r..^ 
 
 RESEARCH IN CHINA 
 
 EXPEDITION OF 1903-04, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF BAILEY WILLIS 
 
 Syllabary of Chinese Sounds 
 
 by 
 
 FRIEDRICH HIRTH 
 
 [Extracted from Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 54, 
 Research in China, Volume I, Part II, pages 511-528.] 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. : 
 
 Published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington 
 
 June, 1907 
 
RESEARCH IN CHINA 
 
 EXPEDITION OF 1903-04, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF BAILEY WILLIS 
 
 Syllabary of Chinese Sounds 
 
 by 
 
 FRIEDRICH HIRTH 
 
 [Extracted from Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 54, 
 Research in China, Volume I, Part II, pages 511-528.] 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C : 
 
 Published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington 
 
 June, 1907 
 
/ 
 
"oS 
 
 fAAM 
 
 SYLLABARY FOR THE TRANSCRIPTION OF CHINESE SOUNDS IN THE DIALECT 
 OF PEKING MODIFIED FOR LITERARY PURPOSES. 
 
 By Dr. Friedrich Hirth, 
 Professor of Chinese, Columbia University, New York City. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The subjoined Syllabary is mutatis mutandis identical with the "Tabelle 
 fur die L,aute des Chinesischen im Mandarin-Dialecte," submitted by me 
 to the Far-Eastern Section of the XIII International Congress of Orien- 
 talists held at Hamburg in September, 1902.* From this table I have 
 reproduced all the essential parts; but under column I (spelling in Williams' 
 Dictionary) I have added one of the Chinese characters representing each 
 group of sound; in column II (my own spelling) I have, in order to accommo- 
 date readers of English, changed the German initials sch and tsch into 
 sh and ch, and in column III I have added the corresponding sounds in 
 Wade's orthography of the Peking Dialect. 
 
 My own spelling, as represented in column II, is merely a compromise 
 between Williams' and Wade's Syllabaries, to which I have added a few 
 changes to be explained hereafter. The idea is not my own, but I have 
 followed the precedent set by Dr. E. Bretschneider, who in his well-known 
 works ("Botanicon Sinicum," "Mediaeval Researches," etc.) made free 
 use of Wade's system, while retaining the old Chinese standard initials 
 k, ts, h, and 5 before i and u as appearing in Williams' list of sounds against 
 ch and hs in the Peking Dialect. 
 
 To be consistent, the maker of a map of China favoring the Peking 
 orthography would have to spell Chiang-hsi for Kiang-si, Nan-ching for 
 Nan-king, or Fu-chien for Fu-kien, and to please such writers we ought 
 to look upon the greater part of the existing maps and charts containing 
 Chinese names and a host of valuable books on China as obsolete. Peking 
 spelling is, of course, a comfort to those who speak or study the dialect, 
 but it does not lend itself to literary purposes. Sir Thomas Wade, who 
 invented the system now applied to the Peking vernacular, wished it him- 
 self to be confined to that purpose and did not want it "even to profess 
 
 * Published in the Transactions of the Congress and reprinted in Prof. H. Cordier's Report, "Les 
 eludes chinoises," 1899-1902, T'oung pao, 1903, pp. 38-45, and Beitrdge zur Kenntniss des Orients, vol. I, 
 Munchen,i903. 
 
 5« 
 
 159877 
 
512 RESEARCH IN CHINA. 
 
 to represent, or supplant, the standard or established pronunciation of 
 the Mandarin language."* 
 
 The following examples representing syllables familiar to students of 
 Chinese geography or history will illustrate the difference in the standard 
 spelling which has been sanctioned by tradition and the Peking ortho- 
 graphy: 
 
 1 1 Standard Mandarin. Peking Dialect {Wade). 
 
 kiang, river chiang 
 
 kin, gold chin 
 
 Ts'in, name of a dynasty Ch'in 
 
 king, capital eking 
 
 k'iau, bridge ck'iao 
 
 kia, family chia 
 
 K'ien-lung, Emperor's name Ch'ien-lung 
 
 Kia-k' ing, " " Chia-ch'ing 
 
 K'ang-hi, " " K'ang-hsi 
 
 si, West hsi 
 
 Men, a district hsien 
 
 pa-sien, the Eight Fairies pa-ksien 
 
 hiau, filial hsiao 
 
 siau, small hsiao 
 
 Kiu-kiang (Kewkeang) Chiu-chiang 
 
 In making use of the spelling shown in the subjoined Syllabary, Wil- 
 liams' "Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language" may serve as a 
 key. By looking up in it the Chinese characters to be transcribed the 
 sound appearing in column I (Williams) may be ascertained, while columns 
 II and III contain my own and Wade's equivalents. Readers need not 
 trouble too much about the pronunciation of these syllables, which should 
 be looked upon as mere symbols for certain sound groups to which the 
 characters to be transcribed belong. The phonetic principles on which 
 the several sounds are here described correspond in spirit to those adopted 
 by the Royal Geographical Society of London t and the United States 
 Board on Geographical names. J The "Instructions" here inserted have 
 been made to correspond as much as possible to the English and American 
 standards referred to. 
 
 * See Professor Schlegel's paper, "On the extended use of the Peking system of orthography for 
 the Chinese language" (published in T'oung pao, vol. vi, p. 499 seqq., Leiden, 1896), reproducing Mr. 
 W. F. Mayers' remarks, who, being himself a prominent speaker of the Peking dialect, warns against 
 its use for literary purposes. 
 
 t See "Rules for the Orthography of Geographical Names," published by the Council of the Royal 
 Geographical Society on December 11, 1891. 
 
 J See "Second Report of the United States Board on Geographical Names," 1890-1899. Second 
 edition, Washington, March, 1901. 
 
SYLLABARY OP CHINESE SOUNDS. 513 
 
 PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 An approximation only of the true sound is aimed at in this system. 
 The vowels are to be pronounced as in Italian and on the continent of 
 Europe generally, and the consonants as in English; but note certain slight 
 modifications as described hereunder. 
 
 Vowels and Diphthongs. 
 a has the sound of a in father. Examples : ma, horse ; sha, sand ; wan, a bay ; shan> 
 
 mountain; nan, south. 
 e or € has the sound of e in men. Examples: Men, a district; mien, face, surface; sue, 
 
 snow; fie, iron; ye, wild; hue, cavern; t'ien, field; yen, salt, 
 i has the sound of i in ravine, or of ee in beet. Examples: si, west; tsi, rocks under 
 
 water; k'i, a rivulet; ni, mud; i (also read yi), city, hamlet. 
 Note : i is short as i in sin, or i in view, when followed by n, by another vowel 
 or a diphthong. Examples: kin, gold; ts'ing, blue; kia, family; kiang, 
 river; tien, palace; k'iau, bridge; k'iai, a model, 
 i' signifies that a vowel is to be intonated simultaneously with the adjoining sonant • 
 
 See Note 2, below. Examples: c/z'i', a pool or lake; shi, stone, rock;./*', 
 
 sun; ssi\ a township; tz'i, porcelain; ir, two. 
 o has the sound of o in mote. Examples: so, a place; ho, a river ;_/<?, Buddha; po, 
 
 a marshy lake. 
 6 has the sound of 6 in German, Hungarian, Swedish, Norwegian and Danish, or 
 
 of eu in French jeu, or of in English love. Examples: mon, gate, door; 
 shbng, a province; to, virtue. 
 Note: To describe this sound Wade makes use of the symbol e familiar to 
 speakers of French in such words as honnete, where it has quite 
 a different sound, though, from the one it stands for in Wade's 
 orthography, 
 u has the sound of 00 in boot. Examples: hu, lake; hu, valley; fu, a prefecture. 
 
