99 .NSV\S\ i FTY BENEVOLENT AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN AND NEAR NEW YORK BRIEF GUIDE FOR VISITORS BY MARY GRACE WORTHINGTON NEW YORK 191 5 'M'~^^^M^<'t$S Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from i IVIicrosoft Corporation FIFTY BENEVOLENT AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN AND NEAR NEW YORK A BRIEF GUIDE FOR VISITORS BY MARY GRACE WORTHINGTON NEW YORK 1915 ^. ^?* INTRODUCTION This manual describes j&fty representative public and private institutions and activities in and near New York City which care for the various classes in society for whom special provision is necessary. The institutions described are not presented as ideal. They are simply some of those which have been visited by the students of the New York School of Philanthropy, either as readily accessible examples of particular types or as illustrating the subject-matter of a course of lectures. Thus, one may be an example of an institution under religious auspices; another, of one on the congregate or on the cottage plan. An effort is made to show the work of different agencies caring for the same special class or group. Equal emphasis is laid on the treatment of the child in public and trade schools and on the treatment of the afflicted and destitute in institutions. A few activities of city departments, one federal, and two state institu- tions, are included. Organizations are arranged alphabetically, under class headings which are also alphabetically arranged. For instance, the exact titles of organizations caring for the blind will be found in al^l^^betical order under the head- ing Blind. 3/459^i-G 4 INTRODUCTION The object of each society is given, as set forth in its official statement, with a brief description of its institu- tional buildings and its methods of work. Information is given in regard to procuring permission to inspect, to- gether with the best time to visit and directions how to reach the institution. An appendix contains suggestive questions to keep in mind in visiting: A, Almshouses and Homes for the Aged; B. Orphan Asylums and Homes for Children; C. Penitentiaries and Prisons; D, Reformatories for Children; E. Tenement Houses. In another appendix suggestions are given as to possible combinations of excursions to several institu- tions in the same neighborhood. An alphabetical index of agencies is to be found at the end. ALMSHOUSES ALMSHOUSES New York City Farm Colony, Castleton Corners, Staten Island. Telephone, Newdorp 384. Under the Department of Public Charities. Superintendent: Joseph D. FHck. The Farm Colony is an almshouse for the semi-able-bodied desti- tute aged men and couples. The inmates are largely men who are able to perform some labor and thus to contribute toward their own support. They are employed according to their abiUty in farming, gardening, building, making roads, etc., and in the general work of the institution. Unattached women have been transferred to the City Home, Blackweirs Island. There are 32 buildings for the housing of the inmates and the employees, situated in the midst of fertile farm land. Three cottages contain rooms for respectable, destitute, married couples and three more are to be built. These are on a hill above the other part of the colony, in grounds joining Sea View Hospital. Seventy acres of land are under cultivation and twenty per cent, of the inmates work in the gardens. Several new buildings have been constructed by inmate labor, large pig-pens have been built and four hundred hogs are now kept. The heating plant of Sea View Hospital will probably be used for the heating of both institutions. Capacity: 1325. Supported by appropriation from the City of New York. In- spected by the State Board of Charities, Department of Health, and State Charities Aid Association. For permission to visit, write or telephone the Commissioner of Public Charities, Hon. John A. Kingsbury, Municipal Building, Centre and Chambers Streets, Telephone Worth 4440. 6 ALMSHOUSES Take Staten Island boat at South Ferry to St. George; Staten Island, electric car marked Silver Lake to Castleton Corners where cabs can generally be had. Time: One hour and twenty minutes from South Ferry to reach institution. Sea View Hospital adjoins the grounds of the Farm colony and can be seen the same day if arrangements are made beforehand. See page 81. New York City Home for the Aged and Infirm, BlackwelFs Island. Telephone, Plaza 8150. Under the Department of Pubhc Charities. Superintendent: Edward E. McMahon. The institution is for destitute adult persons unable to earn their own living, and whose relatives are unable to support them. About one-third of the people in this institution are helpless, bed-ridden or chronic invalids; the other two-thirds are people able to go about but unable to do any considerable amount of work. It is an example of an almshouse that has to some extent succeeded in removing from the institution the unsuitable classes. The institution which is beautifully situated on Blackwell's Island, opposite 68th Street, 71st Street, New York, is made up of about forty-three buildings placed among trees and lawns in nineteen acres of land. The oldest buildings were erected in 1846. It is on the congregate plan, with large separate almshouses for men and women, but with an increasing amount of classification of the inmates affected with various infirmities into different buildings and wards. There are wards for the blind and the senile, buildings are re- served for cripples and epileptics and in the Central and Neurological Hospital there are eight buildings with ten wards for segregating various classes of patients. The grounds have been greatly improved by new roads and cement walks. This work has been done by men from the penitentiary and the work-house and by almshouse inmates. Open spaces have been provided where the women can sit out of doors in the sim, and a new extension, entirely enclosed by windows, has been added to the North Pavilion, making airy dining rooms and sun parlors for the crippled women. There is also a day room for men. Capacity: 3000; about one-third of whom are women. The work of the institution is done by the semi-able-bodied in- mates with the help of a few paid employees. The men do the cook- ing, baking, work ia a tailor shop and shoe shop. The women do the sewing and make all the clothes for the women and the under- clothes for the men. Supported by appropriation from the City of New York. Inspected by the State Board of Charities, Department of Health and State Charities Aid Association. Write for a pass to the Commissioner of PubHc Charities, Hon. John A. Kingsbury, Municipal Building, Centre and Chambers Streets, New York. Telephone, Worth 4440. Boats leave 70th Street and the East River daily every half hour from 7:30' A. m. to 12 p. m. No charge. BLIND Classes for Blind Children, under the Board of Education. Inspector of Classes for Bhnd Children, Miss Frances E. Moscript. These classes aim to give bUnd children the same educational privileges that normal children enjoy. They are limited to ten children in a centre. Individual instruction is given in Braille, type-writing and manual work. The blind children are distributed among the classes for normal children according to their ability to take up the grade work, and they are rated by the regular grade teacher. The Board of Education prints their textbooks in Braille. 3 BLIND Up to the present time no provision has been made for teaching music to blind children in the schools, although many of the children receive musical instruction from outside agencies. There were one hundred and twenty blind pupils registered in Manhattan in 1914-15. In greater New York there will be nineteen centres for the blind with an enrollment of over two hundred at the beginning of the school term, September, 1915. In Public School No. 17, 327 West 47th Street, New York (Tele- phone, Bryant 4888) there is a class of nine bhnd children. In June, 1915, there were seven girls and two boys from six to fifteen years of age attending this class. The room is on the second floor and is furnished with special adjustable seats and desks. The children are taught some manual training, typewriting, the use of the hand loom, weaving rugs and sewing. Very careful physical training is given and special attention is paid to posture and facial expression. Demonstration of special work will be given by the children at the request of the teacher. Miss Mary G. Walsh, but the students do the grade work in classes with the seeing children. They take part in the folk dancing and dramatic work to which this school gives a good deal of attention. In the graduating exercises in 1915, two bhnd girls took part in a play. Supported by appropriation from the City of New York. For permission to visit, write or telephone to the school. Principal, Miss Kate A. McCann. Any morning except Saturday and Sunday, before 10 o'clock, is the best time to visit. Other pubhc schools having classes for the blind are Nos. 20, 30, 44, 110, 166, 171, 186. Addresses and telphone numbers can be found in the New York City telephone directory book under City of New York Public Schools. See also the ungraded class in School No. 17. BLIND 9 The New York Association for the Blind. Light House No. 1, 111 East 59th Street, New York City. Telephone, Plaza 3370. Under the control of a Board of Directors. President, The Honorable Joseph H. Choate. Secretary: Miss Winifred Holt. The Association gives service regardless of race or creed. Its object is to prevent unnecessary blindness; to find the blind; to help the blind to help themselves, and to give relief to those who are ill, aged and needy. Light House No. 1, 111 East 59th Street, was built in 1913. It is five stories high and has a clinic, an auditorium, a gymnasium, a restaurant and roof garden, a museum, a salesroom, offices, class and work rooms. Classes and clubs for men, women and children are held in this building. It issues the Searchlight, a child's magazine printed in improved Braille. The Light House is open week days from 9 A. M. to 5 p. m. Guests are always welcome. The Secretary may be found Thursday afternoons after 4 o'clock or otherwise by appointment. The Association maintains census, lecture, ticket and clothing bureaus, free clinics, a staff of home teachers, a social service department which includes doctors and nurses and works in con- junction with other organizations to relieve the blind. The Association has a workshop for blind men at 338 East 35th Street (telephone Plaza 3370), where they are instructed in broom- making, chaircaning, etc. This building has a restaurant, spray baths, roof garden, etc. It has also a tuning school for youths and men, at 357 East 49th Street, as well as a summer vacation home on the Hudson. The Association is supported entirely by voluntary contributions. New York Institute for the Education of the Blind, 34th Street and 9th Avenue, Telephone, Greeley 1992. Under the control of a Board of Managers. 10 BLIND Principal: Edward M. Van Cleve, also Managing Director of the National Committee for the Prevention of Blindness. The institution is interested in the physical, mental and moral education of the young blind of suitable age and capacity. It aims to train them in ways that will quahfy them for citizenship and for the duties of life. The institution occupies several acres of land in a very busy part of New York City. The buildings were built in 1836 on the congre- gate plan and although of no architectural interest externally are dehghtfuUy old-fashioned inside, low ceihngs, well-proportioned rooms, quaint carving and wide spaces everywhere. Three buildings join the main facade: the middle one containing the dining room, chapel, etc.; the one to the south, the girls' quarters; the one to the north, the boys', with open yards between. The buildings are set back from the street, surrounded by a picturesque wall, enclosing a small lawn on which the children are allowed to play at will. New buildings, on the cottage plan on a more suitable site, are being pushed forward. More emphasis has been placed upon the academic and musical education of the children than on their industrial training. All the elementary subjects including history, geography, Enghsh, also higher English, German and Latin, algebra and geometry are taught, as well as commercial arithmetic and business law. Harmony, counterpoint, organ and piano practice occupy a large part of the training of those students with musical abihty. The industrial training is to be strengthened. At present caning, tuning, mattress work, cord and raffia work, machine sewing, knitting, crocheting and basketry are taught. Receive boys and girls from eight years of age. Capacity: 200. Since the classes for blind children have been started by the Board of Education the number of children has de- creased. 110 were enrolled for the current year. The institution is privately endowed and receives per capita pay- CHURCHES 11 ment of $350 for the support of the New York State pupils. In- spected by the State Board of Charities and Department of Health. Visiting day, Wednesday, 9 a. m. — 12 m., 1 :30 p. m. — 4 p. m. For permission to visit on any day but Wednesday, write or tele- phone to the institution. CHURCHES Saint Bartholomew's Parish House and Clinic, 205-217 East 42nd Street, New York. Telephone, Murray HiU 6220. Under the direction of St. Bartholomew's Protestant Episcopal Church. Rector: Rev. Leighton Parks. Pastor: Rev. Charles B. Ackley. General Manager: John W. Fiske. This institution is a large church settlement house in which a group of social workers, men and women, assist the Rector and Pastor to attend to the various activities of the house. St. Bartholo- mew's is the largest institutional church in New York City. The work of the parish house is in general non-sectarian, but a large rehgious work is carried on. There is a chapel on the first floor in which three services are held on Sunday and which is kept open daily for private prayer. Sunday school and confirmation classes are held, there is a large volunteer choir, several chapel societies made up exclusively of members of the chapel and the younger communicants, and a church periodical club. Services and Sunday schools are also held for Swedes, Armenians and Chinese, under the direction of native clergymen. The parish house, dedicated in 1891, is a large building nine stories high. In the basement is the loan association and the parish press. The first and second floors contain the information office, the chapel and Lyceum Hall, the third the kindergarten, the fourth the cloth- 12 CHURCHES ing bureau, the fifth the girls' club rooms, the sixth and seventh the men's club rooms, the eighth the boys' club rooms. The rooms on the ninth are used by the pastor and the staff in the day and in the evening by the chapel societies and clubs. A clinic building adjoins the parish house where both medical and surgical cases are treated. This building contains also a few hospital beds. Fifty-five thousand treatments were given in 1914. St. Bartholomew's clubs for girls, boys and men are entirely non- sectarian. Their quarters are most comfortable, with baths, gym- nasiums, Hbrary and bilUard rooms. The girls have classes in cook- ing, sewing, voice culture, Enghsh, French, dancing, Uterature and drawnwork. The men have clubs in civil service, literature, a discus- sion class and lectures. The boys have a drill room, a cadet corps, drum and fife corps, and debating societies. Girls' clubs have a membership of 1295 Boys' clubs have a membership of 721 Men's clubs have a membership of 503 2519 Kindergarten has a membership of 250 The parish house supphes sewing for poor women and has a relief bureau, a loan association run on business principals, a provident penny fund, a clothing bureau, a sewing school and a large kinder- garten. St. Bartholomew's Chinese Guild at 42 Mott Street has a rehef department. The fresh air work of the Parish House includes a boys' camp at Boonton, New Jersey, The Hoyt Memorial House at Pawling to which sixty Sunday School children are sent every ten days during July and August, and a cottage for mothers and babies at the seashore. Supported by church funds and offerings. Inspected by the State Board of Charities and put in Class 1 for both plant and administra- tion. CHURCHES 13 For permission to visit telephone the Parish House; the after- noon or the evening are the best times to visit. Sea and Land Church, 61 Henry Street, corner of Market Street, New York. Telephone, Orchard 978. Pastor: Rev. John Ewing Steen. The church is Presbyterian and has Sunday services in three languages; in English 11 a.m. and 8 p. m.; in Italian 4 p. m.; in Russian 12 m. It also maintains a neighborhood house adjoining the church, as the social center for the work of the church. This church is among the three oldest in New York City. It was built in 1819 and is a plain rectangular stone building with strange pointed windows still fitted with their small panes of glass. It is capped by a low, wooden belfry tower. The exterior is old-fashioned and quaint, but the interior is especially interesting, the propor- tions are good, the carved wood ornament behind the pulpit and the pulpit itself are lovely, but the part of the church which has the greatest historical interest is the remains of the slave galleries which are built high up near the roof on either side the organ loft. The one on the left has been untouched. The two galleries are large enough to seat 250 slaves. The neighborhood house is in close structural connection with the church. The Pastor's study has been made by utilizing the space under one of the old slave galleries and its partition wall extends into the church itself. Rooms have been fitted in the belfry tower for the men residents, where they sleep in close proximity to the bell, sharing with it the open air treatment, at present so fashionable. The other part of the house is a modern building containing a gymnasium, library and reading room, kindergarten rooms, a roof garden, and Uving quarters for the residents. It maintains a district nurse, a club worker and two visitors. It runs industrial and literary clubs and classes, has mothers' meetings, sewing school and special classes for men. 14 COURTS It has a summer home for women and children on Staten Island, and a farm at Schenectady, New York. Supported by the New York Presbytery and voluntary con- tributions. For appointment to visit write or telephone the Pastor. Take 3rd Avenue elevated train to Chatham Square station, walk two blocks south on Catharine Street to Henry Street and east one block to Market Street. COURTS Children's Court, East 22nd Street between Lexington and 3rd Avenues, New York. Telephone, Gramercy 3611. There are five children's courts for the several counties in Greater New York, for the hearing and disposition of cases involving the trial or conmiitment of children under sixteen years. In the past justices have been assigned for the specific work of the children's courts by the chief justice of the court of special sessions, but since the first of July, 1915, these courts have been presided over by five judges appointed by the Mayor, one of whom is Chief Justice of the Children's Court. Two judges are detailed to do the work in the Manhattan Children's Court and a new building designed especially for the purpose has been opened. The court considers that the child is not upon trial for the com- mission of a crime, but that he is in need of the care and protection of the State. A convicted child may be placed on probation for such time as the judge deems proper, provided the period does not exceed three years. No child can be taken to a pohce station or a criminal court, so when a child is taken into custody the officer must proceed at once to the children's court if it is in session. If it is not in session the child must be taken to the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 23rd Street and 4th Avenue, where there is a detention house for the care of children until their COURTS 16 cases are disposed of. From this house they are driven each morning in a motor bus to the children's court. Chief Justice of the Children's Courts, Frankhn Chase Hoyt. The new children's court is a spacious white stone building four stories high, with wide passages on either side providing for light and entrances and exits screened from the streets. The first floor con- tains the complaint room, Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children offices and record and information rooms, opening on an imposing hall. On the second floor are the beautiful and dignified court rooms. One where new cases will be heard, withdrawn from the general public, and chambers where the judges will do the follow-up work on their original hearings. In these chambers all cases in which girls are involved are heard. Waiting rooms surround the court rooms; one is for the general pubUc, two for the children, another for the mothers. On the third floor are detention rooms where the girls and boys wait pending the court hearing, a nursery for the younger children and a suite of offices for the attendant physician. The fourth floor contains fourteen rooms to be used by the probation officers, several of whom are employed by private societies working in connection with the court. In 