 ions commanded the markets of Brazil and the River Plate, 
 and found an outlet there. 
 
 To-day the Kiver Plate Republics, the Argentine Republic 
 and Uruguay, furnish more tlian 65 per cent, of Brazil's im- 
 portations of breadstufEs and provisions, and, in addition, com- 
 pete with those of the United States in the old world. The 
 United States, having ceased being an exporter of breadstufEs 
 to the River Plate, has become an exporter to the same coun- 
 tries of manufactured products, indicating the change taking 
 place in the character of our production here at home. This 
 changed condition is being continuously accented and aug- 
 mented among us here in the United States. 
 
 The logical result to be expected from these changes in 
 tlie producing capacity of Eastern South America, the shift- 
 ing to and the extension of South America's consuming mar- 
 ket in the world, was, that banking facilities and steamship 
 connections should grow up and extend themselves between 
 the producing Republics and the points of greater consump- 
 tion. 
 
 These brought witli tlicni an interested curiosity on the 
 part of the old world in the development of these new produc- 
 
 ing Republics, and this built up immigration towards the 
 same Republics, which has continued and will continue. What 
 I have said explains, to me at least, the existence of Euro- 
 pean and the absence of United States banking interests in 
 South America, and of steamship connections therewith. 
 
 1 am not one, however, who believes this condition of things 
 will continue; on the contrary, I fully expect to see in the 
 near future results showing that changes are beginning in 
 the North and in South America which will tend to increase 
 the commerce between the latter and the United States. I 
 think there are indications of this now, when, for instance, 
 I realize that our population is rapidly increasing, and, am 
 told we have here ten millions less cattle than we had five 
 years ago. I know how extensively and cheaply good beef 
 cattle and sheep are and can be produced in the Argentine 
 Republic and in Uruguay, I am quite prepared to consider 
 the entire probability that within five years River Plate 
 mutton and beef will be sold in the United States. 
 
 On the other hand, judging from what I personally know, 
 I shall be very much surprised if within that time many 
 United States manufactured products do not wholly supplant 
 in South American markets similar goods now sold by the old 
 world. 
 
 Each of the Republics of South America has its own eco- 
 nomic problems to work out, and all are, I know, desirous 
 that both the old world and the United States shall partici- 
 pate in the benefits which will follow the development of their 
 natural wealth and possibilities. 
 
 So far as the United States are concerned, I am convinced 
 from my own observations that commercial acquaintance now 
 somewhat fitfully kept up between them and all of South 
 America, will grow and widen rapidly within the next five 
 years. It will be but a short time until United States bank- 
 ing capital will turn toward several of the South American 
 Republics, there to remain and become active leaven, which 
 shall expand and solidify our commerce with those countries. 
 
 These clianges will create steamship connections under the 
 United States flag, and will tend to bring the people of the 
 Western Hemisphere into closer and better understanding 
 than those existing at present. 
 
 As opportunities to make money by the development of 
 land and mines and forests lessen in the United States, specu- 
 lative and inditstrial capital and restlessness will, I believe, 
 drift toward South America, and I fully expect to see the 
 greatest proportionate commercial develipment during the 
 next ten years located in the Antilles and in .South America. 
 
 Certainly great possibilities and opportunities exist in both 
 localities. It must be understood that in what I have said 
 there is implied the continued existence and influence of 
 stable, broad-spirited and justly administered government in 
 all of the countries to which I have referred. 
 
 Without that condition no success can be hoped for or 
 expected by any country. So true is this that it has become 
 an axiom to say that peace, reasonable laws, good courts, and 
 an honest ptiblie administration of affairs, are the most allur- 
 ing and attractive inducements any country can hold out to 
 immigration, to capital and to industry. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Henri/ W. Peahody: 
 
 We would now like to hear from the delegate from Para- 
 guay, Mr. Carlos R. Santos. 
 
 The Commeecial Conditions of Paraguay. 
 
 Mr. Carlos R. Santos: 
 
 Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen. — As the beautiful 
 language of Shakespeare is not my own, I confidently hope 
 you will be indulgent enough to excuse any incorrectness in 
 
250 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 my pronunciation, while I take the liberty to claim your 
 kind attention for a few moments, in order to say a few words 
 about my native country, Paraguay, the government and com- 
 mercial centre of which I have the honor of representing upjn 
 this occasion. 
 
 Before going any further, 1 think it will be necessary for 
 me to give you a short description of the general conditions 
 of Paraguay, as it will be evident to your enlightened judg- 
 ment that not only the natural resources of a nation, but 
 also its topographical position, its climate, and facilities for 
 communication have a powerful inthience on the future de- 
 velopment of its commerce. I shall, however, try to make 
 it as brief as possible, as the time at our disposal is rather 
 limited. 
 
 Paraguay is situated in the centre of the South American 
 continent, and has an area of 317,000 square kilometres. It 
 is divided into two vast sections. The eastern section, or 
 I'araguay proper, which is the most thickly populated, is 
 bounded by two immense rivers, the Parana and the Para- 
 guay, the latter being a tributary to the former. By means 
 of these rivers the country is in direct communication with 
 the Atlantic Ocean, as thev are navigable at all times of the 
 year to vessels of large tonnage drawing as much as twelve 
 feet. The other section, or Chaco, is an immense, fiat area 
 covered with extensive forests and excellent plains suitable 
 for the cattle industry, and settled only along the river-banJis 
 by establishments devoted to wood-cutting and stock-raising. 
 
 The climate, although sub-tropical, is one of the most 
 favorable, if we take in consideration that, when in some of 
 the countries of Southern Europe, according to Flammarion, 
 the temperature rises as high as 43 degrees Celsius (equal to 
 107.6 degrees Fahrenheit), in Paraguay the highest is 40 
 degrees (equal to 104 degrees Fahrenheit), and the average 
 23 degrees (equal to 73.4 degrees Fahrenheit). This varies, 
 however, with the topographical conditions, and in some parts 
 of the country the temperature is known to be from 3 to 5 
 degrees lower (equal to from 37.4 to 41 degrees Fahrenheit). 
 The winter is so mild that numerous families from the River 
 Plate go there every year. There are also some exceptionally 
 cold days, in which the 'hermometer falls as low as 3 degrees 
 above zero (equal to 35.6 degrees Fahrenheit). As regards 
 the salubrity of the climate, all foreigners who have visited 
 the country have unaniimusly expressed themselves as de- 
 lighted with it; as a matter of fact, endemic diseases are 
 entirely unknown, and epidemics, such as small-pox and scar- 
 let fever, are of very rare occurrence and always appear in a 
 mild fonn. To corroborate this statement, I take the liberty 
 of quoting the opinion expressed by the learned naturalist, 
 Mr. Balansa, in his work, "Studies of Paraguay," which was 
 published in Paris, and in which he says, "It is an object of 
 general interest that Paraguay should be known. The fer- 
 tility of the soil, the salubrity of its climate, and its ad- 
 mirable topographical position between two large navigable 
 rivers make it one of the most beautiful and important coun- 
 tries of South America, and one of the most advantageous for 
 the immigrant." 
 
 Paraguay has, in reality, very little cause for envying coun- 
 tries better endowed with the gifts of nature. The admirable 
 fertility of its soil makes it possible to raise all the products 
 of temperate and tropical zones, and the country has a rich 
 variety of natural vegetable priiducts, such as medicinal and 
 textile plants, dye-stuffs, oleaginous and tanning materials. 
 Among the minerals found are copper, iron, manganese, sul- 
 phate of lime, rock-crystal, lime, marble, feldspar, etc. 
 
 The immense forests of the country contain precious woods, 
 ranging fr nn the lightest and most delicate to the heaviest 
 kinds, which wear like iron, and are utilized for innumera- 
 ble purposi's. On its extensive, rich plains cattle-raising will 
 yield a profit of 3.5 to 30 per cent, annually. These inex- 
 
 haustible treasures have, however, hitherto been exploited on 
 a comparatively insignificant scale, owing to lack of work- 
 men and capital, which have Ijeen extremely scarce in Para- 
 guay ever since the disastrous war, the most cruel in the 
 annals of modern history, which was waged for five yeai's 
 against us by the allied armies of three nationalities, namely, 
 what was then the Brazilian Empire, and the Republics of 
 Argentine and Uruguay. Paraguay, having spilt its best 
 blood on the battlefields, and being overcome by the over- 
 whelming number of her enemies, blockaded on every side 
 and \\'ithout either food or ammunition, was at last prostrated 
 and vanquished. We had a population of over one million 
 in 1865, but only 331,000, composed for the greater part of 
 aged invalid,?, women and children, remained at the end of 
 this terrible war. The present number of inhabitants is again 
 nearly seven hundred thousand. On the feeble basis men- 
 tioned the reconstruction of the nation was commenced in 
 1S70, and in the same year the new constitution was adopted, 
 founded on the same liberal principles which make the Con- 
 stitution of the United States sacred to the rights of man, 
 and thereby has been accomplished the miracle attributed 
 to the Phwnix of the fable, of rising again from its own 
 ashes. Since that time the country has been making slow but 
 sure progress, while enjoying the blessings of undisturbed 
 peace, and trying to overcome by self-denial and faith the 
 transitory difficulties through which every new nation has to 
 pass. Our progress has been aided by immigration, which, 
 although as yet small, has crossed the borders of the country 
 since 1881, under the auspices of our liberal laws and the 
 facilities accorded by the government to all foreigners who 
 advance as far as they are able the prosperity of the nation, 
 after settling in the republic to which they have been at- 
 tracted by the inducements offered to small investors in the 
 different branches of growing industry, which gives promise 
 nf good returns and large increase in the future. 
 
 I would like to tell you many other things about the pres- 
 ent and past of Paraguay, which was peopled before the other 
 countries of the River Plate, and has been the source of the 
 civilization of that region. We had, for example, the first 
 railways, telegraph, ship-yard, navy-yard, and merchant and 
 naval marine, but, as several of my honorable colleagues 
 have to speak after me, I must confine myself to its com- 
 merce, which is the primordial topic to be discussed in the 
 ( 'ongress. If incidentally I have touched upon the history 
 of the past, it has been with the sole object of explaining 
 the principal reason for our hitherto slight commercial devel- 
 o])ment judged from an international point of view and rela- 
 tive to its resources. I will also avail myself of the oppor- 
 tunity on this occasion to point with pride to the fact that 
 altlunigh the Paraguayan commerce does not have large 
 amounts of capital at its disposal, it has always been guided 
 in its transactions by the strictest observance of honorable 
 conduct, a matter which has been duly appreciated in its 
 exterior relations. 
 
 Our principal products and articles suitable for commerce 
 are corn — two crops per annum yield 5,000 pounds per 10,000 
 stpiarc yards. Mandioca (Mainlmt vtilissima). a plant belong- 
 ing to • the family of euphorbiaceae, produces tubers from 
 which starch pure and of excellent quality is extracted. 
 
 Tobacco produces leaves which when properly cured are 
 i'i|ual to the best produced in other countries. Paraguayan 
 tdbiicc'O obtained prizes at various European Expositions, 
 iiinong others, the Exposition of 1855 in Paris, of 1889 in 
 .\ntwerp, and in Barcelona, at which it received a gold medal. 
 
 The i^ianco Agricola del Paraguay, founded to aid the 
 agriciili ni-al industry, lias recently erected several dryers 
 where the tobacco is cured after the Cuban system, and part 
 of the first ero]) has been exjKirted, principally to Germany. 
 
 Verba ]\rat('', i'aragunyan tea (ilc.r paraijuciisis), made from 
 
THIRTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 27, 1899 
 
 251 
 
 the leaves of a shiaiL which are pulverized or simply cured 
 as other tea, affords a drink known by the name of "Yerba 
 Mate" all through South America, where the people drinking 
 it number over 20,000,000. 
 
 Until a few years ago it was totally unknown in Europe, 
 but to-day it is prescribed by physicians in Germany in cer- 
 tain cases of illness; it is not, however, as a remedy that it 
 has acquired its importance, but as a beverage to replace 
 coffee, tea and liquors. The low price, and not only hygienic 
 but also nutritious and invigorating properties, recommend 
 it especially to laborers. It has always been recommended 
 for these properties by scientific journals and notabilities, 
 and that its general use in Europe and the United States de- 
 pend solely on its becoming more widely known is a fact be- 
 yond doubt. 
 
 The forests in which yerba mate grows wild are called 
 "yerbales," and comprise immense areas in the northern and 
 eastern parts of the Republic, where on an average 9,000,000 
 kilograms per annum are produced; of these one-half is ex- 
 ported and the other half consumed, in the Republic. 
 
 The productions can, however, easily be tripled when the 
 projected railway shall be built in order to furnish suitable 
 and necessaj-y transportation facilities to those parts of the 
 country. 
 
 Coft'ee: The soil and climate of Paraguay are splendidly 
 adapted to the cultivation of coffee, as well as to the estab- 
 lishment of vineyards, which yield thirty hectolitres of wine 
 per hectare. 
 
 Sugar-cane yields thirty tons per hectare. 
 
 Wliite and yellowish cotton yields on an average seven 
 poimds per plant. 
 
 Rice is grown in excellent places for its cultivation, and is 
 also found in some parts growing wild on the banks of creeks 
 and rivers and usually on the side of gulches. Rice can be 
 made to yield G-5,000 pounds per cuadra, a cuadra being equal 
 to 10,000 square yards. 
 
 Ramie grows with extraordinary vigor, and if the difficulty 
 of cleaning it could be overcome by having suitable machinery 
 it would become an important article of export. 
 
 Alfalfa yields six crops per annum. 
 
 Oleaginous products, such as castor beans, peanuts and 
 cocoanuts, are beginning to be exported to Europe. 
 
 All kinds of vegetables mature two months earlier than in 
 the neighboring countries, to which they are exported. Fruits, 
 such as bananas, melons, peaches, pineapples, tomatoes, 
 lemons and oranges, are also shipped to Argentine and Uru- 
 guay in considerable quantities. 
 
 Of oranges alone the exports for the present year have 
 amounted to $100,000 in round figures. 
 
 We are exporting at present: 
 
 To Argentine and Uruguay, hardwood in logs, planks and 
 sleepers, salted and raw hides, yerba mate, tobacco, tobacco 
 extract, essence of orange leaves, sweets, liquors, fruits, gar- 
 den produce and ornamental plants. 
 
 To the Brazilian State of Matto Grosso, with which com- 
 munication is had by the Paraguay River: beer, cocoa and pea- 
 nut oil, stai'ch, candles, soap, matches, sweets, biscuits, vermi- 
 celli, syrups and shoes. 
 
 The exports to Europe, especially to Germany and Eng- 
 land, are tobacco and hides, which are much in demand owing 
 to their good quality, hardwoods, quebracho extract for tan- 
 ning, cocoanuts, orange essence, hair and other animal pro- 
 ducts. 
 
 As one salting establishment has been built recently and 
 others projected, the Paraguayan salteries will soon be able 
 to occupy a prominent place and compete advantageously 
 with the Argentine salteries in the exportation of dried moats 
 to the markets of Cuba and Brazil, owing to low freight rates 
 and the cheapness of the cattle which are ready to slaughter 
 
 two months earlier in our country on account of the advanced 
 season. 
 
 Our imports consist of the following manufactured arti- 
 cles, received mainly from Germany and England: Silk, 
 woolen, linen and cotton goods, burlap, china, earthenware, 
 general hardware, canned goods, wine, oil, spirituous liquors, 
 beer, agricultural machinery and implements. 
 
 The banks which facilitate business transactions are Banco 
 Mercantil del Paraguay, Banco de los Rios y Compania. 
 
 The following tigures will give an idea of our imports and 
 exports from 1895 to 1897: 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 Imports. 
 
 $1,308,662.2-1 
 
 2,830,873.81 
 
 2,371,765.08 
 
 Exports. 
 
 $1,958,250.44 
 
 1,888,061.63 
 
 2,181,809.00 
 
 As stated, our direct commercial relations with some of 
 the European countries are already established, but if the 
 North American manufacturers could offer us the same terms, 
 and if the future would bring better transportation facilities, 
 and more equable customs tariff between the two countries, 
 then we could export to the United States hides, yerba, fibres, 
 oleaginous, tanning and dyeing raw materials, and receive in 
 exchange manufactured goods, agricultural implements, 
 machinery and general hardware. 
 
 It is to be hoped that the obstacles existing between the 
 United States and some South American countries will soon 
 be removed for the sake of convenience, and better knowl- 
 edge of our mutual resources and necessities, to the accom- 
 plishment of which result the Commercial Museum is devot- 
 ing its splendid energies. 
 
 Through the exhibition of samples it teaches a practical 
 lesson of indisputable utility and it has been the originator 
 of the idea of this International Congress, in the realization 
 of which we have the honor to participate, and for the happy 
 termination of which I offer my most fervent wishes. 
 
 Finally, permit me, in the name of my government and the 
 commercial centre of my country, to congratulate this mer- 
 itorious institution upon its noble purposes and the progres- 
 sive city of Philadelphia which has extended its hospitality 
 to the first International Commercial Congress, bringing 
 together the representatives of all the nations of the globe, 
 in order to deliberate upon the interests dearest to humanity, 
 under the Stars and Stripes, which are universally held to 
 be the symbol of liberty and industry. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. William R. Tucker (Secretary of the Board of Trade): 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: The large attendance to- 
 day has been attributed by some of our Philadelphia mer- 
 chants and those deeply interested in the Philadelphia Mu- 
 seum and Exposition, to the fact that the Congress is being 
 held closer to the business centre of our city, and it has been 
 thought by a number with whom I have spoken, that if it 
 were possible that the closing days of the sessions of this 
 Congress should be held in this assembly room, or possibly 
 in the assembly room of the Commercial Museum, that per- 
 haps there would be a larger attendance. 
 
 I do not know, not being in intimate relation with the di- 
 rection, how far this might interfere with the plans for the 
 conduct of this Congress, but if it does not seriously interfere, 
 and I think I speak for the Philadelphians in this vicinity 
 (applause), they would consider it a gi-eat favor to be per- 
 mitted, as their time would allow them, to join with you in 
 the closing hours of the sessions of this great Congress and 
 show you by their presence their interest in it — not that the 
 presence of the business men here would add anything, but 
 it would bring the idea before them that there is such a Con- 
 
PKOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 gross. Tliey are busy men niul they come here daily from 
 their worksliops and their dlliees, and would like to hear 
 sometliing that is said by these delegates from foreign coun- 
 tries, and would like to see some of them, and show by their 
 pi-esence their appreciation of what you are bringing to them 
 in the way of information, of which we hope to avail ourselves 
 in the future. 
 
 If not inconsistent, I would like to suggest that, if possible, 
 the sessions of the Congress from now on be held here, to- 
 morrow and Monday, in this room. I do not know that it 
 can be arranged, but, as I said before. I understand it is 
 earnestly desired tliat it shall be aiTanged that the meetings 
 will be held here or in the Commercial Museum. I would 
 like to make that a motion, and I would suggest that this be 
 the home of the Congress in its concluding sessions. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 I woidd like to say one word with reference to the location 
 of the meeting. There is not the slightest objection to 
 changing the already announced location of the meeting from 
 the Exposition hall to this room in the Bourse building for 
 to-morrow. The gentlemen connected with the various Ex- 
 changes and connected with the Bourse are here, where the 
 central business of the city is done, and have given us the 
 courtesy of the floor to-day, and they have specially invited 
 the business men to come and meet the foreign delegates for 
 discussion on business interests which may come to hand. 
 
 Mr. Henry W. Peabody: 
 
 Some of our most ardent advocates of protection in this 
 country have also been friends of reciprocity. We should be 
 glad to hear something upon that subject from one of our 
 largest manufacturers of agricultural implements and plows, 
 Mr. A. B. Farquhar, of York, Pa. 
 
 How TO PnoMOTE Reciprocity. 
 
 Mr. A. B. Farquhar: 
 
 Reciprocity in commerce is not merely a desirable thing to 
 have — it is indispensable. Commerce is reciprocal in its 
 very essence, like the movements of the piston in the engine, 
 like the inhalation and exhalation in lireathing, or the arte- 
 rial throl) and venous How in blood circulation. Obstruct 
 the movement in one direction and you arrest it in both; you 
 cannot have the flow outward if you stop the flow inward, 
 the action if you bar the reaction, or the free delivery of 
 your own goods if you hamper your customers in paying for 
 them. Every act of commerce is an act of mutual service, 
 ■each ]jarlicipant gaining something tliat he wants more at 
 the cost of something that he wants less; and if an act of 
 commerce is arrested, both sides suiTer by the amount that 
 the thing olTered to each is tnore desired than the thing each 
 has to offer. Truly, then, in discussing reciprocity we are 
 coming to the ven- heart oT um sul)ject — an^ ukisI (>iVertually 
 carrying out the luisiness we are here for. 
 
 The policy of ol)>tructing, by import taxes, tlie introduc- 
 tion of goods to pay for the goods that otir citizens send 
 abroad, is one adopted for the jjurpose known as protection; 
 that of establishing certain lines of industry within tlie 
 country. In some cases that ptu-pose is accomplished bv the 
 means ado]>ted. The general question, whether its sncccss- 
 ful accomplishment in these eases is full compensation for 
 the cost paid— a clogged foreign trade, higher prices of manu- 
 factures so protected, ending ])crhaps in the establishment 
 of a prodiu-live monopoly that proves a vexatious burden 
 eeonomically and politically — there is not time to discuss to- 
 day. I'ni to another item in the cost of a protective polic-y. 
 additional to those just named, it seems cminenily fitting 
 
 that attention should be directed in the meetings of this Con- 
 ference. This item is not less important because often over- 
 looked. We might convince ourselves that the establishment 
 of an industry well repaid all the rest of what its protection 
 cost us, and yet vote it too expensive on finding that our 
 method of establishing it was calling out retaliatory duties in 
 countries where we desired to sell. It is to this negative, 
 back-acting, hostile form of reciprocity, known as retaliation, 
 that I wish to ask your attention, with a view of showing the 
 need of a true reciprocity to replace it. 
 
 When our country undertakes to exclude a product of 
 another, by placing a high import duty upon it, the second 
 country rarely remains indifferent. A return is provoked, 
 which is apt tn take a shape resembling the first blow. We 
 are not at all unfamiliar with this sentiment in our own 
 country, having felt a considerable measure of it ourselves 
 when certain F]uro])ean countries took steps a few years ago 
 ill keep American jiork frcun crossing their frontiers. Some- 
 thing of the same disposition that we felt then, to attack in 
 some other way the trade of coimtries that had atfacked our 
 pork trade, inevitably actuates every country affected by a 
 prohibitive duty enacted at Washington. This retaliation 
 is sometimes only threatened, but sometimes actually carried 
 out. When carried out it strikes, like all retaliative meas- 
 ures ever projected, a mark very different fom the one nat- 
 urally aimed at, for the sufferer by such blows is never the 
 one responsible for the prohibitiim complained of, but always 
 the one most exjjosed — the one, that is to say, who has the 
 largest interest in export trade. The wolf in the old fable 
 that justified himself in devouring the lamb because .some 
 other sheep had once spoken ill of him; the boy in the fa- 
 miliar story who, unable to "lick" his schoolfellow, proceeded 
 to make faces af the hitter's little sister; the savage of the 
 plains, who consoles himself for being swindled by one white 
 man in scalping and braining tlie wife and children of an- 
 other, all show the exact kind of spirit, the exact grade of 
 intellect embodied in all acts of international hostility — pro- 
 nouncements, notes, ultimatums, reprisals and retaliatory 
 legislation. If some German official vexes us, we plot the 
 punishment of divers and sundry private Germans who never 
 heard of the transaction. If the inhabitants of a British 
 colony transgress our notions of jiropriety. British property 
 and British people thousands of miles away are at once sug- 
 gested to us as suitable object.s of attack. Naturally enough, 
 then, the foreigner, aggrieved by the barrier raised against 
 bis trade through the influence of rival producers in this 
 country, is set on fire and furiously impelled to rear up a bar- 
 rier of his own in the way of a very different set of producers 
 here, and all his compatriots, naturally enough, uphold and 
 aid him. Thus he secures a retaliatory duty; he does not 
 increase his foreign trade or improve the national standard of 
 living, but he does accomplish something and so feels easier. 
 
 It is the exporting producer in this country who suffers 
 by the retaliatory duties enacted abniad. wliieh, instead of 
 striking such manufacturers as obtain a prolit from duties 
 imposed on tins side, bear Avith their whole force upon those 
 nf us \\h(i ha\e no use for duties, because assured of om' 
 home market without any. 'I'lie fact that we are able to ex- 
 ]iort, our wares, and meet foreign ])roducers on equal terms 
 in markets outside, is of itself conclusive proof that we have 
 nothing to fear in meeting them on equal terms here, where 
 we have not only the advantage of less charge for transpor- 
 tation, but the greater advantage of having made a thorough 
 studv iif tile market. F.xporting manufacturers, therefore, 
 while ili'awing no direct biMii'dl rnmi Ihe tariff, and while 
 .■icluallv (ippressed by it in the nuTe liuiiled choice and 
 higher cost of their raw material, have to take such con- 
 sequences of the nation's policy as foreign nations choose to 
 impose in the foi'm of retaliatory larifTs. It cannot be won- 
 
THIRTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 27, 1899 
 
 253 
 
 dered that we tind having to submit to blows from two di- 
 rections a little too much for our patience. 
 
 Eaniiliar as we are with provisions in our own tariff laws 
 framed with the avowed object of vexing some particular 
 foreign country, though expressed in general terms, we ex- 
 pect to tind the retaliatory provisions which they provoke 
 expressed in general terms also. There is a general custom, 
 in phrasing the commercial treaties by which most countries 
 are conneoted, to provide that each party shall enjoy in the 
 ports of the other "all the rights allowed the most favored 
 nation." Naturally, therefore, when one country wishes to 
 show disfavor to another, without at the same time appear- 
 ing to break its promise to treat it as most favored, the way 
 to do so is to employ words which on their face apply to all 
 alike. When our lumber tarill', for example, provides for 
 an increased duty on imports from ''any country or depend- 
 ency" in which a duty on the export is imposed, it is as 
 well understood that reference is made to Canada as though 
 that Dominion had been expressly named. Similarly when 
 our sugar tariff puts increased duties on imports from coun- 
 tries allowing in any form a bounty on the export, no one 
 fails to see that Germany is intended. 
 
 Let a country tax its exports to us, or let it favor them 
 in any special way; in either case the philosophy of tariff 
 legislation leads us to tVeat it as a hostile act, and prescribe 
 for it the same nostrum, a higher discriminating tax. As 
 we treat sister nations, so do they treat us. Any excuse — 
 that of alleged contagion in our hog and hog product ex- 
 ports is the most familiar — ^-ill answer when legislation of 
 this kind is contemplated; and so the measure we mete is 
 meted again to us. 
 
 It is true that recent tariff legislation, the world over, has 
 not in all cases had an upward tendency. In New South 
 Wales, for instance, a general increase of duties came in 
 1891, just in time for the severe commercial depression a 
 year or two later. Of course, there was the same impulse to 
 change it that we always feel in this country when anything 
 goes wrong. There the trouble was as naturally ascribed to 
 the high tariff" as it often is here, in exactly similar cases, to 
 a low tariff; so the rates had to be reduced again in 1896. 
 But since then, countries that are given to tariff tinkering 
 have generally increased. In the Argentine Republic, the 
 new schedule has provided higher duties along the whole 
 line, and our manufacturers who are trying to introduce 
 their goods there must feel the greater difficulty in their 
 way. When we levy a tax on their jwoducts, — wool, hides, 
 etc., — we certainly cannot blame them for making retaliatory 
 duties against ours. Our manufacturers of woolen and 
 leather goods are made to suffer with no corresponding 
 benefit to anyone. America has a large trade abroad in 
 labor-saving machinery of various kinds. We import practi- 
 cally none, hence no revenue is derived from that source, 
 while, on the other hand, retaliatory or compensating duties 
 in foreign countries, levied against our machinery, seriously 
 interfere with the value and profits of oiir export trade. 
 
 The manufacturers of machinery in America no longer 
 need protection, and wish the widest possible intercourse 
 with foreign nations. The taxes levied on foreign producers 
 of metals yield the government practically no revenue, and 
 they serve to enhance the price at home to the injury of 
 all who are engaged in manufacturing for the export trade, 
 and not only this, but the whole American people must suffer 
 in discouragement of new enterprises and enhanced price of 
 fanu tools, hardware and other necessaries. Since the manu- 
 facturers of iron and steel can make abundant profit without 
 protection, it is not right that the whole people should be 
 taxed to still further swell their profits. 
 
 Legislation has, as we have seen, some power to promote 
 industries. But it has a much greater power to arrest and 
 
 embarrass them. For us who are interested in the export 
 business, the legislation most earnestly sought is not what 
 may promote, but what may cure what has been done to 
 arrest and embarrass. We ask the law to help us in being 
 For that purpose, what is needed is only to avoid 
 other countries to retaliation by hostile tariff 
 by setting them the example of liberal, gentle- 
 treatment, to persuade them or perhaps shame them 
 
 let alone, 
 provoking 
 provisions; 
 manly 
 
 into according the like to us. It is better not to wait for 
 them to act; our liberality will be more effective and more 
 certain to be accepted as genuine if it comes unrestrained 
 and unprompted. Do I recommend this selfishly, as one 
 whose interests are largely in the export trade, in opposition 
 to producers without such interests? No. Bound up with 
 the exporters are thousands of workingmen to whom their 
 business gives employment, and tens of thousands of con- 
 sumers of their goods in this country, who are benefited by 
 whatever aids in the production of such goods. And even 
 if all these formed but a part of our population, instead of 
 the majority, I might still plead that some consideration be 
 allowed them. The producer who cannot compete abroad has 
 had so long a turn in the enjoyment of legislative favors, that 
 it seems only fair — does it not? — that those who are able 
 to illustrate their country's ability to produce against the 
 world's competition be at lea,st allowed to do so unimpeded 
 by retaliatory duties. 
 
 Mr. Henry W. Peabody: 
 
 The millennium will come to American trade when all 
 manufacturers will say, as did Mr. Farquhar, that they do 
 not care for protection for their industries. I wish that 
 many may take the same position, and that those who do not 
 need protection will ask to be relieved from it. 
 
 Mr. Eliodoro Infante V., Charge d'Afl'aires and delegate 
 from Chile, has requested to have his part in the Congress 
 deferred until to-morrow. 
 
 I have the pleasure of introducing now the delegate fmm 
 Iquicjue, Chile. Mr. John A. Myers. (Applause.) 
 
 John A. Myers. Ph. I).: 
 
 The subject that has been assigned to me for discussion to- 
 day is nitrate of soda, a blessing to the arts and to agriculture. 
 
 Perhaps the first question that should be considered is, 
 what, in common phraseology, is nitrate of soda? The 
 answer to this is, that nitrate of soda is called, by chemists, 
 sodium nitrate. It is sold and recognized in commerce 
 either as Chile saltpetre or as nitrate of soda. Scientifically, 
 it is a fixed compound, closely related in chemical nature 
 to the potassium nitrate or nitre of commerce, which is so 
 largely used in the manufacture of gunpowder, explosives, 
 etc.; the difference between the nitrate of .soda and the 
 nitre being that sodium in the nitrate of soda takes the 
 place of potassium in the nitre. For the purposes in which 
 we are interested, the valuable portion of this compound is 
 the nitrogen. When nitrate of soda is chemically pure, 
 there is present 16.4 per cent, of this element, but the nitrate 
 of soda of commerce usually contains approximately 5 per 
 cent, of impiirities, 5 degrees of refraction, consequently the 
 commercial article usually contains about 15.75 per cent, of 
 nitrogen. It is shipped into this country in sacks weighing 
 from 280 to 300 pounds, the variation being largely due to 
 the quantity of moisture contained in the crystals. In ap- 
 pearance it does not differ materially from impure salt. 
 
 Nitrate of soda is a natural product existing in enormous 
 quantities in the arid regions of Chile, where it is mined in 
 the crude state in the form of caliche. The caliche is broken 
 into lumps, dissolved in water, and by the application of 
 well known chemical principles, the nitrate of soda is sepa- 
 rated from the impurities by crystalization. 
 
254 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 The centre of the nitrate of soda industry is Iquique, a city 
 of about 30,0D0 inhabitants, existing under the most artifi- 
 cial conditions. They have neither food, water, nor fuel, 
 except as it is transported to meet the demands of the people 
 engaged, in one form or another, in the nitrate industry. 
 
 The nitrate fields are estimated to cover 220,356 acres and 
 to contain 227,939,893 long tons of sodium nitrate. Tlie 
 total production is said to have been: 
 
 In 1884, 550,000 tons; 1885, 420,000; l.S8(;, 443,000; 188T, 
 702,000; 1888, 779,000; 1889, 903,000; 1890, 1,009,000; 1891, 
 877,000; 1892, 804,000; 1893, 938,871; 1894, 1,082,285; 1895, 
 1,220,000; 1896, 1,092,000. 
 
 The importations into the Atlantic Coast ports of the 
 United States were: 
 
 For 1897, approximately, 98,750 tons; for 1898, approxi- 
 mately, 130,580 tons. 
 
 The consumption for 1899 to date is approximately thi' 
 same as for 1898. 
 
 These figures do not include the importations nn the 
 Pacific Coast of the I'nited States, which are steadily in- 
 creasing. 
 
 In 1899, up to September 1, the exports to the United 
 States had been 115,125 tons. 
 
 The distribution of nitrate in the world is indicated ap- 
 j)roximately as follows: 
 
 Thirty-nine per cent, of tlie total product goes to tiermany, 
 17 per cent, to France, 15 per cent, to the United States, 12 
 per cent, to Great Britain, 1-0 per cent, to Belgium, and the 
 remainder is distributed among other countries. 
 
 The consumption of nitrate of soda by a country may l)e 
 considered as giving a fair indication of the develoj)ment of 
 its chemical industries, as well as in a measure the intensity 
 of its system of agriculture. 
 
 In this connection I may say that in the United States 
 there are about twenty-one different chemical industries 
 uhicii rely for their profit and success, eitlier wholly or in 
 part, upon the facility and cheaj)ness with which they are 
 able to secure nitrate of soda. Wlien we remember (1) thai 
 witliout sulphuric acid the extension of the great majority 
 of ciiemical industries in this country would be impossible, 
 and (2) that without the use of nitrate of soda in the present 
 advancement of science it would be impossible to manufac- 
 ture sulphuric acid cheaply, its importance in these industries 
 of the United States cannot well be exaggerated. It is true 
 that many of the minor industries might for a time flourish 
 if the importation of nitrate were stopped, but most of tlie 
 more important ones would be paralyzed at once, as tlie ni- 
 trate of soda contributes directly to their success. 
 
 i'lfforts have been made to liiid this valualile chemical 
 compound within the boundaries of this country, liut, while 
 it is found here in small quantities, the supply is not ade- 
 quate to meet the demands of agi'iculture. Kven in tln' 
 arid regions, where it might be exjiected to exist, it has not 
 been found in sufficient quantity to be utilized. In fact, 
 while it is found in various portions of the world, it is only 
 in the desert regions of Chile that we find a large amount of 
 this valuable product. There the continued iiclivity of micro- 
 organisms through uncounted ages has st<ire(l up a supjdv 
 sufficient to meet the deniaiids of the entire civilized world 
 for at least a hundred years to eoinc, at the jiresent rate of 
 consumption. 
 
 These beds of natural nitrate of soda were jjrescrved in 
 the barren and desert regions, undisturbed by the band of 
 man, until within the last fifty years, and were protected 
 from solution by tin' muuntain chains to the east of them. 
 They remained unuseil until they were required by the prog- 
 ress of our civilization. Just as our beds of coal represent 
 the accumulated energy of the sun, which has been stored 
 away in the compressed vegetation of wonderful periods of 
 
 plant growth, so these beds of caliche represent the accu- 
 mulated activity of micro-organisms upon organic matter 
 through long periods. As the former supphes the energy 
 for developing our steam power and electricitj', so the latter 
 supplies the materials for driving the chemical industries of 
 the world, and for the development of an intensive system 
 of agriculture. 
 
 The other day, on the twenty-eighth floor of one of our 
 tall buildings in New York, I amused myself by taking a 
 powerful field gla.ss and for a short time studying the extent 
 of the industries within the range of vision. The atmos- 
 phere was particularly favorable, and with a powerful glass 
 one could see, with moderate distinctness, objects within 
 twenty miles. The chemical works scattered over the neigh- 
 boring sections of New Jersey, the island of Manhattan, and 
 Long Island, could in many cases be distinguished by the 
 clouds of steam, tlie smoke, and the fumes that were rising 
 from them. There were to be seen chemical industries in 
 full activity, representing more in money, in time, and in 
 labor than the entire manufacturing enterprises of any an- 
 cient civilization; chemical industries greater than those of 
 the Chinese Empire, with its 402,680,000 people; or than that 
 of India, with its 287,223,000 people; greater than those of 
 the entire United States of thirty years ago; and with the 
 exception of about four countries in Europe, greater than 
 those of any civilized country. Concealed beneath those 
 clouds of fumes and smoke, carefully guiding the operations 
 of those great manufacturing enterprises, were the skilled 
 chemists, trained in tliis country and abroad, who were bring- 
 ing to bear upon their respective industries, the highest 
 knowledge and most accomplished skill that can be attained 
 in the lalxiratories of this or foreign countries. It cannot 
 be forgotten that one of the chief starting points for all this 
 industry, representing the investment of millions upon mil- 
 lions of dollars, is the nitrate of soda. Without it, most of 
 these industries could not be carried on, as they are largely 
 dependent upon it, directly or indirectly. 
 
 But it is not alone of its value in developing the chemical 
 industries of the country that I would speak. A little while 
 ago I referred to the fact that nitrate of soda was produced 
 by the action of micro-organisms, but in inadequate supplies, 
 in our agricultural lands. Under the conditions of climate 
 and soil now prevailing, this activity of microscopic life con- 
 tinues, perhaps not with the intensity of ages past, yet with 
 sufficient intensity to meet the demands of a limited crop. 
 1 f an agriculturist is fortunate enough to secure fresh land, 
 where the conditions are especially favorable for the activity 
 of these micro-organisms, he is able to secure a larger crop 
 I ban where he is operating upon lands which have been 
 under cultivation for one or more generations. 
 
 The exhaustion of the soil and the wastage of plant food 
 that continually goes on during the agricultural operations 
 (if the farmer, long since attracted the attention of scientific 
 men, and they have sought in various ways to prevent it. 
 One (if the most gigantic strides in modern chemistry was 
 the fdniiulation of methods for the manufacture of artificial 
 fertilizers. It marked an era in the advancement of our 
 civilization when successful chemists in almost every country 
 sought to utilize the plant food that had accumulated as liy- 
 pKidiicts in manufaciuring operations, or which existed in 
 crude, naliii'al form. This plant food is found, in its natural 
 stale, ill ilie form of pdtash salts, in connection with beds of 
 reck salt, in (iermany; it is found in liniies m- phosphatic 
 residues, which represent all that is left of the swarming 
 animal life that jiojuilated the earth in the [last; it is pro- 
 duced also as a by-product in the manufacture of steel. From 
 the beds of caliche, in the rainless regions of Chi-le, we pro- 
 cure arn]ile supplies of nitrogen as nitrate of soda, for meet- 
 ing the demands for agricultural purposes. And where the 
 
THIETEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 27, 1899 
 
 ■255 
 
 skillful chemist combines the products of the pliosphate 
 mines of the United States with those of the potash mines 
 of Germany and the nitrate mines of Chile, he produces a 
 complete chemical fertilizer surpassing in efiicieucy, certainty 
 of action, and convenience of application, any natural fertili- 
 zer that has ever been produced, and where land or crops 
 do not require all three of these ingredients, they may be 
 appFied separately. 
 
 One hundred years ago it had not occured to scientific 
 men to attempt to use this plant food accumulated in the 
 form of potash salts and phosphate beds and nitrate of soda. 
 This is all comparatively new, but so rapid has been the 
 progress that in this country alone a business of at least 
 $50,000,000 is done in fertilizers annually. Who would 
 have thought that by the destruction of the wonderful ani- 
 mal life of the past there was being prepared the means for 
 supporting the human life of the present? When the sun 
 pumped dry the inland lakes of Germany and left the crys- 
 tallized residues to be buried far beneath the surface of the 
 earth, who could have dreamed that there was being stored 
 up the element for sweetening the wine, for stiffening the 
 straw and for improving the quality of the food products of 
 the present age ? Who could have imagined that the swarm- 
 ing microscopic life acting through the ages could succeed 
 in providing, from organic matter, the most concentrated, 
 the cheapest and the most active plant food now upon the 
 market in the form of nitrate of soda? 
 
 A year or two ago the distinguished president of the 
 British Association for the Advancement of Science, Sir 
 Wm. Crooks, called the attention of the world to the possi- 
 bility of a wheat famine, due to the exhaustion of the nitro- 
 gen of the soil. More recently a distinguished scientist, 
 Prof. Bela Kovascy, has warned Hungary that that country 
 cannot continue indefinitely to impoverish its soil by the 
 cultivation of wheat, without suffering in the near future 
 from inadequate production. Both Prof. Crooks and Prof. 
 Kovascy have pointed out that it is necessary for the farmer 
 to consider the restoration of the nitrogen supply to the soil. 
 Both have mentioned nitrate of soda as at present forming the 
 cheapest and most important natural sotirce from which to 
 derive the supplies of nitrogen. 
 
 Last summer the chemist of the North Dakota Experi- 
 ment Station, Prof. E. F. Ladd, told me that chemical analy- 
 sis of the soil of the great Eed Eiver Valley, which for years 
 had been furnishing more wheat than any other quarter of 
 the globe, shows that there has been a gradual falling off of 
 the nitrogen supply in those wonderful wheat lands, and that 
 the farmers are beginning to feel that sometliing is wrong 
 with them, although the time has not yet arrived for them 
 to properly appreciate the value of chemical fertilizers. 
 
 Prof. Ladd said that in lands which had been under wheat 
 cultivation for twenty years the nitrogen supply there in the 
 soil has fallen from a total of from 8,000 to 10,000 pounds 
 per acre to from 3,000 to 6,000 pounds per acre, with a cor- 
 responding decrease per year in the yield of wheat. He 
 stated further that the farmers of that section are pursuing a 
 wasteful system of agriculture; that for every pound of 
 nitrogen that is removed from their land by growing crops 
 four or five pounds of nitrogen are wasted. This is going 
 on in land of such extraordinary physical and chemical 
 properties that the wheat plant has a remarkable opportu- 
 nity for seeking food. I have seen wheat plants that had 
 grown in that soil washed out under the careful manipula- 
 tion of a member of that experiment station staff. The 
 roots had penetrated to a perpendicular depth of five feet. 
 It is not impossible that some of this remarkable work of that 
 experiment station will be exhibited at the Paris Exposi- 
 tion. 
 
 Scientific men like Sir Wm. Crooks and Prof. Kovascy and 
 
 Prof. Ladd may call attention to the impending danger and 
 point out the means whereby it may be averted, but can they 
 check the farmer in his wild extravagance, in his wastefulness 
 of the bounties of nature? I doubt it. At least not until a 
 better knowledge of the principles of scientific agricul- 
 ture and of proper fertilization of the soil is more generally 
 diffused. 
 
 We may confidently expect that the time is not far dis- 
 tant when the intelligent farmers of that section will realize 
 that it is cheaper to increase the yield of their wheat fields 
 from five to ten btishels per acre, by the judicious use of 150 
 pounds of nitrate of soda, than it is to continue to farm them 
 at constantly increasing cost and at constantly decreasing 
 yield. 
 
 In the crowded countries of Europe, where intensive farm- 
 ing is more generally pursued than in this country, the value 
 of this powerful stimulating fertilizer has long since been 
 recognized, but it is not so generally known in the United 
 States. I said that our chemical fertilizers were composed of 
 the waste products of the present and of past, but in com- 
 pounding these chemical fertilizers our manufacturers too 
 often attempt to produce a fertilizer of medium or low nitro- 
 gen content, without properly considering the availability of 
 the nitrogen which they are using, and the farmers of the 
 country have not acquainted themselves sufRciently with the 
 value of the different combinations of plant food to appre- 
 ciate the necessity of having the nitrogen supply in com- 
 mercial fertilizers in a form which will readily become avail- 
 able for plant food. The most serious criticism, perhaps, 
 which can be made upon the commercial fertilizers manu- 
 factured in the United States, is that for general purposes 
 their nitrogen content is too low, and there is hardly a fer- 
 tilizer prepared in this country which may not be much im- 
 proved either by the addition of nitrate of soda, or by hav- 
 ing nitrate of soda applied as a supplemental fertilizer dur- 
 ing the early period of plant growth. 
 
 What has been said in regard to wheat is quite applicable 
 to other cereals, and in the great Northwest, where there has 
 been a reduction in the producing capacity of the soil for 
 wheat, there is also, as a rule, a corresponding reduction in 
 the jiroducing capacity for all the other cereals. As a sort 
 of rest to the land, the farmers may sometimes change to oats 
 or barley, but in either case they continue the exhaustion of 
 the soil. 
 
 I have purposely selected the great wheat fields of the 
 Northwest as illustrating a principle that has been disas- 
 trously applied to all the great producing sections of this 
 country. T care not whether you refer to the States of the 
 East, Middle West, or to the Pacific Slope. This summer, 
 in the Association of Agricultural College Presidents and 
 Expeiiment Station Directors who visited California. I doubt 
 whether there was one of that body of scientific men who 
 was not impressed with the fact that even there, where 
 Nature has apparently dealt more generously than elsewhere 
 in the world, in providing available plant food, are evidences 
 of the effect of continuous soil robbery. In fact. Nature is 
 not so constittvted, that man, by wasteful habits and the 
 application of false principles of agriculture, may not 
 finally exhaust the greatest stores of plant food that she has 
 seen fit to place at his command. The present generation is 
 wasting the fertility of the rich, new wheat lands of the 
 Northwest, as a former generation impoverished the rich 
 agricultural lands of the East and 'Middle West, and this 
 wastage has begun already to bear its fruits in the failure of 
 soil to produce remunerative crops. In many sections of the 
 Eastern and Southern states, the farmers have arrived at a 
 point where they do not think of attempting to grow a crop 
 withcuit first fertilizing their land. The wheat lands of many 
 sections of the Northwest and of Oregon and California are 
 
250 
 
 aUo rapidlv aj.proaching this stage of exhaustion. The advice 
 of scientific men should be sought, and their expenmental 
 work made (he basis of agTieultural practice. 
 
 In till'? connection I desire to say a word concerning the 
 scientific work that is going on at the American agricultural 
 experiment station?. The government of this countij pro- 
 vide* bounf if idly— perhaps more bountifully than any other 
 government in the world— for the support of scientific inves- 
 tigations bearing upon subjects relating to agriculture. 
 
 In the endowment of the agricultural experiment stations 
 and a<rricultural colleges of the United States, there has been 
 laid a^foundation for scientific work, the extent and import- 
 ance of which no man can even form a conjecture. In this 
 country a stalf of over COO scientific men, employed in more 
 than fifty experiment stations, are pre.ssing many of the great 
 problems relating to scientific agriculture to solution, and 
 publishing to the world the results of their work. It may 
 be of interest to you to know that at more than thirty of 
 these experiment stations, scientific work is being conducted 
 upon the eifect of nitrate of soda upon the various soils and 
 crops, under a gi'eat variety of meteorological conditions, 
 and under various systems of cultivation. These experi- 
 ments consider nitrate of soda alone, in varying quantities, 
 and also in combination with other elements of fertility. At 
 some of these experiment stations work has been going on 
 for several years; at others it has recently been inaugurated. 
 Similar careful scientific work is being conducted in most of 
 the European countries, notably in Germany, France and 
 England. Perhaps there has never been a compound offered 
 to Uie scientific experimenters that has attracted wider at- 
 tention on account of the certainty, unifonnity and accuracy 
 with which results may be obtained. Its importance as a 
 source of instantly available ])lant food is so great that scien- 
 tific men of world-wide reputation have deemed it a fit sub- 
 ject for study and experimentation. Dr. Paul Wagner, Prof. 
 Miircker, and others in Germany; Lawes it Gilbert. Dr. Bern- 
 ard Dyer, Dr. Voleker, and others in England; Profs. Cas- 
 sarini,' Migneaux, Cadoret, and many others in France; Prof. 
 Bernardo Giner Alino and others in Spain; and Drs. Voor- 
 hees, Wheeler, Brooks, Thorne, Eedding, Scovell, Stubbs. 
 Patterson, Armsby, Jenkins and others in this country, have 
 devoted a large share of personal attention to scientific ex- 
 periments with it, in ascertaining and applying its properties 
 to the solution of fertilizer problems. It would be no difficult 
 task to catalogue the names of more than one hundred scien- 
 tific men, who within the last two years have contributed 
 original investigations increasing our knowledge of the prop- 
 ertTes and uses of nitrate of soda. Some of their investiga- 
 tions have been going on in most civilized countries, and have 
 appeared in at least a dozen different languages. Manifestly, 
 the time at my disposal will not permit me to mention in de- 
 tail the work that has been done by the gentlemen whom 1 
 have named, and by many others whom I have not mentioned, 
 illustrating the certainty with which this compound acts upon 
 vegetation, the character of its effect upon plant growth, the 
 ease and accuracy with which it nuxy be aiiplied to agricul- 
 tural crops, and the financial profits that may be derived 
 from its use. 
 
 The uniformitv of the results obtained by these gentlemen 
 may be classified as follows: 
 
 1. The nitrate of soda acts very beneficially and with ,^rcat 
 certainty upon all straw-growing plants. 
 
 2. It is of special value for forcing rajud deveinpmmt ami 
 early maturity of most garden crops. 
 
 .3. It is of exceeding importance in the ]n-oduetii>u >>l' -i;^;ii 
 beets, potatoes, hops, fodder crops, fibre i)lants and tobarcn, 
 
 ■1. It is exceedingly valuable in developing and maintain- 
 ing meadow grass and pasture lands. 
 
 THIKTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 27, 1899 
 
 .5. In the early stages of development it produces favor- 
 able results upon peas, vetches, lupines and clover. 
 
 6. It has been applied with great advantage to various 
 kinds of berries, bush fruits, vineyards, orchards and nurs- 
 ery stock. 
 
 7. It provides the means, in the hands of the farmer, for 
 stimulating his crops to enable them to better withstand the 
 ravages of drought, or the onslaughts of plant diseases or 
 insect pests. 
 
 8. It may be used as a surface application to the soil, from 
 time to time, as the plants indicate by their color and growth 
 that it is required. 
 
 9. It is immediately available, and under favorable con- 
 ditions its effect upon many crops may frequently begin to 
 be noticed within a few hours after its application. 
 
 10. It may be used either as a special fertilizer, as a sup- 
 plemental fertilizer, or as a mixed fertilizer, in -combination 
 with other fertilizer ingredient*. 
 
 11. The best results are obtained from its application when 
 the soil has been treated with ample supplies of available 
 phosphoric acid and potash salts, or where these are already 
 present in ample sujiplies in the soil. It should always be 
 remembered that it furnishes but one element of plant food, 
 namely, nitrogen. 
 
 12. Its uniform action seems to be to stimulate the powers 
 of the plant for absorbing water and developing foliage and 
 plant growth. Its action is characterized by imparting to 
 the plant a deep green, healthy appearance, and by causing 
 it to grow rapidly or to put out numbers of new shoots. 
 
 13. The immediate effect of an application of nitrate of 
 soda, therefore, is to develop a much larger plant growth, 
 and the skillful application of potash salts and phosphoric 
 acid must be relied upon to act in combination with this 
 effect, to secure the largest yields of fruits and grain. 
 
 11. Under favorable conditions of moisture and cultiva- 
 tiim, these effects may be confidently anticipated upon all 
 kinds of soils. . 
 
 1.5. All of the plant food contained m nitrate ot soda is 
 available and existing in a highly soluble form. The farmer 
 should understand that it is not economical to apply more of 
 it than can be utilized bv the growing crop, one of the most 
 valuable qualities of this fertilizer being that it does not lie 
 dormant in the soil from one season to the next. 
 
 IG. The best results are secured when it is applied during 
 the early growing periods of the plant, and if applied later 
 in the development of the plant, it has a tendency to pro- 
 tract its growing period, and to delay the ripening of the 
 fruit, as the energies of the plant are immediately concen- 
 trated upon developing plant growth, after a liberal applica- 
 tion of nitrate of soda. 
 
 17. The farmer must not expect it to excuse him from 
 applving proper principles of land drainage, or cultivation 
 of the s'oil, lior should the nitrate of soda be used in exces- 
 sive quantities too close to the plants that are fertilized with 
 it I'or most agricultural crops, an application of 100 to 
 1.50 pounds to file acre is ample. Where a liighly intensive 
 svMem of farming is pursued, should it be desirable to apply 
 mcn-e nitrate, it should be done in broken doses of not exceed- 
 ing loO pounds to the acre, at intervals of not less than two 
 weeks between the applications. 
 
 18. It mav be applied to either agricultural or garden 
 buuU either "in the form of a solution in water, or by sowing 
 it broadcast upon the land, or bv means of any fertilizer dis- 
 tributing machine in use. If applied in the dry state, in 
 (U-der to insure uniform distribution, a convenient method is 
 i„ mix it with twice its weight of air-slacked lime land 
 pla<ter potash salts, phosphates, or even with sand, before 
 ai.plving it. It can be supplied to the surface and without 
 cultivation will be alKsorbed bv the soil, or it may be culti- 
 
LEO VOSSEN. 
 Aachen. Germany. 
 
 Prof. CARLO BETOCCHI. 
 
 Naples. Italy. 
 
 Dh. V03BERG-REK0W. 
 
 Berlin, Germany. 
 
 GUSTAV H. RICHTER, 
 Georgetown. British Guiana. 
 
 JOSHUA L. MADURO, 
 Panama. Colombia. 
 
 EDMUND WIRTH. 
 
 SoRAu. Germany. 
 
 T. MIZUTANY. 
 Tokyo. Japan. 
 
 PIETRO TAPPARI, 
 Florence. Italy. 
 
 Prof. MARIO SALVINI, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
THIRTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 27, 1899 
 
 257 
 
 vated into the soil by some light agricultural implement, such 
 as a harrow, weeder, cultivator or horse hoe. The capillary 
 movement of the soil waters will distribute it in the soil, but 
 excessive rains immediately after its application may largely 
 wash it out of the soil. 
 
 It is not possible for me to give credit to the labors of dis- 
 tingiushed men whose work has contributed to the acquisi- 
 tion of the knowledge summarized in the foregoing state- 
 ments, but the principles above indicated may be considered 
 as being as well established as most principles applied to agri- 
 cultural science. The nitrate of soda is so uniform and reliable 
 in its action upon plant growth, that it is now generally ac- 
 cepted as the standard of comparison for all fertilizer experi- 
 ments involving the comparison of the fertilizing value of 
 dilTerent sources of nitrogen. It has been a most valuable 
 means of enabling scientific investigators to study the prob- 
 lems of plant growth and fertilization, and without it, it is 
 probable that much of our present knowledge of these prin- 
 ciples would not have been secured. 
 
 In connection with this I want to exhibit to you some of the 
 results of experiments with nitrate of soda by Professor Wag- 
 ner, of Germany, upon beets, showing the regularity of an in- 
 creased quantity of nitrate upon a soil especially prepared for 
 the purpose. (Showing diagrams of stock beets.) These soils 
 are prepared, as carefully mixed as a chemist can mix them, 
 and this (referring to diagram) represents the producing 
 capacity of the soil for beets, without any nitrate of soda, 
 and then they begin by adding one, two, three, four and five 
 portions as additional rations. I want to say that this rep- 
 resents some of the finest scientific work that has ever been 
 done in any case. (Applause.) What I showed you was upon 
 stock beets, or beets for feeding cattle. 
 
 Here we have its effects on the celebrated sugar beets. 
 (Exhibiting diagram.) Here is a little variation in the ex- 
 periment. This shows the production of the natural soil. 
 Here we add a ration of potash and phosphoric acid without 
 any nitrate of soda, furiously enough, this produces a 
 reduction. Then we begin by adding one, two, three and 
 four portions of nitrate of soda. I had other illustrations 
 that I expected to .show you, but somehow, through the 
 express company, they have not succeeded in reaching me. 
 To Germany we owe this magnificent work, but in this coun- 
 try much similar work has been done. (Applause.) 
 
 Accepting the conclusions of these scientific men as being 
 correct, we may confidently anticipate a much larger con- 
 sumption of nitrate of soda by farmers engaged in highly 
 intensive systems of gardening or agi-iculture. We may 
 expect a large exteuision of its use in the sugar beet indus- 
 ry, in the hop industry, in the fruit and grape industries, 
 in the cultivation of tobacco and filn-e plants, and also in the 
 extensive grain fields which are gradually becoming impov- 
 erished all over this country. Generally the first element in 
 the soil that becomes exhausted is the nitrogen, and in a 
 large percentage of cases greatly increased yields of grain 
 and garden crops may be secured by the use of nitrate of 
 soda as a special fertilizer. In most cases it is found [>rofit- 
 able to use it as a supplemental fertilizer to the ordinary 
 commercial fertilizers in the market, for the reason that 
 nearly all of them contain too small a supply of available 
 nitrogen to properly balance the amounts of phosphoric acid 
 and potash in them. We confidently expect to see the ferti- 
 lizer manufacturers in this country using more and more of 
 this valuable salt in compounding their complete fertilizers. 
 It is one of the cheapest sources of nitrogen availalile for com- 
 pounding mixed fertilizers, and as farmers become acquainted 
 with- its important qualities they should and will insist upon 
 the introduction of more nitrate of soda into the mixed fer- 
 tilizers of the market. 
 
 I think from what I have said that no one can fail to be 
 
 convinced that nitrate of soda is one of the most important 
 compounds entering into the agricultural and manufacturing 
 industries of this country. It seems to me that the evidence 
 offered is sufficient to convince any one that it is an exceed- 
 ingly valuable product, and that an increased use of it must 
 largely contribute to the material advancement of these in- 
 terests in the United States. Approximately, three-fourths 
 of the commerce between the United States and the Re])ub- 
 lic of C'hile is represented by the contributions of Chile to 
 the material development of this great republic in the expoi-t 
 of this indispensable article to the United States. Without 
 it, it would be difficult or impossible for many of its greatest 
 chemical industries to flourish, and in the present develop- 
 ment of agricultural science it appears that the time is not 
 far distant when, if the American grain producers would 
 compete with the cheap lands and still cheaper labor of other 
 countries in furnishing food jjroduets to the world, it will 
 be necessary for them to study and carefully apply a more 
 scientific and intensive system of agriculture than they have 
 been practicing, to understand more fully than they have in 
 the past the facilities offered by this wonderful provision 
 of nature for overcoming the difficulties pressing upon them. 
 If it is a good thing to consume a small amount of nitrate 
 of soda, would it not be profitable to increase its consump- 
 tion? May not those chemical industries be largely increased 
 and the profits of those agricultural operations be assured, 
 and very largely increased by a more extended consumption 
 of this exceedingly valuable Chilean product? 
 
 Nature in her distribution of riches has not seen fit to 
 concentrate everythina; within the borders of one country. 
 By a natural exchange of commodities all countries may be 
 benefited. The natural resources of Chile, existing under 
 favorable conditions for agriculture in that republic, may in 
 this republic be converted into merchantable articles of fond 
 demanded by a swarming European population, which ex- 
 changes its labor and products for the products of our wheat 
 fields, so that we may have a chain of benefits by which the 
 producer of nitrate in Chile is made rich, the American 
 farmer and manufacturer more prosperous, and the laboring 
 liopulation of Europe is fed, clithed and provided with an 
 ample supply of the comforts and blessings of life. Hurrah 
 for nitrate of soda! (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Henry W. Peabodi/: 
 
 There are two delegates from Central America remaining 
 on our list, from whom we hope to hear. First, I will an- 
 nounce to you the delegate from Costa Rica, Mr. Benjamin 
 E. Piza. (Not present.) 
 
 Then, shall we have the pleasure of hearing from the dele- 
 gate from Panama, Mr. Joshua L. Maduro? 
 
 Joshua L. Madvro: 
 
 My subject is Panama, and I want to promise that I have 
 purposely refrained from touching, in this paper, on climatic 
 conditions or on the canal question. Both these subjects 
 have been touched upon on Canal Day. 
 
 Panama. 
 
 It is time I made myself known to you from the platform. 
 I think I have been the longest listener at this Congress, 
 having attended its sessions every day, morning and after- 
 noon, with two exceptions. I propose now to be the shortest 
 speaker, if for no other reason than to keep up my reputa- 
 tion as a listener. The paper I am about to read is com- 
 piled from the few statistics obtainable on Panama. They 
 are, however, reliable. My own experience of eighteen years' 
 residence on the Isthmus has enabled me to add a few facts 
 known to myself. 
 
 f 
 
 UNIVF 
 
258 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMJVfEliCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Panama is one of the nine departments of the Republic of 
 Colombia, and is situated in the northwestern part of the Re- 
 ])ublie. Its boundaries are, north by the Caribbean Sea, south 
 by the Pacific Ocean, east by the department of Cauca and 
 west by the Republic of Costa Rica. Its area is 32,380 square 
 miles, of which one-half is inhahited. The population is esti- 
 mated between 285.000 and 311,000. Its greatest length is 
 420 miles; its widest part, 118 miles, and its naiTowest in a 
 straisjhl line, 31 miles. Its principal ports are Panama on the 
 Pacific and Colon on the Atlantic. There are several minor 
 ports through which the trade between the capital and the 
 provinces is conducted. 
 
 The department, which is administered by a governor 
 nominated from Bogota, is divided into six provinces, 
 namely: Panama, capital, Panama; Colon, capital. Colon; 
 X'eraguas, capital, Santiago; Code, capital, Pemnome; Chir- 
 iqui,'^capital, David; Los Santos, capital, Pese. Each of the 
 provinces is presided over by a prefect, and eacli municipality 
 liy a mayor. The whole interior of Panama is in telegraphic 
 communication with the capital. 
 
 Tlie minerals to be found in Panama are gold, copper, 
 iron, salt and manganese. The gold and manganese mines 
 have already been partly explored, as is shown 'by the exist- 
 ence of at least three gold mining companies — all British; and 
 two manganese companies owned and controlled by botli 
 United States and British subjects. 
 
 We have only forty-eight miles of railroad in the whole 
 department, and that was constructed by American capital 
 and enteri)rise. To-day, its shares are controlled by the 
 Panama Canal Company, who require the road for the uses 
 of the canal, the works of which are in progress. 
 
 Our trade consists of $1,000,000 gold value of exports, and 
 over $2,000,000 gold value of imports per year. Our exports 
 consist chiefly of pearls, pearl and tortoise shells, rubber, 
 ivory nuts, mahogany, sarsaparilla, ipecacuanha, hides, skins, 
 cocoanuts, bananas and cattle. 
 
 Our tariff consists of a ten per cent, ad valorem duty on 
 the gold values of invoices of dry goods, and of a specific 
 duty on liquors. 
 
 The large productions of silver in tlie world bave affected 
 our market tn the same extent as other countries having a 
 silver standard; probably a little less, owing to the existence 
 in our midst of foreign railroad and steamship eomjianies 
 who pay tiieir employes in gold. 
 
 The rate of exchange to-day is 1.57 per cent, premium, or 
 $257 Panama silver for every $100 United States currency. 
 Notice the difference from twenty years ago when I came to 
 Panama. Then TTnitcd States gold could be had abundantly 
 at twelve and one-half per cent, premium. 'I'o gn farther 
 back, and take as my authorities, jnoneers of the Isthmus 
 with whom 1 liave come in contact, gold was at a discount 
 in Panama during the California golden times. 
 
 I have to add that Panama is governed by a sjiecial clause 
 of the (Jonstitulion of the Republic of (!olomliia; hence, its 
 tariff, as well as its monetary system, difi'er widely fnim the 
 other departments. Thus, we luive no paper muiiiv in eii- 
 culation, nor have wo exorbitant import duties to cope with. 
 Commerce is, and always has been, on friendly terms with 
 the authorities, who have shown us on various occasiim- 
 the highest consideration. Our trade with the United Stales 
 has visibly increased since 1894; and we iiope to see it in- 
 crease from year to year with this great Republic. 
 
 I want, in conclusion, Mr. Chainnan, to express my thanks 
 to the I'hiladelphia Museum, and fhrougli that Institution 
 to the people of I'hiladelphia for the hearty vveleonie with 
 which we have been received, and the courtesies and atten- 
 tions and hospitality which have been extended to us. (Ap- 
 plause.) 
 
 Mr. Henry W. Peahody: 
 
 Before closing the session of the Congress, Dr. Wilson has 
 a notice to give you, and I wash to say just a few words to 
 expressi my gratification at the experience which I have had 
 to-day of meeting you and presiding over your meeting. And 
 I wish also to say that I would like to be known by you gen- 
 tlemen from South America and Central America as being 
 more identified with you than jjerhaps you have realized. My 
 business in its own nanu^ in Merida and Yucatan. So we 
 are, in a sense, Pan-Ameriean as well as North American. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 Dr. Wilson will now nuike an announcement. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 It was placed on me as a duty the other day to appoint a 
 committee for the consideration of all resolutions which may 
 come before this Congi'ess. In response to the action of the 
 Congress, I shall announce the committee as follows; From 
 Great Britain, Mr. Henry Sell, of the London Commercial 
 Bureau. (Applause.) Mr. William Angus, of the London 
 Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 From Australasia, Mr. II. Rofherham, of Melbourne, Vic- 
 toria. (Applause.) Mr. W. T. Todd, of the Invercargill 
 (New Zealand) Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 From Europe, Mr. Richard Knoller, delegate from the 
 Austrian Government, and Jlr. Antonio Ciiyas, of the Madrid 
 Chamber of Conimerce. 
 
 From the Orient, Mr. William Stuart Davidson, of the 
 Vladivostok (Siberia), Chamber of Conmierce. 
 
 From Africa, Mr. M. Berliner, of the Cape Town Chamber 
 of Commerce. 
 
 From the West Indies, Mr. Simon Soutar, of the Royal 
 Jamaica Agricidtural Society and Merchants' Exchange. 
 
 From South America, Mr. J. C. Zimmerman, of the Cam- 
 ara de Comercio de la Bolsa, Buenos Aires. 
 
 From the United States, Mr. William Harper, Chief of 
 the Bureau of Information of the Commercial Museum. Mr. 
 J. B. Johnston, President of the Northwestern Manufactur- 
 ers' Association. Mr. N. B. Kelly, of the Philadelhia Trades 
 League, Secretary of the organization here, and Mr. W. II. 
 Schoff, Chief of the Foreign Department of the Commercial 
 Museum, and delegate from the Chamber of Commerce at 
 Mollendo, Peru. 
 
 That is a general committee to which all resolutions will 
 be referred. 
 
 Mr. Henri/ 11'. Peahodi/: 
 
 There being no further business, I declare the Congress 
 ailjourned until to-morrow. 
 
 Direclor 11'. P. Wilson: 
 
 I have one more announcement to make. Dr. Johnston, 
 delegate from the Government of Jamaica, a noted explorer, 
 who crossed the African continent, accompanied only tiy na- 
 tives, something like six thousand miles, without losing a man. 
 will lecture this evening at the Manufacturers' Cfub. 'Ihe dele- 
 gates are cordially invited. 
 
 .1 Delegate: 
 
 Are cards necessary? 
 
 Dirrrlur 11'. /'. W'ihon: 
 
 1 thijik if you present y(Uirselves there will be no trouble. 
 No cards have been sent io me. 1 have been asked to nud<e 
 the announcement. 
 
 (Adjoiiiiieil at 4. IS p. m.) 
 
PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 FOURTEENTH DAY'S SESSION 
 
 Philadelphia, Saturday, October 28, 1899. 
 
 Morning Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order at 11.12 a. m., in the 
 Trades League Eoom, Philadelphia Bourse, by Director W. P. 
 Wilson. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 I have waited a moment this morning for the Hon. W. W. 
 Rockhill, who is to preside to-day. I presume the train 
 may be a little delayed, as he is coming in from Washington. 
 We will begin the program, and Mr. Rockhill will take his 
 seat when he arrives. 
 
 I have the pleasure to introduce to you this morning, for 
 the first paper, Mr. Salvador Echagaray, delegate from the 
 Mexican Government. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Salvador Echagaray: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen: It may 
 perhaps seem strange to you that I, with my very limited 
 practice in speaking the English language, shoidd venture 
 to address you in the same upon this occasion. The excuse 
 which I must give is my desire to be understood by the 
 greatest possible number of those present, and also a senti- 
 ment of courtesy and gratitude that I feel toward this city. 
 
 Some Notes on Mexican Trade. 
 
 During the last twenty-five years, the Republic of Me.xico, 
 under President Diaz's government, has enjoyed peace. The 
 construction of 10,000 miles of railroads, the improvement 
 of some of the ports, the general development of the coun- 
 try, and the increase of public wealth have been made possible. 
 
 Our imports for the fiscal year of 1874-75 did not reach 
 19,000,000 Mexican dollars, while in the last fiscal year they 
 amounted to 106,285,307 dollars, an increase of nearlv 600 per 
 cent. Our exports in 1875 were 27,318,788 Mexican dollars, 
 and in the last year 138,478,137 Mexican dollars, an increase 
 of 500 per cent. 
 
 Following in the order of importance, the principal articles 
 imported into Mexico are as follows: 
 
 Machinery $16,775,562 
 
 Cotton textiles 12,292.190 
 
 Iron and steel 11,920,291 
 
 Wines and liqiiors 5,590,984 
 
 Wood textiles 3,877,971 
 
 Paper and manufactures 3,841,244 
 
 Textile fibres 2,541,878 
 
 The most important products exported were in the last 
 fiscal year: 
 
 Silver $66,431,.541 
 
 Henequen 18,711,325 
 
 Gold 8,843,081 
 
 Cofl'ee 7,936,908 
 
 Cattle 4,918,572 
 
 Lead 3,786,144 
 
 Copper ' 4,135,613 
 
 Hides 3,646,915 
 
 Precious wood 1,896,908 
 
 Zacaton root 1,055,669 
 
 The foreign commerce of Mexico in the last seven years has 
 been as follows: 
 
 Commerce of Mexico. 
 
 Fiscal Years from- 1892 to 1899 (seven years). 
 
 Importation. 
 Declared Value in Gold. 
 
 From the 
 U. S. A. 
 
 S2«,2.35,963 
 14,351,78.5 
 15,130,367 
 20,145,763 
 22,593,860 
 21,4911,604 
 24,164,687 
 
 From 
 
 Other 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Total. 
 
 $17,177,168' 
 15,935,701 
 18,870,073 
 22,108,175 
 19,610,235 
 22,112,^88 
 26,704,507 
 
 $43,413,131 
 i0,287,489 
 34,000,440 
 42,253.938 
 42,204,19. 
 43,603,492 
 60,C6;>,194 
 
 E.YPORTATION. 
 
 Declared Value in Silver. 
 
 Years. 
 
 1892-93.. 
 1893-94.. 
 1894-9.5.. 
 1895-96.. 
 ll-9'-.-97.. 
 1897-98.. 
 lS98-'.9.. 
 
 To the 
 U.S. A. 
 
 To 
 
 other 
 
 Countries. 
 
 $63,791,741' 
 60,660,243 
 67,322,986 
 79,651,693 
 86,742,951 
 94,974,616' 
 
 103,553,486; 
 
 Total. 
 
 $23,717,466 
 18,683,044 
 23..531,967 
 25,365,107 
 24,603,543 
 33,908,133 
 34,924,651 
 
 $141,113,029 $142,518,750' $286,631,779 Totals $556,697,718 $184,824,011 $741,521,729 
 
 $87,509 207 
 79,343 2S7 
 90,854,953 
 105,016,902 
 111,346,494 
 128.972,749 
 138,478,137 
 
 Although, legally, Mexico is a bimetallist country, we have 
 really the silver standard. The low price of this metal has 
 had a great influence in our economic situation. It is impor- 
 tant to note, first, that the increase of prices of foreign goods, 
 which we pay in gold, compels us to consume less of these 
 wares, and, second, that, on the other hand, the high price 
 of gold produces, as a result, protection to Mexican indus- 
 tries, which enables them to compete with foreign indus- 
 tries of a similar class. The efl^ect of this has been the im- 
 provement of our old industries that pay their workmen in 
 silver, and consume a great amount of material produced in 
 Mexico and bought with silver, besides, the starting of new 
 industries whose existence would have been impossible with- 
 out the efficient protection due to the high price of gold, but 
 which are now in excellent condition. 
 
 The greater demand for cotton goods in Mexico, at this 
 time, due to the increase of public welfare and population, 
 produces scarcely any effect in the increase of imports of 
 foreign cottons, because the new demand has been supplied 
 
 259 
 
260 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 by the native factories, of which there are a large number 
 equipped with every modern improvement. Mexico has, to- 
 day, 185 cotton mills in operation, and many others under 
 construction. 
 
 Foreign beer has practically disappeared from Mexican 
 markets, its place being filled by excellent domestic beer; the 
 imi)orta1ion of white jiaper is also likely to disappear within 
 a short time, and we have also many smelting plants of great 
 importance. 
 
 The lowering of the price of silver has produced an en- 
 tirely different effect on the silver production in Mexico than 
 it did in the United States. When the price of this metal 
 reached a certain point in this country, several mines had 
 to he closed; while in Mexico veins were daily opened, the 
 cost of jiroduction remaining almost the same, its extraction, 
 lalior and transportation being paid as formerly. In the 
 price of some imported goods, such as iron, steel, dynamite, 
 coal and engines, we must pay a larger amount than formerly, 
 hut while this reduces the miner's earnings a little it con- 
 stitutes an incentive for the increase of production, because 
 as is well known, a small profit from an increased number 
 of units is a mighty incentive to the increase of production. 
 
 Mexico which, in years past, occupied the second place 
 as a silver producer, ranking next to the United States, took 
 the first in the year 1897-98, and if she is again in the sec- 
 ond ])lace. it is only by a very small margin, a little over 
 $1,000,000. 
 
 The exports of other metals and agricultural products is 
 strongly protected by the high rate of exchange which 
 makes mining and husbandry productive in places where the 
 great distance from the ports would otherwise prevent their 
 being worked with profit. 
 
 As gold producers we keep the fourth place, the fifth as 
 lead producers, and the sixth as producers of copper. With- 
 in four years we shall double our exports of the last-named 
 metal, of which we have extensive mines. 
 
 The sudden fall in the price of silver jilaced our govern- 
 ment in embarrassing economical circumstances, as it caused 
 larger sums to be required for the jiayment in gold of the 
 interest on our external public debt, precisely when our 
 revenues were at a low ebb on account of crop failures in 
 Mexico, coincident with the depreciation of silver. 
 
 It is not in the scope of these brief notes to review tke 
 measures taken by our countij to face the silver crisis when 
 it Ijroke out. It is enough to say that they are the best ])roof, 
 and a silent ])anegyric of the financial abilitv of President 
 Diaz and his Secretary Limantour, and ol' thi' good scU'^e 
 of our people. 
 
 I'.iit our industrial awakening cannot be credited solely 
 t(j the depreciation of silver. The building up of railroad lines, 
 which, like tTu> meshes of a vast net. now cover my country, 
 and the introduction of foreign capital, attracted bythe favors 
 of a government which knows how to ins]iire life into those 
 works and confidence to the outside world, are factors which 
 also have contributed to the flourishing conditions we enjoy 
 lo-day. 
 
 Of course, the |irofitalilc cxpdrtation of some products 
 raises their prices for us, but those of a gem'ral use. as corn 
 and beans, have suff(>red no alteration. 
 
 It is evident that there is a tendencv in Mexico (o ,-idvancc 
 the cost of living, luit as this is accompiinied hy iin increase 
 in wages, and both evolutions work slowly, there; is not the 
 slightest danger of economic troubles; instead, a steady mareli 
 toward the betterment of the country will take place.' 
 
 The previously mentioned table, cmbracintr a period of 
 seven years, .shows that we are growing very rai)idlv as an ex- 
 porting country, and very slowly as an importing one wliieh 
 confirms the correctness of what I .said about the elimination 
 
 of ai-ticles practiced by our industry in competing with the 
 foreign countries. 
 
 Our foreign commerce is at jiresent divided by countries in 
 the following manner: 
 
 Importation. 
 
 r»eclared value 
 
 in Aitterican 
 
 gold. 
 
 Fiscal Ye.vr 1898-99. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Importation. 
 Oeclared value 
 Mexican Dol- 
 lars. 
 
 $ 5,677,925 Germany 4.020.307 
 
 2,909.936 Spam 1.172.948 
 
 5,929,292 France 6.252.293 
 
 9,592,797 England 14.100,928 
 
 380,889 Italy 34,952 
 
 707,408 Belgium 2.577.688 
 
 24,164,687 United States 103.553,486 
 
 24,205 Cuba 5,257,884 
 
 1,431,055 Other Countries 1,507,651 
 
 •-f 50,878.1 94 
 
 .Total 138,478,137 
 
 The importatiou of American merchandise, during the fis- 
 cal year of 1898-99, has been as follows: 
 
 Goods classified accoi ding to Mexican Declared value in 
 
 Custom House Tariff. American Dollars. 
 
 Animal industry $1,619,706 
 
 Agricultural products 5.054,116 
 
 Metals and its manufactures 7,335,447 
 
 Fabrics 1,131,230 
 
 Chemical products, drugs, oils and paints 840,653 
 
 Wines, liquors, fermented and uufermeuted 
 
 drinks 272,246 
 
 Paper and its manufactures 521,689 
 
 Machinery and apparatus 4,826,291 
 
 Carriages 934,590 
 
 Arms and explosives 961.295 
 
 Sundries 661J424 
 
 Total 
 
 $24,164,687. 
 
 The ex]>orts of merchandise from the United States to 
 IMexico which in 1888 were about $10,000,000, were in the 
 last fiscal year about $24,000,000, an increase of 140 per cent. 
 
 Mexico buys from the Americans more than Italy, Russia 
 or Spain, more than China or Japan, and more than every 
 other country in America with the exception of Canada. As 
 a consumer of American goods. Mexico comes next only to six 
 oilier countries. 
 
 .After the United States, — England, (xermany and France 
 hold important places in our commerce. The first with its 
 cotton goods and its iron, the second with its hardware and 
 iron goods, and the third with its clothes, silks, carpets and 
 manufactures of hosiery. In icur country there are a great 
 ninnher of Germans in the hardware trade, Frenchmen in 
 clothing, and Spaniards in groceries. Americans have hardly 
 begun to establish ret<iil commercial houses, and they jircfer 
 to establish agencies, buying their goods from the TTnited 
 States. I think that the branches of iron work, furniture, 
 habs. agricultural im|)lements. stationery, veliieles, saddlery, 
 sanitary plumbing, shoes and some otiiei- ai-ticles would give 
 excellent results for retail selling. 
 
 .\nieriean trade in Mexico is inferior lo the iMii'opean in 
 that the .Xmerican merchants want to do liiisini'ss exclusively 
 on a cash basis, while the luiropeans are willing to grant five 
 or more months I'or |iayineiit. The custom, already firmly 
 estalilished by long practice among the large Mexican mer- 
 chants, is to buy at long tenns abroad, and to sell in the same 
 manner to the tradesman. Hanking accommodations, which 
 we now begin to enjoy, perhaps will make easy the ado]ition 
 
FOURTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 28, 1899 
 
 261 
 
 of the American system; but such a change is by no means 
 certain, as a long habit of many years is opposed to it. 
 
 I have noted recently that one of the United States consuls 
 in Russia recommends the adoption by that empire of the 
 same policy which I advise as convenient for the North 
 Americans. 
 
 To the present American system is undoubtedly due the 
 fact that the trade in American goods has not had, in Mexico, 
 the rapid development which might have been expected on 
 account of the proximity of both countries. 
 
 The latest report of tiie American Consul-General says: 
 "As the terms of our American merchants are often verv' 
 rigid, it is hard to reach an agreement, and much trade, which 
 by the exercise of a little tact and judgment could be handled 
 by American merchants, goes elsewhere." 
 
 Mexican merchants are noted for their integrity- The 
 quoted report concerning commerce and industries in Mexico, 
 says: "There are very few concerns here doing business that 
 have not ample capital to caiTy out all contracts into which 
 they may enter. Failures are very rare, indeed, and when 
 they do occur, are carefully investigated by the authorities, 
 in the interest of creditors, and any attempts to defraud are 
 severely punished. Book entries are regarded a.~ sacred; all 
 books kept by business houses are known, small stamp taxes 
 are paid on them, and thus a sort of surveillance is kept over 
 them by the government authorities." 
 
 Transportation between Mexico and the United States is 
 very easy. A Philadelphia business man of trade can travel to 
 Mexico City and back again in ten days, on first-rate lines, 
 at a cost of $200. Between Europe and Mexico, besides 
 New York route, people can travel direct, via the steamer lines, 
 from France, England and Spain to Vera Cruz and Tampico. 
 
 The interior communications are also very important in 
 Mexico. We have completed four railways that bind us 
 with the United States, through which 35,000 loaded cars 
 come yearly into Mexico; four lines unite the Atlantic Coast 
 to the great cities of the central plateau; several lines pene- 
 trate to the Southern regions, and another traverses the 
 Tehuantepec Isthmus, together with some others in Yucatan 
 peninsula. 
 
 Excepting the want of a direct communication from the 
 centre of the country to the Pacific Ocean, the binding of 
 
 that with the Yucatan system, and some other lines of gen- 
 eral interest, we are already in a condition to continue vig- 
 orously the development of a railroad system subordinate to 
 the great lines. 
 
 The government, during the last years, is putting great 
 stress on the formation of good ports and harbors on both 
 oceans, and the suitable lighting of our shores. We have 
 68,250 kilometers of telegraph, and 2.457 postal stations, both 
 perfectly served. We have also established the system of 
 domestic postal and telegraphic money order, and this insti- 
 tution will soon be extended and made international with 
 this country. 
 
 The American business man can find at the very doors of 
 his country an extensive territory for the employment of his 
 capital. Enterprises for the building of irrigation works, 
 the execution of municipal works, that the Mexican cities 
 are desirous of carrying into effect (chiefly in matters of 
 water supply and the establishment of sewerage systems), 
 demand capital. For the establishment of small industries, 
 such as manufactures of soap of all kinds, oils, furniture, 
 doors, etc., there are also opportunities all over Mexico. 
 The cities of Mexico and Guadalajara will have electrical 
 power for sale very soon. For establishments on a large 
 scale it will be easy to utilize the waterfalls, chiefly in the 
 regions forming the descent of the central plateau to the 
 Atlantic and Pacific. 
 
 Coke is very scarce in the central region of the country, 
 and this has been one of the causes that have prevented the 
 rapid development of industry. But now, thanks to the pos- 
 sibility of transmitting power at a distance, the waterfalls 
 are available everywhere; almost every day a new installa- 
 tion is inaugurated. I believe that the industrial and 
 agricultural future of Mexico depends on the utilization of 
 its waterfalls. 
 
 With extensive zones being properly irrigated and rail- 
 roads better developed, we should be in a position to provide 
 the United States with every kind of tropical fruits that 
 they may need. 
 
 Capital invested along these lines would be extremely pro- 
 ductive, I do not fear to predict, even more so than those in- 
 vested for the same purpose in the Western States of this 
 country. 
 
 Summary of Estimated Federal Expenses for the Fiscal Years from 1879 to 1899. 
 
 Powers. 
 
 Secretaryships. 
 
 
 Fiscal 
 Years. 
 
 LegislatiTe. 
 
 Executive. 
 
 Judicial. 
 
 Foreign 
 Affairs. 
 
 Interior. 
 
 Justice and 
 
 Public 
 Instruction. 
 
 Improvement Communica- 
 and tioiis and 
 Industry- Public Worlis 
 
 Treasury. 
 
 .Marine. 
 
 $8,004,5.''9 18 
 9,186,964 95 
 8,618,033 12 
 8,314,178 13 
 8,252,352 18 
 
 Total. 
 
 1879-80 
 
 8980,242 00 
 1,022,842 00 
 990,102 00 
 1,071,712 00 
 1.015,632 00 
 1,087,232 00 
 1,007,144 15 
 1,052,913 45 
 1,002,928 75 
 1,053,839 40 
 1,009,036 50 
 1,0.54,036 50 
 1,009 036 50 
 1,050,638 00 
 1,005,638 00 
 1,005,638 00 
 1,005,638 00 
 1,011,643 90 
 1,018,643 90 
 1,019,242 50 
 
 848,832 40 
 48,832 40 
 48,832 40 
 48,83J 411 
 48,832 40 
 48,832 40 
 49,251 50 
 49,251 50 
 49,846 45 
 
 49.848 19 
 
 49.849 45 
 
 8347,878 00 
 355,878 00 
 
 8176,660 00 
 228.460 00 
 
 $2,488,296 30 
 2,574,.'09 70 
 3,152,697 55 
 3,2:(.5,11S 88 
 3.285,577 75 
 3,339,213 77 
 3,441 616 10 
 3,227,529 20 
 3.466,882 30 
 3,696.329 90 
 3,553,128 89 
 3,6/8,679 70 
 2,480,896 76 
 2,564,161 00 
 2.459,301 20 
 2,660,741 70 
 2,605,642 25 
 3,361,849 25 
 3,652,K17 45 
 3,685.516 25 
 
 81,103,862 20 
 1 174.345 20 
 l,35-',820 01 p 
 1,215,473 00 
 
 1.243.310 00 
 l,234,71s Oil 
 1,2.32,376 83 
 1,431,081 24 
 1,398,850 00 
 1,421,204 75 
 1,3.50,471 111 
 1,393,972 40 
 1,639,636 25 
 1,657.215 60 
 1,614.652 45 
 I,547,.S24 54 
 1,-563,771 79 
 2,031,906 85 
 2,288,1 52 86 
 
 2.345.311 05 
 
 $1,849,722 00 
 3,570,077 00 
 6,162,627 00 
 7,551,683 00 
 
 11,127,1100 110 
 6,151 870 no 
 8,330,728 26 
 2,698,116 30 
 
 
 $3,89.5,116 57 
 
 4,366.609 35 
 
 4,173,.585 75 
 
 4,648,377 67 
 
 4,966.261 81 
 
 4,903,438 78 
 
 11,832,6)4 95 
 
 10,863,485 78 
 
 11,664,391 97 
 
 12,0.39,535 94 
 
 11.310,380 29 
 
 11,365,207 09 
 
 14,4:12,995 81 
 
 15,.S37,292 61 
 
 22,399,403 2n 
 
 24,n0ll,570 85 
 
 24,246,384 51 
 
 24,541,185 40 
 
 24,923,320 85 
 
 26,165,716 90 
 
 $18,89.5,198 65 
 23,128,218 60 
 25 il7 633 82 
 
 
 
 
 1881-82 
 
 370,976 00: 317,660 Oil 
 389.554 no, 336,280 00 
 406,652 no 367.580 OO 
 429,674 00 377,680 00 
 432,392 90 418,762 60 
 4-36,387 80 417,726 00 
 430,994 00 434,930 60 
 464,0'5 45 434,783 20 
 465.095 53 432.695 70 
 
 
 1882-83 
 
 27,011,609 08 
 
 1883-84 
 
 
 1884-85 
 
 
 8,252,771 88 ' 25,'825'!433 83 
 12,138,435 SB 38,9113,353 16 
 11..559,714 00 31,736,205 27 
 13,386,495 24 36.270 451 ix 
 
 
 1886-87 
 
 
 1887-88 
 
 4,426,132 171 
 
 5,965,450 54| 
 
 6,145,.555 69 - -- 
 
 1888-89 
 
 l:i,4.82,152 47 
 12,449,693 :i7 
 12,656,021 07 
 12,638,101 37 
 12,681.685 67 
 11,329,618 82 
 10.378,683 .32 
 10,326,454 26; 
 10,297,019 84 
 11,4.30,190 47 
 11,996,356 24 
 
 38,527,239 84 
 36,765,906 .54 
 38,439,494 21 
 
 1889-90 
 
 1390-91 
 
 49,849 45 46S.S84 23 462.517 25 
 
 7,310,326 50 
 672,106 95 
 
 
 1891-92 
 
 49,977 20 
 49,977 20 
 49,977 20 
 50,977 30 
 60,369 35 
 60.971 60 
 
 476,784 30 , 558,483 .54 
 478,083 90 590,379 84 
 478,083 90. 553,-560 SO 
 47.8,171 6l|. 516,965 ,iO 
 478,171 50 493,993 80 
 435 197 00 519.476 .30 
 
 <U 399 343 97 
 
 38,377,364 85 
 40,367.047 58 
 44,634,793 33 
 
 1892-93 
 
 951,054 51. 4,4S3,.569 25 
 822,414 16 .3,922.141 60 
 615.610 06 4,455,097 15 
 619,472 76i 4,669,515 .30 
 660,587 21 4 635 ' 88 03 
 
 1893-94 
 
 1894-95 
 
 189-5-96 
 
 1896-97. 
 
 46,069,412 72 
 47,554,926 50 
 50,581,983 98 
 52,672,448 19 
 
 1897-98 
 
 80,968 eo- 443.051 8U 531.741 50 
 
 742,973 11 
 745,626 86 
 
 5,450,217 45 
 6,652,111 04 
 
 1893-99 
 
 82,468 75 
 
 449,450 80; 540.647 80 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $20,474,079 65 
 
 $1,076,578 14 
 
 $3,724,456 86 i 88.710.984 63 
 
 $62,410,195 90 
 
 $30,261,056 12 
 
 877,119,734 07 
 
 $37,667,086 91 
 
 $272,605,903 08 
 
 5218,252,820 44 
 
 $737,302,900 69 
 
 
 
 
262 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 The progress of mining industry is clearly proved by the 
 great increase in the mineral production. The development 
 of credit institutions during the last years, as a consequence 
 of the new banking legislation, more liberal than formerly, 
 is now more pronounced. In 1884 we had only two emis- 
 sion banking houses, whereas now we have eighteen, with a 
 paid up capital of $42,008,785. 
 
 The standing rate of discount still continues at 8 per cent, 
 and upon mortgages at 6 per cent. Everything indicates a 
 tendency to lower these rates, owing to the greater confidence 
 of the caijitidists, and to the increase of capital. 
 
 The growing prosperity of foreign commerce gives the 
 measure of the progress of the country, but what confirms 
 even more the optimistic opinions about the future of Mexico 
 is the examination of the constant increase in the public 
 revenue, due only to a greater return from the productive 
 sources and not to new or higher taxes. The administration 
 of Mexican finances in the hands of Messrs. Romero and 
 Limantour has been noteworthy for its unspotted integrity, 
 thorough knowledge of the country's economic situation, and 
 by its well understood savings. 
 
 Till the latest epoch, before the present ministry, our 
 treasury had lived amidst difficulties and deficiencies. In 
 the last years, notwithstanding the increase of expenses in 
 public works, there remains a surplus due to a greater income 
 originating from the increa.-ie of national wealth, and the 
 most judicious management on the part of the government. 
 
 As in the last years the revenues have been larger than 
 the effective expenses, we have had surpluses which are 
 deposited in our treasury. The surplus last year was over 
 five million dollars. 
 
 A bright testimony of the trust the world bestows upon 
 us to-day has been the conversion of our 5 per cent, debt, 
 lately realized in Europe and this country. 
 
 Mexico throws its doors wide open to the men of enter- 
 prise, and tenders to them its natural richnesj? under the pro- 
 tection of an unalterable peace and of liberal legislation. 
 The foreigner who brings us his capital, talents and lalior, 
 is highly welcome to our country. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 I have next to introduce Mr. Carlos Basave y del Castillo 
 Negrete, delegate from Guadalajara, Mexico. I desire to 
 say for Mr. Ba.save that he thinks he does not speak English 
 well enough to talk before this audience and has begged me 
 to announce that he will speak what he has to say in Spanish. 
 I presume quite likely that he could speak in English, but 
 feels diffident about it. A translation of his paper will bo 
 published in the oflicial proceedings. 
 
 Mr. Carlos Basave y del Castillo Negrete : 
 
 Gentlemen: 1 speak here in the name of the Ch.amber of 
 Commerce of Guadalajara, the most important city in the Re- 
 public of Mexico, after the capital. 
 
 In having the honor of greeting you in the nnme of that 
 association, I wish to express to you my personal apprecia- 
 tion for the splendid and cordial way in which you have 
 treated me. 
 
 I have very little to add to what you have heard from the 
 representatives of my government, and I limit myself to mod- 
 estly assure you that in my country we worlc with energy 
 and perseverance towards a recuperation of the time lost. 
 You will find this design clearly exhibited in the national gov- 
 ernment and in all classes of society. 
 
 We see already that our hopes will be realized and every 
 day that paases wc experience an increased satisfaction iii 
 comparing it with the day before. We have invited, and wc 
 shall go on inviting, foreign capital for its employment in 
 
 business whose success can be guaranteed. From the estab- 
 lishment of all sorts of manufactories for the exploitation of 
 the soil on a large scale (be it in agriculture or mining), 
 the difficulties, which formerly presented themselves, and 
 which consisted especially in a lack of safety and in difficul- 
 ties of communication, have disappeared. 
 
 Now that we have fourteen thousand kilometers of rail- 
 roads and many others in course of construction or pro- 
 jected, the companies do not own sufficient rolling stock to 
 cover the exigencies of the national commerce. 
 
 Life has sprung up as if by magic, wherever the locomo- 
 tive arrived. The sower of cereals who produced hundreds, 
 produces now thousands, and still finds a buyer, and with 
 the great increase of his fortune, betters his home and lives 
 better, invests his surplus in other more modern plantings, 
 begins to use machinery and modern methods and becomes 
 a shareholder in local banks and in factories which are estab- 
 lished. 
 
 The merchant begins to leave the humble state of a re- 
 tailer to engage in larger transactions. He improves his 
 condition by means of new and distant connections, and his 
 calculations are no more limited to the local production and 
 consiunption, and instead, he sees far ahead, and tries to keep 
 in contact with all points which can become his tributaries 
 or competitors. You have there ample opportunities to place 
 your capital with perfect safety, ample opportunities to apply 
 your characteristic and enterprising spirit, and la.stly, ample 
 opportunity to place a part of your marvelous industrial 
 production. You will find desirable helpers in the sons of 
 the country. This will aid you to accelerate your progress 
 and increase your profit, we deriving the advantage, that 
 our people will educate themselves to work after your good 
 example. 
 
 I find this opportunity most favorable to indicate to you 
 the convenience of joining hands with the Mexican capital- 
 ists in all your enterprises. In that way you will not hurt 
 the patriotic susceptibilities, and you will have loyal vigilance 
 against the abuses which always take place when the ad- 
 ministration is far distant, and is not sufficiently posted about 
 the details of the business. 
 
 My state, Jalisco, has always been the principal grain-grow- 
 ing state in the country, for its production is the largest. 
 It increases annually and it has happened lately that it could 
 not supply the orders received. It produces also all kinds 
 of articles for exportation and in great variety, as it lies 
 in the zones of all climates. By the railroad communica- 
 tions with the Pacific coast, it will be exploited in all its 
 extensions, and its development will be more perceptible. 
 (.)ne of its greatest advantages is the abundance of water, and 
 the regularity of the crops. The water which serves for 
 irrigation, and which forms waterfalls through all our un- 
 even ground, is a rich source of motive power for large fac- 
 tories which will be erected, and around which important 
 centres of the working population will form. We can count 
 on several thousand horse power to be obtained at a low cost, 
 and I am in possession of data for the purpose of making 
 a formal invitation to business men who might be especially 
 interested. 
 
 The happy idea of this Congress, which has brought us 
 into nearer contact with one anotlier from the dilTerent na- 
 tionalities, is a new proof that superiorities can be produced 
 everywhere, and that it is not the isolated individual, as 
 eminent as he might be, who represents a country, but the 
 united population; and that the manifestations of the na- 
 tional life, and of its ascending rapidity, are shown in statis- 
 tics, comparing year with year, and with those of other coun- 
 tries. This has already been shown to you by the ollicial 
 representative of ]\Iexieo. 
 
 As to myself, I shall not close these remarks without prom- 
 
FOURTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 28, 1899 
 
 263 
 
 ising you that the generation which will succeed that which 
 actually rules, will know how to fulfill its mission, and in 
 the end will merit your sincere eulogies. 
 
 Many of our youths are educated in this country and in Eu- 
 rope, and when they return to their country they will have 
 brought with them the" improvements which they have 
 learned, and which we do not yet possess. They will know 
 the best way in which our relations can be made more cordial; 
 then, through the exchange of our products, new bands of 
 reciprocal interests are formed which grow closer every day, 
 and a friendship that has sprung up from interest will pro- 
 duce a sense of justice, a preser\-pr of peace, of progress, and 
 of human fraternity, a noble and instinctive tendency of all 
 times. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 We have asked a gentleman from "Washington to preside 
 over the sessions of this Congress to-day, who, as Chief of the 
 Bureau of the American Republics, in his work and his efforts 
 with the Latin American countries, is directly in line with all 
 that which we are here trying to promote. 
 
 I have great pleasure in introducing to you the Hon. W. W. 
 Roekhill, Director of the Bureau of American Republics. 
 
 Hon. W. W. Roekhill: 
 
 Mr. President, Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen: I regret 
 that an accident, for which no one is responsible, deprived 
 me from being here when the meeting commenced. I want 
 to thank you for the honor you have done me, and through 
 me the Bureau of American Republics, of which I have the 
 honor of being a director, in asking me to preside to-day at 
 your meeting, when subjects concerning the relations of the 
 various republics of this continent are being discussed. There 
 are no more important questions, I think, that have been 
 presented to the Congress, or will be presented to the Con- 
 gress, than those that were considered yesterday, and will be 
 considered to-day by you. If any additional evidence of the 
 friendly spirit which animates all of the republics was evi- 
 denced, I think that I from my position, holding as I do my 
 place, not only for the United States, but for all the repub- 
 lics of South and Central America, would be able to give it 
 to you. 
 
 For the first time since the International Union of Ameri- 
 can Republics was created in 1890, all the republics of South 
 and Central America have become members of it, thus in- 
 dicating clearly the interest they take in it, and their hope 
 in the permanency of the work. We hope that this will 
 make the relations between the various republics more uni- 
 versal, create confidence, strengthen the commercial relations, 
 and make them what they should be between the various re- 
 publics, according to w^hat other speakers have said, but what 
 they have unfortunately not done. The various governments 
 have indicated, through the bureau and other means at their 
 disposal, the methods by which trade could be increased. 
 They have difl'used, to the extent of their power, useful infor- 
 mation of the resources of the different states. It is for you, 
 in your deliberations, to difl[use such means as may give 
 practical form to the desires of the various governments 
 to bring together personal relations which you establish, the 
 one with the other, to create confidence. Confidence must 
 necessarily precede an increase in trade. I sincerely hope that 
 the result of your deliberations will tend to what we all sin- 
 cerely hope, closer and more friendly commercial relations be- 
 tween the various states of America. 
 
 I call on Dr. Abraham Diaz, delegate from Tamaulipas, 
 Mexico, to the present Congress. (Applause.) 
 
 Short Notes on the Riches of the State of Tamaulipas, 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Dr. Abraham Diaz: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Delegates to the International Commercial 
 Congress: "La Zona del Cobre," or "The Copper Zone," is 
 the name that can be given to that section of the San Carlos 
 mountains, district of San Carlos, where metal can be found 
 in more or less abundance, all over the territory. At San 
 Jose, three kilometres from San Carlos, a company is work- 
 ing with all the desired success, mines of copper, whose prod- 
 ucts contain such riches that the business improves daily, so 
 that at present it ranges among the most important mining 
 enterprises in Mexico. 
 
 "La Zona del Plomo," or "Lead Zone," is situated on the 
 same mountains at Real de San Nicolas, the same district of 
 San Carlos. Its fabulous riches in this mineral are tradi- 
 tional. It is stated that, in colonial times, at a christening, 
 the whole party walked from the residence of the parents to 
 the church over a path of silver bars. The motives which 
 encouraged me to undertake, in difficult times, the working 
 of this mine were the following: In one mark (eight ounces) 
 of silver from a Buscon Real, which was converted in nitrate, 
 one ounce of gold was found. The vein from which this 
 metal was taken is one of many which traverse the mine of 
 San Nicolas, property of the mining company of Tamaulipas. 
 To-day, the government of that federal entity is a deserv- 
 ing iniitator and co-operator of that of General Porfirio Diaz, 
 to-day, under the most liberal and capable administration, 
 the doors are wide open to all enterprises, and men of capi- 
 tal, of business, and of labor, obtain great advantages from 
 the exploration of this mining branch. It is convenient to 
 consider the ore, which usually produces from sixty to seventy 
 per cent, and even eig*hty per cent, of lead, and from sixty to 
 eighty ounces of silver per ton. The ores contain also sutfi- 
 cient iron to make them desirable for smelting purposes, and 
 ores are also found which render up to 1,200 ounces of silver 
 per ton. 
 
 If what has been said of the mining interests of the State 
 deserves the attention of enterprisers, no less Important is 
 what could be said of the greatest riches in the world, agri- 
 culture. On this subject, be it suiticient to state that there 
 is a most fertile valley, of more than 4,500 square miles, 
 which extends towards the Gulf of Mexico, emptying into the 
 Rio Grande, which forms the boundary line with this country, 
 and where the harbor of Tampico stands. It is adaptable 
 in the north for the cultivation of cotton, corn, sugar cane, 
 orange, grape, potatoes, etc., and in the central and southern 
 sections for rice, coffee, vanilla, pineapple, bananas, rubber 
 trees, cocoanut, and all the agriculturist wishes to cultivate 
 grows there to a profit. 
 
 A very important and profitable undertaking would be the 
 installation of water works at the San Juan River, an affluent 
 of the Rio Grande, which is navigable for a long distance, 
 for the purpose of irrigating the rich and virgin territories 
 which can be obtained in extensive tracts and under advan- 
 tageous conditions. The centre of this operation would be, 
 naturallv. the port of Matamoros, where millions of dollars 
 have accumulated through its mercantile business. 
 
 Another great and productive business would be the con- 
 struction of a pier at the point called "Medanos de Wash- 
 ington," about thirty-two miles distant from Matamoros, and 
 a short connecting railroad, which enterprise would soon pay 
 back the capital invested and produce perpetual dividends. 
 Other paying business would be lumber for cabinet work 
 and construction, mineral coal, asphalt, mineral oil and 
 granite. Also the raising of cattle, horses, sheep, goats and 
 swine. Assurance can be given that not only the national 
 government, but that also the State grants the most liberal 
 
264 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 r-i.nccssiniis to all iindcrlakings wliieli arc inclined to co-oper- 
 atf in flevt'loping the growing riches of Mexico, which is nni- 
 \ersally proverbial. 
 
 The present Governor of the State, Lieenciado Don (iuada- 
 lupe Mainero, the well-selected personnel of the whole ad- 
 ministration and the sincere, frank and loyal character of the 
 citizens of Tamaulipas, are as many other factors which would 
 simply justify any undertaking which would lie established 
 and dev('lo]n'd in the State. 
 
 It can also be stated to its great satisfaction, that the State 
 of Tamaulijias, owing to the indefatigable efforts of its present 
 chief, I'anks second in public instruction, through its large 
 nundier of schools and attendants of both sexes. 
 
 Men of capital! men of business! Tamaulipas, with all its 
 facilities for the most brilliant success in business of all kinds, 
 is connected by land and sea with this country, and opens 
 its doors wide to all who wish to avail themselves of its most 
 valuable and varied jiroducts. (Ap])lanse.) 
 
 IIiw. ir. ir. l!od-lilll: 
 
 I now call on Dr. J. J. I'lloa G., ex-President and Consul- 
 General of Costa Rica, to address the Congress. 
 
 TnK People of Costa Riga. 
 
 lion. J. J. mioa G.: 
 
 Mr. Chainnan, Ladies and (ieiitlemen: I request the honor 
 of your kind attention a few moments, to tell you something 
 about the people of Costa Rica, a people of whom you, un- 
 fortunately, know very little. 
 
 The very first question that everybody naturally asks on 
 meeting a strange person for the first time is, "Where do 
 you come from?" The answer would seem a very simple one 
 to give, but, ladies and gentlemen, allow me to tell you that 
 this is not always so. When, thanks to your often tried for- 
 bearance, you have heard of my experience, you v\'ill agree 
 with me, that it requires a certain amount of knowledge al)out 
 geography, history and statistics to be able to give any satis- 
 faction, and in the case of this, your humble servant, this re- 
 quirement has been the cause on many occasions of an ex- 
 cessive amount of investigation directed to badly fed cerebral 
 cells, with the effect of an undue production of cold and damp 
 perspiration, accompanied by different nervous manifesta- 
 tions, which do not constitute a good way to get out of the 
 scrape. (Applause.) 
 
 The majority of times, after telling my new friends that 1 
 am from Costa Rica, they ask me, "Where is Costa Rica 
 situated?" presenting, of course, all sorts of apologies for 
 having forgotten part of the geography acquired by them at 
 school. S(une say, "Oh, yes, Porto Rico; fine i.sland," etc., 
 etc. And in several ca.ses I read in the hesitancy and per- 
 plexity of my new acquaintances, that they are trying to 
 place my country in some remote point of the unexplored 
 regions of (.'entral Africa, or in the neighborhood of the un- 
 known poles. 
 
 As soon as they realize that we have an undisputed posi- 
 tion on the map, and that we form the connecting link be- 
 tween the Northern and Southern Ilennspheres of the New 
 World, new doubts spring up in their minds, and all sorts of 
 questions are fired at me, ex])ecting, of course, a favoral)le 
 answer, which at times, J tell you frankly, puts me in a very 
 critical position. Many persons in this wide land believe 
 yet that we do not belong to the civilized world, and Inboi- 
 under the false impression that we are nothing Init a lot of 
 wild Indians, scantily covered with the feathers and furs ol' 
 wild animals, living in caves or in huts, and fed only with the 
 fruits, roots and the fauna of the forests in the midst of 
 which we live. I should not be at all surprised if some of 
 
 oui' least charitable ignorers considered us as cannibals, and 
 would give this as the principal reason for not coming in 
 closer contact with us, not being, of course, disposed to sub- 
 mit American enterprise to a more or less rapid Indian diges- 
 tion. 
 
 One of the arguments that I ha-»e used to demonstrate that 
 we are not Indians, and that we do not dress in the abbre- 
 viated fashion they suppose, is the fact that we visit you 
 very often, which we should not do if the above were the case, 
 because your winter weather would not agree very well with 
 our sujiposed scanty covering as' a guard against your below 
 zero temperature. (Applause.) 
 
 Well, ladies and gentlemen, allow me to state frankly, and 
 l)elieve that this is perfectly true, that we are not Indians, 
 but people of pure white race, principally descendants from 
 the hard-working and peace-loving Spaniards from Galicia, 
 and that the very few Indians left in the country are confined 
 to the uncultivated portions of land, near our northern and 
 southern b(nindaries. 
 
 As far as negroes are concerned, I beg to state most re- 
 spectfully, that all those who live in the country are subjects 
 of Her Gracious Majesty, who have been brought to Costa 
 Rica to work on the lowlands near the ocean, where the cli- 
 nuite is too severe for the natives accustomed to the delicious 
 temperature and healthy conditions of the high lands where 
 they live. 
 
 The Costa Ricans are well-formed people and of fine feat- 
 ures. Our women have beautiful eyes of dark shades, very 
 abundant black hair, full of grace and affability, they make 
 excellent wives and loving mothers. To explain what they 
 are, in very few words, I tell you openly that they can stand 
 a most favorable comparison with the fair daughters of this 
 wonderful country of whom you are so justly proud, and 
 whom I consider the finest of the fine. (Applause.) The 
 men are intelligent, industrious, truthful and of generous 
 disposition, and always ready to welcome foreigners and profit 
 mutually from their experience and resources applied to the 
 numy advantages offered by the country. The gentlemen and 
 ladies dress in strict accordance with the European fashion, 
 and should you atteiul a performance of an opera in the 
 National Theatre of San Jose, which, by the way, is one of 
 the finest in the world, you would be very agTeeably surprised 
 with the array of well-dressed beauty there present. 
 
 One of the first things a Costa Rican does when he has a 
 little money to spare, and in many instances he goes so far 
 as to borrow it to satisfy his desire, is to travel abroad, where, 
 although always ready for a good time, he knows also how 
 to derive ample profit from his vacation in his own behalf, 
 and also in that of the small portion of hnid of which he is 
 so proud. All foreign observers express their admiration 
 when they find in Costa Rica many of the achievements of 
 civilization which are wanted in several larger and much older 
 countries. 
 
 The best class of our peoj^le are very highly educated; they 
 speak one or two languages besides our mother tongue, and 
 among them you will find a vast number of privileged sons of 
 the different arts. 
 
 Resides the fact of the Costa Rican race being of an un- 
 mixed and purely white origin, the people are, in a greater 
 or smaller scale, property owners, the union of which two 
 Tacts constitutes tlie principal reason for their hard-working 
 and extraordinary peaceful disposition, which may seem of 
 very difficult comprehension to you, because, unfortunately, 
 V 111 believe that we from the American countries of Spanish 
 descent. s|ii'ii(l li.il f of oui' I iiiic lighting in ri'volutioiis and the 
 other half ]ire|iaring new movements. 
 
 Our houses luive all the modern conveniences, and we live 
 with all tile rei|uii'enients of civilization and coiufiui in rela- 
 tion to our mild climate and social exigencies. 
 
FOURTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 88, 1899 
 
 '265 
 
 Our public lniildiiio;.s are numerous, spacious and orna- 
 mental. We have theatres, churches, libraries, hospitals and 
 asylums, railroads, tramways and fine cart roads, water works, 
 electric light, good public and sanitary service, and in fact 
 on a small scale all the conveniences you enjoy in Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Our population is a little more than 3U0,U00, that is to say, 
 about the sixth part of this great city which, more than a 
 hundred years ago, was the birthplace of the most wonderful 
 and far-reaching experiment that liberty ever undertook. But 
 we are a sovereign country with everything included, even 
 party politicians and ringleaders, and you are nothing but a 
 big and prosperous city. (Applause.) 
 
 I will not detain you much longer and put your endurance 
 on a more protracted strain, but allow me to say before finish- 
 ing, that in Costa Rica you will find all you might need, from 
 the best to the lowest products of the industries, locomotives 
 and fine iron bridges, as well as whiskey and chewing gum. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 Other facts which I wish to state are, that in Costa Rica 
 there is the most decided respect for life and property, our 
 laws are good and the same for all, we have perfect liberty 
 of thought and press, and though the Catholic is the religion 
 of the majority of our people, all creeds are free and never 
 interfered with. 
 
 All foreigners may ac([uire property and may become 
 easily naturalized, if they so desire, but at all events, 
 they will always be respected and loved if they go there 
 with good intentions. The Costa Ricans know how to ap- 
 preciate in due form all kinds of talent and work. All for- 
 eigners who live with us for some time soon learn how to 
 get along in our country, and, in a majority of cases, end 
 by assimilating our customs and ways, and by making their 
 homes next to ours, only to visit the countries they origi- 
 nally came from once in a while. They feel homesick in 
 their old homes, and desire to return to the republic which, 
 though small, is nevertheless as big as the United States in 
 its love for peace, and in its efforts to go ahead in the road 
 which leads to its betterment, in the multiple manifestations 
 of modern progress. 
 
 .1 hope that I have .succeeded in convincing you that my 
 people are worthy of your acquaintance and intimacy, that 
 they will receive you with open arms, help you to the best 
 of their abilities, and not throw stones nor arrows to the new 
 arrivals, nor use you to provide jiersonally the roast meats 
 of our "Indian dinners." (Continued applause.) 
 
 II oil. W. W. Rorkhill: 
 
 1 will now call on Mr. Benjamin K. Piza, delegate from 
 Costa Rica. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Benjamin E. Piza: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I must start by 
 begging your pardon for any incorrectness of speech which 
 you may find in my address. It is true that I can manage 
 to make myself imderstood in the English language, but 
 nevertheless it is an acquired language with me, and conse- 
 quently I Ijeg pardon for any inaccuracies wliich you may 
 notice. 
 
 The ta.sk of expressing my feelings of admiration and re- 
 spect for this grand country, and my gratefulness for the 
 kind and hearty welcome extended to all of us, would indeed 
 be a very agreeable one, but much beyond my oratorical capa- 
 bilities. I must therefore content myself with cheerfully 
 subscribing to all that has been expressed on this subject 
 l)y others who have preceded me. 
 
 It would seem idle to dwell upon the warm congratulations 
 which we all owe and readily present to the people of the 
 
 United States, and more particularly to the city of Philadel- 
 phia, for this new proof of their noble desire to unite the 
 ditt'erent elements of commerce. To unite them just through 
 what would appear to I)e the main cause of their antagonism, 
 to change the unfriendly struggle of competition into a source 
 of frank and mutual enterprise. Even if this attempt should 
 not give immediate satisfaction it is bound to end in a 
 splendid result,and the generosity of the idea alone certainly 
 commands the warmest applause. That applause I consider 
 it my duty to present publicly to the initiators of this meet- 
 ing, and to their right hand" in this instance. Dr. William 
 P. Wilson. 
 
 That meetings of this kind will materially help to increase 
 the export, and even the import, trade of this country cannot 
 be doubted. One plain proof of their efficiency may be fur- 
 nished by the commercial movement of Co.sta Rica, where, 
 since the United States started their commercial propaganda, 
 our trade with this republic, which was formerly 10 per cent., 
 has jumped up to GO per cent, of its total amount. 
 
 However, with regard to its complete development, tliere 
 are some points which, in my opinion, are an obstacle to the 
 prompt attainment of the object aimed at, and it is to these 
 points that I beg to draw the attention of this Congress. A 
 great deal of mutual advantage is certainly derived by our 
 visits to this country, but it must be remembered that, while 
 these visits will merely increase our knowledge of this trade, 
 which is to us an ol:>ject of constant study, they cannot give 
 you a thorough knowledge of our countries, of the nature 
 of their business, of their resources and abilities. 
 
 If I say that you do not know our countries sutficiently, 
 I do not mean to convey that they are better than they seem 
 to be, biit simply that they may he different to the general 
 ideas you have perhaps formed of them. I consequently be- 
 lieve that a more profound study on the part of this con- 
 ference of our capacity and requirements would certainly go 
 a long way towards the obtainment of a successful increase 
 of business, and of the fraternal link which sooner or later 
 must strongly unite this great republic to its junior sisters 
 of the American continent. 
 
 It must be taken into consideration that much of the in- 
 crease .of Costa Rican trade with the United States is due 
 to the smaller distance that separates us from your market. 
 This great advantage, which means time and consequently 
 money, makes us in some instances overlook greater advan- 
 tages ofl'ered by the European countries, which, owing to 
 constant study of our markets, well know and fully meet all 
 their requirements. Not one summer goes by without crowds 
 of European traveling agents visiting Costa Rica (the greater 
 part of them Germans, of course), and I can assure you that 
 every information they can gather with regard to the im- 
 provement of any of their particular lines, is carefully noted, 
 and invariably put into practice. Placing aside the tech- 
 nical way of doing business, in which they fully meet our 
 wants, there are innumerable small details which constitute 
 together an important item, and in which the Europeans, 
 and most particularly the Germans, excel. They have, for 
 instance, constituted their office work in such a manner that 
 they are able to state on their invoices not only the first 
 cost, but also the gross and net weight, measurement and 
 invoice expenses of every package; sometimes even of everv 
 article. And in countries like ours, where the goods reach 
 us often after the invoice, such detailed statements enable 
 the receiver to calculate in advance the local expenses, and 
 final cost of the goods, and to sell these on sample. 
 
 With regard to the packing of goods in boxes, Americans, 
 to use one of their favorite expressions, "are not in it." The 
 same thick, heavy boards used for boxes sent to countries 
 where custom house duties are paid ad valorem, are employed 
 for goods sent to Costa Rica, where the duties are charged 
 
266 
 
 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 per gross weight; ami many have been the instances in which 
 American lioxes, heavier and larger than their contents, have 
 paid, naturally, more duty than the goods which they con- 
 tained. 
 
 Besides it is a well known fact that delicate articles packed 
 in the United States reach our countries with immense break- 
 age and damage, and that, as a rule, whatever may be the 
 conditions of the insurance effected against breakage, it is 
 little less tlian impossible to obtain redress. The minute 
 and dillicult formalities which such claims have to undergo 
 are so numerous that in the majority of cases the claim is 
 abandoned. 
 
 'J'hese and many other small obstacles which sum up to 
 important drawbacks, would in my opinion, be easily oblit- 
 erated, or at least, very materially corrected, if American 
 commercial agents were to visit our markets oftener, and be- 
 come acquainted with their various peculiarities. 
 
 Now, regarding this point, I must hasten to explain that 
 though I approve the system of sending out traveling agents 
 as a means of obtaining reliable information, I decidedly 
 condemn it when it is imprudently employed with the view 
 of forcing trade. Such system cannot fail to produce most 
 disastrous results. In their eagerness to sell, to beat the 
 record, to show off, the generality of traveling salesmen in 
 our countries granted credits indiscriminately to people who 
 did not deserve it, and who did not imderstand the import 
 business. The consequence of this was that the sound part 
 of our commerce was greatly prejudiced by an unreasonable 
 cut-throat competition, which naturally ended in the wreck 
 of the small buyers and heavy losses to the sellers. This is, 
 to a great extent, the cause of the kind of fear with which 
 the greater part of the Spanish-American countries are re- 
 garded just now. 
 
 If trade is soberly conducted, if credit is judiciously 
 granted, there are nine probabilities against one that both 
 of these will honestly combine in order to avert a crisis 
 or at least very materially reduce the effects of it. There- 
 fore, when I suggest that our countries be more freqrtontly 
 visited by American agents, I mean by tliis, competent 
 business men thoroughly conversant with the nature and 
 details of American trade, capable if appreciating the im- 
 portance of the several little obstacles which we find in the 
 American system, and of justly analyzing our commercial 
 and financial condition, as well as our immense agricultural 
 resources. Let this be done, and I repeat that I feel certain 
 the first great step is taken towards the peaceful, voluntary 
 and muttially profitable union of all the American countries 
 in this commercial intercourse. 
 
 And believe me, gentlemen, in C'osta Rica a conscientious 
 study of such nature will offer you tlie opportunity not only 
 of enhancing the American part of our commerce, hut to 
 effect most advantageous investments. Costa Rica is really 
 a wonderful little country, where nature seems to have artis- 
 tically and Iil)enilly acctimulated its most attractive 1)eauties, 
 and its most delicious climate. As to its soil, there is de- 
 cidedly none nuire fertile nor cuiiable <if bringing forth a 
 greater variety of production. In tliis trupical little Swit- 
 zerland, where every mile's distance offers to the eye a new 
 and enchanting panorama, we grtiw easily almost any fruit, 
 from the stinburnt cocoannt to the rosy cheeked apple: and 
 it is this wonderful fertility, couyjled with the sober, hard- 
 working habits of the Costa Ricans, that has made Costa Rica 
 one of the greatest producin": countries of the world in pro- 
 portion to the number of inhahitants. 
 
 [low could the study of such a count ly fail lo in(hice vou. 
 Novtii .'Vmericans, to employ to our mutual Ijeiu'lil m part 
 of your restles's activity and your imnionse capital tbi-ro. |i;n-- 
 ticularly now, when your booming prosperity is rapiilly grow- 
 ing out of the botindaries of your own territory? 
 
 The very frequent opportunities of visiting Costa Rica, 
 the easy access to that country from all parts of the United 
 States, the well known sympathy of all people towards 
 Americans, are constantly inviting you. Already the first 
 step is taken. Already the first important business, The 
 Cnited Fruit Company, has been launched in Costa Rica 
 \\ ith capital of Americans who w^ent there, saw and invested, 
 and who, I dare say, have no reason to regret their invest- 
 ment. This venture, I frequently hope, will soon be followed 
 liy others, which will bring us closer and closer to our 
 Northern brothers, and achieve in that manner the most 
 desirable union, the union which was brought about by com- 
 mon interest in noble, honest work. 
 
 Hon. IV. IV. h'nd-hill: 
 
 Mr. John },[. Keith, delegate from Costa Rica. (Applause.) 
 
 Opi'ortunitiks for Investment in Costa Rica. 
 
 Mr. John M. Keith: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: It has been re- 
 marked already in this Congress that the true field for de- 
 velopment of American commerce lies in the supply of the 
 new wants of foreign countries that are created in their 
 advancing civilization. On these lines there is no more 
 promising field for American activity than that of Spanish 
 America. 
 
 Mr. Atkinson has shown in the very valuable statistics 
 contained in his address that the average consumption of 
 American goods in this immense territory is only $1.40 per 
 capita; SI, 000, 000 of people whose geographical position im- 
 poses on the LTnited States the duty of the preservation of 
 their political autonomy are also at its doors welcoming Amer- 
 ican merchandise, machinery and enterprise for their eco- 
 nomic and material development. 
 
 It does not require the gift of prophecy to see the con- 
 struction of the Nicaragua Canal, in which both North and 
 South America take such vital interest, promoting not only 
 the conversion of the Far East into a New West for the 
 Fnited States, but the commercial extension of the New South 
 to the rugged cliff's of Cape Horn. 
 
 It has iieen customary to regard all Latin America as hav- 
 ing similar products and like interests, but this, in the main, 
 i-i an error. Countries exporting coffee, cacao, nitrate, wheat 
 or timber have each their peculiar necessities, and their con- 
 ditions must be studied separately. 
 
 It is the great work of the Philadelphia Museum to have 
 collected the data for this study, and to-day it generously pre- 
 sents the results of its labor to the commerce of the world. 
 
 It shall be my honor to speak on the opportunities for 
 .A.merican investment in Costa Rica, where for fourteen years 
 I have been associated with the principal foreign enterprises 
 in the country. 
 
 Costa Rica does not ditVer from ilie otlu-r Central Ameri- 
 can countries in the topogra]iliica] ilivi-;ion of its territory 
 into elevated valleys and law plains, that have each their 
 distinctive leading products and social conditions. 
 
 Costa Rica was settled in the middle of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, and in common with most Spanish settlements, the 
 town became the nucleus of its development. 
 
 A hardy race of Spaniards from northern Spain, wisely 
 selected the town sites of Cartago, Snn Jose, Heredia and 
 Alajuela on account of the cool and salubrious climate and 
 tlie fertility of the soil of the surrounding country, ('osta 
 Uica to-day contains a population of lictwoen 390,000 to 300,- 
 (Mio souls, of wbi<-h '^>40,000 reside in ibr elevated valleys of 
 tlie interior; worthy descendants of the early adventurers 
 frcjm Galicia, and are to-day an almost pure Spanish race. 
 
FOURTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 28, 1899 
 
 267 
 
 with very little mixture of Indian blood. 
 
 The area of this district is very small in comparison with 
 the rest of the country, and is one of the most densely popu- 
 lated agricultural districts of the world. Coffee is the sole 
 ai'ticle of export from this region and is raised mostly by 
 small growers. It is purchased in the berry and prepared 
 for foreign markets by the shipper, requiring the exercise_ of 
 great skill and the employment of machinery, most of which 
 is American. 
 
 The land is sub-divided into small farms, and in some dis- 
 tricts 95 per cent, of the heads of families are landed proprie- 
 tors. This district, however, does not offer many attractions 
 to foreign investors, and is more the province of the mer- 
 chant, as the interior of Costa Rica is already supplied with 
 railways, tramways, electric lights, both incandescent and arc, 
 and other accompaniments of modern civilization. Besides, 
 the surplus earnings of the natives are principally invested in 
 land and as a consequence, farms are held at prices which 
 are not as remunerative as virgin lands that can be secured 
 in the new districts to which the natural development of the 
 country has not yet extended; owing to the fact that the 
 natives are averse to migrating from districts where they have 
 been raised and have their family ties. 
 
 Notwithstanding that over 80 per cent, of the cofEee ex- 
 port.ed from this region is shipped to Europe, nearly 50 per 
 cent, of its importation comes from the United States, and 
 the population consumes American goods to the amount of 
 $7.50 per capita, against an average consumption of $1.40 for 
 all Latin America. 
 
 An investor will naturally inquire what protection the 
 country affords to life and property. In regard to the first 
 inquiry, I have only to say that no foreign power has as yet 
 had occasion to present a claim for any outrage against the 
 person or property of its citizens. The towns and rural dis- 
 tricts are efficiently policed, and I am sure that the amount 
 of crime committed in the republic is not in excess of any 
 other civilized country. The sub-division of the ownership 
 of land amongst people of all classes creates an element of 
 responsibility, and is the surest foundation for rhe mainte- 
 nance of law and order respectively. We are little troubled 
 by political disorders, and in fact we have had but one se- 
 rious revolution for a period of nearly thirty years. These 
 political movements arise piincipally in the struggles between 
 small political factions, and do not affect the course of in- 
 dustry throughout the country at large. 
 
 The titles to landed property and mortgages are protected 
 by a system of registration similar in its organization to the 
 Torren's system of the State of Illinois. During its thirty- 
 four years of operation, no legal complications have ever 
 arisen in which the corrections or security offered by the 
 work of the registry have been questioned. Foreigners are 
 entitled to hold^real estate as well as natives; and their prop- 
 erty enjoys the protection of this admirable institution. For 
 a nominal fee a certificate can he obtained from the registry, 
 of the amount and value of real estate inscribed in the name 
 of any man in the republic, and the amount and nature of any 
 lien that there may be thereon. 
 
 We have also in Co_sta Eica one of the most complete and 
 best organized statistical departments in all Spanish Amer- 
 ica. This department contains a bureau of information, 
 which, on application, will supply the amount and value of 
 any class of merchandise imported, the names of importers 
 introducing these goods, as well as the names of the export- 
 ers, and the amoimt of coffee that they may ship, also the 
 markets to which their shipments are destined. 
 
 The climate of the virgin lands, to which I particularly call 
 your attention to-day, is malarial; but we consider it less un- 
 healthy than many other districts on the same coast. A 
 foreigner, taking proper hygienic precautions, and leading a 
 
 temperate life, can stand the climate without much difficulty. 
 The heat is too intense for a white man to labor without 
 shelter; and we, consequently, are dependent for our supply 
 of labor on the negroes of the West Indies, especially those 
 of Jamaica, who are admirable laborers, and work for a wage 
 of about sixty cents gold per diem. 
 
 Coffee. 
 
 There are a number of new districts recently opened up 
 to agricultural enterprise where coffee can be profitably cul- 
 tivated, notwithstanding the fall in the price of inferior 
 grades. A Philadelphia syndicate is one of the most prominent 
 pioneers in planting coffee in the Turrialba district, which, 
 in common with other new regions, produces a quality of 
 coffee which recent sales have demonstrated to be equal to the 
 best produced by the country, and guarantee a good profit. 
 
 Bananas. 
 
 Tliis enterprise, which has become an important item in 
 Costa Rica's economic welfare, was initiated by an Ameri- 
 can, and is at present in the control of an American com- 
 pany. 
 
 From an experimental shipment of a few hundred bimehes 
 in 1880, the exportation has increased to over three million 
 bunches per annum. 
 
 In connection ^vith this trade, it may be well to mention 
 incidentally, that the fundamental obstacle to the establish- 
 ment of transportation facilities with Spanish America, has 
 been the absence of bulk in its products compared with their 
 value. As an instance, the total tonnage to and from the 
 Atlantic seaboard of Costa Eica, exclusive of bananas, 
 amounts to only 30,000 tons per annum; whereas, its total 
 value is nearly ten million dollars, American gold. Thanks, 
 however, to the banana traffic, we have at present four steam- 
 ers weekly to and from the United States. With these ex- 
 ceptional shipping facilities, you will readily appreciate one of 
 the main factors of our increasing commerce with the United 
 States. The banana bn.siness has not only been advantageous 
 to American commerce with Costa Eica, but also to the entire 
 coast washed by the Caribbean Sea to which eighty odd steam- 
 ers, mostly owned or controlled by Americans, ply in a trade 
 in which the exchange of American produce for bananas and 
 other fruits, is the characteristic feature. 
 
 Rubber. 
 
 Rubber planting offers a profitable field of investment, and 
 several young men (mostly Americans) have invested their 
 money in this enterprise, with every prospect of success. 
 
 Cattle. 
 
 The cattle business is one of the most profitable enterprises 
 in the country. Those familiar with the industry, state that 
 no country in Central America can compete with its natural 
 advantages of climate, soil and abundance of pure water, 
 which makes the Atlantic slope an ideal place for planting of 
 cultivated grasses for the purpose of raising and fattening 
 stock. Not only does the domestic market demand more 
 cattle than the country supplies, but we have open to us the 
 demand of Cuba for fattened cattle at a price yielding a large 
 profit. 
 
 Cacao. 
 
 We do not as yet produce sufficient of this article to supply 
 our home consumption; but quotations received on samples 
 sent to foreign markets, place our product on a par with the 
 very best grades. 
 
2'J8 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Mines. 
 
 It may be premature to claim that we posses;? an El Dorado, 
 l)ut all indicatioDS point to our future attainment of a high 
 position of importance amongst the gold producing countries 
 of the world. In view of the possibilities of the country as 
 a gold producer, the government is undertaking the conver- 
 sion of its currency from a silver to a gold basis, and ha~ 
 already a reserve of gold coin in hand almost sufficient for the 
 realization of that project. 
 
 Until two or three years ago, the extraction of gold from 
 our inunense bodies of gold bearing rock, has been disas- 
 trous when conducted on a large scale; although since the 
 lime of the Conquest, mines have been worked in a small way, 
 with more or less profit. We have, however, changed our 
 methods, and with the introduction of the cyanide process, we 
 have overcome the cause of our failures in the past. 
 
 We have at present four imi>ortant American companies, 
 with an aggregate capital of four million dollars; the oldest 
 of which is already in successful operation; and the others 
 have now passed the experimental stages in the treatment of 
 their ores, and our output is increasing monthly. The gov- 
 ernment, both on account of its currency projects, and its 
 liberal attitude towards foreign investment, gives a special pro- 
 tection to this industry. It is unhampered by excessive tax- 
 ation; and machinery, dynamite and tools arc subject to no 
 duties in the custom house. I might go on indefinitely enum- 
 erating minor opportunities of investment in Costa Rica. Be- 
 fore closing, I desire to call attention to that immense tract 
 of territory known as the San Carlos plain, which is to-day 
 praotically uninhabited, notwithstanding travelers declare it 
 to be one of the most fertile districts in the world. This 
 region is shut off from the interior of Costa Rica Ijy a nu)un- 
 tain range, but is tributaiy to I^ake Nicaragua and the San 
 Juan river into which its navigable rivers drain. This was 
 the seat of the empire conceived by the filibuster, Wm. 
 Walker, a project which eventually cost him his life, when he 
 rashly attacked the autonomy of the Central American re- 
 publics. The possibilities of this region in the production of 
 tonnage for the Nicaragua Canal, to assist in placing this 
 enterprise on a paying basis, commends itself to the serious 
 attention of the jjronioters of the most important engineer- 
 ing, commercial and political undertaking of the present age. 
 
 In conclusion, I will say that the government and people 
 of Costa Rica warmly welcome foreigners, especially those 
 who come for the purpose of developing the latent resources 
 of the country. Foreigners will find an intelligent people, 
 ever ready to give valuable and disinterested assistance re- 
 garding their projects; and the fruits of judicious enterprise 
 ■(vill verify to them that the name of Costa Rica (meaning 
 "rich coast") given by Columbus, is not a misnomer. (Ap- 
 plause.) 
 
 //-/(. W. W. Hud-hill: 
 
 To close the consideration of the cjuestion of Costa Rica. 
 I now have the honor to recognize His Excellency, Dr. J. B. 
 Calvo, Minister of Costa Rica, who will address the Congress. 
 (Ajiplause.) 
 
 His Exrelleiirj/, Dr. ,J . B. Calvn (Minister of Costa Rica): 
 
 The honorable delegates to the International (,'ommercial 
 Congress have heard the remarks of the distinguished gen- 
 tlemen fnmi Costa Rica, on the people, resources, climate aTid 
 opportunities offered i)y that country to the capital and in- 
 dustry from abroad, and therefore to the prospects for large 
 developiiuMit of trade relations with all nations to which we 
 oM'er our products in exchange for theirs, and to whose chil- 
 dren Costa Rica offers with the treasuries of its unexploited 
 
 soil, and the welcome of an industrious, orderly and law- 
 abiding population, the benefits of a stable government. 
 
 Indeed nothing could be more satisfactory than to refer in 
 this connection to the remarkable fact, well sustained in 
 every way, that Costa Rica has not to-day, nor ever had at 
 any time, claims presented to her for damages or injuries 
 caused by arbitrary acts on the part of her civil or military 
 authorities against the citizens of other nations. 
 
 As for the character of that comitry allow me to quote, 
 among other authorities, what the Central and South Ameri- 
 can Commissioners, sent in fS81: from the United States, 
 said in their rei)orts: "The name of Costa Rica stands high 
 as a republic, alive to the demands of a progressive, freedom- 
 loving people, her institutions and her wealth, her industries 
 and improvements, bespeak a natiim whose face is to the 
 future, and whose enterprise will carry her to the high posi- 
 tion her natural endowments and resources and advajiced ideas 
 demand." It seems to me unuece.ssary to say anything more 
 about the guaranties that persons and property enjoy in that 
 rich country, and therefore, about the opportunities to invest 
 capital, or to enlarge by other means the sphere of our 
 activities. 
 
 In regard to the United States, the report of the above- 
 mentioned commissioners said: "It is a source of congratu- 
 lation to know that not only are American wares and mer- 
 chandise increasingly consumed in Costa Rica, but there is a 
 growing desire on the part of its people to establish more 
 cordial relations, commercial and international, with the 
 United States." Beyond a doubt, the increasing attention of 
 this country to the economy, industry and commerce of Latin 
 America has already met a cordial response in Costa Rica. 
 
 This was in 1884, and about the exactness of this asser- 
 tion the volume of commerce of to-day answers with grati- 
 fying evidence. 
 
 In 1889 the only country which led the United States in 
 commerce with Costa Rica, was Great Britain, and since the 
 following year, 1890, the United States took the lead even 
 over Great Britain. 
 
 To our gratification the attention of a considerable number 
 of wealthy business men of this country, who have realized 
 that there is a large field in Costa Rica, has been directed to 
 that country. In the last years especially, several millions of 
 dollars have been invested there in mining and agricultural 
 enterprises, electric light and electric traction plant,s, and 
 several other improvements, with bright prospects for an en- 
 largement of the business of the same. 
 
 These conditions at present, and the hopes we entertain in 
 tlu' success of the w.irk of this Congress, insure for the future 
 a greater extension of our commerce, and. therefore, of the 
 commercial relations of Costa Rica with other nations. (Ap- 
 plause.) 
 
 Hon. ir. ir. Rod-hill: 
 
 The Congress now stands ailjonrncd until ?-> o'clock this 
 afternoon. 
 
 (AdjouriK'd nt \2.\\ a. m.) 
 
 PHii.ADHi.riiiA, Saturday. October '-iS, 1.899. 
 
 .\ i'ti:hnoo\ Si'ssiov. 
 
 The meeting wa« imIIimI to oidcr at •').18 p. ni. bv Director 
 W. I'. Wilson. 
 
 //.-„. ir. If. HorL-hill: 
 
 The first s])eaker this afternoon is Mr. Kliodoro Infante 
 v., Chai'ge d'Affaires and delegate from Chile. (Applause.) 
 
FOURTEENTH DAY'S SESSION. OCTOBER 28, 1899 
 
 269 
 
 Mr. Eliodoro Infante V. : 
 
 It would have been my desire to give to the International 
 Commerciali Congress a clear and exact idea of what the long 
 and narrow band of territory which extends between the 
 mountain range of the Andes and the Pacific Ocean is, and 
 of the role it can play in the trade between nations. Sorry 
 to say, the inclusion of my name among the speakers was so 
 surprising to me that it will be possible for me only to give 
 you an approximate idea of our present situation, and of the 
 prospects which Chile offers for trade. 
 
 Chile, narrow and small, as it appears in the geographical 
 charts, has an area of seven hundred and fifty thousand 
 .square kilometers, or an extension much larger than any of 
 the European countries vnih the exception of Russia. The 
 length of this territory, which can be considered a disadvan- 
 tage under a strategic point of view, is in all respects an ad- 
 vantage with which nature bestowed Chile, not only because 
 the extension of its coast imposes a development of its mer- 
 cantile marine and its foreign commerce, but also because by 
 such a long extension from north to south the country con- 
 tains distinct regions gifted with a great diversity of its 
 natural riches. The country comprises four zones. 
 
 First, the mineral zone, which extends from the extreme 
 north as far as the twenty-seventh parallel. There vegeta- 
 tion is lacking or extremely poor, running waters are scarce 
 and rain still more so; but instead it contains rich mines of 
 silver, gold and copper, and, most important of all, under the 
 soil is found saltpetre, which alone constitutes great riches, 
 borax and iodine. 
 
 Second, the mineral and agricultural zone, which reaches 
 as far as the southern boundary of the Province of Aconca- 
 gua, uniting agricultural and mineralogical conditions. It 
 has sufficient water and adaptable valleys for cultivation, and 
 the whole region is filled with mines of copper, silver, iron, 
 manganese, lead, etc. 
 
 Third, the agricultural zone, which extends as far as the 
 forty-third parallel, where the i.«land of Chile is situated. 
 
 This region is covered by the great central valley, with a 
 well irrigated soil and benign climate, receiving more rain- 
 fall the more it advances soutliward; a rich and productive 
 soil, abundant forests, energetic vegetation. Abundant and 
 excellent cereals are produced there, also leguminous plants, 
 garden produce, fruits and wines of first quality which offer 
 a wide field for foreign trade. There are also found large 
 deposits of mineral coal. 
 
 Fourth, the lumber and fisheries zone. The central valley 
 disappears and the mountain chain of the coast transforms 
 itself in an archipelago, which begins with the island of 
 Chile and terminates in the Tierra del Fuego. In this region 
 valleys are found which are adaptable for cultivation and 
 cattle raising; rain is frequent; the sylvan vegetation is ex- 
 uberant; fish, shell fish, seal, etc., are abundant. 
 
 The climate of the whole territory of the repulilie is ex- 
 ceedins-ly benign and healthy; there is no excess of heat nor 
 of cold, nor malignant endemic diseases, with the exception 
 of the small-pox, which is rapidly disappearing through the 
 use of vaccine. 
 
 The bulk of the juipulation is of Spanish descent. The 
 African race is not known in Chile, and the Asiatic is only 
 very faintly represented. The number of foreign residents 
 in Chile does not reach 100,000, of which only "about 1,000 
 belong to this great republic of the North, and to whose hos- 
 pitality and initiation we owe the happy gathering of this 
 Congress. 
 
 The political organization of the country is based on the 
 constitution adopted in 1833, to its maintenance and to the 
 holy respect with which it inspires every Chilean citizen, we 
 owe that stability of our institutions which has given us the 
 
 strength for progress and the energy for the development of 
 our elements of moral and material vitality. 
 
 Under the protection of this fundamental charter, the ad- 
 ministration has developed and maintained itself in full order 
 and correctness, the political and social institutions have gone 
 tlirough their progressive evolutions in conditions of perfect 
 tranquility and with the aid of all, the education of the people 
 and instruction in general have reached a degree of progress 
 which is a high honor for us; public hygiene, neglected at 
 the beginning, makes rapid progress. 
 
 In one word, all and every one of the political, social, ad- 
 ministrative or material combinations, whose systematic and 
 regular concourse is indispensable for the development of 
 nations, have worked and T\-ill in future work with perfect 
 regularity, on the solid foundation erected by the fathers of 
 our country, who gave us independence and guided us in the 
 first steps of our life as a nation. 
 
 I should like to give to this assembly some data on the 
 organization of public instruction, on hygiene, on public char- 
 ity, and on all and each of our services, but to my greatest 
 sorrow I do not have them at hand. I may only say regard- 
 ing public instruction that it is in the reach of all, that it is 
 based on the most modern and scientific systems, and that 
 numerous foreign students recur to our universities, to our 
 pedagogic institutions and to our military schools. 
 
 (ientlemen, the riches of the soil do not constitute the 
 only foundation for the prosperity of a people. Institutions 
 of solidity and stability, and internal and external peace, are 
 needed Ijesides. WithoTit solid institutions all piroblems 
 which might affect the interests of the country, do not find an 
 effective solution. Without peace all is destroyed and anni- 
 hilated. 
 
 Without the solidity of our institutions, Chile could never 
 have solved the grave economic and financial problem wliich 
 threatened the nation, occasioned by the circulation of the 
 fiduciary money. Tne public power, aided by the entire 
 country, undertook the metallic conversion, an operation 
 which, although it brought with it the perturbations which 
 are natural to occur when such transcendental measures are 
 taken, brought back to us the metallic regime, made the crisis 
 disappear and gave us a basis for tranquility which will re- 
 dound to the great lienefit of the country. 
 
 War was threatened by our dispute about the boundaries 
 with the Argentine Republic. Both countries invested large 
 sums for the organization of an army and a powerful navy, 
 and thus consumed many of their resources. Luckily the 
 wisdom of both countries prevailed, as always was the case, 
 and all difficulties have disappeared from the horizon, owing 
 to the arliitration of Her Majesty, the Queen of England, and 
 of the distinguished Minister of the United States in Buenos 
 Aires, Mr, Buchanan. Argentina and Chile enjoy to-day 
 the most sincere friendship, and their cordial relations are 
 assured forever. 
 
 Our international problems have been solved as well as 
 iiur princijial economic questions. Chile has begun to 
 think more deeply than before of the development of its 
 natural resources and of its industries, and has extended its 
 action to foreign countries. 
 
 Chile, tjontlemen, protects to-day, on a local basis, all in- 
 dustries that might be established in the country, and will 
 undoubtedly do all that is in its power to facilitate close 
 commercial relations with other countries. Its ships will 
 very soon reach Rio de Janeiro by the Atlantic, even as a few 
 months ago they reached the doors of Mexico, placing us 
 in closer contact with our sister republics on the Pacific, 
 and with the farthest ones, the Central American Republics 
 and Mexico, for which Chile always has felt the most pro- 
 found sympathy. Before a month has passed these ships will 
 reach San Francisco, and in this way Chile, with its own 
 
270 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMEECIAL CONGRESS 
 
 steamships, will have offered a new link to tlie friendship 
 which happily unites it with this great republic of the North. 
 A commercial link it is, gentlemen, which to-day is the most 
 powerful of the bonds which may exist between peoples who 
 wish to increase their interest and their friendship. 
 
 Gentlemen, all that might contribute to solidify the com- 
 mercial relations of the nations deserves to be applauded, and 
 for this reason I congratulate sincerely the organizers of this 
 Congress, hoping that it may bear the fruits of its enterprise. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 no7i. W. W. Eockhill: 
 
 May I ask His Excellency, Louis F. Corea, Minister of 
 Nicaragua, to address the Congress? (Applause.) 
 
 His Excellency, Louis F. Curea (Minister of Nicaragua): 
 
 Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: It affords me the 
 greatest pleasure to have such a distinguished and cultured 
 audience before me, and to be favored with such an agreeable 
 subject as "Nicaragua." It is an honor which I truly appre- 
 ciate. 
 
 Central America, as all of you well know, includes the 
 five Isthmian Republics, beginning with Guatemala in the 
 north, Honduras, .Salvador and Nicaragua in the centre, and 
 Costa Rica in the south. They form a link, which unites 
 two great continents; the slender barrier upon which two 
 mighty oceans plunge and roar in fruitless effort to enter each 
 othei''s domain. Here nature planned the mtercourse of 
 waters, then withdrew in part her support, when the task was 
 almost completed. But let us hope that where nature proved 
 remiss the hand of man may show a truer purpose. When 
 the trans-Isthmian waterway is an established fact you shall 
 see Nicaragua, Central America, not only the geographical 
 centre of the new hemisphere, but a comniereial centre of the 
 world. 
 
 Guatemala is the site of what was once the seat of the old 
 Spanish Government on this Isthmus; and where are some 
 remote descendants of the grandees of Castile. A country 
 it is, rich and beautiful, inhabited by a cultured people. 
 
 Honduras has more natural wealth, and her hills and her 
 plains bring forth after their kind in abundance. 
 
 Salvador is a countiy limited in area, but one of the most 
 populous, to the square mile, of the countries of the world. 
 Her ingenious people are facing the future with courage and 
 great hopes. 
 
 Costa Rica combines the rich resources of her nature with 
 the thriftiness and enterprise of her inhabitants. 
 
 I take pardonable pride in saying that Nicaragua, l)esides 
 tlie beauty of her panoramic scenery, her handsome lakes and 
 imposing volcanoes, the wealth of the country, salubrity of 
 climate, and the hospitality of the people, has the site for 
 the Nicaragua Canal, which, when completed, will make her 
 commercially mistress of the West. To effect that end she has 
 to-day elements and advantages, of which I shall speak brieily 
 in order not to weary my audience. 
 
 Though lier geograpliical position is tripical, Nicaragua 
 enjoys a temperate climate. The maximum temperature is 
 about 89.5 degrees, in September; the minimum arrives in 
 January, and in November, 70 or 71; the average for the 
 year being from 75 to 79 degrees. These figures are from 
 meteorological reports of observation at San Juan di'l Sur, 
 In more elevated regions on the Pacific the thernuniieter may 
 fall as low as 65 degrees, and it never goes higher than 90 
 degrees. Even on the hottest days in all of the elevated 
 regions no sense of o|>pression or exhaustion is felt. Hail, 
 snow and frost are unknown, while hurricanes and tornadoes 
 are perfect strangers. 
 
 The salubrity of the climate is unrivaled. By simply giving 
 
 ordinary attention to hygienic laws, a person may enjoy as 
 perfect health in Nicaragua as in any other part of the world. 
 A naval officer in command of a ship of war, stationed for five 
 months on the coast of Nicaragua, reported that among his 
 large crew he lost not a single man, and had no more than four 
 men sick at any one time. 
 
 Admiral Walker, the president of the Isthmian Canal Com- 
 mission, reports that of a force of some five hundred men en- 
 gaged for many months in surveying the swamps to select a 
 site for the canal, not one died; and there was not as much 
 sickness from malaria or other fevers as might have been ex- 
 perienced in the lowlands of Virginia. Nicaragiia never is 
 troubled with yellow fever. Other fevers of a low order, 
 peculiar to the country, yield readily to treatment. 
 
 Politically speaking, Nicaragua is enjoying the prosperity 
 that comes from peace and a .stable government. The liberals 
 have demonstrated their ability to govern with wisdom, jus- 
 tice and economy. 
 
 The credit of the government, in the financial market of 
 London, is quoted higher than any of the neighbors of Cen- 
 tral America, and exceeded by only one in South America, 
 that of Chile. 
 
 Another important fact that speaks well for the country 
 and its government, is the degree of prosperity enjoyed also 
 by the foreign population engaged there in business, and the 
 hitter's appreciation of the official guarantees and protection. 
 
 The church and state have been divorced, and religion is 
 as free as the air we breathe. 
 
 The system of public instruction is excellent. For more 
 than twenty yeai's it has been under the control of the gov- 
 ernment, and nearly ten per cent, of the income is devoted 
 annually to its maintenance and improvement. In addition 
 to the schools and colleges supported by the government, 
 there are many which the municipalities maintain and others 
 conducted by private enterprise. The instruction is so tlior- 
 I ugh, that when a young man or young lady has passed 
 through the high school, he or she is prepared to enter the 
 >[)ecial departments of law, medicine, etc. 
 
 Nicaragua, likewise, is showing gi-eat progress in her sys- 
 tem of transportation, and in the telegraphic and telephonic 
 communications. The interior has a good outlet to either 
 sealioard, and the coffee planter or stock raiser has little 
 dilFiculty in sending his products to all of the ports of the 
 Atlantic and Pacific. Rates of transportation and freights 
 are very cheap. One can travel from Greytown to Corinto, 
 that is from ocean to ocean, quickly by steam, for less than 
 $15 gold, and through the principal cities of the interior for 
 a sniall amount. Electric wires form a network over the 
 entire State, and telegraph rates are about one-half, gold, of 
 what they are in the United States, while the operation of the 
 long distance telephone is general, and entirely satisfactory. 
 The rivers and lakes are all navigable, and the steamboat ser- 
 vice is efficient. Nicaragua belongs to the great International 
 Postal Union. Our facilities for transmitting mail are ex- 
 ci'edingly good, and free delivery is reaching out to tlie rural 
 ilistricts. 
 
 Nicaragua is rich in mineral as well as agricultural re- 
 sources. Her gold mines are numerous, and the precious 
 metal is mined with large profits. Copper and opal are also 
 plentiful, though Honduras, the neighbor on the north, is 
 especially noted for her fine opals. 
 
 The agricultural products include collV-e, corn, beans, wheat, 
 rice, sugar, cotton, tobacco and garden vegetables, while trop- 
 ical fruits are everywhere abundant. The quality of our 
 t(]bacco is fine, and in some zones rivals that of Havana. 
 
 The forests are dense with fine hard wood, which is quite 
 an item of export, and they supply the United States with 
 a very great per cent, of her mahogany. 
 
 Tlie fertile plains are also suitable for stock raising, and 
 
FOURTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 28, 1899 
 
 271 
 
 cattle are marketed extensively all over Central America. At 
 this time shipments by the thousand go forward to Cuba. 
 
 Agricultural development calls for modern machinery and 
 the newest inventions. The people are appreciative of their 
 necessities, and ready purchasers of that which they have not 
 the facilities to produce. Our manufactories are not so nu- 
 merous as is desired, hut there is a standing invitation to 
 foreign capital to come and supply the lack. There is in the 
 country, notwithstanding, a sugar manufactory which has 
 not a superior on the Isthmus. 
 
 According to statistical reports, Nicaragua takes imports 
 from England to the amount of a million and a half, from 
 Germany a million, while from the United States but a half 
 million dollars annually. At the same time her exports to 
 the United States ai'e valued at one million dollars, to Eng- 
 land perhaps three-quarters of a million, and to Germany 
 nearly two and a quarter millions. 
 
 The building of the maritime canal through Nicaragua will 
 create a commercial revolution, and she, and all Central Amer- 
 ica will become a great, prosperous centre of trade. Through 
 that channel will come the ships of Europe and of the United 
 States, en route to the western coast of North and South 
 America and to the Orient; and the ships of Western North 
 and South America laden with freight for the United States 
 and Europe. Immigration will be encouraged; fertile fields 
 and rich mines will be developed; manufactories will spring 
 up and flourish; public improvements will find inspiration 
 with the growth of trade, and like magic, Central America will 
 assume a commercial importance, rivaling that of the other 
 countries of the Old and New World. 
 
 Permit me, Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, before 
 leaving this platform, to present the hearty congratulations 
 that the Government and people of Nicaragua extend to the 
 International Commercial Congress. You have their best 
 wishes for the accomplishment of the noble aspirations which 
 resulted in gathering all the countries in a respectable corps 
 like this, in order to make closer their commercial relations, 
 and to facilitate universal trade. 
 
 Hon. W. W. Rod-hill: 
 
 I will ask Mr. Nicanor Bolet Peraza, official delegate from 
 Honduras, to address the Congress. (Applause.) 
 
 Natueal Wealth and Commercial Facilities of Hon- 
 duras — Revolutions in Spanish America — 
 Commerce in Munitions of War. 
 
 Hon. Nicanor Boht Peraza: 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: I will not occupy the short time 
 at my disposal by enumerating to you the elements of nat- 
 ural wealth, geographical advantages, the excellencies of 
 climate, the industrial possibilities, the hospitality of the 
 natives, nor any other advantages possessed by the Repub- 
 lic of Honduras. All thi.s has been pointed out before and 
 in the most flattering terms, by the explorers and scientific 
 men, who have visited that part of Central America; they 
 consider the countiy, geographically, most advantageously 
 situated for establishing trade relations with the other nations 
 of the world. 
 
 PJarly in the beginning, when American capitalists began 
 to turn away from domestic investments and fixed upon 
 long neglected South and Central America for new fields 
 of investment and enterprise, Honduras was one of those 
 chosen, as offering the greatest attractions, and they began 
 with the rich gold and silver mines. In this industry, sev- 
 eral great companies are already engaged, and they are all 
 doing well. 
 
 At a later period travelers became acquainted with another 
 source of wealth, perhaps greater than that of the gold, sil- 
 ver, copper, coal and other minerals underground, and that 
 was the wealth of the soil itself, whose fertility is sur- 
 passed by none, and only equaled by few localities in other 
 countries. This fertility of the soil, with the mildness and 
 salubrity of the climate, w-ith various ports easy of access, 
 with navigable rivers and other advantages, have, together, 
 attracted a certain amount of immigration and originated 
 a number of agricultural and colonization enterprises that 
 are full of promise. In addition to the natural advantages 
 of soil and climate, the government pursues a liberal policy 
 toward foreign enterprise, and the natives are full of sym- 
 pathy and hospitality to strangers; and, finally, to complete 
 the number of attractions offered by Honduras to foreigners, 
 I will mention the fact that the country is enjoying a period 
 of peace ever since we have had honest, progressive and lawful 
 administrations; this being the only secret of making revolu- 
 tions impossible. 
 
 Now, again referring to the advantages offered by Hon- 
 duras for commercial and industrial enterprises, I wish to 
 add a few remarks. 
 
 It is a well-known fact that there is no country in the world 
 where fortunes are made so rapidly as here in the United 
 States; but it is no less evident that since the great corpora- 
 tions are here combining, the chances for the smaller ones 
 are becoming fewer every day. The new generations realize 
 that there are not the same opportunities for them, as their 
 forefathers had in their own good times. They look for new- 
 fields in which to exercise their productive energies, and 
 those fields are in our countries. There is Honduras, for 
 example, inviting the foreign transforming elements and pro- 
 ducing forces. Honduras is a close neighbor of the United 
 States, being only about thirty hours from New Orleans or 
 Mobile. That is the proper field for young blood and honest 
 ambition. Nature there keeps on its florid smile to welcome 
 labor, and the generous soil, blessed by the most extraordinary 
 fertility, is always ready to reward with its three annual crops, 
 those who pay to it the tribute of some drops from their 
 brows. 
 
 AVere I not addressing myself to a Commercial Congress, 
 but to a meeting of American young men, I should say to 
 them, go to that land of the future; go to Honduras, and 
 settle there; build our railways, work our mines, saw our 
 precious woods, fill our plains, and help the soil to do its 
 usual wonders. 
 
 I do not wish to leave this honorable audience under the 
 impression of words, that might be taken as mere rhetorical 
 efi'ort; so, in order to give to the above expressions the 
 strength of facts, I have the pleasure to state that a num- 
 ber of American young men have already established them- 
 selves in Honduras. I encouraged them to go there, and 
 it is very satisfactory to me, as Consul-General of Honduras, 
 to say, that I have received from all those young American 
 pioneers the most enthiisiastic letters, giving me thanks for 
 having put them on the track of a certain and easy prosperity. 
 
 Revolutions are the great misfortune, the greatest evils of 
 the countries of Spanish America, but though it is true that 
 we, the natives of these countries, may never execrate them 
 as they deserve to be, it is also true that the foreigners have 
 no cause to fear them as much as they do. On the contrary, 
 it could easily be proven by numerous examples, that the 
 honest, hard working foreigner, who does not interfere in 
 our domestic quarrels, is evidently benefited during these 
 same revolutions. As soon as war breaks out, the native 
 mercliant, manufacturer, planter or tradesman of every kind 
 is compelled to take sides with the one or the other belliger- 
 ents, and, naturally, all his business with the rest of the 
 
272 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONOR KSS 
 
 country is interrupted, if not completely broken up, thereby 
 leaving the foreigner in full possession of the industrial field. 
 The government" respects and protects him, and the revolu- 
 tionists do not dare to molest him; thus, protected by treaties 
 and by the general good will, he trades, buys, sells, goes in 
 and out, taking advantage of this singular but legitimate 
 monopoly, inasmuch as it has been given to him by us, the 
 natives who, during that time, are pleasantly engaged in 
 cutting each other's throats in a purely fraternal spirit. 
 Many a time I have heard a Spanish American complain 
 that only foreigners accumulate wealth in our countries, 
 while the natives get poorer every day. The_ cause of this 
 may be summed up in one word, '-revolutions," but, I repeat 
 it, foreigners have not as much reason to deplore them as the 
 natives themselves. 
 
 Some foreigners, unfortunately, seek other kinds of advan- 
 tages from our revolutions, as they encourage them with their 
 money, and even in person, but these do not belong to the 
 class to which I have referred: they are merely adventurers, 
 who do a double injury to our countries, raising discord in 
 them, and to their own respective countries— giving rise to 
 race hatred among the masses, who are incapable of making 
 distinctions in their judgments of others. 
 
 It has been my purpose with the above statement to dem- 
 onstrate the error which foreigners make, when they think 
 they could neither live nor prosper in our countries on ac- 
 count of the revolutions. Finally, to conclude, I will point 
 out an urgent necessity that alfects the whole continent, as 
 I believe It comes within the province of this Commercial 
 Congress to adopt or suggest such measures as it may deem 
 best°in obtaining practical results to ameliorate this condi- 
 tion. I refer to trade in munitions of war. I would otTer 
 as a suggestion that governments might be appealed to, in 
 order to have them insert in their treaties of friendship and 
 commerce, clauses so regulating the traffic in munitions of 
 war as to'make it more difficult, if not actually impossible, 
 for a party that is disturbing the peace in a friendly counti'y 
 to obtain such material in another. 
 
 Let it not be said that we have come here to expand and 
 not to limit commerce. This branch of commerce ceases to 
 be a legitimate one since it becomes hostile to others, and if 
 we now look at the matter from the point of view of general 
 convenience, we would sitate that it is in the interest of all 
 other branches of trade to restrict that of munitions of war 
 which are destined to disturb the markets, wherein all 
 do business, counting on a more or less durable peace. A 
 consignment of agricultural implements or railway or tele- 
 graphic material, when it leaves a foreign port for one of our 
 shores, signifies to the other foreign business house new- 
 crops, new ways of communication, more sources of wealth 
 in that country; consequently, new and increased trade for 
 nil. On the other hand, a consignment of guns, powder and 
 shot for the revolutionists means the ruin of the crops, the 
 death of many workmen, the complete loss of the money 
 and harvests "that covered their transactions, and, in fact, 
 that one branch of trade, when it shows its double charac- 
 ter, becomes an agent for the ruin of all the others, wliich 
 arc well known to be always legitimate, moral and progres- 
 sive. 
 
 I submit to the serious consideration of my colleagues the 
 matter of traffic in munitions of war, believing it of vitiil 
 importance to the proper development of the trade of Span- 
 ish America -with the rest of the world. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. W. W. RockUll: 
 
 ] will now request Captain J. Cordeiro da GniQa, delegate 
 from Brazil, to address the Congress. (Applause.) 
 
 Bhazti. and Its Resources. 
 
 Captain J. Cordeiro da GraQa: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: Through some mis- 
 understanding the subject of my speech has not been cor- 
 rectly announced in the program; it is "Brazil and Its Re- 
 sources." 
 
 I shall try to give you in the short space of time allowed 
 me as adequate a d'escription as possible of the twenty 
 states of the Brazilian Republic, and of the capital of the 
 Union, Rio de Janeiro. In order to do full justice to the 
 subject, however, I should have to write a book. 
 
 Since November 15, 1889, Brazil has been a republic known 
 as the United States of Brazil, divided into twenty States, 
 and the capital of the Union. The constitution is modeled 
 after that of the United States of North America, with the 
 exception that the President— elected for four years— cannot 
 be re-elected. 
 
 The orographic and hydrographic systems of Brazil, as 
 well as the'climate, are varied in the different regions of the 
 country. Very hot at the equator, the temperature becomes 
 more pleasant near the tropics. In these regions the heat is 
 tempered by rains and by the trade winds which are con- 
 stantly blowing. From Pernamliuco, a branch of mountain 
 ranges known^as Serra do Mar, extends southward. The 
 climate on the top of these mountains is very mild, as for 
 instance at Garanhuns and Pernambuco, which are 600 
 metres above sea-level. The chains of mountains reach as 
 far as the centre of Rio Grande do Sul. I do not profess to 
 give a full description, but simply wish to give you an idea 
 of the mild climate which prevails on these heights in the 
 torrid zone. No fever is known there; fever, by the way, 
 was unknown in Brazil before 1850. I mean yellow fever. 
 
 I shall not speak of our hydrographic system; but I will 
 add that the investigations of our late countryman, Mr. 
 Moraes. have shown the possibilities of interior navigation on 
 the Brazilian rivers. 
 
 I will begin with the State of Pani. which extends from 
 the British, French and Dutch Guianas and Venezuela to the 
 borders of Maranho and Matto-Grosso, more than thirteen 
 degrees latitude from north to south, and twelve degrees 
 longitude from east to west. This state is traversed by the 
 great Amazon River, which in one hour carries more than 
 '250 million cubic metres of water into the ocean. The 
 threat American professor, Agassiz, said: "The Amazon 
 River is not a valley in the ordinary sense: it does not flow 
 between two ■walls of mountains, but on the contrary it is a 
 large plain twelve hundred kilometers wide and four thou- 
 sand kilometers long, with a slope not exceeding nineteen 
 centimeters per myriameter." 
 
 The other great rivers of this state are nearly all tribu- 
 tary to the Amazon. 
 
 How^ever, the orographic system of the state is not so 
 gi-and as the hydrographic system. The mountains are 
 most remarkable in some places. 
 
 It is magnificent .scenery for the traveler who penetrates 
 here for the first time. The lower Amazon River is dotted 
 with innumeralde little islands. It will be impossible to 
 conjecture the full possibilities of this rich territory if it were 
 properly devehqu-d: it would ho beyond the most fanciful 
 imagination. 
 
 Resources. — In order to give an idea of the natural wealth 
 which this country oilers to the activity of its residents, it is 
 sulficient to mention the principal products that can be ex- 
 ported without necessitating first a tedious and long cultiva- 
 tion of the soil. The Kepublic of Guatemala has a popula- 
 tion of l,3-2:i,()0O: the State of Para has only 700,0tl0. Never- 
 theless, in 1885 Guatemala exported ten millions less, or half 
 
DR. S. ZERTUCHE, 
 
 GUILLERMO LOZANO, 
 
 A. DIAZ, 
 
 CoAHuiLA, Mexico. 
 
 Mexico City. 
 
 Matamoros, Mexico. 
 
 CARLOS BASAVE Y del CASTILLO NEGRETE, 
 
 A. J. DREXEL BIDDLE, 
 
 DR. THOMAS S. BUTCHER, 
 
 Guadalajara, Mexico. 
 
 FuNCHAL, Madeira. 
 
 Coahuila, Mexico. 
 
 JOSE ALGARA, 
 
 KAHE OTANI, 
 
 S. T. NISHIMURA, 
 
 Mexico City. 
 
 Tokyo, Japan. 
 
 Tokyo, Japan. 
 

UNIVi 
 
 FOURTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 28, 1899 
 
 273 
 
 of the exports of Para. The same year, the Republic of Bo- 
 livia with 2,300,000 inhabitants exported $12,000,000 worth 
 less than Pani, and Colombia with a population of three 
 millions, did not export any more than Para; viz., $17,000,- 
 
 000 worth. The exports of Ecuador are only half: those of 
 Peru (with its three million population), only two-thirds of 
 those of Para. Jlexico, the great and powerful Mexico, 
 with a population of between ten and twelve millions, has 
 exported $2,000,000 worth less than Pani alone. Including 
 the exports of last December the total of this state will reach 
 $20,000,000. The principal products are rubber, cocoanuts, 
 hides of different kinds, sarsaparilla, oil of copaiba, guarana, 
 neuhula, kuniaru; then vanilla, vegetable ivoiy, precious 
 woods, essences, raisins and fruits. The gold yield in the 
 northern part of the country is very great. In this brief de- 
 scription it is impossible for me to give a full account of the 
 rubber industry; suitice it to say that in 1897 the production 
 of Parii alone, not including the Aniazonas district, amounted 
 to 9,000 tons. The cocoa crop amounted to from three to 
 five thousand tons; the export of tobacco was over seven 
 hundred and fifty tons. The vanilla of Para is known in 
 France under the name of vanillin, and brings from two to 
 four dollars per kilogram. The Tonka beaus are exported in 
 large quantities to this country and to Europe. If I should 
 wish to speak at length of the woods, I should have to quote 
 some five hundred varieties. 
 
 The public instruction is divided into primary, secondary 
 and technical education. There are forty-nine primary 
 schools in the capital and five hundred and eighty-five in 
 the interior. Besides, there are training schools, and the 
 "Lyceum" (high school) which prepares the students for the 
 University. I must also mention the Academy of Music, 
 the Society for the Advancement of Fine Arts, the Lyceum 
 of Art and Industry and the Normal School. 
 
 The government of the State is modeled after your state 
 governments. I must mention here that some of the states. 
 Para, for instance, have two houses, corresponding to your 
 Senate and House of Representatives, while other states of 
 our Union have only one house. The municipal govern- 
 ment is independent of state government, and is administered 
 as in the most advanced countries. 
 
 The budget for the year 1898-1899 amounted to about 
 $10,000,000. The receipts of the federal customs were 
 $11,000,000. 
 
 The highest temperature in December was 32.2 degrees 
 Centigrade in the sun. corresponding to about 90 degrees 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 Commerce and Navigation. — The export trade of Para is 
 well developed and is in constant touch with the United 
 States by means of two lines of steamers, the Red Cross and 
 the Booth Lines. It is connected with Europe, — 'that is to 
 say with Liverpool, Antwerp, Hamburg, Havre, Lisbon and 
 Genoa, — l)y means of French, English, Italian, Portuguese 
 and German steamers. There is not one American boat 
 engaged in this traffic, though there were a few some time 
 ago. 
 
 Banks. — Para has three English banks, the British, the 
 London and River Plate, and the London and Brazilian 
 Bank. It has also five Brazilian banks, the Bank of Pani, the 
 Commercial Bank of Para and the Bank of Northern Brazil. 
 
 1 have only spoken a few words about this single State of 
 Brazil. A full description of this State alone would take 
 up a whole volume. 
 
 The State of Amazonas. — The State is the largest in the 
 Union. It has not as yet been cultivated to any extent, but 
 its natural wealth is so great that in five years its capital. 
 Mamios, has been transformed from a small village into one 
 of the most comfortable and beautiful cities of America; 
 its development having been largely furthered by the pa- 
 
 triotic spirit of the governors of the state. It has fine 
 avenues and streets, all lighted by electricity, trolley cars, 
 fine buildings, fine schools, and in spite of the large expen- 
 ditures the treasury has always about three million dollars 
 on hand. The budget for this year has been estimated at 
 seven million and a half dollars, which amount has been 
 reached by the receipts during the first four months. 
 
 This is the true Eldorado of the world. The population 
 of this State, which is in a period of formation and which 
 is about three times as large as Texas and Arizona, is only 
 two hundred thousand. The State of Amazonas, under the 
 government of Col. Ramalho, in conjunction with the chamber 
 of deputies, presided over by the former governor, Ribeiro, has 
 made enormous strides forward. In order to give you an 
 idea of the vastness of this State, I might say that in order 
 to go from Manaos to Venezuela on the Rio Negro in a 
 steamer or sail-boat, it takes about twenty or thirty days. It 
 takes the same time for a trip to Iquitos in Peru, going up 
 the river Solimoes. 
 
 ilaranhao. — This is a very rich State and as yet undevel- 
 oped. It produces a large amount of cereals, exports natural 
 products in con.siderable quantity to Europe, and has an ex- 
 tensive trade with Para and the Amazonas. This State could 
 furnish rubber in abundance, but the industry has not yet 
 been developed. Always in a peaceful state and undisturbed 
 by political agitations, the State has brought its educational 
 system to a very high standard. Arts and sciences are more 
 developed here than in any other state of Brazil. This State 
 has neither interior nor foreign debts. 
 
 Parahyba do Norte and Rio Grande do Norte produce 
 largely sugar, cotton and hides. 
 
 Ceara is one of the richest States, although the terrible 
 droughts make agriculture difficult. It exports hides and 
 natural products in large quantities. 
 
 Pernambuco. — This is one of the largest producers of rais- 
 ins, sugar, cotton and hides. It has a splendid net of railways 
 extenfling far into the interior and penetrating the primeval 
 forests, where the climate is superb. Business is quite active 
 in this state. 
 
 Alagoas produces the same articles as Pernambuco. 
 
 Bahia. — This is one of the finest States of the Union. It 
 possesses rich gold mines. Other products are sugax-cane, 
 coffee, precious woods, cotton, and above all tobacco, which 
 in quantity stands second only to that of Havana, and finds a 
 considerable outlet in Europe, Belgium, France, Italy, Hol- 
 land and Gennany. 
 
 Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro are the largest pro- 
 ducers of coffee and other natural products. Espirito Santo 
 is not yet developed and everything has still to be created; 
 Rio de Janeiro, however, is already traversed by a good net 
 of railroads. The capital of the Union, Rio de Janeiro, is 
 situated on one of the most beautiful bays of the world. Its 
 commerce is enormous and the largest in all South America. 
 It is provisionally the capital of the federation of Brazil. 
 
 Although yellow fever exists there dtiring the four hottest 
 months, the mortality, compared with that of the healthiest 
 cities of the world, is very small. With a population of 
 : 00.000 or 800,000 the death-rate during the winter months 
 — or spring, I should rather say, for there is no winter in 
 the iiDrtliern sense in that climate — is twenty-five to thirtv- 
 five a day. The United States Consul-General can corrobo- 
 rate my statement. The suburbs of Rio are superb and 
 counted among the finest of the globe. Tijuca and Coreo- 
 vado, both of which are reached by railroad, have a height 
 of 700 metres and 8.200 feet respectively. There is an elec- 
 tric road of 500 metres, on Tijuca. penetrating into the prim- 
 eval forest. 
 