 Note : u is short when preceding n, a, 0, or adiphthong. Examples : t'un, village ; 
 tung, east; kuang, broad; ch'uan, river, water courses, Ssi-ch'uan 
 province; chuang, a farm; huang, yellow; kuan, frontier pass 
 custom-house; tuan, short; kuo, kingdom; k'uai, quick. 
 ii is the umlaut of u and has the sound of u in French elu. Examples: su, an islet; 
 
 kit, embankment; k'U, a drain; hu, market-place. 
 Note : u is short when preceding n, a, or e. Examples : sun, a military station ; 
 ts'uan, fountain; yuan, source; sue, snow; yiie, moon, 
 ai has the sound of i in ice. Examples: hai, sea; t'ai, terrace, tower; ch'ai, strong- 
 hold, hill fortress; ai, cliff, ledge, 
 au has the sound of owin how. Examples: ati, a bay, cove; kau, high; lau, old; 
 
 miau, temple, 
 e'i has the sound of Italian e and i combined, somewhat like cy in English they. 
 
 Examples: hci, black; lei, thunder; met, coal; pet, north; wet, tail end. 
 ou is a diphthong in which the two elements are distinctly intonated, as in t'ou, head ; 
 which should have the sound of the first word in Hebrew tohu bohu with- 
 out its h. Examples: lou, a house with an upper story; k'6u, a mouth, 
 embouchure, a port; kdu, a ditch; hou, after, behind; /ou, a mound, 
 ui sounds like ooi, contracted into a diphthong, or like ui in German pfui. Examples : 
 shui, water, river; hui, whirling waters; tui, a heap (as of rocks). 
 
/ 
 
 514 RESEARCH IN CHINA. 
 
 Consonants. 
 
 Note : The initials, k, p,tc,k, ts, and tz should not be quite as hard as in English, 
 though decidedly harder than g, b, d, dj, and dz. Thus the initial in 
 kan, sweet, should hold about the middle between the initials in English 
 gone and con. To indicate that k, p, t, ch, ts, and tz should be pro- 
 nounced as hard as possible an asper is placed after them, which some 
 printing offices replace by an apostrophe. Examples: kan, sweet; k'an, a 
 pit; ping-, soldier; p'ing, even, level; to, many; lo-t'o, a camel; chau, 
 morning; ck'au, a dynasty; tsiau, half- tide rocks; ts-'iau, mountainous; 
 tzi, purple; tz'i-ki, gentle, or motherly, pleasure (principal name of the 
 Empress Dowager). 
 
 ch has the sound of ch in church, slightly softer when not marked and slightly harder 
 when marked by an asper. Examples: ckou, island; ck'o'ng, walled city. 
 When followed by i, the vowel disappears in it. See below, Note 2. 
 
 k ~\ as in English, king, poll, and tall, but slightly softer, and harder when marked by 
 
 pr an asper. Examples: kdu, ditch, drain; k'ong, a pit; pan, a police 
 
 t ' ward; p'u shore, branch of a river; tau, island; fan, a rapid. 
 
 ts slightly softer than the two consonants would sound in English, and harder when 
 
 provided with an asper. Examples: iso, a pool; ts'un, village. 
 
 tz similar to ts, the vowel disappearing in the sibilant. Examples: tzi, son; tz'i 
 
 a hall. See below, Note 2. 
 
 f as in English. Examples : fong, summit, peak; fdu, a mound. 
 
 h as in English, or as x in Spanish Xeres, both pronunciations being heard in North 
 
 China. Examples: hung, red; kite, a cavern; hia, a gorge. 
 
 j as j in French jeu, and not as in English. Examples : j'on, man; jo, hot. When 
 
 followed by i the vowel disappears in it. See below, Note 2. 
 
 As in English. Examples: ling, a mountain pass, range; mi, rice; ni, mud; an, 
 a small temple; kuan, an inn. 
 
 dental, not gutteral, merely occurs in combination with the vowel i, which dis- 
 appears in it, so that it is difficult to say whether it is an initial or a final. 
 See below, Note 2. Example: i'r, two. 
 
 sh as in English show. Examples: sh a ng, above. When followed by i, the vowel 
 disappears in it. See below, Note 2. Example: ski', ten. 
 
 ss is a sharp sibilant, as in English mess, in which the vowel i disappears. Example: 
 ssi, a monastery. See below, Note 2. 
 
 w as in English. Example: wan, gulf, bay. 
 
 y a consonant, as in English yard. Examples: ye, wild land; yen, a precipice; ying t 
 
 a military camp; yuan, an eddy. 
 
 ng as a final, as ng in English song. Examples: t'ing, an inferior prefecture ; tsing, 
 a well ; yang, ocean ; hang, hill, ridge ; chung, middle ; fang, dyke, pool ; 
 lung, a cave. In certain words beginning with a, 6, or 0, ng is optional as 
 an initial, and should not appear in any transcription. Thus an, repose, is 
 by some individuals pronounced ngan, for which reason we often read 
 Si-ngan-fu instead of Si-an-fu. 
 NOTE I. The accent in the vocalic combinations 6u, i£, and ue, shows which 
 of the two vowels is to be intonated foremost ; it is otherwise not essential, 
 and it must not be mistaken for a word-accent- 
 
SYLLABARY OF CHINESE SOUNDS. 
 