1913 in the children's courts for the counties of New York, Kings, Queens and Richmond there were 8131 children charged with juvenile delinquency, 186 of these were girls. No. complaints were taken in 619 cases Complaints were dismissed in 1294 cases Acquitals 780 cases Children were adjudged juvenile delinquents 5312 cases Cases pending 126 8131 The following disposition was made of the 5312 cases adjudged to be juvenile delinquents: 16 COURTS Sentence suspended in 1291 cases Placed on probation 2438 cases Committed 723 cases Released on payment of fine 860 cases 5312 Eighty-six of these were girls. Visitors specially interested in the hearings should write in advance to the judge. The general public is not admitted to the court rooms. The court is open daily from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m. except on Saturday when it is open only in the morning. Addresses of the other children's courts are: Bronx, 355 East 137th Street, Bronx, New York. Brooklyn, 102 Court Street, Brooklyn, New York. Queens, Flushing Avenue, Jamaica, Long Island. Richmond, Bank Building, St. George, Staten Island. Domestic Relations Court, 151 East 57th Street, New York. Telephone, Plaza 1715. City Magistrates' Court. Two magistrates are assigned by the Chief City Magistrate to sit in this court. Before the Domestic Relations Court are summoned or transferred all persons who abandon or threaten to abandon their wives or children without adequate support, or leave them in danger of becoming a burden upon the public, or neglect to provide for them according to their means. Its jurisdiction covers also persons legally responsible for the support of poor relations. The entire time and attention of the court is thus given to cases of non-support, and it was instituted principally for the protection of wives and children. The cases brought before it often require long and patient hearings and many of them are adjourned from time to time, in order to give the husband an opportunity to support his COURTS 17 family properly. This sometimes results in difficulties being settled and the family reunited. There are now three Domestic Relations Courts, one in Man- hattan, one in Brooklyn, on Myrtle Avenue and one at number 1014 East 181st Street in the Bronx. The Manhattan Domestic Relations court is held in the same building as the 4th District Magistrates Court. It has no suitable waiting rooms for the mothers who are forced to bring their children with them, and no means of separating them from the undesirable people who loiter about the courts. The Commissioner of Public Charities maintains an office of the Superintendent of the Outdoor Poor in connection with the court and a representative of the Corporation Council's office is assigned to the court to look after the interests of the city. During the year 1913 the total number of arrangements in the Domestic Relations Court was 3460, directions were made for support in 630 cases, 1184 were discharged and there were 124 cases pending. No permission to visit is necessary, but a letter of introduction to the sitting magistrate insures attention. Women visitors are advised to ask for the woman probation officer. The court is open daily from 9. a. m. to 4.00 p. m. except Satur- days when it is open only in the morning. The 4th division of the Magistrates' Court can also be visited. It is on the second floor of the same building. Magistrates' Court, 151 East 57th Street, New York City. Tele- phone, Plaza 7642. City Magistrates' Courts, 4th District Court. Under an act to amend the inferior criminal courts act, which passed the Senate in April, 1915, the mayor, on the 1st of July, 1915, appointed a chief city magistrate to hold office for ten years. The chief city magistrate in addition to the exercise of the powers of a 18 COURTS city magistrate will be the administrative head of all courts held by city magistrates. The board of city magistrates appoints a com- mittee of ten of its own number, four residents of the Borough of Manhattan, three of the Borough of Brooklyn, one of the Bronx, one of Queens and one of Richmond, who with the chief city magis- trate makes assignments of the city magistrates to sit at the various city magistrates' district courts. The chief city magistrate makes all assignments of magistrates to the special courts. There are at present thirteen courts, eight for the different dis- tricts, a men's night court, a women's night court and three domestic relations courts. A municipal term of the magistrates courts is to be established at a central location for the hearing of all cases, in which a city or state department is the complainant. Chief City Magistrate: WiUiam McAdoo. City Magistrates have jurisdiction over all minor offenses, viola- tions of a state or mimicipal code, or of an ordinance of the City of New York which is punishable as a misdemeanor, or any mis- demeanor which is punishable by a fine not exceeding $100 or by imprisonment for a period not exceeding 60 days, as well as certain other misdemeanors enumerated in the inferior courts acts. The 4th district court is held on the 2nd floor of the court house building which has lately been repaired and altered. The court room is well hghted and ventilated and not as noisy as many other courts. An important innovation in these courts has been the extension of the finger-print system, which the law of July 1913 required to be taken in all convicted cases of public intoxication and vagrancy. Since December 1913, it apphes to other offenses designated by the Board of City Magistrates, over which they have summary jurisdic- tion, so that it now appUes to cases of disorderly conduct, jostling (pick pockets) and to ^'mashers"; that is, men who annoy women. The original finger prints are immediately forwarded to the ofl&ce of the Chief Magistrate where they are photographed and COURTS 19 copies distributed to the different district courts and to police head- quarters. The judges commit to the workhouse up to six months or to reformatories, impose fines or put on probation. All justices and magistrates are required by law to visit once in each year the workhouse, penitentiary and jails in the City of New York and all other reformatories and institutions to which they have power to commit, as often as may be required by the chief justice or the chief city magistrate. No permission to visit is necessary, but a letter of introduction to the sitting magistrate insures attention. The court is open daily from 9.00 a. m. to 4 p. m. except Saturday when it is open only in the morning. The addresses of the other District Courts can be found in the New York City telephone Directory under City of New York, Courts. Night Court for Women, 125 6th Avenue, corner 10th Street, New York City. Telephone, Chelsea 2513, City Magistrates' Court. There are two magistrates assigned to the Night Court for women. All women arrested in the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx charged with prostitution in any form, and all women arrested after the close of the day court must be taken to the Night Court. After conviction the woman in the Night Court is finger-printed. If she has never been convicted before in that court, it is so estab- Ushed to her credit, and helps the magistrate to decide more in- telUgently what should be done with her. The court is held in the 2nd District Magistrates' Court building at Jefferson Market, in the ordinary court room. It is noisy and easy of access to the street, which attracts curious people and men of an undesirable type. During the year 1913 the total number of women convicted of 20 CRIPPLED CHILDREN prostitution was 2658; of these 1090 were first offenders, the rest had been convicted from one to eleven times. Between July 1, 1910, when finger-printing was introduced, and Dec. 31, 1913 — 304 defendants were placed on probation and 2086 sentences were im- posed to the workhouse. Since July 1913 fines cannot be imposed for violation of any of the laws relating to prostitution. No permission to visit is necessary, but a letter of introduction to the sitting magistrate insures attention. Women visitors are advised to ask for the woman probation officer. Miss Alice C. Smith. The court is open nightly, except Sunday, from 8 p. m. to 1 a. m. Best hour to arrive is 9.30 p. m. Take 6th Avenue elevated to 9th Street station, walk one block north, or 8th Street cross-line car to 6th Avenue, walk two blocks north. CRIPPLED CHILDREN Classes for Crippled Children, under the Board of Education. There is no special supervisor for these classes. Their purpose is to give an elementary education to crippled children, who are taken in free busses to and from the schools. They are given the same work as the normal children, but are often absent and do not progress as rapidly on account of their health. At present these classes which are hmited to twenty children each, do not offer any particular physical or industrial training. The Association for the Aid of Crippled Children works in close co-operation with the school authorities, reporting crippled children who should be in school, following up cases of absence, visiting the children in their homes in the interest of their health, taking them to hospitals and dispensaries and advising needy famihes of cripples in regard to rehef. In May 1914, 534 crippled children were registered in Manhattan, scattered throughout the public schools. If they were concentrated in one or two central buildings, the Board of Education would CRIPPLBDCHILDREN 21 probably be able to pay more attention to their special needs and their industrial and vocational training. In Public School No. 69, 125 West 54th Street (Telephone Colum- bus 3304,) there were in June 1915, five classes for crippled children, boys and girls, with a registration of 90 children. The children attending this school are of Irish, German, French, and Greek parentage. The boys and girls are taught in the same class- room through the 4 A grade; after that in separate rooms. In the special class for crippled children, however, boys and girls are taught together throughout all grades. The school building was built in 1876, but a modern annex has been added, on the secpnd floor of which the classes for crippled children are situated. One of these classes is an open air class for children with tuberculosis of the bone, and is equipped with cots, pillows and blankets. The children are given special seats and desks as well as rest periods, which greatly increase their vitality. They are taught sewing, basketry and canvas work. Milk and crackers are provided them through an outside charitable agency. In case of fire each invalid has been made the charge of an older boy, who is not a cripple, and it is very touching to see, at a fire drill, the care and dispatch with which the children are helped or carried to the street. These drills are held every two weeks, and the build- ing is emptied of 1400 children in less than three minutes. Other activities of this school include an ungraded class of 14 boys, a class in speech defects of 90 children and a school lunch of about 100 children. For permission to visit write or telephone the principal, Thomas J. Boyle. Any morning, except Saturday and Sunday, before 10 a. m. is the best time to visit. Nearest subway and 6th Avenue elevated stations, 50th Street. Other pubHc schools having classes for crippled children: Nos. 2, 27, 30, 44, 68, 70, 104, 107. Addresses and telephone numbers can be found in the New York City Telephone Directory imder City of New York, PubUc Schools. 22 CRIPPLED CHILDREN Crippled Children's East Side Free School, 157 Henry Street. Telephone, Orchard 6474. Emanuel Lehman Foundation in co-operation with the Board of Education. Superintendent: Miss Selma E. Saal. The school aims to improve the physical condition, to educate and to train industrially, poor crippled children of the lower East Side, so that they may become self-supporting. Workrooms are maintained for older cripples. Emphasis is laid on physical care and both children and adults are bathed twice a week imder the supervi- sion of a trained nurse. The children are given a hot meal in the middle of the day, and bread and milk in the morning and afternoon, at a cost of from 6J^ to 7 cents a day. It is a day school only, and the children are brought in busses from their homes in the morning and returned to them at night. The Board of Education pays half the expense of transportation. The school was built in 1907. It is spacious, well designed, and is equipped with all the necessary appUances for the care of cripples. There is an elevator, rest rooms, infirmary, bathing faciUties, work- rooms in which each adult worker sits in a chair specially fitted to the individual bodily defect, and a large playground on the roof. The school receives boys and girls from four years up; there is no age Umit. The capacity is 210, the daily average 190, boys and girls almost equally divided in the academic department, but in the workroom nearly all the 40 adult workers are women. The institution is a non-sectarian endowed institution helped by vol- untary contributions, mainly from Jewish sources. The Board of Education provides the teachers and equipment for the eleven classes. They are considered an annex to PubUc School No. 2 and are supervised by the principal of that school. All kinds of needlework and machine stitching are taught and orders are taken for the finest kind of embroidery. The training for boys has not yet been successfully worked out, but it is planned to begin by teaching them to cover paper boxes. Graduate teachers of the school DEAF 23 are employed to give manual courses to pupils preparatory to ad- mission to the workrooms. A regular weekly wage, according to earn- ing capacity, is paid to all crippled workers employed. The school maintains a summer home at Oakhurst, New Jersey, to which the children are sent during the summer hoUdays. Some of the more deHcate children spend the entire ten weeks in the country, and the others stay for four and one half weeks. The school is open from 8.30 to 5.00 p. m. five days a week from the end of June till the second week in September. No permission necessary; the school can be visited on any school day. Take Third Avenue elevated to Canal St. station, or Second Avenue elevated to Canal Street station, walk east to Rutgers Street, then south to Henry St. Or take subway to Brooklyn Bridge, take Avenue ''B" car to Rutgers Street and walk one block south to Henry Street. DEAF Elementary and Trade School for the Deaf, Public School No. 47, 225 East 23rd Street, New York. Telephone, Gramercy 3394. Under the Board of Education. Principal: Miss Carrie Wallace Kearns. This school takes pupils from the five boroughs of Greater New York. It aims to teach the deaf to rely upon themselves, to become self-supporting, and as nearly as possible, like normal people. The school building is old, the rooms are over-crowded, and the equipment inadequate. The indoor playrooms are dark and the out- door playground is a small yard surrounded by high buildings. A new building has been asked for, and is badly needed. This school receives boys and girls from the ages of four to sixteen, and in 1913-14, it registered 237 pupils. Regular elementary school work is given, the only difference being that it takes the deaf pupils 11 years to do what normal children 24 DEAF do in 8 years, 6 months extra time being allowed for each term in the early grades. Articulation and lip reading are taught to all pupils. No signs are allowed and the children are encouraged to read the lips of all visitors. Special attention is paid to physical training, which includes formal gymnastics, rhythmic exercises and swimming. p^i The academic work and the special teaching necessary, is combined with industrial training which covers printing, sign painting, shop work, industrial art, millinery and dressmaking. The school is allowed to sell the articles made and to take orders for the various departments to fill. Efforts are made to place the children in posi- tions and as there are only a few to be placed each year, these efforts have been very successful. A strong parent's association cares for all the children who need help and is active in other ways. Supported by appropriation from the City of New York. For permission to visit, write or telephone the principal. The best time to visit is on Tuesday or Thursday mornings, when the school assembles at 9 o'clock. The school is in session from 9 to 4. A school lunch is served at 11 :45 in the building; see School Lunch Service, page 35. New York Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, West 163rd Street and Fort Washington Avenue, Telephone, Audubon 10. Under the Control of a Board of Directors. Principal: Enoch Henry Currier. This institution cares for deaf children who are inhabitants of the State and are over 5 years of age. Most of the pupils are taken free, but parents who are able to pay, may do so. The school aims to make use of every instrument and aid that is of value in the educa- tion of the deaf. Lip reading and articulation are taught, and much ingenuity is shown in the methods used to develop the minds of the DEAF 25 pupils. It is the only military school for the deaf in the world, and music is an important part of the training. The classes are taught by specially trained teachers, the curriculum is as nearly hke the state syllabus for Elementary Schools as possible, but special emphasis is laid upon the training necessary to make the graduates self-sup- porting. Boys and girls are taught together when practical. Girls are given a great deal of physical training and boys are taught to cook. Some of the graduates go to the Gallaudet College for the Deaf at Wash- ington. The institution is on the congregate plan and is composed of 6 large buildings, beautifully situated on 11 acres of ground on the Hudson River. The administration building contains the executive offices, chapel, dining room, assembly and play rooms and dormito- ries. In the academic building are about 35 rooms; there is a trade school building, a hospital large enough for 120 patients, a conta- gious hospital for 30 patients and a laundry and power house. Receives boys and girls from 5 to 12 years of age through the Commissioner of Public Charities, Hon. John A. Kingsbury, and persons over 12 upon application to the Commissioner of Education, Hon. John H. Finley, at Albany. Application can also be made to the Principal of the school. Capacity: 500. The trades taught are printing, carpentry, tailoring, dressmaking, baking, and cooking. Supported by private funds and per capita payment of $350 allowed by the State and Counties. Inspected by the State Board of Charities and Department of Health. For permission to visit, write or telephone the principal. Any morning, except Saturday and Sunday, before 10 a. m., is the best time to visit. Take Broadway subway train to 168th Street station, walk south to 163rd Street and west to Fort Washington Avenue. Time: 50 minutes from Grand Central station to institution. 