 Petropolis, one and three-quarter hours' ride from the 
 capital, is 3,000 feet above sea-level. There is no fever in 
 
274 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 these regions, where the foreigners have their residences. If I 
 wislied to speak of Rio alone, \vith its university, its schools, 
 its commercial interests and its traffic, I should have more to 
 say than time permits at present. 
 
 I must also mention a master-work of engineering, the 
 Central Railroad of Brazil, which was constructed under the 
 direction of a Brazilian, with the assistance of several Amer- 
 ican engineers brought to our country by our lamented en- 
 gineer, Mr. ]\Iorsing, who served his apprenticeship at the 
 time when the Cincinnati (Ohio) Railroad was built. These 
 were the good old times when the United States still sent 
 her girders, iron beams, bridge material, etc., to Brazil. This 
 trade, however, has succumbed to the competition of Creuzot 
 (France), Fives Lille (Belgium), and Krupp (Germany). 
 
 When the sanitary works of Rio de Janeiro will have been 
 completed, for which purpose the municipality will be au- 
 thorized to spend as much as thirty millions of dollars, it will 
 certainly, owing to its geographical position, be the metropolis 
 of South America. 
 
 Minas. — I will now mention the State of Minas. If I have 
 spoken so enthusiastically about Para, what shall I say of 
 Minas? A superb climate produces, besides coffee, bananas 
 and oranges, all the fruits of Europe. I can say without fear 
 of contradiction that Minas is the California of Brazil. The 
 soil is fertile and beneath it are hidden incalculable treasures 
 of gold, diamonds and large quantities of other minerals. 
 Iron and manganese are found in very pure condition, and 
 exported in large quantities to England, France, Belgium and 
 the United States. Railroads and navigable rivers will soon 
 facilitate the development of this gi-cat State. 
 
 Sao Paulo, with its enormous net of railways, produces 
 almost as much coffee as all the other states together. Un- 
 fortunately, it has developed its coffee industry too much, to 
 the detriment of other branches of agriculture. The resi- 
 dents, as a rule, send their children to the United States to 
 be educated, so that the English language is not a foreign 
 one in that State. About this part of lirazil you can get better 
 information than I am able to give you from Mr. Rutis, the 
 delegate of Sao Paulo to this Congress, and Rev. G. W. 
 Chamberlain, an American missionary in Brazil, both of 
 whom arc very popular. The great outlet of this State is the 
 port of Santos. It has been much improved lately by splendid 
 wharves which can be approached directly by the great trans- 
 Atlantic steamers. 
 
 Parana is the State reserved for pasturage. The cli- 
 mate is very mild, the country being situated in the temper- 
 ate zone. Here grain, as well as coffee, can be raised; pines 
 grow in large numbers in this State as well as in the States 
 of Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do Sul. Other kinds 
 of wood also grow in abundance. 
 
 The principal product of Parana is mate tea — a beverage 
 with all the good qualities of coffee and tea without having any 
 of their defects. This article is exported in large quantities to 
 Chile and Ihc Eiver Plate republics. It is a very strong aid 
 to digestion, and has no bad effect upon the nervous system, 
 upon which it acts very soothingly. The mate alone will tend 
 to lengthen the life of all those who use it. I recommend this 
 good article to Americans, especially to those who wish to 
 have a cheap and wholesome beverage. 
 
 The State of Santa Catharina is in about the same condition 
 as the State of Parana, but with the advantages derived from 
 German eoloTiization, which has brought great prosperity to 
 this state. 
 
 Rio Grande do Sul. — Let iis now pass to this important 
 cattle State, with its immense pasturage, traversed l)y large 
 navigable rivers, where the wealth of the soil and the sub- 
 soil is enormous. The German and Italian colonies praise it 
 more justly than T, for they are happy there. Our friend. 
 
 Mr. Seeger, the United States Consul to Brazil, can also speak 
 of this. 
 
 Matto Grosse. — In this State, with its great future, hardly 
 anything has been developed yet. Gold, diamonds, fibres, 
 ipecac, and above all, rubber similar to that of the Ama- 
 zonas, are found here in great quantity. Large herds of 
 cattle run wild. Here a strong and healthy man can get 
 rich, without having any money to start on, in about five 
 years. The ipecac, which sells at eighteen shillings per 
 poiuid in England, and which has just made its appearance in 
 American markets, and the rubber of tliis state, have attracted 
 the attention of the whole world. 
 
 There still remain the States of Sergipe, Piauhy and Goyaz. 
 These States are as yet entirely undeveloped; their immense 
 natural wealth has never been touched. 
 
 Intellectual Education. — Not only the Union but all of the 
 States appropriate good sums for this purpose. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Brazil exports principally coffee. The figures given below, 
 referring only to the shipments to the LTnited States, will 
 give you an idea of the colossal proportions of this trade. 
 They have been furnished to me by our consul-general in New 
 York. 
 
 Some one has said that our coffee, shipped to this country, 
 consists half of coffee and half of stones with which streets 
 have been paved. Permit me to state that this is not true. 
 The cotfee shipped here is bought by American firms, among 
 which may be mentioned Arbuckle Bros., Hard, Rand & Co., 
 etc. The agents who buy it, send the samples in accordance 
 with the various qualities required. Thus they sell Mocha, 
 Java, Liberia, and other brands which are known here as 
 Brazilian coft'ee under other denominations. I do not doubt 
 that one could sell the refuse, that is, the coft'ee which falls 
 to the ground from the tree, and of this, not everything is 
 refuse. I call upon the representatives of the New York firms 
 to testify to this point; and as a representative of a country 
 which receives them in the most cordial manner, I will ask 
 that they only loyally speak the truth, and I also hope that 
 the press of this country will do us justice in this respect. 
 
 Rubber. — The following figures may be quoted: 1897, 25,- 
 .')00,000 pounds; 1898, 23,600,000 pounds; 1899, till Septem- 
 ber 30, 18, .500,000 pounds. 
 
 No other country in the world can offer the United States 
 of North America such a good outlet for her manufactured 
 products, railroad, navigation and banking enterprises, as can 
 the sister nation of Brazil. In order to give you a slight idea 
 of its commerce I might state that Brazil ranks fourth among 
 the nations which export to tliis country, being outranked 
 only by Great Britain, Germany and France. 
 
 Exports from Brazil to the United States for about ten 
 years showed the following increase: From forty-five million 
 dollars it increased in 1893 (during Blaine's reciprocity treaty) 
 to one hundred and eighteen and a half million. After the 
 abrogation of this treaty, and in consequence of the low price 
 for coffee, our exports to this country decreased to seventy 
 million dollars, at which figure they retain fourth place, as 
 stated above. If coffee prices had remained the same as in 
 lSil3 to 1893, the exports, eonsideralily increased in quantity, 
 would have reached the enormous amount of two hundred 
 millions of dollars. It is worthy of note that our exports of 
 coft'ee amounted in 1897 to 509,626,828 pounds, or almost 
 300,000 tons, and in 1898 to 604,029,0-10 pounds, more than 
 300,000 tons; that our exports of rubber in 1897 amounted 
 to 25.036,628 pounds: in 1898, 22,200,332 pounds, and have 
 reacluHl up to September, 1898, the total of 18,227,500 
 pounds. To all this must be added hides, fur, skins, sugar, 
 woods, manganese, cacao, crude leaves, shells, raisins, oils 
 
FOURTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 28, 1899 
 
 275 
 
 and other articles. If we consider that these hundreds of 
 thousands of tons or millions of pounds are shipped in ves- 
 sels, not one of which hoists the glorious Star-Spangled Ban- 
 ner; if we consider that these enormous transactions are set- 
 tled in London, where the people of the United States must 
 pay heavy commissions, in addition to the large amounts paid 
 for freight, insurance, etc., to foreign shipping companies, 
 it is evident tlTat there is a vast opportunity for American 
 enterprise, and that American ships, either sail-boats or 
 steamers, bringing goods to Brazil, are certain to find a cargo 
 for the return trip to the United States, where they can find 
 a cargo to Europe upon their arrival. How long, my friends, 
 will you be blind to these facts? Is it possible to compete 
 with European nations in the Brazilian trade if you have no 
 transportation facilities? No, you can never do it. We oft'er 
 you all the advantages, subsidies on the part of our govern- 
 ments, easy acquisition of lines already in operation. Can you 
 ask more? All you need is the earnest will; for you neither 
 lack the money nor the energy. Very well, then, go ahead, 
 full speed ahead! 
 
 Impoetation from the United States. 
 
 Let us now glance far a moment at your exports into our 
 country. In ten years they increased from six millions and 
 a half to thirteen millions. The principal articles are wheat, 
 wheat-flour, other bread-stuffs, mineral oils, and, to a smaller 
 extent, iron and steel, wool and cotton cloth. As to dry-goods, 
 you will have to fight the formidable competition of Manches- 
 ter. Make the necessary preparations, and the territory will 
 soon be yours. Owing to lack of time I will not quote any 
 statistics of our exports to France, England and Germany; 
 the total, including the shipments to all these countries, 
 reaches the sum of sixty millions of dollars, so you can see 
 that ours is a country which does not deserve to be neglected 
 in your trade. To further illustrate tliis point, I might state 
 that in 1893 we imported from England alone cotton goods 
 to the amount of seventeen million dollar's; and that the 
 smallest amount we ever imported (189-5) was ten million 
 . dollars, being about as much as the total we import from the 
 United States. But is this our fault? No, I ha^'e already 
 shown you that it is not. I am almost done now with this 
 short sketch of the enoi-nious wealth of the United States of 
 Brazil, which, on several occasions, has shown its friend- 
 ship for your great republic. I have not spoken of the im- 
 mense treasures of our flora, which is still almost unknown, 
 and which has been described for more than fifty years in 
 the great work, "The Brazilian Flora," by Martins, a work 
 which is not yet completed, and which will not be for some- 
 time to come. I will not speak of our fauna, nor of our 
 minerals, diamonds, etc. It is impossible to do so now, the 
 more so as these topics are somewhat out of my line of obser- 
 vation. At any rate, I have given you a brief insight into the 
 resources of our great country. 
 
 It now remains for me to thank the citizens of the United 
 States, who have received us so cordially; to thank the peo- 
 ple and the authorities of the city of Philadelphia with its 
 glorious traditions connected with the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence of the greatest republic of the world; to thank the 
 American press and the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, 
 which, I hope, will soon be known as the United States Com- 
 mercial Museum. I pray the Almighty to bless all of your 
 people, and all of your institutions. And now, in conclusion, 
 a cordial handshake, and three cheers for our friend, the 
 patriotic American citizen, Dr. Wilson, and his associates of 
 the Commercial Museum. 
 
 Some day in the near future I shall invite your manufac- 
 turers, to show them in detail the trade conditions in Brazil, 
 and how they should be conducted, and as I therefore expect 
 to see them soon again, I will now say, au revoir. (Applause.) 
 
 Hun. George H. Anderson (Pittsburg Chamber of Commerce, 
 Pittsburg) : 
 
 Mr. Chairman: I desire to offer, with the unanimous con- 
 sent of the Congress and for their information, a brief resolu- 
 tion which is prepared and shall be left to the Committee on 
 Resolutions without further debate. It seems to me that this 
 is an opportune time, for I may not have another. opportunity 
 to present it. 
 
 Hon. W. W. Rockhill: 
 
 The next speaker on the program is Mr. Juan Antonio 
 Loredo, delegate from Peini. Will Mr. Loredo allow Mr. 
 Anderson to occupy the floor for a few minutes? 
 
 (Mr. Loredo gives his consent.) 
 
 Mr. George H. Anderson: 
 
 From the language of my communication, the CongTess 
 will only be too glad to know what I have to offer. Mr. 
 Chairman, the time is rapidly coming to a close when the 
 sessions of this Congress will be no more. The intelligent 
 faces of these gentlemen, who came here to talk to us on com- 
 mercial matters throughout all the world — the presence of 
 these merchants and ladies, who have added so much to the 
 interest of the Congress — perhaps we may never meet again 
 in association, and, feeling profoundly impressed with the 
 views which have been promulgated here on the commercial 
 and political relations of these countries, I am sure that we 
 should not stir without placing on record the sense of these 
 resolutions that have been arrived at, and that a positive 
 record should be made of all things. Feeling thus, and in 
 view of the fact that the hours of this convention are very 
 rapidly coming to a close, we should, if possible, crj'stallize 
 and put in shape for record the views of these wise commercial 
 men, who have come here from all parts of the world to ex- 
 change ideas with us, and, if possible, draw from us ideas on 
 commercial and political relations and social movements, 
 cementing and drawing us closer together than ever before. 
 With tills view of the matter I now offer these resolutions, 
 which I heartily favor. I thank you very heartily for allowing 
 me the floor and the time to read the resolutions. 
 
 Whereas, At this time, when the nations of the earth are 
 finding their relations, political and commercial, growing 
 closer, that the great principles of reciprocity and arbitra- 
 tion applied in the solution of international questions have 
 been productive of the happiest results; and 
 
 Whereas, It being understood that commercial prosperity 
 can only be made permanent in the event of peaceful relations 
 among nations, it is, therefore 
 
 Resolved, By the International Commercial Congress, now 
 assembled, that it is the consensus of judgment of its repre- 
 sentatives that there should be placed upon record an earnest 
 desire to secure lasting peace among nations. 
 
 Resolved further. That wars should never be declared until 
 diplomacy has exhausted its powers, and arbitration failed 
 in adjusting dift'erences that may arise. They also recommend 
 that, as far as possible, international courts of arbitration 
 should be created to which all differences among nations shall 
 be submitted, so that peace and prosperity shall go hand in 
 hand, that wars shall cease, or only be declared as a last resort, 
 and when all other means have failed to secure peaceful settle- 
 ments. 
 
 (Seconded by ]\Ir. iliguel J. Romero, delegate from Vene- 
 zuela; Mr. N. Bolet Peraza, delegate from Honduras, and Mr. 
 Chow Tsz-Chi, Secretary of the Chinese Legation at Washing 
 ton and government delegate to the International Commercia_, 
 Congress.) 
 
276 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Hon. W. W. Rockhill: 
 
 The resolution is referred to the Committee on Resolutions. 
 Mr. Juan Antonio Loredo, delegate from Lima, Peru, will 
 now address you. 
 
 Mr. Juan Antonio Loredo: 
 
 The industrial associations of Peru were invited to par- 
 ticipate in the Commercial Congress and Exposition of Man- 
 ufactures, whicli at present take place in this active center, 
 and I am honored with the appointment as delegate of the 
 Mining Society and of the Industrial Technical Institute. 
 Expressing faithfully the feelings of all the members of those 
 bodies, I beg leave to formulate in their name and mine, 
 our gratefulness towards the Philadelphia Commercial Mu- 
 seum, and the commercial associations of Philadelphia, for 
 the friendly invitation, and for the kind reception accorded 
 to me. 
 
 Great would be my satisfaction if I were able to make 
 evident the ardent de.sire existing in Peru for the develop- 
 ment of commercial relations with the United States, which, 
 although increasing every year, are yet carried on on a small 
 scale; as, according to statistical data, only seven per cent, of 
 our total exportation comes to this country, and only fourteen 
 per cent, of our purchases are made here. 
 
 The United States is looking for new markets for the 
 surplus of its manufactures, which are able in many cases 
 to advantageously compete with similar products of other 
 European countries. To acquire those markets it is necessary 
 to make concessions to the industries of the countries with 
 which they want to trade. 
 
 The mining industry is one of those which most easily 
 lend themselves to increase our commercial relations. Indeed, 
 one of our main exportable products is the ore of silver, cop- 
 per, lead, and other mineral and metallurgical yields, whose 
 value is about ten million soles, of which only a very small 
 portion comes to this country, and almost the whole goes to 
 European countries. 
 
 As metallurgy here is very well advanced, and as there are 
 in this country great houses which deal in minerals, it would 
 he an easy thing and possible, at very little ex])ense, to estali- 
 lish agencies at the principal centres of trade in Peru, for 
 the purchase of exportable ores. These purchases being made 
 according to a.ssays, tinder well-regulated taritl's and on cash 
 payment, it is certain that the agencies could acquire at very 
 convenient prices almost the total amount of exportable min- 
 erals; as the miners would prefer to sell at once instead of re- 
 ceiving some advance, as it is done at present. Those agen- 
 cies for buying ores and other products could, at the same 
 time, introduce to the knowledge of the miners and sell to 
 them, many American goods. 
 
 What I have said about ores can also be applied to many 
 other products wliich we export, such as sugar, cotton, wool, 
 coffee, liides, etc., and which also constitute one of the 
 simplest means to foster trade between both countries; but I 
 also believe tliat that is not enough; something else is neces- 
 sary, and that is, in the first ])lacp. rapidity and economy in 
 transportation, which can bo obtained by establishing regular 
 steamship lines, for wliich end it is of the utmost importance 
 that the inter-oceanic canal lie proinptlv constructed. Tlic in- 
 Irodiiction of capital would give iiii|)ulse to our industries. 
 
 All those elements would bring about the sending of our 
 products to these markets, receiving, in exchange, American 
 manufactures. This has been the system followed by English 
 and German merchants, with whom we trade at present. 
 
 Returning to the mining industry, we would say, that Peru 
 is undoubteflly a country gifted with large and varied mineral 
 wealth, and therefore it offers a vast field for the establish- 
 ment and development of great mining enterprises, which 
 
 would give lucrative employment to large capitalists. Besides 
 the exploitation on a large scale of gold, silver and copper 
 mines, borates and petroleum deposits, etc., works can be es- 
 tablished with assured good success, for the extraction of 
 metals from the ore. 
 
 The exportation of the ores causes increased expenses, prin- 
 cipally for land and sea freight, so that, takiag the amount 
 annually exported at 50,000 tons, at an average cost of ex- 
 portation amounting to $40 per ton, the result is that there 
 is expended annually $"3,000,000, a sum which would be a 
 great increase over the profits which those smelters (which 
 might be established to handle the ore, instead of exporting it) 
 would pay, — the products being always shipped to these 
 markets. 
 
 In addition to the ores which could be exported, there are 
 on hand at all the mines, large quantities of ore, whose per- 
 centage of metal would not pay the heavy charges of ex- 
 portation, and consequently they remain abandoned, and can 
 be acquired for the cost of registration merely, or at very 
 low figures. 
 
 From the above statements one sees the suitability of es- 
 tablishing concentrating plants, either mechanical or on the 
 fusion system, to recover the metals. This could be done 
 in many mineral districts of Peru, for instance, Yauli, Cerro 
 de Pasco, etc. This last place, famous for the quantity of 
 silver which it has produced and will produce in the future, 
 likewise contains rich copper mines, which have only begun 
 to be exploited within the past year. There was exported, 
 between July 1st, 1876, and June 30th, 1899, from Cerro de 
 Pasco, Yauli y Casacalpa, 17,000 tons of copper ore and 
 mattes, whose percentage in copper alone (at a minimum of 
 thirty per cent., because no ores running lower than thirty per 
 cent, are, according to law, exported) gives a total of 5,100 
 tons. Taking this at an average of sixty pounds gives 30(1,000 
 pounds (or 3,060,000 soles), not taking into account the 
 value of gold and silver contained in tlie mattes and ore. It 
 is estimated that the vein of Cerro de Pasco will yield 15,- 
 000,000 tons of ore, which, taken at an average of twenty per 
 cent., represents 3,000,000 tons of metallic copper, so it can 
 be seen that a great many enterprises could be initiated for 
 exploiting and smelting copper. 
 
 It is to be noted that only rich ores are now exported (thirty 
 per cent, copper, or more), those called poor, i. e., contain- 
 ing less than thirty per cent., remaining to be treated on the 
 spot. 
 
 In respect to gold mines, I can assure you that there is no 
 locality in Peru which does not offer some deposits of gold, 
 both on the coasts and in the Andes and coast ranges, espec- 
 ially the latter. Quantities of both gold and silver have been 
 taken out in former times. 
 
 We are struck by the fact that a country so rich in mines 
 of gold, silver antl co])per, does not figure to-day among 
 those producing these metals. This is, however, easily 
 explained by the lack of capital to pusli tlie mineral indus- 
 tries, the absence of a cooperative spirit ami |inictit-al 
 capacity to overcome the natural obstacles, whicii are every- 
 where to be encountered. As a result, these grand sources of 
 wealth remain yet to be exploited, but when the day comes 
 that capital is invested with determined cft'orts, and on a 
 great scale, to mine and treat the ores, as has been done in 
 this country, then enormous returns will be obtained. 
 
 If, to the above conditions, is added the facility with which 
 mines can now he oljtained in Peru, tlie liberty which one 
 enjoys in working them, the healthy climate, the vast re- 
 sources which all the mineral re?ions afford, the presence of 
 natural motive power in numerous waterfalls and mineral 
 riiel. etc., the obliging disposition of the Peruvians, and the 
 cimsideration shown to foreigners, surely none should fear 
 to establish themselves in our mining districts, for tliey can 
 
FOURTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 28, 1899 
 
 277 
 
 rest assured that with capital and practical experience, they 
 will obtain magnificent profits, and, moreover, enjoy the se- 
 curity afforded by all civilized countries. 
 
 Similar remarks apply to very many industries, either al- 
 ready in operation, or which will be established in Peru, — in- 
 dustries capable of vast development, and which will greatly 
 improve our commercial relations with the I'nifed States. 
 
 As it is impossible to enter into details upon each of these 
 subjects, owing to lack of time, and to the fact that it would 
 not interest many persons assembled here, I propose to re- 
 main in the city some days more, and would ask such parties 
 as may desire any information regarding business in Peru, to 
 call upon me, with the assurance that I am, at all times, 
 ready to help them to the best of my ability and with perfect 
 good will. (Applause.) 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 I thought that possibly some one might slip out of this 
 meeting before we closed, and 1 want to state that on account 
 of notices having previously gone out, which I cannot control, 
 from Washington, New York and elsewhere, with reference to 
 the trade-mark meeting, this meeting ^^dll he held in Con- 
 vention Hall, on the Exposition grounds, on Monday. It is 
 unavoidable on account of these notices having gone out. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 I 
 Hon. W. ]Y. nod-hill: 
 
 The next speaker on the programme is Mr. Jorge Kasadre, 
 delegate from Lima, Peru. 
 
 Mr. Jorge Ba.'tadre: 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Centlenien: It was my intention to 
 read on this occasion a paper written in my native language; 
 but, on consideration, I have decided to confine myself to a 
 few remarks in English, and I ask your indulgence in behalf 
 of my good desires. 
 
 It is a great honor for me to participate in this great Con- 
 gress as a delegate from two Peruvian industrial institutions, 
 which are taking a leading part in the progress of my country. 
 
 Peru, as you all know, is famous for its old civilization, 
 which has been masterly described by an American historian, 
 Mr. Prescott; but it is not of our old Incas that I am going 
 to speak. Y"ou will allow me, however, to enter into a few 
 geographical data, which are required for a better under- 
 standing of the nature of conditions prevailing in that far- 
 away land. 
 
 According to the most reliable information, the country has 
 a surface of 700,000 square miles, and it is very sparsely popu- 
 lated, the density being five inhabitants to the square mile. 
 On the Pacific coast it is comprised between parallels one 
 degree thirty-one minutes and twenty-nine seconds, and nine- 
 teen degrees thirteen minutes south of the equator. A narrow 
 strip of land extends from north to south along the shore, 
 and commencing at sea level, rises to an altitude of 5,000 
 feet against the Andes mountains, the crest of which, cov- 
 ered with perpetual snow, reaches an elevation of more than 
 14,000 feet. 
 
 This strip of territory, which is about one hundred miles 
 in width, is called the coast region, is of nearly level surface, 
 and can be described as a huge sandy desert intersected with a 
 few spurs of the Andes Mountains, and with about sixty val- 
 leys, through which flow rapidly into the ocean, short rivers, 
 submitted to periodical droughts. 
 
 Less than one per cent, of the useful surface of the coast 
 region is to-day cultivated, and although in the old times, 
 before the Spaniards' visit to the country, great tracts of land 
 were irrigated by means of skilfully built canals, to-day we 
 have only their magnificent ruins to look at, because it was the 
 
 policy of our civilizei-s to discourage agriculture in favor of 
 mining silver and gold. 
 
 As at the coast rains are very scarce, agriculture has to 
 depend exclusively on irrigation. In fact, in the southern 
 part of the coast it never rains, and in the north we have 
 only a good rainfall every seven or ten years, which, falling 
 on a wonderfully fertile soil, gives rise, during the first years, 
 to magnificent crops, which gradually decline until a new 
 rainfall appears. 
 
 The coast produces sugar, cotton, rice and some other 
 cereals, which constitute more than fifty per cent, of our gen- 
 eral exportation. 
 
 Our commerce with the United States, which, although 
 very small at present, is rapidly increasing, it is mainly derived 
 from the coast, and represents one-tenth of the general com- 
 merce of the country. 
 
 In 1898 we exported 103,718 metric tons of sugar, 6,712 
 tons of cotton, and 4,295 tons of rice, but this country re- 
 ceived only fourteen per cent, of the sugar, nine per cent, of 
 the cotton, nothing of our rice, and small quantities of other 
 commodities. 
 
 So great has been the fame of Peruvian wealth, that I feel 
 somewhat uneasy when I have to say that the' volume of our 
 general commerce did not reach twenty-five millions of dol- 
 lar's during last year, a very small sum indeed if we measure 
 it -nith your American standards. I must confess that what 
 we have accomplished is yet very little, but there are great 
 possibilities in the country, not only as a market for American 
 products, but also as a profitable field for the investment of 
 capital. As I have to be brief, I can only slightly touch this 
 subject, saying that in the northern part of the country, in 
 the Department of Puira. there are two and one-half millions 
 of acres of land which can be irrigated at a cost of two dol- 
 lars per acre, increasing immediately one hundred-fold their 
 value. 
 
 Great facilities are given to enterprising people connected 
 with irrigation schemes, provided they mean business and 
 represent real and effective capital. 
 
 Cotton is a native plant on our coast, and some of our own 
 varieties, as for instance, "rough Peruvian," obtain extra 
 prices in the market. Cotton yields two crops a year, and the 
 plant may last for thirty years, each acre producing about 
 three hundred and twenty pounds of clean cotton and five 
 hundred and twenty pounds of seed. 
 
 Besides white cotton, we have the gray, yellow, red and 
 violet varieties, which are highly appreciated. 
 
 Cane sugar growing is the principal industry on the coast. 
 Twenty millions of dollars are invested in this industry, ob- 
 taining an interest of eight jier cent, per year. 
 
 In all the country, and especially on the coast, there is a 
 gi'eat lack of population, and to it must be attributed the very 
 slow progress of our agriculture. 
 
 From 1849 to 1874 something like 87,000 Chinese coolies 
 were introduced, and one-third of them still remain in the 
 country. Several attempts have been made to introduce im- 
 migrants of other nations, but as yet we have not succeeded 
 in creating a constant and important current. Immigrants 
 are always welcomed to the country, and even those belonging 
 to the pauper class may expect a cordial reception, provided 
 they devote themselves to energetic work. 
 
 Our coast is not only adaptable to agriculture, but great de- 
 |iosits of petroleum, covering an area of 16,000 square miles, 
 exist there, and we have just commenced to work. Only 
 50,000 acres of oil land have been appropriated, and only a 
 few of the claims are being w^orked. The oil is found at 
 a depth of two hundred to four hundred feet, and the wells 
 produce from thirty to four hundred barrels of petroleum 
 per day. 
 
 In former times, the country also derived from the coast 
 
278 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 that greiit natural fertilizer "guano," which gave fortunes to 
 many adventurers, without great profit to the nation, and 
 on the coast we were also the owners of the nitrate deposits 
 which Chile now owns, and from which you heard yesterday. 
 
 We have lost those great sources of wealth through an un- 
 fortunate war, years ago, but that admirable strip of land on 
 the coast contains yet vast deposits of sulphur, salt, carbonate 
 of soda, sulphates of aluminum, magnesia and soda, besides 
 several other salts. 
 
 Running parallel with the coast, there is another section, the 
 "Sierra," where the Andes Mountains reach a magnificent de- 
 velopment. High table lands alternate with snowy peaks and 
 deep canons, forming the most corrugated surface in the 
 world. Eastward of this barrier, in which all the geological 
 horizons are represented, lies the region of our forests, which 
 cover with their tropical gi'owth more than one-half of the 
 total surface of the country. 
 
 The Sierra is more thickly populated by aborigines than 
 the rest of the country, and is very rich in mineral deposits, 
 which give rise to one of our most important industries, to 
 which Mr. Loredo has specially referred in his paper. 
 
 Peru is a very rich country in ores and in tropical products, 
 which are found in their almost virgin forests; but to develop 
 our natural resources we need cheap means of transportation. 
 
 Before taking our leave, I desire to acknowledge my com- 
 pliments to the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, to the city 
 of Philadelphia, to the members of the Bourse, and finally, to 
 thank all of you for your patient attention. 
 
 lion. W. W. EocMill: 
 
 The next speaker is Mr. Enrique Wulff, Consul-General and 
 Representative of Bolivia. 
 
 Mr. Enrique Wuljf : 
 
 The principal object of this Congress being that all nations 
 here represented should become acquainted with the resources 
 and wealth of each other, in order to open a new horizon to 
 commerce and better facilities for interchange of its indus- 
 tries, I will endeavor to make you acquainted with the re- 
 sources of Bolivia, which I have the honor to represent. 
 
 With a population of more than two millions and an area 
 of 171,130 English square miles, Bolivia is destined to become 
 the most prosperous nation of the Hispano-American conti- 
 nent. Its midland position has been for a long time a power- 
 ful obstacle to the development of its innumerable and abund- 
 ant elements of prosperity and latent activities hidden in its 
 interior. Shortly after Dr. Edwin K. Health, now Consul of 
 Bolivia, in Kansas City, had completed his exploration of the 
 Beni River, the government set about to disseminate the news 
 of his valuable work and discoveries, particularly in regard to 
 the great wealth of the rubber trees, known under the name 
 of "Hevea brasiliensis" or "Hevea syphonia." 
 
 Since then liberal laws have been enacted for the acquisi- 
 tion of rubber and other forest lands, for the purpose of stim- 
 ulating the cultivation of the rubber tree, and other valuable 
 products of this immense forest region. 
 
 The law, as it now stands, permits anyone to explore these 
 forests for wild-growing rubber, medicinal or dye trees, and 
 grants to every applicant after discovery one to five hundred 
 estradas for a trifling annual payment for fifteen consecutive 
 years. Then the government issues a patent for the land in 
 perpetuity, according to the law promulgated in I.SflG, or the 
 applicant may pay in advance the fifteen yearly payments, 
 amounting to fifteen Bolivars for each estrada of 150 trees, 
 and the patent will be issued at once. 
 
 The rubber forests proper cover the vast territory lying 
 between the rivers Beni. Madres de Dios, Pivius and Aquiri, 
 and between the foot hills of the Andes Mountains and the 
 frontier of Brazil. 
 
 Noted explorers agree as to the immense natural wealth this 
 vast foreign region contains, and the day has arrived for the 
 entire region to be opened up for the varied uses of mankind. 
 The influx of people, who on the banks of these great rivers 
 are gathering the rubber in the more accessible places, has 
 risen in the past eight years from isolated gatherers to thou- 
 sands of persons now operating there, either independently 
 or in the employ of powerful syndicates. 
 
 All these people require everything essential for their living 
 and their work, and the business of furnishing these supplies 
 is one of the very profitable things men are engaged in. 
 
 Although it is a matter of notoriety and regret that the 
 greed of the rubber gatherer has needlessly spoiled thousands 
 of these valuable trees, there remain yet untold thousands in 
 places removed from river banks. 
 
 The difficulty to reach these sources of supplies is of no 
 mean order, and consists chiefly in making pathways in these 
 impenetrable forests, and in pacifying many of the more hos- 
 tile Indians inhabiting these regions. 
 
 There is, however, one fact to call attention to, viz., in 
 almost all valleys of the Andes Mountains crossing the Depart- 
 ment of La Paz, and in the headwaters of the rivers, is found 
 what is known under the name of "Castilloa elastica," or Peru- 
 vian rubber. 
 
 With careful management in gathering the last-named 
 ruliber, a higher price can be obtained for the same than at 
 [iresent. 
 
 It seems to me that whereas the rubber lands are so sus- 
 ceptible of rapid vegetation by reason of the climatic condi- 
 tion and the composition of the soil, rubber plantations 
 ought to be started, where a rational cultivation of rubber 
 trees could just as well be maintained, as has been the case 
 for many years in planting and cultivating the cinchona or 
 "cascarilla" tree. 
 
 No surer and more permanent investment can be made than 
 in a rubber plantation. There are also other highly desirable 
 products, such as the vegetable silk, the yellow cotton, the 
 coco brush, etc., which are known to be of the easiest culture, 
 and guarantee permanent and satisfactory results. 
 
 The dye, drug and cabinet-wood trees of this region are 
 highly prized, and very much sought after. 
 
 Not second in importance to the ruliber forests are the me- 
 tallic deposits of the republic, according to documents sup- 
 plied by IVIr. Manuel V. Ballivian, of the National Bureau of 
 Statistics. 
 
 Conservative estimates corroborate the Ixdief that in the 
 Department of Oruro alone are enough visible copper deposits 
 to parallel the silver deposits of the Department of Potosi, 
 from which, as it is generally knowai, Bolivia has become, with 
 very limited exploitation, the third silver-producing country 
 of the world: no less than three thousand million pounds ster- 
 lint^ of silver have been extracted from these mines since the 
 Spanish conquest of the Inca nation. 
 
 The great tin ore deposits — vein and stream tins — in the 
 Departments of Oruro, Potosi and I^a Paz have assumed in 
 the past eight years a commanding position in the tin supply 
 sources of the world. The richness and purity of Bolivian 
 tin ores have won serious attention from the commercial na- 
 tions of Europe, so much that smelting works have been 
 prected in To-dstedt, near Hamburg, Germany, which mostly 
 import Bolivian tin ores; also in Schlagenwald, Bohemia; in 
 Freiberg, Saxony: in France, and in St. Helens, England, 
 where the bulk of the Bolivian tin ores are hanrlled. 
 
 Bismuth and antimony ores are likewise largely exported to 
 Cermany and France, and one firm in LondoTi. England, is 
 known to be the largest and most successful smelters of Bo- 
 livian bismuth ores. 
 
 The large copper vein deposits of manganese and hematite 
 
FOURTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 28, 1899 
 
 279 
 
 iron in the Department of Tarija have not failed to attract 
 the attention of the mining exjaert. 
 
 The gold veins and placer deposits are assuming the front 
 rank of activity in Bolivia at present. It is not assuming too 
 much to say that nearly all the river beds of Bolivia contain 
 placer gold. The extent of these placers is simply marvelous; 
 their richness per cubic yard compares decidedly m their favor 
 with any of the more recent finds in the Klondike. 
 
 The conditions of working these placers are far superior to 
 any of the best situated placer claims in the aforesaid regions. 
 
 Water and fuel in abundance, the living supplies and sani- 
 tary condition are in most cases superb. You may very natur- 
 ally ask why is it that, when there are such rich placer deposits 
 and inviting conditions to work these deposits, they are not 
 being worked. 
 
 Permit me to call your attention to one fact, namely, lack 
 of roads; diificult access in transporting any kind of modern 
 machinery or contrivance to these places is the main draw- 
 back, on account of which little work was done, except during 
 the time of the Incas and under the Spanisli conquest. 
 
 In the eai-y part of 1898, however, the first mining ma- 
 chinery went in from the United States, and since then three 
 companies are working there with great sxiccess. Several 
 Belgian, English and German companies are exploiting the 
 placers with equally successful returns, and but lately a power- 
 ful United States smelting concern has taken hold to exploit 
 the eop]>er resources of Bolivia. 
 
 Gold quartz veins are encountered in all parts of the Andes 
 crossing Bolivia, and as far south as the frontier, where very 
 rich quartz veins and placer fields are known to exist, but not 
 worked by reason of the impossibility of bringing in ma- 
 chinery. 
 
 The industrial condition of Bolivia invites the most care- 
 ful attention of every thoughtful man, for, with the awaken- 
 ing of the mining industry in its manifold ramifications, 
 changes occur from day to day which demand the introduc- 
 tion of every article pre-requisite for the successful exploita- 
 tion of the mineral deposits. It may even compel the estab- 
 lishment of industries in Bolivia in the near future essential 
 to the permanent progress and maintenance of this all-im- 
 portant subject. 
 
 I also desire to make it known that the immigrant in Bo- 
 livia is not considered, as in many other countries, an unwel- 
 come guest. Bolivians are very hospitalile, and a foreigner 
 is, for the lower classes, an object of curiosity, and his friend- 
 ship and relationship is highly desired by all classes. As said, 
 he is a very desirable guest, for he does not come to be- 
 come a rival. He comes to establish industries iinknown to 
 the native, and which will be of benefit to the country and its 
 inhabitants. No matter how uninstructed, he always will 
 be able to teach something, if only his own language, and 
 those people far away from the centre of the world welcome 
 him, seat him at their table, and are highly honored with his 
 friendship. 
 
 The proof of the aforesaid is that there is not a foreigner 
 in Bolivia whom you could call pauper. In Bolivia the for- 
 eigner who desires to work can do so; the government, as I 
 have said, gives him the land and the people their friendship. 
 
 The money standard of Bolivia is the Boliviana, which 
 weighs 25 grains, nine hundred thousandth fine, equivalent 
 to about forty-one cents. United States money. Subject as this 
 money is to the continuous fluctuations to which it is exposed 
 by exchange, owing to the rise and fall of silver, we are com- 
 pletely without a basis on which to rely for our own foreign 
 trade. This has been a cause of depression in the commerce, 
 and to a certain extent causes the imports to decline, which, of 
 course, is to the disadvantage of the manufacturing countries 
 which persist in maintaining the gold standard. 
 
 No doubt, you will say, what perhaps is ruinous to one na- 
 
 tion is to the advantage of the other. It is true, but if we 
 will endeavor to harmonize the .universal interests in a man- 
 ner, that justice will be obtained by all, we will find a modus 
 Vivendi less tyrannical than the present in monetary affairs. 
 In finishing, I beg to make you acquainted with the fact 
 that Mr. Luis A. Richter, who is acting as Commissioner of 
 Colonization and Commerce for Bolivia, is trying to conclude 
 negotiations with a powerful syndicate to take over and carry 
 out certain internal improvements contemplated by the gov- 
 ernment to foster trade and give impulse, in every way pos- 
 sible, to the mineral and other industries of the country, such 
 as building railroads, connecting the more important mining 
 and trade centres, improving the navigation of the waterways 
 in the south and west of the republic, opening wagon roads in 
 the more difficult passes of the Andes Mountains, creating a 
 strong bank of issue and redemption, remodeling and im- 
 ])roving the mint facilities, and, last, but not least, adding 
 and improving higher school facilities for the white and red 
 men alike. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. W. W. RocTchill: 
 
 I will now call on Mr. George L. Duval, delegate from the 
 Chamber of Commerce of Valparaiso, who will speak on 
 Chilean trade. 
 
 Mr. George L. Duval: 
 
 Chile represents a long coast line in the South Pacific, 
 covering a greater variety of climate and conditions than 
 possibly any other country in the world. The northern 
 section is for the most part a desert, made valuable, however, 
 by its mineral wealth, including important silver mines and 
 particularly deposits of nitrate of soda, which is now the 
 principal item of export upon which the Government depends 
 for a portion of its revenue. 
 
 The central section has much in common in topography, 
 climate and products with the State of California, and was 
 in its early commercial history an important source of sup- 
 ply of agricultural products and copper. Indeed, at the time 
 of the settlement of California, Chile found there a large 
 market for the products of her farms. 
 
 The proportion of population to area is considerably larger 
 tlian in California; it is nearly 11 per square mile — say, over 
 .3,000,000 inhabitants in less than 300,000 square miles, as 
 aaainst somewhat less than 8 per square mile in California, 
 or 1,200,000 in 136,000 square miles. 
 
 The people are hardy and intelligent. Education among 
 the masses is in a backward state, but they are quick to learn 
 and adopt modern appliances. Their principal cities are well 
 built and progressive, while Santiago, the capital, with about 
 3.J0,000 inhabitants, is a very agreeable place of residence, 
 from its condition, surroundings and social life. It preserves 
 the characteristics of its Spanish origin while conforming to 
 the current advantages of municipal life. The governing 
 class are, as a rule, a superior body of men, animated with 
 a high sense of patriotism, and official life is unusually free 
 from corruption. In the field of diplomacy Chile holds her 
 own with all other countries. 
 
 Chile was driven from her agricultural importance by the 
 development of the vast plains of this coxintry, Argentina 
 and Australia, but after supplying her own needs to-day she 
 is the main source of supply for the neighboring South Amer- 
 ican Republics of Peru and Ecuador, and from an average crop 
 has still a surplus to ship to Europe. 
 
 In like manner, the discovery and opening of the large 
 copper mines in this country was prejudicial to the copper 
 industry in Chile. The great demand for copper, of late, 
 in connection with electrical development, has rehabilitated 
 the Chilean mines, and at the current market value of the 
 
280 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 product it is an important source of wealth to the country. 
 In tlic meantime, through the acquisition of the Province 
 of Tarapaca, Chile came into possession of the only available 
 deposit of nitrate of soda in the world,, and since this terri- 
 tory has become Chilean, the use of the product has increased 
 manifold. Its principal employment is as a fertilizer, but 
 a higher grade is used in the manufacture of gunpowder and 
 high explosives and in acid making. It is valuable as a fer- 
 tilizer through the large percentage of ammonia which it 
 carries and is u.sed in Germany more than elsewhere on ac- 
 count of its peculiar adaptability to the beet root crop. 
 
 The vine has been cultivated to a large extent in Chile 
 and now yields a product quite equal, and in some resiiects 
 superior, to California wine. 
 
 There are extensive deposits of a fair grade of steam coal 
 in and about Coronel, which is largely depended on through- 
 out the country. 
 
 There are heavy forests of a superior grade of lumber in 
 the South. The Rauli wood is noAv largely used in the manu- 
 facture of furniture and fittings and is an excellent substi- 
 tute for our walnut. These forests, however, do not include 
 any substitute for our pine wood, and for building purposes 
 dependence is still placed upon the product of our States 
 of Oregon and Washington, which is shipped there in large 
 quantities. 
 
 Walnuts, goat and chinchilla skins of very superior quality 
 are other items of export in varying quantity. 
 
 Local manufacture has been encouraged for many years past 
 by the (iovernment. but has not yet attained important pro- 
 portions save in two or three directions, and the country is still 
 practically dependent oji the imjiorts of manufactured wares. 
 The foreign trade of Chile in 16 years increased from $43,- 
 000,000 in 1881 to $73,000,000 in 1897. Out f)f the total 
 of $73,000,000 in 18i)7 the American share was $6,400,000 as 
 against $3,000,000 in 1S81, but for the fiscal year ending June 
 30, 1899, the portion of this trade done by the ITnited States 
 was barely $5,000,000. The proportion of importations, more- 
 over, has increased to GO per cent, now as against 50 per cent, 
 in 1881. In other words, there is a market in Chile for 
 $3,000,000 of American products as against $1,500,000 two 
 decades ago — an insignificant increase considering the enor- 
 mous political and industrial development of the United 
 States in the interim. 
 
 While this does not compare unfavorably with the progress 
 of Chilean trade with Great Britain and France, it gives 
 cause and food for reflection when compared with the Chil- 
 ean-German trade. From a total of $2,000,000 in 1881 it 
 reached $26,000,000 in 1897, of which 25 per cent, was in 
 exports. In other words, Germany in 16 years developed a 
 market in Chile for her products to the extent of nearly 
 $7,000,000 as against $1,000,000 in 1881. 
 
 It must be observed on the other hand, however, that Ger- 
 many furnished to Chile a market in 1897 for her products 
 to the extent of over $19,000,000, chiefly nitrate of soda. 
 
 The conditions For ibc d('vrlii|iiiicnf of foreign Irado mav 
 l)e classified as follows: 
 
 Fir.st, a customs tariff encouraging reciprocal business. The 
 buyer will naturally favor his own customer, besides which 
 a considerable saving is effected in the aggregate through 
 the medium of direct exchange. Inasmuch as the principal 
 product of Chile, as we have seen, is nitrate of soda, which 
 is free from duty under our tariff, the latter is no restraint 
 on trade. The market for this product is a limited one in the 
 I'nitod States, however, representing about 10 per cent, of 
 the entire export. As we have seen, its principal use in 
 Europe is for fertilizing purposes, whereas there arc many 
 substitutes in this country, where the nitrate is employed 
 almost exclusively for the manufacture of acids and gnn- 
 jwwdcr. not river Id per wnt. to 18 per cent, of the entire 
 
 import being devoted to fertilizing purposes. 
 
 The second condition is the willingness of capital to find 
 investment in commercial enterprise. All countries that de- 
 pend largely for their supplies on the stranger are debtors 
 and expect financial facilities. 
 
 Owing to the great accumulation of wealth in Great Bri- 
 tain that country has been from the beginning in the fore- 
 front of this class of enterprise. The large English houses 
 have established branches with ample capital in all the im- 
 portant commercial centres of South America. These 
 branches are the schools from which their youths graduate. 
 They study and respond with the greatest care to the par- 
 ticxilar needs of each section in which they are located, and 
 are very liberal in their terms of credit. 
 
 In the past decade, Germany, as elsewhere seen, has made 
 compefition very keen for all other trading countries, par- 
 ticularly Great Britain. They have pursued the English 
 method of broadcast establishments and have gone much 
 further, and in even a more pain.sfaking way, to cater to the 
 requirements of their buyers. The German manufacturer 
 has long ago realized the necessity of an exjiort outlet for 
 industrial development and has, either by furnishing capital 
 to German houses in foreign countries or through giving 
 them exceptionally long credit on his sales of wares, facili- 
 tated the means to this end. No requirement escapes the 
 vigilance of the local German merchant, who no sooner finds 
 an article meeting with favor than he sends a sample to 
 Hamburg to get a report and the lowest prices on an imita- 
 tion. So it is that we find the cheaper German cotton goods, 
 hardware and machinery confronting us in every market. 
 
 I am not. however, an advocate of pursuing the policy of 
 cheapening the American product, even in the keenness of 
 (ierman competition, for I am persuaded that in the course 
 of time the superior output will be appreciated and replace the 
 cheaper product that meets with temporary favor. 
 
 Among the German merchants abroad, moreover, there is 
 an esprit du corps unknown to any other class, and informa- 
 tion is freely interchanged between them. This is largely 
 due to a community of interest through an association or sort 
 of Lloyds established in Hamburg for insuring German mer- 
 chants abroad against a proportion of the bad debts they 
 may contract. The plan is to carry a certain amount of the 
 risk for a premium, leaving the insured to carry enough to 
 induce care on his part, and through his participation in the 
 insurance giving him an incentive to protect other German 
 interests. This plan in some of its details may be worthy 
 of emulation, but it has its unfavorable side in arraying class 
 against class and promoting unfair discrimination. 
 
 The third condition is the tendency of young men to mi- 
 grate for their benefit and to act as tlie mcilium for developing 
 business. This condition, however, will naturally follow the 
 movement of ca|iital, and may be considered as a jiart of it. 
 
 The fourth condition is an efficient and ])ermancnt con- 
 sular service, in the lack of which the United States is singular 
 among great trading countries. An efficient consul can do 
 much in seeking and imparting information and in protecting 
 the local interests of his countrymen. Both England and 
 (Tcrmany depend greatly on this arm of their service as an 
 adjunct of commerce. 
 
 The fifth condition is the facilities of transportation and 
 communication. This, however, follows the others and is 
 rather an effect than a cause. 
 
 I do not wish to be understood as depreciating the value 
 of a merchant marine, but only to point out that to the 
 foreign buyers of .'\merican wares it is a matter of indiffer- 
 ence whether tlu' same reach him under one flag or under 
 nmther. The maxim that "Trade follows the flag" is less 
 ]iractica] I bun euphonious. It does follow the flag, but the 
 conditions already stated serve as the tow line. 
 
FOUETEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 28, 1899 
 
 281 
 
 The advantages from the upbuilding of a merchant marine 
 are numerous enough, liowever, without assigning it pre- 
 eminence in the cause of commerce. It serves to train a 
 class for the necessity of which we have had recent evidence, 
 and it keeps in American coffers an element that has hitherto 
 been an important factor in neutralizing the balance of trade. 
 
 Many manufacturers interested in the development of 
 Chilean trade have been prone to attribute its backwardness 
 to prejudice against the United States. This is completely 
 refuted by statistics. The Chileans are an intensely practical, 
 shrewd and businesslike people, and as a rule are successful 
 merchants. They look to their own advantage in trade as 
 do all other peoples, and are entirely willing that Americans 
 should get a larger share if they show the reason why. 
 
 Here. then, we have Imyers to the extent of $35,000,000 
 to $30,000,000 per annum, a large proportion of which Amer- 
 icans should sell, and the problem is, how to sell it. 
 
 In the present inflated condition of home trade and the 
 consequent high prices prevailing, there is little chance in 
 competition. These periods, however, come and go. American 
 productive capacity has increased to such proportions that 
 history will repeat itself and there will presently be an ac- 
 cumulated surplus which cannot be placed out of hand. It 
 is, therefore, of the first importance to start at once to estab- 
 lish an outlet. Small concessions now will save large con- 
 cessions, and possibly sacrifice, later on. 
 
 Manufacturers have hitherto tried the experiment of send- 
 ing special representatives to distant countries to sell their 
 wares, but the experience has been unsatisfactory and costly 
 to them, and has given serious cause of complaint to their 
 buyers. These representatives, as a rule, have gone into a 
 country entirely new to them, having everything to learn 
 of the needs of the people they were treating with, and have 
 in a majority of instances executed their orders in such a 
 manner as to cause unfavorable impressions and prejudice. 
 
 Some good, however, has undoubtedly come from this 
 spasmodic show of enterprise on the part of manufacturers. 
 Many of them have brought for the first time to the atten- 
 tion of the foreign buyers the merits and particular advan- 
 tages of the goods they offer, but this has been done by 
 them in times of depression in the home trade, and as soon 
 as the latter has revived, carelessness and indifference has 
 been shown to the needs and requirements of the foreign 
 market and the trade allowed to lapse. 
 
 If the manufacturer would consistently and persistently 
 encourage by every means the foreign demand for his wares, 
 and give assurance of continued care in the treatment and 
 execution of orders, he would do far more towards preserv- 
 ing a market for his surplus than by the occasional trips of 
 his special .salesmen. 
 
 All countries have their established channels of trade, a 
 knowledge of which has been acquired after years of patient 
 study and endeavor, and if the manufacturer will co-operate 
 with these and use any surplus funds he has in judicious ad- 
 vertising in the papers of the country whose business he 
 seeks, his results will be far more satisfactory than through 
 any other process. 
 
 By "encouraging the established channels of trade" I mean 
 to imply that the manufacturer mu.st enable the meirhant 
 to cater to the particular wants of his clients. If they re- 
 quire variations from our own style and method, meet them 
 until such time as they can be convinced that our views are 
 the best; instead of holding them to such form of package 
 and assortment as we deem best, meet their particular views 
 as far as may be, and in a special manner give greater at- 
 tention tn packing. The losses chargeable against Americans, 
 as compared with Euro]ie. through carelessly packed fragile 
 wares, is often a controlling item. Accommodate the foreign 
 merchant, and consequently his client abroad, to the great- 
 
 est extent of credit, becau.ee, as we have seen, the buyer in 
 the South American countries is largely influenced in his 
 preference by the facilities or time afforded him for making 
 his payments. 
 
 Hitherto, the very large and constantly growing home 
 market for American products has kept the manufacturers 
 from giving the full measure of consideration to the needs of 
 the export trade, and, as has already been stated, it is only 
 spasmodically that the manufacturers of the country have 
 realized the necessity for cultivating such an outlet. In the 
 past two years, however, the enormous development of Ameri- 
 can productive capacity has had no parallel in the history of 
 the world. For the present, as we have seen, domestic needs 
 are keeping American mills, factories and manufacturing 
 plants fully employed, but it requires no prophet to forsee the 
 early accumulation which this present pace will bring about. 
 Just prior to the present period of activity the United States 
 had passed through a series of years of depression, during 
 which buying and trading was done on the most limited scale, 
 resulting in accumulated necessities in all directions and the 
 present eagerness for supplies. This must be of necessity a 
 period of short duration, and the eagerness of the buyer to-day 
 will be the eagerness of the seller to-morrow. 
 
 In the present rapid accumulation of wealth in the United 
 States the time is measurably near when America can compete 
 with Europe in the most important condition of developing 
 foreign trade. In other words, capital seeking profitable in- 
 vestment will find a field, as it has done in Europe, for for- 
 eign commerce, and when this time arrives conditions will be 
 complete for contesting on even terms with the countries of 
 Europe for the trade of all buying countries. There will then 
 be offered an incentive to the youth of this countr}' to acquire 
 a mercantile training abroad, and the ships to carry American 
 pro-ducts will be forthcoming. There will also be found the 
 necessary facilities of exchange, once the interchange of pro- 
 ducts is established on a sufiRcient scale, and then it will not be 
 necessary to depend, as now, on London as a clearing house 
 for all transactions, paying tribute therefor. 
 
 The formidable and increasing navy of the United States 
 will carry comfort to her citizens abroad and give them assur- 
 ance that their country is regarding with interest their efforts 
 and career. The products of American mills and factories are 
 now generally regarded as superior to the output of any other 
 country, and the foreign consumer it being gradually educated 
 to an appreciation of their merits. 
 
 As to the countries of the West Coast of South Africa, 
 the United States will, in the near future, — through the con- 
 struction of an inter-oceanic canal (whether through the 
 Istbnuis of Panama or Nicaragua) — be able to reach them in 
 from one-third to one-half of the time it costs now. thus ef- 
 fecting a large saving in the aggregate, through interest and 
 insurance charges. 
 
 These are the conditions by which the manufacturers and 
 factors in this country can build a high-road to the foreign 
 markets. They should take lessons from those who have gone 
 before and do just what has been successfully done by their 
 competitors in securing the trade. 
 
 Hon. W. W. Rockhill: 
 
 The nest speaker is Mr. C. J. Whellams, delegate from 
 Minnesota and secretary of the Northwestern Manufacturers' 
 Association. 
 
 Mr. C. J. Whellams: 
 
 Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I hardly know, after 
 hearing so much of South America, if my paper quite fits in, 
 excepting so far as I am going to deal with the mercantile 
 marine from a farmer's standpoint, and perhaps if the United ■ 
 States has a marine, it will enable all of these various repub- 
 lics in South America to ship their goods to this country. 
 
282 
 
 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Our Mebcantile Marine from a Farmer's Standpoint. 
 
 The other clay a visitor, after listening to the addresses in 
 this hall, remarked to me that a good deal was being said 
 in the interest of the manufacturer, and not very much in 
 the interest of the farmer. 
 
 It is true much has been said that may only interest the 
 manufacturer, but it is also true a very great deal has been 
 said at this Congress bearing on the direct and enlarged bene- 
 fit to accrue to the farmers of this country through the 
 extension of our export trade to the Orient and otiier parts 
 of the world. Agriculture and manufacture cannot progress 
 or live witliout each other: bad harvests cause depression in 
 manufacturing, and closed factories hard times for the far- 
 mer. Manufacturing has enlightened the labor of the far- 
 mer. Is there a farmer who could or would go back to the 
 flail, the scythe or sickle? Manufactures are as much a ne- 
 eessitv with the farmer as the farmer's products are to the 
 manufacturer. 
 
 The increasing area of land annually ])ut under cultiva- 
 tion throughout the United States, and the increased output 
 of our mills and factories, show us the necessity for the sur- 
 plus products of the farm, and the factory finding new 
 markets in those countries where there is a demand for such 
 surplus. With a view to securing those markets, and bring- 
 ing them to the attention of the agriculturist and manufac- 
 turer of this country, this International Commercial Con- 
 gress has been held. 
 
 One great subject that is attracting not only the attention 
 of the people of the United States, but all other nations, is 
 that of Asiatic commerce. This subject has a direct bearing 
 on the future of the Northwestern states, as it is necessary 
 to their future development a new market be found for their 
 surplus products, situated as these states are to the Pacific 
 coast. That market must be largely in the Orient. 
 
 I wish I could take my brother delegates into the factories 
 of St. Paul, Minneapolis. Duluth and Superior, and then on a 
 journey to the Pacific coast in one of the observation cars of 
 the Great Northern or Northern Pacific Railroads, through 
 the great agricultural section of the Northwest. They would 
 see a rich country, dotted with growing towns and villages, 
 where in the factories and workshops and on the farms the 
 hum of prosperity would be heard all through the journey; 
 and yet the settlers in the Northwest, with all their untiring 
 industry, have barely touched the fringe of this great section 
 of the country. It is as a jewel uncut: millions of acres open 
 for settlement, and untold opportunities for the establishment 
 of manufactures. 
 
 Where would these gems of the United States have been 
 to-day had there been no expansion from the original thir- 
 teen states? Would we have been here interesting ourselves 
 in the trade of the Orient had not ex]iansion in the past been 
 deemed sound and wise? Minnesota this year will ship 
 ninety million bushels of wheat. South Dakota forty five 
 million bushels, North Dakota sixty-five million bushels, and 
 Montana four million bushels. I do not wish to trouble you 
 with a volume of statistics. Of all these states it will suffice 
 for my purpose if I give only a few from Minnesota. We 
 have in the State upwards of eight hundred factories for the 
 products of the dairy, all furnished with the most improved 
 methods for making the premium butter of America. Meat 
 packing is a great industry. Swift & Co., at their Soutli 
 St. Paul factories, have a capacity for handling five hundred 
 and fifty head of cattle, thirty-five hundred hogs and twelve 
 hundred sheep per day, employing six hundred men. This 
 number will be increased as the company obtains its full com- 
 plement of Northern raised stock. There are two other stock- 
 yards doing a large business. The Chicago girl said, "We 
 eat what wo can, and can what we can't.'' There is a simi- 
 
 larity between Chicago and St. Paul. In St. Paul we can 
 what we can, and ship what we can't. 
 
 The milling industry is very large. 
 
 In Minneapolis alone, for the week ending October 14 last, 
 the output of riour was 314,955 barrels, making 31,455 tons, 
 requiring seven hundred and eighty-six cars of a capacity of 
 forty tons to the car to haul it. Had I the output of the 
 mills of Duluth and Superior and throughtout the state, it 
 would double if not treble the weekly output of the flour in 
 Minnesota. While on this subject, I wish to draw your atten- 
 tion to a matter of considerable importance to us, and I think 
 of value to the Eastern manufacturers looking for new spheres 
 of operation. The large packing establishments ship annu- 
 ally hundreds of thousands of hides and pelts. In addition 
 to their shipment there are butchers' hides and farmers' hides. 
 In St. Paul and Minneapolis there are large shoe and saddlery 
 factories, using enormous quantities of leather. We ship our 
 hides and pelts and they come back to us in the form of 
 leather, freight having been paid both ways. There is no 
 better opportunity for a practical tanner with suflieient capital 
 than for him to come to St. Paul and start a tannery; we 
 also want cotton, flax and woolen mills and clothing factories. 
 In our own feeding barns last year nearly 500,000 sheep were 
 handled. The city of St. Paul is prepared to give suitable 
 ground in the city, with ample railway accommodation, at 
 a nominal figure and on a long lease. Two-thirds of the flax 
 raised in the United States grows in Minnesota and the 
 Dakotas. The timber interests are considered, the forest ex- 
 ceeds 10,000,000 acres, the white pine of the northern part 
 of the state is estimated at four billion feet, while the hard- 
 wood forests of the central portion are considered the finest 
 and most compact in the Union. There are upwards of three 
 hundred sawmills in the state, and the number of men em- 
 ployed in the mills and logging camps exceed ten thousand. 
 In mining, the iron ore makes the best showing compared 
 with the other states in the Union. The shipments in 1898 
 exceeded 3,000,000 tons; it is estimated that the iron-bearing 
 area is 2,000,000 acres. Large rolling mills and foundries 
 are being built, and pig iron is manufactured near the mines. 
 The mining companies now incorporated in the state are 
 capitalized at about $400,000,000. It is safe to say the State 
 of Minnesota is destined to become a great iron manufactur- 
 ing centre. There are, in the city of St. Paul, over six hun- 
 dred manufacturing concerns employing 20,000 people, pro- 
 ducing annually $75,000,000 worth, and all the factories 
 crowded to their limit. A new industry, of great benefit to 
 the farmer, is that of the manufacture of mats and matting, 
 from the wild marsh grass of the state, which hitherto has 
 gone to waste. 
 
 There is in this Exposition an exhibit by the Northwestern 
 Grass Twine Company, worthy of your close inspection. 
 While only showing mats and matting, the grass is capable 
 of being made into many useful articles of daily use. 
 
 When our farmer friends consider the army of men em- 
 ployed in the various manufacturing indu.stries of the United 
 States, and consider what they consume, what they produce, 
 they will realize that the increase of trade necessitates the em- 
 ployment of more people and the greater consumption of the 
 products of the farm. No matter how much we may use, 
 either in manufactures or in food, it is impossible for the 
 people of this country to use or consume all that can be and 
 all that is produced. A large surplus remains for export. 
 Where shall it go? That is the problem this Congress is try- 
 ing to solve. 
 
 Jlr. Daniels, the general passenger agent of the New York 
 Central Railroad, in a very able address, showed us how the 
 railways had opened up the country, and we must realize tliat 
 without them this country would amount to very little. 
 While the railways are necessary to the bringing of freight 
 
FOURTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 28, 1899 
 
 283 
 
 to the seaboard of the Atlantic and the Pacific, it is left there 
 for us to secure ocean transportation the best way that we can. 
 
 The Hon. J. J. Hill, president of the Great Northern Rail- 
 road, recently explained some of these difficulties. He said: 
 
 "You may be a little surprised when I tell you that 'last year 
 there were carried through St. Paul 60,000,000 pounds of 
 cotton going to Asia. Two years ago the Japanese were in 
 the maxket for 10,000 tons of steel rails. I asked some of 
 our American railmakers to bid. I said, I will get them there 
 for you. They did. They made a low bid and we made a 
 low rate, and we got the rails. From that day to this there 
 has been no difficulty in finding a market, but the present 
 year we have refused over 60,000,000 tons of steel in one 
 form or another, because we could not get ships to carry it to 
 Asia. Early in March every available foot of room was en- 
 gaged until after the first of July for cotton. At Seattle, 
 where I was a few days ago, they have a flour mill with a 
 capacity of fifteen hundred barrels per day, and they cannot 
 get shipping for three hundred. I saw a cable from a Chinese 
 house at Hong Kong asking figures on 500,000 barrels of 
 flour. These Chinamen are made on a big pattern. It would 
 take two and a quarter million bushels of wheat to fill that 
 order. They wanted it delivered in Hong Kong. 
 
 '■'The cost of production in the United States is rapidly 
 approaching a point, and I -may say has approached a point, 
 when we can supply the nations of the world with the articles 
 which constitute the main articles of commerce. Our nation 
 to-day is sending pig iron to twenty-seven European cities. 
 We have on land the cheapest transportation in the world. 
 Transportation on land in the United States is a little less 
 than forty per cent, of the average cost of transportation in 
 Europe; but just as soon as we take our commodities to the 
 salt water, the other nations make us drop our bundles, and 
 they carry them at our expense, and make us pay them for 
 doing our work. 
 
 "The commerce of the Atlantic is carried, you may say, 
 by steam ferries, leaving almost every hour of the day from 
 one side or the other of the Atlantic Ocean. The people of 
 the United States cannot under existing circumstances extend 
 their commerce in that direction without the greatest effort 
 and long-continued effort and patience. On the other hand, 
 lying to the west of us, is one-third of the population of the 
 globe. That one-third is not an ignorant, barbarous people, 
 but a learned people, a people who have had national vitality 
 to keep them as an organized nation since long before the 
 Christian era, even prior to the time when Abraham was a 
 shepherd, and it will not do for us to say that they are not 
 an able or a wise people. 
 
 "We ought to. extend our commerce. We can produce the 
 various articles that go to make up the commerce of the 
 world in greater quantities and for little money, and if we 
 have a good market we will produce for less money than any 
 other competing nation. As far as the man who cultivates 
 the land, or the man who transports it, we do not fear any 
 competition, but we have no market except to carry our sur- 
 plus to Europe. That market alone fixes our prices, we don't. 
 The small surplus of one-fifth of all the grain we raise makes 
 the value for the whole. 
 
 "Now we must as a nation find new people to trade with; 
 we must as a nation find people who will buy our products, 
 people who have not heretofore bought our products, we must 
 have more than one customer, and we can. I will briefly sug- 
 gest how we may: If this country would encourage the up- 
 building of a merchant marine to carry our products to the 
 markets where they will bring the most money. I might say 
 that a ship of 5,000 tons capacity, leaving the Pacific Coast 
 every day in the year, would carry 1,000,000 tons annually 
 across the Pacific Ocean to Asia. Wliat would it cost? A 
 bonus of $2 per ton would insure the building of ships as fast 
 
 as the shipyards could turn them out. Two dollars per ton 
 would amount to $3,000,000 per year. 
 
 "You say why don't you build ships, why don't you build 
 ships? Because you can't run a ship to-day under the Amer- 
 ican flag in competition with the ship of any other nation in 
 salt water. On fresh water we beat them all. We can build 
 ships and operate them for less than they can, for less than 
 they do. Coal is taken coming from New Castle to any port 
 in the south of England at from two and sixpence to three and 
 sixpence and even four shillings a ton. Coal is carried one 
 thousand miles on our lakes for twenty cents. We are in the 
 habit of mourning because we haven't cheap transportation. 
 We have the cheapest transportation in the world, but when 
 we undertake to sail ships on the seas under the American 
 flag, as our laws stand at this time, it cannot be done. I 
 looked the matter up with the greatest care, and we were 
 forced to make an arrangement with a line of Japanese boats, 
 the Japanese Steamship Company, manned by Japanese 
 sailors, to carry our products to Asiatic waters." " 
 
 I have quoted from the remarks of the Hon. J. J. Hill at 
 some length, because they are words of experience, and come 
 from a gentleman whose opinion will be considered not only 
 by the farmers of the Northwest, but by thinking men of the 
 whole country, and receive their attention. In the past the 
 great railway system of this country was built by govern- 
 ment aid. How much more is that aid needed towards the 
 establishment of a merchant marine? In constructing our 
 railways the greatest competition was between ourselves, 
 whereas to build up our merchant marine we have to compete 
 with the most powerful nations of the world. A mercliant 
 marine is all important to the farmer and the manufacturer, 
 and in helping to secure it they will help themselves. 
 
 I have tried to show the farmer that this Congress is work- 
 ing in liis interest as well as that of the manufacturer. Much 
 more could be said had I the time. The Philadelphia Com- 
 mercial Museum deserves their appreciation and thanks. My 
 brother delegate and myself will ever remember the generous 
 treatment we have received from the people of Philadelphia 
 and the Commercial Museum. 
 
 To my brother delegates and visitors I extend a cordial in- 
 vitation to visit St. Paul and the Northwest. Say to your 
 friends a long good-bye, because you will like the people of 
 Minnesota and its climate so much you will not want to come 
 liack. I thank the press and you all very much. 
 
 Hon. W. W. FockJiill: 
 
 The next speaker is Mr. Miguel J. Romero, delegate from 
 the Government of Venezuela. 
 
 Mr. Miguel J. Romero: 
 
 The development of an active and important intellectual 
 commerce in the world is due to the high degree of culture 
 which civilization has attained. Without the exchange of 
 ideas the marvelous material progress of the century could 
 not be realized. It is our duty to encourage this exchange 
 and to employ it as a means of strengthening more and more 
 the sacred link of the union, and to bequeathit to future gen- 
 erations inviolate. 
 
 In order to accomplish the grand work of material develop- 
 ment, and to establish the permanent union of the American 
 Continent, it is necessary to establish first a fundamental 
 basis. We should study each other's customs, history and lit- 
 erature; we should interest the children of this hemisphere in 
 the countries which constitute it; we should visit and meet 
 frequently. So shall we become better acquainted, and learn 
 to better appreciate each otlier. Much has already been ac- 
 complished in this direction during recent years. The dif- 
 ferent commercial, scientific and literary congresses already 
 held in America clearly demonstrated the necessity of our 
 intellectual relations, and lay urgent claim to the effort and 
 
284 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 support of the American people, because from such relations 
 is derived the material development of the continent. 
 
 Intellectual sympathy is conducive to material commerce. 
 As the desire for learning and the taste for literaiy pursuits 
 become more popular, so the demand for or the trade in books, 
 pens, ink and paper, together with the writing machine — that 
 admirable vehicle of thought — increases and gradually ex- 
 tends itself over the whole continent, and thus our progress 
 and miion come to be a fact. 
 
 In the Unitel States of America I have observed that the 
 felicity and prosperity of the people depend much upon indi- 
 vidual education and culture. In any country tlie slow pro- 
 gress of the individual education is certain to result in a slow 
 material progress. Without this education a prosperous com- 
 merce and harmonious union will be impossible. 
 
 Let me assure you that I am not so pessimistic as to refuse 
 to acknowledge the civilization of America. On the contrary, 
 I accord to it a worshipful respect. I well know that this con- 
 tinent occupies a distinguished position in the civilized world, 
 and that to it is due, in large part, the universal progress. 
 Btit you must agree with me that the system of instruction 
 and education which predominates in America still requires 
 improvement. It demands the development, on a larger scale, 
 of the individual, in order to advance the material and intel- 
 lectual progress of the continent, and so secure the union and 
 prosperity of its inhabitants. America is not only the United 
 States, Canada, Brazil and the Argentine Republic. These 
 are but the extremes over which civilization has spread most 
 of its web. If we consider the millions of inhabitants which 
 people the continent, it will not be a paradox to say, "America 
 is yet to be civilized."' Even here in the United States exist 
 some problems of civilization yet to be solved. 
 
 If we wish to make a steady material progress, let tis devote 
 pur forces to the individual education and to the "commerce 
 of ideas." Philadelphia has taken a great step in this direc- 
 tion by founding the Commercial Museum. I recognized this 
 fact from the time the Museum was inaugurated, and wrote 
 to a Latin American newspaper, stating that an instittition 
 most adequate for the extension of civilization over the con- 
 tinent has been founded. The mission of the Commercial 
 iMuseum, considered intellectually and materially, is made, 
 grand, sublime. At the same time that it exhibits the re- 
 sources and wealth of the continent it educates and instructs. 
 It is a school for the industries, and will be a channel of in- 
 tellectual communication among the different countries, for 
 through it we come to know both the material and intellectual 
 productions of the American hemisphere. Accordingly, the 
 Museum belongs to that branch of education which we may 
 call intellectual trade or commerce. Although it has been 
 fruitful in its infancy, much can yet be done to make it a 
 tliorouglily practical institution, fruitful in good to the whole 
 hemisphere. It has seemed to me that this object might be 
 accomplished by the organization of an educational associ- 
 ation composed of active meml)ers from all the American 
 countries; men possessed with the idea of intellectual advance- 
 ment, the material ])rogress and the Union of the American 
 continent. An organization wliich would devote its energies 
 lo the founding of schools, museums, libraries, newspapers, 
 etc., purely American. An institution which would dissemi- 
 nate among Americans material and intellectual productions 
 purely American. We must not trust lo (lie public school to 
 familiarize our children with the liistory, the geography ami 
 the resources of our continent. Tliey are more likelv to be- 
 come acquainted with remote countries with whicli we linve 
 no commercial or intellectual relations than with their iimi- 
 neighbors. This association should be established with a firni 
 and autliorized character, and its own special constitution 
 should concern itself with affairs wliich are of vital interest to 
 the future and to the welfare of the whole continent: should 
 
 study each individual locality, searching for the best means 
 of its improvement and development; should meet annually 
 in a different republic. I hope I may not be considered bold 
 in recommending the idea for this organization to my col- 
 leagues of the Commercial Congress, and I cherish the hope 
 that on leaving the United States of America, we shall leave 
 established such an association. Now is a time most oppor- 
 tune, since we are a considerable number of Americans to- 
 gether, an occasion which may not occur soon again. 
 
 In making this suggestion it has occurred to me that the 
 Cuban Educational Association of the United States, whose 
 noble object it is to secure the education of the Cuban and 
 Porto Rican youth in the institutions of the United States of 
 America, might be a voluntary coalition of stich an organiza- 
 tion. The young men who receive these benefits are under 
 obligation, after finishing their studies, to return to their native 
 land to take active part in its development and progress. This 
 association has already placed many young men in the various 
 agricultural and mechanical colleges of tliis country. 
 
 The Philadelphia Commercial Museum and the Cuban 
 Educational Association are institutions wliich might well 
 serve as the cornerstone for the great structure of the Ameri- 
 can Union based on the individual education. 
 
 If we turn our attention to the intellectual movement 
 which has developed on the continent during the last decades 
 of this century, we will see that in a large measure it is the 
 result of the establishment of colleges, libraries and museums. 
 Our future friendly relations, as well as our political and com- 
 mercial relations, will be augmented by the sympathy born of 
 scholastic fellowship. 
 
 If the young men of South and Central America continue 
 to study in the North American colleges, the union will grad- 
 ually come to be more solid and commercial relations firmer. 
 I am encouraged in this belief by the fact that Latin Ameri- 
 can clubs have been established among the professors and 
 students of the North American colleges, Cornell and Lehigh 
 having taken the initiative. 
 
 To strengthen our commercial relations, the use of illus- 
 trated lectures upon history, literature, agriculture, etc., of 
 the Latin American countries, as well as the teaching of the 
 Spanish language in the public schools, colleges and universi- 
 ties of the United States, should be continued. The magnificent 
 University of Pennsylvania has set a worthy example in this 
 direction, as stated in a recent editorial in the Public Ledger. 
 
 Truly, America needs to study more thoroughly and to 
 know better America, and I hope the Commercial Museum 
 will be able to fully realize this fact. It gives me much pleas- 
 ure to make public testimony of my enthusiasm in this work, 
 and to say that I will gladly continue to lend my services and 
 best efforts to it. (A]iplause.) 
 
 Ho?,. W. W. nnd-hill: 
 
 We will now have the pleasure of listening to Mr. D. N. 
 Harper, representative of the Government of Ecuador. 
 
 Mr. D. N. Harper: 
 
 Jlr. Chairman and Gentlemen: Ec'uador, in ])roportion to 
 its ]iopiilation, is the largest purchaser in South America 
 of the goods of the United States of North .Xmeriea. Never- 
 theless, it remains to the ])eople of the ['nited States a 
 "terra incognito." Even to Ecuatorians, a large part of its 
 area is unknown. The eastern ranges of mountains, with 
 their slopes and forests, called th(> "Oriente," is known only 
 to the iihorigiiies. The western portion of mountains, high 
 liilile land, and the Pacific, all sjiarsely ])n|Uilated, has in 
 |i;irts developed a high civilization, and produces, according 
 to the vnryinij elevations, the natural products of all the znies. 
 
 Tlic fruits, grains and grasses of the central fable lands 
 and valleys do not eiitt'r into the exports of the country nor 
 
FOURTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 38, 1899 
 
 285 
 
 even into the trade of the coast as yet, because of the poor 
 means of transportation, with attendant high cost for the 
 same; l)nt just now, among other internal improvements, 
 there is the construction, by an American-English syndicate, 
 of a railroad from Guayaquil to Quito, a distance of about 
 300 miles by the surveyed line. The only present line runs 
 from Guayaquil to Ghiiubo, at the base of the first range of 
 mountains, distance some GO miles. In a year or more it 
 is expected that the balance of the line will be completed, 
 when the wheat, flour, barley, hay, cattle, etc., of the interior 
 will reach the coast. 
 
 At present, the exports of Ecuador, so far as North Amer- 
 ica and Europe are concerned, are practically confined to 
 cacao, coffee, rubber, ivory nuts, hides, and during the last 
 year and this year, sugar. Sugar has only been exported to 
 the United States during this and the last year, although it 
 has be«n shipped to England and the Continent for many 
 years. Panama hats, so called jn-oliably because they cross 
 the Isthmus, are nuide on a large scale in Ecuador and the 
 fine grades are solely Ecuatorian production. 
 
 Guayaquil is the most important pout and practically the 
 only one. The chief export is cacao, which is produced in 
 many localities, these more or less accurately describing by 
 their names the kinds, namely, Arriba, Balao, Machala, Ten- 
 guel, Naranjal, etc. Only the first three of these are gener- 
 ally known in the United States. Ecuador supplies about 
 one-third of the total world's production of cacao, and about 
 , three-fourths of her total is xVrriba. This is absolutely neces- 
 sary for the manufacture of powdered cocoa and the fine grades 
 of chocolate. The production of cacao has increased with sur- 
 prising rapidity. During the first nine months of this year, 
 there entered Guayaquil 42,537,000 pounds, against 31,938,400 
 pounds in the corresponding period of 1898, and 29,466,600 
 pounds in 1897. In twenty years, the total yearly receipts 
 in Guayaquil have increased from 10,500,000 pounds in 1878 
 to 42,235,900 pounds in 1898. This has not been a steady 
 increase, as it has been contingent to a large degree upon 
 the seasonal conditions. In 1880, the production had risen 
 to 34,000,000 pounds, to drop year by year to 15,000,000 
 in 1883, and again gradually rise to 38,500,000 pounds in 
 1886, and so on to the present. The acreage, however, has 
 continued to increase, and vast areas capable of production 
 are yet undeveloped. 
 
 The production of cacao offers tine opportunities for for- 
 eign capital, and the cacao producers live in the lap of luxury, 
 and, contrary to the general belief, amidst the most perfect 
 conditions for health and comfort. 
 
 The production of coffee, owing to the low price in recent 
 years, has not increased as anticipated, although Ecuador 
 coffee is of fine appearance and aroma, and is produced more 
 cheaply than in any other country exclusive of Brazil. 
 
 In 1897, ^here were received in Guayaquil 16,196 bags, in 
 1898, 18,176 bags, and in the first nine months of 1899, 
 9,341 bags. 
 
 The statistics of the receipt of rubber at Guayaquil do not 
 show the production of the same in Ecuador, as the major 
 part finds its way to market through the ports of the neigh- 
 boring states of Brazil, Colombia and Peru, making its way 
 to the seaboard by the waterways of the interior. The dis- 
 trict of Esmeraldas is rapidly increasing its production and 
 of a quality equal to the best Pani. 
 
 In 1897, there entered in the markets in Guayaquil 350 
 tons; in 1898, 428 tons, and in the first nine months of 1898, 
 253 tons, indicating a total of more than 500 tons for the 
 full year. 
 
 Ivory nuts will probably fall below the quantity of the 
 last two years. In 1897 there were exported 4,433 tons; in 
 1898, 5,417 tons, while the shipments for the first nine 
 months of this year are only 2,362 tons. 
 
 In the matter of hides, the producers and shippers of 
 Ecuador have a serious and just cause of complaint as to 
 the attitude and actions of the United States customs ap^ 
 praisers. Whether the duty on hides shall be five cents or 
 five dollars a pound, the people of Ecuador do not attempt 
 to decide, nor do they care to. But when the markets in the 
 United States offer them a place to ship and sell their hides 
 to advantage, and they honestly declare their value, they 
 rest their case upon the simple basis of justice between man 
 and man that they should not be mulcted by fines for so 
 doing, because the opinion of an appraiser in New York as 
 to the cost of hides in Guayaquil is at variance with the facts 
 in the actual condition. 
 
 The market rates for hides, as all other products, are as 
 intelligently posted day by day by the Chamber of Commerce 
 in Guayaquil as in any city in the world. These quotations 
 daily appear in the morning and afternoon papers, as do 
 also the rates of exchange on London and New York. 
 
 The United States has a very capable and intelligent con- 
 sul-general in (iuayaquil, a gentleman accustomed through 
 a long commercial career, to study and interpret the markets; 
 a man of siterling integrity. The seal of his office is waived 
 aside by appraisers not cognizant of conditions, and who im- 
 pose a fine on trade. This I state as an American, and one 
 interested in the extension of reciprocal trade. 
 
 The exports of hides are not very large, but with a fair 
 opportunity to enter the market, they are growing rapidly. 
 In 1897, 50,162 hides were shipped from Guayaquil; in 1898, 
 64,937, and for the first nine months of 1899," 40,117. 
 
 As a result of the fore-mentioned injustice, scarcely any 
 of these hides now enter the United States, which is their 
 natural market. 
 
 Sugar is produced cheaply; the cane matures rapidly and 
 to fine size and high content of sugar. The mills are of 
 nuidern construction and operated with great economy. The 
 production of sugar offers large inducements, and local capital 
 is liirgely engaging in this field of production. Exports have 
 been confined chiefly to England, Germany and the countries 
 of the Pacific Coast, but exportation has begun with the 
 United States, and with as,surance of large increase. 
 
 In early Spanish times, Ecuador produced largely of the 
 precious metals, but the dishonesty and rapacity of the 
 Spaniards called down upon them the fury of the natives, 
 and flourishing mining cities were swept away in mas.sacre 
 and fire. The people of Ecuador are not generally inclined 
 to mining, as nature gives surer and extremely profitable re- 
 turns for toil in other directions, but American and English 
 capital has found out some of the waste places and is open- 
 ing up Ecuatorian "Klondikes." Notable amongst these 
 mining properties, is the Playa de Ora, a vast placer prop- 
 erty in the State of Esmeraldas, which has been thoroughly 
 sampled and shown to be of almost fabulous richness. This 
 is being operated by an English syndicate of which Sir Red- 
 vers Buller, now arrived at Cape Colony, is a member. An 
 American syndicate said to represent wliat is called the 
 Vanderbilt interests is engaged in the Southern part of Ecua- 
 dor in lode mining in the Zaruma districts. 
 
 Under the presidency of General Alfaro, many notable 
 improvements have been inaugurated in both the public in- 
 ternal and external policy, and material improvements made in 
 the way of steam and electrical transportation, etc. By decree 
 of Congress, Ecuador has established the gold monetary basis 
 and has minted a coin equivalent in value to the pound (£) 
 sterling. The financial condition of the country is unim- 
 peachable; there is no present foreig-n indebtedness, and no 
 internal political trouble. Investments are secure and highly 
 profitable. As an index of this, I will cite the following 
 regarding Guayaquil, namely: 
 
 The Bank of Ecuador, with a capital of 2,000,000 sucres 
 
286 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 (more or le<s equivalent to $1,000,000 United States gold), 
 paid last year 15 per cent, dividend, and its stock is at 75 per 
 cent, premium. 
 
 The Bank of Commerce and Agriculture, 5,000,000 sucres 
 capital, paid 14 per cent, dividend, and its slock is at 45 per 
 cent, premium. 
 
 The Mortgage Bank, of 1,000,000 sucres capital, paid ]-l 
 per cent., and its stock is 30 per cent, above par. 
 
 The Territorial Bank paid 10 per cent., and its stock of 
 
 500,000 sucres is 5 per cent, above par. This is a newer bank. 
 
 The Commercial Corporation, not yet a year old, has paid 
 
 no dividend, but its profits, so far, have proven so large that 
 
 its stock of 600,000 sucres is at 15 per cent, premium. 
 
 The Street Railroad Company, of 300,000 sucres capital, 
 paid 28 per cent, dividend. 
 
 The Gas Corporation, the construction of which, origin- 
 ally estimated to cost 100,000 sucres, required 140,000 sucres 
 additional capital and 00,000 of bonds at 10 per cent., paid 
 last year 10 per cent, dividend and has retired all its bonds. 
 
 An opportunity is now offered to capital in many line of 
 public improvements, including an electric light plant. 
 
 In 189C, two destructive fires occurred in Ouayaquil, the 
 last of which burnt sixty-six blocks. This is largely rebuilt, 
 but insurance rates have taken advantage of the opportunity 
 to enormously increase. A two-story building costs 5 per 
 cent, per year, and each additional sitory above the second, 
 2 per cent, more, so that a four-story building pays 9 per 
 cent, per year on its insurance. American insurance com- 
 panies could well enter this field, particularly as the water 
 supply has been improved, many new chemical engines im- 
 ported, the fire brigade largely increased and improved in 
 efficiency, and an electric fire alarm telegraph system estab- 
 lished. This last was paid for by subscriptions from the mer- 
 chants of the city. 
 
 Contrary to general opinion, Guayaquil is a naturally 
 healthful city. Several devastating visitations of yellow 
 fever have taught the people to look well to their donrs of 
 ingress, and by a system of rigid quarantim', Udtwitlistaml- 
 ing the prevalence and virulence of this dread scourge on the 
 Isthmus this year, there has not tieen a case of yellow fevei' 
 in Guayaquil; nor during the two preceding years. 
 
 Nature has been very bountiful to Ecuador in all ways. 
 The tourist finds no scenery surpassing that in the neigh- 
 borhood of Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, and a score or more of 
 other volcanoes. Ambato,- a city built of the varied colore. 1 
 pumice rock, surpasses our own Denver or Albuquerque, a~ 
 a resort for persons having pulmonary weakness. C'offee, 
 cacao and rubber plantations offer large returns to their 
 cultivators, and the various cities of the country offer in- 
 ducements to the promotors of modern necessities. 
 
 Ecuador awaits the action of the United States in cutting 
 a highway from sea to sea, whether at Nicaragua or Panama. 
 Her commercial men know there is no question as to the 
 feasibility of this latter line, and, as it will bring them nearei- 
 to the United States than the Nicaragua route, they hope 
 for its final adoption. 
 
 Ecuador stretches forth the hand of brotlirrho.id lo tlic 
 representatives of all luitions and every clime. 
 ^ To the I'resideni and Hoard of Trustees, the Direclor and 
 Stair of the Philadelphia (Commercial .Museum, the Presideni 
 and Congress of Ecuador extend a licai-ty felicitation on th(! 
 unlimited success of your institulioii, anil give a benediction 
 upon all your future aims and endeavors. Mindful of your 
 ho.spitality attendant upon the public iiuiuguration of yom- 
 institution, two years since, with a livelv interest in your 
 present expanded work, and with hearty ^-egrets at his in- 
 ability to be present now, the President of the Ecuatorian 
 Congress, the Hon. Luis Adriano Dillon, wishes jne to ad<l 
 his "God bless you" to my own. 
 
 Hull. W. W. L'ockhill: 
 
 Mr. Salvador Echagaray, delegate from the Mexican Gov- 
 ernment, desires to present a resolution. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. 8abg,dor Echagaray: 
 
 I have the honor to present to you the following resolution 
 that has been agreed upon unanimously by the delegates from 
 the Latin American Republics: 
 
 "The delegates to the International Commercial Congress 
 from Mexico, Central America and South America desire to 
 express unanimously their deepest feelings of appreciation 
 and thankfulness to the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, 
 its efficient and energetic Director, Dr. W. P. Wilson, and the 
 people and municipality of this beautiful and progressive city 
 of Philadelphia. 
 
 "The extremely cordial and courteous welcome accorded 
 them and the numerous happy attentions bestowed during 
 their sojourn here will only awaken the most pleasant and 
 delightful recollections when at home again." 
 
 Hon. W. W. Rockhill: 
 
 Referred to the Resolution Committee. 
 Direclor W. P. Wilson: 
 
 I would kindly ask the delegates to bear in mind again the 
 place of meeting on Jlonday. It is in the Convention Hall, 
 iixposition Building. 
 
 I also wish to state that one of the gentlemen who has been 
 in constant attendance at this Congress, a member of the firm 
 of John Lucas & Co., one of the largest paint manufacturers 
 in this vicinity, has sent out notices that you are all cordially 
 invited to inspect their color, paint and varnish works at 
 Gibbsboro, N. J., on November 2; that is, after the Congress 
 eloses. Those who are especially interested in paint and var- 
 nish would do well to go. 
 
 I have another notice from one of the largest brewing con- 
 cerns in Newark, which is going to send you invitations and 
 give you a train probably to inspect that manufacturing in- 
 terest. There will be other excursions to which you will be 
 cordially invited at the close of this Congress, and'l want you 
 to hold yourselves in readiness to go wherever your interest 
 di-aws you. You know the General Electric Company at 
 Schenectady is offering a special train at the close of thisExpo- 
 sition to take all the delegates who care to go up through the 
 Lehigh Valley, one of the prettiest regions in this section, to 
 Schenectady and return. It could be further arranged that 
 you go to Niagara Palls or some other place beyond there 
 where you will not be far away. 
 
 I call your attention also to a notice for the delegates to- 
 morrow for the tally-ho ride, and I want especially to call your 
 attention to an invitation from the two photographers; to all 
 delegates who have not had their photograj)hs taken I wish to 
 siy tliat I consider this a personal matter,asIwantto have your 
 photographs put up in what I am going to call the CJongress 
 Koom of the Philadelphia Commercial ]\[useum, — and I want 
 t" have the photographs of every delegate who has been here. 
 
 The tally-ho ride that has been arranged for the delegates 
 to-morrow will take you through one of the prettiest ]>arks in 
 America. That has been arranged for 2.15, the tally-ho to 
 leave, I believe, the Hotel Walton at 2.15— for all delegates. 
 
 One further remark I want to make here. I see'' in the 
 evening ]mpers that Gen. Emilio Nunez, government delegate 
 fi'nui Cuba, who honored us by reading a paper, has been^ap- 
 pniiil(iil civil governor of the Province of Havana. (Applause.) 
 
 //"/'. ir. ir. liork-hill: 
 
 The Congress will stand adjourned until Mcuidav at 111.3(1 
 a. m. 
 
 Adjourned at 5.25 p. m. 
 
PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 FIFTEENTH DAY'S SESSION 
 
 Philadelphia, Monday, October 30, 1899. 
 
 Morning Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order at 11.10 a. m. in Con- 
 vention Hall, Exposition Building, by Director W. P. Wilson. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 forenoon, is a continuation of 
 
 This day, especially this 
 Eiiropean Day. 
 
 I have the pleasure of introducing for our Chairman to- 
 day, the Hon. Irving P. Wanger, the gentleman from the 
 Congress of the United States, who has taken, during the 
 development of the Commercial Museum, an especial inter- 
 est in this work, and has, in every way possible for the gov- 
 ernment, furthered this national and international undertak- 
 ing. I have the honor of introducing Mr. Wanger. (Ap- 
 plause.) 
 
 Hon. Irving P. Wanger: 
 
 Members of the International Congress: It gives me 
 considerable pleasure to acknowledge my sense of obligation 
 to you who have come so far to attend the sessions of this 
 body. It seems to me that you have done a very great ser- 
 vice towards this country, and I trust, towards the countries 
 from whence you came. In a certain sense the underlying 
 spirit behind commercial enterprise is selfish, and naturally, 
 we, as citizens of this country, hope to see very great advan- 
 tages resulting from it to ourselves, from the development 
 of our trade, but we are not selfis"h in the sense of desiring 
 that those advantages shall be purely ours. We trust that 
 they may be mutual and reciprocal. We believe that they 
 may be so, and that, in conferring this great benefit upon us 
 by your presence, by the rich sources of information which 
 your papers and addresses have given us, you have laid the 
 foundation for us, of rendering the service to you which 
 will be of gi-eat value on each side, as your service has been 
 and will be to us. 
 
 I shall not delay the proceedings further, but take pleasure 
 in presenting Sehor Carlos Yensen, delegate from the Cham- 
 ber of Commerce of Bilbao. Spain. 
 
 Mr. Carlos Yenseii: 
 
 Mr. Chaii-man, Gentlemen, Manufacturers, and Delegates 
 of the United States: I have the honor to represent the 
 Chamber of Commerce of Bilbao, and have come here to 
 study your products, of which I know something, and hope, 
 with your good will and assistance during my stay here, to 
 see a good deal more, of goods that will find a market in the 
 country where I live. 
 
 Bilbao, gentlemen, is a place of relative importance, situ- 
 ated, as you know, on the north coast of Spain, and famous 
 
 for its iron-ore mines, which are said to be among the rich- 
 est in the world, both in quality and quantity. Mostly these 
 ores go to difEereut places in England and Scotland, but also 
 other coimtries are supplied, and a good number of large 
 steamers have brought cargoes to Philadelphia, Baltimore, 
 and Boston. 
 
 The superiority of these ores once known, they should be- 
 come a necessary component in the manufacture of steel in 
 this country, as well as in Europe, and, if reasonable return 
 freights to the other side could be obtained for the vessels, 
 I am sure a lively trade would result between Philadelphia 
 and Bilbao. 
 
 Bilbao, though a small place compared with your indus- 
 trial, large, and elegant city of Philadelphia, olfers now a 
 splendid and extensive harbor, and affords very good com- 
 munications to all parts of the country, as well as inside its 
 own limits. I should think the development of industries 
 and business will continue as it has done for the pa.st twenty 
 years, but I am surely not wrong in saying that as time goes 
 on it will become a place for export and import worthy of 
 your attention. 
 
 Now, gentlemen, it only rests with me, to express, in the 
 name of the Chamber of Commerce of Bilbao and in my 
 own, the most sincere gratitude to the Committee of the 
 Philadelphia Museum, and especially to its highly distin- 
 guished director. Dr. Wilson, for the invitation to send a 
 delegate to this Congress, which I am sure will result in a 
 complete and happy success, and a medium to spread your 
 manufactures all over the world. 
 
 Last, but not least, I take the greatest pleasure in giving 
 my most expressive thanks to the city of Philadelphia for 
 the splendid hospitality and treatment I have met with dur- 
 ing my stay here, which I shall never forget, but always 
 keep in my memory as a bright souvenir of the Commercial 
 Congress at Philadelphia. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Irving P. Wanger: 
 
 I now have the pleasure of introducing Mr. Pietro Tap- 
 pari, delegate from the Chamber of Commerce and Art, of 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 ]\[r. Pietro Tap pari: 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: This is the third time within the 
 space of a few years that I have returned to the United 
 States, attracted by the fascination of the wonderful activity 
 of this young nation and by the pleasant remembrance of 
 the kindness received. I am here to-day, as a delegate of 
 the Chamber of Commerce of Florence, to the International 
 Congress held in this hospitable city, and my mission is so 
 much more agreeable, inasmuch, as while I bear the greet- 
 ings of one of the most deserving institutions of my coun- 
 try, I feel sure to evoke in the mind of Americans the dear 
 name of a city for which they have a strong predilection and 
 
 287 
 
288 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 wliicli highly reflects the traditional feelings of affection and 
 friendship existing between Italy and the United States. 
 
 ft is in the name of these feelings that 1 now take 
 the liberty of speaking my humble words, and 1 shall be 
 glad and proud at the same time, if, in the high considera- 
 tion of this elected assembly, I shall be able to find the sup- 
 port necessary to iniiuence the removal of some obstacles 
 which to-day encumber and injure the commercial intercourse 
 of two great and friendly nations. 
 
 In former times, and especially in the United States, a 
 belief prevailed that the great economical development of 
 one country should always, as a natural consequence, bring 
 forth the impoverishment of another. Happily this erroneous 
 notion has almost entirely disappeared and late events have 
 clearly proven that the interests of the various countries can 
 be promoted by the free exchange of their products, not only 
 without any mutual injury, but to the great bencKt of all 
 concerned. 
 
 Without wisliing to enter into the discussion of the merits 
 of protective tariffs in general, I will only say that it has, Ijy 
 this time, been well proven by experience, that prohibitive 
 duties are sometimes as injurious to the country which im- 
 poses them, as to the country against which they are im- 
 posed, and this is exactly the case with your Dingley tariff, 
 which having very high duty on some Italian products, has 
 caused as much damage to American interests as to Italian 
 interests. 
 
 Before the Dingley taritt' was enacted, more than 600 ves- 
 sels were coming every year from Italy to the ports of New 
 York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston and New Orleans, 
 carrying cargoes of Italian products. To-day, the number of 
 these vessels has been reduced to less than 200. 
 
 When it is considered that these ships used to return to 
 our country loaded with wheat, cotton and other American 
 products, it is very clearly jwoven that the United States 
 has lost, through the tariif, the opjjortunity of sending to 
 our markets the cargoes of -loo more vessels every year. 
 
 Coming, then, to examine the products which were more 
 heavily taxed by the new law, I must, in the first place, call 
 your attention to oranges and lemons, which are principally 
 exported from Sicily. 
 
 During the years" 1894, 1895 and 1896, the total value of 
 oranges and lemons exported from Italy to the United States 
 amounted to over three million dollars per annum and the 
 duty then imposed was 8 cents per cubic foot and 30 per cent. 
 ad valorem on the boxes, one-half of which 30 per cent, was 
 returned whenever the wood entering in the construction 
 of the boxes originated from the United States. Such du- 
 ties were not light by any means, nevertheless a large im- 
 portation was yet possible, out of which the United States 
 Government derived a con.siderable amount of revenue. 
 
 The Dingley tariif has raised the duty to 1 cent per pound, 
 still maintaining the 30 jjcr cent, ml nilnrein duty on the 
 boxes, and the coiise(iuences of this change have been very 
 disastrous, as in (be year 1897 the exportation of oranges 
 and lemons from Ilaly to the United States decreased rapidly 
 to less than two Diillinii dulhii-s, and in ISKS, to one and one- 
 half million. 
 
 This decrease has taken place princi|)ally in the exporta- 
 tion of oranges, as our lemons are so supcn'ior in (|uality and 
 durability to any other kiiul, that in s])ite of their higher 
 cost, they are always preferred in this market; Imt nf these 
 also, a small (|uantity was imi)orted, as their |)rice jnits them 
 out of the reach of the poor ])eople. 
 
 Through the Dingley tariff, the working classes in the 
 United States have been de))riveil (<( the ])rivilege of buying 
 the most wholesome of fruit supplied by nature, while no 
 benefit has accrued to those parts of the TTnited States for 
 the [irotection of which the duty has been imposed, as Cali- 
 
 fornia and Florida together do not produce in one year, 
 enough lemons to supply the needs of the American market 
 for one week. 
 
 Referring to the oranges, as 1 have already said, the effects 
 of the tariff have been so much more disastrous, and the 
 once large importation of this fruit, so dear to the American 
 children, has almost entirely ceased, while the American 
 orange growers have not gained any advantage. 
 
 It is a fact well known, that the Florida orange groves, 
 on which the best hopes had been reared, and which indeed 
 were commencing to produce excellent oranges, have been 
 almost completely destroyed by the northerly cold w-aves, and 
 that in the face of the constant danger of these frozen winds, 
 no inducement is offered to the Florida farmers to try the 
 experiment once more. 
 
 The California oranges are the only ones gro\\n in the 
 United States and they may lie divided into two classes: the 
 beautiful large navel seedless oranges and the small ordinary 
 oranges. The navel oranges can successfully compete with 
 our own on account of their superior quality, but are not 
 within reach of the working classes, as they are sold for 5 
 cents apiece, while the Italian oranges generally known under 
 the name of "Mcssimi" are sold for 1 cent apiece. The cost 
 of transportation has a great deal to do with this large differ- 
 ence in price, as the freight charges on a case' of fruit shipped 
 from Sicily are about 35 cents, while the charge on a similar 
 case from California is 90 cents. 
 
 The California small oranges cannot be sent here in the 
 East for the reason that, besides being of a very perishable 
 nature, the price which they would bring in the market 
 would not cover the expense of transportation. It is, then, 
 readily apparent that C'alifornia oranges have not been able 
 to take the place of onr own, wdiich had a large consumption 
 on account of their low price, and that the stoppage of their 
 transportation has not enabled the ('alifornia orange growers 
 to obtain better prices, as the demand has not been equal 
 to expectations, inasmuch as oranges at the present prices 
 are too dear to be within the reach of the masses. 
 
 Many are the articles which have been unfavorably affected 
 by the new tariff; but in order to avoid being too long, I 
 shall only call your attention to two sta|>le articles, which 
 are also of great interest to the people of the United States, 
 viz., olive oil and wine. 
 
 These are two .staple ])roducts, which our fertile soil yields 
 in abunilance and of first quality, and which some regions of 
 Italy, principally Tuscany, export to all parts of the world. 
 
 The duty on oil was formerly, under the Wilson bill, 35 
 cents per gallon, and the duty on still wine in casks, 30 cents 
 per gallon. The Dingley tariff raised the first one to 50 
 cents, and the latter to 45 cents per gallon. Nevertheless, 
 our ex])ortation of these two articles to the United States has 
 not greatly diminished, the average amount for the last five 
 years being about the .same. 
 
 Italy exports every year to the I'niled Start's about 
 $1,000,000 worth of olive oil, and $-100,000 of wine. 
 
 These figures are altogether insignificant for articles of 
 such general consumption, and if their importation into the 
 United States has not been dimini.^hed by the Hingley tariff, 
 it has lieen kept in a stationary condition, w licreas, consider- 
 ing the enormous developnu'iit of the country, it should have 
 assumed much larger propcntions. 
 
 The high duties on wine are imixised for the purpose of 
 |)riitccting the California wine industry, but in this case, the 
 tariff seems to have produced an effect altogether contrary to 
 ex])octations. The high price at which good .\nierican wines 
 are sold in tlir liiilrd States, absohrtely pri'venls the major- 
 ity of the Anu'rican ])eople from making use of them, and 
 consequently they have no chance of acquiring a taste f(H- 
 w'ine in general, whether domestic or foreign, ft is only the 
 
E. JENSEN, 
 Bergen, No;iWAY, 
 
 CHR. B. LORENTZEN, 
 Drammen, Norway. 
 
 JUAN ANTONIO LOREDO, 
 Lima, Peru. 
 
 Cr. JACINTHO De MAGALHAES, 
 Oporto. Portugal. 
 
 HENRI ALZAMORA, 
 
 Majorca, Spain. 
 
 ANTONIO CUYAS, 
 
 Madrid. Spain. 
 
 CARLOS YENSEN, 
 Bilbao, Spain. 
 
 HARALD GREBST, 
 
 Gothenburg, Sweden. 
 
 WILLIAM ANGUS, 
 London, England. 
 
OF THK 
 
 (( UNIVERSITT 
 
FIFTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 30, 1899 
 
 289 
 
 Italian, French and Spanish residents of the United St^ites 
 who make use of California wine, and, even if the present 
 duty should he doubled on foreign wines, its con^iumption 
 would not in the least he increased. 
 
 The only means therefore, by which California wines could 
 be made an article of general consumption in the United 
 States, would be the admittance, free of duty, of forei^ 
 wines, which then by educating the public taste, as it has 
 already been done in the case of the Italian maccaroni, 
 would open the way to the consumption of the domestic 
 article. 
 
 Such an event would also have the effect of removing the 
 intemperance, caused by the abuse of alcoholic liquore. 
 
 As to olive oil, the protective duty is even less justified, 
 because at the present time the production of the same in the 
 United States is altogether insignificant. If. however, the 
 tariff is made with the object of protecting the future pro- 
 duction, viz., the production which California expects to de- 
 rive from her newly-planted olive groves, it seems to me that 
 also in this ease the opposite course should have been adopted. 
 The observations which I made in relation to wine I have to 
 repeat in regard to olive oil, as this article must also be in- 
 troduced to the general public, who at present consume very 
 little of it, because the people have been disgusted by the 
 use of cotton seed oil, which, with the greatest effrontery, is 
 sold in American groceries under the name of Lucca olive 
 oil. Let the genuine Italian olive nil come in free of duty, 
 and the American people wall appreciate it and make use of 
 it, and will then, in the course of a few years, be able to ap- 
 preciate the California product, which will find an easy 
 market. 
 
 f think the facts which I have exposed are eloquent 
 enough to fully convince you that your present tariff has not 
 been in regard to the mentioned products of any benefit to 
 anybody, but that it has been an injury to everybody: and in 
 concluding, I will say briefly that the United States Govern- 
 ment has lost a large amount of revenue, the United States 
 export merchants, a large number of ships available for the 
 export trade, the fruit merchants, one of the principal re- 
 sources of their business, the working-classes, the privilege of 
 buying at moderate prices some of the mo.st wholesome and 
 agreeable food products, California, the advantage nf finding 
 the market already prepared for the .sale of her products. 
 
 Italy, struck in some of the most vital branches of her 
 export trade, has seen, with great injury and deep sorrow. 
 her commercial relations with this country broken and re- 
 tarded, whereas she expected to find in the United States 
 one of her best customers and the greatest promoter of that 
 freedom of trade which is the basis of peace and friendship 
 among the civilized nations of the world. 
 
 These facts, gentlemen, are the consequences of the Ding- 
 ley tariff, and I have no doubt that the deliberations of this 
 Congress will induce the government to modify the tariff 
 more in the interest of international trade, f AppLmse.) 
 
 Hon. Irving P. W anger : 
 
 I have the pleasure of presenting the Hon. J. C. Mona- 
 ghan. United States Consul at Chemnitz, Germany. 
 
 Hon. J. C. Monaghan: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Dr. Wilson, Fellow Delegates, Ladies and 
 Gentlemen: Upon the workings of a Congress of this kind 
 depend the hopes nf humanity. When the time comes to 
 write the history of just such meeting's, the muse will have 
 to use a gold pen when she comes to picture the work ac- 
 complished by Dr. Wilson and his faithful adjutants. (Ap- 
 plause.) We have before us and we have had disussod a great 
 many very vital problems. Before I enter into a discussion of 
 
 the problem presented to me for discussion, I want to say that 
 I coidd have wished that not so much stress had been laid 
 upon the tariff problem as presented by the United States. 
 The fact that almost if not quite every foreign countrj' or 
 foreign delegate has entered a protest against the tariff con- 
 ditions existing in this country, will be to the larger part of 
 this people a splendid argument in favor of the continuation 
 of the tariff. That question, however, is one of tremendous 
 significance, not only for the American people, but for all 
 people. The student of history remembers well that a century 
 has not elapsed since England, almost to-day in the front of 
 nations for free trade, was one of the strongest, if not the 
 strongest, protective countries on this earth; so protective that 
 she had duties not only on imports, but very heavy duties on 
 exports. Nations and conditions have changed. Every new 
 country, whether that new country be the United States of 
 America, Canada. South America, South Africa or Australia, 
 will have to go through more or less a condition similar to 
 that which we have gone through. 
 
 I remember very distinctly as a boy that the dyers and 
 bleachers and spinners and designers, all the expert labor of 
 this country, or a Yery large portion of it, came from Eng- 
 land, north of Ireland, Scotland, Switzerland and other coun- 
 tries, and, in order to induce these people to come, in oi-der 
 to induce capital to build mills in this country and develop 
 its industrial resources, it was necessary that we have pro- 
 tective laws. The time has hardly arrived for us to change 
 from that condition, although I am ready to confess, and I 
 suppose every American, that many of our tariff laws might 
 be so amended that they would not fall so heavily upon 
 foreign countries. In the city of Chemnitz, in which I have 
 the honor to represent the commercial interests of this 
 country, the chief industry is the manufacture of hosiery, 
 underwear and gloves. In the year 1892, that city sent to 
 the United States, exports amounting to eleven millions of 
 dollars. This year (1899) after the Dingley bill, that city 
 will send to tlris country less than five millions of dollars 
 worth of goods. Now what is the fact? The fact is that this 
 city nf Philadelphia, where ynu sit to-day, is the great textile 
 centre of this republic, and in this city of Philadelphia, they 
 are making a low grade of goods in textile underwear, hosiery 
 and gloves cheaper than they can make them over there in 
 many grades, but they are paying the laborer four times the 
 wages that they are paying in my city, and, with such an agu- 
 ment confronting you, I do not think, gentlemen, it is a 
 good plan to discuss this question too far in this Congress. 
 I said the conditions have changed and are changing. The 
 time was when Portugal and vSpain and Italy ruled the com- 
 mercial wnrld. A monk in the mountains of Belgium 
 scratched up the dirt on the hillside and discovered coal. 
 A short time after it was discovered in England. It is a note- 
 worthy fact that the prosperity of England, her power on the 
 sea, begins at a time (the reign of Elizabeth) contempora- 
 neous with the discovery of coal in that country and its apli- 
 catinn to the production of iron and steel. Luckilv for Eng- 
 land, she possessed then, and possesses now, vast veins of coal, 
 iron and lime — the three essential elements in the industrial 
 greatness of any country. 
 
 The application of coal to the manufacture of steel and iron 
 has revolutionized the world. To-day Portugal and Spain 
 and Italy are back numbers in the sense of great, powerful, 
 industrial and commercial nations. I do not care to enter 
 into any long and detailed discussion of all the facts that enter 
 into the problem, but if you will examine, you will find that 
 little Belgium with between six and seven million inhabi- 
 tants, and with her vast resources in coal and iron, does a 
 business of some five thousand million francs annually, 
 greater than some nations with from thirty to forty millions 
 of population, and that is due to the fact that Belgium is rich 
 
290 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMEECIAL CONGRESS 
 
 in these resources of coal and iron. Tlae same fact is true of 
 iuigland and largely true of Germany, France not so largely, 
 because France had to resort to inventive genius to get the 
 turbine to give her power on her water-ways and offset the 
 advantages tliat coal and iron gave to England and other 
 countries. Even liere we have seen a very strange transition. 
 New England, once the great manufacturing centre of this 
 country, is rapidly losing the manufacture of its cotton, be- 
 cause the men of the south are planting the cotton mills to- 
 day side by side with the plantations where they raise cotton. 
 The same is true of the manufacturer of steel and iron. 
 ^^^^en I was a boy, the rolling mills in tlie city of Bo.<ton were 
 famous. Many of these plants have been transported to the 
 south, and the State of Alabama is coming into prominence 
 and is making rapid progress and is most rapidly coming into 
 an important position, mainly from flie fact that she has her 
 coal and iron side by side. 
 
 We must recognize these conditions. Russia, China, Great 
 Britain — if she keeps her colonies together — and tlie United 
 States of America are to be the great rivals of the future, 
 because these countries have va.st resources in coal and in iron, 
 and, as long as the mines hold out, and the coal is applied to 
 iron in the production of that metal, and Ihe uses of machi- 
 nery — the competition will be great. 
 
 The question before us to-day is, "Northern Europe as a 
 place for exports," but before entering upon that topic, I want 
 to pay a tribute to Dr. Wilson and the efficient corps who 
 assist him. (Applause.) I have here in this book (referring 
 to a red book lying upon the table), which, pardon me, I 
 have no intention of reading, much tliat is good in regard to 
 the methods to be employed for the expansion of trade. The 
 Germans have laid down the doctrine that the best methods 
 are the establishment of museums and the sending out of 
 agents to represent the manufacturing interests of the coun- 
 try. Dr. Wilson's Museum, in my opinion — and I have seen 
 many in Europe — is the best, most efficient, and, above all, 
 the most liberal one in the world. (Applause.) Here, in this 
 book, is a statement that the Germans sent out a commission 
 for the purpose of gathering samples. Now, I need not say 
 to any manufacturer what the marvelous importanse of 
 .samples is. The desire of evei7 manufacturer is to obtain the 
 samples of other countries, in order to see what thev are 
 manufacturing and selling. I need not say that hundreds of 
 designers go and are sent annually to Paris to pick \\\i the 
 designs of that wonderfully fantastic, fanciful and imagina- 
 tive people, the French, to bring them back to the textile 
 centres, in order to manufacture them. B\it when the com- 
 mission returned to Berlin, when they came to Chemnitz with 
 that collection of samples brought from the East, no man was 
 allowed to see a single sample, unless he was a native born 
 German manufacturer. I, as a United States Consul, when 
 I made application to see the samples, was refused. Now, I 
 am not finding fault with the Germans for refusing admis.sion 
 to see their samples, nor the French in Lyons, Etienne and La 
 Chapelle, who refused also to admit anybody to see their 
 samples,' except native born French manufacturers and mer- 
 chants. 
 
 But Dr. Wilson sends out Mr. Har])or, Mr. Green and Dr. 
 Niederlein and other efficient aids, who have gathered samples 
 from all parts of the world, and they arc dis()hiyed here for 
 all to see them. (Applause.) You, ladies and gentlemen, are 
 invited to inspect these samples. Thai spirit of large liber- 
 ality that marks Dr. Wilson, I hope, is the spirit that will 
 dominate all the statesmen in this country in the future, and 
 those things which you wish for, whicli you have given ex- 
 pres.sion to, I hope will come to pass througli just such men 
 as Dr. Wilson and his aids. 
 
 Another interesting factor of the Gciinmi methods is Ihe 
 sending out of agents rejiresenting five, six. seven or eight 
 
 firms. I want to say that that idea was originated nearly ten 
 years ago, certainly seven or eight years ago, in the city of 
 Brunswick, by one of the most efficient aids of Dr. Wilson, 
 in connection with the Museum of this city, who was acting 
 then as United States Consul, ]\Ir. E. W. S. Tingle. He sug- 
 gested that manufacturei-s appoint an agent who could act 
 for seven or eight manufacturers. Another sample of the fair- 
 ness and liberality of Dr. \\'ilson was his invitations to the 
 consuls to come here and speak at this Congress and to tell 
 you, instead of telling the American manufacturers as we 
 hope to do after this Congress adjourns, how best to get trade, 
 not only in northern Europe, but in all parts of the world; 
 and that, gentlemen, brings me to the topic that I wish to 
 discuss at this Congi-ess to-day. 
 
 The first question that presents itself to our minds is, are 
 we ready to export? In this State, within the last ten years, 
 they have reduced the price of a ton of steel from one hun- 
 dred and seventy dollars to twelve dollars and fifty cents. We 
 manufacture, of many of our manufactured products, more 
 in six, seven or eight months than it is possible for the home 
 market to consume in a year. The manufactured exports of 
 our country already average tlie important figures of nearly 
 four hundred nullion dollars in a year.- The total exports for 
 the last year are one thousand two hundred and odd millions 
 of dollars. So the fact is settled tliat we are ready to export;. 
 The next problem, and that, of course, is as interesting to 
 any foreign delegate as it is to an American manufacturer 
 and merchant, is wliere or whither are we to export? Europe 
 has a population of less than four hundred millions of people. 
 Asia has a population of eiglit hundred millions. The total 
 amount of business done in the world last year was eighteen 
 thousand millions of dollars, but, ladies and gentlemen, the 
 small four hundred millions of Europe did over thirteen 
 thousand five hundred millions of dollars of that amount, or, 
 in other words, the imports into Europe were over six thou- 
 sand eight hundred and fifty millions of dollars; the exports 
 something over five thousand millions of dollars. An old 
 motto among the merchants and manufacturers of this 
 country is, "Do business where the money is."' They often 
 advise young men to practice law, medicine or anything else in 
 New York, because there is the money, or in Philadelphia, 
 because there is money, or in Chicago, or in some large city. 
 Quite a number of men in this country, known as anti-expans- 
 ionists, have been advocating the doing of business entirely 
 with Europe, because of the vast business done in the coun- 
 tries of Europe. 
 
 Another fact, however, presents itself to our minds in the 
 consideration of this problem, and that is this: While China 
 and India and the Eastern countries may not do the same 
 amount of business, and may not have the same amount of 
 money that passes to and fro in the trade centres of Europe, 
 we Americans have to consider this very important fact: Rus- 
 sia, China, Au.'itralia and South America are going through 
 a course of development similar to that pnssed through bv our 
 pcojile during the last fifty or seventy years. The things ihat 
 have helped us to succeed will help them. As I stated in the 
 lieginning, conditions are changing. Russia, too, with its pipu- 
 lation of one hundred and twenty-five millions, many of tlicm 
 in the East, is rapidly undergoing the same conditions of 
 change. So notwithslnnding the fact tliat Russia is noi. 
 strictly speaking, as rich as I'^raiU'c, or (iermany, or Belgium, 
 or Holland, or Scandinavia, thei'c is no C(}iintry in the world 
 whicli offers the oppoitunities 1o our peo])le that Kussia does, 
 and that statement is based on tlic fact that they have just 
 liuill a railroad from Moscow to \'ladivostok, a distance of 
 six thousand miles. Many of the rails and engines of this 
 road, and even \ho slcepei-s, have gone out of this country. 
 Oregon pine lias furnished the sleepers and the Baldwin Loco- 
 motive Works imd the Bethlehem Iron and Steel Works have 
 
FIFTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 30, 1899 
 
 291 
 
 furnished tlie locomotives and rails. So that if there is one 
 point more than any other that I would urge on American 
 merchants and manufacturers, it is to cultivate trade with 
 Europe, particularly Eussia, not only in railroading, but in 
 her vast resources and her mines. 
 
 Coal, iron, copper, silver, the vast resources of Russia's 
 forests, her fisheries and her farming, are almost similar to 
 those of the United States. 
 
 The steppes, which were often regai-ded as vast wastes, 
 are now cultivated for corn and grain of all kinds, so much 
 so that famine is practically impossible in the Russian Em- 
 pire, although, at one time, it was almost periodical. China 
 is coining rapidly into the brotherhood of nations. China 
 is said to have vast resources of almost unknown or rather 
 incalculable value in coal and iron. Consequently the argu- 
 ment on the whole question is this: While we try to do busi- 
 ness with Pi'ance and Germany and all Europe, let us not 
 neglect for one moment the countries of the East and especi- 
 ally Rusvsia. The American merchants and the American 
 manufacturers will find it to their interest to cultivate as 
 earnestly and as eagerly the markets of the East as the mar- 
 kets of Europe, and I am sure that the possibilities are not 
 larger for their interests in Europe. The rivalry and com- 
 petition will certainly be closer and closer, and despite, gentle- 
 men, what you may tliink on the subject, experience has 
 taught me and has taught all Americans that just as long 
 as any manufactured article or product of the machines of 
 this country begins to be imported in any large quantities 
 into the countries of Europe, the statesmen of those countries 
 will enact and enforce protective and sometimes prohibitory 
 duties on those articles. The East, China, India, Australia, 
 Russia, South Australia are passing through the very same 
 kind of development that has marked our country for more 
 than a hundred years. It will be a very serious mistake, seek- 
 ing trade in Phirope with its teeming millions of population 
 and its vast accumulations of capital, to neglect othere where 
 the products of our mills, machine shops and factories of all 
 kinds would find, and may easily find, the very best markets. 
 Russia and the countries named have mines to open, forests 
 to clear, canals to dig, cotton fields to plant, petroleum wells 
 to drain, railroads and turnpikes to build. No covmtry has 
 developed the implements, means and materials for this kind 
 of work so successfully as the I'nited States. While it is true 
 that the civilization of these people is not anything like that 
 of Europe; while it is true that we may not be able to sell 
 them boots, shoes, hats, clothes and various articles of wear- 
 ing apparel and family use, such as are used in this countiT 
 and Europe, we can sell to them railroad iron, engines, mining 
 and agricultural implements, and all kinds of tools necessary 
 in the development of those countries. So I repeat, it may be 
 wiser and better to pay even more attention to the East and to 
 Russia than to Europe, but I certainly say this, let us neglect 
 neither. 
 
 That brings us to the cjuestion of how to best cidtivate 
 these trade relations. What methods shall we employ? Im- 
 itation is said to be the best form of flattery. One of the 
 wise.st, one of the greatest and most enterprising nations on 
 this earth to-day is the German EmjMre. I say, ladies and 
 gentlemen, to you, whether you come from the East or from 
 South America, or from Canada, or Australia, you can do no 
 better than to emulate and imitate the efforts and energies 
 and enter])rise of the German Empire. 
 
 The greatest statesman that Germany has produced in her 
 history, Bismarck, said on one occasion, "Wer die Schule hat, 
 der hat die Ziikunft." That is, the nation that has the schools 
 has the future (applause). The ba.sis of it all, in the great 
 rivalries that are to come, the test, will be upon the technical 
 school and the aljility of the people. Bismarck was ^vise when 
 he said to the Germans, "Your resources are not like those 
 
 of other nations, but if you keep your schools up to the stand- 
 ard, if you always keep ahead, there is no danger." The basis 
 of Germany's success — and that success, ladies and gentlemen, 
 when one considers the conditions of the Empire, is phenom- 
 enal — is her school system and marvellous methods of seek- 
 ing and securing trade. One must not forget that Germany 
 has to go out for many, very many of her raw materials. The 
 little Kingdom of Saxony, with less than 4,000,000 souls, 
 imports annually more than 600,000 bales of American cot- 
 ton. Nor is it cotton alone that she imports, but corn, cop- 
 per, iron, coal, wool from Au.stralia and La Plata. The Em- 
 pire's success. Saxony's success, in recent years reads like 
 romance. No man on earth has a higher admiration for Ger- 
 man capacity and progress and ability than I have. So I 
 say here with pride that they have adopted a system and a 
 method that is sure to succeed in every country. They have 
 to-day the best system of industrial art and technical schools 
 in the world. The hope that we have here in this country, 
 and, in fact, one of the things that has brought me home, is 
 to try and influence the boards of trade and chambers of 
 commerce of this country to incorporate into our system edu- 
 cational schools like those of the German Empire, namely, 
 her industrial and industrial art schools. 
 
 Not satisfied with the progress of the boys and the girls in 
 these schools, she has recently adopted a system of commer- 
 cial education by which every branch connected with com- 
 merce is studied from beginning to end. The enterprise of 
 these schools is one of the most remarkable features of the 
 German Empire to-day. Further than that, her boys are 
 encouraged for the purpose of studying languages to go to 
 this country and to France and to England and serve as vol- 
 unteers. 
 
 A very large percentage of the clerks in London to-day, 
 and the various cities of the British Empire, are Germans, 
 and many have served in that country without pay simply 
 for the purpose of learning the language, and you can readily 
 understand, gentlemen, that while learning the language 
 they are learning the methods of manufacturing and mer- 
 chandising among those people with whom they pass their 
 best time. The result to-day is that the Gennans are among 
 the linguists in the world. In my city I know of no manu- 
 facturer or merchant of any standing whatever, who is not 
 only able to speak his own language well, but to speak French 
 and English also. 
 
 I beg again to impress upon you, because I believe that 
 when all the nations are educated, when the highest capacity 
 of the human race is being exerted, when in South America 
 and in Au.stralia and in India and in China, you have the 
 best means to educate your children up to the same standard 
 of the German people, and we here in the United States have 
 the same, that humanity must ever advance along lines based 
 upon education. 
 
 A further method of gaining trade on the part of the Ger- 
 nums is the sending out of commissions for the purpose of 
 studying the wants and the needs of foreign parts. They will 
 send a man or a commission for the purpose not only of get- 
 ting samples, but to study absolutely the needs and conditions 
 of the country, the rates of credit, etc., etc., everything that 
 belongs to commerce and trade. The fact is that they have 
 made these discoveries: that there is a scientific side not only 
 to agriculture but to commerce and manufactures. The 
 scientific side is being developed in the highest possible de- 
 gree. An unfortunate feature about American and English 
 manufacturers is that they think that which is good enough 
 for America or England should be good enough for China, 
 South America or any other people. The German makes no 
 such mistake. 
 
 I recall a case where a buyer came to my city, after a visit 
 to Nottingham, where he tried to get English manufacturers 
 
29:: 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OP THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 to furnish him with a certain shade between two, neither 
 of which was wanted. The English manufacturers had re- 
 fused to consider the matter, dismissing it as of too little 
 importance. The Chemnitz makers not only turned out one 
 shade between the two, but three, furnishing the one wanted. 
 Wiiat was the result? The New York house had a large run, 
 sold thousands of dozens and made money. Formerly buyers 
 that went to Nottingham, Loughboro and Troyes (in France), 
 staying weeks, going to Chemnitz only for a few days, go now 
 to Chemnitz for weeks and run up to the other places to see 
 and shake hands with old friends, but not to buy. 
 
 To show you again by an illustration how the German has 
 succeeded: A great many people have the idea that the Ger- 
 man is slow. I remember in the class room the teacher told 
 the boys the .story of the sufferings of the Egyptians, and a 
 little fellow said that he could not see that there was any 
 miracle in that statement, and the teacher said that the 
 miracle was that while the flies came and ate up all the crops, 
 there were no flies on the Israelites, and the little fellow said, 
 "There ain't no flies on the Israelites now, teacher." 
 
 The case I have in point is where the manufacturers were 
 at a loss to get a fast black. Now, theoretically, chemists 
 knew and they had demonstrated that by oxidation fast black 
 was possible, but it was the application of that by the manu- 
 facturer that made it possible to supply and satisfy the Ameri- 
 can trade. One Louis Hermsdorf had the gumption, as we 
 say down New England way, to bring a chemist and place 
 him side by side with his dyer. Wliat was the result? The 
 result was, that what the dyer did not understand — the chem- 
 ist did, and by this happy combination of the dyer with the 
 chemist they brought out the result which is known to the 
 world to-day. The fast black of the Germans is famous not 
 only through this country but in England and Australia. 
 The Badische Anilin-Fabrik Company took up the manu- 
 facture of the aniline dyes from coal tar invented by the 
 French and Englisli, but perfected by the Germans. It has 
 sent millions of dollars' worth to this country and to all parts 
 of the world, and has two hundred chemists employed all the 
 time making experiments. Now, if you can say that a people 
 of that kind are merely theoretical, the facts demonstrate to 
 me the opposite. 
 
 Another factor that the Germans are trying to impress upon 
 their own people and the world, is the building of canals 
 and ships. The German Kaiser, who, someone said the other 
 day, was the greatest living "Yankee" (laughter), and who. 
 by the way, is the hardest worked man in liis Empire, with 
 a breadth of view that does credit to his judgment, has recog- 
 nized the fact that Germany mu.st go out if she is to main- 
 tain her splendid position among the nations of the earth; 
 she must ultimately get colonies for that purpose. The Em- 
 pire has been revolutionized. In 1878, her population was 
 f!7 ])er cent, agricultural and the rest commercial and manu- 
 facturing. To-day 07 jier cent, to 70 per cent, are com- 
 mercial and industrial, and the remainder are agricultural. 
 The Empire has changed to a great industrial and commer- 
 cial state, hence the demand on tlie part of the Emperor for 
 ships of commerce and for a strong marine to support it. 
 
 Had I the time to go into the details and ])oint out to you 
 the marvelous growth of the Hamburg-American Packet Com- 
 pany and the North German Lloyd, which are the greatest 
 lines in the world, you would find (he statement that I have 
 made backed up by the facts. We, in this country, should 
 build not only the Nicaragua Canal, Init, we should open up a 
 line of steamers between this country and Russia, NTonvay, 
 Sweden and Denmark. 
 
 Sweden, at the present moment, offers lo us one of the 
 most interestins fields for enterprise from the fact that in 
 Lapland vast deposits of coal have heen discovered, and the 
 Swedes are about to build a railroad through the forests to 
 
 develop these mines. So I would like to say to the manufac- 
 turers and merchants engaged in that northern trade, that 
 the enterprise of building ships and sending them to Libau, 
 Riga and to Petersburg and to parts of Sweden, would, in my 
 opinion, and in the opinion of the best thinkers I have met 
 in Germany, result in great progress and profit, not only to 
 the Swedes but to ourselves. The building of the canals all 
 over the Empire is one of the most interesting phases of the 
 development of the German people. The result is that they 
 have obtained cheap transportation rates. 
 
 Another very important point that manufacturers and mer- 
 chants in this city should consider, where the Germans are 
 models, is the packing of goods. The German packs every- 
 thing he sends out so perfectly that when it arrives it is in 
 absolutely the same condition it was before it left the ware- 
 house. I have not the time to enter into the sins on the part 
 of the American merchant and manufacturer in regard to 
 their system of packing. It seems almost incredible that peo- 
 ple as intelligent as the American merchant and manufac- 
 turer are supposed to be would pack as they do. Packing is 
 one of the most important features of trade. People not 
 only want their wares at the time they order them, but very 
 often a particular line of goods may lie ordered for a very 
 particular f)urpose, and you can imagine, of course, the dis- 
 appointment when the goods arrive in a condition unfit for 
 sale or unfit for delivery to the jjerson who has ordered them. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 I am taking up a great deal of your time by entering into 
 long details of what the Gennaus have done and are doing, 
 but I think that 1 have said enough along these lines to give 
 you an idea and to impress upon you the importance of study- 
 ing the methods that prevail among that people. If success 
 achieved and being achieved at the present moment is a 
 guaranty, then no country on the face of the earth, not even 
 our own, offers the same opportunities of study as does the 
 Gennan Emjiire. They have increased their exports twenty- 
 seven millions of dollars in the last year, while England, in 
 numufactured products, shows a falling off of over one hun- 
 dred million, and this results from stupidity on the part 
 of the English people in neglecting these factors, which are 
 among the most important and the most often impressed on 
 the people in Germany by the people in power. The gov- 
 ernment is doing all in its power to educate the public mind 
 up to the generous support of the Empire, and so is parliament 
 in the efforts it is making to extend the export trade. 
 
 One of the important factors which I nearly neglected is 
 tbe establishing of unions. They ha^e in Hamburg, in fact 
 all over the Empire — even far inland, as far away as Chem- 
 nitz. Dresden and Leipsic — unions and associations where 
 men have lectures during the winter, and the funds realized 
 in this way are contributed for the purpose of building ships. 
 They have also unions where money is collected for colonial 
 purposes. People from South America will know that for 
 instance; if anybody is here from Brazil he will know that 
 one of the strongest and rapidly growing parties and dcmii- 
 nant influences in Brazil is the German influence. They ap- 
 ])ropriated money for the purpose of assisting colonists in 
 Brazil and in various parts of South America, in fact, in ail 
 parts of fbe world, to establish churches, schools and libra- 
 ries. The d'ciiiiiiii emigrant, often tliought to be lost to the 
 Fatherland, becomes the apostle of trade to the C(nintry to 
 which lie goes. His energy, his thrift and his industry make 
 him a good citiz(m. 
 
 We have something like ten or eleven millions in this 
 country, descendants from Germans, and among our popula- 
 tion we have no better citizens than tho.se who have come 
 to us (uit of the Fatherland, thrifty, honest and intelligent; 
 and so in Russia to-day this same force and influence has 
 driven France and England, or is driving England and I'rance 
 
FIFTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 30, 1899 
 
 293 
 
 out of Bussia, and tlie dominant iniluence of that Empire to- 
 day is the German Empire. The banks, cotton mills, the 
 iron mills and factories of all kinds in Russia to-day are con- 
 trolled largely by the Germans. At the time I made an 
 investigation of the Russian Empire, fully 90 per cent, of its 
 banking interests and institutions were largely dominated by 
 Germans. 
 
 The point I want to make is that this restless activity, 
 this intelligent effort made by the German Empire with edu- 
 cation as its basis, has resulted in this achievement. But I 
 want to say a certain word of warning to the Germans. When 
 we in this" coirntry and in England and other countries have 
 their system of education, it will not be as easy for her to 
 maintain the position she ocupies to-day, as it has been in the 
 past, for we have been negligent of this tremendous and im- 
 portant factor. 
 
 If I have spoken particularly of the German people, the 
 powere exercised by them in seeking foreign trade, the ener- 
 gies expended, the efforts made, it is because the successes 
 offered are more than a guaranty that the means applied have 
 been the very best possible at the present time. In emulat- 
 ing the German, whether in seeking trade in Scandinavia, 
 Holland, Belgium, France, Germany, Australia or Russia, you 
 will be employing means known to have been eminently suc- 
 cessful. I cannot help thinking that the merchants and man- 
 ufacturers of this country, by following the same intelligent 
 efforts, by employing the same kind of energies, by sending 
 out agents competent to exhibit the goo'ds, speaking the lan- 
 guages spoken by the agents of the German Empire, can 
 achieve the same success that has marked the last thirty years 
 of German exports. Vast quantities of our implements for 
 mining and forest work, canal digging, etc., etc., can be sold 
 in Russia and Scandinavia; enormous quantities of boots and 
 shoes and even rubbers may be sold in the same sections, and 
 not only in those parts, but in Holland, Belgium, France and 
 Germany. I am perfectly satisfied, from a long experience 
 reaching over many years of careful investigation of the mar- 
 kets of the Empire and of Europe, that large quantities of 
 our boots and shoes in the middle and higher grades can be 
 sold. Prices prevailing in the German Empire, in Australia, 
 France, England and on the Continent, for boots and shoes 
 (viz., from $2.50 to $10 a pair) warrant me in believing that 
 our goods, ranging in price from $2 to $5, would sell easily. 
 The argument that it is useless for us to make any effort to 
 sell to people who wear nothing but a breech clout is weak. 
 It is really an assertion, not an argument. The vast millions 
 of Asia, Australia and South America are rapidly reaching 
 out for the same kind of development that has marked the 
 progress of our own people from colonial times to the present 
 day. They will want the tools with which we have worked, 
 they will want these things that have helped us; and any 
 neglect of those markets because of the belief that they are 
 poor or unable to pay large sums of money for our products 
 will be a mistaken policy, one that is sure to react against 
 us and in favor of others. We can neglect no part of the 
 world. 
 
 I remember once reading somewhere a Hindoo's dream. 
 It seemed to him as if the races of mankind, the men and 
 the women, went out in the early hours of the morning to 
 their daily toil, harnessed, some of them, by the side of cattle, 
 in the fields to dig and to plough. And the reins that went 
 from the mouths of these people were long steel ribbons, and 
 they went back to a black iron hand. And then the Hindoo's 
 dream changed, and he saw all the people of the world 
 going out pleasantly and happily and sprightly to their daily 
 toil in the fields. There were no bits in their mouths, but 
 there were long steamers of gold that went back to some 
 unseen hand. 
 
 One part of the Hindoo's dream is the world that we have 
 
 left behind us. It is the world of wretchedness and toil of 
 the past. Read the record of Germany and England, of this 
 country, of how the laborers suffered in the past, and you 
 have the Hindoo's dream of the iron hand. The other is one 
 of industry and industrial art education, with museums and 
 men like Dr. Wilson, teaching and leading the world (ap- 
 plause), it goes back to their long streamers of light — the 
 golden dream of the Hindoo. That is my hope, and I think 
 it is the hope of every delegate here to-day or who has sat in 
 these meetings. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Irving P. ^f anger : 
 
 I now have the pleasure of introducing to you, Mr. Antonio 
 Cuyas, delegate from the Chamber of Commerce of Madrid, 
 Spain, who will address you. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Antonio Cuyas: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Fellow-Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen: 
 My appointment as delegate to represent the Chamber of 
 Commerce, Indu.stry and Navigation of Madrid, was made on 
 the fith of October, and I was notified by cable of th€ honor 
 conferred upon me. I came to this country some months 
 ago, with no idea of being called upon to perform this duty. 
 
 I did not hesitate, however, to accept the appointment, 
 despite the state of unpreparedness in which it found me, 
 because I believed then that the most dignified course for 
 a Spanish delegate to take under the stress of recent circum- 
 stances was that of silent observation. Therefore, I came 
 to Philadelphia with the intention of taking a passive, not an 
 active part in the proceedings of this Congress. 
 
 It so happens, that both of my esteemed colleagues, Senor 
 Yensen, delegate from the Chamber of Commerce of Bilbao, 
 and Senor Alzamora, delegate from the Chamber of Com- 
 merce of Majorca, came here in exactly the same spirit as 
 myself, although we did not know each other before we met 
 in Philadelphia. Yet Senor Alzamora addressed you last 
 week, Senor Yensen has done so this morning, and here 
 I am imposing on your time and kind attention. 
 
 I do not know whether this change of mind and animus 
 requires an explanation; but I can assure you that I am very 
 glad of the opportimity of giving it, if I may have your kind 
 indulgence. 
 
 At the opening ceremonies of this Congress, held in the 
 vast Auditorium of the Exposition building, filled with so 
 many thousands of spectators. His Honor the Mayor of this 
 hospitable city, in his eloquent address of welcome, laid par- 
 ticular stress on the fact that the delegates to this Interna- 
 tional Commercial Congress had come not only from the sur- 
 rounding nations, not only from the English-speaking coun- 
 tries, but from all the world, even from Spain. 
 
 The mention of my country's name was greeted with an 
 outburst of applause so spontaneous, so hearty, so enthu- 
 siastic, and so stirring that it deeply moved me, and I de- 
 voutly wished that every Spanish ear could have heard the 
 roar of that ovation, so that every Spanish heart could have 
 throbbed with the emotions that filled my heart. 
 
 That applause, coming, as it did, from the hands (and I 
 felt as if it came from the hearts) not only of the delegates 
 of all foreign countries, but also of a vast and genuinely 
 representative American audience, had such a true ring to it, 
 that I feel justified in taking it on behalf of my country, as 
 an evidence of the sympathy and good-will of every foreign 
 nation represented in this distingrnshed gathering, and as 
 a most gratifying testimony of renewed friendship on the 
 part of the people of the United States. 
 
 That beautiful and touching incident of the inaugural 
 ceremonies, which has been repeated with equal relative en- 
 thusiasm, according to the size of the audience, every time 
 
294 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OE THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 mv coiintrv lias been mentioned in these proceedings, has 
 swept, away every doubt entertained in my mind as to the 
 propriety, the delicacy and the dignity of my taking an ac- 
 tive role in this grand reunion of the world's peace messen- 
 gers, the commercial delegates from all civilized nations. 
 
 I am only sorry that, owing to the meagreness of the data 
 hurriedly culled in the last few days, and owing to the small 
 measure of my abilities, I will be unable to do full justice 
 either to my country or to this Congress in the accomplish- 
 ment of my task. 
 
 Gentlemen, I do not represent, and cannot speak for the 
 Spanish Government, but I can assure yon, all the same, 
 that Spain at this moment is not looking backward, but for- 
 ward. She is no't looking back to her past glories, although 
 they comprise achievements that rendered possible the very 
 existence of this to-day great nation, and that laid the founda- 
 tions and Imilt the main structures for nineteen other inde- 
 pendent nations actually and ably represented in this Con- 
 gress. Neither is she looking back to the more recent and 
 sadder pages in her eventful histoid, except to benefit from 
 the ex periences they offer. No, Spain is looking forward 
 to her rehabilitation as a world-power. She has no desire 
 to reconquer her past grandeur through the savage and 
 appalling instrumentalities of warfare; but she has the de- 
 termination to regain a prominent place in the world by the 
 peaceful labors of agi'iculture, the ennobling pursuits of in- 
 dustry and the enterpi'ising endeavors of commerce. 
 
 As a proof of this assertion, I may mention just one of the 
 many evidences of the changed conditions in Spain. 
 
 Almost immediately after the recent crisis in our national 
 life, when the Government and people alike seemed dazed 
 and at a loss as to what course to take, commerce came to 
 the rescue. At a Congress of delegates from all the Cham- 
 bers of Commerce in the kingdom, held in the historic city 
 of Saragossa, the country's condition was most seriou.sly and 
 thoroughly examined and analyzed, and a comprehensive plan 
 for its improvement was formulated and recommended to the 
 Government and to the Cortes. So far as it is practical, that 
 plan has been and will gradually be followed. 
 
 Other evidences of the same spirit are: 
 
 First. The creation of a National Board of Export Trade, 
 composed partly of ex-officio members, and partly of elective 
 members chosen by the C'hambers of Commerce, industrial 
 and agricultural organizations throughout the country. This 
 Board will not only co-operate with the business interests of 
 every section of the country in opening foreign markets, but 
 will advise the Executive and infiuenee the legislative 
 branches of the National Government in commercial matters. 
 
 Second. The complete reorganization of our State Depart- 
 ment, reducing the scope of the services heretofore devoted 
 to political matters, increasing that of the Bureau of Com- 
 mercial Information. 
 
 Third. The appointment of commercial attaches at various 
 Spanish embassies and legations, a new departure with us, 
 as, until last year, we had only military and naval attaches 
 at our foreign missions. 
 
 You may readily uiulerstand, therefore, gentlemen, that the 
 proceedings of this International Commercial Congress will 
 be followed with special interest by all flic trade organiza- 
 tions of my country. 
 
 Before proceeding with the statement of what we desire 
 for new commercial Spain, it may be well to briefly show 
 what she has done before in the way of foreign trade, so that 
 it may serve as a basis for what may be done in the future. 
 
 In the first place, although we are reputed only as a nation 
 of warriors, I beg to remind you that we are not such novices 
 in the arts and sciences of commerce, for we have had quite 
 extensive legislation cm navigation, on maritime casualties, 
 on insurance, or consular jurisdiction, on maritime policy and 
 
 martime judicial procedure, and on kindred subjects, dating 
 only back to from 1271 to 1510. 
 
 We also know something about banking. Tlie Bank of 
 Barcelona, which has to this very day been operating suc- 
 cessfully and profitably, has only been in existence since the 
 year of our Lord 1401, it being, therefore, nearly three cen- 
 turies (or 293 yeai's), the senior in age of the dear old Bank 
 of England. 
 
 In entering now the field of trade statistics, I need hardly 
 make an apology for so doing. In the first place, because 
 we have not come here to read and hear lyrics (statistics 
 are the poetry of commercial literature anyhow), and in the 
 second place, because the example has been set by almost all 
 those who have preceded me in addressing you. 
 
 I have been obliged to take the year 1897 as the latest upon 
 which to give you figures relative to our entire foreign trade, 
 because the statistics of 1S9S cannot but reflect the upheaval 
 in commerce due to the war. 
 
 In presenting the figures corresponding to 1897 I have 
 placed them opposite to those of 1887. in order to show the 
 increase attained in ten yeai's. 
 
 Exports From Spain. 
 
 . • Principal Articles. 
 
 (A peseta is equal to aliout one franc.) 
 
 Pesetas. 
 ■ "■ 1887. 1897. 
 
 Animals 12,407,000 24,0fi5,000 
 
 Boots and shoes 12,405,000 23,259,000 
 
 Cork iri.769,000 33,864,000 
 
 Cotton manufactures 13.511,000 (il,877,000 
 
 Fruits. 1887. 1897. 
 
 Almonds 5,689.000 12,903,000 
 
 (drapes 9,685,000 6,996,000 
 
 Oranges 15,435,000 58,124,000 
 
 Raisins 22,226,000 15,926,000 
 
 Nuts 3,619,000 3,771,000 
 
 Total 56.654,000 97,720,000 
 
 Hides and skins 6,159,000 14,155,000 
 
 Metals, 1887, 1897. 
 
 Iron and steel 10,438,000 4,871,000 
 
 Copper regulus 23,912,000 28,844,000 
 
 Lead, in plates, bars, etc 22.058,000 53,236,000 
 
 Total 56,408,000 86,951,000 
 
 Ores. 1887. 1897. 
 
 Copper 30,672,000 28,525.000 
 
 Iron 46,941,000 75,730,000 
 
 All others 9,076_,000 20,800,000 
 
 Total 86,689,000 125,055,000 
 
 Olive oil 9,698,000 12,117,000 
 
 Paper of all kimls 4,748.000 8,520.000 
 
 Quicksilver 8.012,000 9,463.000 
 
 Rice 394,000 9,951,000 
 
 Silk in cocoons ' 1.73(;,0oo 3,214,000 
 
 Common soap 3,780,000 3.702,000 
 
 Wheat Hour 5,178,000 19.856,000 
 
 ('(immiin wine 239,11-1,000 115,501.000 
 
 Shei'rv and similar wines 34,213,000 1 1,158,000 
 
 Wool,' raw 14,123,000 1 l.-.J05,000 
 
 Wool manufactures 1,685,00(1 :!. (1(15.000 
 
 'i'otal exports principal nnd all ■ — ■ — ■ — 
 
 other articles 722,182,000 1,074,883,000 
 
FIFTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 30, 1899 
 
 296 
 
 Imports Into Spain. 
 
 Principal Articles. 
 
 Pesetas. 
 
 1887. 1897. 
 
 Animals 17,138,000 23,105,000 
 
 Brandy and other spirits (alcohols). 45,029.000 485,000 
 
 Chemical products 15,813.000 25,881,000 
 
 Coal and coke 25,572,000 51,883.000 
 
 Codfish and stockfish 29,811,000 24,276,000 
 
 Coffee 5,552.000 15,039,000 
 
 Cotton, raw 62,473,000 85,075.000 
 
 Pounds of cotton 101,809,000 187,165.000 
 
 Cotton yarn 2,449,000 3,713,000 
 
 Cotton manufactures 11.331,000 4,327,000 
 
 Wheat 62,818,000 34,015,000 
 
 Hides and skins, raw and prepared, 
 
 including leather 19,390,000 23,197.000 
 
 Iron and steel, wrought and un- 
 
 wrought and manufactures of .. . 16,931.000 20,764,000 
 
 Machinery and parts thereof 20,137,000 30,361.000 
 
 Crude petroleum 8,467,000 6,276,000 
 
 Ships and boats 5,049,000 17.285,000 
 
 Silks, raw and thrown 5,285.000 8,016,000 
 
 Silk manufactures 9,599,000 10,005.000 
 
 Sugar, raAv and refined 29,743,000 13,216,000 
 
 Timber, lumber and building mate- 
 rials 35,360.000 41,481.000 
 
 Tobacco, cigars and snuff 30.287,000 19,394,000 
 
 Wool, raw, combed and carded 8,840.000 11,336,000 
 
 Wool manufactures 24,938,000 8,117,000 
 
 Total imports, principal and 
 
 other articles 811,212.000 909,539,000 
 
 The above tables show: 
 
 First. That while in 1887 Spain imported 89,030,000 
 pesetas' worth of merchandise in excess of what she exported, 
 in 1897 she exported 165,344,000 pesetas' worth more than 
 she imported. 
 
 Second. An increase in imports in 1897 of 98,327,000 
 pesetas as compared with 1887, and an increase in exports of 
 352,701 pesetas, in the same period of ten years. 
 
 Third. That Spain's total foreisrn commerce amounted in 
 1887 to 1,583,394,000 pesetas, and in 1897 to 1.984,422,000 
 pesetas, an increase in one decade of 451.028,000 pesetas. 
 The latter notwithstanding the enormous falling off in the 
 exports of red wines in 1897, which show a decrease of 123,- 
 613,000 pesetas, as compared with 1887, a decrease, however, 
 which has partially been offset in 1898 by an increase of 
 22,259,000 pesetas in the exports of red wines, and also 
 partly compensated by the important increase of 45,202,000 
 pesetas in the exports of olive oil. 
 
 In regard to wines, this being one of our chief articles of 
 export, I wish to make some remarks. Very few Americans 
 or other residents of this country have any idea that Spanish 
 wines, other than Sherry, Malaga or the like, are consumed 
 in the United States. You will hardly ever see Spanish red 
 wines on the lists at hotels, restaurants or retail merchants. 
 Yet, according to the statistics of the United States Treas- 
 ury Department, there were imported into this counti"y from 
 Spain, in 1897, no less than 698,612 gallons of still wines 
 in casks, valued at $514,388, and that was the smallest quan- 
 tity imported in several years, while from France, there came 
 in 1897 only 599,456 gallons in casks, valued at $346,050. 
 
 Therefore, I dare say that everv quart of red wine of the 
 millions yearly imported in casks from my country, before 
 being presented to the gullible consumer in a bottle with a fine 
 
 label and fancy cap, receives a genuine Catholic baptism; 
 that is to say, a good sprinkling of water (not necessarily 
 holy water) and the name of some good old French Saint — 
 Saint Julien, for example — to whom mne dealers owe a great 
 deal of gratitude, for he certainly does cover a multitude of 
 their sins. (Laughter.) 
 
 That is not all. In the year Just quoted, despite the 
 enormous falling off, before referred to, in Spain's wine ex- 
 ports, France imported from my country 374,548,000 quarts 
 of still wine, valued at 82,400,000 pesetas, or an average of 
 about four cents per quart. Now, it is well known that these 
 Spanish wines are used by France in blending with her own 
 wines, in order to give them body, strength and color. Yet 
 American importers paid about twelve cents regardless of 
 duty for every quart of so-called French wine entered in 
 casks, and an average of about forty-five cents per quart for 
 French still wines entered in bottles. 
 
 In this connection, I wish to call your attention to the 
 fact that the natural, pure and rich still wines of many of 
 our leading gi-owers, such as the Marquis de Riscel, the 
 Sociedad Vincola del Norte de Espaiia (Rioja Clarete) and 
 others, are now prepared and bottled in such excellent manner 
 that they are fit for the best tables and the most fastidious 
 palates. Lest you consider my statement patriotically par- 
 tial, I will quote from the commercial attache at the Em- 
 bassy of Great Britain in Madrid, who, in his last report to 
 his government, says: "Many excellent red wines are now 
 manufactured in Spain, and Englisli wine merchants would 
 do %vell to encourage the taste for Spanish wines among their 
 customers, as the increasing quantities manufactured provide 
 an abundant supply of good wine at loiv prices." 
 
 Spain's shipping statistics for 1897 show that 18,984 mer- 
 chant vessels of 14,515,752 gross tonnage entered her ports 
 in that year, as per following detail: 
 
 
 SAILING VESSELSj 
 
 STEAM VESSELS 
 
 TOTALS 
 
 
 No. 
 1,071 
 
 i,:!.5l 
 
 1 
 Tons. , 
 
 No. 
 
 5,.541 
 
 1,72-. 
 7,269 
 
 Tons. 
 
 4,833,125 
 1,640,775 
 
 No. 
 
 6,615 
 3,076 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Natiooal Flag— L.aden 
 
 93.99.') 
 30,701 
 
 4,927,120 
 1,671,476 
 
 
 National Flag— Total 
 
 2,422 
 
 124,696 
 
 6,473,900 
 
 9,691 
 
 6,'i98,596 
 
 
 ForeigD — Ladeo 
 
 Foreign— In Ballast 
 
 796 
 
 16S,6G0 
 146,447 
 
 3,321 
 
 4,66.5 
 
 2,780,796 
 4,823,253 
 
 4117 
 5,176 
 
 2,947,456 
 4,969,701) 
 
 Foreign — Total 
 
 1,.307 
 
 313,107 
 
 7,9?6 
 
 7,604,049 
 
 9,293 
 
 7,917,156 
 
 
 In regard to the number and tonnage of ships flying the 
 Spanish flag, at first sight it would appear as if Spain occu- 
 pied the .seventh place among the countries of the world, she 
 having 1.256 sailing vessels of 191,846 gross tonnage, and 
 543 steam vessels of 564,459 gross tonnage, making a total 
 of 1,799 merchantmen with 756,305 tons gross register. In 
 this last respect, therefore, she ranks after the United King- 
 dom, the United States, Norway, Germany, France and Italy, 
 according to official statistics as mnde up. Spain's statistics, 
 however, comprise vessels only of fifty tons or over, while 
 France's statistics comprise vessels of from two tons and over, 
 and Italy's, which show only 9,000 gross tonnage more than 
 Spain's, take in all vessels of five tons and over. 
 
 I cannot, at this moment, go back of the official statistics 
 and give you precise data on the subject; but with such an 
 extensive coast as Spain has, you may imagine the large 
 number of small craft, between two or five tons burden, 
 that are engaged in her fisheries or phing in her coastwise 
 trafftc. Therefore, if all such vessels were included in the 
 
296 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERaSTATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 iiumbor and tonnage of Spain's merchant marine, I have no 
 doubt it would appear aliead ot Italy's, and probably ahead 
 of (hat of France also. 
 
 Furthermore, though Spain is not considered to be progres- 
 sive, slie has not been slow in the application of steam to 
 navigation, for we see that in the gross tonnage of steam 
 vessels she takes fourth place among nations, with 564.4:5;) 
 tons, outranking Norway (351,000 tons), France (503,000 
 tons), and Italy (237,000 "tons). 
 
 All these figures refer to 1896, the only complete ones I 
 have found available. 
 
 While .speaJcing of our merchant marine, special mention 
 should in justice be made of the Compania Transatlantica 
 Espanola (Spanish Transatlantic Company), which occupies 
 a foremost place among the great steamship companies of 
 the world. This company has a fleet of about thirty passen- 
 ger steamers, many of them first-class modem vessels, which 
 run on a number of regular lines from Spanish ports to 
 Cuba, Mexico, Central and South America, the Philippine 
 Islands, North and West Africa; from New York to Cuba 
 and Mexico, and others. According to information kindly 
 furnished by the company's agents in New York, Messrs. 
 J. M. Ceballos & Co., the company is now making arrange- 
 ments for the establishment of a regular and direct line from 
 New York to Spanish ports. It will also establish connec- 
 tions from Havana to Baltimore and Philadelphia; from 
 New York to Boston and Quebec, and from Valparaiso to 
 San Francisco. 
 
 These and many other maritime communications already 
 established, or about to be opened, offer ample facilities for 
 handling Spain's foreign commerce, which, since the war, 
 is showing signs of a magnificent revival. 
 
 The latest reports (which I have had the opportunity of 
 looking over in the Philadelphia Museum) from the British 
 commercial attache and consular officers in Spain (to whom, 
 by the way, I desire to pay tribute of admiration for the 
 efficiency, thoroughness and impartiality shown in those re- 
 ports) will support me in the statement that an era of un- 
 precedented activity has followed the first shock due to the 
 loss of our transoceanic possessions. Our people have real- 
 ized the absolute necessity of increa.sing our national pro- 
 ducts, of improving and multiplying our manufacture, and of 
 seeking new markets in place of those we have lost. 
 
 New iron winning districts are being prospected or sought 
 with great energy. Large tracts of land in many provinces, 
 admirably suited for growing beet root, are being devoted 
 to its cultivation, and many factories for the extraction of 
 beet sugar have sprung up in different sections of the coun- 
 try. Electric lighting is can-ied into hundreds of small 
 towns, while electric tramway traction, established in Madrid, 
 Barcelona, Bilbao, Santander and other provincial capitals, 
 is being extended to smaller cities. A great deal of capital 
 is flowing into Spain, not only from foreign investors, but 
 from Sjjaiiiards returning from our late colonies. Mucli 
 of the money which English capitalists have paid for good 
 properties in Cuba and much that will still be paid by 
 British investors and by Americans (if the latter wake up 
 in time to take advantage of the magnificent opportunities 
 awaiting capital in Cuba) will also flow into Spain. 
 
 All this means new impetus and new life to our agricul- 
 ture, our mining and our industry. All this means the ne- 
 cessity for new and improved machinery, new implements, 
 new tools, new electrical appliances. All this means more 
 prosperity at home and a consequent increase in the import 
 of new or improved manufactures and of the luxuries of life. 
 
 We are very anxious to increase our trade relations with 
 all Latin America. I believe the example set by all English- 
 speaking ])eople3, irrespective of their forms of government, 
 in seeking closer commercial ties among tliem.selves is an 
 
 excellent one and worthy of being followed by all Spanish- 
 speaking peoples, whatever be their respective form of gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 The Spanish-American Republics have no cause to expect 
 to-day, and certainly do not fear, any criminal aggression 
 or forcible intervention, in their domestic troubles, on the 
 part of Spain. There is no reason, therefore, why Spain 
 and the independent nations that owe their origin and their 
 language to her, should not know more of each other hence- 
 forth, and bring about by all fair and reciprocal means a 
 very large increase in their exchange of products and manu- 
 factures. 
 
 We are very desirous of augmenting our trade relations 
 with the United States. We are among the principal buyers 
 of American raw cotton, which shows that the Spanish cotton 
 textile industry is an important one. With the raw cotton 
 there may be an opportunity of sending improved cotton 
 spinning and weaving macliinery. 
 
 You, Americans, can buy a great deal of the output of our 
 mines, and there you have an opportunity of selling us your 
 improved mining implements. 
 
 American manufacturers and export merchants have al- 
 ready received inquiries for important supplies in machinery, 
 tools, hardware, electrical appliances and many other lines 
 of American manufacture. 
 
 Therefore, I can assure you that Spain will welcome Amer- 
 icans, American capital, American products, not conflicting 
 with our principle products, and many American manufac- 
 turers; that is, almost anything American, with the exception 
 of bad whisky and yellow journalism. (Laughter.) 
 
 In order that this increase in trade between Spain and 
 the United States may be speedily effected, with advantage 
 to both the buyer and seller, it is indispensable that a treaty 
 of commerce be negotiated and ratified without further delay. 
 Some reciprocity agreement is needed, at least, if the new 
 conditions, both in the United States and in Spain, are to 
 1)0 taken advantage of and made the basis of an immense 
 development in the commerce between those two countries. 
 
 Spain is perfectly willing to negotiate a new treaty of com- 
 merce, her government having agreed with the United States 
 (Tovernmcnt to enter into such negotiations. I understand, 
 however, that before doing so, it is necessary that all the other 
 treaties, that were broken by the opening of hostilities, be re- 
 newed. This has not been done, and it is a jfity that these 
 official formalities should stand in the way of closer com- 
 mercial ties between two peoples who desire to do business 
 and be friends once more. 
 
 Permit me, now, to express, both as a representative of the 
 Madrid Chamber of Commerce and on my own behalf, my 
 sincere ap]:ircciation of the warm and generous hospitality 
 extended to me by this great city and by the Pliiladclphia 
 Commercial Museum; and to give utterance to my gratitude 
 for all the courtesies and kindness received during my de- 
 lightful stay among you. 
 
 It was befitting the name and the history of this City of 
 Brotherly Love to bring about this gathering of representa- 
 tive men, who will shortly leave here, scattering througliout 
 the world the seeds of progress, of prosperity and of peace; 
 and it was equally befitting its name and its traditions f<ir 
 it to offer us, upon our arrival 1icn\ llic l)alm that will do 
 so much towards healing the wouihIs of but recent strife. 
 (Continued applause.) 
 
 //()/(. Irriiii/ P. Wdiigfr: 
 
 1 have tlie pleasiu'e of introducing to you Mr. Ibirald 
 Grelist, delegate from Gothenburg, Sweden, wlm will unw 
 add less you. (Applause.) 
 
FIFTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 30, 1899 
 
 297 
 
 Mr. Harald Grebst: 
 
 Mr Chairman, Fellow Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen: 
 I have the honor to participate in this Congress as a repre- 
 sentative of the General Chambers of Commerce, as well as 
 the General Export Association of Sweden, and now beg to 
 call your attention to a few facts about the import and ex- 
 port trade of my country. Unfortunately i am not quite 
 familiar with the English language, and I therefore ask your 
 kind indulgence to what might seem ridiculous m my pro- 
 nunciation! I am not going to give you a thorough report 
 of the commerce of Sweden; 1 simply want to show you by 
 a few words what we principally make and bring into this 
 
 country. ,^ -r r, -^r ^ 
 
 The honorable consul of Chemnitz, Mr. J. C. Monaghan, 
 anxious to obtain for his own country every opportunity to 
 extend its trade, has to-day pointed out the significance of 
 Scandinavia, but more particularly of Sweden and the very 
 important province of Lapland, in which, quite recently, 
 enormous deposits of coal and minerals have been discovered. 
 As you all know, Sweden is most famous for its iron and 
 steel, which is used all over the world, and I will therefore 
 give 'you some information about this important industry. 
 The total quantity of iron ore mined in Sweden in 1898 was 
 2,302,506 tons, yielding 57 per cent, of pure iron. About 
 9,274 men are employed in our iron mines. Our pig iron 
 industry showed last year a result of 523,960 tons of pig iron, 
 together with 7,806 tons of foundi7 goods, cast direct from 
 the furnaces, thus a total sum of 531,766 tons. The above 
 mentioned p'ig iron consists of 259,271 tons forge and pud- 
 dle iron, 240,781 tons Bessemer and Martin iron, 2,246 tons 
 Spiegel iron, 10,653 tons pig iron to be converted into steel, 
 10,309 tons foundry pig iron for various purposes. 
 
 In 1898, the following iron and steel was produced in 
 Sweden, viz: 
 
 13,499 tons billets and blooms, 170.374 tons iron and steel 
 baxs, 9,533 tons shape and dimension iron and steel, 77,368 
 tons hoop and nail-rod iron, 23,882 tons rolled wire in coils, 
 5,433 tons hollow bicycle steel tubing, 6,259 tons solid bicycle 
 steel tubing, 16,530 tons plates, 15 tons rails, 6 tons fish 
 plates, 2,111 tons tires for railroad use, 3,146 tons axles, 
 2,037 tons anchors and other heavy forged goods. Total, 
 330,193 tons. 
 
 We also have other mines in Sweden, from which we gain 
 gold ore, amounting to 2,136 tons; silver and lead ore, 6,743 
 tons; copper ore, 23,335 tons; zinc ore, 61,627 tons; manga- 
 nese ore, 2,385 tons; paritis, 386 tons. 
 
 These mines yielded last year an output of 126 kilos of gold, 
 2,032.9 kilos of silver, 1,558,826 kilos of lead, 234,808 kilos 
 of copper. 
 
 In addition, we produced 50,000 kilos of sulphur, 3,001 
 kilos of oxide of cobalt, 1,164,599 kilos of sulphate of copper, 
 124,445 kilos of sulphate of iron, 153,424 kilos of alum, 
 50,412 kilos of graphite, 363,000 kilos of ground peroxide of 
 manganese. 
 
 Our product of steam coal is 236,277 tons, and of fire clay, 
 131,391 tons, and feldspar, 20,737 tons. 
 
 The motors for our mining industry are chiefly turbine 
 wheels. 
 
 Before speaking aboiit our general trade, I want to point 
 out that the Swedish woods, especially the fir and pine, 
 known as white and red woods, are great export articles, and 
 the immense forests of the northern part of our country en- 
 able us to compete with any nation. Our chief export of this 
 article from the south of Sweden, goes to p]ngland, where it 
 is used as pitprops or sleepers in the mines, or as rails for 
 fences, along the railroads, etc. 
 
 Boards, battens and deals are chiefly exported from the 
 Baltic ports and sent all over the world. 
 
 1 now want to say a few words about the articles which 
 form our import trade. 
 
 We import wheat, rye, oats, cott'ee, sugar, cocoa, tobacco, 
 fruit, plants, cotton, jute, yarn, thread, hair, feathers, bone, 
 horn and other animal fertilizers, tallows, oils, gum, rubber, 
 dye stuffs, cork, raw minerals, metals, vessels, carriages, in- 
 struments, tools, agricultural machines and coin. 
 
 Our export consists of butter, eggs, live stock, meats, fish, 
 chocolate, pai>er and paper goods, raw minerals, raw metals, 
 as well as much partly worked zinc and iron ore, wood, chlorate 
 of potassium, calcium, carbide, the Erickson telephone ap- 
 paratus, DeLaval's milk separators, vessels, and last but not 
 least, iron and steel. 
 
 Our greatest imports during last year came from Germany 
 and Great Britain, and our chief exports were to Great Britain 
 and Germany. The chief commercial places in Sweden are: 
 Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmo, Norrkoping, Gefle, Karls- 
 krona and Helsingborg, all of which have splendid harbors, 
 frequented by ships of all nations. 
 
 As a matter of special interest to this Congress, I want 
 to state that the chief articles of import from the United 
 States last year were cotton, fertilizers, resin, harpoes, ma- 
 chines, tools, metals, oils, petroleum, paraffine wax, syrup, 
 molasses, grain, fiour, tallow, tobacco and a small quantity 
 of coal. Our exports to the States were principally rags, iron 
 and steel, pulp and safety matches. 
 
 This report will show you, that Sweden is able to do both 
 an import and export trade with the United States, and I 
 join in the wishes of the fellow delegates, whp in their 
 speeches hefore me, have pointed out the necessity for the 
 United States giving more attention to steam navigation, this 
 being the only way to enable the consumers of the whole 
 world to come into closer connection with the consumers and 
 manufacturers on either side of the great ocean. 
 
 Speaking for my own country, we are very anxious to come 
 into closer connection with this great continent; and I feel 
 sure that such a connection would prove profitable both for 
 you and for us. 
 
 At present, however, when you pay in freight from New 
 York to Sweden about the same price as you can buy, for in- 
 stance, the coal delivered c. i. f. Sweden, from England, you 
 w-ill easily understand that there is very little chance for an 
 extension of mutual business transactions. However, I trust 
 that you Americans will consider this question of opening up a 
 mercantile marine as a very important one, and if your con- 
 siderations lead to a favorable result, I feel convinced that 
 your country and mine will hear more of each other than 
 they hitherto have been able to hear. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Irving P. W anger : 
 
 I will now introduce to you Mr. L. Rubelli, delegate of the 
 Chamber of Commerce at Zengg, Croatia. 
 
 Ceoatia and Her Commerce. 
 
 Mr. L. Rubelli: 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: As a delegate from the 
 Chamber of Comerce and Industry of the Austrian sea 
 coast city of Zengg, in Croatia, in fulfillment of my duty, 
 I will say a few words at the closing of this important Inter- 
 national Commercial Congress. 
 
 The Chamber of Commerce, which I have the honor to 
 represent, cannot present any very interesting data concerning 
 commercial affairs, tliat has not already been presented very 
 fully by the eminent delegates and speakers who have pre- 
 ceded me. 
 
 The commerce of the city of Senj, or Zengg, as the Ger- 
 mans call it, was at one time of great importance in importa- 
 
298 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL C0NC4RESS 
 
 tioii ;nid exportation, beiiia; the only port of the old kingdom 
 of Croatia. It was the busiest place on the Adriatic sea coast, 
 her poi-t crowded with vessels, where, as a boy, I well re- 
 member several vessels flying the stars and stripes, loading 
 eargoes of cereals and lumber for ports of the United King- 
 dom and France. This, however, I am sorry to say, is not 
 tiie ease at present, because the government has built railroad 
 lines to other more favored ports belonging to dependencies 
 •►f the Empire that possess more political influence, thus di- 
 verting the trade from the port of Senj. 
 
 Croatia is rich in forests of oak and beech trees, and while 
 in part, mountainous, has also considerable table land well 
 cultivated. Schools and universities abound. Her large cities 
 and factories employ improved methods in business and work. 
 Her people of the farming districts use mostly old methods, 
 their needs are few, they en joy good health and robu.stness, and 
 are seemingly contented. Of commerce in general, after 
 what has been said at this Congress, nothing more remains to 
 be added. Mostly, the foreign delegates have condemned the 
 present United States tariff, which I think will stay for some 
 time to come, because the great manufacturing states of this 
 country are in favor of it. These states are wealthy and have 
 the largest population, therefore, most votes, and thus will 
 elect that political party whose strongest platform plank is 
 protection. Political parties will no doubt use the remarks 
 of the foreign delegates in their next election speeches, one 
 saying what is good for them must be bad for us, therefore 
 let us stand by the party that will protect our manufacturers; 
 others claiming that free trade is beneficial, because import- 
 ing goods free of duty is beneficial to the laboring classes, but 
 in a fight like this, between capitalists and laboring classes, 
 the result can be easily guessed, and I think, as before stated, 
 that the tariff will stay. 
 
 I do not mean to say that because of the tariff, this Con- 
 gress will not bring good results; it has already done so by 
 bringing together and acquainting with each other many busi- 
 ness men. that would not otherwise have met, and when busi- 
 ness men meet, the result is always beneficial to one or the 
 other, or to ]>otli, but the greatest good for commerce has 
 and will be done by the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, 
 which under the management of the energetic Dr. Wilson, 
 has accomplished wonders. While it remains itnder his guid- 
 ance, and is kept as a commercial institution, it will be a 
 great help to the commerce of this country and I may say 
 of the whole commercial world. To be a commercial insti- 
 tution, however, it will have to be supported by commercial 
 help, if municipal, state or government aid is needed, it may 
 drift into a political institution and thereby lose its com- 
 mercial elliciency. 
 
 I close by thanking the Philadelphia Commercial Museum 
 and iithers fur the kindness .shown me. 
 
 //(;//. I rriiig I'. Wanger: '"■ '" .... 
 
 Mi-. .1. Nicolas, Consul-General and delegate from the Gov- 
 einiiiciit of llaili. will now address you. 
 
 Ml-. ./. Nicolas: 
 
 Mr. ('hairman and (ientlemen: It gives me great pleasure 
 to have the opportunity, in the name of my country, to thank 
 the Commercial Museum of Philadelphia and the Honorable 
 Dr. Wilson for the kind invitation extended (o the Govern- 
 ment of Haiti to be represented in this commercial gathering, 
 and it is also a great pleasure for me to have the opportunity 
 of speaking not only before the American manufacturers, but 
 before the delegates from every country of the world on the 
 commercial interests of Haiti. 
 
 Mr. President, gentlemen and delegates, the memoir which 
 I have the honor to submit to you, contains only informati(m 
 coDcerning my country for the consideration of those Amer- 
 
 ican manufacturers who desire either to establish commercial 
 relations with Haiti or to enlarge those already existing.. 
 
 I have not thought it my duty to put to the test your in- 
 dulgence on this occasion by introducing geographical and 
 historical statements about Haiti. I have preferred to recom- 
 mend to you in this regard the "Handbook of Haiti,'' pub- 
 lished in 18!.i2 by the Bureau of American Republics at Wash- 
 ington, toward the maintenance of which the Government of 
 Haiti contributes. 
 
 Nevertheless, it is important that I should, in order to re- 
 spond to questions which some manufacturers have raised on 
 this subject, pray you to note that the Island of Haiti is four 
 hundred miles from east to west, and one hundred and sixty 
 miles from north to south, and that it is divided into two 
 republics, namely the Dominican Republic and the Republic 
 of Haiti. It is especially of the latter, whicli I have the honor 
 to represent, that I am about to speak. 
 
 The public peace in Haiti has not been disturbed for a long 
 period. That country is working seriously for the advance- 
 ment of its agriculture and for the introduction of new in- 
 dustries. 
 
 All of its citizens are united in one sole purpose, and that is 
 to draw closer and closer friendly relations with the Republic 
 of the United States and with all other people, and to implant 
 among us the progress which has already been realized in the 
 more advanced countries. 
 
 Excuse me, gentlemen, for diverging a little here from the 
 main point under consideration. I esteem it important before 
 everything else, and this is also in answer to questions which 
 have been asked of me, to give the assurance that there is in. 
 Haiti the most perfect guarantee for the pleasant reception 
 and the good treatment of all foreigners of whatever nation- 
 ality. In saying this, I do not refer particularly to the cities, 
 where in Haiti, as everywhere else, the most advanced classes 
 are found, but I include also the country places. The for- 
 eigner travels there even in the most obscure comers of our 
 mountains with the assurance that, even there, no murder 
 has ever been attempted, or any theft ever committed upon 
 the person, and that tlie most open hospitality awaits him 
 even when night overtakes him. 
 
 Haiti is about five days from New York by steamer, of 
 which there are three lines plying regularly between the two 
 places: the Atlas line twice a month, the Dutch line also 
 twice a month, and the Cameron (American) line, which has 
 recently established a weekly service, so that at the present, 
 we have nothing to desire in regard to facilities of commu- 
 nication. 
 