 515 
 
 NOTE 2. I have comprised under one category what I call "the six difficult sounds," 
 viz, chi, shi, Ji, ssi, tzi, and ir. By the symbol i, which I have borrowed from Edkins 
 I wish to indicate the simultaneous intonation of a vowel, no matter which, with the 
 adjoining sonant (ch, sh,J, ss, tz, or r). I have, at a meeting of the Far-Eastern Section 
 of the XII International Congress of Orientalists, held at Rome October 10th, 1899, ex " 
 plained the reasons which have led me to use a uniform symbol for the vocalic elements 
 of these six sounds, which appear as chih, shih,jih,ssu, tzu and erh respectively, in Wade's, 
 and as chi or chih, shi, sh' or shihjeh, sz t tsz, and 'rh in Williams' orthography. On refer- 
 ring to the old Chinese sound description quoted in K'ang-hi's Dictionary, it will be found 
 that syllables are there explained by the so-called "cutting sound" method (ts'id-yin). 
 It consists of two characters, of which the first indicates the initial, the second, the final 
 together with the vocalic content of the sound to be described. Since the six syllables 
 referred to have, in the modern Mandarin dialects, no consonant as a final, the second 
 character of their "cutting sound" represents merely their vocalic content pure and 
 simple. And with regard to this vocalic content, uniformity may be shown to have been 
 assumed by Chinese sound investigators in cases which in former systems are described 
 by very different symbols. A few examples will illustrate this: 
 
 Wade spells i\ chih, K'ang-hi's analysis has ls\ J^ *ch(i-sh)i=chi 
 
 " -^p ssu " " " ^T j^ s{iang--sh)i=ssi 
 
 " Ht **, " " " W JL* rj(png-sh)i=ri, or ir 
 
 It will be seen that in these three cases the Chinese express the final, or vocalic ele- 
 ment in a uniform manner by & shi* whereas Wade expresses it in three different ways 
 by ih, it and e. Furher 
 
 Wade spells ^g shih, K'ang-hi's analysis has "fj* £ sh(6u-ck)i=shi 
 
 " ,'Q jj^ rj{6n-ch)i= ri, or ir 
 
 " " " ,T]| y* sh(i-ch)i=shi. 
 
 " " " /^ ^r rj'(on-ch)i= ri, or ir. 
 
 " " jjjt £ ts(in-ch)i=tsi, or tzi. 
 
 " " " _«, JC^ ch(pn-r)i= chi. 
 
 •' ^ n ch(i-ji) = chi. 
 
 " \^ W j\on-ch)i=ji. 
 
 A 
 
 erh 
 
 # 
 
 shih 
 
 * 
 
 erh 
 
 & 
 
 tzu 
 
 z. 
 
 chih 
 
 * 
 
 chih 
 
 a 
 
 jih 
 
 \ *The character for /*, "an officer," (read aftf ad hoc {-ifa £ Xf\ -^T rT* • K'ang-hi). 
 
1 
 
 516 RESEARCH IN CHINA. 
 
 The last two examples are cases in which the old sound had a consonant at the end ; 
 they are read chat and yat in Cantonese. But since no difference in sound is now heard 
 
 between Wf chi (Cantonese chat) and ^f chi (Cantonese chi), we are by analogy 
 
 entitled to describe the sound for £J (Cantonese yat) as j'i in Mandarin. 
 
 The symbol i thus denotes the amalgamation of a vowel with the adjoining sonant- 
 I have also used it to describe the sound ei in lei, mei, etc., the i of which is but faintly 
 heard by the side of e. 
 
 Note 3. I have followed the precedent set by Dr. Bretschneider in omitting the 
 final h at the end of certain syllables, which in former systems was meant to indicate that 
 a consonant (t, k, or p) appears in its stead in ancient Chinese and in the Southern dia- 
 lects. Thus the word for "wood" used to be spelt muh, because its Cantonese, and prob- 
 able ancient sound is muk. Bretschneider spells mu, because this is the sound actually 
 heard in Northern China, the h at the end having none but historical value. When it 
 is of importance to indicate the old final, I prefer to describe the word by "mu (Canton 
 Dial, muk)." 
 
 IIVE TY 
 
 s^UFOgg; 
 

 
 
 SYLLABARY. 
 
 
 
 
 I. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 
 II. 
 Hirth. 
 
 III. 
 Wade. 
 
 I. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 
 II. 
 Hirth. 
 
 III. 
 Wade. 
 
 ai 
 
 * 
 
 ai 
 
 ai 
 
 ch'eh 
 
 «. 
 
 ch'6 
 
 ch'e 
 
 ang 
 
 ?? 
 
 ang 
 
 ang 
 
 cheu 
 
 *H 
 
 chou 
 
 chou 
 
 cha ~l 
 
 chah ) 
 
 ch'a "I 
 ch'ahj 
 chai 
 
 ft 
 % 
 
 cha 
 
 ch'a 
 chai 
 
 cha 
 
 ch'a 
 chai 
 
 ch'eu 
 
 chi -) 
 chih) 
 
 ch'i "l 
 ch'ih ) 
 
 f 
 
 ch'6u 
 chi 
 
 ch'i 
 
 ch'ou 
 chih 
 
 ch'ih 
 
 ch'ai 
 
 «t 
 
 ch'ai 
 
 ch'ai 
 
 ching 
 
 iE 
 
 chong 
 
 cheng 
 
 chan 
 
 it, 
 
 chan 
 
 chan 
 
 ch'ing 
 
 $. 
 
 ch'ong 
 
 ch'eng 
 
 ch'an 
 
 i 
 
 ch'an 
 
 ch'an 
 
 choh 
 
 # 
 
 cho 
 
 cho 
 
 chan 
 
 Mr 
 
 chon 
 
 chen 
 
 ch'oh 
 
 %. 
 
 ch'o 
 
 ch'o 
 
 chen 
 ch'an 
 
 
 chan 
 ch'on 
 
 chan 
 ch'en 
 
 chu ") 
 chuh ) 
 
 
 chu 
 
 chu 
 
 ch'en 
 chang 
 
 
 ch'an 
 chang 
 
 ch'an 
 chang 
 
 ch'u "I 
 ch'uh ) 
 
 
 ch'u 
 
 ch'u 
 
 ch'ang 
 
 a- 
 
 ch'ang 
 
 ch'ang 
 
 chui 
 
 i 
 
 chui 
 
 chui 
 
 chang 
 
 ft 
 
 chong 
 
 cheng 
 
 ch'ui 
 
 »i* 
 
 ch'ui 
 
 ch'ui 
 
 ch'ang 
 
 * 
 
 ch'ong 
 
 ch'eng 
 
 chun 
 
 -•ft 
 
 chun 
 
 chun ] 
 
 chao 
 
 03 
 
 chau 
 
 chao 
 
 ch'un 
 
 & 
 
 ch'un [ 
 
 ch'un 
 
 ch'ao 
 
 ^ 
 
 *> 
 
 ch'au 
 
 ch'ao 
 
 chung 
 
 + 
 
 chung 
 
 chung 
 
 che" 
 
 it 
 
 cho 
 
 che 
 
 ch'ung 
 
 * 
 
 ch'ung 
 
 ch'ung 
 
 ch'e" 
 
 * 
 
 ch'6 
 
 ch'e 
 
 chwa 
 
 i& 
 
 chua 
 
 chua 
 
 cheh 
 
 *T 
 
 cho 
 
 che 
 
 chw'ai 
 
 & 
 
 ch'uai 
 
 ch'uai 
 5«7 
 
i8 
 
 
 
 RESEARCH 
 
 IN CHINA. 
 
 
 
 
 I. 
 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 I 
 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 
 Hirth. 
 
 Wade. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 
 Hirth. 
 