26 DEFECTIVES DEFECTIVES New York City Children's Hospitals and Schools, Randall's Island. Telephone, Harlem 6764. Under the Department of Public Charities. Acting Superintendent: WilHam B. Buck. The institution receives sick and destitute children with or without their mothers, both directly from families, and from orphan asylums and similar institutions. It cares for medical and surgical cases and contagious eye and skin diseases. Epileptic and feeble-minded children are kept until they can be admitted to a State Institution, many cases being cared for perman- ently because the capacity of the State institutions has never been sufficient to receive all the cases from New York City. Defective children who are too young or who for other reasons cannot be ad- mitted to institutions for special training are received; also feeble- minded men and women from New York City, many of whom have Uved on the Island for years. The institution is beautifully situated in spacious grounds on Randall's Island opposite 120th to 128th Street, New York. The 10 brick buildings which formed the nucleus in 1848, have increased to 102 buildings. It is built on the congregate plan; 46 large buildings including Children's Hospital, Custodial Asylum and School for the Feeble-Minded; with these are connected a number of detached pavilions containing wards. For the normal children being treated in the hospital, schools are provided, classified according to diseases. Some school work and industrial training are given the feeble-minded who are able to be taught. The different branches of the industrial work are tailoring, carpentry, mat and hammock weaving, rug making, shoe mending, tinsmithing and mattress making. The girls have classes in cooking, sewing and embroidery and some laundry work is done by the older girls. DEFECTIVES 27 The institution is being thoroughly reorganized. Receives children from 2 to 16 years of age. Capacity: 2000. Supported by appropriation from the City of New York. Inspected by the State Board of Charities, Department of Health and State Charities Aid Association. For permission to visit, write or telephone to Commissioner of Public Charities, Hon. John A. Kingsbury, Municipal Building, Centre and Chambers Streets, New York. Telephone, Worth 4440. Boats leave 125th Street and 120th Street and East River daily, every half -hour from 7 :30 until 12 p. m. No charge. Take 3rd Avenue elevated or Lenox Avenue subway to 125th Street and electric car to East River. Time: thirty-five minutes from 42nd Street to East River. Ungraded Classes, under the Board of Education. Inspector: Miss Elizabeth E. Farrell. These classes are for the care of children who are backward in their home work, and to detect abnormal tendencies while the child is still plastic enough to permit of re-education. Children are transferred from these classes to the normal classes when their progress permits. No child is placed in an ungraded class without a strict and expert examination given by the Board of Education psychologists and alienists. There were 1496 pupils registered in the 92 ungraded classes in Manhattan, Jime, 1914. In greater New York, there were 2972 pupils in 189 ungraded classes. In PubUc School, No. 17, 327 West 47th Street, (Telephone Bryant, 4888) there is a class of 17 imgraded girls. The children are trained by the natural method. The teacher. Miss Eleanor Maloney, endeavors to meet the need of the individual child in giving her freedom to work at what she is best able to do. The furniture is moveable and it is not imcommon to see one or two 28 EDUCATION children seated apart from the others, busily at work. The children are taught the manipulation of concrete material by simple training in the manual arts. They are often able to make brushes, cane chairs and work at modelling and they can all play in a sand pile and learn to make lines on paper. Supported by appropriation from the City of New York. For permission to visit, write or telephone to the Principal, Miss Kate A. McCann. Any morning except Saturday and Sunday, before 10 a. m., is the best time to visit. Other PubHc Schools having ungraded classes, Numbers: 3, 15, 35, 46, 58, 64, 89, 110, 141. Addresses and telephone numbers can be found in the New York City Telephone Directory, under city of New York, Public Schools. EDUCATION Anaemic Classes, under the Board of Education. Medical Inspector of Open Air Classes, Anaemic and Tuberculous: I. Ogden Woodruff. The purpose of these classes is to aid in restoring to health those children whose physical condition seems distinctly below the normal standard. They are Umited to 25 children or less, on account of the difficulties connected with teaching so many grades. Most of these classes are indoors, in large classrooms, which have the windows pivoted. Only three or four schools have out-door class-rooms. There were 1100 children in anaemic classes in Manhattan and Brooklyn in December, 1914. In Pubhc School, No. 135, 51st Street and 1st Avenue, (Telephone, Plaza 7990), there is an anaemic class of twenty-five children, includ- ing boys and girls from the 2nd to the 6th grades. The classroom is on the 4th floor, has pivoted windows and a balcony adjacent. The room is furnished with Moulthrop desks, a combination of desk and chair which is adjustable, very light and moveable. EDUCATION 29 The children are supphed by the Board, with folding cots, sleeping bags, sweaters, caps, over-shoes, and mittens. They pay a small sum for the milk and crackers given in this school as in the other anaemic classes in Manhattan, the money coming either from their parents or from some charitable organiza- tion. Supported by appropriation from the City of New York. For permission to visit, write or telephone to the principal, Miss Kate M. Stephens. Any morning, except Saturday and Sunday, before 10 a. m., is the best time to visit. Other Public Schools having anaemic classes: Nos. 12, 14, 17, 20, 21, 22, 33, 51, 61, 64, 65B, 75, 84, 88, 89, 91, 92, 95, 97, 102, 107, 110, 115, 122, 158, 159, 177, 179, 188. Addresses and telephone numbers can be found in the New York City Telephone Directory under City of New York, Public Schools. Manhattan Trade School, 209 East 23rd Street, near 3rd Avenue. Telephone, Gramercy 3791. Under the Board of Education. Principal: Miss Florence M. Marshall. The school gives a thorough foundation in skilled trades to girls over 14 years of age. Various important experiments are being tried, which if successful will become permanent features of the school. Grants in students' aid are given to a large number of girls who would otherwise be forced into unskilled occupations. During the year 1914, over 125 girls were assisted by this fund. The course is seven hours a day for one year or longer. The building is an old one not well adapted for the purposes of the school, and plans for a new building are being prepared. To be admitted to the trade school the girl must be either a gradu- ate of an elementary school, or 14 years old and able to pass the work of the 6B grade. A transfer card from the elementary school is required. Employment certificates are not necessary. Girls are 30 EDUCATION admitted on Monday of each week. The school is free to girls in all boroughs. The trades taught are needle trades, sewing machine trades and pasting trades. The placement secretary endeavors to place all graduates in positions at the end of the course. The school main- tains a salesroom and orders are taken for dresses, millinery, lamp and candle shades, desk sets and other novelties. Special bargains on Monday of each week. Capacity : 400, but at times 600 pupils have been admitted. Daily average in 1914, was 482. Supported by appropriations from the City of New York. For permission to visit, write or telephone the principal. Open from Monday to Friday, inclusive, from 9 a. m., to 5 p. m., every month in the year except August. Public Schools, under the Board of Education. City Superintendent of Schools: William H. Maxwell. PubUc Schools are established by the State for the purpose of giving a free education to all the children of the city over four years of age. Every child between seven and fourteen years of age is required by the compulsory education law to attend school through- out the school year. There are 548 schools under the Board of Educa- tion with a registration of 770,403 in January, 1915. PubUc School No. 20, corner of Rivington and Forsyth Streets, New York. Telephone, Orchard 7073. Principal: William Krampner. This is an interesting school to visit as it is situated in the lower East Side and is attended almost entirely by Jewish children of for- eign parents who are being taught American ways as quickly as possible and helped to become citizens of this country. The school building was built in 1897, and is on the old plan of school houses with sliding partitions, dividing it into class-rooms. It has a large indoor playroom and a roof garden where the children EDUCATION 31 play in small groups, and where physical training exercises are given the boys by a special teacher. There are 68 classes in all. Be- sides the customary school work there are the following special classes: a blind class of eight children; a class for stammerers and any other children who have difficulty with their speech, which meets daily at 2:30 and is composed of about forty children; a rapid class made up of 40 boys and girls who are able to do one and one-half years work in one year; an ungraded class, and a school lunch serving about 300 daily. There is a certain amount of self-government in the school, under what is called the Davis School State. The boys are taught the various functions of both state and city government and have a governor, a mayor, chief justice and eight judges, a process server, a police commissioner, etc. A court composed of the pupils sits every Friday afternoon, after three o'clock, before which are brought boys who have committed any offence, either in the building or outside in the streets, which is not connected with classroom management. Every boy above the first year is required to bathe at least once a week in the shower baths belonging to the school, when they are also given land exercises in swimming. The children salute the flag daily, but every Friday morning, between 9:00 and 9:30 a. m., there is a special assembly at which the children go through gymnastic exercises, and a formal salute of the flag is given by each boy as he marches past. Receives boys of school age, girls up to 6 years. Capacity: 2600. Supported by appropriations from the City of New York. For permission to visit, write or telephone the Principal, William Krampner. Friday is the best day to visit the school, reaching the building at 8:30 A. M., to see the arrival of the children, to watch them play before school in the indoor playground and to see them march to their classes. 32 EDUCATION Take subway to Spring Street station, walk east to the Bowery, north one-half block to Rivington Street and east two blocks to Forsyth Street; or Third Avenue elevated to Houston Station, walk two blocks east on Houston Street to Forsyth Street and two blocks south to Rivington Street, or Second Avenue elevated to Rivington Street and walk one block west. PubUc School, No. 45, Lorillard Place and 189th Street, Bronx, New York. Telephone, Tremont 5664. Under the Board of Educa- tion. Principal: Angelo Patri. WilUam Wirt, Superintendent of Schools in Gary, Indiana, is being paid $10,000 a year by the Board of Education to spend one week of each month in New York to demonstrate the working of the plan that has made Gary famous. It is an effort to improve the public school system by enriching its elementary education, and providing real vocational preparation by giving the student his training in the repair and construction department of the school, under the direction of men actually doing such work. In this school the Gary School plan is being very freely tried. Multiple use is made of the school plant, and all the operations of the school are as flexible as possible. In order to co-operate with the church, the home and other community activities children can leave the school during the auditorium, play and special work periods for occupations elsewhere. The pupils are divided into the X and Y schools of four divisions each. When the X school is in the class rooms, the four divisions of the Y school are (1) at play, (2) in the shops, (3) in the auditorium, or (4) at home. While at home the children either go to church, have special lessons or engage in some activity approved of by the school. Once put into operation, the plan works itself. The difficulty is to break away from the prejudice of old ideas. The method has the defect of increasing the teachers' hours on duty (8 :30 to 4) and EDUCATION 33 it changes their method of instruction. Instead of teaching various subjects they speciaHze on one or two and teach those all day long. The School building was built in 1913. It is in the form of the letter U, with two wings extending in the rear, forming an open court- yard. There are forty-five rooms and eighty teachers. Near the school there is a square containing large trees where the children play, and two plots of ground have been secured opposite the school for gardens. There is also a farm of 5 acres in Bronx Park next to the Zoological Gardens, where the older children are given a more extensive agricultm*al training. There are pre-vocational classes in carpentry, printing, drawing, clay modelling, natural and physical science, cooking, millinery, gardening and sewing. The necessary printing for the school is done in the printing department, garden ornaments are made in the clay modelling shop, and the necessary work of the school is connected when possible with the classes. There is a class for anaemic children of 25 pupils; for the blind of 11 pupils, and two ungraded classes of 16 pupils each. Capacity: 3200 children. Receives boys and girls from the ages of 4 to 14 years. Supported by appropriations from the City of New York. Additional activities in the school building are a Recreation Centre, Public Lectures, Dramatic and Dancing Clubs, Mothers' Club, Alumni Association, and Parents' Association. For permission to visit, write or telephone to the Principal. Any morning, except Saturday or Sunday, before 10 a. m., is the best time to visit. Take 3rd Avenue elevated to 183rd Street Station, walk one block north on 3rd Avenue to Lorillard Place and north three blocks to 189th Street. Time: fifty minutes from 42nd Street, 3rd Avenue elevated Sta- tion to School. Thirty minutes from Grand Central Station to the Zoological Park, walk three blocks east on Fordham Road, to Loril- lard Place, then one block south to school. 34 EDUCATION Public School, No. 95, 10 Clarkson Street, New York, Telephone, Spring 5726. Principal: John E. Wade. This school is particularly interesting on account of the number of its pre-vocational classes, with a modern and complete equipment. Besides the customary school work, there are ten pre-vocational classes, three ungraded classes and an anaemic class. The Ettinger school plan is being tried in this school. The pupils are divided into two groups, called the X and Y schools, which alter- nate in the use of the various classrooms, playgrounds, science rooms, shop, drawing rooms, gymnasium, etc., which more than doubles the capacity of the school plant. This is a modification of the Gary plan. The school building was built in 1912 and is a handsome building suitable for its purpose, built in the shape of the letter "H," facing Hudson Park, which affords a fair play place for the cliildren. It has two paved out-door court yards, and an indoor playground. The pre-vocational classes are taught in a sheet metal shop, two electric wiring shops, a machine shop, plumbing, printing, carpentry, two drawing shops and an industrial modeling shop. Three hundred boys, out of a possible 700, had chosen shop work during the first three months of 1915. Capacity: 2700 children. Receives boys of school age, girls under 9 years of age. Supported by appropriations from the City of New York. For permission to visit, write or telephone the principal. Any morning, except Saturday or Sunday, before 10 a. m., is the best time to visit. Additional activities in the school buildings: Hudson Social Centre, Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, Friday nights and Sunday afternoons; Recreation Centre, Public Lectures, School Lunch, at which 300 children are fed. A visiting teacher is employed. A social secretary is supphed to the principal by the Greenwich House settlement. Take 9th Avenue elevated to Houston Street station; walk one EDUCATION 35 block north to Clarkson Street, and then two blocks east: or any cross-hne car going west, transfer south at 8th Avenue to Clarkson Street. School Lunch Service, under the Board of Education and the New York School Lunch Committee, of the Bureau of Welfare of School Children, of the Association for Improving the Con- dition of the Poor. Executive Secretary: Edward F. Brown, New York School Lunch Committee, 105 East 22nd St. The objects of this committee are: 1. The provision of nourishing lunches on a self-supporting basis to all school children. 2. Special observation of children whose physical condition is such as to give evidence of lack of proper nourishment, in order to determine the underlying causes by a study of their homes and environment. An extension of this aim requires that these selected cases be followed up, to the end that the proper agency may be apprised and appropriate action taken. 3. The formation of special classes of mothers for instruction in the proper care of children, especially in cases of poor nourishment. In its interest in the public feeding of elementary school children the committee has established four central kitchens in selected public schools, where the food is prepared and from which it is distributed in heat-retaining coppers, to the other public schools serving lunches. It aims to provide a warm, stimulating lunch at cost price to the school children, which shall not be confined to the needy, but which shall be available for every child. Each portion of food costs one penny. Paid employees prepare the food and wash the dishes, the older pupils only help to serve it. The children form in line and as they pass a given point take a tray, spoon, etc., after which they place upon the tray, the food chosen and pay for it at the end of the line, as many pennies as there are different kinds of food. The rule has been that children must purchase first a half pint bowl of soup, after 36 EDUCATION which they may make further choice. The serving of lunch begins in all schools between 11:45 and 12. During the school year 1914, the daily average attendance at the tables of the seventeen schools, then being served, was 3337 children, at a loss of jVtf of a cent for each portion. In Pubhc School, No. 47, 225 East 23rd Street (Telephone, 3394), the school lunch is self-supporting. The system of serving is a Uttle different from that of other schools. This is the school for the deaf for the five Boroughs of Greater New York, and the hours are from 9 a. m., to 4 p. m. Some of the children come from long distances and were in the habit of bringing their lunch from home, but the school lunch has proved so attractive that many of them have asked to be allowed to eat with the other children. A prepared lunch is served each day at the cost of five cents, con- sisting, on the day visited, of soup, four Uneeda biscuits, apple pie or a roll with jam and two pieces of candy. More candy and different kinds of cakes can be bought, and about $10 a week is spent by the children on these extras. Daily average of 150 children, boys and girls. For permission to visit, write or telephone the Principal, Miss Carrie Wallace Kearns. Lunch is served daily except Saturday and Sujaday at 11:45 a. m., during school season. The school begins its afternoon session at 1 o'clock. See Deaf, Elementary and Trade School, page 23. Other Public Schools having School Lunches: Nos. 3, 8, 11, 20, 21, 28, 34, 51, 84, 92, 95, 106, 107, 108, 120, 127, 147. Addresses and telephone numbers can be found in the telephone book under City of New York, Pubhc Schools. Beginning in September, 1915, lunches will be served in Pubhc Schools, Nos. 7, 17, 38, 42, 56, 62, 65, 69, 75, 160, 177. Vocational School for Boys, Pubhc School, No. 100, 138th Street, west of 5th Avenue, New York City. Telephone, Harlem 120. Under Board of Education. EDUCATION 37 Principal: Charles J. Pickett. The school gives a grounding in the theory and practice of a select- ed trade, together with related academic work and mechanical draw- ing. The education of the boy is focused on the trades. It aims to make the boys of real service to their employers from the day they enter service. The course is designed to cover two years of work but provision is made for boys who desire to continue longer. The school occupies a modern building, built in the form of the letter "H." The shops were designed for their special purpose and are well equipped. To be admitted to the trade school the boy need not be a graduate of an elementary school, but he must be 14 years old, be eligible for a work certificate, be a resident of greater New York and be able to pass an examination conducted by the principal. Only boys of good moral character are admitted. Boys from any Borough of the City may apply. The school offers instruction in the following trades, taught by experienced mechanics: Machine shop practice; forge work; auto- mobile repairing and maintenance; gas engine mechanics; sheet metal work and cornice making; patternmaking and wood turning; wood mill practice and operation q^ woodworking machinery; house con- struction; cabinet making; electric wiring and installation; plumbing; tile-laying; modelling in wax, clay plaster, etc.; commercial design- ing; mechanical and architectural drawing; structural steel drawing; printing and bookbinding; linotype operating and monotype operat- ing for boys who have had two or more years in printing; photo- engraving and process work; commercial photography; sign painting and show card writing; electric sign manufacturing and operating. More trades are to be added during the coming year. Actual work is done in the shops for the City Departments. The school does not sell articles in the open market and is dependent upon the city for orders, but has the privilege of refusing an order or taking only part 38 FOUNDLINGS of it, SO as to keep the work subservient to the training of the students. Average wage after two years of training for boy 16 to 17 years of age is $10 a week at the start. Supported by appropriation from the City of New York. For permission to visit the school, write or telephone the principal. The school is open from Monday to Friday, inclusive, from 9 a. m. to 5 p. M., every month in the year except August. Take Lenox Avenue subway to 135th Street. FOUNDLINGS New York Foundling Hospital, 175 East 68th Street between Lexington and 3rd Avenues. Telephone, Plaza 1187. Under the charge of the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul. Directress and Treasurer: Sister Teresa Vincent. This is a catholic institution whose purpose is to receive foundling and deserted children of New York City. Mothers who are willing to act as nurses are received with their babies and are expected to care for one other baby as well as their own. Needy and homeless mothers are also received. There is an Out-door Department and a larger number of babies are boarded out and cared for by nurses in their own homes than are cared for in the institution. These, nurses are respectable poor women with families, who use the money paid them principally for payment of rent. They are required to bring the babies under their charge to the hospital each month, the first Wednesday, when the children are examined as to their physical condition and the women are paid for their services, the pay being $10 per month. The ex- pense of the Out-door Department averages about $16,500 monthly. The babies are supplied with clothes by the hospital and are visited and supervised in the homes in which they are boarded, and if ill are returned for care to the hospital. Children are placed in homes in the west; about 500 being placed in cathoUc families every year. A training school for nurses is con- HEALTH 39 ducted in connection with St. Vincent's Hospital. There is a country- home for the babies near Huguenot, Staten Island, called The Eurana Schwab. The institution is on the congregate plan and consists of a group of nine buildings occupying an entire city block. The central building of six stories with an East and West wing is connected by corridors two stories high. These contain the parlors and offices, the sisters' apartments, dormitories for children and nurses, sewing rooms and kindergarten. The children's hospital is on 69th Street and 3rd Avenue, and the maternity hospital building, for both rich and poor patients, is on 69th Street and Lexington Avenue. The buildings on 69th Street between the two hospitals contain the kitchen and quarantine quarters for contagious diseases. There are some fine old trees in the grounds surrounding the institution, also four yards, which are used for play and exercise grounds for the children and patients. Receives infant children with or without their mothers. Capacity: 700 children provided for in the asylum 1850 others boarded out in the Out-Door Department. In 1913 there were 2326 babies admitted. Of these nearly 1000 were wet nursed in and out of the Institution. Supported by voluntary contributions and per capita allowance from the city. Children over 2 years of age are paid for at the rate of $2.50 per week. Homeless mothers $12 per month. Inspected by the State Board of Charities and the Department of Health. For permission to visit, write or telephone the Sister Superior, at the Hospital. HEALTH Milk Stations, under the Department of Health, Bureau of Child Hygiene. Director of Bureau of Child Hygiene; S. Josephine Baker, M.D., Centre and Walker Streets, Telephone, 6280 Frankhn. 