*c 
 
 176 
 
 M^ft 
 
STURTEVANT 
 
 It symbolizes Growth. 
 
 The branches cover much of this old Earth. The roots 
 transmit, from great factories, streams of Sturtevarit genius 
 to limbs bearing that which can nowhere else be produced. 
 
 It is truly a Live OaK. 
 
 y 
 
 HARRISON Sq. BOSTON, MASS. 
 
-r 
 
 
 ^s. hadowed by this Royal Oak 
 
 ^J ^^* King James I +***- 
 
 bestowed British Letters 
 
 Patent for improvements 
 
 in treating Iron, on 
 
 Simon Sturtevant. 
 
 If the life -chain of either the 
 King or Simon, straining into 
 the misty ages of creation, 
 had lacked one link this 
 meeting could not have taken 
 place, but the fortunes of 
 Simon now reach to the 
 Sturtevant Mill Company 
 and they have left here and 
 there Inventors to receive 
 distinction and reward. 
 
 I STURTEVANT MILL 
 
 
 Copyright 1921 by Sturtevant Mill Co. 
 
- : 
 
 Mr. Charles H. Macdowell, President of the Armour Fertilizer 
 Works, in his Presidential address before the National Fertilizer Associ- 
 ation at White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, June 22nd, 1921, stated: 
 
 
 "There are other hidden losses in manufacturing, such as low yields 
 in sulphuric acid, high insolubles in acid phosphates from uneven grind- 
 ing and poor mixing, from excess iron and alumina, or improper handling 
 of acid phosphate after it has been made. A chemical control of plant 
 manufacture and manipulation is essential in avoiding these losses. 
 Excessive shrinkages in high cost materials can easily occur if a super- 
 intendent is in a hurry to get out a large tonnage. Bad weighing of 
 bags can lose the industry hundreds of thousands of dollars a year." 
 
 Mr. Fred S. Lodge, Assistant Director of Manufacturing, Armour 
 Fertilizer Works, stated: 
 
 ******************* 
 
 "A large sum of money is lost annually by the fertilizer manufacturer 
 through insoluble phosphoric acid. The average insoluble phosphoric 
 acid found by the state chemist of one of our middle west states in 16 
 per cent, acid phosphate was 1.2 per cent. This represents 169 samples 
 collected from some 56 manufacturers shipping 48,000 tons of 16 per 
 cent, acid phosphate into the state. It is entirely practical to manu- 
 facture acid phosphate in good mechanical condition with 0.5 per cent, 
 insoluble phosphoric acid or even less. On the average every one of the 
 48,000 tons of acid phosphate carried a loss of 0.7 of a unit of phosphoric 
 acid or 33,600 units equivalent to over 1000 tons of 72 per cent, rock 
 worth say $12 a ton delivered or $12,000. The only extra expense to 
 convert this 1000 tons of rock into available acid phosphate would be 
 the cost of extra sulphuric acid necessary to acidulate and it is reasonable 
 to assume in the majority of cases sufficient acid was used to correctly 
 acidulate if proper chemical control had been exercised. Furthermore 
 these 48,000 tons carried also an average overrun of 0.8 per cent, available 
 phosphoric acid." 
 
 CHEMICAL CONTROL 
 
 "Good chemical control will ship acid phosphate with not over 
 0.25 per cent, overrun. This excess overrun of 0.55 per cent, available 
 
 Page Three 
 
phosphoric acid on the 48,000 tons is equivalent to 26,400 units or 1650 
 tons of 1 6 per cent, acid phosphate. At a factory cost of say $12 per 
 ton this amounts to $19,800. In this one state (not a particularly large 
 user of fertilizer by the way) in one brand alone $3 1 ,800 was lost to the 
 fertilizer manufacturer. This loss is over and above that necessary to 
 insure guarantees, and is due solely to inefficiency and lack of factory 
 chemical control. Like conditions prevail in all states." 
 
 "Consider the number of fertilizer consuming states. Think of the 
 number of brands sold in each. Similar losses can be shown for the other 
 elements of plant food. In one of our largest fertilizer consuming states 
 the average overrun in commercial valuation of the 16 largest shippers 
 was found by the state chemist to be $1.39 per ton. Over a million tons 
 were shipped into this state. The two states mentioned above are 
 particularly noted for the accuracy of their control work and these 
 results are accepted as authentic." 
 
 LABOR 
 
 "The third item of cost is the one of labor. Efficiency has become 
 almost a slogan in American factory practice, yet it is just in its infancy 
 in the fertilizer industry. Too many fertilizer superintendents are rule 
 of thumb operators, loathe to try labor saving devices, content to use 
 men where machines could be utilized to better advantage. Thirty-five 
 men was a standard gang for a mixing unit, often fifty were employed. 
 Ten pickers and ten shovelers were often used on an acid phosphate pile 
 to keep one mixing machine in operation." 
 
 "Three men with five pounds of dynamite and a loading machine 
 or one or two men with a power shovel can now do the same work with 
 more ease. Furthermore, the hopper on the loader or the dipper on the 
 shovel permits the cart man to obtain a full load at once without waiting 
 for the shovelers to load him. The electric dump truck with one operator 
 takes the place of three one-man carts. More efficient screens and 
 tailings mills eliminate the necessity for men constantly whipping the 
 screens." 
 
 "Better mechanical condition of goods also helps and prevents 
 blocking of elevators, bridging in hoppers, etc., all of which require labor 
 as well as loss of tonnage. Automatic Scales and Bag Sewing machines 
 speed up output and eliminate men. Conveyors and Electric Platform 
 trucks simplify and expedite removal of bags to cars and replace men." 
 
 Page four 
 
POWER COST 
 
 "Naturally the substitution of machinery for men would be sup- 
 posed to increase our fourth item of cost, power. However, the improve- 
 ment in machinery may be used to offset this largely. The use of dust 
 proof roller and ball bearing equipment has greatly reduced the friction 
 load on modern fertilizer machinery so that the power costs on a modern 
 crane type plant are little in excess of those in older type plants. The 
 power necessary to operate an electric truck in ordinary service should 
 not be more than fifty to seventy-five cents a day." 
 
 
 HIDDEN LOSSES 
 
 "The seventh item of cost, Hidden Losses, has been touched on in 
 each of the others. Few executives have a true conception of the magni- 
 tude of the summation of these items. Lack of proper chemical control 
 is the most common and probably the greatest of all hidden losses. The 
 work should start with the purchase of the proper raw materials, follow 
 their receipt into the factory to assure the billed weights and analyses 
 are actually received, supervise their storage for accessible location and 
 proper segregation, economically formulate the brands to be shipped, 
 check the mixing weights, oversee the mixing operation and check the 
 bag weights when filled." 
 
 CONCLUSION 
 
 "The shipping department of a factory essentially strives for tonnage. 
 Unless they are under strict supervision for chemical control accuracy is 
 very likely to be sacrificed for speed. Proper chemical control in the 
 acidulating department assures acid phosphate of good mechanical 
 condition and satisfactory analysis, so no direct analytical loss is suffered, 
 nor is there untold hidden loss due to rehandling sticky goods, digging 
 out blocked elevators, etc., and eventually satisfying just complaints of 
 rotten bags and undrillable goods." 
 
 "If factory accounting is based on units instead of pounds, the 
 question of moisture shrinkage will be eliminated by chemical control, 
 for materials will be analyzed just before use and figured on actual analysis 
 and not on an analysis on which they were purchased months before. 
 In fact, chemical control properly carried out assures goods of satis- 
 factory condition and of the guaranteed analysis reaching the consumer. 
 State analyses consequently will not demand underrun settlements and 
 the sales department will have a satisfied customer to approach for repeat 
 orders "******************* 
 
 
 Page fine 
 
Acid Phosphate made by the Sturtevant Process being bagged and shipped without milling or screening 
 
 Note absence of lumps (see page 26) 
 
 
 Page six 
 
INTRODUCTORY 
 
 
 For thirty-nine years the Sturtevant Mill Company has built Fertilizer Machinery, 
 therefore it is fair to assume its experience has value. 
 
 Until twelve years ago its efforts were principally confined to the United States, 
 but since that time it has been in close touch with European practice through its Asso- 
 ciates, the Sturtevant Engineering Company of London and Paris, who have specialized 
 in complete fertilizer equipment with the result that Sturtevant Machinery is as well 
 known abroad as it is in the "States." 
 
 In most respects the American Manufacturer is far ahead of his foreign cousins, 
 but conditions are not the same, and the processes are dissimilar except as applied to 
 the manufacture of Acid Phosphate (Super) in which respect Great Britain and Europe 
 have progressed much farther than America. 
 
 The development in this process abroad will be a revelation to the uninitiated, and 
 as The Sturtevant Mill Company, through its Associates, has designed and supplied 
 the machinery largely used in Great Britain and Europe, for the manufacture of Acid 
 Phosphate during the past seven years, facts can be stated and proven, by many suc- 
 cessful installations. 
 
 The Sturtevant Mills Co.'s reason for delay in introducing these methods into the 
 United States was to avoid costly experiments to American friends, and to thoroughly 
 convince itself that foreign systems were not only suitable, but superior, to American 
 methods. 
 
 The Manager of its Engineering Department, who is well versed in American and 
 Foreign Fertilizer manufacture, has made extensive trips throughout England, Scot- 
 land, Spain, Belgium and Holland, inspecting not only the various Sturtevant installa- 
 tions, but those of other designs, resulting in the purchase of the American Patents of 
 the Beskow System, which is second only to the Sturtevant-English Process. The 
 Sturtevant Mill Company is now in a position to use the best features of each of these 
 proven methods for the benefit of American users. 
 
 No fertilizer manufacturer can fail to be interested in such radical improvements 
 in the making of Acid Phosphate, which, combined with other Sturtevant Devices, are 
 the last word in Fertilizer Plants. 
 
 This book, therefore, is devoted to Sturtevant Fertilizer Machinery and Equipment, 
 the result of brains, initiative, and world-wide experience, which, coupled with 
 Sturtevant Engineering and Service, places this Company in a position to give the 
 Fertilizer Manufacturer the best at reasonable cost. 
 
 First, your attention is called to a complete Fertilizer Installation, (shown on large 
 folder at back of book) of all steel, Crane Type construction; then the individual Units 
 and Machines, which are incorporated in this plant. 
 
 As a great variety of Units and Equipment is used to suit various conditions, only 
 a few will be illustrated, but a sufficient number to give an idea of the scope of Sturte- 
 vant practice. 
 
 The Sturtevant Mill Company not only build Fertilizer Machinery, but are experts 
 in Plant design, and supply Engineering Service entirely separate from its manufacturing 
 business. They design complete Plants, or any part thereof. 
 
 Page seven 
 
STURTEVANT 
 
 FERTILIZER PLANT 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 (Open folder at back of book when reading this description) 
 
 The Phosphate Rock is received in Box Cars, from which it is removed with a 
 Power Shovel (1) directly into a Swing Sledge Mill (2) which crushes the rock to one 
 inch size and smaller. If Florida Rock is used no crushing is needed and the Mill is 
 not operated, the rock simply by-passing to the Elevator (3) which delivers it to the 
 Silo (4). The Silo may be of any size, the one shown holding 1200 tons. A tunnel is 
 built under the Silo, the roof of which carries the weight of the rock in storage. This 
 rock is drawn off through the sides of the tunnel in several places by Gates (5) and 
 deposited on a Belt Conveyor (6) which takes it to the Elevator (7) that fills the Bin (8) 
 (holding approximately 40 tons), over the Ring-Roll Mill (9). 
 
 Rock from this Bin is fed by gravity, controlled by a Gate, to the Ring- Roll Mill 
 (9), where it is pulverized and discharged into Elevator (10) leading to the Air Separator 
 (11). The Separator removes the fines and returns the oversize through a Chute (13) 
 to the Mill for regrinding. The fines drop into a Screw Conveyor (12) and are carried 
 to a dust Storage Bin (14) holding 70 tons. 
 
 A Dust Collecting System with Filter (15), Exhaust Fan (16), Piping (17) removes 
 the fine dust and creates a suction, where needed, to keep the plant clean, the dust from 
 the Filter being discharged into the dust bin. 
 
 A Screw Conveyor (18) runs under this Dust BLn taking the dust to small Elevator 
 (19) which discharges into Screw Conveyor (20) which keeps the Scale Hoppers (21) 
 full of dust. Small hoppers are used over the automatic scales (22) so that no bridging 
 or clogging can occur to prevent the even flow necessary to accurate automatic weigh- 
 ing. To maintain a constant "head" above the scales these hoppers are constantly 
 kept full, the surplus dust being carried over and returned to the dust bin by another 
 Screw Conveyor (23) and Chute. 
 
 A one-half day's supply of tempered acid is kept in a tank (24) above the auto- 
 matic Acid Scales (25) so the Mixer operator's whole attention is confined to weighing, 
 mixing and operating the Dens. 
 
 Now the operator simply moves two levers, one for acid and one for dust, the weights 
 are secured automatically and both charges are passed into the Mixer (26). The Mixer 
 is then started, the mix completed and the charge dumped into the Den (27). The 
 Mixer is then ready for the next batch. 
 
 When the Den is filled the material therein is allowed to set for about fifteen minutes 
 before the sides (28) are loosened, the door (28A) raised, and the cutting and aerating 
 mechanism (29) started. This machinery is Automatic and discharges the finely flaked 
 shavings of aerated acid phosphate onto the Pan Conveyors (30) which parallel the Den 
 sides, and deposit the finished Phosphate, without mulling, into a Pit (31) ready for 
 the Crane. 
 
 When two Dens are used the operator is free to go to the second Den after the last 
 charge is dumped from the Mixer into the first Den, because a helper is the only man 
 necessary to cut out, or ex-den, each machine. The helper is not needed for the weighing, 
 mixing or Den filling operations. Therefore three men, the operator and two helpers, 
 are all the labor required to run two machines. 
 
 
 Page eight 
 
ALL STURTEVANT FERTILIZER PLANT 
 
 ... . ..:. . 
 
 Fumes, generated by the chemical re-action in Den, pass through the duct (32) 
 into a dry fume chamber (33) where much of the solids are deposited, the remainder 
 passing through the special wood constructed Exhauster Fan (34) which blows these 
 gases into a series of water sprayed compartments in Chamber (35), the cleaned and 
 scrubbed air passing out of flue (36), the water discharging through pipe (37). 
 
 The finished, sliced and aerated Phosphate is picked up by the Grab Bucket (38), 
 operated by the Crane (39), and deposited in storage piles. 
 
 Acid Phosphate, when bag shipments are desired, is placed by the Crane in 
 Hopper (40), Filler in Hopper (41) and Scales (42) beneath these Hoppers control the 
 weights of the materials. 
 
 The Shipping Unit (43) is used for Milling, Screening and Sacking this Acid Phos- 
 phate. It can also be used for Shipping conditioned complete goods. 
 
 Unit (44) on the opposite side of the building is used for bulk shipments and is 
 similar in operation to (43). 
 
 Hoppers (45) are for the various ingredients used in making either base or complete 
 goods. Each Hopper is filled by the Crane with the materials desired. Unit (46) is a 
 Basing Unit, or a Mixing and Shipping Unit for Complete Goods. When used for 
 basing, the materials are returned to the main bay by Belt Conveyor (47) for the Crane 
 to pile. When used for Shipping, the sacking arrangements shown, suffice. 
 
 Unit (48) is a Shipping Machine, in all respects similar to (43) and is used for sack- 
 ing and shipping Complete Goods. 
 
 Crane (49) is employed to assist in filling the various Hoppers and to carry away 
 and pile the base goods when made. 
 
 Space reserved for Foreman's office (50). 
 
 Page nine 
 
RECEIVING, UNLOADING, CRUSHING AND STORING OF ROCK 
 
 
 Phosphate Rock, being used in large quantities, is handled mechanically to reduce 
 labor costs, and its storage concentrated to economize space. 
 
 UNLOADING POWER SHOVEL 
 
 Any grade of Phosphate Rock, with the exception of the very large pieces of Tenne- 
 see Blue, is economically unloaded from Box Cars by means of a Power Shovel. By 
 this method, one man can unload a car in less than one hour. If hopper bottom cars 
 are used a slight change in the unloading arrangements can be effected to serve equally 
 well. 
 
 When rock is received in boats, grab buckets and electric overhead cars are employed 
 to advantage. 
 
 When the rock is removed from the Car or Boat it must be stored, (also crushed, 
 if lump rock is used). Rock storage is arranged, therefore, to allow for economy in 
 crushing, if this is required, placing in storage, also for mechanically removing from 
 storage and delivering to the Grinding Unit. 
 
 CRUSHING 
 
 A Sturtevant Swing Sledge Mill, hoppered to receive the rock directly from the 
 Power Shovel, is used for crushing lump rock. This Mill is of the Open Door, accessible 
 type, heavily lined, and carrying coarse grate bars which form the bottom and act as a 
 rough sizing Screen, (to !") 
 
 Operated at one half the usual speed, this machine is peculiarly well adapted to 
 this preliminary work owing to its reliability, low head room, large capacity, free dis- 
 charge, difficulty in clogging, even product, quick and easy accessibility, low power 
 and small upkeep. 
 
 The Mill discharges into an Elevator of equal capacity to that of the Power Shovel 
 and Mill. 
 
 The unloading arrangements embody provision for by-passing the Mill, when rock 
 requiring no crushing, such as Florida Pebble, is used. 
 
 SILO STORAGE 
 
 Several methods may be employed for storing the rock. 
 
 When possible, the Silo type is preferred, because less ground area is occupied than 
 when storing the same quantity on the ground floor of a building. Further, a Belt 
 Conveyor placed in a tunnel under the Silo, easily reclaims the major portion of stored 
 rock and requires little labor. 
 
 Rock piled on the ground, by means of an overhead Conveyor or Car, which 
 inexpensively places it in storage, cannot be readily or cheaply reclaimed. If a Conveyor 
 of any kind is placed under such a pile, the ground area is so great that only a small 
 percentage is automatically reclaimed, and the balance requires hand labor for trimming. 
 
 Storing rock in piles around the building is both expensive to place and to reclaim, 
 as much labor is necessary for both operations. 
 
 The Silo is the cheapest form of bin for its capacity, and can be duplicated when 
 increased storage is needed. 
 
 Page ten 
 

 Sturtevant Power Shovel 
 For Unloading Rock from Cars 
 
 Sturtevant Swing Sledge Mill 
 For the Preliminary Crushing and Sizing of Lump Rock 
 
 
 Page eleven 
 
Unloading, Crushing, Sizing and Storage Unit 
 
 Page twelve 
 
Sturtevant Ring-Roll Mill and Air Separator Rock Grinding Unit with Dust Collecting Syste 
 
 
 Page thirteen 
 
PHOSPHATE ROCK GRINDING 
 
 
 The grinding of Phosphate Rock is an important item in the manufacture of Fer- 
 tilizer, therefore has led to the development of many types of grinding mills, more or 
 less successfully used, for this purpose. 
 
 As the rock must be screened or separated after grinding, to produce the required 
 fine, uniform dust, this feature is equally important to that of grinding. 
 
 The necessarily insufficient screen area of internal screen mills does not permit of 
 the free discharge of finished dust as fast as made. In consequence much effort is 
 wasted and action cushioned by the grinding members working upon material already 
 of the proper fineness, but which cannot escape. Therefore small capacity, large Horse 
 Power per ton of rock ground, excessive upkeep and clogging, due to damp rock blinding 
 the meshes of the fine screens, have resulted in the practical elimination of such machines. 
 
 To overcome these objections other mills were developed, using large independent 
 screens, entirely separate from the grinding mill. This system consists of a Pulverizer, 
 a Circulating Elevator and a Screen. The rock passes through the Mill, up the Elevator 
 and over the Screen, where the fines are removed, and the oversize is returned to the 
 mill for further reduction. 
 
 The maintenance of Screens, however, proved expensive, as frequent renewals of 
 the screen cloth were necessary to prevent leakage. The moisture element was also 
 objectionable, as the best of fine screens coat over and require constant brushing to main- 
 tain capacities. 
 
 Grinding Mills have not been materially changed, but Air Separators have been 
 developed to overcome screen troubles. 
 
 . 
 
 The Sturtevant Ring-Roll Mill Air Separator Grinding Unit stands pre-eminent 
 for producing uniformly fine Phosphate Rock at minimum expense. 
 
 OPEN DOOR RING-ROLL MILL 
 
 The Sturtevant Ring-Roll Mill is extensively used wherever Phosphate Rock is 
 ground. It is a machine of the vertical ring and roll type, slow speed, durable, of rug- 
 ged construction, and cannot be equalled for dependability, accessibility, large ca- 
 pacity, small power and low upkeep. 
 