 Wade. 
 
 chwang 
 
 £ 
 
 chuang 
 
 chuang 
 
 hia ~i 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 chw'ang 
 
 & 
 
 ch'uang 
 
 ch'uang 
 
 hiah) 
 
 hia 
 
 hsia 
 
 chwen 
 
 4 
 
 chuan 
 
 chuan 
 
 
 # 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hiai 
 
 hi€ 
 
 hsieh 
 
 chw'en 
 
 »i 
 
 ch'uan 
 
 ch'uan 
 
 
 # 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hiang 
 
 hiang 
 
 hsiang 
 
 fah 
 
 fa 
 
 fa 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hiao 
 
 hiau 
 
 hsiao 
 
 fan 
 
 JX 
 
 fan 
 
 fan 
 
 
 m 1* 
 
 
 
 fan 
 
 » 
 
 fon 
 
 fen 
 
 hieh 
 hien 
 
 
 hid 
 hien 
 
 hsieh 
 hsien 
 
 fang 
 
 * 
 
 fang 
 
 fang 
 
 
 • w 
 
 
 
 fti 
 
 * 
 
 fei 
 
 fei 
 
 hin 
 
 •\f\ 
 
 hin 
 
 hsin 
 
 feu 
 
 £ 
 
 f6u 
 
 fou 
 
 hing 
 
 # 
 
 hing 
 
 hsing 
 
 foh 
 
 4 
 
 fo, fu 
 
 fu 
 
 hioh 
 
 * 
 
 hio 
 
 (hsio 
 ( hsiao 
 
 fu 
 
 k 
 
 fu 
 
 fu 
 
 hiu 
 
 * 
 
 hiu 
 
 hsiu 
 
 fuh 
 
 4£ 
 
 } fu, fo 
 
 fu, fo 
 
 liiun 
 
 ill 
 
 hun 
 
 hstin 
 
 fung 
 
 Wsj 
 
 fong 
 
 feng 
 
 hiung 
 
 a, 
 
 hiung 
 
 hsiung 
 
 hai 
 
 * 
 
 hai 
 
 hai 
 
 ho | 
 
 n 
 
 ho 
 
 ho 
 
 han 
 
 5f 
 
 han 
 
 han 
 
 hohf 
 
 xt 
 
 
 
 han, 
 
 flL 
 
 hon 
 
 hen 
 
 hu \ 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 hang 
 
 ¥l 
 
 hang 
 
 hang 
 
 huh J 
 
 ft 
 
 hu 
 
 hu 
 
 hang 
 
 •la 
 
 hong 
 
 heng 
 
 hwuh/ 
 
 & 
 
 * 
 
 
 hao 
 
 # 
 
 hau 
 
 hao 
 
 hu 
 
 * 
 
 hu 
 
 hsu 
 
 heu 
 
 «. 
 
 h6u 
 
 hou 
 
 hii6 | 
 
 & 
 
 hue 
 
 hsiieh 
 
 hi | 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 hiieh ) 
 
 k. 
 
 
 
 hih) 
 
 
 hi 
 
 hsi 
 
 hiien 
 
 i 
 
 hiian 
 
 hsiian 
 

 
 SYLLABARY OF < 
 
 :hinese sounds. 
 
 
 5 
 
 I. 
 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 I. 
 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 
 Hirth. 
 
 Wade. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 
 Hirth. 
 
 Wade. 
 
 hung 
 
 It 
 
 hung 
 
 hung 
 
 jii | 
 
 ■kv 
 
 
 
 hwa ") 
 
 & 
 
 hua 
 
 hua 
 
 juh i 
 
 >* 
 
 ju 
 
 ju 
 
 hwah) 
 
 if 
 
 
 
 jui 
 
 & 
 
 jui 
 
 jui 
 
 hwai 
 
 ;i 
 
 huai 
 
 huai 
 
 jun 
 
 m 
 
 jun 
 
 jun 
 
 hwan 
 
 * 
 
 huan 
 
 huan 
 
 Jung 
 
 K 
 
 jung 
 
 Jung 
 
 hwang 
 
 # 
 
 huang 
 
 hnang 
 
 jwa 
 
 & 
 
 jua 
 
 jua 
 
 hwo ~) 
 hwoh ) 
 
 X. 
 
 
 
 jwan 
 
 & 
 
 juan 
 
 juan 
 
 
 huo 
 
 huo 
 
 kai 
 
 Jt 
 
 kai 
 
 kai 
 
 hwui 
 
 m 
 
 hui 
 
 huei 
 
 k'ai 
 
 ft] 
 
 k'ai 
 
 k'ai 
 
 
 
 
 
 kan 
 
 ■* 
 
 kan 
 
 kan 
 
 hwun 
 
 * 
 
 hun 
 
 hun 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 k'an 
 
 4i 
 
 k'an 
 
 k'an 
 
 yih) 
 
 & 
 
 & 
 
 i 
 
 », yi 
 
 kan 
 
 kon 
 
 ken 
 
 
 jib. 
 
 
 
 k'an 
 
 ft 
 
 k'on 
 
 k'en 
 
 jan 
 
 # 
 
 jan 
 
 jan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 kang 
 
 13) 
 
 kang 
 
 kang 
 
 jan 
 
 K 
 
 jon 
 
 jen 
 
 k'ang 
 
 $. 
 
 k'ang 
 
 k'ang 
 
 Jang 
 
 % 
 
 Jang 
 
 Jang 
 
 
 * * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 kang 
 
 Jt 
 
 kong 
 
 keng 
 
 Jang 
 
 W> 
 
 Jong 
 
 jeng 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 k'ang 
 
 ifc 
 
 k'ong 
 
 k'eng 
 
 jao 
 
 5t 
 
 jau 
 
 jao 
 
 kao 
 
 
 kau 
 
 kao 
 
 je 
 
 Is 
 
 j° 
 
 jo 
 
 k'ao 
 
 &J 
 
 * 
 
 k'au 
 
 k'ao 
 
 • J (a) 
 jehj 
 
 ((b) 
 
 
 jo 
 
 je 
 jih 
 
 keu 
 
 ft 
 
 k6u 
 
 kou 
 
 
 El 
 
 
 
 k'eu 
 
 a 
 
 k'ou 
 
 k'ou 
 
 jeu 
 
 *' 
 
 jou 
 
 jou 
 
 "1 
 
 t, 
 
 ki 
 
 chi 
 
 joh 
 
 £ 
 
 jo 
 
 jo 
 
 kihj 
 
 *• 
 
 
 
 519 
 
520 
 
 RESEARCH IN CHINA. 
 
 I. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 
 II. 
 
 Hirth. 
 