40 HEALTH The Department of Health maintains Milk Stations for dispensing milk and for examination of babies. Each station is in charge of a graduate nurse assisted by a matron, and a physician who visits the station at definite hours two or three times a week. Mothers are instructed both at the stations and in their homes, in the proper care and feeding of their babies. Maternal nursing is encouraged. The mother of every new-born child within a radius of four blocks receives a letter from the Department calling her attention to the milk station and urging her to visit it. The department maintains twenty-eight milk stations situated in the most densely populated districts of the Borough of Manhattan. 122 Mulberry Street is a Department of Health milk station. Telephone Frankhn 501. Nurse in charge: Miss Gravitt. The station is in what was formerly a store. The equipment is very simple, a huge ice box, weighing scales, nurses' table and enam- elled cabinets for the necessary cuUnary and medical articles, and the file boxes for records. Everything is scrupulously clean. New babies are stripped and weighed and the weight recorded on an individual chart. The history card is filled in and food for the baby ordered by the nurse or doctor, if it is found to be im- possible for the mother to nurse her baby. The mother procures her supply of milk, is told where to buy bottles, barley flour, etc., and returns to her home to which the nurse soon follows her to give her a lesson in simple hygiene and to teach her how to prepare the food for the baby in her own surroundings. She is encouraged to bring her baby to the station on clinic days to report progress and for further consultation with the doctor. Very sick babies are referred to hospitals or to private physicians. Careful records are kept and the cases "^are followed up. Eight cents a quart is charged for the milk and if the mother is unable to pay, through an arrangement with the Charity Organization Society, the Association for Im- proving the Condition of the Poor, and the United Hebrew HOUSING 41 Charities such cases are reported to them for investigation and help. During the winter months the doctor holds a clinic twice a week on Monday and Thursday from 9.00 a. m. to 12.30 p. m. In July and August cUnics are held nearly every day. In June 1915, from 35 to 50 babies were brought to each morning clinic at this station. For permission to visit, write or telephone to the Department of Health. The morning a cUnic is held is the best time to visit. There is another Milk Station at 244 Mulberry Street and a Diet Kitchen Milk Station at 169 Mott Street in the near neighbor- hood. Take subway to Spring Street station, walk one block east to Mulberry Street and south to 122. The addresses and telephone numbers of the other milk stations can be found in the New York City, Telephone Directory under City of New York, Health, Department of. HOUSING Junior League House, 78th Street and the East River. Tele- phone, Lenox 7730, under City and Suburban Homes Company. Manager: Miss Virginia Cogswell. This is a modern hotel for self-supporting women with only the usual hotel restrictions. There is a day and night elevator service, steam heat, laundry, sewing and typewriting room, Ubrary, private reception rooms, entertainment hall and a roof garden. A buss runs free of charge for an hour in the morning and the afternoon to the nearest elevated stations. The house is charmingly situated on the East River, and was built in 1911 by the City and Suburban Homes Company, which also manages the hotel. Subscriptions to the capital stock of the company for the erection of the hotel were made by members of the Junior League of the City of New York. 42 HOUSING Receives women of all ages. Capacity: 326 The rates are from $4.50 to $6.00 per week for board and lodging, transients are received for $1.00 per day. For permission to visit, write or telephone the manager. Nearest 3rd Avenue elevated station 76th Street. Nearest 2nd Avenue elevated Station 82nd Street. The Home Hospital 78th Street and the East River, see page 80, can be visited at the same time. Municipal Lodging House, 432 East 25th Street, New York City. Telephone, Madison Square 977. Under the Depart- ment of Public Charities. Acting Superintendent: William A. Whiting. The Lodging House is for the use of casual homeless men and women from any part of the city. Habitual vagrants are taken before a magistrate, who commits them to the workhouse if satis- fied of the justice of such a course. An effort is made to make the housing of the men an incident in a plan of rehabilitation. The men are given individual attention, decent accommodation, and those who are wiUing to work are helped to find an opportunity. They are allowed to work one day and to look for a job the next, this alternation being continued for a week or longer. The Municipal Employment Bureau posts a daily list of available positions. Work records are kept of the men and an effort is made to fill the positions advertised with men whose ex- perience has fitted them to do such work satisfactorily. The Lodging House was opened in 1909. It cost the city over $400,000 to build and is a six story building of a hotel-like appearance. On the first floor are the executive offices, the waiting rooms for men and women at opposite sides of the house, and the kitchen and dining rooms for the men. The second floor is reserved for the women's dormitories, shower baths, dining room, etc. Two or three private HOUSING 43 rooms have been fitted for a mother and baby, or for an occasional woman evidently of a better class. The third floor contains doctors' offices, a segregation ward for contagious diseases and dormitories for the men. On the fourth and fifth floor are lodgers' dormitories and separate rooms used by the present superintendent and his family, and on the sixth floor are accommodations for the paid and unpaid help. The roof garden is used in part by the women and in part by the superintendent. The basement contains the shower- baths for the men, disinfecting plant, laundry, and clothes room, the vacuum sweeping machinery and the fan room for improving the ventilation. The breaking of stone, on Blackwell's Island as an evidence of good faith is no longer required and there are now three classes of workers in the lodging house. The first class are those who clean the institution and do the cooking and washing; there are about 80 of these, a few of whom are paid. Next come men who clean the streets, the lodging house being held responsible for the cleaning of three or four streets in the neighborhood. The rest do the sewing of the institution, which is done by men, the women only doing the mending. The lodgers are given supper and breakfast and a dinner if they are working for the institution. The sheets and pillow cases are washed every night and blankets once a week. There are two paid men doctors appointed from the civil service list, a woman doctor to look after the women and a dentist who visits the house once a week. Capacity: 1000 people. It is full every night in winter. About forty of the lodgers are women. Supported by appropriation from the City of New York. Inspected by the State Board of Charities and the State Charities Aid Association. For permission to visit, write or telephone to the superinten- dent. 44 HOUSING Tenement Houses in New York City, under Tenement House De- partment. Municipal Building, Centre and Chambers Streets, Telephone Worth 1526. Commissioner: John J. Murphy The department is charged with enforcing the tenement house law. Plans and specifications for the alteration of old buildings and the construction of new must be submitted to the department which also receives complaints in regard to unsafe, unsanitary and immoral conditions in existing tenement houses. It keeps on file the names and addresses of owners of tenement houses, description of such property, carefully classified records of the tenements inspected and other sociological data. It is not necessary to get permission to visit tenement houses. Anyone can walk through the public halls, climb to the roof and examine the yards and cellars. Tact should be used in dealing with the janitors and to inspect the inside of a flat it is necessary to ask his assistance, or to excite the interest of the individual occupier, which can often be accompHshed by a friendly word or question, as the owner stands at the door. The routes given below take in some of the worst and some of the best housing conditions in Manhattan. Route 1. Take 4th Avenue surface car going south to Grand Street, transfer east 5 blocks to Orchard Street. Walk south to 53 Orchard Street, rear tenements, back to back. Walk north to Grand Street and east 1 block to Ludlow Street and south to 54 Ludlow Street, converted house, water closets in yard, ex- tensions of house next door cover most of yard. 53 Ludlow Street, climb to roof, see shaft 2 x 24; water closets in hall. Walk south on Ludlow Street to Hester Street and 1 block east to Essex Street and south to 13-15 Essex Street, single and dumb-bell shaft. Go through cellar. From roof see fire-escapes on neighboring buildings, double HOUSING 45 rung incline, new law vertical ladder, bridge, dilapidated fire escapes on wooden building on Grand Street. Walk north to 33 Essex Street, New Law tenement, yard court. See from roof old type shaft. 1 brick by 6 bricks (9" by 54'') belonging to No. 35 Essex Street. Walk north to Grand Street and west 2 blocks to Orchard Street and north to 75-83 Orchard Street, New Law tenements. Note double inner court 24' X 29'. Walk north to Broome Street and west to 4th Avenue surface line. Route 2. Take 4th Avenue surface car to Grand Street, transfer east to Pitt Street. Walk north on Pitt Street to 13 Pitt Street, basement passage 128 ft. long, double dumb-bell shaft, 4 basement flats, 24 families. Note vertical ladder fire-escapes in this street. Walk north to Broome Street and west to 132 Broome Street, long hopper closets in yard. Walk west 1 block to Attorney Street and south to 33 Attorney Street, front and rear tenements, party wall balcony in rear tenement. Rents front house $18 and $19, rear house $9 and $10. Note clean halls and yard, shows in what good condition an old house can be kept. Walk north on Attorney Street to Broome Street and west on Broome Street to 174 Broome Street, New Law tenement. Note arrangement of court in corner house. Walk north on Clinton Street to 133 CUnton Street. Go through alley to rear tenement, dumb- bell shaft on right, closet in yard. Walk north to 57 Clinton Street. Climb to roof. Note new 5' x 5' shaft ordered by Tenement House Department to ventilate interior rooms. Party wall balconies on houses in rear. Hall closets. 58 Clinton Street, Kosher meat shop. Walk west on Rivington Street to 4th Avenue. Either of these Routes can be taken at the same time Henry Street Settlement is visited. See page 72. 46 IMMIGRATION Route 3. (Uptown). Take 28th Street Crossline car going east to First Avenue and walk west to 313-15 East 28th Street, New Law tenement with Italians, showing difficulties of maintenance. Inner court, 24 feet square. Rents $12 for four rooms. No heat. 227 East 28th Street. Climb to roof; see half of dumb-bell shaft next to half of 2' x 48' shaft. Cross to next roof to left and see double dumb-bell shaft. Water closets are in halls. 382 Third Avenue, rear tenement. Passage is through hall of front tenement, fire egress to adjoining yard, sink in hall. Front tenement 3' x 5' window cut to interior bedroom second floor rear. Sink is in hall; long hopper water-closets in hall with no ventilation. Walk north on Third Avenue to 30th Street and west to 141 East 30th Street, New Law tenement. Note yard courts, fire-escapes, basement rooms, fire-proofing of halls. 143 East 30th Street, Old Law tenement. Note yard courts 60 feet deep, apartment seven rooms deep. Walk to 31st Street and 2nd Avenue and east to 335 East 31st Street, Phipps Model tenements, designed by Grosvenor Atterbury, managed by City and Suburban Homes Com- pany. Rent, $1.50 per week, per room. Note roof garden and courts. Walk to 32nd Street and 2nd Avenue and east to 339 East 32nd Street, open stair tenements. Economy of space, twenty-eight rooms to a 50 foot lot; six stories, 60 feet high, obtained by saving in thickness of floors. Architect: I. N. Phelps-Stokes. IMMIGRATION United States Immigration Station, Ellis Island, New York Harbor, Telephone, Broad 6301. Under Federal control. Commissioner: Frederic C. Howe. Ciovernment immigrant inspectors, surgeons of the Public Health IMMIGRATION 47 and Marine Hospital Service, and interpreters board all incoming steamers at quarantine, and examine all alien cabin passengers on board ship. They also discharge at the dock all citizens arriving by steerage and examine all alien cabin passengers on board ship. Such persons as are not eligible to land are taken to Ellis Island and are detained there pending investigations. Those debarred from landing by decision of the Board of Special Inquiry are returned to the countries whence they came at the expense of the responsible steamship company. Steerage passengers are transferred by barges from the docks to Ellis Island, where they are inspected under the Immigration Laws. Those admitted are facilitated in reaching their destinations. Those going to New York and vicinity are, when necessary, accomodated until friends call for them. Provision is made for the maintenance, at the expense of the steam- ship companies, of those who are detained pending investigation, and for the hospital care of arriving immigrants who are ill or disabled. Alien immigrants who have become a public charge within three years after landing from causes existing prior to landing may in cer- tain specified cases be returned. Ellis Island has been an immigration station under Federal control since 1891. The Island contains an administration building, sur- mounted by four towers, a smaller building adjoining and a large hospital building, all built about 1899. The hospital has since been twice enlarged. Thirteen isolated hospitals for various contagious diseases were built by the Government in 1911. They are on the cottage plan and are placed to the south of the other buildings. An outdoor recreation room for detained immigrants was added in 1915; other improvements are planned. Ellis Island receives the largest number of immigrants of any port of entry in the United States. In 1913-1914 a total of 1,218,480 aliens were admitted at all ports; 892,653 of these passed through EUis Island. The aliens upon leaving the barges at Ellis Island, enter the medical 48 IMMIGRATION department and file past doctors, who examine each immigrant, sometimes seven or eight people a minute. If any physical defect appears the alien is held for further examination, and is passed along a different line to a special waiting room, while those who are to be allowed to proceed go upstairs. The principal classes excluded from admission are idiots, imbeciles, feeble-minded persons and epileptics; paupers and persons likely to become a public charge; persons suffering from a loathsome or dan- gerous contagious disease; criminals, polygamists, anarchists, pro- stitutes, procurers, assisted immigrants and contract laborers. Children under 16 years of age when unaccompanied by either parent are not admitted except at the discretion of the authorities. The immigrants who have successfully passed the medical examina- tion go upstairs into a big room, surrounded by a balcony, which is the point of greatest interest to the visitors. This room is divided into long, narrow sections ending in a desk before which sits an immi- grant inspector, and when necessary an interpreter to assist him. These inspectors have sheets of the ship's manifest containing in- formation in regard to the individual immigrant, such as age, occupa- tion, nationality, last residence, questions in regard to past history, final destination, to whom going, etc. The inspectors are the final judges. They have the authority to pass the immigrant or to hold him for further investigation; to them belongs the difficult task of determining which of the immigrants do and which do not present doubtful cases under the law. One of these desks belongs to the Canadian Government, which examines immigrants wishing to enter Canada through this port of entry. If an immigrant is held for further investigation or ''special in- quiry," he is placed in the room at the west end of the floor below the balcony, from which he is taken before one of the several boards of special inquiry. These boards are appointed daily by the Commis- sioner and are composed of three inspectors, who after hearing the evidence, have the power to admit or to exclude the immigrant. The IMMIGRATION 49 excluded immigrant can in certain cases, appeal to the Secretary of Labor. Most of the immigrants successfully pass the doctors, the in- spectors, and the courts of special inquiry and are allowed to land. They descend the stairway below the balcony to the railroad rooms, from which they are taken to various railroad terminals in and near New York City. Immigrants bound for New York City descend the central staircase and take the ferry boat. Visitors may usually visit the following departments : the dormi- tories for the immigrants which open off the balcony of the big room; dining room and detention quarters; discharging division. The latter division includes: railroad quarters, a room where tickets are sold to all parts of the United States and money exchanged; a waiting room beyond from which immigrants are taken by boat to the various rail- roads about New York, and where food is sold \mder Government supervision, in boxes costing fifty cents and one dollar; a department where detained immigrants, mostly women and children, are met by friends. It is interesting to see these meetings. Sometimes the brother or husband will bring American clothes for the women to put on before going to New York. A head tax of $4 for every alien entering the United States is collected from aUen passengers and paid by the steamship company which brought the immigrant. Should the alien be rejected, the steamship companies are compelled to return them, free of charge, to the country from which they came and are also required to pay the cost of their maintenance while on this side. For permission to visit, write to the Commissioner. Visitors are not allowed on the Island after 3 o'clock. The 10 a. m. boat is the best one to take. Boats leave the Barge Office, South Ferry, daily every hour from 10 A. M. to 2 p. M., returning from Ellis Island on the half -hours. No charge. Take subway to South Ferry or 3rd, 6th or 9th Avenue elevated to South Ferry. 