r..^
RESEARCH IN CHINA
EXPEDITION OF 1903-04, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF BAILEY WILLIS
Syllabary of Chinese Sounds
by
FRIEDRICH HIRTH
[Extracted from Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 54,
Research in China, Volume I, Part II, pages 511-528.]
WASHINGTON, D. C. :
Published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington
June, 1907
RESEARCH IN CHINA
EXPEDITION OF 1903-04, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF BAILEY WILLIS
Syllabary of Chinese Sounds
by
FRIEDRICH HIRTH
[Extracted from Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 54,
Research in China, Volume I, Part II, pages 511-528.]
WASHINGTON, D. C :
Published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington
June, 1907
/
"oS
fAAM
SYLLABARY FOR THE TRANSCRIPTION OF CHINESE SOUNDS IN THE DIALECT
OF PEKING MODIFIED FOR LITERARY PURPOSES.
By Dr. Friedrich Hirth,
Professor of Chinese, Columbia University, New York City.
INTRODUCTION.
The subjoined Syllabary is mutatis mutandis identical with the "Tabelle
fur die L,aute des Chinesischen im Mandarin-Dialecte," submitted by me
to the Far-Eastern Section of the XIII International Congress of Orien-
talists held at Hamburg in September, 1902.* From this table I have
reproduced all the essential parts; but under column I (spelling in Williams'
Dictionary) I have added one of the Chinese characters representing each
group of sound; in column II (my own spelling) I have, in order to accommo-
date readers of English, changed the German initials sch and tsch into
sh and ch, and in column III I have added the corresponding sounds in
Wade's orthography of the Peking Dialect.
My own spelling, as represented in column II, is merely a compromise
between Williams' and Wade's Syllabaries, to which I have added a few
changes to be explained hereafter. The idea is not my own, but I have
followed the precedent set by Dr. E. Bretschneider, who in his well-known
works ("Botanicon Sinicum," "Mediaeval Researches," etc.) made free
use of Wade's system, while retaining the old Chinese standard initials
k, ts, h, and 5 before i and u as appearing in Williams' list of sounds against
ch and hs in the Peking Dialect.
To be consistent, the maker of a map of China favoring the Peking
orthography would have to spell Chiang-hsi for Kiang-si, Nan-ching for
Nan-king, or Fu-chien for Fu-kien, and to please such writers we ought
to look upon the greater part of the existing maps and charts containing
Chinese names and a host of valuable books on China as obsolete. Peking
spelling is, of course, a comfort to those who speak or study the dialect,
but it does not lend itself to literary purposes. Sir Thomas Wade, who
invented the system now applied to the Peking vernacular, wished it him-
self to be confined to that purpose and did not want it "even to profess
* Published in the Transactions of the Congress and reprinted in Prof. H. Cordier's Report, "Les
eludes chinoises," 1899-1902, T'oung pao, 1903, pp. 38-45, and Beitrdge zur Kenntniss des Orients, vol. I,
Munchen,i903.
5«
159877
512 RESEARCH IN CHINA.
to represent, or supplant, the standard or established pronunciation of
the Mandarin language."*
The following examples representing syllables familiar to students of
Chinese geography or history will illustrate the difference in the standard
spelling which has been sanctioned by tradition and the Peking ortho-
graphy:
1 1 Standard Mandarin. Peking Dialect {Wade).
kiang, river chiang
kin, gold chin
Ts'in, name of a dynasty Ch'in
king, capital eking
k'iau, bridge ck'iao
kia, family chia
K'ien-lung, Emperor's name Ch'ien-lung
Kia-k' ing, " " Chia-ch'ing
K'ang-hi, " " K'ang-hsi
si, West hsi
Men, a district hsien
pa-sien, the Eight Fairies pa-ksien
hiau, filial hsiao
siau, small hsiao
Kiu-kiang (Kewkeang) Chiu-chiang
In making use of the spelling shown in the subjoined Syllabary, Wil-
liams' "Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language" may serve as a
key. By looking up in it the Chinese characters to be transcribed the
sound appearing in column I (Williams) may be ascertained, while columns
II and III contain my own and Wade's equivalents. Readers need not
trouble too much about the pronunciation of these syllables, which should
be looked upon as mere symbols for certain sound groups to which the
characters to be transcribed belong. The phonetic principles on which
the several sounds are here described correspond in spirit to those adopted
by the Royal Geographical Society of London t and the United States
Board on Geographical names. J The "Instructions" here inserted have
been made to correspond as much as possible to the English and American
standards referred to.
* See Professor Schlegel's paper, "On the extended use of the Peking system of orthography for
the Chinese language" (published in T'oung pao, vol. vi, p. 499 seqq., Leiden, 1896), reproducing Mr.
W. F. Mayers' remarks, who, being himself a prominent speaker of the Peking dialect, warns against
its use for literary purposes.
t See "Rules for the Orthography of Geographical Names," published by the Council of the Royal
Geographical Society on December 11, 1891.