 III. 
 Wade. 
 
 k'ih ) 
 
 * 
 
 k'i 
 
 ch'i 
 
 kia "J 
 kiah i 
 
 
 kia 
 
 chia 
 
 k'ia ) 
 
 <■£ 
 
 
 
 Y 
 
 
 k'ia 
 
 ch'ia 
 
 k'iah ) 
 
 •te- 
 
 
 
 kiai 
 
 ar 
 
 kie 
 
 chieh 
 
 k'iai 
 
 at 
 
 k'ie, k' 
 
 lai ch'iai 
 
 kiang 
 
 i*. 
 
 kiang 
 
 chiang 
 
 k'iang 
 
 JL 
 
 k'iang 
 
 ch'iang 
 
 kiao 
 
 *. 
 
 kiau 
 
 chiao 
 
 k'iao 
 
 * 
 
 k'iau 
 
 ch'iao 
 
 k'ie 
 
 flu 
 
 k'ie 
 
 ch'ieh 
 
 kieh 
 
 *i 
 
 kie 
 
 chieh 
 
 k'ieh 
 
 tt 
 
 k'ie 
 
 ch'ieh 
 
 kien 
 
 £ 
 
 kien 
 
 chien 
 
 k'ien 
 
 K. 
 
 k'ien 
 
 ch'ien 
 
 kin 
 
 * 
 
 kin 
 
 chin 
 
 k'in 
 
 £ 
 
 k'in 
 
 ch'in 
 
 king 
 
 * 
 
 king 
 
 ching 
 
 k'ing 
 
 * 
 
 k'ing 
 
 ch'ing 
 
 kioh 
 
 ft 
 
 kio 
 
 chio 
 
 k'ioh 
 
 £& 
 
 k'io 
 
 ch'io 
 
 I. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 kiu 
 
 k'iu 
 kiiin 
 k'iiin 
 k'iiing 
 
 ko ) 
 
 kohi 
 
 k'o | 
 k'oh) 
 
 ku 
 kuh 
 
 I 
 
 k'u I 
 k'uhj 
 
 ku ~\ 
 kiihi 
 
 'iih) 
 
 k'u 
 
 k 
 
 kiieh 
 
 k'iieh 
 kiien 
 k'iien 
 kung 
 
 k'ung 
 
 1L 
 
 % 
 
 i=> 
 
 •8- 
 
 f 
 
 ff 
 * 
 
 & 
 
 -J 
 
 II. 
 
 Hirth. 
 
 III. 
 Wade. 
 
 kiu 
 
 chiu 
 
 k'iu 
 
 ch'iu 
 
 ktin 
 
 chiin 
 
 k'un 
 
 ch'iin 
 
 k'iung 
 
 ch'iung 
 
 ko 
 
 ku 
 
 k'u 
 
 kiie 
 
 k'iie" 
 
 kiian 
 
 k'uan 
 
 kung 
 
 k'ung 
 
 ko 
 
 k'o k'o 
 
 ku ku 
 
 k'u k'u 
 
 chii 
 
 ch'ii 
 
 chiieh 
 
 ch'ixeh 
 chiian 
 ch'iian 
 kung 
 
 k'una: 
 
SYLLABARY OF CHINESE SOUNDS. 
 
 521 
 
 I. 
 
 
 11. 
 
 III. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 
 Hirth. 
 
 Wade. 
 
 kwa ~) 
 
 & 
 
 kua 
 
 kua 
 
 kwah ) 
 
 *J 
 
 
 
 kw'a 
 
 * 
 
 k'ua 
 
 k'ua 
 
 kwai 
 
 ft 
 
 kuai 
 
 kuai 
 
 kw'ai 
 
 fc 
 
 k'uai 
 
 k'uai 
 
 kwan 
 
 •s 
 
 kuan 
 
 kuan 
 
 kw'an 
 
 t 
 
 k'uan 
 
 k'uan 
 
 kwang 
 
 * 
 
 kuang 
 
 kuang 
 
 kw'ang 
 
 a 
 
 k'uang 
 
 k'uang 
 
 kwei 
 
 & 
 
 kui 
 
 kuei 
 
 kw^i 
 
 4- 
 
 k'ui 
 
 k'uei 
 
 kwo ~\ 
 
 ift 
 
 kuo 
 
 kuo 
 
 kwoh) 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 kw'oh 
 
 M 
 
 k'uo 
 
 k'uo 
 
 kwun 
 
 «t 
 
 kun 
 
 kun 
 
 kw'un 
 
 a 
 
 k'un 
 
 k'un 
 
 "1 
 
 46 
 
 la 
 
 la 
 
 lah) 
 
 # 
 
 
 
 lai 
 
 ^ 
 
 lai 
 
 lai 
 
 Ian 
 
 M 
 
 Ian 
 
 Ian 
 
 lang 
 
 Fp 
 
 lang 
 
 lang 
 
 lang 
 
 
 long 
 
 leng 
 
 lao 
 
 -*- 
 
 lau 
 
 lao 
 
 I. 
 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 William 
 
 s. 
 
 Hirth. 
 
 Wade. 
 
 leh 
 
 & 
 
 16 
 
 le 
 
 lei 
 
 t 
 
 leV 
 
 lei 
 
 leu 
 
 # 
 
 16u 
 
 lou 
 
 H ) 
 
 2. 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 li 
 
 li 
 
 lih ) 
 
 i) 
 
 
 
 Hang 
 
 & 
 
 Hang 
 
 Hang 
 
 liao 
 
 ft 
 
 Hau 
 
 liao 
 
 lieh 
 
 rt 
 
 lie 
 
 lieh 
 
 lien 
 
 * 
 
 lien 
 
 lien 
 
 lin 
 
 & 
 
 lin 
 
 lin 
 
 ling 
 
 * 
 
 ling 
 
 ling 
 
 lioh 
 
 M- 
 
 Ho 
 
 Ho 
 
 liu 
 
 $ 
 
 liu 
 
 liu 
 
 10 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 lo 
 
 lo 
 
 loh) 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 lu } 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 [ 
 
 
 lu 
 
 lu 
 
 luh) 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 "1 
 
 & 
 
 lu 
 
 lu 
 
 liih) 
 
 # 
 
 
 
 liieh 
 
 % 
 
 lie 
 
 lieh 
 
 luen 
 
 m 
 
 liian 
 
 liian 
 
 lun 
 
 So* 
 
 lun 
 
 lun 
 
522 
 
 RESEARCH IN CHINA. 
 
 I. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 II. 
 
 Hirth. 
 
 III. 
 