50 ORPHANASYLUMS Time from South Ferry to Ellis Island, 15 minutes. It takes 2 hours to see the Immigration Station. ORPHAN ASYLUMS The Hebrew Orphan Asylum of the City of New York, 138th Street and Amsterdam Avenue. Telephone, Audubon 910-911. Under the control of a Board of Trustees; President, Louis Stern. Superintendent: Solomon Lowenstein. An Institution for the care, education, and training of Jewish orphans, half orphans and indigent children, of both sexes. It is built on the congregate plan, and occupies thirteen acres of ground. It consists of one large building, Reception Hospital and power house. The Reception Hospital is used for quarantining all newly admitted children, the two top floors being re::erved for con- tagious diseases. The main building contains the administration oflftces, Synagogue, dormitories, playrooms, classrooms, kitchen, bakery, gymnasium, and infirmary. The school is conducted in the Orphan Asylum, through the 6 B classes, under the supervision of the Board of Education. During the last two years of elementary work the children are sent to the public schools in the neighborhood. Those graduating from the public schools, attend the various high schools, vocational school, and technical schools of the city. A few of them attend the College of the City of New York, and Hunter College. In addition to public school education, the institution offers classes for manual training, mechanical drawing, chair caning, bookkeeping and stenography; plain sewing, embroidery, commercial embroidery, dressmaking, machine operating, and cooking. In connection with the musical education, there is a choir, military band, field music, and orchestra. Gifted children are given lessons on the vioUn, piano, and cello, and every effort is made to encourage any individ- ual talent. ORPHANASYLUMS 51 The asylum has a small Country Home (Capacity, 50) for anaemic children at Valhalla, Westchester County. In addition to the children in the institution, children are also boarded out in private families, and the asylum grants pensions to mothers in co-operation with the United Hebrew Charities, the Widowed Mothers' Fund Association, and in some cases, without co-operation. No help is received from the city in this work. Capacity, 1250 children. Receives children between the ages of 5 and 12 years. Supported by voluntary contributions and city funds. The annual per capita received from the city is $130 for each child committed. The per capita cost to the institution is approximately $190. Inspected by the State Board of Charities and Department of Health. The building is open for inspection to visitors on all days, Sat- urday excepted, between the hours of 9 a. m. and 5 p. m. Take Broadway subway to 137th Street. Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society of New York, Pleasant- ville, Westchester County, New York. Telephone, Pleasant- ville 164. Under the control of a Board of Directors, with four Honorary Directresses. Superintendent: Ludwig B. Bernstein. The object of the institution is to care for and instruct children of Jewish parentage and to make of them good and reputable members of the community by giving them the right kind of home, the right kind of school and the right kind of vocation. The institution moved 500 children from a crowded congregate institution in New York City to Pleasant ville in July, 1912. The orphan asylum has 180 acres of land situated on the hills above Pleasant ville. It is built on the cottage plan and has more than 30 buildings arranged according to an excellent general design for the institution as a whole. There are 20 cottages with 52 ORPHANASYLUM8 accommodations for 30 children, each presided over by a house mother and with its own kitchens and dining rooms. The institution encourages a well organized form of self-government and every cottage has its republic, which elects representatives to the boys' and girls' republic councils. The children do all the work, including the cooking; there are inter cottage competitions for general efficiency and banners are given for cleanliness, scholarship and the personal appearance of the children. The academic work is all done in the institution and every child has the chance to graduate from the institution's high school. The boys and girls are taught together and the teachers are mostly men who have had a university training and who live in the different cottages; this makes the home life more natural and brings a mas- cuUne influence into the children's Uves. The training in the techni- cal schools covers a period of eight years; it is not limited to one trade but is planned so that the children may have their abihties tested before they are allowed to specialize in the ninth year. The boys acquire a knowledge of woodwork, machine work, electric shop work, drawing in various branches, shorthand and t5^ewriting. The girls training includes instruction in free hand drawing, in art, sewing, dressmaking, costume designing, milHnery, embroidery, domestic science, stenography and typewriting. Other activities of the institution are a boarding-out bureau, which provides homes for children under eight years of age, or for older children who for some reason have not done well in the institution. "Fellowship House" in New York City is the After Care Depart- ment of the Institution. It contains clubs, social rooms, and lecture halls. The House also maintains an employment bureau, provides friends for the children when they leave the institution, and keeps in touch with the alumni. Receives boys and girls under 16. Capacity: 600 in the institution; 320 boarded out in carefully supervised homes. 0RPHANA8YLUMS 53 Supported by voluntary contributions and per capita payments of $150 from the city, cost to institution $240. Inspected by the State Board of Charities and Department of Health. For permission to visit, write or telephone the superintendent. It takes about three hours to see the institution. Trains leave the Harlem Division of the New York Central from the Grand Central Station. Return ticket to Thornwood station $1.25. Time from Grand Central to Thornwood three quarters of an hour. The institution is about one quarter of a mile from the station. Orphan Asylum Society in the City of New York, Hastings-on- Hudson, near Yonkers, New York. Telephone, Yonkers 1236. Under the control of a Board of Lady Managers. Superintendent: R. R. Reeder. A Protestant Orphan Asylum for destitute orphans of both sexes and for half orphans, when the surviving parent is destitute or dis- qualified mentally or physically to support the child. Children are indentured to the Orphan Asylum until they are 18 years old. The Orphan Asylum is an excellent example of an institution on the cottage plan. It consists of a beautiful administration building in 40 acres of lovely grounds, over-looking the Hudson, with nine cottages, five for boys, and four for girls and various other buildings. There is accommodation for twenty-five children in each cottage. This institution was conducted on the congregate plan for nearly 100 years. Founded in 1806, it remained in the city until 1902, when it moved to Hastings-on-Hudson where it was reorganized. The freedom and sociability of ordinary life is allowed the children and all sorts of indoor games and out-door sports are played. The boys and girls play together. The children are taught in schools in the institution. A few of the older ones attend high school, and some are helped to go to college. Most of the work of the houses and the farm is done by the children, the work being supervised and credited and paid for in wages. The 54 PRISONS boys are instructed in manual training, gardening, care of poultry, and stock, and home making industries. The girls are taught cooking, sewing, dressmaking, and laundry, dining-room and chambermaid service. Receives children both boys and girls from the ages of 2 to 10 years. Capacity: 225. The Society is a private charity, receives no pubhc money and is not inspected by the State Board of Charities. Costs about $275 per capita a year. For permission to visit, write or telephone the superintendent. It takes about two hours to see the institution. Take New York Central and Hudson River Railroad to Yonkers. Near station take Warburton Avenue surface car, which passes the entrance to the institution. Twenty minutes from Yonkers. Costs sixty cents return. Time one hour from Grand Central Station to Orphanage. Or take Broadway subway to Van Cortland Park station (242nd Street), then surface car to Yonkers and transfer to Warbur- ton Avenue car. Costs ten cents each way. Time one hour and forty minutes by subway route from 42nd Street to Orphanage. PRISONS The City Prison of Manhattan, corner Centre and FrankUn Streets, New York, popularly called The TomhSy First District City Prison, under the Department of Corrections. Warden: John J. Hanley. For persons awaiting trial and for those sentenced to prison for short terms for misdemeanors. Civil prisoners are not received. Men and women over sixteen years of age are admitted. Average population over 700; something over sixty of these are women. The prison consists of three parts, two annexes, built 25 years PRISONS ' 55 ago, and a new prison 10 years old. It has the cell block scheme, cells are 6' 4" x 8' IW x 8' 4''. Each cell contains a toilet and running water, and an electric light. One of the annexes, 25 years old, is used as a female prison. The work is done by prisoners serving sentence, transferred for that purpose from the workhouse. Inspected by the State Commission of Prisons and the Prison Association of New York. For pass to visit, write or telephone the Commissioner of Correction, Miss Katharine B. Davis, Municipal Building, Centre and Chambers Streets. Telephone Worth 1610. Visitors must go in the morning. Nearest subway station, Worth Street. Nearest 3rd Avenue ele- vated station, Park Row. New York County Penitentiary, Blackwell's Island. Under the Department of Correction. Warden: John J. Murpha. The penitentiary is for the reception and employment of persons convicted of misdemeanors and minor crimes, for terms of 30 days or less to one year, and in exceptional cases, for persons sentenc- ed for a longer term. It may transfer some of its inmates to other institutions in the department and may receive transfers from them. Receives also felons and vagrants or tramps for whom the State pays board. Commitments made by the Justices of the General, Special Sessions and County Courts, as well as City Magistrates. It receives its inmates principally from Manhattan, Kings, Bronx, Queens and Richmond, the five counties of greater New York. It is one of the five penitentiaries in the State, the others being situated at Albany, Buffalo, Jamesville near Syracuse and Rochester. The prison is on Blackwell's Island facing New York City opposite 55th Street. It consists of an administration building and four cell blocks. The main building with the north and south wings was built in 1840, about 16 years after Sing Sing prison, the cell block being 56 PRISONS on the same plan as at Sing Sing. Two additions to the original cell blocks have been made since. Most of the shops are in one building, to which an extension has been added. The cell blocks contain the following number of cells, South hall, 240; Old prison, 256; West prison, 240; and North prison, 368. The original windows were small and have been replaced by large windows extending the full height of the outside wall which fill the cell blocks with lights and shadows, emphasizing the pathetic beauty of the large spaces and long vistas, which is so often found in the older institutions and which has something of the charm of an 18th century print. The cells have no direct light and air and the bucket system is in use. Most of them are T 3" long by 3' 8'' wide by 7' 3'' high, except in the North prison where the cells are 8' by 5' 6". Receives adult males and boys over 16. Women prisoners have lately been removed to the City Prison in Queens. Boys under 21 are separated as much as possible from adults; they are confined in cells in the South prison and have a separate mess room. Capacity: 1104. Population about 1800. This makes it neces- sary to place two persons in more than half the cells. The industries proper are under the supervision of a general fore- man. The principal occupations are brush and broom making, shoemaking, clothing and manufacturing of beds. There is also a stone quarry and a farm. The bakery supphes the whole Depart- ment of Correction with bread. The wearing of striped clothes by the prisoners is being gradually discontinued, and plain gray clothes are being substituted. The dietary of the whole Department of Correction is being improved at no higher cost, 16 cents a day being allowed for food. Prisoners are paid for by the counties in which they are convicted. Inspected by the State Commission of Prisons and the Prison Asso- ciation of New York. For a pass to visit, write to Commissioner of Correction, Miss PRISONS 57 Katharine B. Davis, Municipal Building, Centre and Chamber Streets Telephone, Worth 1610. (Women visitors are not always allowed to see the prisoners at work in the shops). Boat leaves 53rd Street and the East River daily, every half -hour from 7-30 a. m. to 12 p. m. No charge. Sing Sing Prison, New York State Prison, Ossining, New York, Telephone, Ossining 108. Warden: Thomas Mott Osborne. One of the four state prisons for male felons, serving principally for the south eastern part of the state. Sing Sing, Auburn, and Clin- ton receive men by direct commitments; the fourth prison. Great Meadow, receives prisoners only on transfer from the other state prisons. Sing Sing prison was erected in 1821, and is one of the oldest in the state, it is unsanitary and utterly unfit for human habitation. It is composed of a large cell block stone structure, with one group of buildings joining it at right angles, containing the mess hall, hospital quarters, dormitory, school rooms, chapel, death house, hbrary, correspondence department, etc. A second group of build- ings joining the first on the side opposite the cell blocks contains the kitchen, bath house, bakery, clothing room, storage rooms, etc. The shops are in detached separate buildings. There are 14 build- ings in all, on about 25 acres of land on the shore of the Hudson River. The cell block is a long stone building, containing 1200 cells, built on the ground only a few feet above tide water. The original small windows have been replaced in many instances by large ones, extending the full height of the building. To every three rows of small windows on the outside wall, one large window has been inserted; to every seven rows of small windows on the inside wall, one large window has been built. The cells have no direct light and air, the bucket system is in use, there is no proper ventilation and 58 PRISONS at times they are exceedingly damp. They are 7' long by S'S^' wide, by 6', 7" high. On account of the over-crowding of the prison, many of these tiny cells are occupied by two men. There are also dormitory accomodations for about 250 men. The management of the prison has lately undergone a complete transformation. The first important changes took place under Mr. McCormick, predecessor to the present warden, who was influenced by the innovations Mr. Osborne was then instituting at Auburn. The prisoners were given a full hour's recreation in the yard every day, Saturday afternoon was free and could be spent in the open air, and a convict organization was instituted under the name of the Golden Rule Brotherhood. Since the appointment of Thomas Mott Osborne to the position of warden in December, 1914, further changes have been made. The name of the Brotherhood has been changed to the Mutual Welfare League and has been given large powers of self-govern- ment. The shops are under the supervision of prisoners chosen as delegates of the League and most of the activities of the prison are arranged and controlled by this organization. A court con- sisting of five judges elected by the prisoners from their own dele- gates sits every afternoon at four o'clock to hear complaints. It has the power to deprive a man of membership in the League. This means that he cannot, for the time of his suspension, enjoy the privileges of the new freedon. He must return to his cell during the hours that the others are able to wander at will in the yards, to play baseball, to go to evening entertainments and the like. The visiting privileges of the general public have been greatly increased. Women were formerly only permitted to visit parts of the prison when not occupied by the men, now they are allowed to see all the departments when in operation and to talk freely with the prisoners. The tour is made under the guidance of members of the League, who are appointed to take groups of people over the prison. Visitors are requested not to ask their guides personal questions or to PRISONS 59 give them money. Few prison guards are in evidence and the atti- tude of the guide, as he explains the difference between the prison hfe to-day and in the past, is that of a courteous host. The prison receives male felons from 16 years of age and over, the sentences varying from one year, to life imprisonments and the death sentence. Striped clothing for prisoners is not used in any of the state pri- sons ; plain gray clothes are worn. Capacity: 1200, generally badly over-crowded^ often housing over 1800 prisoners. The principal occupations are shoemaking, knitting and hosiery, clothing, the manufacturing of mats, brushes and mattresses, sashes and doors. There is also a printing shop, a bake shop, a slate shop and a jobbing shop. The men may be paid for their work by law; they actually receive one cent and a half a day. The articles made at Sing Sing and in the other penal institutions of the State are disposed by sale to other institutions, supported either by state, county, city or other poHtical sub-divisions, these institutions being required to purchase their supplies from such sources unless released by the State Prison Commission. This is the so-called State Use System. The prison is supported by state appropriations and is under the management of the Superintendent of State Prisons, John B. Riley. Inspected by the State Commission of Prisons and the Prison Asso- ciation of New York. Per capita cost $150 per year. For a pass to visit, write to the warden or assistant warden. Trains leave the Hudson River Division of the New York Central Railway from the Grand Central Station. Return ticket to Ossining $1.10. Time from 42nd Street station to Ossining about one hour. The prison is ten minutes walk from Ossining station. Cabs can be had at station. 