^^^^''''f'^^v^mmmm'mmmmimmmmmmmmm GIMsr-AND COMPANY .~t *- ?»t;*i~^r....i LIBRARY OF THK University of California. GIFT OF \...JMJ^..^.. Ly.h^.c^.. Class Digitized by the Internet Arcinive in 2007 witii funding from IVIicrosoft Corporati^on http://www.arcliive.org/details/firstbookingeogrOOfryeriGli FIRST BOOK IN GEOGRAPHY BY ALEXIS EVERETT FRYE First Superixtexdevt of Schools in Cuba Author of "Brooks and Brook Basins," "Child and Nature, "Geography for the Philippines," "Geograf/a Elemental," "Grammar School Geography,'' etc. GINN AND COMPANY BOSTON • NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON Aim. The aim in this book has been to present such subjects as the author wishes his own Httle son to know. Plan. This is a " First Book," telHng the story ot the earth as THE HOME OF MAN. The pictures show how fully the book deals with PEOPLE. Grade. Pupils ready for a simple third reader can begin the study of this book. The text is graded with care, and leads upward by easy steps. Scope. This work covers two years of study. One year may be given to pages 1 to 68. Teachers may enrich the course by oral lessons on nature studies. Pictures. This is the most richly illustrated schoolbook ever sent out to young pupils. The pictures are the highest type of costly wood engraving. Nearly all subjects are photographs, with child life as the central thought. To pupils of this age, good pictures and maps often teach more than text. Maps. This book lays much stress on the study of location of important places. With this in view the maps have been made very simple. They outline boldly the facts to be impressed on the memory and do not bury them in myriads of details. Two simple devices, both as old as maps themselves, are used to show directions. The words " north," " south," " east " and ^^ west " are plainly printed in the margins of the colored maps. Little compass arrows, all pointing northward, are also printed at instructive points on the same maps. By turning to pages 70, 122 and 139, and finding three or four arrows on each, the reader can see how useful and impressive these devices are. May we not also think of the little child and assume that he will get a better lesson, at this age, from the arrows and the words " north," " south," " east " and " west" than from the study of degrees, parallels and meridians ? Helps. After each lesson will be found questions to aid in the study of the text. The questions direct the mind to leading thoughts. To Teachers. Kindly read with care the notes on page viii. CoPYKiOHT, 1910, BY Alkxis Evkrett P'kyk • Entekku at Stationers' Hall 911.1 CONTENTS HOME GEOGRAPHY The Air The AVATEit Forms of Water The Soil How Plants Grow .... Gardens Early Vegetables .... The Dairy Farm What is done with the Milk- Making Butter Hill, Valley and Plain . The Wheat Farm .... The Flour Mill Sheep and Wool Making AVoolen Cloth . . In a Forest Mountains Volcanoes How we Trade Railroads Like in the City Harbor and Port .... Why Seaports Grow . . . Why Other Cities Grow . . l\)INrS OK THE Co.MPASS Shore Forms Factories Market for Goods .... How Bricks are Made . . . Building Stone Trade of a Seaport . . . Kinds of Work in a City . Why L.\ws are M,\de . . Ta.xes and their Uses . . AGK 2 3 4 5 6 G 9 10 11 12 13 15 1(3 17 18 20 22 22 21 2a<}uin river 84, 94° San Juan, in Porto Rico 70°, 112 Sandwieh islands ; see Ha- waii 42° Santa Fe 94° Santiago 116°, 121 Santo Domingo 72° Savannah 95°, 107 Scale of maps 4() Scotland 122°, 129 Seaports 28, 29, 36 Seattle 94°, 110 Selvas 117°, 118 Siam 139° Siberia 136, 139°, 140 Sicily 122° Sierra Nevada 72°, 84, 88° Silk 126, 130, 135, 136, 141, 142 Singapore 139° Snake river 84, 94° " Soo" canal 92 South America 52. 11'), lur- 121 South Carolina 95° South Dakota 94° Southern plain 72°, 73 Southern states 95°, 96, 97°, 106, 107 Spain 122°, 132 Spices 57, 144 SiX)kane 94° Springfield 95° States, groups of 96, 97° Stockholm 122°, 133 Sudan 146°, 148, 151 Suez canal 146°, 150 Sugar 58, 106, 131 Sumatra 152°, 130, 144 Sweden 122°, ViS Switzerland 122°, 131 Sydney 152°, 155 Syracuse 95°, 99 Tacoma 94° Tasmania 152° Tea 59, 141, 142 Tennessee 95° Texas 94° The Hague 122° Tibet 134, 138° Tokyo 139°, 142 Toledo 95° Topeka 95° Transvaal 146° Trenton 95°, 98 Tunis 146° Turkey 122°, 132, 139°, 144 U United States 83-90°, 91°, 94°, 95°-112 Uruguay 116°, 121 Utah 94° Valparaiso 116°, 121 Vancouver 71, 94° Venezuela 116°, 121 Venice 122° Vermont 95° Vienna 122°, 131 Virtrinia 95° Volga river 122°, 124 W Wales 122°, 129 Washington, city 78, 95°, 100 Washington, state 94° Welland canal 92 Wellington 152° AVest Indies 70°, 112 West Virginia 95° Western highland ; see Rocky mt. highland Western states 94°, 96, 97°» 108, 109 White sea 122° Wilmington 95° Winnipeg 94° Wisconsin 95° Wyoming 94° Yangtze river 139°, 141 Yellow river 139°, 141 Yellow sea 139° Yellowstone park 94°, 108 Yokohama 139°, 142 Yosemite 108 Yucatan 70°, 71 Yukon river 72°, 110 Zambezi 146° Zones 48, 49° 67-63 NOTES FOR THE TEACHER To find a general subject, see As each map is studied, give a CONTENTS. To locatc a place, use simple drill in directions. Read INDEX. To pronounce a name, see word list. The relief maps on pages 75, 117, 123, 138, 147 and 153 are all on the same scale. Use these maps to give simple ideas of comparative size. One of the chief facts to im- press about a state or group of states is its posi- tion among other states. This book ^ '^^ °^^° ""^^^'^ ^'' *^°* holds to the United States as a what the preface says about MAPS. Never pass a picture without learning something from it. Notice that dress and homes often impress a lesson on the climate. Study, for exam- ple, the plant map on page 118, and note how many scenes from life are there located. Teachers will welcome the HELPS after each lesson, and the unit, in a single map (pages 94- fact that the answers, except, of 95). This is clearly the best plan course, where reference is to a map, of study for pupils of the age for which this book is written. The little round or globe maios are ever at hand in this book to show relative positions of conti- nents and oceans on the earth and in the zones. Keep up simple drill and review on these maps. are to be found without the noisy turning of pages. Never lose sight of the fact that the pupil must locate in some simple way — as, near a seacoast, lake, river, or in its state or coun- try — every name given in the text of this book. White boys who live in a cold land FIRST BOOK IN GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY We live on a ball. It is very large. We call it the earth. The land is part of the earth. The water also is part of it. The earth has air on all sides. This book tells about the earth. It shows us many pictures. See the boys with warm coats. They live in a cold land. They like to sUde on tlie snow. We shall read about tlie land they live in. It is far away. The red man is an Indian. He has a gun and a pony. He shoots also with a bow. This book tells about the people of many lands. It tells what they do. It shows their homes. Geography is a story about the earth and its people. HOME GEOGRAPHY 1. The Air Can you feel the air? Swing your hand in it. Look up into the sky on a clear day. The blue sky we see is air. We live and move in air. When we walk, we move the air as a boat moves water. We must have air to breathe. A bit of food in the windpipe chokes us. It shuts out the air. A person chokes under water if he can- not rise to the air. We call this drowning. Bugs need air. They find it even in the ground. Plants also must have air. Clouds float in the air. They show us which way the wind blows. Smoke and dust also show us how the wind blows. The wind is moving air. It is often very These little people live in a land where warm winds blow and warm rain falls These people live where cold winds blow and snow falls strong in storms. It blows down trees and houses. Air at rest is calm. The wind brings clouds, which often turn to rain. The wind may come from cold or from warm places. It gives us cold days or warm days. We do not know how high the air is above us, but we know it is very high. Clouds show us that. Far up in the sky there is only a little air and it is very cold. It is hard to breathe on high mountains. There is not enough air. The air has many other uses. It helps birds to fly. It moves ships. It turns wind- mills. It makes waves on water. Airships sail far up in the cool air. Helps : — Can you see the air ? Can you feel it ? When does food choke us ? Why ? What is drowning ? Why do not bugs choke in the ground ? How can you tell which way the wind blows, far up in the sky ? How do winds help to cause rain ? How else may they affect the days ? What is wind ? What is a calm ? How do we know that the air is very high ? How do we know that far up there is not much air ? Name all the uses of air you can think of. 2. The Water Water has many uses. We could not live without it. Part of our blood is water. Water helps us to keep things clean. We bathe in it and wash things in it. Fish breathe air, but not as we do. There is air in water, but not enough for us. Fish have gills to take air from water. They die if their gills are dry. Listen, boys. You know that it hurts to stop the breath even for a short time. When you take a fish out of the water, its gills begin to dry. The poor little thing begins to choke. It cannot breathe. For a long time it gasps and suffers. At last it dies. Never catch a fish except to eat. If you catch one, kill it at once. Hit it a hard blow on the top of the head. Do not let it gasp and choke. Some water sinks into the ground. It runs down to the roots and seeds. Do you know what work it does ? If plants cannot get water, they dry up and die. Water carries food to the roots. It goes into Waiting for the fishing boat to come in ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ The sap runs up to the buds. It swells and opens them. Some are leaves. Others are blossoms. Helps : — What are the uses of water in the home ? Where are the gills of a fish ? Find out all you can about the way fish breathe. Why can we not breathe under water ? Of what use is water to plants ? 3. Forms of Water We have all seen the little cloud from a hot kettle. The cloud is steam or vapor. So are the large clouds up in the sky. Vapor rises from water. It is " water dust." Have you seen fog? It is a cloud near the earth. Most of the clouds are high in the air. A brook is a small stream flowing over the land When clouds are cold enough, they turn to rain. It falls in drops. Rain is fresh water. Most of the rain on the land forms brooks and rivers. A brook is a small stream flowing over the land. A river is like a brook/ but larger. Water often stands in hollows. 1 Small brooks are also called branches ; large brooks may be called creeks. These names are often used in the South. A small body of water in a hol- low is a pond. A lake is like a pond, but larger. Ships sail on some lakes. Most of the ponds are wide places in brooks. Most lakes are wide places in rivers. Many rivers flow to the ocean. This is a great body of salt water. It covers about three fourths of the earth. We also call it the sea. We see water in many forms. We see it in drops of dew on cool grass. We also see it frozen in the form of ice, hail, frost or snow. Water has a great many uses. It floats ships. It turns wheels In the form of ice, or frozen water, we skate on it. As snow, we run sleds over it. Can you think of any other uses of water ? Helps : — Where do clouds come from ? What are they ? What is fog ? What is rain ? When does it form ? Where does it go ? What part of it do plants get ? What is a brook ? — a river ? — a lake ? Where do many ponds and lakes form? for mills. To what body of water do many rivers flow ? What is the sea or ocean ? How large is it ? Name some of the forms of frozen water. What are some of the uses of water? Name some of the uses of ice ; — of snow. 4. The Soil We know that wood rots or decays. Rocks also decay, but not so fast. They crum- ble to sand and dust. The wmd blows dust and sand about, llain washes them here and there. Swift brooks push them along. In many ways they are broken finer and finer. Frost cracks rocks. This helps them to decay. It lets in the air and rain. Roots pry off pieces. Fine rock dust is soil. Plants grow in it. Often they die and decay in it. Bugs and worms dig in it and die. In this way rich soil is formed. It is made of rock dust, with the things that die in it. Poor soil has but little plant food. Soil that has much plant food is rich or fertile. All rocks are not alike. They cannot form the same kind of soil. The rock dust may be sand or clay. Some plants grow best in sandy soil. Some like clay soil. Most plants grow best in soil that lets the rain creep in. When plants die they give back food to the soil. They decay and mix with the soil. This makes ;^ lock decays to forii dark loam. It is rich soil for most plants. Helps : — Break up a pebble with a hammer. Look closely at the rock dust. What crumbles rocks ? What is soil? What is jjoor soil? What is rich soil ? What helps to make soil fertile ? Why is not all soil alike ? Name two kinds of soil. What is loam ? 5. How Plants Grow Have you seen the eyes on a potato? If not, look for them. Do they not look like real little eyesi? Cut off a thick piece of potato. Be sure there is a good eye on it. Where tall corn grows in deep, rich soil Put it in damp ground and a plant will grow. Sprouts push up to the light and air. Others grow into the ground and form roots. The top sends out leaves and blossoms. But the part we eat grows on the roots. Dig down under the plant. Here are several large potatoes. They pay us well for the work and caxe. So we may plant a kernel of corn. A tall stalk will grow and bear long ears. We may plant a bean and get from it long pods full of beans. The seeds from one melon will raise quite a garden of melons. Where do plants get food to make all these things grow? It comes from the soil, the water and the air. The sun also helps plants to grow. Helps: — Name some things that grow in gardens. Can you think why a stone cellar is warmer in winter than a shed ? You can plant a piece of potato at home. It will teach you a great deal. What does this les- son say about the potato? Name some of the uses of corn. When you have a chance look at an ear of corn. It is very pretty. What do plants feed on ? Where do the plants get food 6. Gardens "Sweet corn! Green peas! String beans ! Vegetables ! " This is a cry we often hear in the cities. Men and boys are selling truck from gardens. People in cities have very little There are tools, milk pails, shoes, room for gardens. Most of the clothes, flour, salt, sugar and toys. Vegetables, fruits and honey gardens are in the country. But Helps : — Why are there few gardens it is best to have the gardens near in cities ? What kinds of vegetables do a city. Can you think why ? you like ? What is a market garden ? Name all the things you can that grow in gardens. Men often gather the corn, peas and other good things late in the day. They load them on wagons. Then they start in the night for the city, so as to reach the markets early. The garden stuff ar- rives fresh and firm. The wagons do not go back Tell how to get garden stuff fresh to empty. They carry many things market. Garden stuff is " truck." What that do not grow in our gardens, may wagons carry to the farms ? Boys hauling seaweed. They put it in the gardens. It rots and makes the soil rich 8 7. Early Vegetables How glad we are when spring comes ! We like to see the flowers bloom, and we like the fruits and vegetables. At first a few come to market. Many people wish to buy them. This makes the price high. Early gardens pay well. This is how men start them. Early in the spring the ground is cold. Seeds will not start well in it, so the soil and seeds are put in boxes with glass covers. These are set in warm places in the sunshine. The glass lets the sunshine in and helps to keep the heat in. These boxes are hotbeds. They keep the soil warm. Thus the seeds get an early start in the spring. You have seen a mousetrap. Hotbeds are heat traps. The sun- shine is caught in them. In the spring the soil of the gar- dens is broken up. At last there is no fear of frost. Then the tiny Herd of fine dairy cattle. They give rich milk An Arab and his camel. The camel gives milk to people living in a great desert plants of the hotbeds are set in the gardens. They keep on growing, and thus we get early vegetables. Seeds are also sown in the gardens for the later vegetables. Helps : — Why is it hard to get fresh vegetables in the winter ? Why must the price be high ? Why can men get a good price for early garden stuff ? Why do they not sow seeds early in gardens ? 9 The Describe a hotbed. Why may we call it a trap ? On which side of a barn or hill would you place hotbeds ? How do hotbeds help us to get early garden stuff ? Why do we not need to use hotbeds to raise late vegetables ? 8. The Dairy Farm A farm is larger than a garden. Some farms are many miles long and wide. Most farms are not so large. Some farms raise only com or wheat. Some raise cotton. To-day we will visit a milk or dairy farm. The large field is a pasture. Grass grows all over it. Here the cows feed back and forth. Part of the pastm-e is low. In it runs a cool Ijrook. The cows come here to drink. They need clean water just as much as we do. And they like to drink it. On hot days the cows like to stand .-. T T Going after milk m the pond and chew their cuds. The water feels cool, and it helps to keep the flies off their legs. Part of the pasture runs up among the hills. In places there are groups of trees. Here the cows rest in the shade when the sun is very hot. yak gives milk to people in parts of Asia Over the fence is the hay field. A long winter is coming and the cows must then be fed in the barn. The clover and tall grass will be cut to make hay. The farm boy never makes the cows run. It might hurt them and make blood come in the milk. Helps : — What does the lesson say about the size of farms ? What other name is given to milk farms ? Tell all you can about the pas- ture. Why do we not wish the cows to drink dirty water ? Find out all you can about the cuds the cows chew. Find out why hay must be dried be- fore it is put in the barn. 10 9. What is done with the Milk Now the clean milk cans are set out. The men take pails and begin to milk. The cans of warm milk are set in a long box of water to cool. This helps to keep the milk from souring. When the night is warm, the cows are left in the big barnyard. Round and round go the churns Here they stay till the morning milking is over. Then they go back to the pasture. This farm sends its milk to a city. It goes on a swift morning train. Many wagons meet the train. They take the cans and hurry away to leave the milk at homes, at hotels and other places. Some farms send milk in glass bottles to cities. The bottles look cleaner than cans. Milk cans and pails must be kept very clean. One of the men tells us how he cleans them. He rinses them with cold water. Then he washes them with washing powder in warm water. Next he rinses them with hot water. Then he lets hot steam blow into each can for about a minute. At last he puts them, bottom up, on poles or wooden pins to dry. Do you know why this man washes the cans with so much care? He loves his own boys and girls and he knows that dirty milk may kill many boys and girls in the city. He knows also that weak little babies must drink the milk. Now we see why cows and milk need care and must be kept clean. Helps : — Can you name some of the kinds of meat we get from cattle ? — from hogs ? — from sheep ? What is leather ? Why is milk strained ? How often are cows milked ? Why are cans of new milk often put in cool water ? How is the milk sent from the farm to the city homes ? How ought cans and pails to be cleaned ? Why must they be cleaned with such care ? 11 10. Making Butter Many farms sell their milk to be made into butter or cheese. As butter is made of cream, the place where it is made is called a creamery. Let us look into one. Cream is lighter than the rest of the milk and rises to the top. We can skim off the cream. put it ill a churn, shake it a- vvhile and take out two things: one is the butter and the other is the but- termilk. These machines The same work is done in a creamery, but in another way. The milk is put in machines that turn swiftly. They take the cream from the heavy part of the milk. The heavy part is skim milk. The cream stands for some time. Then it is put into great churns. They turn and turn for half an hour or more. Then a man lets the buttermilk run out. The butter is left. Now the man takes a paddle and works the butter. That is, he rolls it over, presses it, washes it with water, presses it again and tries to get out all the buttermilk. separate cream and skim milk He may also mix a little salt with it or he may leave it fresh. The butter may now be put in boxes or tubs for market. It may be cut in squares or sent in rolls. Helps : — What may be made from milk ? What is a creamery ? Why does cream rise to the top of milk? What is buttermilk? What is skim milk ? Tell how butter is made. 12 11. Hill, Valley and Plain On the milk farm we saw that the land was not all alike. Some parts were high and some parts were low. There were hills, hol- lows and level land. A hill is high land. Some hills are as high as houses. Others are higher than the tallest houses. Some valleys are small. Others are wide and deep. Some plains are so wide that a swift train of cars cannot cross them in a day. Rain and brooks wash much of the fine soil from the sides of hills. But water runs slowly on level land. Here the soil is not washed so easily. It is left for plants. A hill, a range, a plain, a valley and a brook. The brook flows in the valley A row of hills is a range. The picture shows a range of hills. Did you ever climb a hill ? What did you see from its top ? Water runs down the sides of hills. It runs into the low land. A valley is low land. Some val- leys are between hills. The picture shows a valley. Its bottom is level. Level land is a plain. A brook flows across this plain. It flows from the hills. This shows why most of the farms are on plains. Most of the people in the world live on plains. Here they find the best soil and can raise the things they need. Helps : — What is a hill ? What is a range of hills ? What is a valley ? Where have you seen a hill and a valley ? What is a plain? How large are some plains ? Why is there more rich soil in val- leys than on the sides of hills ? 13 A river liows in Liie vciiiey. CciLiic liivc Lu wauc lU the cool water It helps to keep off the flies Why are most of the farms in the world on plains ? Why do most of the people in all the world live on plains ? 12. The Wheat Farm The snow has all left the fields. Spring has come. The farmers are at work, plowing to break up the soil. Bring out the bags of wheat. Look at the little kernels. Each is a seed. Scatter the seeds over the field. Let the harrow turn a little soil over them. Now the ground is seeded. Rainy days come. Then the warm sun shines. The seeds wake up and begin to grow. Fine roots like hairs creep down in the deep soil. Green blades push their way up to the light. The stalks grow taller and taller. The wind sways them hke waves. All smnmer the grain grows. Heads of new grain form at the top of the stalks. This girl is gathering wheat by hand on a great plain far over the sea (Russia) 14 At last the grain is ripe. Great machines cut it and tie it in bun- dles. Let them stand in the field and dry. Now comes the machine to thresh the grain. "To thresh" means to ivhip or strike. The Winter snow may cover it like a blanket. Then the plants make an early start in the spring. As the wheat is in the ground all winter, it is called ivinter ivheat. Wheat is to us the most useful of all the grains in the world. At last the grain is ripe. Sheaves of wheat on a wide plain in the Northwest. Machines cut it and tie it in bundles machine whips off the seeds very quickly. Out goes the straw. There lies the wheat. Put it in bins or sacks. It is ready to go to the mill, to be made into flour. Some wheat is sowed in late sum- mer or early fall. It starts to grow if the ground is warm and moist. Helps : — How does the farmer get the land ready for sowing wheat? Do you know how a grain of wheat looks ? What is needed to make seeds grow ? Where do the new seeds form ? How do men thresh wheat ? How is it threshed on large farms ? What do we call the stalks after taking off the grain ? What is winter wheat ? 