 Wade. 
 
 lung 
 
 ft 
 
 lung 
 
 lung 
 
 lvvan 
 
 ft 
 
 luan 
 
 luan 
 
 ma ^ 
 mah j 
 
 ft 
 
 ma 
 
 ma 
 
 mai 
 
 * 
 
 mai 
 
 mai 
 
 man 
 
 ;'$ 
 
 man 
 
 man 
 
 man 
 
 n 
 
 mon 
 
 men 
 
 mang 
 
 •ft 
 
 mang 
 
 mang 
 
 mang 
 
 a 
 
 mong 
 
 meng 
 
 mao 
 
 4 
 
 mau 
 
 mao 
 
 me 
 
 4 
 
 mid 
 
 mieh 
 
 meh 
 
 re 
 
 mo 
 
 mo 
 
 mei 
 
 $ 
 
 mei 
 
 mei 
 
 meu 
 
 Hi 
 
 m6u 
 
 mou 
 
 mi | 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 mih ) 
 
 * 
 
 mi 
 
 mi 
 
 miao 
 
 ;i 
 
 miau 
 
 miao 
 
 mieh 
 
 &, 
 
 m\€ 
 
 mieh 
 
 mien 
 
 £i 
 
 mien 
 
 mien 
 
 min 
 
 ft. 
 
 min 
 
 min 
 
 ming 
 
 Bfl 
 
 ming 
 
 ming 
 
 miu 
 
 * 
 
 miu 
 
 miu 
 
 I. 
 Williams. 
 
 ii. 
 
 Hirth. 
 
 III. 
 
 Wade 
 
 mo } 
 moh ) 
 
 4 
 
 mo 
 
 mo 
 
 mu } 
 muh j 
 
 
 mu 
 
 mu 
 
 mung 
 
 t 
 
 mong 
 
 meng 
 
 na ~\ 
 nah ) 
 
 
 na 
 
 na 
 
 nai 
 
 ?> 
 
 nai 
 
 nai 
 
 nan 
 
 & 
 
 nan 
 
 nan 
 
 nang 
 
 * 
 
 nang 
 
 nang 
 
 nang 
 
 * 
 
 nong 
 
 neng 
 
 nao 
 
 Ml 
 
 nau 
 
 nao 
 
 nei 
 
 * 
 
 nei 
 
 nei 
 
 neu 
 
 ** 
 
 n6u 
 
 nou 
 
 ngai 
 
 H 
 
 ai 
 
 ai 
 
 ngan 
 
 * 
 
 an 
 
 an 
 
 ngan 
 
 « 
 
 on 
 
 en 
 
 ngao 
 
 * 
 
 au 
 
 ao 
 
 ngeu 
 
 SL 
 
 6u 
 
 ou 
 
 ngo i 
 ngoh ) 
 
 I 
 
 Si 
 
 o, wo 
 
 o, wo 
 
 ') 
 
 4. 
 
 ni 
 
 ni 
 
 nihj 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
I. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 
 II. 
 
 Hirth. 
 
 III. 
 
 Wade. 
 
 niang 
 
 4t 
 
 niang 
 
 niang 
 
 niao 
 
 * 
 
 niau 
 
 niao 
 
 nieh 
 
 m 
 
 ni6 
 
 nieh 
 
 nien 
 
 4 
 
 ni6n 
 
 nien 
 
 nin 
 
 ft 
 
 nin 
 
 nin 
 
 ning 
 
 jfe. 
 
 ning 
 
 ning 
 
 nioh 
 
 A 
 
 nio 
 
 nio 
 
 niu 
 
 4 
 
 niu 
 
 niu 
 
 no ~l 
 noh ) 
 
 
 no 
 
 no 
 
 nu 
 
 -K 
 
 nu 
 
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 nil 
 
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 nu 
 
 mi 
 
 nun 
 
 * 
 
 nun 
 
 nun 
 
 nung 
 
 * 
 
 nung 
 
 nung 
 
 nwan 
 
 * 
 
 nuan 
 
 nuan 
 
 o 
 
 * 
 
 a, o 
 
 a,o 
 
 pa | 
 pah ) 
 
 
 pa 
 
 pa 
 
 p'a 
 
 •fd 
 
 p'a 
 
 p'a 
 
 pai 
 
 # 
 
 pai 
 
 pai 
 
 p'ai 
 
 n 
 
 p'ai 
 
 p'ai 
 
 pan 
 
 * 
 
 pan 
 
 pan 
 
 p'an 
 
 *s 
 
 p'an 
 
 p'an 
 
 OF CHINESE SOUNDS. 
 
 523 
 
 I. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 
 II. 
 Hirth. 
 
 III. 
 Wade. 
 
 pan 
 
 *■ 
 
 pon 
 
 pirn 
 
 p'an 
 
 £ 
 
 p'on 
 
 p'en 
 
 pang 
 
 # 
 
 pang 
 
 pang 
 
 p'ang 
 
 It 
 
 p'ang 
 
 p'ang 
 
 pang 
 
 & 
 
 pong 
 
 peng 
 
 p'ang 
 
 m 
 
 p'ong 
 
 p'eng 
 
 pao 
 
 $L 
 
 pau 
 
 pao 
 
 p'ao 
 
 it 
 
 p'au 
 
 p'ao 
 
 p& 
 
 a 
 
 pe'f 
 
 pei 
 
 p'6i 
 
 * 
 
 p'ei 
 
 p'ei 
 
 p'eu 
 
 M 
 
 p'ou 
 
 p'ou 
 
 Pi . 
 
 pih) 
 
 ft 
 * 
 
 P» 
 
 Pi 
 
 p'ih) 
 
 A 
 
 Ml 
 
 P'» 
 
 P'i 
 
 piao 
 
 n 
 
 piau 
 
 piao 
 
 p'iao 
 
 % 
 
 p'iao 
 
 p'iao 
 
 pieh 
 
 « 
 
 pi6 
 
 pieh 
 
 p'ieh 
 
 f- 
 
 p'i£ 
 
 p'ieh 
 
 pien 
 
 * 
 
 pien 
 
 pien 
 
 p'ien 
 
 * 
 
 p'ien 
 
 p'ien 
 
 pin 
 
 % 
 
 pin 
 
 pin 
 
 p'in 
 
 XJ 
 
 no 
 
 p'in 
 
 p'in 
 
24 
 
 
 
 RESEARCH 
 
 IN CHINA. 
 
 
 
 
 I. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 
 II. 
 Hirth. 
 
 III. 
 Wade. 
 
 I. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 
 ii. 
 
 Hirth. 
 