60 PRISONS Workhouse, Blackwell's Island. Under the Department of Correc- tion. Warden: Frank W. Fox. For persons sentenced in the Magistrates^ Courts for minor offences, such as vagrancy, disorderly conduct, drunkenness, etc., who are usually committed for ten days to six months. Persons are also transferred from other institutions, including the penitentiary, so that there may be prisoners in the workhouse serving longer terms for more serious offences. The workhouse is a gloomy looking building, containing a central administration section with two wings, the male quarters extend to the south, the female to the north. The cells for the men contain varying numbers of bunks, from cells with five bunks to dormitories with 34 beds. The women's cells contain some five and some six bunks each. The cells have windows to the outside air, which are protected by screens. The bucket system is in use. Receives men and women over 16 years of age. Daily average about 1500 inmates, of whom nearly half are women. There is a tin shop, blacksmith shop, general repair shop, tailor shop and a shop in which chair caning and carpentry is done. The work is not sufficient, and some of the inmates are sent to do the scrubbing and cleaning in other city penal institutions, such as the Tombs and the Penitentiary. The women's department has been lately improved by the appoint- ment of a woman physician, who makes the physical examination, and a woman superintendent, and by the establishment of special wards for drug patients and for venereal diseases. Inspected by the State Commission of Prisons and the Prison Association of New York. For permission to visit, write or telephone Commissioner of Cor- rection, Miss Katharine B. Davis, Municipal Building, Centre and Chambers Streets. Telephone, Worth 1610. REFORMATORIES 61 Boat leaves 70th Street and the East River daily every half hour from 7:30 A. M. to 12 p. M. No charge. REFORMATORIES House of Refuge, Randall's Island. Telephone, Harlem 1425. Under the control of the Managers of the Society for the Re- formation of Juvenile Dehnquents in the City of New York. Superintendent: Edward C. Barber. The House of Refuge was chartered in 1824 and is the oldest re- formatory for children in the United States. Its charter provides for the care of both boys and girls, but the institution is at present a reformatory for boys under 16 years of age, convicted of juvenile delinquency. Boys between 16 and 18 convicted of a misdemeanor, if it is a first offense, may also be committed. All boys committed remain wards of the institution imtil their majority, but may be paroled by the Reception and Parole Com- mittee within certain rules adopted by the Board of Managers after a minimum period of a little more than fifteen and one-half months, but remain under supervision during their minority. The boys are divided into divisions, grouped mainly according to age and character. The oldest group is composed of those returned for violation of parole. The primary group is in charge of matrons, and the other groups are officered by men. A good deal of emphasis is placed upon military instruction. The institution is on Randall's Island and occupies 373^ acres of ground, most of it surrounded by high walls, only a small part being left for cultivating. The main buildings consist of an administration building and a North and South Wing, built in 1854. Other buildings join the main building at right angles, dividing this part of the plant into two parts, each surrounding an open playground. The institution is on the congregate plan. The cell block system is in use for the older division 62 REFOBMATORIES (176 cells) and seven open dormitories for the other groups (730 beds). The primary group is housed in what was formally the girls' department, which, like the other groups, has a separate covered and open playground. The groups have separate schools and dining rooms. Receives boys only from the ages of 12 to 18 or under 12 if convicted by a competent court. Capacity: 1000. Average is 830. The institution has its own schools, taught by women, and in- spected by the Board of Education. The trades taught are printing, tailoring, sloyd, art, telegraphy, plumbing, electricity, shoemaking, masonry, painting and barbering. There is also a steamfitting shop, machine shop, a tinsmithing shop, a brass band and a fife and drum corps. The work of the institution is done by the boys under the supervision and direction of instructors. The Managers of the institution take a personal interest in the individual boys and the eifficient parole department is under their close supervision. There is a chief parole officer and five agents. Per capita cost $230. Supported entirely by State appropriation. The Governor, the Comptroller, and the Attorney General are managers ex-officio, under the control of the Fiscal Supervisor, and inspected by the State Board of Charities and Department of Health. For permission to visit, write or telephone the superintendent. Boat leaves 125th Street and Harlem River for Randall's Island every half-hour from 8:15 a. m. to 12 p. m., 1 :45 to 7:50 p. m. Take 3rd Avenue elevated or Lenox Avenue subway to 125th Street station and surface car east to river. Time: 30 minutes from 42nd Street to East River, and six minutes on boat. New York Catholic Protectory, Walker Avenue, Westchester, New York City. Under a Board of Managers, the Mayor and Comptroller members, ex-officio. Boys' Department, Telephone, Weschester 170. REFORMATORIES 63 Rector: Brother Paulian. Girls' Department, Telephone, Westchester 423. Directress: Sister Antoninus. The institution receives both destitute and delinquent catholic children. It is one of the largest childrens' institutions in existence. The boys are educated in schools in the institution, taught by the Brothers of the Christian Schools, and are given vocational training. The girls are taught by the sisters of Charity of Mount St. Vincent, and are given industrial employment. They are taught dressmaking, cooking and miUinery. The institution is situated in beautiful grounds, with separate institutions for the boys and girls, each on the congregate plan with many different buildings. The boys' institution is divided into two main divisions, Junior and Senior. The Junior division has three sub-divisions and the senior two. The administration building with the building adjoining, contains the dining halls, kitchen, library, club and classrooms and dormitories for the older boys. The main building of the Junior division fronts on West Farms Road and consists of a central portion with two wings containing living quarters and classrooms for the Junior division. All the divisions are provided with spacious play- grounds. The principal trades are taught in a technical building which con- tains the dynamos, machine section, shoemaking, plumbing, car- pentry, printing, wireless telegraphy, signpainting and tailoring. A one story building is given up to Venetian iron work. Other activities of the institution are: An Agricultural School for boys at Lincolndale, New York; it is an experiment station of the State Agricultural Department and has been very successful. A placing out bureau, St. Philip's Home, 417 Broome Street finds positions for the older boys. Receives boys and girls from 2 to 16 years. Capacity: over 2500. 64 REFORMATORIES Per capita payment by the city for each child committed. In- spected by the State Board of Charities and Department of Health. For permission to visit, write or telephone to Myles Tierney, President, 415 Broome Street, New York City, Telephone, Spring 175, or to the Rector of the Institution. It takes three hours to see both institutions. Take 3rd Avenue elevated to 177th Street, Westchester surface car going east which passes the institution. Or the Bronx subway train to 177th Street station. Time: fifty minutes from 42nd Street station to reach institution. New York Juvenile Asylum, Dobbs Ferry, New York, Telephone, Dobbs Ferry 107. Under a Board of Directors, with the Mayor, Comptroller, Presidents of the Borough of Manhattan and Board of Aldermen and Commissioners of Charities and Cor- rections, Members ex-officio. Superintendent: Guy Morgan. The Children's Village is both a home and a reformatory. Young children are received on account of improper guardianship, and truant and deUnquent children are committed by the Children's Court, by a magistrate, or surrendered by parents or guardians. The boys are generally first offenders and are protestants. The institu- tion has its own schools, which are subject to the supervision of the Board of Education. Very few children go to college. This institution was moved from the city in 1905. It is now beauti- fully situated on a tract of 286 acres. There are 35 buildings in- cluding a reception house and 28 cottages for 20 boys each, four of which are honor cottages. All the work of the institution and the care of the grounds and farm is done by the boys. Fifteen different trades are taught, among them, electric wiring, carpentry, brick and stone masonry, cement paving, plumbing, tinning, painting and glazing. Since 1911 the pupils of these classes have erected a cottage a year, doing all the work and REFORMATORIES 65 reducing the price of the cottages one half. There are also classes in tailoring, telegraphy, sloyd, mechanical drawing, gardening, poultry raising, floriculture and printing. The asylum cared for girls as well as boys until it moved to the country. It may in the future build a village for girls. A few children are placed in homes in the West. Receives boys only, from the ages of 7 to 16 years. Less than half are committed on account of destitution. Capacity: about 600. Supported by voluntary contributions and per capita payment of $191 from the City, the cost to the institution is about $210 for each boy. Inspected by the State Board of Charities and Department of Health. For permission to visit, write or telephone the superintendent. Take 6th or 9th Avenue elevated to 155th Street station. Train leaves Putnam Division of the New York Central at 155th Street and 8th Avenue elevated station. Return tickets Chauncey Station, forty-five cents. Time: forty minutes from 23rd Street and 6th Avenue to 155th Street station, thirty-five minutes more to Chauncey. Or New York Central Station to High Bridge station connect with Putnam Division train. Or Van Cortlandt Park station subway and walk east to Van Cort- landt Park station on Putnam Division. Time : One hour from 42nd Street to station on Putnam Division. The institution is ^ of a mile from station. No cabs at station. State Reformatory for Women, Bedford Hills, Westchester Coun- ty, New York, Telephone, Mt. Kisco 38. Under the control of a Board of Managers appointed by the Governor, three of whom are women. Superintendent: Miss Mary Rebecca Moore; appointed in Janu- 66 REFORMATORIES ary, 1914, when Miss Katharine Bement Davis who had been Su- perintendent since the institution opened, left to fill the position of Commissioner of Correction of New York City. The Reformatory receives women convicted by any court or magis- trate of petty larceny, of a misdemeanor, of vagrancy, habitual drunkenness, being a common prostitute, and for first offences in felony, for a term of three years, unless sooner paroled by the Board of Managers. In 1913 a law was passed by the legislature making it possible to return to the committing magistrate women who have been found to be improper subjects for reformatory treatment. Special emphasis is laid on methods of reforming the individual, and the best available scientific tests are used in the study of each woman, so as to classify her in her work in the institution in accord- ance with her mental, moral, and physical attributes, with a view to her permanent improvement. This difficult study is made by the scientific staff of the Bureau of Social Hygiene working as part of the equipment of the Reformatory. See page 74. The parole system is very well developed and a girl can work out her own promotion to a freer life and earUer parole. In 1914, 222 women were paroled. There is a great deal of outdoor work; the women do grading and cement work and, since the addition of the various farms, much valuable agricultural work. The institution has over 300 acres of land under its con- trol, but the land is poor and the site chosen for the buildings is unfortunate, necessitating the building of the houses on several different levels, which makes the grounds hard to grade and difficult to keep in grass. It is built on the cottage plan, and is composed of an administra- tion building, a reception hall containing 72 cells, a disciplinary building with nine cells, an old and a new hospital building, 5 farm cottages and 14 cottages for 28 women each. Seven of these cottages and the large hospital building are new and are not yet furnished. REFORMATORIES 67 On one of the farms, under the able management of a woman farmer, a number of the inmates are given training in agriculture and horticulture, and on the Weiler property rented in 1913, which may soon be bought by the state, twenty-six girls of low mental ability Uve with three oflScers, and do farm work, which is believed to be better training than trying to give them a general education not adapted to their mental capacity. The institution receives women from the ages of 16 to 30 years. Babies are admitted with their mothers, if under one year. Capacity: 416, which will be increased to over 500 by the new cottages. In 1914, the average for the year was 502. The over- crowding was intolerable and the population has now been decreased by a more hberal parole policy, which is working satisfactorily. The girls wear striped, gingham dresses with different colored ties and ribbons, and when out-of-doors, dress in khaki bloomers. There is a school for those girls whose education is deficient, with primary and intermediate classes. There is a weekly physiology class of 40 pupils, and a class of 30 girls are being taught ^* First Aid to the Injured." There are also gymnasium classes. The industrial training includes plain sewing, dressmaking, cook- ing (nine hours a week for four months) waitress training (six hours a week for four months) and a few girls are taught rugmaking and the use of the stocking machine. Some cobbling and mattress making and repairing and recaning of chairs is being done, and there are classes in typewriting and stenography. The amusements are well planned and varied. Plays, concerts, moving picture shows and illustrated lectures are given and the girls themselves sometimes give an opera or a pageant. Supported by state appropriation. The average weekly cost of support was $4.27 in 1914. Under the control of the Fiscal Supervisor and inspected by the State Board of Charities, the State Commission of Prisons, and the Prison Association of New York. 68 RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION For permission to visit, write or telephone the superintendent. Trains leave for Bedford Hills station from the Grand Central sta- tion, Harlem Division. Return ticket $1.65. Time: One hour and twenty minutes from the Grand Central to Bedford Hills station. The institution is a mile from the station. Taxi-cabs generally meet trains. Takes about two and one-half hours to see both institutions. The Bureau of Social Hygiene joins the Bedford Reformatory grounds. See Page 74. RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION The Russell Sage Foundation, 130 East 22nd Street, corner of 22nd Street and Lexington Avenue. Telephone, Gramercy 7060. Under the control of a Board of Trustees President, Mrs. Russell Sage. General Director: John M. Glenn. The Russell Sage Foundation was incorporated in April, 1907. The endowment consists of the sum of $10,000,000, given by Mrs. Russell Sage. The purpose of the Foundation, as stated in its charter, is the improvement of social and living conditions in the United States of America. The charter further says that it shall be within the purpose of said corporation to use any means which from time to time shall seem expedient to its members or trustees,including research, pubHcation, education, the estabUshment and maintenance of charitable and benevolent activities, agencies, and institutions, and the aid of any such activities, agencies or institutions already estab- lished. It acts through its own departments, which are mentioned below, and through a few outside agencies which are specially equip- ped to carry on campaigns against certain evils, such as tuberculosis and bad housing. It does not relieve individual need. In 1912, the Foundation decided to erect a building of its own so that the members of its staff could be in closer touch with each other RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION 69 and be near the United Charities Building, for easy intercourse be- tween the two buildings. The building was occupied in December, 1913. It is in Florentine style, nine stories high, built of Kingwood sandstone. The architect was Grosvenor Atterbury. The following departments and committees are housed in the building, together with a few organizations which the Foundation aids by giving them offices free of rent. The first floor contains two halls for meetings, lectures and exhibi- tions. They seat respectively about 200 and 175, and can be used together. They may be used by social agencies on application to the Foundation. These rooms are also used for recreation by occupants of the building. On the second floor are the ofiices of the Playground and Recrea- tion Association of America and the Intercollegiate Bureau of Occupa- tions. There are also a trustees' room and a room holding about seventy-five people, both of which may be used for small meetings by social agencies. On the third floor are the offices of the New York Probation and Protective Association. On the fourth floor are the offices of the General Director, of the Department of Surveys and Exhibits and the publication offices of the Foundation. On the fifth floor are the offices of the Department of Recreation, the Division of Education and the Division of Statistics of the Foundation, and of the National Committee for the Prevention of Blindness. On the sixth floor are the offices of the Department of Child-Help- ing, and the Division of Remedial Loans of the Foundation, and the New York office of the American Red Cross. On the seventh floor are the offices of the Charity Organization Department and the Committee on Women's Work of the Founda- tion, and the American Association for Organizing Charity. 70 RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION On the eighth floor is the Hbrary of reference books on social ques- tions. It contains two large and one small reading room, a conference room, a catalogue alcove and stacks to hold 50,000 volumes. The two main rooms are beautifully proportioned; they have vaulted ceilings, are charmingly decorated and furnished, and every detail has been carefully designed. The largest room facing Lexington Avenue is decorated in a blue, gray color. The wood work and the furniture are oak harmonizing in color with the gray stone columns. The room on the 22nd Street side is connected with a loggia and the walls are the same color as the stone trimmings. The library is open to the public daily from 8.45 a. m. to 6 p. m. Books may be borrowed by residents of New York City. The collec- tion is the result of the consolidation in 1912 of the libraries formerly maintained by the Charity Organization Society of the City of New York, the State Charities Aid Association, the Association for Im- proving the Condition of the Poor, the New York School of Philan- throphy, and the Russell Sage Foundation. It contains over 12,000 bound volumes and 15,000 pamphlets. On the ninth floor are a lunchroom for women who are members of the Foundation staff and a social room open to the women on the staffs of the Foundation and of other organizations which have offices in the building. On the roof is a large, open space which is used for recreation by occupants of the building. In addition to the departments named, the Foundation maintains a Southern Highlands Division with headquarters at Asheville, North Carolina. The purpose of this division is to secure closer co- operation among workers in the mountains of the South and to make available all possible resources for the benefit and development of the mountain people. The Foundation has aided financially certain other agencies which were equipped to carry on effectively campaigns of education and improvement relating to such work as the study and prevention of SETTLEMENTS 71 tuberculosis, blindness, infant mortality, child labor, better schools, placing out dependent children in homes, better organization of juvenile court and magistrates, higher standards of probation, child- ren's school gardens, open air schools, better housing, town and city planning, more efficient hospitals, better facilities for pubHc recrea- tion and better laws relating to social subjects within its field. The Foundation is not now making contributions to other agencies, as its entire income is devoted to the activities to which it is already committed. The Foundation has imdertaken a demonstration in city planning at Forest Hills Gardens, on the Long Island Railroad, about fifteen minutes ride from the Pennsylvania Railroad Station. Title to the property stands in the name of the Sage Foundation Homes Com- pany, the necessary funds for development being supphed by the Foundation. The Gardens contain about two hundred acres. The en- terprise is a commercial investment to develop a suburb which shall be attractive, substantial and sanitary. The grounds are laid out with a view to combining economy of space with beauty of arrange- ment. Attractive architectural design, practical planning, substantial and economical construction in houses are special features. All houses have plenty of light and air. Houses and land may be paid for in part by monthly installments covering a period of ten years. Pamphlets more fully describing the Gardens and the methods adopted may be had on apphcation to the Sage Foundation Homes Company, Forest Hills, Long Island, New York. SETTLEMENTS Greenwich House, 26 Jones Street, New York, Telephone, Spring 5809. Under the control of a Board of Managers. Director: Mrs. V. G. Simkhovitch. Greenwich House is maintained by the co-operative social settle- ment society of the City of New York. 72 SETTLEMENTS Its purpose is to promote the best interests of the neighborhood and through its concrete experience the best interests of the city, to at- tempt to meet the needs of groups of individuals; and to train youth for self-government and self -discipline. Special attention is given to co-operation with the city administra- tion, such as the police, the public schools, local politics, etc., and efforts are made to arouse the pride of Greenwich Village in its community life. The settlement has men and women residents. One of the resi- dents, an Italian lady, maintains close relations with the Italian neighbors and helps them to understand and co-operate with neigh- borhood activities. The settlement occupies five small old-fashioned houses in Jones Street; has an outdoor playground, a covered plat- form for dances, and a small garden. It is much in need of larger quarters and hopes soon to put up a new building. Besides numerous athletic and social clubs there are classes in designing and embroidery, in creative design, a music school, a scien- tific research club and a pottery class. The settlement also operates with the Department of Education in four social centres at PubHc Schools, Nos., 29, 41, 44 and 95, and supplies a social service secretary to the Principal of Public School No. 95. For permission to visit, write or telephone the settlement. Take 6th Avenue elevated to 9th Street station. Walk south four blocks to West 4th Street (a continuation of Wa;shington Square, south) and west one block. Or 8th Street cross line car to 6th Avenue and walk as directed above. Public School, No. 95 can be seen on the same day. See Page 34. Henry Street Settlement, Main House, 265 Henry Street, New York, Telephone, Orchard 8200. (Nurses' Settlement.) Under the control of a Board of Directors. Head Resident: Miss LilHan D. Wald. SETTLEMENTS 73 The settlement maintains a visiting nursing service with a staff of trained nurses, to give professional care under the physician's direction, to the sick who do not go to the hospital. Separate staffs are maintained for ordinary illness, for obstetrical cases and for contagious diseases. Night nurses are employed for special cases in time of crisis. Fees are charged according to the circumstances of the individual. The service covers Manhattan and the Bronx and there are twelve branch offices, two of which, 232 East 79th Street, (Telephone, Lenox, 1939) and 202 West 63rd Street (Telephone, Columbus 3349), are also Neighborhood Centres. The 63rd Street branch is for colored people. The main house has men and women residents and occupies seven houses in Henry Street. These houses have been altered and added to and furnished with old furniture and brasses, so that they are more than usually attractive. The settlement maintains a milk station and a baby clinic, a carpentry shop, a gymnasium and a model flat. There are numerous clubs and classes, which are self-governing and which help control the policy of the settlement through the delegates they send to the House Council. These clubs had in Dec- ember, 1913, a membership of 1368 boys and young men and 1275 girls and young women and a total attendance of 25000. An effort is made to train club leaders and to give professional standards to the volunteer. Special emphasis is laid upon festivals, dramatic clubs, parties and dancing classes, and in February, 1915, a Neighborhood Play- house was opened by the settlement at 466 Grand Street. In co-operation with Teachers CoUege, the settlement offers a five-months' course in public health nursing. The settlement ad- ministers a scholarship fund for boys and girls between the ages of fourteen and sixteen and gives vocational guidance. It has a con- valescent home, open all the year, and has summer places for young men and boys, for women and girls, and for children. 