15 13. The Flour Mill coats. These coats are the hulls. Now we will go to a flour mill. They must not get into the flour. It is a large building near high Steam softens the hulls so that falls in a river. The river is swift. The water turns great wheels. Water power is cheap, but rivers may run low. Then steam may be used. Cars and boats of wheat are run close to the mill. The grain is taken into the mill and the flour making begins. Other seeds may be mixed with the wheat in the field. These they will not crumble. Now the wheat can be run between rollers to crush it. Over and over it is rolled to make it finer. The hard parts are sifted out. The fine wheat powder is flour. Some flour is made of the whole grain except the hull. The whitest flour is made of only the inside of the kernels. The flour is now might taste bad in ^""^"^^^ ^"'^ """^ ready for market. It flour. So the grain is put into a ma- may be sold in sacks or barrels. Brown people pounding rice to remove the hulls chine that takes them out. It also passes between brushes to clean it. The old wav )i p 'reat iaims now use steam plows Now the seeds of wheat are clean, but they still have on tough Helps : — Why are mills built near falls ? Why may such mills need steam ? How may other seeds become mixed with w^heat ? What harm might they do ? Why is the wheat brushed ? What are the hulls ? Why are the grains steamed? How is the wheat crushed? How are the tough parts taken out ? What is wheat flour ? How is the finest flour made ? How is flour put up for market ? Find out what things that you eat have flour in them. Find out how bread is made, and what is put in it. 16 14. Sheep and Wool There are many kinds of wild sheep. They do not hke woods or low lands. They like to live in high places. They even climb rough mountains. The air far up on mountains is cold. Perhaps this is why sheep have warm wool. Long ago all sheep were wild. People tamed some of Sharing her warm shawl with the lamb them, to have their wool, meat and skins. Some lambs are pets. Even the tame sheep like to feed in hilly places. They can jump quite high, like wild sheep. Wool is oily. The oil sheds the rain from the sheep. Wool is made of fibers. They look like hair. We use wool to make warm cloth. Here is a picture of a little girl and a lamb. The lamb gave its wool to help make a warm shawl. A cold day has come. The wool has grown again, but the girl thinks the lamb may be cold. So she goes out to share the shawl with her pet. Wool grows thick and long in winter. Can you think why ? In the spring the wool is clipped. But first the sheep are washed. Then their feet are tied and men clip off the wool. It is sold to make cloth, hats, socks, carpets and many other things. Lambs not a year old have very fine wool. It is sold as lamb's wool and brings a high price. There are many kinds of sheep. Some have long, fine wool. Helps : — Where do wild sheep hke to five ? Why do they need warm wool ? Why did people long ago tame sheep ? Why does wool grow oily ? What story does the picture tell ? When is wool clipped? Tell about clipping it. What is said about the wool of little lambs ? What kind of wool is best ? Name some things made of wool. 17 15. Making Woolen Cloth Wool often goes to the mill dirty and oily. Steam may be Sheep grazing blown through it to help clean it. The wool is then dried. If it is dried too much, it will not feel soft and smooth. AYool may come to the mill in lumps. It is put in a machine that has moving teeth. They pull the wool apart and leave it light and fluffy. If the wool is stiff, a fine spray of oil is blown over it. The oil softens it. Next the wool is carded in a machine. It has many teeth like a comb, but finer. The wool gath- ers on the teeth, like hairs on a comb. In this way the fibers are made to lie one way. Brushes take them off. A machine twists the wool into yam. This is wound on great spools. Pull a piece of woolen cloth apart and see how it was made. You will find that the yams cross one another. Follow a thread and see how it goes over, under, over, under. Putting threads or yarn together in this way is weaving. Mills have machines that weave the cloth. Other fibers are used to make cloth. The most useful is cotton. Helps : — Tell how wool is cleaned in mills. How is it made soft and fluffy ? How do men card wool? Why do they card it ? How is the yarn made ? Some kinds of sheep have very long wool What is weaving? Name a plant fiber used in making cloth. 18 16. In a Forest In the North men go into the Name some things madeof wood, forests in the fall to work. First Do you know where wood comes from? Each kind of tree has its own kind of wood. We Logs ready to float down to a sawmill they lay out a camp. The houses are made of logs. The picture shows one of them. It is used for a cookhouse. See have hard woods and soft woods, the cook with the white apron. Oak, ash and maple are hard. Pine Near it is a large room with and spruce are two soft woods. long tables. Here the men eat. The other houses are for sleeping. Winter comes. Many trees are now cut down. Great sleds may be used to drag the logs over the snow to the rivers. Here they are piled on the banks ^^^^^ or rolled on the Oxen hauling a heavy log river ice. 19 In some places the logs are hauled on cars to rivers. In the South, where it is warm, great wheels or cars are used in place of sleds. Spring comes. The days grow warm. The ice melts in the rivers. Rain falls and the snow melts. The streams are high and strong. The logs float do\\Ti the swift rivers. Men go along to keep them out in the stream. The men often slip into the cold ^^'ater. Atthnes Loading logs on the logs jam and stop. The logs behind push on and pile up. Now the men must be careful. They may be crushed when the logs start again. At last the logs reach the saw- mill. They float till the mill is ready to use them. Then they are hauled out of the water. Great saws cut them into boards. Thick boards are planks. The w^ood may be sawed into many shapes. There are shingles and the trimmings for houses. Much of the spruce w^ood is ground to a soft pulp and made into paper. Paper is also made from other kinds of plants. Men have cut down many trees to clear the land for farms. In cars to haul out of the woods many hilly lands and mountains there are large forests. Helps : — Xaiiie some of tlie trees you have seen. How can you tell pine wood from oak ? Tell what you can al)Out making a logging camp. AVhy are roads built? "Why do men float logs down rivers ? Tell about the work of getting logs to sawmills. Why do not the logs float down in winter ? What swells the rivers in spring ? 20 Mountains tar south of us (Andes) with snow on their sides. The llamas carry loads to miners. High peaks are bare and rocky 17. Mountains A mountain is very high land. It is higher than a hill. Some mountains have round tops. Others have sharp tops. The top of a mountain higher than the land about it is a peak. High peaks rise far up in the frosty air. Some are buried in snow and ice. Grass and trees grow on many low mountains. Very high peaks are bare and rocky. In some mountains the rocks are bent. Other mountains are made of level beds of rock. "Water slowly cuts away the sides of mountains. The rocks crumble to soil. Most of it is washed away. In places the rocks are left bare. A row of mountains is a range. A low place over a range is a pass. Few people live on mountains. The land is too rough. Roads are 21 hard to make. Some people go to the mountains for their health. The air is pure and they like to live in the pines. Gold, silver and iron come from rocks. They coniL' from many moun- tains. This little boy lives near higli mountains. Yon can see them ovii his home. Hi- father is a huntei . He has brougln home a deer. Tin boy will have soni* of the meat to eat. Many wild ani- Low mountains with rounded tops (White) mountains mals live in the mountains. Here they try to hide from men who hunt them. No man with a brave and kind heart will kill for sport. He may kill for food. All the animal has is its life. We ought not to take that except in case of need. Helps : — What is a mountain ? How does it differ from a hill ? What is a peak ? What is said about very high peaks ? — about low peaks? What is a range ? Why do fewpeopleliveon mountains ? Why do sick people go to the mountains ? Name three metals that come from rocks. Name some of the uses of iron; — of gold; — of silver. What makes many wild ani- mals go to the mountains ? 22 A volcano sending out smoke at its top and low down on its sides. This cone is made of lava and ashes (Philippines) 18. Volcanoes Smoke and steam rise from some peaks. Melted rock also flows from them. Such peaks are volcanoes. The melted rock is lava. Very fine lava is ashes. Some peaks are made of lava and ashes. They come out of a hole or crater. The word "crater" means cuj). The hole is often shaped like a cup. A volcano does not send out fire. The hot lava may shine on the clouds and make them look like fire. Lava rock crumbles slowly, like other rock. When it is fine it makes good soil. Some of the best farms in the world have lava soil. Helps : — What is a volcano ? What comes from volcanoes ? What does " crater " mean ? 19. How we Trade A¥e need many things we can- not raise or make. We do not wish to go far away to other lands to buy them. We go to a. store for them. But where do stores get things that grow far away? The goods come in ships to cities on the coast. Such cities are ports. From the :"ip. ports the goods are sent to the stores. Thus the farmer may have more milk and garden stuli' than he can use. He is glad to sell part. A mill is glad to sell shoes, cloth, tools or lumber. It is the same with people of other lands. They are glad to sell what they do not need. One land far away sends us tea and silk. We send back coal oil and cloth. Another sends us sugar. We send back cloth and tools. Buying and selling is trade. When trade is large and with places far away, we call it commerce. Let us study some of the things that help trade. First come good wagon roads. A farmer wishes to haul a load to market. He knows how strong his horses are. He thinks of the road. If it is steep or muddy, the load must be small. A rough road may break the wagon. If the road is firm and smooth, with gentle grades, the horses can haul large loads. A good road helps horses. They work hard for only what they get to eat and for a place in the stable. A bad road may ruin many good horses. It may hurt their feet, strain them or overwork them. Farmers can help by putting wide tires on wheels. Wide tires do not cut a road very much. Ox cart loaded with rice going to market in a city of Japan On this smooth road the little ox can haul a heavy load Helps: — Why must we buy at stores ? Where do the stores get tea, coffee and other goods ? What is a port ? What do farmers sell ? What do they buy ? What do peojile in other lands sell ? What do they buy ? AVhat is trade ? What is commerce ? Tell all you can about the need for good roads. How can we pay horses for their hard work ? Who pays for roads '/ ^Vhy should heavy wagons have wide tires ? Do wide tires pay ? 24 20. Railroads Once upon a time there was grass all over a plain. Many cattle fed there. Each year men drove the fat cattle far a way to mar- ket. The cat- tle had to walk all the way. The soil was rich but only grass grew in it. Wheat would grow there, but the market was too far away. There was no railroad. It would not pay to haul wheat so far in wagons. So the people kept on raising cattle, for they could walk to market . At last a rail- road was built. Here was a way to send grain far away to cities. Most of the cattle were sold. Golden grain soon waved in the fields. This plain is now one of the richest wheat regions in the world. The rail- road helped to make it rich. Without the railroads some pla- ces could not send milk to the cities. The milk would all sour before the wagons could reach the homes of the little children. Ship with freight on a deep canal (England) Swift train that carries people from city to city 25 Goods are also carried on lakes, rivers and canals. Many cities Slow freight where labor is cheap. Hauling chests of tea in China grow up along such water routes. Ships carry loads far across the sea. Goods can be sent cheaper by water than by rail. The steel rails are costly. So are long bridges over rivers. The ocean is level, but trains must often go up long grades. In some places two or three engines must be used on a single train. Some goods must go by rail. It w^ould not do to send milk, fresh meat and fresh vegetables very far on boats, unless they are kept cool with ice. Coal, bricks, lumber, grain and oil can go by slow boats. Of course such things can also go by rail. In some dry lands goods are sent on the backs of camels. Helps : — How may a railroad change people's work ? Of what use are railroads ? Can you think why cities i,a'ow up on good water routes ? Why can goods be sent cheaper by water than by rail ? Name some goods that ought not to be sent very far by water unless they are iced. Name some goods that can go by slow boat. Camel lands (Western Australia) 26 21. Life in the City Now for a trip to the city. Let lis go to New York. It is a very large city. The tall houses look like high walls. They are made of brick and stone. How hard the streets are ! ^t '*'!!%. AMi What a noise 1 the cars and ms><^M^^^KK^ r wagons make! ^^^^■^^^ 'oB^^IJ P There are ^^M\ ft \^ cars on the ^ # street, cars ^%^^" over it, and cars under it. Park donkey Do boys and girls live here, with no big bams and green fields ? Yes; they live here and are happy. They play ball, spin tops, roll hoops, snap marbles, swim, skate, play house with pretty dolls and make mud pies. This part Elephant mother and her baby Spotted deer in a park of New York is called the East Side. It would take a long time to count the school children in one square mile. They could join hands and reach thirty miles. Some days they play in the parks. They hear the bands play and they see many pretty flowers. In the parks they also see cages of lions, tigers, elephants, monkeys and many other wild animals. There are houses filled with pretty birds from lands far away. A large house in one park has seals and fishes. They swim in pools or tanks. The seals scream as they splash in the water. Lazy alliga- tors lie in other pools. Only the tips of their noses are out of water. 27 You should see the fishes. There and watch the ships. In school they are almost every form and color, learn what the great ships carry. Some can change color while you As the boys' and girls grow up, are looking at them. There are pretty sponges. They grow on the bot- tom of the sea. And there are red and white coral. They also grow on the sea bottom. Then there are the shop windows. Here we may see all kinds of toys. There are boats, cars, dolls, guns, engines, and toy dishes. There are so many other things we can hardly count them. It is fun to go down to the water front. Every day great ships sail in and out. Some come from far over the ocean. They bring goods and people from the other side of the world. The boys like to go down to the wharves {^ some work in stores, others work in shops or mills. Some young men learn to care for and drive horses. Others run cars and engines. Sponge from the sea bottom A queer fish from the deep sea Coral from the sea bottom Helps : — Do you know how to play all the games named in this lesson ? Which of the animals named have you not seen ? Have you seen any toys in a shop win- dow ? What toy do you like best ? Why ? How does a steam- ship differ from a sailing vessel ? What moves each ? What are some of the kinds of work done by peojile in cities ? What kind of work would you like best to do ? The teacher will show you on a map where the city of New York is. It is on the east side of the great land we live in. The city is close by a wide ocean on which ships sail. 28 22. Harbor and Port to anchor. It is an easy place for Some cities grow near the coast, them to handle freight. Let ns see why. New York has such a harbor. People often wish to send goods It is deep and wide. Gales cannot away on ships. They also wish to drive strong waves into it. Ships bring goods on ships from other lands. Men try to find the best places for the ships to load and unload. The water must be deep so that the ships will not strike bottom. It must not be too deep to anchor in. It is bet- ter if the deep wa- ter reaches close to the shore. The ships can then lie beside the wharves. This makes it easy to load and un- load. High waves may sink ships. Strong winds may drive them ashore. In some places arms of land shut out the waves. Hills help to ward off gales. A body of water like this is a harbor. It is a safe place for ships Children of other lands like to go down to the wharves where boats come in Tell all you can go in and out easily. The water is deep close to the wharves. The larg- est ships can lie be- side them to load. A city by a har- bor is a port. The ocean is often called the sea. A port by the sea is a seaport. New York is the largest seaport in our country. Helps: — Why do we need seaports ? Why must the water in a harbor be deep ? Can it be too deep ? Why is it better if deep water lies close to shore ? Tell what else is needed for a good harbor. What is a har- bor ? can about New York harbor. What is a port ? — a seaport ? 23. Why Seaports Grow Some seaports are at the mouths of rivers. The mouth of a river is 29 the part that empties into the sea goods from other lands. Then they or other water. It is the lower end supply stores not in seaports, of a river. Railroads help ports to grow, If a river is deep and wide, just as rivers do. The cars carry ships can go far inland. Such a river helps a port to grow. Boats that go up and down The towns and cities along the river can use the one great port at the mouth. They can send goods on boats down to the port. Boats can also bring back goods that come from other lands. The river trade calls for more ships, wharves and men in the seaport. These men must have homes. Workmen move there to build them. Stores of all kinds are needed. The stores can easily get the longest river in the world freight and people to and from the ports. Many people come to trade in large ports. If quick trains run, people can work in the port and live in the country. Thus the suburbs grow. Helps: — What is the mouth of a liver ? How does it help a seaport to be at the mouth of a river ? Why do cities grow along deep rivers leading to large ports? How do such cities help the seaports to grow ? 30 24. Why Other Cities Grow We have read about a mill by a waterfall. Some falls turn wheels for many mills. People are needed for the mills. They must have homes and stores. It is easy to see why cities grow near high falls in rivers. It is also easy to see why cities grow along deep rivers. They can trade by boats with one another. The boats may even go down to ports by the sea. Then the cities can trade with ^^^® steamship uses the lands far over the sea. Some lakes are very large. They are like great inland seas. They reach out to farms, forests and mines. Great ships gather up the products. Large ports grow by such lakes. There are five such lakes near the northern border of our country. They are called the Great Lakes. A canal and a river connect them with the city of New York. Chicago is far inland on one of these lakes. It is the largest lake port in the world. It also has many railroads. Many cities grow where railroads meet lakes or rivers. Goods may then be sent by boat and by rail. The trade area is larger. Cities also grow where rivers meet. Cities grow on railroads, just as on rivers. It is easy to carry on ti^e. The compass to find its way across the ocean growth is faster if many railroads meet in one city. Can you tell why ? Helps : — Why do cities grow near falls in rivers ? Why do they grow along deep and wide rivers ? What is said about the Great Lakes ? Find out what canal joins these lakes with the Hudson river. How has this canal helped New York to grow ? What is said about Chicago? How has the Erie canal helped Chicago to grow ? Why do cities grow near railroads ? 31 \\'liy do they grow where railroads meet lakes or rivers ? — where one river flows into another ? Find out what makes your own city WEST or town grow. 25. Points of the Compass Sailors find their way far across the sea. They must know where north, south, east and west are. We all ought to know how to find our way. Let us learn how. The sun rises in or near the east. It sets in or near the west. Face the east. North is now at your left hand. South is at your right. West is be- hind you. At midday all shadows where we live point to the north. Can you think why ? Sailors use the compass to show north, south, east and west. Here is a pictiu-e of a compass. You can see a round card with letters on it. What are the letters? What do they mean? Under the card there is a little NORTH EAST SOUTH Compass card Ship's compass bar or needle of steel. It is a magnet. It swings easily. Even a breath of air may move it. The earth draws this needle and makes it point almost north and south. In some places it points just north and south. The needle shows sailors where north is. The sun and stars also help sailors to find their way. They can- not see the sun on cloudy days, nor the stars on foggy nights. The little needle points out the way even when the sun and stars are not in sight. Helps : — Turn your back to the north. In what direction are you now facing? Name some objects south of you. Can you name a street that runs north and south ? Can you name one that runs east and west ? Point halfway between north and east. AVe call this northeast. It may be written N.E. Where will you look for northwest ? How else may you write it ? Where is southwest ? — southeast ? Try to learn how to find north by the stars. Can you find the north star ? 32 26. Shore Forms We have read about a harbor. This is only one of many forms made where the land dips under the sea. The land close by the sea is the coast or shore. Some coasts are high and rocky. Others are low and sandy. Some are nearly straight. Others are bent or broken, as in the picture. A peninsula has water on nearly all sides. One side joins the main- land. The word "peninsula ' ' means almost an island. A neck of land may join a pen- insula with the mainland. Any neck of land that joins two bodies of land is an isthmus. This word means neck. Does it not look like a neck in the picture below ? Shore forms where the A cape is a point of land that juts out into the water. Some capes are high and some are low. Arms of water reach into the land. There are long arms and short arms. Some are so large that a swift ship cannot cross in a day. These arms of the sea are called bays, gulfs or seas. A bay is like a gulf or sea. An island has water on all sides. A boat can sail round it. Some of the largest cities in the world are on islands. land dips under the sea The word "strait" means nar- roiv. A strait is a neck of water that joins two bodies of water. Some straits are many miles wide. But they are narroiver than the bodies of water they connect. Helps : — What is a coast ? What other name has it ? What is a cape ? What names are given to arms of the sea ? What is a bay ? How does an island differ from a peninsula ? What does " peninsula " mean ? What is an isthmus ? — a strait ? How do they differ ? 33 27. Factories A factory is a building in which things are made. Some cities have many factories. Others have few. Let us see why. A factory needs power to run ma- chines. We have read about water power and steam. Steam calls for heat, and this calls for fuel. There are many kinds of fuel, such as wood, coal, gas and oil. Machines may also be run by electricity. It may be made by any power that will turn wheels. A city near fuel saves the cost of hauling it far. Many factories are built in cities near coal mines. There are many also near gas wells and oil wells. Long ago most factories were built near falls. Many are still built there, as the water power wood, wool, iron, milk, wheat or other things. From them are made An liland in a lake helps, even if other power is also used. A factory must have goods to work with. It may use cotton, Ships on the ocean cloth, carpets, wagons, plows, but- ter or flour. Flour mills are built near wheat fields and where there is power or fuel. Iron mills are built within reach of iron ore and fuel. Helps : — AVhat is a factory ? Why does it need power ? Name two kinds of power. What are needed to make steam ? Name some kinds of fuel. Why is it best for a city to be near a supply of fuel ? Why are some factories built near falls ? Why may they also need steam ? What must a factory have besides power ? Name some kinds of material used in factories, and tell what may be made from each. 34 28. Market for Goods A factory must have a market for its goods. A lumber mill would be of little use if people did not use wood. Men build factories to make what people need. Farms need wagons, plows and farm tools. Cities near by are likely to make these very things. Most of the hats, shoes and clothing are sold in cities. Here is where most of them are made. Mills need workmen that "^^^ are very skillful. Here, then, are some things that help mills and factories to grow : water power, cheap fuel, raw material and good markets. And we must not forget skillful workmen. If you live in a city, try to find out what the factories make, and why. Find out where the raw goods come from. Find out where the new goods are sold. What rail- roads bring goods to your city ? Cloth weaving Helps : — Why are factories built ? Why must there be a market for the goods ? Kame some things likely to be made in cities near farms. Why is much clothing made in cities ? Of what use are skillful workmen ? Name some things that help mills to grow. 29. How Bricks are Made \Ye know that it is unsafe to build houses of wood in large cities. If one house burns, others close to it are likely to burn also. Cities use mostly brick and stone. A great city needs many bricks. They are made of clay. The clay is dug out of the ground. The clay for bricks is put in mixing machines and wet. These machines turn the clay and mix it to a thick paste. This is put into molds, or rows of boxes just the size and shape of bricks. The clay is pressed hard in the molds. 