 III. 
 Wade. 
 
 ping 
 
 £ 
 
 ping 
 
 ping 
 
 shan 
 
 a, 
 
 shan 
 
 shan 
 
 p'ing 
 
 t 
 
 p'ing 
 
 p'ing 
 
 shan 
 
 •♦ 
 
 shon 
 
 shen 
 
 piu 
 
 M. 
 
 piau 
 
 piao 
 
 shen 
 
 * 
 
 shan 
 
 shan 
 
 po | 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 shang 
 
 X 
 
 shang 
 
 shang 
 
 poh ) 
 
 ik 
 
 po 
 
 po 
 
 shang 
 
 £ 
 
 shong 
 
 sheng 
 
 p'o | 
 
 * 
 
 p'o 
 
 p'o 
 
 shao 
 
 •> 
 
 shau 
 
 shao 
 
 p'oh ) 
 pu | 
 
 
 
 
 she } 
 sheh) 
 
 
 sho 
 
 she 
 
 puh ) 
 
 * 
 
 pu 
 
 pu 
 
 sheu 
 
 f 
 
 shou 
 
 shou 
 
 p'u | 
 p'uh) 
 
 nil: 
 
 p'u 
 
 p'u 
 
 shi, or \ 
 sh' ! 
 shih ' 
 
 1 
 & 
 
 shi 
 
 shih 
 
 'rh 
 
 X> 
 
 i'r 
 
 erh 
 
 shing 
 
 4 
 
 shong 
 
 sheng 
 
 sah 
 
 sai 
 
 . san 
 
 
 sa 
 
 sai 
 
 san 
 
 sa 
 
 sai 
 
 san 
 
 shoh 
 
 shu ) 
 shuh ) 
 
 t 
 
 %K 
 
 sho 
 shu 
 
 sho 
 shu 
 
 sang 
 
 A 
 
 sang 
 
 sang 
 
 shui 
 
 * 
 
 shui 
 
 shui 
 
 sang 
 
 $ 
 
 song 
 
 seng 
 
 shun 
 
 )')§ 
 
 shun 
 
 shun 
 
 sao 
 
 # 
 
 sau 
 
 sao 
 
 shung 
 
 & 
 
 ch'ung 
 
 ch'ung 
 
 seh 
 
 t 
 
 so 
 
 se 
 
 shwa 
 
 #•] 
 
 shua 
 
 shua 
 
 seu 
 
 t 
 
 s6u 
 
 sou 
 
 shwai 
 
 # 
 
 shuai 
 
 shuai 
 
 sha } 
 shah j 
 
 
 sha 
 
 sha 
 
 shwan 
 shwang 
 
 ft 
 
 shuan 
 shuang 
 
 shuan 
 shuang 
 
 shai 
 
 € 
 
 shai 
 
 shai 
 
 shwoh 
 
 1$ 
 
 shuo 
 
 shuo 
 
SYLLABARY OP CHINESE SOUNDS. 
 
 525 
 
 I. 
 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 Williams 
 
 
 Hirth. 
 
 Wade. 
 
 sihj 
 
 ft 
 
 ><* 
 
 si 
 
 hsi 
 
 siang 
 
 *9 
 
 siang 
 
 hsiang 
 
 siao 
 
 >b 
 
 siau 
 
 hsiao 
 
 sie ") 
 sieh) 
 
 
 sie 
 
 hsieh 
 
 sien 
 
 4l 
 
 si£n 
 
 hsien 
 
 sin 
 
 <a 
 
 sin 
 
 hsin 
 
 sing 
 
 4t 
 
 sing 
 
 hsing 
 
 sioh 
 
 a 
 
 siau 
 
 hsiao 
 
 sui 
 
 # 
 
 siu 
 
 hsiu 
 
 siun 
 
 S] 
 
 sun 
 
 hsiin 
 
 so ") 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 soh ) 
 
 * 
 
 so 
 
 so 
 
 su ") 
 suh) 
 
 
 su 
 
 su 
 
 six ) 
 
 « 
 
 su 
 
 hsii 
 
 suh ) 
 
 •fjfil 
 
 
 
 siieh 
 
 f 
 
 su6 
 
 hsueh 
 
 siien 
 
 t 
 
 stian 
 
 hsiian 
 
 sui 
 
 II 
 
 sui 
 
 sui 
 
 sun 
 
 4 
 
 sun 
 
 sun 
 
 sung 
 
 * 
 
 sung 
 
 sung 
 
 I. 
 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 
 Hirth. 
 
 Wade. 
 
 swan 
 
 * 
 
 suan 
 
 suan 
 
 sz' 
 
 w 
 
 ssi 
 
 ssu 
 
 ** 
 
 
 ta 
 
 ta 
 
 tah) 
 
 s- 
 
 
 
 t'a | 
 
 fc 
 
 
 
 t'ah) 
 
 $ 
 
 fa 
 
 fa 
 
 tai 
 
 k 
 
 tai 
 
 tai 
 
 t'ai 
 
 *. 
 
 fai 
 
 t'ai 
 
 tan 
 
 * 
 
 tan 
 
 tan 
 
 fan 
 
 
 t'an 
 
 fan 
 
 tang 
 
 to 
 
 tang 
 
 tang 
 
 fang 
 
 ~4V!J 
 
 fang 
 
 fang 
 
 tang 
 
 % 
 
 tong 
 
 teng 
 
 fang 
 
 * 
 
 t'ong 
 
 feng 
 
 tao 
 
 * 
 
 tau 
 
 tao 
 
 fao 
 
 H 
 
 fau 
 
 t'ao 
 
 teh 
 
 4 
 
 to 
 
 te 
 
 feh 
 
 # 
 
 t'O 
 
 fe 
 
 teu 
 
 5. 
 
 tu6 
 
 tou 
 
 feu 
 
 s5 
 
 t'6u 
 
 fou 
 
 ti | 
 
 fe 
 
 
 
 tih) 
 
 #. 
 
 ti 
 
 ti 
 
526 
 
 RESEARCH IN CHINA. 
 
 I. 
 Williams. 
 
 "1 
 
 t'ihi 
 
 * 
 
 II. 
 
 Hirth. 
 
 t'i 
 
 III. 
 Wade. 
 
 t'i 
 
 tiao 
 
 * 
 
 tiau 
 
 tiao 
 
 t'iao 
 
 & 
 
 t'iau 
 
 t'iao 
 
 tie | 
 
 f 
 
 ti6 
 
 tieh 
 
 tieh ) 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 t'ieh 
 
 m. 
 
 t'i£ 
 
 t'ieh 
 
 tien 
 
 & 
 
 tien 
 
 tien 
 
 t'ien 
 
 *. 
 
 t'ien 
 
 t'ien 
 
 ting 
 
 T 
 
 ting 
 
 ting 
 
 t'ing 
 
 *. 
 
 t'ing 
 
 t'ing 
 
 tiu 
 
 4: 
 
 tiu 
 
 tiu 
 
 to ) 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 toh) 
 
 * 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 ...» 
 
 * 
 
 t'o 
 
 t'o 
 
 t'oh^ 
 
 SSL 
 
 
 
 tuhj 
 
 4- 
 
 tu 
 
 tu 
 
 l ' u l 
 
 t'uh) 
 
 i 
 
 5t 
 
 t'u 
 
 t'u 
 
 tui 
 
 # 
 
 tui 
 
 tui 
 
 t'ui 
 
 it 
 
 t'ui 
 
 t'ui 
 
 tun 
 
 & 
 
 tun 
 
 tun 
 
 Williams, 
 fun 
 
 tung 
 t'ung 
 
 twan 
 tw'an 
 
 tsa } 
 tsah) 
 
 ts'ah 
 tsai 
 ts'ai 
 tsan 
 
 ts'an 
 
 tsan 
 
 tsang 
 
 ts'ang 
 
 tsang 
 
 ts'ang 
 
 tsao 
 
 ts'ao 
 
 tseh 
 ts'eh 
 tseu 
 ts'eu 
 
 
 i& 
 
 
 t 
 
 4 
 # 
 
 II. 
 