 The principal articles of export from Haiti are coffee, cacao, 
 logwood, mahogany, yellow wood, cotton, wax, honey, skins 
 and hides, lignum-vitre, gum guaiacum, sea shells, turtle 
 shells, orange peel, ginger, rum, etc. 
 
 The depreciation in the ruling price of coffee has affected 
 Haiti as it has all other coffee-producing countries. It is 
 for this reason, due to over-production, that Haiti has begun 
 to give a new direction to its agriculture in starting up the 
 sugar industry, the cultivation of tobacco, of the castor oil 
 plant and of cotton, all having a large scale. 
 
 Notwithstanding a large home consumption, Haiti exports 
 annually from 70,000.000 to 86,000,000 pounds of coffee, and 
 in order to sustain advantageously the struggle against other 
 ]iroducing markets, and especially to maintain for its coffee 
 the place it has always held in European markets, where it 
 is preferred on account of its flavor and exquisite taste, the 
 u-overnment has encouraged the establishment of machinery 
 fur cleaning it and properly preparing it for export. The 
 machinery has been bought, for the most part, in the United 
 States. There still remains an open field for new demands in 
 this line, demands which will become more and more im- 
 portant as competition becomes more and more active. 
 
FIFTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 30, 1899 
 
 299 
 
 In the interest of commerce (which cannot exist in the 
 absence of the exchange of products between two countries, 
 unless, as it is the ruling case for Haiti, in its commercial 
 relations with the United States, one of them addresses itself 
 to a third party as an intermediary) let me here express the 
 wish that the American public will better appreciate the cofEee 
 of Haiti and also take some of it for its own consumption. 
 
 If such a result could be obtained, I have no doubt but that 
 it would, while assuring the direct liquidation of accounts, 
 contribute largely to facilitate the commercial relations of the 
 two countries by giving to them a larger development. 
 
 During the past three years, the production of cacao and 
 of cotton has been doubled. Unfortunately, the cofEee, and 
 still less the cotton of Haiti does not find a market in the 
 United States. Our cotton would be placed under too dis- 
 advantageous conditions by reason of the enormous expense 
 which it would have to support, and of the custom duty which 
 it would have to pay to enter into competition in your mar- 
 kets with the South, whose capacity of production is, if I am 
 not deceived, estimated at 9,000,000 bales annually. Liver- 
 pool will, therefore, continue to be the market to which we 
 must address ourselves. 
 
 Haiti thus furnishes to the United States all other products 
 above enumerated, except cotton — coffee in very small quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Taking the year 1893 as an average, we note that the total 
 value of the foreign commerce of Haiti amounted to $19,770,- 
 867.91, and that the exportations figure here for $13,163,059, 
 and the importations for $7,607,817, not counting the specific 
 importation of $1,131,235 in American gold. 
 
 In the interest of showing the importance of the develop- 
 ment which the commerce of Haiti with the United States 
 has attained, I pray you to note that the importation of 
 American products is larger than the importations from 
 France, England and Germany together. 
 
 In 1872, we imported from the United States to the value 
 of $2,487,210. In 1893, these importations amounted to 
 $5,389,169.05. It is thus seen that our importations from 
 the United States nearly tripled in twenty-one years. Here 
 then is the proof that our commerce with the United States 
 has developed considerably. This development will grow in 
 proportion as Haiti shall construct railways which will permit 
 her to open up to development her most secluded localities. 
 
 It is in the United States that the rails and locomotives 
 proportion as Haiti shall construct railways, which will permit 
 all the material for the tramways of Port-au-Prince and Aux 
 Cayes was purchased; it is also here that Mr. B. Prophete, the 
 concessionaire of a new railway, proposes to address himself 
 for his materials, and it is here that the Government of Haiti 
 purchased its bridges and the material for its foundries and 
 its dry dock at Port au Prince. 
 
 It is important that I should give some figures in support 
 of that which has already been stated. I take for this purpose 
 the year 1893, and I give the statistical statement of the Gov- 
 ernment of Haiti of the importations of that year: 
 
 The United States $5,389,169.05 
 
 To which I add the importations of specie 1,131,235.00 
 
 $6,520,404,05 
 
 France 1,425,658.82 
 
 Germany 445,165.98 
 
 England 292.016.09 
 
 All other countries 55,806.97 
 
 Total $8,739,051.91 
 
 iVom the United States $6,520,404.05 
 
 From England, France, Germany 
 and all other countries 2,218,647.85 
 
 Total $8,739,051.91 
 
 Of this total of $8,739,051.91, Haiti imported from the 
 United States in merchandise $5,389,169.05, and in specie 
 $1,131,235. The export to all countries was $12,163,059. 
 
 If due note be taken of the fact that Haiti has not yet at- 
 tained the highest degree in the development of her com- 
 merce, that her forests of mahogany have scarcely yet been 
 tut into, and that her mineral wealth still lies untouched, 
 the result just outlined must be regarded as very encouraging 
 for a people numbering only a million and a quarter, who are 
 now displaying new activity in order that they may keep 
 pace with other people in the way of modern progress and 
 civilization. 
 
 I will not speak to you of the intellectual development in 
 Haiti; this is neither the time nor the place for that. In this 
 respect, however, immense progress has also been achieved. 
 The professional chairs in our colleges and in our schools of 
 law and of medicine, are competently filled by Haitians who 
 have pursued their studies either in the country or in Paris. 
 We are beginning to send our youth to the United States, and 
 the welcome with which they are received at the University of 
 Pennsylvania and at Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, where some 
 of them study the mechanical arts and electricity, gives to us 
 the right to hope that the number sent here will be multiplied. 
 
 The question of credit is an obstacle to the development of 
 commerce between Haiti and the United States. It is to be 
 desired that the manufacturers here should give longer cred- 
 its to purchasing firms in order that these latter may extend 
 the same privileges to Haitian merchants. He who has trav- 
 eled in South and Central America and the West Indies will 
 answer you that the credit of three month.?, which is gen- 
 erally accorded by American commission houses, is too limited 
 for these countries. No one can count on finding in these 
 countries the hustling of business which is so notable in Chi- 
 cago and New York. 
 
 Therefore, it is to be desired, that, as in Europe, the com- 
 mission houses should accord at least a credit of nine months 
 to the merchants of these countries. 
 
 In consenting to present myself before this Congress, I pro- 
 pose to unfold to you the situation, to ask you to study it and 
 to consider if it could not be more advantageous to you, in 
 pursuit for the extension of your commerce, to place your- 
 selves on the same footing with European manufacturers in 
 regard to the extension of credits. 
 
 There is still another deficiency which I cannot pass over 
 in silence, it is the paucity or lack of direct exchange between 
 Haiti and the United States. 
 
 Listen, gentlemen, to that which was said in 1890, at the 
 Pan-American Congress, by its committee charged to examine 
 and report upon the question of the establishment of an inter- 
 national American bank: 
 
 "Not only would there thus be produced a strong diminu- 
 tion of the enormous commissions now paid to European 
 bankers but also those commissions being collected by bankers 
 and merchants of America, a portion of the profits which go 
 now exclusively to the European markets, might be retained 
 in the financial centres of our hemisphere." 
 
 There is no need of commentary on this passage of the re- 
 port. For this reason, I content myself by recommending 
 it to the enterprising spirit of the people of this hemisphere, 
 and particularly to this spirit in North America, which will 
 be called upon to contribute by far the greater part of the 
 capital necessary for the realization of this gigantic enterprise, 
 when the question shall have been sufficiently studied and dis- 
 cussed, for it to be judged opportune, in the interest of those 
 concerned, to give it a solution. 
 
 In the presence of the movement now going on and noted 
 among all civilized people, to modernize the implements of 
 labor, those who rest indifferent will not only be outstripped 
 by others, but they will also find themselves placed under such 
 
m 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 conditions that it will be impossible for their producing classes 
 to maintaiu themselves in the face of the competition of other 
 cuiuitries which, by the aid of machinery and of modem agri- 
 cultural implements, economize time, workmanship and cap- 
 ital; and if man is not completely dethroned in our day, it 
 is because of his knowledge of maehineiy, which has, and let 
 us hope always will have, need of a directing force. 
 ■ This directing force comes to man from education, which 
 makes him conscious of his superiority and of liis mission thus 
 owed to humanity, and this education can be acquired only 
 in special schools, where trades and arts are taught, and where 
 he will be early initiated in the theory and practice of that 
 which he will later have to practice. 
 
 For this reason, the Government of Haiti maintains abroad 
 a certain numlier of s^tudents who are thus being prepared 
 to take the direction of the different industries which are 
 lieing established in the country. 
 
 Besides the cultivation of tobacco, and the sugar industry, 
 which, as has already been mentioned, have just been resumed 
 on a large scale in Haiti, there are to-day in the country, 
 manufactories of soap, of candles, of matches, of ice, of beer, 
 of vermicelli, of macaroni, of crockery, of bricks and of cigars. 
 The manufactories of alcohol and rum are more particularly 
 the specialties of the cities of Port-au-Prince and Aux Cayes. 
 
 ilines of coal, of iron, of porphyry, of plaster of paris, of 
 sulphur and of other minerals have been discovered and are 
 known to exist in different parts of the country. The de- 
 velopment of one of the mines of iron and plaster of paris is 
 about to be entered upon. A company with a capital of five 
 million of dollars ($.5,000,000) has recently been formed in 
 New York and its engineers are already at work on tlie spot. 
 We are confident that both of these article? will iind a market 
 in the United States, the demand for iron becoming more and 
 more important. As to plaster of paris we will have this ad- 
 vantage over Nova Scotia, which furnishes the United States 
 with this article, that we will be able to deliver it here at all 
 seasons of the year. 
 
 Haiti is connected by two submarine cables, namely, the 
 French transatlantic cable service and that of the United 
 States and Haiti Cable Company, with all the civilized world. 
 This modern instrument of civilization, which renders so 
 much service to commerce and industry, and which by its 
 immense power draws people together and makes them neigh- 
 bors, by the facility and rapidity of communication which it 
 establishes between them, certainly would not be of any 
 utility to commerce in general, if it were not seconded by its 
 natural auxiliary — an inland telegraphic system. 
 
 Therefore, an inland telegraphic system connects all the 
 cities of Haiti with the capital, where the cable landed at the 
 Mole St. Nicholas ends. 
 
 It is to be regretted, that the tariff charges of these two sub- 
 marine cable companies are so high as to discourage commerce 
 from using them more frequently. The time will arrive, we 
 hope, when both companies will understand that a diminution 
 of their tarifl' will be one of the best inducements to commerce 
 to use their lines and an assurance of a greater patronage of 
 them. 
 
 In order to respond to the wish expressed by American man- 
 ufacturers and of delegates from different countries, I have 
 deposited at the Commercial Museum, a list of the addresses 
 of the merchants in Haiti for each of the eleven ports open to 
 foreigji commerce. They will find in this list all the details 
 relative to the specialty of each of the merchants. 
 
 I should feel particularly happy if my mission to the (^on- 
 sress shiiuld contribute to the development of the commer- 
 cial relations between the two countries, and to the establish- 
 nieiit of their relations where they do not yet exist. 
 
 I Uiink, therefore, that T should give you some informa- 
 tion in regard to the character of the Haitian merchant. I 
 
 can assure you that he is very honest, very upright, and makes 
 it his solemn duty to fulfill the obligations which he contracts. 
 He has one sole ambition, and that is to leave to his children 
 the commerce which he has founded. 
 
 Gentlemen, I thank you for your attention. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Irving P. Wanger: 
 
 I take pleasure now in introducing to the Congress the last 
 speaker of this morning, Consul-General Prudencio de Mur- 
 guiondo, delegate of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay. 
 
 Hon. Prudencio de Murguiondo : 
 
 Mr. Chainnan and Delegates to this Commercial Congress: 
 Thanks to the persevering enterprise of the chiefs of the 
 Philadelphia Commercial I\Iuseum, we have met again in Phil- 
 adelphia, on their invitation, to exchange views as to the best 
 means of increasing not only our trade with the United States, 
 Init to relate what our experiences have been, and taught us 
 since 1897, when a full delegation from the South American 
 Republics met for the first time in convention to discuss the 
 interests of their respective countries and to asertain what it 
 would be best to do in order to increase trade with the United 
 States. 
 
 This Congress has materially increased its membership by 
 the representation of delegates from all parts of the world, 
 which adds greatly to its importance. 
 
 Besides the opportunity given us of meeting these strangers, 
 we have been treated, through the Philadelphia Commercial 
 Museum, with an exhibit of importance and of great value to 
 us, visiting strangers, which the manufacturers of the United 
 States have placed before us, showing their progress in every 
 branch of trade, thus permitting us to come in contact, not 
 only with the manufacturer, but with his products, and I sin- 
 cerely believe that this will tend to materially increase trade 
 with all the coimtries represented at this Congress. 
 
 As the commercial representative for Uruguay in the 
 United States, I have the honor to state that nothing has 
 transpired since our last meeting in 1897 to cause material in- 
 crease in our exports to the United States. 
 
 Our exports of wool for the last six months of 1898 were 
 only nine bales with a value of $1,496.79, and during the first 
 six months of 1899 not one bale has been exported. 
 
 This lamentable state of trade in our principal article of 
 export has been caused by a discriminating duty placed 
 against us, which our wools cannot stand in competition with 
 those of Australia and New Zealand, which are cleaner than 
 Uruguayan and Argentina wool. 
 
 Under an ad vahrem duty, we would not care what percent- 
 age of duty was fixed upon all wools, for then we would be 
 placed on an equal footing. 
 
 The shrinkage in scouring wools produced in Uruguay is 
 59 per cent, for superior and 61 per cent, for average, whilst 
 that from Port Philip is only 52 per cent, for superior and 
 average, and New Zealand, 53 per cent, for superior and 57 
 per cent, for average. 
 
 This makes a difference against us of about four cents per 
 pound in favor of Port Philip, and three cents per pound in 
 favor of New Zealand. 
 
 The value of imports for the vear 1897. reached the sum 
 of $4,.391,06,3.48: for the year of 1898, $l,917,897-.53. De- 
 crease, $2,473,765.95. 
 
 Of the imports in 1897, (if 1,391.063. 18), $3,560,115.69 was 
 imported prior to July 1, 1897. free of duty, the bulk of this 
 consisting of wool and hides. 
 
 I simply state facts and now the most vital matter to us 
 is to try and remove these obstacles to an increasing trade 
 ])etween us. 
 
 Tlie value of imports to the United States from Uruguay 
 
FIFTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 30, 1899 
 
 30] 
 
 for the last six months of 1898 was $593,641.73; for the first 
 
 six months of 1899, $1,198,585.28. Increase, $604,940.55— 
 
 and not one bale of wool imported. 
 
 The principal increase was made in the importation of 
 
 hides, with a value of $714,669.70 
 
 Horsehair 78,674.24 
 
 Of bones 47,572.00 
 
 Of glue stock 30,660.75 
 
 Of casings 11,514.15 
 
 And of tasaju or jerked beef 301,348.71 
 
 Value m bond $1,174,379.55 
 
 This last, jerked beef, as it is called here, is shipped to the 
 United States, to be reshi])ped to Cuba and Porto Rico, to 
 which places it was sent direct from Uruguay for many years 
 before the Spanish war. The consumption of this article is 
 large in these islands and is the principal meat used by many 
 people. 
 
 In considering this increase in our exports to the United 
 States, all except the beef has been consumed here, and you 
 have had to pay the heavy duty imposed on it, and these you 
 take because you can't do without them conveniently. Now 
 under an ad valorem duty on wool, we would have exceeded 
 largely our exports to the United States. 
 
 We have to send our wool to England and Europe, where 
 we have free entry. A specific duty however low, discrimi- 
 nates against us. 
 
 Exports from the United States to Uruguay have also in- 
 creased, for in 1898 they amounted to $1,346,816.15, and in 
 1897 only $1,113,565.07'; increase, $233,251.08. 
 
 The exports from January 1st to June 30, 1899, had a value 
 of $628,202.42, but the remaining six months of 1899 will 
 show a corresponding increase over 1898. 
 
 Freights between New York and the River Plate have 
 ruled high, owing to the combination of the several steam- 
 ship lines in that trade. When the Houston line entered in 
 competition with its fine steamer.s, I wrote to my government,- 
 that I feared it was only to be allowed to enter the combine^ — 
 and it has so turned out. 
 
 I will now give you a statement showing the imports from 
 other countries, into Uruguay. For the five years dating from 
 1894 to 1898, inclusive, they amounted to 
 
 $119,012,000.00 
 Take from this the exports from the 
 United States for the same 
 period, viz. 
 For the year 1894 $1,374,392.83 
 " " " 1895 1,485,063.58 
 
 " " " 1896 1,452,331.45 
 
 " " " 1897 1,135,684.07* 
 
 " " " 1898 1,346,816.15 
 
 $6,794,187.08 
 
 Leaves a balance of 
 
 $112,217,812.92 
 
 • Decrease caused bv the Civil War. 
 
 There is no reason why the United States should not get 
 a larger share of these exports. I may say that it is pro- 
 portionately the same with all the Latin American nations. 
 
 Argentina and Brazil imported in 1897, $300,000,000 worth 
 of merchandise, and the United States only furnished ten per 
 cent. 
 
 To obtain a good portion of this trade, the manufacturers 
 of the United States must make such goods as the people de- 
 mand, and pack them as they require, so that they can be 
 transported into the interior by pack horses or trains; that 
 the package may be easily handled, the baling must also be 
 
 strong. Your merchants will have to give the same credits 
 that other nations give. They must settle among them, in- 
 vest in their national improvements, such as railroads, water 
 works, bank stocks, etc., as citizens of all other nations have 
 done and are doing. You must have your own banks, and 
 not be subject to an exchange of one-quarter to one per cent, 
 as now, paying tribute to England for every dollar you sell. 
 
 Establish agencies, study the people and their needs, do 
 not try to sell them what they do not want, it is time lost. 
 Seek those that are worthy of credit, and sell them as freely 
 as do others. Bear in mind that Uruguay has a gold basis; that 
 her money standard is higher than any other nation; that her 
 merchants have stood terrific panics and civil war; that she 
 pays the interest on her debt promptly, and that her mer- 
 chants are considered as safe to sell to as any on earth and 
 have passed all these trials and financially survived them. 
 
 Sample houses will never do what a live agent can do, 
 attending solely to one interest and devoting his energies and 
 time to that only. 
 
 I do know that nearly every American who has gone to Uru- 
 guay with a little money, and gone in business, has succeeded. 
 I can name several who have identified themselves with the 
 county, and who have made large fortunes. The English, Ger- 
 man, French, Italian and Spanish hold the bulk of the import 
 trade, because they have properly sought it and they work 
 hard to hold it. You will, I am sure, be surprised when I 
 tell you that our government has issued only $3,000,000 in 
 silver, debased coins of one dollar and fifty, twenty and ten 
 cents, to keep it in the country for change. English, Italian, 
 Chilean, Brazilian, Argentine, Spanish, German, French and 
 American moneys are accepted in settlement of debts at an 
 official value, as follows: 
 
 Argentine $5.00 gold piece is taken at $4.66; Austrian and 
 Belgian 8 florins is taken at $3.73; Chilean $5.00 gold piece 
 is taken at $4.41; Chilean $10,000 condor is taken at $8.83; 
 Colombian $20.00 gold piece is taken at $18.66; Eng- 
 lish £ sterling is taken at $4.70; English 10 shillings is 
 taken at 2.35; French 100 francs is taken at $18.66; French 
 50 francs is taken at $9.33; French 20 francs (Italian, Belgian 
 and Swiss equivalent also) is taken at $3.73; German 20 mark 
 piece is taken at $4.60; feriivian 20 sole piece is taken at 
 $18.66; Portuguese 1 crown piece is taken at $10.45; Spanish 
 doubloon piece is taken at $4.82; Spanish 25 pesetas is taken 
 at $4.66; United States. 1 double eagle, $20.00 piece, is 
 taken at $19.33; United States, 1 eagle, $10.00 piece, is 
 taken at $9.66; United States, \ eagle, $5.00 piece, is taken 
 at $4,83. Brazil, the fluctuation in the value of the milreis 
 can only be based at the price of exchange, which changes 
 from day to day. When at par, 20,000 reis were worth 
 $10.56. 
 
 There are many banks at Montevideo that have a large 
 paid-up gold capital. 
 
 The London and River Plate Bank has a capital of $10,- 
 000,000; the Italian Uruguay Bank, $8,000,000; the Spain 
 and River Plate Bank, $5,000,000; the Italo-Oriental Bank, 
 $10,500,000; the National Bank, 15 million, paid up. $10,- 
 000,000. 
 
 These are banks of emission, and are allowed to issue paper 
 of the denominations of $100, $50, $20 and $10, secured by 
 au ample gold reserve. None of the banks issue as much 
 paper as allowed by law. 
 
 Besides these, there are the French Bank, the Anglo- 
 Argentine Bank, Commercial Bank of South America and 
 British Bank, all having a large paid-up capital of millions 
 each. This is a very fair hanking capital for a city of 250,- 
 000 inhabitants, say "over $50,000,000. It will be seen, there- 
 fore, that the banking capital is larger than most American 
 cities of equal population, and that the nations with whom 
 we trade are well represented by their money, and I there- 
 
302 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 fore say that the United States should also have a bank there 
 and be represented as other nations are, to get their proper 
 share of trade. 
 
 I do not enter into the public works of the Republic. We 
 have important railroads, both steam and electric; gas and 
 water works, and everything that pertains to a metropolitan 
 
 city. 
 
 The country is really undeveloped as to its mineral re- 
 sources. Its hills teem" with untold wealth in gold, copper, 
 precious stones and marbles of all shades. Those in- 
 terested in gold mining in Uruguay now keep the value of 
 the output to themselves. You cannot get anything out of 
 them for publication. They do not want anyone to know 
 what they are making, as it would attract too many. The 
 stones are sent in the rough to Germany and France, cut, 
 and then sent back to Uruguay and other points for sale, 
 most of them, however, remain in Europe. It is claimed 
 by late advices, that the Minas de Cunapiru is yielding a 
 great amount of gold. A mine has just been opened, owned 
 by French capitalists, called Buenos Aires, which promises 
 extraordinary yields, and the opinion is that it will yield as 
 much as the best mines of California in the early days of 
 gold discovery. 
 
 Money and enterprise can accomplish wonders in Uruguay; 
 its agricultural resources are unsurpassed, and the cattle- 
 raiser and farmer is well paid for the labor he gives to the 
 soil. Of many cereals and grasses, two crops can be raised 
 a year. . 
 
 Transportation. 
 
 The question of subsidizing steamship lines is one that 
 has been seriously considered, and experience teaches us that 
 it is not necessary. 
 
 What is needed is first-class American ships of equal size 
 or larger than those just put on by the Houston Line, and of 
 equal or greater speed. These are about 0,000 tons capacity. 
 and make the trip from New York to Montevideo in twenty- 
 ers. They take freight to Montevideo, Buenos Aires and 
 Rosario. The Houston steamers have no passenger accom- 
 modations, and have not thought it necessary to comply with 
 regulations for such service, though better able to do it 
 than any ships in the trade. They are considered entirely 
 as freight carriers. The steamers of the Lamport and Holt 
 Line, Prince and Norton Lines, of about 2,500 tons ca- 
 pacity each, carrying passenErers, are slow boats, but meet 
 all tlie demands made by shippers for freight. The Houston 
 Line steamers are what are termed freight and cattle steam- 
 ers. They take freight to Montevideo, Buenos Aires and 
 Rosario; they take all the freight offered for England, and 
 then the upper decks are filled with live stock, both cattle 
 and slieep; and if freight sufficient is not had at these ports 
 they have Brazilian ports at which to finish loading. Un- 
 loading, they return to New York in ballast, and we of Soutli 
 Aiiiii-ic:i ha\c tn ])ay for this unprofitable voyage, by the in- 
 ireiiscd rates from New York to the River Plate that are 
 charged us, as I said before. Give us American ships of the best 
 class, making the trip in eighteen days, or at most twenty 
 days, with first-class passenger accommodations that will 
 secure passengers. There are many that go to England and 
 I'Airope with their pockets full of money, and they will spend 
 it in the United States, and then go to Europe, by first-class 
 steamers and get there before they could go direct to Europe 
 from Uruguay and Argentina. 
 
 It will be an inducement for South Ajnericans to visit this 
 country, which they do not have if they go direct to Europe, 
 for after spending their money there, they do luit care to 
 turn this way, as it is to them an out-of-the-way route. It 
 is hardly reasonable to suppose, however, that vessels coming 
 
 here with ballast from Europe would give as low a freight 
 rate as if they had full return cargo. We unfortunately, 
 cannot give them a load back until you remove the prohibi- 
 tive duties placed on our principal products, and a discrim- 
 inating duty on wool, which is our principal export product. 
 Under this state of things, I do not see how trade between 
 us can increase; you buy from us solely what you cannot 
 do without, and on this you pay tlie duty. 
 
 I not only have at heart the interest of my own country, 
 liut of this. That friendshijjs may grow stronger, and trade 
 increase between us, is my constant wish and effort. It is 
 by the interchange of ideas and personal contact with each 
 other and good transportation, that make these friendships 
 and better the conditions and feelings of both peoples. While 
 I had the honor to represent Uruguay as president of her 
 Commission to the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893, 
 I was askf>d by many if I was a native of that far-off country. 
 I told them that I was born there, but they did not believe 
 me, becs^'se I was too white to come from such a place, 
 thinking the entire population consisted of uneducated abor- 
 iginal Indians. As some may not know us as a people, 
 I will state that Uruguay is far advanced in education and all 
 that makes a nation great and respected. 
 
 Uruguay is situated on the left bank of the La Plate 
 River, which is about one hundred miles wide at its mouth, 
 latitude 30° 5' to 35- s(mth, and longitude 56° 5' to 60° 45' 
 west, Paris meridian. It has a superficial surface of 186,925 
 square kilometres and 917,968 square metres, about 73,000 
 square miles, with a population of 860,000 inhabitants, two- 
 thirds of which are native-born, principally of Spanish and 
 European descent. Montevideo, the principal city, has a 
 population of 250,000 souls. The climate cannot be sur- 
 passed by any in the world for salubrity. The country is 
 high and rolling and finely watered by never-failing rivers, 
 and is especially adapted to the raising of cattle and agricul- 
 tural products. The cattle raised on these high lands are 
 equal in every respect to tlu^ well-fed cattle of West Virginia 
 and the Middle States, and no packer in the United States 
 would hesitate to put his name on beef raised and canned in 
 [Truguay. TTnlike Argentine cattle, which, through the sea- 
 son, have to feed on pastures that have been overflowed and 
 are wet, the meat is more solid. It contains, therefore, less 
 water, hence, pound for pound, has better keeping properties, 
 the fat is solid and hard, and the meat just as tender and 
 sweet as Argentine beef. 
 
 Tasajo, as it is called with us, known in this country as 
 jerked beef, which is cured in the sun, some with an addition 
 of salt, much without it, is highly praised in all the West 
 India Islands and Brazil, for it has great keeping qualities 
 and is very nutritious, being equal to what is called, in this 
 ccnintry, chipped lieef, having from 85 to 90 per cent, nutri- 
 ious matter. 
 
 Of this article, as I stated before, imports have been made 
 from Uruguay into the United States having a value of 
 $301,348.71, but reshipped in bond to Cuba and Porto 
 Rico. The sliipments have been materially increasing month 
 by month, and if there did not exist a high duty on it of 25 
 per cent., this wholesome article of food, and slaughtered 
 cattle, beef and mutton, could tie sliipped in refrigerated coin- 
 ])artments or on the hoof by fast steamer to the United States, 
 as is done to-day in large quantities to England, and place 
 within the reach of the people of the United States, good 
 beef and mutton at prices that woiUd be within the reach 
 of every citizen. Fresh meat, beef and mutton, imported into 
 the United States pay a duty of 2 cents per pound. Live 
 stock, cattle, 27i per cent, ad valorem. Sheep $1.50 per head. 
 In ibis connection,! beg torefermembersof this Congress to a 
 report made by F. S. Jones, Charge dWffaires in Buenos 
 Aires of the United States, to the Stflte Department at Wash- 
 
FIFTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 30, 1899 
 
 303 
 
 ington, -which appears in the advance sheets of the United 
 States Consul reports of October 26, 1899, which can be had 
 on application, I am sure, at the State Department. It is 
 a very interesting paper on the preparation of tasajo. I sug- 
 gest to those interested in these matters that they apply for 
 copies. I do not quote from it, a.s I have something else to 
 say on other subjects, if I have not already tired you. 
 
 Education in Uruguay is well advanced, and keeps pace with 
 that in other nations. " The National University of Monte- 
 video is thoroughly equipped for higher education in law, 
 medicine and physical sciences. It has eighty-seven profes- 
 sors, of whom si.xty-five are native born and twenty-two for- 
 eigners, teaching laws, social science, medicine, mathematics, 
 etc., and the number of students reaches 587. It has a li- 
 brary containing 13,635 volumes, which is continually being 
 added to. A military academy, school of arts and trades, 
 public library with over 28,000 volumes and 3,000 pamphlets, 
 national and pedagogical museums with their own special li- 
 braries. 
 
 There are 533 public primary schools, with an attendance 
 of 52,000 pupils, 28,000 males and 24,000 females. One 
 thousand forty-one teachers are employed for these, of which 
 257 are male and 784 female, giving ah average of 1.95 
 teachers to each school. There are also 379 private schools, 
 with 22,689 pupils, consisting of 11,585 boys and 11,104 girls 
 and 949 teachers, making a total of 74,001 children receiving 
 instruction. Including both public and private schools, 
 there is one school for every 897 inhabitants, one teacher for 
 every 411, and about one scholar for every 11 of the popula- 
 tion. We have also a normal school for females, and one 
 kindergarten. This summary shows that we are trying to 
 keep abreast of the times. Besides there are many boys that 
 are sent to Europe and England to fit themselves as professors 
 of different branches, and as merchants. They return, fully 
 capable of doing their part, and speaking fluently several lan- 
 guages. To English, particular attention is now paid. Com- 
 pare, therefore, size of country and population, and see what 
 rank we should hold with other nations. 
 
 Montevideo, to-day, would be a more important city had we 
 better loading and unloading facilities for cargoes. Thanks to 
 the enterprise of her citizens, we are to have a port that will do 
 away with heavy shipping expenses, a port with whai'ves and 
 warehouses of ample size to take charge of an immense num- 
 ber of vessels and their cargoes. This work is a great under- 
 taking for us, and it will cost about $15,000,000 gold. All 
 that is now needed is the sanction of Congress to begin the 
 work, the capital for which has been offered on very favorable 
 terms. The plans have been well studied by the iDcst engin- 
 eers that could be had in Europe and England for years, and 
 finally approved. This will make Montevideo a great port of 
 call for vessels seeking freight for all South Atlantic and near 
 Pacific ports. Our floating population will then be mater- 
 ially increased, the import greater, and the home consumption 
 will be increased to supply this additional population. 
 
 Parcels Post. — I have earnestly recommended to the govern- 
 ment the need of parcels post facilities. Everything that 
 tends to an easy means of communication, facilitates trade 
 and brings us closer together. Uruguay offers a market for 
 almost everything that is produced in the United States — 
 coal, both hard and soft, hardware, stoves, machinery of all 
 kinds, cotton goods, and everything in fact that a cosmopoli- 
 tan city consumes. You must be ably represented by refined 
 and competent agents, who go there to stay and look after 
 what is needed, and, my word for it, it will greatly increase 
 our trade. I regret that we have not opportunities of meet- 
 ing more often, to present the needs of our respective coun- 
 tries to the people of the United States, with whom we wish 
 to exchange products and become personally acquainted 
 which is better than all the correspondence that you can pack 
 
 up in a year's work, and when we have good steamers from 
 Philadelphia that will transport your products to us by short 
 voyages and first-class passenger accommodations, this will be 
 realized. An American vessel, you must bear in mind, can 
 call for freight at several home ports, and at fair rates will ob- 
 tain a full cargo, and if the restrictions on Uruguay and Ar- 
 gentine's products for import here are removed, I am sure 
 that we can give you full return cargoes. I cannot now go 
 into other conditions of trade. I have presented facts that 
 may be distasteful to some, but the}', I am sure, will, on study- 
 ing the matter, finally admit that I am not wrong. We had a 
 large trade with Philadelphia in the days of Mr. Nalbro Fraz- 
 ier, a citizen of Philadelphia, which was large and profitable. 
 Of late years, now and then a cargo of lumber has been shipped 
 to Uruguay, and the return has been made in bone or bone ash 
 for fertilizing purposes. This amounted to $47,502 for the 
 lasit six months of 1898. 
 
 Before closing I beg to call your attention to a matter that 
 interests all. That is, the stamping out of yellow fever in 
 Central, South American and West Indian ports. I called 
 the other day on Surgeon-General W. Wyman, at Washington, 
 to obtain the reports made by the Commissioner of the United 
 States in Cuba, as to the causes and means of getting rid of 
 this dreaded pest. I was glad to obtain a paper from him 
 treating fully this matter. Cuba, which has been the cradle of 
 this disease in the West Indies, has been pi'actically purified, 
 and thousands of lives have been saved by citizens of Cuba 
 and of the United States now there. This being the case, 
 there is no reason why other infected ports in South and Cen- 
 tral America should not receive the same heroic treatment. 
 General Wyman proposes that a convention be called of all 
 interested nations to be composed of poiblic sanitarians, en- 
 gineers and financiers, to prepare a treaty with penalty, pro- 
 viding for the examination of the chief yellow fever ports by 
 a commission representing the republics concerned, each obli- 
 gating itself to put into efl'ect the measures recommended by 
 said commission. The treaty should provide that if, after a 
 sufficient time, these improvements have not been made, each 
 of the other nations interested should impose such discrimin- 
 ating tonnage, or other dues, or quarantine restrictions upon 
 the offending nation as would cause it, in its own interest, 
 to comply with the terms of the treaty. When one thinks 
 of the great mortality, the destruction of commercial property, 
 caused by this pest, no efl'orts to suppress it can be considered 
 too great. A few years ago I was in a South American port, 
 and saw vessels from all parts of the world, some of which 
 had been waiting to unload eight months, those not coppered 
 were completely honey-combed by worms and perishable 
 goods rendered, by time and the gi-eat heat, perfectly worth- 
 less. I do not deem it out of place to bring this important 
 matter to the attention of this Congi'ess. 
 
 I am indebted to the Directors of the Philadelphia Com- 
 mercial Museum for this opportunity of presenting our 
 wants, and of directing attention to matters that concern us 
 all, and that will open the door for a larger trade between 
 our respective countries. 
 
 To the manufacturers of the United States who have gone 
 to so great an outlay to present collectively in the magnifi- 
 cent new buildings of the Museum their products, and who 
 have given us an opportunity of meeting them personally, 
 giving us an insight of the unparalleled resources of this 
 great country, we beg they accept our most grateful thanks. 
 
 The Director-General and his able aids deserve more than 
 praise for their indefatigable labors in making this Congress 
 so great a success, and I wish, with all my heart, that it may 
 continue its good work. 
 
 We congratulate the Mayor of your City, and the citizens 
 of this great Commonwealth, for the part they have taken in 
 
304 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 this •='ood work, and for the courtesies extended to the mem- 
 bers of tills Congress. 
 
 I received tliis morning, thirtieth of October, 1899, the 
 Nacion, the official paper of Monteviedo, of the fifteenth of 
 September, which states that the Uruguayan Senate has 
 passed the law sanctioning the construction of the port works 
 at Montevideo, which secures this great advantage to Uru- 
 guay. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. H. Rothcrham : 
 
 As the time is sliort I will offer the following resolution 
 without remarks: 
 
 "Resolve<l, That the resolutions considered by this Con- 
 gress, prior to the a])pointment of the Standing Committee on 
 Resolutions, be referred to the said Committee for delibera- 
 tions, and that they form part of tlie usual procedure in such 
 cases." 
 
 I offer this in order that the former resolutions shall not be 
 lost sight of, and in order that they may come before the meet- 
 ing to-night. 
 
 The question being on the resolution it was agreed to and 
 was adopted. 
 
 IIiw. Irvinfi P. W anger: 
 
 If there is nothing else to be presented at this time, I 
 declare the Congress adjourned until three o'clock. 
 
 (Adjourned at 1.48 p. m.) 
 
 Philadelphia, Monday, October 30, 189'.). 
 
 Aftehxoon- Sessiox. 
 
 The meetint;: was called to oi'dcr at ;?.3<) p. m., liy Director 
 W. P. Wilson. 
 
 Direrlor W. P. Wilson : 
 
 I have the pleasure of iiilmduciug to you as our chairman 
 for this afternoon's session of the Congress, the Hon. Charles 
 IT. Duell, United States Examiner of Patents. 
 
 Hon. Charles II. Duell: 
 
 Mr. Director, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is a pleasure and 
 an honor which I appreciate, to be connected, even in the 
 slightest degree, with this National Export Exhibition, and 
 it a great pleasure to be al)le to be present at leiist on one 
 afternoon, to listen to the doings of the Congress and the 
 papers to be read before one of your conferences. 
 
 I regret, that the multijjlicity of duty, has prevented mv 
 giving even to the matter which has C(mie before us this after- 
 noon the attention which its importance demands. I have 
 taken a little time in which to refer to one or two things 
 connected with this important subject, and I will ask you to 
 bear with me, while for a few moments I occupy your time. 
 
 Vaix'k and Importance of Trade-marks to 
 Commerce. 
 
 Great care should be used in selecting lawful trade-marks. 
 
 The multiplicity of official duties has prevented me from 
 preparing a ])aper worthy to be presented to this Congress. 
 I regret this, but T feel well assured that the little I have to 
 say will he fully .su|)plemented in the o4;hcr papers wliicli 
 have been jircfiared for presentation at this time. 
 
 The subject under discussion to-day is an imjiortant one, 
 not only so far as it relates to domestic trade and commerce, 
 but it is of even more impoi-tanee in its bearing u])on foreign 
 
 commerce, which is the subject we are all most interested in 
 at the present time. The manufacturers and merchants of 
 this country must find an output for their products in the 
 markets of the world, and that they are beginning to realize 
 this is clearly shown by the statistics in reference to the 
 export of manufactures. Nine months of the present cal- 
 endar year show that sucii exports amounted to very nearly 
 $380,000,000, against nearly $830,000,000 in the nine months 
 of 1898. These exports form over 31 per cent, of our total 
 exports, as against less than 27 per cent, for the corresponding 
 months of 1898. Anything, therefore, which adds to our 
 power to hold and increase this remarkable showing is of the 
 utmost importance. 
 
 In the first place, to secure a large foreign trade we must 
 manufacture the goods that foreign nations demand. They 
 must be unexcelled in the material of which they are made, 
 and in the manner of making and packing them. When the 
 trade is once established, it can be only retained by continu- 
 ing to send a grade of goods equally as good as those first 
 sent. How important is it then that the exporter, in sending 
 forward his goods, should have them so marked and distin- 
 guished, that when the mark becomes known no one can 
 ]ialm off an inferior grade of goods as the product of the one 
 who has established the business. It becomes essential, 
 tlierefore, that exporters should adopt and use trade-marks. 
 
 From the earliest days of recorded history, it has been the 
 custom of men to indicate their proprietary rights in all kinds 
 of movable property by the use of individual brands, marks 
 and other insignia of ownership. As trade and commerce 
 extended and ceased to be local, it became more important for 
 the manufacturer and merchant to di.stinguish their goodsfrom 
 those of others. At first, signs and symbols, such as repre- 
 sentations of animals, stars, shields, crescent and the like were 
 employed. A man ascended in the scale and education be- 
 came more diffused, coined words were employed, but, what- 
 ever the mark selected, it should be one which is a lawful 
 trade-mark, the right to which can be maintained against 
 any and everybody. 
 
 The exclu.sive right to property in trade-marks has been 
 recognized by all civilized countries for very many years, and 
 as the importance and necessity for preserving proof of the 
 adoption and use of marks became more important, statutory 
 ]U'ovisions for the registry of such marks have been enacted 
 liy most of the countries of the world. The first national 
 trade-mark law in the United States was adopted in 1870. 
 That act was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, 
 t'p to that time, some 8,000 trade-marks had been registered 
 in the United States Patent Office. In 1881 a new trade- 
 mark law was enacted, under which nearly 2."),000 marks have 
 already been registered. That the present law needs amend- 
 ment is universally admitted, but I will leave for others the 
 discussion of the question as to how the law should be 
 amended. 
 
 Notwithstanding the large number of marks that have l>een 
 registered in the Patent Office, thousands of alleged trade- 
 marks presented for registration have been refused because 
 they did not disclose matter that was susceptible of exclusive 
 approjjriation, and this leads me to the point to which I de- 
 sire most earnestly to call your attention. The advice will 
 consist largely of "don'ts," although it will not be as sweep- 
 ingly used as Punch's advice to the young man about to 
 marry. 
 
 Do ado])t and use trade-marks, not only for your donu'stic 
 liut for your foreign trade. When you select a mark be very 
 careful that it is a lawful Irade-mnrk. and (uie to wjiich your 
 right is undenialde. 
 
 Do not adopt your own name as a sole mark for your manu- 
 factures. Every man undeniably has a right to use his own 
 name upon his own goods, to indicate their origin and owner- 
 

 Lt.-Gen. J. WIMBURNE LAURIE, M.P. 
 London, Eng. 
 
 SIMON SOUTAR, 
 
 Kingston, Jamaica. 
 
 A, VAN GUlPEN, 
 Wesel, Gehmanv. 
 
 HENRY SELL, 
 London. England. 
 
 GEORGE L. DUVAL, 
 
 Valparaiso, Chili. 
 
 VIRCHAND R. GANDHI. 
 Bombay, India. 
 
 J. E. DUERDEN, 
 
 Kingston, Jamaica. 
 
 H. M. BRUUN, 
 Aalborg, Denmark, 
 
 T, KIMURA, 
 Kobe, Japan. 
 
FIFTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 30, 1899 
 
 305 
 
 ship and as a guarantee of their quality and character. This 
 rio-ht is common to all men, and, therefore, if there are 
 twenty men by the name of John Adams, each one of the 
 twenty has as good a right as any of the others. True, he 
 cannot use his name in an unlawful manner, and from such 
 use he will be enjoined, but a mark which consists merely of 
 the name of the party using it is a very weak reed upon which 
 to relv. 
 
 Do' not adopt a geographical term. The Supreme Court 
 of the United States has repeatedly held that no one can 
 exclusively approjiriate to his own benefit a geographical term, 
 so a.s to prevent others inhal)iting the same or similar territor\- 
 from dealing in similar articles. It is true that the decisions 
 of the courts have not been uniform on this suljject, but in 
 every ease, with possibly one or two exceptions, where the 
 exclusive right to use a geographical term has been sustained, 
 some peculiar facts have led to the decision. If you wish to 
 keep out of litigation, do not .select a geographical term for 
 your trade-mark. 
 
 Do not adopt a descriptive word or name. It has been held 
 by the courts times without number, that words or names 
 simply indicating the quality of ingredients of the articles 
 cannot be appropriated so as to prevent others from employ- 
 ing the same words upon the same articles. 
 
 Do not adopt a word expressing quality, grade or peculiar 
 excellence. No one num has the exclusive right to use any 
 word or symbol which merely indicates the excellence of his 
 article. No more has he the right to exclusively appro]_iri- 
 ate for his products, marks, letters, numbers or words which 
 actually indicate the grade of the article. While I cannot 
 say do not adopt a suggestive word (for such a word will 
 generally be sustained by the courts) the greatest care should 
 be used or you will enrich some member of my profession. 
 
 It is so easy to select a device or symbol or to coin a word, 
 that there is no reason why a manufacturer or a merchant 
 should select as his mark anything which is not a lawful trade- 
 mark, or which is on the border line and will in all proba- 
 bility ultimately land him in the courts. So many alleged 
 trade-marlcs are presented at the Patent Office for registry, 
 and those not being lawful trade-marks have to be rejected, 
 but I have felt impelled to make use of this opportunity to 
 utter this note of warning. Through our labor-saving in- 
 ventions, we are able' to ])roduce manufactured articles as 
 cheaply as they are produced in many other countries where 
 wages are much lower. If then, our numufacturers send out 
 only such of our manufacttired jinxlucts as suit the tastes and 
 requirements of the peo])le to whom they are sent, we cannot 
 fail to greatly extend our export trade in manufactured 
 articles, and when once establi-shed, if we have adopted and 
 used lawful trade-marks to indicate our ownership and title, 
 there will be no reason why the trade once gained can not be 
 kepi for an indefinite time. (Applause.) 
 
 I now have the pleasure of introducing to you Dr. F. E. 
 Stewart, of New York, who will read a paper entitled "Some 
 Anomalies in the Trade-mark System Law Suggested." 
 
 SoiiE AxoMAi.iHS IN THE Trade-m.\rk System: A Uxi- 
 
 FORM IXTERXATIONAL TraDE-JIARK LaW SUGGESTED. 
 
 Dr. F. E. Stewart: 
 
 It is supposed by some manufacturers that they can secure 
 patent protection for their inventions by registering their cur- 
 rently used names as trade-marks. Some go so far as to assert 
 that by such registration they acquire the right to prevent 
 others from competing in the manufacture of the same goods. 
 Others believe that the inventing and registration of words 
 gives them exclusive right to the use of them under any and 
 all circumstances. They admit that others who learn their 
 
 trade secrets may compete, but deny competitors the privilege 
 of dealing in the goods under their currently used names. 
 The notion is very prevalent that one who invents anything 
 acquires thereby a right to its exclusive use, and that the copy- 
 right, patent and trade-mark laws are designed to protect 
 inventors in their natural rights. They forget that every 
 word in the language was at some time invented or coined, 
 and that the same is true of every art, machine, manufacture 
 or composition of matter. Their doctrine, carried to its legi- 
 timate conclusion from the beginning, would have made every 
 word in the language and every art of civilization a perpetual 
 monopoly. The world would have been composed of two 
 classes, viz., inventors and their slaves. Or else, the masses 
 would have risen in their might and jiut an end to the mon- 
 opolies and the monopolists. The very fact that such a right 
 as this doctrine teaches could not Ije maintained shows its ab- 
 surdity. 
 
 Every man has a natural right to the free use of every in- 
 vention and discovery. All invention is but the evolution 
 of what has been, and the inventor is under obligation tr) 
 those who worked on the same problems before him. He 
 appropriates their knowledge and perfects it to a certdn 
 point, from which it is further advanced from generation to 
 generation by those who follow after. It is this continual 
 evolution which constitutes civilization. There are persons 
 however, who would gladly stop civilization itself if by so 
 doing their selfish desires could be accomplished. 
 
 For the purpose of promoting progress in science and the 
 useful arts. Congress receives power from the (.Constitution to 
 pass laws granting authors and inventors for limited times 
 the right to prevent others from copying their writings and 
 discoveries. A patent is a grant. It is also a contract be- 
 tween the inventor and the government. The government 
 grants the inventor the right to prevent others from copying 
 and dealing in his invention for seventeen years, in exchange 
 for the publication of full knowledge of the invention, so that 
 it may be freely used by the public when the patent expires. 
 
 The time limit fixed by the government for the expiration 
 of patents and the requirement of publication, do not please 
 those who labor under the delusion that they have a natural 
 right to prevent others from copying their inventions, and 
 so they are endeavoring to create a system of secret and 
 perpetual patent under the trade-mark law. They are in- 
 vading the domain of public rights and asking the govern- 
 ment to protect them in appropriating for their exclusive use 
 what belongs to all alike. 
 
 The condition of affairs is anomalous. A secret patent 
 system has been insidiously built up around the trade-mark 
 vvhich is diametrically opposed to the patent law and to the 
 Constitution itself. By the trade-mark commonly understood, 
 the non-inventor can acquire monopoly privileges far more 
 restrictive than inventors can secure for their inventions by 
 patenting them. Theoretically, the trade-mark stimulates 
 competition and protects the ]iublic from counterfeits. Prac- 
 tically, the a])plication of the trade-nuirk as usually under- 
 stood, ])revents competition and ofttimes protects fraud. In 
 fact it is easier to perpetuate fraud under the so-called trade- 
 mark than without it. 
 
 I claim that there is nothing in the trade-mark law justify- 
 ing any such interpretation as is commonly given it. I 
 claim that when a new thing is born into the world it must 
 be christened with a name, and that name belongs to the 
 article itself as its appellative, and does not belong to the 
 person who names the article. I claim that any one who 
 knows how has a perfect right to make every new invention 
 and deal in it under its generic name, that is the name by 
 which it is generally known. I also claim that one who 
 does not know how to make the identical article has 
 no right to palm off something else on the public as 
 
306 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 the same article, for by so doing he is defraud- 
 inf the public. The name of an article should always mean 
 that identical thing and mean nothing else. The name of 
 every new invention becomes part of the common language, 
 and "necessarily sinks into the public domain. These names 
 belong to the nouns of the language, to be taught in the pub- 
 lic school, find their way into the text books and dictionaries, 
 and form an important "part of the literature of the world. 
 
 If these names are to be and remain the property of the 
 manufacturers, then our public schools, dictionaries, and text 
 books, and the entire literature itself wherever the names are 
 used must become standing advertisements of monopoly for 
 which the monopolists pay nothing. The scheme is well con- 
 ceived and far-reaching, but exceedingly unjust. 
 
 If the name of a new article can become and remain the 
 property of the one who claims it as his trade-mark, then, 
 when the article itself becomes open to competition each 
 manufacturer who desires the same . protection must com a 
 new name for it, and as many synonyms would then be cre- 
 ated as there are manufacturers. Think of the final effect 
 upon the common language. Think of the poor, overbur- 
 dened school children who would have to learn them. Think 
 of the great libraries that would finally be reiiuired to accoin- 
 modate the dictionaries required to define them. It is said 
 that there are already seventeen different names for Edison s 
 invention for displaying "living pictures." Whereunto is 
 this thing to grow? 
 
 It is accepted in law that the same trade-mark may be used 
 by other manufacturers for goods of a dilfereiit class. "Lac- 
 topei^tin," now claimed as a trade-mark on medicine, may be 
 used with equal propriety on guano. Think of the confusion 
 that might arise if the druggist filled the prescription with 
 bird-lime when lactopeptin was specified. But, you say, no 
 such danger is likely to arise, for everybody knows that lac- 
 topeptin means a certain medicinal comixnmd used for dys- 
 pepsia. Admit it, then you must also admit that the word 
 lactopeptin is a noun, the name of a well-known thing, and 
 the only name which the public can properly use for describ- 
 ing it. ' In that case lactopeptin is not a trade-mark, for it is 
 an axiom of law that a descriptive noun cannot be a trade- 
 mark. And the same logical • conclusions must be accepted 
 regarding vaseline, celluloid and other words which are 
 claimed as trade-marks, in spite of certain decisions of. the 
 courts to the contrary. Black cannot l)e white at the fiat of 
 any court. 
 
 Moreover, one of the functions of the trade-mark is to dis- 
 tinguish between brands of well-known articles of commerce, 
 so that the puldic may be able to distinguish one make from 
 another. The words "York Mills" on linen distinguishes the 
 linen of that brand from the brand marked '-Easilc IMills." 
 Now it is apparent that. if all the linen of the world were mon- 
 opolized by one manufacturer, this function would be func- 
 tionless a.rid therefore dead. On this point I desire to lay 
 special stress. The trade-mark law of this countiy is merely 
 declaratory. The government grants no patent on the name 
 registered nor is a trade-mark created by the registration. 
 The registration merely serves to give notice of the fact tlmt 
 the thing registered is claimed as a trade-mark. It is tlie way 
 the word is used that makes it a trade-mark. If it is used to 
 'distinguish between brands of well-known products known liv 
 names under which all who have the right may manufaelure 
 and deal in them, then the word performs llie function of a 
 trade-mark. If it is used as the title of tlii> product itself and 
 forced by the manufacturer into tbc coninion language as the 
 name of the thing, then it is not a trade-mark. \'<>v it cannot 
 perform the fnnelion of a trade-mark. If tlie article is mon- 
 opolized by patent, by secrecy, or by control of Ihc source of 
 supply, as illustrated by mineral waters for example, so that 
 
 more than one brand is impossible, the function of a trade- 
 mark is likewise impossible. 
 
 Now, as the government grants no patent on names, and 
 names, of things cannot perform the function of trade-marks, 
 it follows that the commonly accepted idea of a trade-mark 
 is founded upon a legal fiction. When the commercial world 
 once awakens to the true position of affairs, the so-called 
 trade-mark system, so far as the protection secured and the 
 monopoly created and maintained by the registration of titles 
 as trade-marks is concerned, will die a natural death. Com- 
 petition will kill it. The handwriting is on the wall. 
 
 As I said before, I wish to place special stress on the fact 
 that during the life of a monopoly, however created, the 
 function of a trade-mark as a brand-mark cannot be exerted, 
 because it is important for the trade to realize that only when 
 there is competition in the manufacture of an article can 
 proper protection for word-marks be secured. They must 
 be brand-marks, not titles. One of the safest ways of using 
 word-marks is to employ them in connection with a symbol; 
 as for example an eagle, and then let the word-mark describe 
 the symbol so that there can be no question what is meant. 
 For example. Eagle Brand Condensed Milk. 
 
 Again, the general recognition of this doctrine would do 
 much to clear up the fog which seems to surround this trade- 
 mark question. The doctrine is recognized as related to 
 monopolies created by patent in America, England, France, 
 and I believe in Germany also. In the Singer Sewing Machine 
 case decided by the United States Supreme Court in 189.5. 
 the doctrine was clearly enunciated, and it was again affirmed 
 by the court of final resort in the Castoria case. 
 
 The decision of the Supreme Court reads as follows: 
 " The result, then, of the American, the English and the 
 French doctrine universally upheld is this, that where, during 
 the life of a monopoly created by a patent, a name, whether it 
 be arbitraiy or be that of the inventor, has become by his 
 consent, either express or tacit, the identifying and generic 
 name of the thing patented, this name passes to the public 
 with the cessation of the monopoly which the patent created. 
 Where another avails himself of this public dedication to 
 make the machine and use the generic designation, he can do 
 so in all forms, with the fullest liberty, by affixing such name 
 to the machines, by referring to it in advertisements and by 
 other means, subject, however, to the condition that the name 
 must be so used as not to deprive others of their rights or to 
 deceive the public, and therefore that the name must be ac- 
 companied with such indications that the thing manufactured 
 is the work of the making it, as will unmistakably inform the 
 public of that fact." 
 
 And the same doctrine has lieen recognized by the courts in 
 case of monopoly ci'calcd by secrecy. The following decisions 
 will illustrate: 
 
 ''The name of a secret preparation may be used by any one 
 for goods actually prepared according to the recipe, for they 
 are the goods indicated by the name, whether prepared by the 
 original inventors of the'recipe, or his successors in business, 
 or not. Until the secret is discovered or betrayed the goods 
 of the oritjinal inventor or his successors can be the only goods 
 to which "the name is applicable, or which are denoted by it; 
 but when other people can make them, the difficult question 
 of fact arises, whether the name is merely that of the goods 
 themselves, or that of the goods of the kind prepared or sold 
 by the original inventor or his successors in Inisiness. This 
 was well put by Fry, J., in the Angostura P.itters Case (Siegert 
 vs. Findlater, 7 C."l>., page 813). 'I cannot say,' the leanied 
 judsre said, 'that Meinhard may not, if he can, make a bitters 
 identical with the ]>lainti(Ts', and if he does I cannot prevent 
 liim from selling it as Angostura Bitters." It is to be observed 
 that the person wlio produces a new article and is the sole 
 maker of it, has the greatest difficulty (if it is not an irapossi- 
 
FIFTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 30, 1899 
 
 307 
 
 bility) in claiming the name of that article as his own, because 
 until somebody else produces the same article, there is noth- 
 ing to distinguish it from. No distinction can arise from us- 
 ing the name of the class, so long as the class consists of only 
 one species, for then the name of the species and the name of 
 the class will be the same.'' (The Law of Trade-mark, by 
 D. M. Kerly, M. A., LL. D., published by Sweet & Maxwell, 
 1894.) 
 
 "There must be some word or sign or device other than a 
 generic name and words of descriptive quality." (Com- 
 missioner's decision, 1881, p. 97.) 
 
 "So the words, ' Night Blooming Cereus ' were hold to be 
 invalid as a mark, being the proper descriptive appellation 
 of the article." (Phalon vs. Wright, 5 Phila., -iCA.) 
 
 "The same rule defeated the adoption of the words, ' Desic- 
 cated Codfish.' (Harris, Beebe & Co.) 
 
 In the case of the "Balm of a Thousand Flowers," Judge 
 Duer, of 'New York, says: 
 
 ."It is only the seductive name that they claim as their ex- 
 clusive property, and doubtless from the experience in its 
 value in the extension of their sales. This, however, is a 
 species of property which, in my opinion, is unknown to the 
 law, and that can only be given to one by an infringement 
 of the rights of all. ... It has been repeatedly held that 
 a trade-mark cannot be obtained in a name where it is the 
 proper name for the article, as in the case of Schnapps, the 
 subject of the controversy in Wolf vs. Goulard, or where it has 
 by general use become the proper name of an article which 
 all manufacturers may use, as in the case of Dr. Jolmson's 
 Yellow Ointment, Godfrey's Cordial, and Essence of An- 
 chovies." 
 
 "The policy that the mere use of a name to designate an 
 article would give to those employing it the exclusive right 
 to designate such article by such name, would be giving a 
 copyright of the most odious kind, without reference to the 
 utility of the application or the length of the title, and one 
 that would be perpetual." 
 
 And another writer says: 
 
 "Neither the Trade-mark Law, nor the Copyright Law, nor 
 the Patent Law affords any such right, or, under the pretence 
 of the same, allows any one to throttle trade under the al- 
 leged sanction of law." 
 
 "No one can claim protectiim for the exclusive use <if a 
 trade-mark or trade-name which would practically give liim 
 a monopoly in the sale of any goods other than those pro- 
 duced or made by himself. If he could, the public would 
 he injured rather than protected, for competition would be 
 destroyed. Nor can a generic name or any name merely de- 
 scriptive of an article of trade, of its qualities, ingredients, 
 or characteristics, be employed as a trade-mark, and the ex- 
 elusive use of it be entitled to protection." (Canal Co. vs. 
 Clark, 13 Wall, 323.) 
 
 "We, of course, understand that when a name is coined by 
 one who uses it as a trade-mark upon a particular article, if 
 that name is originally a lawful trade-mark, its sul>sequent 
 adoption by the public as a connnon appellative cannot take 
 awa.y the right already acquired." (Celluloid Co. vs. Cel- 
 lointe Co., 32 Fed. Rep., 98.) 
 
 But "when a.n article is made tliat was heretofore un- 
 known, it must be christened with a name by which it can be 
 recognized and dealt in, and the name thus given it becomes 
 public property, and all who deal in the article have a right 
 to designate it by the name by which alone it is reco.gnizahle." 
 (Leclanche Battery Co. vs. Western Electric Co., 23 Fed. Rep., 
 227.) 
 
 "A word which is the name of an article, or indicates its 
 quality, cannot be so appropriated. Every one has the right 
 to manufacture the same article, and to call it by its name or 
 descriptive character. (Phalon vs. Wright, Am. Tr. Cas., 308.) 
 
 Taking these facts into consideration I advocate the abso- 
 lute divorce of the trade-mark from the secret patent system 
 which has been built up around it, and the limiting of the 
 word mark distinguishing between two or more brands of ar- 
 ticles open to competition and provided with names common 
 to the language and free to the use of all. Then I would ad- 
 vocate an international agreement or uniform trade-mark law 
 recognizing and clearly enunciating this doctrine. 
 
 Divorced from its association with the trade-mark, the secret 
 patent system, which has growai up around it, could then 
 be considered separately. 
 
 The present patent law is intended to protect inventors of 
 arts, mechanics, manufactures and compositions of matter. 
 The patent law is inadequate to protect the latter. A\nien 
 the formula for a composition of matter is divulged by pat- 
 enting it, that ends all protection so far as the patent is con- 
 cerned. Keeping the formula secret, giving it a coined name 
 and registering the name as a trade-mark, affords better pro- 
 tection. Thus the trade-mark system becomes a secret patent 
 system of unlimited duration. 
 
 The present patent law would probably answer all require- 
 ments if the publication of the formula for composition of 
 matter now required could be postponed for a certain num- 
 ber of years. All inventions should be free to the public — ■ 
 formulas, processes, methods of manufacture, names and all — 
 after patents expire. 
 
 Of course, some method of proper censorship should be 
 adopted if a print patent system is adopted, or it would he- 
 come a system of fraud. One great objection to the secret 
 patent system created around the trade-mark is that there is 
 absolutely no censorship. No matter how great a fake the 
 composition may be, or how much misrepresentation in ad- 
 vertising, the fakir receives the same protection as the man 
 engaged in legitimate business. Hence, the most unfair com- 
 petition in trade is engendered and public confidence is de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 I am frequently asked, "What about compositions of matter 
 not inventions but falsely advertised as such? How shall 
 they be protected?" The question arises, "Why protect them 
 at all?" The man who conceals the identity of some old com- 
 modity or mixture, gives it a fanciful name and falsely, adver- 
 tises it as a new and wonderful discovery, confers no benefit on 
 the community. Why should he be rewarded? On the con- 
 trary he should be punished for deceiving the public, for un- 
 fair competition in trade, and for obtaining money undei 
 false pretences. 
 
 As stated by Terrell, the theory upon which the patent laws 
 rest is that it is in the interest of the community that persons 
 should be induced to devote their time, energies and resources 
 to original investigation for the furtherance of science, the 
 arts and manufactures. This was recognized from the earliest 
 periods which can pretend to be described as civilized. It is 
 of advantage to the whole community that authors and in- 
 ventors should be rewarded, and no measure of reward can be 
 conceived more just or equitable, and bearing a closer relation 
 to the benefit conferred ijy the particular individual, than to 
 grant him the sole right to his writing or discovery for a lim- 
 ited period of time. 
 
 The plan I am advocating is intended to extend the benefit 
 of the patent law to these now deprived of its protection, but 
 who deserve it equally with those who invent new arts or ma- 
 chinery. The continuous effort of the manufacturers to 
 spread the mantle of the trade-mark law over their alleged in- 
 ventions for the purpose of protection clearly shows that there 
 is a demand for a secret patent law. The t.rad,€xmark can 
 never satisfactorily fulfill a fimetion fpr whicli it,,w.as never 
 intended. It is entirely inadequate for the. purpose, as its 
 frequent failures prove. And the trade-mark is greatly 
 needed in its proper sphere. If we are to have a secret patient 
 
308 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 law, let us call it hy in right name and deiine its limitations. 
 By so doing we can confer a benefit on the entire community 
 by further jiroiiioting progress in the commercial world, ac- 
 celerating the growth of knowledge, and thus advancing civil- 
 ization itself. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Charle.< n . Diiell: 
 
 Something over a year ago, the President, by virtue of an 
 Act of Congress, appointed a committee consisting of three 
 members to revise the trade-mark laws so far as they related 
 to or had a bearing upon foreign commerce. One of tliese 
 commissioners is present to-day and will read a paper. I 
 now have the lionor to introduce to you J\lr. Francis I'^orbe^. 
 
 Mr. Fnincitt Forbes: 
 
 ilr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I presume that 
 we will have an opportunity to discuss the papers after they 
 are read, and I desire to say snmething with regard to Dr. 
 Stewart's paper, which is probably the radical paper of the 
 day. 
 
 Present Tkadk-.makk Needs in Ixtern.vtional 
 Trade. 
 
 Trade-marks indicate the origin of goods, and, therefore. 
 are peculiarly open to use for fraudulent purposes. Their 
 protection by law is necessary to prevent fraud. All civilized 
 nations have recognized this by enacting trade-mark laws. 
 The following is substantially a complete list, viz.: 
 
 Argentine Ke]iublic, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia. Brazil, Bul- 
 garia, Chile, Colombia, Congo Free State, Costa Rica, Den- 
 mark, Fiji, Falkland Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Great 
 Britain, Barljadoes, British Guiana. British Honduras. British 
 North Borneo, Bermuda, Canada, Caj)e Coldiiy. Ceylmi. 
 Cyprus, (iibraltar. Gold Coa.st Colony, Hong Kong, Malta, 
 ^lauritius, Newfoundland, New Guinea, New South Wales, 
 New Zetland, Queensland, Rhodesia, Sierra Leone, Sontlt 
 Australia, Straits Settlements, St. Lncia. St. Vincent, 
 Tasmania, Trinidad, Victoria, West Australia. Ziihiland. 
 (ireece, (iiiatemala, Guernsey, Hawaiian Islands, Holland, 
 Hungary, Italy, .Japan, Jersey, Labitan, Lagos, Leeward Is- 
 lands, Lu.\enil)otirg, Mexico, Natal. Norway, Orange l''ree 
 State, Paraguay. Pern, i'drtiigal and ('(ih)nies. Rdiinmiiia. 
 Russia, Servia, Singaj)ore, South African Republic, Spain 
 and Colonies, Sweden, Switzerland. 'J'linis, 'furkey, I'nited 
 States, ITruguay, \'enezueia, Jamaica, Dutch Hast Indie-. 
 Dutch West Indies, Cura^iao and Surinam. 
 
 Of countries without such laws, China only is (if magnitude. 
 
 It is, therefore, the world's almost unaniminis agreement 
 that trade-marks slnndd he pnitected by pnsitivi- laws. There 
 is extreme diversity in the manner of such [irotection, and 
 again, in wliat constitutes a trade-mark. 
 
 In Argentine Repul)]ic, .\u-tria, Belgium, Brazil, liulgaria. 
 Canada, Chile. Costa Rica. Denmark, 1'' ranee, Germany, Great 
 l^ritain, Greece, (iuatemahi, llungai-y, Italy, Ja]ian, Buxem- 
 bourg, Mexico, Netherlaiiids Norway, Peru, Portugal, Rou- 
 mania, Russia, Servia, S])ain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey 
 and Venezuela, ))rotection is accorded by penal statutes. 
 In the United States damages tudy are awarih'd. e\ce])t in its 
 several States which in some cases have ]ii'nal statutes. The 
 penalties imposed include imprisonment and line, in some 
 cases one only of these, and in others both. 
 
 In Belgium, Jajian and Sweden confiscation or destruction 
 of the goods wrongly marked is allowed. 
 
 In Finlaiul, (ireece, Jajian and Sweden the marks may be 
 destroyed. 
 
 Protection in other countries than the United States is only 
 
 accorded to registered trade-marks. The requirement of 
 registration, as a basis for protection, is evidently fair to all, 
 since without such registration there is no meat's of deter- 
 mining accurately what is a trade-mark and what is not. 
 
 The force of the certificate of registration varies in the dif- 
 ferent countries. In smne, it grants the right which does not 
 otherwise exist, and is said to be attributive of property, while 
 m others the certificate may be attacked in the courts and the 
 validity of the trade-mark questioned, the registration being 
 said to be merely declaratory of a right. 
 
 Under the attributive system, there must necessarily be a 
 preliminary examination by the registering liureau, while in 
 the other all marks presented, if the application be in due 
 form, may be registered. 
 
 Registration is allowed in some countries only to citizens 
 or residents of the country, or of those countries with whicli 
 reciprocal treaties exist. 
 
 As to what may become a trade-mark, there is also diver- 
 sity. It is difficult to generalize on this suljject and place 
 the nations in classes. 
 
 Arbitrary devices, if not government coats-of-arms and rep- 
 resentations used by the government or branches of it, and 
 not contrary to good morals, are universally registerable. 
 
 Coined names used for the first time to designate the goods 
 of a manufacturer or merchant are good marks in a majority 
 of countries. 
 
 Letters and numerals are not generally good marks. 
 
 Geographical names are in most countries not registerable. 
 
 Prior use by others is in some countries no bar to registra- 
 tion liy the first applicant, whereas in others, an examination 
 is made as to who was first to use. and an oath of such prior 
 use is required. 
 
 It is a])[iarent to this Congress, from the generalizations 
 made, that there exists a very grave danger to every manu- 
 facturer and merchant of the registration of his mark liy a 
 stranger, excejit only in those countries where registration is 
 grantcil to the first user and no other. 
 
 AA'hat shall be done with trade-marks used but not regis- 
 tered? And what shall be done with trade-marks valid in 
 form in the country of origin, iuit not in the country to which 
 tlie goods bearing the mark are shipped? 
 
 The home manufacturer or merchant who desires to extend 
 his trade abroad, makes the object of his first investigation 
 the methods of sale in the new market. These include the 
 packing and marking. 
 
 Jn this country, where the mark is jirotected without re- 
 gistration, it is not usual to register: indeed, no additional 
 rights are given by our registration laws. They are, at most, 
 means of proof of title to the registered mark, either in pro- 
 ceedings in the federal c mrts or in applications for registra- 
 tion abroad. The taking of active .steps, therefore, for the 
 protecti(ni of their marks does not occur to our citizens. 
 
 It i- not right, as a matter cd' fair dealiiiLT, for a stranger to 
 ad ipt and register an old mai-k of reputation; but, as a legal 
 (|ues1ion, if the law permits the first applicant to present the 
 mark to the registry ofiice to obtain registration, there is no 
 legal wrong. These la\\s. bowcve?-. wliicli permit the first 
 ap|)licant at the registry ofhee to registei- tlu' mark are the 
 source of great injury |o citizens of lUher count I'ies, who seek 
 trade in the countries having sucli laws. 
 
 II is said that no one should comjilain if legal means of pro- 
 ti'ction are sup])lie(l to liim. Fair dealing requires that scnne 
 means should be proxideil whereby the user of a reputable 
 mark could obtain registration as against a stranger who has 
 knowingly registered the mark with the intent of obtaining 
 till' advantage of its reputation. 
 
 In some of those countries where registration is attributive 
 of |)ro]ierty. no provision is made for cancellation of registra- 
 tion, with the resull, tlial any article may be kept out of the 
 
FIFTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 30, 1899 
 
 309 
 
 cotititry when bearing its usual trade-mark, if a resident of 
 that country shall apply for and obtain registration of the 
 trade-mark. In this age of rapid and extended intercourse 
 and a prolific press, no article largely advertised and used can 
 be said to lie unknown in any civilized country, and, therefore, 
 a most eti'ectual way to keep it from competition with native 
 products of the same character, is to shut out its sale by the 
 registration of the trade-mark !)y a native. 
 
 This is a proper subject of treaty negotiations with those 
 countries in which the supposed advantages to their own citi- 
 zens are made to outweigh any moral obligation of fair com- 
 mercial dealing. 
 
 The answer to the question would seem to be, that the user 
 of an unregistered mark should have a period, after notice 
 to him, during which he could apply to remove his trade-mark 
 from the register, if registered in the name of another, and the 
 privilege of making the registration in his own name. 
 
 Another dithculty of the trade-mark situation, as it actually 
 exists, arises from the adoption by manufacturers and mer- 
 chants of trade-marks, good under the home laws only. This 
 is most natural, since very few trade-marks are adopted for 
 other than domestic trade, and in but very few cases is any 
 thought given to foreign trade. 
 
 The question, therefore, arises: What dispo.sition shall be 
 made of such marks when they enter into foreign trade? 
 They cannot be protected in the countries to which the goods 
 bearing them are sent, because registration is not allowed by 
 their laws. This is clearly a case for a treaty or convention. 
 Still the question remains as to what would be just in such 
 a case. Take, for example, a mark consisting of a geographi- 
 cal name only, which may be good in one country. Should it 
 be admitted to registration everywhere as a good mark, be- 
 cause it is admitted to registration in the country where such 
 marks are registerable? If so, should it be admitted only on 
 such conditions as will prevent fraud? e. g., the attempt of a 
 resident of a country where registration is not allowed to such 
 a mark, to register it in another country, allowing such regis- 
 tration, with the intent of obtaining a subsequent registration 
 in his own country, under the general rule that a trade-mark 
 registered in one country may be registered in all. 
 
 It would seem that with proper restrictions against the im- 
 proper use of a registration made in one country, subsequent 
 registrations of the same mark should be allowed in all coun- 
 tries; or that, in place thereof, certain marks should by gen- 
 eral agreement be everywhere excluded from registration. 
 
 The questions above stated are now the subject of discus- 
 sion in connection with the proposed amendment to the Con- 
 vention for the Protection of Industrial I'roperty concluded 
 at Paris, March 20, 1883, and it is expected that a solution 
 may be arrived at through this Cpnvention; Imt, if not, separ- 
 ate treaties should be entered into to accomplish the same pur- 
 pose. 
 
 The suliject of unfair competition is closely linked to that 
 of trade-marks, and equally deserves to receive the attention 
 of commercial nations. Indeed, without the dressing up of 
 the package which makes unfair competition, the use of the 
 trade-mark alone might be little harmful. It is proposed to 
 include unfair competition, l)y amendment, in the Convention 
 of Paris. 
 
 It is not the governments which are neglecting to provide 
 for trade-mark protection. The need of trade-marks lies 
 rather in the awakening of users to their rights under exist- 
 ing laws. (Applause.) 
 
 Captain J. Cnrdeiro da Graga: 
 
 "Mv. Chairman: I would remark that I hiive been much 
 pleased with what the gentleman has said in his paper. I lis- 
 tened to it very attentively, and he spoke about Brazil, men- 
 tioning a fact that I can prove. One example is sufficient: 
 
 We had in Brazil a trade-mark of a kind of matches coming 
 from Sweden as a registered mark, and the man applied for 
 damages. I know the name of the firm, but I cannot re- 
 member the name now, that was obliged to pay twenty thous- 
 and pounds sterling as damages. I state this to let you know 
 that we have a register of trade-marks in Brazil. We have 
 such a law, and its operation gives good results. 
 
 lion. Charles II. DueU: 
 
 I think the gentleman's statements are quite correct, but 
 in view of the fact that we have some two or three more papers 
 to read, I think it will be better to read the papers first, and 
 then they will b,e open for discussion. 
 
 1 understand several gentlemen whom we would like to 
 have present with us are not here. The paper of Mr. Morris 
 S. Wise will be read by Jlr. M. X. Kline. 
 
 Some Useful SrcciESTioxs ox the Adoptiox of a 
 Trade-Mark. 
 
 Mr. Morris S. Wise: 
 
 It is a matter of supererogation to descant in this paper 
 upon the extreme importance and value of that species of in- 
 dustrial property known as tlie "trade-mark." 
 
 The large commercial combinations which have been ef- 
 fected in this country during recent years have demonstrated 
 conclusively and finally, that the greatest value of a manu- 
 facturing business mav not be found in its stock of merchan- 
 disc, or even in its accounts or dealings or machinery, but that 
 a far greater value may exist in that inchoate species of prop- 
 erty called the "trade-mark,"" which is but the exponent or 
 indicia of the good-will of the business, which good-will in 
 such commercial combinations has had a tangible and real 
 market value, which has brought great wealth to the possessor 
 thereof. 
 
 I emphasize the great value of the trade-mark for the pur- 
 pose of accentuating and emphasizing the importance of the 
 suggestions I have to make in respect to the devising of the 
 same. 
 
 There are certain rules which, of course, are understood 
 by lawyers and judges which are elementary and fundamental, 
 and which should be equally well understood by merchants 
 or manufacturers, in order that they may make no primary 
 mistake in the adoption of their marks. 
 
 The trade-mark must first of all be truthful; it must not 
 be a fraud; it must not be conceived in fraud, and it must 
 not be used as an instrument of fraud. 
 
 In the next place, it must i)e original, that is to say, it must 
 not imitate or copy the mark of any other prior user in the 
 same line of business; and in this connection it may be proper 
 to call attention to the division of trade-marks into two 
 branches. 
 
 The trade-mark which consists of a picture or symbol, I 
 will designate as the "Eye"' mark, because it can only be de- 
 scril)ed with difiiculty and usually necessitates the use of con- 
 sideralde language to explain exactly what is meant, and such 
 a mark can only be infringed upon by something which is so 
 nearly similar as to be able to mi.slead and deceive the pur- 
 chaser using ordinary caution and having the ordinary memory 
 of man. 
 
 Tlie other division of trade-mark, consisting of a word or 
 words, I would designate as the "Ear"' mark, because it is rec- 
 ognized by the expression of sound when it is mentioned or 
 called for in the shop, and the use of such a mark by any 
 other manufacturer or user, either alone or in any other com- 
 bination of words or on any style of label, is, under the well- 
 settled decisions of the higher courts, forbidden. 
 
 The next element to be considered in devising or adopting 
 
310 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 a new trade-mark is, to Lie sure that it does not indicate kind, 
 quality or origin; that is to say, everybody can use common 
 expressions which are descriptive, and so, in many instances, 
 geographical terms are incapable of exclusive protection. 
 
 Any New York cigar manufacturer, for instance, can make 
 "New York" cigars, but even this restriction has an important 
 limitation in that, if a party living in a city has designated 
 his wares by the name of the city or place, and such designa- 
 tion has become established and recognized in the market, 
 some other manufacturer who lives in some other place, 
 cannot use such designation for the purpose of stealing the 
 trade of the first user, even though the question of a geo- 
 graphical title be involved. 
 
 I hardly need call attention lo the practical and rather 
 more of the business side of the trade-mark, in that it should 
 be something novel, attractive, and easily retained in the 
 mind and memory, and in this connection a method of mod- 
 ern American advertising is found in the use of catch phrases, 
 which have almost risen to the dignity of the trade-mark 
 itself, as tliey certainly have operated to expand and adver- 
 tise the business in which they are used. 
 
 As, for instance, the expression, "See that hump," in con- 
 nection with the De Long Hook and Eye; or "Generously 
 Good," used by the manufacturers of the "George W. Childs" 
 cigar; or "You press the button, we do the rest," used by 
 the Kodak Company; or "Good Morning," so well known in 
 connection with Pear's Soap. 
 
 A trade-mark may also be very valuable as an advertising 
 medium in the innuendo or suggestion it conveys. Take, 
 for instance, the trade-mark of the Prudential Insurance 
 Company, which uses the Rock of Gibraltar as its trade- 
 mark; or, take the "Uneeda" Biscuit, or the little chef of 
 tlie Franco-American Soup Company. 
 
 After a person desiring to adopt the new mark has laljoreil 
 successfully and produced the result of his conception, bear- 
 ing in mind most carefully the rules to be observed as here- 
 inbefore declared, the next important question to be deter- 
 mined is, whether the proposed trade-mark does not collide 
 with some similar mark already on the market. 
 
 In many lines of business which are of a limited charac- 
 ter, it is usually a simple matter to determine what marks 
 have been or have not been used, or what are on the market; 
 but in many lines of business, where new marks are being 
 constantly adopted, and where the great area of the territory 
 of the counti7 would enable the same brand to be run for 
 months or years without either party knowing of the exist- 
 ence of the other, until an expansion of trade would bi'ing 
 the inevitable collision, it becomes a matter of great difficulty, 
 and this is heightened by the deficient state of the national 
 registration laws of this country. 
 
 In my experience, I have found a great many cases of 
 what has really been innocent infringement, and manufac- 
 turers in the same line of business, and doing business at 
 different and distant points from each other, have each in 
 his way and in his own section, built up a trade for the arti- 
 cle, only to eventually find that they are infringing, and that 
 fill tlieir efl'ort has been in vain and expended for naught. 
 
 Many trades, recognizing the difliculty, have resorted to 
 the establishment of private registration bureaus, and that 
 connected with the 'J'rade-Marlc h'ecord, a journal which T 
 have the honor of editing and publishing, has been able to 
 do extremely good work in this direction, if in no other, 
 namely, in preventing many eases of innocent interference 
 and infringement. 
 
 The necessity for one central place for the deposit of all 
 brands and labels as fast as the same arc originated, to pre- 
 vent loss, is apparent to every practical trade-mark owner, 
 and especially in those lines of trade where there are a mul- 
 tiplicity of brands used, instead of the one factory mark. 
 
 Of course the "Sapolio" or "Royal Baking Powder" peo- 
 ple, who only use a single mark, and who advertise to so 
 great an extent all over the country, are reasonably secured 
 from the efforts of an innocent infringement, but in other 
 lines, such as liquors, tobaccos, collars, cuffs, corsets, perfu- 
 meries and a thousand and one other articles which bear the 
 trade-mark, the establishment of some place where informa- 
 tion can be definitely procured as to what titles are in use, is 
 a gi'owing necessity, and one which will compel some proper 
 legislation on the part of Congress at no distant day. 
 
 The only suggestion that can be given, therefore, in this 
 latter direction, is, that the party desiring to adopt a new 
 brand in those trades where a multiplicity of brands are 
 used, should resort to all existing agencies to endeavor to 
 ascertain whether the brand he proposes to adopt is in actual 
 use or not, and to register his brands in such private regis- 
 tration bureaus as exist, for the veij good reason that such 
 service is first of all inexpensive, and next, it gives public 
 . notice of his claim, and if the claim, when made, should 
 meet with the eye of some one who claims priority, he will 
 be very apt to hear from him immediately, and thus be saved 
 the possibly large expense of getting out an edition of labels 
 or advertising matter in connection with the brand, which 
 it may be determined he has no right to use. 
 
 At all events, I would conclude these few practical sug- 
 gestions to trade-mark owners by advising them to consult 
 trade-mark counsel in the case of adopting each and every 
 new trade-mark. At times, there are little points disclosed 
 by the proposed label or mark which will at once strike the 
 expert, trained eye of the trade-mark lawyer, and which 
 might operate very disastrously and detrimentally to the 
 owner in a litigation, and which would escape his notice, or 
 appear harmless and innocuous to him. 
 
 Bear two things in mind in adopting a trade-mark; the 
 first is the necessity to be free from sin, so that you are not 
 exposed to a successful attack whereby you may be restrained 
 from using the mark after you have expended a large amount . 
 of effort and money in putting it on the market; and next, 
 what is of equal importance, you must endeavor to secure a 
 mark that you can enforce as against others, because if you 
 spend a large amount of money in introducing your trade- 
 mark upon the market, only to find it incapable of being 
 exclusively protected, then you have secured nothing of 
 any appreciable value. 
 
 So that if you desire to go along with the better and 
 higher security you will, in all cases, when you consult your 
 trade-mark counsel at the veiy inception of the adoption of 
 your trade-mark and before you put the same on the market, 
 "be pursuing the very wisest course imaginable, and you will 
 minimize any danger you may run of an infraction of the 
 elementary rules governing the proper and secure adoption 
 of trade-marks. 
 
 In conclusion, I need hardly say that the trade-mark, 
 being perpetual, is of a much more intrinsic value than 
 letters-patent, and many manufacturers have told me that 
 they prefer a good trade-mark to letters-patent; be that as 
 it may, it is at all events of the highest and utmost im- 
 portance that a species of property which may develop into 
 values of an enormous amount, should receive proper care 
 nnd motherly recognition at the hands of its parents. 
 
 A trade-mark is apt, when it is a little baby and unable to 
 care for itself, to be treated veiT much as a Cinderella. It 
 is only after it is grown up a little, and has demonstrated its 
 ])()ssible value, that its parent becomes fond of it, and is very 
 much grieved to find the child illegitimate and the pmppi-ty 
 of someone else. 
 
 I have witnessed the sad results of the want of care on 
 the part of many trade-mark owners, in failing to use proper 
 precautions in the adoption of their brands, and have seen 
 
MFTEENTH iDAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 30, 1899 
 
 311 
 
 many tears of bitter regret which were shed at the loss of 
 large profits, which would have come to tlie owner, if he 
 had properly owned that which he fancied was his. 
 
 It has always appeared strange to me that while a man 
 would not buy a piece of real estate of the value of a thou- 
 sand dollars only, without having the title properly searched, 
 and investigated expertly, to see whether the party oifering 
 to sell, had something to convey; yet people are willing to 
 risk their entire business sometimes in going ahead ignor- 
 antly and blindly in the use of a trade-mark, to find out, 
 when too late, that their title is defective; and if I have 
 sounded a note of warning in this direction, and will have 
 made the trade-mark owners and users more careful in 
 originating and devising their marks,! will certainly have ren- 
 dered a most valuable service to the commercial community . 
 
 lion. Charles H. Duell: 
 
 The next paper that is to be read is one forwarded by j\1t. 
 Arthur P. Greeley, Assistant Commissioner of Patents, who 
 is also a member of the Commission to Eevise Trade-marks 
 and Patent Laws as They Relate to Foreign Countries. 
 (Read by Mr. Andrew Foulds, Jr., New York.) 
 
 Teade-marks and Foreign Trade. 
 
 Arthur P. Greeley (Assistant Commissioner of Patents): 
 
 The United States is already in the front rank of the 
 nations of the world in the extent of its export trade. While 
 the greater proportion of the exports are still, as has been 
 the case from the beginning, agricultural products, and the 
 value of these exports has increased largely in recent years, 
 the great increase has been in manufactures. While in 
 1880, the exports of manufactures formed but little over 
 one-sixth of less than eight hundred and fifty millions of 
 dollars, in 1898, they formed nearly one-fourth of a total 
 of over twelve hundred millions, and for 1899 they will form 
 not less than thirty per cent, of a still larger total. For the 
 future, though some increase in the agricultural exports 
 may be confidently looked for, it is evident that the great 
 increase to be expected is in manufactures. 
 
 This increase will come only with organized, intelligent 
 and persistent efliort. Every opportunity to introduce our 
 goods into new markets must be taken advantage of, and 
 we must see to it, that we hold and increase our trade in 
 markets which we have already entered. 
 
 Wherever we go, we will be compelled to meet competi- 
 tion, both fair and unfair. Our manufactured articles are 
 distinctive, and particularly in the line of tools and agricul- 
 tural and other machinery, are recognized throughout the 
 world as the most convenient, neatest and most effective; in 
 other words, the best that can be obtained. We have little 
 to fear from the competition of Germany or Great Britain 
 or France, so long as our goods are recognizable as American 
 goods and are not imitated by our competitors. Full pro- 
 tection against imitation can be secured only for new inven- 
 tions, and only in those countries in which there are laws 
 providing for the grant of patents for inventions. In many 
 of the countries in which we look for valuable trade, particu- 
 larly the countries in which manufacturing interests are as yet 
 but little developed, there are either no patent laws or else 
 patent laws w-hich are unsatisfactory so far as the protection 
 to exports is concerned. 
 
 Nearly all patent laws, with the exception of those of 
 Great Britain and some of her colonies, by their require- 
 ments as to the working of patented inventions within the 
 country, practically prohibit the importation of articles cov- 
 ered by the patent manufactured in this country on pain of 
 forfeiture of the patent. 
 
 The imitation of our manufactures in foreign countries 
 cannot, practically, be prevented, but the sale of such imi- 
 tations of American goods can very largely be prevented 
 under the laws of nearly every country of the worldj even 
 those which are but newly opened to commerce and in which 
 the industrial arts have made but little progress. This pro- 
 tection may be secured through the use, on the goods expor- 
 ted, of a distinctive mark — a trade-mark — iwhich shall be of 
 such character as to be recognized by the purchasing public 
 in whatever country the goods may be offered for sale as the 
 mark of the American manufacturer or exporter. 
 
 In practically all countries of the world, such marks are 
 recognized as the distinctive property of the user and will be 
 protected as such, the unauthorized use of thein by others 
 being everywhere recognized as a fraud upon the rights of 
 the owner of the mark, in that it deprives him of the benefit 
 of the reputation which he has built up for his goods, and a 
 fraud upon the purchasing public, in that it is an attempt to 
 deceive them as to the quality and origin of the goods; to 
 induce the purchase of imitations almost invariably inferior, 
 by representing them to he genuine. But while the laws of 
 nearly all countries recognize the right of the owner of a 
 trade-mark to be protected in his use of the mark, it does 
 not necessarily follow that American owners of trade-marks 
 are as a matter of course entitled to the benefit of these laws. 
 On the contrary, it may be stated as a general proposition 
 that unless by "diplomatic arrangements between the United 
 States and the particular country in which protection for a 
 trade-mark is sought, the right to take advantage of such 
 laws has been secured, the American owner of a trade-mark 
 is without redress against infringers of his mark, however 
 serious the injury to his trade may be. 
 
 Such diplomatic arrangements as have been entered into 
 l)y the United States with foreign nations do not, and ne- 
 cessarily cannot, provide for the protection of the trade- 
 marks of American citizens, except upon the same conditions 
 as those upon which the subjects or citizens of those foreign 
 nations are protected in their own coamtry. Nor do such 
 arrangements provide for the protection of trade-marks 
 which are not here recognized as the property of the Ameri- 
 can citizens who seek to protect them abroad. 
 
 The laws of most foreign countries require as a condition 
 precedent to the recognition of a property right in a trade- 
 mark, that it be regularly registered as such in such country. 
 They further very generally require that owners of trade- 
 marks not resident in the country, who desire to register 
 their marks, must prove that such marks have been regularly 
 registered in the country in which they are resident. The 
 American owner of a trade-ma:rk must, in order that it be 
 protected in a foreign country, with which the United States 
 has entered into an agreement on the subject, as, for in- 
 stance, Denmark, first register his mark here and then reg- 
 ister in that country, fulfilling all the requirements of the 
 registration law there. 
 
 The United States -has entered into agreements with nearly 
 all of the leading commeTcial nations with regard to the pro- 
 tection of trade-mai'ks. In European countries, with a few 
 exceptions, the trade-marks of our exporters may be pro- 
 tected, provided their owners take advantage of the privileges 
 accorded to them under these diplomatic arrangements. In 
 all European countries, however, registration of the trade- 
 mark is of primary importance. Mere use, however, long 
 continued, does not, as in this country, determine the right to 
 the exclusive use of the mark. In certain countries, as for 
 instance. Germany, registration is decisive of the right to 
 ownership, the first applicant for registration being recog- 
 nized as the owner, even as against an earlier user. It is 
 even possible under the German law, for a known trade- 
 mark of a foreign manufacturer to be registered by, and 
 
312 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 become the property of. a person other tliau the originator 
 and real owner. 
 
 While it is probable that the exports of the United States 
 to European countries will always exceed in volume and 
 value the exports to other countries, and for this reason the 
 protection of our trade-marks in p]uropean countries will 
 always be of the highest importance, it is to be rememljcred 
 that these countries are manufacturing countries and our 
 goods, in order to compete successfully with the goods of 
 manufacturers who are located there, must be sold at prices 
 which, after the payment of the necessarily heavy freight 
 charges, leave comparatively little profit. 
 
 In other countries, particularly the countries of Central 
 and South America, the conditions of competition are more 
 favorable so far as disitance is concerned. In these countries 
 we may and should control the markets. Yet, in them we 
 have to meet keen and active competition. Our manufac- 
 tures will be and are imitafed by foreign manufacturers, and 
 the imitations are sold as goods of American manufacture. 
 The necessity for the protection of our trade-marks in these 
 countries is apparent. Yet the United States has at present 
 diplomatic arrangements with respect to the protection of 
 trade-marks with but one South American country, Brazil, 
 and with none of the Central American countries. 
 
 The commercial nations of Europe, the competitors most 
 to be feared, are keenly alive to the importance of the pro- 
 tection of their trade-marks in these countries. France and 
 Great Britain both have entered into diplomatic arrange- 
 ments with reference to trade-marks with Bolivia, Colombia, 
 (Guatemala and ilexico. France has such arrangements also 
 with Brazil, Costa Rica, Peru, and Venezuela. Great Britain 
 has such arrangements also with Ecuador and Paraguay. 
 Germany has such arrangements with Brazil, Guatemala, Mex- 
 ico and \'enezuela. Other European nations have such ar- 
 rangements with many of the Central and South American 
 countries. 
 
 Nearly all of these arrangements as to the protection of 
 trade-marks are of comparatively recent date. Of their im- 
 portance to the establishment of trade upon a substantial and 
 permanent basis, there can be no question. 
 
 The interest manifested by the commercial nations of Eu- 
 rope in this subject, as above {)ointed out, so far as the coun- 
 tries of Central and South America are concerned, is but an 
 indication of the interest manifested in respect to other coun- 
 tries. Wherever there is a market or the prospect of a mar- 
 ket, these nations see to it that their citizens shall have the 
 right to protect their trade-marks. France, Germany, Bel- 
 gium and the Netherlands have an agreement as to the protec- 
 tion of their trade-marks in China. 
 
 A report made in 1897 by our consul at Fuchau, Mr. Gra- 
 cey, on labels and trade-marks in China (Advance Sheets of 
 ('onsular Reports, No. 8, January 11, 1898) is well worth the 
 consideration of our exporters, whether sending their goods to 
 China or to some other market. In this report it is pointed 
 out that the trade-mark has much to do with the sale of goods 
 and that exporters must study the desires and ])rejudices of 
 purchasers in the different markets of the world, not only as 
 to the goods and the manner of putting them up, but as to 
 the label or trade-mark which they are to bear. For trade 
 with foreign countries generally, picture trade-marks, or ar- 
 bitrary symbols (the marques fiptratives, as they are termed 
 by French writers), rather than word-marks, are most effective. 
 A picture appeals to the eye and l)elongs to a language under- 
 stood ])y all, w^hile a word may be, and very often is, unintelli- 
 gible to a foreigner. 
 
 American goods will win their way to a market wherever 
 they arc sent. They can and will hold that market .=>o long 
 as they meet only fair competition. I^et us hope that in so 
 far as it depends upon the protection of the trade-marks which 
 
 they bear, they will, both by the efforts of our Government 
 and the efforts of our exporters, be protected against unfair 
 competition. (Applause.) 
 
 lluii. Charles II. Duell: 
 
 Are there any other papers to be read? 
 
 .1//". Francis F(jrhes: 
 
 1 have a paper from Mr. William C. Barker, of New York. 
 Shall I read it? 
 
 Hon. Charles II. Vuell: 
 Yes, if you please. 
 
 Mr. Francis Forbes: 
 
 Mr. Barker is one of the members of the Patent and Trade- 
 Mark Committee of the National Association of Manufac- 
 turers. He was invited to read a paper of that kind, and the 
 Chairman of the Committee of the American Proprietary As- 
 sociation was also invited to read a paper. I do not know 
 whether he is here or not. "International Patents and Trade- 
 marks." Mr. Barker has taken in both subjects. 
 
 Inteexation'al Patents and Trade-marks. 
 
 Mr. William C. Barker: 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Delegates: As I am neither a patent 
 attorney nor inventor, I hardly know why I have been in- 
 vited to read a paper on the subject of "International Patents 
 and Trade-Marks," but as others, who are learned in the law, 
 will treat of the legal and technical features, 1 will confine my 
 remarks to their effect and l)earing upon international com- 
 merce. 
 
 Confidence is the foundation upon which the commerce of 
 the world is established and conducted; anything that af- 
 fects confidence also affects commerce. If a manufacturer has 
 been successful in establishing a trade in his product, he has 
 done so because he has first secured the confidence of the 
 party who first consumes his product. A product becomes 
 known by a special name or design that is applied to it, and 
 that name or design is the property of the manufacturer of 
 the product, and should be protected by the law, just as much 
 as any other form of property. 
 
 Inventions are the result of study and thought, and become 
 the source, if not the actual means, of a livelihood to the in- 
 ventor, and are his property and should be protected the world 
 over, as much as any other fm-m of property. Yes, even more 
 so. 1 would much prefer to have a man juit his hand in my 
 ]iocket and rob me of a sum of money, than to rob me of my 
 invention or the confidence the buying public have in my pro- 
 duct. If I lost my money, 1 could soon rejilace it by use of 
 my invention or from the result of the confidence of the buy- 
 ing public in my product, but if robbed of these, I have not 
 only lost property of moneyed value, but I have been robbed 
 of the means to replace it. 
 
 It is to be regretted that there is a certain class of manu- 
 facturers in almost every country that are nothing short of 
 "patent pirates." They thrive on other people's inventions, 
 and trade on the confidence that belongs to others. The 
 judges in some of the higher courts in this country have, 
 within the last few years, been taking advanced grounds in 
 n Terence to this class, and justice ha.s been meted out to 
 many of them, so that the inventor and the one wh) has 
 gained the confidence of the public for bis product begins to 
 see some hope of having his rights respected in the future. 
 
 In most countries patents are taxed for revenue. In the 
 T'niti'd States no tax is levied; one small fee is charged, and 
 
Fifteenth day's session, October so, isdd 
 
 313 
 
 ^lie government issues a patent protecting the rights of the 
 patentee for seventeen years. 
 
 In most foreign countries the law requires that the pat- 
 ented articles be manufactured in the country that issues the 
 patent within a specified time. I contend that a tax on pat- 
 ents is a tax on inventive genius, enterprise and thrift, and 
 tends to retard development and industry, therefore, is a 
 direct injury to every manufacturer and employe engaged in 
 the production of articles of commerce; also detrimental to 
 international commerce. 
 
 In countries wliere patents and trade-names or marks are 
 free from these restrictions, you will find the classes and the 
 masses enjoying the blessings derived from the products of 
 the inventor, while in countries where these restrictions are 
 enforced, you will find, as a rule, the classes enjoying the 
 benefits of the inventions of other nations, while the masses 
 remain in practically the same conditiiin they have l)ecn in 
 for generations past. 
 
 The United States Government oflEers the inventors of the 
 world the opportunity to have their inventions patented in 
 this country; it levies no tax, places no restrictions as to 
 manufacture; the patentee can have his goods made in his 
 own country and sell them in this country, if he chooses; the 
 people welcome the inventions from all nations for the bene- 
 fits to be derived from tlieir use, and not for the tax that 
 can be levied on them. If they have a good thing, we want it. 
 Is it, therefore, unreasonable for the inventors of this coun- 
 try to ask for like liberal treatment at the hands of other 
 governments? Is it wise for other governments to debar its 
 people from enjoying good things from the inventions of 
 this and otlier countries? These are questions for you, dele- 
 gates, to ask your governments, and for you to suggest the 
 proper solution. 
 
 It is my judgment, that the laws of many governments per- 
 taining to international patents and trade-nuirks have been 
 based on jealousy and mistrust of our brothers in other comi- 
 tries, and all tliat is necessary to do, to arrive at a Ijetter con- 
 ditilon of things, is to cast jealousy aside and mistrust will 
 soon be turned into confidence. 
 
 Ex-Speaker Reed, in his remarks at the opening of a ses- 
 sion of this Congress, tlie other day, said that Cod made all 
 mankind of one blood and one flesh, but in His wisdom He 
 made the people of one nation strangers to the people of an- 
 other, leaving it for mankind to become acquainted with each 
 other; He has placed three barriers between the people of 
 the United States and those of other countries, viz.: wide 
 expanse of water, high mountains and mistrust. Tlie in- 
 genuity of man has bridged the waters and pierced the high 
 mountains, leaving only mistrust. 
 
 I now think as a result of the deliberations of this Con- 
 gress, and the acquaintances formed while here, that the 
 last barrier, mistrust, will be buried, and from this time 
 forward, all governments and all people will welcome tlie 
 inventions of every other nation. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Francis Furhes: 
 
 Mr. Chairman: Before we close I want to present, as a 
 part of one of the papers, an argument prepared by the In- 
 ternational Bureau at Berne, to sustain the agreement made 
 between a number of the nations having trade-mark laws, 
 providing for international registration of trade-mark?. This 
 paper, which is almost too long to read, 1 ask to have printed 
 as a part of the proceedings, because it is a paper prepared 
 with great care by the International Bureau itself, which is 
 sustained by the United States, and gives all the arguments 
 in favor of this international registration. Our nation has 
 not yet become one of the nations which have adhered to this 
 agreement, and it seems to me that it is very desirable that 
 
 it should do so. The title of the paper is "The International 
 Registration of Trade and Commercial Marks." 
 
 Hon. Cliarks H. Duell: 
 
 Are there any other papers to be read? If not, are there 
 any resolutions? And if there are any resolutions, they will 
 now be read and referred under the rules to the Committee 
 on Resolutions. 
 
 Captain J. Cordeiro da Graqa: 
 
 I have a resolution I want to submit: 
 
 Whereas, The International Commercial Congress, now be- 
 ing in session in the city of Philadelphia, has for its object 
 the discussion of subjects of general interest in regard to re- 
 lations of commerce and comity between the various nations 
 for tbe general welfare of the civilized world; 
 
 Whereas, Commerce depends principally upon credit, by 
 which alone it can be increased and developed; 
 
 Whereas, Banks, above all, are the real promoters of com- 
 merce; 
 
 Whereas, For the practical realization of all these desiderata, 
 adequate transportation facilities are needed; and 
 
 Whereas, Tlie ofticial delegate of a country represented in 
 this Congress has declared tlie willingness of his government 
 to subsidize a steamship company; be it, therefore. 
 
 Resolved, That the International Commercial Congress issue 
 an appeal to manufacturers, capitalists, bankers and ship- 
 owners to thoroughly study this subject, and to meet for the 
 purpose of effecting a practical realization of the plans laid out 
 above. 
 
 Hon. Charles II. Duell: 
 
 The resolution will be received and referred to the perma- 
 nent Committee on Resolutions. 
 
 .1 Delegate: 
 
 I have a resolution that 1 would like to have take the same 
 course: 
 
 Whereas, The condition of affairs has changed in the 
 United States since the passage of the Chinese restriction act; 
 
 Whereas, Since the passage of the said act, the United 
 States has acquired the Hawaiian Islands and the Philippines, 
 wliere there is a large population of Chinese; 
 
 Whereas, It now becomes necessary for the United States 
 to modify the said Chinese restriction act, in order to have a 
 uniform law for the whole of the United States and Terri- 
 tories or possessions; 
 
 Wliereas, The United States and Cliiiia have been brought 
 door to door to each other, and a great future in trade, manu- 
 factures and commerce is opened up for each country, which 
 will be beneficial, not only to the two respective countries, 
 but to the entire world; therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved, That, for the purpose of opening up, increasing 
 and developing closer commercial relations, and for the pur- 
 pose of bringing about a merchant marine between the two 
 countries, the United States and China, we suggest and 
 recommend that the Congress of the United States be 
 petitioned to pass an act modifying the said Chinese re- 
 striction act, and granting to the Chinese the privileges of- 
 fered to other countries, the said privileges to be such as shall 
 bring about a harmonious solution of the question of labor 
 between the United States and China, to the best interests of 
 both countries, excluding pauper labor and the criminal class. 
 
 Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be presented to 
 the Congress of the United States. 
 
 Mr. H. Rotherham : 
 
 Are we in order in taking notice of that at all? It has 
 somewhat of politics in it. 
 
314 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 lion. Charles 11. Duell: 
 
 The resolution is not debatable; it is referred to the Per- 
 manent Conunittee on Resolutions. If tbey report it back, 
 tlien it is debatable. 
 
 Mr. WilliaM. W. Snpplee: ■ '■' 
 
 1 have a resolution that I would like to offer: 
 
 Whereas, The economic advantages of an Isthmian ('anal 
 would be of supreme importance to the commerce of the 
 world, from an industrial, economic and strategic stand- 
 point; and 
 
 Whereas. Its utility and cost have been under considera- 
 tion tor many years, and there is thought to he no reasonable 
 douht, either as to its practicability or expediency, he the cost 
 what it may; therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved, 'J'hat the International Commercial Coiigress 
 heartily endorses and urges the cons.truction of an inter- 
 oceanic canal on the Western Hemisphere at the earliest 
 practicable moment. 
 
 Hon. Clnirle.'i //. Diii'll: 
 
 The resolution will be received and take tlie usual course. 
 
 Mr. Francis Forhcs: 
 
 I have a resolution which is germane to this meeting: 
 Resolved, That it is the sense of this Congress that the 
 assimilation of trade-mark laws to a common standard is 
 necessary for the full protection of commerce; and, further, 
 that this Congress regards the conference held under the 
 Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, con- 
 cluded at Paris, March 20, 1883, as an important forum tor 
 the discussion of such laws and their proposal to the nations. 
 It is further 
 
 Resolved, That it is the sense of this Congress that all na- 
 tions, members of the Union created by the Convention 
 for the Protection of Industrial Property concluded at Paris, 
 March 20, 1883, should become members of the Agreement 
 for the International Registration of Trade-Marks. 
 
 Hon. Charles H. Duell: 
 
 The resolution as read will take the usual course. Are 
 there any other resolutions to be presented? If not, the 
 Congress is open for a discussion of the questions raised in 
 any of the papers read this afternoon. 
 
 Hon. J. C. Miinaghan: 
 
 Mr. Chairman: T do not know that what I am going to 
 say is exactly germane to any particular paper; but after 
 long experience abroad, I have come to the conclusion that 
 it would be wrong for me to omit so excellent an opportu- 
 nity to call the attention of American inventors and manu- 
 facturers to the importance, the very great importance, of 
 securing letters-patent in l']uropc, and particularly in the 
 German Empire. 
 
 I have sometimes been accused of calling the Gonnans 
 a race or nation of imitators. While they are one of the 
 greatest nation of imitators in the world, I would not be 
 understood as saying that they are not great originators. 
 Any person familiar with the fact knows that they have prac- 
 tically given gunpowder to the world thnnigh their Monk 
 Schwartz, and the printing press, the greatest prnt)ai)ly ol' 
 all inventions, thi^ough (Juttenberg, Schiifer and Kaii.st, and 
 that they are to-day, in chemistry, and in various branches 
 of the sciences and arts, leaders among all nations. 
 
 I repeat, when one is familiar with those facts, it becomes 
 impossible to deny to the Germans the credit of being great 
 inventors and great originators. What has stood particularly 
 in the way of their progress as a race of inventors in the 
 
 pa.st is this fact, that prior to the year 1878, when Germany 
 passed her Imperial Patent Law, it was absolutely neces- 
 sary to take out letters patent in Saxony, Wiirtemberg, 
 Bavaria, Mecklenburg, etc.,, etc., and some twenty-eight or 
 thirty petty sitates and sovereignties. The Imperial law has 
 done away with this necessity, and since 1878, she being then 
 No. 14 among the inventive nations of the earth, Germany 
 has become, if I remember, mentioned among the first, second 
 and third nations, being led l)y our own people. The point I 
 wish to make is this: That American manufacturers and in- 
 ventors neglected patent rights in the German Empire, and 
 under the law as it stands, the clever German people, watch- 
 ing, as perhaps no other people on the face of the earth, 
 the scientific progress of the world, took out patents. In 
 my city, I suppose there are dozens of men, manufacturers, 
 who take the patent papers and the various teclmieal papers 
 of this country, and keep themselves posted as to every- 
 thing that occurs here. The moist prominent technical school 
 of my city has on file the leading patent papers of our 
 country and the records which they give here, and they see 
 owT machines of all kinds. They buy more or less and take 
 them home, where they take them ajiart and use them as 
 models. 
 
 Now, Mr. Chairman, I do not want to be understood as 
 finding fault with them for doing that thing. The point I 
 want to make is that any inventor in this country, who will 
 take care to ask an American patent lawyer to have the patent 
 taken out in the German Empire, will be protected, and I 
 think these gentlemen here, who are more familiar mth the 
 patent laws than I am, know there is no country, except per- 
 haps ours, where an inventor has better protection than in 
 the German Empire when he does get a patent. 
 
 Hon. Charles H. Duell: 
 
 In connection with what the gentleman last having the 
 floor said, I think perhaps a single word from me might not 
 be out of place at this time. The gentleman probably knows 
 the great difficulty which arises whenever an American in- 
 ventor has to obtain a patent in Germany. I venture to say 
 that not one in fifty is allowed, not only when they attempt 
 to procure those papers through an American solicitor, but 
 when they also employ the most skilled practitioners in the 
 German Empire. This question oft'ers another objection, or 
 rather difficulty. The machine must be manufactured there; 
 they cannot be made here, otherwise the patent in Germany 
 becomes invalid, and that is so in most European countries. 
 There is no other country in the world that has more liberal 
 patent laws than those of the United States. We grant pat- 
 ents in this country to inventors at the price of thirty-five 
 dollars for seventeen years. There are no annuities charged, 
 as they are charged in most European countries. There is 
 no clause that the articles must be manufactured here, as is 
 required in most of those countries, and the residt has been 
 that while perhaps we have not been able to protect ourselves 
 in foreign countries as we ought to be able to do, and that 
 American inventors and manufacturers have been discour- 
 aged in taking out foreign patents, I venture to say that the 
 owners of American patents, the owners of patent machinery 
 here are able to so use that macliinery, by the aid of our 
 skilled labor, that we can accomplish more with the ma- 
 chinery than can any <ither nation in the world with the- 
 same machinery and without our skilled labor, and therefore 
 they do net suffer as much from their failure to obtain for- 
 eign ])atents as might be feared. 
 
 I agree with the gentleman that it would be an excellent 
 thing if we could obtain patents for our inventions in Ger- 
 many and all other countries; but the laws of those coun- 
 tries, with scarcely an exception, are so rigid that the owners 
 
FIFTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 30, 1899 
 
 315 
 
 of these have, after a few years, become tired of paying large 
 annuities, and are obliged to surrender them. When an ex- 
 amination is given in Germany, the examination is much more 
 rigid than it is here; but in most European countries all you 
 have to do is to apply for a patent and it is granted. In 
 ■ some of the countries, however, an inventor need not make 
 the application. That is true in Great Britain. Now, while 
 it is an excellent thing for our inventors to patent their in- 
 ventions abroad, yet in many places — and Germany is one of 
 them — dt is almost impossible. I regret this, yet it is a fact, 
 and we have to face it. 
 
 Hon. J. C. Monaghan: 
 
 While I admit that it is a fact that you have to make the 
 machinery over there, and it is very difficult, just as you have 
 said, to get the patent granted, and that the examination is 
 very rigid, I have found this fact by working for others in 
 connection with ray ofRce: that if you do secure good lawyers 
 over there who are familiar with the language and familiar 
 with what we call "red tape" and the other facts; if you 
 persist — and that may be told to the American public — that 
 if you persist in asserting and showing that your patent is no 
 infringement upon others — you can get a patent in the Ger- 
 man Empire, and, as I said before, if you have a good thing 
 it is worth something. I have in my mind quite a number 
 of cases of that kind, and you could sell the right. I know 
 as a fact that there are men who come regularly to this coun- 
 try in their own line — in textiles and in the making of ma- 
 chines — for the purpose of discovering anything new. I 
 know one man, a personal friend, who got rich from some- 
 thing he brought out in this city. He saw something in one 
 of the mills and got an idea and is growing rich. Had it 
 been patented, that man would have lieen willing to pay a 
 fairly good sura for the patent right. Furthermore, I have 
 gone through the tanning school at Friedenberg, the best 
 in the Phupire, and of the machinery in that school, every ma- 
 chine was invented and constructed in this country from the 
 garret down to the cellar. I have gone through a manufac- 
 tory, through a boot and shoe factory, and every machine 
 in that factory was made in the State of Mas.sachusetts and 
 invented, of course, in this country. Now, I say there are 
 special lines that as a fact are so probable that the man who 
 does not innovate upon any of the German machines would 
 find it easy, or comparatively easy, to take out a patent right, 
 and I think our manufacturers and inventors should be aware 
 of that fact, so that in the future they can take measures to se- 
 cure those rights in that country. As I said this raorning, 
 there is no country on earth, never was and probably never 
 will be, which is as liberal as we are. 
 
 Captain J. Cordeiro da Graga: 
 
 I have listened to what the gentleman said about Brazil, 
 and I think it proper to mention here, that in Brazil, we have 
 lil^Cral ajid just laws. We have not only penalties, but also 
 damages for infringement. We grant patents for fifteen 
 years. Our patents are very cheap, about the same as you 
 pay here in the United States. I remember the case of 
 matches brought from Sweden. The man applied for dam- 
 ages, and I could tell you the name of the firm that was 
 obliged to pay twenty thousand pounds damages. An in- 
 ventor has a right to register his patent. He does not need 
 to take out patent papers, but all he is required to do, is to 
 prove that within six months, he has taken out a patent in 
 another country. He must also .specify wherein his inven- 
 tion consists. Three years ago a man took out a patent to 
 pave streets with asphalt. It is an invention that has been 
 known for forty years, and the government decided that he 
 was entitled to a patent. 
 
 Mr. H. liotherham: 
 
 The laws of England and Australia are very liberal, but of 
 course I cannot say how secure they are. 
 
 Mr. Francis Forbes: 
 
 I would like to hear frora some of the delegates in regard 
 to trade-marks, as to what their experience has been. I will 
 say that any one here who wants to see the trade-mark pub- 
 lications of the world may find them, as I think they are all 
 on exhibition down stairs, near the front entrance. Section 
 55, exhibited by the United States Trade-Mark Association 
 of New York, giving practical illustration of what is done in 
 the different civilized cduntries on the subject of trade-marks. 
 
 Ho7i. Charles H. Duell: 
 
 The Congress will be in order while Dr. Wilson gives a 
 notice. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilsoii: 
 
 I simply wish to say that the meeting of this Congress will 
 take place to-raorrow in the Assembly E.oom of the Philadel- 
 phia Commercial Museum, 233 South Fourth street, and not 
 in this building. The subsequent meetings will take place 
 at the Commercial Museum. We hope to have a large at- 
 tendance. 
 
 flon. Charles H. Duell: 
 
 If there is nothing more to be done this afternoon, the 
 session stands adjourned until 10.30 to-morrow morning. 
 
 (Adjourned 5.15 p. m.) 
 
PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 SlXTliENiH DA-Y'S SESSION 
 
 riULADiiLi'UiA, Tuesday, October ;)1, IS'jy. 
 
 MOEXTXG SESSIOy. 
 
 The meeting was called to order at 11.15 a. ni., in the As- 
 semblv Room of the Commercial Ihiseum, by Director \V. P. 
 Wilson. 
 
 Director 11'. P. ^Yilson: 
 
 We will come tn order this mornintj and the tirst paper 
 will be from Mr. A. Olivier, Jlayor of Three Rivers. P. Q., 
 (^anada. and delegate of the Hoard of Trade to the Interna- 
 tional Commercial Congress. 1 have pleasure in introduc- 
 ing Mr. Olivier. 
 
 Mr. A. Olivier: 
 
 Mr. Chairman: I desire, hefore beginning my address to 
 this large and representative body, to convey to you and to 
 the Board of Directors my most sincere thanks for your kind 
 invitation, which affords me an opportunity of giving you 
 a brief account of the resources of a territory practically un- 
 known, but which, nevertheless, in my ojiinion. offers an ex- 
 tensive field for development. 
 
 The Kksoi'ucks of tiih District of Three Rivers, P. Q., 
 
 ('anapa. 
 
 1. Three Rivers as a seaport. 
 
 2. The agricultural ])art of Three Rivers. 
 
 3. Forest products. 
 
 4. Water powers. 
 
 ."). l].\ports and imports. 
 
 (!. Our relations with- the Cnited States. 
 
 I. T 
 
 R'lVERS AS A Seaport. 
 
 The city of Tln'cc I{i\('rs is, geograpliirally and commei'cial- 
 ly, the natural cenler of an immense district situated in the 
 heart of the Proviiu-e of (Juebec. which stretche- from the 
 banks of the St. Lawrence northward to llud-oii Hay. The 
 city itself it situated on the north shore of the St. Lawrence, 
 midway between Monlreal and (Quebec. Its harbor atfords all 
 the facilities required for modern ocean tratiic: vessels draw- 
 ing as much as thirty feet of water can reach its wharves witli- 
 out danger or diiliculty: it is above tidewater, and is free finm 
 the troubles too often caused by organized labor. Several 
 lines of railway place the city in direct and daily coiinnunica- 
 tion with all the more ini|ioii;nil business centres of Canada 
 and the Fniled States. 
 
 The district of which Three Hivers is the commercial cap'- 
 tal may be divided into two principal sections, the agricultural 
 or settled jiart, and the forest section. 
 
 II. A(iiii('ri,'i'ii!Ai, I'.MiT OF TiiiiEE Rivers. ' 
 
 The settled part of the district of Three Rivers, which lies 
 on lioth sides of the St. Lawrence, has a farming population 
 of aliout 300,000, aiul contains within its borders some of the 
 most fertile lands in the Province of (Quebec. It exports an- 
 nually dairy products to the value of $?oO,000, and produces 
 •^')0,0()(i tons of hay a year, to say nothing of other farm pro- 
 duets. In the southern portion of the district are found 
 large and valuable deposits of asbestos, the value of the annual 
 production of which already exceeds half a million dollars. 
 The agricultural products of this district are not only rapidly 
 increasing in quantity every year, but are also steadily improv- 
 ing in quality. 
 
 1 II. Forest Products. 
 
 The forest district, which covers an area of more than thirty 
 thousand square miles, is known as the St. Maurice territory, 
 and takes its name from the St. ilaurice River, which runs 
 through its entire length, and empties into the St. Lawrence 
 at Three Rivers. It is a district of great interest to investors 
 and manufacturers, owing to the rich field it offers for ex- 
 ploitation and investment. The whole territory is covered 
 with forests of pine, spruce, i-edar and hard woods, in suffic- 
 ient quantities to afford a practically inexhaustil)le supply for 
 export. Iron is also found in abundance, as well as mica, lime- 
 stone and other minerals, which are certain in the near future 
 to give rise to impoTtant industries. I have no hesitation 
 in saying that tliis almost undevelo])ed territory, so little 
 known abroad, offers great inducements t > capitalists, and de- 
 serves tlicir jiarticular attention. The i-aw n\aterials I have 
 mentioned are found in immense quantities, and the rivers 
 and lakes which traverse the country in all directions provide 
 the means of chea]) transportafiim to the natural shi]i]iing 
 pnint (if 'riii'ce RiviTs. 
 
 IV. Wai'ei! I'o\vi':rs. 
 
 l'>ut I be iinsi iniportant point by far. and the one to which 
 1 wisli most parti( uliirly to ilraw your attention, is the fact 
 that nature lias |iiii\iilcil Ihrougbout all this district, side by 
 side with (be I'au nialcrial Uiv manufacturing, water-powers 
 which, in point of number, size and the ea.se with which they 
 can be utilized, deserve to rank among the most valuable in 
 X(U'tb Aini'i'iea. The SI. Mauriic it-elf, which is ab nil three 
 liiindred mile- buig. and bas sunie tweidy important tribut- 
 aries, fniiii-lies within Ibiity miles of il< mouth at Three 
 K'ivei's. Iiuir large falls and two rapid-, which could together 
 dexclop oM'i- ball' a niillinn burse powei-. These falls, called 
 tlie ■■(Jiv's." the ■■Shawenegan." the •"(irand'-niere." and the 
 "I'iles." \;iry in height from thirty to one hundred and sixty 
 feet, while the two rapids of the "Iletres" and the "Gabelle"' 
 
 816 
 
SIXTEENTH DAY'S SESSION. OCTOBER 31, 1899 
 
 317 
 
 have but a moderate descent, yet cme that could easily be 
 utilized. The fall of "La Tuque." also on the St. Maurice, 
 sixty miles above the "Piles," and in the heart of the northern 
 forest, is also capable of supplying unlimited power. It is per- 
 haps the mist wonderfully adapted of all for industrial pur- 
 poses. The whole stream of the St. Maurice at this point 
 is confined within a natural canal about one hundred and 
 fifty feet wide, which has been eaten out of the rock by the 
 force of the current, and forms a series of i-a])ids which extend 
 over a distance of a mile and have a total descent of two hun- 
 dred feet. All the tributaries of the St. Maurice and the 
 neighboring river afford a great numljer of splendid water- 
 powers. It may be as well for me to add that these water- 
 powers are in no danger of 1)eing lessened or of failing through 
 the destructinn of the forests or similar causes; the sources 
 of the rivers which feed them, lie in tlie cold and distant reg- 
 ions of the north, where they are beyond the possiliility of 
 being injured by man. 
 
 Here, then, we have, side by side, abundant raw materials 
 of all kinds and unlimited power, which Providence seems 
 to have provided expressly for human industry. Only the in- 
 telligent action of capital is needed to create prosperity and 
 wealth. The electric current, so easily developed at the pres- 
 ent day by water power, will, without doulit, be the principal 
 agent in the approaching transfonnation of these vast wastes. 
 
 V. Exports and Imports. 
 
 These facts, Mr. Chairman, are not without interest to busi- 
 ness men who are constantly on the alert to take advantage 
 of the resources of foreign countries and their capacities for 
 trade, but I desire to add a few figures to show that the indus- 
 trial and commercial advance has already begun at Three 
 Rivers, and in such a way as to give a prospect of steady 
 growth for many years to come. Leaving aside the subject 
 of agricultural products, I desire to speak more particularly 
 of the f jrest ijroducts of the St. Maurice district, which at 
 present form the most important item among our exports. The 
 total quantitv of manufactured lumber exported dii-ectlv from 
 the port of Three Rivers amounted in 1897 to 7.5,000,000 feet, 
 value at $900,000; in 1898, to 65,000,000 feet, valued at 
 $640,000; tliis year it will reach a total of 90,000,000 feet 
 worth one nullion dollars. The export of pulj) wood at pres- 
 ent reaches an annual average of 60,000 cords, valued at $540,- 
 000, but this is a trade which is still in its infancy, and one for 
 which the necessary material exists in large quantities. Man- 
 ufactured pulp and paper, of which about 60,000 tons a year 
 are made, nearly all of which is for export, also form a con- 
 siderable item of our trade. It nuiy be worth while to men- 
 tion that these latter products are placed on the market by a 
 single firm, the Laurentide Pulp Company, which has its mills 
 at ({rand ilere Falls on the St. Maurice, twenty-five miles 
 from Three Rivers, where it owns one of the largest water- 
 powers in North America. Another large mill is in course 
 of construction at Shawenegan Falls, and will in a short time 
 help to considerably increase our trade in this product. If I 
 add to this the nine to ten thousand tons of iron made by the 
 Canada Iron Furnace Com])any. at Radnor Forges, 1 will have 
 given you a fair idea of the chief items of the export trade of 
 Three Rivers, which, including agi'icultural produce, reaches 
 a total of over two million dollars a year. 
 
 The value of our annual imports may be estimated at about 
 one million dollars. They consist chiefly of hardware, ma- 
 chinery, firebricks, flour and provisions, chemicals, cottons, 
 dry goods, leather, and agricultural implements. The customs 
 reports for Three Rivers do not show such a large volume of 
 trade, l)ut the difference is accouitted for by the fact that a 
 considerable part of our trade is done indirectly through other 
 
 ports. Our export business may be divided, according to the 
 countries with which it is carried on, as follows: Over fifty 
 per cent, is with the United States, thirty-five per cent, with 
 Great Britain, and the remaining fifteen per cent, with South 
 America, Australia, France and Germany. I must note, how- 
 ever, that our commercial relations with France and the other 
 countries of the continent of Europe have of late years been 
 becoming closer, and our trade with them will this year sliow 
 a considerable increase. 
 
 These figures seem small when compared with the immense 
 trade done in the great American ports, but business men 
 should not forget that it takes dollars to make millions, and 
 they will know in what light to regard a district which is cap- 
 able of great devclo])ment, though its trade at present is small. 
 Personally, 1 am convinced that the yet undeveloped natural 
 resources of the district which I represent in this Congress 
 will, in the not distant future, supply a very considerable for- 
 eign trade. We are but in the beginning of a .series of devel- 
 opments which may attain astonishingly large proportions, 
 and that is the reason why I thought it well to bring those few . 
 facts before you to-day. 
 
 VI. Our Relations with the Ignited States. 
 
 Before closing I am happy to l)e able to say to our friends in 
 the great American Rej)ublic, who have so kindly received and 
 entertained us, that the people of Three Rivers view with 
 extreme pleasure the rapid enlargement of our relations with 
 the United States. The establishment of the first American 
 Consulate in Three Rivers dates from 188-2, at which time 
 there were about twenty-five American citizens in the dis- 
 trict, while the American capital invested was not more than 
 $20,000, Our imports from the United States did not ex- 
 ceed $23,000 and our exports to them were $335,000. The 
 official reports for 1898 show an American population of 
 500, an invested capital of $6,000,000, imports of $468,000 
 and exports of $664, (JOO, and this notwithstanding the recent 
 high, not to say prohibitive, American tariff on several of our 
 chief articles of export, especially hay and wood. I may re- 
 mark in passing that our ex]>orts of hay to the United States, 
 which liad risen to a value of $200,000 a year before the pass- 
 ing of the Dingley tariff, have now ceased altogether, and 
 that during the year 1898 alone our exports of wood de- 
 creased $93,000 in value. There can be no doubt that, with 
 a lower tariff, the total of our trade would reach a much 
 higher figure, to the advantage of both countries. However, 
 I am able to say that, in s])ite of this disadvantage, we liave 
 had in the port of Three Rivers during the present season 
 over six hundred American vessels loading pulp-wood, and 
 that the American Consulate at Three Rivers is already, next 
 to that of Montreal, the most important in Canada. 
 
 I may add that the district of Three Rivers offers many at- 
 tractions to jileasure seekers from the United States, ^lany 
 prominent citizens from your large cities have summer resi- 
 dences by the sides of our most beautiful lakes; more than 
 fifteen fishing and hunting clubs have already established 
 themselves among the forests of the Laurentides; and Ameri- 
 can sportsmen come among us every year in thousands, to 
 first rest and relaxation after business worries, and to spend 
 a pleasant and healthful holiday. 
 
 In conclusion, Mr. Chairman and gentlemen. I beg you to 
 accept ray most sincere thanks for your kind attention. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 Director W . P. W'ilsiiii : 
 
 In the alisence of Hon. W. AV. Rockhill, I will call upon 
 the Hon. Dr. James .Johnston, delegate from the Jamaica 
 Government, to s.\vd&k to you. 
 
318 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Iliin. Ur. J awes Johnston: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Guntlumcn: Before prueeeding 
 to speak on the subject given to me, "What Jamaica oflEers to 
 the United States," I would say in behalf of my fellow- 
 delegates and visitors from Jamaica, that I desire to record 
 very emphatically the high appreciation we feel at the mag- 
 nificent entertainment and hospitality we have received at 
 the hands of the people of Philadelphia, not forgetting tlu- 
 hearty welcome of the President, through the Assistant Sec- 
 retary of State, Mr. Hill, and the reception of Mayor Ash- 
 bridge. Particidarly do we refer to all the kindnesses and 
 courtesies shown us by the gentlemen composing the staff of 
 this Commercial Museum. I believe also I express the senti- 
 ments of many delegates who have gone, as well as those who 
 are present, when we extend hearty congratulations to you, Dr. 
 Wilson, for the manifest success of this huge enterprise, an 
 undertaking which you have carried to a grandly succes.sful 
 issue. We fully realize this, and as the years go on, those 
 who don't know it now will know it by and by, that this 
 Exposition has been a genuine success. (Applause.) 
 
 I have had the opportunity of watching the progress of 
 the Exposition from day to day, and have watched with in- 
 terest the contact that has been made between the business 
 men here and delegates from all parts of the world. I have 
 observed the growiusr friendship, which is, of course, the 
 basis of all true business. When we learn to know and to 
 trust each other here, and we are now going to our homes 
 in all parts of the world, the friendships formed here in va- 
 rious business lines will be cemented by a. larger trade. (Aji- 
 plause.) 
 
 I have also the honor, sir, and the privilege to present to 
 the Philadelphia Commercial Museum from the Royal So- 
 ciety of Agriculture and Commerce and Merchants' Ex- 
 change, of Jamaica, West Indies, a souvenir to the Inter- 
 national Commercial Congress, held in Philadelphia during 
 this month. It is an album of Jamaican views taken in all 
 parts of the island and faithfully represents, I think, oiii- 
 scenery and industries. This album will remain, I trust, not 
 only as a souvenir of the Congress, but will be a constant 
 reminder for the visitors to this Museum of tin' lovely (muiu- 
 try I represent. 
 
 Now, when we come to deal with Jamaica, 1 think it 
 would be wise for the gentlemen ])resent, as well as for you. 
 Dr. Wilson, to remove from your minds, as far as possible, 
 the many laudatory remarks that have been made about 
 other coimtries, for what I have got to say of Jamaica is 
 far more interesting to you and the people of this count r\ 
 than anything you have heard before. (Applause and 
 laughter.) Australia is very far away, so is New Zealand 
 and China and India, and all tho.se countries — they are so 
 very far off, that all we know of tliem is what we have 
 heard, and we have had some splendid pa])ers given us, and 
 now the delegates are going (laughter), while J;imaica is 
 right here at our door, "^'ou cannot go to New Zealand, you 
 cannot go to Australia, you cannot go to (!hiua, but you can 
 go to Jamaica. 
 
 Time forbids me giving in detail our interesting history 
 as a liritish colony. Many questions have been ])ut to me 
 since I have been in this city, even by nuni who have tra\i'leil 
 somewhat, "Where is Jamaica, anyhow?" (Laughter and 
 applause.) Now, sir, that astonished me very mneli. 1 know 
 it so well I thought everybody else should kiuiw it. A eile- 
 bratcd preacher in New York asked me if we had any lions 
 in Jamaica, and I told him that we had several families, 
 iiut they were mainly Hebrews. (Fjaugiiter.) Now, sii-. 
 seeing this lack of knowdedge of Jamaica. I third'; it is oidy 
 right to say that it came to be a Bi'itish colony in 1().5.'). 
 when the town of St. Jago de la Vega, or Spanish Town, 
 
 capitulated to the army sent out by Oliver Cromwell under 
 General Vcnables and Admiral Penn. Here I think we 
 nught claim relationship with Pennsylvania. The elder Penn 
 gave Britain, Jamaica; the younger Penn, William, gave 
 this Republic one of the finest States of the Union — Pennsyl- 
 vania. (Applause.) 
 
 At this time, after the British had taken possession, and 
 the earthquake of 1693, that nearly annihilated Port Royal, 
 was over, slavery, of course, took its nuist hideous form, and 
 six hundred and ten thousand black people were imported 
 from Africa to work upon the sugar estates during the seven- 
 teenth century. 
 
 But such a condition of affairs as slavery could not last 
 long in the enlightenment of modern times, and in 1834 it 
 was declared to be an illegal traffic. We didn't fight about 
 it, we paid the money down (some $6,000,000 for Jamaica 
 alone), and in 1838 every slave was free. From that time 
 forward no race of people ever made better use of their time, 
 or developed more readily into the higher civilization of 
 which countries such as this can boa,st than the black people 
 of Jamaica. 
 
 They were handicapped by the environment of vice and 
 degradation that attended slavery. They had to fight against 
 the bitter prejudice that beset their race of those who had 
 Ijcen their masters, and the people who ruled them. But the 
 close of this century finds them, after little more than sixty 
 years, enjoying all the rights of citizens and the political 
 "privileges of the whites, while they can count among their 
 number, scores of clergymen, schoolmasters, lawyers and doc- 
 tors, gifted and honored members of their profession-s — while 
 the masses consist of small peasant proprietors or agricultur- 
 ists, honest, hard-working, self-reliant and, above all, law- 
 aliiding, patriotic and true to their Queen and country. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 ■And here when the (|uestion is put to us about annexation, 
 you already know my mind about that. I have expressed it 
 here very freely, and I liave been looking to both this coun- 
 try and "Canada, and considering whether it would be better 
 lo annex them to Jamaica (laughter and applause) — and I 
 luive thought it were better not. We are anxious to see more 
 of America's characteristics of progression and enterprise 
 taught our people as exem]dified by the United Fruit Com- 
 jiany, but the day will never come when we would wish to 
 exchange the protection of the Union Jack for the Stars and 
 Stripes, however much we may honor that glorious Hag. 
 Jamaica has only one white man to every five hundred blacks. 
 We have good newspapers, and we read the newspapers from 
 this country, and we learn of the iloings down South, and 
 wc have a sort of trepidation alxnit a certain individual who 
 rules many of the molis that are sometimes gathered to wreak 
 vengeance upon innocent as well as guilty heads. This has 
 cast a slur and reflection upon the peoiife of the South that 
 it is hard to eradicate when you deal with the colored man in 
 Jamaica, because he is a law-abiding citizen and cannot under- 
 stand it. In twenty-five years in Jamaica 1 have yet to know 
 of a single instance of a man of color doing a wrong to a 
 white lady on the island. (Applause.) I do not remember a 
 single instance where a colored nuin was brought before the 
 |)ui)lic courts to be tried for assault upon any woman of the 
 «]iiie raee. Now this is a rei-oi-d of which we arc; justly 
 |)i(iiiil. We have heard it said in tins eounlry, and it has 
 been |iublislie(l ill Some id' voui' yellow journals, that a man's 
 life is not, safe in Jamaica, lluit |U'operty is not safe, that 
 lliose who go down lo invest I heir money liave to contend 
 w ith a rough, wild tribe of people, and a man must go around 
 Willi a revolver in his pocket for his own protection. It 
 is my duty here to contradict all such statemeids. They 
 were made by the unworthy son of an honored father, 
 therefore T will not name him. Tie came to Januiica, con- 
 
SIXTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 31, 1899 
 
 319 
 
 fessed to being kindly and hospitably entertained while among 
 us, then returned to this country to write scurrilous and base 
 abuse of those who had been his friends. There is not a por- 
 tion of Jamaica where a lady could not travel on horseback, 
 in any part of the island, night or day, in safety. I have sel- 
 dom, if ever, concerned myself about locking my door since 
 I have been in Jamaica, and have been careless about closing 
 my windows, unless it rained. And yet I have never had my 
 house or property injured to the value of ten cents in twenty- 
 five years. (Applause.) 
 
 I have not finiished descriliing Jamaica. Those are only a 
 few of the features that commend it to the people of the 
 United States. So far as the island is concerned — its scenery 
 — you have got to see it to realize what it is like. A great 
 many people from this country have gone there and have 
 traveled over its beautiful roads, for there are no finer roads 
 in the world, and with kodak and snap-shot cameras have 
 brought back many pictures of its valleys and mountains. 
 We have every conceivable temperature, from eighty to ninety 
 degrees in the plains to fifty-four degi-ees in the mountains, 
 because here is where we have the choice of altitude, up to 
 7,500 feet above the sea level. But the temperature is 
 constant. 
 
 The trade relations with the United States I leave to my 
 friend and fellow-delegate, Mr. Soutar, to deal with, and 
 yet there is something I would like to say, and it is this: We 
 desire the people of the United States to come and see us. 
 We have the finest coffee-growing country in the world. We 
 produce perhaps the best quality of rum and the best sugar, 
 and when you come down you will get the best fruit in the 
 world. There is nothing equal to it anywhere in any tropical 
 country, whether it be bananas, oranges, pineapples or 
 mangoes. 
 
 We are not crowded yet by any means. We have still a 
 million of acres of good laud, that we call virgin soil, abso- 
 lutely untouched. When the decline in sugar took place, a 
 good many years ago, we wondered what was going to open 
 fox us for the future. The Gordian knot was untied by a 
 gentleman who came down from this country, a sea captain, 
 who was cruising around in a schooner. He began to take 
 off a few bunches of bananas, found that they carried well, 
 and brouglit him a fair return for his enterprise. That was 
 only some eighteen or twenty years ago. At that time we 
 had no market in the United States for bananas, but in those 
 few years we had developed a trade in bananas and other 
 fruits, in the United States,, and we owe it chiefly to that 
 same captain, the president of the United Fruit Company. 
 That company sometimes loads eleven steamers a day, and 
 ships as many as a million of bunches a month to this coun- 
 try. That company has become rich, and they deserve it, 
 because they have made two parishes in Jamaica rich that 
 were the poorest in the colony, Portland and St. Mary. 
 Where there was no money, it is plentiful now, thanks to 
 Captain L. T). Baker and his confreres (applause); he has been 
 our Washington, for he came just in the nick of time to say 
 to us that sugar and rum were to be no longer king, but 
 fruit was to take its place, and to give Jamaica a prosperity it 
 had never known before — since the days of slavery. 
 
 Now, gentlemen, if you want to share in some of these 
 benefits, you have got to come down quick. The land is going, 
 but you may have it anywhere from a dollar to a hundred 
 dollars an acre. You are not going to require a long wait 
 for your seedlings, for your orange trees and your grape-vines, 
 to yield fruit. You can place your seedlings, your stock, ma- 
 tured trees, all in the same valley, and in three or four years 
 your plantation will give you a handsome crop of fi-uit, of 
 pineapples or oranges, while the banana tree is a perennial 
 money producer. 
 
 This is only by way of trade, wliich is developing into some- 
 
 thing beyond the dreams of avarice, for those who have the 
 pluck to invest their capital and wait for a short time. 
 
 Now, we present to you Jamaica as a health resort and 
 will tell you what it has got to offer you in that direction. 
 That I can speak of, not only as a physician, but because I 
 am a living example of what Jamaica can do for the con- 
 sumptive. (Applause.) I went there in 1874 a haggard, 
 broken-down wreck of a young man, weighing one hundred 
 and thirty-five pounds, and with a cough like a church-yard 
 deserter, and the ban of the doctors hanging over my head 
 like the sword of Democles. "Poor fellow," said my friends, ''he 
 has gone to Jamaica in the forlorn hope that his years may 
 be spun out for, it may be, three or four years more." I was 
 in Jamaica just one year when the last vestige of my lung 
 trouble disappeared, and from that time I went steadily on 
 improving in looks and strength (applause) until I was the 
 admired of all admirers. (Laughter and applause.) I speak 
 thus, of course, to the credit of the country. The simple 
 reason lies in this, that while we have got in America to-day, 
 especially in the Adirondacks and even in North Canada, a 
 great many places that are now given up to the treatment 
 of pulmonary troubles by open air, light, good hygiene and 
 good food, there is a difficulty for those who are so far gone 
 that they are not strong enough to contend with what may 
 he called heroic treatment in that direction. 1 went to see 
 one of those institutions in Canada, a place called Graven- 
 hurst, and they had about forty to fifty patients there. I 
 had a conversation with most of them individually, and whih; 
 there would be about fifty per cent, improving rapidly under 
 the treatment, it was found that, in the cold, keen, sharp air, 
 fifteen to sixteen degrees below zei'o, half of them were not im- 
 proving and ought to have been in a warmer climate. They 
 could not stand the treatment, and they were losing weight, 
 and going down every day. Now, the north will help the 
 young man or young woman who has suddenly broken down, 
 with otherwise a comparatively good constitution, perhaps the 
 result of pneumonia. They begin to have a hectic flush and 
 cough, and their friends feel that they should have medical 
 attendance, and the doctor pronounces it incipient phthisis, 
 and there in dry and cold atmosphere is the place for such a 
 person to get the open air treatment. If he has an inherited 
 tendency toward phthisis, insidiously progressing from his 
 childhood, it has been creeping on him as the years went by 
 until, if the truth were told, a premature grave seems to be 
 his only prospect. 
 
 But if they can go to such a climate as Jamaica offers, they 
 will find a temperature of from seventy to seventy-five in the 
 day and sixty in the night, with every kind of luxuiy in the 
 shape of fruit and good food which can be obtained by them at 
 a low cost. With life in the balmy atmosphere, exercise among 
 the evergreen hills, in a few months the results will be mar- 
 velous. In fact, Jamaica offers a health resort in winter to es- 
 cape the cold, and in summer to avoid the heat of the North. 
 
 I have had a number of consumptive people stay with me 
 in my house, and I have yet to know of a single instance where 
 decided improvement has not taken place, and in many eases 
 permanent benefit has accrued from the three, four or six 
 months' stay in that country. 
 
 There is a hope for you, consumptives, a place where the 
 debilitated and delicate class can be cured. Colorado and 
 California and all those places are good enough in their way, 
 and the United States, taken as a whole, is a very good coun- 
 try, but it is not for you. Jamaica commends itself to you in 
 every possible way, because there you can live and breathe and 
 enjoy life and improve, and after a few months' horse-back 
 exercise out in the open air, riding all over the hills, you will 
 be filled with a new life, and new blood will be coursing 
 through your veins. (Applause.) It is not only a fine climate 
 for lung troubles, but for rheumatism, bronchitis, nervous dis- 
 
320 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COAIMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 eases, dyspepsia and all the allied diseases of the hlnod. With 
 these diseases Jamaican climate gives magnificent results. 
 You can live in hotels if yon desire. We have hotels there of 
 the very hest character that can be found in any colony in the 
 world. The Myrtlebank Hotel in Kingston is one of the 
 finest. But I will not go over all the details of the place, as 
 J shall show al five o'clock on the screen slides, which will give 
 you a view of Myrtleliank Hotel and other places. You can 
 go from Philadelphia or from New York by steamer to Kings- 
 ton, but Philadel])hia is the city we recommend you to start 
 from, as you will get the iiest steamers from this port. Wc 
 have the four admirals, Admiral Schley, Admiral Farragut, 
 Admiral Dewey and Admiral Sampvson. (Applause.) We are 
 loyal, yon see, to our admirals. We have four of the smart- 
 est steamers, the most commodious and comfortable afloat 
 of their size, connected with the T'nitcd Fruit Company. They 
 run from Philadelphia to Port Antonio, and if there is a sight 
 you ought to see before you go bey(md this dim life, it is the 
 entrance to Port Antonio harbor. Here we have an American 
 hotel, "The Fitchfield," with waitresses, chefs and managers 
 from this country. It is built upon the top of a hill, and in 
 the channel below the ships glide in to a perfect harbor of sur- 
 passing beauty. So far as surroundings are concerned they 
 could not be better. 
 
 Nest to that comes tiic ilandevillc Hotel, « here you also 
 get the benefit of a tcnipci'ature about ten degrees lower and 
 all the comforts of a home. Tlie colony as a wdiole and its 
 trade have mightily improved within the last eight or ten 
 years, because of the demand upon the homes of the jjeople: 
 the lodging houses and residences are increasing every year, 
 on account of the visitors, until we can scarcely find a place 
 to put them. But the demand produces a supply and you 
 can take a private home and settle there and have all the bene- 
 fits of your own home, while you have very few of the troubles 
 of what is called a servant e.\])erience. Y^ou can get intelli- 
 gent, honest help from the people around you. 
 
 As 1 shall have the ])leasure of showing vou manv ot the 
 details connected with .Jamaica by tlie pictures I shall 
 throw on the screen, I do not know that I will take up 
 your time any longer. I should like to have spoken to vou 
 about Jamaica from many points of view, but mv sub- 
 ject will be Jamaica as a health resort. It is an inex])ensive 
 trip, costing about seventy-five dollars for tlie round trip. 
 You will spend more than that whcTi ynu cross tli..' ocean to 
 the Continent, or when you go to Chinatown and come Ij.irk. 
 But if you go to Jamaica you will never regret it, you will see 
 something you have never seen before. (Ajiplause.) I prom- 
 ise you that if you will all come, not more than twenty at a 
 time, I will personally conduct you through the island. (A])- 
 plause.) There are a great many people here in Philadelphia 
 who have had e.xiierience of it, business men and others, and 
 they have leariu'd many lessons, and we arc very an.xions to 
 get more of your pcojile down there, for wc are just rising, 
 like I'ho'ni.v, from liie fire umler the magic wand of the Amer- 
 icans who have come down there already. A\'e want more of 
 them because they are teaching us many lessons at this \']\- 
 position. 1 hii\c been leai-ning something every day from 
 your merchants of tlirir enli'rprisc and their clearsiijhtedness. 
 It had been said to n\r ihat i'liiladclphia was a (Quaker City 
 and was, therefore, very slow, liul Irnm my e.\|ierience the 
 last month, it has been proven to me yon are (piite the other 
 way. 
 
 Now, gentlemen, jK'rhajjs when you exainine this allium 
 and have seen these views that I put npon tlir scrcrn this 
 evening at five o'clock, you will realize that Jamaica is the 
 place where you are going to spend your ne.\t holidays. If 
 you do not go it will l)e the mistake of your life. (A|iplause.) 
 
 Director TT. P. Wilson: 
 
 We will now listen to a paper by Mr. J. I-l Duerden. a dele- 
 gate from the Jamaica Agricultural Society. 
 
 The Natiu.vi, Resoukces of Jamaica. 
 
 Mr. J. E. Duerden: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Fellow Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen: 
 Before commencing my subject ])roi>er, there are a few re- 
 marks 1 wish to make upon tlie conditions of commerce in the 
 tropics generally. 
 
 I take it that the ci}minei'ce of the world will have attained 
 its ideal condition when each nation is producing and distrib- 
 uting to its utmost those resources and products with which 
 nature has specially endowed it. When means of communica- 
 tion are perfected and artificial ])rotective barriers are broken 
 down so as to allow of each country sending to others those ar- 
 ticles it can best produce in excess of its needs, and receive 
 in return those necessities of life in the production of which 
 nature has ])laced it at a disadvantage. 
 
 In most of the previous papers each delegate has enlarged 
 upon the particular products and industrial advantages of his 
 own country, and in nearly every case has the excess of these 
 been of a difl:'erent character. Thus, the I'anadians have di- 
 rected attention to their grains, fish, metals, provisions and 
 wood: the Australians and New Zealanders to their gold and 
 other minerals, wool, wines, fruits and preserved meat,s, and 
 Americans to their manufactured articles. 
 
 Commerce is continually progressive, always expanding 
 from regions of greater pressure to those where competition 
 is less. As the world becomes more thickly populated, and 
 means of C(nnmunication are increased, attention must of ne- 
 cessity he directed to more and more out of the way places, 
 and regions become embraced which were formerly unthought 
 of. The special resources of these will be taxed, and in a 
 ,iii-caier nr less degree Ijenefit the whole race. Civilization ex- 
 tending, each region will oe called upon to supply its peculiar 
 i|Uota to the common good of mankind, and the nation or peo- 
 ple inca])able of fulfilling this will have to subordinate itself 
 to the j)ressing needs of more vigorous races. 
 
 'i'here are reasons for thinking that man at first progressed 
 most within the warmer regions, the easier conditions" of ex- 
 istence there Ijcing most favorable for his development. He, 
 however, ajjpears to have settled down at an early stage con- 
 tent with what bounteous nature sup]ilied. It has been re- 
 served for the inhabitants of the sterner temperate regions in 
 later days of necessity to enlarge and ex]iand themselves, and 
 they bid fair to ultimately control the whole. 
 
 Within recent years greater attention has been directed to 
 the special jiroductions of the tro]iics. It !■; realized that in 
 certain directions they possess distinct natural advantages over 
 temperate regions. The products of the earth upon which 
 commerce has ultimately to depend are here to be obtained 
 in a luxuriance unattainable elsewhere, and the greater possi- 
 bilities of trade in trojiical fruits and materials is bound to re- 
 ceive much attention. 
 
 During the meetings of this Congress it has been hinted on 
 nioic than one occasion that in the commercial race a non- 
 progi'cssive people would have to succundi before a ]irogressive 
 people. Fr(Hn the most fiirseeing minds of such peojjle has 
 aiiscn Ilic ci-y to the Anglo-Saxon race: "Come over and help 
 us; hring energy and capital." This is the ])eculiar request 
 of thoughtful peo[)le in the tropics, 'i'hroughout this Con- 
 gress the representatives of trade in tem])erate regions have 
 hut asked for eciuity in commercial relationships; they them- 
 selves bear the impress of then being able to hold their own 
 in the ci)ni))etition for the windd's marki'ts. This is only jiar- 
 lially the rci|uircment of the tropics. I'he dweller there 
 
CHARLES E. ADAMS, 
 
 Lowell, Mass. 
 
 8. E. ANCONA, 
 
 Reading, Pa. 
 
 JAMES ARBUCKLE, 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 WALLACE K. BACON, 
 
 MiDDLETOWN. CoNN. 
 
 CHARLES M. BIDDLE, 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 JOHN BINDLEY, 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 BENJAMIN E. CHASE, 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 JOSEPH CLARKE, 
 La Crosse, Wis. 
 
 IRVING COMINS, 
 Worcester, Mass. 
 
v"ERSITY 
 
SIXTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEK 31, 1899 
 
 321 
 
 further desires to interest foreign capital and to solicit the 
 active energy of foreign enterprise for his country. This he 
 endeavors to accomplish by recounting the national resources, 
 wliich he is not strong enough to develop himself, and by 
 showing the easy access to wealth afforded liy the natural ad- 
 vantages of his country and the absence of any considerable 
 competition. 
 
 The question of the best means of developing the resources 
 of the tropics is one of paramount interest on account of the 
 many factors involved, factors which are of little or no account 
 in temperate regions. The excessive amount of solar energy 
 indicates that tropical regions should, par excellence, be the 
 home of plant and forest productions, but the ability of man, 
 by whose agency these should be utilized, seems to be 
 dwarfed in proportion. The most favorable conditions for 
 vegetable existence are not those most conducive to higher 
 human development. In addition to the natives, the ever- 
 expanding Anglo-Saxon race resides and labors there under 
 disadvantageous conditions. 
 
 The past history of tropical countries such as many of the 
 islands of the West Indies, the republics of Central America, 
 and much of Africa, indicates that the native races are in- 
 capable of developing their possessions to the utmost, while, 
 on the other hand, it is well established by experience that 
 these regions cannot be colonized and occupied by the English 
 speaking race in the same manner as North America, Aus- 
 tralia and New Zealand have been. If the white man is 
 pressed to occupy them, he must, in a large measure, content 
 himself with the administration of the country and its com- 
 merce, leaving the actual manual work to h^! carried on by 
 tropical natives. 
 
 The recent interest assumed by the United States in the 
 tropical islands of Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines ren- 
 ders a consideration of this subject of some significance on 
 such an occasion, and the methods and results of British trop- 
 ical occupation may perhaps be of some use as object lessons. 
 My experience being practically limited to Jamaica, I shall 
 confine my remarks to that island. 
 
 but apparently unavoidable in the march of civilization, as at 
 present conducted. 
 
 To make up for this inability and loss of the native races 
 others capable of performing labor under tropical conditions 
 had to be imported; hence the introduction of the negro in 
 the West Indies and America. In the tropical parts of the 
 New World we have the curious phenomenon of the natives 
 disappearing under the exigencies of what we term civilization, 
 while an alien race, by no means superior in intelligence, has 
 largely taken its place in the lower walks of life, and is prolific 
 therein. 
 
 For its supply of labor, then, Jamaica is dependent mainly 
 ujjon the negro population. The descendant of slaves im- 
 ported in days gone by has not yet attained to that stage in 
 which he is able of his own initiative to fulfil very complex 
 duties. An extended system of education, a complete political 
 and social freedom, and encouragement on all sides towards 
 progress, are, in time, bound to draw from him all the best 
 qualities of his nature. He is decidedly a successful laborer 
 where he can be organized in gangs under supervision, as in 
 sugar and banana cultivation, or in works such as railroad and 
 tramway construction. The Jamaica negro has a considerable 
 reputation outside his own island for organized work of this 
 kind. 
 
 For a considerable time the prosperity of the island will be 
 dependent on those industries which permit of organized la- 
 bor; it is only slowly that the independent small settler will 
 evolve. Even where political and social relations are favor- 
 able, as is certainly the case in Jamaica, the conditions of mere 
 existence in the tropics are too easy to produce the stern, in- 
 dependent laborer. Constant direction and supervision in 
 any but the simplest task must for a long time be important 
 factors in the success of any industrial undertaking. 
 
 The imported coolie laborer is much employed where these 
 conditions are not possible, and once started, proceeds with 
 automatic regularity on the lighter tasks of which his strength 
 only permits. 
 
 The White Race in the Tropics. 
 
 Tropical Labor. 
 
 An impoi'tant question in the expansion of the industries 
 and commerce of any country is the character of the labor ob- 
 tainable. Upon the superiority of the American artisan over 
 others, it has been explained in a former paper that, natural 
 resources being equal, America might hope to outstrip its 
 competitors in the struggle for the world's markets. In such 
 fierce labor competitions as you are familiar with in the States, 
 the tropics can probably never hope to play a part; the ener- 
 vating climate will never permit of the laborer or artisan ac- 
 complishing as much as under temperate conditions. 
 
 To rightly appreciate the labor and social conditions of Ja- 
 maica to-day, it is necessary to briefly review its past history. 
 The earliest accounts are much the same as those of the Amer- 
 ican continent itself. Discovered by (^lolumbus in May, 1494, 
 on his second voyage to the new world, it was at the time pop- 
 vdated by what appears to have been a gentle and peaceable 
 race. Evidences of their occupation have been obtained in 
 considerable abundance from shell mounds and burial caves. 
 The implements, such as pottery and ornaments, reveal that 
 they had not progressed far in nuinufactures or arts. During 
 the century and a half in which Jamaica was in the posses- 
 sion of the Spaniards this native race became practically ex- 
 terminated. Throughout the other islands, and also through- 
 out the American continent, the Indian appears to have been 
 incapable of adapting himself to modern civilization; the lat- 
 ter being the stronger and more expansive, the native tribes 
 have disappeared, or are rapidly doing so, a deplorable result. 
 
 The practical student of tropical life realizes that the de- 
 velopment of the natural resources there must be carried out 
 mainly by the white race from temperate parts; that for fullest 
 expansion it will be necessary for the larger organizations and 
 governments to be administrated mainly by outsiders. His- 
 tory points to the English-speaking race as the most success- 
 ful colonizers, especially so far as the process concerns the 
 good of the colony itself, and not alone of the colonizing pow- 
 er. The stationary, and in some cases deteriorating, condition 
 of some of the islands of the West Indies, and also the Central 
 American Republics, should be compared with the advance- 
 ment shown by similar countries administrated by a white 
 race. 
 
 In this attempt, however, the white race, in a measure, sub- 
 jects itself to unnatural conditions, and only under certain 
 limitations can the undertaking be carried out with con.sum- 
 mate success. In the immense associations of commercial, pro- 
 fessional and other classes in large cities in temperate par-ts are 
 obtained the necessary conditions and stimulating impetus for 
 the utmost expansion of man's powers. The climate and soc- 
 ial surroundings encourage this to a great degree. In the lux- 
 uriousness of the tropics such stimulus tends to be withdrawn, 
 and the tendency is towards a diminution of one's powers. 
 The new arrival from temperate parts is always recognizable 
 for a time by an excessive display of activity compared with an 
 old settler. The resident back from a holiday trip displays 
 an unwonted energy for a limited period. The business and 
 professional man endeavors as often as possible to go on leave 
 for a few months, and proves on his return that this is the 
 
 /! 
 
 V xiiit 
 
ri;oci:i:Di:NGS of tiik i.\tkj:xatiu.\al uuMMKiiciAL co.\Giii:ss 
 
 oaly successful method of maintaining his native activity 
 and enterprising spirit for properly conducting tropical or- 
 ganizations. The home government realizes that only by 
 constant intercourse with the mental, moral, and stimulating 
 conditions of one's native land can the efficiency abroad of its 
 chief officials be obtained, and offers inducements for this in- 
 terchange. 
 
 The primary factors to be considered by commercial men 
 entering upon tropical relationships such as exist in Jamaica 
 are: (1) An excessive luxuriance of plant life, yielding a 
 larger return than in temperate regions for the same expendi- 
 ture; (2) a native laboring people, capable of successful man- 
 agement under certain conditions; (3) a tendency to physical 
 and mental deterioration during extended settlement, to be 
 counteracted liy constant n-turu to the centres of civilization. 
 
 Fisheries. 
 
 Jamaica, with an area of 4,207 square miles, has a shore line 
 of about 400 miles accessible at nearly all points for fishing 
 purposes. The industry is carried on to a greater or less de- 
 gree at most of the towns and villages round the coast, but the 
 amount of fish obtained is far from sufficient to supply the de- 
 mands of a population of upwards of 700,000. 
 
 The yearly value of the fish cauglit has been estimated at 
 £30,000, while the value of the imports of cured fish is ap- 
 proximately £200,000. This salt pickled fish is much used as 
 an article of food, and is received almost wholly from Canada. 
 
 Native fishing is carried on principally by means of the 
 seine-net, wicker-work pots, long lines and hand-lines, but no- 
 where on an extensive or organized scale. The fish obtained 
 is of good quality, the most useful and common being various 
 species of snappers, grunts, yellow tail silks and the June fish. 
 River fishing for mullets, ealijievers and snook is pursued to a 
 limited extent. 
 
 Until within tlie la.st year or so, it was surmised in some 
 quarters that the Jamaica fishery industry was capable of con- 
 siderable extension, that the warm waters were teeming with 
 suitable fish, and that with improved modern methods, such as 
 steam trawling, sufficient might be obtained to render the 
 fresh supply more adequate to the needs of the coimtry, and, 
 further, that native-cured fish might in a large measure take 
 the place of the imported article. 
 
 Quite recently the subject was taken up with great persist- 
 ency and enthusiasm, and the Caribbean Sea Fisheries Devel- 
 opment Syndicate was fonned in England. Its purpose was 
 mainly preliminary and experimental, the intention being to 
 enlarge the scheme if the venture i)roved successful. A mo- 
 tion was introduced into the Legislative Council of 1896 and 
 passed, authorizing the payment of an annual subsidy of £750 
 toward the project, the chief condition being that a certain 
 quantity of fresh fish was to be placed on the markets and 
 retailed at a minimum rate. 
 
 A steam-trawler, fitted with other trawl, long lines, seine 
 and mackerel nets, was chartered and manned by a crew of 
 Grimsby trawlers. The investigations commenced towards 
 the end of January, 1898, and continued with more or less in- 
 terruption until the middle of March, when the operations 
 ceased. 
 
 From the first trip it was obvious that the conditions of Ja- 
 maican waters were very different from those of more tem- 
 perate parts. A copy of the log of the vessel has been pub- 
 lished, and from this it is possible to arrive at an estimate of 
 the difficulties encountered, and the only conditions under 
 which the industry can be conducted. 
 
 AVhat were anticipated to be the most suitable banks for 
 trawling, such as the California and Pedro Banks, were found 
 lo be luxuriant miniature forests of corals, Alcyonarians, and 
 sponges. Several hundred weight of sucli material, with but 
 
 few fish, would be taken up at one trawl, and in most cases 
 the trawl was very seriously damaged by being torn in drag- 
 ging over the aborescent corals. 
 
 Even where trawling could be carried on over a large area, 
 as in some of the bays, of which the floor is free from coral 
 growth, the yield of fish was extremely small. On one occa- 
 sion eleven hours trawling brought up only three bushels of 
 fish and a bushel of shrimps. The yield in such a place as 
 Kingston Harbor is greater, but the fish are usually small. 
 The seine-net here affords employment for several parties of 
 natives, but the locality would aid little towards the support of 
 a steam trawler. 
 
 Compared with British and many other seas there is a 
 marked scarcity of bottom flat fish — Pleuronectidae, including 
 the sole, plaice, turbot and brill. No shoals of fish corre- 
 sponding with those of the herring, nuickerel, and cod of other 
 parts were encountered, while such migratory fish as the June 
 fish and the king fish are known to shoal in our waters, but 
 their movements are not well determined. 
 
 Long-line fishing, where two, three or more miles of line 
 provided with several thousand hooks are put out, was not 
 more successful than trawling. The lines must necessarily be 
 allowed to remain down for two or three hours, and the usual 
 experience was to find that the bodies of any fish caught on 
 the hooks had been bitten away by the many predaceous 
 sharks and barracoutas. In other cases the lines were fouled 
 by the coral growth and lost or broken. Likewise .on account 
 of the abundance of sharks and barrancoiatas, the employment 
 of large drift or mackerel nets was not more encouraging. 
 The fish entangled were usually bitten away and the nets dam- 
 aged. 
 
 Fish pots are sufliciently successful in the hands of the local 
 fishermen; but, owing to the coral character of the sea-floor, 
 their use must always be very limited. 
 
 The scheme was definitely abandoned after about two 
 month's investigation, the result indicating that any develo- 
 ment of the Jamaica fisheries would have to be cai'ried out on 
 a less pretentious scale, on a scale insufficient for the attrac- 
 tion of considerable foreign capital. 
 
 Evidently only by the continued encouragement of the 
 present methods can favorable results be obtained. A small 
 steamer working more fish-pots than is done at present, an in- 
 crease of short lines, and trawling and shrimping in some of 
 the bays and harbors with non-coral floors, would probably 
 yield sufficient remuneration and afford the island the muoh 
 needed, more adequate supply of fresh fish. With the excep- 
 tion of the Pedro, Morant, and California Banks, and the shal- 
 lows around the Cayman Islands, there are no other banks at 
 any suitable distance from Jamaica upon which fishing can 
 be conducted, unless with vessels constructed with cool stor- 
 age. Fish will not keep in the tropics for more than ten or 
 twelve hours, and a distance requiring time beyond this limit 
 to land the catch would necessitate the employment of ice 
 chambers. 
 
 At the present time the use of permanent leading nets and 
 trap.s, such as are employed in many Araeriean and Canadian 
 waters, is being experimented with. 
 
 I have dealt somewhat fully with the subject of Jamaica 
 fisheries from the fact that the United States Fisheries Com- 
 mission has lately sent the steamer "Fish Hawk" to investi- 
 gate the fishing possibilities in the newly acquired Porto Rican 
 waters. The vessel returned several months ago, and the 
 official report is awaited with interest by all concerned in 
 fishery nuitfers. Jamaica is specially desirous of learning 
 whether the conditions in the other West Indian islands cor- 
 respond witii her own, and if so. whether it will be found pos- 
 sible to encourage the industry in any other manner. 
 
 The United States Fi.shery Commission brings a vast 
 amount of practical experience to bear on such a question, 
 
SIXTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 31, 1899 
 
 323 
 
 and its report will be of greater scientific and practical value 
 than the results of a purely commercial undertaking. 
 
 Turtle. 
 
 At the present time the shores of Jamaica are the resort of 
 but few turtles, valuable for their flesh and so-called tortoise 
 shell. Occasionally isolated specimens of the green turtle, be- 
 loved for soup, come ashore for the purpose of laying their 
 eggs, and are usually captured and sold in the neighborhood. 
 The Island is, however, the centre of a considerable trade be- 
 tween the coasts and islands around Central America and 
 England. Schooners, mostly from the Cayman Islands, de- 
 pendencies of Jamaica, visit the neighborhood of the Mos- 
 quito coast, and bring loads of the green turtles to the crawls 
 in Kingston, whence they are shipped, as required, alive to 
 England. A shell trade is also carried on in the prepared 
 calipse of the green turtle. 
 
 The tortoise shell of commerce is mostly obtained from the 
 hawk's bill turtle, and specimens are occasionally captured 
 around the coast, sufBcient to supply the demand for the local 
 manufacture of turtle shell ornaments. The smaller speci- 
 mens are usually stufEed and the shell polished whole. In 
 times past Jamaica turtle shell was somewhat celebrated and 
 realized high prices on the London markets. 
 
 Booby Eggs. 
 
 The Pedro and Morant Cays are small coral islands, situated 
 some distance from Jamaica. They are leased by the govern- 
 ment for an annual sum for the right of collecting the eggs 
 laid there in thousands by several species of marine birds. 
 
 Peael-Beaeing Molluscs. 
 
 Although the waters around Jamaica are not occupied by 
 any of the pearl-bearing bivalves, many localities are suitable 
 for their artificial introduction, and only a year or two ago 
 an effort was made by representatives of an American syndi- 
 cate for concessions from the government for this purpose. 
 The porcellanous pink pearls are occasionally come upon in 
 the giant conch, Stromhis gigas, and in some parts of the 
 Island a regular search is carried on. 
 
 Geology and Mining. 
 
 After this review of the economic possibilities of the tvaters 
 around Jamaica, we may turn to the solid land and see in 
 what degree nature has provided for the needs of the in- 
 habitants, and with what stock in trade she is prepared to 
 start those born upon her. It is soon found that the pro- 
 vision of nature — the soil — is by far the most important, but 
 we may glance at the possibilities of treasures below. Like 
 many other localities, the Island experiences recurrent mining 
 fevers; sometimes by the reported discovery of gold, some- 
 times of copper, and even of coal. A geological survey was 
 conducted over thirty years ago in connection with the British 
 Survey, principally with the object of ascertaining the eco- 
 nomic value of its deposits. Since then various regions of the 
 Island have been opened up and rendered more accessible for 
 such a purpose, and other investigations of a more or less 
 private character have been conducted from time to time, so 
 that the general conditions are well known. 
 
 The indications of the presence of various metals are just 
 sufficient to encourage hope that at some time valuable de- 
 posits may be found, or that some of the known occurrences 
 may prove remunerative if the operations were conducted 
 under the best modern conditions. Four-fifths of the sur- 
 face of the Island consists of limestone of the Cretaceous or 
 
 Tertiary Age; the remainder of igneous, volcanic and meta- 
 morphic rocks, and it is amongst these that evidence of 
 metallic ores are forthcoming. 
 
 Over many parts of the Island deposits of red earth or clay, 
 the result of the decomposition of the limestone, are met 
 with, constituting ochres and other pigments. Up to the 
 present their use has been very local, but as labor conditions 
 improve there seems some likelihood that they may attain a 
 wider and, perhaps, an export value. The numerous limestone 
 caves often have their floors covered with a thick deposit of 
 cave earth, mostly bat refuse, and this has attracted some 
 attention as a fertilizer. At the present moment a strong 
 endeavor is being made to work certain of the copper deposits, 
 and considering the high price of copper there appears some 
 likelihood of success. 
 
 Agriculture. 
 
 Neither in the animal life of the sea, nor in the minerals 
 below the soil, can Jamaica and the tropics generally, hope to 
 excel temperate regions. But there is another natural condi- 
 tion which will ever give them a superiority, and which points 
 out the true position they will occupy as the regions of the 
 earth are all called upon to render their special quota towards 
 man's subsistence. For his food and most of his materials, 
 man is ultimately dependent upon the products of the earth's 
 surface, that is, upon plant life. Only by means of this activity 
 can dead inorganic matter be raised into complex materials 
 suitable for food, and plant growth is everywhere dependent 
 upon the sun's light and heat, and chemical rays. When we 
 compare the productions in colder regions with those in the 
 tropics, we realize at once the immense possibilities of the 
 latter over the former and the special part they are called 
 upon to play. The character and quantity of their fruit and 
 vegetable products assign to them distinctive features in the 
 world's commerce. 
 
 Every agriculturist in Jamaica is prepared, and justly so, 
 to go into superlative terms over the richness and fertility of 
 the soil, whose cultivation is carried out with a minimum of 
 trouble. In general, the denudations by torrential rains on 
 the higher elevations give rise to a great thickness of lower 
 deposits which soon form soil. Further, the tropics, more 
 than other regions, are the home of the nitrogen-fixing 
 leguminosae, a process in the enrichment of the soil to which 
 the highest importance is now attached in agriculture. 
 
 Sugar and Euir. 
 
 Jamaica was formerly, and is to a large extent to-day, con- 
 nected in the minds of the outside world with the production 
 of sugar and nun. "Jamaica Eum" is still a household term, 
 and if all the spirit sold under that name was what it pre- 
 tends to be, the Island would be in a far more prosperous con- 
 dition. Everyone is acquainted with the story of the gradual 
 decline which has taken place in the output of these articles, 
 in the case of sugar as a result of the bounty system on beet 
 sugar on the continent of Europe; an artificial system intro- 
 duced with the intention of making the European continent 
 independent of the West Indies for its supply of sugar, and 
 one which its supporters n-ould now renounce, if opportune. 
 
 During the past year the acreage in Jamaica under culti- 
 vation in canes was 28,764, and the exportation of sugar and 
 rum amounted to £313,010 in value. At present there is a 
 buoyancy in the best situated and best conducted estates, for 
 encouraging profits are being realized. The planter continues 
 to live in hopes that with the probable extinction of the con- 
 tinental bounty system at no very distant date, conditions 
 will be again favorable for his existence. He may not hope 
 to realize the enormous profits of the last and early part of the 
 
324 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 present century, when the West Indies held almost a monopoly 
 in sugar and rum; but with the return of equality in com- 
 mercial relations a new impetus would be given to the in- 
 vestment of capital, improvement in machinei-y, and combina- 
 tions on a large scale. There is every evidence that then 
 Jamaica would be able to compete with success with other 
 more recent sugar producing countries. Combinations in the 
 form of central factories, so as to lessen cost of production, 
 are much to be desired. The traditions of a race of planters 
 such as Jamaica possesses, have to be considered in this con- 
 nection; such a factor, often praiseworthy, can scarcely be 
 appreciated by an American commercial organization untram- 
 melled by any past history. 
 
 Fruit. 
 
 The development of the fruit industry, pari passu with the 
 decrease in the production of sugar and rum, is recognized as 
 having been the means of saving Jamaica from the severe 
 depression which has overtaken many of her West India 
 neighbors. To such an extent has the production of fruit, 
 largely bananas and citrus fruits, increased, that the value of 
 the export of the first mentioned fruit alone is now two or 
 three times that of sugar and rum combined. In the year 
 ending the 31st day of March, 1898, the output of this fruit 
 reached the considerable total of 6,981,858 bunches, valued 
 at £445,866, and the increase is going ahead with leaps and 
 bounds. 
 
 This industry has arisen almost wholly within the last 
 twenty years, and mainly as a result of the energy and ability 
 displayed by an American company, formerly the Boston 
 Fruit Company, now the United Fruit Company. From a 
 small beginning, with a single sloop, and purchasing from a 
 few settlers around a port of call, the company has now a 
 large fleet of fruit steamers and estates and wharves in nearly 
 all parts of the Island. Many shiploads of Jamaican bananas 
 come each week to your principal port.':, an*^ soon there will 
 not be an American who does not know of tlie Island by this 
 one fruit. 
 
 In connection with what has been said as to the conduct of 
 tropical undertakings, it is of interest to note the methods 
 of this successful organization. The actual labor of cultiva- 
 tion, cutting, loading, etc., is conducted by natives, and on 
 such a scale as to permit of either task work, or supervision 
 in gangs. The details of management are conducted by intel- 
 ligent men acquainted with the local conditions. The prin- 
 cipal managers are in constant interchange with both the 
 American and Jamaican depots, and in this way maintain 
 their commercial vigor. 
 
 The relative importance to the Island itself of the fruit 
 industry, compared with the old staple sugar industry, is a 
 question of some importance. As a means of circiUation of 
 capital within the island, fruit cultivation is much inferior to 
 that of a sugar estate with its complicated manufacturing 
 processes. An estate employs from the youngest to the oldest 
 of both sexes, and this practically all the year round. In ad- 
 dition, a sugar plantation demands the skilled mechanic, 
 whereas a fruit cultivation, like that of the banana, requires 
 comparatively little labor, and only during a certain season. 
 
 There seems no doubt that unless conditiins are changed, 
 such as the abolition of the bounty system or the formation 
 of central factories, the sugar and rum industry will continue 
 to be a diminishing factor in the commerce of the Island; but 
 there is no fear that it will ever become extinct. All evidence 
 at the present day points to an eidarging iinporliuice of th,. 
 fruit industry. 
 