35 The molds are lifted away and we see a row of bricks. They are too soft to use, so they are first set one side to dry. Now they are only wet clay. They will not be hard bricks till they are burned. At last the bricks are dry enough to handle without breaking. Now they may be piled in great masses. It would require a longtime to count them all. Spaces are left for the hot air to move in among them, to diythem. "^^^'^^ We may now build hot hres in the pile of bricks. The fires bum day after day till the bricks are dry and hard. Bricks are of many colors. There are red, brown, yellow, white, green and blue. The color depends on the heat and also on the kind of clay used. If bricks are used where you live, try to find out where they are made. Helps : — Tell how bricks are made. Why are they burned ? Why must bricks be very strong ? 30. Building Stone Stone for buildings comes from the ground. The place the stone sandstone from a quarry comes from is a quarry. Here is a picture of one. The inside of the earth is rock. There is rock under all soil. There is rock under all water. Often there is soil between the rock and the water. Dig deep enough anywhere and you will find solid rock. In some 36 places it comes to the surface. It shows in ledges. Stone or rock may be cut quite smooth with steel chisels. These are struck with hammers. There are also machines that pound and smooth the rock. Some of it is also sawed into blocks and slabs. Machines also rub on the stone and polish it. Marble takes a fine polish. Much of it is used inside of houses. It looks clean and pretty. The outside of some houses is also made of marble. This stone is often used for statues. Granite also ^B -4^ ^^^^^^ sil^B '^^^^^ I^hH •Wj^lH ■mWK^-'' ^H ^^ 1 1^ ' " . ■? '-r;^^»^» ^ -...;;«^-; %.^^: ^m i^^jH 1 ?^'''r>; sjS: - - - '"'■'■ ''': ''^"'J'i"' M^ ^^afel •;:;;. .:^::.. ..-I Girls in Japan picking tea that may come in a ship to our country roofs. The word "slate" means chip. The rock chips off in thin layers. Men open quarries as near cities as they can. Of course you know why. Cheap stone helps cities to grow. 31. Trade of a Seaport A ship is coming into port. Let us go aboard. A pilot is steering, so that it will not run aground. Sailors are scrub- bing the decks. Men are tending the engines. Officers direct the work. This ship has come far across the ocean. Now come the men to unload. Wagons stand ready to haul takes a good polish. This is per- goods away. Some also go on cars haps the best of all kinds of build- and boats. mg stone. Sandstone is not so hard as granite. The grains are looser. Sandstone is pretty. It may be red, brown, gray or blue. There are other kinds of rock used in houses. Slate is used on The tea goes to a grocer. The cloth and laces go to a dry-goods store. The spices go to a factory to be ground to powder. The knives and razors go to a hardware store. Here are crates of toys for the toyshop. This gold is for a bank. 37 These wild animals are for a park. Cars also are coming to the city. The gems are for the jeweler. And This early train brings milk and still there is more in the ship. garden stuff. Here is a train of cat- Now comes a ship with bales tie, sheep and hogs from the West, of cotton. It goes to mills that Cars and boats bring many peo- cotton comes pie to the city. Some come to their daily work. make cloth. The from New Orleans. Here is a ship from far-off Cuba. It brings sacks of brown sugar. This goes to a building where men will refine it to make it white. This ship is from South America. It brings wool, sheep- skins and hides of cattle. Mills get the wool. The skins and hides go to a tanner. He will tan them and make leather. Here come great boats or barges with coal. The coal is for the mills, the stores and the homes. And all the time river boats are coming down. They bring bricks and stone. They bring lum- ber from sawmills and wheat from farms. Boys far away in Asia, putting pieces of shell in wood to look like flowers. These may come in a ship to our country Others come to visit and see the sights of the city. Many come to buy goods. Others come to go on ships to far-off lands. This is a mere glimpse. Only a visit to the city can show the many kinds of work done there. Helps: — If you were on a ship coining into port, what kinds of work might you see men doing ? Name some goods that come into ports. Can you tell where any of them come from ? Where may they be sent from the ships ? Why do cities need much coal ? Name some things that would be likely to reach the cities by train. Why do morning and evening trains carry many people to and from cities ? 38 32. Kinds of Work in a City What can a seaport do with all the goods sent to it ? It uses some of them. Others it sends away. A port supplies many cities and towns. It is easy to see why people Little Irish girls who live on an island west of Europe, but they play games as we do build all kinds of workshops in such cities. They can get plenty of goods to work with. Ships, boats and cars often come loaded. Now let us see what kinds of work must be done. Wagons must have drivers. Cars cannot run without men. Ships need sailors. Stores and markets need clerks. Mills must have workmen. There must be many people to tan hides, make shoes, refine sugar, grind spices, build houses, make dishes, make furniture and handle coal. All these people must have clothes. They must have hats, suits, socks and many other things. The making of clothing is the chief work in most of the great cities. The people must also be fed. It takes a great army of men and women to feed a city. Wagons hurry food to the homes and the hotels. Cooks prepare it. Men and women serve it. There are many kinds of work in a great city. Helps : — Can you tell why people build mills in cities ? Name as many kinds of work done in cities as you can think of. I^ame some goods that city people make. Why must cities make a great deal of clothing? Tell as well as you can where cities get various kinds of food. 33. Why Laws are Made We hear people talk about laws. Let us find out what a law is, and what it is for. All games must have rules. There are rules for playing ball. 39 The rules tell how many may play on a side, where the bases are, when a player may run and when he is put out. We could not play ball without rules. There are rules in hide and seek, marbles, tag or catch, and puss in the corner. It is fun to play when all obey the rules. Every family has rules. There is an hour for din- ner. You know when you are to go to bed and when you must get up. You know that rough games must not be played in the house. Every school has rules. One rule tells when school shall begin. Another tells at what hour it closes. Rules tell what you shall us what our rights are, and also what rights others have. People vote to make rules or laws that all must obey. They make laws to punish for stealing or setting fire to a house. We obey a law when we pay taxes. We obey a law when we study each year. Is there a rule telling to which school you must go, and how many months each year? We can make rules for our games. Parents make rules for the family. The teacher and school trustees make some of the rules for schools. In cities boards of edu- cation make rules for the schools. Good rules help us to play, work and live in the best way. They tell Boys on an island far across the Pacific ocean. They are playing ankle ball. They kick the ball with their ankles and keep it going, as we play ball with our hands keep to the right in driving or when we put a stamp on a letter. Helps : — What game do you Hke best ? What are some of its rules ? Can any game be played without rules ? Of what use are rules in the home ? Would you be glad to have no dinner hour? If there were no rules, when would school begin ? W^hen would you have a vacation ? What is a law ? Who make it ? Who must obey it ? Without laws, who would build roads ? 40 34. Taxes and their Uses All the people wish to have good schools. All wish to have good roads. They need police to keep order in the city. They need fire- men to protect their homes from fire. These little folks live far away in the highest part of Asia, but they play hopscotch with about the same rules we have here The people also need judges. There must be jails or prisons for men who commit crimes. Cities make homes for very poor people and take care of them. They look after the blind and the deaf and dmnb. There are hospitals for the sick and wounded. People who are too poor to pay can receive just as good care and food as the rich. We must not forget that the city makes parks where we can go to play games and breathe fresh air. It takes a great deal of money to pay the bills for a city. People vote to pay taxes to raise the money for paying such bills. A person who owns very little pays a small tax. A person who owns more pays a larger tax. This is fair. Helps : — What bills must be paid for schools ? What bills must the city pay to pro- tect the homes against fires ? If a man's house does not catch fire, ought he to pay part of these bills ? Why are all people glad to pay taxes for the poor, the blind and the feeble- minded ? Why do the deaf and dumb need schools of their own ? Find out all you can about the work of officers that serve in the city or town you live in. Do the people elect them ? What pay do they receive ? How long do they serve ? What are their duties ? Who have to pay taxes ? Find out how often taxes must be paid ? To whom are taxes paid ? 41 EARTH AS A WHOLE 35. Form and Size Far to the west, across the ocean, the yellow people raise tea for us. Far to the east, across another part of the ocean, people send us sweet dates. Far to the south we buy coffee, and ships bring it to us. Far to the north ships hunt for whales. North, south, east and west of us we find the deep sea But the land we live on is very large. It takes over four days for a swift train to cross it from east to west. This is one of the six great lands. We know that the earth is round like a ball, for many people have gone around it. It takes a long time to go round the earth. It is very large. If we cross the lands, it takes days and nights in swift cars. Then it takes many days for swift ships to carry us over the oceans. They He be- tween the lands. The round map on this page shows one side of the earth. It is the side we live on. The dark parts are land. The rest is water. A line round the \ thickest part of \ a ball is its lircumference. , This line on the earth is about 25,000 miles long. A line through the center of a ball is its diam- eter. This line in the earth is about 8000 miles long. iJo \ ou know a boy seven years old? If he had walked ten miles every day of his life, he would have gone about 25,000 miles. Helps : — How long does it take a swift train to cross the land we live on ? What lies on every side of this land ? What is the form of the earth ? How do we know the earth is a ball ? How far is it round the earth ? How far is it through the earth ? 42 36. The Continents These maps show the two sides of the earth. They show the large lands called continents. Find on the map the name Asia. This is the largest continent. Africa is next in size. North America is the continent on which we live. It is north of the equator and is third in size. A neck of land connects it with South America,ih.e next in size. Europe lies just west of Asia. Australia is south east of Asia and south of the equator. This Western hemisphere is the smallest of the continents. The earth is a globe or sphere. Half a sphere is a hemisphere. " Hemi " means half. America is in the western hemi- sphere. America is also called the ISTew World. The Old World is in the eastern hemisphere. Only one fourth of the earth's surface is land. Helps : — What name is given to the large lands of the earth ? What spreads round them ? Write the names of the continents in the order of size. What is a hemisphere ? Which continents are in the eastern hemisphere ? — in the western ? Which are north of the equator ? Which three are nearest the north pole ? Which is wholly south of the equator ? The Oceans Salt water covers three fourths of all the earth. It spreads round all the lands. This vast water area is the sea or ocean. The surface of the sea near the poles is cold and icy. Near the equator the surface is warmer. The water warms or cools the air over it. Some parts of the sea are five miles deep. The light of the sun does not go far down into water. Below a fourth of a mile all the water is dark. All the deep parts of the sea are dark and cold. The oceans are in wide valleys. The sea is very useful to man. It supplies water for the rain clouds. 43 Ships sail on it from port to port. What ocean is east of North America? Many fish for food are taken from ^^^^^'^^ o^^^^^" continents border on the the sea. In summer cool winds often blow from over the sea. Atlantic ocean ? What ocean is west of North America ? What other continents border on the Names are given to parts of the Pacific ocean ? ocean. One part is the Atlantic What three oceans touch the shores of Asia ? What three oceans touch the shores of North America ? ^Vhat ocean sur- rounds the north ocean. It is east of our country. Another part is the Pacific ocean. This is west of our country. The frozen sea round the north pole isthe^rc*- tic ocean. The cold sea around the south pole is the Antarctic ocean. The part south of Asia is the Indian ocean. There are five oceans. ^''*''° hemisphere ^^ ^^^ ^^p^ ^^^ ^^^^, The Pacific is the largest. It covers ^ picture may show mountains over one third of the earth. The ^ver three miles high. A drawing Atlantic ocean is next in size. It j^-^^y gi^o^^ a land thousands of is about one half as large as the niiles lono;. Pax?ific. Look at the plan of a school- Helps : — How much of the earth^s ^^^^^-^ ^^ ^j^g j^^xt page. It is less surface is salt water? Where is the ^^^^ ^^^^^ -^^j^^^ j^^^^ ^^^^ ^1^^ surface of the sea warm ? Where is it . . , i i • i i 1 . o -TT , f ^f fT.o i^oom IS three hundred mches long, cold ? How deep are some parts or the ^ sea ? How deep can sunlight go in i teacher : — Read and explain this les- water ? son and the next to the pupils. pole? What cold sea is around the south pole ? Which of the oceans is largest? What ocean ranks next in size? How much of the surface of the earth does the Pacific ocean cover? 44 The floor plan of the schoolhouse shows four rooms. Which is the room shown on the plan? Little marks now show "US where the desks stand. Now look at the plan of the school yard. The house is here shown by a small square. Do you see where the boys play ball? How are the trees shown on the plan ? Two rings show beds of flowers. Now look at the map of the school district ? Here we see brooks and ponds. The school is on a hill. The sides are steep. They are shown by fine lines. The brooks are in the valleys. A plan of any part of the earth is a maj9. Try to make a r w w w □ □ n □ □ n □ □ □ □ n □ □ □ □ □ □ n □ □ □ n n □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ w w Plan of a schoolroom r' w I , w h ^ — ■w w n ■D-i r^ I — W »F— L, D W I J — w w — I 1 Floor plan of a schoolhouse Plan of a school yard plan of your own schoolroom. Put in the desks, doors and windows. Will you tiy to make a floor plan of the school you are in? Can you also make a plan of the school yard ? It will be a lit- tle harder to draw a good plan of the school district, but you can try it. If you live near a park, you can try to make a plan of all or a part of it. Put in the walks, ponds and flower beds. 39. Reading Maps Look at the four maps on the next page. The first shows part of the city of New York. Find the city hall and post office. Only a few streets are drawn on this map. 45 Map 11 shows more of the same city. Find the city hall in this map. Why is it drawn so small ? See how narrow the streets are made. This map shows the rivers on two sides of the city. See the wharves along the water front. Map of a school district Find New York on map iv. Find the city of Albany. These cities are nearly one hun- dred and fifty miles apart. What river flows from Albany to New York? On which Imnk of the river are the Cats- kill mountains ? Find Brooklyn, a part of New York. Why are not the streets of New York shown on map iv? These maps show how large maps are made. Many of the little maps are made round like the earth. We call them globe maps. A globe is a ball. Map lu shows New York and several other cities and towns. In this map the streets are fine lines. We can- not see the buildings and wharves. They are too small. The map shows the Hud- son river flowing into New York bay. Maps of New York and vicinity 46 Some maps are printed in colors to show which lands belong to each nation or group of people. When one inch on a map shows a hundred miles, we say the scale is 1 inch to 100 miles. On the maps in colors you will find a scale line. It shows how long a line equals 100, 200 or more miles. Thus you can find out how far it is between places. 40. Poles and Equator See the dotted line in the top. The top spins or turns round this line. It runs from the head to the peg. We call this line the axis of the top. We may also think of an axis in the earth. The half ball shows the axis. The earth spins like a huge top, but it does not rest on anything. A spinning top A ball or sphere Most maps are set on pages so that north is at the top of the page. Where will south be ? — east ? — west ? Some maps that are long from east to west are turned on the pages. On such maps in this book you will find east at the top. Where, then, will you look for north ? On the maps in colors you will find north, south, east, ivest, printed at the top and sides. A half ball It turns round only once in a day and night. The two ends of the axis are called j^oles. One is the north pole and the other the south pole. Can you find the north star? The axis of the earth points ahnost to the north star. The end of the axis under this star is the north pole. At the north pole you could see the north star over your head. It is often called the pole star. The poles are in very cold parts of the earth. 47 Lines are drawn on maps to show north and south. North is towards the north pole. South is towards the south pole. As the earth is a ball, all lines on it curve. We may think of a line round the earth halfway between the poles. It runs east and west. It is the equator. It divides the surface of the earth into two equal parts. The lands near the equator are very warm. This is the hot belt. Other lines are drawn east and west on maps. If you turn any map so that north is at the top, east will be to the right and west to the left. The sun lights one side of the earth at a time. As the earth turns on its axis, one side is light and the other side is dark. One side has day w h e n t h e other side has night. The earth turns from west to east on its axis. This makes the sun rise near the equator in the east and set in the west. As the earth turns, it makes the sun seem to go higher in the sky all the fore- noon. At noon we pass the sun. In the after- noon the earth tiuns us away from it. Helps : — What is the axis of a top? Where is it V '--v»a{ Eskimos, — people living nearest the north pole What is the axis of the earth ? How often does the earth turn on its axis ? What are the poles of the earth? What are their names ? Wliich pole is under the north star ? How can you tell nortli and south on maps ? W^here is the equator ? Why is it called the equator ? How can you tell east and west on maps ? If you turn a map so that north is at the top, where will east be ? What lights the earth ? Which side of the earth is light? When will that side be dark ? " W^hat causes day and night? Why does the sun rise in the east? W^hen is noon? Where is the sun at night, when we are asleep ? 48 41. The Seasons Near the equator the sun shines high in the sky every day. The air is hot or warm. Far from the equator the sun is not so high. The rays slant and th^ air is cooler. Near the poles the rays are very slanting. Even in summer they cannot melt all the snow and ice. These are cold parts of the earth, and the sun is never high in the sky. Once a year the earth moves round the sun. The path is al- most a circle. Half the year the sun is north of the equator. Then we have spring and sum- mer. The other half the year it is south of the equator. Then we have fall and winter. When it is winter on one side of the equator it is summer on the other. season and a dry season. The high lands are cold. Helps : — Why is the air near the equator so warm ? Why is it so cold in the polar regions ? How long does it take the earth to move round the sun? What is the shape of its path? Where is the sun dur- ing our summer ? Why are the days so warm ? Why does winter come ? Why is it cold on one side of the equator while it is hot on the other ? When does our spring come ? — autumn ? Name our four seasons. What are the seasons near the equator ? 42. The Zones Black people near the equator (Negritos) The warm belt of land and water near the equator is the tor- It is a wide belt having rid zone. hot or warm days all the year. The word " zone " means helt. The word "torrid" means hot. The torrid zone reaches from the Spring is the cool .season before equator about one fourth of the way summer. Autumn is the cool sea- to each pole. It is the widest zone. son after summer. Nearly all parts of this zone Near the equator there is no have plenty of rain. Most of the winter. The year has a rainy winds blow from east to west. 49 On both sides of the torrid zone are the temperate zones. They have hot summers and cold winters. We know what the seasons of the north temperate zone are, for we live in this zone. Most of the winds of the tem- perate zones blow from west to east. They bring rain from the / ' NORTH TEW'ERAfi'ZONE \ SOUTH TEMPERATfi^ONE oceans. These zones have the best grain fields in the world. Near the poles the sun shines low in the sky. The air is very cold most of the year. The winter is long. The summer is very short. Part of the sea is always frozen. The zones round the poles are the frig id zones. The word " frigid " means cold. The tops of high peaks are far up in the cold air. Snow often falls on them. Even in the torrid zone some have snow all the year. Helps : — Which part of the earth is hot or warm all the year ? What name is given to the hot belt? What does " torrid " mean ? What does " zone " mean ? What is said about the width of the torrid zone ? What about its rain and winds ? Would you like to live there ? ^^^Wl ^S^ SOUTH TFMPr ■SATE Z Where are the temperate zones ? What is said of their summer and winter ? In what zone do you live ? What is said about the wind and rain of the temperate zones ? In what product do the temperate zones lead the world ? Where are the frigid zones ? Why are they cold? What is said of their seasons ? What does " frigid " mean ? What is said about high peaks ? Which continents are partly in the north temperate zone ? — in the south temperate zone ? — in the torrid zone ? — in the north frigid zone ? 50 51 52 43. North and South America few large bays. North America has Let us compare North America many. The latter has a broken coast. and South America. Both are parts of America. One is nearly north of the other. We live in North America It is larger than South America. The coasts of both have the shape of the letter V. The sea gives them this shape. The Atlantic ocean is east of both. The Pacific ocean is west. Both have high mountains in the west. Both have low ^ ranges in the east. Both have central plains. The longest rivers flow to the east coast of each. bouth America has few small These continents are unhke in islands. North America has many some ways. South America has large ones, in the far north. Most of South America is in the hot zone near the equator. Part runs south into the cool zone. Most of North America is in the cool belt of the north. Its north coast reaches into the frozen Arctic Scene in the Western highland of North America ocean. 