 It grinds by enormous pressures exerted by powerful spring-pressed rolls against 
 a layer of rock fed to the inner surface of a revolving ring and held thereon by the 
 centrifugal force generated by the ring's rotations. The material crushes and grinds 
 upon itself and, as there is no slip or rub to either ring or rolls, durability is assured. 
 
 Ring-Roll Mills run smoothly, quietly and almost without vibration. They are 
 built on the "Open Door" principle for accessibility. Opening this door, the work of a 
 few minutes, exposes the whole interior for inspection or replacement of ring or rolls, 
 its only wearing parts of importance, which last several years. 
 
 The drive is by single belt or, if preferred, by motor, direct connected to the mill, 
 with a silent chain running in oil. 
 
 For Specifications see page 79 
 
 Page fourteen 
 

 Open Door Ring-Roll Mill for Pulverizing Phosphate Rock 
 
 Patented 
 
 
 
 
 Page fifteen 
 
PHOSPHATE ROCK GRINDING 
 
 OPEN DOOR ELEVATORS 
 
 The product discharged from the mill falls into an All Steel Sturtevant Elevator of 
 the chain and bucket type, designed for this installation. 
 
 These Elevators are built with steel casings, well re-enforced, and with large clean- 
 outs, or inspection doors, conveniently located for quick accessibility, and being self 
 contained permit prompt, easy and cheap installation. Steel encased Elevators, care- 
 fully made, prevent the escape of dust, are fire-proof, more durable and much more 
 satisfactory than those of wooden construction. 
 
 Built with split head casings, self-cleaning boots, geared heads, self-aligning ball 
 and socket bearings, they are fool proof and power savers. Automatic spring ten- 
 sion take-ups act as a relief to prevent chain breakage, and automatically keep the 
 chain taut. 
 
 For specifications see page 58 
 STURTEVANT AIR SEPARATOR 
 
 From the Elevator the ground rock is discharged into a Sturtevant Air Separator. 
 
 This machine has been developed to produce a fine, uniform grade of Phosphate 
 Rock Dust and to eliminate the usual difficulties inherent to Screens. 
 
 The principle of air separation is the passing of a current of air through a thin, 
 falling stream of material, at the required velocity to obtain the degree of fineness 
 wanted and to then separate the dust from the air. 
 
 In the Sturtevant Air Separator centrifugal force is also employed to retard the 
 coarser material, causing re-action against the air velocity and thereby insuring cleaner 
 separation. 
 
 The material is fed onto a revolving plate which centrifugally distributes it in a 
 thin stream, through which a strong air current is passed, removing all of the fine material 
 and thus a partial separation is accomplished. 
 
 This product is whirled spirally upward by the Fan suction: the coarser particles, 
 being more strongly acted upon by centrifugal force, are held within an inverted conical 
 chamber, thus being prevented from following the fines, or dust, which pass upward 
 and out with the air, through a large slow-speed fan, which carries them into a second 
 Cylindrical compartment. The dust is herein again rapidly whirled by the Fan blast 
 and the increased centrifugal force thus created is sufficient to cause the fine particles 
 to cling to the exterior walls of this chamber, gradually working spirally downward by 
 gravity. 
 
 A series of adjustable, tangentially arranged vanes surround the inner cylinder in 
 the path of the return air current, and accelerate the already strong centrifugal effect, 
 allowing the air to enter, but repelling the dust particles, which settle into a cone-shaped 
 discharge hopper. 
 
 The same air is used indefinitely, the volume remains constant, and the desired 
 fineness of product is obtained by regulating the Fan speed and adjusting the openings 
 between the vanes. 
 
 From 6 to 10 Horse Power is all that is required to operate any size Separator. 
 
 For specifications see page 79 
 
 Page sixteen 
 
Sturtevant Open Door Elevator 
 
 Patented Patents Pending 
 
 Page scccnlcen 
 
PHOSPHATE ROCK GRINDING 
 
 
 The separated dust, now of required fineness, and deposited or settled in the dis- 
 charge cone is carried away to storage. The coarse, or rejected, particles are returned 
 to the Ring-Roll Mill for regrinding. The air current is of low velocity, consequently 
 little power is used and the upkeep is small. The use of an Air current for separating 
 tends to dry the material, therefore, rock of higher moisture content can be ground with 
 less trouble than when screens are used. 
 
 The No. 1 Ring-Roll Mill and Air Separator Unit requires from 35 to 40 H.P. 
 
 CAPACITY 
 
 Tennessee Rock Florida Pebble 
 
 60 mesh 4-5 tons per hour 3-4 tons per hour 
 
 80 mesh 3-4 tons per hour 2^-3 tons per hour 
 
 The No. 2 Ring-Roll Mill and Air Separator Unit requires from 60 to 70 H.P. 
 
 CAPACITY 
 
 Tennessee Rock Florida Pebble 
 
 60 mesh 8-10 tons per hour 6-8 tons per hour 
 
 80 mesh 6-8 tons per hour 5-6 tons per hour 
 
 The No. 2 Duplex Ring-Roll Mill and Air Separator Unit requires from 120-130 H. P. 
 
 CAPACITY 
 
 Tennessee Rock Florida Pebble 
 
 60 mesh 16-20 tons per hour 12-16 tons per hour 
 
 80 mesh 12-16 tons per hour 10-12 tons per hour 
 
 The capacities will vary according to the grade of rock ground, its size and moisture 
 content and are therefore averages only. 
 
 Phosphate Rock should be ground to a sufficient fineness lo allow the acid to quickly 
 penetrate to the center of the particles and to eliminate the small black specks sometimes 
 found, as they delay re-action. 
 
 A fineness of 90 per cent through an 80 mesh screen as produced by an Air Separator, 
 gives a uniform grade, free from black specks, and requires a minimum amount of acid. 
 Finer grinding is sometimes advocated as a means of saving acid, but this is done at 
 greatly added expense of power, maintenance and capacity. Sturtevant methods of 
 mixing ground dust, of the above fineness, with acid, produce as much saving in acid 
 and make a better conditioned phosphate than when finer grinding and less efficient 
 methods are employed and do it at a lower cost per ton. 
 
 Here is where the first real saving occurs in the Sturtevant Process of acidulating. 
 It costs approximately twice as much to grind to 90% 100 mesh as it does 90% 80 
 mesh, as the output of the mill is only one-half when grinding to this fineness, and 
 the power, and wear and tear is the same. With the Sturtevant Acidulating System 
 there is no advantage in using dust finer than 90-92% 80 mesh. 
 
 Page eighteen 
 

 !! ...,. 
 
 
 
 
 Sturtevant Air Separator 
 
 Patented Patents Pending 
 
 
 Page nineteen 
 
 ' . ^ . -_ . - 
 

 PHOSPHATE ROCK GRINDING 
 
 
 The Phosphate dust should now be conveyed to a storage bin, preferably placed on 
 the ground. The bin should be of sufficient capacity to contain one day's supply of 
 dust so that in case of a shut-down in the grinding department the acidulating unit can 
 continue working. 
 
 The handling of the dust to the Acidulating Unit is described elsewhere in this 
 book. 
 
 DUST COLLECTING SYSTEM 
 
 Preventing the escape of dust in a Grinding Plant has obvious advantages: Saving 
 of dust, which has a money value, cleanliness, better working conditions, elimination 
 of bearing troubles and wear, and reduction of moisture in rock being ground, due to 
 the drying effect of air suction. 
 
 The Sturtevant Dust Collecting System is simple and comparatively inexpensive. 
 By tapping and piping the heads of three Elevators, connecting these pipes with a 
 Filter, and using an Exhaust Fan, a sufficient suction is created throughout the system 
 to collect the fine dust, which would otherwise escape, and place it in the ground rock 
 bin. 
 
 Sturtevant Dust Filter 
 
 Patented 
 
 Page twenty 
 
ACID PHOSPHATE 
 
 
 The steel plate Fan, especially designed for this service, discharges horizontally, 
 at either right or left, or vertically, at either top or bottom, as desired; the pulley can 
 also be arranged for either right or left hand drive to suit conditions. 
 
 The dust passes into an Automatic Bag Filter wherein the air is cleansed, the dust 
 being deposited on the bags, the air passing through the cloth texture of these bags and 
 out by way of a duct through a Fan which exhausts it into the atmosphere. Nothing 
 passes through the Fan but clean air. 
 
 At frequent and alternating intervals each section of bag filters is closed, the air 
 current reversed, and the bags shaken to remove the adhering dust, which falls into the 
 hopper below. These actions are accomplished simultaneously and automatically, by 
 a single, simple mechanism and require no labor. The accumulated dust is deposited 
 by gravity in the rock dust bin. 
 
 Only three Horse Power is required to operate this Unit. 
 
 SULPHURIC ACID 
 
 The acid used, if obtained from the plant's own chambers, should be sent to the 
 Acidulating Unit Supply Tank of correct Be. and temperature. 
 
 If obtained from Tank Cars it should be drawn off into a Storage Tank to prevent 
 delay in unloading. An open tempering tank, holding a sufficient amount for at 
 least y<i day's requirements, should be provided, into which the acid is placed, and the 
 corrections made to bring it to the proper strength and temperature. 
 
 A Be. reading of 53 at a temperature of 60' Fahrenheit is the proper Standard. 
 Good results have been obtained with an actual temperature of 85 D Fahrenheit Acid, 
 also with hot acid, up to ISO 3 Fahrenheit. Using a higher temperature Acid with 
 Florida Rock assists in throwing off the Fluorine Gas, which is very desirable, especially 
 in plants using Fluo-Recovery Systems. Cold Acid does not prevent the proper rise 
 in temperature in the Den, and the elimination of water and steam is as successfully 
 accomplished as when hot acid is used, due to efficient mixing and aerating of the 
 Phosphate as it leaves the Den. 
 
 
 
 ACID PHOSPHATE 
 
 Acid Phosphate manufacture is a subject that appeals to all in the Fertilizer 
 business because this material is most used, causes the most trouble, and is the source of 
 the greatest expense. The Fertilizer Manufacturer therefore is interested in any improve- 
 ment in the production of Acid Phosphate that will lower its cost and better its mechan- 
 ical condition. The use of sulphuric acid is responsible for its comparatively high 
 first cost, and is the cause of excessive maintenance and depreciation of plant and 
 equipment. It is an important factor in the design of a new plant, and must be properly 
 considered in relation to the balance of the factory. 
 
 Before describing the Sturtevant process of Acid Phosphate manufacture it may 
 prove interesting, as well as instructive, to many, to give a brief history of this important 
 department of the Fertilizer Industry. 
 
 Page twenly-one 
 
HISTORY OF ACID PHOSPHATE MANUFACTURE 
 
 In the earlier methods of making Acid Phosphate, simply a Mixer of some form 
 was used, with the necessary boxes or scales for weighing or measuring the dust and 
 acid. The material from the Mixer was usually discharged into a hand-propelled car, 
 which was pushed into the storage building, at an elevation, and the phosphate dropped 
 onto an open pile within a building, where it remained until re-action was sufficiently 
 complete to allow it to be used. It was then shoveled or picked out, passed through a 
 Shipping Machine, bagged and sent away. It was soon discovered that objectionable 
 fumes were liberated, which passed through the building, and the surrounding neighbor- 
 hood, causing deterioration to plant and equipment, and was a source of serious com- 
 plaints from neighbors. It was later discovered that chemical re-action was hastened 
 by the greater amount of heat generated, if the material was placed in enclosed piles 
 and left for a time before going to storage. 
 
 This led to the introduction of the Den, or Box, which was either of wood or con- 
 crete construction, with a Mixer placed on top, and a Fan attached to draw off the gases, 
 formed by chemical re-action. This Den, or Box, was located on the ground, and was 
 emptied by means of picks and shovels, through a door in one side. The usual method 
 was to install a pair of these boxes, alternately filling one while emptying the other. 
 Attempts were also made to remove and condense, by water sprays, the obnoxious 
 fumes formed by the chemical re-action. 
 
 For a great many years the only change in this method was in the manner of 
 excavating. In some instances the Dens were elevated, and by means of a slot across 
 the bottom, covered with loose boards, the men were enabled to discharge the contents 
 through this slot into an Elevator placed between the two Dens. In order to avoid 
 elevating the Dens, another method consisted of Conveyors placed underneath the 
 slots which carried the acid phosphate tc a common point where it could be elevated. 
 
 The inability to get men to stay in these Dens long enough to empty them, especi- 
 ally in hot weather, caused the development of Mechanical Excavators in the form 
 of electrically operated shovels, or scoop buckets, to reduce the number of men, but 
 the use of the slot and Conveyor, continued. 
 
 Of necessity these Dens were very heavily constructed, owing to the swelling and 
 pushing effect of the acid phosphate while in the Den, and were not only costly to build, 
 but expensive to maintain. 
 
 Only of late have there been any extensive changes or improvements in these meth- 
 ods of manufacturing acid phosphate. 
 
 The comparatively recent use of the Electric Overhead Traveling Crane for 
 handling the material in and out of the main storage building, was responsible for the 
 employment of the same Crane for emptying the Dens. This resulted in constructing 
 an open top Den, either of round or square form, with a movable cover, and traveling 
 Mixer. By this change the Mixer could be moved out of the way, the Crane with its 
 bucket passing over the Den could remove the cover, pick up the material from the 
 Den and deposit it in the storage building. This process, however, requires a very 
 heavy, expensive steel building and therefore is not adaptable to the majority of plants 
 as now constructed. 
 
 Page twenty-two 
 

 
 y ' 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 Photograph of Acid Phosphate Removed from Sturtevant Den after Fifteen Minutes set 
 
 (Three times actual size) 
 
 Page twenty-three 
 
HISTORY OF ACID PHOSPHATE MANUFACTURE 
 
 In Europe, hand-operated Dens are seldom used, having been displaced by various 
 types of Mechanical Excavators of which two, the Beskow and Sturtevant, have proved 
 greatly superior to the others as evidenced by the fact that during the past few years 
 these systems have been installed to the practical exclusion of other processes. 
 
 All other systems cut within a closed chamber and do no aerating, which is vital 
 to success, but must depend upon an auxiliary rasping chamber to granulate and aerate 
 the phosphate, which means two handlings, at much added initial and maintenance 
 expense, and unnecessary complication. 
 
 No system can be really satisfactory unless it cuts in the open with a strong air 
 draught for carrying off the steam, and eliminates scraping, rubbing or mulling of the 
 acid phosphate, so that the finished product will be in a dry, and good mechanical 
 (granular) condition. 
 
 The American Patents for the Beskow, Ekedahl and Sturtevant Systems are 
 controlled by the Sturtevant Mill Company, who are free, therefore, to combine the best 
 features of each in the American Sturtevant System. 
 
 As stated in the Introduction, the Sturtevant Mill Company for thirty-nine years 
 has been vitally interested in the manufacture of all forms of Fertilizer and Fertilizer 
 plant equipment. (Its President, Mr. Thomas L. Sturtevant, with the late Mr. W. H. 
 Bowker, founded the Bowker Fertilizer Company, and for many years was actively 
 engaged in the Fertilizer business.) It has developed the Ring-Roll Mill Unit for the 
 grinding of Phosphate Rock, various machinery and units for mixing, grinding and 
 shipping, also Labor Saving Devices for handling and treating ingredients used in the 
 fertilizer plant. The Acidulating department, however, has not until recently been 
 supplied by it, for the reason that this important feature, for the past seven years, was 
 being developed in England and Europe by its Associates the Sturtevant Engineering 
 Company of London and Paris. 
 
 The history of Acid Phosphate in Europe has travelled along nearly the same lines 
 as in America, except that, for some years, hand-operated Dens of the type employed 
 in this country have been replaced by Mechanical Excavators of various forms, as 
 previously described. European conditions and methods are such that large build- 
 ings are not used, or required; in fact new buildings are put up with much less fre- 
 quency than in America. It was therefore obligatory to develop means whereby, with 
 great economy of space, large quantities of Acid Phosphate could be pro- 
 duced cheaply. Though the pre-war cost of common labor was much less than in 
 America, nevertheless Europeans watched the pennies much more closely than did 
 Americans, and the saving of labor meant and still means much to them. The 
 Sturtevant Engineering Company having used various types of American, British and 
 other European apparatus, were in position to design, build and install an acidulating 
 system, which has proven superior to any of the other forms now or heretofore em- 
 ployed, and it is so recognized among Fertilizer Manufacturers abroad. 
 
 When the Sturtevant Mill Company became convinced that the Sturtevant -English 
 Process was thoroughly perfected, and no longer an experiment, it again investigated 
 European conditions to finally ascertain if these devices were ready to be introduced 
 to the American Manufacturer. 
 
 
 Paje tuenly-four 
 
twenty-five 
 
STURTEVANT ACIDULATING UNIT 
 
 With this in view it requested the Chief Engineer of the Sturtevant Engineering 
 Company to visit America. While here he was courteously shown many American 
 plants and methods. The Sturtevant Mill Company then sent an Engineer to 
 Europe, who thoroughly investigated the processes used in England, Scotland and 
 other European Countries where acid phosphate is extensively made, studying methods, 
 types of apparatus, and conditions. The conclusions reached were that foreign Acid 
 Phosphate was better, cheaper and superior in mechanical condition to that made in 
 America, and showed ample reasons why it should be better, and that there was no 
 reason why Americans could not make the equivalent, or even higher grade, Acid Phos- 
 phate than that made in Europe, by employing similar methods. 
 
 The Sturtevant Mill Company is therefore now prepared to furnish the Sturtevant 
 Acidulating Unit, designed to suit American Plants, and manufactured exclusively by 
 this Company, which will produce acid phosphate, at a cost and of a quality previously 
 unknown in this Country, that is in a dry, granular condition, with a minimum 
 of insoluble. It can do this without the use of men for ex-dening, or carrying the acid 
 phosphate to storage building. A Mixer operator and helper are the only men required 
 to weigh, mix, excavate and Carry to storage the output of the acidulating unit. 
 
 Acid Phosphate being bagged and shipped direct from the storage pile without screening or milling 
 
 Page twenty-six 
 

 
 STURTEVAN1 ACIDULATING UNIT 
 
 To illustrate the unusually dry, granular and fine condition of the Acid 
 Phosphate made by the Sturtevant process it may be said that abroad this material 
 is bagged directly from the storage pile and shipped without screening or pulverizing, 
 as shown in picture opposite. 
 
 Kvery Fertilizer Manufacturer appreciates what this means all along the .line. 
 Mixing Units and Bagging Machines will turn out more tonnage owing to the absence 
 of lumps, thus eliminating shut-downs and greatly reducing the shipping and handling 
 costs per ton. 
 
 Through efficient methods of quick, accurate and automatic mixing and weighing, 
 acid is saved without the necessity of finer grinding than 90 per cent through 80 mesh. 
 Thus grinding costs are minimum. Excessively fine grinding is not necessary to produce 
 superior quality acid phosphate when using the Sturtevant System. Some manu- 
 facturers are inclined to feel that very fine rock is essential, even at a high grinding and 
 maintenance cost per ton. The resultant saving in acid and the possible quickening of 
 the re-action in the pile are given as the principal reasons. Inaccurate weighing of acid 
 and rock, inefficient mixing and ventilation are the real reasons for fine grinding, which 
 to some extent compensate for the above deficiencies. It is, however, more of an ex- 
 cuse than a reason. The Sturtevant System, with moderately fine rock, makes the 
 same saving of acid and produces a far superior grade of acid phosphate, in much better 
 mechanical condition, with lower insoluble, and at greatly reduced cost per unit. 
 
 The formula is carried out rapidly and accurately by the use of Automatic Ma- 
 chinery, which leaves nothing to the guess or judgment of operators. The main- 
 tenance, power, labor and depreciation expenses are reasonable. The floor space 
 occupied will compare favorably with any present method. It does not necessarily 
 require a new building, as old buildings for making Acid Phosphate by any method 
 can be readily adapted to this improved acidulating unit without extensive changes. 
 Whether or not buildings are of the gravity type, whether Dens are located on the 
 ground or elevated, whether of the silo .or the square pocket type emptied by a Crane, 
 the Sturtevant Unit can be placed therein, and acid phosphate can be manufactured 
 cheaper, and of much better quality than by present systems. 
 
 The cost of the entire Sturtevant Unit installed is no more than of the average hand- 
 operated Dens of equal capacity; the latter, however, cannot be compared favorably 
 as to results. 
 
 The length of time required for conditioning is materially lessened, thus the 
 large expensive buildings covering many square feet of floor space are unknown in 
 Europe. A material saving in acid is effected, because the acid is more correctly util- 
 ized to produce the finished results. Built on the unit principle, and using a quick 
 batch method, which is a very near approach to the Continuous, a plant can be econ- 
 omically operated at half the usual producing rate, should business conditions make 
 this desirable. The labor element is reduced to a minimum, as only two or three men 
 are required for two Dens operating together, for mixing, weighing and taking care of 
 the apparatus and placing the Acid Phosphate in storage building. 
 