 Geographical relations would dctemiine the Iljiiled States 
 as the natural market for Jamaican ])erishable fruit; political 
 relations point to the English market. So far, the former has 
 
 almost exclusively held sway, and recent events seem to in- 
 dicate a predominating continuance, especially if favorable 
 tariff relations can be established. A very strong effort is 
 now being made to bring the British markets within the 
 sphere of Jamaican fruit. The time required for the con- 
 veyance of fi-uit between the two countries has hitherto been 
 a barrier, but a special line of British fruit steamers is now in 
 process of construction, and may be in operation in the early 
 part of the coming year. 
 
 Citrus Fruits. 
 
 Under the term citrus fruits are included oranges, limes, 
 lemons, grape-fruits, shaddock and allied forms. These grow 
 practically wild in Jamaica. The large quantity now bein? 
 received in the United States still comes mostly from trees 
 which have obtained little or no cultivation, it being only 
 recently that much commercial importance has been attached 
 to the fruit. Now large areas are being laid out systematically 
 in groves and careful selection of the best varieties is exer- 
 cised. One advantage in the case of the scattered unculti- 
 vated trees is in their comparative freedom from insects and 
 other pests, which, in other countries where cultivation has 
 been long established, are always a source of loss and trouble. 
 As the citrus fruit industry enlarges, more care will be given 
 tn sorting and packing, conditions in which the shipments 
 arc said at this end to be somewhat deficient. During the pa.st 
 year the export value of oranges was £123,71-5; while that 
 of grape fruit, a fruit much appreciated in the States, was 
 i7,983. 
 
 Coffee. 
 
 Notwithstanding the great increase in the production of 
 coffee in other tropical regions, Jamaica Blue Mountain coffee 
 still holds the highest market price, 26 dollars per cwt. (113 
 lt)s.) Its preparation is attended with the greatest care in 
 cdutrast with that grown by the settler, who secures only the 
 very low prices usually obtainable for coffee. The value of 
 the article exported last year was £162,219. 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 Some advances are being made in the cultivation of this 
 article, an impetus having been given by the residence in the 
 Island of numerous Cubans during the late Cuban war. Many 
 of the alluvial plains are very suitable for the growth of the 
 plant. The estate at Montpelier has now nearly a hundred 
 acres under cultivation, its leaf and cigars realizing some of 
 the highest prices. Samples of Jamaica cigars which I was 
 able to bring with me have been spoken of in very high terms 
 here. 
 
 PiNEAPrLES. 
 
 A great development in the planting of pineapples is taking 
 ]>lace, and before long the Januiican fruit will ])robably be 
 found in abundance on both the American and British mar- 
 kets. A typically tropical fruit, it grows with great vigor in 
 Jamaica, the Florida varieties there increasing considerably 
 in size and quality. The samples forwarded by the Jamaica 
 Agi'icultural Society and placed on show in the Exposition, 
 arc Mckniwledged to be among the largest seen in the States. 
 'I'ln- recent experiences of frost in Florida have driven many 
 of the fonncr growers of fruit there to more reliable climes, 
 and these are aiding in the more systematic cultivation of this 
 and other Jamaican fruits. 
 
SIXTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 31, 1899 
 
 325 
 
 Pimento, or Allspice. 
 
 The pimento tree is indigenous to the Island, and prac- 
 tically the world's supply of this spice comes from Jamaica. 
 No cultivation whatever is required, and, though very fluctu- 
 ating in price and quantity, the possession of pimento walks 
 is often a source of considerable revenue to the planter or 
 pen keeper. 
 
 Of other smaller products, the trade in which is on the in- 
 crease, may be mentioned ginger, cacao or chocolate, kola, 
 rice, cocoanuts and honey. These have all a commercial 
 value. The people are awake to the necessity of utilizing 
 every means for the improvement of their condition, and 
 every encouragement is being given them by the different 
 agencies. 
 
 Industry and capital in Jamaica enjoy the advantage of a 
 long-settled, stable, well-governed country, opened up by rail- 
 ways and excellent roads; a peaceful and more or less indus- 
 trious native population; and numerous means of communi- 
 cation with the outside world. 
 
 Departments and Societies. 
 
 Several organizations, mainly supported by the government, 
 exist for the purpose of encouraging the development of the 
 resources of the Island. 
 
 Botanical Department. — By means of botanical stations in 
 different regions of the Island this department conducts ex- 
 periments with regard to the introduction and propagation 
 of new and improved varieties of plants; affords practical in- 
 struction in gardening; disseminates information by means 
 of a monthly bulletin; and makes important contributions to 
 botanical science relative to the Island's flora. The director 
 is W. Fa-weett, Esq., B. L. 
 
 Agricultural Society. — This society, which I have the honor 
 of representing on this occasion, has for its main purpose 
 the improved cutivation of the Island's products; improved 
 breeds of stock and the interests of agriculture generally. By 
 means of a plainly worded monthly journal, premiums and 
 shows, branch societies, lectures and demonstrations, a great 
 impetus is given to agricultural progress. The secretary is 
 Mr. G. A. Douet. 
 
 The Royal Jamaica Society of Agriculture and Commerce 
 and Merchants' Exchange. — This organization concerns itself 
 with matters connected with the agriculture and trade of the 
 Island, and the two preceding speakers are its worthy repre- 
 sentatives to this Congress. The secretary is Mr. Geo. Levy. 
 
 The Institute of Jamaica was founded for the encourage- 
 ment of literature, science and art in the Island. A journal 
 devoted to these objects is published at irregular intervals. 
 The secretary is Mr. F. Bundell. 
 
 I bring these organizations before you, and the names of 
 their secretaries, as each lays itself open for communication 
 with correspondents abroad upon matters in its own special 
 depai-tment connected with the interests of the Island. Any 
 information upon Jamaica omitted from these papers will be 
 gladly supplied by them. They are often consulted by foreign 
 merchants and intending immigrants. Combined, they supply 
 for Jamaica that which the Philadelphia Commercial Museum 
 endeavors by means of its army of specialists and correspon- 
 dents to furnish for the whole commercial world. (Applause.) 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson : 
 
 I now take pleasure in introducing Mr. Simon Soutar, dele- 
 gate from the Royal Society of Agriculture and Commerce, 
 Kingston, Jamaica. 
 
 Trade in Jamaica. 
 
 Mr. Simon Soutar: 
 
 Jamaica is but a small island, a mere speck upon the map of 
 this hemisphere, yet its commerce gives employment to a large 
 section of your people, and its products contribute in no small 
 degree to the happiness and comfort of the inhabitants of this 
 great Republic. 
 
 Its bananas, its oranges and its cocoanuts are well known 
 in your markets and appreciated. Its coffee, rum, ginger and 
 divi-divi are the finest in the world, and it enjoys the unique 
 distinction of being the only place in the world where pi- 
 mento, a pleasant and very useful allspice and important 
 article of commerce, is grown. 
 
 Jamaica is an agricultural country and has but few indus- 
 tries. Its wealth is in its soil, and its prosperity depends upon 
 the appreciation of its exports. When prices are remunera- 
 tive, its people are happy and contented, but for some time 
 past our principal products, sugar, rum, coffee and logwood, 
 have been depressed and selling at prices almost below the cost 
 of production. Our principal export is now fruit, which this 
 year will represent nearly one-half of the entire exports from 
 the colony. As this is a new industry, having come into exist- 
 ence within the last thirty years, and having had its birth- 
 place in Jamaica, no account of the trade of that colony would 
 be complete without it. Thirty-five years ago, when I last had 
 the pleasure of being in your hospitable city, the banana was 
 unknown. Now it is, perhaps, the most common fruit in 
 America, as well as the cheapest. It enters largely into your 
 commerce, gives employment to a large number of your citi- 
 zens and appears to be a staple article of food amongst the 
 poorer classes. It has brought prosperity and wealth to the 
 colony which I have the honor to represent, and in view of 
 the great depression that has taken place in our usual source 
 of revenue, I do not know how the government could have 
 gotten on without it. I, therefore, think this opportunity 
 should not be allowed to pa.ss without placing on record, be- 
 fore the closing of this great Congress, our indebtedness for 
 the introduction of this wholesome food, the Jamaica banana, 
 this wonderful industry that has brought prosperity to com- 
 munities and comfort and competence to so many homes; to 
 American capital, energy and enterprise; to Captain L. D. 
 Barker, of Wellfleet, a Cape Cod fisherman. I mention this, 
 for without that early training, it is doubtful if you would 
 have had a banana in Philadelphia to-day. It was there he 
 learned to fight the elements, to brave the storm, to develop 
 that energy, perseverance and determination that served him 
 so well in after life. 
 
 I well remember liis coming to Jamaica in a little fishing 
 schooner — the "Eunice P. Newcombe," — his sanguine tem- 
 perament and strong, magnetic presence; his first venture; 
 the purchase of his first estate; his friends and associates, Mr. 
 Hopkins, Captains Freeman and Young; his troubles, disap- 
 pointments and failures. It was uphill work, and the ob- 
 stacles seemed insui-mountable, but he still worked on. It 
 was a herculean task, but he never faltered. He saw a great 
 future for the banana, and refused to give up, until at last 
 he succeeded in foiTning the Boston Fruit Company, an asso- 
 ciation that has done more to develop the commerce of 
 Jamaica than any other enterprise during the last century. 
 Now, we have its latest development in the creation of the 
 United Fruit Company, an organization of great power and 
 influence, destined to control the entire export of tropical 
 fruit in the near future. This company is the largest busi- 
 ness concern in Jamaica. They own, lease or control nearly 
 a hundred thousand acres of good, arable land, some of it the 
 finest in Jamaica. Then they have miles upon miles of ban- 
 ana and cocoanut plantations. They have large tracts laid out 
 in orchards of the best descriptions of budded oranges. The 
 
326 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Jamaica orange of to-day is juicy and sweet, but when these 
 come into bearing, they will j^roduce an orange that will be a 
 surprise to your fruit dealers. They have planted immense 
 fields of the finest varieties of the pineapple, which will soon 
 come into bearing. Jamaica is the home of the pineapple. 
 It is our coat-of-arms. There the smooth cayenne develops 
 a weight of twelve to fourteen pounds, sometimes more, and 
 a peculiar, delicate flavor not to be found elsewhere. The 
 company has branches and wharves at every important ship- 
 ping place, and agencies in every centre. They have their 
 own railways and tramways, as well as their own telegraph and 
 telephone service. They possess a fleet of large, first-class, 
 fast passenger steamships, wliich have reduced the voyage to 
 Jamaica to four and one-half or five days. These vessels are 
 steady, comfortable, free from vibration, and replete with 
 every comfort and convenience. 
 
 In connection with the passenger trade, the company oper- 
 ates a first-class hotel at Port Antonio, delightfully situated 
 on an eminence overlooking the town and harbor, and com- 
 manding extensive land and sea views. 
 
 The company does not confine its operations to its own 
 plantations alone, but purchases fruit and other produce from 
 surrounding districts at current rates. It is the presence of 
 this American company that gives importance to our trade 
 returns and enables us to do a large and increasing business 
 with the United States. During three months of this year, 
 they shipped 3,000,000 bunches of liananas, almost as much 
 as the total importation into the United States a few years ago. 
 
 The trade and commerce of Jamaica is considerable. Dur- 
 ing the fiscal year ending March 31st last, 445 sailing and 975 
 steam vessels, having a net tonnage of 917,449, arrived, and 
 457 sailing and 972 steam vessels departed from ports in the 
 Island. 
 
 The total imports into the Island from all parts during the 
 same period were valued at $8,711,806, of which $3,876,508, 
 or about 45 per cent., came from the United States, as against 
 42 per cent, the previous year, and 39 per cent, in 1897. The 
 value of the total exports from the colony during the same 
 period was $7,661,885, of which no less than $4,850,615, or 
 nearly 64 per cent., went to the United States, as against 62 
 per cent, in 1898, and 56 per cent, in 1897. 
 
 These figures must be highly gratifying to this Congress, 
 as showing our large and increasing trade with the United 
 States, but our exports for the first six months of this fiscal 
 year show a still more rapid increase, which, if continued for 
 the balance of the year, will probably reach 75 per cent. Nor 
 is it in exports alone that this increase is apparent, for the 
 Collector-General, in his last report, draws attention to the 
 increased importation of cotton goods from the United States. 
 He says: "In 1897, the value of textiles imported from the 
 United States was £26,614, and in the past year, the trade 
 has increased to £50,595, a stride of 90 per cent, in a single 
 year." 
 
 If further proof be wanting of the tendency of our trade 
 towards your shore, it is supplied by the official returns of the 
 exports for the first six months of this fiscal year. I only give 
 a few of the principal items: 
 
 Exports to the United St.te,, ,^j;'\\ \>^ ^ AprH 1 t^,^ 
 
 Coffee (cwt.) 8,961 6,898 
 
 Cocoanuts (number) 9,303,581 5,230.190 
 
 Bananas (bunches) 6,318,453 4,256,668 
 
 Oranges (number) 10,971,653 4,651,350 
 
 Pineapples (dozen) 4,608 2,351 
 
 Ginger (cwt.) 4,213 1,436 
 
 Sugar (tons) 13,553 10,049 
 
 These official returns prove that the United States is the 
 natural market for Jamaica. Canada tries hard for a share of 
 
 our trade, but somehow does not make any progress. During 
 the last fiscal year, we only received from Canada 7 per cent, 
 of our entire imports, as against 7 per cent, the previous year, 
 and 8.2 per cent, in 1897. Of our exports, the percentage is 
 1^ per cent, of last year, as against 1.3 per cent, in 1898 and 
 1.2 per cent, in 1897. 
 
 The government of the Dominion subsidizes a line of steam- 
 ships, with fortnightly sailings from Halifax. They have a 
 resident commercial agent in Kingston who attends to their 
 interests, yet their efforts apparently fail to influence trade. 
 Canada even affords us preferential treatment of our sugar. 
 Yet, we send it all to the United States, where you impose a 
 countervailing duty on bounty-fed sugar, equal to the bounty 
 paid by the country of export, and this enables us to com- 
 pete. There is no sentiment in business; men will buy and 
 sell in the market they find most advantageous. So long 
 as the United Stales can offer us suitable goods of good 
 ijuality and cheap, we will buy, — otherwise, we go elsewhere. 
 
 There are, however, legitimate means which can be adopted 
 in the aid of commerce, and to extend and foster foreign trade. 
 There are probably none so effective or so perfectly adapted 
 to the needs of modern commerce as reciprocity. The prin- 
 ciple is not only good, but sound, making concessions in the 
 tariffs of the reciprocating countries, mutually advantageous 
 to both. Under the powers conferred on the President of 
 the United States, by the Tariff Act of 1897, a reciprocal 
 agreement was entered into with the colony I have the honor 
 to represent, and which will shortly come before the Senate for 
 ratification. The exact terms of this treaty have not yet been 
 made public, but I have seen it stated in American news- 
 papers, that in exchange for a reduction in the duties im- 
 posed by the Jamaica tariff on certain articles of import from 
 the United States, the United States Government has agreed, 
 subject to the ratification by the Senate, to make a reduction 
 of 20 per cent, in the duties now levied on citrus fruits im- 
 ported from Jamaica — an agreement which cannot fail to 
 increase the commerce of both countries. Exception has 
 been taken by the orange growers of California to the treaty, 
 who intend using every means in their power to prevent its 
 ratification, on the ground that it will be inimical to Iheir 
 interests, but it is ditficult to see how they can be affected. 
 The Jamaica orange crop comes in from August to Decem- 
 ber, when there are no other oranges in tlie market, thus 
 supplying a demand which cannot otherwise be filled. 
 
 Should this treaty be ratified, it will be the means of pro- 
 moting the interests and extending the commerce of both 
 countries. If not, it appears to me, you will continue to buy 
 the Jamaica oranges. You must have them, and your people 
 must still continue to pay the difference in duty. Make the 
 concession, and you cheapen the product, create a larger de- 
 mand and add further to the comforts of your people. 
 
 Another great factor in extending and fostering foreign 
 trade is credit, which has been aptly termed, the "soul of 
 commerce." In one of the early sessions of this Congress, a 
 banker stated, he sometimes met men so shrewd and so clever, 
 that they would tell him "they trusted no one," showing a 
 lack of knowledge of the use, the value and the necessity of 
 credit, without which it is impossible to carry on a business 
 of any imporiance. We all meet men of this stamp, who do 
 nothing for the advancement of trade aiul commerce. In this 
 respect, the United States cannot do better than follow the 
 practice of Europe, by giving a reasonable term of credit to 
 responsible parties. 
 
 I congratulate this Congress on the healthy trade relations 
 existing between this great Rejniblic and the Island of Jamaica. 
 The achievements of modern science have made us near neigh- 
 bors. In five days, and at an expense of a few dollars, you can 
 reach our land of eternal summer. The possibilities of trade 
 and commerce with us are great. We have a lovely island. 
 
SIXTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 31, 1899 
 
 327 
 
 au ideal climate, healthy surroundings, a death rate of only 
 23 per 1,000, a most fertile soil, good government, the best 
 roads in the world — the cyclist's paradise, — an extensive range 
 of products, great opportunities and openings"for American 
 capital and enterprise. Our principal and best fruits are still 
 unknown to you. The mineral resources of our country are 
 rare and varied. We have gold, silver, nickel, lead, copper, 
 hematite and manganese ores in abundance; in every one of 
 which lies a fortune waiting for the energetic American to 
 develop. 
 
 We invite you to come and see for yourselves the immense 
 resources of our beautiful Island. A number of your countrj'- 
 men are already enjoying life and assisting to develop the 
 enormous wealth lying dormant in our soil. To the invalid, 
 we say come, bathe in the sunshine and spend your winters 
 with us in a climate that is particularly delightful and suited 
 to the most delicate constitution. We ask the man of leisure 
 to come and enjoy our mountain climate and balmy breezes. 
 You will find much to interest and instruct you. Our people 
 are kind, hospitable and will do all in their power to make 
 your stay amongst them as agreeable and comfortable as pos- 
 sible. 
 
 To those who wish to combine business with pleasure, the 
 trip is particularly delightful. First-class steamships leave 
 the United Fruit Company's pier every Wednesday for 
 Jamaica, fitted with every comfort for passengers and com- 
 manded by experienced navigators, — gentlemen, whom it is 
 a pleasure to know. A couple of days out and you feel you 
 have left the rigors of a northern climate; next day, you reach 
 the outlying Bahamas, islands of historic interest, and from 
 thence forward, you begin to enjoy the beauty and splendor 
 of the tropics. As you enter Port Antonio, the fairyland of 
 Jamaica bursts upon your view, and you begin to wonder 
 whether you are still in this mundane sphere. Here you find 
 a Jamaica-American town, and a first-class hotel. Through- 
 out the Island, you will find good hotels, good railway service, 
 and in Kingston, good streets and up-to-date electric car ser- 
 vice, electric light, and all the comforts and conveniences of 
 modern life. 
 
 I cannot close without referring to the wonderful power 
 and influence, for extending the foreign trade of this great 
 country, exercised by the Philadelphia Museum and this great 
 International Congress held under its auspices. It is shown 
 not; alone in the views expressed in the papers read, which, to 
 a great extent, must of necessity be more or less formal, but in 
 the bringing together of a large body of business men, repre- 
 sentatives of trade and commerce from all parts of the world. 
 Visiting your factories and seeing what you produce, has 
 alread)' led to the making of lasting business connections, and 
 the giving of large orders. It is difficult to say how and to 
 what extent these influences may reach, but they must result 
 in a large increase in your trade. Human progress in these 
 days is so rapid and so wonderful, as to render these meetings 
 necessary every few years. 
 
 (At 12 m.. Director W. P. Wilson called Dr. Johnston to 
 take the chair.) 
 
 Dr. James Johnston: 
 
 In reference to the remarks made so clearly and concisely 
 regarding the pests in Jamaica, did I mention anything of 
 the kind? (Laughter and applause.) You will all be pleased 
 to hear, I am sure, that there is very little foundation for fear 
 from the mongoose, because it is passing away. Nature will 
 always protect itself. When the mongoose came it ate up the 
 snakes. It would be difficult now to find a single snake in 
 the Island, whereas before there were thousands of them, and 
 they destroyed the bird creatures that lived on the ticks. 
 Having destroyed the birds, the ticki in time are destroying 
 
 the mongoose. There is no doubt that the mongoose is ob- 
 jectionable. But it is about the only objectionable animal we 
 have in the Island. Of course, we have scorpions and centi- 
 pedes, but you don't need to get bitten by them unless you 
 like. You do not need to go looking for scorpions, or centi- 
 pedes, or tarantulas, which are the rarest things possible. 
 About once a year, probably, we hear of a person being bitten 
 by them. Mr. Duerden looks for them for his museum, and 
 if he gets bitten he must take it as the accidents of war. 
 You may travel the Island through, and live in it for a life- 
 time of fifty or sixty years without being troubled by the 
 pests. Again, in .Jamaica we have no frost-bites. It is a rare 
 thing to be troubled with mosquitoes. Your mosquito is 
 much bigger than ours and his sting is more venomous. Flies 
 are scarcely known with us, whereas, in this country if you lie 
 down for a siesta you are sure to be worried by flies. You 
 must not believe in newspapers that tell you about those 
 things, because it is all nonsense. (Laughter.) 
 
 I now have the pleasure of calling upon Hon. W. W. 
 Kockhill, if present. If he is not here, I have another string 
 to my bow, and will call upon Mr. C. Arthur Shand, who will 
 speak to you on the subject of the "Trade Relations between 
 the United States and the I^eeward Islands." 
 
 Mr. C. Arthur Shand: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I must first of all 
 begin by claiming the indulgence of my audience to say that 
 I am suffering from a very severe cold which affects my 
 throat. I hope I shall be able to get through my paper; if 
 I break down, I hope you will extend to me your forgiveness 
 and your pity. 
 
 You have been told about the topography of Jamaica, and 
 were also told about the topography of certain parts of Aus- 
 tralia, but there is very much more to say with regard to the 
 Leeward Islands, as a great many people here, whom I have 
 come across, have asked me where the Leeward Islands 
 were. They had a sort of idea that they were somewhere in 
 the Pacific Ocean. I had to relieve their minds that I had 
 not all that distance to go in coming to America. ^V^lere 
 we are, we are much nearer to you than we are to our brethren 
 in England, and I thought you certainly must have been 
 posted up a little about our geography, but I found that you 
 were exceedingly in the dark about it. I found that you 
 know very little about our topography. I did not think that 
 this could be the case of such a country as America, with such 
 advanced ideas and such a high civilization. I thought that 
 topography and geography would be at the tip of everybody's 
 tongue. I find it is not so; therefore, I will preface my paper 
 with a consideration of the locality of the Leeward Islands. 
 
 The colony that I represent at this International Com- 
 mercial Congress is known as the Federation of the Leeward 
 Islands, and, as its name implies, consists of a number of 
 islands amalgamated under one government, the seat of which 
 is the Island of Antigua. 
 
 Antigua has an area of one himdred square miles, with 
 a population of 36,119 inhabitants, of whom about one-third 
 reside in the Cathedral City of St. John. The exports of An- 
 tigua for the year 1898 consisted of sugar (which is the staple 
 crop), molasses, rum, live stock, satinwood, firewood, log- 
 wood and lime juice, of which the woods come chiefly from 
 the neighboring Island of Barbuda, which is a dependency of 
 Antigua, to its extreme north, with an area of sixty-two square 
 miles. 
 
 The value of these exports amounted to $370,990, of which 
 $318,065 worth found its way to the United States. 
 
 There is also another small dependency of Antigua, named 
 Redonda, which is leased to a mining company and worked for 
 phosphate of alumina. 
 
 Dominica is the most southern and largest of the Le«ward 
 
328 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Islands, occupying an area of 291 square miles, with a popu- 
 lation of 2{J,84L Last year the exports included coffee, cacao, 
 lime juice and its accessories, fruits and vegetables, amount- 
 ing to $298,315 in value, of which $60,920 worth was shipped 
 to America. 
 
 Montserrat, with its thirty-nine square miles and 11,762 
 inhahitants, exported in 1898 live stock, coffee, sugar, cacao, 
 lime juice, fruit, vegetables and fruits in syrups reaching a 
 total value of $60,700, $14,995 worth of which went to 
 America. 
 
 Saint Kitts or Saint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla are 
 three sejjarate islands of 69, 50 and 35 square miles respec- 
 tively, with a population of 38,262, united for governmental 
 purposes as one Presidency. Last year the exports from these 
 islands included live stock, sugar (which, as in Antigua, forms 
 the staple crop), molasses, rum, hides, fruit, vegetables and 
 salt, amounting to $571,310, of wliich amount $491,625 worth 
 was shipped to the United States. 
 
 Last on the list come the Virgin Islands, consisting of an 
 archipelago, the total area of which is about fifty-eight square 
 miles, with a population of 4,639 inhabitants. Tlie exports 
 for 1898 amounted to only $18,765, nearly all of which went 
 to the neighboring island of Saint Thomas, Danish West In- 
 dies, in the shape of live stock, vegetables, salt and charcoal. 
 The chief islands of this group are Tortola, the soil of which 
 is fertile; Virgin Gorda, which was once worked for copper, 
 and Anegada; but as these islands are not looked upon at 
 present as of much commercial value, and as there exist no 
 trade relations between them and the United States, I shall 
 not again refer to them in this paper. 
 
 It will thus be seen, that the islands fonning this govern- 
 ment occupy a total area of some seven hundred square miles, 
 with a population of 118,203 inhabitants, exported last year 
 produce to the extent of $1,310,080, of which $885,605 worth 
 was shipped to the United States of America. That is to say, 
 more than two-thirds of our produce found a market in the 
 United States. 
 
 It will be noticed that in Antigua and Saint Kitts-Nevis, 
 which islands are solely dependent upon sugar as their staple, 
 almost the total exports were shipped to America, and this 
 result was entirely due to the so-called "Free Trade" policy 
 of the British Government, which admits boimty-fed beet 
 sugars to the English market, to the necessary exclusion of her 
 own colonial sugars, which are unable to compete with their 
 foreign rivals when so unfairly handicapped. But we have 
 received at the hands of the United States the equitable treat- 
 ment denied us by our own Tuother country. This is in itself 
 a bond to cement a friendship which has always existed, and 
 which each advancing year tends to develop. 
 
 Out of $1,560,460, the total value of the imports into our 
 Colony for the year 1898, the United States contributed $569,- 
 305. I have prepared, and attach to this paper, a compara- 
 tive slatement showing, first, the total amounts imported 
 under each heading, and secondly, the proportion of that 
 amount imported from the LTnited States. It would take too 
 much of your valuable time to deal at length with these 
 figures. Suffice it to say, that in provisions, breadstuffs, food- 
 stuffs, tobacco (for what reaches us of this commodity from 
 other sources was mostly originally exported from the States), 
 lumber and kerosene oil, the United States practically enjoy 
 a monopoly, but dry goods, hardware and oilier articles come 
 from Great Britain. 
 
 Though fate has dealt unkindly of late with these lovely 
 islands, there are evidences of an improvement in their pros- 
 pects at no distant date. Consequent upon the recommenda- 
 tions of the Royal Commissioners, who were appointed in 
 1897 to report upon the conditions of the West Indies, a new 
 agricultural and botanical department has been inaugurated, 
 the cost of which for a period of ten years is to be provided 
 
 for from Imperial funds. This new department is presided 
 over by Dr. Morris, C. M. G., who was so successful as Di- 
 rector of the Royal Garden at Kew, and has for its object not 
 (inly the improvement of the methods of sugar cultivation, 
 but also the promotion of the cultivation of any other indus- 
 tries that may be discovered to suit the climatic con- 
 ditions and prove of a remunerative nature. Under such 
 favorable auspices, it is to be hoped that the latent resources 
 of the colony may be gradually developed, and to enable the 
 growers of fruit and other perishable produce to get their 
 goods placed upon the market in the best condition, lines of 
 steamers are being subsidized that will afford all the necessaij 
 facilities, which have hitherto been unobtainable. This should 
 prove an inestimable boon to the islands, Dominica especially, 
 as in Dominica, at present, only the lands nearest the sea- 
 coast are cultivated, although there are really three zones 
 available for different kinds of cultivation, viz.: (1) The coast 
 zone or lowlands, suitable for sugar, limes, cacao, Liberian 
 coffee, cocoanuts, fibre and starch-bearing plants, and ceara 
 rubber, etc. (2) The middle zone, extending from an eleva- 
 tion of 1,000 to 2,000 feet above the sea level, and suitable 
 for the cultivation of oranges and other fruits, vanilla, nut- 
 megs, cloves, cinnamon, cacao, kola nuts, tara rubber, etc. 
 (3) The higher zone above 2,000 feet elevation, where coffee 
 as well as early temperate vegetables might be grown profit- 
 ably. This island, I may mention, has an annual rainfall 
 averaging one hundred inches. In the islands dependent 
 upon sugar, central factories, under some sort of Imperial 
 guarantee, are taking the place of the old processes of manu- 
 facture, which are probably admitted to be obsolete and waste- 
 ful. The planters have been blamed for having so long ad- 
 hered to primitive methods, but it must not be lost sight of 
 that the natural conditions were so favorable, that is to say, 
 that sugar could be produced so economically owing to the 
 exceptional richness of the juice and the cheapness of labor, 
 that it was possible to manufacture at a profit muscovado 
 sugar in Antigua and St. Kitts-Nevis, long after less favor- 
 ably situated places had been driven by stress of circum- 
 stances to resoi-t to more approved methods. In both these 
 it^lauds pines thrive to advantage, and the black pine produced 
 in Antigua has a flavor unsurpassed by other varieties. 
 
 There is one point I would like to touch upon before con- 
 cluding, and that is, the future prospect of our obtaining a 
 market for our sugars in the United States. Negotiations 
 are, I believe, in progress for reciprocal relations between 
 our colony and the United States, but the great difficulty 
 that presents itself is the absence of any line of margin be- 
 tween our revenue and expenditure. That is to say, taking 
 off duties any further would involve a deficit, and taxation, 
 on land especially, has reached a limit that cannot be ex- 
 tended. I can only hope that this great nation, the United 
 States, may not close its doors on a colony which, from its 
 natural geographical location, is especially adapted for com- 
 mercial relations with the neighboring mainland. At the 
 time of the passing of the act, so well known by the name 
 of that illustrious statesman who is now Presiclent of the 
 United States, our government had to make several impor- 
 tant concessions to enable our produce to reap the benefits 
 promised under the tariff. Unfortunately, these privileges 
 were only teniporaij, but the concessions then accorded have 
 not been withdrawn, and in dealing w^ith the question of 
 reciprocity now, 1 can only hope that this fact nuiy be taken 
 into consideration. 
 
 I am afraid I have trespassed too long u]ioii y(uir ronsidera- 
 fion, and in conclusion I would express in niy own name, 
 and also that of the government, most heartfelt thanks for 
 llie princely (I can find no other sufficiently expi-essive term 
 ill my vocabulary) hos])itality accorded to nie liy Philadel- 
 phia and its inhabitants during the whole of my stay in this 
 
SIXTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 31, 1899 
 
 829 
 
 aptly designated city. We, in our part of tlie world, can 
 hold out no hopes of ever repaying you adequately, but to 
 any of you who visit our shores, believe me, a most hearty 
 welcome will be extended. I do not ask you to take all I 
 say upon trust, but to come and see for yourselves, and I feel 
 certain that whilst steaming along through our sum.mer seas, 
 fanned by the cooling trade breezes, with one or more pic- 
 turesque islands ever in sight, you will realize that the West 
 Indies can still afford a delightful holiday resort. For those 
 among you fond of sport with rifle or with gun, we can provide 
 all that you require in the Island of Barbuda, which is plen- 
 tifully stocked with deer, wild duck of many kinds, pigeon 
 and guinea fowl — a veritable sportsman's elysinm. 
 
 Even with the present steam communication, which is not 
 of the speediest, our Island can be reached in a week's run 
 from New York, so that the experiment would not absorb 
 much time. Come, then, I say, and whilst with us, your 
 enterprise and ingenuity, of which this Exposition gives so 
 many substantial proofs, may help to rebuild the fortunes of 
 our erstwhile prosperous islands. 
 
 Comparative Statement of iMroETS Into the Lee- 
 ward Islands, British West Indies, for 
 
 THE TEAR 1898. 
 
 ™ . , . . . From United 
 
 _ ■ I Total imported u.-to^nf 
 
 Desc.ipiion. fro.n all sources. IJjerica. 
 
 Bread and biscuits, barrels 13,093 11,909 
 
 Flour of wheait, barrels 36,720 34,771 
 
 Flour, rye or oats, barrels 118 28 
 
 Flour (cornmeal and maize), barrels ... . 24,291 23,091 
 
 Grain, corn and wheat, bushels 44,432 44,138 
 
 Oats, bushels S,364 1,020 
 
 Peas, beans, barley, etc., bushels 3,957 1,593 
 
 Rice lbs . . .'. 1 ,269,019 135,504 
 
 Salted and dried beef, lbs 80,721 76,944 
 
 Butter, lbs 94,318 ■ 34,933 
 
 Cheese, lbs 39,620 27,133 
 
 Fish, dried, cwt 30,356 601 
 
 Fish, pickled salmon, barrels 21^ 3 
 
 Fish, pickled mackerel, barrels 17 
 
 Fish, pickled herring, barrels 4,434 343 
 
 Hams and bacon, lbs 42,871 29,175 
 
 Lard, lbs 135,069 138,135 
 
 Oleomargarine, lbs 131,168 104,366 
 
 Pork, lbs 814,408 775,400 
 
 Sausages and tongues, lbs 5,088 3,960 
 
 CofEee, lbs 24,233 13,663 
 
 Cacao, lbs 1,617 90 
 
 Fruit and vegetables, tinned, lbs 17,757 3,737 
 
 Fruits, raisins, etc., lbs 10,245 1,751 
 
 Sugar, lbs 33,067 19,713 
 
 Salt, barrels 2,573 1 
 
 Starches, viz., arrowroot, etc., llis 35,386 3,677 
 
 Tea, lbs 15,346 153 
 
 Vermicelli, Macaroni, lbs 7,838 12 
 
 Vinegar, gallons 580 
 
 Aerated waters, dozens 1,136 
 
 Cordials and liqueurs, gallons 68 
 
 Bitters, pints, dozens 197| 3 
 
 Malt in wood, gallons 4,146 
 
 Malt in bottles, dozens 3,463 558 
 
 S])irits per proof, gallons 17,633 700 
 
 AVine in wood, gallons 4,393 44 
 
 Wine in bottles, dozens 585 1 
 
 Narcotics, opium, bhang, etc., llis 22 10 
 
 Tobacco, cigars, lbs 181^ 44^ 
 
 Cigarfittes, lbs. 1,169" 440 
 
 Tobacco, leaf, lbs 
 
 Tobacco, manufactured, lljs 
 
 Coal, tons 
 
 Hardwood, feet 
 
 Piteli, pine, feet 
 
 Spruce and white pine, feet 
 
 Manufactured textiles, value 
 
 Haberdashery and millinery, value 
 
 Hardware, fire-arms, value 
 
 Jewelry, value 
 
 Machinery for manuf . of sugar, value . . . 
 
 Other machinery, value 
 
 Miscellaneous metal articles, value 
 
 Ammunition and explosives, value 
 
 Books and printed matter, value 
 
 Boots and shoes', value 
 
 Bricks and tiles, value 
 
 Carriages, cars and carts, value 
 
 Drugs, chemicals and appliances, value . . 
 
 Cement, barrels 
 
 Earthen and glass ware, value 
 
 Fancy goods, toys, games, etc., value. . . . 
 
 Furniture, value 
 
 Patent fuel, coke and charcoal, tons 
 
 Gutta-percha and rubber goods, value. . . 
 
 Hay and forage, value 
 
 Leather and saddlery 
 
 Manures with bones, etc., value 
 
 Matches, gross 
 
 Oil meal and oil-cake, value 
 
 Musical instruments, value 
 
 Packages, value 
 
 Paint, value 
 
 Perfumery, value 
 
 Pitch, tar, turpentine, varnish, etc., value 
 Rope, cordage and naval stores, value. . . 
 
 Stationery and paper, value 
 
 Tallow, tallow candles, etc., value 
 
 Kerosene, value 
 
 Other oils, value 
 
 Soap, value 
 
 Estates stores, value 
 
 Tombstones, value 
 
 Shingles, value 
 
 Shocks and wood hoops, value 
 
 Potatoes, value 
 
 Other wooden manufactures, value 
 
 Ice, value 
 
 Ellectrical apparatus, value 
 
 Ho/i. Dr. James Johnston: 
 
 It is no use, ladies and gentlemen, Mr. Shand has done his 
 best and has read a magnificent paper, but he speaks of seven 
 days to get there. It is too long. One gets weary by the 
 time he has been a week on board. Now, Jamaica is only 
 four days — just long enough to get the benefits of the voyage, 
 with all the pleasure of two days from the city of Philadel- 
 phia in the depth of winter, and you begin to look for your 
 warm summer clothes. By this time the awnings are spread 
 out on the ship, and under their grateful shade you sit and 
 watch the flying fish, skimming on the crest of the rolling 
 wave, the tangled meadows of Sargossa sea weed afford per- 
 petual interest, until the third day, when you see the AVatling 
 Islands, the spot where Columbus first sighted this continent. 
 Then you go to Fortune Island. Then to Cape Maysi, and for 
 a half day you coast along the shore and watch the spot and 
 see the places where your American soldiers won victory and 
 glory in Cuba. You don't get these sights if you go to Mr. 
 Shaiid's country. (Applause.) 
 
 113,008 
 
 112,726 
 
 2,384 
 
 38 
 
 752 
 
 21i 
 
 7,751 
 
 299 
 
 98,380 
 
 30,284 
 
 1,354,946 
 
 806,487 
 
 $303,050 
 
 $3,080 
 
 109,630 
 
 740 
 
 49,055 
 
 5,760 
 
 3,245 
 
 180 
 
 11,230 
 
 230 
 
 1,695 
 
 185 
 
 470 
 
 35 
 
 565 
 
 10 
 
 6,165 
 
 480 
 
 29,340 
 
 6,500 
 
 575 
 
 
 1,560 
 
 1,145 
 
 12,615 
 
 3,915 
 
 674 
 
 4 
 
 10,635 
 
 2,135 
 
 6,600 
 
 1,535 
 
 5,750 
 
 875 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 15,085 
 
 1,265 
 
 290 
 
 155 
 
 11,375 
 
 1,420 
 
 40,375 
 
 490 
 
 879 
 
 528 
 
 22,790 
 
 22,340 
 
 950 
 
 150 
 
 25,720 
 
 460 
 
 3,835 
 
 270 
 
 3,125 
 
 1,050 
 
 935 
 
 380 
 
 9.940 
 
 3,065 
 
 10,555 
 
 3.610 
 
 3,185 
 
 970 
 
 19,060 
 
 18,435 
 
 8,030 
 
 2.940 
 
 16,675 
 
 1.070 
 
 6,890 
 
 1,035 
 
 2,655 
 
 375 
 
 7,065 
 
 2,050 
 
 14.465 
 
 11.845 
 
 3,375 
 
 175 
 
 1,035 
 
 600 
 
 1,365 
 
 
 445 
 
 210 
 
330 
 
 rROrEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 .)/;•. ('. All Inn- S Jin ml: 
 
 1 rise to a point of order. I don"t think the eliair has a 
 right to criticise. 
 
 Ihiii. I>r. James Johnston: 
 
 1 am giving prominence to the Leeward Islands; and now 
 I have the very great pleasure of calling upon Mr. R. B. 
 Jones, delegate from Ecuador. (Applause.) 
 
 .Ur. E. B. Jones: 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: I was about to ask you, if po.s- 
 sihle, to forget Jamaica and Dr. Johnston. Now, you may 
 forget Jamaica, but I am sure you will never forget Ur. 
 .lohnston; neither will I. (Applause.) 
 
 Arriving, as I have, almost at the close of this Congress, 
 1 did not e.xpect to have the honor of addressing you, but 
 having listened to so many of my fellow-delegates from neigh- 
 horing repulilics extol the resources of their respective coun- 
 tries, I felt that Ecuador should have her little say, even 
 (liough at my hands, and not at all commensurate with her 
 commercial importance, and so made brave to accept the kind 
 invitation that was extended to me to speak. 
 
 It is not my purpose to weary you with s-tatistics which 
 no doubt are already in the possession of the Philadelphia 
 .Museum, but Ecuador has some claim for distinction, being 
 the greatest cacao producing country in the world; she also 
 exports coffee, rubber, hides, ivory nuts, sarsaparilla and 
 quinine bark, and is the home of the famous Panama straw 
 hat. As I understand it, one of the purposes of this Con- 
 gress is to help the American manufacturers to extend their 
 trade in our quarter of the globe; and having had twenty 
 years' experience in the impoi't trade of Ecuador, largely 
 with the United States, I want to tell you some of the diffi- 
 culties Guayaquil merchants have to contend with, who are 
 trying to extend that trade. 
 
 First of all, few, if any, of the export commission houses 
 of New York are as properly equipped for the work as are 
 their competitors in England, France and Germany; usually 
 they occupy offices in the upper floors of some sky-scraper, 
 and have no facilities for packing or examining cases or 
 bales, to see if they are properly packed, weighed and num- 
 bered; and many manufacturers pack their goods as if they 
 only had to go from New York to Jersey City, and conse- 
 (|uently they often arrive at their destination with cases and 
 contents badly damaged or marks too indistinct to be deci- 
 phered; then sometimes, they put ten cubic feet of goods in a 
 case which holds fifteen, for which we have to pay fifty cents 
 per foot of freight, besides the extra gross weight! duties. It 
 certainly is strange, that manufacturers who display so much 
 ability, and spend so mucli time and money to invent and 
 perfect their wares, will entrust the packing of them to em- 
 ployes who evidently have no brains, or do not use them. 
 I'erhaps you can imagine the feelings of a merchant on open- 
 ing a case, only to find its contents damaged beyond repair, 
 lie complains to his commission merchant at New York, who 
 111 turn writes to the manufacturer, who either declares the 
 packing was first-class, or if the article does not cost very 
 much, replaces it. But who will pay the lost freight and 
 duties, which almost always amount to twice as much as 
 the first cost of the article? And often this happens in spite 
 of the most minute and explicit instructions in regard to the 
 packing. 
 
 The honorable delegate from Venezuela, Air. Romero, 
 suggests a college to improve your geography, and if suc- 
 cessful I ho))e he will add a school for ]iacking. I have 
 known several in.stances where merchants positively refused 
 to place a second order with the United States, simply be- 
 cause their first experience had been disastrous on account of 
 
 defective packing. Of course, there are many honorable ex- 
 ceptions of manufacturers whose packing is as perfect as 
 their wares, and whose trade is always on the increase. 
 
 A great many years ago I was made general agent for one 
 of the largest sewing machine companies in the United 
 States, and in almost every shipment that arrived there was 
 about ten per cent, of breakage. I complained bitterly to 
 the manufacturer, and once, while I was up here, the presi- 
 dent called me and said, "Jones, you have been complain- 
 ing a great deal about the packing and I want you to come 
 up here to-morrow; I want you to go into the factory. 1 
 was in the packing business myself." So, as he was the 
 jiresident and had worked for eight dollars a week, he was 
 familiar with the methods. He took me to the heads of the 
 department. "Now," he says, "state your case." I told 
 them exactly what our goods had to go through. They first 
 went to Colon and were trans-shipped to the Panama Rail- 
 road, then taken in a launch out to the steamer in Panama 
 Bay, and thence they got to Guayaquil. Sometimes they 
 were tlirown from the wharves to the men who carried them. 
 And after I got through they all left; they said it was impos- 
 sible for any kind of packing to stand that. I said, "Gen- 
 tlemen, you are wrong. I know Japanese and domestic com- 
 panies which are willing to guarantee their packing, and any- 
 how they haven't more than one or two per cent, of break- 
 age." Finally I said, 'Til show you.'' I told them just what 
 I wanted, and I got them to pack for me and showed them 
 how to do it. 
 
 Well, coming back to the point, I said to the president, 
 "Will you let me pack the sewing machines?" He said, 
 "Ye.s, indeed." I said, "I will show your men how to 
 pack them." He gave me every facility, and I packed the 
 shipment of sewing machines myself. His packers probably 
 got seven dollars a week, and the men were watching me. 
 That shipment went to Guayaquil in perfect condition, with 
 not one per cent, of breakage. The very next shipment I 
 got had at least ten per cent., and I assure you that in the 
 seven or eight years' time I was there as general agent, I 
 must have paid about three thousand dollars in gold to 
 make the packing good. Many a bed plate had come 
 broken that cost me three dollars apiece, and it cost me 
 money to repair the sewing machines. 
 
 Just before I came away there arrived a shipment of 
 nickle-in-the-slot machines — you see we expected to bunco 
 the natives. I had given orders to have them packed in a 
 special way so there should be plenty of excelsior around 
 them. I also sent down ten-cent pieces from there to have 
 them made to suit these machines. The machines arrived 
 before I left without anything having been done. They cost 
 me six dollars and fifty cents here, but they have cost me 
 sixty-seven dollars to put them in working order, and that 
 is good pay for them. They were of no use to me, unless I 
 could spend weeks in fixing them up, and so it goes on. 
 
 This may be an old story, but it has not been learned yet, 
 and I feel cannot be repeated too often. The next best 
 thing for us, if you will not learn to pack, will be to build 
 that canal so that your goods will get less handling in tran- 
 sit. Commercial supremacy in South America is an assured 
 fact, and the people of those countries being in closer touch 
 with you, w-ill learn to have a warmer regard for you and 
 your products. 
 
 Before closing T wish to say a word for our exporters. 
 We ship hides to New York, and in accordance with United 
 States customs regulations, invoice them at their true 
 market value, which wc will say is 30 cents I'cuatorian sil- 
 ver per pound. The appraiser at New York says they 
 should be invoiced at 22 cents, basing his ruling on the 
 value given to the Sucre or Ecuatorian dollar by the United 
 States Mint, which is about 43 cents United States gold; 
 
SIXTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 31, 1899 
 
 331 
 
 whereas the Sucre is actually worth ahont 47i cents, being 
 exchangeable for United States gold at that rate, just the 
 same as your silver dollar is taken for a gold dollar's worth, 
 though intrinsically worth less' than half that amount. Now 
 what are our exporters to do? The United States Consul- 
 General sees the justice of their case, and has written very 
 strongly on the subject, but he is under the State Depart- 
 ment, while the appraiser is under the Treasury, and appa- 
 rently they can come to no understanding. The consul in- 
 sists on the merchants invoicing their hides at 20 cents, 
 their true value, but their agents in New York say they will 
 be fined unless they place their value at 22 cents, so that our 
 exporters are placed, as it were, between the devil and the 
 deep sea. One of your largest New York commission 
 houses informs me, that appeals to the Secretary of the Treas- 
 ury have been made, but all to no use; he merely refers them 
 back to the appraiser, who seems to be a law unto himself. 
 Now, that is not the way to increase trade. Those exporters 
 will be compelled to ship to other countries where there is 
 less red tape. I might continue in this strain much longer, 
 but the man who kicks or complains is generally "persona 
 noil grata" so I will close, heartily thanking the officers of 
 the Museum in behalf of myself and the Chamber of Com- 
 merce of Guayaquil, which I have the honor to represent, 
 for your kind invitation and splendid hospitality, and wish 
 you every success in your great undertaking. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Dr. James Johnston: 
 
 I have much pleasure in calling upon Mr. Willis L. Moore, 
 of the United States Weather Bureau. (Applause.) 
 
 (Mr. Moore not present.) 
 
 Mr. Albert Lucas: 
 
 If none of the other delegates present desire to speak to- 
 day I should like to have the privilege of the floor for a few 
 minutes. I am not a delegate. I merely represent the firm 
 of John Lucas & Co. In this particular case, however, I 
 am not speaking for Me.ssrs. John Lucas & Co., but as an 
 American manufacturer. 
 
 Hon. Dr. James Johnston: 
 
 Certainly, if there are no objections, I see no reason why 
 you should not have the floor. 
 
 Mr. Albert Lucas: 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: As a young man graduated from 
 Yale, one of our leading universities, and as having had the 
 privilege of studying at the Universities of Berlin and 
 Strassburg, in Germany, I must frankly admit that the first 
 great lesson I learned abroad was "how "little I know." At this 
 great Congress I have learned again for the hundredth time 
 "how little I know." The great country of which I have 
 the honor to be a citizen is still young, and willing to learn 
 from you foreign gentlemen who have come to us from dis- 
 tant Australia (12,000 miles away) as well as from our neigh- 
 bors in Jamaica, (only about 1,000 miles away). 
 
 Hon. Dr. James Johnston: 
 
 More than that, — 1,350 miles. We have good steamers. 
 
 Mr. Albert Lvcas: 
 
 I have looked at the Congress as a young man with no 
 axe to grind and with a great deal to learn; not how to make 
 what my German student friends used to call, "the almighty 
 dollar," but the honest penny, and the friendships that de- 
 velop by reciprocity (applause). I have no intention of mak- 
 ing a long speech, but will sum up what you have taught 
 
 me, and what many others have learned at this wonderful 
 Congress. 
 
 The greatest congress, or one of the greatest congresses the 
 history of the world has ever known, recently assembled at 
 The Hague, and sought to persuade nations to arbitrate their 
 difficulties; but the effects of this Trades Congress will com- 
 pel men to arbitrate (applause). Commerce is the hand- 
 maiden of peace (applause and cries of "hear"), and the ex- 
 tension of commerce means the extension of peace. As was 
 said by the eminent Ex-Speaker of the House of Representa- 
 tives at the opening session of this Congress, "We are prac- 
 tically all one people in that we are all of one blood." To- 
 day the trend of this conference is for something greater than 
 merely hands across the sea, it means hands around the world. 
 Here in America the opportunity of the average man is 
 greater because our public schools are the best and our edu- 
 cation the broadest. For this reason the washerwoman's son 
 can become the President of the United States if he shows 
 the required ability, thrift and energj'. The venerable Ex- 
 President Timothy Dwight, of Yale University, in his an- 
 nual report of a few years ago called the attention of the 
 under-graduates to the fact that they did not begin to pay 
 for their education, but owed a large part of it to the Van- 
 derbiits, who never went to a university; to the self-made 
 men of our country, who, feeling the trials of their own youth, 
 enflowed o\ir universities, because they saw the utility, the 
 beauty and the strength of giving to the coming generation 
 the advantages they themselves did not have. 
 
 Briefly, you have taught us the need of a better consular 
 service. It is natural that the gentlemen from South Amer- 
 ica and Australia do not like to reflect upon our consular ser- 
 vice, but the general testimony of the Congress has undoubt- 
 edly proven that we need efficient, practically trained expert 
 consular service (applause). We need, as Mr. Jones, the ex- 
 cellent speaker from Ecuador, stated, broader, fuller, and 
 more economical methods, and greater thoroughness in all 
 details. The speaker claimed that the percentage of break- 
 age on American goods was much higher than on those re- 
 ceived from Europe, and that even after he had personally 
 shown the packers of one of our American manufacturers 
 how to pack sewing machines, he .still received a large per- 
 centage of broken machines. Personally I am inclined to 
 tliink that the employes referred to must have been recently 
 imported cheap foreign labor and not the well-paid American 
 mechanic, otherwise I am quite sure that they would have 
 profited by his practical assistance and direction in methods 
 of packing. 
 
 You have taught us that we should assist our merchant 
 marine by subsidizing our steamsMp lines,- — in this I have 
 no axe to grind, it is for the entire manufacturing trade of 
 the United States that I speak. I will mention that a sa- 
 gacious member of this Congress from Australia called my at- 
 tention to the fact that the freight from England, say from 
 Liverpool to Melbourne, is just about double what it is from 
 New York to Melbourne; on the other hand, whereas the 
 freight from New York to Melbourne (about 13,000 miles) 
 is only about 25 shillings or $6.00 per long ton; the rate 
 from New York to Rio (about 1-3 the distance, or 4,500 
 miles) is 33 1-3 per cent, higher, or over $8.66 per short 
 ton. 
 
 You have proven to us, gentlemen, that much of the trou- 
 ble is right here at home. That we need a parcels post; that 
 we should cut an Isthmian canal and cut it quickly. It is 
 perhaps not for us manufacturers to say exactly where, but 
 the need of a canal and the advantages to be derived from it, 
 are recognized by all. The amount of $350,000,000 is said 
 to have been appropriated for the Panama Canal, and only 
 $35,000,000 of this magnificent amount has been expended 
 upon the canal. You know where the difference has gone. 
 
332 
 
 PROOEEDIJJGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 as you are all familiar with the now famous Panama scandal 
 in France. I do not vouch for the figures, although I have 
 seen it stated that they were approximately correct. We 
 want a canal, and we want it quickly. 
 
 The American manufacturers who are present ought to do 
 evervthing in their power, directly or indirectly, to secure 
 the same. 
 
 You have taught us that we need banks in foreign coun- 
 tries controlled by American capital. 
 
 'Mi: n. B. J OIK'S: 
 
 The banks in my town pay 33 per cent. 
 I 
 Mr. Albert Lucas: 
 
 You have taught us that we should support the Pan-Amer- 
 ican p]xposition; in short, everything that will promote bet- 
 ter and more friendly relationship between the countries of 
 ihe Western Hemisphere in particular, and the whole world 
 in general. 
 
 I trust the American, manufacturers within hearing of my 
 voice will come forward and back up everything that will 
 help to develop and bring us in closer and more friendly 
 contact with foreigners. I refer, with pleasure, to his Ex- 
 cellency the Chinese Ministers quotation from his philoso- 
 pher Confucius: "Deal fairly with all men, and all men within 
 the four seas will be your friends and brothers." On the 
 other hand, we want you, foreign gentlemen, to help us out; 
 you gentlemen from Jamaica in particular. I would remind 
 you that we consume your rum; right here in Philadelphia 
 we brew the most celebrated pimch in the world. It is called 
 "Fish House Punch,"' and its most efficient component is Ja- 
 maica rum (applause). Not only your rum, but your fruit 
 and all your products, as you well know, are consumed here 
 in large quantities, and yet your steamers, especially those 
 of the United Fruit Co., decline to carry our products, — ■ 
 our paints, our chemicals, our breadstuffs, etc. — to your sunny 
 shores. We invite your reciprocity and co-operation in build- 
 ing up stronger and more friendly commercial relations, as- 
 suring you of our desire to deal fairly with all people. 
 
 I thank you Mr. Chairman, and ladies and gentlemen, 
 for your kind attention and courteous consideration. 
 
 Mr. H. Jioiherham: 
 
 I was pleased with the remarks of the last speaker, Mr. 
 Lucas, but do not agree with him with regard to one remark 
 he made in reference to pauper labor. I wish to inform this 
 Congress that we in Australia pay fairly good wages, as 
 good wages as you pay, and the only stigma that I have 
 come across in the discussion is the fact that you permit 
 manufactured products to be made entirely in jail and send 
 them to foreign markets. 
 
 Ho7i. Dr. Jamr.'t Johnston: 
 
 I am very sorry, ladies and gentlemen, that I am Chair- 
 man, because J did just want to say a word on the question 
 of why our fruit steamers do not take back your cargoes; but 
 if I hadn't been Chairman, I would have said (laughter 
 and applause) that our steamship companies go on the 
 principle of live and let live, and the steamship com- 
 panies that carry fruit to this country don't pretend to be 
 competing with those lines of steamers that (hi carry car- 
 goes. Instead of l)cing a matter in wliich Ibcy should be 
 censured, I think il is one in which they shdiild Ije enni- 
 mended, for it would be very ea.*y tor them to carry cargoes 
 at very cheap rates, because so many steamers come up here 
 and go back with ballast; but there are also a great many 
 lines competing to the Leeward Islands that do nothing but 
 carry freight and passengers. Of course, this will right 
 
 itself in time, for, after this Congress is over, and the Ex- 
 position comes to a close, it will be found that the lines at 
 present running will not be able to handle the freight (ap- 
 plause), and the fruit steamers will then be compelled to take 
 it (applause), and I know when they do they will take it 
 cheap. But I am certain that their interests are the inter- 
 ests of the people of the L'nited States. We must not forget 
 that Rome was not built in a day. I remember when it 
 took — I am not saying this as Chairman — eight days to 
 come up from Jamaica when we had a slow line of steamers. 
 I remember, too, when the freight was double that which it 
 is now, and we are soon going to get a trade with the West 
 Indies that will be mutually beneficial. 
 
 We now stand adjourned until 2.30. and I would just 
 make this remark, that on account of the day being a diffi- 
 cult one to show pictures in the day time, I have put off the 
 hour of exhiliiting the views of Jamaica until, say, half-past 
 four. These views are simply going to s})eak for themselves, 
 and I hope that you will all be here to see them, because 
 once you have seen the views you are bound to come to 
 Jamaica. 
 
 (Adjourned at 1.30 p. m.) 
 
 Philadelphia, Tuesday, October 31, 1899. 
 
 Afternoon Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order at 3.05 p. m., by Hon. 
 Robert Adams, Jr. 
 
 Hon. Eohert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 Will the Congress please come to order? Allow me, gen- 
 tlemen, to express the honor I feel in presiding again over 
 such a disting-uished body of men. 
 
 I have the honor to introduce the Hon. W. W. Rockhill, 
 Director of the Bureau of American Republics, who will 
 read a paper on "Commercial Development in the Balkan 
 Peninsula." (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. IV. IF. Rockhill: 
 
 My text is the commercial development in the Balkan 
 States, by which I understand the study of the ways and 
 means of creating rather than increasing trade between 
 these countries and the United States. It is beyond the 
 scope of this necessarily short address to attempt to outline 
 the nature and value of the foreign trade of this portion of 
 Southeastern Europe, nor would such an inquiry serve any 
 practical purpose. I shall only show the methods followed 
 by the few Americans who have traded with these countries, 
 and indicate the reasons which seem to me to have prevented 
 the extension of this commerce. Though I resided in the 
 Balkan States less than two years, while having the honor 
 to represent the United States as Minister to Greece, Rou- 
 mania and Servia, I was on my arrival so struck by the 
 nearly complete absence of American products in these 
 countries that I sought by every means to explain this 
 anomaly, and to liml, if p:>ssibh\ a remedy I'er tiiis unfortu- 
 nate condition. 
 
 The bulk of the foreign commerce of Servia, Roumania 
 and P>ulgaria, which arc in direct conmnmication by rail 
 and by the Danulje with Central Europe, will always be 
 with Austria-Hungary and (iermany, nor can the United 
 Slates ever expect to develop a very large trade in that 
 region; but that we can successfully coin])ete there with 
 Austria and Germany, France and P.elgium in supplying 
 these countries with some products, there is not the shadow 
 
SIXTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 31, 1899 
 
 383 
 
 of a doubt, and I take it that at this era of sharp competi- 
 tion for all the markets of the world, no possible trade out- 
 let should be neglected by us. The few manufactures of 
 American origin which I have found in the Balkan States, 
 especially agricultural machinery and textile fabrics, are 
 highly appreciated and preferred to similar products of other 
 countries, even though sold at higher prices. But so little 
 attention has been paid by our people to these markets that 
 in Greece our trade — export and import — is not worth a 
 million dollars; in Roumania we have about one-half of one 
 per centum of the total import trade of the country, while 
 in Servia and Bulgaria our imports are practically nil. The 
 few goods which do reach the last three countries from the 
 United States are brought there via Hamburg or Antwerp 
 by rail, and in some cases by British steamers plying be- 
 tween Liverpool and the Black Sea ports. So far as I am 
 aware, no attempt has been made to ship our goods directly 
 to Eoumania by its port on the Black Sea, Constanza, or to 
 reach the Servian markets by Trieste or Fiume, though by 
 doing so the excessive freight rates, resulting from frequent 
 transhipments, which now more than anything el.se prevent 
 lis from selling in these localities, would be greatly reduced. 
 
 Wliat little American trade already exi-sts in Servia and 
 Roumania — and for that matter in Turkey, (ircece, and 
 throughout the Levant, for everywhere I have found the 
 same conditions prevailing — has never been fostered, no at- 
 tempts having been made to improve or develop it. No 
 well qualified American agents have, so far as my knowl- 
 edge goes, ever been sent to reside in this part of Europe to 
 introduce the products of our manufactories or of our mills. 
 Now and then a sample, hardly ever made to suit local 
 requirements, has been sent to some person in Belgrade, 
 Bucharest, Constantinople or the Piraeus, usually an Eng- 
 lishman, a German, or a Greek already acting as agent for 
 foreign competitors in the same field, and he has been told 
 that we will sell him these goods for cash, payable on 
 delivery of goods at port of shipment. As a general rule, 
 however, we have been content to send out mail-ljags full 
 of illustrated catalogues, all written in English, with prices 
 quoted in United States currency, and have expected that 
 orders woidd immediately follow. When some American 
 firm has sold a small amount of its merchandise in these 
 countries, it has often not taken the most elementai-y pre- 
 cautions to ascertain the standing and solvency of the pur- 
 chasers, and, meeting with loss, or incurring great delay 
 in getting its payments, it has thereafter refused to have busi- 
 ness relations with that part of the world. 
 
 Take, for example, Roumania, a great agricultural country, 
 with a system of cultivation similar to that followed on our 
 wheat farms of the Northwest; American agricultural machin- 
 ery is highly thought of by the few Roumanians who have 
 seen it. It is preferred to that of Great Britain and Germany, 
 and we could find a good market for it in the Kingdom, but 
 notwithstanding this, we allow British and German machinery 
 to be nearly exclusively used, the only house in Bucharest in 
 which I found a few American agricultural machines being 
 a large British firm engaged in selling similar British pro- 
 ducts. Not a single American was engaged in business in the 
 whole Kingdom! Not one represented an American firm. 
 
 In Bulgaria and in Tiu-key our missionaries have in the 
 industrial schools, which they there maintain, taught thou- 
 sands of the people the use of American machinery, and there 
 can be no doubt that our products, if properly presented and 
 made to suit local requirements, would find a ready sale, but 
 nothing has lieen done by our exporters to develop this trade. 
 Wherever I have turned in Turkey, I have seen the same con- 
 ditions prevailing as in the other Balkan States. 
 
 Greece, for example, is, to a great extent, dependent for its 
 very existence on foreign imports; it produces nothing save 
 
 wine, currants, sponges, olive oil, a small quantity of cereals, 
 some wool, and a few other unimportant articles, but the 
 only product of the United States seen in Greece is petro- 
 leum. We have allowed poor imitations of our clocks and 
 firearms and of our textile fabrics to drive the superior prod- 
 ucts of our New England manufacturers out of the market, 
 and woolen and cotton goods and machinery are now prac- 
 tically unknown, but England, Germany and Belgium carry 
 on a thriving trade throughout the kingdom. Take again 
 flour; Greece is practically dependent on Russia and Rou- 
 mania for its supply. We know that the United States could 
 compete in the Greek markets with these countries, for re- 
 cent importations of American flour into Constantinople have 
 proved that even there we ca^" advantageously sell the prod- 
 ucts of our mills, but nothing has ever been done by us to 
 develop this branch of our trade in Greece. 
 
 What I have said of trade with Greece, Roumania and 
 Servia, applies with equal force to that of Turkey and South- 
 ern Russia; everywhere we find that American houses are not 
 willing to manufacture to suit local tastes and requirements, 
 that we use foreigners as our agents, that we refuse to give 
 long credits, that, having no direct lines of steamers plying 
 between our country and foreign ports, freight rates are in 
 many cases prohibitive. In short, if at the present day we 
 find ourselves with no trade worth mentioning in South- 
 eastern Europe, we must realize that the fault lies mainly with 
 ourselves. 
 
 The faults of our trade methods which I found in the 
 Balkan States are not confined to that part of the world; 
 they are the same in nearly every country with which we 
 have commercial dealings. They have, for the last quarter 
 of a century, been reported on by every diplomatic and con- 
 sular officer of the United States; every writer on the subject 
 of our foreign trade has referred to their existence and bane- 
 ful influence, but. still we hold to them with a steadfastness 
 worthy of a better cause. 
 
 We have seen German foreign commerce grow up over 
 the face of the world by following the methods advocated as 
 good for our people by our consular officers, but we have not 
 changed ours; we see British trade thriving everywhere by 
 means we are perfectly familiar with and unresei-vedly ap- 
 prove, but still we make but the faintest attempt to follow 
 this lead. 
 
 To revert to trade development in the Balkan States, I 
 may sum up the reasons for our exclusion from these mar- 
 kets as follows: 
 
 1. Absence of direct transportation lines and resulting 
 heavy freight rates. 
 
 2. American goods not made known by proper agents or 
 in a proper way. 
 
 3. Representatives of American houses badly chosen. 
 
 4. Long credits not given. 
 
 5. Goods not manufactured to suit local tastes or require- 
 ments. 
 
 6. No banking facilities with the United States. 
 
 An effort has been recently made to establish a direct line 
 of steamers Ijetween New York and the ports of the Eastern 
 Mediterranean and the Black Sea, and I shall watch with 
 intense interest the results of this enterprise, for I have not 
 the least doubt, and in that I but concur with the views of our 
 Consul-General at Constantinople and our Consul at Athens, 
 that such direct comm^mication is a first necessary requisite 
 to the growth of our American commerce in this part of the 
 world. This, or any other line can, however, only succeed 
 at first if used by all shippers to or from the Unitefl States, 
 for at present the bulk of the tonnage from the Turkish, 
 Black Sea and Grecian ports is not 150,000 tons. Let us hope 
 they will give it their sujjport. 
 
 A point not to be lost sight of by our manufacturers and 
 
334 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 exporters is, that the trade of the Balkan States must be 
 considered by them as a whole, that it must be developed at 
 one and the same time throughout this portion of Europe, 
 in which conditions are practically the same, and where the 
 same styles of our products will always be in demand. The 
 amount of trade we may hope to secure in any one portion 
 of the peninsula will be comparatively small, but the whole 
 bulk of our trade in the various States which compose it, will, 
 if we but take the st«ps recognized on all sides as absolutely 
 necessary to success, bo well worth the labor and expenditure 
 it must at first entail. 
 
 Gentlemen, it has undoubtedly struck you that what I 
 have had to say of trade developments in the Balkan States 
 bears a very strong resemblance to what other speakers in 
 this Congress have told you of commercial conditions and 
 possibilities in other parts of the world. I am delighted that 
 this should be so. I feel sure that seeing, as you must, that 
 the causes which are operating against the rapid extension 
 of our foreign trade are everywhere the same, and that they 
 are easily remedied, you will suggest to the various organi- 
 zations you represent, the need of removing them jtromptly 
 and effectually. 
 
 If I have contributed in any way to bring about this result, 
 I shall consider I have rendered a great service to my coun- 
 try, and to its foreign trade. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 Gentlemen: I have the pleasure now of calling upon the 
 Hon. Willis Ij. Moore, who will read a paper which I am 
 sure ^vill interest you, on '"'The Commercial Importance of 
 Weather Forecasts." (After a pause.) 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 Is Mr. Moore here? (Not present.) 
 
 Ho7i. Eohert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 Gentlemen: The hour has now arrived when the order of 
 proceedings is to be opened for the considei-ation of the last 
 two sessions of the Congress of general resolutions. There- 
 fore, anyone having such to offer, will be in order. 
 
 I would like to state that if everybody will address the 
 Chair and, one at a time, they will receive due recognition, 
 and everybody will be heard. The Chair is now ready to re- 
 ceive any resolutions that may be offered. 
 
 Mr. C. J. WJtellams (Minnesota): 
 
 Mr. Chairman: Will I be in order in submitting a resolu- 
 tion? 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 You will be in order; yes, sir. 
 
 do all in its power to remove the existing disabilities to our 
 merchant marine and further encourage the building of ships 
 in the most practical manner it deems wise and fitting, either 
 by a subsidy or otherwise. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 Under the rules adopted by this Congress, that will be 
 referred to the committee without debate. The Chair is ready 
 to entertain any other motions. 
 
 Mr. H. Rotlierluun: 
 
 I beg to offer the following resolution without any pre- 
 amble. 
 
 That the resolutions passed on the fourth day of this Con- 
 gi-ess, referring to certain economic and fiscal questions 
 affecting two specified countries, such resolutions being out- 
 side the conunercial scope or ])urpose of the present delibera- 
 tions, be expunged from the proceedings. 
 
 Mr. Antonio Cxiyas (Madrid): 
 I second it. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adatiis, Jr.: 
 
 This resolution, having been offered, is seconded, and will 
 be referred to the Committee on Resolutions. Any further 
 resolutions? 
 
 Dr. Thomas S. Butcher (Mexico): 
 
 I want to know if all motions made here will be referred to 
 the Committee on Resolutions? 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 All resolutions affecting the action of the Congress must 
 go to the Committee on Resolutions for consideration, but 
 any motions in reference to adjoiimment or in reference to 
 the routine business of the Congress or order of exercises, or 
 anything that affects the body itself, are to be considered by 
 the Congress. 
 
 Dr. Tho7nas S. Butcher: 
 
 Then a motion to expunge any part of the minutes would 
 have to come licfnre the Committee on Resolutions? 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 I understand the situation is that some resolutions were 
 introduced at the beginning of this Congress before the Com- 
 mittee was instituted. Those were passed by the Congress 
 and stand to-day adopted by the Congress. If it is desired 
 to change those resolutions, or expunge them from the record, 
 that motion should lie made by the body that adopted them 
 itself, and they should be either amended or expunged at the 
 pleasure of the delegates. 
 
 Mr. C. J. Whellams: 
 
 Whereas, It has been shown by the representatives of 
 foreign governments, chambers of commerce, boards of trade, 
 and other commercial bodies attending this convention, that 
 our import and export trade can lx^ largely increased; and, 
 
 Whereas, In order to extend our foreign trade it is essen- 
 tial and necessary, before that can be accomplislicd, that our 
 merchant marine be enlarged ; and. 
 
 Whereas, Certain conditions exist that ii'annnel our mer- 
 chant marine and make it almost prohibitory and unprofitable 
 to do so; therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved, That the International Commercial Congress 
 respectfully urge upon the Congress of the United States to 
 
 Dr. Thomas S. Butcher: 
 
 Then I take it, Mr. ('hairman. that this general motion is 
 in order without having l)een referred to the Committee on 
 Rosolutions, inasmuch as it makes a motion that a certain 
 pdrtion of the minutes of this Congress should be expunged 
 from the record. 
 
 Hon. Txobert Adams. Jr.: 
 That is right. 
 
 Dr. Thomas S. Butcher: 
 
 \n tliat case. 1 tliink you will agree' with jne that this 
 gentleman might make it simply as a motion telling what 
 
SIXTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEK 31, 1899 
 
 335 
 
 part of the minutes he desires to expunge; then the Congress 
 can vote intelligently and definitely as to whether we shall 
 expunge that part of the minutes, or whether it shall go 
 upon the record as the minutes of this meeting. Therefore, 
 I think it would be in order for me to ask the gentleman to 
 simply make a motion that portions of the minutes of this 
 Congress be expunged. In that way, I think it would facili- 
 tate business and give us a more clear and intelligent idea how 
 to proceed. In that case, I second the gentleman's motion. 
 
 ^[|■. IT. Rotherham: 
 
 It does not need any explanation on my part to explain that 
 resolution. It mu.st l>e referred to the Committee and then 
 come up for further consideration. 
 
 Hon. Bdbert Adams, Jr. : 
 
 No, sir; I do not understand it so. 
 
 The ditficulty, of course, that a temporary chairman com- 
 ing into a body, labors under is that he is not familiar witli 
 what has gone on before on the previous day. When you 
 offered your resolution. I understood it was a new resolution, 
 and therefore, under the rule, should go to the Committee; 
 but any action that has been taken by this body and passed is 
 subject to the action of this body and not of the committ-ee. 
 When the body, the main body, of any assemblage has acted 
 im a resolution, anythino; to amend or expunge, or recon- 
 .sider the motion, or any action relating to the action of the 
 body at large itself, is to be considered by the body and not by 
 the committee. Therefore, if you are ready for the question, 
 I will put it. Will the gentleman read his motion? I did not 
 understand the situation or T would not have put it. 
 
 Dr. Thomas 8. Butcher: 
 
 Before the motion is put, I think it will be proper for me, 
 as a foreign delegate, to say a word in furtherance of this 
 resolution. I do not think that we. as an International Con- 
 gress, can act iipon some of the resolutions that have been 
 suggested to this body. I think it is hardly fair, and being an 
 American, I can speak perhaps better upon the subject 
 than some of my colleagues from other countries. As an 
 American citizen, I have lived in Mexico for the last fifteen 
 years, and it is my privilege and honor to represent the City 
 of Coahuila, Eepublic of Mexico, in this Congress. Hence. 
 I come as a delegate of the Chamber of Commerce, as well 
 as from my government, and possibly I could speak better 
 than be who only represents bis government. 
 
 I think as an International Congress, that we cannot send 
 abroad the expressions which are contained in some of these 
 resolutions. On the other hand, I think it is hardly fair that 
 delegates who have come three or four or five thousand uiiles 
 to take part in an International Congress, should be asked 
 to vote upon questions which are entirely, I might say, politi- 
 cal to other countries, and foreign to their own. On the other 
 hand, it is hardly courteous to ask these gentlemen to sit still 
 and not to vote upon these questions, because they are foreign 
 to them. Nor should there be sent out from this Congress 
 expressions as the sense of the Congress when it is not the 
 sense of the Congress, but the sense of the American dele- 
 gates. If it is fair for the American delegates to be allowed to 
 vote upon certain questions, while the foreign delegates sit 
 still, I think, on the other hand, it is equally fair for the 
 foreign delegates to vote on certain questions relating to their 
 countries, while the American delegates sit still. (Laus^hter. 
 cries of "Hear".) I think that is just: I think that is fair: I 
 think that is liberal: but I think there would be no doubt 
 about the complicated condition of affairs if we took this 
 course. I refer now to the unity of the business interests of 
 the Commercial Congress. (Cries of "Hear".) 
 
 Nobody knows the result that will follow the work of this 
 gathering. It will be much more far-reaching than we have 
 any idea of at this time. (Cries of "Hear".) I have kept 
 quiet. I have made no address nor presented any papers. 
 I am, as a gentleman said this morning, beginning to learn 
 how much I do not know; but I will go away from this Con- 
 gress with a store of infomiation that will be of great service 
 to me and the government I represent. And I think, if we 
 want to show good results, as we have done in the previous 
 days of the sessions, that we should expunge these questions 
 which bear entirely upon political subjects, and that we 
 should pass no resolutions that will not add to the furthe: 
 interests of commerce between the United States and every 
 country tliat is here represented. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Rolert Adams, Jr. : 
 
 Are you ready for the question? 
 
 (The question being on the motion, it was agreed to and 
 the resolution was adopted.) 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 Are there any other resolutions? 
 
 Direclor W. P. Wilson: 
 
 Mr. Chairman: I have a resolution which was handed to 
 me by Professor Mario Salvini, of Florence, Italy. 
 
 "Eesolved, That the International Commercial Congress, 
 gathered in solemn assembly in Philadelphia, recommends to 
 all governments of the world the free exchange of art and 
 artistic works, considering such an exchange a means of civili- 
 zation, instmetion and refinement of the people. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 Is that resolution seconded? Under the rules it will be re- 
 ferred to the Committee on Resolutions. 
 
 Gentlemen, the Chairman of the Committee on Resolu- 
 tions, to whom have been referred the resolutions offered here 
 in the past, now has a report to make. Mr. Chairman, you 
 have the floor. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 I have just understood that there was one further resolu- 
 tion refeiTed to the house. I will take that first. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 Pending the presentation of this report, the gentleman has 
 the floor to oifer a resolution. 
 
 Mr. Antonio Cuyas: 
 
 I beg to offer the following resolutions: 
 
 Whereas, The Philadelpliia Commercial Museum is an 
 othcial and national institution, by virtue of its organization, 
 and by the support, financial and other\rise, that it receives 
 from the United States Government, as well as from the State 
 of Pennsylvania and the City of Philadelphia; and. 
 
 Whereas, The Philadelphia Commercial Museum may well 
 be considered an international institution, by reason of its 
 Advisory Board wherein are represented one hundred andfiftv 
 domestic, and two hundred and fifty foreign Chambers of 
 Commerce, Boards of Trade, and other commercial organiza- 
 tions: by reason of its comprehensive collection of samples of 
 the world's products, admirably classified and presented; and 
 by reason of its well-organized system of commercial informa- 
 tion, whereby American manufacturers and merchants can 
 obtain reliable data and information in regard to foreign pro- 
 ducers and importers, and vice versa; and, 
 
836 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 \\'hereas, The sphere of influence of said institution is 
 world-wide and efficient in the development of universal trade 
 relations; therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved, That it is the sense of this International Com- 
 mercial Congi-ess, that the Philadelphia Commercial Museum 
 is an institution worthy of and deserving the hearty support 
 of every Government and of every Chamber of Commerce, 
 Board of Trade and other commercial and industrial organi- 
 zation in evei7 country of the world; and be it further 
 
 Resolved, That it is the opinion of this Congress that the 
 reciprocal conmiercial relations of the world would be vastly 
 promoted and facilitated by the creation in each country of 
 an International Bureau of Commercial Information, all 
 organized and to operate on practically uniform lines as initi- 
 ated by the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, or as may be 
 mutually agreed upon; all to interchange all data and in- 
 formation, and othenvise maintain reciprocal relations; all to 
 take up commercial matters of national and intenuitionnl 
 scope, and all conjointly to act as an International Board of 
 Commerce; and be it further 
 
 Resolved, That the delegates to this Congress be individu- 
 ally, and they hereby are earnestly, requested to include in 
 their reports to their respective Governments and Chambers 
 of Commerce, a special recommendation tending to enlist the 
 active co-operation of said Governments and commercial 
 bodies in furthering the ends and objects of the Philadelphia 
 Commercial Museum, and tending also to the accomplishment 
 of the project set forth in the resolution just preceding. 
 
 lion. Bohert Adams, Jr.: 
 Is the resolution seconded? 
 
 Mr. W. J. Mnxham (Sydney, New South Wales): 
 I second it. 
 
 Hon. Bohert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 Under the rules it will be referred to the Committee on 
 Resolutions. Now the report will be read by the Secretary of 
 tlie Committee on Resolutions. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, this Committee held its session yesterday, 
 and now we will call upon the Secretary of the Committee to 
 read the report. 
 
 (Report read by Mr. W. H. SchofE.) 
 
 Report of Committee on Resolutions, International 
 Commercial Congress. 
 
 Hotel Walton, October 30, 1899. 
 
 Present, Dr. Wilson, Mr. Harper, Mr. Sell, Mr. Kelly, Mr. 
 .lohnston, Mr. Cuyas, Mr. Todd, Mr. Knoller, Mr. Rotherham, 
 and Mr. Sehoff. 
 
 The resolution of Mr. Francis Forbes was, on motion of 
 Mr. Cuyas, seconded l)y Mr. Harper, unanimously adopted in 
 amended form, as follows: 
 
 Resolved, That it is the sense of this Congress that the 
 assimilation of trade-mark laws to a common standard is 
 necessary for the full jirotection of commerce; and, furtlier, 
 that this Congress regards the Conference held under the 
 Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, con- 
 cluded at Paris, March 20, 1883, as an important forum for 
 the discussion of such laws and their proposal to the nations. 
 
 Resolved, further. That it is the sense of this Congress that 
 all nations, members of the union created by the Convention 
 
 for the Protection of Industrial Property concluded at Paris, 
 March 20, 1883, may, with great advantage to their com- 
 mercial interests, become members of the sub-union created 
 by the Agreement of Madrid, April 1, 1891, for the interna- 
 tional registration of trade-marks. 
 
 The resolution of Mr. H. Rotherham (seconded by Mr. 
 Harper.) 
 
 Resolved, That the resolutions considered by this Congress 
 prior to the appointment of a standing committee on Resolu- 
 tions be referred to a sub-committee for deliberation, and that 
 tliey form part of the usual procedure in such cases. (Carried.) 
 
 On motion of Mr. Kelly, the following resolutions, consid- 
 ered by the prior Committee on Resolutions, were taken up 
 and disposed of as follows: 
 
 (1.) Resolution offered relative to parcels post extension: 
 
 Whereas, It has been demonstrated in various foreign coun- 
 tries that the parcels post system is one that is of incalculable 
 advantage to the respective countries; and. 
 
 Whereas, By means of the parcels post a far more direct 
 and effective means of introducing samples of commerce can 
 be established in the countries of tlie world; and, 
 
 Wliereas, This International Commercial Congress is 
 jnimarily for the purpose of suggesting such matters as will 
 tend to further the mutual commercial interests of the United 
 States and foreign countries, therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved, That we, the International Commercial Congress, 
 do recommend that the Congress of the United States be re- 
 quested to est<ablish such a system. (Carried.) 
 
 (2.) Resolution offered by Lieut.-Gen'l Laurie, M. P. 
 
 Resolved, That it is most desirable that, as far as practi- 
 cable, the trade statistics of all countries should be assimi- 
 lated for purposes of accurate comparison, and that this Con- 
 gress place this resolution before the Government of the 
 United States, with a view to any action which may be found 
 j>ossible by consultation with foreign governments to obtain 
 such assimiliation of statistical returns. (Carried.) 
 
 (3.) On motion of Mr. Kelly (seconded by Mr. Harper,) 
 the Resolution offered by the Philadelphia Board of Trade 
 through its President, Mr. Joel Cook, seconded by Mr. de 
 Houtkowsky, delegate from the Russian Government, was 
 adopted, as follows: 
 
 Resolved, That the International Commercial Congress in 
 session assembled, request the United States Government and 
 other nations to consider the subject of establishment, by the 
 commercial nations of the world, of an International Bureau 
 for the collection and dis.semination of the agricultural reports 
 of said nations as to their cereals, with a view of securing the 
 widest and promptest international circulation of said reports. 
 
 (4.) The resolution otTered by Mr. Smith, of Bridgeton, 
 X. J., relative to the Chinese Restriction LaAV, was consid- 
 ered, and by vote indefinitely postponed. 
 
 (5.) The following resolution, olfcred by Mr. Antonio 
 Cuyas, was adopted: 
 
 Wherea.s, The Philadelphia Commercial Museum is an offi- 
 cial and national institution, by virtue of its organization, 
 and by the support, financial and otherwise, that it receives 
 from the United States Government, as well as from the 
 State of Pennsylvania and the City of Philadelpliia; and, 
 
 AViiereas, The Philailelphia Commercial Museum may 
 well be considered an internal iiuial institution, by reason of 
 its Advisory Board wherein arc rcpi'csented one hundred and 
 fifty domestic and two hundn>d and fifty foreign Cham- 
 bers of Commerce, Boards of Trade, and other commercial 
 iirgaiiizations; by reason of ifs comprelu'ii>i\r cnlli'd ion nf 
 samples of the world's products, admirably classified and 
 jjresented; and by reason of its well-organized system of 
 commercial information, whereby American manufacturers 
 

 PROF. GEORGE DAVIDSON. 
 
 San Francisco. Gal. 
 
 CLARENCE H. FORREST, 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
 MILTON B. GIBSON, 
 York, Pa. 
 
 T. JAMES FERNLEY, 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 HOWARD B. FRENCH, 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 ALFRED HAINES, 
 Buffalo, N, V. 
 
 C. D. FIRESTONE, 
 Columbus, O. 
 
 E. R. GERBER. 
 Reading, Pa 
 
 EDWARD H. HANCE, 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
SIXTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBER 31, 1899 
 
 337 
 
 and merchants can obtain reliable data and information in 
 regard to foreign producers and importers, and vice versa; 
 and. 
 
 Whereas, The sphere of influence of said institution is 
 world-wide and efficient in the development of universal 
 trade relations; therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved, That it is the sense of this International Com- 
 mercial Congress, that the Philadelphia Commercial Museum 
 is an institution worthy of, and deserving the hearty support 
 of every Government and of every Chamber of Commerce, 
 Board of Trade and other commercial and industrial organi- 
 zation, in every country of the world; and be it further 
 
 Resolved, That it is the opinion of this Congress, that the 
 reciprocal commercial relations of the world would be vastly 
 promoted and facilitated by the creation in each country 
 of an International Bureau of Commercial Information, all 
 organized and to operate on practically uniform lines as 
 initiated by the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, or as may 
 be mutually agreed upon; all to interchange all data and in- 
 formation and otherwise maintain reciprocal relations; all to 
 take up commercial matters of national and international 
 scope, and all conjointly to act as an International Board of 
 'Commerce; and be it further 
 
 Resolved. That the delegates to this Congress be indi- 
 vidually, and they hereby are earnestly, requested to include 
 in their reports to their respective Governments and Cham- 
 bers of Commerce, a special recommendation tending to enlist 
 the active co-operation of said Governments and commercial 
 bodies in furthering the ends and objects of the Philadel- 
 phia Commercial Museum, and tending also to the accom- 
 plishment of the project sed; forth in the resolution just pre- 
 ceding. 
 
 (6.) The resolution offered by Mr. George H. Anderson, 
 of Pittsburg, was, on motion of Mr. Harper, seconded by 
 Mr. Sell, adopted in the following amended form: 
 
 Whereas, At this time, when the nations of the earth are 
 finding their relations, political and commercial, growing 
 closer, and it becomes evident that commercial prosperity 
 can only be made permanent in the event of peaceful rela- 
 tions among nations: it is therefore 
 
 Resolved, By the International Congress now assembled. 
 That it is the concensus of judgment of its representatives 
 that there should be placed upon record an earnest desire to 
 secure lasting peace among nations; and that, as far as pos- 
 sible, international coiirts of arbitration should be created 
 to which all differences among nations shall be submitted. 
 
 (7.) The resolution offered by Mr. William W. Supplee, 
 was adopted in amended form as follows: 
 
 Whereas, The economic advantages of an Isthmian canal 
 would be of supreme importance to the commerce of the 
 world, from an industrial and economic standpoint; and, 
 
 Wiereas, Its utility and cost have been under considera- 
 tion for many years, and there is thought to be no reason- 
 able doubt, either as to its practicability or expediency, be 
 the cost -what it may; therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved, That the International Commercial Congress 
 heartily endorses and urges the construction of an inter- 
 oceanic canal on the Western Hemisphere at the earliest prac- 
 ticable moment. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Harper, the committee adjourned to 
 meet at the Board Room of the Philadelphia Commercial 
 Museum, on Tuesday, October 31, at 12.30. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 If there are no prescribed methods for presenting this reso- 
 lution, I suggest that the Chairman of the Committee on 
 Resolutions offer them to the Congress, beginning at the first 
 
 and submitting them for final passage in accordance with 
 the recommendation of the Committee, or othem'ise, as the 
 delegates may see fit. 
 
 Mr. Fred. F. Smith: 
 
 May I ask a question? I did not quite understand what 
 was done with the resolutions before the former committee. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 The Chainnan of the Committee can probably answer 
 that question. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 WTiat is the question? 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 The gentleman wishes to know what became of the resolu- 
 tions passed by the Congress before the Committee was ap- 
 pointed. It is understood that those resolutions were re- 
 ferred to the incoming committee at that time. 
 
 Mr. Fred. F. Smith: 
 
 There were three resolutions offered and adopted during 
 the first two days' proceedings of the Congress, when there 
 was no Committee on Resolutions in existence. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr. : 
 
 Those resolutions have been expunged by the motion of 
 the gentleman, proposed to the Congress a few moments ago. 
 
 Mr. Fred. F. Smith: 
 
 The reason I asked that question is, that he did not intend 
 to expunge more than two. There is the third one; that 
 third one was introduced a few days later, he had no knowl- 
 edge of it. There was another one that came up before the 
 Congress, and a Committee on Resolutions was appointed for 
 the purpose of taking care of that resolution. Now there are 
 two resolutions left out in the cold. They have not been 
 heard from in any shape. I merely wanted to know what 
 will become of them, or how that should be corrected upon 
 the record. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 My recollection is that was the last resolution. I was pre- 
 siding that day, and it was referred to the incoming com- 
 mittee. That has been considered. If the gentleman's 
 motion only included two out of the three resolutions passed 
 by the Congress, of course, there is the third one still 
 unacted upon, as it stands now for the adoption of the 
 Congress. 
 
 Mr. H. Rotherham: 
 
 Those resolutions referring to the fiscal policy of two 
 specific countries, in the proceedings of the fourth day, will 
 be exi>unged according to my resolution, and no more. That 
 is, all resolutions, except those covered by my resolution will 
 be referred to the existing Committee on Resolutions, and be 
 acted upon by that Committee. 
 
 Mr. Fred. F. Smith: 
 
 I asked the question for information, as it was not stated 
 definitely. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 1 will state the resolution to which Mr. Smith refers is 
 before the Committee. All the resolutions, except those 
 
338 
 
 PllOCEEDlNOS OF THE INTERNA TIOJS'AL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 wliieli wore c'X]nnified, and were purely political, have been 
 or are before that Committee. There are some before the 
 Committee not decided upon. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 I understand that it is agreeable to the Congress that the 
 Chairman offer these resolutions; for example, beginning witli 
 the first in their order, and submit them to the vote of the 
 Congress or the action of the Congress. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 The first resolution presented was by Mr. Forbes: 
 
 "Resolved, That it is the sense of this Congress that the 
 assimilation of trade-mark laws to a common standard is 
 necessary for the full protection of commerce; and, fuiiher, 
 that this Congress regards the conference held under the 
 Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, con- 
 cluded at Paris. March 20, 1883, as an important foi-um for 
 the discussion of such laws and their proposal to the nations." 
 
 This refers to an International Congress which was held — 
 I would state there is going on at the present time, that is, 
 once every three years, an International C'ongress of Trade- 
 marks, and Mr. Forbes is the delegate sent by this govern- 
 ment—this resolution refers to a previous meeting that had 
 taken place. 
 
 "Resolved, further, That it is the sense of this Congress 
 that all nations, members of the union created by the Con- 
 vention for the Protection of Industrial Property, concluded 
 at Paris, March 20, 1883,"— 
 
 Nearly every commercial nation in the world is a member 
 of this international body. 
 
 — "may, with great advantage to their commercial inter- 
 ests, become members of the sub-union created by the Agree- 
 ment of Madrid, April 1, 1891, for the international regis- 
 tration of trade-marks." 
 
 I might state for your information here, that this sub-union 
 simply means an organization by which all the trade-marks 
 from every nation of the world having trade-marks shall be 
 recorded in such a way that they can be internationally pro- 
 tected. (Applause.) 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 In order that the resolutions may come before this Con- 
 gress, will some one move that that be adopted? 
 
 IJirerliir W. P. Wihon: 
 
 T move that tbo rcsdliilioii? lie adnplcd. 
 
 Mr.N. B.KrlJ,/: 
 
 I second tliiit iiinlioii. 
 
 (The question being on the motion made by Director W. 
 P. Wilson, and seconded by Mr. N. B. Kelly, it was agreed to, 
 and the resolutions were adopted.) 
 
 Jliri'cliir 
 
 I'. Wilson. 
 
 I have a resolution which was presented yesterday by Mr. 
 n. Rotherbam, and at that time received a second, and was 
 referred to this Committee. It is as follows: 
 
 "Resolved, That the resolutions considered by this Con- 
 gress, prior to the appointment of a standing Committee on 
 Hrsohitidiis, !}(■ iTfcrrcd In a siili-coiinnitirc for ilcliln'i-ali<ui. 
 and tliai they lonii paii u( the n-iial |ii-n<cdiirc in -luli cases."" 
 
 J fun. H'lhcrl Adfiiiis, Jr.. 
 
 Do 1 understand il is rc]i(irlcd id llic Congress I'l-om lli<. 
 (-'nmmiticc? 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 To be passed. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams. Jr. : 
 
 You ofFer it as the Chairman of the Committee? 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson : 
 
 I offer it if some one will second it. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 "Will some one second the resolution ? 
 
 Mr. N. B. Kelly: 
 
 I second the resolution. 
 
 A Delegate: 
 
 I rise to a question of information. Was not the motion 
 to expunge all that from the minutes to cover that? 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 The Chair will again state the situation. There were three 
 resolutions passed by the Congress at the beginning of its 
 session. Two out of three of these resolutions have been ex- 
 punged from the records by the Congress itself. Therefore, 
 they are no longer the acts of this body. There is a third 
 resolution that remains on the records of the action of the 
 Congress itself, as to which nothing yet has been done. That 
 is the situation. 
 
 Dr. Thomas S. Butcher: 
 
 Is that the one resolution that has made all the difficulty 
 that is to be referred to this Committee? 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 So I understand it. 
 
 There was only one 
 
 Dr. Thomas S. Butcher: 
 
 Then you cannot call it a resolution, 
 resolution. ' 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 There seem to be two. 
 
 Dr. Thomas S. Butcher: 
 
 This resolution is in the hands of the Committee. We have 
 nothing to do with it. This resolution has been referred to 
 the Committee on Resolutions. Now then, it is in the hands 
 of that Committee. It is none of our business until the Com- 
 mittee brings it to us. (Cries of "Hear.") 
 
 Mr. Fred. F. Smith: 
 
 I do not wish to make any difficulty in the matter; I merely 
 asked for information, because I did not hear the first part 
 clearly. I do wish to have it appear that I objected to it in 
 any way. 
 
 Mr. N. B. Kelly: 
 
 I understand there were a number of resolutions referred 
 to the prior committee which resigned, of which I was also 
 a member, and that the resolutions considered by that com- 
 mittee have been referred to this suliscquent committee ap- 
 pointed by the Chair, and they arc now to he considered. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 The ("hail- docs nut so understand the sit\iii(ion. There is 
 one resolution that apparently was passed by this body; that 
 
SIXTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, OCTOBEE 31, 1899 
 
 339 
 
 remains as an act of tMs body, and has not been reconsidered, 
 has not been referred to the Committee, and stands as an act 
 01 this body to-day. According to the information given to 
 the Chair, you see that there were three resolutions passed. 
 Two have been expunged; that certainly leaves one unacted 
 upon. The Chair wishes to say that if you wish to recon- 
 sider or expunge it, it has nothing to do with the other. It 
 was passed by this Congress the same as the two were, which 
 you have expunged. The Chair wishes the Congress to under- 
 stand so that it can act, as it feels it should act with reference 
 to this resolution. 
 
 A Delegate: 
 
 To make that straight, I make the motion that the resolu- 
 tions referred to the previous committee be referred to the 
 present standing committee. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 That will be in order, and will cover the ground. The mo- 
 tion is as follows: It is moved and seconded that all resolu- 
 tions passed by this Congress prior to the appointment of the 
 Committee on Eesolutions be and are hereby referred to the 
 Committee on Resolutions for action on their part. 
 
 Mr. H. Rotherham: 
 
 My resolution was exactly that and nothing more. At the 
 time I moved that resolution, my sole object and aim was to 
 place the resolutions and all matters coming before the first 
 committee in such shape that they would come up for con- 
 sideration by the present standing committee. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 Gentlemen, you have heard the motion. It is that all reso- 
 lutions passed by this Congress before the appointment of 
 the Committee on Resolutions be expunged from the action 
 of this Congress, and that they be referred to the Committee 
 on Eesolutions. 
 
 Dr. Thomas S. Butcher: 
 
 If you expunge all the resolutions, what have you before the 
 conmuttee? 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 You expunge it as the action of the Congress. 
 
 Dr. Thomas S. Butcher: 
 
 That has nothing to do with the resolutions to be referred 
 to the committee. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr. : 
 
 If you expunge the action of the Congress with reference 
 to a certain resolution your action is final. 
 
 (The question being on the motion, it was agreed to, and 
 the resolution was adopted.) 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 The following resolution was offered, relative to parcels 
 post extension: 
 
 Whereas, It has been demonstrated in various foreign 
 countries that the parcels post system is one that is of incal- 
 culable advantage to the respective countries; and 
 
 Whereas, By means of the parcels post a far more direct 
 and effective means of introducing samples of commerce can 
 be established in the countries of the world; and 
 
 Whereas, This International Commercial Congress is pri- 
 marily for the purpose of suggesting such matters as will tend 
 
 to further the mutual commercial interests of the United 
 States and foreign countries; therefore be it 
 
 Resolved, That we, the International Commercial Congress, 
 do recommend that the Congress of the United States be re- 
 quested to establish such a system. 
 
 Mr. H. Rotherham: 
 
 I move the adoption of the resolution as read. 
 
 Mr. Antonio Cuyas: 
 
 I move to amend by inserting the words "and all other 
 
 governments not now possessing a parcels post system," after 
 the words "United States." 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr. : 
 
 Mr. Chairman, do you accept that amendment? 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson : 
 I do. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 Does the seconder accept that amendment? 
 
 Mr. H. Rotherham: 
 
 I do. 
 
 (The question being on the adoption of the resolutions as 
 amended, it was agreed to, and the resolution was adopted.) 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 The next resolution is: 
 
 Resolved, That it is most desirable that, as far as prac- 
 ticable, the trade statistics of all countries should be assim- 
 ilated for all purposes of accurate comparison, and that this 
 Congress place this resolution before the Government of the 
 United States, with a view to any action which may be found 
 possible by consultation with foreign governments to obtain 
 such assimilation of statistical returns. 
 
 Is this resolution seconded? 
 
 Mr. W. J. Moxham (Sydney, Australia): 
 
 I second the resolution. 
 
 (The question being on the adoption of the resolution, it 
 was agreed to and the resolution was adopted.) 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson : 
 
 The next resolution is: 
 
 Resolved, That the International Commercial Congress, in 
 session assembled, requests the United States Government 
 and other nations to consider the subject of establishment, 
 by the commercial nations of the world, of an International 
 Bureau, for the collection and dissemination of the agricul- 
 tural reports of said nations as to their cereals, with a view 
 of securing the widest and promptest international circulation 
 of said reports. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr.: 
 Is that resolution seconded? 
 
 A Delegate: 
 
 I second the resolution. 
 
 (The question being on the resolution as read, it was agreed 
 to and adopted.) 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson : 
 
 The next resolution is as follows: 
 
 Whereas, The Philadelphia Commercial Museum is an offi- 
 
840 
 
 rKUCEEDlNGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CUMMEIUJIAL CONGRESS 
 
 uial and national institution, by virtue of its organization, and 
 by the support, financial and otherwise, that it receives from 
 the United States Government, aa well as from the State of 
 Pennsylvania and the City of Philadelphia; and 
 
 Whereas, The Philadelphia Commercial Museum may well 
 be considered an international institution, by reason of it< 
 Advisory Board wherein are represented one hundred and 
 fifty domestic and two hundred and fifty foreign Chambers of 
 Commerce, Boards of Trade and other commercial organiza- 
 tions; by reason of its comprehensive collection of samples of 
 the world's products, admirably classified and presented; and 
 by reason of its well-organized system of commercial informa- 
 tion, whereby American manufacturers and merchants can 
 obtain reliable data and information in regard to foreign 
 producers, and vice versa; and 
 
 Whereas, The sphere of influence of said institution is 
 world-wide and efficient in the development of universal trade 
 relations; therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved, That it is the sense of this International Com- 
 mercial Congress, that the Philadelphia Commercial Museum 
 is an institution worthy of and deserving to have the support 
 of every Government, and of every Chamber of Commerce. 
 Board of Trade and other commercial and industrial organi- 
 zation in every country of the world: and be it further 
 
 Resolved, That it is the opinion of this Congress that the 
 reciprocal commercial relations of the world would be vastly 
 promoted and facilitated by the creation in each country of 
 an International Bureau of Commercial Information, all or- 
 ganized and to operate on practically uniform lines as initiated 
 by the Philadalphia Commercial Museum, or as may be 
 mutually agreed upon; all to interchange all data and infoi-m- 
 ation, and otherwise maintain reciprocal relations; all to take 
 up commercial matters of national and international scope, 
 and all jointly to act as an International Board of Commerce; 
 and be it further 
 
 Resolved, That the delegates to this Congress be individ- 
 ually, and they hereby are earnestly, requested to include in 
 their reports to their respective Governments and Chambers 
 of Commerce a special recommendation tending to enlist the 
 active co-operation of said Governments and commercia 
 
 bodies in furthering the ends and objects of the Philadelf 
 Commercial Museum, and tending also to the accomplishment 
 of the project set forth in the resolution just preceding. 
 
 Hon. Bobert Adams, Jr.: 
 Is that resolution seconded? 
 
 Mr. J. Barre Johnston: 
 
 As a representative of the Sydney Chamber of Commerce. 
 I am very happy to say that I am very much in favor of this 
 resolution, and I take pleasure in seconding this resolution 
 and recommending its ado]itiou. 
 
 (The question being on the resolution as read, it was agreed 
 to and was adopted.) 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson : 
 
 The next resolution is as follows: 
 
 Whereas, At this time, when the nations of the caxth are 
 
 finding their relations, political and commercial, drawing 
 closer, and it becomes evident that commercial prosperity can 
 only be made permanent in the event of peaceful relations 
 among nations; it is therefore 
 
 Resolved, by the International Congress now assembled, 
 That it is the consensus of judgment of its representatives 
 that there should be placed uj)nn record an earnest desire to 
 secure lasting peace among nations: and that, as far as pos- 
 >il)le, international courts of arbitration should be created, 
 to which all differences among nations shall be submitted. 
 
 (This resolution wa.< secmdrd by ^Ir. Whellams and Mr. 
 Nicolas. The question being mi this resolution, it was agreed 
 to and was adopted.) 
 
 Director W. P. Witso7i: 
 
 The next resolution is: 
 
 Whereas, The economic advantages of an Isthmian Canal 
 would be of supreme importance to the commerce of the 
 world, from an industrial and economic standpoint; and 
 
 AVhereas, Its utility and cost have been under consideration 
 for many years, and there is thought to be no reasonable 
 doubt, either as to its practicability or expediency, be the cost 
 what it may; therefore be it 
 
 Resolved, That the International Commercial Congress 
 lieartily endorses and urges the construction of an inter- 
 oceanic canal on the AVestern Hemisphere at the earliest prac- 
 ticable moment. 
 
 Mr. Charles M. Biddlc: 
 
 1 second that resolution. 
 
 (The question licing on the resohitioii, it was agreed to and 
 was adopted.) 
 
 linn. Buhert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 Are there anv further resuhitions? 
 
 1 Pircclnr W. I'. WihiDi : 
 
 The committee has no further resolutions to present at this 
 time^ 
 
 Hon. Bobert Adams, Jr.: 
 
 Gentlemen, the regular business of the Congress will now 
 come to an end for this afternoon, and there will be an illus- 
 trated lecture on Jamaica in this room. The Convention now 
 stands adjourned until to-morrow at 10 a. m. 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 Some of you seem to be going. You will pardon me for 
 savdng, that if you go you will miss a most interesting descrip- 
 tion — the illustrated lecture liy Dr. Johnston, on Jamaica 
 and its resources — to be i^iven here in three minutes. 
 
 Adjourned at 4.30 p. m. 
 
PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 SEVENTEENTH DAY'S SESSION 
 
 Philadelphia, Wednesday, November 1, 1899. 
 
 Final Session. 
 
 The meeting was called to order by Sir Horace Tozer. in 
 the Assembly Room of the Commercial Museum, at 10.30 a. m. 
 
 Sir Horace Tozer: 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: I have been requested to call the 
 meeting to order, so that we may receive Director Wilson 
 sitting. He will be here in a minute. 
 
 (The following named gentlemen, composing the commit- 
 tee for presentation of a silver service to Director W. P. 
 Wilson, then took their places on the platform: Sir Horace 
 Tozer, speaker; Professor Mario Salvini, Consul Alfred J. 
 Ostheimer, Henry Sell and Emil S. Fischer. Hon. J. C. 
 Monaghan, also a member of the committee, was absent.) 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson entered the room at 10. .56, and was 
 greeted with enthusiastic applause, when Sir Horace Tozer 
 turned to him and said: 
 
 Sir Horace Tozer: 
 
 May I have the privilege of calling this meeting to order? 
 
 (Director W. P. Wilson, turning to Sir Horace Tozer, said): 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 Will you act as chairman, then? 
 
 Sir Horace Tozer: 
 
 May I also have the privilege of addressing you and this 
 meeting? 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson : 
 Yes. sir. 
 
 Sir Horace Tozer: 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson, the regular business of this Con- 
 gress is now drawing to a close, but before we separate, I 
 would crave your permission to offer a few observations. I 
 promise you they will be brief, but relevant. 
 
 We have, as a Congress, proclaimed the value of the Phila- 
 delphia Commercial Museum: we have given our opinions 
 of your instructive Exposition: we have expressed our 
 appreciation of the generous hospitality of your magnifi- 
 cent countrv, and, in particular, of your city of Philadel- 
 phia and its warm-hearted people, and we have both ad- 
 mired and praised the manner in which you and all the 
 officers of this Museum have carried out your various onerous 
 congressional duties. There only remains for us one other 
 
 function, and it is one I trust that will be as agreeable to you 
 as it certainly is to all those who have now the privilege of 
 being present in this hall. 
 
 Ordinarily, this . would assume the form of a cordial 
 vote of thanks to yourself as our presiding officer, but on 
 this occasion we propose to dispense with this comparatively 
 hollow ceremonial and to testify our thanks to you in some 
 material fonn. Outside altogether of your duties as an 
 officer of this excellent institution, we have realized, in our 
 intercourse with you, the man — may I add, the per,~onal 
 friend, — and it is in that capacity I now wish to address 
 you. (Applause.) I am not now speaking as the repre- 
 sentative of any particular body or locality, but as the 
 selected delegate of all present in this room representing 
 commerce all over the world, who wish me to express their 
 appreciation of your unceasing kindness and of your suc- 
 cessful efforts to make their stay in tliis city so comfortable 
 and delightful. (Cries of "Hear!"' and applause.) 
 
 We will carry away in our hearts the most grateful recol- 
 lection of all you have done fo- us in a variety of ways, and 
 especially will we ever remember the proud privilege you 
 obtained for us and for our ladies of being received by 
 the illustrious head of the United States. President McKin- 
 ley (applause), and the dignified courtesy shown by your- 
 self to us in the deliberations of this Congress; but we want 
 one thing more, and that is to be kept in lasting remem- 
 Virance by you. For that purpose we desire that you should 
 possess a symbol of our good feeling towards yourself per- 
 sonally, hoping that it will not only remind you of your 
 patriotic exertions in your country's welfare, of a gathering 
 whose aims are well worthy of the liistoric city of Philadel- 
 phia, but even more of a grander work, the general advance- 
 ment of international commerce, which, by creating a wider 
 common interest, is best calculated to contribute to the peace 
 and happiness of mankind. (Applause.) No more appro- 
 priate conclusion to this departing century could have been 
 devised by you than this harmonious gathering of representa- 
 tives of all peoples of the earth, intent upon their mission of 
 peace on earth and good will toward man. 
 
 We hope and pray that you may be long preserved to 
 realize the development of your ideas, that this token (small 
 though its intrinsic value is) may stimulate you to further 
 efforts in the same direction, and that those who follow you 
 may see this evidence of the esteem and affection in which 
 you are personally held by the individual members of the 
 international Commercial Congress. (Applause.) 
 
 We will not say "Good-hye," but prefer the "Au Revoir.'' 
 Some day you may pay a return visit to the distant climes 
 and countries we are now returning to. If so. I can promise 
 you such a welcome there as will assure you that your kind- 
 ness to us can never be forgotten. (Applause.) We hope 
 that this expression of ours vdW find a place in your official 
 records of the proceedings of this Congress. 
 
 May I now ask Professor Salvini to support me in this 
 
 341 
 
342 
 
 riJOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 function by the presentation of the articles selected for your 
 acceptance. (Applause.) 
 
 (At this moment Consul Alfred J. Ostheimer stepped for- 
 ward and uncovered a beautiful silver service— the gift of 
 the delegates to Director W. P. Wilson — upon the largest 
 piece of which was inscribed the following): 
 
 "To Dr. William P. Wilson, 
 
 "Director of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum and 
 chief organizer of the first International Commercial Con- 
 gress, held at Philadelphia, in October, 1899, with assur- 
 ances of sincere gratitude for his uniform courtesy and in 
 recognition of his extraordinary services to international 
 commerce. 
 
 "From the Foreign and American Delegates." 
 
 (Then Professor Mario Salvind, turning to Director W. P. 
 Wilson, said): 
 
 Professor Mario Salvini: 
 
 Dr. Wilson: You have told me that you spent some 
 months in Italy. I am sure that you must have noticed that 
 Italian people often express with their eyes their internal 
 impressions. I hope, then. Dr. Wilson, that you will now 
 see in my eyes the feelings of gratitude which animate me, 
 and all sentiments which my poor English does not allow 
 me to express, in the name of my fellow-delegates. 
 
 May the brilliancy of this silver, that the delegates repre- 
 senting the world present you, remain to you in the future 
 as a symbol of the brillant success which has crowned this 
 International Commercial Congress, the product of your in- 
 telligent and active mind. (Applause.) 
 
 (Dr. Wilson then gracefully bowed his acknowledgments, 
 and, turning to Sir Horace Tozer, and then to the delegates, 
 spoke, with much feeling, as follows): 
 
 Director W. P. Wilson: 
 
 Mr. Chainnan, Sir Horace Tozer, Prof. Salvini and Dele- 
 gates: I must say that I have been met by the delegates of 
 this Congress, and by the gentlemen assembled here, with 
 uniform courtesy and kindness. But I have to confess that 
 1 did not anticipate, — and I mean to say it not over lightly, — 
 that such an unfair advantage would be taken of me at the 
 last moment (applause and laughter), as to have me stand 
 here and listen to a formal speech and presentation, all 
 arranged without my knowledge, and then, under such cir- 
 cumstances, to be expected to answer in a single word. This 
 is rather more, I think, than ought to be expected. 
 
 I confess that I have had in the anticipation of this Con- 
 gress great pleasure in the thoughts which it gave me as 
 well as my excellent associates in the work. These plans 
 have not been of a day or a week or a niontli, but of the 
 past two years, in bringing together this admirable assembly 
 of gentlemen from all parts of the world. The anticipation 
 was great. Of the realization here, I shall not have to speak. 
 There have been presented many papers. We have discussed 
 the universal interests of the whole world. What may come 
 out of it, W'hat may be the results in the future, it will be 
 impossible for any of us to tell at this moment. 
 
 I have ever hoped that the results would be greater than 
 that wliich may be seen at the moment, in fact, that in the 
 future they may prove all that we could anticipate and hope 
 for. If it is in your thoughts that the Pliiladelphia Com- 
 mercial Museum and the city of Philadelphia have received 
 you pleasantly, and tried to make the time that you have 
 passed here a pleasant remembrance for the future. I can only 
 say, for the city and for the ]\Iuscum, that we have not done 
 all that we had hoped to do; but we have done what we could 
 
 at the time. I have hoped while we were discussing papers 
 of various kinds and divers interests, that at least a few 
 broad ideas might be in the future developed from this work. 
 We have passed resolutions, and may pass others, which are 
 a portion of this work. The strongest hope which I have 
 in mind is the development in all of your respective coun- 
 tries of some form of International Bureaus of Commerce 
 which may, in their harmonious work, bring us frequently 
 together, and in which, in a general, systematic, \miform way, 
 we may take up and push and carry out for the world at 
 large, the ideas which have been embodied in our various 
 resolutions. 
 
 You have come from far-off countries, and before you 
 came to the United States we seemed remote to you and you 
 to us. We have come together, and the great distances have 
 been practically annihilated. Our friendship' has been pro- 
 moted and strengthened by the intercourse whidh we have 
 had here, and it seems as if we were all near together, filled 
 with a spirit of harmony in which we can work together, so 
 that, in the future, when we say we desire closer trade rela- 
 tions and peace and friendship between all nations, we shall 
 mean what we say, for we have looked at each other face 
 to face and have become friends. 
 
 I believe that friendship and social intercourse is the first 
 and greatest basis for all future relations, and for closer 
 commercial and international relations (cries of 'liear, hear," 
 and applause), and for me and for this institution, if we 
 had only come together and looked each other in the face 
 and shaken hands and formed these friendly relations, ex- 
 tending now all over the globe, it would have been one of 
 the greatest of all the results. ("Hear, hear," and applause.) 
 
 I can only say that this beautiful gift with which you have 
 presented me, will be a constant reminder and ever-present 
 source of remembrance of this Congress, as well as the 
 results which have been accomplished here, the talisman 
 for me, so to speak, as this is the first great International 
 Congress of the many others which will be held in other 
 countries and possibly here in the future. (Applause.) 
 
 I tliank you all for this gift and more than this — for the 
 friendship and the thought which I know it is based upon. 
 (Applause.) The thing itself is material and will be present. 
 Because I can see it, I shall always feel the strong bond of 
 friendship and good feeling which has prompted this gift. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 I have just a word to say with reference to the institution 
 which has called you together. It is simply this: Some of 
 you may have thought that "The Philadelphia Commercial 
 Museum" is a peculiar name. I want to state that this 
 name is hardly in harmony with the work which this 
 institution is doing, and that this name was given to it by 
 the Councils of this city, in an ordinance passed before the ac- 
 tual establishment, or before the real organization, of the 
 work which is now in hand. 
 
 I simply wish to add that we have a proposition which we 
 are going to present to City Councils to have the name 
 changed to "An International Bureau of Commerce." (Ap- 
 plause.) We have thought the matter over carefully, and 
 believe that to be the most expressive name representing the 
 actual work which we are trying to do here. With that 
 thought we have tried to select a name which could be 
 equally chosen by other countries, so that the work every- 
 where, if (his should be done, could be harmonious and not 
 only on the same lines, but under the same name. A reso- 
 lution was passed here yesterday which recommended the 
 establishment of similar institutions in foreign countries. 
 The work of such institutions would naturally fall in the 
 very lines which our resolutions have outlined during this 
 Congress. For instance, it would take up bureau work in 
 statistics and plan for other similar institutions a harmonious 
 
SEVENTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, NOVEMBER 1, 1899 
 
 343 
 
 and systematic and unified way of presenting these statistics, 
 so that every nation could formulate them in the same 
 manner. The work of such institutions would also include 
 weights and measures and unify those for all countries 
 over the whole globe. (Applause.) Unless you have 
 studied the question, and I know you all have, you would 
 not have the slightest idea of the millions upon millions 
 of dollaxs wasted every year in the transfer of weights from 
 the tables of one countrj' into that of others, and of 
 money from one country into the money of others. Again, 
 another valuable line of work for these corresponding insti- 
 tutions would be the unity in monetary and banking sys- 
 tems, for banking systems are most closely related to com- 
 merce (applause), and as commerce is that which produces the 
 underlying prosperity of all nations, why not labor — it is 
 ideal, of course — toward a uniform system of money and of 
 banking? The very intercourse which we must carry on 
 between all nations is immediately related for its convenience 
 and its foundation upon the banking systems of the world. 
 
 Again, we have passed resolutions here in favor of uni- 
 formity in trade-marks and patent laws. We have all that 
 before us to accomplish in one way or another. We need a 
 uniform sy.stem of postal laws and of parcels post. No doubt, 
 if the general interests of the whole world were studied, you 
 might come to a unit in our action on the establishment of 
 certain waterways for the united advantage of the world, as 
 well as the establishment of certain cable lines for the normal 
 business of the whole world. There is something at least 
 to be developed in this way. 
 
 Again, and perhaps grander and greater than all, is the pos- 
 sibility of a uniform system of arbitrating all difliculties and 
 ditferences in commerce, and also for arbitrating all distur- 
 bances which might disrupt the peace between nations. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 These are some of the points or lines which International 
 Bureaus of Commerce, established in all countries, might 
 normally and naturally work upon. 
 
 Now, so far as this institution is concerned, I want sim- 
 ply to say, that we have been for several years developing 
 the work, and anything which we have in our system, or in the 
 methods which we employ here, which you may find of help 
 to you, we shall be most happy to otl'er to you. 
 
 There is nothing in the work which we are carrying on 
 here — forms or methods — that we are not willing that you 
 should look over, and if you can get any suggestions you 
 are welcome to them. (Applause.) Again, you are business 
 men from all parts of the world. It is our aim here to bring 
 people who want to become active in business together. We 
 do no business in this institution itself, we handle no money, 
 we transfer no deeds, bills of lading or anything of that kind. 
 It is our sole business to put people who want to enlarge 
 the world's commerce into communication with each other. 
 Therefore, I want to say that you are at liberty to call upon 
 us for statistics, for an outline of the leading business interests 
 of this country, or for communications with any of its manu- 
 facturers, its merchants or its tradesmen, and we shall be most 
 happy to furnish you this, as well as any other information. 
 One further thought with reference to the organization 
 of this institution: In order that we might touch all the 
 various interests in the United States, in the very early stages 
 of this work, we communicated with chambers of commerce, 
 boards of trade, and other commercial organizations in this 
 country, and invited each of the permanent trades bodies to 
 become members of an Advisory Board, and then we invited 
 the chambers of commerce and boards of trade to send rep- 
 resentatives to a Congress. We extended the same invitation 
 to foreign chambers of commerce all over the world, and 
 the members from these chambers at home and abroad have 
 eetablished what is called an Advisory Board, and that has 
 
 been the basis of our Congress. We, also, by direct invita- 
 tion, have representatives from all the foreign governments. 
 The Advisory Board, itself, in this country, and in foreign 
 countries, is thus made up, and it is customary for us to 
 appoint officers. These officers are located in the United 
 States and in foreign countries. They are to take more or 
 less special interest in giving us information, or in asking 
 information from us, or in any way effecting an increase of 
 trade between the countries represented and our own. While 
 we are waiting, therefore, I believe, for the action of the 
 committee, I will read the names of those who have been 
 appointed to serve as members of this International Advisory 
 Board for the ensuing year: 
 
 International Advisory Board. 
 
 President, William L. Elkins, of Philadelphia. 
 
 Vice-Presidents for the United States. 
 New York— Charles R. Flint, New York City. 
 Massachusetts — Wm. H. Haile, Boston. 
 Ohio — Colonel James Kilbourne, Columbus. 
 Indiana — David M. Parry, Indianapolis. 
 Illinois — H. C. Staver, Chicago. 
 Minnesota — J. B. Johnston, St. Paul. 
 California — Hugh C^raig, San Francisco. 
 Washington — Edmund Seymour, Tacoma. 
 Hawaiian Islands — J. B. Atherton, Honolulu. 
 
 Vice-Presidents for Other Countries. 
 
 Argentine Republic — Carlos Lix Klett, John C. Zimmer- 
 man, Dr. Emilio Frers. 
 
 Austria-Hungary — Dr. Alexander von Dom, Julius von 
 Szavay. 
 
 Belgium — W. Coward. 
 
 Bolivia— Manuel V. Balli\nan. 
 
 Brazil — Col. Dr. Fernando Mendes de Almeida, Capt. J 
 Cordeiro da Gra^a, Dr. Jose C. Rodrigues. 
 
 Canada— Hon. R. R. Dobell. 
 
 Cape Colony — J. L. M. Brown. 
 
 Chile — Carlos Rogers, Alejandro Thompson Rei. 
 
 China — James S. Fearon. 
 
 Colombia — Leo S. Kopp. 
 
 Costa Rica — Mauro Fernandez. 
 
 Cuba — Gren. Emilio Nuiiez. 
 
 Ecuador — Luis A. Dillon. 
 
 France— Henry Peartree, Georges Masson. 
 
 Germany — Dr. Vosberg-Rekow, Commerzienrath Arnhold. 
 
 Guatemala — Carlos Irigoyen. 
 
 Guiana — Gustav H. Richter. 
 
 Honduras — Gen. Policarpo Bonilla. 
 
 India — Hon. Allan Arthur. 
 
 Italy — Prof. Mario Salvini. 
 
 Jamaica — Simon Soutar. 
 
 Japan— Kahe Otani, W. F. Mitchell. 
 
 Leeward Islands — C. Arthur Shand. 
 
 Madeira — A. J. Drexel Biddle. 
 
 Mexico — Jose Algara, Julio M. Limantour. 
 
 Natal — F. Shippey. 
 
 New South Wales — J. Barre Johnston, W. J. Moxham. 
 
 New Zealand — Peter Barr. 
 
 Nicaragua — Adan Cardenas. 
 
 Norway — Chr. B. Lorentzen. 
 
 Nova Scotia — Hon. George Mitchell. 
 
 Panama — Felix Ehrman. 
 
 Paraguay — Carlos R. Santos. 
 
 Persia — Hussein Agha Etimad-et-TudJar. 
 
 Peru — Alejandro Garland, J. A. Miro Quesada, Manuel 
 Candamo. 
 
344 
 
 PliOCEKDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Portugal — Dr. Jacintlu) tie Magalhaes. 
 
 Queensland — J. H. Rogers. 
 
 Roumania— B. G. Assan. 
 
 Russia— M. de Routkowsky. 
 
 Salvador — Federico Mejia. 
 
 South Australia— A. E. Davey. 
 
 Spain — Antonio Cuyas. 
 
 Sweden — Harald Grebst. 
 
 Tasmania— A. G. Webster. 
 
 Trinidad — William Howatson. 
 
 Turkey — Arehag Karagheusian. 
 
 United Kingdom— Sir John Lubbock, Henry Sell, William 
 Angus. 
 
 Uruguay — Prudencio de Murguiondo. 
 
 Venezuela — Antonio E. Delfino. 
 
 Victoria — H. Rotherham. 
 
 Western Australia — J. H. Bateman. 
 Sir Horace Tozer: 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: It has been thought advisable to 
 place on record something which yon can carry with you 
 when you go away, which will be a remembrance of this 
 Congress. For this purpose I will call attention to a prece- 
 dent^ which has been already established, a precedent which 
 appears upon the document I have before me, which was, 
 in the times gone past, an acknowledgment from the foreign 
 members of the Advisory Board of the Philadelphia Museum. 
 Upon this occasion, a gentleman will now propose a resolu- 
 tion, the operation of which resolution will be the propaga- 
 tion of some similar document such as I have now in my 
 hand, which will be sent to all the members of the Congress. 
 I will therefore ask Captain Cordeiro da Graga to propose 
 the resolution which will give effect to that idea. 
 
 Gapt. J. Cordeiro da Graga: 
 
 Mr. ChainTian, Ladies and Gentlemen: An acknowledg- 
 ment from the foreign delegates of the International Com- 
 mercial Congress: 
 
 Whereas, The foreign delegates to the International Com- 
 mercial Congress were invited by the Philadelphia Commer- 
 cial Museum for an international discussion; and. 
 
 Whereas, Said members have received the most cordial 
 welcome, kind and special attentions, and most munificent 
 hospitality in this country; and, 
 
 Whereas, The members of the Board of Trustees and the 
 officers of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum organized 
 this great and useful in.s.titiition for the promotion and ex- 
 tension of commercial relations; therefore, be it hereby 
 
 Resolved, That our warm thanks are due and are hereby 
 tendered to Director William P. Wilson and the officials of 
 the Museum; 
 
 Resolved, That we owe a debt of gratitude to the President 
 of the United States, the City of Philadelphia and its Mayor, 
 the State of Pennsylvania and its Governor, state and city 
 officials, railway companies, manufacturing and commercial 
 firms, trade organizations, in.stitutions of learning, societies 
 and clubs, and to the chairmen and committees of the Con- 
 gress; and 
 
 Resolved, That copies of these resolutions be transmitted 
 to the Museum and to all those to whom we arc indebted; 
 also to all the foreign and domestic delegates to the Inter- 
 national Commercial Congress, as a souvenir, signed by all 
 the members. 
 
 Sir Horace Tozer: 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: So that you may clearly under- 
 stand tlic kiTid of document referred to, I have a short paper 
 before me which shows what those who preceded us have 
 done, and it will give you some idea of the nature of the 
 
 resolutions that it is essential for you to know, of course, 
 before you pass that in a formal way. I will just tell you 
 now what this paper is. It is an excellent paper, most beau- 
 tifully done and is a magnificent piece of work: 
 
 Whereas. The Foreign members of the Advisory Board 
 of The Philadelphia Commercial Museum were invited to 
 the annual meeting and the international opening of said 
 Museum, and to make a tour of inspection through some of 
 the largest cities of the United States; and. 
 
 Whereas, Said members have received the most cordial 
 welcome, kind and special attentions and most munificent 
 hospitahty in this country; and. 
 
 Whereas, The members of the Board of Trustees and the 
 officers of The Philadelphia C'ommercial Museum, organized 
 this great and useful institution for the promotion and ex- 
 tension of commercial relations, and at whose invitation we 
 met here; it is hereby 
 
 Resolved, That our wann thanks are due and hereby are 
 tendered to the President of the United States, Mr. William 
 McKinley. 
 
 Resolved, That we are grateful to the Honorary Diplo- 
 matic Advisory Board of the Philadelphia Commercial Mu- 
 seum. 
 
 Resolved, That we owe a debt of gratitude never to be 
 forgotten, to the cities of Philadelphia, Washington, Balti- 
 more, New York, Brooklyn, Jersey City, Newark. Fall River, 
 Boston, Lynn, Providence, Worcester, Springfield. Holyoke, 
 Waltham, New Haven. Pittsburg, Dayton, South Bend, De- 
 troit, Grand Rapids, Jfilwaukee and Niagara Falls, and to 
 their respective mayors, also to the boards of trade, cham- 
 bers of commerce, trades organizations, and universities, to 
 the press, the societies and clubs, to the manufacturers and 
 citizens, to the Pennsylvania and other railroad companies, 
 and to the chairmen and members of all reception and other 
 committees. 
 
 Resolved, That wo express with indelible words our deep 
 gratitude to the members of the Board of Trustees and the 
 officers of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum who so 
 kindly afforded us the opportunity of enjoying the sights of 
 this marvelous country, of studying their boundless resourcea 
 and at the same time of receiving the most exquisite cour- 
 tesies. 
 
 That was signed by about fifty foreign members of the 
 Pan-American Commercial Congress of 1897. Now, know- 
 ing what has been done, you are asked to perpetuate that good 
 work on this occasion by giving effect to the following reso- 
 lutions which, for greater accuracy, I will read to you: 
 
 Whereas, The foreign delegates to the International Com- 
 mercial Congress were invited by the Philadelphia Com- 
 mercial Museum for an international discussion; and, 
 
 Wliereas. Said members have received the most cordial 
 welcome, kind and special attentions, and most munificent 
 hospitality in this country; and, 
 
 \\Tiereas, The members of the Board of Trustees and the 
 officers of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, organized 
 this great and useful institution for the promotion and ex- 
 tension of commercial relations; therefore, be it hereby 
 
 Resolved, That our warm thanks are due and are liereby 
 tendered to Director William P. Wilson and the officials of 
 the Museum; 
 
 Resolved, That we owe a debt of gratitude to the President 
 of the Unitwl States, the City of Pliiladelpliia and its Mayor, 
 the State of Pennsylvania and its (iovernor, state and city 
 officials, railway companies, manufacturing and commercial 
 firms, trade organizations, institutions of learning, societies 
 and clubs, and to the chairmen and committees of the Con- 
 gress; and 
 
 Resolved, That copies of these resolutions be transmitted 
 to the Museum, and to all those to whom we are indebted; 
 
SEVENTEENTH DAY'S SESSION, NOVEMBER 1, 1899 
 
 846 
 
 also to all the foreign and domestic delegates to the Interna- 
 tional Commercial Congress, as a souvenir, signed by all the 
 members. 
 
 Is there any person in this room who desires to speak on 
 these resolutions? If not, as they are so expressive of them- 
 selves, I will put them to you for adoption. 
 
 All those who are in favor of the passage of these resolu- 
 tions will signify in the usual manner — on the contrary — it is 
 carried unanimously. (Applause.) 
 
 On motion of Mr. Emil S. Fischer, the following commit- 
 tee was appointed to take in charge the above resolution, and 
 send it as a souvenir to the members of the Congress: Sir 
 Horace Tozer, Chainuan; Mr. Albert Lucas, Mr. Emil S. 
 Fischer, Mr. Alfred J. Ostheimer, Captain J. Cordeiro da 
 Graga, Mr. Prudencio de Murguiondo, Mr. Nicanor Bolet 
 Peraza, Dr. Vosberg-Eekow, Mr. S. Uchida, and Mr. Chow 
 Tsz-Chi. 
 
 Sir Horace Tozer: 
 
 The next business to bring forward is the further con- 
 sideration of the resolutions which have been considered by 
 the Sub-Committee. I will, therefore, ask the Chairman of 
 the Sub-Committee to bring forward the resolutions which 
 they have had under consideration. Is Mr. Henry Sell in 
 this room? 
 
 Mr. Henry Sell: 
 I am here, sir. 
 
 Sir Horace Tozer: 
 
 Are you ready now to present the resolutions agreed to by 
 your Committee? i 
 
 Mr. Henry Sell: 
 
 I am, Mr. Chairman. I will ask the Secretary to read the 
 resolutions. 
 
 Sir Horace Tozer: 
 
 I will put these resolutions separately. Of course the 
 Congress is sitting as a Committee of the Whole and the 
 resolutions are brought before you and it is for you practi- 
 cally to affirm them by your vote. 
 
 I will put the first resolution offered by the committee. It 
 is as follows: 
 
 Resolved, That the International Commercial Congress, 
 gathered in solemn assembly in Philadelphia, recommends to 
 all governments of the world the free exchange of art and 
 artistic works, considering such an exchange as a means of 
 civilization, instruction and refinement of the people. 
 
 (Tlie question being on the resolution, it was unanimously 
 adopted.) 
 
 Sir Horace Tozer: 
 
 The second and last resolution is this: 
 
 Whereas, The present condition of freight rates on inter- 
 national transportation lines shows in many places a press- 
 ing need for extension in the foreign shipping of the world; 
 and. 
 
 Whereas, There is an evident willingness on the part of 
 certain nations to encourage such extensions in shipping by 
 favorable legislation; therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved, That the attention of capital be drawn to this 
 opportunity in the hope that by the formation of new lines, 
 such dispositions will be made as will result in general ad- 
 vantage to the world's commerce. 
 
 (The question being on the adoption of the resolution, it 
 was agreed to and unanimously adopted.) 
 
 Sir Horace Tozer: 
 
 A letter has been sent to the Congress by mail, which I 
 think should be read from the Chair. It is as follows: 
 
 Office of the Mayor, 
 
 Sir Horace Tozer: 
 
 The Secretary ^vill read the resolutions. 
 
 Mr. W. H. Schoff: 
 
 The Sub-Committee on Resolutions has to report the 
 following action taken at its session this morning: 
 
 The resolution offered to the Congress by Professor Mario 
 Salvini is presented to the Congress with this recommenda- 
 tion, that it pass the Congress in its present form, as follows: 
 
 Resolved, That the International Commercial Congress, 
 gathered in solemn assembly in Philadelphia, recommends to 
 all governments of the world the free exchange of art and 
 artistic works, considering such an exchange as a means of 
 civilization, instruction and refinement of the people. 
 
 The resolution offered to the Congress by Captain J. Cor- 
 deiro da Graga, delegate from Brazil, has had the considera- 
 tion of the committee, and is offered to the Congress with 
 the recommendation that it pass in an amended form as 
 follows: 
 
 Whereas, The present condition of freight rates on inter- 
 national transportation lines shows in many places a pressing 
 need for extension in the foreign shipping of the world; and, 
 
 Whereas, There is an evident willingness on the part of 
 certain nations to encourage such extensions in shipping by 
 favorable legislation: therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved, That the attention of capital be drawn to this 
 opportunity in the hope that by the formation of new lines, 
 such dispositions will be made as will result in general advan- 
 tage to the world's commerce. 
 
 Your committee has the honor to present its report to the 
 Congress. 
 
 Philadelphia, November 1st. 
 
 Dr. William P. Wilson, Commercial Museum, 233 South 
 Fourth Street. 
 Dear Sir: — The Mayor directs me to say that he will be 
 unable, owing to other engagements this morning, to be pres- 
 ent at the closing session of the International Commercial 
 Congress. He sends his compliments to the delegates, and 
 hopes their deliberations have been found to be pleasant and 
 profitable. Very truly yours, 
 
 (Signed) J. Hampton Moore, Secretary. 
 
 The letter wi.l be incorporated in the proceedings. Now 
 the only remaining business is the closing of the session of 
 the Congress. I think that can be more appropriately done 
 by a few concluding observations from Director W. P. Wil- 
 son. 
 
 Dr. W. P. Wilson: 
 
 In the closing and summing up of such a Congress as we 
 have held here for the past two and a half weeks, there 
 might be much said in many directions, but I have felt that 
 only a brief word should be offered. We have come together, 
 we have become friends. Many of you may never have 
 visited the United States before; you came with a pleasant 
 object in view, not knowing just what you might meet. 
 You have learned many things, perhaps, of the United States; 
 you have learned our peculiarities, you have learned in 
 many ways, you who represent industrial and manufactur- 
 ing nations, what we need here, and what sort of interests 
 we have here, and you have no doubt thought, in many 
 
346 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 ways, how you could further those interests, that is, how 
 you could extend your own trade with this country. No 
 matter what you may have thought on your way to the 
 United States to attend this International Commercial Con- 
 oress, and it may have been in your minds that this Con- 
 gress' was called together to serve alone the interests of the 
 manufacturers and tradesmen and merchants of the United 
 States, although I do not believe it; yet you have come here, 
 and I believe you have found everywhere, in the Congress and 
 out of the Congress, a spirit indicating that substantial and 
 lasting commerce can only proceed between the nations of the 
 earth when there is true and proper reciprocity between those 
 nations. (Applause.) 
 
 We do not expect that the great trading ships which go 
 between the nations of the earth can carry the products of 
 any one given country one way only. The great ships which 
 carry the trade of the world must go laden both ways (ap- 
 plause), and it must be our study here, and it is our study 
 in this institution to-day, not only to find out what we can 
 take in return to your advantage, but what we can take in 
 return from you to our mutual advantage. (Cries of "Hear, 
 hear," and applause.) 
 
 This work began first, as perhaps all similar ideas have 
 begun, on a smaller scale than it has now grown to be. The 
 first Congress, held in 1897, embraced only the Latin- 
 American countries, although the idea was then just as broad 
 as it is now. 
 
 I believe, then, that in the sincerest and most friendly 
 way and spirit you will now part from us, having seen what 
 we are doing and what we are thinking; having made the 
 acquaintance of the United States; having taken in our 
 many faults, for we have plenty of them, and having found 
 some of the good points — for every nation possesses more or 
 less of both — and that you will take away and maintain that 
 spirit of friendship, which, as has been said before, must 
 be the basis of all our future trade relations. (Applause.) 
 
 I, therefore, thank you for your attendance; and I know 
 full well how many of you have put aside most important 
 business that cliiimed your every moment's attention and 
 have traveled thousands of miles to attend this Congress. 
 We, here, appreciate fully the time that you have freely 
 given. We only hope that the growth of this spirit and the 
 thought which has been stimulated here may be commen- 
 surate in the future with the time and energy which you 
 have spent to come to this Congress, and that, if not now, 
 yet in the future, at some time you may be fully repaid for 
 your efforts. 
 
 In dismissing this first great International Congress, I 
 only wish to express the hope that in the future, by constant 
 correspondence, intercourse and business relations, the bonds 
 which we have all cemented here may become stronger and 
 stronger. 
 
 I do not wish to say good-bye, but, as the Germans say — 
 and I think it is a very expressive sentence — Auf Wieder- 
 sehen! (Applause.) 
 
 A Delegate: 
 
 Before we adjourn I wish to offer a resolution expressing 
 the thanks of the Congress to the Committee on Resolutions 
 for the careful and considerate manner in which they have 
 performed their duties. 
 
 Mr. Henry Sell: 
 
 With your permission, while you are entertaining that 
 resolution, I think some expression of our feelings and a 
 vote of thanks should be tendered to Dr. Wilson. 
 
 Sir Horace Tozer: 
 
 There is a resolution we have not acted upon yet, that 
 takes precedence of yours. The resolution is: 
 
 Resolved, That a hearty vote of thanks be tendered to 
 the gentlemen acting on the Committee on Resolutions. 
 
 (The question being on the adoption of this resolution, it 
 was agreed to and adopted unanimously.) 
 
 Mr. Henry Sell: 
 
 I wish to add to the kind words for Dr. Wilson, expressed 
 by Sir Horace Tozer, and in rising I heartily endorse every 
 word that has been said; but I think the various gentlemen 
 who so ably assisted him in the entertainment of the mem- 
 bers of the Congress should also be thanked. I would there- 
 fore include Mr. William Harper, Mr. E. W. S. Tingle, Mr. 
 Wilfred H. Schoff, Dr. Gustavo Niederlein, Mr. C. A. Green, 
 Mr. Dudley Bartlett, Mr. J. J. Macfarlane, Mr. H. S. Morri- 
 son, Mr. Charles P. King, Mr. William Mill Butler, and 
 others, who have given us their constant attention, early and 
 late, and have always been ready to take us anj^vhere and 
 to get us anything we wanted, and have in that way sup- 
 ported us most efficiently. I move that a vote of thanks be 
 placed on record. 
 
 (Mr. Henry Sell then put the motion, and it was agreed to 
 unanimously.) 
 
 Sir Horace Tozer: 
 
 I think that everything is finished — I think nothing has 
 been omitted. 
 
 Mr. Henry Sell: 
 
 While I am on my feet I will say let us give three hearty 
 cheers for Dr. Wilson and go and shake hands with him, 
 every one of us. 
 
 Sir Horace Tozer: 
 
 The business of this session having been concluded, I now 
 declare this Congress closed. 
 
 (The Congress then adjourned, sine die, at 12 o'clock.) 
 
PAPERS SUBMITTED 
 
 TO 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 BY 
 
 DELEGATES AND OTHERS. 
 
 Canadian Trade with the United States. 
 
 P. G. Van Vleet (Delegate from the Canadian Manufacturers' 
 
 Association) : 
 
 In connection with the various papers presented during 
 the opening days of this Congi-ess by my worthy colleagues 
 from Canada representing the various Chambers of Com- 
 merce, Boards of Trade, and especially the able paper read 
 by the Hon. R. R. Dobell (which I hope each delegate, and 
 all others interested in commerce, may read carefully), I 
 wish at this time to draw your attention, and more particu- 
 larly those of the American delegates, to the fact that Canada 
 does not require special packing for goods exported to her 
 buyers, as is required by so many foreign countries. Also, 
 that Canada does not require especially prepared catalogues 
 to advance your interests with her buyers, and that the same 
 stamp placed on your letter carries it to any part of our 
 Dominion, exactly the same as to any -of your States. 
 
 Touching upon the subject of the volume of trade, it has 
 been shown by the very able papers of both the delegates of 
 Costa Rica and Mexico that the average amount of goods pur- 
 chased from the United States by all the Latin-speaking or 
 South American countries, including Mexico, is about $1.40 
 per capita of their population; yet Canada, your only neigh- 
 bor on the North, buys of you over $15.40 per capita of her 
 population. 
 
 The amount of her purchases of manufactured goods from 
 the United States for the last fiscal year exceeded 83 millions 
 of dollars. 
 
 The honorable presiding officer for Pan-AmericaJi Day, 
 Mr. Henry W. Peabody (I believe), termed us "Brothers of 
 the United States." Are we not more than that? We are not 
 only brothers but we are the best customers you have to-day 
 for your manufactured products; and in the future you cer- 
 tainly will 'have to look to us for a vast amount of raw ma- 
 terial to supply the demands of your factories, consisting of 
 copper, nickel, iron and wood products, of which we do not 
 know how much we have, as only a small partion of our re- 
 sources have been tabulated — and in this connection, it may 
 be as well to remark that this must ultimately lead to 
 reciprocity. 
 
 To quote from one of the best American authorities on this 
 subject, the Hon. Mr. Howes, of Boston: 
 
 "Canada with a population of 5,500,000 is more nearly Uke 
 ourselves than any other country in the world. It is our best 
 purchaser. Yearly they buy of us more than $80,000,000 
 worth of goods. It will be nearer $90,000,000 than $80,000,- 
 000 this year. This represents $15.15 per capita. Our sales 
 in England represent $12.50 per capita; Germany, $1.90; 
 France, $1.35; Mexico, $1,75; Venezuela, $1.50; Argentine 
 Republic, $1.30; Brazil, 80 cents, and for the whole of South 
 America about $1 per capita. We sold to Canada last year 
 
 more goods than to the sixty odd millions of people in all 
 South America and Mexico." 
 
 But on the other hand: 
 
 "Canadian sales in the United States amount yearly to 
 about $30,000,000, or about $50,000,000 less than our own 
 sales in Canada. Their sales are mostly of lumber, ores, and 
 coal, while ours are of the manufactured products of this 
 country. There is nothing more beneficial for a coimti7 to 
 export than just such articles. Their goods represent 
 the least amount of labor, ours the greatest. While 
 our exports to Canada have increased in value from $40,000,- 
 000 to more than $80,000,000 in the past 25 years, England's 
 have fallen from $70,000,000 to $30,000,000 in the same 
 time." 
 
 We purchase $90,000,000 worth of manufactured products 
 from the United States, and sell $30,000,000 worth of raw 
 materials to that country. 
 
 And the diiference is getting more marked every day. 
 
 Gentlemen, only one question — ^is not the trade of Canada 
 worth your while to cultivate, investigate and increase, if pos- 
 sible f 
 
 The Hon. Mr. Johnston, in his remarks to you regarding 
 Jamaica, said: "From Philadelphia to Jamaica and return is 
 only $75.00;" we can say to you, "Canada and its commercial 
 metropolis of Toronto costs you only about one-third of that 
 amount." 
 
 In conclusion, allow me to state that I stand ready at any 
 time to freely and gladly answer any personal communications 
 and furnish any information possible concerning Canada, her 
 requirements and resources, which you may wish to address to 
 me. I extend my most sincere and heartfelt thanks to Dr. 
 WOson and Iris able confreres and colleagues who have made 
 it possible for us to meet in this conference, bringing about, 
 as it will, such valuable residts to the commerce of the future; 
 and also to all of those — especially the Mayor and other offi- 
 cials of the City of Philadelphia — who have entertained us so 
 bountifully in this City of Brotherly Love. 
 
 Effect of Brigandage Upon Business in Southern 
 China. 
 
 Mr. Fritz A. BrocJcelmann (Delegate from Canton): 
 
 Permit me to offer a few remarks on a matter which is inter- 
 fering very much with business in the South of China. I 
 refer to the constantly growing brigandage in the two prov- 
 inces, Kwangtung and Kwangsi, both west of Hong Kong and 
 Canton. 
 
 During the early part of my sixteen years' stay in Canton, 
 traveling and the conveyance of merchandise by land or water 
 through these two provinces were comparatively safe. The 
 instances when Chinese boats or travelers were attacked oc- 
 
 347 
 
348 
 
 PROCEKDIN(?S OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 curnMl hut rarely, and wlii'ii il ilid hapjiuii, the Cliiuese pro- 
 vincial authorities were linn and strong enough to prosecute 
 and severely punisli the malefactore. 
 
 The change caine at the end of the Chinese-Japanese war, 
 in 1895, and, since then, things have grown from bad to worse, 
 so that now hardly a day passes but some new cases of robbery 
 are chronicled in the Hong Kong papers. 
 
 The original germ for this brigandage is supposed to have 
 been planted by disbanded and dissatisfied soldiers from the 
 war. It is difficult, to-day, to ascertain the correctness of this 
 accepted view, but for the cause of its continuation and con- 
 stant growth I look in quite anotlior direction. I attribute 
 the outrages: 
 
 First. Chiefly to the weakness, want of energy and ill-will 
 to suppress this nefarious business on the part of the local and 
 provincial authorities. 
 
 Second. To the fact that the latter in many cases claim to 
 have screened, yes, even for mercenary reasons connived with, 
 the robbers. 
 
 Third. To the fact that the robber and pirate bands recruit 
 themselves to a large extent from the country population, 
 which is made desperate by the oppression and extortion of 
 the authorities. 
 
 Fourth. The fact that the copper cash, which is the only 
 monetary commodity throughout China, has in sympathy with 
 copper lately risen considerably; that the advance in wages 
 and the value of products did not correspond originally to 
 that of the cash, causing a great deal of misery and dis- 
 satisfaction among the poorer country people, who have now 
 joined the brigands and pirates in large numbers, to earn a 
 livelihood. This latter reason I believe will slowly, but surely 
 right itself before long. But as for the other eaiises, I see 
 no radical alleviation from the present intolerable state of 
 affairs, until the large powers interested in Cliina, lodge most 
 energetic and united protest with the Canton Viceroy, or 
 amongst themselves undertake a systematic and strong patrol 
 of the Canton river and its wide delta. 
 
 Great Britain, in its usual progressive and energetic man- 
 ner, has sent three gun-boats on the river to begin this 
 cleansing work. But I am afraid these three boats will be 
 insufficient, as the area to be covered is very large, and inter- 
 sected by innumerable rivers, creeks and canals. 
 
 From 1896 to 1398, attacks were directed against Chinese 
 passenger junks and steam launches only, and interfered but 
 little with the foreigner and his trade. Of late, however, the 
 pirates have become so bold, owing doubtlessly to the fact 
 that they had generally evaded the attempts of the Chinese 
 police to catch them, that this year they made quite a number 
 of attacks on launches and small steamers flying foreign flags. 
 
 And thus not only the Chinese passenger traffic but the 
 transportation of merchandise, — both imports to, and ex- 
 ports from the interior, — is greatly disturbed. Boats carrj'- 
 ing goods are held up continually for heavy ransoms, and 
 unless the latter are paid within a few days, the merchandise 
 is carried off. 
 
 At the end of July, the Canton Raw Silk Guild informed 
 foreign exporters that they were unable to execute pending 
 contracts on time, as their deliveries from the producing dis- 
 tricts were continually interfered with by pirates. Other ex- 
 ports, such as matting, fire-crackers, silk piece goods, spices 
 and tea, are suffering in the same manner. In import goods, 
 such as kerosene oil, cotton piece goods, metals, floair, etc., 
 the distribution among the consuming country population is 
 hampered likewise, and in consequence the warehouses of the 
 foreign importers are filled up to the roof with goods imported 
 on Chinese orders. Our losses in interest, fire in.surance and 
 trade generally are immense. Instead of seeing the business 
 wholesomely grow with the much ventilated "Opening of 
 China," it is not only checked, but visibly retrograding in all 
 
 the Southern provinces. The natural and inevitable result 
 must be, that Canton's and Hong-Kong's trade with all for- 
 eign countries will seriously suffer, and that orders for foreign 
 produce, fabrics and other industrial products will consider- 
 ably decrease. 
 
 Freight Tariffs and Transportation Conveniences on 
 THE Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 Mr. Gerardo Lewis (Delegate from the Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Panama, Colombia): 
 
 The marvelous success achieved by The Philadelphia Com- 
 mercial ]\Iuseum in fostering trade between the United States 
 and the Latin-American Republics should be a source of 
 legitimate pride to the promoters and associates of the 
 Museum. 
 
 Their idea has been carried out with the efficient co-opera- 
 tion of skillful officers who have eaiTied the banner of the 
 Museum to every commercial place in the world. North and 
 South, East and West of the United States. 
 
 The plan succeeded wonderfully. The increase of expor- 
 tations during the last two years is a visible proof of the good 
 achievement. I am quite sure that through the efforts of the 
 officers of the Museum, many orders formerly sent to Europe 
 found their way to the United States. 
 
 Notwithstanding this flattering result, it cannot be con- 
 sidered that the work is complete. There are yet many 
 stumbling blocks in the way which must be removed ere the 
 United States can boast of having acquired the lion's share of 
 trade with the Latin-American Republics. 
 
 I leave other topics of no small importance, such as bank- 
 ing facilities, extension of credit, etc., to other merchants 
 more conversant with those matters, and I will only allude to 
 freight tariffs and transportation conveniences, subjects more 
 familiar to me owing to the nature of my business. 
 
 In the first place, I advocate that new lines of steamers be- 
 tween other ports of the United States and Colon should be 
 established. The monopoly of the Panama Railroad Co,'s line 
 and as a natural consequence, the high rates we have to pay, 
 drives out of our market articles which can be imported from 
 Europe on more favorable conditions. 
 
 On the other hand, as things stand at present, all our sup- 
 plies, except flour and canned goods from California, are 
 necessarily shipped at New York, and goods manufactured at 
 places distant from said poii are subject to railroad and 
 steamer's freights, which in some instances increase prices to 
 such an extent as to put them out of the trade. 
 
 There is yet a greater evil derived from the present state 
 of affairs, which gives an advantage to European over Ameri- 
 can goods, shipped on American vessels and transported over 
 an American railroad. As the steamship line and the railroad 
 belong to the same company, and they have no competition 
 at present, although they make all kinds of concessions on 
 their tariffs wherever they fear competition, we are bur- 
 dened with heavy original tariffs. The result is, that we can 
 obtain lower rates from Europe than from New York. It is 
 very remarkable that merchants residing in ports on the west 
 coast of Central and South America have to pay less freight on 
 their wares received through the Isthmus than what we pay, 
 although we are so much nearer the port of shipment. 
 
 I do not wish to throw any blame upon the Panama Rail- 
 road Company, or its officers, for this state of things, be- 
 cause I know that there is no sentiment in business and 
 they act as they think best for the interests of their company. 
 I further understand that the rates from Europe are fixed by 
 the steamship coni])anie.< without the interference of the 
 Panama Railroad Co., which receives a percentage of the 
 freiglit agreed u|i(iii by existing contracts. My desire is 
 
PAPERS SUBMITTED BY DELEGATES A.\D OTHERS 
 
 349 
 
 simply to report the facts and seek a remedy for the evil if 
 possible. 
 
 Before finishing, I again wish to recommend the establish- 
 ment of a sample warehouse in Panama. It is needless to 
 dwell on the importance of such an exhibition in a place like 
 Panama, wMch is right in the way of travelers from Central 
 and South America bound for Europe, who might change 
 their course if, during their sojourn on the Isthmus, they had 
 a chance to examine samples and quotations of American 
 goods and become aware that they can do better by making 
 their purchases in the United States. I suggested this plan 
 to the Commercial Congress in 1897, but little or nothing has 
 been done in this respect so far. Quick and energetic action 
 should be taken in this connection as early as practicable. 
 
 Tkade Relations Between Panama and the United 
 States. 
 
 Mr. Felix Ehrman (Delegate from Panama): 
 
 The invitation extended by the Philadelphia Commercial 
 Museum to the merchants of the Latin-American Republics 
 in May, 1897, is beginning to show its favorable results on 
 the industries of North America. Every one of the gentle- 
 men who were so splendidly entertained by the hospitable 
 city of Philadelphia and other indu.-^trial centers they had 
 occasion to visit, has become, out of gratitude as well as from 
 admiration, a promoter in the development of this American 
 people, the first of all America in advancement and in the 
 contest for success. 
 
 The Philadelphia Commercial Museum, gathering under its 
 able management the resources of an entire continent, has 
 offered to these growing Republics what they require most 
 of all, — a nucleus of progress, and a school where the first 
 steps were taken towards attaining the aims of civilization. 
 
 The relations which were established by the South Ameri- 
 can delegates and the propaganda they carried on in their 
 intercourse with the United States were to secure for its 
 products the supremacy in the markets of the Latin-American 
 Continent. This supremacy is established upon a very solid 
 basis, for the United States is the manufacturing country 
 which is nearest to us and the place where we would naturally 
 go to procure all that is required in our territories. 
 
 In order to aid the good work of the delegates, the favor- 
 able geographical position of this great Republic relative to 
 our countries will not be sufficient, and it is necessary for the 
 coimtry which receives the greatest benefit, to extend to us 
 its co-operation and thus efficiently assist the efforts of those 
 who open splendid and desirable markets to its goods. By 
 so doing it will work in its own interests. 
 
 It is, therefore, first of all, necessary for the United States 
 to use its influence in securing such low rates of transporta- 
 tion for its products, as will permit our merchants to enter 
 into competition with those who buy their goods in Europe. 
 The European steamship lines offer advantages which have 
 the eft'ect of making English and German goods, the original 
 prices of which are much higher than corresponding Ameri- 
 can articles, much cheaper upon their arrival at our ports. 
 
 People on the Pacific coast have to use the Panama Rail- 
 road principally, because this line is the only direct one from 
 New York to Colon. This line, however, which should be 
 a great means of communication and civilization to these re- 
 publics, and a source of considerable profit to the American 
 manufacturers, has become a very great obstacle to the trade 
 of countries along the coast-line and an insurmoimtable one 
 to local commerce, for its charges are sn high, that even the 
 greatest admirer of American products finds himself obliged 
 to get his supplies from European markets ou account of the 
 circumstances stated above. 
 
 We will not say anything about certain peculiar points in 
 the manufacture of some special articles, it is not worth while 
 to mention them. How did the English people manage to get 
 a hold on our markets for the exportation of certain goods? 
 They have studied, almost without any assistance whatever, 
 the requirements and tastes of the different markets of our 
 locality. This study should be a very easy one for the Ameri- 
 can nianufacturer, who may coimt upon the valuable co- 
 Dperatinn of the delegates who are always ready to point out 
 to him the l)est way to succeed. 
 
 It will be fully demonstrated by one of the members of this 
 Congress, that the final supremacy of American goods in 
 these republics depends entirely and exclusively on ocean 
 freight rates, for any difference existing in the original prices 
 will soon disappear. 
 
 The Commercial Museum of Philadelphia, has, by the in- 
 auguration of this Exposition, taken a gigantic step in the 
 direction of making American products kno^vn and popular, 
 and the Ijenefits that will be derived from this enterprise 
 (which might well be called the embodiment of progress) will 
 not be long in making themselves felt. Nevertheless, its 
 efforts should not be limited to the sphere of the National 
 Export Exjiosition, but its resources shoidd extend beyond the 
 limits of "home."' This institution, equalled by very few in 
 the world, has at its disposal powerful factors by which Amer- 
 ican manufacturers might be induced to establish partial ex- 
 hibits of their products in certain countries. 
 
 Here are the reasons which lead me to express my ideas on 
 this subject: 
 
 The American manufacturers confine themselves to sending 
 to these countries more or less showily illustrated catalogues, 
 whereas the European business man sends numerous agents, 
 who invade our continent and bring with them the most com- 
 plete collection of samples imaginable of the goods in which 
 they are interested, establishing at every city wliich they visit 
 an exhibition of articles which is attended by the merchants 
 of that place, who buy goods that are, perhaps, inferior to 
 American goods, but which they have been able to examine 
 instead of seeing tliem only in illustrations. 
 
 It is a difficult matter to choose the right place in which 
 to establish these exhibitions, but I beg to point to Panama as 
 Ijeing beyond doubt the most favorable on the American con- 
 tinent for this purpose. 
 
 Panama is the starting point for all traffic between the 
 Pacific coast and Europe. The business men of the terri- 
 tories situated between Mexico and Patagonia go to Europe 
 every two or three years in order to make their purchases, and 
 they generally stay here several days waiting for the steamer 
 by which they can continue their voj^age. If a permanent 
 exhibition were established here, these merchants would spend 
 many hours examining the products exliibited and comparing 
 them with those which they receive from Europe, and with- 
 out doubt, they would make the trip via New York with the 
 view of obtaining greater advantages there than in the Euro- 
 pean markets. Moreover, a merchant who can afford to wait 
 patiently for many years for the opportunity of making a 
 jirofitable trip, will not hesitate to come to Panama twice a 
 year, if he can obtain at a small cost, the latest and best 
 articles manufactured. 
 
 These expositions should be under the immediate control of 
 the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, or in the hands of 
 honest and capable business men which would not make the 
 enterprise a subject for speculation. 
 
 As it may be of interest to American industry, I will make 
 here an observation made by some important merchants con- 
 cerning the small sale of American textiles in their locality. 
 They say, the reason is, the American manufacturer does not 
 make them of the width required, while the European makes 
 them according to demands. 
 
350 
 
 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 I will forbear from making tlie slightest allusion to the 
 Panama CanaJ, as the Government of the United States has 
 appointed a commission of highly competent engineers of 
 world-wide reputation to examine the Isthmian Canal, and 
 these gentlemen, in view of the progress made in this gigantic 
 work, will surel)' come to the decision that tliis is the most 
 advantageous route to take, and that it deserves the moral and 
 material support of all thinking people in America, being the 
 one which before all others appeals to American interests. 
 In a word, the Panama Canal will be the highway of Ameri- 
 can commerce. 
 
 Notes on the Commercial Relations of Guatemala with 
 THE United States of America. 
 
 A. Lazo Arriaga (Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo- 
 tentiary of Guatemala and its Official Delegate): 
 
 To-day it is a universally recognized fact that nothing 
 brings two peoples together like the community of interest 
 born of the interchange of their products, of the ease and 
 cheapness of their communications, and, in a word, of the 
 expansion or development of their commercial relations. 
 
 From this point, as well as from other points of view, it 
 may be asserted that the bonds existing between Central 
 America and the United States of America — already strong 
 by reasons of proximity, of analogy in their political institu- 
 tions, and of a never-interrupted good understanding — tend 
 to become closer daily, as is evidenced by the increasing figures 
 of their import and export trade. 
 
 In this growing exchange of the fruits accruing from ac- 
 tivity and labor of the nations of the Isthmus with the elder 
 sister of the continent, that of Guatemala occupies no mean 
 place. 
 
 It is not so many years since the United States occupied 
 the fifth place among the countries from which nearly all our 
 importations proceeded. Since then, slowly at first, with 
 greater rapidity later, but with steadiness ever, the North 
 American manufacturer and farmer have been conquering, 
 inch by inch, the field which powerful and previously estab- 
 lished rivals disputed in our markets. 
 
 In 181)-1, the LTnitcd States had already reached the first 
 place among the countries that send us their manufactures 
 and products, securing 26 per cent, of the total imports. Great 
 Britain had 84 per cent., and Germany 13 per cent. 
 
 In 1895, the proportions were as follows: The United 
 States 36 per cent.. Great Britain 21 per cent., and Germany 
 23 per cent. It may be noticed that in a single year the 
 German and North American imports increased 10 per cent., 
 while those from England dropped 3 per cent. 
 
 In 1896, the German and North American imports main- 
 tained almost the same proportion — the former being 22 per 
 cent., the latter 34 per cent. Those from Great Britain were 
 23 per cent. 
 
 In 1897, the relative position of these countries in our im- 
 ports was as follows: The United States 33 per cent.. Great 
 Britain 21 per cent., and Germany 21 per cent. I should note 
 that in this year the German imjiortations reached, for the 
 first time in our commercial history, the same volume as the 
 English. This demonstrates that not only the North Amer- 
 ican competitor, but also the German, is little by little dis- 
 lodging the English manufacturer from our market. 
 
 The figures for last year, 1898, confirm the statement still 
 better. Great Britain only figured with 18 per cent, in our 
 imports, while Germany went up to 24 per cent., and the 
 United States to 39 per cent., the latter country leaving its 
 rivals behind. 
 
 The commercial position of the United States in Guate- 
 mala is already, as is evident, very enviable; and nevertheless 
 
 it could easily be improved if the North American manu- 
 facturer or exporter were to give more importance to the fol- 
 lowing considerations which, though already well knowai, will 
 bear repetition. 
 
 1. The commodity should be made, not according to the 
 preconceived idea of the manufacturer, but to meet the taste 
 and necessities of the consumer. Manufacturers would in- 
 crease their business and obtain greater profits if they would 
 send experts to study the desires, tastes, needs, and even the 
 demands of the consumer, who is, when everything has been 
 said, the sovereign judge in the selection of the article he 
 intends to buy. 
 
 2. Packing. — The North American exporter pays little or 
 no attention to this matter, which is of great importance 
 to the Central American merchant. Very often the latter 
 has to pay customs duties on the gross weight of an article, 
 and on this account the weight of the packing, etc., becomes 
 a vital question. On the other hand everyone knows that 
 while European merchandise reaches our markets in a per- 
 fect condition, owing to the careful way in which it is packed 
 and shipped. North American commodities are frequently re- 
 ceived there, wliich by reason of poor packing, are in such a 
 condition that they cause losses to the dealers. The efforts 
 made by the Philadelphia Commercial Museum to teach 
 the best methods of preparing and shipping articles abroad 
 are very laudable and a step in the right direction. 
 
 3. Credits. — The usual practice in this country of selling 
 on short time is entirely inapplicable to the commercial world 
 of Guatemala, where the merchant has to dispose of the article 
 by extending credit to his patrons. It is almost impossible, 
 then, for him to be able to collect within the proper time the 
 necessary funds to meet his obligations, and hence he finds 
 himself compelled to fail in them, or is forced to give the 
 preference to European merchandise, which is sold on longer 
 time and on conditions which make payments easy. 
 
 4. Cheapness of Transportation. — One of the great obsta- 
 cles to the expansion of North American commerce is the 
 high, almost prohibitive, freight rates which for many years 
 have been maintained by certain transportation companies, 
 enjoying the privilege of a veritable monopoly in this service. 
 To illustrate this point I shall cite a case which, although it 
 seems impossible, is not therefore less true. A prominent mer- 
 chant in New York said to me some time ago, that the freight 
 rates from that port to Colon (Aspinwall), are so high that 
 to reduce the expenses of his patron, he shipped some articles 
 for San Jose de Guatemala, by way of Liverpool! In my 
 opinion, therefore, the establishment of new lines of steamers, 
 which through judicious competition would reduce the rates 
 to rational standards, ought to be favored. 
 
 5. Banking Facilities. — This is a point which has greater 
 influence than is ordinarily Ijelieved, on the volume of inter- 
 national commercial transactions. Treating of the mercantile 
 business of Guatemala with the United States, the question is 
 graver still, if we bear in mind that the greater part of our 
 coffee — our principal article of export — is sold in Germany 
 and England, and that, consequently, we find ourselves com- 
 pelled to pay for the North American articles by drafts on 
 Hamburg or London, thus giving the bankers of those places 
 a profit that ought to go to the North Amei'fcans, if the 
 United States would furnish us the same banking facilities. 
 
 Many other useful suggestions might be made on these 
 premises, but I will omit them so as not to make this paper 
 too long. I will only say that similar ad^nce has Ix-cn re- 
 corded in detail in iiumertnis juililicatiims of an ofHcial or 
 private character, and repeated in the periodical which serves 
 as the organ to the Association of Manufacturers of this 
 country. 
 
 l''onr or five years ago, tlie price of coll'ee was so higli that 
 it hrcuight about a state of general prosperity in Central 
 
PAPERS SUBMITTED BY DELEGATES AND OTHERS 
 
 851 
 
 America as well as in the other countries producing this bean. 
 Our people enjoyed welfare and comforts rarely obtained: 
 work abounded; the soil yielded rich harvests; the farmer 
 added to his lands; the merchant imported from abroad com- 
 modities in unusual quantities; the yearly amount of imports 
 and exports was doubled and even trebled; and, in a word, 
 commerce, invigorated by a flourishing agriculture, was devel- 
 oped ^dth a rapidity not seen before. 
 
 But the high price of coffee powerfully stimulated produc- 
 tion, increasing it beyond the consumption of the precious 
 bean, and then the reaction set in, affecting the volume of 
 the mercantile transactions of all countries in which coffee 
 is the principal article of export. 
 
 Guatemala was not an exception, and her commerce in the 
 last three years has suffered the effects of the depression in 
 the coffee market. Eortnnately, this is of a transient char- 
 acter, and will at least serve to teach us the necessity of pos- 
 sessing a varied production, the desire for which is already 
 impelling our people along salutary paths. On our plantations, 
 new and promising cultivations are being initiated, such as 
 that of the rubber tree, vanilla, etc., and more care is given 
 to others formerly disregarded, such as tobacco, cacao, ))an- 
 anas and other tropical fruits. 
 
 The equilibrium of our production and consumption, mo- 
 mentarily disturbed, will thus be re-established; commercial 
 operations will soon recover, as I hope, their habitual activity, 
 and our markets will continue offering to the Nortli Ameri- 
 can manufacturer the vast field presented by new countries, 
 the virgin soil of which only awaits development at the hands 
 of the energetic European immigrant, whom we welcome with 
 aft'ection to our shores, in the same degree as we invite the 
 fruitful action of foreign capital, which vrill surely realize 
 flattering profits in advantageous enterprises. 
 
 Our soil is rich, and adapted to numerous and varied pro- 
 ductions. Our climate is mild and perfectly suited to the 
 white races; our laws are clear, liberal and advanced; our peo- 
 ple are peaceful, industrious and progi'essive. Our political 
 and social institutions are similar to those of other cultured 
 countries; our system of popidar education, ^^•hich rest? on the 
 broad basis of the lay school, obHgatory and gratuitous, ex- 
 tends its beneficient influence to the cities and important 
 towns as well as to the most remote hamlets and settlements; 
 our colleges and universities employ the best methods and 
 are organized with an eye to the most commendable models. 
 Our means of communication are increased from year to year 
 by new highways, railroads and steamship lines; our towns, 
 several of them illuminated by electric light and enjoying the 
 advantages of an ample and cheap telephone service, are all 
 connected by an extensive network of telegraphs which places 
 them in immediate contact with the entire world. In a word, 
 the desire to improve is innate in my fellow-eitizeus. With 
 such good elements in our people, we trust in the future and 
 entertain well-founded hopes of permanent welfare and pros- 
 perity, which will permit us to offer ample o])portunities for 
 the capital and labor of the people with wliom we live in 
 intimate contact and on friendly lerms. 
 
 A System of Oonteol to Check the Prohibitive Methods 
 OF Speculative Trade. 
 
 .1. van Giilpen (Delegate from the ChandDcr of Commerce, 
 
 Wesel, Germany): 
 
 Up to within a few years ago the value of goods was regu- 
 lated by demand and supply. The seller delivered his goods 
 to the buyer as soon as the sale was made. This method has 
 gradually been done away with, and replaced by a speculative 
 plan. Buying and selling is going on without tlie exchange 
 of either goods or money — a mere speculation in figures. 
 
 These circumstances have brought the adventuresome Bull 
 and Bear methods into play, so that they virtually govern the 
 market, replacing the natural regrdation of prices by supply 
 and demand, and increasing the selling power to an enormous 
 extent. The daily market price no longer depends upon pro- 
 duction and consumption, but upon the demands and offers 
 made by the speculator. Accordingly, the regulation of prices 
 has degenerated to the ruin of the producing parties, and in 
 favor of the bankers, as now ten times the quantity that 
 nature could produce, or mankind could consume, is being 
 dealt in speculatively. 
 
 When the opportunity seems favorable, the Bears depress 
 the value of goods 20, 30 or 40 per cent. If a small produc- 
 tion is expected the Bulls raise the price as long in advance 
 as possible, causing the farmer great reverses and low quota- 
 tions, because the consumption has decreased through pre- 
 mature rise in the price. 
 
 One instance which especially illustrates this statement is 
 the extreme fluctuation in coffee prices, chiefly relating to the 
 Brazilian varieties. In 1897, from January to December, the 
 price of good average Santos colfee was cut down by specu- 
 lative methods from 50f pfg. (about 12 cts.) to 265 pfg- (about 
 ()-i cts.), or 50 per cent. That this assumption is cm'rect is 
 proved by the prices of all the other coft'ees, which depend 
 less, or not at all, upon the speculator. These other brands 
 of coffee followed the decline in price of the Brazilian coffee, 
 but very slowly. 
 
 Whde a downward movement in coffee prices was natural, 
 owing to large crops in Brazil, there was no other reason for 
 the panic of 1897 than the stock operations of the Bulls and 
 Bears, and the influence of the clearing houses in assisting 
 them. The real merchants and the producers lost millions of 
 money by the precipitoiis cutting of the market prices, v>hile 
 a slow natural reduction of the same would not have affected 
 them so much. 
 
 This speculating in goods after the manner of stocks and 
 bonds has caused an luihealthy basis for the quotation of 
 prices. Such transactions do not destroy actual money values, 
 but they seriously affect the value of the goods. In order to 
 carry out his "future deals" the speculator borrows goods, ju,«t 
 as money is borrowed. Money cannot very well be consumed; 
 even when worked up into jewelry it retains its value. Very 
 few trades "consume" money. The goods, on the contrary, 
 are entirely consumed, and their price is finally based on the 
 conditions governing production and consumption. The sup- 
 ply of goods needs for this reason (since demand and supply 
 are unnaturally increased and decreased by the above men- 
 tioned methods) greater protection than the money business. 
 This is especially necessary, as a certain standard of the price 
 of used goods must be protected against the pressure of mere 
 offers, and because the short sales can be replaced by borrowed 
 goods or the liquidation of differences. 
 
 The lender of merchandise is the product of modern stock 
 exchange manipulations. He enables speculators to carry out 
 their deals in futures, and it is against him that protection is 
 needed. 
 
 Real honest traders receive their goods to supply the con- 
 sumption; the speculative traders, if they have to deliver, 
 bon-ow from the "Reporteur." The latter secures himself 
 through a re-purchase, and no merchandise is removed from 
 the market that would serve to raise the price. If 10,000 bags 
 of coffee have to be delivered it can be done in speculative 
 trade by delivering the same .500 bags of real coffee twenty 
 times a month. The cutting of prices, resulting from short 
 sales, is not counter-balanced, aird the reduced price is not 
 raised again by the introduction of goods for consumption. 
 Any great sale is no longer governed by consumption, but by 
 tlie lender of merchandise, who finds his reward in again rais- 
 ing his limited "delivery" supply. The supply of speculative 
 
352 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 goods for such purposes is in reality very small, although it 
 may serve as a basis for an oft-repeated shifting of ohligations. 
 The lender of niercliandise receives a liberal rate of interest 
 for liis transactions, which in reality act as a bridge between 
 the jiioney and the goods market. He has subjected the quota- 
 tion of market prices to the fluctuating value of goods on the 
 money market, whereas the governing quotation should be 
 fixed "by the actual demand for the consumption of goods and 
 the actual supply of the same. 
 
 The closing up of speculative transactions by clearing 
 houses, licightens the damaging effect of speculation still 
 more. These should be done away with. 
 