53 The isthmus of Panama joins the two Americas. No other land is near to South America. Away to the east is Africa. Very far over the Pacific is AustraUa. North America reaches ahnost to Asia. Bering strait cuts them apart. Europe is far east of North America. The alpaca lives in the high western part of South America Helps : — Why is one part of America called North America? What gives a con- tinent its shape? What is the shape of each of the Americas ? What ocean is west of both? What ocean is east? What ocean is north of South America? What ocean is north of North America ? On which side of both are the highest mountains ? On which side are the lowest mountains ? What lies between ? To which ocean do the longest rivers of both flow? Compare the coasts of the two continents. Compare the islands. Which of these great conti- nents is the warmer ? Why do you think so? Negro boy who lives in the warm part of America is warmest ? Which part of North America Which part of South Amer- ica? On which side of the equator is North America? Which continent almost touches North America in the northwest? Where is the island of Greenland ? 54 44. Asia and Europe America is in the New World. Asia and Europe are part of the Old World. In America the great ranges of mountains run north and south. In Asia and Europe they run east and west. Amer- ica runs far over the equa- tor, on White girl of Europe both sideS. \ ^ ^^' Asia and Europe are north of the equator America is almost cut in two by the ocean. Asia and Europe join in a wide plain. Asia is larger than all America. Europe is not quite half so large as North America. Asia and Europe have broken coasts. Europe has some large islands. Asia has many. Europe faces the sea on the north, south and ivest. Asia faces the sea on the north, south and east. Europe faces the east coast of our continent. Asia faces the west coast of our continent. Europe, Asia and North America lie around the cold Arctic ocean. Asia reaches almost to the equator. No part of Europe is in the hot zone. Africa lies close to both Asia and Europe, with seas between. Helps : — How do the great moun- tains in America run ? — in Europe and Asia ? On which side of the equator are Asia and Europe ? What joins the two parts of Amer- ica ? What joins Asia and Europe ? On which side of Asia is Europe ? How large is Asia ? — Europe ? What is said about the coasts of Asia and Europe ? — about the islands ? 55 On which sides does Europe face the sea ? On whii-.h sides does Asia face the sea ? What oceans border on each ? Which side of our continent is nearest Europe? — nearest Asia? What part of Asia is wannest ? Why do you think so ? What ])art of Asia is near Africa? What land is south of Europe? — far west of Europe. The highest niountains in both are not far from the east side. Large parts of both are dry lands or deserts. Africa has many long rivers. Anstraha has but one. Australia is south of the equa- tor. Over half of Africa is north of the equator. Helps : — Name four continents in the d World. Which border on the Indian ocean ? Which three continents have the fewest bays ? Which three have broken coasts ? Which three have the few- est islands ? On which side of Africa and Australia are the high- est mountains ? W^hat is said about their rivers ? Which continent is south of the equator? Which are north of it? Which are crossed »y it ? Which reaches nearest to south pole ? 45. Africa and Australia These lands are in the Old World. The Indian ocean is between them. Australia is far southeast of Asia. Africa is about two thirds as large as Asia. Africa and Australia have few large bays and few islands. Poor black people live among the hills on some islands between Asia and Australia 56 46. Where Plants Grow A Reading Lesson Some plants need much water Others need little. Rice grows best under water. Many lilies grow in ponds. They would die if set out in dry soil. Coffee plants grow best on hilly land. The willow likes low wet lands. Each plant grows best where it has the soil it needs. Thistles grow in sandy soil. Many vege- tables need rich soil. Soil that has long been used for onions may be very poor for more onions. But such soil may be very rich for other kinds of plants. Each zone has its own plants. But many plants that grow in cool zones will also grow in warm zones. Banana plant with fruit Brown people setting out rice plants in wet land The banana needs all the year to ripen its fruit. Frost kills this plant. Could it grow where the water freezes half the year ? The tobacco plant grows in a few months. It can grow where the summers are long. Its leaves are cut before winter comes. Oranges need all the year to grow and ripen. Apples will grow in a few months. Which fruit must grow in the warmer zone? Some plants ripen their seed in a few weeks. They can grow along the shores of the Arctic ocean. The summer lasts only a few weeks there. Now you know why plants are not alike in the five zones. They must find the soil, water and heat that they need, just like the plants where we live. 57 47. Fruits and Spices of the Torrid Zone Many kinds of fruit grow in the torrid zone. Among these are the orange and banana. There are also many kinds that we never see. The banana plant often grows twenty feet high. The cut on page 56 shows how it looks. The fruit hangs in large clusters. In hot lands the banana is widely used as food. On some of the islands of the Pacific it is the chief food of the natives. Many spices grow in the torrid zone. Pepper Ixn-ries grow in long clusters on climbing l)lants or vines. The ber- ries are dried in the sun. Before we use them on the table they are ground to powder. Cloves are dried buds that grow on trees. The buds are picked when they turn red. They are then dried and sent to market. Cloves have a very hot, biting taste. Cinnamon is the bark of a small tree. The bark is dried and sent to market. Nutmegs come from a little fruit that grows on a large tree. The seed of this fruit is taken out and dried. Then it is cracked open and out comes a hard kernel, which is the nutmeg. Many boys and girls of our age gather spices. Some of the little folks are brown. Some of them belong to the white family but have dark skin. They live where the sun shines very hot. They never see snow except far away on the tops of high mountains. ^^ Branches bearmg spices Helps : — What are the seasons of the torrid zone ? Name some fruits of the torrid zone. Tell what you can about the banana. What can you tell about pepper ? — cloves ? — cinnamon ? — nutmegs ? In what zone do many spices grow ? What kinds of pepper have you seen ? 58 Working with water buffaloes, to clean rice fields in southeast Asia 48. Other Plants of the Torrid Zone Sugar cane, coffee and rice grow best in this hot zone. Cotton and tobacco also grow here and in lands that are not so hot. Sugar cane looks hke cornstalks. The cane is crushed and the juice is boiled till brown sugar forms in it. The liquid in which the sugar forms is molasses. White sugar is a pure kind made from brown sugar. Later we shall learn how sugar is also made from beets. Coffee comes from little berries that grow on bushes or small trees. The seeds of the berries are the coffee. Eice is like a grass. Some of it grows in fields underwater. Mil- lions of people use rice for food. The white rice we use is the little seed of the plant. Date The picture above shows a rice field. The grass you see is rice straw. The animals are buffaloes. They like to work in water and are called water buffaloes. The hot zone has great forests. Some of the trees have pretty wood. It is used in furniture. From the wood of other trees we get dyes to color cloth. Rubber is a gum from trees growing in the hot belt. This hot belt has so many palms, it is often called the zone of imlms. Helps : — ^ame as many plants of the hot zone as you can. What does the les- ^^ °^ son tell about sugar ? — about coffee ? — about rice ? — about trees ? What is rubber ? 59 49. Plants of the Warm Belts The warm parts of the tem- perate zones we call the tvanu belts. They have many useful plants. There are rice, Tea farm in China ons, figs and grapes in the warm belts, as in the hot belt. There is also the plant on which cotton grows. Cotton is a fiber. It grows round the seeds of a plant. This fiber is pulled from the seeds by a machine. Then it is twisted into thread and woven into cloth. Look closely at a piece of cotton cloth. Pull the threads apart. Then un- twist a thread and see the cotton fiber. What else is thread made of ? About one half of the people of the earth wear clothing made wholly of cotton. Most of the others use some cotton clothing. -^ Tea grows in the warm parts ^,„ .^ of the temperate zones. Some of it also grows in the hot ' zone. This picture shows us a tea farm. It is in Asia, far across the sea. In the circle we see i)eople at work. They are yellow people. They are picking the leaves from the low bushes. These bushes are tea plants. The branch around the picture is from a tea plant. Tea is made of the dried leaves of the tea plant. Most of it grows in south- east Asia. After the leaves are dried they are packed in boxes and sent to many parts of the earth. Helps : — Name some fruits of the warm parts of the temperate zones. What may we call these warm x)arts ? Name a useful fiber plant. What is said about cotton ? Where does tea grow ? What is tea ? 60 50. Plants of the Cool and Cold Belts The cool parts of the temperate zones are the cool belts. They have hot days about half the year. The hot season is long enough for grains to ripen. A forest in the cool belt, near the Pacific coast of our country Here are found wheat, corn, rye, oats and barley. Wheat and com are the most useful. Here also are flax and tobacco. The little stalks of flax have fibers that we use. We weave them into cloth. This we call linen. The best grazing lands are in the cool belts. Most of the cattle, horses and sheep feed here. These are the farming zones, where horses are most useful. These zones have great forests. There are soft woods, such as pine, fir and spruce. There are also hard woods, such as oak, maple, ash, chestnut and poplar. Only a few useful plants grow in the north frigid zone. They are food for deer and other animals. Mosses grow in the wet lands. There are also a few stunted trees and bushes. In the short summer the snow melts in some parts of the north frigid zone. Then poppies and other bright flowers spring up. In a few weeks they drop their seeds. The snow soon covers them once more. Helps : — Where are the cool belts ? What other names have they ? Name some grains of the temperate zones. Name some other products. What is said about linen ? Name some things made of linen. What fruits have you seen growing ? What is said about grass in the tem- perate zones ? Name some soft-wood trees of the zone you live in ; name some hard-wood trees. What is said about plant life in the north frigid zone ? 61 51. Animals A Reading Lesson Animals have niauy kinds of feet, legs, bills and teeth. Each kind has its own uses. It helps the animal in some way. The eagle has sharp claws and a beak. It can hold and tear the flesh it feeds The ox has wide hoofs. It can work on soft land. The hog has a strong nose. It can dig roots. The du(;k has webs be- tween its toes. It can swim fast. Many birds that feed on shores liave long legs for wading. Every animal has some way to defend itself or get out of danger. The turtle draws itself into its hard shell. The bee stings. The horse kicks. The dog bites. Animals cannot go all over the earth. They must live near their food. The horse feeds in the grass- land. Birds that feed on fish live near water. Animals that live on fruits are seen near fruit trees. Elephant of Asia (India) Some animals are very useful to man. He takes them to new homes. Among these are the horse, cow, sheep and hog. Animals that feed on grass can live in many lands. Can you think why? 62 ^^£^^^^, 52. Animals of the Zones The same kinds of animals are not found in all parts of a zone. The wide and deep oceans keep them apart. Deserts are also hard to cross. Many cannot go over high ranges. They must stay near their food. The hot zone of the Old World has the lion, elephant, rhinoceros, giraffe and camel. The hot zone in America has none of these animals. But here we have the tapir and the anteater. The tapir takes hold of branches with its long nose. The anteater runs out a sticky ^^5::%^ tongue to catch ants. The llama climbs the sides of mountains. It looks like a little camel. Its home is in South America. Many monkeys live in the hot zone. Australia has none of the animals named above. But it has the jumping kangaroo. Here are also animals that lay eggs and sit on them like birds. The great lands in the north are not far apart. Europe joins Asia. Asia almost touches America. The frozen sea joins them. This explains why bears, deer and wolves can roam over the north temperate zone. They are also found even in the cold zone of the north. The white bear lives along the frozen shores of all these lands. It feeds on seals and fish. 63 deer scrapes away the snow to find the mosses l)eneath. Great whales £j^ and seals feed in the cold sea of the far north. There are birds in nearly every land. Some have beautiful feathers. The for- ests of '^the tor- rid zone are alive with ])irds. The condor is the larg- est flying bird. It lives in South America. The ostrich of Africa is very large but it cannot fly. Fish are caught in the sea and in lakes and rivers. Helps : — Name some animals of the torrid zone in the Old World ; — in the New World. Name some wild animals of the north temperate zone ; — of the frigid zone. 64 Black man of Australia 53. The Black Race There are five great groups of people or rcices of They differ in color and in many other ways. We may name the races by their colors. There are black, red, yellow, brown, white. Nearly all the black people live in the torrid zone. They are the Ne- groes. Many of them have broad flat noses and thick lips. Their hair is black and frizzly. Many black people live in groups or tribes in middle Africa. The air there is hot and moist. Fruits grow wild all the year, and the people do very little work. These people wear but little clothing. They make huts of grass or branches of trees. They use bows and arrows, clubs and darts. They make blowguns out of hollow stems. They catch fish on hooks made of bone. Little black boy Th e black people of mid- dle Africa know but little of what white people do. But the black peo- ple fish and hunt, cook their food and make simple cloth- ing. Some know how to raise grain. They never see any books. People liv- ing in this way are savages. Many Negroes have been carried to lands where white people live. Some live as the white people do. There are many in our country. Helps : — How many races of men are there? Name them by color. Where do most of the black people live ? What other name have they ? What is said of their faces and hair ? In what zone is the middle part of Africa ? What are the seasons of this zone ? Why do the black people there use but little clothing ? Name some of the weap- ons of the black people. What work do they do? AVhat name do we give to people living in this sim- ple way ? 65 G D 54. The Red Race The home of the red race is America. The red men were here long before the white men c^me to settle. We call the red people Indians. Most of the people of the red race live in the torrid zone, but some are found in the temperate zones. The pictures show how Indians look. Their hair is black and straight. They have large cheek bones. In South America many of the red men are savages. They live like the black people of middle Africa. They fish in the rivers Indian girl of North America and hunt in the forests. They use bows and arrows, clubs and darts. Some of the Indians of South America live as the poor white men do. Many of the Indians in our country raise cattle, grain and cot- ton. They live in houses and have good schools. We shall learn more about them later. The red men were the first to give com and tobacco to the people of Europe. They also taught the white man how to make canoes of Ijirch bark. Helps : — In what zone do most of the people of the red race li ve Red men, or Indians In what part of tlie world do they live ? How do the Indi- ans differ in looks from tlie Negroes ? What is said about the Indians of South America ? How do many of the Indians of our country differ from savages ? Indian boys of South America 66 55. The Yellow Race Most of the people of China The people of eastern Asia be- live on low land near the sea and long mostly to the yellow race, near great rivers. They have long Their hair is black and straight, canals to carry water to their gar- Their eyes are set aslant. i^f"^ ""^B l^K^ to ^ ^^^^^^HIPBrr .^mB uHmr < i siinH|H I^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B K ' H ^^^■L-c m %:-'^ »|^^BaJ| i^^Bi wBtKlk K!'^"^ HhI ^^^fl I^BE^'^' ""*'''-'ibm h9 ^^HB H^^^H g ■ Yellow people of Japan Most of the yellow people live in China and Japan. They have many large cities. They make silk cloth and fine dishes. They raise tea, rice and many other useful plants. The boys and girls of the yellow race play many games. They spin tops, fly kites and walk on stilts. dens. Tea plants grow in the hilly parts of China. Some of the people of China live on boats in the rivers. There are houses and gardens on the boats. Helps : — Where is the home of the yellow race ? How do the yellow people diifer in looks from the black people ? Name two countries where yellow people live. The teacher will tell you where China and Japan are. Name some kinds of work that the yellow people do. Kame some games of the boys and girls of the yellow race. Where do most of the people of China live ? 56. The Brown Race The islands southeast of Asia are the home of the brown race. Among these are the Philippine islands. They are now under the care of our country. Some of the brown people have cities and towns. The cities are ports for trading. Some of the people have good schools. On some of the islands the people are savages. 67 The soil of most of the islands is very rich. The brown peo- ple raise rice, sugar cane, coffee and many spices. Fruits grow on all these islands. Helps : — Where is the home of the brown race ? Brown girls who Name one of the groups southeast of islands where brown people live. Where are these islands ? What proves that some of these people are not savages ? Name some products raised by the brown people. Why do white people send ships to trade with the brown people ? 57. The White Race The white race is now found in many lands. We shall study these lands in other les- sons. You do not h\c Oil islands of Asia White boy of Europe need to be told how some of the white people look and dress. Just look around you. The hair is straight or wavy, and may be light or dark. As a rule the lips are thin and the cheek bones are not very large. But the skin may vary from white to dark tan. Some of the people are almost black. Most of the white people live in the temperate zones. They have large fields of wheat, corn and cotton. They raise mil- lions of sheep and cattle. They build great cities and have work- shops of all kinds. They send ships to all the large seaports. Helps: — To what race do most of the people in your town or city j^l belong? Have you seen people that belong to any other race ? How do most white people dif- fer in looks from the other races ? In what zones do most of the white people live ? Name some of the kinds of work they do. Savage brown man 68 58. Government which the laws are made is the Savage people live in groups capital. This word means the ^^head city." called tribes. A chief rules each tribe. He makes rules or laws, and he forces the people to obey him. Most of the red people and the black people live in tribes and have chiefs. A nation is a group of people higher than sav- ages, but under one ruler. He may claim the right to rule because his father or mother was the ruler be- fore him. Or the people may choose or elect him to rule for a few years. One who rules by claim of birth is a king or a queen. We call the nation a kingdom. Several kingdoms may unite to form a great empire. The ruler is then called an emperor. A nation like our own, that elects its own ruler, is a republic. The ruler is a j^'^esident. Nearly all the white people and the yellow people live in nations. The land in which a nation lives is a country. The city in Dark-skinned women of the white race (Egypt) The people of our nation are Amei^icans. Our country is the United States. Its capital is the city of Washington. Helps : — Who rules over a tribe ? What kind of people live in tribes ? What power has a chief? What races live mostly in tribes ? How does a nation differ from a tribe ? What races live mostly in nations ? What is a nation ? How do men be- come rulers of nations? What is a king? What is a queen? What do we call a na- tion having a king ? What is an empire ? Who rules over an 9 empire What is a republic ? Name one. What do we call the officer at the head of a republic ? Who is now President of the United States ? What is a country ? Where are its laws made ? What does capital mean ? What is the capital of your own state ? Who is now the governor ? What do we call the people of our nation ? To what race do most of them belong? In what country do we live? Name the capital of the United States. 69 THE CONTINENTS NORTH AMERICA th 59. Position All of this continent is north of the equator. The southern part is in the torrid zone. There all the days are hot or warm. The northern part is in frigid zone. It forms the shore of the cold Arc- tic ocean. The best part of the continent is in the temperate zone. This part is also the largest. Our home is here. We have hot summers and cold winters. This continent oceans on all sides except at the isthmus of Panama. This neck of land crosses to South America. The east coast looks out upon the wide Atlantic ocean. It faces Europe and part of Africa. They lie far to the east. The w^est coast fronts on the vast Pacific ocean. Far to the west lies Asia. North America is one of three continents that form the shore of the cold Arctic ocean. Helps : — What continents are in the New World ? In which hemisphere are they ? See page 42. ^^ On which side of the equator is North America? Which ^^^^ part is in the torrid zone ? Which zone holds part of its cold north coast? In which zone is the iK'st part of North America ? In which /one do we live ? On which side of us is Europe ? What rtMPERAT^^ONE^ ocean lies between Eu- rope and North America? What continent is south- east of North America ? What ocean is west of us ? Which continent is west of us ? What does the isthmus of Panama join ? Which three continents partly circle round the Arctic ? 60. Form and Seacoast This continent has the form of a triangle or wide wedge. The top of the wedge is in the north. The cutting edge is in the south. 71 The coast is broken by large bays. Hudson bay bends far into the north coast. Baffin bay and Davis strait are two of many arms of the sea that cut off great islands. The largest is Greenland. The gulf of St. Lawrence breaks the northeast coast. Nova Scotia is south of this gulf. The island of New- foundland is in the mouth of the gulf. A wide arm of the sea reaches into , the south- I east coast. It is the gulf of Mexico. Flor- ida and Yucatan partly inclose it. Cuba and other is- lands stretch far east from this gulf. These islands ait- iliu West Indies. South of Cuba is the Caribbean sea. It reaches to South America. The west coast of North America is not so broken. Here is the penin- sula of Lower California. It partly shuts in the gulf of California. In the far northwest is a vast peninsula. It is Alaska. The Arctic ocean is on the north. The Pacific is on the south. Bering sea and Bering strait lie between Alaska and Asia. Bering sea is partly cut off from the Pacific ocean by the Aleutian islands. They are like stepping- stones to Asia. Helps : — What is the form of this continent ? Which coast has the most is- lands ? W^here is Hudson bay? Name a bay I and a strait west • f Greenland. A' he re is Ice- iid? W^iereis i[)e Farewell? — Labrador ? Where is the gulf of St. Lawrence ? What peninsula is south of this gulf? What island is in the mouth of the gulf ? Where is the gulf of Mexico ? What two peninsulas partly inclose it ? What islands are east of it ? What bounds the Caribbean sea on the north ? — on the south ? Name a long peninsula on the west coast. What gulf is east of it ? Where is Alaska? What waters partly bound it ? W^here is cape Prince of Wales? Where are the Aleutian islands ? See page 94. Where is Vancouver island ? 72 61. Relief or Surface This high and rough region is The western side of North the Rocky Mountain highland. America is high. A wide plateau, We may also call it the Western highland. It has rich mines of goldj sil- ver and copper. Rugged mountains rise near the Pacific coastline. They are along the west side of the pla- teau. On the eastern side stand the Rocky mountains. Some of the peaks in Alaska are very high. Here tower Mt. McKin- ley and Mt. St. Elias. The former Raise leaf 73-74 and see both relief maps at once or high plain, reaches far in from -^ ^^^ ^.