 Hirth. 
 t'un 
 
 tung 
 t'ung 
 
 tuan 
 t'uan 
 
 tsa 
 
 ts'a 
 tsai 
 ts'ai 
 tsan 
 
 ts'an 
 tson 
 tsang 
 
 ts'ang 
 
 tsong 
 
 ts'ong 
 
 tsau 
 
 ts'au 
 
 tso 
 ts'6 
 ts6u 
 ts'6u 
 
 III. 
 Wade. 
 
 t'un 
 
 tung 
 t'ung 
 
 tuan 
 t'uan 
 
 tsa 
 
 ts'a 
 tsai 
 ts'ai 
 tsan 
 
 ts'an 
 
 tsen 
 
 tsang 
 
 ts'ang 
 
 tseng 
 
 ts'eng 
 
 tsao 
 
 ts'ao 
 
 tse 
 ts'e 
 
 tsou 
 tsou 
 

 
 SYLLABARY OF 
 
 I. 
 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 
 Hirth. 
 
 Wade. 
 
 tsi | 
 
 g- 
 
 
 
 tsih) 
 
 * 
 
 tsi 
 
 chi 
 
 ts'i ) 
 ts'ih ) 
 
 
 ts'i 
 
 ch'i 
 
 tsiang 
 
 % 
 
 tsiang 
 
 chiang 
 
 ts'iang 
 
 II 
 
 ts'iang 
 
 ch'iang 
 
 tsiao 
 
 
 tsiau 
 
 chiao 
 
 ts'iao 
 
 AS 
 
 ts'iau 
 
 ch'iao 
 
 tsid ) 
 
 # 
 
 tsie 
 
 chieh 
 
 tsieh ) 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 ts'ie | 
 
 JL 
 
 
 
 ts'ieh ) 
 
 ifl 
 
 ts'ie: 
 
 ch'ieh 
 
 tsien 
 
 $. 
 
 tsien 
 
 chien 
 
 ts'ien 
 
 -t 
 
 ts'ien 
 
 ch'ien 
 
 tsin 
 
 # 
 
 tsin 
 
 chin 
 
 ts'in 
 
 *- 
 
 ts'in 
 
 ch'in 
 
 tsing 
 
 * 
 
 tsing 
 
 ching 
 
 ts'ing 
 
 4> 
 
 ts'ing 
 
 ch'ing 
 
 tsioh 
 
 t 
 
 tsio 
 
 chio 
 
 ts'ioh 
 
 ^ 
 
 ts'io 
 
 ch'io 
 
 tsiu 
 
 ;T5 
 
 tsiu 
 
 chiu 
 
 ts'iu 
 
 ft 
 
 ts'iu 
 
 ch'iu 
 
 ts'iiin 
 
 A 
 
 ts'iin 
 
 ch'un 
 
 CHINESE SOUNDS. 
 
 527 
 
 I. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 
 11. 
 
 Hirth. 
 
 III. 
 Wade. 
 
 tso | 
 tsoh) 
 
 k 
 ft 
 
 tso 
 
 tso 
 
 ts'o | 
 ts'oh ) 
 
 -K. 
 
 ts'o 
 
 ts'o 
 
 tsu ) 
 
 *a 
 
 
 
 tsuh) 
 
 X. 
 
 tsu 
 
 tsu 
 
 ts'u ) 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 ts'uh ) 
 
 it 
 
 ts'u 
 
 ts'u 
 
 tsu 
 
 fk 
 
 tsii 
 
 chii 
 
 ts'u 
 
 R 
 
 ts'u 
 
 ch'u 
 
 tsiieh 
 
 at 
 
 tsue 
 
 chiieh 
 
 tsiien 
 
 % 
 
 tsien 
 
 chien 
 
 ts'iien 
 
 £ 
 
 ts'iian 
 
 ch'iian 
 
 tsui 
 
 & 
 
 tsui 
 
 tsui 
 
 ts'ui 
 
 # 
 
 ts'ui 
 
 ts'ui 
 
 tsun 
 
 4 
 
 tsun 
 
 tsun 
 
 ts'un 
 
 * 
 
 ts'un 
 
 ts'un 
 
 tsung 
 
 
 tsung 
 
 tsung 
 
 ts'ung 
 
 £ 
 
 ts'ung 
 
 ts'ung 
 
 tswan 
 
 If 
 
 tsuan 
 
 tsuan 
 
 tsw'an 
 
 a. 
 
 ts'uan 
 
 ts'uan 
 
 tsz' 
 
 * 
 
 tzi 
 
 tzu 
 
 ts'z' 
 
 it 
 
 tz'i 
 
 tz'u 
 
528 
 
 I. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 wa 
 wah 
 
 wai 
 wan 
 
 RESEARCH IN CHINA. 
 
 4 
 
 II. 
 
 Hirth. 
 
 wa 
 
 wai 
 
 wan 
 
 III. 
 
 Wade. 
 
 wa 
 
 wai 
 
 wan 
 
 wan 
 
 X 
 
 won 
 
 wen 
 
 wang 
 
 £ 
 
 wang 
 
 wang 
 
 wang 
 
 
 wong 
 
 weng 
 
 wei 
 
 &j 
 
 wei 
 
 wei 
 
 wo ~) 
 won ) 
 
 & 
 * 
 
 wo 
 
 wo 
 
 wu ~) 
 
 & 
 
 wu 
 
 wu 
 
 wuh) 
 
 "3 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 ya' | 
 
 yah) 
 
 f 
 i? 
 
 ya 
 
 ya 
 
 yai 
 
 !k 
 
 yai 
 
 yai 
 
 yang 
 
 % 
 
 yang 
 
 yang 
 
 Williams. 
 
 yao 
 
 4 
 
 II. 
 
 Hirth. 
 
 yau 
 
 III. 
 Wade. 
 
 yao 
 
 ye | 
 
 yeh) 
 
 * 
 
 yi 
 
 yeh 
 
 yen 
 
 
 yen 
 
 yen 
 
 yih 
 
 — 
 
 i 
 
 ». yi 
 
 yin 
 
 ID 
 
 yin 
 
 yin 
 
 ying 
 
 & 
 
 ying 
 
 ying 
 
 yiu 
 
 f 
 
 yu 
 
 yu 
 
 yoh 
 
 * 
 
 yo 
 
 yo 
 
 yu ) 
 yuh) 
 
 
 yu 
 
 yii 
 
 yueh 
 
 H 
 
 yii6 
 
 yueh 
 
 yuen 
 
 a, 
 
 yiian 
 
 yiian 
 
 yun 
 
 i. 
 
 yiin 
 
 yiin 
 
 yung 
 
 w 
 
 yung 
 
 yung 
 
 unive; i 
 
 f 
 
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