 The prohibition of the methods of the speculative trade 
 would not be effective enough; it would only protect against 
 the so-called "outsiders." Sense of honor, and the wish to 
 observe the rules of their association, are the reasons that urge 
 some of the speculators to go on with their work. The trade 
 that deals in supply must be limited by certain restrictions, 
 the violation of which should be punished by law. Doubtless 
 great abuses existed in connection with the money supply, and 
 our strict draft law was enacted in consequence. Would it not 
 be possible to exclude the unfair dealings in futures, the liqui- 
 dation of differences and the borrowing of goods, if, for de- 
 liveries of goods at the exchanges, the regular form of the 
 cb-aft were established (instead of the brokers' receipts now 
 used) and subjected to the draft law? In order that the 
 abuse, after liaving been legislated against, should not appear 
 again, confrolling offices might be established at the different 
 exchanges, ports, etc., and the statutes could be framed in 
 such a manner that all deliveries and receipts of goods should 
 take place, not on paper only, but in actual shipments, especi- 
 ally since this is a vital condition for successfully maintaining 
 the standard prices on which the producer and actual dealer or 
 s))eculator are dependent. It should be one of the principal 
 duties of the exchange commissioners to supervise the com- 
 pletion of actual transactions. 
 
 The seller could accept bills of exchange for the delivery 
 of goods. The bills of exchange should be placed under 
 the draft law, and directed to the order of the controlling 
 office for remittance to the buyer, after the deliveij of the 
 goods has taken place. The contracts should be registered 
 with coi'responding numbers in the books of the controlling 
 office. 
 
 If the speculative trade is to be extended, the buyer might 
 give a duplicate of his bill of exchange for the delivery of 
 the goods. If the buyer wishes to resell his goods before 
 delivery, nothing can hinder him from so doing. He endorses 
 the duplicate draft on the new buyer and advises the con- 
 trolling office of it. There the new buyer is recorded, and 
 the same merchandise may change hands several times without 
 the price approaching a bad basis, for the goods which have 
 to be delivered by the first seller are always supplied and 
 received. 
 
 If the delivery is not made in time it should be the duty of 
 the controlling offices to supply the buyer with goods in the 
 interest of a punctual, effective delivery, at the expense of 
 the seller, that is to say, to collect the necessary money from 
 him according to law. The controlling office should not be 
 permitted to accept any guaranty whatever, as this would 
 encuinber its mission witli the carelessness of the clearing 
 iiouses. The latter introduce, as is well known, the blank 
 offer for storage in the coffee market against a small percent- 
 age per bag, and guarantee flu; profit. l?ut it is indeed 
 necessary that the buyer sluuild verify tlie capability of his 
 feller for delivery, and that the seller should verify the ability 
 of the buyer to pay. This is what keeps the common trade 
 within limits, and it wmdd serve to regulate the sp<'culaiive 
 one. 
 
 JF tlie first buver is insolvent, (lie bill of exchange for 
 
 goods to be delivered goes back under protest, and the en- 
 dorsers of the duplicate can be made responsible for the de- 
 livery. Everybocly, therefore, who endorses a bill of ex- 
 change would be obliged to deliver if his pre-endorser refused 
 to do so, and in this manner the present reckless speculations 
 would be considerably limited. 
 
 The term "delivery" ought to be fixed more accurately, be- 
 cause the present method of offering the goods allows the seller 
 to repeatedly offer the same goods during thirty days, and 
 thereby to meet a great number of obligations with a small 
 quantity of goods, which are never actually delivered or con- 
 sumed. It could be prescribed by law that goods which have 
 not been delivered for consumption, or that are not proved 
 legitimate through bill of lading or invoice, must be delivered 
 on the last day of each month, after their storage has been 
 ascertained and fixed by a controlling depot. 
 
 If some sort of a definite settlement of the speculative mer- 
 chandise could take place the last day of each month, this 
 work would fall in with the regular taking of stock, which 
 occurs in the usual course of trade at the end of each month. 
 The control need not be a very intricate one, especially so 
 as it is only a question of deliveries contracted for but not 
 expected. Deliveries sold and shipped for consumption could 
 be controlled or shipped at any time. 
 
 To meet the expenses of the controlling office, the first 
 seller and buyer ought to pay so much per ton when they 
 register, this money to belong to the controlling office, even 
 in case the delivery is not made. The jtroducer could testify 
 to the existence of the goods on the plantation or farm. Sup- 
 plies on wafer or i-ail could be controlled on the basis of the 
 bill of lading, in case they have been disposed of in transit, 
 as shipments are bought and sold when afloat between Ham- 
 burg and New York. 
 
 The opinion passed uimn the (pialify of the goods, would 
 be the buyer's own private affair, and this could be accom- 
 plished in the same way as is now customary in the ports of 
 shipping. 
 
 Only such quotations should be admitted for speculative 
 business, as have been registered three hours after the con- 
 tract. In order to avoid the registration of speculative con- 
 tracts entered by unworthy or incompetent sellers only for 
 the purpose of influencing the price, the seller should be re- 
 quired to make a deposit at the controlling office, to be re- 
 turned to him on fulfillment of the promised delivery. The 
 deposit should be forfeitfid to the controlling office in case 
 of non-delivery. Experience teaches, that non-delivery should 
 be prohibited, to insure the value of the goods. 
 
 Just as ordinary bills of exchange are paid on expiration 
 by the acceptor, so anyone accepting a letter of exchange for 
 the delivery of goods should supply the actual delivery of the 
 goods at date of expiration. If A sells to B, and B to C, and 
 C to I), and D to E, and E to E, a shipment of 1,000 bags 
 of coffee that they do not possess, and if at the expiration of 
 the obligations only the differences are calculated at the cur- 
 rent rate, or on borrowed goods, -without even a single bean 
 of coffee being consumed, the result is a slump in price 
 with no corresponding consumption to raise the value of 
 goods. The 1,000 bags have not been delivered, nor boiTowed, 
 and have not influenced the current quotations. But if A 
 nuikes himself responsible at the controlling office, througli 
 n bill of exchange, for tlie delivery of goods to B, then B 
 can sell to C, C to 1), and 1) to E without ruining the price. 
 On expiration of the notes any drop in the blank sales is made 
 \\]i. because E actually receives the merchandise. 
 
 Bills of exchange for the delivery of goods would re- 
 move a great deal of recklessness from the present system. 
 The parties, B, C, D auij E, know tliat A has delivered the 
 goods, and if they do not find another buyer, they have to 
 take upon themselves the responsibility of the dealer and re- 
 
PAPEES SUBMITTED BY DELEGATES AND OTHERS 
 
 353 
 
 ceive the goods. Under these proposed amendments a differ- 
 ent spirit would control the entire speculative trade, and its 
 wholesome effect upon business in general could not fail to be 
 noticed. 
 
 The business of the regular, honest tradesman would again 
 take its proper place, although, through this superfluous mod- 
 ern exchange manipulation, it has been displaced in the sup- 
 plying trade and made dependent on the money market. 
 
 When the fictitious values and prices go down by degrees, 
 the money market absorbs the profit that should revert to the 
 producer and the intermediate trade. Instead of a careful 
 assortment of goods, the accumulation of inferior goods in- 
 creases in speculative centres. In this way a false basis for 
 the price of the world's market is established, and this is the 
 price the producer receives for his good merchandise. 
 
 The poor quality of the goods dealt in on "futures" ex- 
 cludes the legitimate dealer from speculation, for he cannot 
 buy the needed qualities for six, seven and even twelvemonths, 
 if the exchanges enforce the regulation of price several months 
 earlier than expected. The dealer must make his choice of 
 goods when "-hey are offered for sale on the market. He is, 
 therefore, obliged to run some risk in larger purchases, which 
 the speculative trade inflicts upon him, or he may find himself 
 compelled to buy second hand, according to his needs. It will 
 be seen that sound, legitimate speculation, and its influence 
 on the shaping of prices, is totally ousted by the modem 
 speculative trade, with ruinous influence on values. 
 
 The bill of exchange for the delivery of goods should be 
 signed only by merchants, exporters, importers, etc., who are 
 really able to deliver. A class of goods would come forward 
 better suited to the demands of consumers, and the buyers 
 would pay one seller better than another, according to the 
 quality of his goods, as is now the case in the import business. 
 The mobility of the speculative trade, so necessary to legiti- 
 mate business, would be preserved. The original bills of ex- 
 change for the delivery of the goods would compel the de- 
 livery in the interest of the value of the goods, while the 
 duplicate bill of exchange would guarantee ample scope for 
 speculation. 
 
 The circulation of money by checks has worked well even 
 to this day under the strict measures of the law governing 
 their issue and use. The acceptor who consents to be drawn 
 on need not have the money that very moment, but he is 
 aware that if he cannot fulfill liis obligations on the day they 
 become due, he not only subjects himself to prosecution 
 under the draft law, but risks his reputation and good name 
 apart from the loss to which he will be subjected by com- 
 pulsory measures. The feeling that prosecution will follow 
 all irresponsible dealings should be imparted to the specula- 
 tors, with the object of acquiring an enlarged field of operation 
 for genuine speculation in goods and merchandise. Wlierever 
 these measures have prevailed the actual delivery of goods 
 has always been insured, and the depreciation in the value 
 of goods avoided, contrary to the blank sale system of to-day. 
 
 We must not confine speculation altogether to goods on 
 hand, because with the present abundance of capital still 
 greater irregularities and exaggerations in fictitious values 
 may be caused than was formerly the case. The consequence 
 of these fluctuations as affecting the food supply of the masses 
 were apparent to a terrifying degree in the European riots 
 in the spring of 1898, when the Chicago comer raised the 
 price of wheat by purchasing and storing enormous quantities. 
 
 The blank or short sale without actual delivery of goods, 
 ruins the value of the merchandise. Any reform in this 
 direction .shoidd begin with the seller. Nobody need care 
 whether the seller obtains due payment from the buyer. 
 Our present exchanges put a premium on the modern specula- 
 tion on paper in place of the old, honest speculation in goods. 
 By their indirect encouragement the exchanges remove from 
 
 the shoulders of the paper speculator the burden of work and 
 capital, and, moreover, the interest and storage expenses con- 
 nected with the delivery and storing of the goods. 
 
 The exchanges of to-day furnish the dealers in futures with 
 better prospects of gain "by the fall in prices. In this con- 
 nection the following points may be noticed: 
 
 1. The instability of prices adds a perilous element to the 
 intermediate trade in discouraging the maintenance of large 
 stores as well as contracting for large crops and quick ship- 
 ments. The best proof of the distrust and fear which has de- 
 veloped among the regular trade by the "paper speculators" 
 is the so-called covering sale, by which merchants and im- 
 porters endeavor to secure themselves. If the latter want to 
 import 1,000 bags of coffee, or if the merchant having 1,000 
 bags in stock fears a drop in price, he sells 1,000 bags good 
 average Santos on time. If the drop really occurs the im- 
 porter or merchant hopes to earn just as much or more by the 
 cheaper quality of coffee with which he has covered his short, 
 sale as his loss on the store or import goods would have 
 amounted to, quotations for goods on time being generally 
 announced in advance of the prices for actual merchandise. 
 
 By such methods of insurance the importers and regular 
 dealers, who were formerly interested in the rise of prices as 
 holders of the values, would become interested in a decline 
 of the value, for the more the price on time falls, the more 
 they gain in covering short sales. Besides, they are in this 
 way better equipped to withstand competition, since they can 
 afford to sell the imported goods at a discount because they 
 made profit on the short sales. The hostile interests of the 
 entirely mixed speculative trade has depressed the value of 
 the merchandise and goods handled by the retail and whole- 
 sale business. 
 
 As to the respective store or import merchandise in most 
 cases it does not at all correspond with the speculative trade 
 type, the former may be said to bear a double burden caused 
 by the covering sales. 
 
 (a) The sale of the merchandise has been made mtich more 
 diffictilt. 
 
 (b) The short sales of the speculators must be contended 
 with. The wholesale business must secure itself by cutting 
 down the price, and the retail business does not order large 
 shipments for fear that they may not be disposed of at a 
 profit. This state of aft'airs alone suffices to cause a depre- 
 ciation of the goods, not to mention unexpectedly arriving 
 cargoes, brought about by new means of transportation or im- 
 proved methods in managing crops. 
 
 Of the millions of merchants who formerly ruled the mar- 
 ket and were interested in the rise of the value of goods, 90 
 per cent, now manage by buying from hand to mouth; the re- 
 maining 10 per cent., consisting of importers and wholesale 
 dealers, are to-day occupied in cutting the price by hedging 
 and short sales tactics. 
 
 2. A depreciating effect results from the storing of goods 
 without regard to the fact that there may be a demand for 
 them. The speculator is only interested in the quotations of 
 the fictitious values of the speculative markets. If he must 
 or desires to deliver he does not have to ask if there is a 
 demand. When he decides to deliver he does it largely by 
 cutting prices, and his deliveries are most readily placed 
 in stores already filled. "\¥hen he finds himself forced by the 
 buyer to deliver he is not backward in identifying his inter- 
 ests with some "corner," which adroitly raises the price by 
 accumulating great masses of goods, ordy to decline later for 
 the same reason. 
 
 The defenders of the speculative trade assert that short 
 sales always finds ready buyers, and that therefore the cutting 
 of prices is balanced and compensated for. This assumption 
 is wi-ong, however, for in the speculative trade buyer and 
 seller confront each other only when closing the transaction, 
 
354 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 whieli process squeezes the price, because the speculator is 
 obliged to force the buyer down in price. However, exper- 
 ience teaches us that in ninety out of one hundred cases the 
 contractors of one bet or operation confront each other to 
 settle their differences or fulfil their obligations with bor- 
 rowed goods, on account of the nature of other people's eon- 
 tracts. Regular buying and selling demand that the seller 
 .shall deliver the goods, and that the buyer shall pay for 
 their value, but this procedure, which constitutes commerce, 
 is not to be found in the closing up of speculative trade, and 
 if we want to arrive at a solid basis for regiilating prices we 
 must jn'otect the right kind of commerce. Only the actual 
 consumption of the merchandise offered on the market can 
 counterbalance the pressure exerted upon tlie price by short 
 sales. 
 
 The speculative transactions with borrowed goods, or by 
 the liquidation of differences, sometimes amount to 90 per 
 cent, of the whole business, and, therefore, are mostly on a 
 descending scale, if no special factors, such as a smaller crop, 
 etc., urge a rise. The speculative trade is like an inclined 
 plane for all values, and the longer speculation makes use of 
 it the surer and quicker is their depreciation brought about. 
 Just as water cannot run up hill, so it is impossible for values 
 affected by speculative trade to withstand depression for any 
 length of time. While the short sale people can make almost 
 unlimited offers without having to carry out a single delivery, 
 anyone who wants to uphold and raise the value of goods to- 
 day must not only buy and store the goods himself, but he 
 must also take up the offers for short sales. 
 
 If occasionally some product varies in price on account of 
 small crops, speculation, or war, we may rest assured that as 
 soon as the crops get bigger the short sales will again reduce 
 the price to a minimum. 
 
 The present exchange speculations shift the stocks about so 
 that an artificial demand and supply keep them fluctuating up 
 and down. What awful consequences this system may entail 
 we are taught by the last American wheat corner, and the 
 bloody riots in Europe following it. And yet the lasting 
 misery in the productive quarters, which always is a result of 
 the speculative business, still outweighs the ravages of a 
 comer. 
 
 The speculators and their theorists teach us that the regula- 
 tion of prices is always brought about by the laws of supply 
 and demand. Still, there are under tlie same conditions of 
 supply and demand two widely different price bases. The 
 one is built upon the confidence with which the intermediate 
 trade tills its stores, the other is based upon the distrust which 
 prevents the putting up of big stores. Distrust and fear 
 almost constantly rule the actual market in speculative arti- 
 cles. The speculative trader himself buys, in case of a rise in 
 prices, short sale offers first of all, which are subsequently 
 transformed into borrowed goods, but he never raises the 
 price by actually taking merchandise in hand. 
 
 If prices manifest an upward tendency, or a small crop is 
 expected, buyers begin to look for sellers, and if actual mer- 
 chandise would be handled, instead of the "futures" on paper, 
 the prices would certainly go higher than the speculators 
 will allow at present. 
 
 If in view of a larger crop the short sale speculators must 
 attract the buyer by constantly declining prices, it is plain 
 that these offers squeeze down the price considerably. Under 
 all circumstances the speculative market shapes the price to 
 the disadvantage of the producer. 
 
 The defenders of the speculative markets like to point out 
 the decline in the total sum of business in the last few years, 
 in order to avoid intervention by law. But even if the trans- 
 actions should melt down to the covering sales of the im- 
 porters and merchants, they would still remain ruinous to 
 the quotations, for these sales are naturally made in critical 
 
 times, when danger of loss threatens importation and goods 
 in stock, when everybody works with caution, and when there 
 is a natural tendency toward a reduction of prices. The 
 downward pressure in prices is exerted in a manner so ex- 
 asperating that instead of slowly sinking to a natural basis, 
 the quotations are quickly hammered down below the cost 
 of production. 
 
 A momentary quiet in stocks does not do away with the 
 danger of a speculative market and the clearing houses. 
 The means and appliances for continuing the evil remains 
 there, and may at any time bring about the unhealthy condi- 
 tions of the speculative trade. As far as coffee is concerned, 
 the danger of a "comer"' is diminished by extending the de- 
 livering capacity to several growths of coffee, and necessarily 
 this facilitates the short sales still more. 
 
 The large enterprises for undennining values by speculative 
 transactions, which offer excellent chances for short sales 
 with higher prices, are impossible as soon as an article has 
 declined in price as low as cost or even below it. If a small 
 crop does not revive good quotations, the speculative business 
 must decrease. In place of making extensive sales the specu- 
 lators find themselves limited to the very rightly termed 
 "scalping operations" that shave off the small upward move- 
 ments occurring during the depressed range of prices, and 
 prevent their rise. It is quite clear why all ai-ticles used 
 for speculation are cheap, and it is evident "that they are cheap 
 at the expense of the producer. 
 
 Instead of affording a cheaper rate of consumption large 
 harvests bring devastation upon trade, demoralizing the entire 
 market. The intermediate trade becomes unfit for further 
 reception of supplies, and the good harvests of the producers 
 are ruined by unnaturally low prices, because regular trade, 
 instead of storing up the products under a sound regtilation 
 of prices for a future higher quotation, must insure itself 
 against the forced price quotation of the speculative trade, a-s 
 well as against accidents. The producers cannot be ruined, 
 however, without harming the consumers. 
 
 The speculative trade in grain is prohibited in Germany, 
 but against the outgrowths of the speculative trade in coffee, 
 sugar, spirits, etc., nothing has been done. From the actual 
 trade, which supplies consumption through merchants, the 
 government derives a high industrial tax, but permits these 
 men to bo robbed in deriving their income from a correct spec- 
 ulation in merchandise, and at prices useful to the common 
 welfare, allowing them to be subjected to incalculable losses 
 l)y daring speculative traders, who neither share their cares 
 nor pay any industrial tax. The clearing houses, installed by 
 commerce, are at present controlling offices for speculation, 
 in so far as they control and publish the prices, sales, 
 etc. But the unlimited slwrt sales that occur without any 
 handling of merchandise, and which render possible these 
 commercial controlling offices, hurt the general dealer and 
 the producer. It must, therefore, be in the interest of trade, 
 and the producers especially, to provide on their own accord 
 controlling offices, which shall put a stop to the smndle of 
 selling goods wliich are neither delivered nor received. 
 
 Comparison of the prices quoted on various brands of coffee 
 at the close of different years. 
 
 Ending 1895, good Java coffee, 53 Dutch cents; good Do- 
 mingo, 78 rfg.; good Santos, 71 f Pfg. 
 
 Ending 189G, good Java coH'cc 50i Dutch cents; good Do- 
 mingo, 66 Pfg.; good Santos, 50f Pfg. 
 
 Ending 1897, good Java coffee, 38 Dutch cents; good Do- 
 mingo, 45 Pfg.; good Santos, 33.V Pfg. (Nov., 26$ 
 
 Ending 1898, good Java coffee, 3;i Dulcli cents; good Do- 
 mingo 31.4 Pfg.; good Santos, 31^ Pfg. 
 
PAPERS SUBMITTED BY DELEGATES AND OTHEES 
 
 365 
 
 In the course of 1896, Java lost 4.7 jier cent., Domingo 15.4 
 
 per cent., Santos 29 jjer cent. 
 In the course of 1897, Java lost 25 per cent., Domingo 32 per 
 
 cent., Santos 47.3, till end of November, 1897, then in 
 
 December, 25 per cent, rise, and until the end of July, 
 
 1898, again a fall of 25 per cent. 
 In the course of 1898, Java lost 13 per cent., Domingo 30 per 
 
 cent. 
 
 Export of Brazil coffee. 
 
 1894-5 6,5G9,900 bags. 
 
 1895-6 5,455,200 " 
 
 1896-7 8,371,000 " 
 
 1897-8 10,460,000 " 
 
 Value of the export. 
 1894. .24,000,000 pds. sterling. 
 1895.-23,000,000 " 
 1896.-19,000,000 " " 
 1897.-19,000,000 " " 
 1898.-14,000,000 " " 
 
 The Commercial Resoueces of Kidshiu. 
 
 Mr. F. Ringer, Nagasaki, Japan: 
 
 Nagasaki, the capital of Kiushiu, the southern island of 
 Japan, possesses the distinction of being the oldest foreign 
 setrtlement in the country. As long ago as the middle of the 
 seventeenth century, Dutch traders came to the port, and so 
 successful were they in their negotiations with the natives, 
 that they were granted the exclusive privilege of residing on 
 a small peninsula, known as Deshima, adjoining the town. 
 Until forty years ago, the foreign trade was contined to these 
 narrow limits and to merchants of one nationality, but so 
 rapid has been the commercial expansion of Japan, that to- 
 day, the trade of Nagasaki extends to all parts of the world, 
 while the shipping returns for last year show that ocean-going 
 vessels aggregating over 1,700,000 tons entered the port dur- 
 ing the twelve months. The subject of Japan's advancement 
 has been so frequently commented on of late, that it is un- 
 necessary for me to do more than give you these bare histori- 
 cal facts which are sufficiently eloquent in themselves. 
 
 Although gaining a start of some years in its dealings with 
 the outside world, Nagasaki is now much behind Kobe and 
 Yokohama in the volume of its trade, the reason, I believe, 
 lying in the fact that the southern province is not so thickly 
 populated, and there has not been so large an excess of labor 
 over and above the requirements for agricultural purposes, 
 to find emplojTuent in those industrial arts and manufac- 
 tures which have created the export trade of the northern 
 ports. Moreover, the moneyed classes have migrated to the 
 neighborhood of the Coiirt at Tokyo, and the capital necessary 
 for fully developing the resources of tliis locality is not easily 
 obtained. The only large capitalists who have any extensive 
 interests in the south are the Iwasaki family, the founders of 
 the Mitsu Bishi Co., from which sprang the Nippon Yusen 
 Kaisha, whose wealth was also largely derived from the 
 Takashima coal mines, the first to be worked in this country 
 under European supervision. 
 
 Among the natural productions of Kiushiu, coal is by far 
 the most important, and it is of excellent quality besides being 
 obtainable iu comparatively inexhaustible quantities. Al- 
 though not comparing favorably with the best European and 
 American coal, it is found to be a more economical fuel for 
 general purposes, and it is to secure the benefit of cheap 
 bunker that most of the regular lines of steamers, both Euro- 
 pean and trans-Pacific, include Nagasaki in their itineran'. 
 A very large export is also made from tlie ports of Moji, 
 Karatsu and Kuchinotsu to the various coaling stations as far 
 west as Bombay. Coal from the Takashima mines is vastly 
 superior to any other Japanese coal and the demand for it is 
 much beyond the supply. Extensive new workings, recently 
 begun, will materially increase the output. According to re- 
 cent returns, there are 109 mines at work in Kiushiu with an . 
 
 annual yield of four and a half million tons. Of this number, 
 98 mines lie in the district contiguous to MoJi and have an 
 annual output of upwards of three million tons. If Moji had 
 equal advantages with Nagasaki, it would no doubt deprive 
 that port of most of its shipping, but being situated at the 
 entrance to the Island Sea, where strong and dangerous cur- 
 rents are experienced, and the harbor being insufficiently 
 sheltered, the mail steamers prefer to coal at Nagasaki, where 
 there is more certainty of quick despatch. 
 
 The operation of coaling is very expeditiously performed 
 by large gangs of coolies, including men, women and cliildren, 
 and as an instance of the rapidity with wliich the work can be 
 accomplished, I may mention that on one occasion, a steamer 
 bunkered at Nagasaki at the rate of 350 tons per hour, a per- 
 formance which, I believe, could only be equalled at Port 
 Said. Ten years ago the average price of coal was yen 4.00 per 
 ton, but rates of labor have increased so much, especially since 
 the Chinese-Japanese war, that to-day's average would be fully 
 yen 7.50 per ton. Takashima lump coal is about yen 9.50. 
 
 While on the subject of coal, I may mention that, in ad- 
 dition to the native production, a large import trade has 
 grown up in Welsh coal to supply the demands of the numer- 
 ous foreign men-of-war calling at this port. The Japanese 
 have lately imposed a duty of 88 sen per ton on this coal, 
 not as a protective duty, for warships could not use Japanese 
 coal on account of its being too smoky, but as a means of 
 revenue. This course, if adhered to, will ultimately deprive 
 Nagasaki of this business and of many other sources of income 
 incidental to the visits of war vessels, but I anticipate that 
 before long, Japanese statesmen will see the error of such a 
 short-sighted policy. Last year, the imports of Cardiff coal 
 amounted to 35,000 tons, but this total will be exceeded dur- 
 ing the current year, and, with the increased ficets of all 
 nationalities in Eastern waters, the business is one well worth 
 fostering. 
 
 Outside of coal, articles of export are comparatively trifling, 
 the most prominent among them being Chinese requirements, 
 such as seaweed, dried fish, and other marine productions. 
 Needless to say, this biTsiness is entirely in the hands of the 
 Chinese themselves. It may, perhaps, interest you to bear that, 
 as a fishing port, Nagasaki holds an important position, and 
 it is stated on good authority, that there is only one other port 
 in the world, I believe iu the Mediterranean Sea, which can 
 boast of a larger variety of fish than is brought to the market 
 in Nagasaki. The means adopted for fishing are still very 
 primitive, and it is probable that with modem appliances far 
 better results could be shown, fish being very abundant in the 
 surrounding waters. 
 
 Other exports are sulphur, antimony, camphor, vegetable 
 wax, tea, rice, ear shells, etc. Tea has very much deteriorated 
 in quality from want of care in cultivation, and only a small 
 proportion of that now produced in the province is sufficiently 
 good to pass the requirements of the United States customs. 
 A large quantity of tobacco was formerly under cultivation 
 and was exported to Europe, but the price advanced to such 
 a point in sympathy with the labor market, that business in 
 this item has now ceased entirely. 
 
 Owing to the more active demand at Kobe and Osaka, a 
 very large quantity of the rice gi'own in Kiushiu is shipped to 
 these places, a large portion of which is exported from there 
 to Europe and America, so that the value of this important 
 item does not appear among the foreign exports of Kiiishiu. 
 There is now a tendency to export direct from Nagasaki, and, 
 with increased facilities of transportation, from the interior, 
 this route is likely to be generally adopted, especially as ship- 
 ping opportunities are so frequent. The southern rice is of 
 very good quality all round, that from Higo district being 
 equal to any in Japan. 
 
 Coming to the manufactures of the country, the oldest in- 
 
356 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 dustry is potter}', which has flourished for many hundreds of 
 years,, and the ancient wares of Satsuma are nowadays the 
 most valuable and admired in Jiipan. Old Satsuma is now 
 very scarce and the modern production is not much favored, 
 but the towns of Arita and Imari are well to the fore and 
 export largely to Europe and America. The kaolin at Arita 
 is of the finest description and from it is made the well-known 
 egg-shell china. 
 
 Rush matting of the ordinary Japanese descriptions is 
 made in a few country districts, but the trade is a good deal 
 hampered by the uncertainty of the labor available, the mat- 
 ting being woven by the agricultural classes who are obliged 
 at certain times to quit the work in order to attend to the 
 crops. An exception to this is found at the town of Saga, 
 where a contractor avails himself of the prison labor in mak- 
 ing matting and carpets. But even here the supply of work- 
 men gave out a few years ago, when, on some auspicious event 
 taking place in the royal family, a general release of prisoners 
 was ordered. 
 
 Cotton mills are established at four of the large towns, and 
 their output is almost entirely consumed in Kiushiu. There 
 is also a cement facioiy at Moji, and extensive paper mills at 
 Kiirume. 
 
 Railways have lately been much extended in Kiushiu and 
 there are now 362 miles open, many being under construction 
 and more contemplated when capital can bo obtained. 
 
 I have mentioned that dock and engineering works were 
 established at Nagasaki. Besides possessing two large dry- 
 docks capable of holding the largest types of vessels, the 
 Mitsu Bishi Company, who are the proprietors, have lately 
 turned their attention to shipbuilding and in the summer of 
 last year, completed a steamer of over 6,000 tons. This was 
 the first vessel of considerable size ever built in Japan or 
 indeed anywhere in the Far East and the achievement was 
 considered as marking an epoch in the annals of Japanese 
 enterprise. This year, another vessel of the same size has 
 been launched and the company contemplate building one 
 of 10,000 tons in the near future. The cost of construction 
 is, I believe, from 30 to 50 per cent, higher than would be 
 the ease had these vessels been built in Europe, but patriot- 
 ism in Japan is paramount even in commercial affairs, and 
 so strong is the determination to compete with western 
 nations in every branch of industry, that the native bu.ilders 
 are certain to have vessels continually on the stocks even at 
 the difference in price I have inentioned. As to the quality 
 of the work, I need only say that these large steamers have 
 been built to Lloyds' highest requirements under special^ur- 
 vey. The government is about to establish a large iron foundi^ 
 in the centre of the coal districts, and in course of time the 
 material for shipbuilding will doubtless be procurable on the 
 spot, rendering it unnecessary to send abroad for it, and it is 
 y^robably oidy a matter of time before the Nagasaki dock- 
 yard will bo prepared to supply the navy ^\-ith iron-clads. 
 
 I have endeavored to give you some idea of the present 
 resources of this Island, but it is my belief that, in common 
 with the rest of Japan, these resources are capable of much 
 development, and I have no doubt that there is a gi'eat deal 
 of latent wealth, particularly in minerals, awaiting discovery. 
 If, after some little experience of Japan under the new regime 
 on which she has now entered, foreigners can be brought to 
 feel the necessary amount of confidence, there is every reason 
 to hope that a sufficiency of capital may be attracted to the 
 country, and in that event, the commercial progress of Japan 
 is likely to receive a fresli impetus, and to make even greater 
 strides than in recent years, remarkable though these have 
 been. 
 
 Japan in Her New Relations. 
 
 A Brief Review of Her Industrial and Commercial Capacity 
 and Opportunities. 
 
 Mr. Henry Satoh (Director of The Imperial Commercial 
 Museum of the Imperial Japanese Department of State for 
 Agriculture and Conunerce, Tokyo, Japan): 
 
 In the history of Japan's foreign relations, no nation occu- 
 pies so prominent a position as her friend and supporter, the 
 United States of America. I need not here recount the de- 
 tailed particulars relating thereto, but let me point out some 
 of the facts, which are remembered with gratitude on the part 
 of my compatriots. It was the diplomatic pressure brought 
 to bear upon us by Commodore Perry, that roused Japan out 
 of the lethargy of exclusion, and gTadually opened a way for 
 our admission into the comity of nations. In other words, 
 although we had trade relations with some of the European 
 nations, yet the work of rousing the whole of the Island 
 Empire ft-om the dream of exclusion was reserved for the 
 United States, so that the history of Japan's foreign relations, 
 worthy of record, might be looked upon as dating from the 
 arrival of Perry's Squadron at Uraga,^in 184:5. Another fact 
 remembered with sincere gratitude by us, is the solid and un- 
 flinching friendship of the Government of the United States, 
 which has been so ably and effectively accomplished in fact, 
 by the presence, in the capital of this country, of your first 
 diplomatic representative, in the person of Mr. Townsend 
 Harris. In the course of my study of Japan's foreign rela- 
 tions in the forties and fifties, I have found that the Minister 
 Resident, then representing your Government in Yedo, was 
 often an adviser to our Government — an unpaid adviser of the 
 most unflinching friendship. I will not enter into a detailed 
 account of the life of hardship and self-denial that Mr. 
 Harris was forced to experience during his mission in 
 Yedo, but would refer you to the biography of Townsend 
 Harris, compiled by Dr. Griflfis, of Ithaca, N. Y. There 
 are some still living who had the pleasure of personal 
 acquaintance with Mr. Harris, and they say that his friend- 
 ship and advice were not appreciated to a proper degree, 
 because of the want of knowledge on the part of our officials 
 and diplomatists; but as we look back, we cannot but admire 
 and, at the same time, remember with heartfelt gratitude 
 what he accomplished during his mission to our country. Of 
 all that he did for us, his merit as a friendly adriser to our 
 Government in those days will never be forgotten, because 
 our ignorance of foreign nations and things foreign was 
 so dangerously profound, that in making treaties, it would 
 have been an easy work for a diplomat of less moral character 
 than Mr. Harris to take advantage of the prevailing want of 
 knowledge on the part of our officials, and conclude a treaty 
 with_ one-sided advantages. I shall not mention any more 
 facts at this Juncture, but before going into the other subjects 
 more closely related to the object of this Congi-ess, you will 
 permit me to remark that the above is a brief resume of tlie 
 feelings entertained by us toward the government and the 
 people of the United States, and that you hold a prominent 
 position in the assistance rendered us in the progress and ad- 
 vancement so far attained in our new s)iherc of relations. 
 
 Much has been wTitten on Japan and things Japanese, and 
 since the opening up of our countiy, we have attracted the 
 marked attention of your people. My experience, however, 
 suggests that in spite of the size of the bibliograjjhy of Japan, 
 much remains untouched by your writers and investigators, 
 especially in the industrial and conunercial capacity of our 
 country. Very much more can be written in way of supple- 
 menting what has already been described. The commercial 
 
PAPEES StiBMl'T'TED BY DELEGATES AND OTHEES 
 
 35? 
 
 and industrial opportunities which Japan offers for foreign 
 enterprises, have not yet been as fully studied and investigated 
 as the customs and niannei-s of the people. Japan so far has 
 been a country of quaint customs and fine scenery, and much 
 energy has also been expended in introducing our arts and 
 manufactures; but it seems to me, that what has already been 
 investigated and written by foreigners on all the branches of 
 our industi-y and also on the commercial capacity and oppor- 
 tunities, is by no means exhaustive. It appears to me, that 
 the knowledge so far obtained by foreigners in regard to our 
 country, is largely limited on account of the restrictions 
 which existed during the operation of the old treaties, and 
 this, coupled with the difficulty attending the acquisition of 
 our language, has caused the investigations to be very much 
 limited. The treaty restrictions having now been entirely re- 
 moved, and the whole country thrown open to foreign trade 
 and intercourse, I would advise you to take advantage of this 
 removal of restrictions, and cause more complete investiga- 
 tions to be made into our trade capacity and opportunities. 
 Now I would venture to avail myself of the rare opportunity 
 afforded by this grand and useful Congress, and invite your 
 attention to some figures wlaich will give you an idea of the 
 commercial and industrial condition of our country at 
 present. 
 
 Foreign Trade. 
 
 First of all, let me call your attention to the following table, 
 which will show you the volume of Japan's foreign trade for 
 the ten years commencing with 1889, a perusal of which, will 
 
 show that her trade has nearly doubled during the years 
 specified. 
 
 Comparative Table showing the Total Value of Japan's 
 Foreign Trade for the ten years from 1889 to 1898. 
 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Iiuporls. 
 
 Total of 
 Exports 
 
 and 
 Imports. 
 
 Excess of 
 Imports. 
 
 Excess of 
 Exports. 
 
 1839 
 
 70,000.705 
 5G,B03,.infi 
 79,527,272 
 91,102,753 
 89,7r2,8r,4 
 113,240,086 
 136,112,177 
 117,842,760 
 163 135,077 
 165,758,752 
 
 G6.103,7B6 
 81,728,580 
 62.927,268 
 71.326,079 
 88,257,171 
 117,481,955 
 129,260,578 
 171,674,474 
 219,300,771 
 277,502,156 
 
 186,164,471 
 138,332,086 
 142,454,540 
 162,42.'<,8 .2 
 177,970,035 
 230,728,011 
 265.372.755 
 289,517,234 
 382,43 ,848 
 443,255,903 
 
 
 3,956,939 
 
 1890 
 
 25,125.074 
 
 1891 
 
 
 H92 
 
 
 19,776,674 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1 ,455 693 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 4,235,869 
 
 6,'85i,5'99" 
 
 189B 
 
 5.3.831,714 
 56,165,694 
 111,748,404 
 
 1897 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 
 (Unless otherwise stated, all values are expressed in Japan- 
 ese yen. One yen equals approximately fifty cents United 
 States money.) 
 
 Japan's Trade with Five Countries. 
 
 Of the total volume of Japan's foreign trade, the relative 
 
 amount shared by the five countries below mentioned, with 
 wliich we have the most important trade relations, will be 
 shown by the following table. In perusing it, your attention 
 is specially called to the growing amount of export from the 
 United States to our country, which was more than six times 
 as great in 1898 as it was in 1890. 
 
 Japan's Trade Relations with the Five Countries below mentioned during the ten years Commencing with 1889. 
 
 TI. S. of America, 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 China 
 
 France 
 
 Germany 
 
 1839. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 35,282.873 
 
 7,664,599 
 
 5,442,507 
 
 14,258,726 
 
 1,638,383 
 
 Imports. 
 
 6,143,171 
 6,067,934 
 9,199,695 
 3,334,167 
 4,887,899 
 
 1890. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 19,821,437 
 
 5,638,980 
 
 5,227,495 
 
 8,354,393 
 
 846,921 
 
 Imports. 
 
 6,874,531 
 619,102 
 8,849,685 
 3,869,331 
 6,856,955 
 
 Exports. 
 
 29,795,764 
 6,633,136 
 6,825,851 
 
 15,120,075 
 1 ,436,596 
 
 Imports. 
 
 6,840,047 
 
 19,996,050 
 
 8794,42S 
 
 2,834,025 
 
 5,127,475 
 
 Exports. 
 
 38,674,971 
 3,921,752 
 6,358,859 
 
 18,093,693 
 940,782 
 
 Import*. 
 
 6,988,053 
 20,739,332 
 12,509,410 
 3,620,500 
 6,375,048 
 
 Exports. 
 
 27,739,458 
 4,935,974 
 7,714,420 
 
 19,531,975 
 1,380,040 
 
 Imports. 
 
 6,090,408 
 
 27,929,628 
 
 17,095,974 
 
 3,305,277 
 
 7,318,133 
 
 U. S. of America.. 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 China 
 
 Franc* 
 
 Germany 
 
 Exports, 
 
 43,323,557 
 5,950,197 
 3,813,987 
 
 19,198,776 
 1,517,548 
 
 Imports. 
 
 10,982,558 
 42,189,873 
 17,511,506 
 4,343,047 
 7,909,542 
 
 1896 
 
 Exports. 
 
 54,028,950 
 7,883,091 
 9,135,108 
 
 22,006,386 
 3,340,012 
 
 Imports. 
 
 9,276,360 
 45,172,110 
 22,986,144 
 
 5,180,134 
 12,233,158 
 
 1896 
 
 Exports, 
 
 31,532,341 
 
 9,012,398 
 
 13,823,843 
 
 19,027,389 
 
 2,972,136 
 
 Imports. 
 
 16,373,419 
 69,251,780 
 21,.344,.521 
 7.682,346 
 17,133,953 
 
 Exports. 
 
 52,436,404 
 8,481,195 
 21,325,065 
 26,213,654 
 2,207,018 
 
 Imports. 
 
 27,0!0,.537 
 65,406,266 
 29,265,845 
 5,147,591 
 18,143,279 
 
 47,311,154 
 
 7,783,643 
 
 29,193,175 
 
 20,496,406 
 
 2,469,241 
 
 Exports. ' Imports. 
 I 
 
 40,001,097 
 62,707,573 
 30,523,860 
 6,979,982 
 25.610,961 
 
 American Goods. 
 
 Of the principal Commodities which we buy from the 
 United States those whose value exceeds one million yen are 
 stated below: 
 
 1896. 1897. 1898. 
 
 Machines and machinery. .1,104,250 4,359,536 2,983,376 
 
 Iron 674,567 2,758,547 4,173,696 
 
 Kerosene 5,282,909 5,975,866 5,910,774 
 
 Gin cotton 4.252,398 7,273,221 14,751,199 
 
 Flour 980,203 1,152,318 1,979,359 
 
 Tobacco 519,864 886,016 2,940,500 
 
 Japan's Export to America. 
 
 Of the chief classes of articles we sell to the United States, 
 the following table will show you those items, the value of 
 which exceeds one million yen: 
 
 1896. 1897. 1898. 
 
 Eaw silk 14,080,981 32,262.900 25,341,401 
 
 Tea 5,210,778 6,489.493 6,540,716 
 
 Silk goods in general. . . 1,913,988 1,561,519 1,997,559 
 
 Habutai 2,240,452 3,528.804 4,015,504 
 
 Fancy mattings 2,683,255 2,697,249 3,707,460 
 
358 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OP THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Home Tkade, Etc. 
 
 So far, I have dwelt upon our foreign trade, and I now beg 
 to call your attention to some of the figures whicli viiW afford 
 you a slight insight, into our internal business conditions. 
 
 Allow me to invite your attention to the following tables 
 which will show you the amount of the principal productions; 
 agricultural, mineral, and manufactured, during the years 
 named. 
 
 ]. Ti-incipal Agricultural 
 years beginning with 1894. 
 
 Productions during the four 
 
 Rice'. 
 
 Barley 
 
 Kve 
 
 W'heat 
 
 Beans 
 
 Millet and its species 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 Swet-t Potatoes 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Cotton in the seeds „ 
 
 Fiax 
 
 Indigo Leaves 
 
 Leaf Tobacco 
 
 Rape Seeds 
 
 Cocoons 
 
 Raw Silk 
 
 Tea 
 
 Sugar, White and Brown. - 
 
 Rape Seed Oil 
 
 Raw Wax 
 
 (Koku) 41 
 
 " 8, 
 
 7, 
 
 3, 
 
 2, 
 
 " 3, 
 
 1 
 
 (Kwan) 49>, 
 
 49, 
 
 " 12, 
 
 3 
 
 " l«i 
 
 (Koku) 1 
 " 1 
 
 (Catties) 8, 
 49, 
 13, 
 
 (Koku) 
 
 (Kwan) 3, 
 
 ,8l.'i,714 
 ,528,403 
 ,314,304 
 ;,9I17,M3 
 ,943,478 
 ,394,.i22 
 ,202,372 
 ,948,701 
 ,7.^2,907 
 ,572,971 
 ,224,094 
 087,377 
 ,4.11.304 
 ,006,581 
 ,797,842 
 ,104,894 
 ,270,200 
 ,363,894 
 228,.525 
 ,085,659 
 
 39,9211,832 
 
 8,536,770 
 
 7,016,709 
 
 3,'.i73,644 
 
 3,163,683 
 
 3,498,434 
 
 1,192,377 
 
 711,813,132 
 
 44,273,903 
 
 10,488,569 
 
 3,366,784 
 
 17,373,344 
 
 8,873,911 
 
 969,917 
 
 2,258.173 
 
 10,020,694 
 
 53,743,000 
 
 11,990,669 
 
 220,976 
 
 4,u37,958 
 
 1896. 
 
 .Sr,,199,771 
 7,849,231 
 5,925,837 
 3,564,149 
 2,999,490 
 3,706,346 
 1,090,254 
 725,942,023 
 
 44,220,605 
 7,422,061 
 3,285,730 
 
 17,918,863 
 8,393,507 
 971,198 
 1,831,373 
 9,017,000 
 
 63,127,466 
 
 7,345,894 
 
 219,660 
 
 3,481,075 
 
 33,039,293 
 8,008,639 
 6,165,792 
 3,788,864 
 3,100,973 
 3,461,819 
 990,196 
 662,391,690 
 
 68,528,287 
 7,304,253 
 3,569,159 
 
 19,416,693 
 8,871,370 
 1,011,004 
 2,121,944 
 9,609,766 
 
 52,949,72.1 
 
 6,407,269 
 
 276,S35 
 
 3,114,663 
 
 NOTE:— .ffbfcw=about 5 bushels; in liquid n3easure=about 40 gallons. 
 Ci«y=about 1% lbs. 
 ^ufan=about 8'lbs. 
 
 The amount of rice crop, last year (1898), was exceptionally 
 large and reached the rare figures of 47,387,666 Koku, while 
 the forecast for the present year is 41,000,000 Koku. 
 
 2. Principal Mineral Productions for the five years com- 
 mencing with 1892. 
 
 Gold (Kwan) 
 
 Silver 
 
 Copper 
 
 Lead 
 
 Antimony 
 
 Iron 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Coal 
 
 Coal oil 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 (Catties) 
 
 (Kwan) 
 
 (Catties) 
 
 irons) 
 
 (Koku) 
 
 (Catties) 
 
 186, 
 
 16,063, 
 
 31,644, 
 
 I, SIS, 
 
 2,.m5; 
 
 5,031 
 
 8,363, 
 
 3,176, 
 
 72, 
 
 34,142, 
 
 ,805 
 ,42ul 
 ,639 
 ,9411 
 ,433 
 ,466 
 ,760 
 ,670 
 ,893 
 :,610 
 
 196, 
 
 18,469 
 
 30,025, 
 
 1,854, 
 
 2,748, 
 
 4,535, 
 
 26,737, 
 
 3,319 
 
 94 
 
 .19,814, 
 
 209, 
 
 19,209, 
 
 33.186; 
 
 2,375, 
 
 2,618, 
 
 6,182 
 
 22,240: 
 
 4,268 
 
 161 
 
 31,267 
 
 ,509 
 
 ,527 19, 
 
 ,229 31, 
 
 ,9271 3, 
 
 ,651 1 2, 
 
 ,463 j 6 
 
 ,739 1 28; 
 
 ,13) 4, 
 ,936 
 
 ,166 25, 
 
 239,041 
 ,272,544 
 ,856,887 
 ,241,032 
 ,806,729 
 ,879,306 
 ,620,061 
 ,772,6.54 
 149,497 
 ,884,250 
 
 2.56,519 
 17,156,666 
 33,464,615 
 3,257,126 
 2,237,616 
 7,299,679 
 29,893,267 
 6,019,690 
 208,400 
 20,863,373 
 
 NOTE.— ifuian— about 8 lbs. £b*u=about 40 gallons. Catty-=lbs. IJ^. 
 
 3. Principal JIanufactured Productions for the five years 
 beginning with 1893. 
 
 silk fabrics 
 
 Silk and cotton fabrics 
 
 Cotton fabrics 
 
 Linen 
 
 Cotton yarns 
 
 Porcelains A. eartb-wares. 
 
 Lacquer wares 
 
 Bronzes I 
 
 Paper (Japanese style) i 
 
 l>o, (European *' ) 
 
 Mats and Mattings 
 
 Matches (Gross) 19,045,360 
 
 1893 
 
 Yen 
 23,776,40: 
 
 9,248,0i;3 
 22.309,941 
 
 2,016,816 
 10,666,744 
 
 3,931,334 
 
 1891 
 
 1893 
 
 1896 
 
 Yen 
 
 Yen 
 
 Yen 
 
 32,538,470 
 
 46,361,509 
 
 54,018,479 
 
 8,247,116 
 
 10,281,272 
 
 9,131,968 
 
 27,167,66H 
 
 37,053,448 
 
 38,885,928 
 
 3,093,166 
 
 1,966,806 
 
 1,637,722 
 
 14,020,008 
 
 18,437,011 
 
 20,585,48.-. 
 
 3,20:!,822 
 
 4,816,321 
 
 6,205,185 
 
 2,69.'),049 
 
 3,119,263 
 
 3,295,947 
 
 714,411 
 
 738,690 
 
 924,486 
 
 8,001,117 
 
 9,120,746 
 
 10,316,950 
 
 2,123,229 
 
 2,417,843 
 
 2,,507,364 
 
 3,627,082 
 
 5,720,490 
 
 3,8.32,711 
 
 18,721,452 
 
 21,225,158 
 
 25,133,619 
 
 1897 
 
 Yen 
 
 62,663,029 
 
 11.723,137 
 
 42,032,907 
 
 2,903,172 
 
 26,1.34,120 
 
 6,l(i3.ll7il 
 
 4,116,077 
 
 1,1.30,642 
 
 12,630,188 
 
 2,730,S;5 
 
 6,660 271 
 
 24,038.960 
 
 Business Companies. 
 
 Along with the introduction of new ideas, consequent upon 
 our relations with foreign countries, new methods of trans- 
 acting business were introduced, among which the most promi- 
 
 nent is the organization of joint stock companies and partner- 
 sliips. The appended table will show the gradual increase 
 and development in this respect since 1888, by which you will 
 observe that the number of such companies more than 
 doubled, while in the amount of capital, an increase of a little 
 over 600 per cent, is observable. 
 
 Year. 
 
 No. of 
 Companies. 
 
 Capital. 
 
 Paid up Capital. 
 
 Reserve Fund. 
 
 1888 
 
 1889 
 
 2.629 
 4,039 
 4,330 
 4,362 
 4,635 
 4,349 
 2,844 
 .3.371 
 4, .5.50 
 6,077 
 
 Yen 118,364,201 
 
 186,428,048 
 
 " 150,361,726 
 
 140,436,333 
 
 " 130,124,669 
 
 " 223,906,113 
 
 245,251,624 
 
 234,802,486 
 
 619,22.3,949 
 
 853,172,107 
 
 No statistics. 
 
 Yen 96,713,942 
 
 75,461,043 
 
 " 83,445.982 
 
 86,074,654 
 
 No Statistics. 
 
 Yen 397,564,632 
 632,622,377 
 
 No statistics. 
 
 1890 
 
 „ 
 
 1S91 
 
 „ 
 
 1892 
 
 ., 
 
 1893 
 
 „ 
 
 1894 
 
 „ 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 Yen 76,123,866 
 62,604,570 
 
 1897 
 
 Of the business companies above stated, the number pos- 
 sessing a capital of over 100,000 yen is 920. Classified accord- 
 ing to the nature of the business, tlie statistics of 1897 show 
 the followincr results: 
 
 Capital, paid up, 
 Yen. 
 
 Reserve. 
 Yen. 
 
 Nature of Busintsa No. of Cos. Capital. 
 
 Yen. 
 
 Agiicultural . . 148 3,386,958 2,229,627 85,632 
 
 Conunercial ..3,630 417,279,266 260,227,479 48,285,436 
 
 Manufactur'g 1,881 165,332,633 105,381,106 7,581,535 
 
 Transportat'n 454 267,173,250 164,684,165 6,551,967 
 
 In this connection, it may be of interest to add on the au- 
 thority of the Twelfth Annual Statistics issued by the Im- 
 perial Department of State for Agriculture and Commerce, 
 tliat the number of factories at the end of 1895 was 7,154, an 
 increase of 1,169 or nearly 20 per cent, when compared with 
 the year preceding, of which those using steam and water 
 power show an increase of 14 per cent.; while the aggregate 
 horse power of both was 61,252, an increase of 22,021, or 
 neaiiy 50 per cent. The factories where electricity alone is 
 used as the motive power, were only 10 in number, the total 
 horse power being 410. 
 
 According to the Fourteenth Annual Statistics (the latest) 
 of the same office, we find an increase in the number of 
 factories of 133, making the total at the end of 1897, 7,287, 
 while in horse power, an increase of 2,182 is observable, mak- 
 ing the aggregate horse power 63,434 in 1897. The same 
 statistics also show that of the 7,287 factories, 4,377 use no 
 motive power of any description, and that in only 2,910, 
 either steam or water power is ;'sed. The number of hands 
 employed in the factories is as follows: 
 
 Male ... 182,792 
 
 Female 254,462 
 
 Total 437,254 
 
 Banks. 
 
 The banking business and its development will be shown in 
 the following table, in which the stati.*tics of every five years 
 are given: 
 
 Year. Number 
 
 of I?anks. 
 
 1877 20 
 
 1882 320 
 
 1887 3.59 
 
 1892 405 
 
 1897 1,581 
 
 Amount of 
 Capital. 
 24,986,100 yen. 
 64,388,100 " 
 79,234,912 " 
 85,681,777 " 
 321,593,014 " 
 
MPEES SUBMITTED BY DELEGATES AND OTHERS 
 
 359 
 
 Dividends Declarkd. 
 
 As to the rate of dividends declared by the joint stock and 
 other companies, I am not in possession of the official statis- 
 tics in a brief and available form, so that it is difficult to find 
 the average rate; but it might be added that some companies 
 last year declared a dividend of 15 per cent., while the average 
 rate will probably range from 8 to 9 per cent. 
 
 Rate of Interest. 
 
 The rate of interest for the ten years, commencing with 
 1889, is appended herewith, by which it will be seen that the 
 lowest rate prevailing in Tokyo diu-ing the ten years was in 
 1893, when the average rate of interest on loans was 7.15 per 
 cent., on current account, 3.03 per cent, and on fixed deposit 
 of one year, 4.77 per cent.; while in Osaka, in the same year, 
 the average rate of interest on loans was 6.92 per cent. The 
 highest rate prevailing in Tokyo was in the last year (1S98), 
 when the rate on loans was 11.39 per cent., wMle in Osaka, 
 the highest rate was experienced in 1890, when it went up as 
 high as 12.51 per cent, in March, wliicli, however, gradually 
 lowered to an average of 11.25 per cent, during the year. 
 
 At the time of writing, the average rate of interest allowed 
 in Tokyo on fixed deposit of one year is from 5.5 to 6 per 
 cent., while that on loans is 7 to 8 per cent. 
 
 The average rate of interest per annum during the ten years 
 commencing with 1889, as compiled by the Associ- 
 ate Banks of Osaka, is shown below. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1889 
 
 f March 
 
 [ September... 
 
 ,„qn/ March 
 
 '"^"t September.. 
 
 . /March 
 
 (September.. 
 
 March 
 
 September.. 
 
 arch 
 
 ptember.. 
 
 1892 {^Z^*^^ 
 
 1893 {^["^^ 
 
 -(.Q.f March 
 
 ^**^'* t September.. 
 
 ^^^^{sepumber!! 
 
 , (March 
 
 '(September.. 
 
 ( March 
 
 [ September..., 
 
 1898 
 
 March 
 
 September.. 
 
 
 Loans. 
 
 12.51 
 10.05 
 
 9.90 
 8.87 
 
 8.80 
 8.35 
 
 7.66 
 6.92 
 
 9.17 
 10.59 
 
 9.97 
 9.55 
 
 9.21 
 11.13 
 
 9.50 
 10.17 
 
 11.10 
 11.00 
 
 Deposit. 
 
 Maxim- 
 
 6.5 
 5.6 
 
 6.0 
 6.0 
 
 6.0 
 6.0 
 
 6.0 
 6.0 
 
 8.7 
 8.7 
 
 Minim. 
 
 0.7 
 1.0 
 
 1.8 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 I.O 
 
 1.0 
 1.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 6.5 
 6.5 
 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 
 The average rate of interest per annum during the ten. years 
 commencing with 1889, as compiled by the Associ- 
 ate Banks of Tokyo, is hereby shown. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 LOASS. 
 
 Current 
 Account. 
 
 Fixed Deposit 
 (one year). 
 
 
 9.4 
 10.85 
 
 11.10 
 10.05 
 
 9.9 
 
 8.87 
 
 8.45 
 8.36 
 
 7.39 
 6.92 
 
 8.68 
 10.03 
 
 9.91 
 9.24 
 
 9.05 
 9.49 
 
 9.67 
 10.11 
 
 11.32 
 11.46 
 
 3.6 
 3.65 
 
 3.71 
 3.71 
 
 3.72 
 3.70 
 
 3.67 
 S.68 
 
 3.49 
 2.55 
 
 2.35 
 3.80 
 
 3.81 
 3.90 
 
 4.14 
 4.27 
 
 4.16 
 4.78 
 
 6.69 
 6.13 
 
 6.5 
 
 '8*^isept!° ::::::::;:::::::;:::::;;;:::: 
 
 6.7 
 
 
 6.0 
 
 '88o{sep^l:.z::v::::::;::::::::::;r 
 ""il^"';;;;;::;;:;;.::::::::::::::::: 
 
 6.0 
 
 6.0 
 6.9 
 
 
 6.0 
 
 I'^nsept.:::::;::::::;;:::::::::::::;::: 
 
 6.0 
 
 
 6.09 
 
 '^^nsept...;:::::::":::::::::"":::::: 
 
 4.45 
 
 
 6.2 
 
 '«9i{sept!z::;::::::::::::::::::::::: 
 
 6.64 
 
 ---_ (March 
 
 6.82 
 
 '**H Sept " ..............: 
 
 6.02 
 
 
 6.99 
 
 '83nse^!.:::z:::::::;:::::::;;:;;:;; 
 
 6.13 
 
 
 6.21 
 
 i^^'fsept "':"z::::z::::.zz 
 
 S.62 
 
 
 7.27 
 
 185^ { s«ft. °;;:;;;.r:.z::z:.::::: 
 
 7.44 
 
 
 
 Railways. 
 
 The first railroad built in our country was the Tokyo- 
 Yokohama Line of eighteen miles, which was opened to trafiic 
 in June, 1ST3. Since that time, both the government and 
 private companies have been actively engaged in the extension 
 of railways. The returns made in August of this year show 
 the following figures: 
 
 Government lines 798 miles. 
 
 Private lines 2,763 miles. 
 
 Total 3,561 miles. 
 
 I am informed that the average daily income of the Nippon 
 Railway Company, the largest private company, probably 
 
 The average rate of interest per annum, charged by the Bank 
 of Japan during the ten years commencing 1889. 
 
 Year. 
 
 """t September.. 
 
 r March.. 
 
 (September.. 
 
 . /March 
 
 ( September.. 
 
 Loans. 
 
 Maximum. Minimum 
 
 6,21 
 7.01 
 
 7.01 
 6 60 
 
 7.67 
 6.39 
 
 f March.. 
 
 \ September.. 
 J /March.. 
 
 (September.., 
 
 March- 
 
 September... 
 
 March 
 
 September.., 
 
 6.21 
 
 7 01 
 6.5 
 
 6.94 
 6.39 
 
 Current 
 Account. 
 
 5.0 
 
 6.0 
 5.0 
 
 Fixed 
 
 Deposit. 
 
 (One Year.) 
 
 1894 {f "'=''• 
 
 183, 1 March 
 
 f March.. 
 
 ^''^{ September.., 
 
 1897 { 
 
 March 
 
 September.. 
 
 .aoj/ March 
 
 """t September.. 
 
 6.39 
 6.39 
 
 6.02 
 6.48 
 
 6.94 
 8.03 
 
 8.03 
 7.30 
 
 7.30 
 7.67 
 
 7.67 
 8.76 
 
 9.86 
 9.86 
 
 6.39 
 6.39 
 
 5.48 
 4.75 
 
 6.34 
 7.S 
 
 8.03 
 7.30 
 
 7.30 
 7.30 
 
 7.67 
 6.76 
 
 9.49 
 9.»6 
 
 5.0 
 6.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 
 3.0 
 5.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 
 reached 23,000 yen during last month (August), on account 
 of the increased purchasing power of th-; Northeastern Dis- 
 tricts, owing to better prospects in silk cocoons and raw silks. 
 
 Shipping. 
 
 In the merchant shipping of our coimtry, a remarkable 
 increase is observable since the late war with China. Accord- 
 ing to the returns made in December, 1898, the actual ship- 
 ping capacity of our country was as follows: 
 
 Kind of Vessels. 
 
 Steamers (seagoing) 
 Sailing (seagoing) . . 
 
 No. 
 
 674 
 1,310 
 
 Registered Tonnage. 
 
 287,854 
 139,852 
 
 GroBS Tonnage, 
 
 464,235 
 149,399 
 
 Total (seagoing) 1,984 
 
 427,706 
 
 613,634 
 
360 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 In addition to the above classes of vessels, we have also sea- 
 going junks engaged in the coasting trade, the number of 
 wliicTi, according to the returns of 1896, was 17,160, aJl sizes 
 included from 50 to 1,000 koku capacity. 
 
 Rate of Wages. 
 
 The rate of wages has risen considerably during the last 
 ten years. The appended table -will show the average daily 
 rate during the years indicated: 
 
 Vear 1887 1892 1894 
 
 l!ate (yen) 1.00 1.08 1.29 
 
 Cities and Towns. 
 
 1895 
 1.34 
 
 1896 
 1.55 
 
 1897 
 1.79 
 
 Of the cities, towns and villages having a population of 
 over 10,000, there are 208 in the whole Empire, while the 
 cities having a population of over 30,000, and constituting 
 respectively important emporiums for the commerce and 
 industry of the adjoining localities, are 39 in number. They 
 are distributed throughout the Empire, occupying prominent 
 jiositions in regard to the commerce, industry and commuid- 
 eations of the whole country. 
 
 Japan's Finances. 
 
 According to the words of Count Matsukate, the Finance 
 Minister of State, spoken before the Economic Society of 
 Tokyo, the adoption and consummation of the gold mono- 
 metalism in 1897 was not unattended with some anxiety, es- 
 pecially on the score of the silver coins which had been issued 
 by the treasury. It-was then difficult to forsee the cjuantity of 
 the silver coins that might be presented for exchange, thus 
 attenuating the gold reserves of the treasury to a dangerous 
 degree. Fortunately, only 18 million silver yen came from 
 abroad, and 34 millions were presented at home, making a 
 total of 52 millions. Of the white metal thus brought into 
 
 the treasury and of other stores of the same metal, 27,600,000 
 yen was converted into subsidiary coins, while 47 million 
 yen was sold in Hong Kong, Shanghai, Singapore and else- 
 where. In these sales, a loss of 5,700,000 yen was incurred, 
 but when compared with the profit realized by the subsidiary 
 coins which amounted to 5,790,000 yen, the net result was 
 a gain of 90,000 yen. The system is now fairly in operation 
 and has greatly facilitated the trade with gold-using coun- 
 tries, ^\•hile it has not at all hampered commerce with silver 
 states. 
 
 Here let me call your attention to the financial statement 
 compiled by Mr. Sakatani, the Director-General of the Bureau 
 of Account of the Imperial Financial Department of State, 
 and published in two of the leading dailies of Tokyo. The 
 translation of the statement in a tabular fonn is appended 
 herewith. Mr. Sakatani says in publishing the statement: 
 "I have prepared the table given below, with the view of enab- 
 ling those who are not acquainted with Japanese affairs, to 
 grasp at a glance, the actual position of Japanese finances. 
 The table shows both the sources from which the revenue 
 (ordinarj' and extraordinar}-) has been obtained, and the man- 
 ner in which it has been disbursed during the ten yeai-s, com- 
 mencing with the year in wliich the Imperial Diet was first 
 opened and ending with the one now cuiTcnt. Of the figures 
 mentioned in this table, those relating to the eight years from 
 1890-1 to 1897-8 have been taken from the settled accounts, 
 which, with the exception of that for 1897-8 have already 
 been reported to the Imperial Diet after inspection by the 
 Board of Audit. The settled account for 1897-8 is now in 
 course of examination by the Board of Audit, while the figures 
 relating to 1898-9, though not yet fonnally settled, may prac- 
 tically be regarded as settled. Those for 1899-1900 are taken 
 from the Budget for the cun-ent year." 
 
 Mr. Sakatani in publishing the statement, very justly ob- 
 serves that the account shows that the country's finances are 
 in a thoroughly sound condition. Especially, I would call 
 your attention to the fact that the ordinary revenue now 
 largely exceeds the ordinary expenditure. 
 
 A Table Showing the Financial Accounts of the Japanese Empire for the Last Ten Years. 
 
 
 Okdinaey Account. 
 
 EXTKAORDINARY ACCOtlNT. 
 
 FiQancial year. 
 
 Ordinary 
 revenue. 
 
 Ordinary 
 e.xpeuditure. 
 
 Repayment 
 
 of public 
 
 debt. 
 
 Surplus ot 
 llic year. 
 
 THE ABOVE IS COVEEBD BY. 
 
 
 Extraordi- 
 nary e.xpeu- 
 diture. 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 extraordi- 
 nary revenue. 
 
 Surplus of 
 ordinary 
 revenue. 
 
 2,594,144 
 13,328,562 
 11,845,689 
 
 6,871,421 
 15,032,415 
 
 Surplus of 
 
 foregoing 
 
 years. 
 
 War 
 indeiuuity. 
 
 Productive 
 public debt. 
 
 Unprodiictive 
 public debt 
 
 1890-1. 
 
 78.527,038 
 76,264,850 
 80,728.016 
 85,883,078 
 89,748,451 
 
 ""9V,'444,'(V48" 
 104 ,901, .524 
 124,222.879 
 132,568,434 
 178,558,944 
 
 60,574,768 
 59,395,309 
 60.301,967 
 58,662,755 
 54,558,813 
 
 '60,i2V,'835" 
 
 90,76i,208 
 98,1147,487 
 lll,3-.i7,183 
 134,495,192 
 
 3,036.569 
 3,.540,979 
 3,516,040 
 6,882,826 
 5,362,533 
 
 7,026,147" 
 
 9,95l),6!5 
 9.647,640 
 7,622,717 
 6,467,6119 
 
 14,915,701 
 1 3,328.562 
 16.910,009 
 21,337,503 
 29,329,113 
 
 28,'296yi66" 
 
 4,185,681 
 16..'i27,752 
 13,618,534 
 37,596,143 
 
 9,471,462 
 20,619,5.58 
 12,916.686 
 20.036.248 
 17,707,211 
 
 0,877,318 
 2,627,107 
 1,071.097 
 3,164.827 
 2,674,826 
 4 713.418 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-2 
 
 4,663,589 
 
 
 
 
 18 2-3 
 
 
 
 
 1893-4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894-.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 War expenditure. 
 189.5-6 
 
 
 78,957,164 
 
 
 116,804,226 
 
 18,165,139 1 2,956,098 
 6a,l40,-56:! ; 6,821,483 
 115,983,717 7.2.53,574 
 100.502,527 1 4,993.353 
 105,488,905 11.9118 866 
 
 15,209,041 
 4.185,681 
 16,.527,752 
 13,618,5.34 
 37,094,775 
 
 
 
 1896-7 
 
 39.7io,i2i 
 15,451,722 
 2,295,298 
 
 11,7.-9,389 
 411,360,796 
 46,187,071 
 31,818,364 
 
 2,416.251 
 17,890,866 
 
 8.084,401 
 21,273,123 
 
 3,217.638 
 18,499,007 
 25,323,870 
 
 3,393,777 
 
 i8'J7-8 
 
 1898-9 
 
 1899-1900 
 
 
 
 
 
 Note: Under the head of " prod uctive public debt " is included the debt incurred for the purpose of railway extension and improvement, tobacco leaf monopoly, telephone exten- 
 Bion, and the establishment of a state steel factory. Under the head of" unproductive public debt" is included the debt incurred for the Japanese-Chinese war and the exten" 
 siou of armaments. 
 
 Commercial Mokalitt. 
 
 In conclusion, I would make a brief remark in reference 
 to the commercial morality of our merchants and traders. 
 Mucli has been written against our mercantile class, but to 
 give you my impression as frankly as possible, I am prepared 
 to say that our commercial morality is not such as sensational 
 writers and speakers would have you believe. The detri- 
 
 mental reports are very much exa.srgerated. It must be 
 the work of prejudice embittered by failure in business, or 
 the result of a hasty conclusion drawn from a one-sided repre- 
 sentation of our commercial standing. I do not deny the ex- 
 istence of facts proving want of commercial morality on the 
 part of our merchants and traders, but Japan is not the only 
 country where you can find facts and examples of moral 
 weakness. Without going any further int« the subject, you 
 
J. p. HELFENSTEIN, 
 Shamokin, Pa. 
 
 F. P. HELLER, 
 Reading, Pa. 
 
 THOMAS B. HENLEY. 
 
 Newport News, Va. 
 
 JOHN M. IVES, 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 C. J, WHELLAMS, 
 
 St. Paul, Minn. 
 
 E. W. JONES, 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal. 
 
 N, B KELLY, 
 
 Philadelphia. Pa. 
 
 CHARLES J. LONG, 
 WiLKESBARRE, Pa. 
 
 HENRY LORD, 
 Bangor. Maine. 
 
PAPERS SUBMITT^ED BY DELEGATES AND OTHERS 
 
 361 
 
 will permit me to say that if Japan has been as deficient in 
 her commercial morality as the most of the writers would 
 have you conclude, our foreign trade would not have realized 
 the yearly advancement and extension pointed out by the 
 statistics already referred to in this paper. Let me add that 
 all the typical merchants and traders of our country value 
 their honor and reputation as much as life itself, and that 
 in your future relations with our counti7, commercial or 
 otherwise, you will not have much difficulty in finding suoh 
 of my compatriots in whom you can repose implicit confi- 
 dence. 
 
 Partial and distorted representations work immense mis- 
 chief, especially in a country like ours, which is not fully 
 known, even by foreign residents of long standing. We close 
 nothing to foreig-n investigation. We have now thrown open 
 the whole country for foreign intercourse, and I would most 
 earnestly invite you to extend your investigations more fully 
 into our country. Viscount Aoki, the Minister of State for 
 Foreign Affairs, speaking at a banquet given by the Interna- 
 tional Committee of Yokohama, sadd: "So far as my country- 
 men are concerned, I can assure you that all classes of Japan- 
 ese, even in the remote parts of the Empire, will welcome you 
 with open hearts, and join hands with you in all the various 
 activities of life, and I sincerely trust that the foreign resi- 
 dents will not regard themselves as strangers in a strange 
 land." This expression is shared throughout the length and 
 breadth of the whole Empire; and I would like to see many of 
 you join hands with my compatriots and be able to feel a 
 solid and substantial interest in our country. Out of my 
 earnest desire to see a closer commercial relation established 
 between you and my country, it might not be entirely out of 
 place to say a few more words in reference to a question which 
 has been agitated, and is still leaving doubt in many minds. I 
 refer to the question of land ownersliip by foreigners residing 
 in Japan. 
 
 SUPEHFICIES. 
 
 It has been given out by many writers that foreign enter- 
 prises in Japan will be seriously crippled by the impossibility 
 of foreigners acquiring the full ownership of land. It is a 
 fact, that the right of owning land is denied the foreigner, 
 but if you will look a little more closely into the fonns of land 
 tenure provided in our civil code, you will find that there 
 are four of them, namely, ownership, superficies, emphyteusis 
 and leasing. Of these forms, the first and the third call for 
 no remark calculated to be of interest to foreigners, inasmuch 
 as the ownersliip is forbidden them, and emphyteusis is en- 
 tirely agricultural. Everything centres from the foreign stand- 
 point on leasing and superficies. Of the former, very little is 
 required in way of elucidation as the word is familiar to every- 
 body, while the latter is a translation of the Japanese word 
 chijolien, which being literally translated is the "right in 
 the surface of land," and is not very familiar to many of us. 
 It is less than ownership, but more than a building lease. 
 From one point of view, superficies corresponds to an English 
 building lease for 99 years or longer, while from another 
 point of view, it is more than a building lease, inasmuch as 
 the right of tenure may be purchased by a single payment at 
 the outset, and thus dispense with the payment of monthly 
 or annual payment of rent. Again, the term of superficies is 
 not limited. It can be fixed at any length of time. In short, 
 superficies is a form of land tenure which though falling short 
 of literal ownersliip, yet answers all the practical purposes of 
 ownership. The truth is, that superficies supply every facility 
 which foreign enterprise can possibly need for the safe-guard- 
 ing of its interest. In the words of the civil code, superficies 
 is the "right of persons to use another person's land for the 
 purposes of owning their own structures or trees." 
 
 Lastly, let me tell you, that both the government and the 
 people of this country are making every possible effort to 
 secure the smooth working of the new treaties, and I would 
 advise you to study our country, not only as the land of quaint 
 manners and novel customs, but also as a place where you can 
 find business opportunities of no small magnitude. Should 
 any of you, gentlemen, desire information on commercial 
 matters, the Imperial Commercial Museum of the Depart- 
 ment of State for Agriculture and Commerce, wall be open for 
 the exhibition of your products and manufactures, free for the 
 time being, provided you first obtain permission for the space 
 required, and you will find it a very useful medium for adver- 
 tising. We have some American manufactures on exhibition 
 and are prepared to receive more. It is my sincere hope that 
 you will utilize the Museum to the utmost of its capacity and 
 place yourself in frequent correspondence with that institu- 
 tion. 
 
 Commercial Relations Between Japan and the United 
 
 States. 
 
 Tlie Japanese Traders' Society: 
 
 It is with a deep sense of appreciation that this Associa- 
 tion acknowledges receipt of your kind invitation to dispatch 
 a representative to be present at the opening of the Inter- 
 national Commercial Congress, to be held, in conjunction ' 
 with the National Export Exposition, in October next, under 
 the auspices of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum. It is 
 with much pleasure that the Association finds itself able to 
 state in response to your favor, that it has nominated its 
 Vice-Presidemt, Mr. Kailie Otani to take part, as its repre- 
 sentative, in the ceremony in question. 
 
 This Association would furthermore wish to avail itself 
 of this opportunity to briefly refer to the condition of trade 
 between this country and the United States, which has of 
 late years made such wonderful strides in the field of com- 
 merce. It would also wish to submit to the careful con- 
 sideration of the delegates from the Chambers of Commerce, 
 a short statement which may be of interest to them. 
 
 (See, pp. 113 to 114, seventh day's proceedings.) 
 
 Peoposition for a Committee to Review Treaties and 
 
 Tariffs. 
 
 Chr. B. Lorenlzen (Delegate from the Handelsforening, Dram- 
 men, Norway): 
 
 I hereby take the liberty of placing before you a question 
 relating to protection and free trade, but seen from a par- 
 ticular point of view. 
 
 The peace conferences, held during the present year at the 
 Hague and in Christiania, have only made it clearer, that 
 war as a political institution forms the necessary expression 
 for the still existing conditions between nations. As long 
 as the nations do not feel that their interests run parallel 
 and are mutual, wai- will continue to be the last means to 
 which, in their rivalr^^ they will be forced to resort. Arbi- 
 tration can only be used in such cases where the disagreement 
 does not concern questions which are regarded important 
 enough to call for a sacrifice of blood and treasure. But war 
 as an evil cannot be regarded as a subject by itself, separated 
 from other conditions and circumstances of human society. 
 
 It cannot be regarded as an isolated disease in the body of 
 society, any more than eruptions on the skin can be classed 
 as a special disease in cases of smallpox or scarlet fever. 
 
802 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS^ 
 
 War is only the violent outbreak of the disease, not the dis- 
 ease itself, and those who mean to cure the evil by stopping 
 the outbreak give themselves a certificate as quacks, who do 
 not understand that a disease must be cured by removing its 
 cause — not by treating its more or less accidental manifesta- 
 tions. I mean to say, that all work, which is immediately 
 directed to the abolishment of war, from the very nature of 
 the question, will lead to disappointment. 
 
 I believe the only remedy is to do away with all false rivalry 
 between the nations, particularly with regard to economic 
 interests, which in our day, more especially, have become the 
 all preponderating ones in interaatioual politics. It is the 
 race of the big nations for colonies and trade markets which 
 gives the most numerous and most dangerous causes for 
 collision. It is the claim of the '"open" or the "closed" door, 
 which figures so largely in the diplomatic language of our 
 days. In the modem world politics, the economic antagonism 
 between nations gives rise to the real perils of great warlike 
 complications. 
 
 My opinion is, therefore, that this question should be 
 impressed on the minds of commercial men, more than on 
 others. An international committee should be appointed 
 to meet year after year with the object of making clear 
 whether some modifications or alterations in the present pro- 
 tective commercial system of most countries could not be 
 effected on a broader basis, without injuring anybody, but on 
 the contraiT, benefiting all nations. Now treaties are often 
 made on a narrow-minded basis. A committee, as suggested, 
 could work out a review of all commercial treaties and custom 
 tarifi's and point out, from a commercial view, what could be 
 done in order to smooth out differences which should and can 
 be adjusted. 
 
 I do not myself believe in the early accomplishment of such 
 a task, but the question, I believe, is of such importance, and 
 will by and by come to the front in such a manner, that some 
 organization should be prepared to begin as soon as possible 
 the difficult work of solving this extensive problem. 
 
 Northern Mexico. 
 
 Dr. TJwmas S. Butcher (Delegate from the State of Goahuila): 
 I occupy a place on the floor of this Congress as a dele- 
 gate, representing the Executive of the State of Coahuila, 
 as well as the miuiicipality and the Camera de Coraercio of 
 the City of Romero Rubio, Republic of Mexico. 
 
 Mexico is not unlike the United States in her history; in 
 fact, there is in many respects a marked similarity. She, like 
 your own country, suffered many years under the wrongs of 
 the Mother Country. But to her, as to your country, liberty 
 came, and to-day she has, as you have, a just, liberal and 
 pix>gressive government. There were to her, as to you, raised 
 up at the right time, great men, men at whose mention we 
 bow in reverence and respect. For her was raised up that 
 (Jod-feariiig patriot and soldier, Hidalgo; for you, sir, the 
 immortal Washington; for her, a Juarez, for you, a Lincoln; 
 for her, a Zaragosa, for you, a Grant; for her that most ex- 
 cellent of Presidents, Porflrio Diaz, and for you, that grand 
 Christian statesman, William McKinley. Nature has been 
 very generous in her gifts to Mexico. Tier soil is perhaps 
 the most fertile on the earth. Her climate is particularly 
 mild and uniform, the thermometer seldom exceeding 90° in 
 summer or falling below 60° in winter, so much so, that per- 
 sons can sleep out of doors all the year round. Her mineral 
 resources seem almost inexhaustible. The products of her 
 mines are gold, silver, copper, coal, iron, tin, quicksilver, bis- 
 muth, indeed, almost every known metal lies buried in her 
 mountains, only awaiting the coming of the intelligent, in- 
 dustrious prospector and the careful investor. In the matter 
 
 of iron she could easily furnish the entire United States and 
 Europe and still have much to spare for other countries. 
 I do not suppose it is generally known, nevertheless it is a 
 fact, that within 75 miles of the border line of the United 
 States, directly on the railroad, is an immense deposit of 
 magnetic iron, appropriate for the making of Bessemer pig, 
 which could readily furnish the entire United States for years 
 to come. 
 
 All the tropical and other fruits are grown in more or less 
 abundance, the banana and the orange being the most im- 
 portant and forming a considerable part of the export trade. 
 Added to this, is the important production of coffee, tobacco 
 and India rubljcr, which in the last few years have attracted 
 considerable foreign capital. 
 
 The business men of Mexico are careful, prudent and far- 
 seeing, as a class. They are large buyers, and if the United 
 States does not get a fair share of their trade, it is her own 
 fault. Surely it is not because your articles are not as good 
 as those of other countries, nor is it to be supposed you can- 
 not sell as cheaply as others. It is a fact that you have not, up 
 to this time, done the business with Mexico that you should, 
 and it behooves you to be up and doing, and ascertain why 
 this is so. Geographically you are her nearest neighbor, and 
 the most convenient point from which she can draw her 
 supply. 
 
 If you will permit me, I would suggest that you exercise 
 more care in the selection of your salesmen; that they study 
 carefully, and adapt themselves more to the customs and 
 habits of the Mexican merchants. By all means, they should 
 have a knowledge of Spanish. No man can talk for you as 
 you can talk yourself; no salesman should attempt to solicit 
 trade in Mexico who does not talk Spanish. No salesman can 
 expect to rush down there and do things in a great hurry. 
 He must be patient, polite and politic. Above all he should 
 be truthful. The Mexican merchant is sharp and shrewd in 
 business, and the Yankee salesman who thinks he can "fool" 
 him, will find himself very much mistaken. A careful sales- 
 man need make no bad bills in Mexico. A gentleman who 
 has in the past few years sold several millions of dollars of 
 goods, told me that, in that time, he had made but one bad 
 bill and that was for only forty-five dollars. 
 
 Mexico wants your goods, she is waiting for them. If you 
 will deal with her, as I believe it is characteristic of the 
 American merchant and manufacturer, in a fair, honest and 
 truthful manner, you will secure a fair share of her busi- 
 ness, adopting for your guide that old, old. Golden Rule, 
 to "do unto others as you would have them do to you." 
 
 In conclusion, I desire to bring to the Congress the greet- 
 ings of the Executive of the State of Coahuila, Bfexico, Si.-nor 
 IMiguel Cardenez, as well as the Mayor of Romero Rubio, 
 Don Luis Perez, whom I have the honor and privilege of 
 representing in this Congress, and I desire to express my own 
 and their thanks for the many courtesies I have received 
 at the hands of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum and 
 the citizens of Philadelphia, and I am sure, fellow-delegates, 
 we will go away from here with nothing but pleasant memio- 
 ries, and shall always haA'e a warm place in our hearts for that 
 wonderful worker, and remarkable host, Dr. W. P. Wilson, 
 Director of the Philadelphia Commercial JIuseum. 
 
 Commercial Relations Between Asiatic Turkey and 
 THE United States. 
 
 Mr. G. Asthcnidhis (Delegate from the Chamber of Commerce, 
 
 Agriculture and Industry, at Smyrna, Turkey): 
 
 "The maker must find the taker," said the President of 
 
 the United States, Wm. McKinley, in his memorable speech 
 
 at the opening of the first Commercial Congress, June, 1897. 
 
t'APERS SUBMITTED BY DELEGATES AISTD OTHERS 
 
 3tj3 
 
 It is true that one of the first cares of a manufacturer must 
 be that of securing markets and customers for his products, 
 for without these, the manufacturer or producer would soon 
 find himself obliged to be completely idle, or he would have 
 to limit his production to the satisfaction of his immediate 
 wants, and in both cases, bring liis industry to the disagree- 
 able point of a very primitive state. 
 
 It is not such an easy matter to secure a market, however, 
 and it particularly requires great watchfulness on the part of 
 the producer, for he must also be constantly informed con- 
 cerning the standing of his clients, because in most cases, 
 the success or failure of his enterprise depends upon their 
 financial condition. 
 
 As one cannot, therefore, be inditferent to the good stand- 
 ing of one's customers, without endangering one's own busi- 
 ness interests, anyone wishing to establish a stable and well- 
 paying industry is obliged to find a market for his wares 
 and to create one if it does not already exist. 
 
 Allow me, therefore, to add to the words of your illustrious 
 President, "the maker must find the taker," another ]>hrase, 
 which expresses my ideas on this subject: "the maker must 
 create the taker." 
 
 In order to create takers, one must first assure them the 
 means of existence and well-being, and this can be done by 
 favoring the industrial products of the people with whom 
 a market is to be established and who are to become our cus- 
 tomers. 
 
 It is one of the well-known precepts of political economy, 
 which is based on the principles of human justice and social 
 stability, that nations which have maintained a high standard 
 and proved by their virtuous actions and their prosperous and 
 useful enterprises to be the most civilized, were those which 
 have known how to search into these fundamental principles 
 and follow the sound maxims emanating therefrom, while 
 nations which failed to recognize them, derived only unde- 
 served and doubtful profits from their arbitrary and unjust 
 actions. 
 
 To impose a high import-tax on the products of a foreign 
 country, is to artificially prohibit the entrance of these arti- 
 cles. On the other hand, the attempt to introduce one's 
 own goods into that locality would mean that one were try- 
 ing to sell to others -R-ithout wanting to buy from them also. 
 Surely this must be absurd and by stating the details of these 
 wrong doctrines, their absurdity will become more clearly 
 evident. 
 
 If, in reality, every nation wanted to sell without buying, 
 where would they find the takers? 
 
 If you facilitate the consumption of our opium, dried 
 fruits, figs and raisins, carpets, wools, licorice, licorice paste, 
 oils and other articles, you assist in impro\ing the circum- 
 stances of our producers, who in their turn would become 
 consumers of your manufactures and the products of your 
 industry, in which latter you are so justly interested, as 
 demonstrated by this great and honorable reunion, to which 
 you have invited the representatives and merchants from all 
 parts of the world, and in which I have the honor of par- 
 ticipating as a representative of the city of Smyrna, which 
 is my native place and the principal city of Asia Minor, not 
 far from the ancient city of Philadelphia from which yours 
 has derived its name. 
 
 My country, Turkey, where, through the liberality and 
 solicitude of my august Sovereign, a splendid opening is of- 
 fered to every foreigner engaged in business or industrial 
 enterprise, is an immense country where American manufac- 
 tures and industrial products might without doubt find a 
 good market with every opportunity for a gradual develop- 
 ment. 
 
 To further this development, however, it is first necessary 
 for your country to become accessible to all our producers 
 
 and to open the doors of your custom-houses to our products. 
 
 It is true that some of your products are also taxed when 
 they arrive at our ports, but the duties to which they are 
 suljjected are so slight, that they do not on an average ex- 
 coed 8 per cent., and others are entirely free, while our 
 opium pays at your ports a tax which is equivalent to one- 
 fourth of the net cost, and our carpets and other products 
 still more. 
 
 If our manufacturers can make carpets which are pleasing 
 to the taste of the American people and which satisfy them, 
 why should the consumers be deprived of this satisfaction? 
 If it is not so and you have nothing to fear, why should you 
 load down our products by hea^^ taxes? 
 
 If, in admitting our goods to your shores free of taxes 
 you can aid the business of our people, you may be sure 
 that in doing so, you will indirectly be working in your own 
 interest, for in this way you strengthen and develop the hold 
 you have on our market for your textiles, hardware, spirits, 
 groceries, chemical products, drugs, glassware, fibres, woods, 
 building materials, stationery, furs, rubber goods and other 
 articles. 
 
 I confine myself to these general remarks, because I do not 
 wish to take advantage of your indulgence and kindness, and 
 I would ask those who would like to have some details as 
 to the commerce actually carried on, or the possibilities of 
 such commerce between the United States and Turkey, to 
 look through the complete report I shall submit to the hon- 
 orable Director of the Pliiladelphia Commercial Museum. 
 
 The Carriage Building I>'dustrt. 
 
 Mr. C. D. Firestone (Delegate from the Carriage Builders' 
 
 National Association): 
 
 Gentlemen of the Commercial Congress: I have the honor 
 to be selected by the Carriage Builders' National Associa- 
 tion to represent them in tliis Congress, and I wish to say 
 to you on their behalf that we feel highly honored in having 
 such a goodly number of delegates representing aboat 
 forty diflierent countries, and as many more commercial 
 bodies, visiting our country and attending this Congress. 
 We are glad to meet you, and very much appreciate the in- 
 terest that you have manifested in coming here to discuss 
 with us how to improve the interchange of trade, and to 
 bring before the business men of the United States what you 
 produce in your cotmtry that you can furnish us in exchange 
 for products of this country to mutual advantage and profit. 
 
 As manufacturers of vehicles we claim that we can beat 
 the world; for numerous reasons. American second growth 
 hickory, which is found more especially in Ohio, is the tough- 
 est timber that grows, and is best adapted for the manufac- 
 ture of vehicles in their different parts, such as wheels, run- 
 ning gears, shafts, etc. The ash and poplar used in the con- 
 struction of the body is also found in great abimdance and 
 of good quality, so that we are enabled to manufacture a 
 vehicle that is very much lighter and yet much stronger than 
 vehicles that are produced in other countries. There are 
 over one million vehicles manufactured in the United States 
 every year. In manufacturing them in such large quan- 
 tities, we take advantage of and use every possible facility 
 in the way of improved machinery for every detailed part, 
 in order to produce it more accurately than it could be done 
 by hand, thereby reducing the cost of production. 
 
 The axles and springs are made by the hundreds of thou- 
 sands by manufacturers who have special machinery adapted 
 for that purpose, so that the cost of these accessories is re- 
 duced to a minimum. 
 
 All the difficult parts of tlie iron work of the vehicle, as 
 
364 
 
 I'ROCEEDiNGS OE THE MTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 well as all clips, bolts, etc., are made out of solid iron or 
 what we call "drop forging," so that they are made perfectly 
 solid and much lighter, while still retaining the necessary 
 tensile strength whore is it required. 
 
 There is no branch of American industry that has given 
 more attention to the education of mechanics than that of 
 carriage building. Our industry is the only one in the Uuited 
 States that supports a technical school through popular dona- 
 tions by the dill'erent eamage manufacturers, and members of 
 accessory trades. There, young mechanics are taught drawing 
 and the outlines and details of a vehicle, as well as practical 
 construction in woodworking, blacksmithing, painting, etc. 
 
 We are satisfied that we have reduced the manufacture 
 of vehicles to as near perfection as it is possible to attain 
 by making a special study of design, proportion, lightness, 
 strength and durability. We make our vehicles as light as 
 it is possible to make them without sacrificing tensile strength 
 where it is required, so as to enable the carnage to stand 
 hard usage without more surplus weight of material in it 
 than is absolutely necessary. The demand for vehicles in 
 the United States has been greater than the manufacturers 
 have been able to supply up to and within comparatively 
 recent years, when financial difficulties interfered with busi- 
 ness of all kinds. We are satisfied that if other countries 
 would lay aside their prejudices against light vehicles, and 
 'Commence using American made vehicles, they would find 
 ;them very satisfactory, and a great convenience in business 
 ;as well as adding very materially to their pleasure. 
 
 The Carriage Builders' National Association will very 
 ■gladly join hands with you in the promotion of a better in- 
 terchange of trade in all lines; they will also gladly aid you 
 in promoting and increasing the transportation or shipping 
 facilities between this and other countries. The Congress 
 ■of the United States is now considering a bill p;roviding for 
 the appropriation of about nine millions of dollars to be used 
 in subsidizing shipping companies for the improvement of 
 shipping facilities in carrying products to and from this 
 country. We will do all we can to urge legislation tending 
 to encourage the governments of the world in setting aside 
 appropriations for the betterment of the international trans- 
 portation facilities, subsidizing vessels where necessary, until 
 such time shall have arrived when the commerce between 
 this country and other nations increases sufficiently to make 
 it profitable. 
 
 We will also join -ndth you in urging upon Con.gress the 
 enactment of necessary legislation for establishing and in- 
 creasing the banking facilities between this nation and other 
 nations, so that collections and remittances can be made 
 direct, which will very materially eneoiuage, facilitate and 
 increase trade relations. 
 
 We fully endorse the expression that "he who does most 
 for commerce, does most for civilization;" we are all maJcers 
 that want to find takers. 
 
 The American vehicle cannot be excelled either for busi- 
 ness or for pleasure, and in its superiority it may be re- 
 garded as one of the greatest civilizers of the age. During 
 the last year or two (he attention of the whole world has 
 been attracted to the motor cycle or automobile, but this is 
 a style of conveyance which is still in its infancy, and we 
 may say that they have not yet succeeded in developing a 
 vehicle of proper construction and efficient motive power 
 that is entirely satisfactory. 
 
 The time may come, and it cannot be very distant, when it 
 will come into general use. My judgment, however, is that 
 the day of the pa.ssing of the horse, and especially our thor- 
 oughbred Kentucky horse, is a long way off; and before the 
 services of this breed are dispensed with many more millions 
 of dollars will have been spent in experimenting and perfect- 
 ing the automobile. 
 
 I want to call your attention to the fact that American 
 vehicles are not all made of the same grade of material and 
 workmanship. We have in the United States a great many 
 farmers and people living in newly developed country, who 
 cannot afford to buy the best grade of vehicles, and hence 
 there are a great many cheaper grades of vehicles made of 
 cheaper material, and cheaply constructed, in order to meet 
 the demand for low-priced carriages. 
 
 Some of those cheaper goods have been exported into for- 
 eign countries, where they have created the impression that 
 American made vehicles are roughly and cheaply made, and 
 not durable. 
 
 The price governs the quality. If you buy a vehicle at 
 an exceedingly low price, the quality will be correspondingly 
 low. I make this explanation as a caution against being 
 misled. 
 
 We would be very glad if the members of this Congress 
 could find time to make a trip through the middle and 
 western States to see our wonderful country with its many 
 inexhaustible resources, and visit some of our large factories. 
 We would appreciate it, and you would be well repaid for 
 so doing. The manufacturers would take great pleasure in 
 showing you the material they use, and the process of sea- 
 soning the timber and working it; they would like to have 
 you examine every detail in the construction of a vehicle, 
 and we are sure that we could convince you that American- 
 made vehicles, while much lighter in construction than for- 
 eign-made vehicles, require much less draft, and are better 
 adapted for use in your countries, since your public high- 
 ways are far superior to the American country roads. 
 
 In closing, I wish to say that we are very glad that you 
 have taken so much interest in this matter in accepting this 
 kind invitation that was extended to you through the Phila- 
 delphia Commercial Museum, and in attending this Congress 
 to give us the benefit of your views on a better inter- 
 change of trade. I also want to thank the Pliiladelphia Com- 
 mercial Museum on behalf of the Carriage Builders' Asso- 
 ciation for the effort made in bringing about this wonderful 
 gathering of business men from all countries. I am sure we 
 all grce that it will result in great good to all nations repre- 
 sented; and I may say for the Carriage Builders' Association 
 that they will gladly do all that they can in every way for a 
 large increase of business with all the world. 
 
 The Pig Iron Phoducing Industry of the World. 
 
 Mr. John Birkinhine (President of the Franklin Institute, 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa,): 
 
 The use of iron and steel and its application in varied 
 forms to industries and domestic purposes is so general, that, 
 other things being equal, the nation commanding the mater- 
 ials for the production of iron may bo considered as favored. 
 The distribution of ores from which iron can be made is 
 very liberal, and there are few territorial or political divisions 
 of the earth where iron ore does not exist. 
 
 The utilization of tliis mineral is almost as varied as the 
 character and number of the deposits. There are to-day in 
 existence the crude bellows operated by manual power, which 
 smelt the ore in a mound or furnace producing a few tons 
 annually, and all the gradations between this and the modern 
 blast furnace, the daily output of which exceeds 500 tons 
 of metal; these larger furnaces being so grouped as to demand 
 for their total supply 5,000 tons of selected iron ore daily. 
 
 In discussing the world's pig iron industry it is interesting 
 to determine as far as practicable the facilities which various 
 nations possess for the production of iron, and tJie use which 
 is made of these facilities, without entering into details of 
 
PAPERS SUBMITTED BY DELEGATES AND OTHERS 
 
 365 
 
 manufacture beyond the crude material. It is expected that 
 these details will be discussed by another. 
 
 The political divisions may be separated into four classes 
 for the purpose of this paper. 
 
 a. Countries which produce iron, using mostly or entirely, 
 ores obtained within their boundaries. 
 
 5. Countries which produce iron from ores largely brought 
 froan without their boimdaries. 
 
 c. Countries which mine ore liberally, and supply it to for- 
 eign furnaces, or use but little of the domestic mineral. 
 
 d. Countries where the mining of iron ore or the manu- 
 facture of iron is neglected, or prosecuted upon a very 
 limited scale. 
 
 Tabulating the latest recorded production of iron ore and 
 pig iron by countries, and supplementing this by estimates 
 made from reliable data where actual reports are unobtain- 
 able, the following summarizes the present status of the dif- 
 ferent countries, so far as the iron industry is concerned. 
 
 The quantities are given in gross tons (2,240 lbs.) for the 
 United States, Great Britain, Cuba, Ne-ni^oundland and Can- 
 ada, and in metric tons (2,204 lbs.) for other countries. The 
 classification refers to that above indicated by the letters, a, 
 h, c and d. 
 
 Production of iron ore and pig iron by countries: 
 
 COI'HIEY. 
 
 United States 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 German Empire... 
 
 France 
 
 Russia 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Austria-Hungary.. 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Spain 
 
 Algeria 
 
 Italy 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Canada 
 
 Newfoundland 
 
 Norway 
 
 Greece! 
 
 India 
 
 China 
 
 1893 
 1893 
 1 898 
 1897 
 1897 
 1897 
 1897 
 1898 
 1897 
 1897 
 1897 
 1898 
 1898 
 1897 
 189.5 
 1896 
 1896 
 
 Tons of 
 
 Iron Ore 
 
 Mined. 
 
 19,433,716 
 
 14,17i;.938 
 
 15,893,246 
 
 ♦,f>82,-.'.5U 
 
 4,107.468 
 
 240,774 
 
 3,333,005 
 
 2,302,914 
 
 7,418,768 
 
 441,467 
 
 200,709 
 
 164,077 
 
 51,929 
 
 58,940 
 
 1,2.50 
 
 415,987 
 
 13,776 
 
 Year, 
 
 1898 
 1898 
 1898 
 1898 
 1898 
 1898 
 1897 
 18:l7 
 1898 
 
 1897 
 1898 
 1895 
 
 Tons of 
 
 Pig Iron 
 
 Made. 
 
 11,773,934 
 
 8,631,151 
 
 7,232,988 
 
 2,534,427 
 
 2,191,750 
 
 979,101 
 
 1,308,423 
 
 531,766 
 
 261,799 
 
 None. 
 
 8,333 
 None. 
 68,755 
 . None. 
 
 348 
 None. 
 
 Classification, 
 
 The world's pig iron production in the year 1899 is ex- 
 pected to reach a total approximating 39,000,000 gross tons, 
 requiring that 87,000,000 gross tons of iron ore be mined. 
 In the smelting of this ore 68,000,000 gross tons of fuel, coal 
 and charcoal, and 13,000,000 gross tons of limestone are re- 
 quired. 
 
 The foregoing table suggests the relative importance of 
 various nations as producers of iron ore and of pig iron, but 
 the utilization of the latter is not necessarily demonstrated 
 by the figures presented. One country may supply pig iron 
 for its own uses and in addition export the surplus to others; 
 and another country, while smelting ores liberally, may draw 
 upon a neighbor for a considerable amount of crude metal. 
 
 A favorite method of comparison by stati.sticians is to di- 
 vide the annual tonnage of iron made by the population to 
 indicate by the apparent yearly consumption per capita the 
 relative status as manufacturing communities. But to de- 
 termine this the imports should be added to, or the exports 
 be deducted from, the domestic output of metal, and the 
 uses to which the iron is put must be considered. 
 
 This paper will not enter into the subsequent treatment 
 of pig iron, but will briefly summarize the conditions exist- 
 ing in the nations of the world, which are prominent con- 
 tributors to the iron ore supply or pig iron production of the 
 world, attention being given first to other countries than 
 the United States in the general order of prominence. To 
 this will be added a resume of the pig iron production and 
 
 iron ore output of the more prominent political divisions of 
 the United States. 
 
 Geeat Britain. 
 
 The records of iron ore and pig iron production in Great 
 Britain show that this mineral was liberally used in the manu- 
 facture of iron by the Romans and Danes, and possibly 
 still earlier by the ancient Britons, native ores being solely 
 used, mostly brown and red hematites. Subsequently car- 
 bonates, particularly those in the Cleveland district, were used 
 in large quantities, and in order to enrich tlie mixtures for- 
 eign ores have in late years been liberally imported, but this 
 importation did not amount to one million tons in any one 
 year until 1876. Since that date the quantities imported 
 have increased, and during the last three years they aver- 
 aged over five and a half million tons. About five-sixths of 
 the foreign ore used comes from Spain, the balance from 
 Greece, Algeria, Italy, Sweden, France, Turkey, etc. 
 
 Mr. Bennett H. Brough, Secretary of the Iron and Steel 
 Institute, furnished statistics of the iron ore and pig iron 
 production for a series of years, which indicated that the lar- 
 gest production of native British ores was in 1882, when 
 18,031,957 gross tons were turned out. The maximum pig iron 
 output was 8,796,465 gross tons in 1897, the importations 
 of foreign ores also being largest in that year, viz., 5,968,680 
 gross tons. The 1898 figures are reported as 14,176,938 gross 
 tons of native iron ore mined, 5,478,395 tons of iron ore 
 imported, and 8,631,151 gross tons of pig iron manufactured. 
 
 Great Britain has been a large exporter of iron and steel, 
 amounting in 1898 to 3,247,368 tons, as against 3,686,106 
 gross tons in 1897; of these amounts pig iron represented re- 
 spectively 1,042,296 tons and 1,201,104 tons, the balance 
 being other manufactures of iron. 
 
 German Empire. 
 
 In the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, German Lorraine and 
 a small part of northwestern France, oolitic ores, locally 
 known as "minette," are found, the maximum developments 
 being in the northwestern part of the district of Luxemburg, 
 where there are three principal beds of ore each averaging 
 10 to 12 feet in thickness. Over one half of the output of 
 iron ore in the German Empire comes from this minette 
 district of Lorraine and Luxemburg. This ore is oolitic 
 gi'ains of limonite often mixed with nodules of limestone; 
 the metallic iron contents ranging, according to the beds 
 and localities from which they are taken, from 28 to 48 per 
 cent., while the average furnace yield is about 38 per cent. 
 
 Another iron ore district of importance is that of Siegen 
 (Westphalia), where the spathic ores predominate, and in 
 some places red hematite occurs. This district usually pro- 
 duces about 10 per cent, of the total for Germany. 
 
 Red hematites, associated in some instances with brown 
 iron ores and manganifcrous iron ores, are also mined in the 
 province of Hessen-Nassau, the yearly output being about 
 7 per cent, of the total for the Empire. 
 
 Add to these the district of Upper Silesia, which fumithes 
 about 6.3 per cent, of the entire German output. The ores 
 are brown hematites containing considerable manganese. A 
 few clay iron stones are also mined. 
 
 Ores closely resembling black band are obtained in the 
 Westphalia coal region. Brown iron ores are mined in the 
 district of Usede; Osnabriiek contributes spathic and brown 
 hematite ores; Oberpfalz, brown iron ores, wliile different 
 varieties of iron ores exist in various other portions of the 
 Empire. 
 
 Dr. Herman Wedding has furnished statistics of the annual 
 production of iron ore and pig iron for a series of years. 
 
366 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 These indicate that the year 1898 was the banner one, as 
 15,893,246 metric tons of iron ore were mined, and 7,233,- 
 988 metric tons of pig iron were manufactured, being an in- 
 crease of 400,000 tons of iron ore, and 350,000 tons of pig 
 iron over the former largest total of 1897. It is, however, 
 estimated that the year 1899 will show an augmented pro- 
 duction over that of 1898. 
 
 The German exports of iron ore, principally to Belgium 
 and France, are about three-quarters of a million metric tons 
 per annum, beiug slightly greater than the iron ore imported. 
 The imports come chiefly from Spain, Sweden and Austria. 
 
 Feaxce. 
 
 The iron ore deposits of France, although numerous, are 
 greatly scattered, and except in the case of the oolitic forma- 
 tion, there are no deposits capable of supporting any con- 
 siderable number of blast furnaces. The French iron ores 
 may be grouped under the following heads: 
 
 Oolitic Ores. — This most important iron ore field in France 
 extends from Lorraine to and beyond Nancy in the valley of 
 the upper Moselle. The iron ore bed is sometimes single, 
 and at other places divided, having a total thickness varying 
 from 2 to 35 meters. The ore consists of small grains, gen- 
 erally the size of a pin's head, agglutinated together. The 
 iron contents range from 20 to 35 per cent. 
 
 Magnetic and Oolitic Ores. — These occur in the Pyrenees, 
 the provinces of Anjou and Provence, and in the eastern prov- 
 inces around Mount Canigou. The ores are of no great im- 
 portance to iron manufacturers, and but a small quantity 
 is mined. 
 
 Red Hematite. — Deposits of this character of ore exist in 
 the department of the Ardeche in the Dauphiny Alps, in the 
 Aveyron and in the Pyrenees. 
 
 Carbonate. — While spathose and iron stone ores are found 
 in most of the coal districts, the most important deposits are 
 in the Alps and the Pyrenees. 
 
 Brown Hematites. — Under this head are brown hematites 
 worked in the Perigord district, deposits contiguous to the 
 Pyrenees, and in the department of Ariege. 
 
 Granular Hydrated Iron Ores. — These deposits form the 
 supply of the old charcoal furnaces of Franche-Comte and 
 Berry. Similar ores were won in tlie old province of Cham- 
 pagne; after washing, these ores yield 38 to 42 per cent, of 
 iron. 
 
 Various Hydrated Ores. — None of these deposits are of 
 any importance. 
 
 The maximum iron ore production in France was 4,582,- 
 236 metric tons in the year 1897, but it is probable that 
 this total will be exceeded in the years 1898 and 1899. The 
 greatest pig iron production was in tJie year 1898, viz.: 
 2,534,427 metric tons. It is probable that this total will 
 also be surpassed in the year 1899. 
 
 The largest amount of iron ore exported in any one year 
 was in 1873 when 352,845 tons were sent away. The amount 
 shipped in the year 1898 was but 236,169 metric tons. 
 
 Probably about one-third of the iron ore supply of the 
 French blast furnaces is obtained from foreign mines, chiefly 
 those of Germany, Algeria, Spain and Italy. The largest 
 amount of ore imported was in the year 1897 when 2,137,860 
 metric tons were brought into the country. 
 
 Russian Empire. 
 
 The iron industrj' of Russia has been carried on for about 
 250 years, Vmt the earlier furnaces were located chiefly in 
 the Ural Mountains close to the deposit.s of iron ore, char- 
 coal being used as fuel. It was not until the establishment 
 of the industry in the south of Russia where mineral fuel 
 
 and rich ores abound, tliat the great development of this 
 industry took place. 
 
 Extensive deposits of brown hematites are found in the 
 central and southern Urals, forming the chief dependence of 
 the blast furnaces of this district. 
 
 In Southern Russia the ores are chiefly brown hematites 
 occurring in the carboniferous strata, but there are also other 
 important dejjusits of purer and richer ores of the magnetic, 
 specular and red hematite varieties. 
 
 The iron district of Central Russia depends on brown 
 hematite and siderite ores, wliich, while easily reduced, are 
 not very rich in iron. 
 
 Olonets, in Northwestern Russia, is rich in lake and bog 
 ores, but they are highly phosphoretie and low in iron con- 
 tents. 
 
 In the south of Poland are brown hematite ores, while 
 there are also numerous beds of spherosiderite. 
 
 In late years there has been practically an uninterrupted 
 growth in the production of both iron ore and pig iron in the 
 Russian Empire, the maximum years- for the records as yet 
 obtainable being 4,107,467 metric tons of iron ore in 1897, 
 and 2,193,750 metric tons of pig iron in 1898. It is probable 
 that these figures will be augmented in later years, as quite 
 a number of new blast furnaces are being established. Prac- 
 tically all the iron ore produced in Russia is utilized by home 
 consumption, the country neither exporting nor importing 
 iron ores. 
 
 Austria-Hungary. 
 
 The most important dejx)sits of iron ore in Austria are in 
 Styria, where spathic iron ores occur. In one large deposit 
 at Erzberg, ores are said to have been obtained from the time 
 of Tacitus, documents being in existence which cai'iy the 
 iron manufacture back to 712 A. D. 
 
 Brown hematites are obtained at Vasegy; in Bohemia 
 oolitic ores are foimd in the Silurian rocks; in Moravia, 
 brown, red and clay iron ores ai-e obtained; Southern Hungary 
 produces magnetic iron ore, and Silesia, bog ore. 
 
 The greatest amount of iron ore reported was 3,335,005 
 metric tons in the year 1897, slightly over one-half obtained 
 in Austria, and the balance in Hungary. The largest amount 
 of pig iron, also produced in this year, was 1,308,423 long 
 tons. The exports of iron ore, principally to Germany, 
 amount to about 100,000 tons per annum, a slightly smaller 
 amount, viz: 75,000 tons, being annually imported. 
 
 Belgium. 
 
 Belgium produces a considerable amount of pig iron, but 
 the greater portion of the iron ore required for its output 
 of metal comes from foreign sources, chiefly Germany, Spain 
 and Algeria, about one-ninth of the iron ore smelted being 
 won from Belgium iron ore mines. The iron ores of Bel- 
 gium are divided into the following classes: 
 
 Violette, oolitic iron ore (red hematite), occurring in the 
 Silurian or Devonian formations. 
 
 Minette ore, oolitic limonite, which is worked in the ex- 
 treme south of the province of Luxemburg. 
 
 Bog ore, in Campine near Jjimliurg, tlic supply of which is 
 almost exhausted. 
 
 Manganiferous iron ore is mined in the province of Tjiege. 
 
 Yellow Mine, being ma.-^sive limonite, none of which i5 now 
 wrought. 
 
 The greatest production of iron ore was in the year 1865 
 when 1,019,231 metric tons were mined, the total gradually 
 decreasing with slight fluetmitions until in 1897 but 240,774 
 metric tons were nnned. The pig iron output has, however, 
 advanced, and in the year 1897, 1,035,037 metric tons were 
 produced. .M)out two-and-a-ciunrter million metric 'tons of 
 
PAPERS SUBMITTED BY DELEGATES AND OTHERS 
 
 367 
 
 iron ore are annually imported, coining from Germany, 
 France, Spain and Algeria, etc., and about 400,000 tons are 
 exported. 
 
 Sweden. 
 
 Sweden has been celebrated for centuries on account of 
 the high character of the iron and steel produced, the in- 
 dustry being chiefly dependent on magnetic ores, although, 
 some hematite or specular ore, usually called "mountain ore," 
 is also obtained, and besides a small amount of lake and 
 bog ores are won in Smaaland and several other provinces. 
 The magnetic ores often have larger or smaller quantities 
 of specular ores mixed in them. The iron contents of the 
 Swedish ores vary from 30 to 70 per cent., usually about 
 50; as a rule they contain very little phosphorus. 
 
 Of the total iron ore product of Sweden, Prof. Akerman 
 says that between two-thirds and three-fourths is magnetite, 
 one- third to one-fourth specular, and tlie balance, about 
 1,000 tons, consists of lake or bog ore. The principal iron 
 ore deposits extend from the Dannemora region, north of 
 Stockholm, rimning across the country about 180 miles, end- 
 ing some distance from the Norwegian boundary. This dis- 
 trict is the basis of the Swedish pig iron industry. 
 
 North of this iron ore district, in the vicinity of the polar 
 circle, are found the large iron ore beds of Gellivara, Kiru- 
 navara, and Louossavara, located in Swedish Lapland, and 
 connected by a railway 139 miles long with the harbor of 
 Lulea, at the northern coast of the Baltic Sea. The quality 
 of these ores is very changeable. They are usually high in 
 iron yield, but they also contain high percentages of phos- 
 phorus. In the Ruotivara deposit of Titanium some good 
 Bessemer ores, containing 67 to G9 per cent, or more of iron 
 ore, are obtained, but, as already stated, the greater part of 
 the ores are highly phosphorous. These deposits have be- 
 come an important source of iron ore supply in late years 
 for the principal iron producing countries of Europe, and 
 in ponie cases the ore is sent a distance of nearly 1,700 miles, 
 to English and German blast furnaces. Transportation from 
 the port of Lulea ceases during the winter months on ac- 
 count of ice, and a railroad is now being built to Victoria 
 Havn, an open harbor on the coast of Norway, so that ship- 
 ments can be made at all seasons of the year. 
 
 Prof. Richard Akennan has furnished statistics for a series 
 of years which show that the production of iron ore has grad- 
 ually increased, particularly since the year 1893, when the 
 Gellivara deposits were first exploited, reaching a maximum 
 output of 3,302,914 metric tons in the year 1898, when 1,439,- 
 900 metric tons were exported. The pig iron industry of 
 this country has shown but slight variation, the maximum 
 output being 538,197 gross tons in 1897, falling to 531,766 
 metric tons in 1898. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Spain has numerous rich deposits of iron ore, the prin- 
 cipal localities being in the provinces of Oviedo, Santander, 
 Biscaya, Guipuzcoa, etc., but those most extensively worked 
 are in the vicinity of Bilbao. These ores are red hematite 
 oarr}'ing from 54^ to 63| per cent, of iron, quite free from 
 phosphorus and sulphur. They are noted for their redueta- 
 bility and have been worked for ages in the Biscayan forges. 
 These ores in northern Spain have been for many years 
 one of the most important sources of supply for the British 
 blast furnaces, and have also supplied considerable ore to 
 the pig iron industries of France and Germany. It is, how- 
 ever, reported that the available amount of ore is rapidly 
 decreasing, and that in future years it will be necessary to 
 either obtain ores from deposits further inland, or else secure 
 them from Southern Spain where numerous bodies of ore 
 occur. 
 
 In the province of Ahneria are brown hematite and red 
 hematite mines yielding annually 1,000,000 tons of iron ore, 
 which it is expected will be augmented in later years. 
 
 In the province of Murcia near Cartagena are the well- 
 known Porman deposits of iron ore, while in the interior 
 are numerous large deposits, both red hematites and mag- 
 netite, as yet unopened. This province has been producing 
 about 300,000 tons of iron ore per annum. 
 
 In the province of Malaga are the Marabella mines con- 
 tributing 70,000 to 80,000 tons per annum, most of which 
 is sent to the United States. There are also other deposits 
 of magnetite in this province, which, however, are not as 
 accessible by water as the Marabella mines, and are but little 
 worked. 
 
 In the province of Sevilla and Huelva there are also im- 
 portant deposits. 
 
 The total production of iron ore in Spain reached its max- 
 imum, 7,419,768 metric tons, in the year 1897, when 
 6,884,588 metric tons were exported. The balance was used 
 in the production of 397,000 metric tons of pig iron in native 
 furnaces, the maximum home production of this metal. 
 
 Canada. 
 
 This country has numerous deposits of nearly all the varie- 
 ties of iron ores, but until recent years but comparatively 
 little iron ore was mined or pig iron produced. In Nova 
 Scotia red and brown hematite ores, as well as bog and lake 
 ores, are obtained. In the province of Ontario red hematite 
 and magnetic ores occur, but little iron ore is mined at pres- 
 ent. In British Columbia there are also important deposits 
 of magnetite, the ore body on Texada Island furnishing a 
 few years ago the principal portion of the iron ore smelted 
 at the Irondale furnace in the State of Washin.gton. The 
 maximum production of iron ore was reached in the year 
 1893, when 125,603 short tons were produced, and the great- 
 est pig iron production, viz., 67,268 short tons, was reached 
 in the year 1896. In 1898, pig iron was produced to the 
 amount of 51,929 gross tons. A portion of this metal was 
 smelted from ores obtained in the Lake Superior region of 
 the United States. 
 
 Other Counteies. 
 
 Iron ore occurs in most of the remaining countries of the 
 world, but none of them sustain a large iron industry, and 
 in many of them the mineral is exported to various foreign 
 countries, no native pig iron being manufactured from it. 
 
 Among these may be mentioned Algeria, which has some 
 important deposits principally magnetite, red and brown 
 hematites and siderite. The mines at present worked are 
 those which occur in the department of Constantino. These 
 red hematite mines produce annually from 350,000 to 650,000 
 metric tons, the amount exported being from 270,000 to 
 600,000 metric tons. In the year 1897, a production of 
 441,467 metric tons was shipped to England, France, United 
 States and Belgium. 
 
 In the extreme Sduth-easteru portion of C'uba, in the prov- 
 ince of Santiago, are important deposits of iron ore, principally 
 of the red hematite variety, operated by three American com- 
 panies, viz: the Juragua Iron Company, Limited; the Sigua 
 Iron Company, and the Spanish-American Iron Company. 
 The Sigua mines, however, have not been worked since tlie 
 year 1893. The maximum production of the island took 
 place in the year 1897, when 457,561 gross tons were mined; 
 the war in 1898 interfering with the operation of the mines, 
 only 164,077 long tons were produced. 
 
 Greece abounds in iron ores, principally carbonates, hema- 
 tites and magnetites, the greater portion containing man- 
 
368 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 ganese. In the Island of Seriphos the hematites and ores 
 varv from 4G to 48 pei- cent, of iron, the Hmonite from 50 to 
 53 per cent., while the magnetite in the interior is stated to 
 contain abont 65 per cent. Manganiferous iron ore has also 
 been shipped from the eastern shore of Attica at Cypriano, 
 and the Islands of Milo and Eiiboea. The maximum pro- 
 duction was in 1896 when 415,987 metric tons were stated 
 to have been produced. 
 
 The manufacture of iron in Italy is under a decided dis- 
 advantage owing to the scarcity of good fuel. However, con- 
 siderable iron ore is mined and exported, the bulk of it coming 
 from the island of Elba. The ore obtained here is generally 
 of the specular and red hematite varieties with some mag- 
 netite, and. usually carries 60 to 60^ per cent, of iron, 2.7 
 to 7.1 per cent, of moisture, with .009 to .004 of phosphorus. 
 In Lombardy and Piedmont iron ores are also mined, while in 
 the provinces of Lombardy and Tuscany a small amount of 
 pig iron has been made from native ores, charcoal being used 
 as fuel. The production of iron ore in 1897 was 200,709 
 metric tons, while in the same year 8,333 metric tons of pig 
 iron were produced. 
 
 Newfoundland has a large deposit of red hematite ore car- 
 rying CO per cent, of iron, which is located near the shore, 
 and has been mined and exported since 1895 to supply blast 
 furnaces in Nova Scotia, a few cargoes being sent to Europe 
 in 1898. The maximum production was in the latter year 
 when 58,940 tons were mined. 
 
 In Asia, Africa and South America are many countries 
 which have iron ore deposits, some of which have been 
 worked in a small way by the natives to supply their crude 
 furnaces. 
 
 United States. 
 
 It is an axiom in trade circles that where the iron indus- 
 tries are active, times are prosperous, and there is usually 
 substantial basis for this statement. The United States may, 
 therefore, be congratulated upon the fact that it occupies the 
 position of being the largest iron ore mining and pig iron 
 producing country in the world. The figures for the year 
 1898 show that 11,773,934 long tons of pig iron were manu- 
 factured, and 19,433,716 tons of iron ore were mined. This 
 is the largest amount of either pig iron or iron ore ever pro- 
 duced by any country in one year. The statistics for 1899 
 will doubtless sliow a decided increase over these figures. 
 
 The LTnited States has until late years been practically a 
 producer for home consumption only, for it was not until the 
 year 1893 that the exports of iron and steel first exceeded 
 in value the imports of these materials. Since that year, 
 however, exports have been increasing in size and value, until 
 in 1898 the value of the iron and steel exports was $83,771,- 
 550; while, the imports were but $13,473,637. So rapid and 
 pronounced has been the growth in exports that some tech- 
 nical journals of other countries have expressed alarm at the 
 way in which American manufactures are expanding, and dis- 
 placing those of European competitors. 
 
 This gi-owth is not alone due to wonderful natural resources, 
 but to (be lilicral use of mechanical and labor saving devices 
 whereby the handling of the raw materials entering'into the 
 production of pig iron, and of the metal itself, has been 
 brought to a minimum. In the winning of iron ore and 
 coal from the mines, the introduction of electric and com- 
 pressed air drills, combined with the advantages of a reduced 
 cost of timbering, scientific methods of mining, of haulinsr 
 and raising the minerals obtained, has reduced the cost, of 
 placing them on cars. The transportation companies have 
 expended vast sums in the erection of unequalled shipping 
 and receiving docks. Large steamers and barges of the latest 
 and most economical type have been constructed to transport 
 
 the ores by lake from the Lake Superior region to the eastern 
 central portion of the United States, where the railroad com- 
 panies by reason of large cars, improved engines, etc., have 
 enabled the blast furnace companies to bring iron ore for a 
 distance of 1,500 miles at less cost than was paid twenty 
 years ago for transportation charges alone. The American 
 laborer has shown himself a skilled and willing worker to 
 such an extent that while his wages may rule higher than 
 those paid in other countries, by the aid of labor saving ma- 
 chinery, the output j)er man is not only larger, but the labor 
 cost per amount produced is usually less in the iron industry 
 of the United States than elsewhere. 
 
 The most prominent iron and steel producing division of 
 the United States is the State of Pennsylvania, which has 
 for a series of years contributed one-half of the total amount 
 of pig iron smelted in the United States, reaching a maximum 
 in 1898 of 5,537,832 long tons. Although the State has nu- 
 merous deposits of iron ore, the bulk of those smelted come 
 from the Lake Superior region, being transported from 1,000 
 to 1,500 miles from the mines to the blast furnaces. This 
 State in 1898 produced more pig iron than any foreign coun- 
 try with the exception of Great Britain and the German 
 Empire. 
 
 The State of Ohio ranks next to Pennsylvania, manufac- 
 turing in 1898, 1,986,358 gross tons, or about one-sixth of 
 the total output of pig iron for the United States, drawing 
 practically all of its iron ore supply from the Laie Superior 
 region, supplementing this, however, with a small quantity 
 of native carbonate ores. 
 
 The State of Illinois, which also obtains its iron ores from 
 the Lake Superior region, is credited in 1898 with about one- 
 ninth of the total for the United States, viz., 1,365,898 gross 
 tons of pig iron. 
 
 The State of Alabama ranks fourth, the 1,033,676 gross 
 tons of pig iron produced in 1898 being made from native 
 red and brown hematites, mined in Alabama, Tennessee and 
 Georgia. 
 
 Fifteen other States produced pig iron in 1898, but none 
 of them reached a total of 300,000 tons. 
 
 The iron ore mines of the United States have in late years 
 advanced rapidly in their development. In the year 1880, 
 7,130,362 gross tons were mined; in the year 1889, 14,518,041 
 gross tons, and in 1898, 19,433,716 gross tons were produced. 
 
 The iron ore mined in the United States is commercially 
 classed as four different varieties, viz., red hematite, brown 
 hematite, magnetite and carbonate. The greater portion of 
 the ore won is of the red hematite character, followed by the 
 brown hematite, magnetite and carbonate. The amounts and 
 percentages of each class won in the year 1898 were as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 Variety Production. Percentage. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 Red Hematite 16,150,684 83.1 
 
 Brown Hematite 1,989,681 10'2 
 
 Magnetite 1,237,978 6.4 
 
 Carbonate 55,373 0.3 
 
 Total 19,433,716 100.0 
 
 Some iron ore is impoi-ted from foreign countries, princi- 
 pally from Cuba, Spain and Greece, the amount for the year 
 1898 being 187,308 gross tons, whirl) was ilie smallest amount 
 since the year 1878. 
 
 In addition to the native and imported ores wbicli are used 
 in the production of pig iron, the cinder obtained from pudd- 
 ling and heating furnaces, "blue billy," tlie residuum from 
 burning pyrites in the production of sulphuric acid, also a 
 cinder containing iron and manganese resulting from the 
 
PAPEES SUBMITTED BY DELEGATES AND OTHEKS 
 
 369 
 
 treatment of zinc ores, are among the by-products employed. 
 
 The basis of the piig iron industry, abundant and cheap sup- 
 plies of iron ore and fuel, with a good market for the product, 
 are all found in the United States, and while formerly blast 
 furnaces depended almost entirely upon iron ores and fuel 
 won close at hand, increased facilities for rapid and cheap 
 transportation, and the growing demand for high grade ores, 
 have so altered conditions that at present the main source of 
 the iron ore supply for the Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia 
 and Illinois furnaces, as well as some of those in Now York 
 and New Jersey, is the Lake Superior re,glon. 
 
 The region borders on Lake Superior, and at present con- 
 sists of five principal ranges, named in the order of their 
 discovery, viz: the Marquette, Menominee, Gogebic, Ver- 
 milion and Mesabi ranges. 
 
 The Marquette range, located in Michigan on the southern 
 shore of Lake Superior, made its first shipment in the year 
 1854, and since that date has been a constant contributor to 
 the iron ore supply. Its ores are high grade as a rule, hard, 
 and generally of a Bessemer quality, although non-Bessemer 
 ores are also largely mined. In 1898 the cargo shipments 
 of Marquette ores ran from 66.8 to 39.26 per cent, of iron 
 in the natural state, with moisture from 0.43 to 16.68 per 
 cent. The leaner ores have special value either because of 
 very low phosphorous contents, or because highly siliceous and 
 cheaply mined, they are desirable for mixtures with low silica 
 ores. The total reported shipments from the Marquette 
 range to the close of 1898 are fifty-two and one-third million 
 tons, while the maximum production in the same year was 
 2,987,930 gross tons. 
 
 The Menominee range was first exploited in the year 1877; 
 the greater portion of this range is also found in the north- 
 em peninsula of Michigan, only two mines occurring in 
 Wisconsin. The ores while of high class are not as hard 
 as the Marquette ores, biit find a ready sale; the iron in the 
 natural state is from 60.62 to 39.46 per cent., with from 
 2.51 to 11.00 per cent, of moisture. The total output from 
 the opening of tlie range to the end of 1893 was nearly 
 twenty-seven and a half million long tons. The 1898 output 
 was 2,275,664 gross tons and the maximum output 2,402,195 
 gross tons, in 1892. 
 
 The Gogebic Range, opened in 1884, is further west than 
 the Menominee or Marquette Ranges. The larger and most 
 of the important mines are in the State of Michigan, but like 
 the Menominee, the range extends across the State line of 
 Wisconsin. The ores carry from 60.56 to 44.83 per cent, of 
 iron in the natural state and 8. 24 to 14.34 per cent, of mois- 
 ture; being both Bessemer and non-Bessemer in character. 
 The total shipments from the opening to date have been 
 twenty-five and a half million gross tons, of which amount 
 2,552,205 gross tons were mined in 1898, the maximum out- 
 put being in 1892, when 3,058,176 tons were won. 
 
 The first shipment from the Vermilion range was also in 
 1884. The mines of this range are located in Minnesota 
 about 80 miles northwest of Duluth. The ores range from 
 66.67 to 55.06 per cent, of iron in the natural state \\-;th 
 from 1.04 to 8.38 per cent, of moisture. The total ship- 
 ments to the close of 1898 were over eleven and three-quarter 
 milHons tons, the amount mined in 1898 being 1,125,538 
 gross tons, while the maximum, 1,381,278 tons, was reached 
 in 1897. 
 
 The ores are usually hard, of both Bessemer and non- 
 Bessemer grades. 
 
 The Mesabi range is also in Minnesota, lying to the south 
 and west of the Vermilion range. It is the youngest of the 
 ranges in point of discovery, but by no means the least im- 
 portant, and the large bodies of rich, easily mined ores have 
 brought it rapidly to the front. The amount produced in 
 1898, the maximum year, was 4,837,971 gross tons, and the 
 
 total since its opening in 1892, amounts to nearly seventeen 
 million tons. The ores carry from 51.50 to 60.77 per cent, 
 of iron in the natural state, and from 6.94 to 12.54 per cent. 
 moisture. The ores are both Bessemer and non-Bessemer in 
 character, they are mostly soft and finely comminuted, which 
 somewhat restricts the proportions of this ore which is used 
 in the blast furnaces. 
 
 While the Lake Superior region contributes over 71 per 
 cent, of the iron ore supply for the United States, there are 
 other portions which furnish large amounts. Alabama, Ten- 
 nessee and Virginia mine annually large quantities of red and 
 brown hematites, which are smelted by local furnaces, the 
 juxtaposition of ores, fuel and flux, won cheaply, permit of 
 the production of pig iron of foundry grades at prices as low 
 as those reported for any other portion of the world. New 
 York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania also have largo deposits 
 of magnetite ores, those of the Lake Champlain region, of 
 New York, and the Cornwall ore hills of Pennsylvania being 
 prominent. 
 
 Considering the iron ore producing States as to their out- 
 put, Michigan ranked first in 1898, closely followed by Min- 
 nesota, Alabama third, Pennsylvania fourth, and the remain- 
 ing States in the order given by the first column in the table, 
 while the pig iron output for the same year appears in a sec- 
 ond column. 
 
 Production Production 
 
 States. of Iron Ore. of Pig L-on. 
 
 Gross Tons. Gross Tons. 
 
 Michigan 7,346,846 147,640 
 
 Minnesota 5,963,509 none 
 
 Alabama 2,401,748 1,033,676 
 
 Pennsylvania 773,082 5,537,832 
 
 Tennessee 593,227 263 439 
 
 "^'irginia 557,713 283^274 
 
 Wisconsm 509,645 172,781 
 
 Colorado 318,480 91,122 
 
 New Jersey 275,438 100,681 
 
 Missouri 205,347 49 888 
 
 New York 179,951 228,011 
 
 Georgia and North Carolina.. 160,083 13,762 
 Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, 
 
 Utah and Wyoming 55,969 none 
 
 ^'^io 43,868 1,986,358 
 
 Connecticut and Massachusetts 20,251 9,997 
 
 Kentucky 12,913 100^724 
 
 T«as . 9,705 5,178 
 
 Mainland 5,941 190 974 
 
 ST-fr------ 1,365,898 
 
 West Virginia 192,699 
 
 Total 19,433,716 11,773,934 
 
 This statement will indicate the relative importance of 
 the States as producers and consumers of iron ores. 
 
 The Relative Commercial Relations Between the 
 
 United States and Beemuda. 
 
 I 
 il/r. W. T. James (Delegate from the Government of Ber- 
 muda) : 
 
 Before touching this subject it may not be amiss to give a 
 few moments to the little island itseK, which I have the honor 
 of representing. 
 
 Bermuda is a small group of islands, situated in the At- 
 lantic Ocean, 650 miles due east from Cape Hatteras. The 
 islands were discovered in the early part of the sixteenth 
 
370 
 
 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMIIERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 cenlury — probably about 1515 — by Juan de Bermiidcz ami 
 later in 1609 by Sir George Somers; hence their name "Ber- 
 muda," or "Somers Islands." 
 
 There can be no doubt that several upheavals and subsi- 
 diencies have taken place during remote ages, which have 
 left Bennuda what it is to-day, a scattered group of islands, 
 apparently thrown up by volcanic forces. There are in fact, 
 many evidences of this — all of remote antiquity — some of 
 which may be seen in the deep road cuttings, the rocks of 
 which show contorted strata and decomposed coral. 
 
 From 1609 until 1615, Bermuda belonged to and formed a 
 part of the Virginia Company, but in 1615 the Bermuda Com- 
 pany was fonned and granted a charter by James I of 
 England. This company existed until 1685, when it was dis- 
 solved. The first governor was appointed by the Crown, and 
 sent out in 1687, when the first assembly under the Crown 
 was convened. 
 
 Since that time Bermuda has remained a British colony, 
 and because of Us thoroughly English sentiment, it is some- 
 times called "Little England." Tire government is vested in 
 a Governor, an Executive and a Legislative Council appointed 
 by the Crown, and a House of Assembly, the latter composed 
 of thirty-six members elected by the people for seven years. 
 
 The chain of islands is twenty-tive miles long, contains 
 about 12,400 acres of land, and has a population of about 
 18,000, including the garrison. 
 
 The islands, independent of their natural fortifications, 
 viz.: reefs and sunken shoals, extending many miles to sea, 
 are strongly guarded by forts wliich have been built by the 
 British government, and perhaps it may be rightly said that 
 Bermuda is a British fortress. But it is also a pleasant winter 
 resort for visitors from the United States and Canada; its 
 balmy air and sunshine always prove attractive when this 
 country is under ice and snow. Its situation on the southern 
 side of the Gulf Stream gives it a delightful climate, and its 
 close proximity to the American coast maJves it easy of access. 
 Lines of commodious and well regulated steamsliips run regu- 
 larly and frequently from New York and from Halifax, and 
 an Atlantic cable gives instant and continuous connection 
 with the other parts of the world, so that actually we feel 
 we are anchored — so to speak — to this Continent. 
 
 And this brings me to the subject of my paper, viz.: ''The 
 relative commercial relations between the two countries, the 
 United States and Bermuda." 
 
 This must be largely a matter of statistics, out of which I 
 will endeavor to show the disadvantages under which Bermu- 
 da labors, the possibility of a division of the trade now exist- 
 ing between the two countries, and how it may be more per- 
 manently established. 
 
 The statistics and figures which I will quote, are compiled 
 from the "Blue Book of Bennuda" for the year 1898. For 
 that year tlie total imports amounted to" $1,757,000, of 
 which $1,025,0(10 was from the United States, $525,000 was 
 from Great Britain, $200,000 was from Canada, and $25,000 
 was from other ]ilaces. 
 
 The total exports for the same year amounted to $520,000, 
 of which $480,000 was to the United States and the remaining 
 $40,000 to Great Britain, Canada and the West Indian Is- 
 lands, etc. 
 
 By the foregoing it will be seen that of the total imports 
 of Bermuda, three-fourths come from the United States, and 
 of the exports, practically the whole is shipped to the United 
 States. 
 
 Of these imports and exports I should be lia])py to give 
 detailed particulars, if anyone desires them, and will be good 
 enough to intimate their wish to me. 
 
 Thus it will be seen that the commercial interests of Ber- 
 muda are very closely allied to tkis countrj', and if we add 
 
 to this the fact that large numbers of visitors come to us every 
 winter, seeking health and pleasure, I believe all -nill agree 
 with me that a strong bond of commercial interests and social 
 friendship exists between the two countries. 
 
 Returning to the matter of imports and exports to and from 
 the United States, I wish to refer to the disadvantages under 
 which we labor, and which, if removed, woidd, I believe, 
 secure the two countries a permanent intercourse of trade 
 relations. 
 
 The expense of the Government of Bermuda is met by 
 duties on imports levied for this purpose and for no other. 
 The rate is fixed yearly, according to the necessities of the 
 government, and may be said to be uniformly 5 per cent, ad 
 valorem (except on wines and tobacco, which are specially 
 taxed) so that Bermuda practically levies a 5 per cent, ad 
 valorem duty on all goods coming from the United States. 
 It has been shown that Bermuda purchases from the United 
 States over a million dollars worth of goods per annum, and 
 exports to the United States about half a million dollars in 
 the produce of the country. 
 
 On this million of dollars coming from the United States 
 to Bermuda, we charge a duty of 5 per cent, ad valorem., and, 
 as has been shown, this is levied only as a revenue for govern- 
 ment expenses and for no other purpose. On the other hand, 
 when our products are shijjped to the United States, we pay 
 at present a general duty of 50 per cent., and frequently 75 
 per cent, of the value of the article. Unfortunately in both 
 instances, that is on imports and exports, Bermuda has to 
 pay the duty, as the market for our produce in the United 
 States is not regulated by the cost, but by the demand, and 
 the supply is always fully up to the demand. It is, there- 
 fore, a foregone conclusion that unless the United States can 
 see its way to reduce the duties on Bennuda produce, Ber- 
 muda cannot continue to grow the early vegetables, which, by 
 the way, are sent to New York and Boston markets at a time 
 when they do not come into competition with American 
 grown vegetables. Now, if Bermuda has to discontinue this 
 industry, and look for other markets, it will evidently mean 
 a diversion of the trade at present existing— that is, a diver- 
 sion of imports. 
 
 Now, as I have just said, the present relations of the two 
 countries are most pleasant in many ways, and if this dis- 
 advantage under which we now labor could in any way be 
 relieved, the business is bound to increase in volume and 
 become permanent; but otherwise the outlined result must 
 seem inevitable. 
 
 A convention has lately been entered into and certain con- 
 cessions made, which it is thought may partly relieve the 
 situation. But the beneficent results of this convention are 
 very problematical, to say the least, as it provides a reduction 
 of 20 per cent., or one-fifth of the duty now levied on Ber- 
 muda produce entering the American markets, while Ber- 
 muda in turn must admit free of duty nearly all articles 
 coming from and being the product of the United States, 
 thereby losing in revenue over $10,000 per annum in order to 
 be relieved of one-fifth of the duty on Bennuda produce en- 
 tering the United States. But his reduction of 20 per cent. 
 still leaves a very heavy burden, which renders the trade 
 almost prohibitive. Thus, the cost of a bushel of onions is 
 from 60 cents to $1.00, average cost say, 80 cents. The duty 
 is 40 cents, or 50 per cent, of the cost, and even aiicr deduct- 
 ing the propo^d 20 per cent., which would reduce the duty 
 to 33 cents per bushel, it still amounts io 40 per cent, of the 
 cost, which, on the face of it, renders the trade prohibitive. 
 
 It is, therefore, io be Imped that the government of the 
 United States will take this matter into its more serious and 
 favorable consideration, and it is suggested that Bermuda 
 would be willing to pay the United States 10 per cent, or ]2-| 
 per cent, ad valorem on its exports, more than double the 
 
PAPERS SUBMITTED BY DELEGATES AND OTHEES 
 
 371 
 
 duties levied on American imports, and to continue to levy its 
 five per cent, on imports, which, as has been shown, is a duty 
 for revenue only. 
 
 In closing this paper I am in a position to state tliat Ber- 
 muda — the oldest colony of Great Britain — entertains for the 
 people of the United States the strongest feelings of friend- 
 ship; that we desire our trade relations to continue and en- 
 large, that we naturally look to the United States as our 
 nearest friends and neighbors, and we, therefore, trust that 
 our case will be more favorably considered, so that we shall 
 not be driven to either seek new markets for our produce and 
 our purchases, or to abandon our industries. 
 
 Concerning Parcels Post. 
 
 Messrs. Luigi Musso & Co. (Turin, Italy) : 
 
 We see that during the Commercial Congress will be dis- 
 cussed the question of the parcels post from America to 
 foreign countries. We pray that you do all you possibly can 
 in this matter, to establish a lower rate of parcels post from 
 the United States to Italy. To this end we would remark: 
 
 First. One must not think that little business only is pos- 
 sible with Italy. 
 
 Besides the industrial movement which is rapidly develop- 
 ing, so much that our exports are always increasing (as for 
 example in cotton tissues and other articles), the agricultural 
 movement is also progressing, and wall certainly increase 
 the amount of the exports from the United States to our 
 country. 
 
 Second. It woidd be desirable to obtain a low rate of 
 transportation for merchandise up to 10 kilos (about 23 
 pounds), and, if possible, up to 25 or even 50 kilos. This 
 would permit the collection and forw'arding of samples of 
 small machinery and hardware, for which transportation rates 
 are now high. 
 
 For example, we have received from New York to Genoa 
 three little packages: 
 
 (a) A package of wooden boxes (samples) of the weight of 
 4 pounds, and have paid (for transportation only) 8 It. lire, 
 or about $1.60. 
 
 (b) A package of hides of the gross weight of 23 poimds, 
 which cost from New York to Genoa, 18.60 It. lire ($3.72). 
 
 (c) A package of engravings of the gross weight of 15 
 pounds, costing over 16 It. lire ($3.20). 
 
 Please observe that by parcels post, we can fonvard from 
 Turin a package of about 11 pounds for 7.45 It. lire to Japan; 
 for 6.00 It. lire to Peru; for 5.00 It. lire to Mexico; for 5.25 It. 
 lire to Polynesia; for 5.25 It. lire to Chile; for 4.50 It. lire to 
 Colombia; for 3.75 It. lire to Antilles; and for 3.75 It. lire to 
 Congo, etc., without other transportation charges. 
 
 Also we received from Sydney, Australia, a package of the 
 weight of 13 pounds, for which we paid frs. 7.70 to Genoa, 
 as shown by the enclosed parcel receipt. 
 
 It should also be made possible to forward from the United 
 States such packages without prepayment. We notice that 
 some American firms ask advance payment, in New York, 
 for the value of a package amounting to a few dollars. 
 
 We feel every confidence in the American market, and 
 could do a great deal of business, but how shall it be done in 
 the face of such transportation charges, and the mistrust 
 there is against our buyers? It would be quite possible to 
 establish a bureau of information concerning the honesty and 
 reliability of Italian customers. 
 
 Suggestions from Campos, Brazil. 
 
 Letter from the Axsaciacao Commercial (Campos, Brazil): 
 
 We beg to inform you of the opinion of our association 
 regarding some measures which we think would be imme- 
 diately successful if put into practice. We would propose 
 the following: 1st. — The choice of one special language for 
 the commercial relations of all nations. 2d. — Uniformity in 
 weights, measures and money, based upon a universal stand- 
 ard for all civilized countries. 3rd. — A reform in the custom 
 house schedules in order to facilitate the interchange of in- 
 dustrial and natural products. 4th. — The establishment of a 
 permanent commercial congress, composed of merchants of 
 all nations adhering to this idea, to discuss all commercial 
 matters of interest and having also the right to intervene in 
 certain political questions for the purpose of avoiding war. 
 
GERMAN-AMERICAN COMMISSION 
 
 International Commercial Congress 
 
 Mr. President: The Gennan-American Commission, con- 
 sisting of tlie delegates to the Interniitional Commercial Con- 
 gress from Germany and from Austria, together ^rith certain 
 American representatives, begs leave to submit a iew words 
 to the Congress. 
 
 The Commission was assembled for the purpose of con- 
 sidering thoroughly the commercial relations existing between 
 the ITnited States, the German Empire and Austria-Hungary. 
 The Commission, after earnestly considering the question and 
 after having heard representatives of American, German and 
 Austrian industries, has reached the conviction that a more in- 
 timate relation of the commercial conditions between the 
 aforesaid countries is desirable and the maintenance and fos- 
 tering of friendly relations between them is to be sought and 
 may be secured. As the foundation for these views, the Com- 
 mission refers to the following complete report of its sessions, 
 which it has the honor to hand to the President of the Con- 
 gress, and a copy of which it will undertake to bring to the 
 attention of the respective governments interested. 
 
 First Session. 
 
 [Conducted in ttie Germau language.] 
 
 Philadelphia, October 16, 1899, 10 a. m. 
 
 Eoom of the Board of Trustees of the Philadelphia Com- 
 mercial Museum. 
 
 On the proposal of several delegates of German commer- 
 cial bodies, it was decided to form a Commission consisting of 
 Germans, Austrians and Americans, for the purpose of con- 
 sidering the commercial relations between Germany, Austria 
 and the United States. A meeting was held for this purpose 
 in the Co7nmcrcial I\Iuseum, on the IHth of October. 1899, at 
 which the German delegates and representatives of the Com- 
 mercial Museum appeared. 
 
 The following gentlemen were present: 
 
 Counsellor of Commerce L. Vossen, of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 Director-General Goldschmidt, of Berlin. 
 
 Dr. Vosberg-Jlekow, of Berlin. 
 
 Mr. Post, of Hagen. 
 
 Mr. Wirtli. of Sorau. 
 
 Mr. van Giilpen, of Wesel. 
 
 IT. S. Consul. Monao;han, of Chemnitz. 
 
 E. "W. S. Tingle, of Philadelphia, former U. S. Consul in 
 Brunswick, Germany. 
 
 II. L. Geissel, of Philadelphia. 
 
 Mr. Carpenter, of Philadelphia, former IT. S. Consul in 
 Piirth. 
 
 ^iTajor Black, of Philadelphia, former U. S. Consul in 
 Nuremberg. 
 
 The following gentlemen were also present: 
 
 G. D. Waetzoldt, Eepresentative of the Government of the 
 Empire of Germany, Commercial Attach^ to the Imperial 
 German Consulate, Chicago. 
 
 Imperial German Consul ilarheinecke, of Philadelphia. 
 
 Besides these there were the following guests: 
 
 Reichsritter Dr. Alex, von Dorn, Representative of the 
 Austro-Himgarian Export Association. 
 
 Dr. Pistor, Representative of the Chamber of Commerce, 
 Gratz. 
 
 Mr. E. W. S. Tingle, in opening the session, greeted those 
 present and explained, in a few preliminary remarks, the 
 reasons why it would be desirable that a German-American 
 Ciimmission should convene. The administration of the 
 Museum had, with pleasure, acceded to the wishes of the sev- 
 eral Gennan delegates, especially of the representative of the 
 "Aeltesten der Kaufmannsehaft" of Berlin, and would pre- 
 sent several gentlemen who are able to explain American 
 conditions to the Commission and to discuss any views and 
 complaints brought forward in the United States. To this 
 end it is especially desirable that such gentlemen be selected 
 as know from their own experience Germany and the com- 
 plaints existing there. These may be found in the persons 
 of former United States Consuls wlio have held office for a 
 number of years in important commercial cities of Germany. 
 
 Mr. Tingle, assured of the consent of those present to form 
 the Commission, made the proposition to constitute the same 
 and to begin with the selection of two presiding officers. He 
 was of the opinion that one of these gentlemen should be 
 German and the other American. 
 
 Counsellor of Commerce L. Vossen, of Aix-la-Chapelle, sug- 
 gested the nomination of Mr. E. W. S. Tingle as Chairman, 
 Mr. Tingle appearing to be the most suitable person, not only 
 on account of his long experience in his former capacity as 
 ITnited States Consul in Brunswick, but also on account of 
 his knowledge of the German language and its idioms. Be- 
 sides this, Mr. Tingle had won for himself the esteem of all 
 the German delegates through his amiability and efforts to- 
 wards supplying wants and c nnforis. ilr. 1'ingle was chosen 
 l)y acclamation. 
 
 Counsellor of Commerce Vossen then suggested the nomi- 
 nation of Dr. Vosberg-Eekow, of Berlin, as Vice-Chairman. 
 It would, of course, have been only just to nominate as Vice- 
 Chairman a representative of the largest and most prominent 
 Chamber of Commerce, namely, of the "Aeltesten der Kauf- 
 mannsehaft" of Berlin, but as the representatives of this 
 body had not intended to stay in Pliiladelphia during the 
 whole period of the Congress, it was considered advisable to 
 select a person whose presence could be counted upon during 
 the entire continuance of the sessions. 
 
 A number of German delegates having expressed them- 
 selves as being of the same opinion. Dr. Vosbcrg-Rekow. of 
 Berlin, was chosen. This gentleman remarked that he fully 
 appreciated the honor besiowcd upon him, and that this 
 distinction above other important and older representatives 
 of large corporations could only be justified by his doing 
 everything in his power to further the work of the Commis- 
 sion, in order to attain a desirable result. 
 
 After Director-General Goldschmidt had expressed thanks 
 for the distinction, which it had been proposed to confer upon 
 the "Aeltesten der Kaufmannsehaft" of Berlin, Mr. Tingle, 
 
 372 
 
SESSIONS OF THE GEEMAN-AMEEICAN COMMISSION 
 
 373 
 
 as well as Dr. Vosberg-Eekow, declared that they accepted 
 the nominations with thanks. 
 
 A motion was made to proceed with the further organiza- 
 tion of the Commission and Mr. Geissel was selected as its 
 secretary. At the same time it was decided to send personal 
 invitations to paaiicipate in the proceedings of the Commis- 
 sion to Dr. Alex, ron Dorn of Vienna, Dr. Pistor of Gratz, 
 Dr. Thorsch and Mr. Herlitschka, the latter two being the 
 representatives of the Chamber of Commerce of Vienna. 
 An invitation was also to be sent to the representatives of the 
 Imperial German Government to be present at the sessions 
 of the Commission whenever possible. 
 
 After tliis the Commission proceeded to business. 
 
 Counsellor of Commerce L. Vossen, of Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 suggested an arrangement of a general programme, in order 
 to give an idea of the different directions in which the work 
 of the Commission might be extended. 
 
 After due deliberation, and at the suggestion of Dr. Vos- 
 berg-Rckow, the following order of the day was agreed 
 upon: 
 
 1. Certification of invoices and consideration of tariff rates. 
 
 2. Estimation of tariff rates on new articles. 
 
 3. Formation of Customs Advisory Boards. 
 
 4. Consuls and consular agents. 
 
 5. The question of market values. 
 
 6. Specific and ad ralurcm tariffs. 
 
 7. Adoption of the European system of commercial treaties 
 by the United States. 
 
 8. Goods in transit, to be improved or perfected. 
 
 9. Patents legislation. 
 
 At the suggestion of Mr. van Giilpen it was decided to 
 receive a paper from this gentlemen concerning dealing in 
 futures on the exchanges. A full discussion of the subject 
 was not deemed advisable, however, as the gentlemen present 
 did not feel that they had enough experience in this line to 
 enable them to pass profitable resolutions. 
 
 The Chairman then remarked that it would be desirable 
 that those gentlemen who expected to leave during the next 
 few days should make known their views, especially upon 
 the tariff question. 
 
 Counsellor of Commerce L. Vossen, of Aix-la-Chapelle, de- 
 clared that he had received orders from his Chamber of Com- 
 merce to call attention to the great losses whic-h the German 
 exporter to the United States has to suffer on account of the 
 arbitrary method by which the appraisers estimate the duty. 
 He was convinced that there exist a great number of just 
 complaints on this subject; but at the same time he believed 
 that with a little good will on both sides, the matter could 
 easily be adjusted. He said further that on account of this 
 arbitrariness with which the appraiser estimates the tariff, 
 large and well established business connections are often made 
 impossible. 
 
 The Chairman remarked that he also knew of many cases 
 in which the appraiser's deviation from the declaration did 
 not seem to be justified. The appraiser, he said, is not bound 
 to accept the consul's certificate of the invoice, so that the 
 whole procedure according to which the consuls are required 
 to act, loses its value. Inasmuch as this procedure is also 
 subject to considerable latitude as far as the respective officers 
 as well as the exporters, are concerned, it would be very de- 
 sirable if a remedy could be found. One of the first difficul- 
 ties encountered, in case of the abolishment of so many in- 
 convenient rules, would be the question of how to protect 
 the honest man against the dishonest. According to his 
 opinion, however, improvements could easily be made. The 
 decision of the consul might be backed up vrith additional 
 guarantees. Especially should he have the power to say 
 that persons whom he knows from experience to be untruth- 
 
 ful, shall make their statements under oath before a judge. 
 And in case this guarantee were given there would be abso- 
 lutely no reason why the declaration certified by the consul 
 should not be valid for the appraiser. Perhaps it would also 
 be possible to secure the co-operation of the Chambers of 
 Commerce in obtaining the necessary guarantee. 
 
 The Chainnan, Mr. Tingle, being called away on important 
 business, Director-General Goldschmidt, of Berlin, took his 
 place at the suggestion of the Vice-Chairman, Dr. Vosberg- 
 Kekow. 
 
 Counsellor of Commerce L. Vossen, suggested that all per- 
 sons who at any time had been guilty of dishonesty in similar 
 cases, should be debarred from final confirmation and cer- 
 tification of their invoice. 
 
 Dr. von Dorn, of Vienna, from his own experience in 
 Austria-Hungary, confirmed the complaints made by the Ger- 
 man gentlemen. He said that he knew of cases where a decla- 
 ration which had passed for years without causing any ofl'ence, 
 had suddenly been rejected by the appraiser. The interven- 
 tion of the United States Consul at Vienna had been re- 
 quested; experts from the Vienna Chamber of Commerce had 
 been consulted; both partieis had expressed themselves in 
 favor of the exporter, but none of the proceedings had any 
 effect whatever. 
 
 Mr. Tingle again took the chair. 
 
 Dr. Vosberg-Rekow called attention to a very remarkable 
 case which had occurred in New York. Two companies which 
 formerly had constituted one firm, both importers of French 
 porcelain into America, quarrelled, and as a consequence 
 began to underbid each other. The appraiser, in this case, 
 repeatedly arbitrarily lowered or raised the price ten per 
 cent. 
 
 Director-General Goldschmidt feared that if an oath before 
 the Court were required, it would result in a still higher cost 
 of the whole procedure, which, he thinks, already high enough 
 as it is. He mentioned as an example, that, according to com- 
 plaints made at the German "Handelstag," in many cases a 
 fee of M. 50 had been demanded for a power of attorney, 
 which had to be procured anew every time. 
 
 Consul Monaghan, of Chemnitz, declared these statements 
 to be wrong. He asserted that in practice he was pursuing 
 a far more lenient course, and in many cases he did not 
 insist iipon the presentation of a power of attorney; in cases, 
 however, where one was required, the fee did not amount to 
 more than two dollars. He agreed that the treatment of the 
 matter by the different consuls who were allowed to act ac- 
 cording to their own judgment to a great extent, might vary 
 greatly; but as far as the fees were concerned, there existed 
 a fixed schedule of charges. 
 
 The Chairman confirmed this statement and added that 
 every consul was required to have a copy of this schedule in 
 his office, and that if desired the same had to be placed before 
 any person interested. In cases where this was not done, 
 complaint might be made to the Consul General, which un- 
 doubtedly would bring about the desired result, but in case 
 that it should not, it would be advisable to apply to the Com- 
 mercial Attache of the Embassy or to the Treasury Depart- 
 ment in Washington. 
 
 Dr. Vosberg-Rekow remarked that he would receive such 
 a schedule in a very short time, and that the same would be 
 commented upon and circulated throughout Germany by the 
 Central Bureau for the Preparation of Commercial Treaties. 
 
 The discussion of this matter was then postponed. The 
 Chairman declared that the next session would take place at 
 3.30 o'clock in the afternoon. 
 
 E. W. S. Tingle, Chairman. 
 
 Dh. Vosbehg-Rekow, Vice-Chairman. 
 
 H. L. Geissel, Secretary. 
 
874 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Second Session. 
 Philadelphia, October 16th, 3 p. m. 
 
 The Cliainnan opened the session and requested those gen- 
 tlemen who (.■ontuinijlate leaving in the near future to con- 
 tinue to submit their views. 
 
 Counsellor of Commerce L. Vossen, of Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 stated that in the payment of duty on new articles, which up 
 to date have not been handled, the greatest difficulties arise. 
 In the register, or list oi goods, such ai'tieles naturally are not 
 to be found; even the American Consul could not give au- 
 thentic inforniatiun. Generally a suggestion is made to sub- 
 mit, a sample shipment. The appraiser handles this sample 
 shipment according to his judgment, and the result is left to 
 chance. It should be made possible, however, that those 
 goods, which already are on board a ship, should pay such 
 duty as the consul has certified in his invoice. 
 
 Director-General Goldschmidt pointed out a great difficulty 
 encountered here — which applies also to Germany — namely, 
 the want of a sutTiciently extensive register, or list of articles. 
 
 Dr. Vosberg-Rekow observed against this that the present 
 case treats of such new articles as are not contained in any 
 register, or list of articles, therefore the resulting difficulty 
 could never be entirely removed. The work of getting out 
 a carefully considered and comprehensive register of articles 
 ought to be undertaken, in order that out of it more or less 
 information could be obtained for the classification of new 
 articles. 
 
 Dr. von Dorn pointed out that for such cases an arrange- 
 ment should be made similar to the Austrian Customs Ad- 
 visory Board. The information given by this Board is not 
 speedily rendered, but it establishes at least an authority 
 through which an authentic decision can be finally procured. 
 
 The Chairman was of the opinion that the establishment 
 of a Customs Advisory Board for the United States, to which 
 all ditficulties relating to customs could be referred, would 
 be most desirable. 
 
 Dr. Vosberg-Eekow inquired whether, in the absence of a 
 Customs Advisory B'oard in the United States, or until the 
 establishment of the same, the Philadelphia Commercial 
 Museum could not be invested with such authority. The 
 Museum rightly enjoys a great reputation and possesses, in 
 a manifestly high degree, experienced persons. Even now it 
 has authority to request, at any time, reports from consuls. 
 Before fixing the duty on new articles, it might be well to 
 obtain the opinion of the Museum and consider the same as 
 authoritative. 
 
 Mr. Post, of Hagen, had doubts as to this proposition. He 
 believed the industrial circles of the United States were in 
 favor of a high tariff, and that the Museum was more or less 
 dependent upon them, and, therefore, in questions of the 
 tariff not always to be considered impartial. 
 
 The Chaimaan thanked the previous speaker for the oppor- 
 tunity given, to make an explanation regarding the position 
 of American industry, as well as that <oi the Museum. In the 
 first place the Museum is supported in its main object by 
 appropriations made by the City of Philadelphia; besides, 
 the State of Pennsylvania and the Government of the United 
 States contribute generously whenever their assistance is 
 found necessary. Notwithstanding this, the independence 
 of the Museum is in no wise endangered. Neither the city 
 ordinances nor the government statutes are authorized to in- 
 terfere with the business of the Museum. The Museum has, 
 through its work, which already has found public apprecia- 
 tion, attained its position. The Museum has about 1 ()()() 
 members among the American manufacturers, whose yearly 
 contributions amount from $50 to $100 each. These members 
 are not authorized to exercise any influence on the manage- 
 
 ment of the business of the Museum. They are rather only 
 subscribers who receive for their subscription the verj' valua- 
 ble information of the Museum. In reality it costs the Mu- 
 seum, at present, for each member, about double what they 
 pay for subscription. At the present moment, there is no 
 occasion for making the statement that the American indus- 
 tries and commercial circles are all in favor of high tariff. 
 The conviction that a country, with more or less developed 
 industries, cannot export if it locks its doors against the im- 
 ports of other nations in gaining ground in ever widening 
 circles. Many representatives of the prominent industries 
 are of this opinion. Only a few days ago as well-kno^Ti a 
 man as ]\Ir. Atkinson, at a full meeting of the Congress, ex- 
 pressed himself as being of the same opinion. 
 
 Mr. Post, from Hagen, expressed his satisfactio-n at the 
 statement, that a change in the direction indicated by the 
 Chairman might be expected. He himself was of the opinion 
 that at present in the United States, only the very great in- 
 dustries and exporters would agree to abolish the high pro- 
 tective tariff. The smaller manufacturers would be willing 
 to remain a long while yet on the present basis. Even if the 
 Museum is independent and works impartially, one could 
 always consider it only as representing American industries 
 and American commerce. The speaker wished to protect the 
 interests not only of the producer, but also of the merchant 
 and consumer, and these interests could be equally looked 
 after by a special Customs Advisory Board. 
 
 In regard to the order of the day which had been adopted, 
 Director-General Goldschmidt, of Berlin, desired to explain 
 that he, as a representative of the "Aeltesten der Berliner 
 Kaufmannschaft," was requested by this body not to join 
 in any discussion relating to tariff matters, and must there- 
 fore consider, from time to time, whether he can take part 
 in the proceedings. 
 
 It was then asked in what direction the proceedings were to 
 move, and in which way the result thereof could be expected. 
 It was concluded to accept the discussions of the Commission 
 in the shape of a report, and to decide upon the questions 
 to be finally submitted to the International Commercial Con- 
 gress; moreover, a list of the resolutions adopted, to be ap- 
 pended to the articles for consideration, is to be submitted 
 liy the Commission to the Director of the Museum,. The 
 JIuseum will sulnnit these resolutions for consideration to 
 the United States Government. The Gennan delegates will 
 render a report of the result of the di.'^cussions and submit 
 appropriate recommendations to the German Government. 
 
 The Chairman informed the Commission that the Director 
 of the Museum has circulated a letter among 900 of its 
 members, and abont 1000 members of the Manufacturers' 
 Club, in which they are requested to submit, without delay, 
 to the American members of the Commission, any complaints 
 they may desire to make. It was arranged, in the name of 
 the Commission, to invite particularly prominent persons to 
 participate. Preparations will be made to invite the Chair- 
 man of the Reciprocity Commission, who will come to Phila- 
 delphia shortly, to attend the session of the Commission. 
 Particularly prominent industrial persons, such as the great 
 shipbuilder Cramp, and others, will also he invited. These 
 sessions will not be public, and the secretary is requested to 
 prepare a short daily report for the press. 
 
 Regarding a written request from a German visitor to the 
 Congress, asking permission for himself and friends to attend, 
 it was decided that the discussions of the Commission should 
 be kept confidential, because otherwise those Americans who 
 are in State service might hesitate to express publicly opin- 
 ions which might lead to misunderstandings in the press, and 
 to admit non-delegates might cause unpleasantness. The ap- 
 plicant was advised to submit in writing to the Vicc-Chair- 
 man of the Commission, Dr. Vosberg-Rekow, such wishes 
 
SESSIONS OF THE GERMAN-AMERICAN COMMISSION 
 
 375 
 
 and views as he and his fi-iends have, in reference to any 
 matters under discussion. 
 
 Director-General Goldschmidt, of Berhn, then presented 
 his proposition that patent legislation should be discussed. 
 Counsellor of Commei'ce Vossen (Aix-la-Chapelle) pointed 
 out that in many cases new chemical inventions and ways of 
 production cannot he properly patented in the United States. 
 
 The Chairman approved the suggestion to invite experts 
 in patent law to the discussion referred to. 
 
 Dr. von Dorn presented a proposition for the discussion 
 of the following subject: Specific and ad valorem duties, and 
 the participation of the United States in the system of Euro- 
 pean commercial treaties. A short discussion of the methods 
 of appraising market values and the difficulties which arise 
 therefrom, particularly for fancy and season articles, and for 
 goods shipped to be improved or perfected, was entered upon, 
 and it was decided that these topics should be discussed more 
 fully later on. 
 
 E. W. S. TiKGLE, Chairman. 
 
 Dr. Vosbeeg-Rekow, Vice-Chairmati. 
 
 H. L. Geissel, Secretary. 
 
 Third Session. 
 
 Philadelphia, Tuesday, October 17, 1899, 10 a. m. 
 
 The following were present: 
 
 E. W. S. Tingle, Philadelphia. 
 
 Dr. Vosberg-Rekow, Berlin. 
 
 Mr. Wirth, Sorau. 
 
 Mr. van Giilpen, Wesel. 
 
 Dr. von Dorn, Vienna. 
 
 H. L. Geissel, Philadelphia. 
 
 The following were also present : 
 
 Mr. G. D. Waetzoldt, Imperial German Commercial At- 
 tache, Chicago. 
 
 Consul Marheinecke, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mr. John Foord, New York, Secretary, American Asiatic 
 Association. 
 
 Before opening the session, it was resolved to invite Mr. 
 Knoller, representative of the Austrian Government, and Mr. 
 Kiichler, representative of the Chamber of Commerce and 
 Industry at Trieste, to participate in the proceedings of the 
 sessions. 
 
 The Chairman opened the session. The oixler of the day 
 was entered upon, and the matter of invoices and tariff regu- 
 lations thoroughly discussed. 
 
 In accordance with a suggestion of the Chairman, it was 
 decided tliat those complaints be investigated first which are 
 to be brought forward by the German representatives, and in 
 such manner that single points be first discussed, and that 
 afterwaixls a general resolution founded on these delibera- 
 tions be prepared. 
 
 Dr. Vosberg-Rekow remarked that complaints had been 
 made repeatedly by parties interested that there existed no 
 sufficient regulations, regarding the correctness of the cus- 
 toms declaration. 
 
 Formerly there was a limit of 10 per cent., but this latitude 
 had been reduced and, as far as he knew, was no longer in 
 existence. 
 
 Mr. G. D. Waetzoldt answered that according to his recol- 
 lection the Treasury Department of the United States had 
 issued a decision to the eifect that a limit of 5 per cent, must 
 be allowed. 
 
 The Chainnan confinned this statement. The suggestion 
 was then made to obtain a copy of the original decisions of 
 the Treasury Department and to discuss the regulations con- 
 tained therein at one of the next sessions. 
 
 Several other members of the Commission expressed the 
 opinion that the existing regulations are entirely adequate 
 for the attainment of a better tariff administration, and that 
 it was solely the fault of arbitraij practice on the part of the 
 Customs olficials that so many difficulties were encountered. 
 
 The statistics of complaints and decisions in tariff matters 
 were then discussed. 
 
 Dr. Vosberg-Rekow was of the opinion that the laws at 
 present in existence do not suffice. These, he said, are not 
 up to the present standard of tariff practice. But that is not 
 in the least surprising, as the regiilations as a whole had not 
 been changed since the passing of the McELinley Bill in 1890. 
 
 Mr. Wirth, of Sorau, remarked that it seemed very harsh 
 to impose fines in cases where, although a deviation from the 
 declaration existed, in reality it did not prove to be a willful 
 under or over valuation. 
 
 The opinion was then expressed that the collection of an 
 additional fine to the amount of 1 per cent, of the total value 
 for each 1 per cent, of the undeclared amount did not seem 
 practical, and in many cases seemed rigorous. The addi- 
 tional duty should not be collected in cases where the good 
 faith and honesty of the importer can be proved. The regu- 
 lation in force at present, that this was only allowable in 
 cases of a manifest mistake in writing, could not be con- 
 sidered sufficient. 
 
 The discussion next turned upon the contradictions result- 
 ing in practice from the fact that after the invoice has been 
 legalized by the consuls in Germany at the place of exporta- 
 tion, and in many cases its correctness has even been proved 
 on oath, the appraiser has the right to arbitrarily reject this 
 invoice. 
 
 Messrs, Waetzoldt, Wirth, van Giilpen, Post, Dr. Vosberg- 
 Rekow, Geissel and the Chairman took part in the debate. 
 
 The gentlemen of the Commission who had been consuls 
 in Germany declared that the complaints are to a large de- 
 gree justified. If the market value of an article as fixed by 
 the consul in the country where it was originally produced 
 is to be considered correct, the appraiser should not have the 
 right to change the estimate of the consul for the simple 
 reason that there may have existed at the same time a differ- 
 ent market value in the United States. As already shown 
 during the first session, the certification of the consul should 
 be backed up by additional safeguards. The objections 
 raised, tliat by this the procedure is made more difficult and 
 the duties of the consuls arc made more complicated, are dis- 
 proved. It does not seem possible simply to consider as author- 
 itative the market value of a certain article on the day of its 
 arrival at the custom house. The difference in time between 
 the sale of the article in Germany and the arrival of the same 
 at a custom house in the United States is so great that a con- 
 siderable difference in the price of goods may take place. 
 
 If the appraiser has the liberty to impose this difference 
 according to his personal judgment, any profitable transac- 
 tion may be changed to the reverse. 
 
 Of course, the simplest method would be to consider as 
 authoritative in every instance the value which a certain 
 article possesses at the moment of its arrival at the custom 
 houses of a country. But the American appraiser would, in 
 many cases, not be able to estimate the correct value of cer- 
 tain articles which are not being produced in America. In 
 this case, the original estimate contained in the invoice cer- 
 tified by the consul would have to be considered valid. This 
 consular estimate must remain authoritative, without any 
 question, for all those cases in which the value of an article 
 during the time of shipment has not been raised or lowered 
 to a considerable degree. In cases, however, where a con- 
 siderable change in price has taken place, the duty might 
 be estimated according to the new rate, but at the same time. 
 
37 G 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 the imposition of a fine should be out of the question if the 
 iniioorter is able to establish his good faith regarding the 
 consular valuation. The consular certification cannot, there- 
 fore, in such cases protect the importer against the payment 
 of additional duty, but in all cases against the payment of 
 a fine. According to the literal sense of the legal regula- 
 tion.?, the consular certificates are alone authoritative; this 
 is proved by the fact that hitherto the shipment of an article 
 has been prohibited until the consul has certified the invoice. 
 This rule, however, seems utterly worthless under the present 
 prac-tiee. It will, therefore, be necessary to tiy to effect an 
 abolition of this rule. The arbitrary action of the appraiser 
 should be restricteil. This was recognized as a just demand 
 by all the American members of the Commission. 
 
 In case the appraiser rejects the declaration of the consul, 
 which has been certified according to law, the ca.-;e shall be 
 brought before the Cliief Appraiser. And until his decision 
 is rendered, the consular certification is valid and the articles 
 must at once be given up to the trade upon deposit of appro- 
 priate security. It should be considered whether the various 
 proceedings before the appraiser should be public and in 
 such form as to allow both sides to present evidence. 
 
 Other complaints were then considered. It was pointed 
 out how troublesome it is to be compelled to furnish specific 
 information as to the cost of production of an article. It 
 was recognized that it was to the interest of the United 
 States to receive this information and that it was not likely 
 to be changed in the near future. Nevertheless the fact re- 
 mains that to demand an original invoice from- those ex- 
 porters who have not manufactured the article themselves 
 is too rigorous. The majority of the members of the Com- 
 mission, however, did not consider this as a proper subject 
 to pass a resolution upon at the present time. 
 
 As regards the complaint which had been raised by a cer- 
 tain party, that the Customs Textile Association is officially 
 interested in the estimation of the value of textile goods and 
 that this corporation is using its influence to the advantage 
 of the American manufacturer, it must be acknowledged that 
 it would be useless to protest against consultation with such 
 expert organizations on the part of the customs officers. It 
 might even be asserted that it would be better to procure the 
 co-operation of experts, than to leave the w'hole matter to the 
 ignorance of the customs officers. It was pointed out that 
 the co-operation of experts in a like manner would seem also 
 desirable for Germany, and that this would be a correlative 
 of the American arrangement. 
 
 In further discussion the fact was again referred to, that 
 the regulation requiring the production of the original in- 
 voice of the manufacturer is a burden to the exporting mer- 
 chants. In regard to this, the Chairman remarked that so 
 far as he knew there was no such provision in the existing 
 laws and regulations. It is the consul's duty to simply verify 
 the coiTectuess of the invoice given out by him. He is able 
 to do this in many cases throiigh personal confidence in the 
 shipper, without being compelled to insist on the presentation 
 of the original invoice. It was decided to determine from 
 an inspection of the original regulations, at a future session, 
 what steps might be taken to put a stop to this practice on 
 the part of certain consuls in Germany. 
 
 The special and general discussion of complaints of delegates 
 with reference to the consular invoices was declared closed. 
 
 The discus.sions of this .session, the opinions expressed and 
 approved by the majority, shall bo submitted at one of the 
 next sessions in the form of short resolutions. 
 
 Session closed at 1.30 o'clock. Next session to be on the 
 18th of October, 1899. 
 
 K. W. S. TiNGLK, Chairman. 
 
 Dit. Vosberg-Rhkow, V ice-Chairman. 
 
 II. L. Geissel, Secretary. 
 
 FouETH Session. 
 Philadelphia, Wednesday, October 18th, 3 p. m. 
 
 In the Convention Hall of the International Commercial 
 Congress, Exposition Building. 
 
 The Chainnan opened the session and proposed an ad- 
 journment to the members, pointing out that the session of 
 the International Commercial Congress, to be held at the 
 same time, was of such importance that the members of the 
 Commission would probably desire to attend. 
 
 The Chairman mentioned that to-day was appointed to 
 be "Chinese Day" by the International Commercial Con- 
 gi-ess, and the deliberations would be participated in by the 
 Chinese Minister at Washington, as well as several persons 
 looked upon in the United States as authorities on Chinese 
 matters, among others the former American Minister in Siam. 
 
 The Chairman's suggestion was accepted and a resolution 
 passed asldng the President of the International Commercial 
 Congress to inform the American delegates of the formation 
 of the German- American Commission and to request them 
 to attend the sessions of the Commission and bring up any 
 existing causes for complaint on the American side. 
 
 The Chairman was in.<tructed to carry out this resolution. 
 The session was then adjourned. The next session will be 
 held on Thursday, October 19th. 
 