^^^^^ ^^^^ I^^ ^^p i^ ^,^^,1^ the west coast. Lofty mountains four miles up in the frosty air. See maj) rise above it. on page 94. 73 Pikes peak is a noted peak in the Kocky mountains in our country. Farther west is Mt. AMiitney. It is in the Sierra Nevada. West of this highland a short slope runs to the sea. This is the Pacific slope. East of the highland lies a great plain. It is the Great Central plain. Often we speak of it as the Central plain. It reaches from the gulf of Mexico to the Arctic coast. In the far north the bare plain is cold. Very little can grow there. The middle part of this plain has the best grain land ii the world. The part of the plaii near the gulf is noted for cotton. This is the South- ern plain. It is often called the Gulf coast plain. East of this great plain rise low ranges. They form the Eastern highland. The peaks are mostly low and rounded. They are not sharp and bare, like the Rocky mountains. This highland has rich mines of ii^on ore and coal. The Eastern highland is also called the Appalachian highland. East of it is the Atlantic slope. Helps : — Which side of North Amer- ica is highest? In what direction do most of the ranges run ? See the maii. Name one great range. What other name is given to the Western highland? What come from its mines ? Name two peaks in Alaska. In what range is Pikes peak? Where is Mt. Whitney ? What short slope is west of A bare and rocky peak in the Western highland the Western highland ? What lies east of the highland ? What is said about the northern part of this plain ? — about the middle part ? — about the southern part ? What is this part called ? What lies east of the Central plain ? What other name has the Eastern highland ? What is said about this highland ? Name some products of the Eastern highland. Where is the Atlantic slope? 74 A river flowing from the Eastern highland 62. Size of the Continent Two continents are larger than ours. Asia is more than twice as large. Europe is not quite half as large. It takes swift trains four days and nights to go from New York to the Pacific coast. The isthmus of Panama is not very far from the equator. The Arctic islands run far up towards the pole. This shows how long the continent is. It is partly in three zones. It reaches from the torrid zone into the north frigid. Helps : — Name two continents larger than ours. How much larger is Asia ? How much smaller is Europe ? How long does it take a swift train to go from east to west across North America? What shows how long our continent is ? What wide zone does it cross ? 63. Rivers A river is a large stream flow- ing over the land. The land on which water lies is its hed. A river bed is under a river. A lake bed is under a lake. Swift parts of rivers are rapids. Water falling over a very steep place forms a waterfall. The land along the sides of a river we call its hanks. We must face down stream to name them. On the right is the right bank. All rivers flow down slopes. The upper end of a river is its head or source. The lower end is its mouth. Eivers have branches. A branch is also called a tributary. Every branch has a source. It may be a spring, a pond or a lake. A spring is water coming out of the ground. 75 Relief Map of North America. Scale i inch to looo miles Helps : — What is a river ? What is What is a river bank ? Which is the a river bed ? — a lake bed ? — an ocean left bank of a river ? — the right bank ? bed ? What is the source or head of a river ? Why are some rivers swift and others Where is its mouth ? slow? What are rapids? What is a What is a branch ? Name some of the waterfall ? sources of rivers. What is a spring ? 76 64. River Basins Often many small streams meet in a valley. Large ones also meet. All the streams that meet in one valley form a system. A river system has a main stream and branches. Here is a pic- ture of a few of the rivers in one large system. This is the Mis- sissippi system. We shall study about it in the next lesson. A river system All the land that sends water to a river forms the hasin of the river. A basin is made of slopes. The land slopes to the streams. Every river system is in a basin. The streams drain or carry the water away from the basin. The next lesson is on drainage. We shall study how the rivers drain North America. This continent has many large river basins. They are made of the slopes. The upper edges of the slopes are di- vides.^ They divide or part the rain for the basins. Helps : — What is a river system ? What is the basin of a river? What drains a river basin ? What is a divide ? Why do we give it this name ? ^ A divide may be called a watershed. A basin is also called a watershed. 77 65. Drainage Find the Mississippi river on page 72. It has many branches. They are in the warm half of the Central plain. This is the southern half. The Mississippi drains this half of the plain. This river flows to the south, into the gulf of Mexico. Its longest branch is the Missouri river. It flows from the Rocky mountains. Near the mid- dle of the Central plain are many large lakes. They hold half the fresh water upon the earth. Five of them are called |^' the Great Lakes. r See map oiij)cifje 72. ---^-— — ''--'-—' These lakes flow steamer going into the St. Lawrence river. It runs to the gulf of St. Lawrence. Part of the Central plain drains to Hudson bay. Farther north the rivers flow to the Arctic coast. The rivers of the Atlantic slope are not very long, but they are of great value. Some turn mill wheels. Others form good harbors. The Western highland sends a few large rivers to the Pacific ocean. The Yukon is in the far north. It crosses Alaska. The Columbia and Colorado rise in the Eocky mountains. They flow across the highland to the west coast. One flows to a gulf. The other flows to the ocean. Helps : — Tell what you can about the Mississippi river. Which part of the Central plain does it drain ? down rapids in the St. Lawrence river Where does the Missouri river rise ? Into what does it flow ? Where are the Great Lakes ? What is said about them ? To what gulf does the outlet of these lakes flow? Name the five Great Lakes. What is said of the rivers in the northern half of the Central plain ? What is said about the rivers of the Atlantic slope? Where is the Yukon river ? Name two other rivers that flow to the west coast. To what gulf does the Colorado river flow? 78 66. Countries This continent has three large countries. There are also a few small ones. See page 70. . . Little village far north in Greenland The largest is the country in which we live. We call it the United States. It has many states united in one country. Its capital is Washington. The main part of this country is in the warm half of the tem- perate zone. Alaska, in the far north, also belongs to it. So also does Porto Rico, an island of the West Indies. This island is in the torrid zone. The island of Cuba is a country. We shall read about other coun- tries in the West Indies. We shall also read of other islands far out in the Pacific ocean, that belong to our country. They are not in North America. Canada is a large country north of us. Most of it is in the cold half of the temperate zone. Part of it is in the frigid zone. Like our country, it reaches from the Atlantic ocean to the Pacific. Greenland and Iceland belong to Denmark, a coun- try of Europe. They may be called Danish America. Mexico is south of our country. It is west of the The southern half are six gulf of Mexico, of it is in the torrid zone. Southeast of Mexico small countries. They are in the torrid zone. This part of the con- tinent is Central America. Helps: — Name three large countries in North America. Which is the larg- est ? In what zone is the main part of our country ? In what part of North America is the great city of New York ?— Chicago ? — Philadelphia ? — St. Louis ? — Boston ? — Baltimore ? See jjage 70. Water carrier, Mexico 79 Where is Alaska? .To what country does it belong ? What is Danish Amer- ica? Where is the great island of Greenland ? — Iceland ? Name an island of the \\'est In- dies that belongs to our country. Name a country in the West Lidies. What country is north of us ? In what zones is Canada ? What oceans border on it ? Where is Mexico? In what zones is it? What is said about Central America? 67. People The first white people in America came from Em-ope. They found here many red men, or Indians. More than half the people of Mexico and the lands south of it are Indians. Some red men live in the United States. Nearly all are west of the Mississippi river. Many Indians live in tents. Some have houses made of wood or brick. Some Indians plant grain and tend cattle. Indian boys run races, swim, play ball, hunt and fish in the streams. Indian girls cook and work in the gardens. But they also find some time for play. They are very fond of dolls. Some Indians can use the rifle. Millions in South America use the bow and arrow or the blowgun. Helps: — What people first lived in America ? Where did the white people Indian mother and baby come from? In what parts of North America do red men now live? Tell what you can about the Indians. What does this picture show about Indians ? 80 Many Negroes were once slaves in North America. They were brought from Africa. They are now free. Many of them live in the warm parts of the continent. Nearly all the people of North Amer- Negro boy • •,-, ica are white. They have great cities with tall houses. They have built many rail- roads. Their ships sail on all the oceans. Some raise wheat, corn, cotton or other crops Others tend herds of cattle. We live in a land of busy people.- More than haJ^'Hof them live east of the Mississippi river. Tribes of yellow peo- ple live in the far north. They are Eskimos. They hunt seals and catch fish in the cold ocean. The girls in the picture below live in Mexico. They are sorting coffee berries, to put the best ones together. Their home is in a warm land. They need only light cotton cloth for clothing. Helps : — Where did the black people of America come from ? Why were they brought here ? To what race do most of the people of North America belong ? Name some of the kinds of work done by white people. Tell all you can about the Eskimos. See page 50. What does the Mexican picture below show ? 68. Climate and Plants Parts of North America are in three zones. The northern part is in the frigid zone. It is too cold for fruits and grain. A few stunted trees grow there. During the few warm weeks of summer the topsoil thaws. The wild flow- ers spring up quickly, but most of the year all the ground is buried under snow. In the far south the Girls of Mexico air is hot or warm all 81 the year. This part is in the tor- rid zone. It has plenty of rainfall, and plants grow almost every- where. Bananas, coffee and many other products are raised in the torrid zone. Some of the tree^ yield pretty wood. It is used for mak- ing furniture. Between the hot zone and the cold zone lies tin- best zone of all. It is the tem- perate zone. It has the most people, the largest cities, the best farms, the most cattle. It is the zone we live in. It has hot sum- mers and cold winters. It includes most of North America. Helps : — 111 what zone is the north- ern part of this continent? Why can- not fruits or grain grow there ? What can grow in parts of the frigid zone ? Which part of North America is in the torrid zone ? What seasons has this hot zone ? Why do many plants grow best in the torrid zone ? Name some plants of the torrid zone in North America. In which zone do we live ? What seasons have we ? Name some products that grow in our part of the country. 82 ■"■' ^i "li- es. Animals Read and talk White men brought cows horses, sheep and hogs from Europe. There are millions of these animals here now. Many wild ani- mals also live here. Black bears are seen in the mountains and forests. The white bear lives in the frigid zone. It catches fish and seals for its food. This is the largest of the bear family. The grizzly bear is very fierce. It has long curved claws. Its home is in the Western highland. There are many deer. They feed on grass and tender branches. Years ago there were many bisons. Nearly all have been Animal map of North America killed. The bison is often called the buffalo. Among the smaller animals are the wolf, fox, rabbit and squirrel. Many fur animals live in the cold parts of the world. 83 UNITED STATES 70. Position and Size Our country reaches east and west across the continent. The Atlantic ocean is on the east. The broad Pacific is on the west. The main part of our country is south of Canada. It reaches to Mexico and the gulf of Mexico. We trade with Europe and Africa by way of the Atlantic ocean. By way of Europe come also some goods from Asia. Other goods come from Asia to our west shore. We could not Start from New York. Walk westward three miles an hour. Walk ten hours every day. Walk White House, the home of the President of our country, in Washington all summer. You would also need some of the days of autumn to reach the west coast. It would take about half as long to walk north and south across our country. Helps:— What ocean is east of this country ? — west of it? What gulf is on the south ? ^ .,,_.. ^ X ..-• V u- XI. 1 What lakes are on Capitol, Washington. In this building the laws of our nation are made. At the left is the Wash- ^^^ north? See ington monument, the tallest stone monument in images 70 and 72. the world What country is north of us ? What country forms part of the south border ? In what direction from this country is Europe ? — northern Africa ? — Asia ? How far is it across our country ? think of the width of this great land. It is three thousand miles wide. Let us think of a trip across it. 84 71. Form and Seacoast Our country is four-sided. The north side is broken by the Great Lakes. The gulf of Mexico breaks the south side. See pages 94-95. The west coast is not very broken. Near the middle of this coast is San Francisco bay. The east coast is more broken. Cape Cod is a peninsula held out like a long arm. Southward many bays enter the coast. Among them are New York bay, Delaware bay, Chesapeake bay. Helps: — What is the general form of this country ? What breaks the coast ? Locate San Francisco bay ; — cape Flattery ; — cape Mendocino. Where is Cape Cod peninsula ? Where is Florida? Name three bays between them. Where is Mobile bay ? — Galveston bay ? Cities of the same name are on these bays. Where is cape May ? — cape Hat- teras ? — cape Fear ? — cape Canaveral ? — cape Sable ? 72. Western Highland and Pacific Slope The Western highland is high and wide. It covers one third of this country. Many of its long ranges run nearly north and south. The Rocky mountains are on the east side. The lofty peaks of this range rise from a high plateau. Parts of this high plain are a mile or more above sea level. The Western highland has rich mines. Here are some of the best gold, silver and copper mines in the world. Two high ranges rise near the west coast. They are the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade range. The region west of them is the Pacific slope. " Sierra '' means a range looldng like saw teeth. " Nevada " means snoivy. A " cascade " is a little waterfall. On the Pacific slope are many fer- tile valleys. Some are quite large. The long valley of California is west of the Sierra Nevada. It is noted for wheat. It is drained by the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. They flow to San Francisco bay. Low Coast ranges rise near the Pacific shore. They help to form the rich valleys. Two large rivers flow to the west coast. They are the Colum- bia and the Colorado. Both rise in the Rocky mountains. The Columbia has a long branch from the east. It is called the Snake river. The two unite and reach the coast far in the northwest. 85 The Colorado river flows to the gulf of California. This river has cut a deep valley or can- yon in rock. It is the Colorado canyon. Some parts of the rocky wall rise over a mile above the river. The rocks have many colors. There are gray, brown, red, yellow, blue. A large part of this basin sends no river to the ocean. The small streams flow into salt lakes. We shall study more about them. Helps : — Where is the Western high- land ? AVhat is said about the Rocky mountains ? What comes from mines in tliis liighland ? Canyon made by the Colorado river. It is a mile deep. Find the man in the picture West of the Rocky mountains is a wide dry region. It is the Great Basin. It is high and rough. It reaches to the Sierra Nevada. Mountains on the west keep most of the rain from the Great Basin. Some rain falls. In places water is led from streams over the land. The soil is fer- tile and this water helps to make rich garden spots. What two high ranges are not far from the west coast ? What does " Sierra Nevada " mean ? What is a cascade ? Can you think why the ranges took these names ? What is said about the valley of Cali- fornia ? — about the Coast ranges ? — the Columbia river? — the Colorado river ? — the Colorado canyon ? — the Great Basin ? Where is Great Salt lake ? 86 73. Eastern Highland and Atlantic Slope The Eastern highland is also called the Appalachian highland. See map on page 72. It is long and narrow but not very \\\^\. The northern part of this slope is narrow. The coast has many great ports. They are on deep harbors. One of these is New York, at the mouth of the Hudson river. Mt. Mitchell, the highest peak in the Eastern highland The picture shows how parts of it look. It has low plateaus and rounded peaks. This highland has plenty of rain. It is green with trees. Its rocks yield coal and iron. The slope east of this highland is the Atlantic slope. Many short rivers flow down to the sea. Some are deep enough to float large vessels. In the south this slope is part of the Southern plain. It has great fields of cotton. Some rocks are made of lime. Water may dissolve away the rock and make caves. Part of the roof of a cave may fall and part may stand like a rock bridge. There are many such bridges in the world. One of the most noted is the Natural Bridge in Virginia. It is over two hundred feet high. Helps : — Where is the Eastern high- land ? What coast is east of it ? Which is the wider, the Eastern or the Western highland ? Which is the higher ? Name two useful minerals taken from the Eastern highland. Where is the Atlantic slope ? What is said about the rivers of this slope ? 87 Name a product of the southern part of this slope. What is said about the northern part of this slope ? Where is New York ? Tell about the Natural Bridge. 74. Central Plain The Central plain lies between the highlands. About haK of it is in the United States. The other half is in Canada. The part near the Arctic shore is very cold. Its soil is frozen nearly all the year. Plants spring up only dui'ing the few warm weeks of summer. The part of the plain near the gulf of Mexico is the Southern plain. It is in the warm part of the temperate zone. It has plenty of rain. This part of the plain is very fertile. It has the best cotton lands in the world. It also yields rice and sugar cane. The Western plain is east of the Rocky mountains. It re- ceives little rain. Some of the land is watered from streams. Good grass for cattle grows there. The prairies are the richest grain lands in the world. They are south and west of the Great Lakes. The soil is rich and there is plenty of rain. Chicago is the largest city of the prairies. It is a great grain port. Helps : — Where is the Central plain ? In what two countries is it? Why do not many plants grow in the far north ? Natural Bridge in Virginia Where is the Southern plain ? In what zone is it? Name some of its products. W^here is the Western plain ? What is said of its water supply ? What grows there ? Where are the prairies ? What is said of the rain and soil in the prairies ? 88 89 See the picture on page 14. It shows wheat cut on the prairies. The word " prairie " means meadow. The Mississippi is the largest river of the Central plain. It has many long branches. From the west flow the Missouri, Arkansas What is said about the Missouri- Mississippi river ? 75. Great Lakes Five great bodies of fresh water are known as the Great Lakes. They are in a chain of valleys. Only small rivers flow into them. The Mississippi river near St. Paul and Red rivers to join it. The Ohio river joins it from the east. The river from the source of the Missouri to the gulf is often called the Missouri'Mississippi. It is the longest river in the world. Helps : — What great river flows in the Central plain ? In what mountains do the Missouri and Arkansas rivers rise ? From what highland does the Ohio river flow? The St. Lawrence river flows out of one of them. The map gives their names. These lakes are in one of the richest regions of the earth. It has fields of wheat and corn. It has forests of hard and soft wood. It has grass lands and iron mines. Helps : — Where are the Great Lakes ? Name them. Name some of the prod- ucts of the lands round the Great Lakes. 90 Copyright, 1895, by A. E. Frye RELIEF MAP OF 91 THE UNITED STATES 92 Steamers go from port to port on the lakes. They carry these products. Large cities have grown up near the lakes. Chicago is the Falls of Niagara, in the Niagara river flowing out of lake Erie largest lake port of the world. It is on the south shore of Michigan. The Great Lakes are in wide and deep valleys. Lake Superior is the largest. It is higher than lake Huron. A swift river flows from the upper lake to the lower. It is too swift for ships to sail on. Great canals have been built past the rapids in this river. One is known as the " Soo'^ canal. Steamers can now go from lake to lake. The Niagara river flows from lake Erie to lake Ontario. In one place the river leaps over a cliff that it has worn in the rock. The water falls into a deep gorge. The falls of Niagara are noted for their beauty. The Welland canal takes ships from lake Erie to lake Ontario. This canal is not near the falls of Niagara. The St. Lawrence river is the outlet of the five Great Lakes. Steamers can go down this river to the sea. Helps : — Why are so many steamers needed on these lakes ? Why l^^^ cities been built near ^|L| lakes ? What is said about lake Superior ? Of what use is the " Soo '' canal ? Name a city on lake Michigan. Where is the Niagara river ? For what is it noted ? How can ships go from lake Erie to lake Ontario? Name the outlet of the Great Lakes. In what lake does it have its source ? To what ocean do the Great Lakes send water ? 93 76. Climate A Reading Lesson By the word " climate " we mean the heat, rain and winds in any place. The United States is in the temperate zone. The southern half has cool winters and hot summers. The northern half has four or five months of cold. Snow covers the ground in winter. Many of the rivers and small lakes freeze. The rest of the year is warm or hot. The eastern half of the country has plenty of rain. The Western plain and highland need more rain. The most rain falls near the shore of the gulf of Mexico. This is the Southern plain. The dots on this map show cities and towns. The largest cities are shown by the largest dots. We see that most of the great cities are in the northeast quarter of our country. The southeast quarter also has many. The western half of the country has but few large cities. Most of the people live where there is plenty of rain for farming. The rain also fills rivers that give water power. from 87 Greenwich [JILTED STATES SCALE OF MILES 50"T00 200 1 300 400 600 1 COO LH ^ i 1 in 92 Greenwich 87 96 GROUPS OF STATES 77. How States Began A Reading Lesson When white people first came to our land they settled in groups or colonies. Many towns grew up. The people found it better for the colonies to be banded together. They could protect themselves from the Indians. They could build roads from town to town. They could make laws for trading. Thus many small colonies joined to make a few large ones. The large colonies were later called states. At first there were thirteen. Now there are many more. They call themselves the United States of America. 78. Five Groups of States Some states side by side may have the same kind of surface. They may have mills on swift rivers. They may have the same kind of farms. They may raise cattle, or they may have mines. This has led us to think of states in groups. In the northeast corner of our country there is a group of six states. The first white settlers were from England. They called the region JSfew England. GroujJ I on the maid. Our Atlantic coast is long. One group of states lies along the middle of this coast. They are the Middle Atlantic states. This group reaches from New York to Virginia. Group ll. West of this group lies a rich part of the Central plain. It in- cludes the prairies. The states here are called the Central states. Ghroup III. South of the Middle and Cen- tral groups are the Southern states. Some are on the Atlantic coast, but most of them slope to the gulf of Mexico. Grroup IV. There is one more large group of states. They are in the Western highland. We may call them the Westerji states. Group V. Alaska is far away by itself. So also are Porto Pico, Hawaii and the Philippine islands. Helps : — Where is New England ? Where are the Middle Atlantic states ? Where are the Central states ? Locate the Southern states. What highland crosses the Western states ? In which group of states do we live ? 