 The usual size Unit is one making 25-30 tons of Acid Phosphate per charge. 
 Units can be used for greater tonnage. 
 
 Page tueniy-secen 
 
STURTEVANT ACIDULATING UNIT 
 
 The chemical control of 30 ton batches is far superior to that of large batches, 
 as a check is made every 30 tons instead of every 100, 150, or 200 tons; thus any imper- 
 fect formula or mixing is discovered and remedied before great loss results. 
 
 The following schedules show what is required and accomplished by these Units: 
 
 ONE 25-30 TON UNIT 
 
 Three charges: Time 9 hours 45 minutes Result: 75 to 90 tons of Acid Phosphate. 
 Approximately 40 to 45 tons each of dust and acid required for 8 hours. 
 One Mixer man 8 hours work. 
 One Helper 8 hours work. 
 
 7 A. M.- 8.15 A. M. -- Mixing. 
 8.15 A. M.- 8.45 A. M. Setting. 
 
 8.45 A. M.- 9.45 A. M. Cutting Out. 8.30 Helper starts. 
 9.45 A. M.-10.15 A. M. -- Returning Den and preparing for next charge. 
 10.15 A. M. -11.30 A. M. Mixing. 
 11.30 A. M.- 12 NOON Setting. Mixer man at lunch. 
 
 12 NOON- 1 P. M. Cut Out. 12.15 p. M. to 12.45 p. M. Helper lunches. 
 
 1 P. M.- 1.30 P. M. -- Returning Den and preparing for next charge. 
 1.30 P. M.- 2.45 p. M. Mixing. 
 2.45 P. M.- 3.15 P. M. Setting. 
 
 3.15 P. M.- 4.15 P. M. Cutting Out. 3.30 Mixer man through. 
 4.15 P. M.- 4.45 P. M. -- Returning Den and preparing for next charge. ( 5p. M. 
 
 Helper through.) 
 
 Maximum production with one machine in 24 hours: 7 charges Result: 175 to 
 210 tons of Acid Phosphate. 
 
 TWO 25-30 TON UNITS 
 
 Six charges: Time --11 hours. Result: 150 to 180 tons of Acid Phosphate. 
 Approximately 75-90 tons each Dust and Acid for 11 hours. 
 One Mixer Man. 
 Two Helpers. 
 
 UNIT "A" 
 
 7 A. M. -- Mixing. 
 8.15 A. M.- 8.45 A. M. Setting. 
 8.45 A. M.- 9.45 A. M. Cutting Out. 
 
 9.45 A. M. -10.15 A. M. -- Returning Den and preparing for next charge. 
 10.15 A. M.-11.30 A. M. Mixing. 
 11.30 A. M.- 12 NOON Setting. 
 12 NOON- 1 P. M. Cutting Out. 
 
 1 P. M.- 1.30 P. M. -- Returning Den and preparing for next charge. 
 1.30 p. M.- 2.45 P. M. Mixing. 
 2.45 p. M.- 3.15 P. M. Setting. 
 3.15 p. M.- 4.15 P. M. Cutting Out. 
 4.15 p. M.- 4.45 .P M. -- Returning Den and preparing for next charge. 
 
 Page twenty-eight 
 
STURTEVANT ACIDULATING UNIT 
 
 ="* 
 . 
 
 UNIT "B" 
 
 8.15 A. M.- 9.30 A. M. Mixing. 
 9.30 A. M.- 10 A. M. Setting. 
 
 10 A. M.- 11 A. M. Cutting Out. 
 
 11 A. M.-11.30 A. M. -- Returning Den and preparing for next charge. 
 11.30 A. M. -12.45 P. M. Mixing. 
 
 12.45 P. M.- 1.15 P. M. Setting. 
 1.15 p. M.- 2.15 P. M. Cutting Out. 
 
 2.15 P. M.- 2.45 P. M. -- Returning Den and preparing for next charge. 
 2.45 P. M.- 4 p. M. Mixing. 
 4 p. M.- 4.30 P. M. Setting. 
 4.30 P. M.- 5.30 P. M. Cutting Out. 
 5.30 p. M.- 6 P. M. -- Returning Den and preparing for next charge. 
 
 Mixer man at lunch 12.45 p. M.-1.30 p. M. finishes work at 4 p. M. (8j/ hours). 
 One Helper lunches 11.30 A. M.-12.15 p. M. works 8.30 to 6 P. M. (9 hours). 
 One Helper lunches 12.15 A. M.- 1 P. M. works 8.30 to 6 p. M. (9 hours). 
 Maximum production with two machines in 24 hours: 14 charges Result: 350 
 to 420 tons of Acid Phosphate. 
 
 ANALYSIS 
 
 Insoluble 1 . 79% 
 
 
 Analysis of Acid Phosphate made by the Sturtevant System from a report of a 
 Fertilizer Manufacturer at Brest, France. 
 
 Rock used Constantine (No. Africa) 64.9% B.P.L. 
 Acid used 53 Be. at 59 F. 
 Amount Rock 660 Ibs. 
 Amount Acid 561 Ibs. (85% of Rock) 
 1221 Ibs. to the mix. 
 
 From Den after Yl hour set. 
 
 Soluble 14 59% 
 
 
 Free total acid 6 . 59% 
 
 Moisture 15 . 04% 
 
 Sample of above 48 hours later. 
 
 Soluble 15 . 59% 
 
 Insoluble 79% 
 
 Free total acid 3 . 59% 
 
 Moisture 12 . 00% 
 
 PLANT REQUIREMENTS 
 
 To accomplish these truly remarkable results it is first necessary to have a rock 
 grinding plant of sufficient capacity to furnish the dust needed to acidulate the tonnage 
 of acid phosphate desired. The dust should be ground to a fineness of approximately 
 90 per cent through an 80 mesh screen. 
 
 A Sturtevant Ring-Roll Air Separator Grinding Unit will be found to be the 
 most efficient that can be employed for this work, due to its reliability, large capacity, 
 low power and maintenance cost per ton. 
 
 - - ... . , ... 
 
 Page twenty-nine 
 
STURTEVANT ACIDULATING UNIT 
 
 A large storage hopper for dust should be provided, usually carrying at least one 
 day's supply of ground rock; also, a storage and tempering tank containing at 
 least Yi day's run of acid. In order that the acid be reduced to the proper strength 
 and temperature, facilities should be provided for water to dilute, steam to heat and 
 air to agitate so no separation of acid and water can take place. This is much preferable 
 to tempering the acid at the time it is being mixed. The mixer operator should not 
 do such important work, thus dividing his attention, slowing production and causing 
 inaccuracies. It should be tempered correctly by a more experienced foreman or 
 chemist. 
 
 Chemistry is a science of exactness and nothing should be left to the guess or judg- 
 ment of the inexperienced. 
 
 The manufacture of Acid Phosphate requires careful analysis of the rock and 
 accurate weighing of the dust and acid so that full control of the re-action is assured. 
 Haphazard and slack methods of weighing are always costly, for if there is no accurate 
 control over the ingredients used and only averages employed, the result is invariably a 
 loss of unit values. By the Sturtevant method, dust and acid are weighed accurately by 
 automatic scales. Each will weigh in a minimum amount of time, approximately 30 sec- 
 onds per charge. They prepare the two charges entirely independently of the operator. 
 He simply starts the machine, which weighs the charges for him without further 
 attention on his part. Thus the human element is practically eliminated, the charges 
 are always the same in weight, and accuracy is assured. Ample means are provided for 
 changing the formula as the quality of rock varies. 
 
 DUST AND ACID SCALES 
 
 The operating principle of both Dust and Acid Scales are similar. Both are simple 
 in design and operation. 
 
 The inlet valve of the weigh hopper is opened by simply pushing an electric button, 
 or pulling a lever, which at the same time closes an electric circuit that holds the valve 
 open. When the weight is obtained the Scale beam rises and opens this electric circuit, 
 which automatically closes the inlet valve. 
 
 An electric light shows when acid and dust are flowing, and automatically goes out 
 when weight is reached. 
 
 The outlet valve may be operated by either a foot pedal or a hand lever, causing 
 the material to discharge into the Mixer. 
 
 The weighing operation is automatic and is independent of the operator. The 
 discharge valves are manually controlled and are carefully constructed to prevent 
 leaks and to resist acid corrosion in the acid scales. 
 
 It is necessary for correct automatic weights to have conditions and installation 
 favorable. With the dust scale a small steep sided dust hopper, kept full at all times, 
 maintains a constant head and causes a regular, even flow of dust to the scale without 
 danger of bridging or packing so that accuracy is assured. 
 
 Acid being free flowing, it is a simple matter to get proper automatic weights. 
 
 Page thirty 
 

 AUTOMATIC ACID 
 SCALE 
 
 Sturtevant Automatic Dust and Acid Scales 
 
 Patented Patents Pending 
 
 Page thirty-one 
 
STURTEVANT ACIDULATING UNIT 
 
 ACID MIXER 
 
 From the Scales the charges of dust and acid are deposited into the Sturtevant 
 Acid Mixer. This machine consists of a cast iron rotatable cylinder or drum, 4 feet 
 long and 4 feet in diameter, having a slot the entire length of its top (16" x 48") This 
 slot is the only opening in the Mixer, and when at the top serves as an entrance for the 
 dust and acid and also forms the discharge opening when the cylinder is revolved and 
 the slot has reached the bottom position. A central shaft, with stirrers, or paddles, 
 attached thereto, extends through the drum and runs continuously, at a speed of 
 35 r. p. m., while the Mixer is operating, and not only thoroughly agitates and mixes 
 the mass of dust and acid, but also assists in completely discharging the Mixer when 
 the drum is revolved and the slot is at the bottom. In mixing, the operator starts the 
 two Scales, which automatically prepare their charges, and which he simply discharges 
 into the Mixer. This operation only requires the movement of two levers. Pulling 
 another lever causes the drum to rotate one revolution in one-half a minute, and dump 
 its contents into the Den. When the drum reaches its original position, as shown to 
 operator by an indicator, it is ready for another charge; in fact, while the operator is 
 discharging the Mixer, the dust and acid Scales are automatically preparing the next 
 batches. 
 
 It is a principle of the Sturtevant method to use small charges, which are easy to 
 thoroughly agitate and intimately mix for efficient and quick re-action, and which is 
 accomplished only in this type of Mixer. Even under these circumstances, using 
 approximately 1300 pound batches, 36 charges per hour are maintained. The Mixer is 
 enclosed in a box connected by hopper Lo the Den, from which the Fan exhausts the 
 gasses and fumes, and in consequence of this downward suction of air from the Mixer, 
 no obnoxious fumes penetrate the plant, or annoy the Mixer operator. This form of 
 Mixer is far superior to the Pan for obvious reasons. 
 
 In the Pan Mixer the only efficient aid violent mixing actions are in the small 
 areas occupied by the plows (see illustration), which form about 30% of the total Pan 
 area, thus 70% is not mixing at all, or at least not efficiently. Centrifugal force 
 
 tut 
 
 OCCUf/D BY 
 PADDtCS e/tPLOHS 
 IS/, 
 
 OCCt/f/fO BY 
 
 PADDLES on nans 
 is-/. 
 
 
 Drawing Showing Inefficiency of Pan Type of Mixer 
 
 Page thirty-two 
 
Sturtevant Acid Mixer 
 
 Patented Patents Pending 
 
 Page thirty-three 
 
STURTEVANT ACIDULATING UNIT 
 
 generated by the revolving pan tends to throw the material to the sides of the Pan. 
 The plug and its seat very frequently wear out of true, causing leaks and allowing acid 
 to run out of Mixer into Den before being mixed with the dust. Under these condi- 
 tions dust alone is dicharged into the Den, in an endeavor to take up this Acid. To 
 prevent this leak, dust is sometimes placed in the Mixer before the Acid, which is a 
 difficult method of mixing, as this action causes the formation of dust balls, which are 
 difficult for the acid to penetrate; thus only partial mixing is accomplished. 
 
 As all of the material has to discharge through a central hole, scrapers that require 
 excessive power and maintenance are necessary. 
 
 The manual labor required for lifting the heavy plug and scrapers many times 
 hourly is a tedious job for the operator in addition to his other duties. 
 
 The Sturtevant mixer has no discharge plug to gum up or leak acid. The dust 
 and acid are more thoroughly mixed, due to the shape of the Container and the use 
 of paddles which violently agitate the entire mass. There are no dead spots and as 
 the acid and dust tend to drop to the bottom, while the paddles lift and at the same 
 time thoroughly stir them back and forth, quicker and more intimate mixing is 
 accomplished. When the drum is revolved the slot is at the bottom; thus the material 
 falls out by gravity. If any hesitates it is instantly assisted by the revolving scrapers 
 or paddles. A "set" rarely occurs, but should this happen the top covering is easily 
 removed for cleaning. This Mixer requires only 5 Horse Power, or one-third that of 
 others. Its moving parts are few, and being made of cast iron is acid resisting and 
 durable. 
 
 The Acid should go to Mixer first, then the dust, as better mixing is accomplished 
 by this method; furthermore the mixing paddles are washed by the acid every batch, 
 are thus kept cleaner. 
 
 The quicker the mix, if the ingredients arc thoroughly intermingled, and the 
 quicker the discharge, the more efficient is this machine, for it takes advantage of the 
 gases formed, causing a quick "set" in the den which allows the nicely honeycombed 
 acid phosphate to be cut out almost immediately after the last charge enters the den. 
 
 REPORT FROM DOUGHTY SON & RICHARDSON, LTD. 
 Lincoln, England 
 
 Regarding Sturtevant Mixer: 
 
 "Probably the best on the market. Well designed and very substantially made. 
 We worked it for 10 months in an extensive way. We had no trouble with it, and we 
 cannot see any wear and tear on its working parts." 
 
 Signed: F. Wuyts. 
 
 Page thirty-four 
 
it 
 
 a g> 
 
 a g 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 irty-ficc 
 

 STURTEVANT ACIDULATING UNIT 
 
 AUTOMATIC MECHANICAL DEN AND EXCAVATOR 
 
 The Mixer is placed on a floor directly above the Automatic Mechanical Den and 
 Excavator. In shape the Den resembles the familiar type of Box Den. The floor and 
 rear end wall are made of concrete. The sides and top are supported on a metal, 
 movable wheel carriage or chassis, mounted on overhead tracks. The sides are hinged 
 at the top and locked at the bottom against the concrete block which forms the base 
 or floor. The front end is a sliding door which is raised when Den is ready to empty. 
 The carriage is operated by a motor and moves in either direction at various pre-deter- 
 mined speeds, like the bed of a metal planer. A large vertical cutter is mounted on 
 this carriage opposite the end door, and is composed of eight large scoops, or fans, on 
 the blades of which cutting knives are fastened. This Cutter is revolved by the same 
 motor at an approximate speed of ll}^ r. p. m. 
 
 It resembles the paddle wheel of a river steamboat, only it is set vertically. It is 
 15' 9" in diameter, while the block of acid phosphate being cut is only 8' wide; therefore 
 the cutter overhangs the block on each side (See illustration, page 39) and the shavings 
 are deposited easily on the conveyor below, paralleling the side of Den. 
 
 When filling the Den the side and end doors are rigidly fastened together, and the 
 charge is placed in the Den as fast as it is mixed. In the mixing of 30 tons, one hour 
 and fifteen minutes is required. At the expiration of this period about fifteen minutes 
 is allowed for the phosphate to set before removing the locks, holding the side doors to 
 the concrete base. The counter balanced sliding door is then raised, and a large block 
 of acid phosphate is found resting upon the concrete floor. The carriage motor is now 
 started, which advances the carriage, with the Cutters, towards the block of acid phos- 
 phate, at a speed of about four inches per minute. The Cutters are then started, which 
 revolve and horizontally cut off small thin Shavings of Acid Phosphate from the mass, 
 as the cutter advances, the air draught, created by the Fan's rotation, blows these 
 thin particles onto a Pan Conveyor traveling parallel to the side of Den. These knives, 
 3^" wide x ^/i" thick x 12" long, slice off thin pieces (11/32 of an inch thick) of the 
 Acid Phosphate, but only one set of knives cut at the same time, at the 
 same place, and, being staggered, the same set of knives makes a complete 
 revolution before cutting again in the same place, and as there are eight 
 fans and eight sets of cutting knives it will be seen that eight blasts of air. 
 are blown against the exposed cut before another slice is removed from the 
 same place. 
 
 These knives are self-sharpening, last about one year and can be re- 
 placed by any blacksmith. 
 
 Cutters also are placed upon the bottom of the fans to shave off any 
 of the Acid Phosphate that might otherwise remain on the concrete base. 
 
 While this Cutter only turns at ll/^ R.P.M. and is a slow speed de- 
 vice, yet it is fifteen feet nine inches in diameter and the curved Fan blades 
 are two feet wide, (therefore the peripheral Fans are moving at a speed of 
 560 ft. per minute) thus a strong draught results which is thrown against 
 the block of Acid Phosphate as the knives cut. 
 
 Page thirly-six 
 
I 
 
 il 
 
 it / 
 
 -0 
 
 D. 
 
 Page thirly-sectn 
 
STURTEVANT ACIDULATING UNIT 
 
 AUTOMATIC MECHANICAL DEN AND EXCAVATOR 
 
 This air blast carries off the steam, liberated by the cutting action, which rises in clouds, 
 but is only water and has no acidity. A large ventilating tower on the roof carries 
 this steam to the outer air. 
 
 This Cutter is the only type that slices in the open air, and employs an air blast, 
 which aerates as it cuts and therein lies the secret of aeration. It is not enough to 
 simply cut the phosphate, the steam must also be liberated to produce a higher soluble, 
 by eliminating a large proportion of the water. Care is taken, however, that the pro- 
 duct is not cooled too much, as it is necessary to retain a sufficient amount of heat to 
 carry on and complete the re-action in the pile, and thus further eliminate moisture, 
 and reduce the free acid and insoluble. 
 
 Results clearly indicate that the Acid Phosphate is not cooled too much, as the 
 reaction is continued in the pile (See analysis, page 29). 
 
 As the flakes of Phosphate fall they are carried around by the air current, and 
 sufficient moisture is driven off to prevent their being plastic or sticky as they drop di- 
 rectly on the Pan Conveyor like damp corn flakes, and immediately break up, owing to 
 their thinness and porosity, and then resemble damp sand rather than sticky clay. 
 No scraping nor mulling occurs as they are carried to an elevator for filling overhead cars, 
 or into a pit for Crane handling. If the Den is at an elevation, the Pan Conveyor 
 can discharge directly into overhead cars for carrying it into the storage building. 
 This operation of ex-dening, or excavating, simply requires the starting of the machin- 
 ery, which is usually done by the Mixer operator when he has finished mixing. He 
 generally has one helper to properly care for the equipment and to see that the Acid 
 Phosphate is traversed and properly cut out; the machine is then reversed and quickly 
 brought back to its original position (in five minutes), the doors are again rapidly 
 secured, and it is ready for another charge. A 30 ton batch can be prepared, that is, 
 weighed, mixed, allowed to set, excavated, and the machine brought back to position 
 in approximately 3^ hours' time. 
 
 This entire Excavating Unit requires only seven Horse Power to operate. 
 
 The Den sides and end door are made of heavy steel frames to which are bolted 
 2" pitch-pine planks, tongued and grooved and treated with preservative. 
 
 A skin lining 1" thick, also tongued and grooved and similarly treated, is blind- 
 nailed diagonally to the 2" planks. Tar paper between the two assists in preventing 
 leaks. This is a very durable construction, especially as the thin film of acid phosphate 
 adhering to the sides acts as a further preservative and is never scraped off. 
 
 Leather-scrap, shoddy, wool-waste, hair and other low grade Ammoniates can 
 be acidulated in this Den, and cut out. These require a longer time to set, due to the 
 increased moisture which they contain. They will set, however, but must be cut out 
 more slowly than Acid Phosphate, and provision is made for driving the carriage at 
 slower speed for this purpose. 
 
 An inspection door in the roof of the Den is provided, so that the charge may be 
 inspected to ascertain if a "set" has taken place. 
 
 If, through wide variation in the grade of rock used, or incorrect formula, an acid 
 phosphate is produced which does not set up readily, the Den can be emptied by hand. 
 Any charge that is set sufficiently to prevent flow can be excavated by the Cutter. 
 
 Approximately one inch of Acid Phosphate remains on the concrete floor of the 
 Den after excavation is completed. This is left to seal the cracks between the floor 
 and doors, making the Den tight. 
 