74 BOCIALHYGIENE For appointments to visit, write or telephone. Take 3rd Avenue elevated to Grand Street station, then Grand Street electric car east to Pitt Street, walk south two blocks to Henry Street and west to settlement. Or 4th Avenue electric car transfer east at Grand Street and walk as directed above. SOCIAL HYGIENE Bureau of Social Hygiene. Under the control of a Committee consisting of John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Miss Katharine B. Davis, Starr J. Murphy, Paul M. Warburg, in connection with the State Reformatory for Women, Bedford Hills, Telephone, Mt. Kisco 38. Director of the Bureau: Miss Katharine B. Davis. Head of the Reception House : Miss Jessie Taf t. Psychologist: Dr. Mabel Fernald. Sociologist : Miss Virginia P. Robinson, with a consulting staff of unpaid men specialists. The Bureau was established for the purpose of extending by the best tests and methods, the scientific study of the individual woman convicted of crime, in the hopes of working out some plan by which each case can be disposed of in a manner that will insure the most reformative treatment. Information already available at Bedford Reformatory is studied and tabulated. A farm of 71 acres including a substantial country residence, adjoining the Bedford Reformatory grounds was purchased by the Committee in 1912 at a cost of $75,000. Two excellently appointed buildings have been built: a reception house, built in 1913, with a curved facade facing the south, so as to receive the maximum amount of sun. This building contains the necessary offices, dining rooms, recreation room and a large sun par- lor. One wing is devoted to quarantine and the facilities for the reception and examination of new inmates entering the reformatory. SOCIAL HYGIENE 75 It is called Elizabeth Fry Hall. In 1914 a laboratory building was added to the equipment, built some distance from the reception house, which is used for the scientific tests applied in the examina- tions of the women, by experts in psychology and sociology. The country residence is used for the housing of the scientific staff and is beautifully placed on the top of a hill. Every woman who enters the reformatory is first sent to the recep- tion house quarantine section, where she is placed in a room by her- self and given her meals alone in her room for a period of two weeks. During this time she is under observation and is carefully studied by the scientific staff. Her mental capacity is tested, her nervous and physical condition is determined and her family history and previous environment are investigated by trained field workers. When classi- fied she is sent to that division of the Reformatory which is thought to be best adapted to her needs and an attempt is made to give her the special treatment necessary. A law passed by the legislature May, 1913, makes it possible to return to the committing magistrate, women who have been found by this study to be improper subjects for reformation treatment. Capacity: the reception house will accommodate 50 inmates, with rooms for 10 officers. The investigations of the Bureau are carried out experimentally at private expense. The grounds and buildings are leased to the Reformatory without the payment of rent for five years. The salaries of the staff are paid by the Bureau of Social Hygiene, the State paying only for the maintenance of the women during observation. Inspected by the State Board of Charities and the State Commis- sion of Prisons. For permission to visit, write or telephone the Superintendent of Bedford Reformatory, Miss Mary R. Moore. Trains leave for Bedford Hills Station from the Grand Central Station, Harlem Division. Return ticket $1.65. 76 TUBERCULOSIS Time: One hour and twenty minutes from the Grand Central to Bedford Hills Station. The institution is a mile from the station; taxicabs generally meet trains. Takes about two and one-half hours to see both institutions. See State Reformatory for Women, page 65. which joins the grounds of the Bureau of Social Hygiene. TUBERCULOSIS Tuberculosis Classes, under the Board of Education. Medical inspector of open air classes, Anaemic and Tuberculosis: I. Ogden Woodruff. These classes are in charge of the Board of Education, and their purpose is to improve the health of children suffering from tubercu- losis, while continuing their education, and to enable them to qualify as wage earners without losing more ground than is absolutely necessary on account of bad health. The classes are conducted entirely out of doors. The children are under the direct supervision of doctors and nurses and are given nourishing food. A special equipment is provided, consisting of a cot for the rest hour, sleeping bags, sweaters, overshoes, mittens, coats and caps. The Board of Education provides only the class room furniture and teachers, the special equipment necessary is generally secured by a private committee. The open air classes are of three types: classes for children with tuberculosis; anaemic classes for children, who are subnormal physi- cally, see page 28; open air classes for normal children. There were 860 children in these classes in Manhattan and Brooklyn in 1913-14. In an annex to Public School No. 14, the Ferry boat "Southfield," anchored at the foot of East 26th Street, Telephone, Madison Square 4400, there are two classes for tubercular children. The boat is anchored at the foot of the grounds of Bellevue Hospital and the TUBERCULOSIS 77 children are under the care of the doctors and nurses of the Hospital. The classes are composed of about forty children, boys and girls from 2 to 15 years of age; they are held on the upper deck of the boat entirely out of doors. There are two teachers and two nurses in charge. Part of the equipment, consisting of a cot, a blanket, felt shoes, hoods and mittens is supplied by the Board of Education, part by the Hospital and the Ladies Auxiliary Committee. The children are given milk and eggs at nine o'clock, a hearty dinner at 12:30, after which they rest for an hour, are given milk again at two and milk and eggs at 4:30. For permission to visit, write or telephone Bellevue Hospital. Other Public Schools having classes for tuberculous children in New York City are : Annex P. S. No. 12 Ferry boat, Westfield, anchored at foot of Jackson Street, under charge of Gouver- neur Hospital. " " " '* 51 Ferry boat, Middletown, anchored at foot of East 91st Street, under Department of Health. " " " 141 Vanderbnt Clinic Roof. Addresses and telephone numbers can be found in the New York City Telephone Directory under City of New York, Hospitals, and Health, Department of. Tuberculosis Clinics, under the Department of Health, Bureau of Preventable Diseases. Telephone, FrankHn 6280. Commissioner: S. S. Goldwater, M.D. The Department of Health has control and supervision of all com- municable infectious diseases. To protect the public health against tuberculosis, the Bureau of Preventable Diseases has charge of the registration of all cases of tuberculosis; it maintains tuberculosis clinics and day camps in co-operation with the Association of Tuber- 78 TUBERCULOSIS culosis Clinics; maintains home supervision over cases not under other care, and supervises the admission of tuberculous cases to sanatoria and hospitals through the Tuberculosis Hospital Admis- sion Bureau. The unification and standardization of dispensary- work in New York City, has been made possible by the affiliation of tuberculosis cHnics, through the Association of Tuberculosis Chnics which affords a medium for securing the closest co-operation be- tween the public and private agencies maintaining tuberculosis dis- pensaries. The special work of the Association has been to organize the dispensary control of pulmonary tuberculosis; to develop a uniform system of operation of such dispensaries as are organized; to make easy the attendance of patients at the dispensary most convenient to their homes, and to prevent them from going from one dispensary to another; to facilitate the work of the visiting nurse; to help patients who need relief; to provide proper hospital, sanatorium, or dispensary care, and to co-operate and assist the Department of Health in the supervision of tuberculosis. There are seventeen tuberculosis clinics in Manhattan; seven are maintained by the Department of Health; ten by hospitals and dis- pensaries. The Department of Health maintains one of its tuberculosis dis- pensaries at 307 West 33rd Street. Telephone, Greeley 3471. Physician-in-charge : Dr. W. H. Boese. This dispensary is licensed under the laws of the State of New York by the State Board of Charities to furnish medical or surgical relief, advice or treatment, medicine or apparatus to the sick poor who are unable to pay for the same. The medical examination is very thorough. The examination of the sputum is made in the Depart- ment of Health laboratories, temperature, pulse, weight, etc. is recorded and the patient is re-examined at regular intervals. The children, including children of tubercular famiUes, are segregated into special cHnics, where they are constantly watched on account of having been exposed to infection. TUBERCULOSIS 79 The clinic is held in a three story brown stone house, the whole house being used by the Department of Health for the purpose. On the first floor is the waiting room containing white metal benches on which patients sit, and a notice in several languages explaining the proper method of spitting. Joining this room is the registration room, with enamelled tables, chairs, boxes and a file for records, a closed cupboard and a nurse's desk, where the necessary preliminary information in regard to the patient is secured by the clinic nurse before he is sent upstairs for the medical examination. The yard is paved with red tiles and is used for the exercises given to children in whose families there are cases of tuberculosis. On the second floor in the front, is the women's clinic and examination room, in the back, the men's cUnic and a room with special apparatus for the examination of the throat and nose. On the third floor is the regis- tration room for the branch district, a division including several clinic districts into which the city is divided. In this office are kept the records of all the cases of tuberculosis and other infectious diseases, with the exception of venereal diseases, occurring within the district both in pubhc and private practice. The district covered is one of seven branch districts in Manhattan. The doctor's office and the room of the supervisor of nurses is also on this floor. There are eight doctors connected with the clinic and seven nurses. There are four visiting nurses, a clinic nurse, a supervisor of nurses and a nurse who is the social worker of the cHnic. She co-operates with the department of public charities and other relief societies and attends to the children's class, and upon her rests the responsibility of carry- ing out the treatment in the cases chosen for special care by the women's auxiliary connected with the clinic. 190 is the average weekly attendance to all the sessions in the clinic. 820 visits were paid by the nurses to tuberculosis cases living in the district in March, 1915. Open daily 2 — 4 p. m. Thursdays 8 — 9 P. m. Children's CHnics, Saturday, 10 a. m. — 12 m. 80 TUBERCULOSIS For permission to visit write or telephone to the Department of of Health. The afternoon during clinic hours is the best time to visit. Addresses and telephone numbers of other Department of Health tuberculosis clinics can be found in the New York City Telephone Directory under City of New York, Health Department Tubercu- losis Clinics. Addresses of the other clinics under the Association of Tuberculosis CUnics can be found in the New York Charities Direc- tory. Home Hospital, East River Homes, 78th Street and John Jay Park (The East River). Telephone, Lenox 3554. Under New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. Superintendent: Miss Helen Knight Smith. The Home Hospital is an experiment in the home treatment of combined poverty and tuberculosis, which aims to show that under certain conditions, it is possible to check the spread of disease in congested districts and to treat tuberculosis with a reasonable measure of success in the home. Home and hospital treatment is given to dependent families having one or more tubercular members, the object being to demonstrate by a three-year experiment that effective treatment is possible for the patient in his own home with proper housing conditions, good nourishment, freedom from undue work and worry, reasonable segregation, skilful medical care and good nursing. Two open staircases lead to forty-eight apartments, consisting of from two to four rooms each, including one or more bed rooms with open air sleeping balconies. There is a clinic in the building with a physician in daily attend- ancC; and five trained nurses, one of whom is on duty at night. The patients and their families, before they are accepted as tenants, must agree to be guided by the doctor in all matters that concern their health. The food used by the families is purchased at the Food Supply Store, 91st Street and 2nd Avenue, conducted by the Asso- TUBERCULOSIS 81 elation for Improving the Condition of the Poor, and the women are taught, by a dietitian in a kitchen in the building, how properly to prepare it. Meals are served to the patients when necessary, the doctor or a nurse sees them at least once a day, they are weighed once a week, and when sick they are given hospital care in their own rooms. For permission to visit, write or telephone Home Hospital. Visit also three anaemic classes on the roof, under the Board of Education, for children who have been exposed to tuberculosis in the families in the Home Hospital. Not necessary to get a special per- mission to visit. Nearest Third Avenue elevated station, 76th Street; nearest Second Avenue elevated station, 82nd Street. The Junior League House, 78th Street and the East River can be visited at the same time. See Page 41. Sea View Hospital, Staten Island. Telephone, Newdorp 360. Under the Department of Public Charities. Superintendent: Dr. E. S. McSweeney. A tuberculosis hospital for the better class of patients in New York City. It was originally intended for persons in the early stages of tuberculosis. It is now planned to devote the present buildings ex- clusively to bed patients, and to use the large appropriation that has been made to acquire additional land and to erect buildings for the care of patients able to walk about. This hospital was built at a cost of about $3,500,000 and was opened in 1913. It is the newest and most modern of the City Hospitals and consists of a large group of buildings situated on a hill adjoining the grounds of the New York Farm Colony. The grounds are beautifully laid out and the view is magnificent, with wooded hills in the foreground and the Atlantic Ocean stretching off into the distance. 82 TUBERCULOSIS The buildings axe made of cement and in order to break the monotony of the design and to give the invaUds something cheerful to look at, the face of the buildings under the overhanging eaves has been decorated at great expense with imported colored tiles and surmounted with a bright red roof. The result is very gay. There are eight houses five stories high for the patients (four for women and children and four for men) a staff house, a surgical building, a service building, a home for nurses, a power house and a laundry and garage. The houses for the patients have out door porches on both sides of the building on four floors and a roof garden. The patients con- fined to their beds live and sleep on the porches and are only brought into the wards for their meals. The kitchen is in the middle of the group of buildings and is connected with them, as they are with each other, by enclosed corridors, which have cellars under them. Through the corridors, food and other necessaries are deHvered to the various buildings. Receives adults and children of both sexes from Staten Island, Manhattan and Brooklyn. Cases assigned by the Tuberculosis Hospital Admission Bureau. Telephone, Madison Square 8667. It maintains an ambulance ser- vice to all parts of Staten Island. Capacity: It was built for 1000 patients but only about 763 beds are in use, as there were no arrangements made for attendants to care for the patients. Supported by appropriation from the City of New York. Each bed represents a cost of $3200. Inspected by the State Board of Charities and Department of Health. For permission to visit, write to the Commissioner of PubHc Charities, Hon. John A. Kingsbury, Municipal Building, Centre and Chamber Streets, New York, or apply at Hospital. Takes one and a half hours to see the hospital. Take Staten Island boat at South Ferry to St. George, Staten UNITED CHARITIES BUILDING 83 Island. Electric car marked Silver Lake to Castleton Corners where bus will meet visitor if institution is notified in advance; or taxi- cabs can generally be had at Castleton Corners. Time: One hour and twenty minutes from South Ferry to reach Institution. New York City Farm Colony adjoins the grounds of the Hospital and can be seen the same day if arrangements are made before hand. See page 5. UNITED CHARITIES BUILDING The United Charities Building, 105 East 22nd Street, corner of 4th Avenue and 22nd Street, New York. President of Board of Managers: Alfred E. Marling. The legal control of the property is vested in the United Charities Corporation, composed of nine managers, two of whom must be managers or ofiicers of each of the four beneficiary societies. Its constitution aims to secure its unsectarian character by providing that at no time shall a majority of its managers belong to the same religious denomination. In 1886 Mr. Charles D. Kellogg, then General Secretary of the Charity Organization Society, printed a short pamphlet advocating the establishment in New York of a United Charities Building, in which the principal charitable societies would have their head- quarters. Several years later, in 1890, the Charity Organization Society requested the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor to join them in raising money for the erection of such a building, and a joint committee of the two societies was appointed. After this joint committee had secured subscriptions of upwards of $100,000 Mr. John Stewart Kennedy sent for Mr. Robert W. de Forest, President of the Charity Organization Society, and offered to erect the United Charities Building entirely himself if this proposal was agreeable to the committee. Mr. Kennedy's generous 84 UNITED CHARITIES BUILDING offer was immediately accepted. Mr. Kemiedy selected as a site for this building the plot of ground at the corner of 22nd Street then occupied by St. Paul's Methodist Church, and at Mr. Kennedy's direction the "United Charities'' was organized as a corporation to hold title to the property. The building was to contain the general offices of the Charity Organization Society, the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, the Children's Aid Society and the New York City Mission and Tract Society, all of which