 E. AV. S. TiN'GLE, Chairman. 
 
 Dr. Vosberg-Rekow, Vice-Chairman. 
 
 II. L. Geissel, Secretary. 
 
 Fifth Session. 
 Philadelphia, Thursday, October 19th, 10 a. m. 
 
 In the Board of Trustees' Room of the Philadelphia Com- 
 mercial Museum. 
 
 The Chairman, Mr. Tingle, introduced Mr. Williams C. 
 Fox, chief clerk of the Bureau of American Republics at 
 Washington. This gentleman then explained, in the most 
 interesting manner, the working of his Bureau, its scope and 
 activity, and set forth in a general way the importance of the 
 Central and South American markets. Mr. Fox signified his 
 willingness to send the publications of his Bureau free of 
 eliarge, to German Chambers of Commerce and other com- 
 mercial organizations. 
 
 Dr. Pistor, delegate of the Gratz Chamber of Commerce 
 and Industry now took the floor. He spoke of the Austrian 
 Customs Advisory Board, explained its constitution and 
 work, and expressed the opinion that in the interest of the 
 United States, as well as many other countries importing from 
 and exporting to America, such a board should be created in 
 Washington by the Federal Government. A short discussion 
 ensued, chiefly participated in by Dr. Vosberg-Rekow, dele- 
 gate of the "Central-Stelle fiir die Vorbereitung von Han- 
 dclsvertriigen" (Central Bureau for the Preparation of Com- 
 mercial Treaties), of Berlin, Mr. Edmund Wirtli, delegate of 
 the Cliamljcr of ('ommerce at Sorau, and Mr. G. D. Wactzoldt, 
 German Commercial Attache of the Imperial Cermau Con- 
 sulate at Chicago. 
 
 The Chairman then introduced the President and two rep- 
 resentatives of the Ames Iron Works, Oswego, N. Y., who 
 wei'c invited to submit any questions or wishes they might 
 have to tlie Commission. They were requested also to state 
 any complaints they miglit have in regard to the -enforcement 
 of the German customs tariff, or put any other questions re- 
 lating to Germany and Austria. The President of the Com- 
 pany, Mr. Ames. Jr., then asked whether there was an ex- 
 
SESSIONS OF THE GERMAN-AMERICAN COMMISSION 
 
 37? 
 
 tensive market in Germany for American boilers and fittings. 
 Dr. Vosberg-Rekow replied that it would have to be a special 
 kind of boiler with special appliances, in order to be salable 
 in Germany; for the German boiler industry is very well de- 
 veloped and not only meets all requirements of the home 
 market, but also exports considerably. 
 
 In answer to the question, whether there existed any haws 
 in Germany by which the importation of American boilers 
 and engines was prohibited, the commercial attache, Mr. 
 Waetzoldt, stated that there existed certain rules as to the 
 construction and equipment of steam boilers, which had to be 
 observed by the American manufacturer who wished to sell 
 his boilers and fittings in Germany. Many of the boilers 
 and fittings used in this country would not be accepted by 
 the authorities in Germany. To insiu-e the installation of 
 xVmerican boilers and apparatus, it would be necessary to 
 construct them in accordance with the German requirements, 
 and in every single case the approval of the respective authori- 
 ties would be necessary. 
 
 If the regulations provided l)y the laws of Geraiany are 
 observed, there will be no objection to the installation and im- 
 portation of American boilers and fittings into Germany. 
 
 The question was then put by the Americans whether it 
 was possible tliat a law could ever be passed in Germany 
 prohibiting or restricting the importation of American en- 
 gines. This question was answered in the negative by the 
 German gentlemen present. 
 
 Mr. Geissel pointed out that if boilers are still being im- 
 ported into Germany, they were chiefly boilers for locomo- 
 biles, and mainly imported from England. If American 
 manufacturers are in a position to furnish something supe- 
 rior to the English product, particularly in boilers for agi-i- 
 cultural machinery, it would be by no means unlikely that 
 Germany would import these boilers from the United States 
 just as readily as from England. 
 
 Dr. Vosberg-Rekow in this connection, stated that Ameri- 
 cans should make themselves acquainted -\vith the conditions 
 of the countries they want to export to, and above all things 
 should have their price lists and catalogues printed in the 
 language of the coimtry which is to provide a market for 
 their goods. He also mentioned that while most of the 
 German and other European importers are conversant with 
 English, the managers of their factories do not understand it, 
 and the German importer or manufacturer likes to consult 
 his chief engineer before introducing technical innovations. 
 Besides, American manufacturers should sell their wares 
 c. i. f. port of destination, not at factory or f. o. b., New 
 York. 
 
 Dr. Pistor, of Gratz, took the flour to explain that Dr. 
 Vosberg-Rekow's remarks applied to Au.stria as well as to 
 Germany. 
 
 Some" of the members having urgent business to attend to, 
 the session was closed and the next session appointed to be 
 held on Friday, October 30th. 
 
 E. W. S. Tingle, Chairman. 
 
 De. Vosbeeg-Rekow, Vice-Chairman. 
 
 H. L. Geissel, Secrclary. 
 
 Iiy the University of Pennsylvania to all members of the In- 
 ternational Commercial Congress, and the time was limited. 
 The Chairman also called attention to the fact that the Presi- 
 dent of the United States would receive the members of the 
 International Commercial Congress in Washington, on Satur- 
 day, October 21st. It was then resolved to hold the next 
 meeting on Monday, October 23d, 10 a. m. 
 
 E. W. S. Tingle, Chairman. 
 
 Dr. Vosberg-Rekow, V ice-Chairman. 
 
 H. L. (Jeissel, Secretary. 
 
 Sixth Session. 
 Philadelphia, Friday, October 20th, 10 a. m. 
 
 Board of Trustees' Room, Philadelphia Commercial Mu- 
 seum. 
 
 The Chairman, Mr. Tingle, opened the session, and re- 
 marked that he did not think it possible to continue the 
 deliberations, as invitations for a reception had been extended 
 
 Seventh Session. 
 Philadelphia, Monday, October 23, 18r»9, 10 a. m. 
 
 Board of Trustees' Room, Philadelphia Commercial Mu- 
 seum. 
 
 The Chairman, Mr. E. W. S. Tingle, opened the session. 
 
 Mr. G. D. Waetzoldt read the following declaration in his 
 own name and that of the Imperial Consul at Philadelphia: 
 
 "Mr. President, Gentlemen: 
 
 "You have had the courtesy to invite the Imperial German 
 Consul, Mr. Marheinecke, and myself to be present at the 
 sessions of your Commission as representatives of the Ger- 
 man Government. At the time we accepted the in\itation, 
 we did not deem it necessary to explain the attitude of the 
 German Government with regard to the work of this Com- 
 mission, as the unofficial character of the same seemed fully 
 manifested by the fact that the representatives of the German 
 Government were invited as guests to all sessions. 
 
 "In order to avoid all misunderstanding, I have the honor 
 to declare that the representatives of the German Chambers 
 of Commerce and the Central Bureau for the Preparation 
 of Commercial Treaties are not acting by the authority of 
 the German Government in conducting these negotiations. 
 This, of course, does not detract from the importance and 
 commercial value of the negotiations, as the gentlemen are 
 speaking in the name of important commercial organizations, 
 which represent the interests of German commerce." 
 
 This declaration , was accepted. 
 
 Before taking up the bu.siness of the day, the reports of the 
 first, second, third, fifth and sixth sessions were read. The 
 reading of the report of the fourth session was deferred. 
 
 Mr. Biirgermeister, of the Department of Publicity, Na- 
 tional Export Exposition, who had been invited to be present 
 at the meeting, was requested to submit daily to the press 
 short reports on the work of the Commission. 
 
 Dr. Thorsch, Imperial Counsellor and Delegate of tJie 
 Chamber of Commerce at Vienna, who was rmable to be 
 present at the former meetings, stated that he had completed 
 the compilation of the material for the discus.sions relative 
 to the regulation of invoices and tariffs, and he submitted 
 the following: 
 
 Gentlemen: The complaints which I have to bring forward, 
 refer to tariff rates which are often unreasonably liigh, but 
 still more to the custom's policy which is being exercised in 
 the United States, by which the intention to exclude foreign 
 products is clearly shown. The history of the measures taken 
 by the customs authorities against the still young industry 
 of manufacturing electric carbons, shows that they try to 
 put a stop to all imports, without taking notice of any regu- 
 lations or rules. The position they took was so hostile that 
 — whether right or wrong — a report to the effect that a very 
 prominent politician, whose name was on every Lip, was a 
 
S78 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 large shareholder of the National Carbon Company, in Cleve- 
 innd, Ohio, was roadil}- believed. 
 
 1 will not make mention of many smaller, though no less 
 unpleasant, occurrences. As a matter of curiosity, however, 
 I will state that the posters of a European carbon manufac- 
 turer were designated as "works of art," and as such the duty 
 imposed upon them was so high that the firm preferred to let 
 the printed matter go to waste, their real value being too 
 small to warrant the cost of return freight to Europe. 
 
 The tarifif of Aug. 27th, 1894, placed an ad valorem duty 
 on electric carbons. Several months after this the appraisers 
 imposed an additional duty of 20 per cent, ad valurcm (see 
 Volume 102-108 of the Record, April 10th, 1895, New York). 
 
 In 189fi, the collector charged the firms of Dinglestedt & 
 Co. (''Union" Electrical Carbon Works, in Kronach), and 
 Hugo Ri'isinger (Julius Fuchs in Doos, near Nuremberg, 
 and C. Couradty, in Nuremberg) without notice 30 per cent. 
 ad valorem (according to par. 8o, Tariff of the 27th of August. 
 1894.) The iioard of Appraisers confirmed the collection of 
 30 per cent. An appeal was taken to the Circuit Court, 
 which ordered the charge of a duty of 20 per cent. Appeal 
 from this decision was then taken to the Supreme Court by 
 the United States on the one hand, while the firm of Dingel- 
 stedt & Co., also appealed, demanding free entry of the goods 
 on the ground of the provision contained in paragraph 443 
 of the Tariff. In this proceeding, the manufacturers were 
 compelled to state under oath their methods of manufactur- 
 ing, enlarging in this way the knowledge of their American 
 competitors. The Supreme Court confirmed the. decision of 
 the Circuit Court, i. e., the duty to be imposed was 20 per 
 cent, and not 30 per cent. 
 
 This struggle against incon-ect classification cost the im- 
 porters large sums of money, and by holding the goods in 
 bond imtil a decision was reached, additional losses were sus- 
 tained. They might have paid the amount demanded, in 
 order to release their goods, but refrained because of the ditFi- 
 eulty in recovering money paid in excess, as shown by the 
 following example: 
 
 The cost of manufacturing electric carbons, and the price, 
 varies considerably according to the material from which they 
 are made; for instance, the "A" carbon manufactured by 
 Siemens Brothers of Charlottenburg, which consists almost 
 entirely of soot, is much higher priced than other kinds. 
 
 In 1895, carbons were introduced into New York by R. ' 
 F. Downing & Co. The declaration of their value was dis- 
 puted by the appraiser, on the ground that the value of elec- 
 tric carbon was declared higher by other firms, and a fine 
 of $1,500 was imposed on the importer. The importing finn 
 strove in every way to obtain justice. Copies of the original 
 invoice were submitted to the authorities in New York and 
 the American consul in Vienna was allowed to inspect their 
 invoice book. It was showm that the declaration was in 
 accordance with the current market value. They had in- 
 voice copies certified by the American consul in Milan, by 
 which it was proved that the declaration corresponded also 
 with the selling price in Italy. All efforts were fruitless. 
 Another carbon, Tuanufactured from different material, had 
 been declared hightn- by the manufacturer, on account of 
 which manufacturers of all other kinds of carbon had to 
 suffer. The fine had been calculated on the basis of a duty 
 of 30 per cent. It would have been only reasonable to ex- 
 pect that the penalty "estimated on the basis of 30 per cent, 
 should be reduced, after the decision of th(> Circuit Court 
 had fixed the duty at 20 per cent., but the money has not 
 been refunded up to the present date. To l>e just, however, 
 it must be stated that the difference of the duties which had 
 been quoted 50 per cent, too high (from 30 to 20 per cent.), 
 has in some cases been refunded to the iitiportcrs. 
 
 The fine described above compelled importers to declare 
 
 a higher value than their goods actually had; in other words, 
 the duty was raised from 20 to 25 per cent, in this manner. 
 
 The whole proceeding is characterized by the fact that no 
 representative of the firm who might be able to disprove the 
 a.ssertions of the customs officers and the American experts — 
 the latter frequently being in the pay of their competitors — 
 is allowed to be present at the deliberations concerning the 
 market value of the goods in question. 
 
 As compared with these unstable customs proceedings, 
 justly regarded by Europeans as arbitrary, the Dingley Tariff, 
 which on July 24, 1897, did away with the ad valorem duty 
 by fixing the duty on electric light carbons at 90 cents per 
 hundred pieces, was felt to be a great relief. The monstrous 
 height reached by this tariff is shown by the following 
 tabulations: 
 
 Duty I89r, 
 1000 jiieces, }4 x 1-.', cored carbons 2(^<— $1.83 
 1000 I iecei, % x "J^, solid carhons lO-i— 1.05 
 1000 pieces, j% x 7}^, solid carbons '-'Ofc— .95 
 
 Duty 1897 
 
 89.00 1. e. about 100;^ ad yslorem 
 
 9.00 i. e. about 17-1^ ad Talorcm 
 
 9.00 1. e. about 305< ad valorem 
 
 In view of these fantastically high duties, European manu- 
 facturers were obliged to transfer part of their process of man- 
 ufacture to New York; they produced carbons up to one meter 
 in length in Europe and installed machinery in New York 
 to cut these long carbons into smaller sizes and to point them. 
 
 This action on the part of the European exporters was 
 ruthlessly avenged, how^ever, by the general appraiser. One 
 day the board of appraisers arrived at a conclusian which 
 no expert had heretofore conceived of, to wdt, that there ex- 
 isted such a thing as a "commercial length" of carbons, and 
 that said length was 12 inches. If this length was exceeded 
 by even one millimeter, then "commercially," there would be 
 two pieces, and a duty of $18 per 1,000 pieces perfectly jus- 
 tifiable. 
 
 This action becomes even more striking, if it is taken into 
 consideration that for this arbitrary calculation each separate 
 piece was taken as a basis, and not the total length of 1,000 
 pieces. Then the following is the result: 
 
 Duty 180G. 
 $1.91 
 
 1807. 
 $9.00 
 
 1898. 
 flS.'O 
 
 1000 pieces, J^ x 12^. cored carbons, 20^ 
 
 Against this decision the importers appealed on the follow- 
 ing grounds. 
 
 1. That there was no "commercial length"' of carbons for 
 electric lighting, as the lengths salable and actually sold 
 varied between 4J inches and IG inches. 
 
 2. That the customs tariff did not contain any restriction 
 as to lengths, but in unmistakable terms spoke of pieces only. 
 
 3. That if the appraiser assumed that carbons for elec- 
 tric lighting could not be longer than 12 inches, those of 
 greater length ceased to be carbons for electric lighting and, 
 coming under the heading "electric carbons, not otherwise 
 enumerated," were dutiable at 35 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 This interpretation was approved by the Circuit Court of 
 Appeals, which decided that carbons more than 12 inches long 
 were to pay a duty of 35 per cent, ad valorem as "electric 
 carbons, not otherwise enumerated." 
 
 Against this decision the government appealed to the Su- 
 preme Court whose verdict is still pending. 
 
 Gentlemen, this statement, based as it is upon facts, will 
 prove to you that twice within a very short time the Courts 
 of the United States were asked for protection against an 
 appraiser about to ])aralyze an industry by an arbitrary meas- 
 ure condemned by the Courts of his own country. 
 
 We all know that in this country legal proceedings cost 
 much money and more trouble. 
 
 If America desires to export, the general appraiser must 
 be instructed to treat importers according to law, and spare 
 them the necessity of appealing to the courts. 
 
 The Commission was then addressed by the following gen- 
 tlemen: Mr. Charles M. Steffens, chief of the foreign depart- 
 
SESSIONS OF THE GERMAN-AMERICAN COMMISSION 
 
 879 
 
 ment of the firm of Montgomery, Ward & Co., Chicago, 111., 
 and Mr. Thorne, treasurer of the same firm, who explained 
 that they conducted an export business similar to that of 
 May & Edlich, of Leipsic. Until recently, they had not made 
 any exportations to Gemiany, and they expressed the hope 
 that after the adjournment of the Convention on Parcels 
 Post, the establishment of new connections with Germany 
 might be possible. They further stated that they had no 
 special complaints to make against the German TarifE law 
 and its operation. They intend sending their catalogues to 
 the corporations represented at the Commercial Congress, in. 
 order that these may fully understand the various lines of 
 goods which are capable of being especially pushed by the 
 parcels post. 
 
 A complaint by the firm of M. H. Merriam, of Boston, 
 was then considered. On certain cotton goods a duty of 3.50 
 marks is levied, which is almost as high as the selling price, 
 $1.10. 
 
 Mr. Plerlitzschka, from Vienna, responded that the Ger- 
 man and Austrian industry in cotton print goods was accom- 
 plishing such great results that it was questionable whether 
 American competitors would be able to carry on an export in 
 this line to the respective countries. 
 
 Dr. Vosberg-Rekow agreed to investigate the matter and 
 to confer with German manufacturers and experts in ref- 
 erence to the advisability of changing present tariff rates. 
 
 Reference was then made by American gentlemen to the 
 prohibition of importations of American pork products. The 
 question was ruled out of order, owing to the fact that com- 
 plaints for consideration could only be submitted by experts 
 in the line discussed. 
 
 The opinion was repeatedly expressed by the Americans 
 who took part in the discussion, that a Customs Advisory 
 Board ought to be formed, which should be empowered to 
 settle this and similar questions. 
 
 Dr. Vosberg-Rekow stated that a considerate and friendly 
 attitude of the German customs house officials and the Gov- 
 ernment could only be expected after the causes for com- 
 plaint, on the part of German commercial circles, regarding 
 arbitrary tarifi' management in the United States had been 
 removed. An investigation of these complaints would be of 
 comparatively little consequence to the United States. The 
 meat question, on the other hand, is of great importance to 
 the American producers. He suggested the settlement of the 
 former complaints, in order to establish more friendly rela- 
 tions and to insure a friendly co-operation on the part of the 
 German Government. 
 
 Meanwhile, by referring to the American tariff schedule, 
 the fact had been established that the American duty for 
 cotton print goods amounted to 9c. per square yard and 
 20 per cent, of the value; but in no case less than 47^ per 
 cent, altogether, making the American tariff but little lower 
 than the German. 
 
 A complaint from the W. C. Barker Co., of New York, 
 who are representatives of a trust making agricultural im- 
 plements, etc., was next submitted. It referred chiefly to 
 patent laws, and requested the consideration of such modi- 
 fications in the patent laws of Germany as would enable an 
 American inventor to procure a patent in Germany as easily 
 as in the United States; the object of this suggestion being 
 to protect American patented articles, in Germany at least, 
 from the wholesale imitation which is now in vogue on the 
 European continent. 
 
 This complaint will also be thoroughly investigated. 
 The fact was then confirmed that the regulations of the 
 Treasury Department, mentioned at the third session by Mr. 
 G. D. Waetzoldt, with, reference to a limit of 5 per cent., exist 
 and are valid. The Commission considers all questions raised 
 in this connection as settled. 
 
 The session adjourned at 1.15 p. m., to meet again on the 
 24th of October, at 10 a. m. 
 
 E. W. S. Tingle, Chairman. 
 
 De. Vosbeeg-Rekow, Vice-Chairman. 
 
 H. L. Geissel, Secretary. 
 
 Eighth Session. 
 
 Philadelphia, Tuesday, October 24, 1899. 
 
 The Chairman, Mr. Tingle, opened the session. 
 
 Before taking up the business of the day, the Chair sug- 
 gested that in place of Mr. H. L. Goissel, Mr. W. C. Betts 
 act as secretary of the Commission during the coming ses- 
 sions, as the formers time is fully occupied in directing the 
 printing of the minutes of the preceding sessions. 
 
 Dr. Vosberg-Rekow took the floor to make the following 
 statement: The meetings of the International Congress are 
 of the greatest interest, and it is to be regretted that the 
 members of the Commission are prevented from attending the 
 morning sessions. The regular program of the Commission 
 has had to be abandoned continually owing to the visits of 
 interested Americans, which were most gratifying to the Com- 
 mission — and, moreover, as the preparation of the minutes 
 consumes much time, and the European days of the Congress 
 are rapidly drawing near, it seems proper to deviate from the 
 original program and consider only the most important sub- 
 jects in the coming sessions. The Commission should also 
 adopt some resolutions as the result of its work. I have com- 
 municated with the President of the Congress and Director of 
 the Museum, and have the honor to submit to you the fol- 
 lowing propositions: 
 
 The views hitherto set forth in our deliberations — es- 
 pecially those of parties interested, which it is impossible to 
 include in detail in the minutes — have shown that the ma- 
 jority of the members incline to the belief that the gi-eater 
 part of the complaints submitted by members of the Com- 
 mission could be settled by the creation of a Customs Ad- 
 visory Board. Such a proposition has met with support on 
 all sides. As it is impossible to trouble the International 
 Commercial Congress with the details of the deliberations of 
 the Commission, it would be advisable to place before it 
 only a resolution proposing the creation of "Customs Tarifi 
 Advisory Boards," which should have authority to elimi- 
 nate, or at least diminish, the difficulties arising from the 
 treatment of matters bearing on customs duties. I, there- 
 fore, have the honor to submit to you the following resolu- 
 tion for presentation to the International Congress on one of 
 the European days. It reads as follows: 
 
 Mr. Presideid: The German- American Commission, con- 
 sisting of delegates to the International Commercial Congress 
 from Germany and Austria, together with certain American 
 representatives, begs leave to submit a few words to the 
 Congress. 
 
 The Commission was assembled for the purpose of consid- 
 ering thoroughly the commercial relations existing between 
 the United States, the German Empire and Austria-Hungary. 
 The Commission, after earnestly considering the question, 
 having heard representatives of American, Gennan and Aus- 
 trian industries, has reached the conclusion that more in- 
 timate commercial relations between the aforesaid countries 
 is desirable, and the maintenance and fostering of friendly 
 relations between them is to be sought and secured. For the 
 discussions leading to these decisions, the Commission refers 
 to the complete report of its sessions, which it has the honor 
 to hand to the President of the Congress, and a copy of which 
 
S80 
 
 PROCEEDIlSrGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 it will undertake to bring to the attention of the respective 
 governments interested. 
 
 The Commission requests the approval of the International 
 (.'ongress on the proposition for the f annation of an impartial 
 Customs Advisory JJoard in each country, as the first step 
 toward the aoconiplishnient of friendly commercial relations. 
 
 As delegate and Vice-President of the Commission, there- 
 fore, I move, Mr. President, that it is the opinion of this Con- 
 gress that such boards should be formed. 
 
 This resolution was passed unanimously by the Commis- 
 sion. After some discussion, it was resolved to inform the 
 International Congress that the Commission will communi- 
 cate its ])rocecdings to the respective governments. 
 
 Dr. Vosbcrg-Rekow was commissioned to present to the 
 Congress, in the name of the Commission, the resolution just 
 passed. 
 
 On his motion it was further agreed tliat the program of 
 the next session include the questions of the traffic in goods 
 to be improved, and the adoption by the United States of 
 the system of European Commercial Treaties. All other 
 matters will be laid aside, as the sessions of the Commission 
 are to close Wednesday, October 25th. The printing of the re- 
 ports in German and English will be commenced immediately. 
 
 It is regretted that owing to lack of time, it would be im- 
 possible to consider otlier important questions. 
 
 The Chairman then opened the discussion concerning the 
 creation of Customs Ad\asory- Boards. 
 
 Dr. Pistor, of Graz, reported as follows concerning the 
 organization of the Austrian Customs Advisory Board: 
 
 The speaker stated that he would be able to treat only in 
 a general way of the Customs Advisory Board, one reason 
 being that he had no prepared data to aid his memory. 
 The Austrian Customs Ad^isoi7 Board was founded in the 
 beginning of the nineties, and its members and their sub- 
 stitutes were appointed pai'tly by the Government and partly 
 by the twenty-nine chambers of commerce of Austria. The 
 former are naturally mostly taken from the ranks of the 
 financial officials, while the latter usually are merchants with 
 a general business training. 
 
 This organization of the Customs Advisory Board was 
 chosen in the interest of the State as well as of the general 
 public, to insure the impartiality of the board and invest 
 its decisions with the necessary authority. In the United 
 States a great obstacle to the appointment of the members 
 would probably result from the fact that chambers of com- 
 merce are private institutions, not public corporations as in 
 Austria and, therefore, only represent a circle of limited in- 
 terests. The Board is di\ddcd into several committees, and 
 holds frequent sessions, for which the Ministry of Commerce 
 sends out a special invitation whenever enougli material 
 has accumulated for the sessions, which may last several 
 days. In special instances, experts outside of the Advisory 
 Board are invited to the sessions. The two principal object^ 
 of discussion are, on the one hand, those matters which re- 
 quire an impartial and competent treatment when the ar- 
 ticles in question are not enumerated in the Customs Tariff, 
 and, on account of their novelty, have to be brought under 
 one of its headings; and, on the other hand, when the Cus- 
 toms Advisory Board is asked for its opinion on a customs 
 case, which has been submitted to tlie third and final author- 
 ity in customs disputes. The Customs Advisory Board is 
 solely an advisory body, and while the Ministry may or may 
 not abide by its decisions, as far as the speaker knows, the 
 former is llio rule. As in Austria, the deliberations of such 
 a board in the United States would have to be behind closed 
 doors, so as to relieve the members of any parly obligations 
 and enable them to speak freely and solely as experts. 
 
 The report was received with thanks. The discussion was 
 then entered into. 
 
 As the creation of a Customs Advisory Board is to be re- 
 commended, not only for the LTnited States but also for 
 other countries, the Commission refrained from going into 
 details, and only a few points were mentioned. 
 
 The Chairman explained that, in the first place, all possi- 
 ble efilorts should be made to attain a certain stability in the 
 regulations and membership of the Customs Administration, 
 and as experience had sho\\Ti that every political change 
 brings with it also a change in this membership, it would be 
 advisalile that the Customs Advisory Board contain a counter- 
 poise against this instability. For this reason the Qustoms 
 Advisory Board should be free from political influence, and 
 to this end the members should be appointed by the President 
 of the Rcpuljlic either for life, or at least for a period of ten 
 years. 
 
 Tliis opinion was unanimously adopted. 
 
 In the deliberations, the following decisions were also 
 reached: The work of the Customs Advisory Board should 
 be extended to: 
 
 1. The settlement of all contentions that may occur in the 
 application of the tariff. 
 
 2. Authoritative decision in the classification and valuation 
 of new articles. 
 
 3. Co-operation in especially difficult cases of estimating 
 the value of goods. 
 
 4. Consideration of the commercial conditions and presen- 
 tation of necessary changes in tariff regulations. 
 
 The question also came up as to whether it would not be 
 advisable to demand publicity and a certain regularity in the 
 sessions of the Customs Advisory Board. 
 
 Referring to the membership of the Customs Advisory 
 Board, there should be included in this: 
 
 1. Customs Officers. 
 
 2. Commercial and Technical Experts. 
 
 3. Representatives of the Government. 
 
 4. Representatives of Consumers. 
 
 As regards the last, to the Chief of the State would have 
 to ])e entrusted the finding of siTitable and impartial members. 
 
 The session closed at 12.30 a. m. Next session, Wednes- 
 day, October 25th, 10 a. m. 
 
 E. W. S. Tingle, Chairman. 
 
 Dr. Vosberg-Rekow, Vice-Chairman. 
 
 W. C. Betts, Secretary. 
 
 Ninth Session. 
 Philadelphia, Wednesday, October 25th, 10 a. m. 
 
 Board of Trustees' Room, Philadelphia Commercial Mu- 
 seum. 
 
 The Chairman opened the session. 
 
 Before taking up the business of the day, Dr. Alexander 
 von Dorn from Vienna made the following statement: 
 
 Not having been present when the minutes of the second 
 session were read, I beg to state the following in addition 
 thereto: The deliberations on questions concerning the con- 
 tested estimation of duties should be publicly discussed before 
 the Board of General Appraisers. 
 
 The business of the day was then taken uj). 
 
 In reference to goods in transit to be improved or pei'i'ertcd, 
 Dr. Vosberg-Rekow stated that the interpretation of market 
 values as given by the appraisers affects most seriously this 
 class of goods. The following serves as an example to what 
 degree this is really the case: 
 
SESSIONS OF THE GEEMAN-AMEEICAN COMMISSION 
 
 381 
 
 Section 19 of the Customs Administrative Act, which treats 
 of market values, reads as follows: 
 
 "Whenever imported merchandise is subject to an ad 
 valorem rate of diity, or to a duty based upon or regulated in 
 any manner by the value thereof, the duty shall be assessed 
 upon the actual market value or wholesale price of such mer- 
 chandise as bought and sold in usual wholesale quantities, at 
 the time of exportation to the United States, in the principal 
 markets of the country from whence imported, and in the 
 condition in which such merchandise is there bought and 
 sold for exportation to the United States, or consigned to 
 the United States for sale, including the value of all cartons, 
 cases, crates, boxes, sacks, and coverings of any kind, and 
 all other costs, charges, and expenses incident to placing the 
 merchandise in condition, packed ready for shipment to the 
 United States, and if there be used for covering or holding 
 imported merchandise, whether dutiable or free, any un- 
 usual article or form designed for use otherwise than in the 
 hona fide transportation of such merchandise to the United 
 States, additional duty shall be levied and collected upon such 
 material or article at the rate to which the same would be 
 siibject if separately imported."' 
 
 The designations, "value" or "real market value," when- 
 ever they occur in this or any other law in connection with 
 the valuation of imported articles, refer to the actual market 
 value or wholesale price, as it is further explained in this 
 article. The wording of these regulations has given rise to 
 lively discussions about the exportation of such articles as are 
 manufactured in Germany under favorable export bounties. 
 Among these regulations belong, in the first place, all whose 
 purpose it is to free the goods to be exported from the duty 
 wMch was originally placed upon the raw materials or arti- 
 cles necessary for the manufacturing of the respective goods, 
 i. e., reimbursements of duties and taxes, import premiums, 
 goods manufactured in districts belonging to free ports, or 
 of goods that are allowed to pass in transit. These favior- 
 able conditions have been especially created for the purpose 
 of affording such facilities to the German articles as wiU 
 enable them to compete in international markets, even with a 
 high tariff, but through the American tariff policy these 
 conditions are becoming illusive. It has been pointed out 
 that the market value would have to be obtained from the 
 principal markets of the country from which the export was 
 made, and in fixing the same, the German duties for raw 
 materials, semi-manufactures, etc., are calculated as costs of 
 production, even in those cases where they are not paid by 
 the German manufacturer. This is manifestly an arbitrary 
 interpretation of the term "market value," as, for interna- 
 tional commerce, the value on the international market 
 should be conclusive. The regulations in question were not 
 interpreted in that way at the beginning; the American con- 
 snls who were acquainted with the conditions, have unhesi- 
 tatingl}^ certified the invoices in which the value had been 
 calculated without adding the tariff rates, and this value was 
 the criterion for the fixing of the ad valorem duty in the 
 United States. 
 
 At the suggestion of American manufacturers who desired 
 to render foreign competition still more difiicult, the tariff 
 administration declared this mode of calculation wrong. 
 Without iuforming the persons interested, the new rule was 
 enforced in such a mauner as to impose additional duties and 
 fines on even those shipments for which, on account of ignor- 
 ance of the new regulations, the invoice had been gotten up 
 and certified according to the old method. Some of the Ger- 
 man exporters and the American importers protested against 
 this arbitrary measure, but without success. An American 
 importer of velveteen, which, under customs inspection, was 
 dyed and finished in Germany with "cotton in the gray" 
 
 imported duty free from England, the velveteen being there- 
 fore free of all import duty, took the matter up to the high- 
 est court. The Supreme Court passed the follo^ving decision, 
 under date of 3d of January, 1898: "This market value 
 or price was the price in Germany, and not the price after 
 leaving that country, and the act does not contemplate two 
 prices or two market values," and it closed with the remark: 
 "Collectors and appraising officers should exercise due vigi- 
 lance in the examination of invoices to ascertain the amount 
 of any bonus allowed either as a remission of tax or as a pay- 
 ment of drawback, so that said amount may be included in 
 the dutiable value of the merchandise" (S}Tiopsis 18805). 
 
 The competitive conditions of the American market have 
 been entirely changed by this decision. These changes are 
 not of so much importance as regards the American produc- 
 tion, as with reference to the competitive coimtries which 
 are also exporting to the United States, for the export con- 
 ditions of these countries are changing according to the differ- 
 ent internal taxes, etc., and exceptional chances are offered 
 to the free trade countries, as England and Holland. How 
 great these differences are, may be seen from the following 
 con:parative statement of tariff rates in different countries for 
 the same articles exported to America. 
 
 Raw Cacao. Sugar. 
 
 In Germany, 
 In France. 
 In Holland, 
 Id Belt:;iuni, 
 In Switzflrland, 
 Id England, 
 
 It is clearly shown by these figures that the new inter- 
 pretation of tlie wording is almost a downright prohibition to 
 the Gtrman and French exports, while it has a very advan- 
 tagc( us effect upon the English and Swiss exports. In addi- 
 tion to this, the article is classified under a higher value, on 
 account of the increase in the original value by the additional 
 tarift' rate, and in consequence a correspondingly higher duty 
 is imposed upon the same. For example, the Dingley tariff 
 placed the following rates on chocolate (Paragraph 281): 
 
 On chocolate of a value not exceeding 15c. per lb., 2^e. per lb. 
 On chocolate of a value of 15c. and not exceeding 24:C. per lb., 
 S|c. per lb. and 10 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 Now, if 100 lbs. of a medium grade of chocolate having 
 a value of 12c. per pound (a total of $12) were exported to 
 America, the Dutch exporter would pay 24c. per pound, i. e. 
 $2.50 for the whole. He can, therefore, offer his article to 
 the trade in New York at $11.50. For the German article, 
 the German duty is calculated at 3.7c. per pound, American 
 money. Its market value is now 15.7c., and it is classified in 
 the second category of the tariff, which has to pay an additi- 
 onal duty of 10 per cent. The importer therefore has to pay: 
 
 First— 2^c. per lb $2.50 
 
 Second — 10 per cent, of the total value (inclusive Ger- 
 man duty)==100X15.7= 1.57 
 
 35 mk. per double cwt. 
 
 20 mk. per double owl. 
 
 104 fr. per 
 
 62.f)0 fr. per " " 
 
 free 
 
 27 fl. per 
 
 free 
 
 60.56 fr. per " " 
 
 1 fr. per lb. " 
 
 7.5(l@!) fr. per " 
 
 Id. per lb. 
 
 free 
 
 $1.07 
 
 He cannot, therefore, offer his article to the trade at a 
 price less than $16.07. By the same calculation the duty for 
 the French article even amounts to 21c. per pound, against 
 12c. for the Dutch article of equal value. 
 
 For the same article exported from Germany, this regula- 
 tion indicates an increase of the import duty — according to 
 its value — of 42, 85 and 100 per cent. This regiilation is 
 the less justified, as it is not always advisable to give exact 
 quotations of the taxes and charges to which the article is 
 subject in its country of origin. For instance, in France 
 there exists no tax for the cognac production, but muni- 
 cipal octroi taxes. Strictly speaking, these would have to be 
 
382 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 included in the calculation of the tariff value, as they have 
 the same effect on the price quotation as general taxes and 
 frontier duties, but this seems impossible, as they vary greatly 
 in the different municipalities. The international market 
 price is, therefore, the only one that should be taken as a basis 
 for calculating the value of articles, not so much because it is 
 just, but mainly because it is the most practical method. 
 
 As the result of these explanations, the resolutions were 
 imanimously adopted. It was especially pointed out that 
 through these regulations, the United States was responsible 
 for this arbitrary change of market conditions, especially in 
 favor of the free trading countries. 
 
 For instance, the increased collections which the American 
 appraiser endeavors to derive in thus levying duty, is ren- 
 dered illusive. Velveteen which has been refined in GeiTnany 
 is being transferred to England, as no duty is imposed there, 
 and from England reexported to the United States, while, 
 on the other hand, the direct commercial relations between 
 Germany and America are being ruined and discord caused. 
 
 An interesting discussion was hold on the subject, "Adop- 
 tion of the System of European Commercial Treaties by the 
 United States."' The outcome of this discussion was as 
 follows: 
 
 It was unanimously agreed that in such a vast and pro- 
 gressive country as the United States the only possible way 
 to carry on an export trade for any length of time, is to de- 
 velop the import trade simultaneously. A check on the im- 
 ports from other countries would naturally have a similar 
 effect on the exports from the United States. The industries 
 of this country have been progressing so rapidly, that to-day 
 a number of valuable articles could be exported to the most 
 advanced nations. And the more rapidly this development 
 takes place, the more urgent becomes the necessity of adopt- 
 ing the system of European commercial treaties. A partici- 
 pation in the world's commerce can only be possible and 
 successful for any length of time if the basis for commer- 
 cial relations are the same in all progressive industrial 
 countries. 
 
 Some of the German members furnished valuable material, 
 which illustrated the heavy losses the manufacturers have 
 to sustain on account of the fluctuations in American tariffs. 
 Mr. Wirth, of Sorau, and Dr. von Dorn, of Vienna, took es- 
 pecially active parts in this discussion. The American mem- 
 bers acknowledged that reciprocity should be practiced in 
 order to preserve and further develop the position which the 
 United States is taking in international commerce. 
 
 The business of the day was herewith finished, and in ac- 
 
 cordance vrith. the resolution adopted at the last session, the 
 work of the Commission will be discontinued for the present. 
 
 The Chairman, in the name of the management of the Mu- 
 seum and the American members, extended his sincere thanks 
 to the European meml)ers of the Commission for the confi- 
 dence shown in him while conducting the work of the Com- 
 mission. He also expressed his satisfaction that this work had 
 not been devoid of results, and that a better understanding of 
 the opinions on both sides had been effected. He expressed 
 the hope that this mutual enlightenment would ultimately re- 
 sult in more friendly commercial relations. 
 
 The Vice-President, Dr. Vosberg-Rekow, thanked the Mu- 
 seum for its kind co-operation in promoting the work of the 
 Commission, and especially the Chairman for his personal 
 cordiality and the impartiality which he had sliown. He said 
 that it is to be regretted that a general opinion prevails in 
 the European countries, that there exists in the United States 
 no such conciliatory and friendly sentiment as was mani- 
 fested during the deliberations of the Commission. But the 
 work of the Commission will show that there really is such a 
 sentiment. It is impossible that this should not be felt in 
 Germany. The promoters of friendly commercial relations 
 among the nations will regard the existence of this sentiment 
 with great satisfaction. He further said: "We had not ex- 
 pected such a reception as has been extended to us; we had 
 not hoped that our American friends woiild show such an 
 understanding for our complaints, as has been the case. We, 
 the European delegates, are especially delighted at this, and 
 express the hope tliat it will result in further co-operation." 
 The speaker pointed out especially that the work of the 
 Commission had been carried on harmoniously, and that the 
 resolutions and opinions expressed in the reports were ■unani- 
 mously accepted by the members of the Commission. Con- 
 tinuing, he said, "of course, this was to a great extent due to 
 the personality of the Chairman, who, by combining a charm 
 of manner and great tact with his impartiality, had won the 
 gratitude of all the members." (Applause.) 
 
 Dr. Alexander von Dorn, from Vienna, thanked the Ger- 
 man delegates for their invitation to the Austrian delegates to 
 participate in the discussions. In view of the friendly char- 
 acter of the work it afforded him pleasure to be able to state 
 that there had been nothing but harmony between the Ger- 
 man and Austrian interests. With a few words of fare- 
 well, the Chainnan then declared the Sessions at an end. 
 E. W. S. Tingle, Chairman. 
 Dr. Vosberg-Rekow, Vice-Chairman. 
 W. C. Betts, Secretary. 
 
BIOGRAPHIES OF FOREIGN DELEGATES 
 
 TO THE 
 
 INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Jose Algara, Delegate from the Confederacion Mercantil y 
 de la Camara de Comercio, Mexico City, Mexico. 
 
 Mr. Alo-ara was born in Mexico, in 1849, of one of tlie oldest 
 and most^distinguished families in the country. He studied 
 at a law school, where he made excellent progress, and to- 
 day occupies a prominent place in the Mexican Government. 
 He has executed many commissions of trust for the Govern- 
 ment, and has amassed a large fortune through private busi- 
 ness transactions. At present, he is a member of the Royal 
 Academy of Law, a corresponding member of the one in 
 Madrid and an officer of tlie Mexico College of Lawyers. Mr. 
 Algara is one of the most celebrated professors of the Mexico 
 Law School and has lately published a work on private inter- 
 national law which has been approved by the best Mexican 
 and foreign la\\7ers. He has traveled in Europe and Amer- 
 ica, and is one of the most ardent supporters of Mexico's 
 intercourse with all foreign countries, especially with the 
 United States. 
 
 E. Amengual, Delegate from the Chamber of Commerce, 
 Barcelona, Spain. 
 
 Mr. Amengual was born in Port Mahon, Spain, in 1830. 
 He has resided at Barcelona since 1845. His first occupation 
 was that of a seaman, and as master of Spanish ships he fre- 
 quently visited the ports of the United States. In 1872, Mr. 
 Amengual ceased following the sea, and engaged in business 
 as a merchant in Barcelona. He has held different positions 
 in several commercial and shipping associations, and has_ re- 
 cently published several papers on commerce and navigation. 
 
 James D. Allan, Delegate from the Board of Trade, To- 
 ronto, Ontario, Canada. 
 
 Mr. Allan was bom at Port Rowan, Ontario, August 31st, 
 1850. His family were engaged in what was then a great 
 lumbering district, in a variety of branches of business which 
 included that of ship-building, general merchandise and lum- 
 bering. After receiving a good high school education, he re- 
 ceived the benefit of a general business education by being 
 connected with various commercial branches until 1876, 
 when he became engaged in the hat and fur trade in Toronto, 
 with which he has ever since been connected. Being his duty 
 each year to attend the great fur sales of the world held in 
 London, Leipsic and Moscow, he has had an unusual oppor- 
 tunity of becoming acquainted with business methods in 
 foreign countries, by which he has been greatly benefited. 
 He is a member of the Council of the Board of Trade of 
 Toronto, to which he has been elected three times. He has 
 given great attention to the question of technical and com- 
 mercial education as one of the necessities of the times if 
 his people are to keep abreast of the world in commercial 
 matters. 
 
 Enrique Akamora, Delegate from the Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Majorca, Spain. 
 
 Mr. Alzamora was born at Palma, Majorca (Balearic Isles), 
 on the 26th of April, 1866. When a boy, he was in the 
 ofQce of his father and assisted him in his business. He 
 took a course of studies, and had the degree of Bachelor 
 conferred upon him. He afterward devoted himself to jour- 
 nalism. His father having died, in 1891, he and his brother, 
 Fernando, took charge of his business and conducted it under 
 the name '"Alzamora Hermanos." In order to increase their 
 business, they established, in 1897, a London house, "Alza- 
 mora Brothers." 
 
 George Anderson, Delegate from the Board of Trade, To- 
 ronto, Ontario, Canada. 
 
 Mr. Anderson was born in the village of Fergus, Province of 
 Ontario, Dominion of Canada, and was educated in the schools 
 of his native village, which were noted for thoroughness of 
 teaching, and high standard of discipline. After leaving 
 school, he became clerk in a general store consisting of dry 
 goods, groceries, boots and shoes and hardware, obtaining a 
 complete training as a salesman. Realizing that there would 
 be a greater scope in a larger community, he associated him- 
 self with John Horsman of the city of Guelph, the county 
 town of the Coimty of Wellington, who was doing the larg- 
 est business in hardware in that section of the country, and 
 during these years Mr. Anderson received an intimate knowl- 
 edge of the hardware business. At this time he was offered, 
 without soHcitation, the position of accountant and book- 
 keeper for the Guelph Lumber Company, which he accepted. 
 The company owned extensive timber limits and a very large 
 saw mill in the northern part of the Pro\ince. Returning 
 to Guelph after three years' absence, he became connected 
 with the oil interests of Canada, managing a petroleum re- 
 finery for several years. Feeling again the necessity of a 
 wider field, he removed to Toronto, the capital of the Prov- 
 ince, and became manager of the Royal Oil Company, which 
 position he held for thirteen years, during which time the 
 business developed to one of the largest in Canada. In 1897, 
 the Canadian Government appointed Mr. Anderson as Special 
 Trade Commissioner to visit Japan for the purpose of as- 
 certaining the possibilities and probabilities of increasing 
 trade between the Empire of Japan and the Dominion of 
 Canada. Mr. Anderson visited the Flowery Kingdom and very 
 minutely investigated the opportunities for development of 
 trade between the two countries, and reported fully to the 
 Canadian Government. 
 
 Mr. Anderson has been an active member of the Board 
 of Trade in Toronto for the past thirteen years. He is now 
 engaged as an export and import agent. 
 
 Antonio Lazo Arriaga, Delegate from the Government of 
 Guatemala. 
 
 Mr. Arriaga was bom at Danli, Spanish Honduras, Central 
 America, April 10, 1857. His education began under the 
 supervision of able private teachers. It was continued in the 
 
 383 
 
384 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 University of Tegiiciffalpa (1870), and completed in that of 
 Guatemala (1872-1S7'7), where he graduated as a lawyer and 
 pul)lie notary. Since he was 22 years of age, he has con- 
 tinuously taken an active and prominent part in the public 
 affairs of his country, such as member of the National As- 
 sembly or Congress (1882-1887); Assistant Secretary of Edu- 
 cation (1880); professor and member of the faculties of vari- 
 ous colleges and of the National University; Minister of For- 
 eign Relations (1885); vice-president of the Council of State 
 (1887); speaker of the National Assembly or Congress (1891), 
 and now in his present capacity, that of Envoy Extraordinary 
 and Minister Plenipotentiary of Guatemala, at Washington. 
 He has filled many other official posts, has been an officer 
 of several public corporations and a member of committees 
 which have prepared important laws regarding education, 
 etc. He is prominently identified with several scientific so- 
 cieties and has in different ways been honored by foreign 
 countries. 
 
 Edward Atkinson, Delegate from the Massachusetts State 
 Board of Trade, Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 Mr. Atkinson was born on February 10, 1827. In 1842, 
 he entered a dry goods commission house, and after serving 
 his time, became interested in cotton and woolen manufac- 
 ture, first as a clerk and bookkeeper, later as treasurer and 
 manager of several large establishments. He became an ad- 
 vocate of free trade in 1866, and has for many years been a 
 prolific writer upon economic questions, constantly present- 
 ing tire theory that hig'h wages are the consequent of a low 
 cost of production, and that there is nothing so costly as 
 what is commonly called pauper labor. Since 1878, Mr. At- 
 kinson has been the President of the Boston Manufacturers' 
 Mutual Fire Insurance Co. 
 
 Peter Barr, Delegate from the Chambers of Conunerce of 
 Dunedin, Christchurch, Napier and Auckland, New Zealand. 
 
 Mr. Barr was born in Dunedin, New Zealand, in 1861, his 
 parents belonging to the band of early settlers known as "old 
 identities" who arrived from Scotland in 1848 and 1849. He 
 was educated at private and public schools in his native city, 
 leaving the Otago High Schcwil. in 1S77, to enter the oHii-c of 
 Mr. R. H. Leary, a leading public accountant. Mr. Barr re- 
 mained in the service of Mr. Leary until taken into partner- 
 ship in the firm of R. H. Leary & Co., and on the death of Mr. 
 Leary, in 1894, witli ^Ir. Sidney C. I^eai-}', son of lii.s late 
 senior partner, formed the present firm of Barr, Leary & Co. 
 During the past five years the business of the firm has largely 
 extended, and a branch office has been opened in the City of 
 Wellington. Mr. Barr has held the position of secretary to 
 numerous public companies and associations, and at present, 
 besides managing the head office of his firm in Dunedin, is 
 Secretaiy of the Dunedin Chamber of Commerce and the 
 Dunedin City Sinking Fund Commissioners. In these capa- 
 cities he is well known in New Zealand, and when it became 
 known that he was to represent the Dunedin Chamber at 
 Philadelphia, the Chambers of Commerce in Christchurch, 
 Napier and Auckland paid him the compliment of a.sking him 
 to represent these bodies also. As local Secretary, Mr. Barr 
 took an active part in the formation of the Incorporated Insti- 
 tute of Accountants of New Zealand, and liad been a member 
 of the Board of the Institute for some years. 
 
 of November, 1863. For a time he studied in colleges of 
 Mexico for a professional career, returning to Guadalajara 
 later and devoted three or four years to the cultivation of 
 cotton in Villa-Lerdo (Tamaulipas). Later, he entered into 
 partnership with the commission house of Basave and Co., of 
 Guadalajara, being the eldest son of the head of the firm. 
 
 Frederick A. Beelen, Delegate from the Government of 
 Chile. 
 
 Mr. Beelen was born in Pittsburg, Pa., of which city his 
 father was one of the founders. In very early life, after being 
 admitted to the bar, Mr. Beelen was obliged, owing to im- 
 paired health, to travel in South America. He obtained from 
 the Government of Venezuela an exclusive grant for the 
 navigation of the Orinoco and its trilmtaries, and was the first 
 United States Consul at Ciudad Bolivar on that river. After 
 traveling in Europe, he went as Secretary of Legation and 
 afterwards as Charge d' Affaires to the Central American 
 States, and was commissioned by Secretary Marcy to negotiate 
 a treaty with Nicaragua. After acting for some years as 
 Secretary of Legation and Charge d'Att'aires in Chile, he re- 
 turned to the United States and was shortly afterwards ap- 
 pointed by the Chilean Government Consul-General of that 
 republic for the United States, which position he still holds. 
 Mr. Beelen was author of a $1200 prize essay, entitled, "The 
 Three American Railways," and has been, for many years, a 
 contributor to American and Spanish-American periodicals. 
 
 Mamts Berliner, Delegate from the Chamber of Commerce, 
 Cape Town, Cape Colony, Africa. 
 
 Mr. Berliner was born in Germany, November 21st, 1827. 
 After taking a college course, he followed a commercial pur- 
 suit, which was continued after his arrival in New York, Nov. 
 loth, 1848. In 1867, he first became interested in foreign 
 commerce, and, since 1872, has devoted himself entirely to 
 the same. For upwards of 20 years, he has served the Gov- 
 ernment of the Cape of Good Hope in the capacity of Com- 
 mercial Agent, and, in 189:5, -was one of its Commissioners 
 at the Chicago Exposition. It was the intention of the Gov- 
 ernment to appoint him a delegate to the International Com- 
 mercial Congress, but while the matter was considered, the 
 aspect of affairs in South Africa became so serious that no 
 definite action regarding it was taken. The Chamber of 
 Commerce at Cape Town took the matter up and appointed 
 him its representative. 
 
 Prof. Carlo Caesar Betocclii, Delegate from the Chambers 
 of Commerce of Naples, Catania, Bari and Messina and from 
 the Association of Maritime Law, Naples, Italy. 
 
 Prof. Betocchi was born in Naples, Italy, December 14, 
 1870. Pic was graduated, in 1891, as Director of Laws. He 
 was ajipointed, in 1892, an otlifial of the Statistical Depart- 
 ment of the Naples Chamber of Commerce. In 1894 he be- 
 came teacher of commercial law in tlie "Regina Margherita" 
 High Art School of Naples. In 1897 he was appointed 
 Secretary of the Commercial Chamber of Arbitration in 
 Naples, and in 1898, Professor of Commercial Law at the 
 Naples University. 
 
 Carhs Basave y del Castillo Negrete, Delegate from the 
 Camara de Comercio de Guadalajara, Mexico. 
 
 Mr. Basave was born in Guadalajara, Mexico, on tie 28th 
 
 Anthony J. Drexel Biddle, Delegate from the Associagao 
 Commercial, Funchal, Madeira. 
 
 Mr. Biddle was bom in Philadelpliia, October 1, 1874, re- 
 
GEORGE T. MEECH, 
 MiDDLETOwN, Conn. 
 
 DR. GEORGE L. PORTER, 
 Bridgeport, Conn, 
 
 W. L. POWELL, 
 Harrisburg. Pa. 
 
 FRED. F. SMITH, 
 Bridgeton, N. J. 
 
 CHARLES E. SQUIER, 
 Worcester, Mass, 
 
 WILLIAM W. SUPPLEE, 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 ISAAC B. TOMPKINS, 
 New Bedford, Mass. 
 
 CHARLES E. WHITMAN, 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 JOHN C. WOODBURY, 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 
BIOGRAPHIES OF FOEEIGN DELEGATES 
 
 385 
 
 ceiving his education at private schools in Philadelphia, after- 
 wards in Vevey, Switzerland, and finally at Heidelberg, Ger- 
 many. When he had finished his education, he was for three 
 3'ears a member of the reportorial staff of the Philadelphia 
 Ledger. Then he became Vice-President of the Maginn & 
 Bradley Co., of Chicago (steam fitters), with which he has 
 since severed his connection. He was also president of the 
 Drexel Biddle & Bradley Publishing Co. He is now a director 
 in the New York & Penna. Brick, Tile & Terra Cotta Co., 
 and of the ChestmTt Ridge Railroad of Pennsylvania. His 
 principal business is publishing. The main offices of his 
 publislring business are in Philadelphia, with branches in New 
 York and London. He is the author of eight books, most 
 prominent among which is the two volume edition of his work, 
 "The Madeira Islands." He was, for a long time, a resident 
 of Madeira, and was appointed delegate of the Associagao 
 Commercial of Funchal, Madeira, to the International Com- 
 mercial Congress. 
 
 Ferdinand Bocca, Delegate from the Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Turin, Italy. 
 
 Mr. Bocca was born in Turin, Italy, in 1870, and took his 
 law degTee at the Turin University when twenty-one years 
 of age. After having practised his profession as an advo- 
 cate for a period of three years, he entered, together with 
 his brothers, in liis father's firm, which was engaged in the 
 tanning business. The tannery, which is still carried on 
 under the name of the founder, Angelo Bocca, the grand- 
 father, dates back as far as 1820. 
 
 Mr. Bocca was elected a member of the Turin Chamber of 
 Commerce in December, 1898. 
 
 D. W. Boh, Delegate from the Board of Trade, Winnipeg, 
 Manitoba, Canada. 
 
 Mr. Bole was born in the Province of Ontario, Canada, in 
 1856. He moved to the Pro^^nce of Manitoba in 1882, and is 
 the pioneer wholesale druggist of the flourishing City of 
 Winnipeg, being President of the Bole Drug Company. He 
 was President of the Jobbers' ITnion for two years, Presi- 
 dent of the Winnipeg Board of Trade in 1897, and is now 
 chairman of the Board of Education of that citv. 
 
 Gen. Nicanor Bolet Peraza, Delegate from the Government 
 of Honduras, Central America. 
 
 Gen. Bolet Peraza was bom in 1840, in the City of Caracas, 
 capital of the Republic of Venezuela, and belongs to a dis- 
 tinguished family of Spanish descent. He had not com- 
 pleted his studies, when, in 1859, the Ijiberal party started 
 a revolution for the establishment of the federal form in 
 the Republic. He took part in the revolution, and at its 
 victorious close, after five years of fighting, he was one of 
 the generals of the Liberal Army. Later, he was a repre- 
 sentative to the Federal Congress, for several years Attorney- 
 General and Secretary of the Interior. In 1889, he was ap- 
 pointed j\Iinister Plenipotentiary to the United States and 
 delegate to the Pan-American Congress. He is now Consul- 
 General of the Republic of Honduras, having represented 
 before the Union of the tliree Central American Republics, 
 Honduras, Nicaragua and Salvador, in the same capacity and 
 also as delegate to the Universal Postal Congress in Wash- 
 ington. Gen. Bolet Peraza has been in the United States 
 for several years, devoting most of his time to writing in 
 favor of closer commercial relatioas between the Spanish- 
 
 American countries and the United States. He has been the 
 editor of tJie two most popular magazines in the Spanish lan- 
 guage, the "Revista Ilustrada de New York" and "Las tres 
 Americas." Gen. Bolet Peraza is a member of the Peace 
 Society of the United States, and belongs to several other 
 institutions of science, literature, art and industry in different 
 countries of Spanish-America. At the Chicago World's Fair, 
 he represented the Republic of Ecuador in the Scientific 
 Congress. He has been honored in one manner or another 
 by almost all the Spanish-American Republics, owing to his 
 great devotion to their interests. Gen. Bolet Peraza married 
 the daughter of General J. Gregorio Monagas, ex-President 
 and liberator of the slaves, known in liis own countij as the 
 "Lincoln of Venezuela." 
 
 Fritz A. Brochehnann, Delegate from Canton, China. 
 
 Mr. Brockelmann was born at Brookljn, New York, August 
 15, 1857, of German descent. He has resided in China since 
 188.3, and is partner of the finns of Reuter, Brockelman & Co., 
 in Hongkong, Shanghai, Canton, and Tientsin, and Heyn, 
 Brockelmann & Co., of Klobe, Japan, and Hamburg. Both 
 firms are represented in this country by Messrs. C. von Pustan 
 & Co., 100 William street. New York City. They are both 
 importers and exporters of almost all products and manufac- 
 tures, and also shipping and insurance agents. Mr. Brockel- 
 mann attended the International Commercial Congress, on 
 special invitation, as a merchant representing the business 
 interests of Canton. 
 
 Jacques de Bmnver, Delegate from the SjTidicat du Com- 
 merce, Bruges, Belgium. 
 
 Mr. de Brouwer was bom on February 23, 1874, at Gand, 
 the ancient historical capital of Flanders, which to-day is one 
 of the industrial centers of the North of Europe. He studied 
 law at the L^niversity of Gand. On receiving his degree as 
 Doctor of Laws, however, he entered into the cotton industry, 
 an industry which is making Flanders so rich. After travel- 
 ling extensively through the countries in Central Europe, he 
 went to Russia, where he studied the requirements of the 
 markets and the best means of satisfying them. Shortly after 
 his return to Belgium he was appointed delegate to the Inter- 
 national Commercial Congress, in which capacity he visited 
 the United States. 
 
 H. M. Bruun, Delegate from the Commercial Union of 
 Aalborg, Denmark. 
 
 Mr. Bruun was born in the northern part of Denmark, on 
 the 23d of November, 1864. Up to the present time, his 
 principal business has been the import of coal and coke and 
 the manufacture of cement-tile, but on his last visit to the 
 United States he made an arrangement to represent some 
 American manufacturers and to introduce their goods in Den- 
 mark, Sweden and Norway. For this purpose, besides his 
 office in Aalborg, he is now opening an office in Copenhagen. 
 
 Br. Thomas Stockton Butcher, Delegate from the State of 
 Coahuila, Mexico. 
 
 Dr. Butcher, son of William and Margaret Fox Butcher, 
 ivas born in the city of Philadelphia, Febraary 13, 1846. 
 After attending the public schools of his native city, he 
 entered the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, from 
 
386 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 ■n-luch he was graduated. March, 18G7. For twenty years he 
 practiced medicine in his native city, during which time he 
 held among other positions, the following: Chief of the Surgi- 
 cal-Clinical Staff of Jefferson Medical College; Physician to 
 the Foster Home; President of the Medico-Legal Society, and 
 for several years. Director on the School Board of the Fif- 
 teenth Section of the city of Philadelphia. About the year 
 1887, his health failing, he went to Mexico, and finding that 
 genial climate suitable to his condition, located m the city 
 of Romero Rubio. State of Coahuila. Since then, he has 
 served the city of Romero Rubio as city physician, member 
 of the Board" of Health and member of the Chamber of 
 Commerce. 
 
 was a representative in the National Congress of Colombia 
 from 1888 to 1890. 
 
 Eon. Joaquin B. Calvo, Delegate from the Government of 
 Costa Rica. 
 
 Mr. Calvo was bom in San Jose, capital of the Republic of 
 Costa Rica, and bears the same name as his father, who was 
 greatly distinguished in Central America by his long and 
 important services as a statesman. He founded the first 
 daily paper in Costa Rica, and, as an editor, sturdily supported 
 agricultural interests and encouraged their promotion. In 
 1885, when peace was disturbed in Central America by the 
 war cry of General J. R. Barrios, of Guatemala, after the close 
 of the revolution, the Government of Costa Rica established 
 a War Claims Commission and Mr. Calvo was one of the 
 members, which position he resigned upon his selection as 
 Governor of the Province of Cartago. In 1886, he wrote a 
 book on Costa Rica, which has been honored by being trans- 
 lated into several languages, and he has also written several 
 other works. In 1887. be reorganized the police force of San 
 Jose, taking as a model those of the cities of the United 
 States. In 1888, he established what is known as the 
 Registro Ci\'il, with all its branches throughout the Re- 
 public. In 1889, he was the Secretary of the Costa Rican 
 delegation to the International American Conference held at 
 Washington. In 1890, he returned to Central America and 
 engaged in planting and raising coffee. In 1891, he was a 
 delegate from his country to the Monetary Conference held 
 at Washington, being at the same time appointed Charge 
 d'Atfaires of Costa Rica at Washington. In this capacity, he 
 negotiated the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States in 
 1892, and later as Secretary to the Costa Rican Commission 
 to the World's Columbian Exposition, he personally con- 
 ducted almost all the business of Costa Rica relating to the 
 Fair in Chicago. Wlien the plan for organizing a great com- 
 mercial and economic museum in Philadelphia was presented 
 to him in Washington, and later in Chicago, he was quick to 
 see the advantage that Costa Rica would derive from preserv- 
 ing here, in a permanent way, her very complete and beautiful 
 exhibits which she had prepared with so much care for the 
 World's Columhian Exposition. He has followed up this in- 
 terest by showing, on all opportune occasions, his disposition 
 to contribute to the success of the Philadelphia Commercial 
 Museum. As a recognition of Mr. Calvo's services to his 
 country, he was pi'Dinoled to the position of Minister Resident, 
 in June, 1896, and last January he was received by President 
 McKinley, in his capacity as Envoy Extraordinary and Minis- 
 ter Plenipotentiary from Costa Rica. 
 
 Francisco Carlonell W., Delegate from Barranquilla, Co- 
 lombia. 
 
 Mr. Carhonell W. was bom on August 21, 1847, in Plato, 
 Colombia. He engaged in commercial pursuits upon attain- 
 ing the age of 20. In 1885 he suffered a severe loss from the 
 fire which broke out in Colon. In 1895 he started in the 
 hardware business, in which he is engaged at present. He 
 
 Julio A. CasteUano, Delegate from Barranquilla, Colombia. 
 
 Mr. CasteUano was born in Maracaibo, Venezuela, July 10, 
 1840. On account of the continuous revolutions of the 
 country and Guzman's bad government, he came to the City 
 of Barranquilla, in 1871, and founded the firm of J. Castel- 
 lano & Co. This firm still exists under the same name and 
 has grown very rapidly. Mr. CasteUano was an alderman in 
 his native city, and has for several terms served as vice-presi- 
 dent of the Barranquilla Bank. He is also president and 
 founder of the Commercial League of BaiTanquilla. 
 
 Chow Tszchi, Delegate from the Chinese Government. 
 
 Mr. Chow Tszchi was bom on the 14th day of the 10th 
 moon, in the 10th year of Tung Chi (in 1871), at Swetow, 
 Kwangtung, China. He took the first Chinese graduate de- 
 gree in 1889, and the second Chinese graduate degree in 1894. 
 He was student and tutor in the Imperial University, Peking, 
 China, and a member of the Tsungli Yamen (Foreign Office). 
 He assisted in the negotiation of the Treaty of Commerce 
 and Navigation with Japan in 1896; was a member of the 
 Imperial Bureau of Publication in 1896; attache to Chinese 
 Legation, Washington, in 1897; and has been Secretary to 
 Chinese Legation, Washington, D. C, since 1898. He re- 
 cently accompanied ^Minister Wu Ting Fang on his diplo- 
 matic mission to Spain. 
 
 Tf. F. Cocl-shutt, Delegate from the Board of Trade, 
 Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 
 
 Mr. Coekshutt was bom in Brantford, Canada, in 1855. 
 He was educated in the Brantford and Gait Collegiate Insti- 
 tutes. At the age of 16 years, he entered the commercial field 
 and has been engaged in the mercantile business ever since, 
 with but slight intermissions. He has alsi3 taken considerable 
 interest in manufacturing, especially in the line of agricul- 
 tural implements, having served as President of the Coekshutt 
 Plow Co. for a term of years. For many years, he paid an 
 annual visit to Great Britain on business. Also on several 
 occasions he travelled extensively on the Continent, and has 
 made a complete tour of the United States, Mexico and Cuba. 
 He has taken much interest in trade matters for many years, 
 and has been an active member of the Brantford Board of 
 Trade for about 20 years and the Toronto Board of Trade for 
 10 years. He served as President of the Brantford Board in 
 1889 and was Vice-President for the two pre\ious years. At 
 present, he is a member of the Toronto Board of Trade Coun- 
 cil and also holds the same position in Brantford. In addition 
 to having served in Philadel]jhia recently as a delegate from 
 Toronto, he was twice selected as a delegate to the Congresses 
 held in London, when the Chambers of Commerce of the 
 British Empire convened in the years 1892 and 1896, and took 
 an active part in the latter. At present, he is Chairman of 
 the Toronto Committee on resolutions for the coming Con- 
 gress in London to be held in June, 1900. He was also 
 selected delegate to the Chicago Congress during the World's 
 Fair, but was unable to attend. 
 
 r>r. Tjuis Felipe Corea, Delegate from the Government of 
 
 Nicaragua. 
 
 Dr. Corea, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten- 
 tiary of Nicaragua, at Washington, was bom in Grenada, 
 
BIOGRAPHIES OF FOEEIGN DELEGATES 
 
 387 
 
 Nicaragua, in the early sixties. He was educated at the Na- 
 tional College in his native city. As he pursued his studies 
 he also taught classes, and later became professor in the 
 college at Masatepe and Leon. He removed to Guatemala, 
 in 1887, where he completed his legal education and received 
 the degree of LL. D. In Guatemala he was an instructor 
 and filled the chairs of philosophy and history in the National 
 Institute of that republic. Soon after receiving his degree, 
 he was appointed Judge for the District of Totonicapan, and 
 a little later he was commissioned to preside over the First 
 Tribunal of Quezaltenango. In the spring of 1896, he re- 
 turned to Nicaragua. The Diet at that time had under con- 
 sideration the appointment of a new minister and secretary 
 to the United States. Hon. J. D. Rodriguez was chosen 
 minister, and Dr. Corea, secretary. At the end of a few 
 months, the Legation in Washington was closed and both 
 minister and secretary returned to Nicaragua. The Diet, 
 however, believed that Central American interests in the 
 United States should not be neglected and Dr. Corea was 
 sent back to Washington, having had conferred upon him 
 the additional honor of charge d'affaires ad interim. When 
 the Central American Union was dissolved last December, 
 Nicaragua proclaimed anew her sovereignty and reappointed 
 Dr. Corea as Charge d'AfFaires, and a few months later ele- 
 vated him to the office of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister 
 Plenipotentiary. Though educated in the law and trained 
 in diplomacy, he has not been without commercial experi- 
 ence. He has represented very ably several very important 
 business houses of the United States in Nicaragua, and has 
 also traveled over the United States in the interests of the 
 commerce of his native land. 
 
 Antonio Cuyas, Delegate from the Chamber of Commerce, 
 Industry and Navigation, Madrid, Spain. 
 
 Mr. Cuyas was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1859. As his 
 education was partly received in Spain and partly in the 
 United States, so his business experience has been acquired 
 partly in this country and partly in his native land. In 1887, 
 he was appointed delegate to the United States for the pur- 
 pose of promoting the concurrence of American manufac- 
 turers to the first Spanish Universal Exposition, held in Bar- 
 celona, 1888. It was due to his efEorts, that not only a good 
 contingent of American exhibits were sent there, but that 
 our Government and Congress gave the Barcelona World's 
 Fair due recognition by tlie appointment of a United States 
 Commissioner and by making an appropriation of $50,000. 
 With the advice and active co-operation of Mr. Cuyas, the 
 United States section was made one of the most attractive 
 of that Exposition. Mr. Cuyas was a member of the Jury 
 of Awards at the same Exposition. He was also appointed 
 Judge of Awards at the Chicago Columbian Exposition in 
 1893, for the Department of Liberal Arts, and his signature 
 will be found in many of the awards transcribed on the Di- 
 plomas tliat American manufacturers prize so highly. Early 
 in 1898, Mr. Cuyas was appointed one of the delegates sent 
 to Washington to negotiate a special commercial treaty, as 
 per agi-eement between the Governments of the United States 
 and Spain, for the purpose of promoting and regulating trade 
 between this country and the Island of Cuba. The war in- 
 terrupted and terminated the labors of that delegation. The 
 Queen of Spain granted to Mr. Cuyas the Cross of the Order 
 of Knitrhts of Charles III. 
 
 1853. Since 1871, he has been a partner cf the firm of Del- 
 fin o, Baez & Co., dry goods importers, coffee exporters and 
 bankers. He was Honorary Belgian Consul for two years, 
 and was at one time fiscal agent for the Government of 
 Venezuela. In September, 1897, he wa named Consul-Gen- 
 eral of Venezuela in New York. 
 
 Dr. Abraham Diaz, Delegate from the Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Matamoros, Mexico. 
 
 Dr. Diaz is a native of Monterey, in the State of Nuevo 
 Leon, Mexico. His education was begun at this place and 
 finished in Mexico City, where he graduated in 1869. He 
 returned to Monterey as a doctor of medicine and practised 
 there ■with great success until 1875, when he was elected 
 a representative to the Mexican Congress. In that body, 
 he distinguished himself by his natural firmness and activity, 
 qualities that caused him to be more and more esteemed by 
 his constituents and his political party. From 1877 till 1884, 
 he devoted himself to commercial and agricultural pursuits, 
 residing then in Linares, Nuevo Leon. In 1885, he engaged 
 in mining operations and with characteristic energy suc- 
 cessfully organized the Tamaulipas Mining Co. This is the 
 principal concern exploiting argentiferous lead ore in Mexico. 
 In 1895, he was appointed Mexican Consul at Brownsville, 
 Texas; and in 1898, Consul at Pensaeola, Florida, which is 
 the most important port of this country in the Gulf. 
 
 John E. Doane, Delegate from the Commercial Association, 
 Santos, Brazil. 
 
 Mr. Doane was born in Chicago, Illinois, February 19, 
 1864, where he has spent the greater part of his life. After 
 graduating at Yale University, in 1886, he was in the em- 
 ployment of the Merchants' Loan and Trust Co., Chicago, 
 for one year and a half. From there, he went into the Chi- 
 cago office of J. W. Doane & Co., and on Januarj' 1, 1889, 
 he was made a member of that firm. Early in the year 1897, 
 he moved to New York when they made the New York office 
 the head one, as up to that time their headquarters had been 
 in Chicago. The volume of their business has increased con- 
 siderably in the past two years, and their present intentions 
 are to continue in the future to give their attention to the 
 importation of coffee from Brazil. 
 
 Antonio Eusebio Delfino, Delegate from the Chamber of 
 Commerce, Caracas, Venezuela. 
 
 Mr. Delfino was born in Caracas, Venezuela, August 14, 
 
 Hon. R. R. Dobell, Delegate from the Board of Trade, Que- 
 bec, Canada. 
 
 Mr. Dobell is a son of the late George Dobell, and was 
 bom in Liverpool, England, in 1837. He w-as educated at 
 Liverpool College; came to Canada in 1857, and founded the 
 lumber and mercantile firm of R. R. Dobell & Co., Quebec. 
 He was President of the Board of Trade, is one of the Harbor 
 Commissioners for the City, President of- Quebec Cold Stor- 
 age Co., Quebec, a Director of the Quebec Bridge Co., Vice- 
 President Quebec Bible Society and Trustee of Bishop's 
 College, Lennoxville. He was delegate to Chambers of Com- 
 merce of the Erripire, London, England, 1893, and also 1896. 
 In 1894, he was elected President of the Deep AVaterways 
 Convention at Toronto. Some years ago he was interested 
 in the proposed new Short Atlantic cable, and is also a sup- 
 porter of tlie new Pacific cable scheme. He is identified 
 with the Imperial Federation movement, and in 1896 assisted 
 Lord Rosebery in founding the British Empire League 
 ajid was elected to Council. He was elected to the House of 
 
388 
 
 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMlVrEECIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Commons for West Quebec, as an independent candidate, 
 while absent in Eno-land, June, 1895, but lost the election 
 on a recount. Elected for the same seat in general election, 
 1896. Entered the Laurier administration, July 13, 1896, 
 being sworn of the Privy Council and called to the Cabinet, 
 without portfolio. He is a member of the Church of Eng- 
 land. In politics, he is a Liberal. 
 
 Dr. Alexander von Dorn, Delegate from the Oesterreichisch- 
 Ungarischer Export A'crein, Vienna, Austria; also from the 
 Chambers of Commerce of Olmiitz, Bozen, Lemberg, Pilsen 
 and Eger. 
 
 Dr. von Doni, national economist and advocate of free 
 trade, w^as born in Wiener-Neustadt, on February 9, 1838. 
 After completing his studies, in 1858, he entered the public 
 service of Austria, and was sent as an official reporter to tlie 
 Turkish Exposition at Constantinople, in 1863. His report 
 was publi.shed in Leipsic in 18G-t. In 1868, he left the public 
 service and became editor of the part of the ''Pester Lloyd," 
 relating to national economy, and in 1872, became editor of 
 the "Triester Zeitung" (Trieste Newspaper). Living in Vi- 
 enna since 1883, he founded the "Volkswirthschaftliche 
 Wochenschrift" (Weekly of National Economy) in 1881; in 
 1888, the "Esportkompass," a commercial annual for the in- 
 terests of the Austrian export trade. In 1889 he established 
 a puljlishing house under the firm "Volkswirthschaftlicher 
 Verlag Alexander Dorn," at present "Kommanditgcsellscbaft 
 auf Aktien" (stock company with limited lialiility). Fur- 
 thermore, he published "Pflege und Forderung des gewerb- 
 lichen Fortschritts durch die Regierung in Wiirtemberg" 
 (Fostering and Promotion of Industrial Pi'ogress by 
 the Government of AYiirtemberg), in Vienna; "Aufgaben 
 der Eisenbahnpolitik" (Problems of Railway Policy), in 
 Berlin, 1874; "Kriegsmarine und Volkswirthschaft in Oes- 
 terreich-Ungarn" (The Navj and National Economy of Aus- 
 tria-Hungary), in Vienna, 1885, and edited an illustrated 
 work published by Lchnert, Zebden and others called, "Die 
 Seehiifen des Weltverkehrs" (The Sea-ports of the World's 
 Commerce.) 
 
 Arfhiir Ernest Dowler, Delegate from the Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Shanghai, China. 
 
 Mr. Dowler was born at Liverpool, England, October 22, 
 1867; educated at Whitgift; Joined the London office of Arn- 
 hold, Karberg & Co., of London and China, December 9, 
 1881. In 1886, he went for them to Germany, traveling ex- 
 ten.sively on the Continent; in LS87, he went for the iirm to 
 China, dividing his time between their different offices. At 
 tlie end of 1890, he was specially detached to travel between 
 China, America and Europe with the purpose of promoting 
 trade with America, and from 1890 to 1896 traveled continu- 
 ously between China and the United States, coming into con- 
 tact with the most important and representative business men 
 of both countries, imparting and receiving much information. 
 His last visit to China in 1896, especially, resulted in gath- 
 ering important information for the manufacturers of this 
 country regarding the development of railways, and event- 
 ually resulted in his firm being appointed agents in China 
 for the Carnegie Steel Co., Ltd., Pittsburg: Baldwin Locomo- 
 tive Works, Philadelphia; Union Iron Works, San Francisco, 
 and other important American interests. In 1897, he finally 
 opened the office of Arnbold, Karberg & Co., in New York, 
 of which firm he is the manager and representative in Amer- 
 ica, between which country and their offiices in China at Hong 
 Kong, Canton, Shanghai, Hankow, Tientsin and Tsintsau, 
 
 they do a large business in. the products and manufac- 
 tures of both coimtries. Mr. Dowler is an ardent believer 
 in the eventual supremacy of American trade, and a supporter 
 of the most rigid maintenance of American commercial rights 
 the world over, but more especially in the Far East. 
 
 Michael Dwycr, Delegate from the Board of Trade, Halifa:s, 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 Mr. Dwyer was born in St. Johns, Newfoundland, in 1832. 
 At the solicitation of his uncle, the late John Tobin, he 
 left there at the age of ]4 to take a position in his office. He 
 was admitted as partner in the business in 1856, and at his 
 uncle's death in 1869, he succeeded to and has since carried 
 on the business under the original name of John Tobin & 
 Co. He has always taken a deep interest in all enterprises 
 that have for their object the benefiting of the city in which 
 he resides and the province at large. He has filled the posi- 
 tion of president of the Chamber of Commerce, and has been 
 repeatedly solicited to enter into political life, but has stead- 
 fastly refused. 
 
 Salvador Ecliagaray, Delegate from the Government of 
 Mexico. 
 
 Mr. Echagaray was born in 1865. In 1878, he entered the 
 Mexican Military School, which he left in 1883 with the rank 
 of Staff Lieutenant. Later he was a topographer in the com- 
 jiiission charged with the survey of the Bravo River on the 
 United States frontier. In 1881, he entered the engineering 
 school and finished the course in geographical engineering, 
 after which he abandoned the military service. In 1895, he 
 was a member of the committee that introduced the first bill 
 providing for the formation of a cadaster in Mexico, and he 
 was one of the authors of the law passed for such purpose. 
 In 1897, he was sent to Europe by the Mexican Government 
 to study the cadastral systems of the most advanced countries 
 on the Continent, and on his return, was one of the Cadaster 
 Commission and later was appointed Chief of the Statistical 
 Section in the Treasury Department. In this last capacity, 
 he has been the author of important works on commercial 
 and financial statistics and has considerably increased the 
 scope of the official publications of his department. He is 
 the author of a two volume treatise on topography and of a 
 '"Study on the Cadaster and the Taxation of Landed Prop- 
 erty." He is a member of the principal engineers' associa- 
 tions of Europe. 
 
 Emil 8. Fischer, Delegate from the Wiener Kaufmanni- 
 sch.er Verein, Vienna, Austria. 
 
 Mr. Fischer was bom in 1865, at Vienna, Austria; entered 
 business life in 1880, after receiving a high school and com- 
 mercial college education. At that time, the President of the 
 Association of Merchants, Vienna (Wiener Kaufmiinnischer 
 Verein) proposed to provide a scholarship (stipeiidium) which 
 would cna.ble young Austrians to go abroad. Mr. Fischer 
 went, in 1889, to Paris and was there appointed second Secre- 
 tary of the Austro-Hungarian Exposition Conunittee. After 
 the Exposition was over, he entered a Parisian export commis- 
 sion house, but cbuld not remain long, as the Association of 
 Merchants of Vienna intrusted to him this purse, which until 
 tiiat time bad not been committed to anyone. He was sent 
 to Buenos Aires, where lie remained for a year and a half, 
 studying there the practical commercial business life of that 
 
BIOGRAPHIES OF FOREIGN DELEGATES 
 
 389 
 
 country. He aitenvards went to Rio de Janeiro, where he 
 also remained about a ye<ar and a half, being engaged dur- 
 ing that time in the German Bank of Rio de Janeiro, one 
 of the most prominent institutions in Brazil. At the close 
 of 1892, j\Ir. Fischer came to New York, where he was con- 
 nected with W. H. Grossman & Bro., but did not remain 
 there for any length of time, as the Imperial Royal Austrian 
 Commission to the World's Fair of 1893 engaged him as 
 secretary. During the Fair, he was also a juror and came 
 in contact with many prominent Americans. After exactly 
 a year of activity in Clxicago, he accomplished his purpose 
 of going to the far East, visited and studied in Japan, and 
 went into actual business at Shanghai, where he held a 
 prominent position in the German-Asiatic Bank. This posi- 
 tion, on account of poor health, he had to resign after four 
 years and a half of Chinese experience, returning to Eu- 
 rope. Mr. Fischer is the author of "Monnaies et Metaux 
 precieux en Chine." He is an autliority on Chinese finan- 
 cial affairs and was asked, when in Vienna, to lecture on the 
 commercial affairs and the possibilities of trade expansion in 
 the Far East, before the Imjoerial and Royal Commercial 
 Museum, the Imperial Royal Gajgraphical Society and the 
 Association of Merchants of Vienna. 
 
 Staatsrath Kunth," 1888. "Die Deutschen Handlungsge- 
 hilfen," 1895. 
 
 L. E. Geoff rion, Delegate from the Chamber of Commerce, 
 Montreal, Canada. 
 
 Mr. GeofErion was bom in 1853, in the parish of Varennes, 
 Province of Quebec, fifteen miles from Montreal. Brought 
 up on a farm, he went to college in A^arenncs until thirteen 
 years old, and later to a public school in New Haven, Conn., 
 for one year. At the age of fifteen, he started as a clerk in 
 the retail grocery business in the city of Montreal. In 1875, 
 he entered as a clerk in the wholesale grocery, liquor and 
 tea firm of L. Chaput, Fils & Cie, one of tlie principal and 
 oldest firms in the city of Montreal, it having been established 
 in 1842. He was admitted a partner in 1883, and is still 
 with the same firm. He has been a member of the Board of 
 Trade for the last fifteen years and also a member of the 
 Chamber of Commerce for the last ten years. In 1894 and 
 1895, he was one of the directors of the latter and has been 
 First Vice-President for two years. 
 
 Frkdvkli Uuhhchwidt, Delegate from the Aeltesten der 
 Kaufmannschaft, Berlin, Germany. 
 
 Mr. Goldschmidt was born February 20, 1837, in Berlin, 
 Germany. He studied chemistry and political economy. He 
 has been an officer of the "Landwehr und Reserve" since 
 1864. He took part in the wars of 1866 and 1870-71, and for 
 the latter service he was decorated with the Iron Cross. In 
 1871, he became a director of the Patzenhofer Brewery at 
 Berlin, being appointed general-director in 1895. From 1881 
 to 1893, he was a member of the "Deutschen Reichstag" and 
 the "Preussischen Abgeordnetenhaus," occupying himself al- 
 most exclusively with questions of commerce and industry, 
 being especially active in patent legislation. From 1890 
 to 1896, he was a member of the Twenty-first Commission 
 for the great national work of "Biirgerliches Gesetzbuch." 
 He is now a member of the "Aeltesten der Kaufmannschaft 
 von Berlin," and President of the "Versuchs und Lehran- 
 stalt fiir Brauerei." He has written the following: "'Die 
 Verkehrsverhaltnisse in Nordamerika," 1875. "Die Welt- 
 ausstellung in Philadelphia 1876 und was sie lehrt," 1876. 
 "Die Pariser Weltausstellung," 1878. "Das Leben des 
 
 Captain J. Cordeiro da Graga, Delegate from the Govern- 
 ment of Brazil. 
 
 Captain da Graga is a native Brazilian, bom in Rio de 
 Janeiro. After an academic education in lois native city, he 
 entered the Naval Academy in 1870; was made midshipman in 
 1872, and in 1874 advanced to a non-commissioned ofBcership. 
 For sixteen years. Captain da Graga served in the Brazilian 
 Navy, only severing his connection with it when he believed 
 he could be of greater service to his country in other direc- 
 tions. His experience in the navy gave him a fondness for 
 engineering, and he entered the Polytechnic School at Rio, 
 from which he was graduated with the degree of Bachelor. 
 To further his knowledge of this science, he joined the In- 
 stitute of Civil Engineers, London, England, becoming the 
 pupil of Prof. Shelley. At the completion of his studies, 
 he returned to his native land and was appointed engineer 
 in the Rio de Janeiro Navy Yard. This post entailed consid- 
 erable traveling, in the course of which, he became acquainted 
 with all important centers of the world. He was inspector of 
 the vessels constructed for the Brazilian Government by 
 Humphries, Tenant & Co., London, England; the Cokerhill 
 Company, of Belgium, and at Krupps', in Germany. Cap- 
 tain da Gra(;:a also found time to look after important affairs 
 at home. He erected at Rio de Janeiro the first iron foundry 
 in South America; he was a director of the Sao Paulo Navi- 
 gation Co., and after severe competition, was chosen instruc- 
 tor in the Naval Academy, which position he still occupies. 
 He was Chief Engineer of the City of Rio de Janeiro and on 
 three distinct occasions, he represented the Brazilian Govern- 
 ment in the United States, viz: The Worid's Fair, Chicago; 
 the Pan-American Congress, and the International Commer- 
 cial Congress. At the latter, he was appointed Vice-Presi- 
 dent for Brazil, of the International Advisory Board of the 
 Philadelphia Commercial Museum. Captain da Graga may be 
 considered one of the pioneers in the development of com- 
 mercial relations between the United States and Brazil. On 
 his first visit, during the Centennial Exposition at Phila- 
 delphia, 1876, he was impressed with the magnitude of the 
 United States and saw the benefits to be derived through 
 the establishment of closer trade relations. 
 
 Earald Grehsi, Delegate from Sveriges Allmanna Handels- 
 forening, Gothenburg, and Sveriges Allmanna Exportforen- 
 ing, Stoekliolm, Sweden. 
 
 Mr. Grebst was born on November 24, 1876, in Gothen- 
 burg, Sweden. After passing the elementary school in Goth- 
 enburg, he went to Germany, where for five years he attended 
 a private school in Dresden, Saxony. On his return to Goth- 
 enburg, he spent two years in the Commercial School of that 
 city, and since 1896 has been connected with his father's 
 fimi, Andersson & Lindberg, of the same place. This firm 
 import.s from and exports to Sweden all kinds of metal. Coal, 
 oil ajid machinery for ship-building piu'poses, as well as the 
 greatest part of pig iron imported into Sweden, are carried 
 by steamers belonging to them. Timber, which is sawed at 
 their own saw mills in Gothenburg, is exported by them to 
 Great Britain, France and Belgium. 
 
 Alexander van Gillpcn, Delegate from the Handelskammer, 
 Wesel, Germany. 
 
 Mr. van Giilpen was born in Germany, February 10, 1841, 
 and educated at the Gymnasium in Emmerich. He served in 
 
390 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 the army for one year at Bonn on the Rhine, and then took 
 a position in his father's coHee business, as clerk, going into 
 partnership later. He is a member of the Chamber of Com- 
 merce of ^\'esel and of the Board of Managers of the Bourse 
 at Berlin. 
 
 recently in Makaweli and Paia. He is now one of the largest 
 owners in the American Sugar Company, on Molokai. 
 
 Paul Hagemans, Delegate from the Government of Bel- 
 gium. 
 
 Mr. Hagemans was born at Liege, Belgium, November 7, 
 1853. He was graduated as "Ingenieur des Mines," from the 
 University of Brussels, on August 8, 1878. In March, 1880, 
 lie entered the Department of Foreign Alfairs, and organized 
 with one of his colleagues, Mr. Fred. Van Bruyssel, under 
 the supenision of higher officials, the Commercial Museum 
 of Brussels, the principle of which was shown, on a small 
 scale, at the National Exposition of Brussels from May to 
 November, 1880. He was entrusted with a special mission 
 to the United Kingdom, August-October, 1881, in order to 
 study the factor}^ system and export trade. On April 14, 
 1883, he was appointed Consul of Belgium at Titlis; on Sep- 
 tember 30, 188.5, promoted Consul-General at Odessa; since 
 December 29, 1889, he has been Consul-General to the United 
 States. He received the Cross of "Chevalier de I'Ordre de 
 Leopold" on June 1, 1889, and was promoted "Officier de 
 I'Odre de Leopold" March 24, 1899. 
 
 Alfred S. Hartwell, Delegate from the Hawaiian Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Gen. Hartwell was born in Massachusetts of old American 
 stock. His record by dates is as follows: 1858, graduated 
 from Harvard College; 1858 to 18G1, instructor in Washing- 
 ton University, St. Louis, Mo.; 1861, enlisted in the Third 
 Missouri Infantry, present at the taking of Camp Jackson; 
 1861, enlisted in the Forty-fourth Massachusetts as First 
 Lieutenant; there were sixteen Harvard men carrying mus- 
 kets in this company. Later, he became senior Captain in 
 the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Colored Infantry, and was 
 promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel of the Fifty-fifth Massachu- 
 setts Colored Infantry in June, 1863; again promoted to Col- 
 onel of the same regiment in December, 1863, and breveted 
 Brigadier-General in December, 1864. During 1864 and 1865, 
 was in command of the brigade in South Carolina; 1865- 
 66, was on sjjccial duty under the War Department in in- 
 vestigating alleged frauds in South Carolina; honorably dis- 
 charged from the army in April, 1866. After discharge from 
 the army, he engaged in the cotton planting industry in the 
 Sea Islands in South Carolina, withdrawing therefrom when 
 it was demonstrated that labor was unobtainable. In 1866, 
 he returned and finished his course in the Harvard Law 
 School. Thereafter, he practiced law in Boston until 1868, 
 at which time he was appointed First Associate Judge of the 
 Supreme Court of llawaii, becoming subsequently Attorney- 
 General in 1874 and 1876. Gen. Hartwell has three times 
 been an office-holder in Hawaii: From 1868 to 1874 he was 
 First Associate Judge of the Supreme Court; he then became 
 Attorney-General under Kalakaua for a few months, again 
 taking the same office in December, 1876, which lie held until 
 July, 1878. .Since then, he luis neither held nor sought public 
 office in that country. He has always been recognized among 
 the memljcrs of the bar as one of the ablest and readiest, 
 men to meet an emergency and of an eminently constructive 
 mind. His services in this respect were invaluable in the 
 drafting of the present Constitution of Hawaii. He early 
 became interested in the sugar industry, having been one 
 of the largest holders in tlie Koloa Sugar Company, and more 
 
 Julius Herlitsdika, Delegate from the Chamber of Com- 
 merce and Industiy, Vienna, Austria. 
 
 Mr. Horlitschka w^as born in the Province of Silesia, Aus- 
 tria, in 185G. After a tliorough commercial education, he 
 hold various positions in Austria and Germany, and in the 
 early eighties founded the Vienna branch of the firm of 
 White, Child & Beney, Ltd., of London. Through energy 
 and enterprise, Mr. Ilerlitschka has given his business a great 
 extension, and has established first-class business connections 
 witli the United States. 
 
 Henry E. Hodgson, Delegate from the Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Cleckheaton, England. 
 
 Mr. Hodgson was bom at Halifax, England, in the year 
 ]8ti3. He was educated at Huddersfield College, which has 
 the reputation of having trained many of the best business 
 men in the West Riding of Yorkshire and not a few legisla- 
 tors. On leaving school, he entered the well-known engi- 
 neering estabhshment of Messrs. J. Hitson & Co., Airedale 
 Foundry, Leeds, as a premium apprentice. After a short 
 partnership in Halifax, he withdrew in 1891, to commence 
 business on his own account under the style of H. E. Hodg- 
 son & Co., Brookhouse Iron Works, Cleckheaton, England, 
 as a general engineer and machine tool maker. The firm's 
 specialties are milling, planing, shaping and boring machines, 
 which have been supplied to the British Government and to 
 Government Departments in India, Australia, Japan, Peru, 
 Chile and the Argentine Republic. Mr. Hodgson is a Vice- 
 President of the Cleckheaton Chamber of Commerce, and 
 was elected a member of the Institution of Mechanical En- 
 gineers of Great Britain in 1892. 
 
 Richard Hodgson, Delegate from the Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Clecklieaton, England. 
 
 Mr. Hodgson was born at Halifax, England, half a century 
 ago. He was educated at Making Place Hall, at a time when 
 its reputation as a scholastic establishment was of the high- 
 est. At the close of his school career, Mr. Hodgson embarked 
 in the cattle trade and has risen to be one of the three or 
 four leading men in the West Riding of Yorkshire in that 
 business. He regularly attends the Liverpool, Birkenhead, 
 Manchester and Leeds markets. In 1890, he was elected to 
 the Halifax Town Council for the Market Ward, securing a 
 majority of votes over five other candidates. In 1895, he 
 was promoted to the Aldermanic bench, and is now chairman 
 of the Watch Committee. 
 
 J. W. Humphreys, Delegate from Colon, Colombia. 
 
 Mr. Humphreys was born of J'higlish parents in Jamaica, 
 West Indies, on the 25th of July, 1846. He entered com- 
 mercial life, in 1861, with the firm of McDowell & Barclay, 
 one of the leading firms of Kingston, remaining with them 
 eleven years. For several years he was in business on his 
 own account. .Vlioiit the same time he was a member of 
 of the Diocesan Financial Council of Jamaica. In 1882, 
 Mr. Humphreys went to the Isthmus of Panama as Cliief 
 Accountant of the Panama Canal at the Section of Baa 
 
BlOGllAPHiES OF FOEEIGN DELEGATES 
 
 391 
 
 Obispo. When work on that enterprise shut down early in 
 1889, he established "The Colon Telegram," and has since 
 been its Managing Director. He was one of the founders 
 of the Colombian Fruit Co., and Mutual Benefit Life As- 
 surance Society, being Vice-President of the latter. In 
 1894, he was elected a member of the Institute of Journal- 
 ists, London, England. 
 
 Eliudoro Infante Valdes, Delegate from the Chilean Gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Mr. Infante Valdes was born on August 15, 1869. He was 
 educated at the National Institute of Valparaiso and admitted 
 to the bar January 7, 1S91. He took part in the revolution 
 against President Balmaceda the same year, with the rank 
 of Captain in the Congressional Army. At the end of 1891, 
 after that coniiict was settled, he was appointed Chief of one 
 of the sections in the Interior Department, which place he 
 occupied till July, 1895. Having proven an intelligent and 
 assiduous oiFicial, he was appointed First Secretary of the 
 Chilean Legation in Germany and Italy. He held that place 
 three years, being for some time Charge d' Affaires in Ger- 
 many. In October, 1897, he was transferred to the Legation 
 in Washington. From March, 1898, till the following month 
 of August, he acted as provisional Charge d'Affaires in that 
 city. At present, he discharges the same functions and has 
 been doing so since last April. Mr. Infante Valdes was 
 Professor of Commercial Law in the University of Santiago, 
 in 1894 and 1895. 
 
 W. T. James, Delegate from the Government of Bermuda. 
 
 Mr. James was born in Bermuda in 1845. He has been 
 engaged in a business similar to his present occupation since 
 1862. From 1863 to 1874, he was a clerk. In the latter 
 year he commenced business on his own account and has 
 continued it to the present time. His business is connected 
 with ships and shipping, principally representing the Cana- 
 dian and London lines of steamers running to Bermuda. 
 He is also purveyor to Her Majesty's land and sea forces 
 stationed in Bermuda. He has succeeded in building up an 
 e.Ktensive business in steamships and their carrying trade 
 between Canada and Bennuda and between London and 
 Bermuda. He has now four steamers regularly running and 
 two more will be added next July. He is also actively en- 
 gaged in the manufacture of Bernuida arrowroot. He was 
 one of the original promoters of the Bermuda Telephone 
 Company and one of the founders of the Bank of Bermuda. 
 Mr. James has been a member of the Corporation of Hamilton 
 for many years, has held a commission as a Justice of the Peace, 
 and also the ofHce of Notary Public for Her Majesty's Do- 
 minion. He is a member of the Board of Agriculture and 
 is deeply interested in the commercial interests of his country. 
 
 Eniil Jensen, Delegate from the Norway and Bergen 
 Kreditbank, Bergen, Norway. 
 
 Mr. Jensen was bom February 5, 1875, in Denmark, and 
 was educated in the University of that country as civil en- 
 gineer, which profession he is still following. He is now a 
 resident of Pliiladelphia and connected \^^th the Midvale 
 Steel Company. 
 
 in his youth, but finding the home climate too severe for 
 him, left for South Africa about twenty years ago, proceed- 
 ing afterwards to Sydney, New South Wales, where he has 
 since been actively engaged in commercial pursuits. The 
 firm of J. Barre Johnston & Co., of which he is the senior 
 partner, is one of the most active and go ahead concerns in 
 Australia, and is held in high estimation not only in the 
 business world of Australia, but also in that of Europe and the 
 United States of America. They are large exporters of Aus- 
 tralian produce, as well as general importers and shipping 
 merchants, being particularly interested in iron and steel 
 and building materials generally. The firm is represented 
 by branch houses in the various colonies. It is worthy of 
 note that this was the first firm to introduce American pig 
 iron into the Australian market. Mr. Johnston takes a lively 
 interest in all matters connected with the welfare of his 
 adopted country, and has for several years been an active 
 member of the Executive Committee of the Sydney Cham- 
 ber of Commerce. We quote the following from the Sydney 
 "Morning Herald,"' concerning a banquet tendered Mr. John- 
 ston on his depiu'ture for America: "The President in pro- 
 posing the health of Mr. Johnston said that in his opinion 
 the Chaml)er was very fortunate in obtaining the services of 
 Mr. Johnston as representative of the Chamber at so im- 
 portant a gathering as that to which he had been accredited. 
 He had known Mr. Johnston for many years and felt certain 
 that the characteristics which marked that gentleman, his 
 earnestness, his business acumen, and his probity, by which 
 he had built up a flourishing business, would not fail to make 
 him a worthy representative of the commercial community 
 of the 'iVIother City of Australia' as he so worthily filled the 
 title of Merchant." 
 
 Dr. James Johnston, Delegate from the Government of 
 Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica. 
 
 Dr. Johnston was bom in Huntley, Aberdeenshire, Scot- 
 land, in 1854, and at the age of twenty went to Ja'maica, 
 West Indies, in search of health, ultimately settling down, 
 as a physician, to the practice of medicine, which he con- 
 tinues to the present date. While not a commercial man, 
 per se, the fact that for a number of years he has been a 
 member of the Parochial Board, and the fact that his Parish 
 elected him several years ago as its representative in the 
 Legislative Council, gives ample evidence of the interest he 
 has taken in the progress and welfare, commercial and other- 
 wise, in the country of his adoption. He is familiar with 
 the trade and its varied relationships between his Island 
 and this country', having been in the habit of visiting the 
 United States at least once in every tn-o years since 1874. 
 Ha-ving lectured in Jamaica and in the chief cities of the 
 United State.s, he has had the opportimity of familiarizing 
 himself with the characteristics and nature of our manu- 
 factories. Dr. Johnston, in addition to his frequent voyages 
 to this country and Europe, has traveled extensively over 
 other parts of the world. The one which, perhaps, of all 
 others, has helped to make him famous, was his journey across 
 Central Africa, when he led a party of one hundred men, 
 without any white companion or second in command, a jour- 
 ney of 4,500 miles without losing or causing the loss of a 
 single life, and without having fired a shot in anger in the 
 course of that long pilgrimage, lasting about two years. 
 
 J. Barre Johnston, Delegate from the Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 
 
 Mr. Johnston was born in the North of Ireland, and is 
 about 50 years of age. He had a thorough business training 
 
 Rohert B. Jones, Delegate from the Chamber of Commerce, 
 Guayaquil, Ecuador. 
 
 Mr. Jones was born in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, August 
 29, 1856. He came to the United States when quite young, 
 
392 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 aiid in 1877 became an American citizen. In 1879, he went 
 to Ecuador and engaged in a general merchandise business, 
 principdly importing American goods and exporting Ecua- 
 toriau products. He became a member of the firm of Hen- 
 riquts & Jones in 1884, and in 1888 established the house 
 of R. B. Jones. He has been a member of the Chamber of 
 Commerce of Guayaquil since its inception. 
 
 Archag Earagheusian, Delegate from the Government of 
 Turkey. 
 
 Mr. Karagheusian was born in Constantinople, Turkey, in 
 the year 1870. He was educated in the American Robert 
 College, and commenced business in 1889, as an importer of 
 Manchester cotton goods, etc., subsequently opening a branch 
 office in Manchester. Four years ago his firm opened a 
 branch house in New York, as importers of oriental rugs, 
 carpets and mocha coffee. He is a member of the Board of 
 the Chamber of Commerce of Constantinople. 
 
 1895 to the beginning of the present year; since then he 
 has been partner of the finn Automobil-Fabrik Goebel, 
 KnoUer & Co., in Vienna. Up to the present, his works and 
 publications have been scientific or technical, not commercial. 
 
 Carl W. Kilchler, Delegate from the Camera di Commcr- 
 cio ed Industria, Trieste, Austria. 
 
 Mr. Kiichler was born on the 24th of May, 1875. He re- 
 ceived his early education in Cassel, Germany, completing his 
 course of studies at the commercial college "Scuola Supe- 
 riore di Conuncrcio Fondazione Revoltella," at Trieste, Aus- 
 tria. Mr. Kiichler spent several year's in London, Antwerp 
 and Hamburg, where he studied the world's trade. He is 
 now tlie partner of the firm of Kiichler & Co., Trieste, which 
 is one of the largest wholesale drug, spice and dye stuff houses 
 in that city. 
 
 /. M. Keith, Representing the commercial interests of 
 Costa Rica, Central America. 
 
 Mr. Keith was bom in Brooklyn, New York, May 8, 18G.5. 
 He was educated in the Juvenile High School and the Brook- 
 lyn Polytechnic Institute. After completing his education, 
 he spent two years in a banking house in that city, and was 
 connected for a short time with the Northern Pacific Rail- 
 way in the State of Washington. In 1886 he went to Costa 
 Rica to join his uncle, Mr. Minor C. Keith, who shortly after 
 began the construction of the Costa Rica Railway, on which 
 Mr. Keith held various official positions, until the comple- 
 tion of the railroad, when it was turned over to an English 
 company. He then became the financial representative of 
 Mr. Minor C. Keith in Costa Rica, whose most important in- 
 terests were the development of the banana growing and ex- 
 port business from Costa Rica, subsequently extended to Co- 
 lombia. In addition to this, he has been the Costa Rican 
 agent of the Atlas Line of mail steamers, that have a weekly 
 service to and from New York, and, naturally, it has been 
 his personal interest to further the extension of the com- 
 merce between the eastern part of the United States and 
 Costa Rica. 
 
 A. E. Kemp, Delegate from the Board of Trade, Toronto, 
 Ontario. 
 
 Mr. Kemp was bom on August 11, 1858, in the Province 
 of Quebec, near Montreal, to which city he went when 17 
 years old. In 1885 he entered the manufacturing business 
 in Toronto, manufacturing all Idnds of wares made from 
 sheet metals, including enanieled wares, etc. He started as 
 a poor hoy and built the business up until it is now the 
 largest of its kind in Canada. He is head of the Kemp Manu- 
 facturing Co., was president of the Canadian Manufacturers' 
 Association in 1896, and is now president of the Toronto 
 Board of Trade. 
 
 Richard Knoller, Delegate from the Government of Aus- 
 tria. 
 
 Mr. Knoller was born in Vienna, Austria, in 18G9. He 
 graduated in 1893 from the Technical Academy (K. K. Tech- 
 nische Hochscliule); wii? instructor at the same academy 
 (Constracteur an der K. K. Techn. Hoohsch. in Wien), from 
 
 Charles A. Latujlois, Delegate from the Board of Trade, 
 Quebec, Canada. 
 
 Mr. Langlois was bom of French-Canadian parents in Que- 
 bec, Canada, April 3, 1854. He was educated at the Nor- 
 mal Laval Institution in Quebec. In 18G8, he became clerk 
 in a grocery shop, which position he held for three years. 
 In 1871, he entered the wholesale grocery house of Nazaire 
 Turcotte, Quebec, becoming in 1873 bookkeeper in the same 
 house and in 1877 manager. In 1877, he formed a partner- 
 ship with Mr. Etienne Paradis, a wealthy capitalist of Quebec, 
 and started the wholesale grocery business of Langlois & 
 Paradis, Quebec, Canada. He was for many years a councillor 
 in the Quebec Board of Trade, and is now one of the oldest 
 members of that association. For the last 35 years he has 
 devoted all his spare moments to the "Union Commerciale de 
 Quebec," a social and literary association admitting merchants 
 as titulary members and clerks in financial and commercial 
 institutions as active members. The success of this society 
 has been wonderful. Mr. Langlois was the first Corresponding 
 Secretary, was afterward elected President, and for ten years 
 has been the Honorary President. 
 
 Lt.-Gen. John Winiburn Laurie, M. P., Delegate from the 
 Chamber of Commerce, London, England. 
 
 Lt.-Gen. Laurie is the son of the late John Laurie, Esq., of 
 Marshalls, Essex, M. P. for Barnstable, and Eliza Helen, 
 daughter of Kenrick Collett, Esq., Master in Chancery. He 
 was born in London in 1835; educated at Harrow, Dresden, 
 and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. In 1863 he mar- 
 ried Frances, daughter of the Hon. Enos Collins (Halifax, 
 N. S.). He entered the Second Queen's Royals in 1853, Major 
 (on special service in Canada) December, 1861, Major-Gen- 
 eral, 1883, and Lientcnant-General, 1887. He was twice 
 wounded in the Crimea, 1854-56; served in the Indian Mutiny 
 campaign, in the expedition to the Transvaal, 1881, and was 
 the second in command in the Canadian North West Rebellion 
 campaign. He was subsequently appointed Red Cross Com- 
 missioner in Scrvia, and made a K. C. of the Order of St. 
 Sava, etc. He was inspecting field officer when in Nova 
 Scotia, 1862-81, President Central Board of Agriculture, N. 
 S., Warden Halifax Council, 1880-81, and a Canadian 
 ]\r('niber of Parlianu>nt, 1887-91. lie was elected a vestry- 
 man, Paddington, 1891; and is a governor of the City and 
 Guilds Institute, etc. 
 
BIOGRAPHIES OF FOEEIGN DELEGATES 
 
 393 
 
 Michael A. de Leon, Delegate from Colon, Colombia. 
 
 Mr. de Leon was born in Jamaica, West Indies, on the 21st 
 of June, 1869. He went to the Isthmus of Colon in 1888, and 
 is principal of the finn of M. A. de Leon & Co. of Colon, im- 
 port and export merchants. He has been largely engaged in 
 general importing business from Canada, the United States 
 and Europe, exporting to the United States various kinds of 
 Colombian produce, such as bananas, cocoanuts, ivory nuts, 
 tortoise shell, dyewoods, etc. 
 
 Isidor Loeive, Delegate from the Aeltesten der Kaufmann.- 
 schaft der Stadt Berlin, Berlin, Germany. 
 
 Mr. Loewe was born November 24, 1S48, at Heiligenstadt, 
 Germany, a little town in Thuringia. In 1875, he became 
 partner of the firm of Ludwig Loewe & Co., which was 
 founded by his brother, Ludwig Loewe, in 1870, for manu- 
 facturing sewing machines after the American system, which 
 he had studied in the United States. It was the first time 
 that American machine tools were introduced in Germany. 
 The two brothers were the sole managers of the firm and ■i\"hen 
 Ludwig Loewe died (September 11, 1886), Isidor Loewe un- 
 dertook the whole management and developed the business 
 of the firm to its present standing. In 1871, the German 
 government decided to have the new rifle for the anny 
 manufactured with machine tools constructed by Ludwig 
 Loewe & Co. From this time, the American system of auto- 
 matically working machine tools, to produce interchangeable 
 parts in great quantity, was made known in Germany on a 
 large scale. The imports of American machine tools rapidly 
 increased, whilst the firm of Loewe & Co. could not in the 
 least satisfy the demand created for machine tools. In 1887, 
 Loewe & Co. undertook the manufacture of rifles and am- 
 munition for the German army, and for a number of armies 
 in other countries. This branch of the business was, in 1897, 
 consolidated with the "Koln-Eottweiler Pulverfabriken" and 
 the "Deutsche Metallpatrononfabrik" of Karlsruhe, into a 
 large trust company called "Deutsche Waffen-und Munitions- 
 fabriken," which is the largest enterprise of the kind in the 
 world. In 1892, Loewe & Co. established an electrical branch 
 in Berlin in connection with the Thomson-Houston Electric 
 Co., of Boston, under the corporation title of the "Union 
 Elektricitats-Gesellsehaft" that is now working with a capital 
 of 18 million marks, and assisted by a special finance com- 
 pany with 50 million marks paid up capital. 
 
 eral times, crossing the Atlantic in one of his father's vessels. 
 In 1894:, as a representative of the ScandinaAian Wood Pulp 
 Makers' Association, he traveled through Canada and many 
 of the States to study the American wood pulp and paper 
 industry. In 1898, he again visited America and traveled 
 through Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Canada and the Eastern 
 States. The firm, Chr. B. Lorentzen, has an export busi- 
 ness in all grades of wood pulps for paper making and is in- 
 terested in various wood pulp mills. Mr. Lorentzen is also 
 interested in the firm, Lorentzen & Wettre, which carries on 
 a commission business in all classes of machinery. He is a 
 member of the Board of Directors of a rubber mill, and is 
 also connected with a company dealing in plumbers' and san- 
 itary supplies. For a number of years he has held the posi- 
 tion of Secretary of the Norwegian section of the Scandi- 
 navian Wood Pulp Makers' Association, and has also been 
 a member of the Board of that Association. At present, he 
 is a member of the Boards of the Chamber of Commerce and 
 of the Export Association of Drammen. He has written a 
 number of articles in the principal Norwegian newspapers, 
 and has also issued reports especially on questions relating 
 to the wood pulp industries of the world. 
 
 Dr. Ileinricli Luckmann, Delegate from the Handels und 
 Gewerbckammer fur Krain, Laibach, Austria. 
 
 Dr. Luckmann was born at Jauerburg, Ober-Krain, Austria, 
 on the 1st of October, 1873. He studied law and politics at 
 Berlin, Munich, Paris and Vienna, and received the degree of 
 Doctor of Law in 1896. Having attended the Mining Aca- 
 demy at Leoben, Austria, for three years, he passed the ex- 
 amination as engineer. At present he holds the position of 
 engineer in the United Konigs-Laura Smelting Works in 
 Prussian Silesia. 
 
 JosJnia L. Maduro, Delegate from the Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Panama, Colombia. 
 
 Mr. Maduro was born on the Island of St. Thomas, Danish 
 West Indies, in February, 1862. Between 1876 and 1879, he 
 served his apprenticeship at a wholesale dry goods store in 
 Alajuela, Costa Rica. In July, 1879, he joined the business 
 of his father in Panama, and his clerkship ceased in January, 
 1884, when he was admitted as an industrial partner of the 
 firm then kno\\Ti as "JIaduro e Ilijos." The only public 
 position he ever held was the Vice-Presidency of the Panama 
 Chamber of Commerce in 1893. 
 
 Juan Antonio Loredo, Delegate from the Sociedad Nacional 
 de Mineria, Lima, Peru. 
 
 Mr. Loredo was born in Lima, Peru, in 1869. He entered 
 the Engineering School of Lima in the year 1885, obtaining 
 the diploma of jMining Engineer in 1890. Since that time 
 he has followed that profession in his countrj', having been 
 named Professor of Assays at the Engineering School in the 
 year 1898. He lives in Lima, and \isited the United States for 
 the first time to participate in the International Commercial 
 Congress of 1899. 
 
 Christian B. Lorentzen, Delegate from the Drammens Han- 
 delsforening, Drammen, Norway. 
 
 Mr. Lorentzen was born on the 21st of September, 1863, 
 at Drammen, Nonvay. After having graduated from the 
 University in Christiania, where he studied law, he entered 
 the office of his father, who was a shipowner and interested 
 in various industries. When a boy, he visited America sev- 
 
 Carl Bernhard Marheineche, Delegate from the German 
 Government. 
 
 Mr. Marheinecke was born in Bonn, Prussia. He studied at 
 the University of Bonn, and entered the judicial service. 
 After haing passed the examination as assessor, he was sent 
 to Alsace-Lorraine, where he was appointed judge. From 
 1884 to 1887, he was judge of the Superior Court in Metz 
 with the title of Landgerichtsrath. In 1887 he entered the 
 service of the German Foreign Office at Berlin and was sent 
 as Consul of the Empire to New York, from there he was 
 ordered in the same capacity to Montevideo, Urugua}', and in 
 1898 to Philadelphia. 
 
 William Marshall, Delegate from the Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Colombo, Ceylon. 
 
 Mr. Marshall was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, February 
 9, 1861, his father being the late David Marshall, chartered 
 
S94 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OP THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 accountaBt in that city. He was educated at the Royal High 
 School, Edinburgh, aud after leaving college served an ap- 
 prenticeship of four years with a mercantile firm in Leith, 
 Scotland, after wliich he was engaged mth a firm of East 
 India merchants in Loudon. After a trip through the East, 
 he came to America in 1890, aud has since been engaged in 
 the coffee and tea business in this country. In 1896, in con- 
 junction with his brother, he commenced business as a tea 
 aud coffee importer aud jobber, uuder the style of "Marshall 
 Bros," in the City of Philadelpliia. 
 
 John Mason, Delegate from the Associagao Commercial, 
 Funchal, Madeira. 
 
 Mr. Mason was born in 183i in the City of San Juan, Porto 
 liico, of American parents, being a direct descendant of Cap- 
 tain Hugh Mason, who settled in Watertown, New England, 
 in 1631. His father, John Mason, in connection with a 
 brother, Sidney Mason, established the first American com- 
 mercial firm in Porto Rico about 1S2-1, uuder the name of 
 Mason & Co., subsequently known as Mason & Latimer and 
 Latimer, Eernandez & Co. John Mason, the father, retired 
 from business in Porto Rico and came to Philadelphia in 1841, 
 establishing the firm of Mason & Kirkland, afterwards styled 
 John Mason & Co., whose business extended through South 
 America, the West and East Indies, being among the largest 
 importers of their products in the United States. The pre- 
 sent John Mason became the junior partner of the firm in 
 1860, and from the year 1856 to 1865 spent most of his time 
 as the representative of the firm in South America and the 
 West Indies. The Emperor Dom Pedro appointed him Vice 
 Consul for Brazil at Pliiladelphia in 1877, w-hich position he 
 filled until Febniary, 1899, when he resigned, being subse- 
 quently appointed by the King of Portugal, Vice Consul for 
 Portugal, which position he still holds. Mr. Mason retired 
 from active commercial life in 1887, upon the dissolution of 
 the firm of Mason, Treant & Co., of which he was a member. 
 
 J. Bafael Mata, Representing the commercial interests of 
 Costa Rica, Central America. 
 
 Mr. Mata is an importing and exporting merchant of San 
 Jose, Costa Rica, Central America, where at the age of 22, 
 he founded a commission house in partnership with Mr. J. B. 
 Calvo, now Minister of Costa Rica at Washington. Following 
 his natural avocation, he has been successfully engaged in his 
 countiy in all kinds of commercial pursuits. His principal 
 line of business is the exportation of coffee, dealing mainly in 
 fine kinds prepared with improved machinery and the greatest 
 care. In the importing business, Mr. Mata has devoted him- 
 self specially to the introduction of furniture and all kinds of 
 articles for house decoration and home furnishing. His store 
 is the only one of its class not only in Costa Rica, but in all 
 Central America. He represents several European houses in 
 Costa Rica. While in Philadelphia as a delegate to the 
 International Commercial Congress, and with the interest 
 of fulfilling his mission in a manner suitable to the aims 
 of the Congress, he undertook the creation of a new depart- 
 ment in his 1)usiness in the form of a permanent exposi- 
 tion of American products. This idea, which has been 
 favorably received, he expects to put into effect later on. Mr. 
 Mata has filled the following offices: Representative in 1890; 
 Member of the Finance Committee in the Chamber; Council- 
 man in San Jose in 1885 and 1898, and cliarter nienibor and 
 promoter of the Mercantile and Agricultural Circle of San 
 Jose. 
 
 George McLagan, Delegate from the Board of Trade, Strat- 
 ford, Ontario, Canada. 
 
 Mr. McLagan was born in Huron County, Ontario, Canada, 
 on February 24, 1863, learning and working at the trade of 
 cabinet maker for a number of years. For the past thirteen 
 years he has been engaged in tlie manufacture of furniture 
 in Stratford. For two years previous to September of this 
 year he was President of the Canadian Furniture Manufac- 
 turers' Association. Tw'O years ago, a number of furniture 
 manuiactiu'ers organized the Furniture Manufacturers' Ex- 
 porting Company, of Ontario, Canada, and Mr. McLagan was 
 appointed Vice-President. He has been a member of the 
 Stratford Board of Trade for several years and is now Vice- 
 President. 
 
 Delegate from 
 
 S. Edwin Megargee, 
 Greece. 
 
 Mr. Megargee was born in Philadelphia on 
 admitted to the Philadelphia Bar in 1869; a 
 Consul of Greece October, 189-1, and Consul 
 President of the Oral Home for Training in 
 Children, and Director of the Equitable 
 The degree nf L.L. 1). was conferred upjn 
 Villa Nova College. 
 
 the Government of 
 
 August 6, 1846; 
 ppointed Acting 
 
 in 1899. He is 
 
 Speech of Deaf 
 Trust Company. 
 
 him in 1898 by 
 
 Henry Miles, Delegate from the Board of Trade, Montreal, 
 Canada. 
 
 Mr. Miles was born at Lenuoxville, Quebec, Canada, in 
 1854, and received his education at liarly Bishops College 
 School at that place, and afterwards at the High School and 
 Laval University, Quebec. He is the son of the late Dr. H. H. 
 Miles, the Canadian Historian and Superintendent of Educa- 
 tion for the Province of Quebec. He has been engaged in the 
 drug business for many years, and is now managing partner 
 in tlie firm of Leeming, Miles & Co., of Montreal. This firm 
 repi-esents Foreign Proprietors in the Canadian market and 
 does an extensive business also in drugs, chemicals and drug- 
 gist's sundries. Mr. Miles' labors in the interest of commerce 
 have been especially in connection with the Canadian Tariff 
 and its administration. He conducted an agitation for years 
 for "uniformity," which has now resulted satisfactorily to 
 importers. This effort brought him to prominence in his 
 country and led to his selection as a member of the Execiitive 
 Council of the Board of Trade, of which he was subsequently 
 elected Treasurer. He is now Vice-I"*rcsidcnt of that organi- 
 zation, which is composed of 1200 of Montreal's leading 
 merchants. l\Ir. Miles is a supporter of the pre.sent Liberal ad- 
 ministration, and personally favors a tariff for revenue pur- 
 poses only. He is a member of the S3Tiod (Anglican) of Mon- 
 treal, and warden of one of the large churches of that city. 
 
 James Milne, Delegate from the Chamber of Commerce, 
 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 
 
 Mr. Milne was born in Glasgow, Scotland, in December, 
 1856, of Scotch parentage. He left for the Colonies at the 
 early age of 7, and was educated at the High School, Brisbane, 
 Australia. He entered the office of Messrs. Smcllie & Co., in 
 1872, as junior clerk, and has since been continuously con- 
 nected with the above firm, being the managing partner for 
 the last sixteen years. The firm is largely interested in agri- 
 cultural implements, general machinei-j', raw materials of all 
 kinds, in fact in hardware in all its branches, so that tlic whole 
 of Mr. ]\Iilnc's time has been spent in commerce. Outside of 
 business he has taken an active part in the Chamber of Com- 
 
BIOGRAPHIES OF FOREIGN DELEGATES 
 
 396 
 
 merce, filling various positions, including that of Chairman. 
 For some years past he has been one of the Directors of the 
 Queensland National Bank, the largest bank in Queensland, 
 acting as bankers to the Queensland Government. 
 
 since 1897, and still holds the position, and is also a director 
 of the Bureau of American Republics at Wasliington, D. C. 
 
 George Mitchell, M. P. P., Delegate from the Board of 
 Trade, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 
 
 Mr. Mitchell was born at Halifax, Nova Scotia, on June 
 13, 1846; was eclucated at the Halifax Grammar School, and 
 in 18G2 entered the office of G. & A. Mitchell & Co., West 
 India and general conunission merchants. In 18G8, the 
 above firm having been dissolved, the business was continued 
 by his father, the senior partner, and himself under the style 
 of G. P. Mitchell & Son, and with the addition of his brothers 
 and his son at various times, has since been known as G. P. 
 Mitchell & Sons. Mr. Mitchell has held the following posi- 
 tions: Director and President Merchant's Marine Insurance 
 Company; Director in Nova Scotia Marine Insurance Com- 
 pany; Auditor of Nova Scotia Sugar Refinery; Director Hali- 
 fax Gas Light Company; Director Acadia Fire Insurance 
 Company; Director Confederation Life Assurance Co., Tor- 
 onto; Director Union Bank of Halifax; President Board of 
 Trade, Halifax; the last four positions he still holds. He was 
 appointed by the Government of Nova Scotia, Chairman of a 
 Commission to examine into and report upon the existing 
 system of municipal taxation, and to formulate a new system, 
 if considered advisable. In 1896 he was elected a member of 
 the Nova Scotia Legislature to represent the County of Hali- 
 fax, in the Liberal interest. He represented the Board of 
 Trade of Halifax at the Cabot Celebration and meeting of the 
 British Association, held at Bristol, England, in 1898. 
 
 T. Mizutany, Delegate from the Japan Central Tea Asso- 
 ciation, Tokyo, Japan. 
 
 Mr. Mizutany was born on September 10, 1872, in the pre- 
 fecture of Chiba, Japan. He is a representative of the Chi- 
 cago branch of the Japan Central Tea Association, and Man- 
 ager of the Japanese Tea Garden, Chicago, 111. 
 
 Prudencio de Murguiondo, Delegate from the Government 
 of Uruguay. 
 
 Mr. Murguiondo was born in Buenos Aires, January 14, 
 1831, of Spanish parents. During the Rosas War in Argen- 
 tina, in 1840, he was sent with his younger brother to the 
 United States to be educated. In 1849, he entered the em- 
 ploy of an old Spanish firm in New York, engaged in the 
 Mediterranean trade, and in 1853, went to Baltimore repre- 
 senting that firm. In 18.54, he was appointed Vice-Consul for 
 Uruguay; in 1856, he was appointed Consul for valuable 
 services rendered his Government; and in 1891, was again 
 promoted to Consul General for like services. He has been in 
 the employ of the Government of Uruguay for about 45 years. 
 In 1893, he represented Uruguay as the President of Uru- 
 guay's Commission to the AVorld's Columbian Exposition. In 
 1897, he was Uruguay's delegate to the Postal Congress held 
 at Washington, being at the same time delegate to the Con- 
 vention of Latin-American delegates, held by the Philadel- 
 phia Commercial Museum. In November, 1899, he was placed 
 in charge of the Consular service of Uruguay in the Island of 
 Cuba. He has been one of the vice-presidents of the Foreign 
 Advisory Baard of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum 
 
 Dr. John A. Myers, Delegate from the Asociacion Saiitrera 
 de Propaganda, Iquique, Peru. 
 
 Dr. Myers was born upon a farm near AVest Liberty, West 
 Virginia, in May, 1853. After a thorough college education 
 in this country, he spent three and a half years in post gradu- 
 ate work in the universities in Germany, notably Berlin, 
 Gottingen and Breslau, devoting his vacations to extensive 
 traveling upon the Continent, visiting Egypt, Palestine and 
 portions of Turkey and Greece. Dr. Mj'ers is a professional 
 chemist, having after his return from his studies in Europe, 
 been elected Professor of Chemistry in Kentucky University. 
 From that institution, he was called to be Professor of 
 Chemistry at the Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical 
 College and State Chemist. He built one of the largest 
 chemical laboratories in the South. He has done much to- 
 wards the development of the fertilizer industry; also con- 
 siderable work on the methods of refining cotton seed oil, 
 especially with a view to preparing it as a substitute for olive 
 oil, and to be employed in the m;inufacture of soap. In 1888 
 he was selected by the Board of Regents of the West Virginia 
 University to organize the West Virginia Agricultural Experi- 
 ment Station and act as its Director, in which capacity he 
 served until 1898. He was also connected with its early organi- 
 zation, and has occupied various official positions in the As- 
 sociation of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations of 
 this country, which has led to tlie finest development of agri- 
 cultural science and scientific research in the world. He was 
 one of the organizers and has served as president of the Asso- 
 ciation of Oificial Agrictiltural Chemists of this country, an 
 organization whose scientific labors are recognized throughout 
 the scientific world. In 1898, Dr. Myers took an experi- 
 mental shipment of horses to Germany, with a view to study- 
 ing the possibilities of developing the demand for American 
 horses in Germany, and of accpiiring information in regard to 
 the demands of that country for American horses, and ascer- 
 taining the kinds of horses that should be shipped. He took 
 with him letters of introduction from Secretary of Agrieulttire 
 James Wilson to American officials in Gemiany, and liis re- 
 port was published by the L^nited States Department of Agri- 
 culture. \ATiile in Germany, he received his appointment as 
 delegate in charge of the Propaganda for Nitrate of Soda 
 for the United States of America, and has since had assigned 
 to him, besides the LTnited States and its colonies, the Pro- 
 vince of Canada; it being his business to look after an exten- 
 sion of the knowledge of the value, uses and ccmsumption 
 of nitrate of soda for agricultural purposes in these countries. 
 
 Joseph Nicolas, Delegate from the Government of Haiti. 
 
 Mr. Nicolas was born in the city of Aux Caves, Haiti, 
 February 17, 18G2. He is connected by family ties with the 
 late President Salomon, who, next to Toussaint L'Overture, 
 is universally considered as the ablest statesman that Haiti 
 has produced. Mr. Nicolas was educated in the National 
 Lycee (College) of his native city. After his graduation in 
 1882, he was selected as teacher in the public schools, and a 
 few months later was promoted to a professorship in the High 
 School for girls. In 1886, Mr. Nicolas was offered the su- 
 perintendency of schools either at Jaemel or at Jeremie. 
 He declined the proffered honor, preferring to accept the 
 minor position as assistant superintendent of the schools of 
 Aux Cayes. During his several years' connection in this 
 
m 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 capacity with the public school system of his country, he 
 devoted himself most seduloiisly to its improvement and 
 advancement in every sense. In 1892 Jlr. Nicolas was se- 
 lected by President Ilyppolite to be Secretary of the Haitian 
 Legation either at Madrid or at Berlin. The appointment 
 came to Jlr. Nicolas altogether unexpectedly, but after hav- 
 ing accepted it, he was surprised to receive the appointment 
 to become Secretary of the Haitian Legation at Washington, 
 and in this capacity he served four years. Mr. Nicolas is, 
 however, much pleased to have come to this country, and 
 since here, he has had ample opportunity to obser^-e and 
 study Anglo-Saxon methods and acti\dty. In 1896, while 
 still serving as Secretary of the Legation at Washington, he 
 was appointed Consul-General of Haiti for the United States. 
 In this position, he is devoting himself wholly to the devel- 
 opment of the commerce between Haiti and the United 
 States, and has been successful in bringing many Haitian 
 firms in contact with American manufacturers. 
 
 SJiaw T. Nishimura, Delegate from the Japan Central 
 Tea Association, Tokyo, Japan. 
 
 Mr. Nishimura was bom at Yokohama, Japan, on the 19tli 
 of November, 1864. In 1884, when he was through with his 
 regular college education, he entered into the tea business in 
 which his father had been engaged since the opening of 
 the port of Yokohama to foreigners. 
 
 Gen. Emilio Nunez, Delegate from the Government of 
 Cuba. 
 
 Gen. Nunez was bom in Sagua, Island of Cuba, on the 
 plantation San Francisco, December 28, 1855, of Cuban 
 parents. At the age of 17, he enlisted in the revolutionary 
 army under Brigadier Jose Miguel Ramos. During the pe- 
 riod of invasion, he was promoted from aide-de-camp of Gen- 
 eral Reeve (El Inglecito) to his staff, and advanced as far 
 as Caliineto, taking part in all engagements of that column. 
 After the death of General Reeve, Nuiiez, who at that time 
 was a lieutenant, was given the command of guerrillas, com- 
 posed of dispersed troops of the Colon brigade, and operated 
 in the Sagua district until the peace of Zanjon, in 1879. 
 With his enviable reputation as a soldier, gained through Ms 
 courage, his strategic ability and his gi'eat disposition to com- 
 mand, his only aim was to fan anew the flames of war for 
 the independence of his country. After long and difficult 
 preparations, constantly rimning the risk of being assassi- 
 nated l)y the rural guards, and after suffering imprisonment 
 in Sagua and in Havana, he started an insurrection on the 
 night of November 12, 1879, in San Diego de Niguas and 
 operated over the entire district of Sagua, often defeating 
 the Spaniards, although thousands of troops were sent against 
 him. When the war ended in the east of the Island, Nuiiez 
 was the only commander in arms, and on this account was 
 obliged to capitulate and did so on the farm Abreu, in the 
 Calabazar of Sagua in December, 1880, being at that time 
 a colonel in the army. In 1881, he returned to Cuba, but 
 two hours after his landing in Havana he was expelled from 
 the country. In 1883, he again sailed for the Island, dis- 
 guised as a sailor, on board a small schooner, but on being 
 denounced, the Spaniards took him from the ship, and would 
 have executed him, this being the order given them, but for 
 the intervention of Captain General Sponda, who was moved 
 by the representations of Colonel Jose Manuel Nunez, a 
 brother of Emilio. He was imprisoned in Santa Clara, and 
 later in Havana's Morro and Castillo del Principe, until, 
 
 through the efforts of the American Consul, he was liberated, 
 and then expelled eight months after his imprisonment. 
 After amnesty was proclaimed, he engaged in the wholesale 
 tobacco business, and succeeded in establishing an important 
 firm in Pliiladelphia, his adopted home. He was also a 
 student at the University of Pennsylvania and graduated in 
 dental surgei-y. He took a most important part in the Gomez- 
 Maceo uprising of 1885, and was one of the organizers of the 
 Cuban Revolutionary Party. At the beginning of the War of 
 Independence, 1895, he at once offered his services to his 
 country and was api)ointed Chief of the Department of Ex- 
 peditions. He succeeded in bringing thirteen expeditions to 
 Cuba during the Revolution and four during the Spanish- 
 American war. On account of these expeditions, the Ameri- 
 can authorities brought thirty-one different charges against 
 him. For all his services — which are many and very valuable 
 — the Cuban Government promoted him successively to a 
 Brigadier and to a General of Division. 'Wlien peace was 
 proclaimed between the United States and Spain, he returned 
 to Philadelphia to again attend to his private business. 
 During the sessions of the International Commercial Con- 
 gress, he received news of his appointment as Civil Governor 
 of the Province of Havana, Cuba. 
 
 Malsuo Ol-ada, Delegate from the Chamber of Commerce, 
 Kumamoto, Japan. 
 
 Mr. Okada was a member of the Legislature for the pre- 
 fecture of Kumamoto for three years (for which reason he 
 was asked to represent the Kumamoto Chamber of Com- 
 merce at the Commercial Congress); was then in the Japan- 
 ese Government service, first in the Navy Department and 
 then in the Department of Agriculture and Commerce, until 
 he was offered the position of vice-manager in the Kan Sai 
 Trading Co., Kyoto, Japan, where he had charge of the im- 
 port department. He came to the city of New York in August 
 of last year, to take charge of the export department of the 
 firm of Y. Wooyeno & Co., which is a branch house of the 
 Kan Sai Trading Co. 
 
 Alfred J. Ostheimer, Delegate from the Imperial Japanese 
 Government. 
 
 Mr. Ostheimer was born in Philadelphia, in 1845; educated 
 here and in Europe; and has been largely engaged in mercan- 
 tile pursuits as an importer and exporter, having succeeded 
 the old firm of Ostheimer and Woodward in 1872, and now 
 being at the head of one of the largest export commission 
 houses in this country. The finn of Ostheimer Brothers 
 imports and exports wares from and to all parts of the world, 
 and has its own offices in many of the large cities. Mr. 
 Ostheimer was, in the course of business, brought into fre- 
 Cjuent contact with the Empire of Japan. He is a prominent 
 citizen of Philadelphia, and is identified with almost all of 
 the enterprises which have made this city so well known dur- 
 ing the past twenty-five vear.s. He was connected with the 
 Paris Exposition in 1889. On September 13, 1898, he re- 
 ceived from His Imperial JIajesty the Emperor of Austria 
 the Imperial Order of the Iron Crown, and on May 4, 1899, 
 received from His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Japan 
 the Order of the Rising Sun. In 1876, at the Centennial 
 Exposition, he had charge of the Austrian Department, and 
 after that was a])i)oiiiled Imperial and iJoyal Austro-lTun- 
 garian Consul at Philadelphia, which position he still holds. 
 He also holds (lie pisition of Honorary Japanese Consul at 
 Philadelpliia, to which he was appointed in 1897. 
 
BIOGEAPHIES OF FOEEIGN DELEGATES 
 
 397 
 
 Eahe Otani, Delegate from the Japanese Traders' Society, 
 Tokyo, Japan, and the Chambers of Commerce, Tokyo and 
 Yokohama, Japan. 
 
 ■ Mr. Otani -n-as bom December, 1843, in Miye Prefecture, 
 Japan. He has the title of Kahe Otani, Fifth Degree of 
 Merit. He is connected with the following: Member of the 
 High Council of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry; Presi- 
 dent Chamber of Commerce, Yokohama; President Central 
 Board of Tea Traders' Guild; President Yokohama Educa- 
 tion Society; Vice-Chairman of the Japan Traders^ Society; 
 President Kanagawa headquarters (Gonikwai) of Japanese 
 Business Association; President Yokohama Board of the Cen- 
 tral Tea Association; Director Tokyo Fire Insurance Co.; 
 President Seventy-fourth Bank of Yokohama; President Yo- 
 kohama Savings Bank; President Japan Tea-firing Co., Ltd.; 
 President Formosa Trading Co., Ltd. He is among the per- 
 sons who pay the highest income tax in Japan. 
 
 Dr. E. Pistor, Delegate from the Handels-und-Gewerbe- 
 kammer, Graz, Austria. 
 
 Dr. Pistor was bom August 24, 1873, in Graz, Styria, Aus- 
 tria. In 1893, he entered the University, where he studied 
 philosophy and law. During his stay at the University, he 
 traveled in Italy and Switzerland at various times, in order 
 to complete his studies. On January 1, 1898, he entered 
 the office of the Chamber of Commerce of Graz, of which he 
 had the entire management for five months, on account of 
 illness of the Secretary. During this period and afterwards 
 he represented the said Chamber at various conferences in 
 the Ministry, as well as at the Congress of Secretaries of 
 Austrian Chambers of Commerce at Trieste. 
 
 John G. Purdon, Delegate from Chamber of Commerce, 
 Shanghai, China. 
 
 Mr. Purdon was bom in Philadelphia in 1834. His father, 
 John Purdon, was Counselor at Law, member of the State 
 Legislature, and author of "Purdon's Digest." Before he 
 was eighteen years of age, he went to Canton, China, in a 
 sailing vessel consigned to his brother, and from that time 
 until 1893 (with occasional visits home), he resided in Can- 
 ton, Hong Kong, Fuchau and Shanghai, as a merchant. 
 From 1867 until his return home in 1893, he resided in 
 Shanghai, engaged in the export of tea and silk to Great 
 Britain and the United States and the import of cotton goods 
 from those countries. He was several times Chairman of the 
 Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce, and took great in- 
 terest in all movements that would tend to the advantage of 
 the trade of the port. He was also Chairman or one of the 
 Directors of a number of the public commercial companies 
 of this place and was several times elected Chairman of the 
 Shanghai Municipal Council. 
 
 as Plenipotentiary from his country, to negotiate and sign 
 the commercial and navigation treaty with the German Em- 
 pire, which treaty is still in force. This treaty was the first 
 for the re-establishment of diplomatic relations between Mex- 
 ico and Europe. In 1886, he negotiated and signed, in the 
 same capacity, the Commercial and Navigation Treaty be- 
 tween Mexico and France. The French Government deco- 
 eorated him with the cross of an Officer of the Legion of 
 Honor. In 1890, he was nominated Financial Agent of 
 Mexico to London, remaining there until 1892. In that city 
 he effected the emission of the loan of £6,000,000 destined for 
 subventions for railroads. As an attorney for the firm of S. 
 Pearson & Son, of London, he supervised the contracts for 
 the great work of draining the valley of Mexico; for the 
 works at the port of Vera Cruz, which are in course of ter- 
 mination; and for the works at the ports of Coatzacsalcos and 
 Salina Cruz, which will be started in the coming months. 
 On the completion of these last two enterprises, the pass 
 through the Isthmus of Tehuantepec will be a fact highly 
 beneficial for the trade of the whole world. 
 
 Genaro Baigosa, Delegate from the Government of Mexico. 
 
 Mr. Eaigosa was born in the city of Zacatecas, capital of 
 the State of the same name, Eepublic of Mexico, on Decem- 
 ber 2, 1847. He studied at the College of St. Ildefonso, in 
 the City of Mexico, and graduated there as a lawyer on Jan- 
 uary 2, 1870. At the age of 25 years, he was elected a mem- 
 ber of the Legislature from San Luis Potosi, and from the 
 age of 28 until the present time has been a Senator in the 
 Congress of the Mexican Union. In 1884, he was nominated 
 
 William Pember Reeves, Delegate from the Government of 
 New Zealand. 
 
 Mr. Eeeves was born in New Zealand, and entered public 
 life in that country about a dozen years ago. From 1891 to 
 1896, he held the positions of Minister of Education and 
 Minister for Labor in the New Zealand Cabinet, and had 
 charge of w^hat are known as the Labor Laws, that is to say, 
 the Code of Enactments treating with the relations of em- 
 ployers and employes. Perhaps the most widely known of 
 these is the one making arbitration compulsory in conflicts 
 between trade unions and employers of labor. At the begin- 
 ning of 1896, he resigned his position in the New Zealand 
 Government, in order to take up the post of Agent General 
 for the Colony in London, which he has since held. He has 
 recently been appointe*d to represent his Colony on the Im- 
 perial Board of Delegates set up by England, Canada and 
 Australasia, to provide for the construction of the Pacific 
 Ocean cable from Vancouver to Australia and New Zealand. 
 He has done something in the way of writing, his principal 
 book being "The Long'White Cloud," a descriptive history of 
 New Zealand. This has had the good fortune to be hailed 
 both in England and New Zealand, as the standard work 
 on the country. 
 
 Miguel Jose Romero, Delegate from the Government of 
 Venezuela. 
 
 Mr. Eomero was born at Barcelona, a city of East Venezuela, 
 in South America, and is the son of the public writer and 
 historian of the same name, who took such an active part 
 in the industrial and intellectual development of the State 
 of Barcelona. While quite young Mr. E miero acquired the 
 habit of working and studying, and these occupations hecame 
 his rehgion and his ideal. He is a bachelor of philosophy 
 and a writer on agriculture. Besides his vernacular tongue, 
 he knows English and French. His knowledge in commer- 
 cial matters, in agriculture and in literature, has been ac- 
 quired while he struggled for existence in colleges or uni- 
 versities or at the custom houses, the business firms and the 
 industrial establishments, where he has been engaged. His 
 love of knowledge induced him to take up the trade of a 
 printer, which he followed for some time. He published in 
 Barcelona and later on in Caracas, the capital of Venezuela, 
 political, agricultural and commercial periodicals. He has 
 been active in organizing several societies and clubs in the 
 
398 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Republic, and is a member and one of the original founders 
 of the Caracas Agricultural Club, an important association 
 of Venezuelan agriculturists. After having taken a course 
 in agronomy at the Central University of Venezuela, the 
 Government" of this Republic sent him, in 1895, to the United 
 States for tlic purpose of studying agriculture and cattle 
 breeding in this country and the system of teaching agricul- 
 tural science. Mr. Romero occupied liimself at the same time 
 with the study of American commerce and industry. He 
 represented the Government of his country at the Atlanta 
 International Exposition and the Venezuelan press at the 
 Nashville, Tennessee, Exposition. In December, 1898, he 
 represented the State of Venezuela at the Farmers National 
 Congress which was held at Fort Worth, Texas. His works 
 on agriculture, commerce and education in the United States 
 have been published in various North, South and Central 
 American periodicals. The motto of Mr. Romero is: "Help 
 Thyself" and "In Union is Strength." He is an enthusiastic 
 supporter of the Monroe Doctrine: "America for the Ameri- 
 cans." 
 
 M. de h'oiilhnvsliii, State Counsellor, Agent of the Rus- 
 sian Ministry of Finance, and Delegate from the Russian 
 Government. 
 
 Mr. de Routkowsky, financial agent of Russia, and Counsel- 
 lor of State, was born in 18.53, and graduated from the Acad- 
 emy of Engineers of Ways of Communication. He began his 
 public career in the Ministry of Public Works, in which, after 
 a few years, he was appointed one of the inspectors-general 
 of the Russian railways. Fie was sent on a mission by his 
 Government to England, France, Germany, Italy and Aus- 
 tria to study the railroad systems of these countries. In 
 1884, he was sent for the same purpose to the United States, 
 and on presenting the report on the result of his investiga- 
 tions, he was sent to the United States again, as technical 
 agent of the Russian Government. In 1891, he was sent 
 to South America to study the financial and economical con- 
 ditions of various countries, -with the object of extending 
 commercial relations with Argentine, Brazil, Uruguay, Peru, 
 Chile, and Paraguay. On returning to his country, he was 
 appointed in 1893, as financial agent of his Goveniment to 
 the United States. 
 
 Ludwig Tiuhelli, Delegate f mm the Ilandels und Gewerbe- 
 kammer, Zcngg, Croatia. 
 
 'Mt. Rubelli was born at the Austrian seacoast city of Senj, 
 or Zengg, in Croatia, in 18-15. In 1857, after finishing the 
 local schools, he shipped as apprentice before the mast on 
 an Austrian merchantman. By hard application to work 
 and study ho was rapidly promoted to mate in 18G1, chief 
 officer in ISGS and captain in 18G6. After an active seafar- 
 ing life of twenty years, ten of -which as captain in command 
 of vessels sailing mo.stly on long voyages, he settled in Phila- 
 del])liia, in the shipjiing business, as a ship broker, in which 
 business ho still continues. In 18G4, on a voyage from New 
 York to Shanghai via Hong Kong, as chief officer, b^it in 
 temporary command, during the captain's illness, of the 
 Austrian bark "Baron Kclliu^r," while sailing in the channel 
 of Formosa, he successfully battled with .several piratical 
 Chinese junks, sinking one and badly damaging another. 
 For this deed, he was decorated by liis Majesty, the present 
 Emperor of Austria, with the Golden Cross for merit. 
 
 in 1859. He received his entire education in a gymnasium 
 in the Canton of Bern, finishing his studies in a Moravian 
 high school of languages. In 1875, he entered the office of 
 the chemical establishment of his parents to pass his com- 
 mercial apprenticeship. Later, he was engaged with one of 
 the largest export firms in Italy, and in the following years 
 twice traveled all over Europe for the purpose of promoting 
 business. In 1882, he became sub-manager of the largest 
 private bank of South Italy, which position he held till 1889, 
 when, for the education of his sons, he went to Switzerland, 
 securing the place of chief of the offices and Controller in 
 the Cantonal Bank of Berne. He was engaged ivith the 
 Credit Lyonnais of Paris and went to South America as gen- 
 eral representative, in the capacity of financial agent to Ar- 
 gentine, Uruguay, Paraguay and especially Brazil. Since 
 1894, he has been established as financial agent in Sao Paulo, 
 promoting business exclusively for American interests. 
 
 Professor Mario Salvini, Delegate from the Chambers 
 of Commerce and Art, at Florence and Bologna; and from 
 the Association of Industries and Commerce, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Prof. Salvini is the son of Tommaso Salvini, the Italian tra- 
 gedian. He was born in Reggio Emilia, March 4, 18G3. 
 After having pursued his mathematical studies in the Uni- 
 versity of Bologna, he went to the Fine Arts Royal Institute 
 in Florence. There he completed the course in art, and 
 passed the examination as an instructor in sculpture. He 
 was appointed Professor in 1890, and at present is Assistant 
 to Professor Rivalta. the first teaclier in the Royal Institute. 
 In 1890, he founded in Florence the well-known manufac- 
 tory of Artistic Majolica Salvini C, which received a medal 
 at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893, and gold medals in 
 International Expositions in Europe. He is the director and 
 proprietor of this manufactory. He is a sculptor, having a 
 studio in Florence. He is a member of the following insti- 
 tutions: Chamber of Commerce and Arts of Florence; Board 
 of Directors of the Industrial and Commercial Association 
 of Florence; Board of Directors of the Federation of Com- 
 mercial Associations; Board of Directors of the Tuscan Hor- 
 ticulture Society; Board of Directors of the Syndicate of the 
 Industrial School of Art in Florence; Syndicate of the High 
 Furnaces and Iron Foundaries of Piom'bino; Tuscan Execu- 
 tive Committee for the Paris Exposition, 1900; Board of 
 Directors of tlie Art Club in Florence; Board of Directors of 
 the Gino Capponi Political Association. He is the author 
 of many works of public interest, well accepted by the Italian 
 Government, in which he has always advocated free trade. 
 
 Affoiisn ArnnJdo Tiiilis, Delegate from Sao Paulo, Brazil, 
 ^fr. Rutis was bom in the Cily of St. Gall, Swilzcrland, 
 
 Carlos B. Santos, Oiheial Delegate from the Government of 
 Paraguay and the Centre Comercial, Asuncion. 
 
 Mr. Santos was liorn in Asuncion, Paraguay, in 1872. After 
 receiving an excellent preliminary education in the schools of 
 his native city he attended tlie University in Montevideo, Uru- 
 guay, whore he was graduated with the degree of Bachelor. 
 He entered the jniblic service of his government as secretary 
 1() the TMinister of Foreign Aft'aii-s, and subsequently was ap- 
 ])ointod Cliicf of the Dejiartmeut of Statistics and Immigra- 
 tion, a position which he has filled in the most creditable nian- 
 noT and which he still holds. When the Philadelphia Com- 
 mercial Museum extended iis invitation to governments and 
 commercial bodies to send delegates to the International Com- 
 mercial Congress, Mr. Santos was the immediate choice of the 
 Centro Conunercial and also of his government. 
 
BIOGRAPHIES OF FOREIGN DELEGATES 
 
 399 
 
 Ernst Schernikow, Delegate from the Government of Sal- 
 vador, Central America. 
 
 Mr. Schernikow was born in the City of Berlin, Germany, 
 October 13, 1860. He came to this country in 1863, and 
 has resided in New York City ever since. Since 1878, he 
 has been connected with the trade of Central America and 
 some years ago traveled extensively through the West Indies 
 and Central America with the object of furthering that trade. 
 He has represented Salvador in New York City for about 
 ten years and is largely interested in the trade of the whole 
 of Central America. At present, he is Vice Consul in New 
 York for the Republics of Honduras and Nicaragua. 
 
 Jacques Schuh, Delegate from the Chamber of Commerce 
 and Industry, Nagyvarad, (Grosswardein) Hungary. 
 
 Mr. Schuk was born in Budapest, Hungary, Jime 23, 1867. 
 His father was a manufacturer, having a large foreign trade, 
 and introduced the metric system of weights and measures 
 into Hungary. His father having died in 1879, after losing 
 his fortune, Jacques was forced at the age of thirteen to 
 earn his living. He went to Hamburg and entered the bank- 
 ing business, returning home after two years' service, to be- 
 come correspondent of one of Hungary's first-class flour mills. 
 At the age of twenty, he was sub-manager of the mill, trav- 
 eling throughout the world in order to establish foreign con- 
 nections for this establishment. In 1890, in connection 
 with the Anglo-Austrian Bank at Budapest, he established 
 a special department for the export of bran and other foods 
 for animals. He organized the "Budapest Monorer Fabriks 
 Actien Gesellschaft," a flour mill company with a capital of 
 400,000 florins, and the "Kis Sebeser Granite Steinbriiche 
 Actien Gesellschaft," with a capital of 500,000 florins, being a 
 member of the Board of Trustees of the latter. Mr. Schuk is 
 able to read and write six languages, all of which he acquired 
 through his own efl^orts. He has contributed, at various 
 times to the "Vossische Zeitung," Berlin ; "Hamburger Nach- 
 richten;" "Pester Lloyd;" "Neue Freie Presse," and "Buda- 
 pest Hirlnp." The former two papers pulilished his arti- 
 cles on the Hungarian Exposition in 1885, and the three last 
 named articles on the recent International Commercial Con- 
 gress, the Philadelphia Commercial Museum and the National 
 Export Exposition. 
 
 F. Shippey, Delegate from the Chamber of Commerce, 
 Pietermaritzburg, Natal, Africa. 
 
 Mr. Shippey was born at Cambridge, England, in 1856. 
 He went to Natal, South Africa, during the Zulu War in 
 1879. He commenced his present business, in 1887, \vith a 
 staff of only three men, having now fifty in his employ. His 
 business is considered one of the most enterprising and pro- 
 gressive in Pietermaritzburg. 
 
 Motojiro SMraisM, Delegate from the Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Tokyo, Japan. 
 
 Mr. Shiraishi graduated from the Tokyo Imperial Univer- 
 sity, in 1893, and immediately afterward entered the busi- 
 ness world. In 1896, he was appointed general manager 
 of the Toyo Kisen Kaisha (Oriental Steamship Company), 
 which was at that time organizing a transportation company 
 for the purpose of entering the trans-Pacific trade between 
 San Francisco and the ports in Japan and China, which 
 position he still holds. 
 
 B. J. Shoninger, Delegate from the American Chamber 
 of Commerce, Paris, France. 
 
 Mr. Shoninger was born in Boston, Massachusetts, Decem- 
 ber 19, 1854. He received his education in that city, grad- 
 uating from the well-known English High School. On Jan- 
 uaiy 1, 1878, together with his brothers, he started the 
 importation of laces and embroideries in Boston. This 
 necessitated frequent and lengthy visits to Europe to the 
 different manufacturing centres of laces. The business 
 having grown, he was eventually required to take up his resi- 
 dence in Paris in order to look after the various European 
 branches, and has resided there permanently since 1889. In 
 the year 1888, the firm opened a house in New York City, 
 which is now the main American house, wth offices in Bos- 
 ton, Philadelphia, Chicago, and twenty traveling salesmen 
 covering all the main points of the United States. The firm 
 is to-day one of the largest of its kind in the world. Mr. 
 Shoninger has been identified with the American Chamber 
 of Commerce of Paris since its organization, and has been 
 its treasurer since the second year of its existence. 
 
 George W. Sillcox, Delegate from the Anglo-American 
 Chamber of Commerce, Brussels, Belgium. 
 
 Mr. Sillcox was born at Homer, New York, in 1844. He 
 served his time as a boy in one of New York's best printing 
 houses, learning all its branches. His last year in press 
 rooms served as the foundation to take up the machinery 
 business in Europe. He was one of the pioneers in taking 
 agi'icultural machinery to the continent of Europe in 1870. 
 In 1873, was ap]iointed by President Grant as Honorary 
 Commissioner from the State of New York to the Vienna 
 Exposition. On his arrival in Vienna, trouble with the Chief 
 Commissioner and Assistants caused the President to make 
 changes and ho served as Secretary of the Commission, and 
 also served on the International Jury. He was United 
 States Vice-Consul at Bremen, Germany, in 1883. He has 
 lived in Germany, France and Belgium for the past twenty- 
 five years. He is now in New York, at the head of the 
 Sillcox Syndicate of American Manufacturers and Manager 
 of the Export Department of the New Home Sewing Ma- 
 chine Company, Orange, Mass. 
 
 A. Asher Smith, Delegate from Chamber of Commerce, 
 Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 
 
 Mr. Smith was bom at Bantf, Scotland, September, 1865. 
 He was educated at the MacdufE Academy of that town. His 
 commercial training was begun at Banfl", in 1881, in the busi- 
 ness then conducted by Messrs. G. W. Murray & Co., engi- 
 neers and iron merchants. In 1883, he removed to Aber- 
 deen, where he joined Messrs. Ben. Reid & Co., agi-icultural 
 engineers and merchants. With this firm, he continued until 
 1889, La which year he went to Australia, where he became 
 associated with the eminent finn of Messrs. James McEwan 
 & Co., Ltd., in Melbourne, Victoria. In 1891, that firm 
 bought a wholesale hardware business in Sydney, New South 
 Wales, and he was appointed manager. In that capacity, he 
 continued until the 12th of September of this year (1899), 
 on which date he sailed for America, in order to attend the 
 International Commercial Congress in Philadelphia, as dele- 
 gate from the Chamber of Commerce, Sydney, of which body 
 he is a member. During his residence in Sydney, he has 
 taken an active interest in all matters relating to the trade 
 of the Colony and also in all questions concerning inter- 
 colonial and international commerce. At present, he is a 
 member of the Sectional Committee of the Sydney Chamber 
 
400 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 of Commerce, aj)pointed to deal with matters affecting the 
 building trade. During his career in Australia, he has been 
 interested in the growth and development of American ex- 
 ports to that market and is therefore conversant with the 
 conditions which affect thai important international trade. 
 
 Edirin Holden Smilh, Delegate from the Foreign Chamber 
 of Commerce, Yokohama, Japan. 
 
 Mt. Smith was born at Batavia, New York, March 17, 
 1861. He entered business in 1879, in the employ of Messrs. 
 II. Fogg & Co., New York and Shanghai, one of the pioneer 
 American firms in the Far Eastern trade, and continued in the 
 employ of this firm and its successor, The China & Japan 
 Trading Company, Limited, residing at different times in 
 Shanghai and Yokohama, as well as New York, until 1893, 
 when he joined Mr. George Walworth Middleton in the for- 
 mation of the present firm of Middleton & Smith, engaged 
 in the importation of tea and raw silk and the exportation of 
 American cotton goods and American machinery. It was 
 one of the first firms to engage exclusively in the latter busi- 
 ness in Japan, and now represents, as agent, many American 
 manufacturers in that country and Siberia. He has resided 
 many years both in China and Japan and now alternates, 
 with partner, in residence in Japan. 
 
 Medaille" and Grand Diploma of Merit at the Vienna Ex- 
 position, in 1873, and the Highest Medal and Diploma at 
 the Centennial in Philadelphia, in 1876. He owns the only 
 divi-divi plantation on the Island, and has assisted and 
 encouraged the cultivation of this product until it has be- 
 come a considerable and increasing article of export. For 
 this, he received the Gold Medal and Certificate of Honor 
 at the Jamaica Exposition of 1891. As a merchant and ship- 
 owner, he is deeply interested in furthering the interests of 
 commerce and shipping, and as a large land owner, in every- 
 thing that concerns the development of agriculture and the 
 advancement of the Colony. He was one of the founders 
 and has been an active member of the Royal Jamaica Society 
 of Agi-iculture and Commerce and Merchants' Exchange 
 since its formation, and has for a long time been its treas- 
 urer. He is the Doyen of the Consular Corps in Jamaica, 
 is Consul for Denmark, Swciden and Norway, the United 
 States' of Venezuela, and was \'ice-Consul f(U- the United 
 States during several successive administrations. He is a 
 Justice of the Peace for several Parishes and has been a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Supervision for supervising the system 
 of poor relief since its inception, as well as a member of 
 the Kingston Improvement Commission, a government com- 
 mission which owes its existence to his efforts to provide a 
 proper system of sanitation for Kingston. 
 
 Hiilert Llewelli/n Smith, Delegate from Her British Ma- 
 jesty's Government, London, England. 
 
 Mr. Smith was born at Bristol, England, in 18G4. He was 
 educated at Bristol and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. 
 From 1889 to 1893, he was Secretary of the "National Asso- 
 ciation for the Promotion of Technical Education." He was 
 appointed in 1893, Commissioner of Labor, in charge of the 
 Labor Department of Her British Majesty's Board of Trade. 
 In 1897, he was appointed Depiity Controller General of the 
 Commercial, Labor and Statistical Departments of Her Ma- 
 jesty's Board of Trade. 
 
 Simon Soutar, Delegate from the Royal S6ciety of Agri- 
 culture and Commerce, Kingston, Jamaica. 
 
 Mr. Soutar was born on the Isle of Man, educated in Scot- 
 land, and received his commercial training in London. In 
 18.58, he visited the West Indies, finally settling in Jamaica, 
 where in 1860, he became a partner in the business formerly 
 carried on by Simon Taylor, of historic renown, and his 
 successors Simpson, Taylor & Co. and Porteous, Carson & 
 Co. Mr. Soutar has since been identified with almost every 
 movement for the advancement of trade, commerce and agri- 
 culture in Jamaica. In the early days of .steam, he secured 
 for the Island a coast steam service which is still carried on 
 along the same lines and tlie same days and hours of arrival 
 and departure as laid down by him 3.5 years ago. About 
 the same time, he brought Jamaica logwood prominently 
 before the markets of the world by exploiting the logwood 
 resources of the Island, making it a staple article of export 
 and opening up new ports of shipment and disposal. He 
 al<(> opened vip a dii-cct trade in Jniniiiciin products, rum, 
 coffee, cacao, pimento, ginger, dyevvood.s, etc., with the Con- 
 tinent and ]\IediterranLan, whicli has now grown to a large 
 business. He inl reduced the cultivation of fine cigar tobacco 
 into the Island, and tlie manufacture of fine cigars, for which 
 he not only secured the premiums offered by the local gov- 
 ernment for the best quality but obtained the "Vcrdien=t 
 
 Julius von Szavay, Delegate from the Chamber of Com- 
 merce and Industry, Raab, Hungary. Also from eleven other 
 Cliambers represented at a meeting called by the Chamber 
 at Szegedin Also requested by the Minister of Commerce 
 to study and report on the Exposition. 
 
 Mr. von Szavay was born at Szegedin, in 1861, and after 
 having completed his education at the Law Department of 
 the University, he was elected to a municipal office in the 
 City of Gycir, and soon after, he was made Secretary of 
 the Chamber of Commerce. He is a member of the Na- 
 tional Board of Industry and the National Commission of 
 Statistics. As a man of letters, he is the author of several 
 works, such as poems, historical and politico-economic mono- 
 graphs. He is also the proprietor and editor of the "Gyor 
 Hirlap" (Journal of Gycir) a political daily paper, as well as 
 the proprietor of the Pannonia Printing and Stationery Com- 
 pany, of the City of Gyor. He is Vice-President of the Hun- 
 garian National Editorial Association, and was appointed by 
 the Roya' Hungarian Minister of Commerce and Industry 
 to study certain problems in the United States. 
 
 Pietro Tappari, Delegate from Chamber of Commerce and 
 Arts, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Mr. Tappari was bom in Salu^zo, Italy, in 1863. He re- 
 ceived his education in Florence, Italy, and has lived there 
 for over 35 years. His business in Italy is principally expor- 
 tation of industrial and fine art objects. He has visited all the 
 principal Inteniational Expositions in the world. The last 
 time he was in America, was in 1893. at the Chicago World's 
 Fair, where his exhibition was awarded two gold medals, first 
 prizes for artistic carved silver aiul artistic furniture. He 
 was appointed by the General Royal Commissioner the offi- 
 cial Italian re])resenlative at the Chicago World's Fair. He 
 was the special correspondent for the Florence newspaper 
 "Nazione," and wrote a guide book of the Chicago Fair, en- 
 titled "The Italian at the Chicago World's Fair." He was 
 one of the International Judges at the International Expo- 
 sition at Antwerp, wlierc his exhibit received a firet-class hon- 
 
BIOGRAPHIES OF FOEEIGN DELEGATES ii insri v ji.HSr r. 
 
 401 
 
 ri^ 
 
 -,•>!> 
 
 orary diploma. He is now a member of the Committee of 
 Florence for the Paris Exposition. He is a special corres- 
 pondent for the principal newspaper in Rome, the "Tribune." 
 
 Imperial Councillor Dr. Otio Tlwrsch, Delegate from the 
 Chambers of Commerce, Vienna and Troppau, Austria. 
 
 Dr. Thorseh was born at Prague, Austria, in 1859, and 
 graduated at Vienna as Doctor of Law. He served in 1880- 
 1881, as private in the Austrian Army and fought in 1882, 
 as officer against the insurgents in Herzego%'ina. From 
 1887 to 1891, he occupied himself at Berlin and Leipsic with 
 works on national economy and finance, from which studies 
 his work "History of the Austrian National Debt," published 
 in Berlin in 1891, resulted. He gained his commercial 
 knowledge and experience at the Creditanstalt at Trieste and 
 accepted, in 1893, a call to the head office of this large bank- 
 ing institute in Vienna. Since 1895, he has acted in the ca- 
 pacity of general manager of the well-known manufacturers 
 of electric light carbons, Schii? & Co., Vienna. 
 
 A. M. Townsend, Delegate from the Government and Gen- 
 eral Chamber of Commerce, Hong Kong, China. 
 
 Mr. Townsend, son of an English clergyman, was born at 
 Grasby Vicarage, in Lincolnshire, in 18-17. He was educated 
 at Merchant Taylor's School in London. He joined the 
 Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank in London in 18G6, after a 
 preliminary training in the Yorkshire Bank, at Bradford, 
 and in 1870, was transferred to the eastern staff, filling the 
 following appointments: Accountant at the Bombay Branch; 
 accountant at the Shanghai Branch; agent at Hankow; 
 agent at Hiogo, Japan; sub-manager at Shanghai; manager 
 at Yokohama, Japan; in 1880, he was sent to New York to 
 take charge of the agency of the Bank at that city, and has 
 during his nineteen years occupancy of that post become well 
 known in the financial, commercial and social circles of that 
 and neighboring cities, and has done a great deal to promote 
 and develop the present large and increasing trade between 
 America and the Orient. 
 
 Edgar Tripp, Delegate from the Cliamber of Commerce, 
 Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, West Indies. 
 
 Mr. Tripp was born at Bexley Heath, Kent, England, on 
 the 11th of September, 1847. He went to Trinidad in 1871, 
 and has been actively engaged in commerce ever since. He 
 was appointed commercial agent of the (iovernment of the 
 Dominion of Canada, April, 1892. He has been the Hon. 
 Secretary and Treasurer of the Trinidad Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Incorporated, and of the Commercial News-room since 
 1888 (annually elected). He was appointed by the Governor, 
 Sir William Robinson, K. C. M. G., Commissioner for Trin- 
 idad, to visit Canadian exhibitors, and report on the pros- 
 pects of Canadian- West Indian Trade. He was one of the 
 delegates representing the Trinidad Chamber of Commerce 
 at the Congress of Chambers of Commerce of the Empire, 
 held in London in 1896; also one of the delegates represent- 
 ing the Trinidad Agricultural Society and Chamber of Com- 
 merce at the West Indian Sugar Conference held at Barbados 
 in 1898. He is Vice-President of the Trinidad Building and 
 Loan Association: Director of the Suburban Telephone Com- 
 pany, and Past Master of the Royal Prince of Wales Lodge 
 of Freemasons. 
 
 S. Uchida, Delegate from tKe Imperial Japanese Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Mr. Uchida was born in the city of Kokura, Province of 
 Buzen, Japan, on January 17, 1865. He graduated from 
 the Department of Law, Imperial University of Tokyo, in 
 1889, entering the service of the Department for Foreign 
 Affairs, Imperial Jajianese Government, in the same year. 
 In 1890, he was sent to Shanghai, China, as Vice-consul, 
 remaining there imtil June, 1893. In December, 1893, he 
 was appointed Consul to Seoul, Korea, and served there in 
 the same capacity during the war with China, and in 1896 
 was ordered to this country as the Consul to New York and 
 vicinity, arriving here on November 2d of the same year. 
 
 Leo Vossen, Delegate from the Handelskammer, Aix-la- 
 Chapelle, Germany. 
 
 Mr. Vossen was born at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1846. He 
 studied scientific and technical chemisitrv in Wiirzburg and 
 Aix-la-Chapelle. In 1870, he established the finn of "L. 
 Vossen & Co,'' chemical works in Neuss, Rhine Province of 
 Prussia, and in 1878, took charge of the color works "Vossen 
 Brothers" (belonging to his father), at Aix-la-Chapelle. The 
 latter he is now operating, with branch works in Paris, on 
 his 0-9,11 account. In 1889, he started the manufacture of 
 pharmaceutical chemicals near Homburg. Having been a 
 member of the Aix-la-Chapelle City Council and of the Cham- 
 ber of Commerce of that place for a long time, Mr. Vossen 
 was delegated to the International Conmiercial Congress. 
 
 G. D. Waetznldt, Delegate from the German Government. 
 
 ifr. Waetzoldt was born on May 15. 1857, at Reichenbach, 
 Germany. By profession he is a naval architect and mechan- 
 ical engineer, having' been employed at various times in 
 several manufacturing concerns in Germany. Before he was 
 appointed by the Foreign Office to his present position, he was 
 for seven years in the senice of the Prussian Government as 
 His Majesty's Inspector of Factories. Since October, 1898. he 
 has held the position of Technical and Commercial Attache to 
 the Chicago Consulate for the United States. In this posi- 
 tion, it is his duty to promote the commercial intercotirse 
 between the United States and Germany, and it is in this way 
 that his labors are connected with commerce. 
 
 Thomas R. Wlieehd', Delegate from the Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Shanghai. China. 
 
 Mr. Wlioelock was born at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, 
 October 11, 1843. He went to Shanghai, leaving New York 
 hy sailing vessel, December 2, 1862, arriving at Shanghai, 
 April 15, 1863. He remained in Shanghai, taking a trip to 
 this countrv about every four years, until the end of 1889, and 
 has since then resided in this countrv. His business in Shan- 
 ghai was ship, coal and oil brokerage, and he owned the light- 
 erage plant which did the bulk of the business of the port. 
 When he left Shanghai, this lighterage business was sold to 
 a company, and his firm has been and are the agents. He 
 was a member of the French Municipal Council for several 
 years, his office being in that settlement. 
 
 -7. TT'. Gustav Willif/er. Delegate from the Handelskammer, 
 Oppeln, Germany. 
 
 Mr. Williger was born in Bojanowo, Province of Posen, 
 Prussia, in 1856. He was formerly a civU officer (Mining 
 
402 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Assessor) in the mining department, and since 1889, has 
 been Director-General of the "Kattowitzer Aktien-Gesell- 
 fcliaft fiir Bergbau und Eisenhiittenwesen" (Mining and Iron 
 Smelting Stock Company of Kattowitz), which employs about 
 8,000 workmen in its coal mines, furnaces, rolling mills, etc. 
 Ilis place of residence is Kattowitz, Province of Silesia. 
 Mr. Williger holds a number of honorary appointments in 
 public life. Among others, he is Chairman of the Syndicate 
 of the Rolling Works and of the Association of Coal Mines 
 of the Montan District of Upper Silesia, as well as Deputy 
 President of the "Handelskammer des Bezirkes Oppeln" 
 (Chamber of Commerce of the District of Oppeln). 
 
 Bnherl J. Winsmorc, Representing the commercial interests 
 of Nicaragua. 
 
 Mr. Winsmore was born in Philadelphia, January 3, 1851. 
 In January, 1898, he was appointed Consul-General of the 
 Greater Republic of Central America, at Philadelphia, for 
 the State of Pennsylvania, -and upon the dissolution of the 
 Greater Republic, he was appointed Consul-General by the 
 Republics of Nicaragua, Honduras and Salvador. Mr. Wins- 
 more has been for many years closely identified with the com- 
 mercial interests of Philadelphia, having been actively en- 
 gaged in the shipping business for the past thirty years. 
 
 Enrique Wvlff, Delegate from the Government of Bolivia. 
 
 Mr. Wulff was born in Lima, Pern, South America, August 
 13, 1874, and received his education in Hamburg, Germany. 
 For two years he was engaged in business in Guayaquil, Ecua- 
 dor, and since 1893 has resided in the United States. In 
 January, 189.5, he was appointed Chancellor of the Consulate 
 General; in May, 1896, Consular Agent; in October, 1897, 
 V^ice-Consul, and since September, 1898, has been acting 
 Consul-General. Since 1894, he has also been connected 
 with the commission house of Alejandro Santos & Co., of 
 New York, and Sues, of Alejandro Santos-Bahia de Cara- 
 quez, Ecuador, South America.- 
 
 Carlos Yensen, Delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Bil- 
 bao, Spain. 
 
 Mr. Yensen was born at Christiania, Norway, November 
 5, 1848. He received a good education in a private college 
 where foreign languages — English, German and French — 
 were taught. At the age of sixteen, he entered a good ma- 
 chine shop where he advanced rapidly. At the age of twenty, 
 he visited the United States where he stayed for fifteen 
 
 months, working in machine shops at Chicago and Milwaukee. 
 In 1871, he returned to his owti country where he obtained 
 good employment, studying in his spare time, mathematics, 
 mechanics and physics. During a period of three years he 
 was sent all over the Continent, principally in Germany, to 
 build mills and erect machinery for a firm at Christiania — 
 Messrs. J. & A. Yensen and Dahl. In this way he came, in 
 the beginning of 1878, to Bilbao, Spain, where he afterwards 
 settled, in the first twelve years as manager of an important 
 factory and aftenvards establishing himself as engineer's 
 merchant, keeping a good stock of steam engines, modem 
 tools for machine shops and numerous other ai-ticles, Some 
 years ago, he opened a technical department for the under- 
 taldng of contracts and complete plants. He represents a 
 number of manufacturing firms in Elurope, and came here to 
 gain connection with firet class Americans doing business in 
 his line. Three years ago he established a branch house with 
 assorted stock at Gijon. He was recently appointed United 
 States Consul at Bilbao. 
 
 Y^mg Kwai, Delegate from the Chinese Government. 
 
 Mr. Yung Kwai was born March 2, 1861, in Sinhui, Kwang- 
 tung, China. In 1873, he came to the United States with 
 the Chinese Educational Mission as government student. In 
 1884, he graduated from Yale, and in 1885-1886 he took a 
 post-graduate course in biology and chemistry at Yale, and 
 attended the Columbia Schoolof Mines in 1886-1887. From 
 1890 to 1893, he was a member of the Chinese Legation at 
 Washington, D. C, in the latter year being appointed Gov- 
 ernment delegate to the World's Congresses at Chicago. In 
 1897, he again became a member of the Chinese Legation at 
 Washington, D. C, and has been connected with that Lega- 
 tion in an official capacity ever since. 
 