 Page thirty-eitht 
 

 
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 3 
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 II 
 If 
 
 
 
 3 
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 !_."__",._.__ 
 
 Page thirty-nine 
 
STURTEVANT AUTOMATIC DEN AND EXCAVATOR 
 
 APPROXIMATE DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS, SPEED, ETC., OF AUTOMATIC DEN 
 
 AND ELEVATOR UNIT 
 
 Ground Area 18' wide by 53 '-6" long 
 
 Area of Mixer Floor 18' x 19' 
 
 Height of Mixer Floor 22'-$ " 
 
 Area of Scale Floor 18' x 19' 
 
 Height of Scale Floor 30'-$" 
 
 Total overall height to top of Scales 3 7 '-7" 
 
 Size of Cutting and Aerating Fan 15 '-6" diameter by 9' high 
 
 Speed 1 1 1/6 R.P.M. 
 
 Peripheral speed 560 ft. per minute 
 
 Cutting speed, average, 4" per minute, adjustable for speeds, 3' 
 
 Time of cutting out at speed of 4" per minute, one hour 
 
 Weight of Den and Excavator, approximately 24,000 Ibs. 
 
 Motor for operating Den and Excavator lYl H.P. 
 
 Weight of Mixer alone 15,000 Ibs. 
 
 Speed of Beaters 35 R.P.M. 
 
 Speed of Drum 2 R.P.M. 
 
 Motor to operate Mixer 7^ R.P.M. 
 
 4" or 5" per minute. 
 
 
 Concrete Base, End Wall, Conveyor Pit and Footings 
 
 
 Page forty 
 

 
 DOOR 
 
 2, 
 
 rtSME tj 
 
 VCT 
 
 
 
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 ;; v:' . ;',' : BLOCH of /?c/o 
 
 WKz 
 
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 m& 
 
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 f//O~S/='/-f/f TE 
 
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 ~oooa CLOSED 
 
 - WEDGE: 
 
 
 Sturtevant Mechanical Den and Excavator Front View 
 
 Patented Patents Pending 
 
 Page forty-one 
 
STURTEVANT ACIDULATING UNIT 
 
 
 To assist in reducing the free acid content of the Phosphate, also to increase 
 availability, three per cent of dry rock dust is often discharged through the Mixer into 
 the Den just before the "cutting out" operation. This rock is spread over the block 
 of acid phosphate and the cutters thoroughly work it into the mass while cutting, thus 
 making it available and increasing solubility. 
 
 FUME CONDENSING CHAMBERS 
 
 The fumes emanating from the Mixer and from the Dens are successfully treated 
 by dry and wet condensing chambers with the aid of a slow speed, especially 
 constructed wooden Fan (to withstand the corrosive action of acid) of large dimensions, 
 (48") which runs at 400 R.P.M. and requires 3 to 4 Horse Power, thus the objectionable 
 odors in the surrounding atmosphere and the pollution of water in rivers and streams is 
 avoided. 
 
 It will be seen that acid fumes are not allowed to come in contact with the operators, 
 nor with the metal work, which, therefore, is not exposed to the deteriorating effect of 
 the acid. 
 
 The dry and wet method consists of a large dry chamber with baffle walls placed 
 between the fan and den. This chamber, owing to its size, reduces the velocity of the 
 gases and causes the solid matter, held in suspension, to separate and fall to 
 the floor, thus relieving the Fan of this burden. The Fan blows the partially cleaned 
 gas from this chamber into another chamber, filled with partitions and water sprays. 
 The gas follows an up and down course through these sprayed compartments, pre- 
 cipitating the remaining solids, or powder (hydrofluosilicic acid), and allows only pure 
 air to escape. As the dry chamber has separated most of the hydrofluosilicic acid, the 
 acidity of the condensing water discharged is much less than if no dry chamber had been 
 used. 
 
 This hydrofluosilicic acid can be converted into silico-fluoride of sodium, the selling 
 price of which often covers the cost of condensation. 
 
 Special Wood Constructed Fume Fan 
 
 
 Page forly-lulo 
 

 
 I' 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Past jorty-lkfte 
 
STURTEVANT ACIDULATING UNIT 
 
 BASIC PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS 
 
 The basic principles involved in the manufacture of Acid Phosphate, and on which 
 the Sturtevant Acidulating Unit and methods have been worked out are as follows: 
 Fast and accurate automatic weighing of dust and acid in small batches of the correct 
 temperature and strength; quick and intimate mixing and discharging; efficient ventila- 
 tion of the Den and Mixer; cutting and aerating the phosphate as it is removed from the 
 Den; avoiding any mulling action in so doing; delivering the acid phosphate into storage 
 with as little handling as possible. In carrying out these principles it was found that 
 the Sturtevant Acidulating Unit was the only one embodying all of these factors, and 
 as the finished acid phosphate speaks for itself it is evident that all are required. 
 
 From figures obtained abroad, the cost of weighing, charging, excavating and 
 conveying to storage, including labor, oil, maintenance, etc., is from 6 to 8 cents per 
 ton of acid phosphate. 
 
 This Acidulating Unit was submitted to more than 60 Fertilizer Manufacturers, 
 Chemists, Engineers and Mechanical experts at the Convention of the National Fer- 
 tilizer Association held at White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., during the week of June 19th, 
 1921, and not a single constructive criticism was made. 
 
 Fourteen other American experts had passed upon it, prior to that meeting, with 
 the same results. 
 
 From information obtained abroad, it is understood that of the last 20 plants 
 erected, 18 were equipped with the Sturtevant-English Process and two with the 
 Beskow System, to the exclusion of all others; both of these patents are controlled by 
 Sturtevant Mill Co. Of the 18 Sturtevant plants, Sturtevant Engineers have visited 
 12 and have actually seen the proof of these astonishing results. 
 
 No other processes were seen in plants built in the last few years. 
 
 FROM H. G. McCREATH & SONS, BERWICK-ON-TWEED, ENGLAND 
 
 "I am in receipt of your letter of the 14th inst., and note contents. 
 
 "I am glad to say the Mechanical Den is doing remarkably well. It has worked without a hitch since the start 
 and everything is very satisfactory. In fact, it has done everything we have asked it to do. The superphosphates are 
 in first-class condition, and the solubility is rather better than we were getting from our old plant. 
 
 "I shall be pleased to show the plant to any one you may wish to send through any time, if you will let me know 
 so that we may have it working. 
 
 "The fact is, we can put through more than 100 tons per day, so we don't need to have it working continuously." 
 
 A partial list of users of Sturtevant Automatic Den and Excavator: 
 
 The Aberdeen Lime Co., Ltd., 
 
 Blaikie's Quay, 
 
 Aberdeen, Scotland. 
 
 Johnson & Darlings, Ltd., 
 
 Berwick-on-Tweed, England. 
 
 Edward Webb & Sons, Stour-bridge, Ltd. 
 
 Saltney, England. 
 
 Nr. Chester (two plants) 
 
 Thomas Vickers & Sons, Ltd., 
 
 Widnes Phosphate Works, 
 
 Widnes, 
 
 Lancashire, England (two plants) 
 
 Doughty, Son & Richardson, Ltd., 
 
 Lincoln, England (two plants) 
 
 Spooner & Bailey, Ltd., 
 
 Eling, 
 
 Nr. Southampton, England. 
 
 Ste. Ane. de Produits Chimiques de 1'Ouest, 
 
 Ste. Marc, 
 
 Pres Brest, France. 
 
 Kynoch, Limited, 
 
 South Africa. 
 
 H. G. McCreath & Sons, 
 
 Berwick-on-Tweed, 
 
 England. 
 
 Charles Norrington & Co., Ltd., 
 
 Chemical Works, 
 
 Cattedown, 
 
 Plymouth, England. 
 
 Briton-Ferry Chemical Co., Ltd. 
 
 Briton-Ferry (two plants), England. 
 
 National Smelting Co., Ltd., 
 
 Avonmouth (two plants), 
 
 England. 
 
 Page forty-four 
 
Acid Phosphate, Actual Size, 15 Minutes after Last Mix was Dumped into 
 
 Den 
 Note its porosity and "set" 
 
 Acid Phosphate, Actual Size, as Cut Out of Den 15 Minutes after the Last Mix was Dumped into 
 
 Den 
 Note its granular form and absence of lumps 95 per cent passed a 6-mesh screen 
 
 
 Page forty-fee 
 
STORAGE BUILDINGS 
 
 The Acid Phosphate is now manufactured, cut out, aerated and is in a fine, dry, 
 
 mechanical condition for storage. 
 
 In designing a storage building for the various materials used in the manufacture 
 of Complete Fertilizer it is highly important that handling costs into, within and out 
 of the building be as low as possible. 
 
 Many plants cover a large area but are not designed for the high piling of materials 
 to increase capacity. 
 
 The "A" frame building, used for many years, gives a large storage area free from 
 posts which, by the use of overhead cars, can be practically and economically filled 
 with almost no waste space. 
 
 I 
 
 There is, however, no practical means of emptying same except by diggers with push 
 carts or electric trucks, neither of which are economical and therefore this type of 
 building is now used mostly for the smaller plants. 
 
 The use of steel construction in place of wood, for fire protection, and to allow 
 the use of Cranes, is responsible for the adaption of the Crane Type building. Further, 
 a Crane is a very efficient means of filling and emptying the building, as all of the ground 
 area can be reached by the Crane Bucket and large hourly tonnages can be handled very 
 cheaply by one man. 
 
 The height of the storage pile can also be increased by this equipment, and thus 
 more tonnage per square foot of ground area is obtained. 
 
 As Cranes are expensive and require strong steel buildings, their use is limited to 
 plants of sufficient capacity to carry the burden of the initial investment and therefore 
 are not universally used. 
 
 < 
 For smaller plants, cither a combination building of the "A" Type with a square 
 
 posted wing or a straight square-posted building having 16' to 20' bays can be used. 
 In either case overhead push or electric cars, at a uniform level, should be used. (See 
 pages 82, 83, 84.) 
 
 As the plant illustrated (see folder at back of book) is of sufficient size to econom- 
 ically use Cranes, a typical Crane Type Storage Building is shown. 
 
 An 80' span is used for the two Cranes. A wing or leanto, on one side, forty feet 
 wide provides room for the shipping and mixing machines, materials in bags, bag room 
 and office, and storage of bagged goods ready for shipment. 
 
 Double tracks on this side give good car facilities. On the opposite side a bulk 
 shipping machine is utilized for shipments of this nature, and a wide platform allows 
 for the unloading of cars without spotting same. 
 
 
 Page forty-lit 
 
Section of Building Showing Storage Pile 
 
 
 
 Section of Building Showing Storage Piles, Basing and Shipping Unit and Bulk Shipping Unit 
 
 Page forty-seven 
 

 UNITS IN STORAGE BUILDING 
 
 PORTABLE CONVEYORS 
 
 Through doors in the side of the building, short portable Belt Conveyors can be 
 used to advantage to carry incoming materials within reach of the Crane. This is 
 the receiving side of the structure and rock is also unloaded from cars on the same track. 
 
 O 
 
 O O 
 
 Portable Car Loader 
 
 The Sturtevant method of manufacturing Acid Phosphate delivers the product 
 by Pan Conveyors from the Dens (both being on the ground) into a pit, from which 
 it is picked up by the Crane and piled in the Storage Building. 
 
 Acid Phosphate is stored in the section of the building nearest the acidulating 
 department. 'It can then be shipped out in bags through the Bagging Unit or through 
 the Bulk Shipping Unit. 
 
 Each Unit is equipped with receiving hoppers for both Acid Phosphate and Filler, 
 also with weigh hoppers beneath, for proportioning. 
 
 BASING, MIXING AND SHIPPING UNIT HOPPER SYSTEM 
 
 The center Unit is a formulating or Base Mixing Unit. 
 
 The ingredients to be used are placed in their respective Hoppers by the Cranes. 
 Eight Hoppers are shown, each of which may contain a separate material such as acid- 
 phosphate, filler, tankage, etc., or if an extra large amount of any one ingredient is 
 used, then more than one hopper may be utilized for this particular material. Ar- 
 ranged as shown, these Hoppers do not interfere with the maximum storage capacity of 
 the Crane Bay. They occupy what is open or waste air space along the pile, as the 
 natural slope of the pile reaches only to the supporting columns. If these bins were 
 placed across the Crane Bay, in a position at right angle to those shown, a large Storage 
 space would be wasted. Not only the ground area but the pile would have to be divided 
 in two parts, each sloping to the top and both ways from the bins. As every square foot 
 of storage space covered by the Crane is very valuable, this design permits the use of 
 more area, therefore maximum storage in the Crane Bay. Considering only the 
 Crane Bay, hoppers placed across the building absolutely eliminate approximately 
 100,000 cu. ft. of storage space under the Crane, where it is ,the most valuable, which, 
 figuring at 50 Ibs. per cubic foot, equals a storage loss of 2500 tons of material, all of 
 which is saved by the Sturtevant method, without interfering in any way with the 
 Crane operations. 
 
 
 Page forty-eight 
 

 >: 
 
 
 Portable Conveyors for Piling Material or Bagged Goods 
 
 Page forty-nine 
 
UNITS IN STORAGE BUILDING 
 
 BASING, MIXING AND SHIPPING UNIT HOPPER SYSTEM 
 
 Underneath each bin a Scale is placed, with a small Hopper. The correct weight 
 of each ingredient is drawn off as determined by formula. A gate in the bottom of this 
 Scale Hopper is then opened and the contents discharged onto a Belt Conveyor directly 
 below. One man can handle several Scales and, as the weights remain the same until 
 the formula is changed, accuracy is assured. 
 
 This bin or hopper system permits the assembling of materials very quickly and 
 saves much labor. The supply overhead is maintained by the Cranes therefore if the 
 batching machine is of the correct size, for the tonnage desired, there is no delay in 
 producing the daily output. Using one ton batches the hourly capacity of approxi- 
 mately thirty tons is averaged. 
 
 The method of collecting the various materials, weighing and placing them on a 
 Conveyor Belt for delivering to the Basing Unit having been described, the next 
 operation is that of Basing. 
 
 The Conveyor Belt discharges its batch into an Assembly Hopper, holding one ton, 
 at the boot of the Unit Elevator. Here all the materials are collected so that they may 
 be admitted together into the Elevator. A man stationed at this assembly hopper, 
 when signalled that the Mixer is free, opens the shutters or gates, allowing the materials 
 to enter the Elevator, and when hopper is empty closes same and signals the weighing 
 man to send along another charge. 
 
 The basing machine or Unit is a standard Sturtevant Single Elevator Mixing 
 Unit. The materials delivered into the Elevator are lifted sufficiently high to discharge 
 onto a "BB" Screen. The fines are collected in the Mixer Hopper beneath the Screen, 
 and the oversize passes to the Pulverizer for further reduction. 
 
 The now finely ground oversize from the pulverizer is discharged into the same 
 Elevator, passes through the same Screen, and rejoins the batch from which it was 
 previously extracted, before any of the material enters the Mixer. 
 
 The original one ton batch now properly ground and sized is in the Mixer Hopper 
 underneath the Screen. A discharge gate in the bottom of this Hopper is opened and 
 the material enters the Mixer. The mixing operation is completed in one half minute. 
 
 This Unit may be used for either Basing or Shipping: 
 
 Basing. In case it is employed as a Basing Unit the mixed goods are discharged 
 from the Mixer through a spout, onto a Belt Conveyor, which delivers it to a Pit, from 
 which it can be removed by the Crane Bucket and stored wherever desired. 
 
 Shipping. When used as a Shipping Unit the mixed goods are discharged into a 
 Double Weighing and Sacking Hopper, equipped with Scales and Bag Holders so that 
 quick and accurate weights may be secured. The filled and weighed sacks are dropped 
 onto a Slat Conveyor which carries them forward out of the way of the operators. The 
 
 Page fifty 
 

 
 ' 
 
 I 1 
 W 
 
 sr 
 
 
 
 
 
 Page fifty-one 
 
UNITS IN STORAGE BUILDING 
 
 sewers ride on this Conveyor with the Sacks, sewing as they move. When finished they 
 walk back, threading their needles on the way, and repeat the operation. 
 
 The object of placing the Conveyor and weighing arrangements at an elevation 
 from the track platform, is to permit the Conveyor to discharge the filled, weighed and 
 sewed bags down a chute either to electric or hand trucks on which they are easily piled. 
 
 This method eliminates the usual truckers employed to take the bags from the 
 Scales to the sewers, and relieves the congestion at the Scales, as it is necessary, for efficient 
 work, to allow plenty of free working space around these machines. 
 
 The above Unit when handling thirty one-ton batches per hour requires the fol- 
 lowing men: 
 
 Three weighers at storage hoppers 
 
 One assembly hopper man 
 
 One Mixer man 
 
 Two weighers and sackers 
 
 Four sewers 
 
 One helper or handy man. 
 
 The number of truckers removing bags from Conveyor Chute depends on the 
 distance to the car being loaded. Usually two truckers with one man to assist in piling 
 the bags on the trucks are sufficient. 
 
 This Unit can also be used between Seasons for grinding and sizing tankage, cotton 
 seed meal, etc., which can sometimes be advantageously purchased raw or unground if 
 pulverizing equipment is available. 
 
 This ground and sized material is discharged by the Belt into the Crane Bay for 
 piling. 
 
 SHIPPING UNITS 
 
 In addition to the Basing Unit, which can be used for bagging and shipping, two 
 other Units are provided. These are placed adjacent to the materials they will handle, 
 such as Acid Phosphate and Complete Goods. 
 
 They are provided with Scale equipped Hoppers in event of reformulation being 
 required. An Elevator, "BB" Screen, Pulverizer, Sacking Hoppers with Scales and 
 Sewing Conveyor make a complete labor saving and highly efficient Shipping Unit. 
 
 The bulk Shipping Unit for Acid Phosphate, or other materials, differs from the 
 above Unit, only in that the sacking arrangements are eliminated, and by the use of a 
 spout and Portable Belt Car Loader large tonnages can be shipped quickly and cheaply. 
 
 EQUIPMENT USED IN UNITS 
 
 The equipment used in the various Mixing, Basing. Grinding and Shipping Units 
 is of special design and construction, built for this particular service, and will be appre- 
 ciated by every Superintendent, as all are painfully aware of the cost resulting from 
 breakage, clogging, insufficient capacity, and the deplorable lack of accessibility of most 
 fertilizer machinery. 
 
 Simple, durable, rugged, reliable equipment of instant and complete "Open Door" 
 accessibility is an asset to any plant, for if trouble comes, as it does in the best of fac- 
 tories, the cost of making repairs and clean-outs is minimized by Sturtevant Equipment, 
 and a few minutes only are necessary to locate and remedy the trouble, at low cost. 
 
 Page fifty-two 
 
Sturtevant Single Elevator 
 Mixing and Shipping Unit with Sewing Conveyor and Chute 
 
 Patented 
 
 
 . 
 Pagefijty-thrcc 
 

 
 Sturtevant Shipping Unit 
 
 Page fifty-four 
 
Sturtevant Combination Basing, Mixing, Shipping and Unloading Unit 
 
 Patented 
 
 Page fifty-fee 
 

 
 Sturtevant Single Elevator Mixing and Shipping Unit 
 
 Patented 
 
 Page fifty-six 
 
Page fijiy-secen 
 
OPEN DOOR ELEVATORS 
 
 These are simple machines, largely used, but when of poor design and construction 
 are a source of much trouble and expense. The Sturtevant Elevator, however, need 
 cause no worry. 
 
 These Elevators are made for service every part is designed for continuous 
 operation and to give no trouble. But if, by abuse, clogging or breakage occurs, their 
 accessibility will prove a time and labor saver, for it makes replacements and clean outs 
 quick and easy. Being all steel, of "Open Door" construction one man in one minute 
 can open any door, without the use of tools and immediately get at all important parts. 
 Self-contained, complete, ready to set up when received; big accessible discharge with 
 fixed spill board; split head, heavy gears and pinions, ample shafts, with self-aligning 
 ball and socket bearings, together with automatic spring relief take-ups for quick, accu- 
 rate and fool-proof adjustment, make the Sturtevant "Open Door" one-man, one 
 minute Elevators unequalled. All parts are made to jig and replacements fit. 
 
 Chain or Belt: Centrifugal, Continuous or Perfect Discharge Types, with steel or 
 wood casings. 
 
 Sturtevant Open Door Elevators 
 
 DIMENSIONS 
 
 NO. 
 
 SIZE 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 J 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 V 
 
 R 
 
 Q 
 
 T 
 
 u 
 
 V 
 
 w 
 
 X 
 
 Y 
 
 K*C 
 
 2-3 
 
 \i x 42 
 
 12" 
 
 4-?" 
 