were to be free of rent. Offices at a moderate rent were to be provided for other benevolent institutions and portions of the building could be rented for other purposes. It was Mr. Kennedy's expectation that the rentals of the building would more than meet all the expenses of maintenance. Space was allotted for the use of each of these four societies, to the extent of the space then occupied by each, with the addition of fifty per cent., and it was understood that if further space were needed by any of them it should be rented to them on the same basis as to other charitable tenants. Any deficit was to be met by them in proportion to the space they occupied and any surplus was to be shared between them. The building has fulfilled Mr. Kennedy's expectations and some surplus after providing rent, lights, heating and janitor service has usually been available for division among the beneficiary societies. The building was opened in March, 1893. It is a fire-proof brick building nine stories high and originally had a frontage on 4th Avenue of 60 feet and 150 feet on 22nd Street. It was joined to the north on 4th Avenue, by a building included in the architectural plan, called the Kennedy building. After Mr. Kennedy's death in 1909, thanks to a bequest from him, this building became part of the United Charities Building and in February, 1915, the Charities Building Corporation added a four-story annex to the East of the United Charities Building on 22nd Street, so that it now has a frontage of 100 feet on 4th Avenue and 200 feet on 22nd Street. The first, UNITED CHARITIES BUILDING 85 second and third floors and part of the fourth floor of the original building are now occupied by the general oflfices of the four benefi- ciary societies. The first floor of the United Charities Building is shared between the Children's Aid Society, the Joint AppHcation Bureau (operated at present jointly by the Charity Organization Society and the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor) and an Assembly Hall large enough to seat 300 people. The second floor of both the United Charities Building and the Kennedy Building are occupied entirely by the Association for Im- proving the Condition of the Poor and its various bureaus grouped under two departments, the Department of Social Welfare and the Department of Family Welfare. The Charity Organization Society occupies the entire third floor, part of the sixth and the ninth floors of the United Charities Building and the third floor of the Annex. The work of the Society is carried on in three general divisions. The Department of General Work and its afiiliated committees utilize the third floors of the two build- ings. The Department for Improving Social Conditions occupies ten rooms on the sixth floor. The New York School of Philan- thropy, a department of the Charity Organization Society, has part of the ninth floor in the United Charities Building and the whole of the eighth and ninth floors in the Kennedy Building, where it carries on a professional school for social workers, with lecture and seminar rooms, rooms for the staff and the general oflScers and study accommodations for the students. The New York City Mission and Tract Society occupies eight rooms on the fourth floor of the United Charities Building. The ob- jects of the society are to promote morality and religion among the poor and destitute of the city by the employment of missionaries and the establishment of mission churches and chapels, mission Sabbath schools, etc. The rest of the floor is occupied by the following socie- ties: American Society for the Control of Cancer, First Aid to the 86 UNITED CHARITIES BUILDING Injured, Guild of the Infant Saviour, Hospital Book and Newspaper Society, Hospital Saturday and Sunday Association, Marquette League, New York Child Labor Committee, Working Girls Vacation Society, and the National Child Labor Committee in the annex. In the Kennedy Building on the fourth floor are the American Mis- sionary Association, the Berkshire Industrial Farm, Congregational Sunday School PubUcation Society, Midnight Mission, St. David's Society. The fifth floor of the United Charities Building contains the offices of the Association of Day Nurseries, Association for the Aid of Crippled Children, Board of Ministerial Relief, National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, Journal of Outdoor Life (a publication of the last-named association) New York Milk Committee, Orphan Asylum Society, St. Andrew's Society, State Board of Charities of the State of New York and Blue Anchor Society. The fifth and part of the sixth floor of the Kennedy Building is occupied by the Survey Magazine. On the sixth floor of the United Charities Building, besides the rooms used by the Charity Organization Society the following agencies have offices; Catholic Home Bureau, Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America with offices also in the Kennedy Building, National Housing Association. In the Kennedy Building offices of the American Independent Union. The seventh floor of the United Charities Building is entirely occupied by the State Charities Aid Association and its standing and special committees. The eighth floor of the United Charities Building is given over to Congregational Missionary Societies; of the Kennedy Building to the School of Philanthropy. On the ninth floor, besides the rooms used by the New York School of Philanthropy, are the New York Cooking School, The After Care Agency of the Manhattan and Central IsUp State Hospitals, a Trustees Room, the rooms of a sculptor and those of an architect. UNITED CHARITIES BUILDING 87 Visitors are advised to select the agency they wish to visit and arrange to be taken through the various departments. Two of the larger societies could be visited in one morning. Telephone numbers can be found in the New York City Telephone Directory and a fuller description of particular agencies in the Chari- ties Directory. 88 APPENDIXA APPENDIX A Suggestions for questions to be kept in mind while visiting certain institutions. I. Almshouse or Home for the Aged 1. Buildings Date and plan of institution: material, cottage or congregate, number of acres. Number of buildings. Number of stories: in administratibn building, in dormitories, in cottages. Fire-escapes: adequate or inadequate. Number of dormitories: Number of beds. Method of heating, ventilation, lighting, windows, and artificial hght. Bathing faciUties: bath tubs, shower baths, water-closets — condition of same. Water supply: adequate or inadequate, source. 2. Care oj Inmates Method of admission and discharge: age and nationality, number of men and of women. Capacity of institution: census on day of visit, daily average. Medical attendance: number of doctors, trained nurses, attendants, whole number of paid employees. Classification: sex, refinement, abihty to work, physical defects, disease. Institution work done by inmates: number of inmate helpers, other kinds of work provided. APPENDIXA 89 Day-room: for men, for women. How amused: books, magazines, other amusements. Kind of clothing and bedding: frequency of changes. Individual clothing, possessions, and places to keep them. Cleanliness of dormitories, of bedrooms, home-like appearance, privacy. Frequency of bathing. Quahty, preparation and serving of food. Unsuitable cases: children, feeble-minded, epileptic, etc. Government of institution: support, cost, outside supervision given. Your impression of the spirit of the institution. II. Penitentiary or Prison 1 . Buildings Date and plan of institution: material, surrounded by walls, num- ber of acres, condition of grounds. Number of buildings, number of stories: in administration building, in cell blocks. Size and form of windows. Position and number of shops, sanitation, working power in shops. Fire protection: adequate or inadequate. Number of cells, number of tiers in cell block, fixtures and furniture in cell. Ventilation in cell: direct hght and air. Ventilation of corridors, utihty corridors between rows of cells. Method of heating and Hghting. Size of cells in different blocks : whitewashed, painted, enameled. Construction of cell door, method of locking. Number of cells occupied by one person, by two; number of dormi- tories. Bathing facihties: bath tubs, shower baths, water-closets, condition of same. 90 APPENDIXA 2, Inmates Kind of inmates received: age and nationality, number of men, of women, and of minors. Capacity of institution: census day of visit, daily average, men, women. Length of sentence: determinate, indeterminate. Classification: color, age, sex, in quarters, and at work. Parole. System of transfer to other institutions. Punishments: solitary confinement, deprivation of food, dark or padded cells, cHpped hair. Progressive classification scheme on basis of merit. System of identification: Bertillon, finger print. Provision against escape : striped clothes. Education, exercise, time spent out of doors. Recreation, church, Sunday school, visits, letter writing, library, games. Medical examination, mental examination, hospital accommo- dations. Physical defects, treatment of same. Kind of bedding, frequency of changes. Cleanhness of cells, of institution in general. Frequency of bathing. Quality of food, sufficiency, preparation and serving, on china, on tin-ware. Is talking allowed at meals and at work. Kinds of industries, hours of work, number of men and women em- ployed, compensation. Disposition of product. Labor supplied to outside institutions, or by contract. Number of prisoners detailed to do work of institution. Number of paid guards and other employees. Caliber of employees, quality of their maintenance, quarters, etc. APPENDIXA 91 Appointment and discharge of employees. Cost of institution: per capita, maintenance, sustenance. Outside supervision. Your impression of the spirit and the purpose of the institution. III. Orphan Asylum or Home for Children 1, Buildings Date and plan of institution: material, cottage or congregate, number of acres. Number of cottages. Number of children in each cottage. Number of stories: in administration building, in cottages, in dormitory building. Fire escapes: adequate or inadequate. Number of dormitories, number of beds, number of single rooms. Air space per bed (600 cubic feet, more, less), separation of beds (passages two feet in width are required by law). Method of heating, ventilation, hghting. Bathing facihties: bath tubs, shower baths, water-closets, condition of same. Water supply: adequate or inadequate, source. 2. Care of Children Method of admission and discharged, age, number of boys and of girls. Capacity of institution: daily average, census day of visit. Medical examination: hospital, treatment of physical defects, records kept of weight and height. Classifications: age, school grade, moral or physical considerations. Method of choice for cottage life. Individual clothing, possessions, and places to keep them. Work done by children: monotonous or varied. Cleanhness of institution. 92 APPENDIXA Children supported outside institution: inspection of these. Quality, preparation and serving of foods, quantity of milk supplied daily. Disicipline, rewards (Honor Cottage and others) amount of socia- bihty allowed, amount of outside intercourse. Exercise, recreation. Education: public school, school in institution, rehgious education, special education. Industrial training: positions secured through institution when leaving. Records kept: complete, accurate and accessible. Follow-up work. Government of institution: support, cost, pubhc funds, outside supervision. Powers of the superintendent: appointment and discharge of em- ployes, number of these, their inteUigence and refinement. Unique features of the institution, particular excellencies or defects. Your impression of the spirit in the institution, and its adequacy in preparing children for life. rV. Reformatory for Children 1, Buildings Date and plan of institution: material, surrounded by walls, number of acres, condition of grounds. Number of stories: in administration building, in dormitories. Size and form of windows, barred or open. Position and number of shops, sanitation, working power in shops. Fire protection: adequate or inadequate. Number and character of dormitories, number of beds, method of supervision in dormitories. Method of heating, lighting and ventilating dormitories and cells. Bathing faciUties: bath tubs, shower baths, water-closets, condition of same. APPENDIXA 93 £. Inmates Method of admission and discharge, age and nationality; number of boys, of girls, of deUnquent, of destitute and of deficient. Capacity of institution: census day of visit; daily average, boys, girls. Classification: sex, age, color; moral quaUties, in quarters, at work and at school. Progressive classification scheme on basis of merit, marking system. Parole, system of transfer to other institutions. Punishment: solitary confinement, dark or padded cells, corporal punishment, deprivation of marks or special privileges, marks, chpped hair. System of indentification, provision against escape. Education: schools, hours, trade instruction, length of stay in trade class. Same or varied labor from time of admission to release. Daily schedule, military drill. Recreation: games, library, visits, exercise, time spent out-of-doors. Medical examination, mental examination, hospital accommodation. Physical defects, treatment of same, records of weights and height. Individual clothing, possessions and place to keep them. Kind of bedding, frequency of change, cleanliness of institution, frequency of bathing. QuaUty of food, sufficiency, preparation and serving on china, table- cloths and napkins provided. Talking allowed at meals and at work. Do children march to same in squads. Number of children detailed to do work of institution. Number and caHber of paid employees, appointment and discharge of same. Government of institution, support, cost, pubUc funds. Outside supervision. Your impression of the spirit of the institution. 94 APPENDIXA V. Tenement House Date of visit. Type of building, height by number of stories, window in public hallway to outer air. Adequate fire protection: fire-proof cellar ceiling, fire escapes and egress to roof. Proportion of lot covered by building, size of yard. ClearJiness, ventilation, light of halls, stairway and cellars. Air shaft : cover, size, opening at bottom for draft, means to remove rubbish. Cleanliness. If stores in tenement generally inspect. Condition of street in front of house, condition of garbage cans, provided by landlord or tenant. Interior of Buildings Running water in the apartment, wash tubs in kitchen, bath tub. Position of toilet, yard, hall or apartment and ventilation of same. Number of rooms in apartment, number of rooms opening to the hall and into each other. Window opening to outer air in each room, court, yard, street. Number of persons sleeping in rooms, condition of walls and floors. EXPLANATION OF TENEMENT HOUSE LAW A tenement house is any house occupied as a home or residence of three f amiUes or more, living independently of each other, and doing their own cooking on the premises. Such houses are controlled and supervised by the Tenement House Department. Houses containing one or two families are under the control of the Board of Health, which also has charge of contagious diseases. Types of Tenement Buildings with their Dates Converted House, 1834. Railroad Type, in which only the front and back rooms receive any direct Ught or air, four and six rooms deep 1860. Houses with small air shafts, 4x5 feet, which furnish Ught and APPENDIXA 95 ventilation to three interior rooms, 1870. Rear tenements. Dumb- bell, practically the sole type of building erected from 1899-1901. Model Tenements, from 1870-1915. After the enactment of the tenement house law in 1901 all New Law tenements had to conform with certain requirements. They must have adequate fire protection, fire-proof cellar ceiUng, fire escapes and egress to roof and public hallways with window to the outer air. Every room must have a window to a large court, a yard, or the street. There must be a sink, with running water and a toilet inside of each apartment and used by only one family. Yards must be 12 feet in depth behind a tenement 60 feet high, 10 feet in depth behind a tenement on corner lot; 90 per cent, of a corner lot only to be covered with buildings, 70 per cent, of any other lot. Fire escapes must have a slanting ladder with hand rail; no tenements under six stories in height are required to be fire-prood. No airshaft must be less than 25 square feet in area or covered by a skylight. A basement is a story partly, but not more than one-half below the level of the curb; a cellar is a story more than one-half, below the curb. Special permit from the Tenement House Department is required before a building can be used for living purposes. A window opening on a shaft or court 28' wide, 60' long, 84' feet high, enclosed on four sides is deemed to open to the outer air. Every room not opening upon the outer air must have a sash window 3x5 feet opening into an adjoining room in the same apartment, which either opens directly upon the street or yard, or connects by a similar sash window or series of windows with such an outer room. An alcove opening of the same size is deemed the equivalent of the sash window. *Consult The Tenement House Problem; de Forest and Veiller. 96 APPENDIXB APPENDIX B EXCURSIONS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRICTS Blackwell's Island: New York City Home for Aged and Infirm; New York City Penitentiary; The Workhouse. Randall's Island: New York City Children's Hospitals and Schools; The House of Refuge. Staten Island: New York City Farm Colony; Sea View Hospital; Castleton Corners. Lower East Side: Crippled Children's East Side School, 157 Henry St., Church of the Sea and Land, 61 Henry St. ; Henry Street Settle- ment, 265 Henry St.; Milk Station, 122 Mulberry St.; Public School No. 20, Rivington and Forsyth Sts.; Tenement Houses, routes one and two. Orchard and Pell Sts. East 22d and 26th Streets: Children's Court, 137 East 22d St.; Russell Sage Foundation Building, 130 East 22d St.; United Charities Building, 105 East 22d St.; Manhattan Trade School, 209 East 23d St.; Elementary and Trade School for the Deaf, 225 East 23d St.,; School Lunch, 225 East 23d St.; Municipal Lodging House, 432 East 25th St.; Tuberculosis Class, Ferry boat foot of East 26th St. East 57th St. to 68th St. : New York Association for the BUnd, 111 East 59th St.; Foundling Hospital, 175 East 68th St.; Domestic Relations Court, Magistrates Court; 151 East 57th St. East 78th St.: Home Hospital, 78th St. and East River; Junior League House, 78th St. and East River; Boats for Blackwell's Island, leave East 70th St. Greenwich Village: Greenwich House, 26 Jones St.; Public School No. 95, 10 Clarkson St. APPENDIXB 97 West 33rd St. to 54th St.: Classes for Blind Children, Public School No. 17, 327 West 47th St.; Classes for Crippled Children and Ungraded Classes, Public School No. 125, West 54th St.; Tuberculosis CHnic, 307 West 33rd St.; New York Institute for the Education of the Blind, 34th St. and 9th Ave. 98 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF AGENCIES PAGE Bedford Reformatory for Women, see State Reformatory for Women 65 Bureau of Social Hygiene 74 Children's Courts 14 Children's Village, see New York Juvenile Asylum ... 64 Classes in the Public Schools for: Anaemic 28 BHnd 7 Crippled 20 Deaf 23 Tubercular 76 Ungraded 27 City Home, see New York City Home for the Aged and Infirm 6 City Magistrates' Courts 17 City Prison of Manhattan, see Tombs 54 Clinics for Tuberculosis 77 Crippled Children's East Side Free School 22 Domestic Relations Courts 16 Elementary and Trade School for the Deaf 23 Ellis Island, see United States Immigration Station ... 46 Greenwich House Settlement 71 I N-D EX ^.. . » * \ 99 PAGE Hebrew Orphan Asylum of the City of New York ... 50 Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society of New York .51 Henry Street Settlement 72 Home Hospital 80 House of Refuge 61 Junior League House 41 Magistrates' Courts, see City Magistrates' Courts. ... 17 Manhattan Trade School for Girls 29 Milk Stations 39 Municipal Lodging House 42 New York Association for the Blind 9 New York Catholic Protectory 62 New York City Children's Hospitals and Schools ... 26 New York City Farm Colony 5 New York City Home for the Aged and Infirm .... 6 New York County Penitentiary 55 New York Foundling Hospital 38 New York Institute for the Education of the Blind ... 9 New York Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb 24 New York Juvenile Asylum 64 Night Court for Women 19 Orphan Asylum Society in the City of New York ... 53 Penitentiary, see New York County Penitentiary . . .55 PubUc Schools: No. 20 30 No. 45 32 No. 95 34 100 2 N D Jfl y Page Russell Sage Foundation Building 68 Saint Bartholomew's Parish House and Clinic ... 11 School Lunch Service 35 Sea and Land Church 13 Sea View Hospital 81 Sing Sing Prison 57 State Reformatory for Women, Bedford Hills .... 65 Tenement Houses in New York City 44 Tombs, The 54 United Charities Building 83 United States Immigration Station 46 Vocational School for Boys 36 Workhouse, The 60 / 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. 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