98 79. Middle Atlantic States The Eastern highland runs across this group of states. Its ranges are not very high. Long valleys lie between them. Most of these valleys are fertile. The Atlantic slope reaches from •The people raise grain and to- bacco. Fruits and vegetables grow almost everywhere. There are many cattle on the farms. Some of the people make butter and cheese. There are also many sheep. The mountains supply coal and some iron. Iron is also brought from other places. There are many oil and gas wells. The iron and the fuel have led people to Grain Elevator, Buffalo the highland to the sea. The lowland lying along the coast is a plain. It is narrow near New York, but wider in the south. West of the high- land the land slopes to the prairies and the Great Lakes. This is shown by the rivers on the map. These states have plenty of rain. The winters are cold and the summers are hot. River boats at piers on the east side of New York build great mills and factories. Fine clay is found in parts of the Atlantic slope. Some of it is made into dishes and fine pottery. The clay works at Trenton are well known. The prairies are west of this group of states. Many of their 99 products are sent east to Europe. The handling of all the goods gives work to many people in the seaports. It is now easy to see what kind of work the people do. They dig coal. They sink deep wells for oil and gas. They build great factories. They toil in the iron mills. They plant wheat and tobacco. They tend cattle and sheep. They raise fruits and vegetables. They work on railroads and canals. They help to ship goods to and from ports. Helps : — What waters nearly sepa- rate New York state from Canada ? Which of the Middle Atlantic states border on the ocean ? Which do not touch the ocean ? See fjrouj) II on page 97. Which of the Great Lakes border on New York state ? In what state is the Erie canal ? What large island Ix^longs to New York state ? What sound or long shallow bay is north of it ? Name some farm products of these states. Name some of the animals. What are taken from the mines ? What come from wells ? Name three kinds of fuel in these states. Of what use are iron and fuel to a state ? What is said about clay ? Tell all you can about the kinds of work the people in these states do. 80. Cities of the Middle Atlantic States New York is the largest city in America. It is next in size to London, the largest city in the world. See lessons 21 and 22. Buffalo is at the eastern end of lake Erie. This city handles prod- ucts of all the states round the Great Lakes. Some of these products go east by water. Canal boats go from lake Erie to the Hudson river and down to the city of New York. Boats on the Erie canal Railroads also follow the canal and river to the same port. It is easy to see why New York has grown. It is on the best route of trade. The largest ships can enter its deep harbor. Brooklyn is now a part of New York. Helps : — Name the largest city in America. Tell all you can about it. What is said about Buffalo? How are products sent east from Buffalo? Why has New York grown to be such a large port ? Review lessons 2S, 31, and 32. What is said about Brooklyn ? 100 This large port is at the mouth of the Hudson river. Steamboats go up this river to Albany. Many steamship lines run from the Jersey City side of the harbor. Trains run in tunnels under the harbor to New York and Brooklyn. Rochester and Syracuse are cities on the Erie canal route. Both cities are also railroad centers. Where the cars run overhead Falls in a river supply water power for flour mills in Rochester. Syracuse is well known for its salt works. The mills and workshops of Philadelphia turn out almost every kind of iron and steel goods. This city ships coal to other places. This is the third city in size in the country. It is on the Delaware river. Iron ships are built on the banks of this river. It flows into Delaware bay. Many sheep are raised in this group of states. Wool is sent to Philadelphia. There it is made into yarn and cloth. This city leads the world in making woolen carpets. Pittsburg has the largest iron mills in the country. This city is near oil and gas wells and is within easy reach of coal mines. Thus it has plenty of fuel. In and near this city live many men who know how to work and shape iron goods. Baltimore is a large port near the head of Chesapeake bay. Railroads from the prairies carry grain to Baltimore. Some of it is here ground to flour. Both grain and flour are shipped to Europe. Chesapeake bay has the best oyster beds in the world. The oysters grow on the bottom of the bay. Men in boats gather them. Baltimore is a noted oyster market. Washington is the capital of the United States. It is in the District of Columbia. This District belongs to the nation. It is not a state. The President lives in Washing- ton. The laws of the nation are U. DIVERSITY OF 101 made here. The highest court in the land meets in this city. Washington is noted for fine buildings. The largest is the Capitol. Here the nation's laws are made. See page 83. This city is on the Potomac river, which flows into Chesapeake bay. Farther south the James river enters the same Imy. The city of Richmond is on this river. Into what bay do James rivers flow ? each. the Potomac and Name a city on Pretty home built of stone from a New England quarry Helps : — What states border on New York harl>or ? ^ Where is Jersey City ? What is said about it ? Where is Albany ? — Rochester ? — Syracuse ? What states border on Delaware bay ? Where is Philadelphia? Tell all you can about this city. Where is Pittsburg ? Give one reason for the growth of iron mills in this city. What states border on Chesapeake bay ? What is said about Baltimore ? Where are the best oyster beds in the world ? What is the capital of the United States ? Where is it ? Tell all you can about it. 81. New England States The New England states are east of New York state. They are in the northeast corner of the country. The Eastern highland reaches into these states. Part of it is here called the AVhite mountains. See page 95. These moun- tain s have many sum- mer resorts. The highest peak is Mt. Washington^ These six states- have plenty of rain. The summers are hot and the winters cold. Helps : — Where are the New Eng- land states ? See (jroup I on page 97 Which of the New England states border on the Atlantic ocean ? Which has no seacoast? Which border on the state of New York ? Between what states is lake Champlain ? See corner map on paxje 95. What highland enters New England ? Where are the White mountains ? Name the highest peak in these states. What kind of climate has New England ? 102 New England is hilly land. Most of its soil is poor. Its rivers are swift and turn wheels for many mills. Years ago the wheels were turned wholly by water, but now steam is used also. These states lead in making cotton and woolen cloth. They are also first in making boots and This ship is being built of wood ; many snips are made of plates of iron farms ? Name four products in which these states take the lead. What is said about paper and paper mills ? Name two kinds of building stone found in New England. 82. Cities of New England Boston is the largest city in New England. Its harbor is wide and deep. This city is one of the chief ports of the coun- try. Many products from the West pass through this port to Europe. This great city also helps shoes. The many workshops pro- to ship away the many kinds of duce nearly all kinds of tools. There are soft-wood forests in the northern row of states. Some of the wood is ground to pulp and made into paper. The largest paper mills in the country are here. Quarries in these states yield marble and granite. Many fishing vessels sail from ports of New England. Helps : — Can you tell why more New England people work in shops than on goods made in New. England. Boston buys more wool than any other city in the country. It is also a boot and shoe market. Providence is noted for jewelry. Steamboats can go up the Con- necticut river as far as Hartford. Helps : — Where is Boston ? What is said of its size ? — its harbor ? Name some goods that pass through this port. What is said about Providence ? — Hartford?— Portland? — New Haven? 103 83. Central States The Central states include most of the prairie regions. See group III on i^dge 97. Most parts, except the far West, have plenty of rain. The summers are hot and the winters cold. The eastern section of these states is south and west of the Great Lakes. It is east of the Mississippi river, and the western section is west of the great river. In the prairies found soniu of the best grain land in the world. Corn and wheat are the chief grains. Here are also rich grass lands, upon which mil- lions of cattle and sheep feed. This is the best farm region on the earth. Com is the best food to fatten hogs. The corn lands are in the eastern half of the country. Most of the hogs are raised there. The meat of hogs is pork. Find out what bacon and ham are. This country sends meat and grain to Europe. The richest iron mines in the world are near lake Superior. Here also are very rich copper mines. Helps : — What group of states is east of the Central states ? Which of the Great Lakes are on the north ? Which states border on lake Michi- gan ? Which border on the Ohio river ? Which lie along the Mississippi river ? Which states of this group are wholly or partly west of the Missouri river ? Cornfield iu the Ceutiax piaiii Through what river do the Great Lakes send their waters to the sea ? To what gulf do the largest rivers of these states flow ? What rich farming region is mostly in the Central states? What is said about the rain and the seasons here ? Tell about the products of the Central states. What are the chief grains ? Find out all you can about the uses of corn ; — of wheat. Why are there so many hogs in the corn states ? Of what use are the grass lands ? Where are the richest iron mines ? What other mines are near by ? 104 F" Lifting a bridge in Milwaukee, for a lake steamer to pass There is soft coal under parts of the prairies. The states along the Ohio river have natural gas. The fuel and iron have led to the build- ing of many mills. Round the lakes are soft-wood forests. Hard-wood forests are found a httle farther south. This country leads in making furniture. It is also noted for wagons and farm tools. The Central states have good waterways. The Great Lakes form one of the best in the world. The map shows which states and cities can ship freight on the lakes. The Mississippi and Ohio rivers are deep enough for large steam- boats. Long lines of railroad also run over these states. We have read about caves in rock made of lime. One of the most noted is Mammoth Cave. It is in Kentucky. This cave is very large. It has many branches. If put in a line, they would reach farther than you could walk in a week. The branches reach many miles. Helps : — Where can these states get fuel ? Why are there many iron mills in the cities ? What is said about forests ? Can you think why wagons and farm tools are made in these states ? Name some soft-wood trees ; — hard-wood trees. Of what use are the lakes and rivers in these states ? Which of these states have ports on the Great Lakes? Name two rivers that are good waterways. How can products be sent where there are no lakes nor rivers ? Of what use are railroads that run to ports ? Tell about Mammoth Cave. 84. Cities of the Central States Chicago is near the southern end of lake Michigan. It is the second city in size in America. Chicago is the chief lake port of the prairies. Here are brought all sorts of goods from farms, for- ests and mines. Such a city must grow very fast. 105 Chicago leads all the cities of the world in many ways. It is the largest lake port. It is the greatest meat market. It ships the most wheat and corn. It makes the most steel rails. It has the most railroads. This rich region has other lake ports. Their trade is not so large as that of Chicago. Among the largest are Cleveland, Milwaukee and Detroit. The latter is on a river that joins two of tll( lakes. There are also large river ports in the prai- ries. The largest is St. Louis. It is on the Mississippi river. Boats trade up and down the river. Trains from St. Louis reach far and wide. Cincinnati is a river port and railroad center. Railroads run from some cities like spokes from a hub. Such cities are good trade centers. It is easy to reach them. Kansas City and Indianapolis are good examples. Minneapolis is v/ithin easy reach of wheat fields. It has fine water power. Streams from large forests flow to it. This city is a great flour and lumber market. Close by is the city of St. Paul. Rail and water routes make it a trade center. Steamboats can go from this city to the gulf of Mexico. 1 1 1 \ 1 i , -^i.^ u 19X . jfc^ ^- 1 i ^F* ^ h\ ' ,- .. ' h i W-'.'M Vj^^^^^^-- "^ 1 ^=-=? i: « *•* le!^n| Great boat to carry trains of cars across lake Michigan Helps : — Where is Chicago ? Tell all you can about it. On what lakes would a vessel sail in going from Chicago to Buffalo ? What freight might it carry ? Wliat is said about St. Louis ? Name a port on the Ohio river. What helps to make Kansas City and Indianapolis grow ? Tell what you can about Minneapolis ; — St. Paul. 106 85. Southern States These states are mostly in the Southern plain. See group IV- on page 97. They reach east to the ocean and west to the mountains. The Southern states have plenty of rain. The winters are short Peaches, pears and other fruits thrive in parts of these states. Sweet oranges grow well in Florida. Many early vegetables are raised for northern cities. Rice grows in the wet lands near many of the rivers. The rich and cool. The summers are long lands near the lower Mississippi and hot. are noted for rice. Sugar cane Cotton is the leading crop in thrives in the same region and in these states. Part is made into other river valleys farther west. Corn and wheat are raised in many parts of all these states. For- ests of long- leaf pine grow on the Southern plain. Lum- ber and the gum rosin are leading products. There are iron and coal mines in the southern part of the Eastern highland. Iron mills have been built near the mines. This long list of products shows what the people of the South do. They work in the cotton fields. They weave cotton cloth. They press oil from cot- ton seed. They take care of fruit trees. They plant the rice fields. They raise Loading cotton at Memphis. Steamboats on the Mississippi river cloth in cities near the cotton fields. Much more is sent to northern cities and to Europe. Cotton grows in warm lands. It needs plenty of rain. The best cotton lands in the world are in the Southern states. We have read about making cotton cloth. The cotton seeds yield a useful oil. The part left after taking out the oil is used to fatten cattle. It is called " oil cake." 107 sugar cane and make sugar. They raise corn and wheat. They feed cattle. They cut down trees and saw lumber. They make tar and rosin out of the sap of pine trees. They dig iron ore and coal. They work in iron mills. They work on railroads and ships. Helps : — Name the Southern states along the Atlantic ocean. What strait is ))etween Florida and Cuba ? Name the states along the gulf of Mexico. See jmge 95. Which of the Southern states are on the banks of the Missis- sippi? Which have no sea- coast ? What river is between Texas and Mexico ? How does the climate of tliese states differ from that of the Northern states ? and sugar also is large. Railroads run to New Orleans. Steamers from the ocean reach its wharves. Galveston is the chief port on the gulf of Mexico. It ships cotton and grain. Memphis is a cotton market. It is on the eastern bluffs of the What is the leadingcrop in the South? Tell all you can about cotton. Where is the cotton used ? Name two kinds of fruit that grow here. Name a product of the wet lands. What products grow near the Mississippi river? Rice is a grain. Name two other grains that grow in these states. Tell what you can about the long-leaf pine. What are mined in the Eastern high- land ? Tell all you can about the w^ork the people in these states do. Picking cotton on the warm Southern plain Mississippi river. Its river trade is very large. Much of the cotton is sent by rail to eastern cities. Atlanta is a railroad center. It is a market for products of the South. Large cotton mills have been built in this busy city. Savannah is a port at the mouth of the river of the same name. It takes high rank in the export of rosin, cotton and rice. 86. Cities of the Southern States New Orleans is the chief city of the South. It is on the Mississippi river. This city is the leading mar- ket for cotton. Its trade in rice Helps : — What and where is the largest city ? Tell all you can about New Orleans. What is said about Gal- veston ? — about Memphis ? Why has Atlanta become a great market ? What is said about Savannah ? 108 87. Western States These states are mostly in the Western highland. See group V on p)ctge 97. This group has very rich mines of gold, silver and copper. The plains east of the moun- tains support many cattle. Sheep and cattle are also found in parts of the highland. Hot springs in Yellowstone park The valleys west of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges raise wheat and fruits. Fine oranges grow in California. The west slope of these ranges yields lumber. There are many great sawmills near Puget sound. There is a wide plateau between the Rocky mountains and the Sierra Nevada. This region is known as the Great Basin. The Great Basin is not thickly settled. Very little rain falls there. A large part of the basin sends no river to the ocean. There is salt in nearly all soil. Rain water washes it out and carries some of it to rivers. There is not enough to make the river water taste salt. Some rivers flow into lakes and carry the salt with them. If rivers flow out of the lakes, they carry the salt with them. If no river flows out, the salt is left there. After many years such lakes become salt. Find Great Salt lake on the map. No river flows out of this lake and its water is very salt. Salt Lake City is not far from this lake. The fields near it are watered by streams from the mountains and are fertile. The scenery in parts of the Western highland is grand. There are deep gorges or canyons worn by water in solid rock. There are high cliffs, waterfalls and many rugged peaks. Each year many people go to Cali- fornia to see the Yosemite valley. It is on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada. It looks as if the rocks had split in two and let the bottom drop down. In one place a stream leaps far down into the valley. See page 110. This same state has many of the largest trees in the world. Some are so large that fifteen boys joining hands can hardly reach round one of them. These are the " big trees " of California. Find the Yellowstone park on the map. See page 94. This great park is 109 in the Rocky mountains. It has deep canyons and high falls. In places hot water spouts high into the air. Such hot spouting springs are geysers. If hot water does not spout, but only rises in a basin, it forms a hot spring. Helps : — Where are the Western states ? Which states are crossed by the Kocky mountains ? Which border on the Pacific ocean ? Which are next to Canada ? Which lie along the bor- der on Mexico ? Name two states in the Great Basin. In which is Great Salt lake ? Name a city near it. Name three mining products of these states. What is said about cattle and sheep ? — wheat and fruits ? — lumber ? Tell what you can about the Great Basin; — about salt lakes. Where is Salt Lake City ? What is said about the Yosemite valley? — the "big trees" of Califor- nia ? — Yellowstone park ? 88. Cities of the Western States Denver is east of the Kocky inouiitciins. It sells supplies to mining towns. This city has also a large trade with cattle ranches on the plains. Pikes i)eak is not far from Denver. A railway goes to the top of this peak. This high point can be seen from far away in the plain on the east. Round it rise many other peaks, but not so high. Miners need picks and shovels. They must have also drills and hammers. Some of the mines use engines for pumping water or for hoisting. The miners need houses and all that goes to fit them for homes. They must have food and clothing. They use powder for blasting hard rocks. Denver sells many such articles. The long valley of the Pacific slope yields much wheat. This re- gion has good grazing lands. The mountains supply lumber. Helps: — Tell what sup])lies miners need. What is said aljout Denver ? — about Pikes peak ? Name some products of the Pacific slope. 110 San Francisco is the largest city on the Pacific coast. It has one of the best harbors in the world. A large foreign trade, as well as coast trade, goes through this port. Yosemite valley, in the Sierra Nevada Los Angeles is growing rapidly. It is the largest city in southern California. Seattle is the chief port on Puget sound. Seepage 70. Portland is a large port on a branch of the Columbia river. Helps : — Where is San Francisco ? What is said about it ? What is said about Portland ? Where is Seattle ? 89. Alaska Alaska belongs to the United States. This land is in the far northwest end of North America. Part of it is in the frigid zone. The winters are very long and cold. The southern coast is the warmest part. The river Yukon flows to the southwest, across Alaska. This is a very large river. Alaska has forests, but is too cold for grains. Many seals are killed on islands in Bering sea. Furs are made from their skins. The waters of Alaska have many fish. Gold is found in some parts of Alaska. Alaska has about as many white people as Indians and Eskimos. The whole num- ber is small. Helps : — Where is Alaska ? See map on page 70. To what country does it belong ? Where is Bering sea ? — Bering strait ? In what two zones is Alaska ? See map on page 49. What is said about the seasons ? What great river flows across Alaska ? Name some products of waters near Alaska. Why will grain not grow there ? What is said about the people ? Ill 90. Hawaii 1 Hawaii is the name of a group of islands. They are far out in the Pacific ocean, in the torrid zone. They have a wet season and a dry season. These islands belong to the United States. See page 42. Sugar and rice are two leading products. There are also bananas, Inside an Eskimo hut. What toy does the boy wish ? oranges and other kinds of fruit. Honolulu is the chief city. It is on a deep harbor. Steamers carry sugar and other products to San Francisco. The natives belong to the brown race, but there are more yellow people tha brown people in the islands. The yellow people are from Japan and China. The number of white people is not large. Helps: — Where is Hawaii ? In what zone ? To what country do these islands belong? Name the chief prod ucts of Hawaii. 1 Also known as the Sandwich islands. What is said about Honolulu ? what you can about the people. Tell 91. Philippine Islands The Philippine Islands are under the care of the United States. They are far across the Pa- cific ocean, near Asia. See page 139. These islands are in the torrid zone. There is no winter, but there is a dry season and a rainy season. Native brown girls of Hawaii Helps : — Where are the Philippine islands? Under the care of what country are they ? In which zone are these islands ? What is said about thp. seasons in the Philippines ? 