 Dr. Ser/undo Zertuche, Delegate from the State of Coa- 
 huila, Mexico. 
 
 Dr. Zertuche, son of Don Andres Zertuche and Dona Per- 
 petua Gonzales de Zertuche, was born in Nadadores, State 
 of Coahiiila, Mexico, STarch 29, 1853. He received his early 
 training in schools of his own country and at St. Mary's 
 College, San Antonio, Texas. In March, 1877, he graduated 
 from the Mobile Medical College, IMobile, Alabama, and later 
 took a post graduate course of two years at the University 
 of Pennsylvania. After several years of extensive travel a.nd 
 study, he located in the city of Candela, now Romero Rubio, 
 where he has since continuously practiced his profession. 
 He has been a member of the Ayuntamiento or Town Council 
 for several years, and for three consecutive terms served the 
 city as Municipal President or Mayor. 
 
FOREIGN DELEGATES 
 
 TO THE 
 
 International Commercial Congress 
 
 CONVENED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE 
 
 Philadelphia Commercial Museum 
 
 OCTOBER, 1899 
 
 Names marked thus («) arc those of delegates who were appointed but unable to attend. 
 
 Africa. 
 
 *T. W. Beckett, delegate from the Government of the South 
 African Republic. 
 
 *John \V. Bell, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Queenstown, 
 Cape Colony. 
 
 M. Berliner, representing the Cape Town Chamber of Commerce. 
 R. Lewis Brinkworth, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Port 
 Elizabeth, Cape Colony. 
 
 *A. M. Brown, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Port Eliza- 
 beth, Cape Colony. 
 
 *W. E. Burmester. delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Johannes- 
 burg, South African Republic. 
 
 *]ames Henderson, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Durban, 
 Natal. 
 
 ♦William Hosken, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Johannes- 
 burg, South African Republic. 
 
 *James Lawrence, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Kimberley , 
 Cape Colony. 
 
 *J. W. Leuchars, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Durban, 
 Natal. 
 
 *A. A. Noble, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Johannes- 
 burg, South African Republic. 
 
 F. Shippey, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Pictermaritz- 
 burg. Natal. 
 
 Arabia. 
 E. Somcrville Murray, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, 
 Aden. 
 
 Argentine Republic. 
 Dr. Martin Garcia Merou, E. E. and M. P., delegate from the 
 Argentine Government. 
 
 Herbert Gibson, delegate from the Government of the Argentine 
 Republic and from the Sociedad Rural Argentina, Buenos .\ires. 
 C. Dunlea, delegate from Bolsa de Coniercio, Rosario. 
 ♦Mariano S. Escalada, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, 
 Buenos Aires. 
 
 Alanson S. Hall, delegate from Bolsa de Comercio, Rosario. 
 Coolidge S. Roberts, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Buenos 
 Aires. 
 
 John C. Zimmerman, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, 
 Buenos Aires. 
 
 Australasia. 
 Col. G. W. Bell, official delegate from the Government of New 
 South Wales. 
 
 Lieutenant-General Sir Andrew Clarke, official delegate of the 
 Government of Victoria. 
 
 Hon. J. A. Cockbum, official delegate of the Government of 
 South .Australia. 
 
 Hon. W. P. Reeves, official delegate of the New Zealand Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 J. H. Rogers, representing the Government of Queensland. 
 Sir Horace Tozer, official delegate of the Government of Queens- 
 land. 
 
 Albert G. Berry, Secretary of the Agents-General from the Col- 
 onies of .Australia. 
 
 *S. N. .\llen, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Townsville, 
 Queensland. 
 
 Peter Barr, delegate from Chambers of Commerce, Dunedin, Christ- 
 church, Napier and Auckland, New Zealand. 
 
 *J. W. Bateman, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Frema:;t!c, 
 Western -Australia. 
 
 A. Blashki, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Sydney, New- 
 South Wales. 
 
 Herbert Bowden, commission agent and exporter of pearl shells, 
 Thursday Island, Queensland. 
 
 *George Bruce, delegate from Victorian Chamber of Manufac- 
 tures, Melbourne, Victoria. 
 
 ♦William Burns, delegate from Rockhampton Harbour Board, 
 Queensland. 
 
 Herbert K. Calder, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Fre- 
 mantle, Western Australia. 
 
 W. G. Clark, delegate from Chamber of Commerce and Mines, 
 Charters Towers, Queensland. 
 
 *T. Cordingly, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Townsville, 
 Queensland. 
 
 *A. E. Davey, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Adelaide, 
 South Australia. 
 
 *F. J. Doddemeade, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Newcastle, 
 New South Wales. 
 
 *G. F. Earp, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Newcastle, New 
 South Wales. 
 
 *A. C. Godhard, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Sydney, 
 New South Wales. 
 
 *H. R. Hogg, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Melbourne, 
 Victoria. 
 
 *T. HoUis Hopkins, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Towns- 
 ville, Queensland. 
 
 *Fred Johnson, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Townsville, 
 Queensland. 
 
 J. Barre Johnstone, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Syd- 
 ney, New South Wales. 
 
 ♦Bowes Kelly, delegate from Chamber of Mines, Melbourne, 
 Victoria. 
 
 ♦J. H. Kitchen, delegate from Chamber of Manufactures, Melbourne, 
 Victoria. 
 
 James Milne, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Brisbane, 
 Queensland. 
 
 W. J. Moxham, delegate from Chamber of Manufactures, Sydney, 
 New South Wales. 
 
 ♦H. J. D. Munton, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Adelaide, 
 South Australia. 
 
 ♦Charles A. Murphy, U. S. Constilar Agent, delegate from Adelaide, 
 South .Australia. 
 
 ♦Mr. Niven, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Ballarat, Victoria. 
 
 ♦D. Patience, delegate from Chambers of Commerce, Townsville 
 and Cairns, Queensland. 
 
 408 
 
404 
 
 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Kruest A. Poolnian, delegate from Cliamber of Manufactures, 
 ?.I;Il)Oi;ri:c, Victoria. 
 
 11. Rothcrliam, delegate from Jlelbourne, Victoria. 
 *\Villiain Saiidover, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Fre- 
 mantle, Western Australia. 
 
 ■"J. H. Se\-nion, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Adelaide, 
 South Australia. 
 
 E. Shaw, delegate from Chamber of Manufactures, Melbourne, 
 Victoria. 
 
 A. Ashcr vSmith, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Sydney, 
 New South Wales. 
 
 Fred. William Smith, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, 
 Charters Towers, Queensland. 
 
 Sydney Stott, delegate from Royal Victorian Institute of Archi- 
 tects, Melbourne, Victoria. 
 
 *R. B. Taylor, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Townsville, 
 Queensland. 
 
 *Captain Thomas, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Newcastle, 
 New South Wales. 
 
 W. T. Todd, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Invercargill, 
 New Zealand. 
 
 *S. Eardley Wilmot, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, 
 Launceston, Tasmania. 
 
 *Hon. Ager Wynn, delegate from Chamber of Mines, Melbourne, 
 Victoria. 
 
 Austria- Hungary. 
 Richard Knoller, delegate from the Government of Austria. 
 *Franz Berkovitz, delegate from Chamber of Commerce and Indus- 
 try, Nagyvdrad (Grosswardein), Hungary. 
 
 Dr. Alexander von Dorn, delegate from Oesterreichisch-Ungar- 
 ischer Export Verein, Vienna, Austria; also from the Chambers of 
 Commerce at Olmiitz, Bozen, Lemberg, Pilsen and Eger. 
 
 Heinrich Falter, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Krakau, 
 .\ustria. 
 
 Emil S. Fischer, delegate from W'ieuer Kaufmannischer Verein, 
 Vienna, Austria. 
 
 Julius Herlilschka, delegate from Handels- und Gewerbekammer, 
 Vienna, Austria. 
 
 ■■*Ignatz Kohn, delegate from Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 
 Raab (Gyor), Hungar}'. 
 
 Carl W. Kuchler, delegate from Camera di Commercio cd Indus- 
 tria, Trieste, Austria. 
 
 Rudolf Lang, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Prague, 
 Bohemia. 
 
 Dr. Heinrich Luckmann, delegate from Handels- und Gewerbe- 
 kammer fiir Krain, Laibach, Austria. 
 
 A. J. Ostheimer, representing the Imperial and Royal Commercial 
 Museum of Vienna. 
 
 Dr. E. Pistor, delegate from Handels- und Gewerbekammer in 
 Graz, Austria. 
 
 Ludwig Rubelli, delegate from Handels- und Gewerbekammer, 
 Zengg, Croatia. 
 
 Jacques Schuk, delegate from Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 
 Nagyvdrad (Grosswardein), Hungary. 
 
 *A. I'. Smoquina, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Fiume, 
 Hungary. 
 
 R. Straschnow, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Silesia. 
 *PeterSz. Szakats, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Maros- 
 Vasarhel}', Hungary. 
 
 Julius von Szavay, delegate from Chamber of Commerce and In- 
 dustry, Raab, Hungary, also from eleven other chambers represented 
 at a meeting called by the Chamber at Szegedin; also requested by the 
 Minister of Commerce to study and report on the Exposition. 
 
 *Hugo B. Tauszik, delegate from Chamber of Commerce and In- 
 dustry, Maros-Vasarhely, Hungary. 
 
 Dr. Otto Thorsch, Imperial Co'uncillor, delegate from Chamber of 
 Commerce, Vienna. 
 
 *August Trappen, delegate from Handels- und Gewerbekammer fiir 
 Krain, Laibach, Austria. 
 
 *Moriz Weiss, delegate from Handels- und Gewerbekammer, Klau- 
 senburg (Kolozsvar), Hungary. 
 
 *Gustav Wottitz, delegate from Chamber of Commerce aiul Indus- 
 try, Raab (Gyor), Hungary. 
 
 Belgium. 
 
 Paul Hagemans, Consul-General, delegate from the Government 
 of Belgium. 
 
 Jacques de Brouwer, delegate from Syndicat du Commerce, Bruges. 
 *Ch. Cauwe, delegate from Syndicat du Commerce et de I'lndus- 
 trie, Bruges. 
 
 Oswald Sanderson, delegate from Anglo-American Chamber of 
 Commerce, Brussels. 
 
 George W. Sillcox, delegate from Anglo-American Chamber of 
 Commerce, Brussels. 
 
 Henry Vau der Straeten, delegate from Syndicat du Commerce 
 Bruges. 
 
 Bolivia. 
 
 Enrique Wulff, Consul-Geaeral and delegate from the Government 
 of Bolivia. 
 
 BraziL 
 
 Capt. J. Cordeiro da Gra9a, official delegate of the Brazilian Gov- 
 ernment, Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 John Arbuckle, delegate from Commercial .Association, Santos. 
 John E. Doane, delegate from Commercial Association, Santos. 
 A. A. Rutis, delegate from Sao Paulo. 
 
 Canada. 
 
 Hon. R. R. Dobell, representing the Dominion of Canada and the 
 Board of Trade, Quebec. 
 
 *Sir J. Winter, K.C.M.G., Premier and delegate from the Colony 
 of Newfoundland. 
 
 James D. Allan, delegate from Board of Trade, Toronto, Ontario. 
 George Anderson, delegate from Board of Trade, Toronto, 
 Ontario. 
 
 *E. K. Barnsdale, delegate from Board of Trade, Stratford, Ontario. 
 D. W. Bole, delegate from Board of Trade, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 
 *George D. Erymner, delegate from Board of Trade, New West- 
 minster, B. C. 
 
 James Brodie, delegate from Board of Trade, Quebec. 
 *J. J. Cassidey, delegate from Canadian Manufacturers' Association, 
 Toronto, Ontario, 
 
 ♦Allan Chadwick, delegate from Board of Trade, Kingston, Ontario. 
 
 *Harry Cockshutl, delegate from Board of Trade, Brantford, Ontario. 
 
 W. F. Cockshutt, delegate from Board of Trade, Toronto, Ontario. 
 
 *A. Desjardins, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Jlontreal. 
 
 Michael Dvvyer, delegate from Board of Trade, Halifax, Nova 
 
 Scotia. 
 
 *John F. Ellis, delegate from Canadian Manufacturers' Associa- 
 tion, Toronto, Ontario. 
 
 *W. J, Ferguson, delegate from Board of Trade. Stratford, Ontario. 
 *John Gaskin, delegate from Board of Trade, Kingston, Ontario. 
 
 L. E. Geoffrion, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Montreal. 
 *John M. Gill, delegate from Board of Trade, Brockville, Ontario. 
 *A. J. Gouin, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Three Rivers, 
 Quebec. 
 
 *Allen Haley, M. P., delegate from Board of Trade, Windsor, 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 *Joseph Haynes, C. E., delegate from Chamber of Commerce, 
 Montreal. 
 
 J. M. Johnston, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Three 
 Rivers, Quebec. 
 
 *Montefiore Joseph, delegate from Board of Trade, Quebec. 
 
 A. E. Kemp, delegate from Board of Trade, Toronto, Ontario. 
 *Francis King, delegate from Board of Trade, Kingston, Ontario. 
 
 C. A. Langlois, delegate from Board of Trade, Quebec. 
 *Jolin Macfarlane, delegate from Board of Trade, Montreal. 
 *John MarLaren, delegate from Board of Trade, Brockville, On- 
 tario. 
 
 George McLagan, delegate from Board of Trade, Stratford, Ontario. 
 *R. A. McLellaud, delegate from Board of Trade, Brockville, 
 Ontario. 
 
 Henry Miles, delegate from Board of Trade, Montreal. 
 George Mitchell, M.P.P., delegate from Board of Trade, Halifax, 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 Arthur Olivier, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Three 
 Rivers, Quebec. 
 
 *J. Kerr Osborne, delegate from Board of Trade, Toronto, Ontario. 
 James Baton, delegate from Board of Trade, Charlottetown, Prince 
 Edward Island. 
 
 "E. J. B. Pense, delegate from Board of Trade, Kingston, Ontario. 
 *T. H. Preston, delegate from Board of Trade, Brantford, Ontario. 
 *William Preston, delegate from Board of Trade, Stratford, Ontario. 
 *John Pringle, delegate from Board of Trade, London, Ontario. 
 *Charles W. Smith, delegate from Board of Trade, Montreal. 
 ■•■Simon Snyder, delegate from Canadian Manufacturers' Associa- 
 tion, Toronto, Ontario. 
 
 *John Taylor, delegate from Canadian Manufacturers' Association, 
 Toronto, Ontario. 
 
 W, S. Thornton, delegate from Board of Trade, Stratford, Ontario. 
 P. G. 'Van Vleet, delegate from Canadian Manufacturers' Associa- 
 tion, Toronto, Ontario. 
 
 *J, K. Ward, delegate from Board of Trade, Montreal. 
 Edgar A, Wills, delegate from Board of Trade, Toronto, Ontario. 
 J. Edward de Wolfe, delegate from Board of Trade, Halifax, 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 Central America. 
 
 Antonio Lazo Arriaga, E. E. and M. P., delegate from the Govern- 
 ment of Guatemala. 
 
 J. B. Calvo, E. E. and M. P., delegate from the Government of 
 Costa Rica. 
 
 Luis F. Corea, E, E. and 51. P., delegate from the Government of 
 Nicaragua. 
 
 Nicanor Bolet Peraza, delegare from the Government of Honduras. 
 
 Ernest Schernikow, Vice-Consul at New York, delegate from the 
 Government of Salvador. 
 
 C. A. (irceu, representing the commercial interests of Nicaragua. 
 
 J. M. Keith, representing the commercial interests of Costa Rica. 
 
NAMES OF FOREIGN DELEGATES AND ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTED 
 
 405 
 
 J. Rafael Mata, representing the commercial interests of Cosla 
 Rica, 
 
 Benj. E. Piza, representing the commercial interests of Costa Rica. 
 *Jose Mariano Roma, Consul-General, delegate representing the 
 commercial interests of Guatemala. 
 
 Robert J. Winsmore, representing the commercial interests of 
 Nicaragua. 
 
 ♦Joaquin Yela, Jr., delegate representing the commercial interests 
 of Guatemala. 
 
 Ceylon. 
 William Marshall, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Colombo. 
 
 Chile. 
 
 Federico A. Beelen, delegate from the Chilean Government. 
 Eliodoro Infante V., delegate from the Chilean Government. 
 G. L. Duval, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Valparaiso. 
 Wm. S. Eyre, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Valparaiso. 
 John A. Jlyers, delegate from Asociacion Salitrera de Propaganda, 
 Iquique. 
 
 China. 
 
 Chow Tsz Chi, Secretary Chinese Legation, delegate from Chinese 
 Government. 
 
 Yung Kwai, interpreter Chinese Legation, delegate from Chinese 
 Government. 
 
 A. M. Townsend, delegate from the Government and General 
 Chamber of Commerce, Hong Kong. 
 
 Fritz A. Brockelmann, delegate from Canton. 
 
 T. B. Cunningham, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Canton. 
 
 Arthur E. Dowler, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Shanghai. 
 
 James S. Fearon, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Shanghai. 
 
 John G. Purdon, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Shanghai 
 
 Thomas R. Wheelock, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, 
 Shanghai. 
 
 Colombia. 
 
 Francisco Carbonell W., delegate from Barranquilla. 
 
 Julio A. Castellano, delegate from Barranquilla. 
 *Fclix Ehrman, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Panama. 
 *M. Heurtematte, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Panama. 
 
 J. W. Humphreys, delegate from Colon. 
 
 M. A. de Leon, delegate from Colon. 
 *Gerardo Lewis, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Panama. 
 *Enianuel Lyon, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Panama. 
 
 Joshua L. Maduro, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Panama. 
 
 J. L- Pearcy, delegate from Colon. 
 *J. N. Recuero, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Panama. 
 
 H 
 
 Denmark. 
 
 M. Brnun, delegate from Commercial Union of Aalborg. 
 
 Ecuador. 
 
 D. N. Harper, delegate from the Government of Ecuador. 
 * Vicente Gonzales Bazo, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, 
 Guayaquil. 
 
 R. B. Jones, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Guayaquil. 
 
 France. 
 
 *M. Becoules, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Dijon. 
 
 *Alphonse Bonnafons, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, 
 Mazamet. 
 
 Henry Cachard, delegate from American Chamber of Commerce, 
 Paris. 
 
 *Albert Lauth, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Castres. 
 
 *C. Manuel, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Toulouse. 
 
 *Fraiiz Roucayrol, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Mazamet. 
 
 *Gustave Sarrat, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Mazamet. 
 
 B. J. Shouinger, delegate from American Chamber of Commerce, 
 Paris. 
 
 "*IM. M. Troubat, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Dijon. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 G. D. Waetzoldt, Attache Imperial German Consulate, Chicago, 
 111., official delegate from the German Government. 
 
 C. B. Marheinecke, Imperial German Consul, Philadelphia, oflScial 
 delegate from the German Government. 
 
 Cuiumerzienrath Arnhold, delegate from Aeltesten der Kaufmann- 
 scliaft der Sladt Berlin. 
 
 Friedricli Goldschmidt, delegate from Aeltesten der Kaufmann- 
 schaft der Stadt Berlin. 
 
 Alex. Van Giilpen, delegate from Handelskammer, Wesel. 
 
 Commerzienrath Loewe, delegate from Aeltesten der Kaufmann- 
 schaft der Stadt Berlin. 
 
 Alexander Post, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Hagen, 
 Westphalia. 
 
 Fritz Schroeder, delegate from Handelskammer, Aachen. 
 
 Dr. Vosberg-Kekow, delegate from Central Union for the Prepa- 
 r.ition of Commercial Treaties, Berlin. 
 
 I,ro Vr'ss-^n, delegate from Handelskammer, Aachen. 
 
 General Director Williger, delegate from Handelskammer, Oppeln. 
 
 Edmund Wirth, delegate from Handelskammer, Sorau and Bran- 
 denburg. 
 
 Greece. 
 
 S. Edwin Jlegargee, Acting Consul in Philadelphia, delegate from 
 the Government of Greece. 
 
 Guiana. 
 
 Gustav 11. Richter, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, George- 
 town, British Guiana. 
 
 Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 Alfred S. Hartwell, delegate from the Hawaiian Government. 
 J. B. Atherton, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Honolulu. 
 
 India. 
 
 Virchand R. Gandhi, delegate from the Bombay Piece Goods Mer- 
 chants' .Association and the Society for Industrial and Commercial 
 Education in India. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Carlo Eetocchi, delegate from Chambers of Commerce, Naples, 
 Catania, Bari and Messina; and from the Association of Maritime Law, 
 Naples. 
 
 Ftrdinando Bocca, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Turin. 
 *M. S. Follina, delegate from Chamber of Commerce and Arts, 
 Palermo. 
 
 Mario Salvini, delegate from Chambers of Commerce and Arts, 
 Florence and Bologna ; and from the Association of Industries and 
 Commerce, Florence. 
 
 Pietro Tappari, delegate from Chamber of Commerce and Arts, 
 Florence. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 S. Uchida, Japanese Consul-General, New York, delegate from the 
 Imperial Japanese Government. 
 
 Alfred J. Ostheimer, Japanese Consul, Philadelphia, delegate from 
 the Imperial Japanese Government. 
 
 T. Furuya, delegate from Japan Central Tea Association, Tokyo. 
 
 K. Hamaoka, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Kyoto. 
 
 K. Ishikawa, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Kyoto. 
 
 T. Kimura, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Kobe 
 
 T. Mizutany, delegate from Japan Central Tea Association, Tokyo. 
 
 S. T. Nishimura, delegate from Japan Central Tea Association, 
 Tokvo. 
 
 M. Okada, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Kumamoto. 
 
 K. Otani, delegate from the Japanese Traders' Society, Tokyo, and 
 Chambers of Commerce, Tokyo and Yokohama. 
 
 Motojiro Sbiraishi, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Tokyo. 
 
 Edwin Holden Smith, delegate from Foreign Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Yokohama. 
 
 W. H. Stevens, delegate from Foreign Chamber of Commerce, 
 Yokohama. 
 
 *Mitsutake Takahaski, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, 
 Hakata. 
 
 K. Wani, delegate from Japan Central Tea Association, Tokyo. 
 
 K. Yamamoto, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Kobe. 
 
 Korea. 
 
 *W. G. Bennett, delegate from Chemulpo. 
 ^H. Collbran, delegate from Seoul. 
 *C. Walter, delegate from Chemulpo. 
 
 Liberia. 
 
 Dr. Edward Wilmot Blyden, E. E. and M. P., delegate from the 
 Government of Liberia. 
 
 Madeira. 
 
 chal. 
 
 A. J. Drexel Biddle, delegate from Associajao Commercial, Fun- 
 John Mason, delegate from Associajao Commercial, Funchal. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Salvador Echagaray, delegate from the Government of Mexico. 
 Genaro Raigosa, delegate from the Government of Mexico. 
 Jos^ Algara, delegate trom Confederacion Mercantil y de la Camara 
 de Comercio, Mexico City. 
 
 *Jos^ A. Arce, delegate from Chamber of Comrnerce, Mexico City. 
 Dr. Thomas S. Butcher, delegate from State of Coahuila. 
 Rudolfo G. Canton, delegate from Merida. 
 
 Seiior Carlos Basave y Del Castillo Negrete, delegate from Camara 
 de Comercio de Guadalajara. 
 
 *Enrique C. Creel, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Chihuahua. 
 
 A. Diaz, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Matamoros. 
 ♦Santiago Graf, delegate from Lonja Agricola Mercantil, Toluca. 
 ♦Enrique Lelo de Larrea, delegate from Confederacion Slercantil, 
 Mexico City. 
 
 ♦Wenceslao Loaiza, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Guadala- 
 jara. 
 
 Guillermo Lozano, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Mexico 
 City. 
 
 ♦Ygnacio Torre y de Mier, delegate from Confederacion Mercantil, 
 Mexico City. 
 
406 
 
 PROCEEDITiiGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 *Manuel S. Ornelas, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Guada- 
 lajara. 
 
 J. A. Robertson, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Monterey. 
 Dr. S. Zertuche, delegate from the State of Coahuila. 
 
 Norway. 
 
 E Jensen, delejjate from Norway and Bergens Kreditbank, Bergen. 
 *Biill Kiosterud, delegate from Handelsforening, Drammcn. 
 Clir. B. Lorentzen, delegate from Drammens Handelsforening, 
 Drammen. 
 
 Paraguay. 
 
 Carlos R. Santos, official delegate from the Government of Para- 
 guay and the Centre Comercial, Asuncion. 
 
 *Frank R. Carpenter, delegate from Centro Comercial, Asuncion. 
 *Pedro Torba, delegate from Centro Comercial, Asuncion. 
 
 Persia. 
 
 *Hussein .'\gha Etimad-et-Tudjar, delegate from the Government 
 of Persia. 
 
 Peru. 
 
 Adolfo Reyes, delegate from the Peruvian Government. 
 Jurge Basadre y Forero, delegate from Sociedad Nacional de Jline- 
 ria, l.ima. 
 
 Enrique Echecopar, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Lima. 
 
 A. G. Hetherington, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Lima. 
 Juan .\ntonio Loredo, delegate from Sociedad Nacioual de Mine- 
 
 ria, Lima. 
 
 J. Mestern, delegate from Bolsa Comercial, Lima. 
 *Emilio G. Sayan Palacios, delegate from National Society of -Agri- 
 culture. Lima. 
 
 Wilfred H. Schoff, delegate from Sociedad Geografica, Lima, and 
 Cam ira de Comercio, MoUendo. 
 
 ■'Manuel Palacios Villacampa, delegate from National Society of 
 Agriculture, Lima. 
 
 PortugaL 
 
 Mathieu Lugan, delegate from Commercial Association, Oporto. 
 Dr. Jacintho de Magalhaes, delegate from Commercial .\s.sociation. 
 Oporto. 
 
 Boumania. 
 
 B. G. Assan, delegate from the Government of Rouniania and 
 Chamber of Commerce, Bucharest. 
 
 "Nicolas Alexandresco, delegate from Chamber of Commerce and 
 Industry, Jassy. 
 
 ^George Ropala, delegate from Chamber of Commerce and Indus- 
 try, Jassy. 
 
 Russia. 
 M. de Routkowsky, State Counsellor and Agent of the Russian 
 Ministry of Finance, St. Petersburg. 
 
 William Stuart Davidson, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, 
 Vladivostok, Siberia. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Enrique Alzamora, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Majorca. 
 
 E. .^mengual, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Barcelona. 
 
 Antonio Cuyas, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Industry 
 and Navigation, Madrid. 
 
 ■■Diego Gomez Quintana, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, 
 Seville. 
 
 Carlos Yensen, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Bilbao. 
 
 S^weden. 
 
 Ilarald Grebst, Gothenburg, delegate from Sveriges AUmiinna 
 Handelsforening and Sveriges Allmanna Exportforening, Stockholm. 
 
 Turkey. 
 
 .\rchag Karagheusian, delegate from the Government fif Turkey. 
 
 ■'(ieorges Astlienidhis, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, 
 Agriculture and Industry, Smyrna. 
 
 ■*Avedis S. Avedikian, delegate from Smyrna. 
 
 ■"■Logephete Baliozian, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Agri- 
 culture and Industry, Smyrna. 
 
 *.\gop A. Veledian, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Keras- 
 sundc. 
 
 United Kingdom. 
 H. Llewellyn Smith, official delegate from Her Majesty's Govern- 
 ment, London, England. 
 
 William Angus, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, London, 
 England. 
 
 ■''W. II. Brookes, J. P., delegate from Cliambcr of Cotimierce, 
 Walsall, Englai\d. 
 
 *R. Brown, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Macclesfield, 
 England. 
 
 *W. H. L. Cameron, J. P., delegate from Chamber of Commerce, 
 Macclesfield, England. 
 
 *John Chadwick, delegate from Chamber of Cunimcrce, Dewsbury, 
 England. 
 
 *D. J. Daly, delegate from Incorporated Chamber of Commerce, 
 Cork, Ireland. 
 
 *D. H. Da-vies, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Chesterfield, 
 England. 
 
 ■*,\lgemon F. Firth, J. P., delegate from Incorporated Chamber 
 of Commerce, Halifax, England. 
 
 *John Lyall Grant, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Aberdeen, 
 Scotland. 
 
 ■^Frederick Harrison, delegate from Corn Trade Association, Ltd., 
 Liverpool, England. 
 
 Henry E. Hodgson, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Cleck- 
 heaton. Fingland. 
 
 Richard Hodgson, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Cleck- 
 hcaton, England. 
 
 *Williara Johnston, delegate from Incorporated Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Liverpool, England. 
 
 ■'Charles Lanca.ster, delegate from Incorporated Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Liverpool, England. 
 
 Lieutenant-General J. Wimburn Laurie, M. P., delegate from 
 Chamber of Commerce, London, England. 
 
 ■*I)avid Macintyre, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Dundee, 
 Scotland. 
 
 *W. H. Milnes, J. P., delegate from Incorporated Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Wakefield, England. 
 
 ■^Harry W. Patrick, delegate from Corn Trade Association, Ltd., 
 Liverpool, England. 
 
 ■■*T. S. Scarbourgh, J. P., delegate from Incorporated Chamber 
 of Commerce, Halifax, England. 
 
 *George Jamieson Scott, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, 
 Aberdeen, Scotland. 
 
 Henry Sell, delegate from Commercial Intelligence Bureau, 
 London, England. 
 
 *T. A. Smith, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Walsall, 
 England. 
 
 ■"'Charles Stettauer, delegate from Leather Trade Section, Chamber 
 of Commerce, London, England. 
 
 ""■Thomas Sutcliflfe, delegate from Incorporated Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Halifax, England. 
 
 Uruguay. 
 
 Prudencio de Murguiondo, Consul-General, official delegate from 
 the Government of Uruguay. 
 
 Venezuela. 
 
 Miguel J. Romero, official delegate from the Government of 
 Venezuela. 
 
 Antonio E. Delfino, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Caracas. 
 
 West Indies. 
 
 Dr. Francis A. Holmes, official delegate from the Government of 
 the Bahamas. 
 
 W. T. James, official delegate from the Government of Dermuda. 
 
 Hon. Dr. James Johnston, official delegate from the Government 
 of Jamaica. 
 
 J, Nicolas, Consul at New York, official delegate from the Govern- 
 ment of Haiti. 
 
 Gen. Emilio Nunez, official delegate from the Govenu:ie::t of 
 Cuba. 
 
 Hon. C. .Arthur Shand, official Government delegate from Leeward 
 Islands. 
 
 ■*Elias Mito y Casas, delegate from Centro General de Comcr- 
 ciantes e Industriales, Havana, Cuba. 
 
 *Julian Cendoya, delegate from Official Chamber of Commerce, 
 Industry and Navigation, Santiago, Cuba. 
 
 J. E. Duerden, delegate from Jamaica Agricultural Society, 
 Kingston, Jamaica. 
 
 ■'^■Francisco Durruty, delegate from Official Chamber of Commerce, 
 Industry and Navigation, Santiago, Cufa. 
 
 Hugo Hoffman, delegate from Trinidad Chamber of Commerce, 
 Port-of-Spain. Trinidad. 
 
 ■"■William Howatson, delegate from Chamber of Commerce, Fort- 
 of-Spaiu, Trinidad. 
 
 Simon Soular, delegate from Royal Tociety of Agriculture a:id 
 Connnerpe, Kingston, Jamaica. 
 
 Edgar Tripp, delegate from Trinidad Chamber of Ccrnmerce, Port- 
 of-Spain, Trinidad. 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE FOREIGN DIPLO.MATIC SERVICE 
 
 AT WASHINGTON. NOT ELSEWHERE MENTIONED. 
 WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE CONGRESS. 
 
 Jose -Vndrade, E. E. and M. P. of Venezuela. 
 
 IJuke de .'\rcos, E. E and M. P. of Spain. 
 
 J. !•■. de .Assis-Brasil, Iv E. and M. P. of Brazil. 
 
 Manuel de Ay.\nvo7., -Aniljassailor of Mexico. 
 
 Ali I'errouh Iky, E. IC. and M. P. of Turkey. 
 
 A. Rustem Bey, Fir.st Secretary "f Legation of Turkey. 
 
 Constantin Brun, E. E. and M. P. of DL-nmark. 
 
 Climaco Caldcron, K. Iv. ar.d M. P. of Colombia. 
 
 Jules Cambon, .Amlias.sador of I'rance. 
 
 Luis Felipe Carbo, !•;. IC. and M. P. of Ecuador. 
 
 Comte Cassini, .Ambassador of Russia. 
 
NAiCES OF LADIES ACCOMPANYING FOREIGN DELEGATES AND VISITORS 407 
 
 Walter Deucher, Secretarj' of Legation of Switzerland. Percy Sanderson, Consul-General of Great Britain. 
 
 Baron de Fava, .'Vmbassador of Italy. Isaac T. Smith. Consul of Siam. 
 
 Jose F. Godoy, First Secretary of Mexican Embassy. N. Straus, Consul-General of Nicaragua. 
 
 A. Grip, E. E. and M. P. of Sweden and Norway. W. Teplow, Consul-General of Russia. 
 
 Ladislaus Hengelmiiller von Heiigervdr, E. E. and M. I', of Luis Aujjusto de M. P. de A. Taveira, Consul-General of Portugal 
 
 Austria-Hungary. -Juan J. Ulloa G, Consul-General of Costa Rica. 
 
 Herr von Holleben, Amb.iSKador of Germany. Karl G. M. Woxen, Consul-Gcncral of Sweden and Norway. 
 
 Jutaro Komura, E. E. and M. P. of Japan. Antonio Fontoura Xavier, Consul-General of Brazil. 
 
 J. N. Leger, E. E. and M. P. of Haiti. 
 
 Count G. de Lichtervelde, E. E. and M. P. of Belgium. 
 
 Manoel de Oliveira Lima, First Secretary of Legation of BraziL LADIES ACCOMPANYING FOREIGN DELEGATES AND 
 
 Gerard A. Lowther, First Secretary of British Embassy. VISITORS. 
 
 Tsune Jiro Nakagawa, First Secretary of Legation of Japan. 
 
 Lord Pauncefote, Ambassador of Great Britain. 
 
 Luis Paz, E. E. and M. P. of Bolivia. Australasia. 
 
 Jos6 Andrade Penny, Secretary of Legation of Venezuela. Mrs. A. Barr, accompanying Mr. Peter Barr, Dunedin, New Zca- 
 
 J. B. Pioda, E. E. and M. P. of Switzerland. ja^j ' f J e> 
 
 Luis Cuervo Marquez, Secretary of Legation of Colombia. jljss Clarke and Miss Reeve, accompanying Sir Andrew Clarke, 
 
 Jnan Riano, First Secretary of Legation ot Spam. Melbourne Victoria 
 
 Viscount de Santo-Thyrso,' E E. and M. P of Portugal Mrs ^„^ Miss Barre Johnston, with Mr. J. Barre Johnston, of 
 
 Freiherr Speck von bteraburg. First Secretary of German Sydney NSW 
 
 Embassy. . ^. , , ^. Mrs. Reeves, accompanying Hon. W. P. Reeves, New Zealand. 
 
 S- ^ • ^■J^f}''''^^'^-''"^}'"'^ °^ Legation of Sweden and Norway. ^rs. Rogers, accompanying Mr. J. H. Rogers, of Queensland. 
 
 Eugene Thi^baut, First Secretary ot I- rencli Embassy. L^,! y^^^^ accompanying Sir Horace Tozer, of Queensland. 
 
 Wu Ting-fang, E. E. and M. P. of Lliiiia. ti ;i 
 
 Shen Tung, First Secretary of Legation of China. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 Carlos Morla Vicuna, E. E. and M. P. of Chile. Senhora da Graga and Senhorita Alvarenga, accompanying Captain 
 
 Count Vinci, First Secretary of Italian Embassy. j. Cordeiro da Graja, Brazil. 
 
 Antonio del Viso, First Secretary of Legation of Argentine Canada 
 Republic. 
 
 Phva Prasiddhi. E. E. and M. P. of Siam. Mrs. Cockshutt, accompanying Mr. W. F. Cockshutt, Toronto, 
 
 G. de Weckherlin, E. E. and M. P. of Netherlands. Ontario. 
 
 Mr. dc Wollaut, First Secretary of Russian Embassy. Mrs. Dwyer and Miss K. Dwyer, accompanying Mr. Michael 
 
 Tam E Ye, Secretary of Legation of Korea. Dwy-er, Halifax. Nova Scotia. 
 
 Chin Pom Ye, E. B'. and M. P. of Korea. Mrs. Mitchell, accompanying Hon. George Mitchell, Halifax, Nova 
 
 Scotia. 
 
 Mrs. P. G. Van Vleet, accompanying Mr. P. G. Van Vleet, 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE FOREIGN CONSULAR SERVICE Toronto, Ontario. 
 
 IN PHILADELPHIA, NOT ELSEWHERE MENTIONED. Central America. 
 
 WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE CONGRESS. Senora and Senorita Piza, accompanying Senor Beuj. E. Piza, 
 
 Costa Rica. 
 
 A. M. Alvarenga, Vice-Consul of Br.azil. Colombia. 
 Regulo Lopez Baralt, Consul of Venezuela. 
 
 C. W. Bergner, Consul of Belgium. Mrs. de Leon, accompanying Mr. M. A. de Leon, Colon. 
 Eduardo Fornias, Consul of Uruguay. _ 
 
 Thomas J. Hunt, Consul of Liberia. Lrermany. 
 
 Arnold Katz, Vice-Consul of Netherlands. Mrs. E. Amhold and Miss Arnhold, accompanying Mr. E. Arn- 
 
 Rudolph Koradi, Consul of Switzerland. hold, Berlin. 
 
 Gustavo Niederlein, Consul of Costa Rica. Mrs. Arnthal, accompanying Mr. Ernst Arnthal, Berlin. 
 
 Edouard Pesoli, Consul of France. Mrs. T. Hamspohn, accompanying Mr. T. Hamspohn, Berlin. 
 
 Wilfred Powell, Consul of Great Britain. Mrs. O. Junghann, accompanying Mr. O. Junghann, Berlin. 
 
 Dr. G. Scarlata, Acting Consul of Italy. Miss Loewe, accompanying Mr. F. Loewe, Berlin. 
 
 Charles C. Scherf, Consul of Guatemala. ' Mrs. G. Williger, accompanying Mr. G. Williger, Oppeln. 
 Ernesto Subikurski, Consul of Mexico. 
 
 William R. Tucker, Vice-Consul of Russia. MesiCO. 
 
 T. N. Wallem, Vice-Consul of Norway, Sweden and Denmark. „_ ^, .,,__,,_, 
 
 Thomas B. Wanamaker, Vice-Consul of Dominican Republic. Senora Echagaray, accompanying Senor Salvador Echagaray, 
 
 Mexico City. 
 Mrs. E. V. B. Hoes, accompanying Mr. E. V. B. Hoes, Hermo- 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE FOREIGN CONSULAR SERVICE sillo, Sonora. 
 
 Senora and Senorita Raigosa, accompanying Senor Raigosa, 
 
 IN NEW YORK CITY. NOT ELSEWHERE MENTIONED. Mexico City. 
 
 WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE CONGRESS. Senora and Senorita Rebollar, accompanying Senor R. Rebollar, 
 
 „ , . ^ „ , ^ ITT. Mexico Citv. 
 
 Fedenco Bergmann, Consul-General of Peru. Senora'S. Zertuche, accompanying Senor Zertuche, Matamoros. 
 Jacques Bertschmann, Consul-General of Switzerland. 
 
 D. N. Botassi, Consul-General of Greece. Roumania. 
 Giovanni Branchi, Consul-General of Italy. 
 
 Franjois Edniond Bruwaert, Consul-General of France. Madame Assan, accompanying Mr. B. G. Assan, Bucharest, Rou- 
 
 Chung Pao-Hsi, Consul of China. mania. 
 
 August Feigel, Consul-General of Germany. United Kingdom. 
 
 Dr. A.von Feyersleben, Acting Consul-General of Austria. Misses Laurie, accompanying Lieutenant-General J. W. Laurie, 
 
 Mundji Bey Fikry, Consul-peneral of Turkey. London, England. 
 
 Everett Frazar, Consul ot I^orea. Mrs. Henry Sell, accompanying Mr. Henry Sell, London, England. 
 
 Fidel Garcia, Consul-General of Ecuador. j < f j a 
 
 Juan N. Navarro, Consul-General of Mexico. West Indies. 
 
 Charles D. Pierce, Consul of Orange Free State. 
 
 J. R. Planten, Consul-General of Netherlands. Mrs. Duerden, accompanying Mr. J. E. Duerden, Kingston, 
 
 J. Gerardo Polo, .Acting Consul of Colombia. Jamaica. 
 
 H. R. Pratt, Consul of Persia. Mrs. J. Nicolas, accompanying Mr. J. Nicolas, Consul-General of 
 
 Carlos Rohl, Consul-General of the Argentine Republic. Haiti. 
 
LIST OF THOSE WHO SENT REGRETS 
 
 AT NOT BEING ABLE TO ATTEND 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Africa. 
 
 Bloemfontein, O. F. S.— His Excellency M. Th. Steyn, Presi- 
 dent Orange Free State. 
 
 Bloemfontein. Orange Free State— Mr. R. E. Brounger Di- 
 rector-General of the O. F. S. Government Railways 
 
 Buluwayo, Matabeleland-Capt. the Hon. A. Lawley Adminis- 
 trator. 
 
 Buluwayo. Matabeleland-His Honor the Mayor of Buluwayo 
 
 Cairo Egypt-His E.xcellency Moustapha Fehmy Pacha' 
 
 Minister of the Interior. j' <•, 
 
 . Cape Town, Cape Colony-The Right Hon. \V. P. Schreiner, 
 Prime Minister of Cape Colony. 
 
 Town^^* ^°'''"' '^^^^ Colony-Hon. T. Ball, J. P., Mayor of Cape 
 
 Cape Town, Cape Colony— General Manager of Cape Govern- 
 ment Railways. 
 
 Dares-Salam-His E.xcellency Major-General Liebert, Gov- 
 ernor of German East-Africa 
 
 Durban, Natal-The Rt. Hon. Sir Henry Binns, Premier and 
 Colonial Secretary ol Natal. 
 
 Jamestoum, St Helena-His E.xcellencv R. A. Sterndale 
 
 Governor of St. Helena. 
 
 Jamestown, St. Helena-Hon. Robt. P. Pooley, U. S. Consul 
 Johannesburg, S. A. R.-Director of the -Ned. Zuid-.Vfri- 
 
 kaansche Hypothekbank." 
 ( .-^"'S,).y,'.l''am's Town, Cape Colony-His Honor the Mayor 
 
 of King Wilham s Town. 
 
 Loanda— His Excellency Ant. Duarte Ramada Curto, Gov- 
 ernor of Loanda. 
 
 Louren^o Marques, Mozambique-His Excellency Captain 
 Alvaro da Costa Ferreira. Governor-General of Mozambique 
 
 Lourengo Marques, Mozambique— Director of the "Caminho 
 de Ferro Portuguez. 
 
 Mossel Bay Cape Colony-Mr. G. C. Waite, Secretary Mossel 
 iiay Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 Pietermaritzburg, Natal— His Excellency Sir W F Helv- 
 Hutchmson, Governor of Natal ' 
 
 and MtZZf'f^^?' V-"'=''— Hon. Henry Bale, Attorney-General 
 ana iMinister of Education. 
 
 ^j.^^-P'^t^niaritzburg, Natal-His Honor the Mayor of Pieter- 
 I ;„ P'^,'e™^"tzburg, Natal-General Manager of the Natal Bank 
 
 nf <^f.?T%^- ■''■ ^rJ^'^ Excellency P. G. W. Grobler, Secretary 
 of State for Foreign AfTa.rs of the South African Republic 
 
 Pretoria S. A. R.-T. W. Beckett, delegate from the Govern- 
 ment of the South African Republic 1 m uie uo\ern 
 
 H. Wilson, Postmaster- 
 Commissioner of Queens- 
 Norman H. M. Dalston, 
 
 Argentine Republic. 
 
 Agri^ulUire ^''''~^'' Excellency Dr. Emilio Frers. Minister of 
 
 lmn^^!rT^'"'^~r^!' R-^«"ency Dr. Juan A. Alsina, Minister of 
 immigration and Colonization 
 
 Santa Cruz."'^^'' ^"""'^ Cruz-His Excellency, the Governor of 
 
 Australasia. 
 
 Publtc'wm-ks,^°""' ^"^^----'''^-Ho"- J- G. Jenkins, Minister of 
 Adelaide, South Australia.-Hon. Chief Justice Way. 
 A ehlt' 1°"!^ Australia-His Honor the Mayor of Adelaide. 
 
 trali.r i iniitt:d ^"^falia-The Manager of the Bank of Aus- 
 
 Cha.^^'^tanreW^"'"'"-^'''^ ^^^"^'-^ °f ''- ^''^-'-^^ 
 erno?^^f 'Quee^sTr/'^"'-"'^ ^•^"""'^>' I^'^' L^mington, Gov- 
 ment^ofM?n«.^"'^"="^'^"''-"°"- ^°^'- ^'"''P- Secretary, Depart- 
 
 Brisbane, Queensland— Hon. W. 
 General of Queensland. 
 
 Brisbane, Queensland— Mr. Gray, 
 land Railways. 
 
 Christchurch, New Zealand— Mr. iNorman H M L 
 General Manager of the New Zealand Midland Railway Co 
 
 New''i:-a!:;nd''Limrt:d^"''"'-^'^"^^'=^ °^ "^^ ^='''°-' Bank of 
 Gove^;?::^:; '^^r''^' ^'^"^^^' ^'-^-^^ °f '>- Tasmaman 
 Vict^rfi.''""'""' ^"^'°"'''-H°"- I- A. Isaacs, Attorney-General of 
 General"'""''"'' ^''''""''— """ J G, Duffy, M. L. A., Postmaster- 
 Nat inl'!f'R"'T' yif 0"V"°"- ^'" ^^''"■^'" Zeal, Chairman of the 
 National Bank of Australasia 
 
 Commer^"''"'' ^'ctona-President of the Victorian Chamber of 
 
 Melbourne, Victoria— Mr. B. D. Smith Hon Secretarv 
 Victorian Chamber of Commerce. Secretary 
 
 Melbourne, Victoria— Hon. John O. Bray, U. S. Consul 
 Newcastle, New South Wales-Mr. G, F. Earp, President of 
 the Chamber of Commerce, 
 
 New°Smul"'Wairs ^"""^ '^^'""'^^6 Manager of the Bank of 
 
 K r^ m'^C^^C *'™ Australia-His Excellency Sir Gerard Smith, 
 JS.. L M. G., Governor of Western Australia 
 
 Perth Western Australia-The Right Hon. Sir John Forrest 
 Premier of Western Australia. ioiicsi, 
 
 Genfrl"''' ^"'*"'" Australia-Hon. R. W. Pennefather, Attorney- 
 
 sionfr'nf'''rr^''''r Australia-Hon. George Throssell, Commis- 
 sioner of Crown Lands. 
 
 Perth, Western Australia-Hon. F. H. Piesse, Commissioner 
 of Railways and Director of Public Works 
 
 Aust^nl?.*!.' }y"'"" Australia-General Manager of the Western 
 Australian Government Railways. 
 
 .Sydney Nevv South Wales— Gen. Sir F. M. Darley Chief 
 Justice of New South Wales i^ariey, (.met 
 
 Premf::^'^f N^"sS U^e^-^'- "°"- ''"'''' "°-'°" ^^■'^- 
 DeparC^ o^Tands"' ^^■^'— ^on. J. H. Carruthers, Secretary, 
 
 r. ,.,S>'^"'^>'' New South Wales-Mr. Gassard, President, Metro- 
 politan Board of Water Supply and Sewerage 
 
 lownsville, Qucensland-His Honor the Mayor of Townsville. 
 
 Wellington. New Zealand-The Right Hon. Earl of Ranfurly 
 Governor of New Zealand vamuny, 
 
 Wellington, New Zealand-The General Manager of New Zea- 
 land Government Railways 
 
 R.nWf"M^'°5' ^''^ Zealand-Mr. J. R. Blair, Chairman of the 
 Bank of New Zealand. 
 
 Austria-Hungary. 
 
 Briinn, Austria-The Director nf the Industrial Museum 
 Fiume Hungary— His Honor the Mayor of Fiume 
 Graz, Austria— His Honor the M.avor of Graz 
 of Koloz^s^var'"' ^^'^''■'"'^"''"'■K^' Hungary-His Honor the Mayor 
 Kosso"'''"^"^' Hungary- Governor-General of the Province of 
 
 Liiiz. Austria— The President of the Muhlkreis- Railway 
 Fozsony (Prcssluiig), Hungary-His Honor the Mavor ad int, 
 Prague, Austria-His Honor the Mavor of Prague ' 
 Salzburg Austria— His Honor the ^iavor of Salzburg 
 Iricste, Austria-The Presi.hnt of the Austrian Lloyd! 
 Minister '^•the^In'wo"" ^'^"■"""^ """""' ^^° Thun-Hohenstein, 
 Min^:;^'l^i;::Sr"'^ ^^""--^ "— " I^'«- von Wittek, 
 
 408 
 
LIST OF THOSE WHO SENT EEQEETS AT NOT BEING ABLE TO ATTEND 
 
 409 
 
 Vienna, Austria — The Director of the Imperial-Royal S. S. 
 Company on the Donau. 
 
 Vienna, Austria — The Director o( ^he Government Railways. 
 
 Vienna, Austria— The Director of the Local R. R. Stauding- 
 Strassburg. 
 
 Azores Islands. 
 
 Ponta Delgada — Hon. Jose Maria Rapozo d'AImaral, Jr., 
 Mayor of Ponta Delgada. 
 
 Belgium. 
 
 Antwerp— His Excellency Baron Ed. Osy de Zegwaart, Gov- 
 ernor of the Province of Antwerp. 
 
 Antwerp — His Honor the Mayor of Antwerp. 
 
 Bruges — His Excellency Baron L. Ruzette, Governor of West 
 Flanders. 
 
 Bruges — The Director of the "Societe Anonyme des Chemms 
 de Per de la Flandre Occidentale." 
 
 Brussels— His Excellency J. P. P. van den Peereboom, 
 Minister of Railways, Posts and Telegraphs. 
 
 Brussels — His Excellency A. Vergote, Governor of the Prov- 
 ince of Brabant. 
 
 Brussels — The Director of the Congo Railway Co. 
 
 Brussels — Mr. V. Fris, President of "La Societe Nationale 
 des Chemins de Fer Vicinaux." 
 
 Brussels — Mr. Justiniano Sotomayor, Delegate and Technical 
 Inspector in Europe for the Chilean Government. 
 
 Ghent — His Excellency Baron de Kerchove Exaerde, Gov- 
 ernor of East Flanders. 
 
 La Louviere — The President of the ''Societe Anonyme des 
 Chemins de Fer Vicinaux du Centre." 
 
 Liege — His Excellency L. Pety de Thorzee, Governor of the 
 Province of Liege. 
 
 Liege — The Director-General of the Liege — Maestricht Rail- 
 way Company. 
 
 Bolivia. 
 
 La Paz— Manuel V. Ballivian, Director of the Geographical 
 Society of La Paz. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 Natal— Senhor Angelo Roselli, President of the Commercial 
 
 Association of Natal- 
 Rio de Janeiro — His Excellency General J. Nepomuceno de 
 
 Medeiros Mallet, Minister of War. 
 
 Rio de Janeiro — His Excellency Senhor Severino dos Santos 
 
 Vieira, Minister of Industry. 
 
 Canada. 
 
 Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island— Hon. D. Farquh3";on, 
 Premier of Prince Edward Island. 
 
 Dawson City, Yukon Territory — Hon. William Ogilvie, Com- 
 missioner. 
 
 Halifax, Nova Scotia — President of the Intercolonial Chamber 
 of Commerce. 
 
 Moncton, New Brunswick — The General Manager of the Inter- 
 colonial Railway of Canada. 
 
 Ottawa. Ontario— His Excellency the Governor-General of the 
 Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Ottawa. Ontario — Sir Wilfred Laurier. Premier and President 
 of the Cabinet for the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Ottawa, Ontario — Hon. Sir Richard Cartwright, Minister of 
 Commerce of the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Ottawa, Ontario — Hon. A. G. Blair, Minister of Railways and 
 Canals. 
 
 Ottawa, Ontario— Hon. Wm. Mulock, Postmaster-Genera! of 
 the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Ottawa, Ontario — Mr. J. R. Booth, President Canada Atlantic 
 Railway Co. 
 
 Port Hope, Ontario— Hon. J. Walker Quinlan, Mayor of Port 
 Hope. 
 
 Port Talbot, Ontario— Mr. E. Knox, Secretary, Port Talbot 
 Railway and Docks Co. 
 
 St. Johns, Newfoundland- His Excellency Sir Henry E- Mc- 
 Callum, Governor of Newfoundland. 
 
 Toronto, Ontario — Sir Oliver Mowat, Lieutenant-Governor of 
 Ontario- 
 Toronto, Ontario — Prof. Goldwin Smith. 
 
 Victoria, British Columbia— Rt. Hon. T. R. Mclnnes, Lieut.- 
 Governor of British Columbia. 
 
 Walkerville, Ontario— Mr. F. H- Walker, President L. E. & 
 D- R- Railway. 
 
 Canary Islands. 
 
 Las Palmas— His Honor the Mayor of Las Palmas. 
 Central America. 
 
 Cojutepeque, San Salvador — His Excellency Don Alfonzo 
 Gallardo, Governor of Cuscatlan. 
 
 Guatemala, Guatemala — His Excellency Don Manuel Estrada 
 Cabrera, President of the Republic of Guatemala- 
 Guatemala, Guatemala — His Excellency Gen. Gregorio Con- 
 treras. Minister of War. 
 
 Guatemala, Guatemala — His Excellency Don Domingo Mor- 
 ales, Minister of Public Instruction. 
 
 Guatemala, Guatemala — Sefior Pedro Mille V. Director- 
 General Bureau of Statistics. 
 
 San Jose, Costa Rica — The Manager of the "Banco Anglo- 
 Costa-Ricense-" 
 
 San Salvador, San Salvador— His Excellency Don Tomas 
 Regalado, President of San Salvador. 
 
 Tegucigalpa. Honduras — His Excellency Don Maximo Ro- 
 sales. Minister of War. 
 
 Tegucigalpa, Honduras — His Excellency Don Francisco Alt- 
 schul, Minister of Commerce, Industry and Public Works. 
 
 Ceylon. 
 
 Colombo— The Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph West Ridgeway. Governor 
 of Ceylon- 
 
 China- 
 
 Macao— His Excellency Ed. A- Rodriguez Galhardo, Governor 
 of Macao. 
 
 Peking— The Director of the Russo-Chinese Bank- 
 Tsintau— His Excellency the Governor of Kiautschou. 
 
 Colombia. 
 
 Barranquilla— The Manager of the "Banco de Barranquilla." 
 
 Cartagena— His Excellency Luis M. Mejia Alvarez, Minister 
 of Finance. 
 
 Panama— His Excellency Faciendo Mutis Duran, Governor of 
 Panama. 
 
 San Fernando— His Excellency P. N. Pena, Governor of Col- 
 chagua- 
 
 Cyprus- 
 
 Cyprus— The Rt. Hon. Sir William F. Haynes Smith, Gov- 
 ernor of Cyprus. 
 
 Denmark. 
 
 Aarhus— His Honor the Mayor of Aarhus. 
 
 Copenhagen— His Excellency Col. C. F. Tuxen, Minister of 
 War. 
 
 Copenhagen— His Excellency B. de Bardentleth, Minister of 
 the Interior. 
 ' Copenhagen— The Director of the Government Railways. 
 
 Horsens— His Honor the Mayor of Horsens. 
 
 France. 
 
 Amiens— His Honor the Mayor of Amiens. 
 
 Angers— Hon. J. Joxe, Mayor of .'\nger3. 
 
 Anzin— The Director of the "Chemins de Fer Economiques 
 du Nord." 
 
 Cette — His Honor the Mayor of Cette. 
 
 Dunkerque— The Director of the "Compagnie des Bateaux a 
 Vapeur du Nord-" 
 
 Havre — His Honor the Mayor of Havre. 
 
 Limoges — M. Bourdeau d'Antony, President of the Chamber 
 of Commerce- 
 
 Lyon — Hon. M. Gailleton, Mayor of Lyon. 
 
 Marseille— M. Theodore Maute, President "Compagnie de 
 Navigation Mixte." 
 
 Marseille— The Director of the "Societe Generate de Trans- 
 ports Maritimes a Vapeur." 
 
 Mazamet— M. Gustave Sarrat, Vice-President Chamber of 
 Commerce. 
 
 Nancy — The President of the Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 Nantes — His Honor the Mayor of Nantes. 
 
 Paris — His Excellency M. Waldeck-Rousseau, Premier. 
 
 Paris— His Excellency M. J. Caillaux, Minister of Finance- 
 Paris— His Excellency General Marquis de Galliffet, Minister 
 of War. 
 
 Paris— His Excellency M. Millerand, Minister of Commerce, 
 Industry, Posts and Telegraphs. 
 
410 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMTilRCIAL CONGRESg 
 
 Paris— His Excellency M. Jean Dupuy, Minister of Agricul- 
 ture. 
 
 Paris — His Excellency M. Pierre Baudin, Minister of Public 
 Works. 
 
 Paris — His Excellency M. Decrais, Colonial Minister. 
 
 Paris — His Honor the Prefect of the Seine Department. 
 
 Paris — The Director of the "Compagnie des Chemins de Fer 
 du ]\Iidi." 
 
 Paris — The Director of the Colonial Office. 
 
 Paris — The Director of the Government Railways. 
 
 Paris — The Director of the "Compagnie des Chemins de Fer 
 de rOuest." 
 
 Paris — M. Lefevre Pontalis, President "Compagnie des Mes- 
 sageries Maritimes." 
 
 Paris — M. Stepliane Derville. President of the "Cie. des 
 Chemins de Fer de Paris a la Mediterannee." 
 
 Paris — The President of the "Societe Anonyme Ottomane." 
 
 Roubaix — Administrator of the National School of Industrial 
 Arts. 
 
 Toulon — Hon. H. Pastoureau, Mayor of Toulon. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle — Hon. M. Vettman. Mayor of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle — Kommerzienrath Carl Delius. 
 
 Altona — His Honor the Mayor of Altona. 
 
 Altona — The President of the Railway Administration. 
 
 Bamberg — His Honor the Mayor of Bamberg. 
 
 Barmen — His Honor the Mayor of Barmen. 
 
 Berlin — His Excellency von Thielen, Minister of Public Works. 
 
 Berlin — His Excellency von Schonstedt, Minister of Justice. 
 
 Berlin — His Excellency Lieut.-General von Gossler, Minister 
 of War. 
 
 Berlin — His Excellency Baron von Hammerstein-Loxten, 
 Minister of Agriculture, Domains and Forestry. 
 
 Berlin — His Excellency von der Recke von der Horst. Minister 
 of the Interior. 
 
 Berlin — His Excellency Brefeld, Minister of Commerce and 
 Industry. 
 
 Berlin — His Excellency Count von Posadowsky-Welmer, 
 Secretary of State Department Interior. 
 
 Berlin — His Excellency Baron von Thielman. Imperial 
 Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 Berlin— His Excellency Dr. Schulz, President of the State 
 Railways. 
 
 Berlin — His Honor the Mayor of Berlin. 
 
 Berlin — President Kranold, of Royal Railway Administration 
 in Berlin. 
 
 Berlin— Hcrr H. A. Buck, of the "Centralverein deutscher In- 
 dustrieller."' 
 
 Berlin — The Director of the "Deutsche Bank." 
 
 Bremen — His Honor the Mayor of Bremen. 
 
 Bremen — Dr. Schauinsland, Director of the Commercial Mus- 
 eum. 
 
 Bremen— Herr Louis Ed. Meyer. President, German S. S. 
 Company "Hansa." 
 
 Breslau— Herr B. A. Zadig, Member of the Chamber of Com- 
 merce. 
 
 Brunswick — His Excellency Dr. von Otto. Minister of State. 
 
 Brunswick — His Honor the Mayor of Brunswick. 
 
 Biickeburg — His Excellency Baron von Feilitzsch. Minister 
 of State of Schaumburg-Lippe. 
 
 Carlsruhe — His Excellency Dr. Nokk, Minister of State of 
 Baden. 
 
 Carlsruhe— His Excellency Herr von Brauer, Minister of 
 Foreign Afifairs of Baden. 
 
 Carlsruhe^His Excellency Dr. Buchenberger, Minister of 
 Finance of Baden. 
 
 Carlsruhe— His Honor the Mayor of Carlsruhe. 
 
 Charlottenburg — His Honor the Mayor. 
 
 Chemnitz— His Honor the Mayor of Chemnitz. 
 
 Cologne— The Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce of 
 Cologne. 
 
 Cologne— Kommerzienrath van der Zypen, from the "Verein 
 der Industriellen des Regierungsbezirks Koln." 
 
 Danzig— His Hotior the Mayor of Danzig. 
 
 Darmstadt— His Honor the Mayor of Darmstadt. 
 
 Darmstadt— The Director of the Main-Ncckar Railways. 
 
 Detmold— His Excellency Dr. Miesitscheck von Wischkau, 
 Minister of Stale of the Principality of Lippc-Detniold. 
 
 Dortmund— His Honor the Mayor of Dortmund. 
 
 Dresden- His Excellency Herr von Metzsch, Minister of 
 Interior of Saxony. 
 
 ,„ Dresden— His Excellency Herr von der Planitz, Minister of 
 War of Saxony. 
 
 Dresden— His Honor the Mayor of Dresden. 
 
 Dresden — Herr Hoffmann, Director-General of Government 
 Railways. 
 
 Dresden — Herr v. Kirchbach. Director of Government Rail- 
 ways. 
 
 Dresden — The Chairman of the "Dresdner Kaufmannschaft." 
 
 Dresden — Dr. R. Ulbricht, President, Corporation of Engi- 
 neers and Architects of Saxony. 
 
 Dresden — Herr Heinrich Vogel, Chairman, Exportverein fiir 
 das Konigreich Sachsen. 
 
 Dresden — Prof. Dr. Graff. Chairman. School and Museum of 
 Art and Industry. 
 
 Erfurt — His Honor the Mayor of Erfurt. 
 
 Erfurt — Herr Goring, Director of the Royal Railways. 
 
 Essen — Herr Hirsch, Curator of Chamber of Commerce of 
 Essen. 
 
 Essen — The President of the Royal Railway of Essen. 
 
 Frankfort — His Honor the Mayor of Frankfort. 
 
 Frankfort — The Director of the Commercial Museum. 
 
 Freiburg — His Honor the Mayor of Freiburg. 
 
 Fiirth — His Honor the Mayor of Fiirth. 
 
 Gera — His Excellency Herr Engelhardt, Minister of State of 
 Reuss. 
 
 Giessen — His Honor the Mayor of Giessen. 
 
 Gotha — His Excellency Herr von Strenge, Minister of State 
 of Saxe-Koburg Gotha. 
 
 Gottingen — His Honor the Mayor of Gottingen. 
 
 Hagen i. W. — His Honor the i\'iayor of Hagen. 
 
 Hamburg — Hon. Dr. Versmann. Mayor of Hamburg. 
 
 Hamburg — Hon. Dr. Schroder, President of the Senate. 
 
 Hannover — His Honor the Mayor of Hannover. 
 
 Kiel — Hon. Dr. Fuss, Mayor of Kiel. 
 
 Konigshiitte — His Honor the Mayor of Konigshiitte. 
 
 Leipzig — Hon. Dr. Gcorgi. Mayor of Leipzig. 
 
 Lippstadt — Herr F. Schonfeld, Director of the Westphalian 
 Railways. 
 
 Ludwigshafen — Director of the Pfalz Railways. 
 
 Mainz — The President of the Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 Mannheim- — His Honor the Mayor of Mannheim. 
 
 Meiningen — His Excellency Dr. Baron von Heim, Minister of 
 State of Saxe-Meiningen. 
 
 Munich — His Excellency Baron von Riedel, Minister of 
 Finance of Bavaria. 
 
 Munich — His Excellency Baron von Feilitzsch, Minister of 
 Interior of Bavaria. 
 
 Munich — The Director-Genera! of the Government Railways. 
 
 Miinster — Herr Ludicke, President of the Royal Railways. 
 
 Nuremberg:— His Honor the Mayor of Nuremberg. 
 
 Plauer* — His Honor the Mayor of Plauen. 
 
 Schleswig — The President of the Schleswig-Angler Railways- 
 
 Schwerin — His Excellency v. Amsberg, Minister of Justice of 
 Mecklenburg. 
 
 Strassburg— His Excellency v. Puttkamer, Secretary of State 
 of Alsace Lorraine. 
 
 Strassburg— His Honor the ]\Iayor of Strassburg. 
 
 Strassburg— The President of the Railways of Alsace-Lor- 
 raine. 
 
 Stuttgart— Baron von Mittnacht, Minister of Foreign Affairs 
 of Wiirtemberg. 
 
 Stuttgart — His Excellency Herr von Zeyer, Minister of 
 Finance of Wiirtemberg. 
 
 Stuttgart— His Excellency Baron Schott von Schottenstein, 
 Minister of War of Wiirtemberg. 
 
 Stuttgart— His Honor the Mayor of Stuttgart. 
 
 Weitnar— His Honor Herr Pabst. Mayor of Weimar. 
 
 Weimar— Herr R. Moritz, Commercial Counsellor. 
 
 Wesel— His Honor the Mayor of Wesel. 
 
 Greece. 
 
 Athens — The Director-General of the Piraeus-Athens-Pelopon- 
 nesus Railways. 
 
 Athens— Mr. Pandia Ralli, President. Pan-Hellenic Steam Na- 
 vigation Company. 
 
 Guiana (British). 
 
 Georgetown— The Rt. Hon. Sir Walter J. Sendall, Governor 
 British Guiana. 
 
 Georgetown — His Honor the Mayor of Georgetown. 
 
 Guinea (Portuguese). 
 
 Bissao — His Excellency Don Alvaro Hcrculano da Cunha, 
 Governor of Guinea- 
 
LIST OF THOSE WHO SENT REGRETS AT NOT BEING ABLE TO ATTEND 
 
 411 
 
 Holland. 
 
 Amsterdam — The Director of the "Stoomvaart Maatschapij, 
 Nederland." 
 
 Amsterdam — The ''Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken te 
 Amsterdam." 
 
 Geunep — The President of the "Noord Brabantsch-Duitsche 
 Spoorweg Maatschapij." 
 
 Rotterdam — His Honor the Mayor of Rotterdam. 
 
 The Hague — His Excellency N. G. Pierson, Minister of 
 Finance- 
 
 The Hague — His Excellency J. T. Cremer, Colonial Minister. 
 
 The Hague — His Excellency C. Lely, Minister of Commerce 
 and Irdr.stry. 
 
 The Hague — His Excellency K. Eland, Minister of War. 
 
 The Hague — The President of the "Semarang-Cheridon 
 Stoomtram. Maatschapij." 
 
 Utrecht — Mr. J. L. Cluysenaer, Director-General of the Nether- 
 land Government Railways. 
 
 Zwolle — The President of the South-African Railway. 
 
 India. 
 
 Bangalore — Hon. Lieut. -Colonel Robertson, Chief Commis- 
 sioner and President of Mysore. 
 
 Bengal — Rt. Hon. Sir John Woodburn, Lieut. -Governor of 
 Bengal. 
 
 Bombay — Rt. Hon. Lord Sandhurst, Governor of Bombay. 
 
 Calcutta — Manager of the National Bank of India, Limited. 
 
 Goa — His Excellency J. Joaquin Machado, Governor of Goa- 
 
 Lucknow — Manager of the Oudh and Rohilhand Railway. 
 
 Nagpore — His Excellency D. C. Ibbetson, Chief Commissioner 
 of Nagpore. 
 
 Oudh — Rt. Hon. Sir Antony P. Macdcnnell, Lieut.-Governor 
 of Oudh. 
 
 Simla — Director of Railway Construction and Traffic in India. 
 
 Simla— Secretary to the Government of India. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Ancona — His Honor the Mayor of Ancona. 
 
 Asti — His Honor the Mayor of Asti. 
 
 Bari— Comm. Severino Milella, Presidente Societa Puglia. 
 
 Bari — The Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 Bergamo — His Honor the Mayor of Bergamo. 
 
 Bologna — His Honor the Mayor of Bologna. 
 
 Cagliari — Hon. Ottone Bacaredda, Mayor of Cagliari. 
 
 Catania — His Honor the Mayor of Catania. 
 
 Forli — His Honor the Mayor of Forli. 
 
 Genoa— His Honor the Mayor of Genoa. 
 
 Genoa — The President of the "Credito Italiano." 
 
 Grossetc> — Hon. Cav. Carlo Ponticelli, Mayor of Grosseto. 
 
 Messina — Director of the branch-office of the "Banco di 
 Sicilia." 
 
 Milan — His Honor the Mayor of Milan. 
 
 Milan — The Director of the "Banca Commerciale Italiana." 
 
 Modena — His Honor the Mayor of Modena. 
 
 Naples^His Honor the Mayor of Naples. 
 
 Novara — His Honor the Mayor of Novara. 
 
 Padua — His Honor the Mayor of Padua. 
 
 Palermo — Director-General of the "Banca di Sicilia." 
 
 Piacenza — His Honor the Mayor of Piacenza. 
 
 Pisa — His Honor the Mayor of Pisa. 
 
 Pistoia^His Honor the Mayor of Pistoia. 
 
 Ravenna — Comm. Dottor Ugo Burnazzi. Mayor of Ravenna. 
 
 Rome — His Excellency Giuseppe Mirri, Minister of War. 
 
 Rome — His Excellency Antonio Salandra, Minister of Agricul- 
 ture, Industry and Commerce. 
 
 Rome — His Excellency A. Bonasi, Minister of Justice. 
 
 Rome — His Excellency le Marquis Visconti Venosta. 
 
 Sondrio — His Honor the Mayor of Sondrio. 
 
 Treviso — His Honor the Mayor of Treviso. 
 
 Vicenza — His Honor the Mayor of Vicenza. 
 
 Vicenza — The President of the Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 Taihoku, Formosa — Hon. H. Yamashita, President, Taihoku 
 Municipality. 
 
 Tokyo — His Excellency Baron Sonbuku Senge, Governor of 
 Tokyo. 
 
 Tokyo — His Excellency Count Matsukata. Minister of Finance. 
 
 Tokyo — His Excellency Keigo Kiyoura, Minister of Justice. 
 
 Tokoyo — Hon. J. Matsumoto, Director, Imperial Government 
 Railways. 
 
 Yokohama — Nagatane Soma, President, Yokohama Specie 
 Bank. 
 
 Yokohama — Mr. A. D. Robinson, Chairman, Yokohama Gen- 
 eral Foreign Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 Liberia. 
 
 Monrovia — His Excellency Owen L. N. Smith, M. P. and C. 
 General. 
 
 Monrovia — Hon. G. W. Gibson, Chief of Department of State 
 of the Republic of Liberia. 
 
 Malta. 
 
 Valetta — General Sir Francis Grenfall, Governor of Malta. 
 
 Mauritius. 
 
 Port Louis — The Rt. Hon. Sir Charles Bruce, Governor of the 
 Island of Mauritius. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Aguascalientes — His E.xcellency Rafael Arellano, Governor of 
 Aguascalientes- 
 
 Chihuahua — His Excellency Ignacio Enriques. Governor of 
 the District of Iturbide. 
 
 Chihuahua — The Manager of the "Banco Nacional de Mexico." 
 
 Colima — His Excellency Francisco Sta. Cruz, Governor of 
 Colima. 
 
 Cuernavaca — His Excellency Manuel Alarcon, Governor of 
 Morelos. 
 
 Durango — His Excellency Leandro Fernandez, Governor of 
 Durango. 
 
 Guadalajara — His Excellency L. C. Curiel, Governor of the 
 State of Jalisco. 
 
 Guanajuato — His E.xcellency Joaquin Obregon Gonzalez, Gov- 
 ernor of Guanajuato. 
 
 Jalapa— His E.xcellency Teodora A. Dehesa, Governor of Vera 
 Cruz. 
 
 Mexico City — His Excellency Porfirio Diaz, President of the 
 Republic of Mexico. 
 
 Mexico City — His Excellency Manuel Fernandez Leal, Secre- 
 tary of Commerce and Industry. 
 
 Mexico City — His Excellency R. Rebollar, Governor of the 
 Federal District. 
 
 Mexico City — His Excellency Ignacio Mariscal, Secretary of 
 Foreign Affairs. 
 
 Mexico City — His Excellency M. Gonzales Cosio, Minister of 
 the Interior. 
 
 Mexico City — His Excellency E. Buelna, Magistrate of Chief 
 Court of Justice. 
 
 Mexico City — His E.xcellency Francisco Martinez de Arre- 
 donde, Magistrate of the Chief Court of Justice. 
 
 Mexico City — His Excellency Felipe B. Berriozabal, Secretary 
 of War and Navy. 
 
 Mexico City — His Excellency Robert Nunez, Assistant Secre- 
 tary of Finance. 
 
 Mexico City — Hon. Don Miguel S. Macedo, Mayor of Mexico 
 City. 
 
 Mexico City — The Director-General of the Post-Office Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 Monterey — His Excellency General Bernardo Reyes, Governor 
 Nuevo Leon. 
 
 Pachuca — His Excellency P. L. Rodriguez, Governor of 
 Hidalgo. 
 
 Puebla — His Excellency M. P. Martinez, Governor of Puebla. 
 
 Queretaro — His Excellency Gonzalez Cosio, Governor of 
 Queretaro. 
 
 Saltillo — His Excellency Miguel Cardenas, Governor of Coa- 
 huila. 
 
 San Juan Bautista — His Excellency Abraham Bandala. Gov- 
 ernor of Tabasco. 
 
 San Luis Potosi — His Excellency Bias Escontria, Governor of 
 San Luis Potosi- 
 
 Tuxtla-Gutierrez — His Excellency F. Leon, Governor of 
 Chiapas. 
 
 Montenegro. 
 
 Cettinje^His E.xcellency P. Bogisic, Ex-Minister of Justice. 
 Cettinje — His Excellency Mr. Nicolas Matanovitch, Minister of 
 Finance. 
 
 Norway. 
 
 Bergen — His Honor the Mayor of Bergen. 
 
 Christiania — His Excellency P. T. Thilesen, Minister of the 
 Interior. 
 
 Christiania — His Excellency Col. Peter Hoist, Minister of 
 National Defence. 
 
 Laurvig — The Director of the "Aktie-Kreditbanken i San- 
 defjord." 
 
412 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Persia. 
 
 Teheran— His Excellency Moaven-ed Dowleh, Imperial Secre- 
 tary of State for Commerce. 
 
 Peru. 
 
 Lima— His Excellency Don Camilo N. Carillo, Director- 
 General of Posts and Telegraphs. 
 
 Lima— E. S. Habich. Director, School of Engineering. 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 Lisbon— His Excellency Don Paulo Benj. Cabral, Minister of 
 Coninu-rce. Industry and Public Works. 
 
 Lisbon— Hon. Conde de Bestello, President of the Municipal 
 Chamber. 
 
 Koumania. 
 
 Dorohoi— Hon. Jean Coroi, Mayor of Dorohoi. 
 Falticeni— His Honor the Mayor of Falticeni. 
 
 Bussla. 
 
 Ekaterinodar— His Excellency Lieut.-General T. MaUima, 
 Governor of Kuban. 
 
 Moscow— His Imperial Highness, Grand Duke Serge Alex- 
 androvitch, Governor-General of Moscow. 
 
 Odessa— Hon. Paul Zelieny. Mayor of Odessa. 
 
 Saratov— His Excellency Prince B. Mestchersky, Governor of 
 Saratov. . 
 
 St. Petersburg — His Excellency A. Kouropatkine, Minister of 
 War. 
 
 St. Petersburg— His Excellency Vice-Admiral P. P. Tyrtoff, 
 Minister of Marine. 
 
 Tver — His Excellency Prince Nicolas Galitzine, Governor of 
 Tver. 
 
 Helsingfors, Finland— His Honor the Mayor of Helsingfors. 
 
 San Marino. 
 
 San Marino— His Excellency M. Borbiconi, Captain Regent 
 of the Repul)lic San Marino. 
 
 San Marino — His Excellency D. Fattori, Secretary of Foreign 
 Affairs. 
 
 Siam. 
 
 Bangkok — His Royal Highness Prince Devawongse Varo- 
 prakar, Minister of Foreign Affairs. 
 
 Bangkok — His Royal Highness Prince Kron Mun Mahitson 
 Rahruethai, Minister of Finance. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Madrid— His Excellency Eduardo Dato, Minister de la Gober- 
 nacion. 
 
 Madrid— His Excellency Manuel Duran y Bas, Minister of 
 Justice. 
 
 Madrid— The President of the "Banco Hipotecario de Espana." 
 
 Madrid— Sr. Nathan Susa, Director of the Madrid, Saragossa 
 and Alicante Railway Co. 
 
 Salamanca — The Director of the Salamanca Railway. 
 
 San Sebastian— His Excellency Marques de Pidal, Minister of 
 Industry, Commerce and Public Works. 
 
 Valencia — Sr. J. Moreno Campo, Director of the Silla and 
 Cullcra Railway. 
 
 Vitoria — His llniior the Mayor of Vitoria. 
 
 Sweden. 
 
 Christianstad — His Excellency Count de la Gardie, Governor 
 of Christianstad. 
 
 Malniii — His Excellency R. Dickson, Governor of Malmo. 
 
 Maricstad — His Excellency Dr. C. A. de Sjocrona, Governor of 
 Scaraborg. 
 
 Ostersund — His Excellency Count K. N. Sparre, Governor of 
 Jemtland. 
 
 Stockholm — His Excellency E. G. Bostrcim, Minister of State. 
 
 Stockholm — His Excellency Count L. Douglas, Minister For- 
 eign Affairs. 
 
 Stockholm — His Excellency Count H. H. Wachtmeister, 
 Minister of Finance. 
 
 Stockholm — His Excellency G. Dyrssen, Minister of Navy. 
 
 Stockholm — His Excellency P. G. Isberg, Governor of Stock- 
 holm. 
 
 Switzerland. 
 
 Basle — The Director of the Central Railway of Switzerland. 
 
 Berne — His Excellency Ed. Miiller, President of the Swiss 
 Confederacy, ad interim. 
 
 Berne — His Excellency A. Lachenal, Minister of the Interior. 
 
 Berne — His Excellency President Morgenthaler. 
 
 Berne — The President of the "Kantonalbank." 
 
 Chur — Herr A. Schuian, Director of the "Rhatische Bahn." 
 
 Geneva — Hon. Manumiere, President of the Administrative 
 Council. 
 
 Geneva — The Director of the "Societe Genevoise des Chemins 
 de Fer a Voie Etroite." 
 
 Lausanne — His Honor the ^layor of Lausanne. 
 
 Lausanne — His Excellency M. Viquera, Chief, Department of 
 Agriculture and Commerce. 
 
 Luzern — The President of the Gotthard-Railway. 
 
 Neuchatel — The President of Common Council. 
 
 St. Gall — His Excellency Herr Anti, Minister of Agriculture, 
 Commerce and Industry. 
 
 St. Gall— His Honor the Mayor of St. Gall. 
 
 St. Gall — The Director of the United Railways of Switzerland. 
 
 Winterthur — The Director of the Industrial Museum. 
 
 Ziirich — Dr. J. Hoessel, President of the Council of the Canton 
 of Zurich. 
 
 Turkey-in-Asia. 
 
 Beyrout — M. P. J. Richerolles. Director of the Railways Bey- 
 rout, Damas-Hauran and the Port of Beyrout. 
 Erzerum — Hon. Peo Bergholz, U. S. Consul. 
 Smyrna — M. Avedikian, Member of Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 Turkey -in-Europe. 
 
 .-Vdrianople — M. Arif Pacha, Government Official. 
 
 Constantinople — His Excellency Ahmed Tewfik Pacha, Min- 
 ister of Foreign Affairs. 
 
 Constantinople — Director Charles Cotard, of the Smyrna- 
 Cassaba Railway Co. 
 
 United Kingdom. 
 
 Ashton, England — His Honor the Mayor of Ashton. 
 
 Bedford, England — His Honor the Mayor of Bedford. 
 
 Belmont, England — His Honor the Mayor of Belmont. 
 
 Birmingham, England — The Hon. Lord Mayor of Birming- 
 ham. 
 
 Blackburn, England — His Honor the Mayor of Blackburn. 
 
 Bristol, England — His Honor the Lord Mayor of Bristol. 
 
 Brougham. England — Lord Claude Hamilton. 
 
 Burnley, England — His Honor the Mayor of Burnley. 
 
 Bury, England — His Honor the Mayor of Bury. 
 
 Cheltenham. England — His Honor the Mayor of Cheltenham. 
 
 Folkstone. England — His Honor the Mayor of Folkstone. 
 
 Gisborough. England — Hon. Sir Joseph Pease, Chairman, 
 North Eastern Railway. 
 
 Gloucester, England — His Honor the Mayor of Gloucester. 
 
 Ickleton, England — Hon. Sir Robert Herbert. 
 
 Liverpool, England — The Manager of the Cheshire Lines 
 Committee. 
 
 Liverpool, England — The Managers of the Atlas Steamship 
 Company, Limited. 
 
 Liverpool. England — Messrs. George Warren & Co., from 
 Liverpool & Boston Line of Steamships. 
 
 Liverpool, England — Mr. James Wright, Manager and Secre- 
 tary, West India and Pacific S. S. Co., Limited. 
 
 Liverpool. England — The Secretary of the Liverpool Provision 
 Trade Association, Limited. 
 
 Liverpool, England — The Secretary of the Liverpool Corn 
 Trade Association, Limited. 
 
 Liverpool, England — The General Manager of the Bank of 
 Liverpool, Limited. 
 
 London, England— The Rt. Hon. Lord Salisbury, Prime 
 Minister and Secretary for Foreign Affairs. 
 
 London, England— The Rt. Hon. /Vrlhur J. Balfour, First Lord 
 of the Treasury. 
 
 London, England— The Rt. Hon. Sir Michael Hicks-Bcach. 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer. 
 
 London, England— The Rt. Hon. Lord Chancellor, House of 
 Lords. 
 
 London, England— The Rt. Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, Sec- 
 retary of State for the Colonies. 
 
 London, England— The Rt. Hon. Viscount Cross, Lord, Privy 
 Seal. 
 
 London. England— The Rt. Hon. Duke <if Devonshire. I resi- 
 dent of the Council. 
 
 London, England— The Rt. Hon. Lord George Hamilton. Sec- 
 retary of State for India. 
 
LIST OF THOSE WHO SENT REGRETS AT NOT BEING ABLE TO ATTEND 
 
 413 
 
 London, England^His Excellency the Siamese Minister to 
 Great Britain. 
 
 London, England — Hon. F. A. Abel, Hon. Secretary and Di- 
 rector of the Imperial Institute. 
 
 London, England — Mr. A. W. Williams, Manager London and 
 India Docks Joint Committee. 
 
 London, England— The Managers of the China Navigation 
 Company, Limited. 
 
 London, England — Mr. Daniel Reid, Chairman of the China 
 Mutual Steam Navigation Co., Limited. 
 
 London, England— Mr. Charles Steel, General Manager of The 
 Great Northern Railway. 
 
 London, England— The Managing Director of the South 
 Indian Railway Co., Limited. 
 
 London, England— Mr. J. M. Cooper, Secretary, The Nitrate 
 Railways Co., Limited. 
 
 London, England— Mr. Nathaniel Cork, Managing Director 
 of the Commercial Banking Co. of Sydney, Limited. 
 
 London, England— Mr. G. Knight, Secretary, London and 
 South Western Railway. 
 
 London, England— The Chairman of the Fumeos Railway Co. 
 
 London, England— Mr. R. L. Campbell, Secretary, Dominion 
 Atlantic Railway Co. 
 
 London, England— Mr. De Witt Gray, Secretary of the khed- 
 ival Mail Steamship & Graving Dock Co., Limited. 
 
 London, England— Hon. Sir Edwyn Dawes, Chairman of the 
 New Zealand Shipping Co., Limited. 
 
 London, England— The Assistant Secretary of the Great 
 Western Railway. , , „ . r~ ^r ■ 
 
 London, England— The Secretary of the Orient Steam Navi- 
 gation Co., Limited. 
 
 London, England— Mr. S. Eardley Wilmot, from Launceston 
 Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 London, England— Hon. E. S. Wittenoom, Agent-General of 
 Western Australia- 
 
 London, England— The Chairman and Directors of the West 
 Flanders Railway Co. 
 
 London, England— Mr. J. F. Buckley, Chairman of the Cam- 
 brian Railway Co. 
 
 London, England— The Chairman of the Argentine Great 
 Western Railway. 
 
 London, England— The Chairman of the Cordoba & Rosario 
 Railway. . 
 
 London, England— Hon. Sir George Armytage, Chairman of 
 the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway Co. 
 
 London, England— The Secretary of the Royal Steam Packet 
 
 ' London, England— The Chairman of the Southern Punjab Rail- 
 way Co., Limited. „ „ . , 
 London, England— The Chairman of the Peninsular & Oriental 
 
 S. N. Co. 
 
 London, England— Hon. Edwin Loftus, Attache of the Siam- 
 ese Legation. . 
 
 London, England— The Chairman of the Costa Rica Railway 
 Co., Limited. 
 
 London, England— His Honor the Lord Mayor of London. 
 
 London, England— The Chairman of the Union Steamship Co., 
 Limited. 
 
 London, England— Mr. Kenric B. Murray, Secretary of the 
 London Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 London, England— The Chairman of the London & North- 
 western Railway Co. 
 
 London, England— Hon. W. H. Milton, Administrator of 
 Mashonaland. 
 
 Loughborough, England— Hon. Sir Ernest Paget, Chairman of 
 the Mexican Southern Railway- 
 Manchester. England— Mr. W. H. Hunter, Chief Engineer, 
 Manchester Ship Canal. 
 
 Manchester, England — The Chairman of the Wrexham, Mold 
 & Connah's Quay Railway. 
 
 Middlesborough. England — Hon. W. J. Keay, Mayor of Mid- 
 dlesborough. 
 
 Newport, England — His Honor the Mayor of Newport- 
 Newport, England- — Mr. Albert A. Newman, Town Clerk. 
 
 Oxford, England — His Honor the Mayor of O.xford. 
 
 Plymouth, England — His Honor the Mayor of Plymouth. 
 
 Redditch, England — Lord Windsor, Chairman of the Barry 
 Railway. 
 
 Sheffield, England — His Honor the Mayor of Sheffield. 
 
 Southampton, England — His Honor the Mayor of South- 
 ampton. 
 
 Totteridge. England — Mr. William Austin, Chairman of the 
 Rhymney Railway Co. 
 
 Winslow. England — The Chairman of the London, Brighton & 
 South Coast Railway- 
 West Bromwich, England — His Honor the Mayor of West 
 Bromwich. 
 
 Wolverhampton, England — His Honor the Mayor of Wolver- 
 hampton. 
 
 Worcester, England — His Honor the Mayor of Worcester. 
 
 York. England — His Honor the Mayor of York. 
 
 Belfast, Ireland — The Rt. Hon. Sir John Young, Chairman of 
 the Belfast & Northern Counties Railway. 
 
 Belfast, Ireland — Mr. Thomas Andrews, Chairman of the Bel- 
 fast & County Down Railway. 
 
 Blessingbourne, Ireland — The Chairman of the Cloghan Valley 
 Railway Co. 
 
 Dublin, Ireland — The Rt. Hon. Earl Lord Cadogan, Lord- 
 Lieutenant of Ireland. 
 
 Dublin, Ireland — His Honor the Lord Mayor of Dublin. 
 
 Dublin, Ireland — Hon. James Fitzgerald Lombard. 
 
 Dublin, Ireland — Mr- James Gray, Chairman of the Great 
 Northern Railway Co. 
 
 Limerick, Ireland — Hon. John Daly, Mayor of Limerick. 
 
 Sligo, Ireland — Hon. E. I. Tighe, Mayor of Sligo- 
 
 Sligo. Ireland — The Chairman of the Sligo, Leitrim & North- 
 ern Counties Railway. 
 
 Waterford, Ireland — Mr. Arthur Prossor, Secretary of the 
 Waterford & Tramore Railway. 
 
 Dornoch, Scotland — Mr. J. J. Barron, Chairman of the Man- 
 dees & Melford Railway Co. 
 
 Glasgow, Scotland — Hon. David Richmond, Lord Provost of 
 Glasgow. 
 
 Glasgow, Scotland — Hon. Sir Kenny Watson, Chairman of the 
 Glasgow & South Western Railway. 
 
 Glasgow, Scotland — Hon. Sir William Laird, Chairman of the 
 North British Railway. 
 
 Glasgow, Scotland — Hon. Sir John Muir, Chairman of the 
 Bengal Dooars Railway. 
 
 Glasgow, Scotland — The Secretary of the Callander & Oban 
 Railway. 
 
 Glasgow, Scotland- — Mr. J. Blackburn, Secretary of the Cale- 
 donian Railway Co. 
 
 Govan, Scotland — Hon. Kirkwood, Provost of the Burgh of 
 Govan. 
 
 Inverness, Scotland — His Honor the Provost of Inverness. 
 
 Mintlaw, Scotland — The Chairman of the Great North of Scot- 
 land Railway Co. 
 
 Cardiff, Wales— Hon. Sir Thomas Morel, J. P., Mayor of 
 Cardiff. 
 
 West Indies. 
 
 St. Vincent — H. L. Thompson, Administrator, Colonial Secre- 
 tary and Treasurer of St. Vincent. 
 
THE 
 PHILADELPHIA COMMERCIAL MUSEUM 
 
 The Philadelphia Commercial Museum is a public institu- 
 tion devoted to the general extension of international com- 
 merce. It is maintained by the city of Philadelpliia, and by 
 private subscriptions from business firms. It is not local in 
 its objects, but works for all sections of the country, and has 
 received the sanction and financial assistance of the State of 
 Pennsylvania and the United States Government. Its high 
 standing and reputation are due to the fact that it does not 
 enter into actual trade of any kind, and is in no way affiliated 
 with any political organization. Its advice is always abso- 
 lutely impartial and without private interest. It has no 
 sources of revenue upon which profits may accrue, as all 
 service rendered to individuals is recompensed on the basis 
 of actual cost. To its large and busy offices and exhibition 
 halls, over its threads of business communication stretching 
 out to every important commercial centre in the world, come 
 constant reports of trade conditions and opportunities, 
 changes in the condition of business firms, new developments 
 offering profit to idle capital, and new natural products of 
 probable utility in manufacturing industries. 
 
 It is a centre of commercial information, in equally close 
 connection with business houses all over the world, to which 
 reports and confidential advices are regularly and systemati- 
 cally issued; — a confidential adviser in opening up new 
 markets for all useful natural or manufactured products; — 
 a special mercantile bureau with connections in all foreign 
 countries, reporting not only the general standing of firms, 
 but their disposition and fitness to handle particular agencies; 
 — a business institution run by business men, yet carrying on 
 no private transactions. 
 
 A manufacturer or merchant in the United States, a pro- 
 ducer or exporter abroad, an importer, retailer or selling agent 
 in some far-off land — all these apply with equal confidence for 
 the advice of the institution; and the advice is always given 
 with the same impartiality and care, though to do so investi- 
 gations be required at the ends of the earth. No similar insti- 
 tution or association in the world wields an influence equal 
 to that of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum. 
 
 The first aim of the Museum is to foster and promote, by 
 practical and systematic efforts, and by new, original and 
 effective methods, the foreign trade of America. In this work 
 it has the support of an Advisory Board, comprising repre- 
 sentatives of the leading Chambers of Commerce, and similar 
 organizations in the United States as well as in foreign coun- 
 tries. It also has the benefit of similar advice from an honor- 
 aiy diplomatic board, comprising the ministers of many of the 
 foreign countries resident in Washington. It is in constant 
 communication with over 20,000 foreign correspondents, 
 and in incidental communication with 65,000, thpuigh whom 
 it keeps in touch with every possible phase of international 
 commerce. This extensive correspondence is carried on in 
 more than a dozen different languages. 
 
 A merchant or manufacturer who wishes to trade in a 
 foreign market must first know, specifically, the nature and 
 value of that market. Granted that its trade will repay the 
 effort of securing it, he must know exactly what the market 
 requires, what it can offer in retiu-n, what business houses to 
 deal with, and what are the conditions on which business is 
 customarily done. 
 
 The activity of the Museum is specifically directed to meet 
 these various requirements by exhaustive commercial reports 
 which are further illustrated by collections of trade samples, 
 both natural and manufactured. To the general business 
 community the resources are made available by the Bureau 
 of Information. This Bureau is actively reporting trade con- 
 ditions existing in other countries to leading manufacturers 
 and merchants in every part of the United States. Complete 
 and detailed reports as to the demand of every market in the 
 world, with full statements concerning the style of goads re- 
 quired; photographs of same; method of purchase and ship- 
 ment; customs of receipt and sale, are furuished to intending 
 shippers, and every possible asssistance is given them, — not 
 only in the proper preparation and forwarding of their goods, 
 but in the most advantageous way of approaching possible 
 buyers with a view to securing the orders. Through an ex- 
 tensive and well equipped Bureau attached to the Museum, 
 accurate and reliable reports are on file and readily obtainable, 
 regarding the standing and reputation of possible buyers in 
 every country in the world, thereby rendering trade with 
 other nations no more hazardous than trade in the home 
 market. 
 
 The Museum is promptly informed, through its agents and 
 representatives, of all important enterprises in other coun- 
 tries, government contracts, and tenders for public works, 
 which are referred to probable American bidders through a 
 special news bureau. 
 
 The trade literature of the world is gathered into a special 
 library. Here will be found hundreds nf trade and technical 
 journals, in fully twenty languages, together with shipping 
 and market reports, statistical publications of all countries, 
 export and import manifests, etc. 
 
 This information is indicated by a card catalogue system, 
 and every fact that has practical business value finds its way 
 into the hands of a body of experts, who include it at once in 
 the individual re])07-ts. 
 
 An elaborate system of reporting on tlie specific require- 
 ments of business houses in other countries has been estab- 
 lished, whereby the com])lete statements of responsible houses 
 are issued on index cards and distributed to manufacturers 
 and exporters in all parts of the country, who hold confi- 
 dential cabinets of such cards placed in their hands by the 
 Museum. In this way there is furnished a reliable directory 
 of foreign buyers specially prepared for each individual manu- 
 facturer. 
 
 414 
 
THE PHILADELPHIA COMMEECIAL MUSEUM. 
 
 415 
 
 The collections of trade samples belonging to the Museum, 
 which are used to illustrate and extend the work instituted 
 by the commercial reporting, are classified under the follow- 
 ing heads: 
 
 I 
 
 Manufactured Articles — 
 
 (a) Arranged in lines of manufacture. 
 Raw Products — 
 
 (a) Geographic arrangement of collections. 
 
 (b) Monographic arrangement of collections. 
 
 The Museum shows the consuming capacity of any given 
 country by collections of the goods that are most saleable 
 there. These are actual samples of what is in the market, 
 selected with great care hy experts of the Museum. Textiles, 
 hardware, clothing, household goods, cutlery, provisions, — 
 everything that is imported — are represented in these sample 
 collections. With each sample is found full information as 
 to place of manufacture, price, terms of sale, distribution, etc. 
 These collections are constantly renewed and extended. 
 
 Having shown the consuming capacity, the Museum then 
 shows the producing capacity hy collections of natural 
 products. 
 
 These show at a glance what is produced by any given 
 country, and what it has to offer in the way of a return trade. 
 These collections are made practically useful by scientific and 
 technical laboratories in which complete tests are made, with 
 special reference to the industrial value of any given product. 
 The usefulness of this work is well established in many coun- 
 tries, and merchants are continually sending samples of ex- 
 portable products, in order that the Museum may report on 
 their usefulness for the American market. 
 
 The officers of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum are 
 as follows: 
 
 Board of Trustees. 
 
 The Governor of Pennsylvania, Ex-officio, 
 The Mayor of Philadelphia, Ex-officio, 
 
 The President of Select Council, Ex-officio, 
 The President of Common Council, Ex-officio, 
 The President of the Board of Public Education, Ex-officio, 
 The Superintendent of Public Schools, Ex-officio, 
 The State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Ex-officio, 
 The State Forestry Commissioner, Ex-officio, 
 Daniel Baugh, Thomas Meehan, 
 
 Charles H. Cramp, J. C. Strawbridge, ' 
 
 Thomas Dolan, Charles F. Warwick, 
 
 George F. Edmunds, John Wanamaker, 
 
 William L. Elkins, P. A. B. Widener, 
 
 W. W. Foulkrod, Sydney L. Wright, 
 
 Simon Gratz, Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson, So. D. 
 
 Officers of the Bo.vrd. 
 
 1899. 
 
 Charles H. Cramp, President. 
 Justus C. Strawbridge, Vice-President. 
 Sydney L. Wright, Treasurer. 
 B. W. Hanna, Sec'y, pro tern. 
 
 1900. 
 
 Justus C. Strawbridge, President. 
 Charles F. Warwick, Vice-President. 
 Daniel Baugh, Treasurer. 
 B. W. Hanna, Secretary. 
 
 Officers of the Museum. 
 
 William P. Wilson, Director. 
 
 William Harper, Chief, Bureau of Information. 
 
 C. A. Green, Assistant Chief, Bureau of Information. 
 
 Dudley Bartlett, Assistant Chief, Bureau of Information. 
 
 Wilfred H. Schoff, Chief, Foreign Department. 
 
 Gustavo Niederlein, Chief, Scientific Department. 
 
 William B. Marshall, Curator of Natural Products. 
 
 Ernest Fahrig, Chief of Laboratories. 
 
 E. W. S. Tingle, Assistant to the Director. 
 
OPINIONS OF SOME OF THE DELEGATES 
 
 CONCERNING THE WORK 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Philadelphia Commercial Museum 
 
 lifr. Peter J'urr. delegate from the Chambers of Commerce 
 of Dunedin, ( 'liristchurr-h, Napier and Auckland, New Zea- 
 land, i^aid: 
 
 '"1 have no hesitation in exjjressing the opinion that the 
 Philadelphia Commercial Musenm is a most useful institu- 
 tion, reflecting gi-oat credit upon its officers, and sure to be- 
 come increasingly useful as the years pass. I was particu- 
 larly impressed by the method displayed in the working of 
 the Bureau of Information, both as to the collection and the 
 systematic arrangement of the records. The pei'fectly im- 
 partial way in which the infonnation is placed at the disposal 
 of all who have a right to ask for it, of wliatever nationality, 
 is remarkahle, and, to my mind, absolutely clears the Mu- 
 seum from any charge of being interested in, and of use lo, 
 only American merchants and manufacturers. This is em- 
 phasized by the evident and expressed desire of the promoters 
 that similar institutions should lie started in other countries." 
 
 Mr. A. J. Dre.rel Biddle, delegate from Associacao Com- 
 mercial, l''unclial, Madeira, said: 
 
 "I consider the I'hiladelphia Commercial Museum among 
 the several most worthy institutions that have ever been es- 
 tablished in this country. The benefit that its undertakings 
 may accord to American trade and enterprise seems to me 
 unlimited. The establishment of the National Kxport Ex- 
 position will undoubtedly center the eyes of the world upon 
 I'hiladelphia." 
 
 been of absorbing interest, and my visits to it I hope in 
 future will result in profit to myself and the exhibitors with 
 whom I have formed connections." 
 
 Mr. Joshua L. Madnro, delegate from the Chamber of 
 Commerce, Panama, Colombia, said: 
 
 "The Museum has commanded my admiration for its 
 splendid variety of samjiles of products from diU'erent soils." 
 
 il/r. J. Eafael Maia, representing the commercial interests 
 of Costa Rica, Central America, said: 
 
 "I think that great results must be expected from the 
 efforts made by the institiitions interested in this gi'and com- 
 mercial contest, which shows the superabundance of produc- 
 tion brought forth by the power, wealth and ability of this 
 great country. In tlie I-Cxport Exposition, I have seen the 
 American genius and application and what labor is able to 
 accomplish under beneficent institutions. 
 
 "I will gratefully preserve the remembrance of this visit 
 to Philadelphia and carry back to my country a large number 
 of new ideas, acquired, while here, by constant observation, 
 ideas which I will trj' to dissemirmte among my countrj'men 
 in fulfillment of what I consider a duty attached to the office 
 of delegate." 
 
 jl/r. A. Dim, delegate from the Chamber of Commerce, 
 Matamoros, ]\rexico, said: 
 
 "My opinion of the Commercial i\[useum of I'hilaih'li>liia 
 is, that under the guidance of its excellent direction, it is 
 called u])on to be tlie greatest commercial center of the world, 
 for, as w(! see, in this Congress are represented the most re- 
 mote regions, and if the Commercial Museum continuies its 
 fine tactics in inviting so courteously the people and corpora- 
 tions connected with international commerce, the relations 
 of reciprocal commerce are sure to become closer." 
 
 Mr. Henry MUeft, delegate from the Montreal Board of 
 Trade, Jlontreal, Canada, said: 
 
 "My ojiinion of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum is 
 that it constitutes a magnificent effort in the cause of inter- 
 national commerce. Although a great deal has already been 
 done, I can see that its service to the trade of the world is 
 only in the stage of inception. Enough is in evidence to 
 show what it will accomplisli, ;iiid uben the permanent quar- 
 ters have been occupied the idea can be earned forward upon 
 a still more effective scale." 
 
 Mr. John M. Keith, representing the commercial interests 
 Costa Rica, Central America, said: 
 
 "In regard to my opinion of the Commercial JIuseum and 
 the Exjmsition, \ can only say that the scopo and usefulness 
 of the Museum far exceeds anything that I had anticipated, 
 and hardly a day has passed in which some Tiew pliase of its 
 usefulness in the extension of American commerce has not 
 come to my notice. The exhibits in the Exposition have 
 
 Hon. IF. P. Beeves, delegate from the New Zealand Gov- 
 ernment, said: 
 
 "As to my opinion of the Philadelphia Commercial Mu- 
 seum and the Infomiation Bureau there, I was very much 
 pleased and impressed Avith what I saw. I should think the 
 institution as nnfiucstionably of the greatest value, and I pro- 
 I)ose to make it a subject of a special report to my govern- 
 ment." 
 
 416 
 
OPINIONS CONCEENING THE PHILADELPHIA COMMERCIAL MUSEUM 
 
 417 
 
 Mr. Miguel J. Romero, delegate from the Government of 
 Venezuela, says: 
 
 "I consider the Philadelphia Museum the most suitable 
 institution to advance civilization all over the American Con- 
 tinent." 
 
 Mr. Ernest Schcrnihnv, delegate from the Government of 
 Salvador, Central America, said: 
 
 "In my opinion, the establishment of the Philadelphia 
 Commercial Museum, has done, and will do, more toward 
 promoting trade with foreign countries, tlian any other in- 
 stitution I know of." 
 
 Mr. Jacques Sclnil-, delegate from the Cliamber of Com- 
 merce and Industry, Nagyvarad, Hungary, said: 
 
 "With regard to the Commercial Museum, I can only re- 
 peat what everybody who knows the Museum must state, viz: 
 that it is the most marvellous institution of its kind existing 
 in the world and surpassed all that we imagined, when we 
 saw what an amount of valuable information it afforded mer- 
 chants. The only thing which astonished me was that the 
 Commercial Museum has not the same reputation in your 
 own country that it has abroad, because if American manu- 
 facturers were to understand the great advantages which this 
 Jluseum offers to its members, it would have 50,(100 of tlieni." 
 
 Mr. F. Shippcy, delegate from the Chamber of Commerce 
 of Pietermaritzburg, Natal, said: 
 
 "The Museum is, I think, a perfect marvel, especially con- 
 sidering the short time it has been in existence, and I am 
 glad to hear that in one foiiu or other, it is being copied 
 elsewhere. Thoroughness seems to be the watchword." 
 
 Mr. A. Ashcr Smith, delegate from the Sydney Chamber 
 of Commerce, Sydney, Australia, said: 
 
 "I am confident that the Commercial Museum is destined 
 to exert a great and increasing influence on the export 
 trade of this country; that it furnishes practical information 
 which must prove invaluable. Probably its influence and 
 
 value will be most signally demonstrated through imitation 
 on the part of other countries. If such institutions be crea- 
 ted, and if mutuality can be established and maintained, the 
 advantage to commerce will be immense. But whatever 
 developments may be realized, the honor of initiation can 
 never be withdrawn from the sphere of Philadelphia, nor 
 from the management which has moulded this institution 
 into usefulness. 
 
 "I shall esteem it a privilege to advance the interests and 
 usefulness of the Museum by rendering such service in the 
 Australasian market as may be in my power." 
 
 Mr. Julius von Szavay, delegate from the C'hamber of Com- 
 merce, Raab, Hungary, said: 
 
 "The Commercial Museum is an example of the adminis- 
 trative and governing institutions developed by American 
 individualism, evolving unhampered. It is adapted to the 
 business life of to-daj', and will constantly adapt itself to 
 the development and change of its environments, in such a 
 manner, that it will always solve its task in a practical way. 
 Its independence, its autonomic freedom, secure for it a won- 
 derful position, 1)ut its principal power lies, aside from the 
 competent management, in the fact that the American busi- 
 ness world regards is at its own. Consequently, it has a staff 
 furnishing help and infonnation, that has few equals in any 
 place. There exist similar institutions in other countries, 
 their value being in proportion to the coimuercial genius of 
 the respective nations. That of Brussels is considered the 
 best. If any suggestion is asked for, it might be said, tlrat 
 the Museum itself should offer also a picture of American 
 industry and commerce." 
 
 Mr. J. E. deWolf, Delegate from the Board of Trade, Hali- 
 fax, Nova Scotia, said: 
 
 "The great work of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum 
 is beyond any conception I had formed, and I trust that the 
 results that may accrue from the meeting of your Interna ■ 
 tional Congress will exceed your highest expectations and 
 greatly increase your export trade, and at the same time de- 
 velop kindlier international feelings between all the nations 
 that were represented there, and result in closer trade re- 
 lations as well." 
 
THE 
 
 DOMESTIC ADVISORY BOARD 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PHILADELPHIA COMMERCIAL MUSEUM 
 
 One of the most, efficient factors in the development of the Philadelpliia Commercial Museum has been its Domestic 
 Advisory Board, which is a union of the leading Chambers of Commerce, Boards of Trade, and manufacturing associa- 
 tions of the country. 
 
 The Board was lirst organized early in 1896. and had its first reunion at the iluseum buildings, Philadelphia, in 
 .lune, 1896. Aliout one hundred organizations were represented by special delegates, coming from all sections of the 
 country. A strong delegation came from the Pacific Coast, another from the Southern States, and another from the 
 .Miildle West. New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and the whole Atlantic seaboard, were fully repre- 
 sent cil. The sessions of the Board (-ontiiuied three days. Plans were di'awn up for the extension of the Museum's 
 work abroad and for its utilization liy trade Ijodies and business firms in the United States. Eesolutions were adopted 
 authiu-izing the creation of a Foreign Advisory Board to co-operate with the domestic board, and after election of ofTi- 
 cers, the sessions were adjourned. 
 
 The Board met again in June, 1897, with a 50 per cent, increase in membership. This time the new Foreign Ad- 
 visory Board, comprising delegates from the trade bodies of every Latin-American repuljlic, met also, the two boards 
 forming the Pan-American Commercial Congress. The meeting was made the occasion of the formal opening of the 
 iluseum and of the dedication of its work by President McKinley, whose address is partially reproduced in another 
 place. The Manufacturers' Club of Philadelphia joined in the celebration of this event, and fitting exercises were 
 held in the Academy of Music before an audience of 3,500 citizens. A banquet was given at the Bourse, covering the 
 entire ground floor of that great building and seating IfiiT guests. The sessions of the Advisory Board continued for 
 five days, during which extended plans were discussed and apjjroved for the further development of the Museum's 
 activity in fostering international trade. At the close of the general sessions, the foreign delegates were taken on a 
 special tour of investigation to the principal industrial centers, being received and entertained by the trade bodies rep- 
 resented in the Domestic Advisoi^ Board. It is estimated that new business amounting to several millions of dol- 
 lars resulted from this I^an-Ameriean Commercial Congress. , 
 
 The third general meeting of the Domestic Advisory Board took place in October, 1S99, in the International 
 Commercial Congress, the proceedings of which are detailed in this volume. 
 
 The Domestic Advisory Board has been a most influential aid in strengthening the activity for commercial ex- 
 pansion, in bringing the movement home to the American peo])lc, and through them to their representatives in Con- 
 gress. The spectacle of so united an organization of trade bodies, representing widely differing sections and interests, 
 yet woi-king intelligently and harmoniously for general national advancement in trade and commerce, has not been 
 surpassed in the history of the world, and peculiarly typifies the liberality and foresight of the American people. It 
 gives a clear indication of the causes that underlie the present irresistible national movement for commercial expan- 
 sion — causes the world-fitness of which are still better illustrated l)y the harmonious co-operation with the American 
 board, of a foreign board, comprising trade bodies of all nations, tongues and interests. 
 
 The list of chambers represented in Domestic Advisory Board is as follows: 
 
 The Coniiiiercial Club of Birminfjliarn, Tjirniinijtiiiin, Alabama. Cliamber of C-omiucrco of Now Haven, New Haven, Connecticut. 
 
 Board of Trade, l^ittle Jiocli, Arkansa.s. Board of Trade, Wilmington. Delaware. 
 
 The ClianilKT of (bommeree of San Francisco. San Francisco, Wa.sliinji^ton Board of Trade, Koonis 17 aaul IS, Ames lUiildiiig', 
 
 California. 1410-12 G street. N. W., Washinglon, U. C. 
 
 Manufacturers' and J'roducers' Association of California, Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, .Mlanta, Georgia. 
 
 Rooms 2-3, Sixtli Floor, Wills' Building-, San Francisco, Cal. (icorgia Association of Manufactnrers, Atlanta, (ieorijia. 
 
 liOs Angeles Board of Trade, 156 N. Sprinsf .street, Los Angeles, Board of Trade of the City of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 California. Indianapolis Board of Trade, Indianajjolis, Indiana. 
 
 The Los Angeles Chamber of Conun<'r<;e, Los Angeles, Cal. The Commei-cial Clnb, Indianapolis, Iniliana. 
 
 The Denver Chamber of Commerce and Board of Trade. Box The Connnereial (Tnh of Topeka, Topeka, Kansas. 
 
 l.'iO'l, Denver, (Jolorado. Louisville Hoard of Trade, liOuisville, Kentneky. 
 
 Bridgeport Board of Trade, Bridgejiort, Connecticut. Chaniber of Commerce of Liniisiana, (iis Common street, Jv'ew 
 
 Mcriden Board of Trade, M<>riden, Connecticut. Orleans, Loiiisiana. 
 
 The Middletown Board of Ti-atie, Middletown, Conuecticut. Bangor Board of Trade, Bangor, Maine. 
 
 418 
 
THE DOMESTIC ADVISORY BOARD 
 
 419 
 
 Baltimore Chamber of Commerce, Baltimore, Maryland. 
 
 The Board of Trade of the City of Baltimore, 35 Eialto Build- 
 ing-, Baltimore, Maryland. 
 
 Merchants' and Manufacturers' Association, Corner Hopkins 
 place and German street, Baltimore, Maryland. 
 
 Boston Chamber of Commerce, Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 Boston Merchants' Association, Jordan Building-, 77 Bedford 
 street. Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 National Association of Wool Manufacturers, 70 Kilby street, 
 Boston. Massachusetts. 
 
 New Eng-land Cotton Jlanufacturers' Association, Room 57, In- 
 ternational Trust Building-, 45 Milk street, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Commercial Club. Brockton, Massachusetts. 
 
 Fall Bi\er Boai'd of Trade, Fall River, Massachusetts. 
 
 Fitchburg- Board of Trade, Fitchburg-, Massachusetts. 
 
 Lawrence Board of Trade, Saunders Block, 246 Essex street, 
 Lawrence, Massachusetts. ' 
 
 Lowell Board of Trade, Lowell, Massachusetts. 
 
 Northampton Board of Trade. Northampton, JIassachusetts. 
 
 Springfield Board of Trade, 259-261 Main street, Spring^eld, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Worcester Board of Trade, Worcester, Massachusetts. 
 
 Chamber of Commerce of the City of Detroit, Detroit, ilich. 
 
 The Merchants' and Manufacturers' Exchange, 506 Wayne Co. 
 Savings Bank Building, Detroit, Michigan. 
 
 Grand Rapids Board of Trade, Grand Rapids, Michigan. 
 
 Grand Rapids Furniture Manufactui-ers' Association, Grand 
 Rapids, Micliigan. 
 
 Chamber of Commerce, Duluth, Minnesota. 
 
 Minneapolis Board of Trade, Minneapolis, Minnesota. 
 
 St. Paul Chamber of Commerce, St. Paul, Minnesota. 
 
 Board of Trade, Vicksburg-, Mississippi. 
 
 The Lumbermen's Exchange of St. Louis, Third Floor, Se- 
 curity Building, St. Louis, Missouri. 
 
 The St. Louis Manufacturers' Association, 14-15 Insurance Ex- 
 change Building, S. E. cor. Broad and Olive streets, St. Louis, 
 Missouri. 
 
 Latin-American Club and Foreign Trade Association, 110 N. 
 Fourth street, St. Louis, Missouri. 
 
 The Manchester Board of Trade, 620-621 The Kennard, Man- 
 chester, New Hampshire. 
 
 The Bridgeton Board of Trade, Bridgeton, New Jersey. 
 Camden Board of Trade, 411 Market street, Camden, New 
 
 Jersey. , ^,. 
 
 The Newark Board of Trade, 764 Broad street, Newark, New 
 
 Jersey. 
 
 Trenton Board of Trade, Trenton, New Jersey. 
 
 The Amsterdam Board of Trade, Sanford Homestead, Market 
 street, Amsterdam, New York. 
 
 The Bing-hamton Board of Trade, Binghamton, New York. 
 
 The Manufacturers' Association of New York, 198 Montague 
 street, Brooklyn, New York. 
 
 Buffalo Merchants' Exchange, 11 to 12 West Seneca street, 
 Buffalo, New Y'ork. 
 
 Business Men's Protective Association, Cortland, New York. 
 
 The Geneva Board of Trade, Geneva, New Y'ork. 
 
 American Paper and Pulp Association, 30 Broad street. New 
 York City. 
 
 New York Board of Trade and Transportation, 203 Broadway, 
 New Y'ork City, New York. 
 
 The Maritime Association of the Port of New York, New York 
 City, New Y'ork. 
 
 Merchants' and Manufacturers' Board of Trade, New York 
 City, New Y'ork. 
 
 Rochester Chamber of Commerce, Rochester, New York. 
 
 Syracuse Chamber of Commerce, The University Building-, Sy- 
 ractise, New Y'ork. 
 
 Southern Manufacturers' Club, Charlotte, North Carolina. 
 
 Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Raleig-h, North Carolina. 
 
 Chamber of Commerce of the City of Wilmington, Wilmington, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Winston-Salem Chamber of Commerce, Winston, North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 Canton Board of Trade, Canton, Ohio. 
 
 Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce and Merchants' Exchange, 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 The Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 The Board of Trade, Columbus. Ohio. 
 
 The Dayton Board of Trade, Dayton, Ohio. 
 
 Massillon Board of Trade, Massillou, Oliio. 
 
 Board of Trade, Springfield, Ohio. 
 
 The Toledo Chamber of Commerce, Toledo, Ohio. 
 
 The Board of Trade of the Bethlehems, South Belhlehcm. 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 P.radford Board of Trade, Bradford, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Board of Trade, Carbondaie, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Board of Trade of the City of Kaston, iiaston, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Ilarrisburg Board of Trade, Harrisburg-, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Johnstown Board of Trade, 108 Clinton street, Johnstown, 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 The Lancaster Board of Trade, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Lebanon Board of Trade, Lebanon. Pennsjdvania. 
 
 The Trades' League of Philadelpliia, 207-211 Bourse Building, 
 Philadelphia, PennS3'lvania. 
 
 Philadelphia Board of Trade, The Bourse, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Philadelphia Drug Exchange, 252 and 253, The Bourse, Phila- 
 delphia, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pittsburg- Chamber of Commerce, Pittsburg-, Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Reading Board of Trade, Reading, Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Scranton Board of Trade, Scranton, Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Shamokin Board of Trade, Shamokin, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Susquehanna Board of Trade, Susquehanna, Pensylvania. 
 
 Titusville Board of Trade, Titus-ville, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Towanda Board of Trade, Towanda, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Uniontown Board of Trade, Uniontown, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Wilkesbarre Board of Trade, Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Williamsport Board of Trade, Williamsport, Pennsylvania. 
 
 York Board of Trade, Y'ork, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Providence Board of Trade, Providence, Rhode Island. 
 
 Charleston Chamber of Commerce, Charleston, South Carolina. 
 
 Chamber of Commerce, 812 Market street, Chattanooga, Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 Chamber of Commerce, Knoxville, Tennessee. 
 
 Chamber of Commerce, Nashville, Tennessee. 
 
 The Galveston Chamber of Commerce, Galveston, Texas. 
 
 Business Men's Association of the City of Newport News, 
 Nev%'port News, Virg'inia. 
 
 The Norfolk Business Men's Association, Norfolk, Virginia. 
 
 The Richmond Chamber of Commerce, P. 0. Box 51, Rich- 
 mond, Virginia. 
 
 The Seattle Chamber of Commerce, Seattle, Washington. 
 
 Tacoma Chamber of Commerce and Board of Trade, Tacoma, 
 Washingi:on. 
 
 La Crosse Board of Trade, La Crosse, Wisconsin. 
 
 The ^Nferchant's and Manufacturer's Association, Rooms 45-49, 
 University Building-, Mason street and Broadway, ' Milwaukee, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 State Organizations. 
 
 California State Board of Trade, 16 Post street, San Fran- 
 ci.sco, California. 
 
 The Maine State Board of Trade, Portland, Maine. 
 
 The New England Shoe and Leather Association, 116 Bedford 
 street, Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 The Ohio State Board of Commerce, 443, The Arcade, Cleve- 
 land, Ohio. 
 
 National Organizations. 
 
 The National Association of Agricultural Imiilemcut and Ve- 
 hicle Manufactiu-ers, Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 American Boiler Manufacturers' Association, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 Carriage Builders' National Association, Wilmington, Del. 
 
 Commercial Travellers' National Leag^ie, New York City, New 
 York. 
 
 The Millers' National Association of the U. S., Milwaukee, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 National Association of Knit Goods Manufacturers of the 
 United States of America, Wool Exchange Building, West Broad- 
 way and Beach street. New York City, New Y'ork. 
 
 National Business League, Chicago Stock Exchange Building, 
 Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 The National Hardware Association of the LTnited States, Phil- 
 adelphia, I'a. 
 
 National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association, Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 National Wliolesale Druggists' Association. ^linneapolis, Minn. 
 . United States Brewers' Association, 109-111 E. Fifteenth 
 street. New York City, New York. 
 
EXTRACT FROM PRESIDENT McKINLEY'S SPEECH 
 
 DELIVERED BEFORE THE 
 
 Pan-American Commercial Congress 
 
 CONVENED AT THE INTERNATIONAL OPENING OF THE 
 
 Philadelphia Commercial Museum 
 
 JUNE, 1897 
 
 "Tlio jHiriJose of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum is to aid in the development of commercial and in- 
 dustrial ])rosperity. No worthier cause can engage our energies. It is a most praiseworthy one — the extension 
 of trade — and to be followed hy wider markets, better fields for employment, and easier conditions for the masses. 
 Such an efFort commands the instant approval of all, for it is linked ^vith the prosperity of the humblest toiler and 
 the welfare of evers' home and fireside. Its generous support will insure and increase its usefulness. 
 
 "A spirit of friendly and mutually advantageous interchange and co-operation has been exemplified, which is 
 in itself inspiring and helpful, not only to trade and commerce, but to international comity and good will, for good 
 -nail must always precede good trade. The producers and cou^mncr-^ of all nations arc here brought together in 
 close touch and taught to^ work together for tlie common weal. 
 
 "There is no motive to urge peojile to produce unless they can find someone to take what they furnish. The 
 maker must find the taker. You Avill not employ labor to make a product unless you can find a buyer for the pro- 
 duct that labor has made. 
 
 "A movement of this kind is national — aye, more than that, international — in its character; and I predict that 
 its success will sui-prise even its most enthusiastic friends and foiuidei-s. Resting upon this principle of looking 
 not solely to the welfare of the country at large, but benefiting other nations as well, the intent and realization of 
 this world-industrial object-lesson are in accord with the best spirit of the age and worthy of the good will and 
 helpfulness of every pati-iotic American. A patriot makes a better citizen than a pessimist." 
 
 EXTRACT FROM PRESIDENT McKINLEY'S MESSAGE 
 
 CONCERNING THE 
 
 Philadelphia Commercial Museum 
 
 AND 
 
 International Commercial Congress 
 
 DELIVERED TO THE FIFTY-SIXTH UNITED STATES CONGRESS 
 
 DECEMBER ^, 1899 
 
 "In accordance with an act of Congi^ess, approved December 21, 1898, and under the auspices of the Phila- 
 delphia Commercial Museum, a most interesting and valuable exposition of products and manufactures especially 
 adapted to export trade, was held in Philadelphia from the 14th of Septend3er to the 2d of December, 1899. The 
 rcpcresentative character of the exhibits and the widespread interest manifested in the special objects of the under- 
 taking, afford renewed encouragcuiciit to thos(> who look confidently to the steady growth of our enlarged exporta- 
 tion of manufactured goods, wliich has been the most remarkable fact in the economic development of the United 
 States in recent years. A featun; of this cjcposition which is likely to become of pennanent and increasing utility to 
 our industries, is the collection of samples of nierchandis(^ jiroduceil in various countries, with special rc^fi'rcnce to- 
 particular markets, providing practical object-lessons to United States manufacturers as to qualities, styles and prices 
 of goods, suc;h as meet the special demands of consumers and may be exported with advantage. 
 
 "Li connectifm with the Exposition, an International ConinuTcial CongiTss was held, u])on the invitation of 
 the I'hiladelphia Commercial ]\Iuseum, transmitted by the Department of State to the vaa-ious foreign Go\-ernments, 
 for an exchange of infonnation and opinions with the view to the promotion of international trade. This invitation 
 met with general and cordial acceptance, and the Congress, which began its sessions at the Exposition on the 12th of 
 October, proved to be of great practical importance, from the fact that it developed a general recognition of the 
 iuterdcjjendence of avationa in trade and a most gratifying sjiirit of accoinuiodation, with reference to the gradual 
 removal of existing impediments in reciprocal relations without injury to the iudu.strial interests of cither pai-ty. 
 • • • ■ - ■ 420 ' > 
 
NDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 Titles of papers delivered before Ihe Congress will be found enclosed in quotation marks. 
 
 Adams, Jr., Robert, United States, 203, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 218, 
 219, 220, 221, 332, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340. 
 
 Aden, Arabia, climate of, 125; exports of cofifee, hides and skins, 
 and salt, from, 126; free port of, 126; government of, 126; 
 harbor facilities of, 126; imports of coal, oil, piece-goods, silk 
 and sugar, 126; population of, 126; shell industry of, 127; trans- 
 portation facilities of, 126. 
 
 "Adoption of the System of European Commercial Treaties by the 
 United States." 382. 
 
 Ad valorem and specific duties, 225; discussion concerning, 375. 
 
 Advantages of a uniform classification of commercial statistics by 
 different countries, 167. 
 
 "Advantages of the Nicaragua Canal Route," 198. 
 
 Advertising, necessity of, in foreign trade, 149; railway. 216; value 
 of, in Australia, 52. 
 
 Advertising medium, value of trade-mark as an, 310. 
 
 "Advisability of a Commercial Treaty between the United States 
 of America, Russia and Roumania, Concerning the Grain and 
 Petroleum Trade," 232. 
 
 Advisory Board, Philadelphia Commercial Museum, members of, 
 343; sketch of domestic, 418. 
 
 Aerated waters, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Africa, exports from, to the United States, 22; imports into, from 
 the United States, 22, 24. 
 
 Agencies, buying, needed in Peru, 276. 
 
 Agencies, European and American compared, 133. 
 
 Agent and principal, relation between, 52. 
 
 Agents, German, represent several manufacturers, 290. 
 
 Agents in Australian markets. 51. 
 
 Agents. United States, needed in the Balkan States, 333; in South 
 America, 301: in Central Atnerica, 349; in Guatemala, 350. 
 
 "A Glimpse of New South Wales," 43. 
 
 Agricultural companies in Japan, 358. 
 
 Agricultural experiment stations in the Unitel States, provision 
 for, 256. 
 
 Agricultural implements, trade in, in India, 128: demand for Ameri- 
 can, in Natal, 187: imports of, into New South Wales, 41; in- 
 creased exports of, from the United States. 205. 
 
 Agricultural machinery, demand for, in the Argentine Republic. 
 
 237- 
 
 Agricultural products, of Japan, 358; of New South Wales. 45: of 
 Nicaragua. 270. 
 
 Agricultural products, exports of, from New Zealand, 56; exports 
 of, from the United States, 21 ; imports of, into Mexico, from 
 the United States, 260. 
 
 Agricultural reports and statistics, need of an international bureau 
 for the collection and dissemination of, 170; resolution ofifered 
 concerning, 170. 
 
 Agricultural reports, assimilation of. resolution regarding, 336, 339. 
 
 Agricultural schools in South Australia, 71. 
 
 Agricultural Society of Jamaica. 325. 
 
 Agricultural zone of Chile, 269. 
 
 Agriculture in Canada, 316; in Chile, 279; in China, 88; in Haiti, 
 300; in Jamaica, 323, 325; in the Leeward Islands. 328; in 
 Mexico, 263; in New South Wales, 38, 40, 44; in New Zea- 
 land, 54; in Persia, 121; in Queensland, 65. 
 
 Agriculturist and farmer, close relationship of the, 282. 
 
 Alabama, production of iron ore and pig iron in, 369. 
 
 Alagoas, Brazil, products of, 273. 
 
 Alaska, acquisition of. by the United States, 205; boundary of, 10. 
 
 Aleutian Islands, acquisition of the, by the United States, 205. 
 
 Alfalfa, production of. in Paraguay, 251. 
 
 Algara, Jose, Mexico, 343, 383. 
 
 42 
 
 Algeria, iron ore deposits of, 367; exports of iron ore from, 367; 
 production of iron ore in, 365; maize imports and exports 
 of, compared, 234; population of, 233; wheat and rye imports 
 and exports of, compared, 234. 
 
 Alino, Prof. Bernardo Giner, nitrate expert, 256. 
 
 Allan. James D., of Canada, 35, 383. 
 
 Allspice industry of Jamaica, 325. 
 
 Almeida, Dr. Fernando Mendes de, 343. 
 
 Almon, J., 80. 
 
 Almonds, exports of, from Spain, 294. 
 
 Alum, production of, in Sweden, 297. 
 
 Aluminum and manufactures thereof, trade in, in India, 128. 
 
 Alzamora, Enrique, of Spain, 16, 223, 383. 
 
 Amazonas, Brazil, area, government, and population of, 273. 
 
 America, settlement of, by Europeans, 209. 
 
 American Bicycle Company, organization of the, 181. 
 
 American cofifee market, 32. 
 
 American cotton goods in China, 96. 
 
 "American Export Methods Compared with European," 131. 
 
 American goods in New South Wales, 39. 
 
 American goods, opportunities for, in Natal, 187; demand for, in 
 Cuba, 213; supremacy of, in the Far East, 213. 
 
 American industry, growth of, 8. 
 
 American shipping, decline of, 163. 
 
 Ames Iron Works, 376. 
 
 Ammen, Rear-Admiral Daniel, canal expert, 200. 
 
 Ammunition and explosives, imports of, into the Leeward Islands 
 from the United States, 329. 
 
 Anderson, George H., United States, 222, 223, 224, 225. 227, 228, 
 229, 230, 231, 232, 234, 235, 275, 383. 
 
 Anguilla, see St. Christopher. 
 
 Angus, William, United Kingdom, 170, 258, 344. 
 
 Animal products, exports of, from New Zealand, 56; imports of. 
 into Mexico from the United States, 260. 
 
 Animals, exports of, from Canada, 29; from Spain, 294; imports 
 of, into Spain, 295. 
 
 Antigua, exports from, value and articles, 327; population of, 327. 
 
 Antimony ores of Bolivia, 278. 
 
 Antimony, production of, in Japan, 358. 
 
 Arbitration in Chile, 269. 
 
 Arbitration in international disputes, resolution regarding, 275, 
 337,. 340. 
 
 Arbitration of labor disputes in New Zealand, 54. 
 
 Argentine Republic, area of, 237, 240; business methods in, 237; 
 cliinate of, 236; credit in, 238; commercial integrity in, 237; de- 
 cline in trade of, with the United States, 237; demand for agri- 
 cultural machinerj- in. 238: exports from, by articles, 238. 240; 
 exports from, to Belgium. France, Germany. ItaIy,United King- 
 dom United States. 240. 241; exports from, value, 239: govern- 
 ment of, 240; immigration to. 241; imports into, by countries 
 f Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Paraguay, United King- 
 dom. United States), 240, 241; imports of sheep into. 184: im- 
 ports into, per capita, from the United States. 347; industries of. 
 237, 240; lack of American travelers in, 237: population of, 233. 
 237, 240; protective tariflf of, 238; railways of. 241; reciprocity 
 treaty of, with the United States, 239; relations of, with the 
 United States, 241; samples necessary in, 238; sheep-growing 
 in. 183: trade of, with various countries, 241; trade of, with 
 the United States, 237, 241: wheat and rye in, 234; wheat pro- 
 duction of. 233; woo! in, 181, 184, 185. 240. 
 
 "Are Current Objections to Higher Commercial Education well 
 Founded?" 146. 
 
 Arms and explosives, imports of. into Mexico from the United 
 
 States. 260. 
 Armsby, Dr., nitrate expert, 256. ' 
 
422 
 
 INDEX TO THE PROCEEDIXGS OF THE 
 
 Army and navy, rise ol tlie. in the United States, i6i. 
 
 .\rnlu)ld, Eduard, Gcrnuuiy, 5, 343. 
 
 ArosauL-na, Justo, on Isthmian Canal, 196. 
 
 Arriago, A. Lazo, Guatemala, 350, 383. 
 
 Arthur, Hon. Allan, 343. 
 
 Artistic productions, plea for free trade in, 227. 
 
 ■'Arts and Artistic Industry," 227. 
 
 Art works, free trade in, resolution regarding, 335, 345. 
 
 Asbestos, production of, at Three Rivers, Canada, 316. 
 
 Ashbridge. Samuel IL, Mayor of Philadelphia, 2. 
 
 Asia, development of, 290; exports from, to the United States. 22, 
 j^; imi)orts into, from the United States, 22; lack of commu- 
 nication with central, 119; population of, 290; share of, in 
 world's trade, 290; trade of central, 119, 120, 121. 
 
 Assan, B. G., Roumania, 232, 344. 
 
 Assimilation of agricultural reports, resolution regarding, 339. 
 
 Assimilation of trade statistics, resolution regardng, 339. 
 
 Associa(;ao Commercial, Campos, Brazil, 371. 
 
 .Association of agricultural college presidents and experiment sta- 
 tion directors, 255. 
 
 .Association pour I'unification au droit maritime, 177. 
 
 Asthenidhis, G., Turkey, 362. 
 
 "A System of Control to Check the Prohibitive Methods of Specu- 
 lative Trade," 351. 
 
 .Atherton, J. B., Hawaiian Islands, 121, 343. 
 
 .Atkinson, Edward. 20, 384. 
 
 .Australasian Colonies, exports from, to New South Wales. 39: im- 
 ports into, from the United States, 23. 
 
 .Australi.-i. aborigines of, 37; animals of, 37; area of, 37; change 
 in sheep stock of, 183; climate of, 37; consignments to, 52; 
 co-operation between prinicipal and agents in, 52; direct repre- 
 sentation in markets of, 51; exports from, to various conti- 
 nents, and per capita, 22; imports into, from various conti- 
 nents, 22: Jarrah timber in, 74; minerals of, 37; pastoral in- 
 dustry of, 38; payments in, 52: population of, 233; reciprocity 
 of. with tlie United States. 73; sheep stock in, 38; trade of, 
 with the United States. 25. 73: utility of export merchants in, 
 50; value of advertising and catalogues in, 52; value of occa- 
 sional visitation in, 51; wheat and rye imports and exports of, 
 234; wheat production of, 233; wool production of, 38, 183, 300. 
 
 Australian Colonies, trade of, with New Zealand, 57. 
 
 Australian Federation, 55, 67, 75, 79. 
 
 Australian markets, agents in. 51; invoices for, 52; methods of 
 introducing goods in, 50, 53; packing goods for, 52, 73; sam- 
 ples necessary for, 51; shipping for, 73. 
 
 Austria, duty on coffee in, 244; plea of, for free trade, 15; ports 
 of, 223; railway fares in, 217; trade of, with the Balkan Penin- 
 sula, 332. 
 
 "Austria-Hungary," 223. 
 
 Austria-Hungary, coal production of. 224: cotton goods industry 
 <■>(• 379; customs advisory board of. 376, 380; decline in sheep 
 stock in. 182; demand for United States textile machinery and 
 machine tools in, 224; deposits of iron ore in, 366; exports 
 from 223: exports of iron ore from, 366; exports of sugar from, 
 224; exports of wheat and rye from. 234; imports into, 223: 
 imports of iron ore into, ,366; imports into, from the United 
 States. 24; industries in. 223: iron and steel production of. 224; 
 iron ore production of, 365; maize imports and exports of, 
 compared. 234; need of reciprocity of, with the United States. 
 224; petroleum production of. 224; pig iron production in. 365; 
 plea of. for free trade. 377; population of, 223, 233; sugar pro- 
 duction of, 224; textile industry of, 224: variance in national 
 character in, 223; waterways of, 223; wheat production of, 223, 
 
 233- 
 .Austrian Commercial Museum, nature of. 226. 
 .Azores, imports into, from United States, 24. 
 
 Bacon and hams, e.xports of, from Canada, 29; exports of. from 
 the United States, 205; imports of, into the Leeward Islands. 
 .329. 
 
 Bacon, produced in New South Wales, 40. 
 
 Badische Anilin-Fabrik Conipanj', 292. 
 
 Bahia, Brazil, products of, 273. 
 
 Baker, Capt. L. D,, founder of the banana trade of Jamaica. 319. 
 
 Balance of trade between Japan and United States, 109. 
 
 Balkan States, credit in the, 333; need of direct steamshi]) line 
 from United States to the, 333: need of United .States :igcnts 
 and banks in. 333: reasons for small trade of, with the United 
 States. 333; trade of, with Germany and Austria, 332; trade 
 possibilities of, 333. 
 
 B;dliviau, Manuel V., Bolivia, 343. 
 
 Banana and sugar industries, dependence of Jamaica upon. 321. 
 
 Banana industry of Costa Kica. 267; of Jamaica, 319, 324, 325. 326. 
 
 Bank. German, in Southern Brazil, 211. 
 
 Bank, United Slates, needed in the Balkan States, 333; in Brazil, 
 
 209, 244; in Guatemala, 350; in Haiti, 29c); in India. 120; in 
 South America, 151, 185; in Southern Brazil, 211. 
 
 Banking facilities in Guatemala, 350. 
 
 Banking, in Persia, 120. 
 
 Banks, in Buenos Aires, 239; in Guayaquil, 285; in Hong Kong. 
 85; in Japan, 358: in Mexico, 262; in New South Wales, 46; 
 in New Zealand, 54; in Para, 273; in Paraguay, 251; in Sao 
 Paulo, 244; in Spain, 294; in Uruguay, 301. 
 
 Barker, L. D., developer of Jatnaica, 325. 
 
 Barker, William C, United States, 131, 156, 312, 379. 
 
 Barley, imports of into Leeward Islands from United States. 329; 
 production of, in Japan, 358; production of, in New Zealand. 
 56. 
 
 Barr, Peter, New Zealand, 55, 343, 384, 416. 
 
 Barrett, John, United States, 93. 
 
 Bartol, George E., United States, 242. 
 
 Basadre, Jorge, Peru, 277. 
 
 Basave y del Castillo Negrete, Carlos, Mexico, 262, 384. 
 
 Bates, Lindon, 62. 
 
 Bateman, J. H., 344. 
 
 Bayard, Thomas, II. 
 
 Beale, Truxtun, 119. 
 
 Beans, peas and barley, imports of, into Leeward Islands. 329. 
 
 Beche-de-mer industry of Queensland, the, 68. 
 
 Beef, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Beef, dressed, exports of, from Venezuela, 242. 
 
 Beef extract, exports of. from the Argentine Republic, 240. 
 
 Beef, jerked, exports of, from Argentine Republic, 240; exports 
 of, from Urugu.iy to the United States, 301. 
 
 Beef, preserved, exports of, from the Argentine Republic, 240. 
 
 Beer, foreign, in Mexico, 260. 
 
 Beer, spirits and wine, imports of, into New Zealand, 56. 
 
 Beernaert, Mr., 177. 
 
 Beet growth, effect of nitrate of soda on, 257. 
 
 Belgium, deposits of iron ore in, 366; duty of. on raw cacao and 
 sugar, 381; exports of iron ore from, 366; exports from, to the 
 Argentine Republic, 241; exports from, to Mexico, 26a: exports 
 from, to New' South Wales, 40; imports of iron ore into, 366: 
 imports into, from the Argentine Republic, 241; imports into, 
 from New South Wales, 40; imports into, from the United 
 States, 22, 24; imports of nitrate into, 254; itnports of wool 
 from the Argentine Republic into, 184: production of iron ore 
 in, 365- 
 
 Beelen, Federico A., Chile, 384. 
 
 Bell, Geo. W., New South Wales, 42, 74, 100. 
 
 Belly, Felix, concession of, for the N.acragua Canal, 190. 
 
 Benton, Thos. H., 214. 
 
 Berliner,' Marcus, 185, 258, 384. 
 
 Bermuda, area of, 370; climate of, 370; effect of United States 
 tariff on, 370; exports from, 370: exports from, to Great Bri- 
 tain, United States and West Indies, 370; geography of, 370; 
 government of, 370; history of, 370; imports into, 370; imports 
 into, from Canada, Great Britain and United States, 370; im- 
 ports into, from the United States, 23; need of reciprocity 
 of, with the United States, 370; reciprocity treaty of. with the 
 United States, 371; tariff of, 370; trade of, with the United 
 States, 370. 
 
 Betocchi, Carlo. Italy, 157. i77, 3^4- 
 
 Betts. W. C, 379, 380, 382. 
 
 Bicycle, cost of, 180; first complete patent for, obtained in the 
 United States, 180; industry, .in the United States, 180; inven- 
 tion of the. 180; trust in England. 180. 
 
 Bicycles, exports of, from the United States, 180; output of, by the 
 American Bicycle Co., 181; prices of, in the United States. 181. 
 
 Biddle, A. J. Drexel, 343. 384, 416. 
 
 Biddle. Charles M.. United States. 340. 
 
 Bills of Exchange suggested for delivery of goods, 352. 
 
 Bingham, H. H.. United States, 160, 163, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 
 '176, 181, 185. 186, 188. 
 
 Biographies of foreign delegates, 383. 
 
 Birkinbine, John, 364. 
 
 Bismarck. I'rince. on the importance of schools, 29. 
 
 Bismuth ores in Bolivia, 278. 
 
 Bitters, imports of, into Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Black, M.-ijor, United States, 235, 372. 
 
 Blacking, trade in, in India, 128. 
 
 Bliss, Cornelius N., United States, 80, 83, 85. 86, 87, 92, 93. 96, 
 97, 99, 100, 106. 
 
 Board of experts, in New South Wales, 41. 
 
 Board of Trade, National. 169; proposed in Spain, 294. 
 
 Boats and ships, imports of, into Spain, 295. 
 
 Bocca, Ferdinand, Italy, 385. 
 
 Boilers for Germany must be constructed according to German 
 regulations, 377; imports of, into Germany, from Great Bri- 
 tain, 377; market in Germany for American, 377. 
 
 Bole, D. W., Canada, 36, 375. 
 
INTEENATIOjSTAL commeecial congeess 
 
 423 
 
 Bolet Peraza, Nicanor, Honduras, 271, 275, 385. 
 Bolivia, antimony ores in, 278; area of, 278; bismuth ores in, 278; 
 cabinet wood of. 278; copper production of, 278; currency of. 
 279; drug wood trees of, 278; dyewoods of, 278; exports of. 
 compared with Para, 273; forests of. 278; gold mines of, 279; 
 industrial condition of, 279; internal improvements proposed 
 in, 2;g: need of transportation facilities to, 279; opportunites 
 for capital in, 279; population of, 278; attitude of, toward 
 Panama Canal, 176; rubber industry of, 278; silver production 
 of. 278; tin ore deposits of, 278; trade mark agreements of, 
 with France and Great Britain, 312. 
 
 Bonay. M. de, report of, on uniform standard of measurement, 172. 
 
 Bone ash, exports of. from the Argentine Republic, 240. 
 
 Bones, exports of. from Uruguay to the United States, 301. 
 
 Bonilla. Cjen. Policarpo, Honduras, 343. 
 
 Booby egg trade of Jamaica, 323. 
 
 Books, imports of, into Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Books, maps, etc., trade in, in India, 128. 
 
 Books, paper and printing industry of New South Wales, 41. 
 
 Books, stationery and paper, imports of, into New Zealand. 56. 
 
 Boots and shoes, exports of, from Spain, 294; imports of, into Lee- 
 ward Islands, 329; imports of. into New South Wales, 41. 
 
 Boots and shoes and leather, trade in, in India, 129. 
 
 Boston Fruit Company, 324. 
 
 Botanical department. Jamaica, 325. 
 
 Bowden, Herbert. Queensland, 67. 
 
 Braddon, Edward, 75. 
 
 Bran, exports of, from the Argentine Republic, 240. 
 
 Brass and manufactures of, trade in, in India, 128. 
 
 "Brazil and its Resources," 272. 
 
 Brazil, area of, 210, 243; business methods of, 208: character of 
 people of. 210; climate of, 210, 272; coffee industry of, 243. 274: 
 competition in, 209; cotton goods trade of, with England. 
 275; credits in, 2og; direct steamship line to the United States 
 needed in, 209, 244. 275; educational appropriations in, 274; 
 efficiency of United States consular service in. 208; exports 
 from, by articles, 274; exports from, to the United States, 244: 
 exports of coffee from, 274, 355; exports of rubber from. 274: 
 government of, 272; immigration into, 209; imports into, from 
 Paraguay, 251; imports into, from the United States, 244. 347; 
 275; imports of drygoods into. 275; market for United States 
 coal in, 244; need of a United States bank in. 244; opportunitie; 
 in. for United States goods, 208: proposed subsidization of 
 steamship lines in, 209; railways of. 244; topography of, 272; 
 trade-mark agreement of. with the United States, Germany 
 and France. 312; trade of. w-ith the United States. 17, 208, 274. 
 
 Brazil. Southern. German bank in, 211; steamship lines to, 211: 
 supremacy in, 211; need of a United States bank and steam- 
 ship line in, 211; opportunities in, 211; products of, 210. 
 
 Brazilian manganese, market for, in the United States, 208. 
 
 Bread eaters of the world, 233. 
 
 Bread, imports of, into Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Breadstuffs. exports of, from Canada, 29. 
 
 Breweries of Sao Paulo, Brazil. 245. 
 
 Brewster, Samuel D., 80. 
 
 Bricks, imports of, into Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Brigandage in Southern China, 347. 
 
 British Africa, imports into, from the United States, 23. 
 
 British China, imports into, from the United States. 23. 
 
 British East Indies, imports into, from the United States, 23. 
 
 British goods. Canadian preferential tariff on. 28. 
 
 British Guiana, imports into, from the United States. 23. 
 
 British Honduras, imports into, from the United States. 23. 
 
 British India, population of. 233; wheat production of, 233. 
 
 British North America, imports into, from the United States, 22, 
 
 23- 
 
 British West Indies and the United States, trade per capita of. 2$. 
 
 British West Indies, imports into, from the United States, 22, 2^ 
 
 Brijckelmann. Fritz A.. China. 347, 385. 
 
 Bronzes, production of, in Japan, 358. 
 
 Brooks, Dr., nitrate expert. 256. 
 
 Brough, Bennett H., 365. 
 
 Brouwer. Jacques de, Belgium. 385. 
 
 Brown hematite, production of, in the LTnited States, 368. 
 
 Brown, J. L. M., Cape Colony, 343. 
 
 Brushes, trade in. in India, 128. 
 
 Bruun, H. M., Denmark, 385. 
 
 Bryan. Charles Page, 208. 
 
 Buchanan. W. I., 248. 
 
 Buckwheat, production of, in Japan, 358. 
 
 Buenos Aires, banks of, 239; climate of, 239; death-rate of. 239: 
 development of, 245: docks of, 239; drainage of, 239; news- 
 papers of, 239: population of, 2,39; railways of, 239. 
 
 Building materials, lumber and timber, imports of, into Spain, 295. 
 
 Building materials in New South Wales, 41. 
 
 Bulgaria, as a market for United States machinery, 3:^3; maize 
 imports and exports of, compared, 234: population of, 233; 
 wheat imports and exports of, 234; wheat production of, 233. 
 
 Bundell, F.. Secretary Institute of Jamaica, 325. 
 
 Bureau of Commercial Information, in Spain, to be given greater 
 power, 294. 
 
 Bushel measure, variation in, in the United States, 174. 
 
 Business companies in Japan, 358. 
 
 Business integrity in Mexico, 261. 
 
 Business methods, American and European, compared, 132. 
 
 Business methods of Argentine Republic. 237. 245; of Brazil, 208; 
 of Costa Rica, 268; of Chile, 280, 281 ; of New South Wales, 47. 
 
 Business methods of the United States, in Mexico, 261. 
 
 Butcher. Thomas S., Mexico, 334, 335, 338, 339, 362, 385. 
 
 Butter and cheese trade of Canada, 30. 
 
 Butter, exports of, from the Argentine Republic, 240; from Can- 
 ada, 29; from New South Wales, 40, 44; from Victoria. 49. 
 
 Butter, imports of, into Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Butter inspection in Victoria, 49. 
 
 Buying capacity of New South Wales, 45. 
 
 Cabinet wood of Bolivia, 278. 
 
 Cable connections with Haiti, 300. 
 
 Cable, necessity of a Pacific. 116, 117, 122; ownership of pr(ip(j.-i-d 
 Pacific, 117; proposed routes for Pacific, 117. 
 
 Cabling to Far East, difficulty of, 116. 
 
 Cacao crop, of Para, 273. 
 
 Cacao industry of Costa Rica, 267. 
 
 Cacao production, in Ecuador, 285, 330. 
 
 Cadoret, Prof., nitrate expert, 256. 
 
 Calder, H. K., Queensland, Australia, 71. 
 
 Calderon, Climaco, Colombia, igo. 
 
 California, acquisition of, by the United States, 205; gold output 
 of, 217; similarity of, to Chile, 279: similarity of, to Persia. 
 121; wheat crop of, 217. 
 
 Calvo, J. B., Costa Rica, 189. 268, 386. 
 
 Camphor, exports of, from Japan to the United States, 124. 
 
 Campos, Brazil, suggestions from, 371. 
 
 Canada, butter and cheese trade of, 30; canals of, 30; canning in- 
 dustry of. 30; copper deposits in. 36; cotton industry of. 29: 
 deposits of iron ore in, 367; effect of United States navigation 
 laws on, II, 34, 36: egg trade of. 29, 30; exports of animals, 
 bacon and hams, breadstufifs. butter, cheese, coal and coke, 
 fish, fruit, furs, gold and silver, hides, leather, metals, provi- 
 sions, vegetables, and w-ood and its manufactures from. 29: 
 exports of wood-pulp from, 230: exports from, to New South 
 Wales, 39; exports from, to the United States, 347; fishing 
 industry of, ,30; foreign trade of, 27; government relations of, 
 with Great Britain, 28; grain trade of, 29; imports and exports 
 of, 28; imports of manufactured goods into, from the United 
 States, 347; imports into, from New South Wales, 39; imports 
 into, from the United Kingdom, 347: imports into, per capita, 
 from the United States, 347; live-stock trade of. 29: nickel 
 deposits in, 36; packing goods for, 347; paper and pulp in- 
 dustry of, 29; population of. 233, 347; postage to, from the 
 United States, ,347; poultry trade of, 30; preferential tariff of, 
 on British goods, 28; production of iron ore in, 365; pro- 
 duction of pig iron in. 365; railways of, 30; sawmills of, 30: 
 trade of, wth Great Britain, 28; trade of, with the United 
 States, 24, 28, 347; waterways of, 30; wheat production of, 233; 
 
 "Canadian Trade with the United States," 347. 
 
 Canal development in Germany, 189. 292; in Russia, 189. 
 
 Canal. Erie, cost, length and improvement of, 215. 
 
 Canal, Isthmian, 162; benefits of, 195; benefit of. to Great Britain, 
 194: benefit of. to Peru, 276; estimated cost of. 193; must be 
 built and controlled by the United States. 193; need of an, 
 122, 198. 330. 331; attitude of Costa Rica tow-ards, 189; reso- 
 lution regarding, 314, 340. 
 
 Canal, Nicaragua, advantages of, over Panama, 200: concession 
 for, 190: eilect of, on Costa Rica and Nicaragua, 194: esti- 
 mated saving of, 189: estimated toll, expenses and profit of, 
 igg; position of Costa Rica regarding, 190. 
 
 Canal, Panama, advantages of. 190. 191: advantages of. over Ni- 
 caragua, 195, 196, 197, 350; attitude of Bolivia toward, 196: 
 benefits of the. 196; Colombian subsidization of, 202; influence 
 of, on United States export trade, 192: length, depth and width 
 of, 192: propositions for, 190; questions of United States 
 ownership of, 192: relation of Panama railroad to, 192, 197. • 
 
 Canal rates. United States, 231. 
 
 Canal, Suez, charges, cost, and dividends of, 200; saving of, 189. 
 
 Canal traffic of New York, decline in, 215. 
 
 Canals, Canadian. 30. 
 
 Canals, Nicaragua and Panama, cost of construction and opera- 
 tion, 199; economy of navigable distances of, 198; local earn- 
 
424 
 
 INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 
 
 iiig capacity of, compared, 200; supply of lockage water of, 
 igu; comparison of distances saved by, 202; facility of con- 
 struction of, 199; lengtli of, compared, iy8. 201; sanitary con- 
 ditions of, compared, 198. 
 
 Canals, proposed, in Germany, 231. 
 
 Canals, Suez and St. Mary's, compared, 35. 
 
 Canals, superseded by railways, 215. 
 
 Canals, United States, causes of decline of, 216. 
 
 Cafias, Don Antonio Jose. 190. 
 
 Candamo, Manuel, Peru, 343. 
 
 Candles, trade in, in India, 128. 
 
 Canning industry of Canada, ,30. 
 
 Cape Colony, exports of diamonds and gold from, 185; exports 
 of wool from, 186; exports, total from, 185; imports into, 
 value, l8s; imports into, from United States, 185; population 
 of. 185: reciprocity of. with the United States, 186. 
 
 Cape to Cairo railway, proposed, 195. 
 
 Capital m Persia, foreign, 120. 
 
 Capital, influx of, in Spain, 296. 
 
 Capital, needed in Cuba, 212; in Peru, 276; in tropical countries, 
 .320. 
 
 Capital, opportunities for in Bolivia, 279; in Chile, 280; in Ecuador, 
 286; in Honduras, 271; in Jamaica, 319; in Mexico, 261, 262; 
 in New South Wales, 41: in Peru, 276. 
 
 Carbons, electric, duty on, in the United States, 378, 379. 
 
 Carbonate, production of, in the United States, 368. 
 
 Carhonell, W., Francisco, Colombia, 386. 
 
 Cardenas, .\dan, 343. 
 
 Caribbean Sea fisheries develoi)nicnt syndicate, ;^22. 
 
 Carpenter. H. C, United States, 235, 372. 
 
 Carpets, exports of, from Japan and Kobe to the United States, 
 124. 
 
 Carriage-Builders' technical schools in the United States, 364. 
 
 "Carriage Building Industry," 363. 
 
 Carriage, saddlery and harness industries in New South Wales, 41. 
 
 Carriages, cars, etc., trade in, in India, 128; increased exports of, 
 from the United States, 205. 
 
 Carriages, exports of, from the United States, 364; imports of, 
 into Leeward Islands, 329; imports of, into Mexico, from the 
 Ujiited States, 260. 
 
 Carroll, Mr., manufacturer of first bicycle, 180. 
 
 Carson, J. M., United States, 150. 
 
 Casings, exports of, from Uruguay to the United States, 301. 
 
 Cassarini, Prof., 256. 
 
 Castellano, Julio A., Colombia, 386. 
 
 Catalogues, value of, in Australia, 52; English, useless in Germany,, 
 377; English, useless in Central America, 349. 
 
 Cattle, exports of, from the .\rgentine Republic, 240; from Mon- 
 treal, 29. 
 
 Cattle, in Natal. 187; in New South Wales, 40. 44: in Queensland. 
 62, 65; in Uruguay, 302; in Venezuela, 242. 
 
 Cattle industry, of Costa Rica, 267; of Nicaragua. 270; of Rio 
 (jrande do Sul, 274; of Western .\ustralia. 72. 
 
 Ceara, products of, 273, 
 
 Cement, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Cement (Portland) manufacture of, at Sao Paulo, 245; in Kiu^hiu, 
 Japan, 356. 
 
 Central America and United .States, trade of, per capita, 25. 
 
 Central .'\merica, catalogues useless in, 349; geography of. 270; 
 imports into, from the United States, 24; need of American 
 agents in, 349; need of samples in, 349. 
 
 Cerro de Pasco, mining district of, 276. 
 
 Ceylon and India, exports from, to New .South Wales, 39; imports 
 into, from New .Scnith Wales, 39. 
 
 Chamberlain, J., United Kingdom, 49, 76. 
 
 Chambers of commerce, organization of central intern.ilion.il ol'licc 
 of, proposed, 178. 
 
 Chambers of commerce, congress of Spanish, 294. 
 
 Chambers of commerce in the United States on the Dcunestic 
 Advisory Board, 418. 
 
 Chambers of commerce, work, inthience and sphere of, 177. 
 
 Chandeliers and lamps, trade in, in India, 129. 
 
 Charcoal, reipiired in production of pig iron, 365. 
 
 Cheese and butter trade of Canada, 30. 
 
 Cheese, exports of, from Canada, 29; imports of, into the Lee- 
 ward Islands, 329; production of, in New South Wales, 40, 44. 
 
 Chemical industries in the United States, development of. 254. 
 
 Chemical industries, utility of nitrate of soda in, 254. 
 
 Chemical products, imjjorts of. into Spain, 295. 
 
 Chemicals, drugs and medicines, trade in. in India, 128. 
 
 Chemicals, imports of, into the Leeward Islands from the United 
 Slates, 329; imports of, into Mexicr), [mm the Lhiited Slates, 
 260. 
 
 Chemicals, increased exports of, from the United States, 205. 
 
 Chemicals, production of, in Sweden, 297. 
 
 Chemnitz, Germany, exports of. to the United .Stiiles, 289. 
 
 Chile, agricultural zone of, 269; arbitration in, 269; area of, 269, 
 279; business methods in. 281: climate of, 269; coal deposits 
 in, 280; commercial conditions in, 28r; copper mining in, 279: 
 decline of agriculture in, 279; education in, 269; English and 
 German business methods in, 280; English influence in. 280; 
 exports from, 254, 280; exports of nitrate from, to Belgium, 
 Great Britain, France, Germany, and the United States, 254; 
 fisheries zone of, 269; forests of, 280; government of, 269; im- 
 ports into, 280; industries of, 269; lumber of, 280; lumber zone 
 of, 269; manufacturing in, 280; mineral zone of, 269; need of 
 United States steamship line to, 280; nitrate fields of, 254; 
 nitrate industry of, 280; opportunities for capital and young 
 men in, 280; population of. 133, 269, 279; reciprocity of, with 
 the United States needed, 280; similarity of, to California, 
 279; trade of, 280; transportation facilities to, 260; vine culture 
 in, 280; wheat production in, 233. 
 
 China, area of, 81; brigandage in Southern, 347; cotton goods 
 trade of, 82, 95, 96, 97; currency and coinage of. 92; delivery 
 of goods in, 82; desirability of parcels post with, 82; disad- 
 vantage of silver basis in. 93; early agriculture and finances 
 of, 88; early inventions of. 87; early legislation in, 88; Eng- 
 land's position in, 86, 89; English cottons in. 96, 97; exports 
 from, to Japan, 357; exports from, to New South Wales, 40: ex- 
 ports from, to New Zealand, 56; flour trade of. 95; French in- 
 fluence in, 88; imports and exports of gold to and from, 93; 
 imports into, from Japan, 357; imports into, from New South 
 Wales, 40; imports into, from the United States, 22, 24; in- 
 crease of native merchants in, gi; need of unifonn weights 
 and measures in, 91; open door policy in. 86. 94. 100; opening 
 of, 89; opportunity for the United States in, 89; packing goods 
 for, 81; population of, 81, 87, 95; possibilities of, 290; pro- 
 posed International Institute of "Trade for. 90; quality of goods 
 for, 82; railways in, 95, 215; reorganization of, proposed. 89; 
 riglits of the United States in. 82, 85, 98, too; Russian in- 
 fluence in, 89; sample warehouse in, proposed, 82; spheres of 
 influence in, 86, 94; status of foreign merchants in, 91; trade- 
 marks in, 81, 312; trade of, 88, 91, 95; trade of Southern, de- 
 creasing, 348; trade of, with Japan, 357; trade possibilities of, 
 82, 103; trade of, with ForuKisa, 124; trade of, with the United 
 States, 81, 97, ?I4. 
 
 Chinese, in Peru, 277; in the Philippines, 85, 97. 
 
 Chinese restriction, 97, 105, 130; resolution regarding, 313, 336. 
 
 Chocolate, United States duty on iinports of, from Germany, 
 France. Holland. Belgium, Switzerland and United King- 
 dom, ,■381. 
 
 Chow Tsz Chi, China, 275, 386. 
 
 Cigarettes, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Cigars, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Cigars, tobacco and snuft', imports of, into Spain, 295. 
 
 Cities of JJapan, 360. 
 
 Citrus fruit industry of Jamaica. 324. 
 
 Civilization, degree of, in the riiilippines. 206; expansion a neces- 
 sary principle of, 207. 
 
 Civilization in America, 283. 
 
 Clark, William Grant, Queensland, 66, 218. 
 
 Clarke, Sir Andrew, Victoria, ir. 48, 75, 78. 79, 
 
 Clarke, George C, 80. 
 
 Clay, fire, production of, in Sweden, 297. 
 
 Clocks and watches, trade in. in India, 128. 
 
 Clothing and textile fabric industries in New South Wales. 41. 
 
 Coal and coke, exports of, from Canada, 29; imports of, into -Spain, 
 
 295- 
 
 Coal and iron, factors in commercial supremacy. 290. 
 
 Coal, bearing of. on development of nations, 289; deposits of. in 
 Chile, 280; exports of, from New South Wales, 40; exports 
 of, from New Zealand. 56; imports of. into .\den. 26; imports 
 of, into Kiushiu, Japan, from United Kingdom, 355; imports 
 of, into the Leeward Islands, 329; production of, in .-Xustria- 
 Hungary, 224; production of, in Kiushiu, Japan, 355; produc- 
 tion of, in Japan, 358; production of, in New South Wales, 38, 
 40; production of, in Natal, 187; production of, in Sweden. 
 297; production of, in Victoria, 48; required in production of 
 pig iron, 365; United States, market for, in Brazil, 244. 
 
 Coal mines of Japan, III, 358. 
 
 Coal mining in New Zealand, 57. 
 
 Coal oil, production of, in Japan, 358. 
 
 Coast line of Norway, 230. 
 
 Coasting trade of the United States. 115. 
 
 Cdb.alt oxide, production of, in Sweden, 297. 
 
 Cockburn. John A., South Australia, 11. 13. 68, 75, 79, 146. 
 
 Cockshutt, W. F., Canada, 3H6. 
 
 Cocoanuts. exports of, from Jamaica to the United States. 326. 
 
 Cocoons, production of, in Japan, 358. 
 
 CofTee. decline in price of. 243, 354; duty on, in Austria, England, 
 France and Italy, 244. 
 
INTEKNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 425 
 
 Coffee, exports of, from Aden, 27; from Brazil, 274. 355; from 
 Haiti, 298; from Jamaica, 324; from Jamaica to the United 
 States, 326; from Mexico, 259; from Venezuela, 242. 
 
 Cofifee, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329; into Spain, 295; 
 into the United States, 32. 
 
 CofTee industry, of Brazil, 274; of Costa Rica, 267; of Guatemala, 
 350; of Jamaica, 324; of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 243. 
 
 Cofifee market, American, 32. 
 
 CofTee production in Brazil, 243; in Costa Rica, 267; in Ecuador, 
 285; in Paraguay, 251; in Sao Paulo, Brazil, 243; world's 
 
 243- 
 
 Cofifee, speculation in, 244. 
 
 Coke and coal, imports of, into Spain, 295. 
 
 Colombia and Para, exports from, 273. 
 
 Colombia, subsidization of Panama Canal by. 202. 
 
 Colombia, trade-mark agreements of, with France and Great Bri- 
 tain, 312. 
 
 Colorado, gold, lead and silver production of, 217; iron ore and 
 pig iron production of, 369. 
 
 Columbia River ports, flour exports from, 217. 
 
 Columbia River Valley, wheat shipments from, 217. 
 
 Commerce, a harbinger of peace, i, 4, 13. 15, 204, 331. 
 
 Commerce and industry, proposed department of, in the United 
 States. i6g. 
 
 Commerce and navigation of Para, 273. 
 
 Commerce, chambers of, work, influence, and sphere of. 177. 
 
 Commerce, importance of, 50. 
 
 Commerce of Croatia, 297; of Mexico, 259. 
 
 Commerce, reciprocal influence of, 170; value and importance of 
 trade-marks in, 304. 
 
 Commercial attaches to Spanish legations, proposed, 294. 
 
 Commercial combinations, value of trade-mark in, .^og. 
 
 Commercial companies in Japan. 358. 
 
 Commercial conditions in Chile. 281. 
 
 "Commercial conditions of Paraguay," 249. 
 
 Commercial Congress, a permanent, suggested, 371; international, 
 presentation committee of, 341; international, results of, 343. 
 
 "Commercial development in the Balkan Peninsula," 332. 
 
 Commercial development, bearing of industrial education on, 291. 
 
 Commercial development of Germany, 291. 
 
 "Commercial Education," 139. 
 ..Commercial education, 139, 141, 146, 153; in the United States, 
 228; in Japan, 229; need of, in the United States, 229, 232. 
 
 Commercial integrity in the Argentine Republic, 237; in Japan, 
 360; in Mexico, 362. 
 
 Commercial language, need of a uniform, 371. 
 
 Commercial Museum, Austria, nature of, 226. 
 
 Commercial Museum of Philadelphia, nature of, 178, 284, 290, 374. 
 
 Commercial Museum, Philadelphia, members of Advisory Board 
 of, 343; opinions of some delegates concerning the work of 
 the, 416; proposed change of name of, 342; sketch of, 414. 
 
 Commercial Museum of Japan, Lnperial, 112. 
 
 Commercial museums, proposed establishment of. in all countries, 
 resolution regarding. 335. 336. 
 
 Commercial museums, work, nature and growth of, 177. 
 
 Commercial nomenclature, code of. 176. 
 
 Commercial organizations. European and American, compared. 134. 
 
 Commercial outlook of Spain. 294. 296. 
 
 Commercial questions, growing importance of, 205. 
 
 Commercial ratings, bureau of. suggested for Italy. 371. 
 
 "Commercial Relations between Asiatic Turkey and the United 
 States." 362. 
 
 "Commercial Relations between Japan and the United Stat'^s," 
 ,361, 112. 
 
 "Commercial Resources of Kiushiu, Japan," 355. 
 
 Commercial School of Japan, 229. 
 -Commercial schools in the United States, need of higher, 228. 
 
 Commercial supremacy, changes in, 289; coal and iron as factors 
 in, 290. 
 
 Commercial traveler of the United States and Germany, compari- 
 son of, 248. 
 
 Commercial treaties, adoption by the United States of the Euro- 
 pean system of, 382. 
 
 Communication in Mexico, 261. 
 
 Competition, efifect of, on trade-mark system, 306. 
 
 Competition in Brazil, 209. 
 
 Concentration plants, opportunity for. in Peru. 276. 
 
 "Concerning Parcels Post," 371. 
 
 Congress of chambers of commerce, in Spain, 294. 
 
 Connecticut, production of iron ore and pig iron in. 369. 
 
 Conradty. C, Nuremburg, Germany, 378. 
 
 Consular reports. United States, publication of. 229. 
 
 Consular school, Vienna export Acedemy as a. 226. 
 
 Consular service of the United States, character of, 203: efficiency 
 of, in Brazil, 208; bill for reforms in. 204; defense of. 229; 
 reform of, advocated, 203, 331; weakness of the, 280. 
 
 Consuls of United States, alleged exorbitant charges by, in Ger- 
 many, 373. 
 
 Consumption, relation of, to production in the United States, 23. 
 
 Convention for the protection of industrial property, action of 
 the, 309. 
 
 Cook, Joel. United States. 170, 336. 
 
 Co-operation between principal and agent in Australia, 52. 
 
 Co-operation necessary among producing nations. 7. 
 
 Copper deposits of, in Canada, 36. 
 
 Copper, exports of, 294; from Mexico, 259. 
 
 Copper manufactures of the United States, increased exports of, 
 
 -OS- 
 Copper mining in Chile, 279; in Mexico, 263. 
 Copper ore. exports of, from Peru, 276; from Spain, 294; pro- 
 duction of, in Sweden, 297. 
 Copper production, of Bolivia, 278; of Japan. 358; of Mexico, 263; 
 
 of New South Wales, 38, 40, 70; of Sweden, 297. 
 Copper sulphate, production of, in Sweden. 297. 
 Cordage and naval stores, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 
 
 329- 
 
 Cordes, Albert, 80. 
 
 Corca, Luis F., Nicaragua, 270, 386. 
 
 Cork, exports of. from Spain. 294. 
 
 Corn and wheat, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Corn crop of Paraguay. 250. 
 
 Correspondence, use of. in foreign trade. 134. 
 
 Costa Rica, attitude of, toward Isthmian canal, 189; attitude of, 
 toward Nicaraguan Canal, 194; banana industry of, 267; busi- 
 ness methods of, 268: cacao industry of. 267; cattle industry 
 of, 267; climate of, 267; cofTee industry of, 267; foreigners in. 
 265; German travelers in, 265: gold mining in, 268: land 
 ownership in, 267; mines of, 268; need of United States trav- 
 elers in, 265; effect of the Nicaragua Canal on, 194; oppor- 
 tunities for investment in, 266: packing goods for, 265; par- 
 cels post in, 154; population of. 264. 265. 266; protection of 
 life and property in. 265. 267, 268; relations of, with Nica- 
 ragua. IQO: rubber industry of. 267; statistical bureau of, 267; 
 trade with the United States, 265, 267, 268. 
 
 Costa Rica, trade-mark agreement of, with France. 312; with Great 
 Britain, 268. 
 
 Cotton cloth, exports of, from the United States to Japan, in. 
 
 Cotton, exports of, from Peru, 277; exports of, from the United 
 States to Japan, 113, 122, 124, 357; imports of, into Spain, 
 295; production of, in Japan, 358. 
 
 Cotton goods, complaint against duty of Germany on, 379: Eng- 
 lish trade in, with Brazil, 275; English trade in, with China, 
 97; trade of China. 95, 97; production of. in Japan, 358; pro- 
 duction of, in the United States and England, compared, 246. 
 
 Cotton goods industry in Austria-Hungary and in Germany, 379. 
 
 Cotton manufacture, in Canada, 29; in Kiushiu, Japan. 356; in 
 Sao Paulo, Brazil, 245. 
 
 Cotton manufactures, in India, 128; exports of, from Spain, 294; 
 imports of, into Spain, 295; increased exports of, from the 
 United States, 205. 
 
 Cotton manufacturing industry of Mexico, 259; of the United 
 States, 32. 
 
 Cotton oil, increased exports of, from the United States. 205. 
 
 Cotton piece goods trade between China and the United States. 82. 
 
 Cotton production in Haiti. 299; in Paraguay. 251; in Persia, 121; 
 in Peru, 277; in the United States, .33. 
 
 Cotton spinning industry in Japan, 109. 
 
 Cotton textiles, imports of, into Mexico, 259. 
 
 Cotton varn, imports of, into Spain, 295; production of. in Japan. 
 358." 
 
 Countries of the future, leading, 290. 
 
 Cow and ox (salted), exports of, from the Argentine Republic, 240. 
 
 Coward, W., Belgium, 343. 
 
 Cowperthwait, J. F., 80. 
 
 Craig, Hugh, United States, 343. 
 
 Cramp, Charles H., United States, 9. 
 
 Credit, in Argentine Republic. 238; in Balkan States, ^x^'- in 
 Brazil. 209; in Guatemala, 350; in Haiti, 299; in Jamaica. 3,-6; 
 in Mexico. 260; in the Far East. 85: in Nicaragua, 270. 
 
 "Croatia and her Commerce," 297. 
 
 Cronkhite. E. P., 80. 
 
 Crookes, Sir Wm., regarding decline in wheat production, 181; 
 prophesy of, on wheat famine, 255. 
 
 Crops of Nebraska, 216. 
 
 Cuba, area of, 212; demand for American goods in, 212; deposits 
 of iron ore in, 367; development of, 212: early exports, im- 
 ports, population and trade of, 211; exports from, to Mexico. 
 260; exports from, to the United States. 212; future market for. 
 in the United States. 212; imports into, from the United States. 
 24; need of capital in. 212: labor in, 212: population of. 212: 
 production of iron ore in, 365; sample warehouse in, suggested, 
 212; sugar industry of, 212; tobacco industry of, 212. 
 