 ?' 1" 
 
 3 '-8" 
 
 l'-9" 
 
 ?-?_" 
 
 5-0' 
 
 l'6>4 
 
 3JV 
 
 !' 6" 
 
 ia" 
 
 IS" 
 
 J" 
 
 8" 
 
 1'- 6" 
 
 3-10" 
 
 I 1 - 6" 
 
 14" 
 
 life" 
 
 2-4& 
 
 2'- 4" 
 
 3'-3}4' 
 
 4-5,& 
 
 4- 
 
 \f X 44 
 
 15" 
 
 44-" 
 
 a'- 3" 
 
 4'- Of 
 
 I'-IO" 
 
 z: 3" 
 
 S'-3" 
 
 l'-9" 
 
 3V8" 
 
 l'-8" 
 
 12, 
 
 18" 
 
 
 
 a- 
 
 1-3" 
 
 4'-/" 
 
 l'-7- 
 
 li> J /T 
 
 !3'/4 
 
 H-0'4 
 
 2.'- 8" 
 
 3-'8'/4 
 
 4-J/4 
 
 V-f. 
 
 18 x 54 
 
 18- 
 
 .V4-" 
 
 2.'-<o" 
 
 4'-fc" 
 
 ?'-.V 
 
 a 1 . 7- 
 
 k'-S" 
 
 l-lll/z 
 
 5" 
 
 i-n'/i 
 
 |6" 
 
 til' 
 
 IO" 
 
 IO" 
 
 i-n 
 
 4-y 
 
 I'-IT 
 
 !7'/4-" 
 
 is "hi, 
 
 1-fcV 
 
 2'-ll'/< 
 
 4-3' 
 
 4 OV+ 
 
 
 2.3 x 54 
 
 23" 
 
 54" 
 
 Z'-9' 
 
 4'-6" 
 
 2 
 
 z'-v 
 
 6'- 8" 
 
 S>4'/t 
 
 f 
 
 a^V 
 
 16" 
 
 27 ' 
 
 Ib ' 
 
 IO' 
 
 r-ir 
 
 S'-'O' 
 
 2,'. a" 
 
 21" 
 
 I8V4- 
 
 1 6^ 
 
 3:4" 
 
 4'.|0'/< 
 
 4 J/ 4 
 
 OPENINGS 
 
 NO Q 
 
 b d 
 
 e 
 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 h m 
 
 n 
 
 r 
 
 t 
 
 U 
 
 V 
 
 or 
 
 X 
 
 y 
 
 2 
 
 2-5 4-'/SL" 
 
 E S /S " 3 '/2. " 
 
 3 '/a." 
 
 3 -5/8" 
 
 
 
 7 //6" 4'/4." 
 
 7 '/2 " 
 
 15"' 
 
 
 
 '-I0'/i 
 
 78' 
 
 1 7s" 
 
 5"' 
 
 5"" 
 
 S" 
 
 4- S'li" 
 
 2. "/It" 3 '/a" 
 
 3 '/a. " 
 
 5 V(6" 
 
 r/2." 
 
 7 /l6" 5"' 
 
 9" 
 
 15" 
 
 O 
 
 '-\\ s /& 
 
 7 /&" 
 
 4-3/16" 
 
 4.3/ l6 " 
 
 5" 
 
 5" 
 
 5-6 6" 
 
 3 '/i*" 4" 
 
 5V4- 
 
 6 S /I6" 
 
 2'/2." 
 
 7 /l6" 7X2" 
 
 IO'/2 
 
 14" 
 
 7" 
 
 2-4- s /B 
 
 '/e 
 
 4 P5 /i6- 
 
 4- PS /I6 
 
 6^8 
 
 6" 
 
 7 578" 
 
 3V 1* 4" 
 
 5V4" 
 
 7 IS /I6 
 
 2 I3 /I6 
 
 7/|6" 9" 
 
 13" 
 
 14" 
 
 7" 
 
 2-4% 
 
 
 6 3/8 " 
 
 6/4" 
 
 7 S /B" 
 
 7" 
 
 
 
 
 
 ELV. 
 NO 
 
 SHAFTS 
 
 GEAR 
 
 PINION 
 
 RATIO 
 
 
 HEAD SPROCKET 
 
 TAIL SPROCKET 
 
 OR TRACTION 
 
 HEAD DRWE 
 
 BOOT 
 
 P D FACE 
 
 PITCH 
 
 TYPE 
 
 MAT'L 
 
 PD. 
 
 FACE 
 
 ' TCM 
 
 rypt MAT'L 
 
 p.D. 
 
 NO. 
 
 TEETH 
 
 TYPE 
 
 P.D. 
 
 NO. 
 
 TEETH 
 
 TYPE 
 
 2 
 
 27l6" I 15 /,; 
 
 | >% 
 
 2 3. 2 a '/. 
 
 1" 
 
 CAST 
 
 c :. 
 
 5-73 
 
 3" 
 
 1" 
 
 :AST c 1. 
 
 4h> 1 
 
 4/4. 
 
 188 
 
 E9 
 
 SPLIT 
 
 18/2 ' 
 
 188 
 
 22 
 
 SPLIT 
 
 3 
 
 2 7 /i6' i'y/6" 
 
 1 '^16 
 
 2J.ZZ 2'/a 
 
 1" 
 
 
 
 5-73 
 
 3 
 
 r 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 24 U' 
 
 188 
 
 2.9 
 
 .. 
 
 1 8 '/2. " 
 
 IRS 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2'fi6 1 '^16 
 
 I'^lt" 
 
 ajat 3^~ 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 573 
 
 4" 
 
 i" 
 
 .. 
 
 
 24 V* 
 
 102. 
 
 19 
 
 . 
 
 18 " 
 
 102. 
 
 14- 
 
 H 
 
 5" 
 
 2'%6 2?I6" 
 
 Z7lt" 
 
 29.12 4 
 
 1 '/i 
 
 
 
 721 
 
 ' 4'/ 
 
 '/a" 
 
 .. 
 
 
 30'/4 
 
 Ill 
 
 20 
 
 .. 
 
 2 1 '/4 " 
 
 Ill 
 
 14 
 
 
 6 
 
 2 '^16 i 7 /lk 
 
 2. 7 /l<" 
 
 29.12." 4 " 
 
 I/a" 
 
 
 
 721 
 
 4/2 
 
 I'/a 
 
 .. 
 
 
 30/4. 
 
 ' III 
 
 20 
 
 - 
 
 2 1 '/4 " 
 
 Ml 
 
 14- 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 3 7 /l6~ 2. 7 /IA~ 
 
 2 7 /l6" 
 
 34 ' S ' 
 
 1^4" 
 
 
 
 8.4 
 
 5/2 
 
 ! 3 /4 
 
 
 
 
 29'/2 
 
 ' 132. 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 |9 3 /4" 
 
 132 
 
 IO 
 
 - 
 
 B 
 
 37/ 6 " 2 7 /,6 
 
 2 ^li" 
 
 34. 1 f " 
 
 I 3 A 
 
 
 
 8.4 
 
 m 
 
 ) 3 /4 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 30 '/4 
 
 102. 
 
 24 
 
 > 
 
 20 '/a" 
 
 IO2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ELV 
 
 NO. 
 
 BUCKETS 
 
 SPACING 
 
 CHAIN 
 
 UNDER 
 
 30- 60' 
 
 CTRS. 
 
 SHAFT 
 
 K.p.n. 
 
 SPEED 
 FT. ptr MiN 
 
 CAPACITY IN TONS PER HOUR 
 AT LISTED SPE.ED 
 
 HP to 3O'CTRS. 
 SO LB. MAT 
 
 tf* fo*60'CTRS. 
 SOLE MAT. 
 
 WElfrHT 
 24-'CT(?'S 
 
 WEIOHT 
 PER 
 FOOT 
 
 4O LB. MAT. 
 
 roLB MA- 
 
 r 9QLO. MAT. 
 
 p 
 
 6X4- 
 
 16" 
 
 *IS8Ke -6fh 
 
 4"x 4" 
 
 2*x6 
 
 150 
 
 232. 
 
 4/2 
 
 S'li 
 
 10 
 
 .7 
 
 | 
 
 4 
 
 
 2.700 
 
 60 
 
 ,1 
 
 8x5' 
 
 16" 
 
 M 
 
 24-"x4" 
 
 24 x 6 
 
 150 
 
 as 2 
 
 8V2. 
 
 10/2. 
 
 19 
 
 1.0 
 
 2 
 
 O 
 
 
 800 
 
 65 
 
 4- 
 
 IO"X6" 
 
 16" 
 
 IO2K.Z 4 
 
 Th. 
 
 24x6" 
 
 24x6 
 
 I5O 
 
 232 
 
 16 '/a. 
 
 20/2. 
 
 37 
 
 
 .8 
 
 3.6 
 
 J6OO 
 
 75 
 
 g 
 
 I2~x7' 
 
 19" 
 
 III K.2. - 
 
 36"x6" 
 
 36x8 
 
 |4 
 
 274 
 
 26/2- 
 
 33 
 
 60 
 
 3. a 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 4900 
 
 98 
 
 6 
 
 I4-"X7" 
 
 19" 
 
 - M 
 
 v36~6' 
 
 36x8 
 
 142 
 
 274 
 
 31 
 
 38 
 
 70 
 
 3.6 
 
 7.2 
 
 4950 
 
 100 
 
 7 
 
 I8"x 8" 
 
 18' 
 
 I32K.2. 
 
 2 J 
 
 36"x 6 " 
 
 36* 
 
 a 
 
 142. 
 
 274 
 
 56 
 
 70 
 
 125 
 
 6. a 
 
 12 
 
 .4 
 
 5850 
 
 130 
 
 8 
 
 I8"x8" 
 
 ao- 
 
 
 >.4* 
 
 aV" 
 
 36xS 
 
 142. 
 
 274 
 
 50 
 
 63 
 
 1 10 
 
 6.2. 
 
 12.4 
 
 5900 
 
 IS? 
 
 Page fifty-eight 
 

 Sturtevant Open Door Elevators 
 
 Patented Patents Pending 
 
 ..---...-.....-..- -u- .. 
 
 Page fifty-nine 
 
BUCKING BRONCHO (BB) SCREENS 
 
 
 Fertilizer Screens need the "kick of a Broncho" to successfully handle poorly con- 
 ditioned fertilizer ingredients. If the Screen fails to function, the whole Unit becomes 
 inefficient and a tax on production and accuracy. 
 
 The Screen surface in "BB" Separators is 5' wide by 8' long, of 2, 2j/, 3 or 4 
 mesh cloth, set at a 35 degree angle in a tightly sealed steel box of "Open Door" quick 
 accessibility. 
 
 Its clothing needs no frame. It is oblong, the corners cut square, and is flatly laid 
 on an inclined, open-rodded table-top, through which any screenable substance will drop. 
 The clothing is secured between two opposite Sturtevant Pincher grips that never let 
 go, nor tear; and the clothing is released quickly for removal. 
 
 This table-top saddle, which carries the screen cloth and its load, and shakes both, 
 is formed of parallel, inclined, longitudinal rods, between which any substance passing 
 the fine clothing, freely flows. 
 
 Upon this table-top saddle the screen clothing is laid, without tensioning. 
 
 The table, and its clothing, and its load of material, is vibrated by the cams below 
 the Broncho Saddle; every moving part is composed of springy steel, hot riveted to this 
 pony's elastic ribs. 
 
 The channels that shelter the cams are of bent elastic steel, of ample size, and are 
 actuated by the hard, sturdy, simple cams. These cams produce sharp and violent 
 jars and slams, in numerous directions, that clean the meshes. The name "Broncho" 
 indicates that few things can stick to this Arizona "Bucker." 
 
 The table-top with its clothing receives its load to be screened, shakes its load, 
 slaps and slams the wire clothing, which is untouched by other parts. Therefore this 
 screen's meshes last, because this table-top does all the work. 
 
 Observe that screen meshes on the Broncho can never sag, because they are slammed 
 flat on the table-top against closely spaced supporting wires, and can go no farther 
 down. The Screen's clothing is here, always supported, and is stronger than any 
 unsupported screen clothing can be. 
 
 There are no screen frames to bother with. The clothing is simply cut to proper 
 length and rolled for quick transport. 
 
 All repairs are small, and wire clothing is made less expensive than in any other 
 screen, because no frames are fitted or attached. Frames in this screen have no use- 
 fulness whatever. 
 
 Every part is made of Steel, as elastic as a bow and as strong as a beam, its cams 
 protected, its heavy wire clothing supported, in fact it has proven a revelation to fer- 
 tilizer manufacturers for durability, efficiency and capacity. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 No. 
 of 
 Mach. 
 
 Style 
 of Feeder 
 
 Approx. 
 Depth 
 with 
 Cover 
 Closed 
 
 Approx. 
 Depth 
 with 
 Cover 
 Raised 
 
 Approx. 
 Width 
 
 Approx. 
 Height 
 
 Driving 
 Pulley 
 
 Driving 
 Pulley 
 Speed 
 
 Screen 
 Surface 
 
 Approx. 
 Weight 
 (Ibs.) 
 
 Approx. 
 Weight 
 Crated for 
 Export 
 (Ibs.) 
 
 
 
 Conveyor 
 Chute 
 Spout Feed Box 
 
 7'~00" 
 9'-6" 
 6'-ll" 
 
 8'-8" 
 9'-6" 
 8'-00" 
 
 5'-9" 
 4'-9" 
 4'-9" 
 
 6'-4" 
 12'-6" 
 5'-2" - 
 
 18"-4" 
 24"x4" 
 24"x4" 
 
 110 r.p.m. 
 35 ' 
 35 ' 
 
 18 sq. ft. 
 18 ' 
 
 18 ' 
 
 1200 
 1500 
 1000 
 
 1600 
 2000 
 1200 
 
 1 
 
 Conveyor 
 Chute 
 Spout Feed Box 
 
 6'-ll" 
 9'-6" 
 6' -11" 
 
 8'-8" 
 9'-6" 
 8'-00" 
 
 7'-7" 
 6'- 10" 
 
 <;' 10" 
 
 6'-4" 
 12'-8" 
 5'-2" 
 
 18"x4"t 
 30" xO" 
 30"x6" 
 
 110 ' 
 35 ' 
 35 ' 
 
 30 ' 
 30 ' 
 30 ' 
 
 2000 
 2200 
 1600 
 
 2500 
 2800 
 1900 
 
 2 
 
 Conveyor 
 Chute 
 Spout Feed Box 
 
 8'-5" 
 ll'-OO" 
 
 8'-5" 
 
 10'-6" 
 11 '-0" 
 9'-8" 
 
 7'-7" 
 
 6'-10" 
 
 C,' 1(1" 
 
 -' 'A" 
 14'-7" 
 6'-2" 
 
 18"x4"t 
 30"x6" 
 30" xU" 
 
 110 
 35 ' 
 35 ' 
 
 40 " 
 40 " 
 
 40 " 
 
 2400 
 2500 
 2000 
 
 2900 
 3100 
 2300 
 
 
 *Also requires 24"x4" Pulley on Cam Shaft at 35 r.p.m. 
 tAlso requires 30"x6" Pulley on Cam Shaft at 35 r.p.m. 
 
 
 
 Page sixty 
 
Sturtevant Open Door "Bucking Broncho" (BB) Screen 
 
 Patents Ponding 
 
 
 Page sixty-one 
 

 OPEN DOOR MIXER 
 
 This Mixer differs from all others in several important features: - 
 
 It has only one opening for receiving and discharging its batch; therefore only one 
 opening to seal against the escape of dust instead of two, as in other Mixers. 
 
 A large, man sized "Open Door" in the other end allows quick and easy accessibility 
 for cleaning, inspection or replacement of parts. 
 
 The material being mixed has no fixed line of travel (in one end and out of the 
 other) allowing the fine, light ingredients to remain on top and unmixed. The narrow, 
 large diameter drum, with its paddles and deflectors, forces quick and intimate mixing, 
 and allows no separation of the ingredients. 
 
 The steel drum is supported on roller wheels, fixed to the steel channel bed. A gear 
 on each end driven by pinions revolves it in perfect alignment. 
 
 The intake and discharge spouts or scoops are attached to the same slide. When 
 filling the Mixer a lever places the intake spout into the receiving position; reversing 
 this lever brings the exit scoop in place for completely discharging the machine. 
 
 One half minute is sufficient time for mixing. 
 
 This is the only Mixer which can be cleaned easily, thus preventing material from 
 caking within the drum while the machine is idle, and this, if allowed to remain in 
 the machine, will be discharged with the first batch when starting again, and if this 
 entire batch is not thrown away or remilled these hard cakes will get into the bags, 
 break the farmers' drills, and often cause the loss of a good customer. 
 
 Every Mixer should be thoroughly cleaned at noon and at night, thus eliminating 
 this source of trouble. 
 
 Ten minutes is ample to clean out the Sturtevant Mixer. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 Size 
 Batch 
 
 Drum 
 Mixing 
 Capacity 
 
 Drum 
 Capacity 
 
 Height 
 with 
 Hopper 
 
 Length 
 with 
 Hopper 
 
 Height 
 without 
 Hopper 
 
 Length 
 without 
 Hopper 
 
 Width 
 
 Pulley 
 
 Speed 
 
 Power 
 
 Capacity 
 Tons 
 per Hr 
 
 Weight 
 
 Code 
 Word 
 
 with 
 Hopper 
 
 without 
 Hopper 
 
 \i ton 
 
 13 cu. ft. 
 
 25 cu. ft. 
 
 8'0" 
 
 7' 6" 
 
 5'0" 
 
 5' W 
 
 &' OH" 
 
 24 i 4 
 
 120 
 
 3 to 5 
 
 4 to 5 
 
 2900 
 
 2660 
 
 Quarton 
 
 TurftT^" 
 
 )^ ton 
 
 27 cu. ft. 
 
 54 cu. ft. 
 
 12' 0" 
 
 10' 5" 
 
 5' 8" 
 
 6' 6" 
 
 6' 9" 
 
 30x6 
 
 100 
 
 4 to 7 
 
 10 to 12 
 
 4100 
 
 3500 
 
 1 ton 
 
 60 cu. ft. 
 
 116 cu. ft. 
 
 12' 0" 
 
 12' 0" 
 
 7' 1" 
 
 8' 10" 
 
 7' 11" 
 
 36x8 
 
 75 
 
 5 to 10 
 
 20 to 30 
 
 6265 
 
 5700 
 
 Ton mix 
 
 2 ton 
 
 125 cu. ft. 
 
 246 cu. ft. 
 
 
 
 9' 3" 
 
 10' 3" 
 
 10' 7" 
 
 36x8 
 
 100 
 
 10 to 12 
 
 50 to 60 
 
 
 11500 
 
 Twoton 
 
 Page sixty-two 
 
Sturtevant 
 
 Open Door 
 
 Mixer 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Patented 
 
 Page sixty-three 
 
OPEN DOOR HINGED HAMMER PULVERIZER 
 
 
 Pulverizing Dry Fertilizer materials is not difficult, but when damp or green goods 
 are encountered or when tramp iron enters the machine every one expects trouble. 
 
 To minimize these irritating and expensive delays and for ease in replacing wearing 
 parts, the Sturtevant Pulverizer was invented. 
 
 Its "Open Door" does not prevent trouble, but such complete accessibility allows 
 instant cleaning and the removal of uncrushable substances, also quick and easy replace- 
 ment of parts. 
 
 Its flexibly mounted hammers are hard to break because they give back in relief 
 when iron is encountered, thus preventing serious breaks or expensive repairs. 
 
 Its big receiving and discharge openings do not invite clogging, in fact it is a difficult 
 material indeed that causes trouble with this Pulverizer. 
 
 Five Horse Power is usually sufficient to operate it on the easy running, self aligning 
 Hyatt Roller Bearings, yet the terrific blows of the hammers shatter and reduce to atoms 
 any grindable substance. 
 
 When unground tankage or similar materials are being pulverized, sizing grates 
 are placed around the bottom of the casing, but when used as a tailings grinder only, 
 no grates are necessary or desirable. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 No. of 
 Mill 
 
 Length 
 Over All 
 Door 
 Closed 
 
 Length 
 Over All 
 Door 
 Open 
 
 Width 
 Over All 
 
 Height 
 Over All 
 
 Inside 
 
 Feed 
 Opening 
 
 * 
 
 Driving 
 Pulley 
 
 Pulley 
 Speed 
 
 Approx. 
 H. P. 
 
 Approx. 
 Weight 
 
 Net 
 
 Approx. 
 Weight 
 Gross 
 
 Code 
 Word 
 
 Dia. 
 