112 Tobacco, sugar and hemp are leading products. The hemp is a fiber from leaves of a kind of plant like a banana. The fiber is used in ropes. Most of the people belong to the brown race. In most of People of the Philippines , i ... and towns there are some white people and Chinese. Little black people live in the mountains. Manila is the largest city. It is on a large and deep harbor. Helps: — Name two lead- ing products. For what is the hemp used ? Tell what you can about the people on these islands. See the picture of the Filipino homes on page 51. The pictures on this page show people of two of the many groups or tribes. Name the largest Philippine seaport. Mother and child in the Philippines WEST INDIES, CANADA, MEXICO 92. West Indies West Indies is the name of a group of islands. They are south- east of the United States. Nearly all these islands are in the torrid zone. Summer is the rainy season. They produce sugar cane, tobacco and fruits. Cuba, Haiti, Porto Rico and Ja- maica are the chief islands. Porto Rico belongs to the United States. Most of the people in Cuba and Porto Rico are white, but there are many negroes. Havana is the chief port of Cuba. It is noted for cigars and tobacco. It is also a great sugar market. San Juan is the largest city of Porto Rico. Helps : — Where are the West Indies ? In what zone are they ? Name some prod- ucts. Name four of the islands. Which island belongs to our country ? What is said about the people of Cuba and Porto Rico ? Tell what you can about Havana. Where is San Juan? 113 93. Canada Canada is almost as large as the United States. The Western highland and Central plain cross both. Each has a low Eastern high- land and Atlantic slope. Canada is in the cold half of the temperate zone. The United States is in the warm half. Most of the rivers of the Central Nearly all the useful products of Canada come from the southern part. Montreal is on the St. Lawrence. This is the largest port in Canada. Helps : — Tell in what ways Canada and the United States are alike. In wdiat do they differ ? Which of these two countries has the colder seasons ? Which part of Canada Old fort and lighthouse at the mouth of Havana harbor plain of Canada flow into cold seas of the far north. A large part of the Central plain in our country is fertile. A smaller part of the plain in Canada is rich wheat land. The rest is too cold for grain. Both countries have gold mines in the Western highland. Both have iron mines near lake Supe- rior. Both raise many cattle. Both have large forests near the Great Lakes. is very cold ? Name some of the prod- ucts of Canada. From which part of Canada do nearly all the products come ? Name a port on the St. Lawrence river. See imip on iHuje 70. 94. Mexico and Central America Mexico is mostly in the West- ern highland. Part of it is in the torrid zone. The other part is in the temperate zone. The summers on the plateau are not very hot. The coast lands are hot and damp. 114 On the plateau there is good land. The people raise coffee, cot- ton and sugar cane. Many cattle feed on the grass lands. Mexico has rich mines of silver. Millions of Indians and white people live in Mexico. Many of the Indians live just as the white people do. Most of the people are on the plateau. Mexico is the chief city. Rail- roads connect it with cities in the United States. Southeast of Mexico are six small countries. They form Cen- tral America. These countries are in the torrid zone. Most of the people are Indians, but there are some white people. The United States is digging a canal across the Isthmus of Pan- ama. Ships will pass through it from ocean to ocean. Helps : — What country is north of Mexico? In what zones is Mexico? What is said of its seasons ? — its products ? To what two races do nearly all the people of Mexico belong ? Tell what you can about the city of Mexico. Where is Central America? How many countries are there in it ? In what zone are they ? What is said of their people ? Where is the isthmus of Panama? Of what use will the Panama canal be ? One of the poorer families of Mexico, and their outdoor oven 115 SOUTH AMERICA 95. The Continent A line due south from New York city crosses many peaks in the western part of South America. We have Scene on the Amazon. Storks and lily pads learned that the two Americas are alike in many ways. Their highest land is near the west side. They have low eastern highlands and wide central plains. North America is the larger and its coast is the more broken by bays. It also has many more islands than South America. South America lies between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Far to the east lies Africa. These lands are partly in the hot zone. South America reaches nearly a fifth of the way north and south round the earth. It is about two thirds as wide as it is long. The great highland all along the west side of South Amer- ica is the Andes high- land. It has many lofty snow-capped ranges. The great Amazon river rises in this highland. It flows east. Helps : — Review lesson 43 on page 52. Tell how North and South America are alike. In what ways are they not alike ? Which is the larger? Which has the more bays ? — the more islands ? What zone is partly in both continents ? How long is South America? What shows that the Andes are very high ? 4JaR T h ^ iVr SEA • • SOUTH ^ AMERICA SCALE OF MILES 400 600 800 Cape Horn -SOUTH- 117 ^ L \J ^^^^ % J O O /^ ^ \y \ ^ Relief map of South America. Scale i inch to looo miles Where is the Andes highland ? What does the map show about it? — about the highland of Brazil ? What do the maps show you about the Amazon river and its valley or basin ? — the Plata river and basin ? — the Ori- noco river and basin ? Helps : — What ocean is east and north of this continent? What other conti- nents border upon this ocean ? — on the Pacific ocean ? What does the isthmus of Panama unite ? Between what bodies of water does this isthmus rise ? 118 The Amazon carries more water than any other river. It flows in the largest val- ley on the earth. Forests cover a large part of this valley. They are the selvas, and the name meMis forests. Southeast of this valley rises the high- land of Brazil. It is wide but not very high. It reaches far inland from the east coast. Large rivers flow south in this central plain. They join the wide Plata river. Parts of the valley of this river are grassy plains. Find the Orinoco river on the map. This river flows in a long valley. There are large grassy plains along this river. Millions of cattle feed in the grass lands of South America. The relief map shows a low high- land near the northeast coast. It is the highland of Guiana. Helps : — Tell what you can about the Amazon river. What are the selvas? What is said about the highland of Brazil ? Where is the Plata river ? What is said about the valley of this river ? Where is the Orinoco river ? Wliat is said about iC^f^^s^ the valley of this river.'^ Wliere is the highland of Guiana? By which seacoast is this highland? 96. Plants and Animals Most of this continent is in the hot zone. Part runs far south into the cool zone. Rubber trees grow in the val- ley of the Amazon. The rubber is the dried sap of the trees. It is used in making many things, such as shoes, coats and tires. Cacao beans grow in South America. Chocolate is made from the beans. Coffee, sugar cane and 119 pepper grow in the hot parts of this continent. See the j^lcint map. The fertile lands of the Plata valley are like the prairies. Both have rich soil. Both are in the cool zone. Both yield wheat and corn. Both have many cattle and sheep. The condor, llama and alpaca live in the hio-h Andes. The condor is the largest bird that flies. The llama carries loads of goods on its back. The wool of the alpaca is made into cloth. This land has many par- rots and monkeys. Great snakes also are found here. Can you find in the picture an animal that looks like a large cat ? It belongs to the cat family. Look at the feet of the anteater. The long claws tear open the nests of ants. The sticky tongue licks them up. The tapir feeds on buds and leaves. In all the grass lands are mil- lions of cattle, sheep and horses. Helps : — In what zones is this continent? Tell what you can about rubber. Name some other plants that grow in the hot parts of the conti- nent. In what ways are the Plata valley and the prairies in our country alike ? Name some products that grow in both. What useful ani- mals are raised in South America? Name the largest bird that flies. Find a large bird on page 149. The ostrich runs fast but it cannot fly. The rhea in this picture looks like an ostrich and is very large, but it can only run. ^ Name some animals that live in the Andes. Of what use are they ? In what family is the jaguar ? Tell what you can about the anteater ; — the tapir. Of what use are the grass lands ? 120 97. People People of three races live in South America. They are the red, the white and the black. Black people were carried there as slaves. Now they are all free. They live in the towns and cities. The white people first went to this land after Columbus found America. Now the white people live in all the countries. They have built large cities. Most of them are near the coast, where they can trade with other lands. The white men found millions of red men in this continent. Nearly all of them are in the hot zone. Most of the Indl- 1°^^^° »* South America ans of the low Amazon valley are savages. They fish in the rivers and hunt in the forests. Can you tell what wild animals they see ? The red men of the high Andes had cities before the white men came. Some of the houses and bridges were made of stone. Many of the Indians now work in the rich silver mines of the Andes. Helps : — What three races of people are found in South America? Why were black men carried there ? What is said about white people in this land? Why have they built cities near the coast ? What people were in South America before the white men? What is said about the red men of the Amazon valley ? What is said about the red men of the high Andes ? 98. Countries and Cities Colombia is at the north end of the Andes. Bogota is its leading city. The chief city of each country in the Andes is built in the mountains. The low coast lands have fevers. ? Ecuador means equator. It is so named because this little country is under the equator. The city of Quito is in a high valley in sight of many large and smoking volcanoes. Peru and Bolivia are in the middle Andes. Lake Titicaca is between them. It is over two miles high. In lesson 97 we read about the red men who built cities. They lived near this lake. 121 Lima is the chief city of Peru, port is Rio de Janeiro. This city La Paz is the largest city of Bo- has a large and deep harbor. livia. Both cities are far up in the highland. Chili is a long country west of the Andes. San- tiago is its main city. It is in the highland. Val- paraiso is its seaport on the Pacific. Akgentixa is east of Chili. It is the country of the Plata valley, with soil and products like our prairies. Its great port is Buenos Aires. This is the largest city in South America, but it is only one fourth as large as the city of New York. Buenos Aires ships grain, meat and wool. Uruguay and Para- guay are small countries. Montevideo is a port by the mouth of the Plata river. This city is the chief port of Uruguay. Brazil is the largesi country of South America. It contains most of the Amazon valley. Para, near the mouth of the Amazon, ships rubber. Brazil is noted for coffee. Its leading a grass boat on lake Titicaca Guiana con- sists of three little countries along the north coast. They ship sugar, pepper and other spices. Venezuela is on the north coast. Its chief city is Caracas. Helps : — Locate these countries and tell what you can about each : Colombia ; Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia; Chili; Argen- tina; Uruguay; Paraguay; Brazil; the three Guianas {page 116) ; Venezuela. Scene in southern Brazil Locate these cities and tell what you can about each : Bogota ; Quito ; Lima ; La Paz ; Santiago ; Valparaiso ; Buenos Aires ; Montevideo ; Eio de Janeiro ; Para: Caracas. 123 124 EUROPE 99. The Continent Europe is west of Asia. not one fourth as large as In many ways the two are ahke. Both border on It is Asia. lands the Arctic ocean. enter Relief map of Europe. Scale i inch to looo miles their coasts. Each has three large peninsulas on the south coast. The islands of Japan are east of Asia. The British Isles (or Islands) are west of Europe. A great plain crosses the north- ern part of both these continents. The mountains are nearer the south coast than the north. The larger part of both these lands is in the temperate zone. It is between the hot and the cold zones. The south of Europe has many mountains, but they are not as high as those in Asia. The Alps are high. Some of the peaks are buried in snow. There are many pretty lakes and falls among the ranges. More than one half of Europe is a plain. This is part of the same plain that crosses Asia. Noted rivers flow from the Alps. The Danube river runs to the Black sea. The Rhine runs to the North sea. The Rhone flows to the long Mediterranean sea. There are long rivers in the plain. The longest is the Volga. It flows to the Caspian sea. This sea has no outlet and is salt. 125 Helps : — Where is said of its size ? Keview lesson 44 on jmge 54 six ways in which Europe is like Asia. Which part of each has a large plain ? Which part has mountains ? Where are the Alps ? What is said about them ? Xame three rivers that flow from the Alps. To what sea does the Danube flow ? — the Rhine ? — the Rhone ? Name the longest river in the plain of Europe. To what sea does it run ? 100. Heat, Rain and Plants Only a small part of Europe is in the cold zone. No part is in the hot zone. Most of it is between the two. The north coast is very cold. As we come south the land grows warmer. Most of the plain has is Europe ? What hot days half the year. The other half of the year is very cold. The shores of the Mediterranean Scene on the plain in Holland, a noted dairy country Snow-capped peaks of the Alps sea are warm. Most parts of Europe have plenty of rain, and there are many trees. In the plain are large fields of grain. Grass for cattle and sheep grows here. Helps : — Which part of Europe is in the cold zone ? In what zone is all the rest of Europe ? Which part of the plain is warmest ? Where is the warmest part of Europe ? What is said about rain ? Name some products of the plain of Europe. 126 Europe makes sugar from the juice of beets. The mulberry grows in the warm lands of the south coast. The people make silk cloth. Look for the silkworm in the picture. It is in the warm part of Europe. It feeds on the leaves of the mulberry tree. Do you see the moth ? The moth lays eggs. A tiny silk worm comes from each egg. The worms grow large, as they feed. them. People unwind the cocoons. The fibers are made into silk thread and cloth. Grapes, oranges and other fruits also grow in the warm lands. Raisins are dried grapes. The juice of grapes is After a time the worms roll soft silk round their bodies. The rolls of silk are cocoons. Seepage 136. A long time passes. The worms in the silk change to moths. Wings grow on Plant map of 1 Europe made into wine in the warm parts of Europe. Helps : — From what is sugar made ? Of what use is the mulberry tree ? Tell all you can about the silkworm and silk. Name two fruits of Europe. Of what use are grapes ? 127 101. Animals drags sleds over the frozen ground. The white bear is found along It runs very fast. The people eat its the Arctic coast. It feeds on seals flesh and drink its milk, and fish. This bear can swim. The chamois and ibex live in ^ Many sea birds build nests on the mountains. The skin of the the cold Arctic shore. As winter chamois makes soft leather, comes on they fly south. Helps: — What is said about the white The reindeer is the most useful bear ? — Arctic birds ? — reindeer ? — animal near the cold shore. It ibex and chamois ? 128 102. People Yellow people live in the parts of Europe near Asia. Most of them are near the Volga and Danube rivers. Long ago the yellow peo- ple came from Asia. A few yellow people live in the north of Europe. They live in a cold land. The picture below shows one of their huts. It is made of earth to shut out the cold air. These people keep many reindeer. The picture on page 1 shows two white boys of Norway. The earliest white people to settle in the United States came long ago from Europe. The people of the two lands have the same kinds of mills. They make the same kinds of things. Nearly all the Spanish boy people of Europe are white. They have large cities. They build great houses. These people have many ships on the ocean. Some of them go to America for goods. Helps : — Near what two rivers of Europe do. many yellow people live ? In what other part of Europe are yellow people found ? What is said about them ? Where did the first white people in the United States go from ? What is said about the white people of Europe ? 103. British Isles The British Isles are west of Europe. There are two large islands and some small ones. The These yellow people live in the far north of t , • /-i i -r* -i • tit Europe where it is very cold. See their heavy largest IS Great Britam. Ireland clothing is next in size. 129 Great Britain con- sists of England, Scot- land and Wales. The people are English, Scotch and Welsh. Ire- land is the home of the Irish peo- ple. We speak of all as the British nation. They belong to the white race. The British people rule in many foreign lands. They rule in Canada, India and far-off Australia. The British people have the largest cloth mills in the They have also iron mines. The people build many iron ships. The British also make many kinds of iron goods. London is in England. Find it on the map. It is the largest city in all the world. New York ranks second. Liverpool is a great port near the Scotch Highlander Westminster Abbey west coast of Eng- land. A large part of its trade is with our country. Edinburgh and Glasgow are large cities of Scotland. Glasgow makes more iron ships than any other ity in the world. Dublin is the chief city of Ireland. Helps : — Where are the British Isles ? Name the four groups of people in the British Isles. Which do you think live in England? — in Scotland ? — in Ire- land ? — in Wales ? Name some lands that the British rule. Where is Canada ? — India ? — Australia ? What is said about the British mills ? — about ships ? Name the largest city in the world. Where is it ? Where is Liverpool? What is said about it ? Name two cities of Scotland. For what is Glasgow noted ? Where is Dublin ? 130 The Seine river in Paris. Many beautiful bridges are built across this river 104. Middle Europe Holland, Belgium and Den- MAEK are small countries east of the British Isles. The people of Denmark are the Danes. Their chief city is Copenhagen. Holland people are called Dutch. Their largest city is Amsterdam. The Dutch own Java and Sumatra. These are islands southeast of Asia. Holland is also called Nether- lands. The word means low lands. These are the lands of dikes and windmills. See jpage 125. Brussels, noted for carpets, is the chief city of Belgium. France is south of England. The French people make silks, laces and many other pretty things. Paris is the chief city of France. It is next to New York in size. Paris is noted for its beauti^ ful buildings. Some of them are filled with paintings and marble statues. Lyon, by the Rhone river, makes more silks than any other city. Germany is the home of the Germans. It is northeast of France. Germany is one of the greatest nations of the world. It is noted for its schools and work-shops. 131 The Ger- mans and the French make very many kinds of cloth and iron goods. They raise grapes and make wine. They make sugar out of sugar beets. Berlin is the chief city of Germany. It is about half as large as the great city of New York. Hamburg is the largest port on the mainland of Europe. It has most of the ocean trade of Ger- many. Switzerland is a small coun- try in the Alps. It is a country of moun- tains. Many people go there to see the peaks, lakes and falls. The Danube river flows east through Austria-Hungary. This country has the same products as Germany. The great city of Vienna is on the Danube river, as large as Berlin. It is about Helps : — Name three small countries east of the British Isles. Where is Den- mark ? Name its chief city. Who are the Dutch ? Name their largest city. Name two islands they own. What other name is given to Holland ? Where is Belgium ? For what is its chief city noted ? Where is France ? What is the chief city of France ? For what is it noted ? What is said of Lyon ? Where is Germany ? Name some things the German and French people make. Name the chief city of Germany. How large is it ? Where is Hamburg ? What is said about Switzerland ? — Austria-Hungary ? — Vienna ? A German Vineyards on the high bank of the Rhine 132 105. Southern Europe Spain and Portugal are in southwest Europe. They are in a peninsula. The fertile lands are near the coasts and rivers. Oranges, grapes and olives grow there. Madrid is the lar- gest city of Spain. This city is in the central part of the country. Barcelona is the largest seaport of Spain. It ships fruitj wines and olive oil. Lisbon is the chief city of Portugal. Italy is a penin- sula in the south of Europe. It has the same kinds of products as Spain. Italy has large cities. One is Rome. It is a very old city. Many people go there to see the ruins of its old buildings. Naples is a port on the west Italian children in Rome of Italy. Constantinople is the largest city of Turkey. Greece is in the same penin- sula. Athens is a noted city of Greece. It is very old and has ruins of famous temples. Helps: — Name two countries of southwest Europe. What lands in them are fertile? Name some of the products. Where is Madrid ? What is said of it? Name a port of Spain. Name a port of Por- tugal. Where is Italy ? What is said of its products ? Where is Rome ? — Naples ? Where is the volcano Vesuvius ? Where is Turkey? What country is south of it ? Name a city of Turkey. For what is Athens noted ? 106. Russia, Norway, Sweden Russia covers the east half of Europe. Most of it is a plain. The northern part is very cold. coast of Italy. Vesuvius, a famous The other parts have forests and volcano, is near the bay of Naples, wheat lands. Cattle, sheep and Turkey is in a peninsula east horses feed on the plain. 133 Town near St. Petersburg Russia is a long and wide country. Siberia belongs to it. St. Petersburg is the chief city. Many ships sail from this port. Moscow is a large city far inland. Many railroads meet here. Odessa is a port on the Black sea. It ships wheat from the great plains of Russia. Norway and Sweden are in a White people of Sweden peninsula in northwest Europe. The people of Norway catch many fish. The largest city of Norway is Christiania. Sweden is noted for its iron mines. The chief city is Stockholm. It is on the Baltic sea. Helps : — Where is Russia? Name some of its products. What part of Asia belongs to Russia ? Kame three cities of Russia. Where is St. Petersburg ? — Moscow ? — Odessa ? What is said of each ? Where are Norway and Sweden? Name the chief city of each. 134 ASIA 107. The Continent One third of all the dry land is in Asia. The highest peaks in the world are in Tibet. They are far up where snow and ice lie all the year. Tibet is the western part of China. Most of the rivers in China run east to the Pacific. Wide plains lie north of Tibet. They reach to the Arctic shore. They are the plains of Siberia. South of Tibet is India. It slopes to the Indian ocean. The land west of Tibet is high. It is in southwest Asia. The Caspian sea is salt. No river flows from it to the ocean. The coast of Asia has many large bays or seas. Helps : — How large is Asia ? Where is the highest land ? Where is Tibet? To what ocean does most of China slope ? Where are the plains of Siberia? Are they warm or cold? Where is India? What ocean is south of it ? Where is the Caspian sea? — Arabian sea ? — bay of Bengal ? — China sea ? — Japan sea ? — Red sea ? 108. Heat, Rain and Plants Southern Asia has three large peninsulas. They are portions of Indo-China, India and Arabia. The three peninsulas are in the hot zone. Among the plants are rice, tea, coffee and spices. Most of Asia is in the cool China and Japan are in this Western Asia zone, zone. 135 The lands near the shore of Asia have plenty of rain. But the land far from the ocean is dry. China and Japan have rice, tea and silk. Silk is a soft fiber. We have learned that it is made by worms. See page 126 The upper picture on page 136 shows tiny eggs. These are eggs ^y of the silkworm < moth. After a time, little worms come from the * A cocoon may have two miles of silk fiber. One picture on page 136 shows a woman taking the fibers from the co- coons. She has the cocoons in a pan of very hot water to kill the silkworms. The i)icture shows three cocoons. Each has a moth in it. See the two moths flyin They came out of cocoons. 136 She unrolls the long fibers from cocoons, and then winds the fibers on spools. s EGGS COCOONS CATERPILLAR OR WORM Silkworm, cocoons, moths and eggs The plain near the Arctic ocean is very cold. Little grows there. Far south from the Arctic shore the plain is warmer. Part has forests and part has fields of wheat. Helps : —Name three peninsulas of southern Asia. Seepage 139. Name some j)lants of southern Asia. Name four spices, and tell what you can about each. See page 57. We have read that silkworms feed on leaves of the mulberry tree. It grows in the warm parts of Europe and Asia. Girl of Japan, unwinding silk cocoons Which part of Asia has plenty of rain? Which part has little ? In what zone is / most of Asia ? * Name some of the products of China and Japan. Tell all you can about silk. Which part of Siberia is very cold ? Which part has wheat ? 109. Animals The pictures show animals of all parts of Asia. Western Asia 137 The Arctic shores have seals and white bears. The largest of all land animals is the elephant. It has a strong trunk to take hold of things. Five of these animals are very useful. They are the yak, zebu, camel, elephant and buffalo. / ' All help man / to do his work. Helps : — Name two Arctic animals. Tell what you can about the elephant ; — the camel. Name five animals that help man. What is said about the buffalo ? — the tiger ? This buffalo is not like the bison, but is the true buffalo. ^ The tiger is found in parts of southern Asia. It is very fierce. 