426 
 
 INDEX TO THE PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 
 
 Cuban Educational Association of the United States, 284, 
 
 Currency and coinage of China, 92 
 
 Currency fluctuations in Mexico, 260. 
 
 Currency, of Bolivia, 279; of Japan, old and new, 109; of Mexico, 
 259; of Persia. 120; in the Philippines, 85; of Uruguay, .^oi. 
 
 Currency, relation of, to trade, 20 
 
 Curtis, Wm. E., 247. 
 
 Custom house schedules, reform needed in, 371. 
 
 Customs Advisory Board, formation of, 374, 375, 379, 380; pro- 
 posed for the United States, 374, 376, 380, 382; resolution of 
 German- American Commission regarding, 379, 380; recom- 
 mended by the German-American Commission, 235. 
 
 Customs .Vdvisory Board of Austria, 376, 380. 
 
 Customs appraisers in the United States, arbitrary methods of, 
 378; complaints against, 373. 375; need of limitation of powers 
 of, 225. 
 
 Customs disputes, decisions in, 375. 
 
 Customs practices in the United States, discussion of, 37^, 374. 375. 
 
 Customs register of articles, need of a more extensive, 374. 
 
 Cutlery and hardware trade in India, 128. 
 
 Cuyas, Antonio, Spain, 258, 293, 334, 335, 3^6, 339, 344, 387. 
 
 Dairy industry of New South Wales. 40, 44, 45; of New Zealand, 
 60; of Victoria, 48. 
 
 Dairy products, exports of, from Three Rivers, Canada, 316. 
 
 Daniels, George H., 282, 213. 
 
 Davey, A. E., South Australia, 344. 
 
 Davidson, W. S., Siberia, 258. 
 
 ■'Decrease in the World's Wool Production and the Importance 
 of .Argentina as a Source of Supply,'' 181. 
 
 Delegates, biographies of, 383; list of, to the International Com- 
 mercial Congress. 403. 
 
 Dellino, Antonio E., Venezuela, 241, 344. 387. 
 
 Delivery of goods, bills of exchange suggested for. 352. 
 
 Demand and supply displaced by speculation as a price-maker, 351. 
 
 Denmark, imports into, from the United States, 24. 
 
 Depew, Chauncey M., 214. 
 
 Diamond exports from Cape Colony, 185. 
 
 Diaz. .-Vbraham. Mexico, 263, 387, 416. 
 
 Diaz, Porfirio, President of Mexico, 362. 
 
 Dillon, Luis A., Ecuador, 343. 
 
 Dmglestedt & Co., Germany, 378. 
 
 Diplomatic service, members of foreign. 406. 
 
 Dividends declared in Japan, 359. 
 
 Doane, John E., Brazil, 387. 
 
 Dobell, R. R., Canada, 10, 34, 36. 343, 387. 
 
 Docks of Buenos Aires, 239; of Kobe, 123; of Japan, 356; of Syd- 
 ney. N. S. W., 39. 
 
 Domestic Advisory Board. Philadelphia Commercial Museum, 
 sketch of the, 418. 
 
 Dominica, area, 328; exports from, value and articles, 328; popula- 
 tion of, 328. 
 
 Dorn, Alexander von, Austria, 2^5, 341, 372, 37;^, 374, 375, 380, 
 382, 388. 
 
 Douet, G. A., .Secretary Agricultur.il Society of Jamaica, 325. 
 
 Dow. J. L., 49. 
 
 Dowler. Arthur E., China, 81. 388. 
 
 Downing & Co., R. p.. United States, 378. 
 
 Drainage of Buenos Aires, 239. 
 
 Drugs, chemicals and medicines, trade in. in India. 128. 
 
 Drugs and chemicals, imports of. into the Leeward Islands, 329, 
 
 Drugs, paints and chemicals, imports of, into Mexico from the 
 United States, 260. 
 
 Drug wood of Bolivia, 278. 
 
 Druinnu)nd, Henry' 216. 
 
 Dry docks of Japan. 356. 
 
 Dry goods, imports of, into Brazil. 275. 
 
 Duell. Chas. II., United States, 304, 308, 309, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315. 
 
 Duerden, J. E., Jamaica, 320. 
 
 Durban, population of, 187. 
 
 Duties, specific and ad valorem, 375. 
 
 Duval. George L., 279. 
 
 Dwyer, Michael, Canada, .388. 
 
 Dyer. Dr. Bernard, 256. I 
 
 Dye wood of Bolivia, 278. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eads, Jas. R., canal expert, 200. 
 
 Kchagaray. Salvador, Mexico, 259, 286, .388. 
 
 Ecuador, cacao production of, 285, 330; coffee production of, 285; 
 exports of hides from, 285, 330; exports from, compared with 
 Para, 273; fire insurance in. 286; health of, 286: Isthmian canal, 
 need of, in. 330; ivory nut production of, 285; mining industry 
 of, 285; opportunities for capital in, 286; ports of. 285; public 
 improvements in, 285; railways of, 285; resources of, 284: 
 
 rubber production of, 285: shipping route to, 330; sugar in- 
 dustry of, 285; trade-mark agreement of, with Great Britain, 
 312- 
 
 Eddy, Ulysses G., United States, 245. 
 
 Edmunds, George F.. United States, i. 2. 
 
 Education, appropriation for, in Brazil, 274. 
 
 Education, commercial, 132, 139, 141, 153; in Japan, 229; in United 
 States, 228. 
 
 Education, in Chile, 269; in China, 88; in Haiti, 299; in Japan, 
 112; in Nicaragua. 270; in Para. 273; in South .\ustralia. 70; 
 in Uruguay, 303. 
 
 Education, industrial, bearing of, on commercial development, 291. 
 
 Ivlucation, industrial, in Germany, 291. 
 
 Educational association suggested for America, 284. 
 
 "Effect of Brigandage upon Business in Southern China," 347. 
 
 Egg trade of Canada, 29. 30. 
 
 Egypt, maize imports and exports of, 234; wheat and rye imports 
 and exports of, 234. 
 
 Ehrmann, Felix, Panama, Colombia, 343, 349. 
 
 Electric carbons, duty on, in the United States, 378, 379. 
 
 Electric lighting at tlie Paris Exposition, 228; in Spain, 296. 
 
 Electric railway in Korea, 118. 
 
 Electrical and scientific instruments and apparatus, increased ex- 
 ports of. from the United States. 205. 
 
 Electrical apparatus, imports of. into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Electrical machinery, manufacture of, in the United States, 246. 
 
 Eliot. Chas. W., United States, 139. 
 
 Elkins, Wm. L., United States, 343. 
 
 Emory, Frederic, United States, 229. 
 
 England, cotton goods production of. 246; duty on coffee in, 244; 
 position of, in China, 86, 89: railway fares in. 217. 
 
 English and German business methods in Chile, 280. 
 
 English influence in Chile. 280. 
 
 Endicott, Mr., member of canal commission. 200. 
 
 Erie Canal, cost, length and improvement of. 215; decrease of 
 tonnage on, 215. 
 
 Espirito Santo. Brazil, products of, 273. 
 
 Europe, exports from, to New Zealand, 56; freight rates from, to 
 Panama, compared with those from New York. 348; imports 
 into, from Paraguay, 251; imports into, from the Uf^nited States, 
 22, 23, 24; imports of wheat into, 234; markets of, compared 
 with those of the Far East, 291: phase of trade in, 290: popu- 
 lation of, 290; trade-mark registration, necessity of. in. 311; 
 wheat production of, 233. 
 
 Europe. Northern, as a place for exports, 289. 
 
 European and American methods compared, as to business. 132. 
 1,33. 349; cost of transportation. 134, 283; commercial educa- 
 tion, 132; commercial organizations, 134; export business, 131: 
 factories, 133; labor, 134; packing, 129; and railways, 134. 
 
 European settlement of America, 209. 
 
 European ships carrying LTnited States goods, 283. 
 
 European system of commercial treaties, adoption of, by the 
 LTnited States, 375, 382. 
 
 Exchange, of Haiti. 299; of Panama, 258. 
 
 Expansion, necessary principle of civilization. 207; territorial, of 
 the United States, 205. 
 
 Expenditure of Japan, 360. 
 
 Expenditure of Mexico, total and detailed. 261. 
 
 Explosives and amnnmition, imports of. into the Leeward Is- 
 lands, 329. 
 
 Explosives and arms. im])orts of. into ^Mexico from the United 
 States. 260. 
 
 Export Academy, Vienna, objects, maintenance, arul course of 
 instruction of, 226. 
 
 Export merchants, utility of. in Australia, 50. 
 
 "Export of American Bicycles." 180. 
 
 Export trade, must develop simultaneously wiht impiu't trade, 382; 
 struggle for, by Germany, 232. 
 
 Exports and imports, classification of, in various countries, 165, 168. 
 
 Exports, from Aden. 126; from Antigua, articles and value. 32 ; 
 from Argentine Republic, articles, 238, 240; from .'\ustria-Hun- 
 gary, 223; from Bermuda, 370; from Brazil, articles, 274; from 
 Canada, 28; from Cape Colony, 185; from Chile. 280; from 
 Cuba. 2H; from Dominica, articles and value. 328: from Ecua- 
 dor, 285, 330; from Haiti, articles and value, 298. 2gg: from 
 Jamaica, 326; from Japan, 108, 113, 357; from Kiushiu, Japan, 
 355; from Leeward Islands, articles and value, 328; from 
 Mexico, 259; from Montserrat, articles and value, 328; from 
 New South Wales, 38, 39; from New Zealand, 55, 56, 60: 
 from Panama, articles and value, 258: from Para, 272, 273: 
 from Paraguay, value, 251; from Spain, articles and value. 
 294, 295; from St. Christopher, Nevis and .Anguilla. 328: from 
 Sweden, 297; from Three Rivers, 317; from the United States, 
 21, 205, 290; from Venezuela, value, 242; from Virgin Islands, 
 articles and value, 328. 
 
 Exposition of samples, a permanent, proposed for China. 98. 
 
INTEENATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 427 
 
 Faljrics, imports of, into Mexico from the United States, 260. 
 
 Factories in Hong Kong, 85. 
 
 Factories in Japan, 358. 
 
 Factory methods, United States and European, compare<l, 1,33. 
 
 F'airbanks, R. N., United States, 155. 
 
 Falkner, Roland P., United States, 146. 
 
 Fancy goods, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Far East and Russia, markets of the, compared, 291. 
 
 Far East, credit in the, 85; difficulty of cabling to the, 116; future 
 trade of the, 122; open door policy in the, 100; shipping facili- 
 ties to the, 283; supremacy of American goods in the, 213; 
 trade possibilities in the, 93, 95, 96, 291. 
 
 Farmer and manufacturer, close relationship of, 282. 
 
 Farmers' Alliance, failure of the, in the United States, 171. 
 
 Farmers, state bank credit to, in Russia, 171. 
 
 Farijuhar, A. B., United States, 252. 
 
 Fawcett, W., Director Botanical Department of Jamaica, 325. 
 
 Fearon, James S., China, 96, 99, 343. 
 
 Federation, Australian, 55, 67, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79. 
 
 Feldspar, production of, in Sweden, 297. 
 
 Felt hat manufacture in Sao Paulo, Brazil, 245. 
 
 Fernandez, Alauro, Costa Rica, 343. 
 
 Fertilizer, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329; use of nitrate 
 of soda as a, 254. 
 
 Fertilizer industry in the United States, 255, 
 
 Fibres, imports of textile, into Mexico, 259. 
 
 Field, Cyrus, United States, iiS. 
 
 Fiji, exports from, to New South Wales, 40; imports into, from 
 New South Wales, 40. 
 
 Finances of Japan, 360. 
 
 Fire-clay, production of, in Sweden, 297. 
 
 Firestone, C. D., United States, 363, 
 
 Fischer, Emil S., Austria-Hungary, 92, 188, 228, 234, 341, 388. 
 
 Fish, exports of, from Canada, 29; from Norway, 230; from the 
 United States, 21; imports of, into Jamaica, 322; imports of, 
 into the Leeward Islands, 329; imports of, into Spain, 295; pro- 
 duction of, in Jamaica, 322; production of, in New South 
 Wales, 45. 
 
 Fisheries Commission, experiments of the United States, in Porto 
 Rico, 322. 
 
 Fisheries zone of Chile, 269. 
 
 Fishing industry, of Canada, 30; of Jamaica, 322; of Kiushiu. Japan, 
 
 ass- 
 Flax culture in Minnesota, 282. 
 
 Flax, production of. in Japan, 358. 
 
 Flint. Charles R.. United States, 343. 
 
 Flour, exports of, from Columbia River ports and Pu.get Sound. 
 217; exports of, from Spain, 113; imports of, into Japan from 
 the United States, 113, 357; imports of, into the Leeward 
 Islands, 329: production of, in Minnesota, 282; trade of China, 
 95- 
 
 Food and drink industries of New South Wales, 41. 
 
 Foord. John, United States, 83, 98, 375. 
 
 Foot. James D., 80. 
 
 Foot measure, variation in the, 174. 
 
 Forbes, Francis, United States, 308. 312. 313, 314. 315, 336. 
 
 F^oreign delegates to the International Commercial Congress, list 
 
 of, 403. 
 "Foreign Trade Possibilities of the Far East," 93. 
 
 Foreign trade, use of correspondence in, 134. 
 
 Foreigners in Costa Rica, 265. 
 
 Forest products, of New South Wales, 45; exports of, from the 
 United States, 21. 
 
 Forests, of Bolivia, 278; of Chile, 28; of Nicaragua, 270; of Three 
 Rivers, Canada, 316. 
 
 Formosa, trade of, with China, Great Britain, Hong Kong and 
 
 the United States, 124. 
 Fox. Williams C, United States, 119, 376. 
 
 France, duty on coffee in, 244: duty on raw cacao and sugar in, 
 ,381; duty on wheat in, 233; exports from, to Argentine Re- 
 public, 241; exports from, to Haiti, 299; exports from, to 
 Japan. 357; exports from, to Mexico, 260; exports from, to 
 New South Wales, 40; exports of iron ore from, 366; im- 
 ports into, from Argentine Republic, 241 ; imports into, from 
 Japan. 357; imports into, from New South Wales, 40; im- 
 ports into, from the United States. 22: imports of iron ore 
 into, 366; imports of nitrate into, from Chile, 254; imports 
 of wool into, from Argentine Repitblic, 184; imports into, per 
 capita, from the United States. 347; iron industry of. 366; 
 packing in, compared with Germany, Great Britain and the 
 United States, 330: pig iron production of, 365; railway fares 
 in, 217: trade of. with Argentine Republic, 241; trade of, with 
 Japan. 357; trade of, with Mexico, 260; trade-mark agreements 
 of, with Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica. Guatemala, Mex- 
 ico, Peru and Venezuela, 312. 
 
 Frazar, Everett, United States, 85, 99, lofi, 107. 108. 110. 112. 
 
 IIS, 117. 118, 121, 124, 125, 127, 129, 130. 
 Freeman, Captain, developer of Jamaica, 325. 
 Free ports, proposed in Norwai', 230; statistics of, 165. 
 Free trade in artistic productions, plea for, 227; resolution regard- 
 ing, 335, 345- 
 Free trade, plea for, from Austria, 15, 377; England, 5; Germany, 
 
 6. 34; Italy, 289; New South Wales, 37; New Zealand, 55; 
 
 Uruguay, 302. 
 Freight rates, bearing of, on our South American trade. 349; from 
 
 Europe and New York to Panama, compared, 348; from the 
 
 United States to Italy, compared with parcels post rates from 
 
 Italy to foreign countries, 371; on the Panama Railroad, 348; 
 
 on parcels from the United States to Italy, 371; from the 
 
 United States to South America, 348. 
 "Freight Tariffs and Transportation Conveniences on the Isthmus 
 
 of Panama," 348. 
 French influence in China, 88. 
 Frers. Dr. Emilio, Argentine Republic, 343. 
 Frothingham, W. F'., 80. • 
 Frozen meat industry, of Argentine Republic. 240; of New South 
 
 Wales, 44; of New Zealand, 56, 60: of Victoria, 49. 
 Frozen sheep, exports of. from Argentine Republic, 240. 
 Fruit, exports of, from Canada, 29: exports of, from Spain, 294; 
 
 imports of, to the Leeward Islands, 329; imports of canned, to 
 
 the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 Fruit industry, of Jamaica. 319, 324, 325; of Natal, 187; of New 
 
 South Wales. 44; of Paraguay, 251; of South Australia, 69; 
 
 of Victoria. 49. 
 Fuchs. Julius, Doos, near Nurcmburg, Germany, 378. 
 I-'uel (other than coal), imports of, into the Leeward Islands. 329. 
 Fuel, required in production of pig iron, 365. 
 Furbish. Mr,, on the failure of the United States to adopt the 
 
 metric system, 175. 
 Furniture, demand for United States, in Natal. 187; imports of. 
 
 into the Leeward Islands, 329; trade in India, 129. 
 Furniture industry of New South Wales, 41. 
 Furs, exports of, from Canada, 29. 
 Furuya, T., Japan, 15, 115. 
 "Future Trade of the Far East," 122. 
 
 Gandhi, Virchand R., India, 127. 153. 
 
 Garland, Alejandro, Peru, 343, 
 
 Gas company of Guayaquil, Ecuador, 286, 
 
 Geissel, H. L,, United States. 235, 372, 373, 375, 376, 377, 379. 
 
 Geoft'rion, L. E., Canada, 389. 
 
 Geography, of Bermuda, 369: of Central America, 270; of Guate- 
 mala, 270; of the Leeward Islands, 327; of Panama, 258; of 
 Paraguay. 250, 
 
 Georgia, production of iron ore and pig iron in, 369, 
 
 German bank in Southern Brazil, 211. 
 
 German business methods in Chile, 280. 
 
 German clerks, in all countries, 291. 
 
 German commercial travelers, compared with American, 248; in 
 Costa Rica, 265. 
 
 German commercial unions, 292. 
 
 German element in the United States, 210, 292. 
 
 German influence in Russia, 292. 
 
 German manufacturers compared with American, 232. 
 
 German steamship lines to Southern Brazil, 211, 
 
 German supremacy in Southern Brazil. 211. 
 
 German-American Commission, membership of. 235; purpose of, 
 234; recommendations of, 235; report of, 234. 
 
 Germany, agents from, representing several firms, 290: boilers for, 
 must be constructed according to German regulations, 377; 
 canal building in, 292; canal development in, 189; canals pro- 
 posed in, 231; charges of U. S, consuls in, 373; catalogues in 
 English useless in, 377; commercial development of, 291; com- 
 plaint against duty of, on cotton goods, 379; complaints from, 
 against United States customs appraisers. 373; cotton goods 
 industry in, 379; decline of sheep-stock in, 182; deposits of 
 iron ore in, .365; development of manufactures in, 23: difficulty 
 of foreigner securing patent in, 315; difficulty of protecting 
 foreign patents in, 379; duty of, on cotton goods. 379; duty 
 of. on raw cacao and sugar, 381; export trade of, 232; ex- 
 ports of iron ore from, 366; exports from, to Argentine Re- 
 public. 241; exports from, to Guatemala, 350; exports from, 
 to Haiti, 299; exports from, to Japan, 357; exports from, to 
 Mexico, 260; exports from, to New South Wales, 40; imports 
 
 ' into, from Argentine Republic, 241; imports into, from Japan, 
 357; imports into, from New South Wales, 40: imports into, 
 from Three Rivers, Canada, 317: imports into, from the United 
 States, 24. 347; imports of bicycles into, from the United 
 States, 181; imports of boilers into, from Great Britain, 377; 
 
 ■■:_ imports of iron ore into, 366; imports of nitrate into, from 
 
428 
 
 INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 
 
 Chile. 254; imports of wool into, from Argentine Republic, 
 184: imiiistrial education in. 291: market for American boilers 
 .uul fittings in. Xi7\ methods of securing trade in, 291 : nuitual 
 ineresls of, with the United States, 5: need of reciprocity witli 
 the United States, 382: packing of, 292; packing in, compared 
 with France, Great Britain, and tlie United States. 330: patent 
 laws of. ,314: plea of. for free trade, 6; prices for, should 
 be quoted" c. i. f.. 377; production of iron ore and pig iron in, 
 .565: railway extension in, 215; registration of trade-marks in, 
 311: rural and urban population of, 292; shipbuilding in, 292; 
 "speculative trade in grain prohibited in, 354; trade of, com- 
 pared with (ireat Britain's, 292: trade of, in boilers, 377; trade 
 of. with Argentine Republic, 241; trade of. with the Balkan 
 Peninsula. 232; trade of, with Chile, 280; trade of, with Japan. 
 357; trade of. with Mexico, 260: trade of. with South America, 
 247; trade commissions of. 291; trade-mark agreement of, with 
 Brazil, Guatemala, Mexico and Venezuela, 312. 
 
 Gibraltar, imports of, from the United States, 23. 
 
 Gibson, Herbert, Argentine Republic, 16, 181. 
 
 Gilbert, Dr., nitrate expert, 256. 
 
 Gillies, Mr., 75, 76- 
 
 Ginger, exports of, from Jamaica, 326. 
 
 Glassware, imports of. into the Leeward Islands. 329. 
 
 Glue stock, exports of. from Uruguay, to the United States, 301. 
 
 Gold exports, from Canada, 29; from Cape Colony. 185; from 
 China. 03; from New South Wales. 40; from New Zealand, 56. 
 
 Gold fields, "of Australia, 37; of Queensland, 64, 65; of Western 
 .Australia, 38, 72. 
 
 Gold imports into Mexico, 259. 
 
 Gold mines, of Bolivia, 279; of Honduras, 271; of Nicaragua, 270. 
 
 C^iolil mining, in Costa Rica, 268; in Korea, 118; in New Zealand, 
 57; in Peru, 276: in Queensland, 63, 64; in Victoria, 48. 
 
 Gold production, of California, 217; of Colorado, 217; of Mexico, 
 260; of Japan, ,^58; of New South Wales, 38, 40; of Para, 273; 
 of Queensland, 64; of Sweden, 297; of Victoria, 48; of West- 
 ern Australia, 72. 
 
 Goldschmidt, Fricdrich, Germany, 5. 234. 372, 373. 374. 375. 389- 
 
 Gore, Thomas H., United States, 172. 
 
 Government, of Amazonas, Brazil, 273; of Argentine Republic, 
 240; of Bermuda, 370; of Brazil, 272: of Chile, 269: of Nica- 
 ragua, 270; of Panama, 258; of Para, 273; of the Philippines, 161. 
 
 Graqa, J. Cordeiro da. Brazil. 17. 272, ,309, 313. 315. ,M3. 344. 389- 
 
 Grain, consumption of, in New Zealand, 56; export duty on, pro- 
 posed for Roumania, Russia and the United States, 233. 
 
 Grain exporting countries, 232. 
 
 (Irain. exports of. from New South Wales, 40; from New Zealand. 
 56: from Roumania. 2^,^: speculative trade in. prohibited in 
 Germany. 354; transportation of. in the United States. 246. 
 
 Grain growing in Jalisco, Mexico, 262. 
 
 Grain products, exports of. from Canada, 29. 
 
 c;rain trade of Manitoba, North West Province, Canada, and the 
 United States, 35, 36. 
 
 Grant, President, .362. 
 
 Grant. President, on the Isthmian Canal, 196. 
 
 Grai)e fruit, exports of, from Jamaica, 324. 
 
 Grape industry, in New South Wales, 44. 
 
 (jraiK-s. exports of, from Spain, 294. 
 
 Graphite, production of, in Sweden. 297. 
 
 Gray, George, United States, 78. 
 
 Grazing, in Queensland, 6s; in Venezuela, 242. 
 
 Great Britain, see "United Kingdom." 
 
 Grebst, Harald, Sweden, 297, 344. .389. 
 
 Greece, deposits of iron ore in, 367; imports into, from the United 
 States, 24: production of iron ore in, 365; trade possibilities 
 
 of, 3.13 
 
 Greeley, Arthur P., United States, 311. 
 
 Green, C. A., 290. 
 
 Guatemala, banking facilities in, 350; cotTee industry in, 350; credits 
 in. 350; development of, 351; English competition in, declin- 
 ing. 350; exports from, to Germany, 350; imports into, from 
 the United Kingdom, 350; imports into, from the United 
 States, 350; need of American agents in. 350; need of United 
 States bank in, 350; need of steamship lines from the United 
 States to, 350; notes on the commercial relations of, with the 
 United States, 350; packing goods for, 350; trade-mark agree- 
 ments of, with France, Germany and Great Britain, 312; trade 
 of, with the United States. 350. 
 
 Guayatpiil. Ecuador, banks of, 285; gas company of, 286; street 
 railways of, 286. 
 
 Gudgcr. H, A.. 191. 
 
 Giilpen, A. van, Germany, 235, 3.S1, 372, 375. 389. 
 
 H. 
 
 Haberdashery, imports of. into the I.eew.ird Islands. 329. 
 Ilabutai, exports of, from Japan to the United States, 114, 357. 
 Ilagemans, Paul, 390. 
 
 Haile, William B., United States, 343. 
 
 Ilair, exports of, from the Argentine Republic. 240. 
 
 Haiti, agriculture in, 300; bank, United States, needed in, 299; 
 cable connections of, 300: cotton industry of, 299; credit in, 
 299; education in, 299; exchange through Europe, 299; ex- 
 ports from, 298, 299; exports of cofifee from, 298: imports into, 
 299; imports into, from France. Germany and Great Britain, 
 299; imports into, from the United States, 24, 299: industries 
 of, 298, 300; mines of, 300; possibilities of, 299; public peace 
 in, 298; steamship lines from the United States to, 298; tele- 
 graph in, 300; topography of, 298; trade of, 299; trade' of, 
 with the United States, 299. 
 
 Ham and bacon, exports of, from the United States, 205; imports 
 of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Harbor facilities of Aden, 126. 
 
 Harbor improvements, in Mexico, 261; of Montevideo. 303. 304: 
 of Shanghai, 83; of Tamaulipas, 263. 
 
 Harbor of Havana, 211. 
 
 Harbors of the seaports of the Panama and Nicaragua Canals 
 compared. 192. 
 
 Hardware, imports of. into the Leeward Islands. 329; imports of, 
 into New Zealand, 56; trade in, in India, 128. 
 
 Hardwood, exports of. from .Argentine Republic, 240. 
 
 Harness, saddlery and carriage industries of New South Wales, 41. 
 
 Harper, D. N., Ecuador, 284. 
 
 Harper. Wm,, LTnited States, 37, 258, 290, Jii^. 
 
 Harris, Townsend, first United States Minister to Japan. 356. 
 
 Hartwell, Alfred S., Hawaiian Islands, 117, 390. 
 
 Hat (felt) manufacture, in Sao Paulo, Brazil, 245. 
 
 Havana, harbor of. 211. 
 
 Hawaii, annexation of. by the Lhiited States. 205. 
 
 Hay. exports of, from Argentine Republic, 240; imports of, into 
 the Leeward Islands, 329; production of. Three Rivers, Canada, 
 316. 
 
 Health. Dr. E. K, 278. 
 
 Hemp industry of Venezuela. 242. 
 
 Henequin. exports of. from Mexico, 259. 
 
 Herlitschka, Julius, Austria-Hungary, 235, 373, 379, 390. 
 
 Hermsdorf, Louis, dyer, 292. 
 
 Hidalgo, of Mexico, 362. 
 
 Hides, exports of, from Aden, 126; exports of, from Argentine 
 Republic, 240; exports of, from Canada, 29; exports of. from 
 Ecuador, 285; exports of, from Natal, 187; exports of, from 
 Spain, 294; imports of, into Mexico, 259; imports of, into 
 Spain. 295. 
 
 HilkofT. Michael, Minister of Railways, Russia, 215. 
 
 Hill, David J., United States, i, 2. 3. 
 
 Hill. J. J., on shipping to the Far East, 283. 
 
 Hodgson, Henry E., United Kingdom, 390. 
 
 Hodgson. Richard, United Kingdom. 390. 
 
 Holland, duty of. on raw cacao and sugar, 381. 
 
 Honduras, climate of, 271: geography of, 270; gold mines of, 271; 
 opportunities for capital in, 271; revolutions in, 271; silver 
 mines of, 271; soil of, 271. 
 
 Hong Kong, banks in. ^5; exports from, to New South Wales. 
 40; factories in. 85; imports into, from New South Wales. 
 40; tonnage of, 85; trade of, 85; trade of, with Formosa, 124. 
 
 Hopkins, Mr., developer of Jamaica. 325. 
 
 Horse hair, exports of, from Uruguay to the United States, 301. 
 
 Horse (salted), exports of, from the .Argentine Republic, 240. 
 
 Horses, exports of, from Argentine Republic, 240; from Montreal, 
 29. 
 
 Horses, in New South Wales, 40. 44; in Queensland, 65. 
 
 Howatson, William, Trinidad. West Indies. 344. 
 
 "How Best to Introduce Manufactured Products in .Auslrnlian 
 Markets," 50. 
 
 "How to Promote Reciprocity," 252. 
 
 Howes. Mr., 347. 
 
 Hulett. Mr., pioneer of the tea industry in South .Africa, 187. 
 
 Humphreys. J. W.. Colombia, 195, 390. 
 
 Hurlbut, Stephen W.. on the Isthmian Canal. 196. 
 
 Hussein Agha Etimad-et-Tuiljar. Persia. ,343. 
 
 Ice. imports of, into the Leeward Islands. 329. 
 
 Illinois, pro<luction of iron ore in. 3^)9; production of pig iron 
 
 in, .(68. 369. 
 Immigrants, attraction of .Argentine Republic for, 237. 
 Immigration, into .Argentine Republic. 241; into Brazil. 209: into 
 
 Paraguay, 250; into Sao Paulo, Brazil, 243: into the United 
 
 States, 130. 
 "Imperial Royal Austrian Commcrci.il Museum of Vienna," 225. 
 Import and export trade must develop siimiltaneously. 382. 
 Import values, divergence in, 164. 
 Imports, into Aden, .Arabia, 126; into Austria-Hungary, 223; into 
 
 Bermuda, 370; into Canada, 28; into Cape Colony, 185; into 
 
INTERNATIONAL COMMEECIAL CONGRESS 
 
 429 
 
 Chile, 280; into Cuba, 2ii: into Haiti, 299; into Jamaica, 326; 
 into Japan, 108, 113, 357: into the Leeward Islands, 328; into 
 Mexico. 259, 260; into New South Wales, 38, 39, 41; into New 
 Zealand, 56: into Panama. 258; into Paraguay, 251; into Spain, 
 295; into Sweden, 297: into Three Rivers, Canada, 317; into 
 the United States, 22, 129; into Uruguay, 300; into Victoria, 48. 
 Imports and exports, registration of. 165, 168. 
 Imports, classification of, in Great Britain and the United States, 
 
 168. 
 Imports, valuation of temporary, 165. 
 
 India. American bank needed in, 129; exports from, to New South 
 Wales. 39: exports from, to New Zealand, 56; exports from, 
 to the United States, 129; imports into, per capita, from the 
 United States, 22; iron ore production of, ,365; possibilities 
 of, 290: samples necessary in, 127; terms quoted for, 128; trade 
 of, 127: trade of, in various lines of goods, 128, 129; trade of, 
 with the United States, 127; transportation facilities of, with 
 the United States, 129. 
 Indigo leaves, production of. in Japan, 358. 
 Industrial condition of Bolivia. 279. 
 Industrial education, bearing of, on commercial development, 291; 
 
 in Germany, 291. 
 Industries, of Argentine Republic, 237, 240; of Austria-Hungary, 
 222: of Haiti. 298. 300: of Japan, 109; of New South Wales, 
 40, 41, 45: of New Zealand, 56: of St. Paul, Minn., 282; of 
 Venezuela, 242; of Western Australia, 72. 
 Industries, protection of, in Chile, 269. 
 Industry and commerce, proposed department of, in the United 
 
 States, 169. 
 Industry, development of. in Mexico, 260; in America, 8, 31. 
 Infante V., Eliodoro. Chile, 269, 391. 
 Institutions, solidarity of. in Chile, 269. 
 Insurance, in Ecuador, 286; in New Zealand, 54. 
 "Interdependence of Nations." 20. 
 Interest, rate of. in Japan, 359. 
 Internal improvements proposed, in Bolivia, 279. 
 International bureau of agricultural statistics proposed, 171. 
 International Central Office of Chambers of Commerce, plan for, 
 
 176. 
 International Commercial Congress, aim of the, 42; reason for 
 Brazil's participation in the, 17: reasons for England's par- 
 ticipation in the, 16: results of, 343, 345. 
 International institute of trade, proposed for China, go. 
 "International Patents and Trade Marks," 212. 
 International Statistical Institute, 170. 
 "International Union of American Republics." 263. 
 Invoice value, discussion of. 375. 376. 
 Invoices and tariff regulations, discussion of. 375. 376. 
 Invoices, certification of. and consideration of tarifT rates, 373. 374. 
 
 375. 376, 377, 378. 379- 
 Irigoyen, Carlos, Guatemala, 343. 
 
 Iron and coal, as factors in commercial supremacy, 290. 
 Iron and steel, exports of. from Sweden. 294; imports of, into 
 Mexico, 259; imports of. into New South Wales, 41; pro- 
 duction and consumption of, 24; production of, in Austria- 
 Hungary, 24; production of, in the United States, 31, 246: 
 relation of, to purchasing power of countries, 24; the world 
 as a market for American, 31: trade in, in India, 128; trans- 
 portation of, in the United States, ,364. 
 Iron and steel manufactures, exports of, from Great Britain, ,365; 
 exports of, from the United States increasing, 205, 368; im- 
 ports of. into Spain, 295; production of, in Sweden, 297. 
 Iron deposits of Three Rivers, Canada, 316. 
 
 Iron, exports of. from the United States to Japan, 113: imports 
 
 of. into Japan, from the United States. 357: production of. in 
 
 Japan. 358; production of. in New Zealand. 57; production of, 
 
 in Sweden. 297: (see. also, pig iron). 
 
 Iron mines of Spain, 287, 296. 
 
 Iron mining, in Sweden, 297: development of, in the United 
 
 States, 368: development of. in Russia, 366. 
 Iron ore. deposits of. in Algeria. ,367; deposits of. in Austria-Hun- 
 gary and Belgium. 367; deposits of. in Canada and Cuba, 367; 
 deposits of, in France, 366: deposits of, in Germany, 365: de- 
 posits of, in Greece, ,367: deposits of, in Italy, 368; deposits 
 of. in Mexico, 362; deposits of, in Newfoundland, 368: deposits 
 of, in Russia, 366; deposits of, in Spain and Sweden, 367; 
 deposits of, in the United States, 369: exports of, from .Algeria, 
 367: exports of, from Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France and 
 Germany. 366: exports of, from Newfoundland. 368: exports 
 of. from Spain, 294. 367: exports of. from Sweden. 367; im- 
 ports of. into Austria-Hungary. Belgium. France and Germany, 
 366: imports of. into Great Britain. 365: imports of. into the 
 United States. 368; in New South Wales. .38: production of. 
 365: production of. in Alabama. 369; production of. in Alge- 
 ria. Austria-Hungary. Belgium, and Ecuador. ,365: production 
 pf, in Colorado and Connecticut. ,369; production of. in Cuba 
 
 and France, 365; production of, in Georgia, 369; production 
 of, in Germany, Great Britain and Greece, 365: production 
 of, in Illinois, 369; production of, in India and Italy. 365; 
 production of. in Kentucky. Maryland. Massachusetts. Michi- 
 gan, Minnesota, Missouri. Montana and Nebraska. 369; pro- 
 duction of, in New Jersey, New York, New ilexico and 
 North Carolina, 369; production of, in Norway, 365; produc- 
 tion of, in Ohio and Pennsylvania, 369; production of, in Rus- 
 sia and Spain, 365; production of, in Sweden, 297, 365; pro- 
 duction of, in Tennessee and Texas. 369; production of. in 
 the United States, 365, 368, 369; production of, in Utah, Vir- 
 ginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming, 369. 
 
 Iron sulphate, pro<luction of, in Sweden, 297. 
 
 Ironmongery and hardware, imports of, into New Zealand, 56. 
 
 Irrigation, in South Australia, 69; in Tamaulipas, Mexico, 263; 
 proposed, in Peru, 277. 
 
 Isthmian Canal, 162; benefits of, 195; benefits of, to Costa Rica, 
 189; benefits of. to Ecuador, 330; benefits of, to Great Britain! 
 194; building and control of, by the United States necessary, 
 193: estiniated cost of, 193: need of, by the United States, 122, 
 198, 331: resolution regarding, 314, 337, 340. 
 
 Italy, bureau of commercial ratings suggested for, 371; duty of, 
 on coffee, 244; duty of. on wdieat, i^y. effect of the United 
 States tariff on the trade of, 288, 289: exports from, to Mex- 
 ico, 260; exports of lemons from, decreasing, 288; exports of 
 lemons from, to the United States, 288: exports of oil from, 
 to the United States, decreasing, 288; exports of oranges from! 
 decreasing, 288; exports of oranges from, to the United States! 
 288: exports of w^ine from, to the United States, decreasing, 288; 
 freight rates from, to the United States, 371; imports intoi froni 
 Argentine Republic, 241; imports into, from the United States, 
 24: imports of wool into, from Argentine Republic, 184; iron 
 ore deposits in, 368; iron ore production of, 365; parcels post 
 agreement needed between the United States 'and, 371; pig 
 iron production of, 365; plea of. for free trade with the 
 United States, 289: reciprocity of, with the United Stales 
 needed, 227, 288: trade of, with Argentine Republic, 241. 
 
 Ivory nuts, production of, in Ecuador, 285. 
 
 Jackson. Milton, United States, 148. 
 
 Jalisco, Mexico, grain growing in, 262. 
 
 Jamaica, agriculture of, 325, 327; Agricultural Society of, 322; all- 
 spice industry of, 325; area of, 322; as a health resort, 319: 
 banana industry of, 319, 324, 325; booby egg trade of, 323; 
 Botanical Department of, 325: citrus fruit industry of, 324; 
 climate of, 319: coffee industry of, 324: death rate of, 327; 
 exports from, total, 326: exports of bananas from, 324, 326; 
 exports of cocoanuts from, to the United States, 326; exports 
 of coffee from, 324, 326: exports of ginger from, to the United 
 States, 326; exports of oranges from, 324, 326; exports of 
 pineapples from, to the United States, 326: exports of rum 
 from. 323; exports of sugar from, 323, 326; fish industry of, 
 ,322: fish production of, ^22; fruit industry of, 319, 321, 325; 
 geology of, 323: grape fruit industry of, 324; imports into, 
 326: imports of fish into, 322: institute of, 325: labor in, 321; 
 mineral resources of, 323: newspapers of, 318; opportunities 
 for capital in, 319: pearling industry of, 323; pineapple in- 
 dustry of, 324; population of, 322: protection of life and prop- 
 erty in. 318; race question in, 318; proposed reciprocity be- 
 tween, and the United States, 326: resources of, 320, 325: 
 Royal Society of Agriculture and Commerce and Merchants' 
 Exchange of, 325: rum industry of, 323; shipping facilities 
 of, with the United States, 320: shipping of, tonnage, 326: 
 shipping statistics of, 326: shell trade of, 323; societies and 
 departments of, 325: sugar industry of, 323: terms of credit 
 in, 326; tobacco industry of. 324: topography of, 318; trade 
 of, 325; trade of, with the United States, 326: transportation 
 between, and Canada, 326: transportation between, and the 
 United States, 326. 327: turtle trade of, 323. 
 
 James, W. T.. Bermuda. West Indies. ,369, 391. 
 
 Japan, agricultural companies in, 358: agricultural products of. 
 enumerated, 358: area of, in: banks in, 358; business com- 
 panies in, 358: cities and towns of, 360; coal mines of, in; 
 commercial education in, 229; commercial integrity in, 360: 
 commercial relations of, with the United States, i_t2. _2,()i ; 
 commercial school at Tokyo, 229; cotton spinning industry 
 of, 109: currency of, 109: development of, 124: dividends de- 
 clared in, 359: education in, 112; effects on, of opening to 
 foreign residents, no; effects of United States duty on tea 
 industry of. 114: expenditure of. 360; exports from, 108, 113, 
 357: exports from, to China, France, Germany. Great Britain 
 and the United States. 357: exports from, to New Zealand. 
 56; exports of camphor from, to the E'nited States. 124; ex- 
 ports of carpets from, to the United States. 124; exports of 
 habutai from, to the United States, 114, 357; exports of mat- 
 
430 
 
 INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 
 
 ting from, to the United States, 114, 123, 357; exports of nee 
 from, to the United States, 124; exports of silk from, to the 
 United States, 114, 357; exports of tea from, to tlie United 
 States, 123, 357: factories in, 358; finances of, 360; foreign 
 trade of. 95, 108, 357; government development of, 112; Im- 
 perial Commercial Museum of, 112: imports into, 108: im- 
 l>orts into, from China, France, (Germany, Great Britain and 
 the United States, 357; imports into, from the United States, 
 articles, 24, ill, 113, 123, 124; imports of cotton into, from 
 the United States, 111, 113, 122, 124, 357; im^iorts of flour into, 
 from the United States, 113. 357; imports of iron into, from 
 the United States, 113, 357; imports of kerosene into, from 
 the United States, 113, 124, 357; imports of machinery into, 
 from the United States, 113, 357; imports of tobacco into, from 
 the United States, 113, 124: improvement of transportation 
 in, in; industries of, 109; land ownership in. 361; locomotives 
 of United States in, 213; manufactures of, 358; manufacturing 
 companies in, 358; mineral products of, enumerated, 358; need 
 of reciprocity t)etween, and the United States, 112, 114; old 
 treaty ports of. ni; opening of country to foreigners in, no: 
 opportunities in, 357; population of, iii: railways of, too, 112. 
 359: rate of interest in. ccg; raw silk industry of. 109; raw 
 silk trade of. with the United States, 109; relations of, with 
 the United States, 356: revenue of, 360; rice crops of, ni; 
 shipping statistics of, 359: steamship lines to, 109, 124: super- 
 fices in, .36; tariff on principal imports of, 1^3.; tea trade of, with 
 the United States, 109; tobacco trade of, 113: trade of, hin- 
 dered by the United States tariff, 123; transportation com- 
 panies in, 358; trade of, with the United States, 8t, 109, no, 
 112, 113, 115, 122, 357; transportation between, and the United 
 States, 122; wages in, 358 
 
 '•Japan in Her New Relations," 356. 
 
 Japanese Traders' Society. 361. 
 
 J.irrah timber in Australia. 74. 
 
 jarrah wood in Western Australia, 72. 
 
 lenkins. Dr.. nitrate expert, 256. 
 
 Jensen, Emil, 391. 
 
 Jerked beef, exports of. from Argentine Kepnblic. 240. 
 
 levons. Thomas E.. United States, 80. 
 
 Jewelry, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Johnston. Dr. James, Jamaica, West Indies, 318, ^27. 329. 3,30, 
 
 331. 332, 391- 
 lohnston, J. Barre, New South Wales, Australia, .^6, 340. 343. 391. 
 Johnston, J. B., United States, 288, 336, 343. 
 Joint stock companies in Japan, 358. 
 Jones, R. B., Ecuador, 330, 332, 391. 
 Juarez, of Mexico, 362. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kangaroo skins in New South Wales, ,38. 
 
 Kaolin, in Arita, Japan, 356. 
 
 Karagheusian, Archag, Turkey, 344, 392. 
 
 Kasson, John A., United States. 204. 
 
 Kauri gum. exports of, from New Zealand, 56. 
 
 Keith, John M., Costa Rica, 154, 266, 392, 416. 
 
 Kelly, N. B., United States. n8, 235, 258, 3,36, 338. 
 
 Kemp, A. E., Canada, ,392. 
 
 Kentucky, production of iron ore and pig iron in. .369. 
 
 Kerosene, exports of, from the United States to Japan, 113; im- 
 ports of, into Japan from the United States, 124, 357; imports 
 of, into Kobe, from the United States, 124; imports of. into 
 the Leeward Islands, 329; trade of, between Japan and the 
 United States, T09. 
 
 Kilbournc, James, United States, 343. 
 
 Kiniura, T., Japan, 122. 
 
 Kiushiu, Japan, commercial resources of, 355; coal mining in. 
 355; exports from. 3.55; fishing industry of, 355: imports of coal 
 into, from Great Britain, 355; industries of, 355, 356; manufac- 
 ture of cement in, 356; manufacture of cotton goods in. 356: 
 manufacture of paper in, 356: matting industry in, 356; pottery 
 industry in, 356; railways of, 356: rice industry in, 355; tea 
 industry in, 355; tobacco industry in, 355. 
 
 Klctt. Carlos Lix. Argentine Republic. ,343. 
 
 Kline. M. N., United States. ,309. 
 
 Knight. Geo. M.. United States, 80. 
 
 Knoller. Richard. Austria-Hungary, 223, 258, 3.36, 375, .392. 
 
 Kobe, climate of, T23; docks of, 123; exports from, to the United 
 States, 123; exports of camphor, carpets and rice from, to the 
 United States, 124; exports of mattings and tea from, to the 
 United States, 123; imports into, from the United States, 123, 
 124; imports of cotton, kerosene, and tobacco into, from tin- 
 United States, 124; population of. 123; railways of. 123; ton- 
 nage of, 123: trade of. compared with Nagasaki, 355: trade of. 
 compared with Shanghai, 355; trade of, compared with Yoko- 
 hama, 123, 355; whaler works of, 123; wharfage dues of, 123. 
 
 Komura, J., Japan, 108. 
 
 Kopp, Leo S., Colombia, 343. 
 
 Korea, development of, 118; electric railway in, 118; gold mining 
 in, 118; lighting in, n8: market for petroleum in, 118; opening 
 of, 118; products of, 118; railways in. 118; trade of, 95. 
 
 Koto Shagio Gakko, the commercial school of Japan, 229. 
 
 Kovascy. Bela, prophecy of. concerning wheat famine, 255. 
 
 Kiichler, C. W., Austria-Hungary, 235, 392. 
 
 L. 
 
 Labeling goods for the .Australian markets, 52. 
 Labor conditions in the United States and Europe. 134. 
 Labor disputes, compulsory arbitration in, in New Zealand, 54. 
 Labor, in Cuba, 212; in Jamaica, 321; in Norway, 230; in South 
 
 Australia, 69; in the Tropics, 321. 
 Labor saving devices in the United States, 231. 
 Lacquer ware, production of, in Japan. 358. 
 Ladd. E. F., chemist, 255. 
 Ladies accompanying delegates to the International Commercial 
 
 Congress, names of, 407. 
 Lallemont, Pierre, invention of bicycle by, 180. 
 Lamps and chandeliers, trade in, in India, 129. 
 Land ownership, in Costa Rica, 267; in Japan, 361: in New South 
 
 Wales, 43. 
 Land ownership, governinent. in New Zealand, 54. 
 Langlois, C. A., Canada, 392, 
 Language, need of a uniform, in international congresses, 13; need 
 
 of a uniform commercial, 371. 
 Lard compounds, exports of. from the United States increasing. 
 
 205. 
 Lard, exports of. from the United States, increasing, 205: imports 
 
 of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 Latin America, action of delegates from, 286; imports into, per 
 capita, from the United States, 22; trade-mark agreements of, 
 with the United States necessary, 312. 
 Laurie. J. Wimburn, United Kingdom, 4, 86, 169, 170, 3,36, 392. 
 Lawes, Dr., nitrate expert, 256. 
 
 Lead, exports of, from Spain, 294; imports of, into Mexico, 259. 
 Lead mining in Mexico, 263. 
 Lead production, of Colorado, 217; of Japan, 358; of Mexico, 263; 
 
 of Sweden, 297. 
 Leather, exports of, from New South Wales, 40; exports of, from 
 New Zealand, 56; exports of. from Victoria. 49; imports of, 
 into the Leeward Islands, 329; imports of, into Spain, 295. 
 Leather industry of Victoria, 49. 
 
 Leather manufactures, exports of. from Canada, 29; exports of. 
 from the United States increasing. 205; imports of, into the 
 Leeward Islands. 329; trade in, in India, 129. 
 Leeward Islands, agriculture in, 328: area of. 328; geography of, 
 327; imports into, by articles and value, 329; imports into, from 
 the United States, by articles and value, 329: population of, 
 328; rainfall in, 328: reciprocity with the United States pro- 
 posed l)y, 328; sugar industry of, 328; trade of. with the United 
 States, 329. 
 Legislation in China, 88. 
 Legislation, patent, 375, 379. 
 
 Legislation, tendency of. in New South Wales. 45. 
 Lemons, exports of. from Italy decreasing, 288; exports of, from 
 
 Italy to the United States, 288. 
 Leon. ]\Iichael A., de, Colombia, 393. 
 Lesseps, Count de, canal expert, 200. 
 Levy, George, 325. 
 Lewis, Gerardo, Colombia, 348. 
 
 "Liberal Culture Element in Commercial Education." 141. 
 Life and property, protection to, in Costa Rica, 265. 267, 268; pro- 
 tection to, in Jamaica, 318. 
 Lighting, electric, in Spain, 296. 
 Lighting, in Korea, 118. 
 Limanlour. Julio M., Mexico, 343. 
 Lime required in the production of pig iron. .365. 
 Linctdn, President, 362. 
 Lindsay, S. M., United States, 141. 148. 
 Linen, production of, in Japan, 358. 
 Linseed, exports of, from .Xrgentine Republic, 240. 
 Liquor, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329; imports of. into 
 Mexico, 259; imports of, into Mexico from the IJnited States, 
 260. 
 List of those who sent regrets at not being able to attend the 
 
 International Commercial Congress. 408. 
 Live stock, exports of, from Qiieenslaiul. 65: in Natal. 187: in 
 
 New South Wales, 40, 44; trade of, in Canada, 29. 
 Locomotives, exports of, from the United States. 246; American. 
 
 in Great Britain and Russia. 214; American, in Japan. 213. 
 Loewe. Isidor, Germany, 5. 393. 
 Loredo. J. A., Peru, 276, 393. 
 Lorentzen, Christian B., 230, 343, 361. 393. 
 Louisiana, acquisition of, by the United States, 205. 
 
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 431 
 
 Low, Scth, United States, 131, 135, 138, 141, 146. 148. 
 
 Lubbock. Sir John, United Kingdom, 344. 
 
 Lucas Albert, United States, 331. 
 
 Luckniann, Heinrich, Austria-Hungary, 393. 
 
 Ludlow, General, member of the canal commission, 200. 
 
 Luigi. Musso & Co., Italy, 371. 
 
 Lull. U. S. N., Capt., canal expert, 200. 
 
 Lumber, exports of, from Sweden, 297; exports of, from Three 
 
 Rivers, Canada, 317; imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 
 
 329: imports of. into Spain, 29.=;. 
 Lnml)cr industry, of Chile, 280; of Minnesota, 282. 
 Lumber zone of Chile, 269. 
 
 M. 
 
 Machine tools, demand for American, in Austria-Hungary, 224. 
 Machinery, exports of, from the United States to Japan, 113, 357; 
 imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329; imports of, into 
 Mexico, 259; imports of, into Mexico, from the United States. 
 260; imports of, into New South Wales. 41: imports of, into 
 Spain. 295: market for American, in Bulgaria, Roumania and 
 Turkey, 333; superiority of American, 231; trade in, in India, 
 128; United States tarif? on, 253. 
 Alachincry and metal works of New South Wales, 41. 
 Machinery, mining, in demand in New Zealand, 57. 
 Machine-using nations, principal, 24; exports from the United 
 States to, 24. 
 
 Maduro, Joshua L., Colombia, 257, ,393, 416. 
 Magalhaes, Dr. Jacintho de, Portugal. ,344. 
 
 Magnetite, production of. in United States. ,368. 
 
 Mail facilities, revolution in, brought about by railways, 216. 
 
 Maine. Henry Sumner, 27. 
 
 "Maintenance of Open Door Policy in China," 86. 
 
 Maize, crop in New South Wales, 40; exports of, from Argentine 
 Republic, 240; exports of, from Russia, Roumania and the 
 United States. 234; imports and exports of. to and from, Al- 
 geria, Argentine Republic, Australia, Austria-Hungary, Bul- 
 garia, Egypt, Servia and Turkey-in-Europe. 234; imports and 
 exports of, to and from, Roumania, Russia and the United 
 States. 233: production of. in New South Wales. .38. 
 
 Malta, imports into, from the United States, 23. 
 
 Malt, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, ,329. 
 
 Malt liquors, exports of. from the United States, increasing, 205. 
 
 IManganese, market for Brazilian, in the United States, 208; pro- 
 duction of, in Japan, 358. 
 
 Manganese ore, production of. in Sweden. 297. 
 
 Manganese peroxide, production of. in Sweden, 297. 
 
 Manitoba, grain trade of. 35, 36. 
 
 Manufactured goods, exports of, from the United States. 290, .304: 
 exports of, from the United States to Canada, 347; increased 
 demand for. in Western Australia. 73. 
 
 Manufacturer and farmer, close relationship of. 282. 
 
 Manufactures, exports of, from the United States, 21; of Germany, 
 231; of Japan, 358; of New South Wales, 45; of New Zea- 
 land, 56. 
 
 "Manufactures and Industries of New South Wales." 40. 
 
 Manufactures and industries of Western Australia, 72- 
 
 Manufacturers of Germany and the United States compared, 232. 
 
 Manufacturing companies in Japan. 358. 
 
 Manufacturing, local, in Chile, 280. 
 
 Maranhao. Brazil, resources of, 273. 
 
 Marcker. Prof,, nitrate expert. 256. 
 
 Marheinecke. C. B., Germany, 17, 235, 372, 375, 393. 
 
 Market value, complaints against method of calculating, in United 
 States, 381, .382; discussion of. 375, 380. 381. 
 
 Marshall. Wm. B., 394. 
 
 Maryland, iron ore and pig iron in, .369. 
 
 Mason, Consul General, on need of metric system, 176. 
 
 Mason. John. 394. 
 
 Massachusetts, iron ore and pig iron production in. 369. 
 
 Masson. Georges, France, 343- 
 
 Mata, J. Rafael. Costa Rica. Central America. 393. 416. 
 
 Matto Grosso. Brazil, products of, 274. 
 
 Matches, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Matches, production of, in Japan, 358. 
 
 Matting, exports of, from Japan to the Ur.ited States. 114. 357: 
 exports of, from Kobe, to the United States, 114; production 
 of, in Japan, 358. 
 
 Matting industry in Kiushiu, Japan, 356. 
 
 May & Edlich, Leipsic, Germany, 379. 
 
 McKinlcy, Wm.. President of the United States, i. 12. 17. 159. 
 362; message of. 420; speech of, 420. 
 
 McLagan, George, Canada. 394. 
 
 Measurement, uniform method of. report of M. de Talleyrand, 
 172; uniform standard of, report of M. de Bonay. 172. 
 
 Measures, misapplication of various. 173. 
 
 Measures and weights, legislation on, 173; need of uniformity in, 
 
 371; report on, by the committee of the House of Commons 
 173- 
 
 Meat, exports of, from New South Wales, 40. 
 
 Meat industry of Minnesota, 282. 
 
 Medicines, drugs and chemicals, trade in, in India, 28. 
 
 Megargee, S. Edwin, 394. 
 
 Mejia, Federico, Salvador, Central America, 344. 
 
 Menocal, A. G., U. S. N., canal expert, 200. 
 
 Merchant niarine, need of, in the United States, i6j, 202, 282, .331; 
 of Spain, -296; resolution regarding, 313, 334. 
 
 .Merchants, increase in the munber of native, in China, 91; status 
 of foreign, in China, 91; United States and foreign compared. 
 231; utility of export, in Australia, 50. 
 
 Merriam, W. H., United States, 379. 
 
 Merry, Wm. Lawrence, 198. 
 
 Messiter, R. P., 80. 
 
 Metals, exports of, from Spain, 294; production of. in New South 
 Wales, 38. 
 
 Metals and manufactures of. exports of. from Canada, 29; imports 
 of, into Mexico from the United States, 260. 
 
 Metal works and machinery works, of New South Wales, 41. 
 
 Methods of introducing goods in the Australian markets, .^o. 
 
 Metric .system, arguments against adoption of. 175; availableness 
 of. 172; claims of, 172; decimal advantages of, 174; degree of, 
 172; difficulties of introduction of, in England, 174: expense 
 of changing into, 175; method of introduction of, in Germany. 
 174: method of introduction of. in Switzerland, 174; Mr. F'ur- 
 bish, on failure of the United States to adopt the, 175; need 
 of the, 20, 176; patronage of, by the United States, 175;' reso- 
 lution of the French National Assembly on, 172; universal 
 adoption of, 172. 
 
 Mexico, banks of, 262; business integrity in, 261; climate of. .362: 
 comnierce of, 259; commercial integrity in, 362: comnumica- 
 tion in, 261; copper mining in, 263; cotton manufacturing 
 nidustry of, 259; credit in, 260; currency of, 2.S9: currency 
 fluctuations of, 260; exports from, to the United" States, 239; 
 exports from, 259; exports from, comi)ared with Para, 273; 
 expenditure of, 261; foreign beer in, 26a; foreign paper in, 
 261; history of. compared with that of the United States. 362; 
 imports of cotton textiles, gold, iron and steel, products, "ma- 
 chinery, paper, textile fibres, wine and linuor, wooil textiles 
 into, 259; imports into, from Belgium, Cuba, France. Ger- 
 many, Great Britain, Italy and Spain, 260; imports into, from 
 the United States, 24, 259, 260: imports into, jjcr capita, from 
 the United States. 22, 347; imports of animal products, arms 
 and explosives, fabrics, machinery and apparatus, metals and 
 manufactures of. paper and manufactures of. and wines and 
 liquors into, from the United States, 260: industrial develop- 
 ment of. 260; iron ore deposits in. 362; lead mining in, 263: 
 mining industry of. 262; opportunities for capital in, 261, 262; 
 production of copper in. 263: production of gold in, 260; pro- 
 duction of lead in, 263; production of silver in. 260; products 
 of, ,362; prosperity of, 262; railways in. 261, 262; reason for 
 participation by, in the International Commercial Congress, 
 16; silver mining in, 263: telegraph in, 261: telephone in, 261; 
 trade of, 16, 259; trade of. with France. Gcrm.my and Great 
 Britain. 260; trade of. with the United States, 16, 260: trade of, 
 per capita, with the United States. 25: trade-mark agreements 
 of. with France. Germany and Great Britain, 312: transporta- 
 tion of, between, and United States, 261; United States business 
 methods in, 261. 
 Michaux, M., connection with bicycle invention. 180. 
 Michigan, iron ore and pig iron production in. 369. 
 Afigneaux. Prof., nitrate expert. 256. 
 Miles, Henry, Canada, 27, ,394, 416. 
 
 Milk, exports of. from the United States, increasing. 205. 
 Millet, production of. in Japan. 358. 
 Milling industry of Minnesota 282. 
 Milne, James. Queensland. Australia, 394. 
 Minas, Brazil, products of, 274. 
 
 Mineral resources of Jainaica, 323: of Peru, 276; of Uruguay, .302. 
 Mineral zone of Chile, 269. 
 
 Minerals, of Australia, 37; of Panama, 258: of Juensland, 64, 65, 
 66: exports of, from Argentine Republic. 240: production of. 
 in Japan. 358; production of. in New South Wales. 40: pro- 
 duction of, in Nicaragua, 270: production of, in Sweden, 297. 
 Mines, of Costa Rica. 268; of Haiti. .300; of Peru. 276. of coal, in 
 Kiushiu. Japan, 355: of coal, in Japan, iii: of gold, in Bo- 
 livia. 279; of gold, in Nicaragua. 270: of gold, in Victoria. 
 48: of iron, in Spain. 287. 296. 
 Mining, of coal, in New Zealand, 57: of copper, in Chile, 279: of 
 copper, in Mexico. 263: of copper, in Queensland. 62; of gold, 
 in Costa Rica, 268: of gold, in Korea, 118: of gold, in New 
 Zealand, .S7; of gold, in Peru. 276: of gold, in Queensland. 
 63, 64; of iron, in Sweden. 297; of lead, in Mexico, 263; of 
 silver, in ^Mexico, 263. 
 
432 
 
 INDEX TO THE PROCIiEDINGS OF THE 
 
 Mining districts of Cerro de Pasco, and Yauli, Peru, 276. 
 
 Mining industry, of Ecuador, 285; of Mexico, 262; of Minnesota, 
 United States. 282: of New South Wales. 45; of New Zealand, 
 57: of Peru. 276; of Queensland. 66; of South Australia, 70. 
 
 "Mining Interests of Queensland," 66. 
 
 Mining interests of Tamaulipas, Mexico, 263. 
 
 Mining machinery, demand for. in New Zealand. 57. 
 
 Mining products, exports of, from the United States, 21; of New 
 South Wales, 45. 
 
 .Mining regulations in Queensland. 65. 
 
 Minnesota, flax culture in. 282; flour production of, 282; meat 
 industry of. 282; milling industry of, 282; mining industry 
 of. 282; production of iron ore and pig iron in, .369; wheat 
 shipment of, 216, 282; timber industry of. 282. 
 
 Miquclon, imports into, from the United States, 24. 
 
 Missouri, iron ore and pig iron production in. 369. 
 
 Mitchell. Hon. George, Canada, 34.3. 395. 
 
 .Mitchell, W. F., 34.3. 
 
 Mitsu Bishi Co.. of Japan, 355. 
 
 Mizutany. T., Japan, 112. 393. 
 
 Mocha coffee, source of supply of, 127. 
 
 .Molasses and sugar, exports of, from the United States increas- 
 ing. 205. 
 
 Monaghan.' J. C. United States, 188, 189. 190. 191. 193. 194, 195. 
 796. 197. 198. 200. 201, 202. 235, 289. 314. 315. 341. ^73• 373- 
 
 .Money cpiestion in the United States. 161. 
 
 .Montana, iron ore and pig iron production in. 369; wheat ship- 
 ment of. 216, 282. 
 
 Montevideo, harbor improvements of, 303. 304. 
 
 Montgomery. Ward & Co., United States. 379. 
 
 Montreal, exports of cattle, horses and sheep from. 29. 
 
 Montserrat. area of, 328: exports from. 328; exports from, to the 
 United States. 328; population of. 328. 
 
 Moraes. Mr., on possibilities of Brazil, 272. 
 
 Morris, C. G. M., Dr., 328. 
 
 Morris, Consul, need of metric system. 176. 
 
 Morse. James R., 118. 
 
 Moxhani. W. J.. New South Wales. Australia. 40. 336. 33(j, 343. 
 
 Mules, exports of. from .■\rgentine Republic. 240. 
 
 Mulhall, Mr., statement of, regarding the wealth of countries, 213. 
 
 Munitions of war, trade in. 272. 
 
 Miinsterberg. Prof.. 6. 
 
 Murguiondo. Prudencio de, Uruguay, 300. 344, 395. 
 
 .Murray. E. Somerville. .'\rabia. 125. 
 
 Musical instruments, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329; 
 trade in, in India, 129. 
 
 Myers. John C. 253. 395. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nagasaki, Japan, dry docks of, 356; tonnage of, 355; trade of, 
 compared with that of Kobe and Yokohama. 355. 
 
 Narcotics, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Natal, cattle in, 187; climate of, 187; demand for American agri- 
 cultural implements in, 187; demand for American furniture 
 in, 187; exports of hides, skins and angora hair, wattle bark 
 and wool from, 187: fruit industry of. 187: geography of. 186; 
 live stock in, 187, opportunities for American goods in, 187; 
 ports of, 187; production of coal in, 187: production of sugar 
 in, 187; railways of. 187; sheep stock of. 187; sugar industry 
 of. 187: tea cultivation in, 187. 
 
 National Carbon Co.. United States. 378. 
 
 Nations, bearing of coal on the development of, 289; co-operation 
 necessary among, 7: diverging interests of, 171; interdepend- 
 ence of, 20. 
 
 "Natural Resources of Jamaica," 320. 
 
 "Natural Wealth and Commercial Facilities of Honduras — Revo- 
 lutions in Spanish-America — Commerce in Munitions of War," 
 271. 
 
 Naval stores, imports of. into the Leeward Islands. 329. 
 
 Navigation and commerce of Para, 273. 
 
 Navigation laws of the United States, effect of, on Canada. II, 
 34. 36. 
 
 Navy and Army, rise in the LTnitcd States of the, 161. 
 
 Nebraska, crops of, 216. 
 
 "Need of an International Bureau for the Collection and Dis- 
 semination of Agricultural Reports and Statistics," 170. 
 
 Netherlands, imports into, from the United States, 23, 24. 
 
 Nevada, iron ore and pig iron production in, 369. 
 
 Nevis, sec St. Christopher. 
 
 Newfoundland, deposits of iron ore in. 368; exports of iron ore 
 from, 368; iron ore production in. 365. 
 
 New Jersey, iron ore and pig iron production in. 369. 
 
 New Mexico, iron ore and pig iron production in, 369. 
 
 New South Wales, agriculture in, 38. 40. 44; American goods in. 
 39; area of. 38. 43; banks of, 46; board of experts of, 41; build- 
 ing materials in, 41; business methods in. 47; buying capacity 
 of, 45; cattle in. 40. 44: climate of. 38, 44: dairy and poultry 
 
 products of, 45; dairy industry of, 44; decline of sheep-stock 
 in, 182; expenditure for education in, 45; exports from, by 
 countries, 38, 39; exports of butter, coal, frozen mutton, gold, 
 grain, leather, meat, sheep, silver, lead ore, tallow and wool 
 from, 40; exports from, to Belgium, China, Fiji Islands, 
 France, and Hong Kong, 40; exports from, to the United 
 States, 39, 40; fish products of, 45; food and drink industry of. 
 41; forestry products of, 45; frozen meat industry of, 44; fruit 
 industry of, 44; furniture industry of, 141; grape industry of. 44; 
 harness, saddlery and carriage industry of, 41; lieat, light 
 and fruit industry of, 41; horses in, 40, 44; illiteracy in. 45; 
 imports into, 38, 39, 41 ; imports into, from the Australian 
 Colonies, Canada and Great Britain, 39; imports into, from 
 Belgium. China, Fiji. France, Germany, Hong Kong, and 
 India and Ceylon, 39; imports into, from the United States. 
 39, 40, 48; imports of agricultural implements, boots and shoes, 
 iron and steel, machinery and paper, into, 41; industries of, 40; 
 industries treating pastoral products and raw materials in, 41 ; 
 iron ore of, 38; kangaroo skins in, 38; land ownership in. 43; 
 live stock in, 40, 44; machinery and metal works of, 41: maize 
 crop of, 40: manufactures of, 45; manufacturing industries of, 
 41; mining interests of, 45; opportunities for capital in, 41; 
 orange industry of. 44; output of industries of. 45; pai)er. 
 books and printing industry of, 41; pastoral products of. 44. 45; 
 plea of, for free trade with the United States, 37; population 
 of. 45: production in, 44; production of bacon in, 40; produc- 
 tion of butter in, 40, 44: production of cheese in, 44; produc- 
 tion of coal in, 38, 40; production of copper in, 38. 40; pro- 
 duction of gold in. 38, 40; production of maize in, 38; produc- 
 ton of metals in, 38: production of minerals in. 40. 45; produc- 
 tion of silver in, 38, 40; production of tin in. 38. 40; produc- 
 tion of wheat in, 38; production of wool in, 38, 44; public debt 
 of. 46: rabbit skins in, 38; railways of, 39. 46; rainfall in. 
 38, 44; revenue of, 39; school system of, 45; sheep in, 38, 40. 
 44; shipbuilding industry of, 41; shipping statistics of, 39: 
 sugar-cane industry of, 40; telegraphs in, 46; telephones in, 46; 
 tendency of legislation in. 45; textile and clothing fabric in- 
 dustries of, 41: timber of. 38; tobacco of, 40; tonnage of, 41; 
 tonnage statistics of, 47; trade of, 47; trade of, with the United 
 States, 39, 48; value of production of agricultural products of, 
 45; value of production of manufactured products of, 45; wdieat 
 crop of, 40. 
 
 Newspapers, of Buenos Aires, 239: of Jamaica, 318. 
 
 New York, decline in canal traffic of. 215: freight rates from, to 
 Panama, compared with those from Europe, 348; iron ore 
 and pig iron production in, 369. 
 
 New Zealand, agricultural products of, 56; agriculture in. 54; 
 arbitration in labor disputes in. 54: balance of trade of. 50; 
 banks of, 54; climate of, 53; coal mining in, 57; dairy industry 
 of. 60; decline of sheep-stock of. 182; demand for mining ma- 
 chinery in. 57; electors in. 54: exports from. 55: exports of 
 agricultural products, animal products, coal, frozen meat. gold. 
 Kauri gum, leather, timber, wool, and woolen manufactures 
 from. 56; frozen meat industry of. 60; geography of. 53: gold 
 mining in. 57; imports of beer, spirits and wine, paper, books 
 and stationery, hardware and ironmongery, soft goods, tea 
 and sugar and tobacco into, 56: imports into, from Australian 
 Colonics. China. Europe. Great Britain, India. Japan and the 
 United States. 56; local transportation in, 59; manufactures 
 and industries of, 56; mining industry of. 57: pastoral industry 
 of, 54; people of, 54; plea of. for free trade with the United 
 States, 55; ports of. 58; production of frozen meat in, 56; pro- 
 duction of grain in. 56; production of iron in. 57; production 
 of oats in. 56; production of silver in, 57; production of wheat 
 in, 56; production of wool in. 38, 56; public works in. 54; 
 railways of. 59: reciprocity of, with the United States, 60; 
 shipping facilities to, from the United States. 59; shipping 
 in. 12; shipping statistics of. 58; state activity in. 54: state in- 
 surance in. 54; tariff of. 54: total pasturage of. 55: trade of. 12: 
 trade of. with Australian colonies, 57: trade of. with the United 
 States. 54, 58; trade and transixirtaticm of. 58: wages in. 57; 
 wealth of. 54: wom:in suffrage in. 54: wool industry of, com- 
 pared with ."Xustrali.-i and Uruguay. 300: wotdcn goods indus- 
 try of, 57; 
 
 Nicaragua, agricultural products of. 270; cattle industry of, 270: 
 climate of, 270: credit in, 270: education in. 270; efifects of 
 Nicaragua Canal on. 194; forests of. 270; gold mines of, 270 
 government of. 270; mineral products of. 270; relations of. 
 with Costa Rica. 190; telegraph in. 270; telephone in. 270; 
 transportation in. 270. 
 
 Nicaragua Canal, advantages of the. 198; an American undertaking. 
 201; attitude of Costa Rica toward. 190: decree for construction 
 of, 18, 25. 190; early concessions for, 190; eflect of. on Costa 
 Rica and Nicaragua. 194; estimated expenses, profits and toll 
 of. 109: estimated saving by. 189; need of. 181. 
 
 Nicaragua Canal Commission, 200. 
 
 Nicaragua and Panama Canals, compared with reference to, cli- 
 
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 433 
 
 matic influences, 191; cost of construction and operation, 199; 
 economy of navigable distances, 198, 202; facility of construc- 
 tion, 199; facility of ocean navigation by sailing vessels, 199; 
 harbors, 192; length, 198, 201; bocal earning capacity, 200; 
 routes, 191, 195, 196, 197, 200, 350; sanitary conditions, 198; 
 supply of lockage water, 199- 
 
 Nickel, deposits of, in Canada, 36. 
 
 Nicolas. Joseph, Haiti, 298, 395. 
 
 Niederlein, Dr. Gustavo. United States, 87, 188, 290. 
 
 Nippon Yusen Kaisha, of Japan, 355. 
 
 Nishimura. S. T., of Japan, 115, 396. 
 
 "Nitrate of Soda," 253. 
 
 Nitrate of soda, composition of, 253; dependence on, 257; deposits 
 of, 253; effect of, on beet cultivation, 257; experiments with, 
 256; exports of, from Chile to Belgium, France, Germany, 
 Great Britain and the United States, 254; fields of, in Chile, 
 254; imports of, into the United States, 254; industry, 280; 
 large consumption of, looked for. 257; method of packing, 
 253; need of, throughout the United States, 255; production of, 
 in Chile, 254; uses and efifects of, 256; use of, as a fertilizer, 
 254: use of, on wheat fields, 255; utility of, in chemical in- 
 dustries, 254. 
 
 Noble, Alfred, member of canal commission, 200. 
 
 Nomenclature, code of commercial, 176. 
 
 Non-delivery of goods, 352. 
 
 Norden. H., 80. 
 
 North Carolina, production of iron ore and pig iron in, 369, 
 
 North Dakota Experiment Station, 255. 
 
 North Dakota, wheat shipment of, 216, 282. 
 
 "Northern Europe as a Place for Exports," 289- 
 
 "Northern Mexico," 362. 
 
 Northwest Province, grain trade of, 35. 
 
 Northwest, United States, development of, 282; wheat production 
 of, 282. 
 
 North America, exports from, to the United States, 22; imports 
 of, from the United States. 22. 23. 
 
 Norway, climate of, 230; coast line of, 230; exports from, of fish, 
 wood and wood-pulp. 230; exports from, to the United States. 
 24; free ports proposed in, 230; labor in. 230; production of 
 iron ore and pig iron in, 365; tonnage of, 230; trade of, with 
 the United States, 230; water power of, 230; water routes of. 
 230. 
 
 "Notes on the Commercial Relations of Guatemala with the United 
 States of America," 350. 
 
 Nuiiez, Emilio, Cuba, 211, 286, 343, 396. 
 
 Nuts, exports of, from Spain, 294. 
 
 0. 
 
 Oats, imports of. into the Leeward Islands, 329; production of, 
 
 in New Zealand. 56. 
 Oceanica, exports from, to the United States, 22; imports into, 
 
 from the United States, 22, 24. 
 Ohio, iron ore production in, 369; pig iron production in. 368, 
 
 369- 
 
 Oil-cake, exports of, from Argentine Republic, 205, 240; imports 
 of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Oil. imports of, into Aden. Arabia, 126; imports of, into the Lee- 
 ward Islands, 329; trade in, in India, 129. 
 
 Okada, M-, Japan, 124, 396. 
 
 Oleomargarine, exports of, from the United States, increasing, 
 205; imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Olive oil, exports of, from Italy, to the United States, decreasing, 
 288; exports of, from Spain, 294. 
 
 Olivier. Arthur, Canada. 316. 
 
 Open door policy in China, maintenance of, 86, 94, loo; in the Far 
 East, 100. 
 
 "Opportunities for investment in Costa Rica," 266. 
 
 Opportunities in Southern Brazil. 211. 
 
 Orange industry of New South Wales, 44. 
 
 Oranges, exports of, from Italy, to the United States, 288; ex- 
 ports of. from Jamaica, 324: exports of. from Jamaica, to the 
 United States, 326; exports of. from Paraguay, 251; exports 
 of. from Spain, 294. 
 
 Oregon, wheat crop of, 217. 
 
 Ores, exports of, from Spain, 294; production of, in Sweden. 297. 
 
 Ostheimer. .Mfred J., no, 225. 341, 396. 
 
 Otani. Kobe. Japan. 15. 112, 115, 129, 343. 397- 
 
 Otis, General. United States Commander in the Philippines,- 218. 
 
 "Our Mercantile Marine from a Farmer's Standpoint," 282. 
 
 "Outlook of the Argentine Republic." 236. 
 
 Over production, tendency to. in the United States, 231. 
 
 Oxide of cobalt, production of, in Sweden, 297. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pacific cable, need of. 81. 116, 117, 122; ownership of, 117; propo- 
 sitions for, IIS, 116; routes proposed, 117. 
 Pacific coast, development of, 217. 
 
 Pacific Islands, acquisition of, by the United States, 205. 
 
 Packing, defects of, in United States, 330; method of, nitrate of soda, 
 253; method of. pearl shells, 67; superiority of German meth- 
 ods of, 292; United States and European compared, 129; 
 United States methods of, compared with France, Germany 
 and Great Britain, 330. 
 
 Packing, methods of, for the Australian markets, 52, 73; for Can- 
 ada, .347; for China, 81; for Costa Rica, 265; for Guatemala, 350. 
 
 Paints, imports of, into tlie Leeward Islands, 329; imports of. into 
 Mexico, from the United States, 260; trade in. in India, 129. 
 
 Panama and Nicaragua Canals compared with reference to, cli- 
 matic influences, 191; cost of construction and operation, 199; 
 economy of riavigable distances, 198, 202; facility of construc- 
 tion, 199; facility of ocean navigation by sailing vessels, 199; 
 harbors, 192; length, ig8, 201; local earning capacity, 200; 
 routes, 191, 195. 196, 197, 200, 350; sanitary conditions, 198. 
 
 Panama, area of, 258; business methods in, compared, 349; ex- 
 change in, 258; exports from. 258; freight tariffs and transpor- 
 tation in, 348: geography of, 258; government of, 258; im- 
 ports into, 258; minerals of, 258; need of steamship lines to the 
 United States, 348; population of, 258; ports of, 258; railways 
 of, 258; sample warehouse suggested for, 349; tarifl of, 258; 
 textile trade of, 349; trade of, 258; trade of, with the United 
 States, 258, 348, 349. 
 
 Panama Canal, a French undertaking, 201 ; advantages of, 190, 191 ; 
 attitude of Bolivia toward, 196; benefits from, 196; Colombian 
 subsidization of, 192; depth of, 202; influence of, on the United 
 States export trade, 192; influence of, on export trade, 192; 
 length of, 192; propositions for, 190; question of United States 
 ownership of, 192; relation of, to Panama Railroad, 197; width 
 of, 192. 
 
 Panama railroad, freight rates on, 348; relation of, to the Panama 
 Canal, 197. 
 
 Paper and pulp industry of Canada, 29. 
 
 Paper, books and printing industry of New South Wales, 41. 
 
 Paper, exports of, from Spain. 294; exports of. from Three Rivers, 
 Canada, 317; exports of, from the United States, increasing, 
 205; foreign, in Mexico, 260; imports of, into the Leeward Is- 
 lands, 329; imports of, into Mexico, 259; imports of, into 
 Mexico, from the United States, 260; imports of, into New 
 South Wales, 41; imports of, into New Zealand, 56: manufac- 
 ture of, in Kiushiu, Japan, 356; production of, in Japan, 358. 
 
 Para. Brazil, banks of, 273; cacao crop of, 273; climate of, 273: 
 commerce and navigation of, 273; education in, 273; exports 
 from, 272; exports, of tobacco, tonka beans and vanilla, fro-n, 
 273; exports from, compared with Bolivia, Colombia. Ecuador, 
 Mexico and Peru. 273; government of, 273; population of, 
 272; production of gold in, 273; resources of, 272; rivers of, 272. 
 
 Paraguay, alfalfa production of, 251; banks of, 251; climate of, 
 250; coffee production of, 251; commercial conditions of, 249; 
 corn crop of, 250; cotton production of, 251; exports from, 
 251: exports of oranges from, 251; exports from, to Argen- 
 tine Republic. Brazil. Europe and Uruguay, 251; fruit indus- 
 try of. 251: geography of, 251; immigration into, 250; imports 
 into, articles and values, 251; products of 250; ramie produc- 
 tion of. 251; silk industry of. 251; sugar production of. 251; 
 tobacco industry of. 250; trade relations of. with the United 
 States. 251: trade-mark agreement of, with Great Britain, 312; 
 vegetable industry of, 251; War of 1865, 250; yerba mate in- 
 dustry of, 250. 
 
 Parahyba do Norte. Brazil, products of, 273. 
 
 Parana. Brazil, products of, 274; yerba mate industry of, 274. 
 
 "Parcels Post," 148. 
 
 Parcels post, concerning. 371; countries having treaties on. with 
 Germany. 149; countries having treaties on. with Great Bri- 
 tain. 149; desirability of, for China. 82: discussions on. 148: 
 in Costa Rica, 154: need of. between ftaly and the United 
 States, 371: need of, in the United States, 149. 152, 153, 154, 
 303. 331; rates of. from Italy compared with freight rates. 371; 
 resolution regarding, 157, 336, 339. 
 
 Paris Exposition, contract for electric lighting of, 228. 
 
 Parkes, Henry. 75. 
 
 Parry, David M.. United States. .343. 
 
 Parsons. W. H.. LTnited States. 135. 
 
 Pastoral industry, of Australia, 38; of New Zealand, 54; of Queens- 
 land, 65. 
 
 Pastoral products and raw materials, treatment of. by industries 
 in New South Wales. 41. 
 
 Pastoral products of New Soutli Wales. 44. 45 
 
 Pasturage, total extent, in New Zealand. 55, 
 
 Patents, attempt to use trade-marks as perpetual, 305; difficulty of 
 maintaining, in foreign countries. 311; difficulty of protecting 
 foreign, in Germany. 379; difficulty of foreigner securing, in 
 Germany. 315; taxation on, for revenue, 313: superiority of 
 trade-marks over. 310. 
 
 Patent laws, of Germany, 314; United States and European, com- 
 pared, 313. 
 
434 
 
 INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 
 
 Piitciit legislation, 375. 379; i" t'le United States, 375. 
 
 Patent system and trade-mark system, divorce of, 307. 
 
 I'atfiit and trade-mark, cannot coexist on same article, 306. 
 
 Patterson, Dr., nitrate of soda expert, 256. 
 
 Patterson, Joseph R., 80. 
 
 Paving in Sydney, 74. 
 
 Payments in Australia, 52. 
 
 Payne-Hanna ship subsidy bill, 162. 
 
 Pcabody, Henry W., United States, 201, 236, 239, 241, 242, 243. 
 245, 247, 248, 249, 252, 253, 257, 258, 347. 
 
 Peace, coinmcrce a harbinger of, I, 4, 13, 15. 204. 331. 
 
 Pcarcy. J. L.. Colombia, 200. 
 
 Pearl shelling industry, of Jamaica, 323; of Queensland. 67, 68; 
 of Western Australia, 72. 
 
 Pearl sliells. market tor. 67: packing of, 67; price of, 67. 
 
 Peartrce. Henry, France, 343. 
 
 Peas, imports of. into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Pennsylvania, exports of pig iron from. 368; production of iron 
 ore and pig iron in. 369. 
 
 Penrose, Boies, United States, 19. 27, 31, 32, 33, 34. 
 
 People of Argentine Republic, 237; of Brazil, 210; of Chile, 279; 
 of China, 87; of New Zealand, 54; of the United States, 210. 
 
 "People of Costa Rica,"' 264. 
 
 Pepper. William, 17. 
 
 Perfumery, imports of. into tlie Leeward Islands, 329; trade in, 
 in India. I20- 
 
 Pcrnanibuco. Brazil, products of. 273. 
 
 Peroxide of manganese. pro<hiction of, in Sweden, 297. 
 
 Persia, agriculture in, 121; banking in, 120; cost of transportation 
 in, 121; cojgper ore production o^, 276: cotton industry of, 
 121; currency of, 120: foreign capital in, 120; isolation of, 120; 
 production of wine in, 121; production of wool in, 121; prod- 
 ucts of, 121: progress of, 120; similarity of, to California, 121; 
 trade possibilities of, 120; wheat cultivation in, 121. 
 
 Peru, area of, 277; capital needed in, to develop mines, 276; 
 Chinese in, 277; cotton industry of, 277; exports from, com- 
 pared with those from Para, 273; exports of copper ore from, 
 276: exports of cotton from, 277; exports of rice from, 277; 
 exoprts of sugar from, 276: gold mining in, 276; irrigation 
 proposed in. 277: mineral resources of, 276; mining industry 
 in. 276: need of buying agencies in, 276: need of direct steam- 
 ship line with the United States, 276; Isthmian Canal needed by, 
 276: opportunities for capital in, 276; opportunity for concen- 
 * tration plants in, 276; petroleum deposits in, 277; population 
 of, 277; sugar cane industry in, 277: topography of, 277; trade 
 of. 277; trade of. with the United States, 276, 277; trade-mark 
 agreement of. with France. 312. 
 Petroleutn, deposits of, in Peru. 277; imports of, into Spain, 29S; 
 market for, in Korea. 118; production of, in Austria- Ilung.ary. 
 224; proposed tax on exports of, by Russia and the United 
 States. 234. 
 Phelan. Thomas A., 80. 
 Phelps, Prof., 131. 
 
 Philadelphia, a textile centre. 289; benevolence in. 2: building as- 
 sociations in, 2; homes in, 2; population of, 2; seat of Liberty, 
 2; streets of. 2. 
 Philadelphia Commercial Museum, Advisory Board of. 343; liber- 
 ality of, 290; nature of, 2, 3, 37. 178, 284. 290. 374: opinions 
 of some of the delegates concerning the work of the. 416; 
 proposed change of name of, ,342: resolution regarding, 220, 
 .-?40; sketch of, 414. 
 "Philippine Islands," 218. 
 
 Philippine Islands, acquisition of. by the United States. 205; 
 Chinese in. 85, 97: civilization in, 206; currency of, 85: devel- 
 opment of American trade in, 206: government of, t6i, 206; 
 imports into, from the United States, 24: imports into, per 
 capita, from the United States, 22: natural relation of, to the 
 United States, 207: opportunities in, 20.S, 206; possibilities of, 
 95; resources of, 218; United States in, 104. 
 Piece goods, imports of, into Aden, 26. 
 Pietermaritzburg. Natal, 187. 
 
 Pig iron, charcoal, coal, fuel and lime required in the production 
 of. .•?6.V. daily production of. by furnaces. ,364; exports of. from 
 Great Britain. ,365; exports of. from Three Rivers, Canada, 
 317: production of, 365; production of, in Alabama, ,368, 369: 
 production of, in Austria-Hungary. Belgium and Canada, .365; 
 production of, in Colorado and Connecticut, ,3(19; production 
 of, in France, .365: production of, in Georgia, 369; production 
 of, in Germany, ,■^65; production of, in Great Britain, 31, 36.:;; 
 production of, in Illinois, ,368, 369; production of, in Italy, 
 ,36,=;: production of, in Kentucky, Maryland. Massachusetts. 
 Michigan. Minnesota. Missouri, Montana, Nevada. New Jer- 
 sey. New Mexico, New York and North Carolina. 369; pro- 
 duction of. in Norway. 36.=;; production of. in Ohio. ,368. 369; 
 production of. in Pennsylvania. ,368. ,369; production of, in 
 Russia, ,365; production of, in Spain, ,365: production of, in 
 
 Sweden, ^7, 365; production of, in Tennessee and Texas 369- 
 production of m the United States, 31, 365, .369; productioii 
 of, m Utah, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin, 369, 
 "Pig Iron Producing Industry of the World," 364. 
 Pimento industry in Jamaica, 325. 
 Pineapple industry in Jamaica, 324. 
 
 Pineapples, exports of, from Jamaica to the United States 326 
 Piorkowski, A. E., 80. 
 Pipes, trade in, in India, 128. 
 
 Pistor Eric, Austria-Hungary, 235, 372, 373, 376, 377, 380, 397, 
 Piza, Benjamin E., Costa Rica, Central America, 265. 
 "Plan for an International Central Office of Chambers of Com- 
 merce," 176. 
 Pope, Albert A., United States, 180. 
 Porcelain, production of, in Japan, 358. 
 Pork exports of, from the United States, increasing, 205; imports 
 
 of. into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 Port of Three Rivers, Canada. 316." 
 
 Portland cement manufacture in Sao Paulo, Brazil, 245. 
 Porto Rico, acquisition of, by the United States, 20^; experiments 
 of the United States Fisheries Commission in, 322; imports 
 into, from the United States. 24. 
 Ports, of Austria, 223; of Ecuador, 285; of Japan, in; of Natal, 
 
 187; of New Zealand, 58; of Panama, 258; of Sweden, 297 
 1 orts. free, proposed in Norway, 230; statistics of, 165. 
 Portugal, duty on wheat in, 233; imports into, from the United 
 
 States, 24, 
 Post, Alexander, Germany, 235, 372. 374. 
 Postage rates, between the United States and Canada, 347 
 Potatoes, imports of. into the Leeward Islands, 329; production 
 
 of, in Japan, 358. 
 Pottery industry in Kiushiu. lapan. \s6. 
 Poultry products, value of, in 'New South Wales, 30. 
 Poultry trade of Canada. 30. 
 
 Powell, Wilfred, United Kingdom. 171. i 
 
 "Present Trade-Mark Needs in International Trade," 508 
 Presentation to Dr. Wilson, 343. 
 
 Preserved beef, exports of, from Argentine Republic, 240. 
 Preserved tongues, exports of. from Argentine Republic, 240. 
 President of the LInited States, reception of delegates by. 159. 
 Prices, for Germany should be quoted c, i. f. not f. o. b.. ^77; 
 no longer fixed by supplv and demand, but by speculation' 
 3Sr. 
 Principal and agent, relations oT; .S2. 
 
 Printing, paper and book industry of New South Wales, 40. 
 Proceedings of German-American Commission, 372-.382. 
 Produce, exports of, from Roumania, 2,30. 
 Production in New South Wales. 45. 
 
 Production, relation of, to consumption in the United States. 23. 
 Products, of Paraguay, 250; of Persia, 121; of Southern Brazi'l, 
 
 210; of Venezuela, 242. 
 "Progress in Paper Making." 135. 
 Progress, railways essential to, 216. 
 Property, in Victoria. 48: protection to. in Costa Rica, 265, 267, 
 
 268: protection to. in Jamaica, 318. 
 "Proposition for a Committee to Review Treaties and Tariffs," 
 
 361. 
 "Proposition for the Laying of a Submarine Telegraph Cable in 
 
 the Pacific." 115. 
 Protection, early policy of Great Britain. 289; necessary in new 
 
 countries, 289; to new industries in Chile, 269. 
 Provisions, exports of. from Canada. 29. 
 Prussia, method of introducing metric system in, 174; railway 
 
 fares in. 217. 
 Public improvements in Ecuador, 285. 
 Public works in New Zealand. 54; in Uruguay, 302. 
 Puget Sound, exports of f!our and wheat from', 217. 
 Pulp and paper industry of Canada, 29. 
 Purdon, John G., China, 397. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Queensland, agriculture in. 65; area of, 63: articles in demand in. 
 62; bcche-de-mer industry in, 68; rattle industry in. 62. 65; 
 copper deposits of, 65; copper mining in. 62; exptirts of 
 live stock and wool from, 6,";; gold fields of. 6^. 64; gold 
 mining in. 63. 64; gold production in. 64; grazing in. 65; 
 horses in. 65; minerals of. 64. 65, 66; minin.g industry in. 66; 
 mining regulations of. 65; pastoral industry in. 6,^; pearl 
 shelling industry in. 67; pearls in. 68; population of. 63; 
 reciprocity of. with the LInited States desired. 62; revenue 
 of, 61; sheep in. 62; sugar-cane industry in. 62; sugar industry 
 in. 65; tariff of. 6t; tortoise-shell industry in. 68; towns of, 
 66; trade of, 61; trade of, with the United States, 62, 64; 
 wealth of, 63: wool production of, 38, 
 
 Qucsada, J, A. Miro, Peru. 343. 
 
 Quicksilver, exports of. from Spain. 294. 
 
INTEENATIONAL COMMEECIAL CONGRESS 
 
 485 
 
 R. 
 
 Rabbit skins in New Soutli Wales, 38. 
 Rabbits, exports of, from Victoria, 4y. 
 Race question in Jamaica, 318. 
 Raigosa, Genaro, Mexico, 16, 397. 
 
 "Railroads and their Relations to Our Export Trade,' 213. 
 Railway advertising in the United States, influence of, 216. 
 Railway, Cape to Cairo, proposed. 195; cost to Russia of Trans- 
 Siberian, 14; Trans-Saharian, proposed, 195; Trans-Siberian, 
 195; Yang-tse Valley and the Burmah, 195. 
 Railway charges in the United States, 231. 
 Railway equipment, superiority of American, 214. 
 Railway extension, in Germany, 215; in Rvissia. 215. 
 Railway fares in Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Bri- 
 tain, and the United States, 217. 
 Railway meVi, importance of, in Russia, 215. 
 Railway service in the United States, 217. 
 Railway speed in the United States, 217. 
 Railway trafiic of Buenos Aires, 239. 
 
 Railways, accomplishment of, 216; appropriation of Russia for, 
 215; essential to progress. 216: European and American, com- 
 pared, 134; of Argentine Republic, 241; of Brazil, 244; of 
 Buenos Aires, 239; of Canada, 30; of China, 95; of Ecuador, 
 295; of Guayaquil, 286; of Japan, 109, 112, 359; of Kiushiu, 
 Japan, 356: of Kobe, 123; of Korea, 118; of Mexico, 261, 262: 
 '.of Natal, 187; of New South Wales. 39, 46; of New Zealand, 
 159; of Panama, 258: of Rio de Janeiro, 273; supersede canals, 
 215; value of world's, 215. 
 ■Kajnifall, of the Leeward Islands, 328; of New South Wales, 38, 44 
 Raisijis, exports of, from Spain, 294. 
 Ramie, production of, in Paraguay, 251. 
 Rape seed, production of, in Japan, 358. 
 Rape seed oil, production of, in Japan, 358. 
 Ratings, need of better commercial, in South America, 151. 
 Raw cacao, duty on, in Belgium, France, Germany, Holland, 
 
 Switzerland and United Kingdom, 381. 
 Raw materials and pastoral products, industrial treatment of, in 
 
 New South Wales, 41. 
 Raw silk, exports of, from Japan to the United States, 109, 114, 
 
 357; production of, in Japan, 109, 358. 
 Reception of delegates by the President of the United States, 159. 
 Reciprocal influence of commerce, 170. 
 Reciprocity, how to promote, 252. 
 Reciprocity in the United States, 205. 
 
 Reciprocity, need of, between the United States and Argentine 
 Republic, 238; Australia, 73; Austria-Hungary, 224; Bermuda. 
 370: Cape Colony, 186; Chile, 280; Germany, 382; Italy, 227, 
 288; Japan, 112, 114; New Zealand, 60: Queensland, 62; Spain, 
 223, 296; Turkey, 363; Uruguay, 302. 
 Reciprocity, proposed treaties for, between the United States and 
 Argentine Republic, 239; Bermuda, 370; Jamaica, 326; the 
 Leeward Islands, 328. 
 Redding, Dr., nitrate of soda expert, 256. 
 Red hematite, production of, in the United States, 368. 
 Reeves, W. P., New Zealand, 11, 12, 53, 62, 77, 79, 99, 397, 416, 
 Register, need of a more extensive customs, 374. 
 Registration of imports and exports, methods of, 165, 168. 
 Regrets, list of those who sent, at not being able to attend, 408. 
 Rei, Alejandro Thompson, Chile, 343. 
 Reisinger. Hugo, Nuremburg, Germany, 378. 
 '■Relative Commercial Relations between the United States and 
 
 Bermuda," 369. 
 "Remarks about Packing," 129. 
 
 Representation by agents, advantages of, in Australia, 51. 
 Resolution, thanking the Committee on Resolutions, 346; thanking 
 
 Dr. Wilson and his assistants, 346. 
 Resolutions, committee on, members of, 258; motion for, 219; mo- 
 tion to increase, 188; report of, 336. 
 Resolutions, concerning arbitration in international disputes, 275, 
 337,340; concerning assimilation of agricultural reports, 170, 
 336. 339; concerning assimilation of trade statistics, 169, .336, 
 339; concerning Chinese restriction, 130, 313. ^^6: concerning 
 the establishment of commercial museums in all coimtries. 335, 
 336: concerning the establishment of a customs advisory board 
 in the United States, 379. 380; concerning free trade in art 
 works, 335, 345; concerning Isthmian Canal, 314. 337. 340; con- 
 cerning maintenance of United States rights in China. 98. 100; 
 concerning maritime associations, 177; concerning merchant 
 marine in the United States, 313, 334; concerning the metric 
 system, by the French National Assembly. 172; concerning par- 
 cels post, 157, 336, 339; concerning the Philadelphia Commer- 
 cial Museum, 220, 340; concerning trade-marks, 336; concern- 
 ing trade-mark union, 314, 338; concerning transportation fa- 
 cilities, 345. 
 Resolutions, reference of, 336: treatment of, 304. 
 "Resources of Three Rivers, Canada," 316. 
 Resources, of Ecuador, 284; of Jamaica, 325; of Para, Brazil, 272; 
 
 of the Philippine Islands, 218; of Russia, 291. 
 
 Revenue, of Japan, 360; of New South Wales, 39; of Queensland, 
 61; of the United States, 25, 26; of Victoria, 48, of West Aus- 
 tralia, 72. 
 
 Rice, exports of, from Japan and Kobe, to the United States, 124; 
 exports of, from Peru, 277; exports of, from Spain, 294; im- 
 ports of, into the Leeward Islands. 329; production of, in Ja- 
 pan, III, 358; production of, in Paraguay, 251. 
 
 Rice industry of Kiushiu, Japan, 355. 
 
 Richter, Gustav H., British Guiana, 343- 
 
 Ringer, F., 355. 
 
 Rio de Janeiro, death rate in, 273; population of, 273; railways of. 
 273; sanitary work proposed in, 274; trade of, with the United 
 States, declining, 274. 
 
 River Plate, wool production of the, 183. 
 
 Rio Grande do Norte, products of, 273. 
 
 Rio Grande do Sul, cattle raising in, 274. 
 
 Roberts, Coolidge S., Argentine Republic, 236, 
 
 Rockhill, W. W., United States, 263, 264, 265, 266, 268, 270, 271, 
 272, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 281, 283, 284, 286, 332. 
 
 Rodrigues, Jose C, Brazil, 343- 
 
 Rogers, Carlos, Chile, 343. 
 
 Rogers J. H., Queensland. 61, 63, 344. 
 
 Romero, Miguel, Venezuela, 275, 283, 397, 417. 
 
 Rotherham, H., Victoria, 47, 74, 154, 188, 198, 219, 220, 258; 304; 
 
 313, 332, 334. 335, 336, 337, 339, 344- 
 
 Roumania, export duty on grain proposed in, 233; exports of 
 grain from, 233; exports of maize from, 234; exports of pro- 
 duce from, 233; exports of rye and wheat from, 233; exports 
 from, to the United States, 24; exports from, and imports 
 into, of grain, maize, rye and wheat, compared, 233; market for 
 American machinery in, 333; population of, 233; wheat pro- 
 duction of, 233. 
 
 Routkowsky, M. de, Russia, 14, 170, 336, 344, 398- 
 
 Royal Jamaica Society of Agriculture and Commerce and Mer- 
 chants' Exchange, 325. 
 
 Rubber, exports of, from Brazil, 274; industry, in Bolivia, 278; in- 
 dustry, in Costa Rica, 267; production of, in Ecuador, 285. 
 
 Rubber goods, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Rubelli, Ludwig, 297, 398. 
 
 Rum and sugar, exports of, from Jamaica, 323; industry, in Ja- 
 maica, 323. 
 
 Russell, Captain, United States, 78- 
 
 Russia, aid of, to the Trans-Siberian Railway, 14; appropriation 
 for railways in, 215; canal development in, 189; export duty on 
 grain proposed in, 233; export duty on petroleum proposed in, 
 234; exports of maize from, 234; exports of rye and wlicat 
 from, 233; exports from and imports into, of maize, rye and 
 wheat compared, 233; German influence in, 292; importance 
 of railway men in, 215; imports into, from the United States. 
 24: influence of. in China. 89; iron ore in, 365, 366; leading 
 country of the future, 290; need of direct steamship line with 
 the United States, 292; population of, 233, 290: railway ex- 
 tension in, 215; resources of, 291; state bank credit to farmers 
 in, 171; trade possibilities of, 291; trade outlook of, with the 
 United States, 290: Trans-Siberian Railway in, 195; United 
 States locomotives in. 214; wheat production in, 2.33. 
 
 Rutis, A. A., Brazil, 155, 243, 398. 
 
 Rye, production of, in Japan, 358. 
 
 Saddlery and leather, imports of, into the Leeward Islands. 329. 
 
 Saddlery, harness and carriage industry in New South Wales, 41. 
 
 St. Christopher. Nevis and Anguilla. area of. 328: exports from. 
 328; exports from, to the United States, 328; population of, 328. 
 
 St. Mary's Canal, compared with Suez Canal, 35. 
 
 St. Paul. United States, industries of, 282. 
 
 Salisbury, Lord, United Kingdom, 5. 
 
 Salt, exports of, from Aden, Arabia, 126; imports of, into the Lee- 
 ward Islands, 329; production of, in Aden, Arabia, 126. 
 
 Salvador, description of, 270. 
 
 Salvini. Mario, Italy, 227, 341, 342, 343, 398. 
 
 Sample warehouse, advisability of, in Cuba, 212; suggestion re- 
 garding, in Panama, 349; suggestion regarding, in Uruguay, 
 301. 
 
 Samples, necessity of, in Argentine Republic, 238; necessity of, 
 in Australia, 51; necessity of, in Central America, 349; ne- 
 cessity of, in India, 127; utility of, in foreign trade, 149. 
 
 Sampson, E. H.. 80. 
 
 San Domingo, imports into, from the United States, 24. 
 
 Sanitation, proposed, in Rio de Janeiro, 274. 
 
 Santa Catharina. Brazil, products of, 274- 
 
 Santos. Carlos R.. Paraguay, 249, .342, 398. 
 
 Sao Paulo, Brazil, area of, 243: banks of, 244; breweries of, 245; 
 climate of, 245; coffee industry of, 243; commercially consid- 
 ered, 243; cotton manufacture in, 245; felt hat manufacture in. 
 245; immigration into, 243; population of, 245; portland ce- 
 
436 
 
 INDEX TO THE PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 
 
 incnt inaimtacture in, 245; producton of coffee in, ^43; pro- 
 ducts of, 274; water power in, 245. 
 Satdli, Henry, Japan, 356. 
 
 Sausage, imports of, into tlie Leeward Islands, 329. 
 Saw mills of Canada, 30- 
 
 Sawter, Consul, on need of metric system, 176. 
 Scandinavia, need of direct United States steamship line to, 292. 
 Scandinavian element in the United States, 210. 
 Schernikow, Ernest, 399, 417. 
 Schieren, Charles C, United States, 231. 
 Schieren, Charles C, Jr., United States, 80, 399. 
 Schofl-', Wilfred H., 258, 336, 345. 
 "Scliool of Finance and Economy, University "of Pennsylvania," 
 
 143- 
 Schools, of agriculture in South Australia, 71; of China, 87; of 
 
 New South Wales, 45; of Uruguay, 303- 
 School system of New South Wales, 45. 
 Schuk. Jacques. Hungary. 152. 399. 417. 
 Scientific and electrical instruments and apparatus, exports of, from 
 
 the United States increasing, 205. 
 Scovell, Dr., nitrate of soda expert, 256. 
 Seeds, exports of, from Argentine Republic, 240. 
 Seeger, Eugene, United States, 209. 
 Sell. Henry, United Kingdom, 99, 188, 194, 258, 336, 341. 344. 345; 
 
 346. 
 Senj, Austria, decline of trade of, 298- 
 
 Scrvia, exports from and imports into, of maize, rye and wheat, 
 compared, 234; imports into, fnom the United States, 24; pop- 
 ulation of, 233; production of wheat in, 233. 
 Seymour. Edmund. United States, 343. 
 
 Shanghai. China, harbor improvement of, 83; institute of commerce 
 proposed for, 98; trade of, compared with Kobe and Yoko- 
 hama. 123. 
 Shand, C Arthur, Leeward Islands, 327, 330, 343. 
 Sheep, exports of, from Argentine Republic, 240; exports of, from 
 Great Britain to Argentine Republic, 184; exports of, from 
 Montreal, 29; exports of, from New South Wales, 40; exports 
 of. from the United States to the Argentine Republic, 184- 
 Sheep raising in the Argentine Republic, 183. 
 
 Slieep stock of Australia. 38; change in, of Argentine Republic. 
 183; decline of, 182; decline of in Australia, Austria-Hungary, 
 Germany, Great Britain, New South Wales, New Zealand, 
 South Africa, South Australia, and the United States. 182; in- 
 crease of, in Argentine Republic and Uruguay. 183; of Natal, 
 187; of New South Wales, 38, 40, 44; of Queensland. 65; re- 
 lation of. to the population, 182. 
 Shell industry of Queensland, 68; production of. in Queensland, 
 
 68; trade of Aden, Arabia. 127; of Jamaica, 323. 
 Sliiiiglcs. imports of. into the Leeward Islands. .529. 
 Shi|il)uilding industry of Germany. 292; of New South Wales, 41. 
 Shiiibuilding. superiority of United States, 214. 
 Sliipi)ey. F.. Natal, 186. 343. 399, 417. 
 Shipping, decline of American, lOi, 163. 
 
 Sliipping facilities from the Lhiited States, to Ecuador. 330; to the 
 Far East, 283; to Jamaica. 320; to New Zealand. 12. 59; to 
 Uruguay, 301. 
 Shipping goods to the Australian market. 73. 
 Sliiiiping statistics, of Jamaica. 326; of Japan, 359; of New South 
 
 Wales. 39; of New Zealand, .s8; of Spain, 295- 
 Ships and boats, imports of, into Spain. 295. 
 Shiraishi. Motojiro, Japan. 399. 
 
 Shoes. Europe as a market for American, 293; imports of. into the 
 Leeward Islands, 329; imports of, into New South Wales, 41; 
 trade in, in India, 129. 
 Shoninger, B. J., France, 399. 
 
 Shooks, imports of. into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 ".Short Notes on the Riches of the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico," 
 
 263. 
 Siam, foreign trade of, 95. 
 Siberia, trade of, with the United States, 95. 
 
 Siemens Bros.. CharKjttenburg. Germany, 378. : 
 
 Silk and cotton goods, production of, in Japan, 358. ' 
 
 Silk cocoons, exports of, from Spain, 294. 
 Silk industry of Paraguay, 251. 
 
 Silks, exports of, from Japan to the United States, 114, 357; im- 
 ports of, into Aden, Arabia, 126; imports of, into Spain, 295; 
 production of, in Japan, 358. 
 Silks, raw and thrown, imports of, into Spain, 295. 
 .Sillcox. George W., 399. 
 Silver basis, disadvantages of, in China, 93. 
 
 Silver, exjiorts of, from Canada, 29; exports of, from Mexico, 259. 
 Silver lead ore. exports of, from New South Wales, 40. 
 Silver mines of Honduras, 271. 
 .Silver mining in Mexico, 263. 
 Silver ore. production of, in Sweden. 297. 
 Silver production of Bolivia, 278; of Colorado, 217; of Japan, 358; 
 
 of Mexico, 260; of New South Wales, 38, 40; of New Zealand 
 57; of Sweden, 297. ' 
 
 Skertchly, S. B. J., 65. 
 
 Skins, exports of, from Argentine Republic, 240; exports of, from 
 Spain, 294: imports of, into Spain, 295. 
 
 Slavery, abolishment of, in Jamaica, 318. 
 
 Slavonic element in the United States, 210. 
 
 Smith, A. Asher, New South Wales, 73, 74, 399. 417. 
 
 Smith, Edwin Holden, Japan, 400. 
 
 Smith, Fred. F., United States, 73, 74, 100, 130, 158, 219, 220, 336, 
 337- 
 
 Smith Fred. William, Queensland, Australia, 186. 
 
 Smith, H. Llewellyn, United Kingdom, 9, 163, 400. 
 
 Snuff, cigars and tobacco, imports of, into Spain, 295. 
 
 Societies and departments of Jamaica, 325- 
 
 Soap, exports of, from Spain, 294; imports of, into the Leeward 
 Islands. 329. 
 
 Soda, nitrate of, composition of, 253; consumption of, 257; de- 
 mand for, in the United States, 255; dependence on, 257; 
 deposits of, 253; effect of. on beet growth, 257; experiments 
 with. 256; industry in Chile, 280; packing of, 253; use of, as 
 a fertilizer, 254; use of, in chemical industries, 254; use of, on 
 wheat fields, 255; uses and effects of, 256. 
 
 Soft goods, imports of, into New Zealand, 56. 
 
 Soil impoverishment, experiments in, by North Dakota Experi- 
 ment Station, 255. 
 
 Somali coast, possibilities of, 127. 
 
 "Some Anomalies in the Trade-Mark System: A Uniform Inter- 
 national Trade-Mark Law Suggested," 305. 
 
 "Some Notes on Mexican Trade," 259. 
 
 "Some Useful Suggestions on the Adoption of a Trade-Mark." 
 309- 
 
 Soutar. Simon. Jamaica, West Indies, 258, 325, 343. 400. 
 
 South Africa, decline in sheep stock in. 183. 
 
 South America, aim of United States diplomatic officers in, 208; 
 exports from, to the United States, 22, 23; growth of, as an 
 exporting country. 249; freight rates from United States to. 
 348; growing importance of, 248; imports into, from the United 
 States, 22, 24; imports into, from the United States, per cap- 
 ita, 22, 347; interest of nations in, 248; need of improved com- 
 mercial ratings in, 151; need of improved transportation fa- 
 cilities with the United States. 151, 185, 349; need of United 
 States agents in, 301; need of United States banks in, 151. 185; 
 producing capacity of, increasing, 249; trade of. with Germany. 
 247; trade of. with Great Britain, 247; trade of. with the Unite'd 
 States. 150. 151. 246. 247, 249, 301, 349; trade of, per capita 
 with the United States, 25. 
 
 South Australia, agricultural schools of. 70: area of, 13, 68; cli- 
 mate of, 68; copper mining in, 70; decline of sheep stock in. 
 182; education in, 70; exports of wool from, 13; fruit industry 
 of. 69; homes in. 69; irrigation in. 69; labor in, 69; mining in, 
 70; population of. 68; sphere of government activity in. 70; 
 wheat industry of. 69; woman suffrage in. 70; wool industry of. 
 38, 69. 
 
 South Dakota, wheat shipments from. 282. 
 
 Soutliern China, trade of, decreasing, 348. 
 
 Spain, banks of, 294; bureau of commercial information of great 
 power proposed by, 294; commercial attaches to legations pro- 
 posed- by, 2Q4; commercial outlook of, 294, 296; congress of 
 chambers of commerce in, results of, 294; deposits of iron 
 ore in, 367; electric lighting in, 296; exports and imports of. 
 compared. 295; exports of almonds, animals, boots and shoes, 
 copper, copper ore. cork, cotton manufactures, flour, fruits, 
 grapes, hides and skins, iron and steel, iron ore. lead, metals, 
 nuts, olive oil. oranges, ores, paper, quicksilver, raisins, rice, 
 silk cocoons, soap, wine, wool and woolen manufactures from. 
 294; exports of iron ore from. 367; exports from, to Mexico. 
 260; exports from, to the United States, 222; imports of ani- 
 mals, chemical products, coal and coke, coffee, cotton, cotton 
 manufactures, cotton yarn, crude petroleum, fish, iron and steel 
 manufactures, leather, hides and skins, lumber, timber and 
 building materials, machinery and parts of. ships and boats, 
 silk, silk manufactures, spirits, sugar, tobacco, ci.gars and 
 snuff, wheat, wool and woolen manufactures into. 295; imports 
 into, from the United States. 24. 222; influx of capital into. 
 296; iron mines of, 287. 296; merchant marine of, 296; nation.il 
 board of trade proposed for. 294; need of direct steamship line 
 to the United States. 223; production of pig iron and iron ore 
 in, .-^65; recent development in. 294; reciprocity needed with 
 the United States, 223. 296: relations of, with the United States. 
 293; shipping statistics of, 295; sugar industry in, 296; ton- 
 
 ■* nage of, 295; trade of. 222, 295; trade of. with the United States. 
 296; United States goods unknown in, 223; wine industry of. 
 
 205- 
 
 Specific and ad valorem duties, 375. 
 
 Specific duties, plea for, 225. 
 
 Speculation in goods, controlling office proposed for, 352; displaces 
 
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 437 
 
 supply and demand as a price regulator, 351; effect of, 3S3; 
 proposed prohibition of, by legislation, 352- 
 
 Speculative trade in grain prohibited in Germany, 354. 
 
 Spirits, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329; imports of, into 
 New Zealand, 56; imports of, into Spain, 295. 
 
 Spruce tree area of the United States, 138. 
 
 Stamp tax in the United States, 25. 
 
 Starches, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 State activity in New Zealand. 54. 
 
 "State of Sao Paulo (Brazil) Commercially Considered with a Few 
 Observations on the CofTee Trade," 243. 
 
 Stationery, imports of, into the Leeward Islands. 329; imports of. 
 into New Zealand. 56. 
 
 Statistical Bureau of Costa Rica, 267. 
 
 Statistical comparisons, importance of exact, 169. 
 
 Statistics, advantages of a uniform classification of, by different 
 countries 167; assimilation of trade, 164, 167; classification of, 
 166; difficulties in unification of, 167; method of publishing, 
 166; of free ports, 165; uniformity in, 163. 
 
 Staver. H. C, United States. 343- 
 
 Steamship lines between the United States and Japan. 124. 209. 
 
 Steamship lines, need of American, between the United States and 
 Brazil. 275, 348; Chile, 280; Guatemala, 350; Haiti, 298; Pan- 
 ama, 348:' Peru. 276; South America, 249; Southern Brazil. 
 211 ; Spain, 223. 
 
 Steamship lines, resolution regarding, 345. 
 
 Steamship lines, subsidization of, proposed by Brazil. 209; pro- 
 posed by the United States, 102, 162, 293, 364. 
 
 Steel and iron, exports of, from Spain, 294; imports of, into 
 Mexico, 259: imports of, into New South Wales, 41; pro- 
 duction and consumption of, 24; production of. in the United 
 States. 31, 246: relation between production of, and the pur- 
 chasing power of countries, 24; relation of, to the prosperity 
 of countries, 364. 
 
 Steel and iron manufactures, exports of, from United Kingdom, 
 365; imports of. into Spain, 295: production of, in Sweden, 
 297. 
 
 StefTens. C. M., United States, 379. 
 
 Sternbergh. J. H.. United States. 31. 
 
 Stewart. Dr. A. E.. United States. 305. 
 
 Stone, \V. C, Governor of Pennsylvania, 8, 17, 33. 
 
 Straw. Mr., 118. 
 
 Streets, of Philadelphia. 2. 
 
 Stubbs. Dr.. nitrate of soda expert, 256. 
 
 Subsidization of Panama Canal by Colombia, 202. 
 
 Subsidization of steamship lines, discussions concerning, in the 
 United States, 102, 162, 283. 364; proposal for, by Brazil, 209. 
 
 Subsidy bill, Payne-Hanna, in the United States, 162. 
 
 Suez Canal, comparison of. with St. Mary's Canal. 35; cost, divi- 
 dends and tolls of. 200; saving effected by. 7. 189: traffic on, 7. 
 
 Sugar-cane industry, of Jamaica, 323; of New South Wales, 40; of 
 Peru. I-JT. of Queensland. 62. 
 
 Sugar, duty on. in Belgium. France. Germany. Holland, Switzer- 
 land and United Kingdom. 358: exports of. from Argentine 
 Republic. 240; exports of. from .Austria-Hungary. 224; exports 
 of. from Jamaica, izy. exports of. from Jamaica to the United 
 States. 326; exports of. from Peru. 277; exports of, from the 
 United States, increasing, 205: imports of. into Aden, Arabia. 
 126; imports of. into the Leeward Islands. 329; imports of. 
 into New Zealand. 56: imports of. into Spain. 295: production 
 of. in .\ustria-Hungarv. 224; production of. in Japan, 358; 
 production of. in Natal 187: production of, in Paraguay. 251. 
 
 Sugar industry, of Cuba. 212; of Ecuador. 285; of Jamaica, ^li. 
 324; of the Leeward Islands, 328; of Natal. 187; of Queens- 
 land. 65; of Spain. 296. 
 
 Sugar machinery, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Suggestions from Campos, Brazil, 371. 
 
 Sulphate of copper, production of, in Sweden, 297. 
 
 Sulphate of iron, prxjduction of, in Sweden, 297. 
 
 Sulphur, production of, in Japan, 358; production of, in Sweden, 
 297. 
 
 Superfices in Japan, ,361. 
 
 Supplee, W. W., United States. 314. , 
 
 Supply and demand displaced by speculation as a price regulator. 
 
 ■■Surroundings and Trade of Aden. 125. 
 
 Sweden, deposits of iron ore in, 367; exports from, by articles 
 and countries, 297; exports of iron ore from, 367; exports 
 of timber from, 297: imports into, by articles and countries. 
 297; imports into, from the United States. 24; iron mining 
 in '297; mineral products of, 297; need of direct steamship 
 line with the United States, 297; ports of, 297; production of 
 alum, chemicals, coal, copper, copper ore, feldspar, fire clay, 
 gold,' gold ore. graphite and iron, in, 297; production of iron 
 ore in, 297. 365; production of lead, lead ore, manganese ore, 
 manufactured iron and steel, ore, oxide of cobalt and peroxide 
 
 of manganese in, 297; production of pig iron in, 297, 365; 
 production of pyrites, silver, silver ore, sulphate of copper, 
 sulphate of iron, sulphur, zinc ore in, 297; trade possibiHties 
 of, 297: trade of, with the United States, 297. 
 
 Sweet potatoes, production of, in Japan, 358. 
 
 Switzerland, duty of, on raw cacao and sugar, 381; imports into, 
 from the United States, 24; method of introduction of metric 
 system in, 174. 
 
 Sydney. New South Wales, docks of, .39; paving in, 74. 
 
 Szavay, Julius von, Hugary, 343, 400, 417. 
 
 T. 
 
 Talleyrand. M.. report of, on a uniform method of measurement, 
 172. 
 
 Tallow, exports of, from Argentine Republic, 240; exports of. 
 from New South Wales, 40; imports of, into the Leeward 
 Islands, 329. 
 
 Tamaulipas, Mexico, agriculture in, 263; harbor improvement pro- 
 posed, 263; irrigation in, 263; mining interests of, 263; water 
 works of, 263. 
 
 Tappari. Pietro, Italy, 287. 400. 
 
 Tariff, advantage of specific over ad valorem duties, 225; eflfect 
 of. on a producing exporter, 252; preferential, of Canada, 28; 
 jiroposition for a committee to review, 361. 
 
 Tarif?, of Argentine Republic, 238; of Bermuda, 370; of Japan, 
 113; of New Zealand. 86; of Panama. 258; of Queensland. 61. 
 
 Tariff of the United States, complaints regarding administration 
 of, 285, 382; effect of. on trade with Bermuda, 370; effect of, 
 on trade with Italy. 288, 289; effect of. on trade w-ith Japan, 
 123; on chocolate, imported from Belgium, France, Germany. 
 Holland, Switzerland and United Kingdom, 381; on electric 
 carbons, 378, 379; plea for repeal of, 253; plea for reduction of, 
 181; protective, claimed to be no longer needed, 374. 
 
 Tariff classification, difficulty in, of new articles, 374. 
 
 Tariff rates, consideration of, and certification of invoices, 373. 
 374, 375. Zl^, 377, 378, 379; on new articles, 374, 
 
 Tariff regulations and invoices, 375, 376. 
 
 Tariffs, a bar to international trade, 7; relation of, to trade, 20; 
 retaliatory, of foreign countries, 252. 
 
 Tasajo, exports of, from LTruguay to the United States, 301; in- 
 dustry, in Uruguay, 302, 
 
 Tasmania, production 'of wool in, 38, 
 
 Tax, internal revenue, in the United States, 25. 
 
 Tavener, Mr., 48. 
 
 Tea, cultivation of, in Natal, 187; exports of, from Japan to the 
 United States, 114, 357; exports of, from Kobe to the Unite<l 
 States, 123; imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329; imports 
 of, into New Zealand, 56; production of, in Japan, 358. 
 
 Tea industry, of Japan, effect of the United States duty on, 114; 
 of Kiushiu, Japan, 355. 
 
 Tea trade between the United States and Japan, 109. 
 
 Technical schools for carriage builders in the United States, 364, 
 
 Telegraph, in Haiti, 300: in Mexico, 261; in New South Wales. 
 46; in New Zealand, 54; in Nicaragua, 270. 
 
 Telephone, in Mexico, 261; in New South Wales, 46; in New Zea- 
 land, 54; in Nicaragua, 270. 
 
 Temporary imports, method of valuation of, 165. 
 
 Tennessee, production of iron ore and pig iron in, 369. 
 
 Terms, how to quote, for India, 128. 
 
 Texas, production of iron ore and pig iron in, 369. 
 
 Textile and clothing fabric industries of New South Wales, 41. 
 
 Textile centre, Philadelphia as a. 289. 
 
 Textile fibres, imports of. into Mexico, 259. 
 
 Textile industry of Austria-Hungary, 224, 
 
 Textile machinery, demand for American, in .Vustria-IIungary, 
 224. 
 
 Textile trade of Panama, 349. 
 
 Textiles, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Thomson, Ralph N., 80. 
 
 Thomson, Wm., 80. 
 
 Thorne, Dr., nitrate of soda expert, 256. 
 
 Thorne, Mr., United States, 379. 
 
 Thorsch. Otto, Austria-Hungary, 235. 377, 401. 
 
 Three Rivers, Canada, agriculture in, 316: as a seaport, 316; ex- 
 ports from, 316; exports of dairy products from, 316; exports 
 of lumber, paper, pig iron and wood-pulp from. 317: exports 
 from, to Australia, France, Germany, Great Britain, South 
 America and the United States, 317; forests of, 316; imports 
 into, 317: influence of the United States in. 317; iron deposits 
 in, 316; production of asbestos and hay in, 317: resources 
 of. 316; trade of. 317; trade of, with the United States, 317;. 
 ■water-power of. 316. 
 
 Thurber, F. B.. 80. 
 
 Timber, exports of, from New Zealand, 56: exports of, from 
 Sweden, 297: imports of, into Spain, 295; in New South 
 Wales, 38; in West Australia, 72. 
 
438 
 
 INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 
 
 Tinibtr industry of Minnesota, 282. 
 
 Tin ore deposits in Bolivia, 278. 
 
 Tin, production of, in New .South Wales, ,?S. 40. 
 
 Tingle, E. W. S., United States, 235, 290, 37-2, 373, 374, 375, 376, 
 
 377, 379. 380, 3«-'- . ^ • „ , ,• , , 
 
 Tobacco, exports of, troin Argentnie Kcpublic, 240; exports ot, 
 from Para, Brazil, 273; exports of, from the United States 
 to Japan, 113, 124, 357; exports of, from the United States 
 to Kobe, 124; imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329; 
 imports of, into New Zealand. 56; imports of, into Spain, 295; 
 production of, in Japan, 358. 
 
 Tobacco industry of Cuba, 212; of Jamaica, 324; of Kiushm, Japan, 
 355; of New South Wales, 40; of Paraguay, 250. 
 
 Tobacco trade, of India, 129; of Japan, 113. 
 
 Todd, W. T., New Zealand, Australia, 58, 258, 336. 
 
 Tombstones, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 Tompkins, D. A., United States, ,33- 
 
 Tongues (preserved), exports of. from Argentine Republic, 240. 
 
 Tonka beans, exports of, from Para, 273. 
 
 Tonnage statistics, of Erie Canal, 215; of Hong Kong, 85; of 
 Jamaica, 326; of Kobe, 123; of Nagasaki, 355; of New South 
 Wales, 41, 47; of Norway, 230; of Spain, 295. 
 
 Topography, of Brazil, 272; of Haiti, 298; of Jamaica, 318; of 
 Peru, 277. 
 
 Tortoise shell industry in Queensland, 68. 
 
 Totten, Col., canal expert, buililer of Panama Railroad. 200. 
 
 Towns of Japan, 360. 
 
 Townsend, A. M., Cliina. 85. 401. 
 
 Tozcr. Horace, Queensland. Australia, 61, 341, 344. 345. 346. 
 
 Trade, a harbinger of peace, I, 4, 13, 15, 204, 331; advertising in 
 foreign, 149; balance of, in New Zealand, 56; correspondence 
 in foreign, 134; disadvantages of a silver basis in foreign, ot 
 China, 93; export and import, must develop simultaneously, 
 382; methods employed by Germany to secure, 291; present 
 trade-mark needs in international, 308: railroads and their 
 relations to our export, 213; relation of currency to, 20: rela- 
 tion of tarififs to, 20; samples in foreign, 149; speculative, 351; 
 tariffs a bar to, 7; trade-mark necessary in foreign, 304; value 
 of export, when pushed. 231. 
 
 "Trade and Commerce of New Zealand," 56. 
 
 Trade commissions, great value of German. 291. 
 
 Trade, national board of, proposed, in Spajn. 294; in the United 
 States. 169. 
 
 Trade, of Aden. Arabia, 127; of Argentine Republic, 241; of 
 China. 82, 88. 91, 95, 348; of Central Asia. 119: of Chile, 280; 
 of Cuba, 211; of Formosa, 124; of Haiti, 299; of Hong Kong, 
 85: of India, 127; of Jamaica, 325; of Japan, 95, 108, 357; 
 of Mexico, 16; of New South Wales, 47; of New Zealand, 12; 
 of Panama. 258; of Peru, 277; of Queensland. 61; of Senj, 
 Austria, 298; of Siam, 95; of Spain. 295; of Three Rivers, 
 Canada. 317; of the world, 290. 
 
 Trade of Belgium, with Argentine Republic, 241. 
 
 Trade of France, with Argentine Republic. 241; with Mexico, 2OO. 
 
 Trade of Germany, with Argentine Republic. 241; with Mexico, 
 260; compared with that of Great Britain. 292. 
 
 Trade of Italy, with .Argentine Republic. 241. 
 
 Trade of Japan, with China. France. Germany and United King- 
 dom, 357- 
 
 Trade of United KingdKjm, with Argentine Republic, 241; with 
 Chile, 280; with Costa Rica, 268; with Mexico, 260; with Vic- 
 toria, 49. 
 
 Trade of the United States, probable influence of Isthmian Canal 
 on, 192; percentage of, carried in United States vessels, 202; 
 with Argentine Republic, 237, 240, 241; with Australia, 73; 
 with Balkan Peninsula, 3.32, 333; with Brazil, 17, 208, 274; with 
 Canada, 24, 347; with Chile 257, 280: with China. 81, 97, 214; 
 with Costa Rica, 265, 267, 268; with Guatemala, 350; with Haiti. 
 299; with India, 127; with Italy, 288; with Jamaica, 326; with 
 Japan, 81, 109, no, 112, 113, 115, 122, 357; with the Leeward 
 Islands, 329; with Mexico, 260; with New South Wales, 39, 48; 
 with New Zealand, 54; with Norway, 230: with Panama, 258, 
 348; with Paraguay, 251; with Peru, 276; 277; with Philippine 
 islands, 206; with Queensland, 62, 64; with Russia, 290; with 
 Siberia, 95; with South America, 246, 247, 301, 349; with Spain, 
 296; with Sweden. 297; with Three Rivers, Canada. 317; with 
 Uruguay, 301 ; with Venezuela, 242. 
 
 Trade per capita, between the Lhiited States and Australia, Britisli 
 West Indies. Central America. Mexico, and South America, 
 25: between the United Slates and Canada, ,347. 
 
 Trade possibilities, of Balkan States, 333; of Central Asia, 119; 
 of China. 82, 91, 103; of the Far East. 93. 291; of Greece, 
 3.33; of Persia, 120; of Russia, 297; of .Sweden, 292. 
 
 "Trade Possibilities of the Far East," 93- 
 
 "Trade Relations Between Panama and the United States," 349. 
 
 "Trade Relations Between the United States and the Leeward 
 Islands," 327. 
 
 "Trade Routes of the World." 194. 
 
 Trade routes to Central Asia, 119. 
 
 Trade statistics, assimilation of. 164; resolution regarding assimi- 
 lation of, 169, 339; resolution regarding uniformity in. 336: 
 uniformity in, 163. 
 
 Trade, transit, method of classifying. 165. 
 
 "Trade with Spain." 222. 
 
 Trade-mark, a national institution, 311; a perpetual patent, 307; 
 agreement of France, with Bolivia, Brazil. Colombia, Costa 
 Rica, Guatemala. ^Mexico, Peru and Venezuela, 312; agree- 
 ment of Germany, with Brazil, Guatemala, Mexico and Vene- 
 zuela, 312; agreement of Great Britain, with Bolivia, Colom- 
 bia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico and Paraguay, 312; agree- 
 ment of the United States with Brazil, 312; agreement of the 
 United States, with foreign countries, 311: agreements needed 
 between the United States and Latin America, 312; attempt 
 to use, as a perpetual patent, 305; conducive to fraud, 305; 
 difficult to maintain in foreign countries, 311; effect of regis- 
 tration of, 308; "Eye" and "Ear," 309; in China, 81; neces- 
 sary in foreign trade, 304; necessity of registration of. 311; 
 necessity of registration of, in Europe. 311; necessity of regis- 
 tration of, in Germany, 311; need of universal registration of, 
 309; number of, registered in the United States, 304; property 
 right of, universally recognized, 304; protection of, varies in 
 foreign countries, 308; resolution regarding, 336; some anoma- 
 lies, 305; some useful suggestions, 309: suggestions of. for 
 China, 312; suggestions regarding selection of. 304, 308: sug- 
 gestions regarding the validity of various classes of words. 
 305. .306; superiority of, to patent. 310; universally recognized. 
 311; value of. as an advertising medium, 310: value of, in com- 
 mercial combinations, 309; value and importance of, in com- 
 merce, 304. 
 
 Trade-mark and patent cannot coexist on the same article, 306. 
 
 Trade-mark law, abuse of, 205; countries having, 308; of the 
 United States, 304. 
 
 Trade-mark Record, the, 310. 
 
 Trade-mark system, effect of competition on, 306; necessity of 
 separation of, from patent system, 307. 
 
 Trade-Mark Union, resolution regarding. 314. 338. 
 
 "Trade-Marks and Foreign Trade," 311. 
 
 Traffic, cost of, in Europe and the United States, 134. 
 
 Traffic on the Suez Canal, 7. 
 
 Transit goods, discussion on valuation of, 380; to be improved 
 or perfected, 380, 381. 
 
 Transit trade, method of classifying. 165. 
 
 Transportation companies in Japan. 358. 
 
 Transportation, conveniences on the Isthmus of Panama, 348; cost 
 of, in Europe and the United States compared, 283; cost of, in 
 Persia, 121; importance of, to-day, 181, 213; improvement of, 
 in Japan, in. 
 
 Transportation facilities, of Aden. Arabia, 126; of New Zealand, 
 59; of Nicaragua, 270; resolution regarding, 345. 
 
 Transportation facilities, between the United States and Balkan 
 States, 333: Bolivia, 279; Brazil, 209; Canada, 326; Central 
 Asia, 119: Chile, 269: India, 129; Jamaica. 326. 327; Japan. 
 122; Mexico, 261; South America, 151, 185. 
 
 Trans-Saharian Railway, proposed, 195. 
 
 Trans-Siberian Railway, cost of, to Russia, 14; description of. 195. 
 
 Travel by native Costa Ricans, 264. 
 
 Travelers, commercial, German and .Anurican comjjared. 248: 
 German, in Costa Rica. 265. 
 
 Treaties, adoption by the LTnited States of the European system 
 of commercial. 375, 382; proposition for a committee to review, 
 361, 362. 
 
 Tripp. P-dgar. Trinidad. West Indies. 401. 
 
 Trolley road in Korea, n8. 
 
 Tropics, labor in the, 321: the white race in the. 321. 
 
 Trov pound, inaccuracy of. 175. 
 
 Trusts, development of, in the United States, 246. 
 
 Trust cpiestion in the United States. 162. 
 
 Tucker. Wm. R., United States. 2Jg. 
 
 Turkey, exports from, and imports into, of maize, rye and wheat, 
 compared. 234; imports into, from the United States. 24; mar- 
 ket in, for .American machinery, 333: population of. 233; wheat 
 production in, 233. 
 
 Turkey in Asia, commercial relations of. 362; reciprocity needed 
 between, and the United States, 363. 
 
 Tnr])entine. pitch, etc., imports of, into the Leewar<l lsl;inds, 329. 
 
 Turtle tr.ide of Jamaica, 323. 
 
 V. 
 
 Uchida. S.. Japan, is. 108. 401. 
 Ulloa C;.. J. J., Costa Kica, 193, 264. 
 "Uniformity in Trade Statistics," 163. 
 Union F.lectrical Carbon Works, Kronach, 
 
 Germany, 378. 
 
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS 
 
 439 
 
 Unions, commercial, importance of. in Germany, 292. 
 
 United Fruit Company. 324. 325. 
 
 United Kingdom, bicycles in, 180; competition of, declining m 
 Guatemala, 350; decline of sheep-stock in, 182; difficulties of 
 introducing metric system in, 174; division of exports and 
 imports in, 168; duty of, on raw cacao and sugar, 381; exports 
 of boilers from, to Germany, 377; exports of coal from, to 
 Kiushiu, Japan, 355; exports of iron ore from, 365; exports 
 of iron and steel manufactures from, 365; exports of sheep 
 from, to Argentine Republic, 184; exports from, to Argentine 
 Republic, 241; exports from, to Bermuda and Canada, 347; 
 exports from, to Guatemala, 350; exports from, to Haiti, 299; 
 exports from, to Japan, 357; exports from, to Mexico, 260; 
 exports from, to New South Wales, 39; exports from, to 
 New Zealand, 56; imports of bicycles into, from the United 
 States, 181; imports of iron ore into, 365; imports of nitrate 
 into, from Chile, 254; imports of wheat into, 234; imports of 
 wool into, from Cape Colony, 186; imports into, from Argen- 
 tine Republic. 241; imports into, from Bermuda, 370; imports 
 into, from New South Wales, 39; imports into, from Spain, 
 357; imports into, from the United States, 23; imports into, 
 per capita, from the United States. 22. 34; iron ore production 
 in. 365: leading country of the future. 290; packing in. com- 
 pared with France, Germany and the United States, 330; par- 
 cels-post treaties of, 149; pig iron production in, 31. 365; pro- 
 tective policy of, 289; trade of, in cotton goods, with Brazil, 
 275; trade of, in cotton goods, with China, 96; trade of, com- 
 pared with that of Germany, 292; trade of, with Argentine 
 Repulilic, 241; trade of, with Canada, 28; trade of, with Chile, 
 280; trade of. with Costa Rica, 268; trade of. with Formosa, 
 124; trade of. with Mexico, 260; trade of, with South America. 
 247; trade of. with Victoria. 49; trade-mark agreement of. with 
 Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Me.xico and Para- 
 guay, 312: United States locomotives in. 214. 
 
 United States, ability of, to export, 290; acquisition of Alaska, 
 Aleutian Islands, California. Florida. Louisiana. Pacific Is- 
 lands, Philippines and Porto Rico, by, 205; adoption by, of the 
 European system of commercial treaties, 375, 382; agents 
 from, needed in the Balkan States, 333: agents from, needed 
 in Central America, 349; agents from, needed in Guatemala, 
 350; agents from, needed in South America, 301; agents from, 
 compared with European. 133; agricultural experiment sta- 
 tions in, 256; area of, compared with Brazil, 210: agricultural 
 implements from, in demand in Natal, 197; aim of diplomats 
 of, in South America, 208; annexation of the Hawaiian Islands 
 by, 205; arbitrary methods of customs appraisers of. 378; at- 
 titude of, toward China, 86. 94; balance of trade of. with 
 Japan. 109: banks of, needed abroad, 332; banks of. needed in 
 Balkan States. 333; banks of, needed in Brazil, 209, 244: banks 
 of, needed in Guatemala, 350; banks of, needed in Haiti. 299; 
 banks of. needed in India. 129: banks of. needed in South 
 America. 151. 195; banks of, needed in Southern Brazil, 2ir; 
 bicycle industry in, 180; bicycle patented in, 180; bicycle, price 
 of, in, 181 ; board of customs appraisers in, 225, 330; boundary 
 of, in Alaska. 10; business methods of, compared with Euro- 
 pean, 132, 349; business methods of, in Mexico, 261; business 
 methods of, in Panama. 349; canals in. declining, 216: canal 
 rates in. 231; characteristics of people of, 210; chemical in- 
 dustries in. 254: Chinese restriction in. 97, 105; coasting trade 
 of, 115; commercial education in, 228, 229. 232: commercial 
 education in. compared with European. 132; commercial or- 
 ganizations in, compared with European, 134; commercial re- 
 lations between, and Asiatic Turkey, 362; commercial relations 
 between, and Japan, 112, 361; commercial relations between, 
 and South America, 150; commercial schools, in. 228; commer- 
 cial travelers of, compared with those of Germany, 248; com- 
 plaint against method of calculating market values in the, 381, 
 382; complaints against tariff administration of, 375; consular 
 service of, 203, 204. 208, 229. 280, 331, 373; consumption of wool 
 in, 184; cost of transportation in, compared with that of Eu- 
 rope, 134. 283: cotton industry in, 32, 33; coton piece goods 
 trade of, with China, 82; Cuba as a market for goods of. 212; 
 customs advisory board in, resolution of German-Ameri- 
 can Commission on. 379. 380; customs advisory board 
 suggested for, 376, 380. 382; customs appraisers of, com- 
 plaint against. 373, 375; demand for furniture of, in 
 Natal, 187; department of commerce and industry pro- 
 posed in, 169; deposits of iron ore in, 369; devel- 
 opment of iron ore mines in, 368; discussion of customs 
 practices in, 373, 374. 375: duty of. on chocolate imported from 
 Belgium. France. Germany. Holland. Switzerland and United 
 Kingdom, 381; duty on electric carbons in. 378, 379; effect 
 of tariff of, on trade of Bermuda, 370; effect of tariff of, on 
 Italian trade. 288, 289; effect of tariff of. on Japanese tea 
 industry, 114; effect of tariff of, on Japanese trade, 123; ex- 
 ports from 24; exports from, by articles, 205; exports from. 
 
 (classified), 21; exports from (by continents), 22; exports from 
 (by groups and countries), 23; exports from, value of, 290; 
 exports from, classification of, i68; exports of agricultural 
 implements from, 21, 205; exports of ammunition and explo- 
 sives from, to the Leeward Islands, 329; exports of animal 
 products from, to Mexico, 260; exports of arms and explo- 
 sives from, to Mexico, 260; exports of beef from, to the Lee- 
 ward Islands, 329; exports of bicycles from, 180; exports of 
 books, boots and shoes, bread and biscuit, butter, cacao and 
 carriages from, to the Leeward Islands. 329; exports of car- 
 riages from, 364; exports of carriages from, to Mexico. 260; 
 exports of cement and cheese from, to the Leeward Islands, 
 329; exports of chemicals from. 205; exports of cigarettes, 
 cigars, coal and coffee from, to the Leeward Islands. 329; 
 exports of copper manufactures from, 205; exports of cordage 
 and naval stores, and corn and wheat from, to the Leewird 
 Islands, 329; exports of cotton from, to Japan, 113, 122. 357; 
 exports of cotton from, to Kobe, 124; exports of cotton cloth 
 from, to Japan, iii: exports of cotton manufactures, and 
 cotton oil from. 205; exports of drugs and chemicals from, to 
 the Leeward Islands. 329; exports of drugs, paints and chem- 
 icals from, to Mexico, 260; exports of electrical apparatus 
 from, to the Leeward Islands, 329; exports of fabrics from, 
 to Mexico, 260; exports of fancy goods and fertilizer from, to 
 the Leeward Islands, 329: exports of fish from, 21; exports of 
 fish from, to the Leeward Islands, 329; exports of flour from, to 
 Japan, 113, 357, 359; exports of Hour from, to the Leeward 
 Islands. 329; exports of forest products from, 21; exports of 
 fruit, fuel (other than coke), furniture, glassware and haber- 
 dashery from, to the Leeward Islands, 329; exports of ham. 
 bacon and pork from. 205: exports of ham. hardware and 
 hay from, to the Leeward Islands. 329: exports of iron from, 
 to Japan, 113. 357: exports of iron and steel manufactures 
 from, 205; exports of iron and steel manufactures from, to 
 Japan. 368; exports of jewelry from, to the Leeward Islands, 
 329: exports of kerosene from, to Japan, 113, 124, 357; ex- 
 ports of kerosene from, to Kobe, 124: exports of kerosene 
 from, to the Leeward Islands, 329; exports of lard from, 205; 
 exports of lard from, to the Leeward Islands, 329: exports, 
 of lard compounds from, 205: exports of leather and its manu- 
 factures from, 20s; exports of leather and saddlery and lum-. 
 ber from, to the Leeward Islands. 329; exports of locomotives, 
 from, 246; exports of machinery from, to Japan, 113, 357; 
 exports of machinery from, to the Leeward Islands, 329; ^ 
 exports of machinery from, to Mexico. 260; exports of maize- 
 from, 234; exports of malt from, to the Leeward Islands, 329; 
 exports of malt liquors from, 205; exports of manufactured' 
 goods from. 21, 290, 304; export of manufactured goods from, 
 to Canada. 347; exports of matches from, to the Leewarci' 
 Islands, 329; exports of metals and manufactures of, from, ^ 
 Mexico, 260; exports of milk from, 205; exports of mining 
 products from. 21: exports of musical instruments, narcotics, 
 oats, oil and oil cake from, to the Leeward Islands, 329;- ex- 
 ports of oleomargarine from. 205: exports of oleomargarine- 
 and paint from, to the Leeward Islands, 329; exports of paper 
 from, 205; exports of paper and stationery from, to the Lee- 
 ward Islands, 329: exports of paper and manufactures of. from, 
 to Mexico. 260; exports of peas, beans and barley, perfumery, 
 pork, potatoes, rice, rubber goods, salt, and sausage from, to ^ 
 the Leeward Islands, 329; exports of scientific and electrical; 
 instruments and apparatus from, 205; exports of sheep from, 
 to Argentine Republic, 184; exports of shingles, shooks, 
 soap, spirits and starches from, to the Leeward Is- 
 lands, 329; exports of sugar and molasses from, 205; exports 
 of sugar, sugar machinery, tallow, tea, textiles and tinned 
 fruit and vegetables from, to the Leeward Islands, 329: ex- 
 ports of tobacco from, to Japan. 113. 124: exports of tobacco 
 from, to Kobe. 12.4; exports of tobacco, tombstones, turpen- 
 tine and vermicelli from, to the Leeward Islands, 329: ex- 
 ports of wheat from. 205: exports of wine from, to the Lee 
 ward Islands, 329; exports of wine and liquors from, to Mex- 
 ico, 260; exports of wood pulp from. 230; exports of wooden 
 manufactures from, to the Leeward Islands. 329: exports of 
 woolen goods from. 185; exports from, to Africa, 22, 24; ex- 
 ports from, to Argentine Republic, 240, 241, 347; exports 
 from, to Asia, 22; exports from, to Australasia, 23: exports 
 from, to Austria-Hungary, Azores and Belgium, 24; exports 
 from, to Bermuda, 23, 370: exports from, to Brazil, 244. 275. 
 347; exports from, to British Africa. British China. British 
 East Indies. British Guiana. British Honduras, British North 
 America, and British West Indies, 23; exports from, to Can- 
 ada, 347; exports from, to Cape Colony. 185: exports from, 
 to Central America, China, Cuba and Denmark. 24; exports 
 from, to Europe, 22, 24; exports from, to Germany, 24; ex- 
 ports from, to Gibraltar and Great Britain, its Colonies and 
 dependencies, 23; exports from, to Greece, 24; exports from, 
 
440 
 
 INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 
 
 to Guatemala, 350; exports from, to Haiti, 24, 299; exports 
 from, to Italy, 24; exports from, to Jamaica, 326; exports 
 from, to Japan, 24, iii, 113, 123, 124. 357: exports from, to 
 Kobe, 123, 124; exports from, to Leeward Islands, 328, 329; 
 exi)orts from, to machine using countries, 24; exports from, 
 to Malta, 23; exports from, to Mexico, 24, 259. 260, 347; 
 exports from, to iVIiquelon and Netherlands, 24; exports from, 
 to New South Wales, 39. 40, 48; exports from, to North 
 America, 22; exports from, to New Zealand, 56; exports 
 from, to Norway and Sweden, 24; exports from, to Oceanica, 
 22, 24: ex])orts from, to Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, Por- 
 tugal. Roumani;i, Russia and Servia, 24; exports from, to 
 South America, 22, 24, 347; exports from, to Spain, 24, 222; 
 exports from, to Switerland and Turkey, 24; exports from, 
 to United Kingdom, 23, 347; exports from, per capita, to 
 Argentine ReiHiblic, 347; exports from, per capita, 21; exports 
 from, per capita, to Australia, 22; exports from, per capita, 
 to Brazil, 347; exports from, per capita, to British North 
 America, and British West Indies, 22; exports from, per capita, 
 to Canada, 347; exports from, per capita, to China, 22; ex- 
 ports from, per capita, to France, Germany and Great Bri- 
 tain, 22, 347; exports from, per capita, to India and Latin 
 America. 22: exports from, ix-r capita, to Mexico. 22. 347; 
 exports from, per capita, to the Phillippines, 22; exports from, 
 per capita, to South America and Venezuela, 347; export duty 
 on grain proposed in, 233: export trade of, possible through 
 organization and transportation, 246; factory methods in, com- 
 pared with European, 133: Farmers' Alliance in, 171; ferti- 
 lizer industry in, 255; freight rates on parcels from, to Italy, 
 371; freight rates to Italy, compared with parcels post rates 
 from Italy to various countries, 371; freight rates from, to 
 -South America. 348; German element in, 210, 292: goods from, 
 in demand, in Brazil, 208; goods from, in demand, in Cuba, 
 212; goods from, in demand, in Far East. 213; goods from, 
 unknown in Spain. 223; grain movement in. 256: grain trade 
 of, 35; history of, compared with that of Mexico, 362; 
 immigration mto, 130; imports of bananas into, from 
 Jamaica, 326; imports of bones into, from Uruguay, 
 301; iinports of camphor into, from Japan. 124; im- 
 ports of camphor into, from Kobe, 124: imports of 
 carpets into, from Japan, 124; imports of carpets into, from 
 Kobe. 124; imports of casings into, from Uruguay, 301; 
 imports of cocoanuts into, from Jamaica. 326; imports of coflfee 
 into, 32; imports of coffee into, from Jamaica, 326; imports of 
 ginger into, from Jamaica. 326; imports of glue stock into, from 
 Uruguay. 301; imports of habutai into, from Japan. 114. 357; 
 imports of horse hair into, froin Uruguay, 301; iinports of 
 iron ore into, 368; imports of jerked beef into, from Uruguay. 
 ,301: imports of lemons into, from Uruguay, 288; imports of 
 matting into, from Japan, 114, 357; imports of matting into, 
 from Kobe, 123; imports of nitrate into, 254: imports of nitrate 
 into, from Chile, 254; imports of olive oil into, from Italy, 
 28<S; intports of oranges into, from Italy, 288; imports of or- 
 anges into, from Jamaica, 326: imports of pineapples into, 
 from Jamaica, 326; imports of raw silk into, from Japan, 114, 
 357; imports of rice into, from Japan, 124; imports of rice 
 into, froni Kobe, 124; imports of silk goods into, from Japan, 
 '14.. 357; imports of sugar into, from Jamaica, 326; imports of 
 tasajo into, from Uruguay, 301; imports of tea into, from Ja- 
 pan, 114, 357: imports of tea into, from Kobe. 123: imports of 
 wine into, from Italy, 288; imports of woo! into. 185; imports 
 of wool into, from Argentine Republic, 184, 185; imports of 
 wool into, from Cape Colony, 185; imports, classification of, 
 in, 168; ini])orts into, from Antigua, 327; iinports into, from 
 Argentine Republic, 240. 241; imports into, from Asia, 22; 
 impijrts into, from Bermuda, 370; imports into, from Brazil, 
 244; imports into, from Canada, 347; imports, into, from Chem- 
 nitz. Germany, 289; imports into, from Cuba, 212; imports 
 into, from Dominica, .■^28; iinports into, from Europe, 22, 23, 
 129; imports into, from Jamaica, 326; imports into, from Ja- 
 I)an, III. 114. 123. 357; iinports into, from Kobe, 123; imports 
 into, from the Leeward Islands. 328; imports into, from Mex- 
 ico, 259; imports into, from Montserrat, 328; imports into, 
 from New South Wales, 39, 40; imports into, from North 
 America. 22. 23; imports into, from St. Christopher, Nevis 
 and Anguilla. 328; imports into, from South America, 22, 23; 
 imports into, from Spain, 222; iinports into, from Three Rivers, 
 Canada. 317; imports into, from Uruguay, 300; imports into, 
 from Virgin Islands, 328; improved machinery in, 231; in- 
 dustrial growth of, 5, 6, 31 : influence of. in Three Rivers, 
 Canada. 317; influence of railway advertising in, 216; internal 
 revenue tax in, 25; Isthmian Canal must be built and controlled 
 by, 193; Isthmian Canal needed by, 331; kerosene trade of, 
 with Japan, 109; labor conditions in, compared with Europe, 
 134; labor-s.iving devices in, 231; lack of artistic taste in, 227; 
 Latin element in, 210; leading country of the future, 290; lo- 
 
 comotives from, in use in Great Britain, Japan and Russia, 210, 
 214; losses by foreign manufacturers through fluctuations in 
 tariff of, 382; maintenance by, of rights in China (resolution 
 on), 98, 100; maize exports and imports of, compared, 233; 
 manufacture of electrical machinery in, 246; market for boilers 
 and flttings from, in Germany. 377; market for coal from. 
 in Brazil, 244; market for machinery from, in Bulgaria, Rou- 
 mania and Turkey. 333: market for shoes from, in Europe. 
 293: market for textile machinery and machine tools from, 
 in Austria- Hungary, 224; markets for goods of, 23; market in,' 
 for Brazilian manganese, 218; manufacturers of, compared with 
 German manufacturers. 232; merchants of. compared with 
 those of foreign countries, 231; money question in, 161: mer- 
 chant marine of, needed, 162, 202, 331; merchant marine of. 
 resolution regarding. 313, 334; metric system in, 175; mutual 
 interests between Germany and the, 5; a natural market for 
 Cuba, 212; natural relation of Philippines to, 207; need of 
 steamship lines from, to Argentine Republic, 238; need of 
 steamship lines from, to Balkan States, 333; need of steam- 
 ship lines from, to Brazil, 209, 244, 275; need of steamship 
 lines from, to Chile, 280; need of steamship lines from, to 
 India, 129; need of steamship lines from, to Panama, 348: 
 need of steamship lines from, to Peru, 276; need of steamship 
 lines from, to Scandinavia and Russia, 292; need of steam- 
 ship lines from, to South America, 151, 185. 349: need of 
 steamship lines from, to Southern Brazil. 211; need of steam- 
 ship lines from, to Spain. 223; need of steamship lines from, 
 to Sweden, 297; need of steamship lines from, to Uruguay. 
 301, 302; nitrate of soda in demand in, 255; notes on the com- 
 niercial relations of Guatemala with the, 350; opportunities for, 
 in China, 69; ownership of Isthmian Canal by, proposed, 192; 
 packing in, 330: packing in, compared with that in France. 
 Germany, and Great Britain, 330; packing in, compared with 
 European packing, 129; parcels post needed by, 149, 152, 153, 
 154. I55> 303. 331- 371; patent law of, compared with European, 
 313; patent legislation in, 375; payments by, to foreign ship 
 owners, 102; Payne-Hanna subsidy bill in Congress of, 162: 
 population of, 21, 233; production of brown hematite and car- 
 bonate in, 368; production of cotton in, 33; production of cot- 
 ton goods in, compared with that in England, 246; production 
 of iron and steel in, 31, 246; production of iron ore in, 365, 368; 
 production of magnetite in, 368; production of pig iron in, 31; 
 365; production of red hematite in, 368; production of wheat 
 in, 233; production of wool in, 182; prosperity of, 205; pro- 
 tective tariff of. 374; publication of consular reports of, 229; 
 railways of, compared, with European, 134; railway equipment 
 in, 214; railw^ay fares in, 217; railway service in, 217; railway 
 speed in, 217; raw silk trade of, with Japan, log; reciprocity in, 
 205; reciprocity between, and Argentine Republic, 238, 239: rec- 
 iprocity between, and Australia needed, 73; reciprocity between, 
 and Austria-Hungary needed, 224: reciprocity between, and 
 Bermuda needed, 370; reciprocity between, and Cape 
 Colony needed, 186; reciprocity between, and Chile 
 needed, 280; reciprocity between, and Germany needed, 
 382; reciprocity between, and Italy needed, 227, 288; 
 reciprocity between, and Jamaica proposed, 326: reciprocity 
 between, and Leeward Islands proposed. 328; reciprocity be- 
 tween, and Japan needed. 112. 114: reciprocity between, and 
 New Zealand needed. 60; reciprocity between, and Queens- 
 land needed. 62; reciprocity between, and Spain needed. 223. 
 296; reciprocity between, and Turkey needed. 363; reciproc'ty 
 between, and Uruguay needed. 302: reciprocity treaty of. with 
 Bermuda. 370; relation between production and consunip'ion 
 in, 23; relations of. with Bermuda. 371; relations of, with 
 Japan. 356; revenue of, 26; revenue per capita of. 25: rights 
 of. in China, 82, 85; rights of, in the Philippine Islands un- 
 disputed. 207: rise of army and navy of. 161; samples from, 
 needed in Central .America. 349: sheep stock of. declining. 
 182; shipbuilding in, 214; ships of. as carriers of American 
 trade. 202; shipping of, declining. loi: spruce tree area in. 
 i,?8: stamp tax in, 25; subsidization of steamship lines pro- 
 posed in, 102, 283, 304; tariff administration defective in, 285: 
 tariff, relation of, to protected industries in. 253: tariff 
 on machinery in. proposed removal of, 253: tariff on wool in, 
 184: tariff reduction in. i8i: tax on petroleum exports pro- 
 posed in. and Russia. 234: tea trade of. with Japan. 109: 
 technical schools for carriage builders in. 364; tendency to 
 over-production in, 231: territorial expansion in, 285: trade 
 of. with .'Xrgentine Republic. 237. 239, 240, 241: trade of. with 
 Australia. 73: trade of. with Balkan States. 333. 333: trade 
 of. with Bermuda, 370; trade of, with Brazil, 17. 208, 274: 
 trade of. with Canada. 24. 28, .347: trade of, with Chile. 257. 
 280: trade of. with China, 81, 97. 214; trade of. with Costa 
 Rica, 265, 267, 268: trade of. with Formosa. 124: trade of. 
 with Guatemala. 350; trade of. with Haiti. 2<>^: trade of. with 
 India. 127; tr.'ide of, with Jam.'iica. 326: trade of. with Jap.iii. 
 
INTEENATIONAL COMMEECIAL CONGEESS 
 
 441 
 
 8l, 109, no. III, 112, 113, IIS, 122, 357; trade of, with Lee- 
 ward Islands, 329; trade of, with Mexico, 16, 260; trade of, 
 with New South Wales, 39, 48; trade of, with New Zealand, 
 54. 58; trade of, with Norway, 230; trade of, with Panama, 
 258, 348; trade of, with Paraguay, 251; trade of, with Peru, 
 2/6, 277; trade of, with Philippine Islands. 206; trade of, with 
 Queensland, 62, 64: trade of. with Russia, 290; trade of, with 
 Siberia. 95; trade of, with South America, 151, 246, 247, 249, 
 301. 349; trade of, with Spain, 293, 296; trade of, with Swe- 
 den. 247; trade of, with Three Rivers, Canada. 317; trade 
 of, with Uruguay, 301; trade of, with Venezuela, 242; trade of, 
 per capita, with British West Indies, Canada, Central Amer- 
 ica, Mexico and South America, 25; trade of, per capita, with 
 Canada, 347; trade of, carried in European ships, 283; trade 
 relations between Panama and, 349; trade-mark agreement 
 of. with Brazil, 312; trade-mark agreements of, with foreign 
 countries, 311; trade-mark agreements of. with Latin-Ameri- 
 can countries. 312; trade-mark law of, 304; trade-marks in, 
 number registered, 304; transportation facilities between Haiti 
 and. 298; transportation facilities between Jamaica and, 326, 
 327; transportation facilities between Japan and, 122; trans- 
 portation facilities between Mexico and, 261; transportation 
 of iron and steel in. 368; travelers of, needed in Argentine 
 Republic, 237; travelers of, needed in Costa Rica, 265; trust 
 question in, 162; trusts in, development of, 246; variation of 
 bushel measure in. 174; wages in, 231; wealth of, 213; wealth 
 of, compared with foreign countries, 213; wheat and rye ex- 
 ports and imports of, compared, 233; wheat land impoverish- 
 ment in, 255. 
 
 United States Fisheries Commission, experiments of, in Porto 
 Rico. 322. 
 
 United States navigation laws, effect of, on Canada, 11, 34, 36. 
 
 "Universal Adoption of the Metric System," 172. 
 
 Uruguay, area of. 302; banks of. 301; cattle in, 302: climate of. 
 302; currency in. 301; education in. 303; exports of bones, 
 casings, glue stock, horse hair and tasajo from, to the United 
 States. 301: exports of wool from. 300; exports from, to Uru- 
 guay, 300; imports into, 300; imports into, from Paraguay. 
 251; imports into, from the United States, 300; increase of 
 sheep stock in, 183; jerked beef industry in. 302; mineral re- 
 sources of. 302; need of an American line from, to the United 
 States. 302; opportunities for capital in, 302; parcels post 
 needed between United States and, 303: plea of, for free trade. 
 302; population of. 302; rubber works in. 302: reciprocity 
 needed between the United States and, 302; sample warehouse 
 suggested in. 301: schools of. 303; trade of. with the United 
 States. 301; transportation facilities of. with the United States. 
 302; wool industry of, compared with that of Australia and 
 New Zealand. 300; yellow fever in, 303. 
 
 Utah, production of iron ore and pig iron in, 369. 
 
 V. 
 
 Valuation, difference in method of, 167; of transit goods, 380. 
 
 "Value and Importance of Trade-Marks in Commerce," 304. 
 
 Value, discussion of invoice, 375, zi^; discussion of market, 375, 
 380, 381. 
 
 "Value of the Export Trade when Pushed,' 231. 
 
 Values, import, divergence in, 164. 
 
 Vanilla, exports of, from Para. 273. 
 
 Van Vleet. P. G., Canada, 347. 
 
 \'egetable industry in Paraguay, 251. 
 
 Vegetables, exports of, from Canada, 29; imports of. into the 
 Leeward Islands. 329. 
 
 \'egetation in Australia, 2>7- 
 
 Venezuela, cattle in, 242; exports from, value. 242; exports of 
 coflee from. 242: exports of dressed beef from, 242: grazing 
 in. 242; hemp industry in, 242; imports into, per capita, from 
 the United States. 347; industries of. 242; population of. 242; 
 products of. 242; trade of. with the United States, 242; trade- 
 mark agreements of. with France and Germany, 312. 
 
 Vermicelli, imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 329. 
 
 "Victoria and Its Resources." 48. 
 
 Victoria, butter inspection in, 49; dairy industry in, 48; expen- 
 diture of. 48; exports from, 48: exports of butter, leather, rab- 
 bits and wool from. 49; imports into. 48: frozen meat industry 
 in. 4Q; fruit industry in, 49; gold mining in, 48; leather industry 
 ni. 40; population of. 48: production of coal and gold in, 48; 
 production of wine in, 49; production of wool in, 38; prop- 
 erty in. 48; rabbit inspection in. 49: revenue of, 48; trade of. 
 with Great Britain, 49; wine industry in, 49. 
 
 Vienna Export Academy, an ideal consular school, 226; course 
 of instruction in. 226: maintenance of, 226; objects of, 226. 
 
 \'ine culture in Chile, 280. 
 
 Vinegar, imports of. into the Leeward Islands. 329. 
 
 \'irgin Islands, area of. 328; exports from, articles and value, 328; 
 exports from, to the United States, 328; population of, 328. 
 
 Virginia, production of iron ore and pig iron in. 369. 
 
 Volcker, Dr., nitrate of soda expert, 256. 
 
 Vorhees, Dr.. nitrate of soda expert, 256. 
 
 Vosberg-Rekow, Germany, 6, 34, 234, 235, 343, 372, 373. .374, 375. 
 
 376. in, 379> 380, 382. 
 Vossen, Leo, Germany, TiJ,, 234, 372, 374, 401. 
 
 W. 
 
 Waetzoldt, G. D., Germany, 235, 372, 375, 376, 377, 402. 
 
 Wages, in Japan, 360; in New Zealand, 57; in the United States. 
 
 231- 
 Wagner, Dr. Paul, nitrate of soda expert, 256; experiments by, 257. 
 Wanger, I. P., United States. 287, 289. 293, 297, 298, 300. 
 Ward. Geo. C, United States, 121. 
 Ward, J. K., Canada, 30. 
 Warehouse, sample, proposition for, in China, 82; proposition for, 
 
 in Uruguay, 301; suggested for Panama, 349. 
 Warwick, Charles F., United States, 159. 
 Washington ceremonies, ,159. 
 Washington. President, 362. 
 Washington, wheat crop of, 217. 
 Watches and clocks, trade in, in India, 128. 
 Water-power, of Norway, 230; of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 245: of Three 
 
 Rivers. Canada. 316. 
 Waterways, of Austria-Hungary, 223; of Canada, 30; of Norway, 
 
 230. 
 
 Waterworks of Kobe, 123: of Tamaulipas, Mexico, 263. 
 
 Wattle bark, exports of, from Natal, 187. 
 
 Wax. production of. in Japan. 358. 
 
 Wealth, of New Zealand, 54: of North Queensland, 6^ 
 
 Webb. Silas D., United States, 80. 
 
 Webster, A. G., Tasmania, 344. 
 
 Wedding. Dr. Herman. Germany, 365. 
 
 Weights and measures, legislation on, 173; need of uniformity in. 
 371: of China, 88, 91, 92; report of the Committee of the 
 House of Commons, England, on, 173. 
 
 West Virginia, production of iron ore and pig iron in, 369, 
 
 "Western Australia," 71. 
 
 Western Australia, area of, 72; cattle industry in. 72: climate of. 
 72; gold fields of, 38. 72; increased demand for manufactured 
 goods in, 73; industries and manufactures of, 72: jarrah wood 
 of. 72; pearl shelling in. 72: population of, 72; production of 
 gold in. 72; production of wool in, 38; revenue of, yi; timber 
 of, 72; wood-paving blocks in, 74. 
 
 Wharfage dues in Kobe. Japan, 123. 
 
 Wharton School of Finance and Economy, University of Penn- 
 sylvania. 143. 
 
 "What Jamaica Offers to the United States," 317. 
 
 Wheat and rye. comparison of exports and imports of, in Alge- 
 ria, Argentine Republic, Australia. Austria-Hungary, Bulga- 
 ria. Egypt. Roumania. Russia. Servia. Turkey and the United 
 States. 233, 234. 
 
 Wheat crop, of Austria-Hungary, 223; of California, 217; of New- 
 South Wales. 40; of Oregon and Washington, 217. 
 
 Wheat, cultivation of. in Persia. 121; decline in price of. 282; 
 duty on, in France. Italy and Portugal, 233; e.xports of. from 
 Roumania and Russia. 2:>,y. exports of. from the United 
 States. 205. 233; imports of. into Europe, 204: imports of. 
 into Great Britain. 234: imports of. into Leeward Islands. 
 329; imports of. into Spain. 295: production of, in .A.lgcria. 
 ."Vrgentine Republic, Australia, Austria-Hungary. British In- 
 dia. Bulgaria. Canada. Chile and Europe. 233; production of. 
 in Japan, 358; production of. in New South Wales, 38: pro- 
 duction of. in North West United States. 282: production 
 of, in Roumania. Russia, Servia. Turkey and the United 
 States, 2T^y. shipment of, from the Columbia River \'alley. 
 United States, 217; shipment of. from Minnesota. 216, 282: 
 shipment of, from Montana, 216, 282; shipment of, from 
 North Dakota, 216, 282; shipment of, from South Dakota, 282. 
 
 Wheat industry in South Australia, 69. 
 
 Wheat fields, use of nitrate of soda on, 255. 
 
 Wheat land, impoverishment of. in the United States, 255. 
 
 Wheeler. Dr.. nitrate of soda expert. 256. 
 
 \^'heeIock, Thomas R., China, 83, 401. 
 
 Whellams, C. J., United States. 99, 157. 221, 287, 334. 
 
 White race, in the tropics, 321. 
 
 Williger, J. W. G., Germany, 401. 
 
 Wilson. Dr. Wm. P., 3. 4. 8. 18, 19. Z2. 34. 35. 36. 40. 42. 48. 
 49. S3, 55. 58, 60, 61, 63, 71, Ti, 74, 79, 80, 99, 107, 118, 130, 
 131. 148, 150. 152, 153, 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159, 160, 176. 
 187, 188. 203, 219, 220, 221, 222, 230, 234. 236, 252. 258, 259, 
 262, 263, 277, 286. 287, 304, 315, 316, 317, 320, 325, 334, 335, 
 336, 337. 338. 339. 340, 341. 342. 345- 
 
 Wine, exports of, from Italy to the United States, 288; exports 
 
442 
 
 INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 
 
 of, from Spain, 294; export's of, froin Victoria, 49; imports of, 
 into the Leeward Islands, 329; imports of, into Mexico, 259; 
 imports of, into Mexico, from the United States, 260; im- 
 ports of, into New Zealand, 56; production of, in Persia, 121; 
 production of, in Victoria, 49. 
 
 Wine industry, of Spain, 295; of Victoria, 49. 
 
 Wine trade of Spain, 295. 
 
 Winsmore, Robert J., Nicaragua, Central .America. 402. 
 
 Wirth, Edmund, Germany, 235, 372, 375, 376, 382. 
 
 Wisconsin, production of iron ore and pig iron in, 369. 
 
 Wise, Morris S., United States, 309. 
 
 Witte, M. de, Russian Minister of Finance, 215. 
 
 Wittenoom, Mr., Western Australia, 71. 
 
 Wolf, J. E. de, Canada, 417. 
 
 Woman suffrage, in New Zealand, 54; in South Australia, 70. 
 
 Wood and manufactures of, exports of, from Canada, 29; exports 
 of, from Norway, 230; imports of, into the Leeward Islands, 
 329- 
 
 Wood, dye, drug, and cabinet, of Bolivia, 278. 
 
 Wood paving blocks of Western Australia, 74. 
 
 Wood pulp, exports of, from Canada, 230; exports of, from Nor- 
 way, 230; exports of, from Three Rivers, Canada, 317; ex- 
 ports of. from the United States, 230. 
 
 Wood textiles, imports of, into Mexico, 259. 
 
 Wool, clianges in the value of, 183; consumption of, in the United 
 States, 184; countries exporting, 182; exports of, from Ar- 
 gentine Republic, 181, 184. 240; exports of, from the Argen- 
 tine Republic, to Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain 
 and Italy, 184; exports of, from the United States, 184, 185; 
 exports of, from Cape Colony to Great Britain, and the 
 United States, 186; exports of, from Natal, 187; exports of, 
 from New South Wales, 40; exports of, from New Zealand, 
 56; exports of, from South Australia, 13: exports of, from 
 Queensland, 65; exports of, from Uruguay, 300; imports of, 
 into Spain, 295; imports of, into the United States, 185; 
 method of selling, in Argentine Republic, 184; production of, 
 declining. 182; production of. in Australia, 38, 183; produc- 
 tion of. in New South Wales. 38, 44; production of. in New 
 
 Zealand, 38, 56; production of, in Persia, 121: production of, 
 
 in Queensland, 38; production of, in River Plate country, 183; 
 
 production of, in South Australia, Tasmania. Victoria, and 
 
 Western Australia, 38; production of, in the United States, 
 
 182; tariff of the United States on, 184. 
 Wool industry, of Australia, New Zealand and Uruguay, compared, 
 
 300; of South Australia, 69. 
 Woolen goods, exports of, from Spain, 56, 294, 295; exports of, 
 
 from United States, 185. 
 Woolen goods industry of New Zealand, 57. 
 Woolson, A. M.. United States, 32. 
 World, a market for American iron and steel, 31; bread eaters 
 
 of, 233; coffee production of. 243; population of, 233; trade 
 
 of, 290; wheat exports of the, 233. 
 Wright. Carroll D.. United States, 167, 170. 
 Wulff, Enrique, Bolivia, 196, 278, 402. 
 Wu Ting Fang. China, 13, 97, 105. 
 Wyoming, production of iron ore and pig iron in, 369. 
 
 Yamamoto. K., Japan, 122. 
 
 Yang-tse Valley and the Burmah Railway, 195. 
 
 Yarn, cotton, imports of, into Spain, 295. 
 
 Yauli, Peru, mining district in. 276. 
 
 Yellow fever, in Uruguay. 303; proposed treaty concerning. ,^03. 
 
 Yensen. Carlos. Spain, 287. 402. 
 
 Verba Mate industry, of Parana. Brazil. 274: of Paraguay. 250. 
 
 Yokohama, Japan, trade of, compared with Kobe, Japan, anr 
 
 Shanghai, China. 123. 
 Young. Captain, developer of Jamaica, 325. 
 Yung Kwai, China, 402. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zacaton, root, exports of, from Mexico, 259. 
 
 Zertuche, Segundo, Mexico, 402. 
 
 Zimmerman. John C. Argentine Republic. 239. 258. 343. 
 
 Zinc ore. production of. in Sweden. 297. 
 
 Zones of Chile, 269. 
 
 J B B A R \ 
 
14 DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 LOAN DEPT. 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 mkr'mW 
 
 
 
 
 iHS'i'- ■■. 
 
 
 |V.AR10l£54 
 
 
 i^^EC ' P tD 
 
 HJlRlO'&^-4m 
 
 14Aiig65BH 
 
 Mk i -^^ii-^aaa 
 
 UBRARY USE 
 
 JUL 8 me 
 
 JIL 9«6 »R0* 
 
 LD 2]A-40m-ll.'63 
 (E16028l0)476B 
 
 General Library 
 
 UoJversity of Caltforoia 
 
 Berkeley 
 

 k