 Width 
 
 
 
 3', 7" 
 
 4', 4" 
 
 4', 2" 
 
 2', 0" 
 
 24" 
 
 9" 
 
 12K"*12" 
 
 12" x 8" 
 
 1000 
 to 
 1200 
 
 5 to 15 
 
 1700 
 
 2000 
 
 Oliinge 
 
 1 
 
 3', 7" 
 
 4', 8" 
 
 4', 10" 
 
 2', 0" 
 
 24" 
 
 18" 
 
 12H"il8" 
 
 12" x 8" 
 
 1000 
 to 
 
 IL'DII 
 
 10 to 20 
 
 -':(( HJ 
 
 2600 
 
 Wihinge 
 
 * Does not mean size material machine will take 
 
 Page sixty-jour 
 

 
 
 Sturtevant Open Door Hinged Hammer Pulverizer 
 
 Patented 
 
 
 
 Page sixty-five 
 
FERTILIZER SACKING SCALES 
 
 Automatic Scales when used on Acid Phosphate and Complete Fertilizer, in some 
 cases, work efficiently, but in most plants are a constant source of trouble, owing to the 
 difficulty in securing an even flow of material into the Scale, upon which its accuracy 
 absolutely depends; therefore the manually operated and simple Scales are shown 
 and recommended. 
 
 Automatic Scales are particularly well adapted to weighing Rock Dust, if small, 
 steep sided bins are used, with a constant head of dust, thus preventing bridging and 
 clogging and insuring an even, constant flow of dust into the Scale. Acid may also 
 be accurately weighed automatically. 
 
 The Sacking Scales used on Sturtevant Units combine a Bag Holder and Valve, 
 which, being self contained, are bolted directly to the hopper. 
 
 With no legs or floor supports the space around the bag is free from obstructions 
 which hinder the truckers. 
 
 The Scale is made on the steelyard principle, the Bag Holder on one end of the 
 single lever and a counterweight on the other end. The bag holder chutes the discharged 
 material from the Hopper Valve directly into the bags. The bag-holding mechanism 
 has a powerful grip to prevent slip, yet will not tear the bags, and releases quickly. 
 
 The valve is a single undercut gate, easily operated by a lever, which has proven 
 the most efficient type for fertilizer. 
 
 The Scale will weigh accurately when different sizes of bags are used, by adjusting 
 the counterweight. 
 
 The shape of the Bag Holder permits an open space in front of the operator, at the 
 -top of the bag, through which he can trim the filled bag, if necessary. Five to six bags 
 per minute can be accurately weighed. 
 
 Page sixty-six 
 
UP 
 
 
 sixly-scten 
 
STURTEVANT NEWAYGO S U P E R - S C R E E N S 
 
 
 Under the heading of Phosphate Rock Grinding we have advocated the use of Air 
 Separators instead of Screens, but we are in a position to supply the best of either at the 
 customer's option, and herein illustrate the Open Door Super Screen of Unit construction, 
 which has a range of output from y' to 100 mesh. 
 
 Screens are generally recommended for products coarser than 60 mesh, and are very 
 efficient up to that point; finer than 60 mesh we frankly prefer Air Separators for most 
 materials. 
 
 Sturtevant Super-Screens are built on the Newaygo principle, and are largely used 
 throughout the world as standard equipment. 
 
 The Screen wire is stretched taut on small Unit frames, set at an angle of between 
 35 and 45, therefore a comparatively coarse mesh delivers a fine product and greatly 
 increases the life of Screen Clothing. 
 
 The frames (not the wire) are tapped by hundreds of hammer blows, which transmit 
 the vibration to the screen wire, thus keeping the meshes open and producing maximum 
 capacity. 
 
 The feed is either by Screw Conveyor ?nd adjustable feed board, or by baffled chute. 
 The discharge is arranged for Screw or Belt Conveyor, gravity, or a combination of both. 
 Small, accessible Units are bolted together to make a Screen of any practical size, yet 
 all parts are comparatively small and easily handled. 
 
 The Open Door construction gives instant accessibility, and it is the work of a few 
 minutes only to replace screen frames, brush clothing or to inspect. No Screen com- 
 pares with it for effectiveness, simplicity, durability or convenience. 
 
 One, two or three accurately sized products may be screened at the same time by 
 one separator. 
 
 Approximate Capacities, Etc., to Various Finenesses 
 
 *To ascertain the capacity of any number, or combination of units, multiply the capacity of a one-unit screen by the number of units in battery. 
 
 Cloth 
 Mesh 
 
 Diameter 
 of Wire 
 
 Opening 
 
 Approximate 
 Mesh of 
 Product 
 
 Capacity 
 Approx. Ibs. 
 per hour 
 1 Unit* 
 
 Cloth 
 Mesh 
 
 Diameter 
 of Wire 
 
 Opening 
 
 Approximate 
 Mesh of 
 Product 
 
 Capacity 
 Approx. ibs. 
 per hour 
 
 
 
 
 
 Separator 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Unit* 
 
 2 
 
 .120 
 
 .380 
 
 4 
 
 14000 
 
 22 
 
 .017 
 
 .0285 
 
 45 
 
 6000 
 
 3 
 
 .092 
 
 .241 
 
 6 
 
 13000 
 
 24 
 
 .015 
 
 .0267 
 
 50 
 
 5500 
 
 4 
 
 .080 
 
 .170 
 
 8 
 
 12000 
 
 26 
 
 .015 
 
 .0235 
 
 55 
 
 5(100 
 
 5 
 
 .072 
 
 .128 
 
 10 
 
 11250 
 
 30 
 
 .0135 
 
 .0198 
 
 60 
 
 4000 
 
 6 
 
 .047 
 
 .120 
 
 12 
 
 10500 
 
 35 
 
 .013 
 
 .0156 
 
 70 
 
 3500 
 
 7 
 
 .054 
 
 .089 
 
 14 
 
 9500 
 
 40 
 
 .011 
 
 .0140 
 
 80 
 
 2500 
 
 8 
 
 .047 
 
 .078 
 
 16 
 
 9000 
 
 50 
 
 .009 
 
 .0110 
 
 90 
 
 1400 
 
 10 
 
 .035 
 
 .065 
 
 20 
 
 8750 
 
 60 
 
 .008 
 
 .0087 
 
 100 
 
 1000 
 
 12 
 
 .032 
 
 .051 
 
 24 
 
 8500 
 
 70 
 
 .007 
 
 .0073 
 
 120 
 
 800 
 
 14 
 
 .028 
 
 .043 
 
 28 
 
 8000 
 
 80 
 
 .00575 
 
 .OOB8 
 
 140 
 
 700 
 
 18 
 
 .023 
 
 .0395 
 
 30 
 
 7500 
 
 90 
 
 .00525 
 
 .0059 
 
 160 
 
 675 
 
 18 
 
 020 
 
 .0356 
 
 35 
 
 7000 
 
 100 
 
 .0045 
 
 .0055 
 
 180 
 
 550 
 
 20 
 
 .nis 
 
 .032 
 
 40 ! fioOO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS STYLE M. "SUPER-SCREEN 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 
 of 
 Units 
 
 Approx. 
 Depth 
 Over 
 All 
 
 Approx. 
 Width 
 Over 
 All 
 
 Approx. 
 Height 
 Over 
 All 
 
 Driv'g 
 Pulley 
 
 Driv'g 
 Pulley 
 Speed 
 
 Screen- 
 ing 
 Surface 
 sq. ft. 
 
 Approx. 
 Weight 
 Ibs. 
 Net 
 
 Approx. 
 Weight 
 Ibs. 
 Gross 
 for 
 Export 
 
 Code Word 
 with one 
 Screening 
 Surface 
 No Scalper 
 
 Code Word 
 
 with one 
 Screening 
 Surface and 
 Scalper 
 
 Code Word 
 with two 
 Screening 
 Surfaces 
 No Scalper 
 
 Code Word 
 with two 
 Screening 
 Surface? and 
 Scalper 
 
 1 
 
 70' 
 
 5' 10" 
 
 80" 
 
 18 4 
 
 110 
 
 18 
 
 1000 
 
 1400 
 
 Superone 
 
 Twoperone 
 
 Twovribone 
 
 Threperone 
 
 2 
 
 70' 
 
 9' 2' 
 
 80" 
 
 18 4 
 
 110 
 
 36 
 
 1850 
 
 2600 
 
 Supertwo 
 
 Twopertwo 
 
 Twovribtwo 
 
 Threpertwo 
 
 3 
 
 70' 
 
 12' 7' 
 
 80" 
 
 18 4 
 
 110 
 
 54 
 
 2700 
 
 3050 
 
 Superthree 
 
 Twoperthre 
 
 Twovribthe 
 
 Threperthe 
 
 4 
 
 70' 
 
 17' 0' 
 
 80" 
 
 24 4 
 
 110 
 
 72 
 
 3775 
 
 4500 
 
 Superfour 
 
 Twoperfor 
 
 Twovribfor 
 
 Threperfor 
 
 5 
 
 70' 
 
 20' 2' 
 
 80" 
 
 24 4 
 
 110 
 
 90 
 
 4625 
 
 5525 
 
 Superfive 
 
 Twoperfive 
 
 Twovribfiv 
 
 Threperfiv 
 
 6 
 
 70' 
 
 23' 9' 
 
 80" 
 
 30 4 
 
 110 
 
 108 
 
 5475 
 
 '6125 
 
 Supersix 
 
 Twopersix 
 
 Twovribsix 
 
 Threpersix 
 
 Page sixty-eight 
 
Sturtevant-Newaygo Super-Screens 
 
 Patented 
 
 Page sixty-nine 
 
OPEN DOOR ROTARY CRUSHERS 
 
 With the exception of Florida Pebble Rock most other Phosphates require prelim- 
 inary crushing to reduce the material to from one inch to one-half inch for the pulverizer. 
 
 We have shown the Swing Sledge Mill for this purpose, at the beginning of this book, 
 on account of its low head room and almost unlimited capacity, but, if preferred, the 
 Rotary Crusher may be used with equal efficiency, in fact a great many are in use both 
 in this country and abroad. 
 
 The Rotary Crusher is a slow speed, durable machine of Open Door, one man, one 
 minute accessibility. It will reduce large pieces of phosphate rock to any size between 
 1" and Y", requires small power, has large capacity, is easily repaired, difficult to clog 
 and makes an excellent preliminary machine. 
 
 It is really a massive Coffee Mill, crushing by gradual reduction between the heavy 
 chilled iron nuts (revolving on a large vertical square shaft, at slow speed), and the 
 durable liners which are bolted onto the inside casing. Raising or lowering the shaft 
 regulates the size of product. 
 
 Its open door construction gives immediate access to the machine's interior, for 
 replacements, inspection and the removal of tramp iron which often enters and stops 
 the crusher. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 Code 
 Word 
 
 No. 
 
 t Hopper 
 Opening 
 
 Approx. 
 Cap. 
 Tons per 
 Hour %" 
 Setting 
 
 Approx. 
 
 1 Iol>[- 
 
 Power 
 
 Speed 
 Rev. 
 
 Pulley 
 Diam. 
 Face 
 
 Length 
 
 Width 
 
 Height 
 
 Approx. 
 Weight 
 Netlbs. 
 
 Approx. 
 Weight 
 Gross 
 Ibs. 
 
 Bial 
 
 00 
 
 6" -a 18" 
 
 l toiH 
 
 1 to 2 
 
 300 
 
 12x4 
 
 3' 9" 
 
 2' 5" 
 
 3' 5" 
 
 900 
 
 1050 
 
 Bion .... 
 
 
 
 9" x 18" 
 
 1 to 2 
 
 3 to 4 
 
 250 
 
 18x6 
 
 4' 7" 
 
 2' 4" 
 
 3' 7" 
 
 1300 
 
 1600 
 
 Biacchi. . 
 
 1 
 
 6" i 19" 
 
 2 to 4 
 
 6 to 10 
 
 300 
 
 24x8 
 
 6' 4" 
 
 3' 6" 
 
 5' 
 
 4000 
 
 4700 
 
 Biante . . 
 
 1H 
 
 10" x 28" 
 
 5 to 7 
 
 15 
 
 200 
 
 30x10 
 
 7' 3" 
 
 3' 6" 
 
 6' 
 
 6000 
 
 7000 
 
 Bistro. . . 
 
 2 
 
 19" x 30" 
 
 8 to 10 
 
 15 to 20 
 
 250 
 
 30 T 12 
 
 8' 8" 
 
 3' 10" 
 
 T 1" 
 
 9000 
 
 10500 
 
 Subject to change without notice. 
 
 ^Smallest dimension given means largest CUBES the crusher will take. 
 
 {These approximate dimensions do not mean the size rock the machine can grip. 
 
 The capacities are based on J^" setting and will necessarily vary according to 
 the material being crushed, its friability, specific gravity, moisture content and size 
 of feed. 
 
 , 
 
 Page seventy 
 
Patented 
 
 Pat.rnti-cl 
 
 Sturtevant Open Door Rotary Crusher 
 
 Page secenty-one 
 
OPEN DOOR SWING SLEDGE MILL 
 
 
 
 This machine has been briefly illustrated and described, in the first part of the book, 
 as a preliminary Crusher for Phosphate Rock; also a similar though lighter machine 
 has been shown as a Tailings Mill, and known as the Hinged Hammer Pulverizer. In 
 both cases the machines have easy work to perform, one doing coarse preliminary crush- 
 ing, the other simply regrinding material which has already been pulverized, but 
 which has become caked or lumpy, and has failed to pass the screen. 
 
 The Swing Sledge Mill, however, is strictly a heavy duty machine, carefully designed 
 and massively constructed to operate at high speed and grind hard, tough, fibrous sub- 
 stances to a sufficient fineness to pass through a drill. 
 
 Bones, Tankage, Fish Scrap, Meat Cake, Cottonseed Cake, Shells, Limestone, etc., 
 are some of the materials successfully pulverized in this machine. 
 
 As much tramp iron is encountered in most of these materials, the machine must 
 have quick accessibility for removing same, as it cannot be ground and soon 
 causes disaster if left in the system. The Open Door leaves little to be desired, for one 
 man, in one minute, can open the door of the largest Mill, exposing its entire interior 
 for the easy removal of tramp materials, for cleaning out, replacements, adjustments 
 and inspection. 
 
 Many types of hammers are used for different work; they are flexibly mounted to give 
 back in relief when uncrushable substances are encountered, thus eliminating much 
 danger of breakage. 
 
 The mill runs easily on Hyatt Roller Bearings; the grate spacings at the bottom 
 regulate the size of its product, but in some instances it is desirable to remove some 
 of these bars to allow free discharge, and use an outside Screen for sizing, returning 
 the oversize for further pulverizing. 
 
 An illustration is shown on page 57 of a typical Bone Grinding Unit, incorporating 
 this Swing Sledge Mill, Open Door Elevator, "BB" Screen and Dust Collecting System. 
 
 RENDERING PLANTS 
 
 Swing Sledge Mills can be very effectively employed in Rendering Plants. When 
 equipped with hatchet hammers (that is, hammers sharpened on the edges like a hatchet) 
 the mills can be used on butchers' refuse, green bone, meat, etc., to shred same into small 
 pieces before cooking. Shredding before cooking increases recovery, also allows the 
 bones to be made into meat cake. When equipped with plain bar hammers they can be 
 used for grinding meat cake into meal, or for pulverizing tankage. An Elevator and 
 Screen are used in connection with the Mill for sizing the meal, or tankage. 
 
 
 I^B^HB^HMPMBBiHBl^^*^*"*"*^"****^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^" " ' 
 
 Page seventy-two 
 

 
 No. With Tool-Steel Bar Hammers 
 
 
 
 
 Sturtevant Swing Sledge Mill 
 For the Preliminary Crushing and Sizing of Lump Rock 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS WITHOUT FEEDER 
 
 
 Length 
 
 LuiL'th 
 
 \Vidth 
 
 VV id til 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Approx. 
 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Over All 
 
 Over All 
 
 ver All 
 
 Over All 
 
 Height 
 
 Inside 
 
 Feed 
 
 Driving 
 
 Pulley 
 
 Approx. 
 
 Capacity 
 
 Approx. 
 
 Approx. 
 
 Code 
 
 
 Closed 
 
 Open 
 
 Closed 
 
 Open 
 
 
 Dia. 
 
 Width 
 
 * 
 
 i ey 
 
 Speed 
 
 
 10 Mesh 
 
 Net 
 
 Gross 
 
 
 00 
 
 I'-ll" 
 
 2'- 3H" 
 
 2'-6" 
 
 2'- 6" 
 
 l'-6" 
 
 12" 
 
 5" 
 
 B" x4%" 
 
 6" x 6H" 
 
 (2000 
 ( 3000 
 
 6 
 
 2SO Ibs. 
 
 425 
 
 500 
 
 Oosledge 
 
 
 
 4'-OM" 
 
 4'-llJ$" 
 
 *'-!" 
 
 4'-3H" 
 
 3'-6" 
 
 24" 
 
 10" 
 
 125i" x 11" 
 
 12" x lO^i" 
 
 j 1000 
 
 12 
 
 1 to 2 
 
 3350 
 
 3700 
 
 Oswing 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( 1200 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 o'-l" 
 
 6'- 7M" 
 
 5'-5M" 
 
 6'- OH" 
 
 3'-8K" 
 
 30" 
 
 20" 
 
 17"x20K" 
 
 15" x 12)^" 
 
 j 1200 
 
 40 
 
 3 to 7 
 
 6300 
 
 7000 
 
 Oneswing 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 1500 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6'-OH" 
 
 8'- 3" 
 
 7'-0" 
 
 8'-HH" 
 
 4'-5" 
 
 36" 
 
 30" 
 
 14?i"x2'6H" 
 
 20" i 16^" 
 
 ( 1000 
 
 80 
 
 8 to 15 
 
 12000 
 
 14000 
 
 Twoswing 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1200 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Does not mean size material machine will take 
 
 Page seventy-three 
 
CRUSHING PYRITES 
 
 HAND FURNACES 
 
 For crushing Pyrites for either hand-charged or mechanical furnaces, the machines 
 illustrated on the following page are especially adapted. 
 
 The Jaw Crusher is adjustable for \y' or finer crushing, and delivers a product 
 remarkably free from fines and dust. 
 
 It will take large, hard rocks of any size that the jaw opening permits, and will reduce 
 them economically and rapidly to the required fineness for hand furnaces, or act as a 
 preliminary crusher to be followed by Rolls, when a finer product is desired for mechan- 
 ical furnaces. 
 
 These Crushers are made in several sizes to suit conditions, are of strong, rigid con- 
 struction, the side castings are of steel, the jaw plates of Manganese Steel, the cam and 
 roll of high carbon forgings, in fact they are strictly high grade in every respect and give 
 excellent satisfaction. 
 
 Many of the largest mines in Spain are equipped with these machines and a large 
 number are used in this country and abroad. 
 
 MECHANICAL FURNACES 
 
 Mechanical Furnaces require finer rock than do Hand Furnaces, it being necessary 
 to reduce the Pyrites to approximately $i" . 
 
 Therefore the Crusher, previously described, is used for the preliminary work, reducing 
 the large rock to approximately i%" size, which is then of the proper fineness to feed 
 to the Balanced Crushing Rolls, which complete the reduction to }i", finer or coarser 
 as may be desired. 
 
 This makes a truly rugged plant of unusual reliability, rarely injured, even if tramp 
 iron or other uncrushable substances enter the machines through error, and lasts many 
 years. 
 
 Strong springs are placed back of both shafts against car-box bearings giving the 
 required amount of crushing pressure, and at the same time act as a spring safety valve 
 to prevent breakage, should uncrushable material get between the roll tires. It is 
 seen in these rolls, having equal spring pressure back of each bearing, that when one gives 
 back in relief, all four are similarly affected, so that a perfect balance results, and the 
 crushing shocks are only l / as great as in other mechanisms having springs back of two 
 bearings only. 
 
 These machines are noted for their ability to withstand hard usage under trying 
 conditions, and operate smoothly at small cost. 
 
 For Specifications gee page 79 
 
 Page ictcnty-four 
 

 Sturtevant Jaw Crusher 
 
 Patented 
 
 Sturtevant Balanced Crushing Rolls 
 
 Patented 
 
 
 
 Page secenty-fcc 
 
BASIC SLAG GRINDING PLANT 
 
 Comparatively few Basic Slag Grinding Plants are operated in this Country, although 
 in Europe they are quite common in the Fertilizer industry. 
 
 We are prepared to design and equip such plants, and as this Slag contains much iron , 
 particularly disastrous to ordinary machinery, it is essential to have a plant of proper 
 design and construction, incorporating equipment that has proved economical and 
 practical for such severe service. 
 
 A Slag grinding plant is herein illustrated and it will be noticed that the preliminary 
 breaking is accomplished in a Jaw Crusher (reducing to 3 to 4 inch). This material is 
 then elevated to a bin over a Ball Mill, fitted with a coarse screen (M")> which is too fine 
 for tramp iron to pass through and this is therefore retained in the Ball Mill until its 
 accumulation requires removal. The M" slag passes to an Elevator, which discharges 
 on a Newaygo Screen, where the fines are removed, and the oversize goes into a Ring- 
 Roll Mill for further reduction. This Mill discharges into the same Elevator, carry- 
 ing the material in a closed circuit, back to the same screen. This process continues 
 until all the Slag is reduced to the proper fineness, and the finished product is removed 
 by conveyor to the Bagging Hopper for sacking and shipment. 
 