138 Old I D V d G A f P -^S3^- 140 110. People One half of the people in the world live in Asia. Most of them live in China and India. On the islands southeast of Asia are homes of the brown people. A few tribes of black people are found in some of the islands. China and Ja- pan are lands of the yellow race. dark group of the white family. The people have dark skin, but the form of their faces and hair shows us that they are of the white race. White people live in southwest Asia. Nearly all these people also have dark skin. Thus, Asia is the home of three races of people. They include the Chinese woman and child A few yellow people hve on the brown, the yellow and the white. plain of Siberia. Others live in Indo-China. India is the home of a large Brown people on islands southeast of Asia Helps : — How many people live in Asia ? What lands have the most ? Where are brown people found ? What two coun- tries are the home of the yellow peo- ple ? Where else are yellow people found ? What people live in India? What is said about them? How many great races have their homes in Asia ? Which are they ? Dark-skinned white girl of India 141 111. China China is in eastern Asia. Two long rivers cross China. Both flow from hio;h Tibet. One street scene in China is the Yellow river. The other is the Yangtze river. The richest soil of China is near the coast and along the rivers. Rice grows on the low lands. Tea grows on the sides of hills. Silkworms feed in many parts of China. This country sells tea and silk. The Chinese make fine silk cloth and pretty dishes. China lias large cities. The ruler lives in Peking. It is about one fourth as large as New York. Find Hongkong on the map. It is a small island, but many ships go there. It has half the trade of China. Ships carry tea and silk from Hongkong. This island belongs to the British people. Canton is a very large city of China. It is on a small river not far from Hongkong. Nearly one fourth of all the people in the world live in China. Helps : — Where is China ? Name two of its rivers. Where are the best parts of China? Name some products of China. Name two things that the Chinese make. Where does the ruler of China live ? How large is Peking ? Where is Hongkong ? What people own it ? What is said about its trade ? Name another city of China. What is said about the number of Chinese ? Cart in a street of China 142 112. Japan Japan is a group of islands east of Asia. Japan has no long rivers, but it has many short ones. Rice grows in the low lands near the rivers. Japan has many tea farms. It also has mul- berry trees. Silkworms feed on the leaves of these trees, as we have learned. The people of Japan are yellow. They are quick to learn. They make many things out of paper. They also carve ivory and wood. They have factories for making cloth. In great mills they make iron goods. The ruler of Japan lives in To- kyo. It is about as large as Pe- king. Tokyo is noted for White children ui iiidia and vines. Yokohama is its port. Nagasaki has a large and deep harbor. Many ships go there from other lands. Korea is ruled by Japan. The people of Korea are yellow. Helps : — Where is Ja- pan? Name some products of Japan. What is said about its peoj)le ? How large is Tokyo ? Name two jxjrts of Japan. W^hat is said about Korea? ^ m^^. »^ E^ ti fi k-,„r i %A ■i '^'m ^M \.-y: ^"^ 3 '^\ "V'-^r* '^^B"^ ■^ '.Vll .J M 1 \ 'm If m 11 fep \ B;; J 113. India India lies south of high Tibet. The Ganges river flows east in India. It flows in a very fertile plain. Part of India is in the hot zone. The rest of it is also very warm. The chief products of India are cotton, rice, wheat and tea. Most of the tea grows in Ceylon. India has three fourths as many people as China, but they are white Child of Korea (yellow) Boys of Japan on stilts its temples people. 143 The British nation rules over the minions of people of India. The city of Calcutta is near the mouth of the Ganges. It is one fourth as large as New York. Bombay is not so large a port Woman of high caste, India Temples, in India on the Ganges river over India? What people I ve in India ? Name two great cities of as Calcutta. These two cities ship India. Where is Calcutta ? How large away many kinds of goods. ^^ ^^ • ^^^^^^'^ ^' ^^^"^^^ • Helps: — ^^^lere is India? Name a river of India. What is said about heat in In- dia? Name some of its prod- ucts. Where is the island of Ceylon ? What grows on it? What people rule Woman of India A family of yellow people of Asia. 144 114. Other Parts of Asia There are many large islands southeast of Asia. They are the East Indies. Java is the richest. Its chief crops are coffee and spices. Other large islands are Sumatra and Borneo. Indo-China is in south- east Asia. Southwest Asia is dry. It has several large coun- tries. Persia is famous for its dates, rugs and carpets. Arabia is noted for coffee and fine horses. The country is dry. Coffee grows near the Red sea. Mocha is a coffee port. Helps: — Where are the hot East White boys of Turkey White girl of Persia Indies ? Name three of the islands. Where is Indo-China ? For what is Persia famous ? — Arabia ? Name a coffee port on the Eed sea. Homes on a large island southeast of Asia (Borneo) 145 AFRICA 115. The Continent stony. Other parts are level. In Africa is south of Europe. It is places the sand blows into hills. next in size to Asia. Nearly all South of the desert are grassy Africa is high. Most of the low lands and forests. Large rivers land is near the seacoast. There are high ranges on the east, north and south sides. There is a ^:' great desert in the north of Africa. known as the Camp in the sandy Sahara Sahara. This dry region is half as large as Europe. The desert looks like these pic- tures. Parts of it are rough and Rough part of the desert flow to the sea. The larg- est is the Kongo. It flows near the equator. Helps : — Where is Africa ? How does it rank in size ? What is said about high land and low land in Africa ? Tell what you can about the Sahara. What are south of the desert ? To what ocean does the Kongo flow? -nA*^VM- CAFE OF GOOD IIjOTPB WAPE COLONY J/ Cape Town^ AFRICA Cape 0/ Good Hope SCALE OF MILES 200 400 COO 800 1000 1200 1400 -SOUTH- 147 ^ r> 'V r >

- mM What stream flows across the east side of tlie great desert? To what sea does it flow ? Name some of the plants of Africa. Look at the plant map and tell all you can see in the pictures. 149 117. Animals Africa has many large animals. Some are strong and savage. The lion is seen near the great desert. The huge elephant feeds on ^ _ ^^ grass m ^HSm €i^ ^j and St^^. Long hairs hang over the eyes to keep out the hot sand. Tlie camel can also close its nostrils. The gorilla is stronger than a man. Its arms are very long. The giraffe has a long neck. The picture shows many other animals of Africa. - — -MtJiiujiiL -^ \ Helps: — Name some animals of Africa. Can you tell anything about any of the ^i'^ Animal map of Africa branches in the wet lands. The hippopotamus likes to wade in the water. The camel shows clearly liow animals grow to fit their homes. The camel lives in the hot desert. It can go three or four days without drink- ing. It carries water in little cells in the wall of its stomach. Some camels have one hump. Others in Asia have two. The humps are fat. The camel can go a long time without food. The body uses this fat. N animals in this picture ? Which of these animals are like animals of Asia ? What does the lesson tell about the lion ? — the elephant ? — hippo- potamus ? — camel ? — gorilla ? — giraffe ? Find a bird in the picture. 150 Home in northern Africa (Algeria) 118. Northern Africa The Sahara is between the lands of the white and the black people. The white people are north and the black people sonth of the desert. Egypt is in northeast Africa. The Nile flows across it. The white people of Egypt are Arabs. They have gardens near the Nile. No rain falls, but at times the river flows over its banks and wets the land. The Arabs raise cotton, wheat and sugar cane. The Suez canal is in Egypt. Ships can go from the Ked sea to the Mediterranean. This canal is used by ships going from Europe to Asia and the East Indies. Cairo is the largest city in Africa. It is on the river Nile. Alexandria is the port of Egypt. White people live along the north coast of Africa. At the left is a picture of some of them. Helps : — What race of people is found south of the great desert ? What race is north of it ? Where is Egypt ? What river flows across it ? What people live in Egypt ? To what race do the Arabs belong ? How do the Arabs get water for their gardens ? What do they raise ? What is a canal ? Where is the Suez canal ? What seas does it connect ? Of what use is this canal ? On what river is Cairo ? W^hat is said about the size of this city ? What is said about the city of Alexandria? H r^ . HHBSBS^I^^^^HII '*^^??f ^E^NJiMMy ^WB 1^ ^^^^^^1^^^^ 1 Dark-skinned white boys (Arabs) at school 151 119. Middle and South Africa The home of the black race is in Sudan and south Africa. These black people are Negroes. The black people of Su- dan are not all savages. Some live in towns. They have many caiu- els and horses. Most of the black people of the Kongo valley are savages. They hunt and lish. Many of them have gardens. White people go to the Kongo valley to buy palm oil and ivory. The ivory comes from the tusks of elephants. The oil comes from palm trees. The British people rule Cape of Good Hope, in south Africa, but the natives are black. This picture shows some of the black people. They are Kaffirs. Many white people also live here. South Africa has rich gold mines. It has also the richest Black girl of Liberia diamond mines in the world. The Kaffirs help in the mines. Cape Town is the largest port in south Africa. Helps : — Where is the home of the black people ? What is said about the Negroes of Sudan ? Tell what you can about the people of the Kongo valley. Why do white people go to the Kongo valley ? W^hat is the color of the natives of south Africa ? What people rule in the country called Cape of Good Hope ? Name two products of south Africa. Name the largest port near the south- ern end of the continent. What cape is near it ? Where is Madagascar ? Black people (Kaf&rs) of southern Africa 153 AUSTRALIA \ 120. The Continent Australia is the small- est of tlie continents. It is southeast of Asia. It lies south of the equator. The Alps are a high range near the southeast coast. The other ranges are mostly hills. The inland parts of Australia are dry. There are wide deserts. The lands east of the mountains are fertile. There is good land also in the valley of the Murray river. The Darling is a branch of this river. Wheat is raised here. Part of this continent is in the hot zone. Few people live in this part. It has not rain enough, but grass for shee] > grows in many places. The rest of the land is in the temperate zone. Most of the peo- ple live near the N D I A N OCEAN WxE STERN 4. La o O .„ / ... ^ N ^•CiSTRALIA * SOUTH ^^ ->-V ^ "^ AUST^*ALIA, f4 ^^ <' Vv^ \ NEW soy^H ^^J£i NDIA'N OCEAN ^»-*^"' Ll. it' - O Australia. Scale i inch to looo miles southeast coast. Here they have built cities of good size. Helps : — Where is Australia ? On whicli side of the equator is it? What is said of the inland region of Australia ? What parts of tliis land are fertile ? Name a large river. In which zone is the northern part of Australia ? Wliat is said about this hot part? In which zone is the rest of the land? Where do the people live ? 154 121. Plants and Animals The southeast parts of the con- tinent raise wheat and corn. Many sheep graze there. Large parts of the hot and dry inland region have thorny bushes. It is hard to travel there. Many of the trees keep their leaves all the year, but the outer bark falls off. Some turn the edges of their leaves up to the sun. Then the heat cannot wither them so quick- ly. This land has a great many strange animals. They are not found in other parts New Zealand woman of the earth. The kangaroo has strong hind legs. It runs by leaping. Men hunt the kangaroo for its skin. It makes good leather. The tuck mole has a bill like a duck. It swims in water and catches bugs. This animal lays eggs. The echidna also lays eggs like a bird. It catches ants with its sticky tongue. This land has many birds. The largest is the emu. It runs but cannot fly. It looks a little like the ostrich. Helps : — Name two products of the farms. What animal of this land sup- ])lies wool ? What is said about trees in Hut of savage head-hunters in Borneo this land ? What is said about the kanga- roo? — the duck mole ? — the echidna ? What large running bird lives here ? J 155 122. People and Cities The natives of x\ustralia are black. They are poor savages. There are only a few- thousand They huni wild an' Melbourne is on the southeast coast. It has a deep harbor. This is the largest port of Australia. Sydney is a port on the east coast. These cities are hke ours in America. The city of New^ York has about as many people as all Aus- tralia. mals and berries for food. These savages use long spears. They also use sticks called boom- erangs. They throw them with great force. When the boomerang strikes the ground it bounds back to the person who threw it, if it does not hit its mark. The first white people in Aus- tralia went from the British Isles. They raise wheat, com and sheep. Many people w^ork in gold mines. Helps: — What is the color of the natives of Australia ? What do they eat ? Tell about the boomerang. Where did the white people of Australia come from ? Tell what kind of work they do. Name the largest port of Australia. On which coast is it ? Name another port on the east coast. What is said about the numlier of Scene m the tun id zone, Mai^iicUi 156 123. Pacific Islands New Zealand is southeast of Aus- tralia. It consists of two large islands and a few small ones. New Zealand has high mountains. Snow lies on some of them all the year. This land has rich gold mines. Many sheep and cattle graze in these islands. New Guinea is north of Australia. It has few people for so large an island. Most of them are cruel black savages. Borneo is the largest island in the world. The people are brown. There are many groups of islands far out in the Pa- cific. Brown peo- ple live on most of them. Some of the people are black. There are a few white people on some islands. Bamboo hut and natives in the Solomon islands Look at the map far east of Australia. Can you find the Fiji islands. Most of these islands are made of lava and ashes from volca- noes. The people are savages. This picture shows how the men on some Pacific islands look and dress. The Tonga and Samoa islands form two other groups. what you can about - New Guinea ; — Bor- Helps : — Tell New Zealand; — neo ; — Fiji islands ; — Samoa islands. Canoe in the Caroline islands WORD LIST WORD LIST Key: ale, Jit, c4re, arm, final, all; eve, 6nd, her, recgnt; ice, anchpr; use, up, fur, awful; food, foot; ch as in chop; y as in go; n as in banyan ; oi as in oil ; ow as in cow. Ill, admiral ng as in sine old, f6r, on, n as in ink : Abyssinia, ab-is-shi'i-a Adriatic, ad-re-at'ik Afghanistan, af-gS,n-is-tan' Africa, af'ri-ka Alabama, ai-a-ba'ma Alaska, a-13,s'ka Aleutian, a-lfi'shi-an Alexandria, 3,l-ggs-3,n'dri-a Algeria, ai-je'ri-a Algiers, ai-jerz' Allegheny, al'e-ga-n! Altai, al-tr Amazon, am'a-zon Amsterdam, Sm'ster-dam Amur, a-moor' Anam, a-n3,m' Andes, an'dez Annapolis, an-nSp'o-lis Antarctic, S,n-tark'tTk Antwerp, Sufwerp Apennines, ap'en-ninz Appalachian, Sp-pa-la'cliT-an Apteryx, Sp'te-rix Arabia, a-ra'bi-a Aral, ar'al Archipelago, ar-ki-pgra-go Arctic, ark'tik Argentina, ar-jen-te'na Arizona, ar-T-zo'na Arkansas, ar'kan-sa Armadillo, ar-ma-dil'lo Asia, a'shi-a Atacama, a-ta-ka'ma Athens, 3,th'enz Atlanta, 3,t-lS,n'ta Auckland, ak'land Augusta, a-gus'ta Aurochs, 6'rox Au Sable, a sa'bl Australia, as-tra'lT-a Austria, as'tri-a Bahama, ba-ha'ma Bahia, ba-e'a Baku, ba-koo' Balkan, bal-kan' Baltic, bal'tik Baltimore, bal'ti-mor or -mor Baluchistan, ba-loo-chis-tjin' Barcelona, bar-se-lo'na Batavia, ba-ta'vi-a Baton Rouge, b3,t-un roozh' Bedouin, bed'oo-en Belgium, berjT-um Belize, ba-lez' Benares, ben-a'rez Bengal, bgn-gal' Bering, be'ring Berlin, ber'lin or Ger. ber-len'' Bermuda, ber-mu'da Bern, bern Binghamton, bing'am-ton Birmingham, ber'ming-um Biscay, bis'ka Bogota, bo-go-ta' Boise, boi-za' Bokhara, bok-a'ra Bolivia, bo-liv'i-a Bombay, bom-ba' Bordeaux, b6r-d6' Borneo, b6r'ne-o Bosnia, boz'ni-a Bosphorus, bos'fo-rus Bothnia, both'ni-a Brazil, bra-zil' Brooklyn, brook'lin Brunswick, brunz'wik Brussels, brus'selz Budapest, boo'da-pest Buenos Aires, bo'nus a'rlz or Sp. bwa'nos i'res Bulgaria, bool-ga'ri-a Burma, bur'ma Butte, but Cacao, ca-ca'o Cairo, ki'ro (Egypt) Calcutta, kai-kut'ta California, kal-T-for'ni-a Caliao, kal-ya'o Cambridge, kam'brij Canada, kan'a-da Canton kSn-ton' (China) Caracas, ka-ra'kas Cardiff, kar'dif Caribbean, kar-Tb-be'an Caribou, car'i-boo Carolina, kar-o-ll'na Caroline, kar'o-lin Caspian, kas'pi-au Cassiquiari, ka-se-ke-a're Caucasian, ka-ka'shan Caucasus, ka'ka-sus Celebes, sel'e-bgz Ceylon, se-16n' Champlain, sham-plan' Chamois, shSm'i Chattanooga, chat-ta-noo'ga Chautauqua, cha-ta'kwa Chesapeake, ches'a-pek Cheyenne, shi-6n' Chicago, shg-ka'go Chile, chela Chimpanzee, chIm-pS.n'zI Christiania, kris-te-a'ne-a Cincinnati, sln-sin-na't! Cobra, co'bra Cochin China, ko'chln chl'na Colombia, ko-16m'b6-a Colon, ko-lon' Colorado, kol-o-ra'do Connecticut, kon-net'T-kut Constantinople, kon-stan'ti- no'pl Copenhagen, ko'pen-ha'gen Corinth, kor'inth Cuba, ku'ba Cuzco, koos'ko Dakota, da-ko'ta Dallas, daras Danube, dan'ub Dardanelles, dar-da-nelz' Davenport, dav'en-port Delaware, dgl'a-war Delhi, ludia, dgl'le Des Moines, de-moin' Des Plaines, da-plan' Detroit, dg-troit' Dnieper, ne'per Dniester, nes'ter Dresden, drgz'den Dubuque, doo-buk' ])uluth, du-looth' Dwina, dwe'na Eau Claire, o klar' Echidna, e-kid'na Ecuador, ek-wa-dor' Edinburgh, 6d'in-bdr-o Egypt, e"'jTpt Eider, i'der El Paso, el pa'so Emu, e'nui Euphrates, u-fra'tez Evansville, 6v'anz-vil Everest, ev'er-6st Fiji, fe'je Finland, fin'laud Fiord, fyord Florida, fiorT-da Fujiyama, foo-ji-a'ma Galapagos, ga-iap'a-gos Galveston, gai'ves-tou Ganges, gS,n'jez Gavial, ga'vi-al Ill Genesee, j6n-e-s6' Geneva, je-ne'va Genoa, j6n'o-a Georgia, j6r'ji-a Gibraltar, jl-bral'tar Gila, he'la Glasgow, glSs'go Gloucester, glos'ter Gobi, go'be Greenwich, gren^j Guayaquil, gwi-a-kel' Guiana, ge-a'na Guinea, gln'e Guthrie, guth're Haiti, ha'ti Halifax, haKe-fflks Hatteras, hat't^r-as Havana, ha-van'a Havre, ha'ver Hawaii, ha-wi'e Helena, hgl'e-na Himalaya, hini-a'la-ya Hoangho, hg-ang-ho' Honduras, hon-doo'ras Hongkong, hong-kong' Honolulu, ho-no-loo'loo Houston, hus'ton Hungary, hun'ga-ri Huron, hu'ron Ibex, i'bCx Idaho, i'da-ho Iguana, i-gwa'na Illinois, !l-lI-noi' or -noiz' India, In'di-a Indiana, in-dl-an'a Indianapolis, in-dl-3,n-ap'o-lTs Indes, In'dez Indus, in'dus Iowa, i'o-wa Irkutsk, Tr-kootsk' Italian, i-ti\l'yan Itasca, I-t3,s'ka Jaguar, ja-gwar' Jamaica, ja-ma'ka Japan, ]'a-p3,n' Java, jji'va Jersey, jer'zT Joliet, jo'le-6t Juneau, ju-n5' Kaffir, kaf fer Kalahari, ka-la-ha'ri Kamchatka, kam-chat'ka Kansas, kSn'sas Kentucky, ken-tukl Khartum, kar-toom' Kilauea, ke-low-a'a Klondike, klon'dik Knoxville, noks'vil Koala, ko-a'la Kongo, kon'go Korea, ko-re'a Krakow, kra'ko Kyoto, ke-o'to Labrador, lab-ra-dor' Ladoga, lad'6-ga Ladrones, la-dronz' Lafayette, la-fa-et' Lansing, lan'sTng La Paz, la pas' Lapland, lap'land La Plata, la pla'ta Laporte, la-port' Laramie, lar'a-me Las Vegas, las-va'gas Leadviile, led'vil Leavenworth, 16v'en-worth Liberia, li-be'ri-a Lima, le'nia (Peru) Lisbon, ITz'bon Liverpool, liv'er-pool Llama, la'ma Llanos, la'nos Los Angeles, los an'g$l-6s Louisiana, Ido-e-ze-a'na Louisville, looTs- or loo'I-vil Luzon, loo-zon' Mackenzie, ma-ken'zT M adagascar, mad-a-gas'kar Madras, ma-dris' Madrid, ma-drid' (Spain) Magellan, ma-jgl'an Maine, man Malay, ma-lay' Manchester, man'ches-ter Manchuria, man-choo're-a Manila, ma-nil'a Manitoba, man-i-to'ba Marmora, mar'mo-ra Marseille, mar-sal' Massachusetts, nuts-a-chu'sets Mauna Kea, mow'na ka'a Mauna Loa, lo'a Mediterranean, m6d'i-ter-ra'- ne-an Mekong, ma-kong' Melbourne, mgl'burn Memphis, mem'fis Mendocino, m6n-do-se'no Merrimac, mer'i-mak Messina, m6s-se'na Mexico, ni6ks'i-ko Michigan, mishl-gan Milan, mil'an or mi-lan' Milwaukee, mil-wa'ke Minneapolis, min-e-ap'o-lls Minnesota, min-e-so'ta" Mississippi, mis-is-ip'i Missouri, mis-oo'ri Mobile, mo-bel' Mohawk, mo'hak Mongolia, mon-go'li-a Monrovia, mon-ro'vi-a Montana, mon-ta'na Mont Blanc, mont blSnk Montenegro, mon-ta-na'gro Montevideo, mon-te-vid'e-o Montgomery, mont-gum'er-i Montpelier, mont-pe'lT-er Montreal, mont-re-al' Morocco, mo-r6k'5 Moscow, mos'ko Mount St. Elias, sant e-li'as Mozambique, mo-zam-bek' Munich, niu'nik Murray, mur'ra Naples, na'plz Nebraska, lig-bras'ka Netherlands, ngth'er-landz Nevada, ne-va'da Newfoundland, nu'fond-land New Guinea, nu gln'e New Hampshire, liamp'shir New Orleans, 6r'le-anz New Zealand, ze'land Niagara, nl-ag'a-ra Nicaragua, ne-ka-ra'gwa Niger, ni'jgr Norfolk, ndr'fok Nova Scotia, no'va sko'shT-a Nyanza, ni-an'za Oakland, ok'land Oasis, o'a-sTs Odessa, o-des'sa Oklahoma, ok-la-ho'ma Olympus, o-lim'pus Omaha, o'ma-ha Ontario, 6n-ta'ri-o Opossum, o-p6s'um Orang-outang, o-rang' ow-tSng Oregon, or'e-gon Orinoco, o-ri-no'ko Ornithorliynchus, 6r-ni-tho- rin'kus Oswego, 6s-w6'go Ottawa, ot'ta-wa Pacific, pa-sif'Ik Palermo, p9,-ler'mo Palestine, pSl'gs-tln IV Pampas, pa,m'pgs Panama, p3,ii-a-ma' Papua, pap'oo-a Para, pa-ra' Paraguay, pa-ra-gwl' Parana, pa-ra-na' Patagonia, pat-a-go'nT-a Peccary, pec'a-ri Peking, pe-king' Pemisylvania, pgn-sTl-va'ni'-a Pensacola, pen-sa-ko'la Pernambuco, p6r-nani-boo'ko Persia, per'shi-^ Peru, pe-roo' Phoenix, fe'niks Philadelphia, fll-a-d61'ti-a Philippine, fil'ip-fn Pittsburg, pits' burg Plata, pla'ta Porto llico, por'to re'k5 Port Said, sa-ed' Portugal, por'tu-gal Portuguese, por'tu-gez Potomac, po-to'mak Poughkeepsie, po-kip'si Pretoria, pre-tor'e-a Pribilof, pre-be-lof Providence, prov'i-dgns Prussia, prush'ya Puget, pti'jet Puma, pu'ma Pyrenees, pir'g-nez Quebec, kwe-bek' Quito, ke'to Racine, ra-sen' liainier, ra'ner Raleigh, ra'lg Khea, re'a Rhine, rin Rhone, rSn Riode Janeiro, re'5 de ja-na'ro Rio Grande, gran'da Rio Negro, na'gro Rochester, roch'es-ter Rotterdam, rot'er-d^m Roumelia, roo-me'le-a Roumania, roo-ma'ni-a Russia, rush'^ Sacramento, s3,k-ra-m6n'to Sahara, sa-ha'ra Saint Augustine, sant a'gus- ten Saint Helena, hg-le'na Saint Lawrence, la'rgns Saint Louis, loo'Is or loo'T Saint Petersburg, pe'terz-burg Salvador, sal-va-dor' Samoa, sa-mo'a San Antonio, sSn an-to'ni-o San Diego, de-a'go San Francisco, fr3,n-sTs'k5 San Joaquin, ho-a-ken' San Jose, ho-sa' San Juan, hoo-an' Santa Fe, sSn'ta fa Santiago, san-te-a'go Santo Domingo, san'to do- men'go Sardinia, sar-dinl-a Savannah, sa-v3,n'a Scandinavia, skan-di-na'vi-a Scotland, skot'land Seattle, se-St'l Seine, san Selvas, sel'vas Shanghai, shang-hal Shoshone, sho-sho'ne Shreveport, shrev'port Siam, si-Sm' Siberia, si-be'ri-a Sicily, sis'i-li Sierra Madre, se-er'a ma'dra Singapore, sin-ga-por' Sioux, soo Sitka, sit'ka Smyrna, smer'na Spokane, Spo-kJu' Steppes, steps Stockholm, stok'holm Strassburg, straz'burg Sucre, soo'kre Sudan, soo-dan' Suez, soo-ez' Sumatra, soo-ma'tra Sweden, swe'den Switzerland, swit'zgr-land Sydney, sid'ni Syracuse, sTr'a-kus Syria, sir'i-a Tacoma, ta-ko'ma Taguan, tag'wan Tahoe, ta-ho' Tahlequah, ta'le-kwa Tampa, tSm'pa Tanganyika, tan-gan-ye'ka Tapir, ta'per Tashkend, tash-kend' Tasmania, t3,z'ma'nT-a Tchad, chad Teheran, tg-hran' Tennessee, t6n-nes-se' Terre Haute, ter'e hot' Thames, t6mz Tiber, ti'ber Tibet, ti-b6t' or tib'et Tierra del Fuego, te-6r'ra d61 fwa'go Tiflis, tif-les' Tigris, tl'gris Titicaca, tlt-e-ka'ka Tokyo, to'ke-o Topeka, to-pe'ka Toronto, to-ron'to Transvaal, trS,ns-var Tripoli, trlp'g-li Tucson, too-son' Tulare, too-la're Tunis, tu'nis Turkestan, toor-kis-tan' Ural, u'ral Uruguay, oo-roo-gwi' Utah, u'ta or u'ta Valdai, val'dl Valencia, va-16n'shT-a Valparaiso, val-pa-ri'so Vancouver, vSn-koo'ver Venezuela, v6n-g-zwe'la Venice, vgn'is Vera Cruz, va'ra kroos' Vermont, ver-mont' Vesuvius, v6-su'vi-us Vienna, ve-6n'a Virginia, ver-jTn'i-a Volga, vol'ga Wabash, wa'bash Wapiti, w6p'i-ti Warsaw, war'sa Welland, wel'and Wellington, wel'ing-tgn Winnipeg, win'i-p6g Wisconsin, wTs-kon'sin Worcester, woos't§r Wyoming, wi-o'ming Yangtze, ySng'tzg Yak, yak Yarkand, yar-kand' Yokohama, yo-ko-ha'ma Yosemite, yo-sem'i-te Yucutan, yoo-ka-tan' Yukon, yoo'kon THE ATHEN^UM PRESS • Gil COMPANY • PROPRIETORS • BOSTON • U.S.A. CFTHE UNIVERSITY OF ^NivEn^. THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST >ATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO 50 CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. ''' 3 1932 RLC D LO OCT 4 ls32 RUGl 1961 m tt 1933 DEC 28 193"5 FEB 15 1938 fiEc%Yo^^ ^^^^ 1956 • ■ LD 21-50;n-8,-32 YC iOI33