 A dust Collecting System with filter is incorporated for cleanliness, and to prevent 
 the abrasive dust from getting into the bearings ot the machines. 
 
 Page seventy-six 
 

 C/5 
 
 3 
 
 ef 
 
 a 
 
 TO 
 O 
 
 I 
 
 Page seventy-seven 
 
LIMESTONE GRINDING 
 
 While this material is not exactly a Fertilizer, but a soil sweetner, it is closely 
 allied to the Fertilizer business, and a few words regarding the machinery employed for 
 producing it may prove of interest. 
 
 There are two types of plants largely used for the purpose: 
 
 ist: The plant of large capacity and cheap production, using a Jaw Crusher, Ring- 
 Roll Mill and Super Screens. Such a plant is very similar to that used for pulverizing 
 Phosphate Rock, illustrated in the first part of this Book, but Screens are substituted in 
 place of Air Separators, as the product, as a rule, need not be as fine. 
 
 Such a plant is the best and cheapest for large tonnages. 
 
 and : For small or medium size plants, where the investment is limited, a Jaw Crusher 
 and Swing Sledge Mill, without other auxiliaries, give excellent results. Elevators, Bins, 
 and Conveyors greatly add to plant efficiency, and are employed to advantage, should 
 the capital available be sufficiently large to allow of such refinements. 
 
 Either of these plants may be of any capacity desired. 
 
 This is a subject that deserves especial attention, and should be treated at length to 
 do it justice. 
 
 The Sturtevant Mill Company is in position to give details and quote figures for 
 complete equipment, for any tonnage of ground limestone. 
 
 OUTPUTS OF SINGLE UNITS 
 Ring-Roll Mill Plant 
 
 No. o Ring Roll Mill to 20 mesh 
 
 No. I 
 
 No. 2 " 
 
 No. 2 (Duplex)" 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 20 
 
 Swing-Sledge Mill Plant 
 
 No. oo Swing Sledge Mill to 10 mesh .... 
 
 No. o " " " " 10 " .... 
 
 No. i " " " " 10 " .... 
 
 No. 2 " " " " 10 " 
 
 2 to 3 tons per hour 
 
 - (( - l( II (( 
 
 7 " 10 " 
 
 U " 20 " " " 
 
 to I ton per hour 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 Sturtevant 
 
 Ring-Roll Mill 
 
 Swing-Sledge Mill 
 
 Patented 
 
 
 Page seceniy-eight 
 
SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROXIMATE CAPACITIES, HORSE POWER AND WEIGHTS 
 
 Air Separators 
 
 Dia. 
 
 Appro*. 
 Capacity 
 95%, 100M 
 
 Approx. 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Pulley 
 
 Pulley 
 Speed 
 
 Approx. 
 Height 
 Over All 
 
 Approx. 
 Width 
 
 ()1,T All 
 
 Approx. 
 Weight 
 
 4' 
 
 1 to 2 tons 
 Per Hour 
 
 2 to 4 
 
 12"x4" 
 
 25O-350 
 350-400 
 
 7'-7" 
 
 5'-0" 
 
 1500 Ibs. 
 
 10' 
 
 6 to 8 tons 
 Per Hour 
 
 5 to 8 
 
 24 "16" 
 
 14'-8M" 
 
 1 1 ' C>" 
 
 6100 Ibs. 
 
 12' 
 
 8 to 12 tons 
 Per Hour 
 
 8 to 10 
 
 24"x6" 
 
 400-500 
 
 16'-2^" 
 
 13'-6" 
 
 9000 Ibs. 
 
 Ring-Roll Mills 
 
 Size 
 
 Code 
 Word 
 
 Ring 
 
 inch 
 Dia. & 
 Face 
 
 Rolls 
 inch 
 Dia.Sc 
 Face 
 
 Pulley 
 inch 
 Dia.& 
 Face 
 
 Pulley 
 Speed 
 Rev. 
 per M. 
 
 Ring 
 Speed 
 Rev. 
 per M. 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 Approx. 
 
 Dimensions Over All 
 Approximate 
 
 Approx. 
 Net 
 Weight 
 Ibs. 
 
 Approx. 
 Gross 
 Weight 
 Ibs. 
 
 Approx. 
 Capacity 
 tons 
 per hour 
 
 Width 
 
 Length 
 
 Height 
 
 capacities, stating 
 ndnnenessdesired. 
 luirements vary so 
 impossible to give 
 e. See next page. 
 
 No. 
 
 Ringbe 
 
 24 x 7 
 
 14 x 7 
 
 36 x 10 
 
 125 
 
 125 
 
 8 to 15 
 
 ft. in. 
 4 
 *6 4 
 
 (t. in. 
 10 1M 
 *11 3 
 
 ft. in. 
 4 6 
 
 7,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 No. 1 
 
 Ringo 
 
 33 x 7 
 
 14 x 7 
 
 30x 8 
 
 320 
 
 80 
 
 18 to 25 
 
 5 3H 
 *8 10H 
 
 11 
 *12 7 
 
 5 11 
 
 13,000 
 
 14,000 
 
 No. 2 
 
 Ringal 
 
 44 x 12 
 
 18x10 
 
 36x12 
 
 300 
 
 63 
 
 40 to 45 
 
 6 11 
 *10 6 
 
 13 5 
 
 *15 6 
 
 7 4 
 
 27,000 
 
 29,000 
 
 No. 1 
 Duplex 
 
 Ringdu 
 
 33x 7 
 
 14 x 7 
 
 30x12 
 
 375 
 
 80 
 
 35 to 50 
 
 6 
 t!3 
 
 12 10 
 *15 8 
 
 6 2 
 
 21,000 
 
 24,000 
 
 .: S'- S 
 
 *Sps! 
 
 No. 2 
 Duplex 
 
 Ring- 
 del 
 
 44x12 
 
 18 x 10 
 
 42x20 
 
 325 
 
 64 
 
 80 to 90 
 
 7 8 
 t!5 3 
 
 16 4 
 
 20 2H 
 
 7 6 
 
 45,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 * With door open to 120 
 f " doors " " " 
 
 Jaw Crushers 
 
 Jaw 
 Opening 
 
 Capacit 
 per 
 Jaws 
 
 Y, Ions 
 Hr.. 
 Bet to 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Speed 
 R P. M 
 
 Pulley, 
 Inches 
 
 Length 
 Over 
 All 
 
 tt idth 
 Over 
 All 
 
 Height 
 Over 
 All 
 
 Weight 
 Heaviest 
 Piece 
 
 Net 
 Weight 
 
 Gross 
 
 Weight 
 
 Code 
 Word 
 
 2x 6 
 
 'a inch 
 250 to 
 350 Ibs. 
 
 ^ inch 
 350 to 
 600 Ibs. 
 
 1 
 
 350 
 
 18x3^6 
 
 2' gy 2 " 
 
 1' 10" 
 
 V 10" 
 
 300 Ibs. 
 
 900 Ibs. 
 
 1,000 Ibs 
 
 Baer 
 
 4x8 
 
 H inch 
 H to 1 
 
 1 A inch 
 1 to 1H 
 
 2 to 3 
 
 250 
 
 30 x 4 
 
 3' 10" 
 
 :V 2W 
 
 2' 11" 
 
 1,200 " 
 
 2,700 " 
 
 3,000 " 
 
 Bareto 
 
 ox 10 
 
 l /2 inch 
 1 to Hi 
 
 % inch 
 2 to 3 
 
 3 to 4 
 
 170 
 
 30x6H 
 
 4' 10" 
 
 3' 0" 
 
 3' 4" 
 
 375 ' 
 
 3,600 " 
 
 4,000 " 
 
 Beno 
 
 6x15 
 
 K inch 
 2 to 3 
 
 H inch 
 3 to 4 
 
 8 to 10 
 
 160 
 
 36 x 8 
 
 6' 0" 
 
 4' 7" 
 
 3' 9" 
 
 800 " 
 
 7,600 " 
 
 8,400 " 
 
 Botox 
 
 8x 10 
 
 H inch 
 3 
 
 2 inches 
 6 to 10 
 
 8 to 10 
 
 160 
 
 30x 6 
 
 5' 1" 
 
 3' 3" 
 
 3' 4" 
 
 1,370 " 
 
 3,500 " 
 
 4,000 " 
 
 Bligo 
 
 10x15 
 
 1 inch 
 8 to 10 
 
 2 inches 
 12 to 18 
 
 15 
 
 155 
 
 48x10 
 
 T 6" 
 
 5' 0" 
 
 4' 4" 
 
 1,500 " 
 
 11,000 " 
 
 12,000 " 
 
 Bligoten 
 
 6x20 
 
 % inch 
 5 to 7 
 
 2 inches 
 16 to 20 
 
 20 
 
 160 
 
 4S x 1(1 
 
 5' 8" 
 
 5' 3" 
 
 3' 5" 
 
 2,600 " 
 
 8,750 " 
 
 9,500 " 
 
 Bligosix 
 
 12x26 
 
 \Y, inch 
 12 to 15 
 
 2 inches 
 20 to 30 
 
 25 
 
 140 
 
 60x10 
 
 9' 9" 
 
 7' 0" 
 
 6' 2" 
 
 2,660 " 
 
 22,500 " 
 
 J.I.OOO " 
 
 Blartant 
 
 Balanced Rolls 
 
 Code 
 Word 
 
 Size 
 (Inches) 
 
 Pulley 
 (Inches) 
 
 Approx. 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Speed 
 R. P. M. 
 
 * 
 
 Approx. 
 Length 
 
 Approx. 
 Width 
 
 Approx. 
 Height 
 With Fly 
 Wheel 
 
 Approx. 
 Weight 
 
 Net 
 Lbs. 
 
 Approx. 
 Weight 
 Gross 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Bonnie 
 Ceatry 
 
 16x10 
 36 x 16 
 
 48x4 
 72 x 10 
 
 3 to 4 
 14 to 18 
 
 200 to 270 
 60 to 85 
 
 5'-9" 
 9'-8" 
 
 o'-4" 
 9' 
 
 4'-6" 
 6'-6" 
 
 6.000 
 34.000 
 
 7,000 
 37,500 
 
 Plem 
 Flip 
 Ceadar 
 Ceamot 
 Ceasel 
 Ceagot 
 Ceafto 
 
 20x14 
 22x14 
 24x15 
 30 x 16 
 32 i 16 
 36x20 
 38x20 
 
 48 x 6 
 48x6 
 60xH 
 66 x 10 
 66x10 
 72xl2H 
 72xl2H 
 
 7 to 10 
 7 to 10 
 8 to 12 
 12 to 15 
 12 to 15 
 16 to 20 
 16 to 20 
 
 150 to 215 
 150 to 215 
 115 to 160 
 80 to 100 
 80 to 100 
 60 to 85 
 60 to 85 
 
 7; 
 
 7'-10" 
 8'-6" 
 8'-6" 
 10'-5" 
 10'-5" 
 
 6'-8" 
 6'-8" 
 7'-3H" 
 8'-6" 
 8'-6" 
 10'-2H" 
 10'-2M" 
 
 5' 
 5' 
 o'-6^' 
 6'-2" 
 6'-2" 
 6'-0" 
 6'-0" 
 
 10.000 
 10,600 
 13,350 
 20,000 
 20,750 
 32,400 
 33.700 
 
 11.200 
 11.800 
 14,750 
 21,500 
 22,250 
 35,000 
 36,300 
 
 Plain Balanced Rolls *** 
 
 Plyd 
 Ploss 
 
 36 x 16 
 38 x 16 
 
 66 x 10 
 68x10 
 
 14 to 18 
 14 to 18 
 
 60 to 85 
 60 to 85 
 
 8'-6" 
 8'-6" 
 
 8' 
 8' 
 
 6'-o" 
 6'-5" 
 
 22.000 
 22,700 
 
 23,500 
 24,200 
 
 Laboratory Rolls ** 
 
 Billey 1 8x5 
 Flag 1 12 x 12 
 
 18x4 
 36x6 
 
 1 
 
 3 to 4 
 
 150 
 
 150 
 
 33" 
 4' 
 
 2fl" 
 
 4'-S" 
 
 22" 
 
 3'-2" 
 
 650 
 3.000 
 
 700 
 3.500 
 
 *The speed of Rolls varies according to size and kind of material. 
 '!i:? l ? or " r >' Ro!ls have s P" n K s t>ck f w bearings only. 
 '"Plain Balanced Rolls have shim^adjustments. 
 
 Page sectnly-nine 
 
LABORATORY MACHINERY 
 
 This book would not be complete if Laboratory Machinery was omitted, and we 
 herein illustrate a very complete line of Equipment for Sampling purposes. 
 
 AUTOMATIC CRUSHER AND SAMPLER 
 
 This machine is a miniature Open Doer Rotary Fine Crusher, yet it is capable of 
 crushing Phosphate Rock from 2" to 3" in size to J4" at the rate of approximately one 
 ton per hour, at the same time extracting a representative sample of 5, 10 or 15% of 
 the whole, for analysis. Should this resulting sample be too large, say 100 to 200 Ibs., 
 then this sample may again be passed through the machine, in which case the amount 
 from the sample spout will be only a few pounds. Three sizes of sample spouts are 
 supplied with each machine. 
 
 This Sampler saves much labor, and gives far more accuracy than hand methods. 
 
 LABORATORY JAW CRUSHER 
 
 For crushing hard rocks to y inch and finer this little machine has no equal, and will 
 produce approximately 300 to 600 Ibs., per hou r . It is very similar to our regular 
 Crushers, and will stand up under hard work and give satisfaction for yeais. 
 
 Hundreds are used all over the woild in Mines, Colleges, Assay Laboratories, etc. 
 
 LABORATORY ROLLS 
 
 This machine is very similar to our large Rolls, and is capable of hard, continuous 
 work. It will crush hard or soft rocks from 1^" size to J/g" or from %" to 10 mesh, etc. 
 A. 3 to i reduction is about the limit of Roll work although on some materials 4 to I is 
 practical. 
 
 SAMPLE GRINDER 
 
 The Sample Grinder has a wide field of usefulness. It can be used for grinding 
 tankage, cotton seed meal, rock, etc. It is capable of grinding Phosphate Rock to 100 
 mesh without screening, or to any degree coarser. For Cotton Seed Meal, and other 
 tough, fibrous materials special grinding discs are supplied. 
 
 It is built in three sizes. 
 
 LABORATORY HAMMER MILL 
 
 Built in a very similar manner to our Swing Sledge Mills, this little machine will 
 do anything that the larger ones can do, but with reduced capacities. 
 
 For Bone, Tankage, Meat, Cottonseed Meal, Shells, Fish Scrap, Rock, etc., it has 
 no equal for producing products from %" to 20 mesh. 
 
 LABORATORY SCREEN 
 
 A small Screen is built for sampling work having a range of output from J4 inch to 
 1 20 mesh. 
 
 
 Page eighty 
 

 
 Automatic Crusher and Sampler 
 
 
 
 Patented 
 
 Sample Grinder 
 
 Page eighty-one 
 
cxass sfcr/e^ or s 
 Combination A Frame and Square-posted Building 
 
 
 
 Page cig/ily-ltco 
 

 o 
 
 o 
 
 tr 
 5' 
 
 r* 
 
 5' 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 c 
 s 
 
 I 
 
 03 
 
 5J 
 
 5' 
 
 Page cighty-lhrcc 
 
f; 
 
 be 
 
 03 
 
 T3 
 
 s 
 
 & 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 a 
 I 
 
 j 
 
 Page eighty-four 
 
C/l 
 
 r: 
 
 X* 
 
 - 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 ILK 
 
 
 Co 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 .Page eighty five 
 

 Page eighty-six 
 

 Page eighty-seven 
 
Patented 
 Valve Bag and Holder 
 
 Weighing Hopper and Scale 
 
 Hopper or Cut-Off Valves 
 
 These illustrations show a few auxiliary 
 devices of Sturtevant design and manufacture 
 
 
 
 Page eighty-eight 
 

 Page eighty-nine 
 

 
 Page ninety 
 
GENERAL INFORMATION 
 
 We are indebted to Dr. Samuel W. Wiley, President and General Manager of Wiley 
 & Company, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, for the following information, which it is be- 
 lieved will prove valuable to the Fertilizer Manufacturer. 
 
 Dr. Wiley is too well known to the Fertilizer trade in general to need introduction, 
 but to those who have not had the pleasure of his acquaintance it may not be out of 
 place to say that he enjoys an enviable reputation as one of the leading Fertilizer Chem- 
 ists in this Country, and his friends are legion. He operates a fully-equipped Modern 
 Laboratory in Baltimore, and has a large business among Fertilizer Manufacturers. 
 
 CONVERSION FACTORS 
 
 Multiply by 
 A B A to B B to A 
 
 Nitrogen Ammonia 1-2158 .8225 
 
 Nitrate of Soda 6.0678 .164.8 
 
 Nitrate of Potash 7.2170 .1386 
 
 Protein 6.2500 .1600 
 
 Ammonia Nitrate of Soda 4.9906 .2004. 
 
 Nitrate of Potash 5-9358 .1685 
 
 Protein 5.1404 I 94$ 
 
 Sulphate of Ammonia 3-8791 -2578 
 
 Nitrate of Soda Nitrate of Potash 1.1894 .8408 
 
 Actual Potash Muriate of Potash 1.5830 -6317 
 
 Sulphate of Potash 1.8500 .5405 
 
 Nitrate of Potash 2.1467 .4658 
 
 Carbonate of Potash 1.4671 .6816 
 
 Muriate of Potash -Sulphate of Potash 1.1687 - 8 5S7 
 
 Carbonate of Potash .9268 1 .0790 
 
 Phosphoric Acid Bone Phos. of Lime 2.1850 -4-577 
 
 Carbonic Acid Carbonate of Lime 2.2748 .4396 
 
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN SUPERPHOSPHATE MANUFACTURE 
 
 Superphospahte C 
 
 Reversion CaH 4 (PO 4 ) 2 +H 2 O+Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 = 2Ca 2 H 2 (PO 4 ) 2 4H 2 O. 
 
 Fluorides CaF 2 +H 2 SO 4 = 2HF+CaSO 4 
 
 4 HF+SiO 2 = 2H 2 O+SiF 4 (100 Ibs. CaF 2 = 125.6 Ibs. H 2 SO 4 ) 
 
 3 SiF 4 +2H 2 O = SiO 2 +2H 2 SiF (1 
 
 Carbonates CaCO 3 +H 2 SO 4 = CaSO 4 +H 2 O+CO 2 (100 Ibs. CaCO 3 =i25 Ibs. 60 acid) 
 
 Page ninety-one 
 
GENERAL INFORMATION 
 
 
 MIXING GUIDE FLORIDA PEBBLE 
 The exact amounts to be used, however, can be found only by trial 
 
 1090 Ibs. rock (60 mesh). 
 
 1090 Ibs. 50 Be acid or its equivalent as 52 acid. 
 
 2180 Ibs. minus loss of moisture (8 - 9%) equals 2000 Ibs. net. 
 
 1118 Ibs. rock (80 mesh). 
 
 1062 Ibs. 50 Be acid or its equivalent as 52 acid. 
 
 2180 Ibs. minus loss of moisture equals 2000 Ibs. net. 
 
 MATERIALS NOT TO BE MIXED 
 
 Nitrate of soda should not be mixed with Acid Phosphate containing large excess 
 of acid, as the free sulphuric and phosphoric acids drive off nitric acid and cause a loss. 
 
 Pyrites Cinder should not be used to reduce your acid phosphate as the free acid 
 unites with the iron to form an insoluble phosphate of iron. 
 
 Certain ammoniates contain iron, and if mixed with acid phosphate you will lose a 
 considerable portion of your available phosphoric acid. 
 
 Lime should not be mixed with Sulphate of Ammonia and materials containing 
 lime should not be used in this connection without advice from an experienced fertilizer 
 chemist. 
 
 Excessive quantities of lime should not be mixed with Superphosphate, Barnyard 
 Manure or Bone Meal. 
 
 Sulphate of Ammonia should not be mixed with Thomas Slag and Norwegian 
 Nitrate. 
 
 Basic Slag should not be mixed with Sulphate of Ammonia, Blood or Tankage as 
 the lime affects these materials and releases ammonia. 
 
 Cyanamidc must not be mixed directly with Sulphate of Ammonia, but if mixed 
 according to directions given by the cyanamide manufacturer will give good results. 
 
 It is better to consult a good firm of fertilizer chemists, giving full information as 
 to materials desired to be used, before trying experiments which may prove unsatisfac- 
 tory and costly. 
 
 Page ninely-lmo 
 

 GENERAL INFORMATION 
 
 The subjoined tables on this and the following page have been approved and adopted as standard (June 23, 1904) by the Manufacturing Chem- 
 ists* Association of the United States. 
 
 Acknowledgment is made to the Manufacturing Chemists* Association for permission to use these tables, which have been prepared by and 
 are the property of that Association. 
 
 The Manufacturing Chemists' Association has a supply of the tables made up in card form for laboratory use, which may be procured from 
 the Secretary of the Association, Mr. John I. Ticrney, 540 Woodward Building, Washington, D. C. . 
 
 The Chemical authorities in the work were W. C. Ferguson and H. P. Talbot. The freezing points assigned were calculated from Pickering's 
 results. Journal of the London Cliem. Society, vol. 57, p. 363. 
 
 Specific gravity determinations were made at 00 Fahr., compared with water at 60 Fahr. From the specific gravities, the corresponding de- 
 grees Baume were calculated by the following formula: 
 
 145 
 
 Baume = 145 ~ Sp. Gr. 
 
 Baume hydrometers for use with this table must be graduated by the preceding formula, which formula should always be printed en the scale. 
 66 Baumc Sp. Gr. 1.8354. One cubic foot of water at 60 Fahr. weighs 02.37 pounds avoirdupois. Atomic weights from F. W. Clark's table 
 of 1901, standard. 
 
 O= 16. HaSO* = 100 per cent. 
 
 HaSCU O.V. 60 Be 
 
 O.V. 93.19 100.00 119.08 
 
 60 77.67 83.35 100.00 
 
 50 62.18 66.72 80.06 
 
 Acids stronger than 60 Be should have their percentage compositions determined by chemical analysis. 
 
 
 Be 
 
 O 
 
 I 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 ii 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 U 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 
 Page ninety-three 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 I .OOOO 
 1 .0069 
 I.OI4O 
 I.O2II 
 I.O284 
 
 0357 
 .0432 
 .0507 
 .0584 
 .0662 
 .0741 
 I.082I 
 I .O9O2 
 1.0985 
 I.I069 
 I.II54 
 I . I 24O 
 1328 
 1417 
 1508 
 I6OO 
 1694 
 1789 
 1885 
 
 1983 
 
 2083 
 I.2I85 
 1.2288 
 
 1-2393 
 I.25OO 
 1.2609 
 I.27I9 
 1.2832 
 
 SULPHURIC ACID 
 
 TABLES 
 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Weight of 1 cu. ft. 
 
 Tw. 
 
 H.,SO 4 
 
 in Ibs. Av. 
 
 0.0 
 
 O.OO 
 
 62.37 
 
 1.4 
 
 1. 02 
 
 62.80 
 
 2.8 
 
 2.08 
 
 63.24 
 
 4.2 
 
 3.13 
 
 63.69 
 
 5-7 
 
 4.21 
 
 64.14 
 
 7.1 
 
 5-28 
 
 64.60 
 
 8.6 
 
 6-37 
 
 65.06 
 
 IO.I 
 
 7-45 
 
 6S-53 
 
 11.7 
 
 8-55 
 
 66. 01 
 
 13.2 
 
 9.66 
 
 66.50 
 
 14.8 
 
 10.77 
 
 66.99 
 
 16.4 
 
 11.89 
 
 67.49 
 
 18.0 
 
 13.01 
 
 68.00 
 
 19.7 
 
 14.13 
 
 68.51 
 
 21.4 
 
 15-25 
 
 69.04 
 
 23.1 
 
 16.38 
 
 69-57 
 
 24-8 
 
 17-53 
 
 70.10 
 
 26.6 
 
 18.71 
 
 70.65 
 
 28.3 
 
 19.89 
 
 71.21 
 
 30.2 
 
 21.07 
 
 71.78 
 
 32.O 
 
 22.25 
 
 72.35 
 
 33-9 
 
 23.43 
 
 72.94 
 
 35-8 
 
 24.61 
 
 73-53 
 
 37-7 
 
 25.81 
 
 74.13 
 
 39-7 
 
 27.03 
 
 74-74 
 
 d.i.7 
 
 28.28 
 
 75.36 
 
 43-7 
 
 29-53 
 
 76.00 
 
 45-8 
 
 30.79 
 
 76.64 
 
 47-9 
 
 32.05 
 
 77-30 
 
 50.0 
 
 33-33 
 
 77.96 
 
 52.2 
 
 34.63 
 
 78.64 
 
 54-4 
 
 35-93 
 
 79-33 
 
 56.6 
 
 37.26 
 
 80.03 
 
 eights from F. 
 
 W. Clark's table 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Pounds O. V. 
 
 O.V. 
 
 in 1 cu. ft. 
 
 o.oo 
 
 O.OO 
 
 
 1.09 
 
 .68 
 
 
 2.23 
 
 1.4.1 
 
 
 3-36 
 
 2.14 
 
 
 4.52 
 
 2.90 
 
 5.67 
 
 3.66 
 
 6.84. 
 
 4-4-5 
 
 
 7-99 
 
 5.24 
 
 9.17 
 
 6.06 
 
 10.37 
 
 6.89 
 
 1 1.56 
 
 7-74- 
 
 12.76 
 
 8.61 
 
 13.96 
 
 9.49 
 
 
 15.16 
 
 10.39 
 
 
 16.36 
 
 11.30 
 
 
 17.58 
 
 12.23 
 
 
 18.81 
 
 13-19 
 
 
 20.08 
 
 14.18 
 
 
 21.34 
 
 15.20 
 
 
 22.61 
 
 16.23 
 
 
 23.87 
 
 17.27 
 
 
 25.14 
 
 18.34 
 
 
 26.41 
 
 19.42 
 
 
 27.69 
 
 20.53 
 
 
 29.00 
 
 21.68 
 
 30.34 
 
 22.87 
 
 3 i -69 
 
 24.08 
 
 33.04 
 
 25-32 
 
 
 34-39 
 
 26.58 
 
 
 3S.76 
 
 27.88 
 
 
 37.16 
 
 29.22 
 
 
 38.55 
 
 30.58 
 
 
 39.98 
 
 32.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 te^MA'^M 
 
GENERAL INFORMATION 
 
 SULPHURIC ACID TABLES (Continued) 
 
 33 
 
 .2946 
 
 58.9 
 
 38.58 
 
 80.74 
 
 41.40 
 
 33-4-2 
 
 34- 
 
 3063 
 
 61.3 
 
 39-92 
 
 81.47 
 
 42.83 
 
 34.90 
 
 35 
 
 .3182 
 
 63.6 
 
 41.27 
 
 82.22 
 
 44.28 
 
 36.41 
 
 36 
 
 .3303 
 
 66.1 
 
 42.63 
 
 82.97 
 
 45-74 
 
 37-95 
 
 37 
 
 .3426 
 
 68.5 
 
 43-99 
 
 83-74 
 
 47.20 
 
 39-53 
 
 38 
 
 3551 
 
 71.0 
 
 45-35 
 
 84.52 
 
 48.66 
 
 41.13 
 
 39 
 
 1.3679 
 
 73-6 
 
 46.72 
 
 85-32 
 
 50.13 
 
 42.77 
 
 40 
 
 1.3810 
 
 76.2 
 
 48.10 
 
 86.13 
 
 5I.6l 
 
 44-45 
 
 4-1 
 
 f -394-2 
 
 78.8 
 
 49-47 
 
 86.96 
 
 53-08 
 
 46.16 
 
 42 
 
 [.4078 
 
 81.6 
 
 50.87 
 
 87.80 
 
 54-58 
 
 47-92 
 
 4-3 
 
 [.4216 
 
 84-3 
 
 52.26 
 
 88.67 
 
 56.07 
 
 49.72 
 
 44 
 
 [.4356 
 
 87.1 
 
 53-66 
 
 89.54 
 
 57-58 
 
 51.46 
 
 4-5 
 
 [.4500 
 
 90.0 
 
 55-07 
 
 90.44 
 
 59-09 
 
 53-44 
 
 46 
 
 [ .4646 
 
 92.9 
 
 56.48 
 
 91-35 
 
 60.60 
 
 55-36 
 
 4-7 
 
 [ .4796 
 
 95-9 
 
 57-90 
 
 92.28 
 
 62.13 
 
 57-33 
 
 48 
 
 [.4948 
 
 99.0 
 
 59-32 
 
 93-23 
 
 63-65 
 
 59-34 
 
 49 
 
 [.5104 
 
 102. 1 
 
 60.75 
 
 94.20 
 
 65.18 
 
 61.4.0 
 
 50 
 
 5263 
 
 105-3 
 
 62.18 
 
 95-20 
 
 66.72 
 
 63-52 
 
 51 
 
 .5426 
 
 108.5 
 
 63.66 
 
 96.21 
 
 68.31 
 
 65-72 
 
 52 
 
 5591 
 
 in. 8 
 
 65-13 
 
 97.24 
 
 69.89 
 
 67.96 
 
 53 
 
 5761 
 
 115.2 
 
 66.63 
 
 98.30 
 
 71-50 
 
 70.28 
 
 54- 
 
 5934 
 
 118.7 
 
 68.13 
 
 99.38 
 
 73-n 
 
 72.66 
 
 55 
 
 .6111 
 
 122.2 
 
 69-65 
 
 100.48 
 
 74-74 
 
 75-io 
 
 56 
 
 .6292 
 
 125.8 
 
 71.17 
 
 101.61 
 
 76.37 
 
 77.60 
 
 57 
 
 .6477 
 
 129.5 
 
 72-75 
 
 102.77 
 
 78.07 
 
 80.23 
 
 58 
 
 .6667 
 
 133-3 
 
 74.36 
 
 103.95 
 
 79-79 
 
 82.95 
 
 59 
 
 .6860 
 
 137.2 
 
 75-99 
 
 105.16 
 
 81.54 
 
 85-75 
 
 60 
 
 7059 
 
 I4I.2 
 
 77.67 
 
 106.40 
 
 83-35 
 
 88.68 
 
 61 
 
 .7262 
 
 145-2 
 
 79-43 
 
 107.66 
 
 85-23 
 
 91.76 
 
 .62 
 
 .7470 
 
 149-4 
 
 81.30 
 
 108.96 
 
 87.24 
 
 95.06 
 
 63 
 
 .7683 
 
 153-7 
 
 83-34- 
 
 110.29 
 
 89.43 
 
 98.63 
 
 64 
 
 .7901 
 
 158.0 
 
 85.66 
 
 111.65 
 
 91.92 
 
 102.63 
 
 64^ 
 
 7957 
 
 I59-I 
 
 86.33 
 
 112.00 
 
 92.64 
 
 103.75 
 
 64M 
 
 .8012 
 
 l6o.2 
 
 87.04 
 
 112.34 
 
 93-40 
 
 104.93 
 
 64% ] 
 
 1.8068 
 
 l6l.4 
 
 87.81 
 
 112.69 
 
 94.23 
 
 106.19 
 
 65 ] 
 
 1-8125 
 
 162.5 
 
 88.65 
 
 II3-05 
 
 95-13 
 
 107.54 
 
 65^ 1 
 
 1.8182 
 
 163.6 
 
 89.55 
 
 113.40 
 
 96.10 
 
 108.97 
 
 65^ ] 
 
 1.8239 
 
 164.8 
 
 90.60 
 
 113.76 
 
 97.22 
 
 1 1 0.60 
 
 65M i 
 
 1.8297 
 
 165.9 
 
 91.80 
 
 I 14.12 
 
 98.51 
 
 112.42 
 
 66 
 
 [-8354 
 
 167.1 
 
 93-19 
 
 114.47 
 
 100.00 
 
 114.47 
 
 ALLOWANCE FOR TEMPERATURE 
 
 10" 
 
 Be, .029" B< 
 
 3 or .00023 S] 
 
 D. (jr. =i 
 
 20 
 
 " -036 
 
 .00034 
 
 11 
 
 30 
 
 " -035 
 
 .00039 
 
 = i 
 
 40 
 
 " -031 
 
 .00041 
 
 i i 
 
 50 
 
 " .028 
 
 .00045 
 
 = i 
 
 6o 
 
 " .026 
 
 .00053 
 
 = i 
 
 63 
 
 " .026 
 
 " .00057 
 
 it 
 
 66 
 
 " -0235 
 
 .00054 
 
 = i 
 
 O II 
 O II 
 O II 
 
 Page ninety-four 
 
GENERAL INFORMATION 
 
 YIELD OF SULPHURIC ACID 
 
 Theory is 4.92 Ibs. of 50% 50 Be acid from i Ib. of sulphur burned. 
 In practice the yield of 4.7 Ibs. is considered satisfactory. 
 
 CONVERSION OF CENTIGRADE AND FAHRENHEIT THERMOMETERS 
 
 To convert 
 
 C. to F., multiply by 9, divide by 5, then add 32. 
 
 F. to C., first subtract 32, then multiply by 5, and divide by 9. 
 
 To change one result at a given moisture, to another moisture basis: Divide the 
 per cent, of *dry matter in the original sample into the per cent, of dry matter in the 
 sample at required moisture, and use this as a factor by which to multiply the original 
 result. 
 
 To change to dry basis: Divide 100 by the per cent, of *dry matter in sample and 
 use this as a factor by which to multiply. 
 
 *(Dry matter equals 100 less the per cent, of Moisture.) 
 
 CAPACITY OF PIPES AND CYLINDRICAL TANKS 
 Of various diameters in gallons per foot of length 
 
 Feet o i 
 
 2 
 
 3 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 10 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 0408 
 
 .1632 
 
 .3672 .6528 
 
 i. 020 
 
 1.469 
 
 1.999 
 
 2.61 1 
 
 3.305 4.080 
 
 4-937 
 
 i 
 
 5-875 6.895 
 
 8.000 
 
 9.18 10.44 
 
 11.79 
 
 13.22 
 
 U-73 
 
 16.32 
 
 17.99 19-75 
 
 21.58 
 
 2 
 
 23.50 25.50 
 
 27.58 
 
 29.74 31-99 
 
 34-31 
 
 36.72 
 
 39-21 
 
 41.78 
 
 44-43 47.16 
 
 49.98 
 
 3 
 
 52.88 55.86 
 
 58.92 
 
 62.06 65.28 
 
 68.58 
 
 71.97 
 
 75-4.4 
 
 78.99 
 
 82.6"2 86.33 
 
 90.13 
 
 4 
 
 94.OO 97.96 
 
 IO2.O 
 
 xoi.i 110.3 
 
 114.6 
 
 119.0 
 
 123.4 
 
 128.0 
 
 132.6 137.3 
 
 142.0 
 
 5 
 
 146.9 I5I.8 
 
 156.8 
 
 169.9 167.1 
 
 172.4 
 
 177.7 
 
 183.2 
 
 188.7 
 
 194.3 199-9 
 
 205.7 
 
 6 
 
 2II.5 217.6 
 
 223.4 
 
 229.5 235.7 
 
 242.0 
 
 248.2 
 
 254.7 
 
 261.1 
 
 267.7 274.3 
 
 28I.I 
 
 
 
 
 Feet o 
 
 3 6 
 
 9 
 
 Feet 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 287.9 
 
 308.8 
 
 330.5 
 
 352.9 
 
 21 
 
 2591 
 
 2653 
 
 2716 
 
 2779 
 
 
 8 
 
 376.0 
 
 399-9 
 
 4.24.5 
 
 449.8 
 
 22 
 
 2844 
 
 2909 
 
 2974 
 
 3041 
 
 
 9 
 
 4-75-9 
 
 502.7 
 
 530.2 
 
 558.5 
 
 23 
 
 3108 
 
 3176 
 
 3245 
 
 33U 
 
 
 10 
 
 587.5 
 
 617.7 
 
 647.7 
 
 679.0 
 
 24 
 
 3384 
 
 34-55 
 
 3527 
 
 3599 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 710.9 
 
 743-6 
 
 777.0 
 
 811.1 
 
 25 
 
 3672 
 
 374-6 
 
 3820 
 
 3896 
 
 
 12 
 
 846.0 
 
 881.7 
 
 918.0 
 
 955-1 
 
 26 
 
 3972 
 
 4048 
 
 4126 
 
 4204 
 
 
 13 
 
 992.9 
 
 1032 
 
 1071 
 
 mi 
 
 27 
 
 4283 
 
 4363 
 
 4-443 
 
 4524 
 
 
 14 
 
 1 152 
 
 H93 
 
 1235 
 
 1278 
 
 28 
 
 4.606 
 
 4689 
 
 4772 
 
 4856 
 
 
 15 
 
 1322 
 
 1366 
 
 1412 
 
 U57 
 
 29 
 
 494-1 
 
 5027 
 
 5H3 
 
 5200 
 
 16 
 
 1504 
 
 I55i 
 
 1600 
 
 1648 
 
 30 
 
 5285 
 
 5376 
 
 5465 
 
 5555 
 
 17 
 
 1698 
 
 1748 
 
 1799 
 
 1851 
 
 31 
 
 5646 
 
 5738 
 
 5830 
 
 5923 
 
 18 
 
 1904 
 
 1957 
 
 2OII 
 
 2066 
 
 32 
 
 6016 
 
 6m 
 
 6206 
 
 6302 
 
 19 
 
 2121 
 
 2177 
 
 2234 
 
 2292 
 
 33 
 
 6398 
 
 6496 
 
 6594 
 
 6692 
 
 20 
 
 2350 
 
 2409 
 
 2469 
 
 2530 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Page nincty-ficc 
 

 i cm. 
 
 2.540 
 30.480 
 91.440 
 
 I. liter 
 28.317 
 0.0164 
 3.785 
 
 GENERAL INFORMATION 
 
 10,000. 
 
 929.036 
 8,361.27 
 
 1 ,000. 
 
 Q07,i8o. 
 
 
 EQUIVALENTS 
 Linear 
 
 
 
 0.3937 mc h 0.03280 
 i. 0.08333 
 
 foot 
 
 0.01093 yard 
 0.02778 
 
 12. 
 
 36. 
 
 I. 
 
 3- 
 
 
 0-33333 
 i. 
 
 
 Volume 
 
 
 
 1,000 cu. cm. 
 28,317 
 16 16.388 
 3,785. 
 
 0.03531 cu. ft. 
 
 I. 
 
 O.OOO58 
 0.13367 
 
 61.022 
 
 1,728. 
 
 I. 
 
 231. 
 
 cu. in. 0.2642 gal. 
 7.4815 
 0.0043 3 
 i. 
 
 I liquid oz. 29.57 cc - 
 i liquid qt. 0.9463 liter 
 i dry qt. i.ioi liters 
 
 
 Surface 
 
 
 
 . cm. o.oooi sq. meter 0.15500 sq. in. 
 i. 1,550. 
 1 6 0.000645 ! 
 
 0.00108 sq. ft. 0.000119 
 10.7638 1.1960 
 0.00694 0.00077 
 
 6 0.09290 
 0.83613 
 
 144- 
 
 1,296. 
 
 I. 
 9- 
 
 O.I I II I 
 
 i. 
 
 
 Gravimetric 
 
 
 
 ?r. o.ooi kg. 
 i. 
 
 50 0.028350 
 o 0.45360 
 907.18 
 
 0.03527 oz. 
 
 35.2736 
 I. 
 
 16. 
 32,000. 
 
 0.0022046 
 2.2046 
 0.0625 
 i. 
 
 2,000. 
 
 Ibs. o.ooooon 
 0.0011023 
 
 O.OOOO3 1 2 C 
 
 0.0005 
 I. 
 
 One dry qt. = 1.164 liquid qt. (U.S.) = 67.2 cu. in. 
 One liquid qt. = .859 dry qt. (U.S.) == 57.75 cu. in. 
 One gallon water (U.S.) weighs 8.323 Ibs. and contains 231 cu. in. 
 A cubic foot of water contains 7^/2 gallons = 1728 cu. in. and weighs 62^/2 Ibs. 
 To find diameter of a circle, multiply the circumference by .31831. 
 To find the circumference of a circle, multiply diameter by 3.1416. 
 To find area of a circle, multiply square of diameter by .7854. 
 Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times. 
 One cubic foot of Anthracite coal weighs about fifty-three pounds. 
 One cubic foot of Bituminous Coal weighs about forty-seven to fifty pounds. 
 To find the number of tons of coal in a bin, find the number of cubic feet it occupies 
 and multiply by the weight of a cubic foot of coal and divide by 2000. 
 
 Page ninety-six 
 
57259! 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 BERKELEY 
 
 Return to desk from which borrowed. 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
 JAN 5 1948 
 
 LD 21-100m-9,'47(A5702sl6)476