J See "Second Report of the United States Board on Geographical Names," 1890-1899. Second
edition, Washington, March, 1901.
SYLLABARY OP CHINESE SOUNDS. 513
PRONUNCIATION.
An approximation only of the true sound is aimed at in this system.
The vowels are to be pronounced as in Italian and on the continent of
Europe generally, and the consonants as in English; but note certain slight
modifications as described hereunder.
Vowels and Diphthongs.
a has the sound of a in father. Examples : ma, horse ; sha, sand ; wan, a bay ; shan>
mountain; nan, south.
e or € has the sound of e in men. Examples: Men, a district; mien, face, surface; sue,
snow; fie, iron; ye, wild; hue, cavern; t'ien, field; yen, salt,
i has the sound of i in ravine, or of ee in beet. Examples: si, west; tsi, rocks under
water; k'i, a rivulet; ni, mud; i (also read yi), city, hamlet.
Note : i is short as i in sin, or i in view, when followed by n, by another vowel
or a diphthong. Examples: kin, gold; ts'ing, blue; kia, family; kiang,
river; tien, palace; k'iau, bridge; k'iai, a model,
i' signifies that a vowel is to be intonated simultaneously with the adjoining sonant •
See Note 2, below. Examples: c/z'i', a pool or lake; shi, stone, rock;./*',
sun; ssi\ a township; tz'i, porcelain; ir, two.
o has the sound of o in mote. Examples: so, a place; ho, a river ;_/<?, Buddha; po,
a marshy lake.
6 has the sound of 6 in German, Hungarian, Swedish, Norwegian and Danish, or
of eu in French jeu, or of in English love. Examples: mon, gate, door;
shbng, a province; to, virtue.
Note: To describe this sound Wade makes use of the symbol e familiar to
speakers of French in such words as honnete, where it has quite
a different sound, though, from the one it stands for in Wade's
orthography,
u has the sound of 00 in boot. Examples: hu, lake; hu, valley; fu, a prefecture.
Note : u is short when preceding n, a, 0, or adiphthong. Examples : t'un, village ;
tung, east; kuang, broad; ch'uan, river, water courses, Ssi-ch'uan
province; chuang, a farm; huang, yellow; kuan, frontier pass
custom-house; tuan, short; kuo, kingdom; k'uai, quick.
ii is the umlaut of u and has the sound of u in French elu. Examples: su, an islet;
kit, embankment; k'U, a drain; hu, market-place.
Note : u is short when preceding n, a, or e. Examples : sun, a military station ;
ts'uan, fountain; yuan, source; sue, snow; yiie, moon,
ai has the sound of i in ice. Examples: hai, sea; t'ai, terrace, tower; ch'ai, strong-
hold, hill fortress; ai, cliff, ledge,
au has the sound of owin how. Examples: ati, a bay, cove; kau, high; lau, old;
miau, temple,
e'i has the sound of Italian e and i combined, somewhat like cy in English they.
Examples: hci, black; lei, thunder; met, coal; pet, north; wet, tail end.
ou is a diphthong in which the two elements are distinctly intonated, as in t'ou, head ;
which should have the sound of the first word in Hebrew tohu bohu with-
out its h. Examples: lou, a house with an upper story; k'6u, a mouth,
embouchure, a port; kdu, a ditch; hou, after, behind; /ou, a mound,
ui sounds like ooi, contracted into a diphthong, or like ui in German pfui. Examples :
shui, water, river; hui, whirling waters; tui, a heap (as of rocks).
/
514 RESEARCH IN CHINA.
Consonants.
Note : The initials, k, p,tc,k, ts, and tz should not be quite as hard as in English,
though decidedly harder than g, b, d, dj, and dz. Thus the initial in
kan, sweet, should hold about the middle between the initials in English
gone and con. To indicate that k, p, t, ch, ts, and tz should be pro-
nounced as hard as possible an asper is placed after them, which some
printing offices replace by an apostrophe. Examples: kan, sweet; k'an, a
pit; ping-, soldier; p'ing, even, level; to, many; lo-t'o, a camel; chau,
morning; ck'au, a dynasty; tsiau, half- tide rocks; ts-'iau, mountainous;
tzi, purple; tz'i-ki, gentle, or motherly, pleasure (principal name of the
Empress Dowager).
ch has the sound of ch in church, slightly softer when not marked and slightly harder
when marked by an asper. Examples: ckou, island; ck'o'ng, walled city.
When followed by i, the vowel disappears in it. See below, Note 2.
k ~\ as in English, king, poll, and tall, but slightly softer, and harder when marked by
pr an asper. Examples: kdu, ditch, drain; k'ong, a pit; pan, a police
t ' ward; p'u shore, branch of a river; tau, island; fan, a rapid.
ts slightly softer than the two consonants would sound in English, and harder when
provided with an asper. Examples: iso, a pool; ts'un, village.
tz similar to ts, the vowel disappearing in the sibilant. Examples: tzi, son; tz'i
a hall. See below, Note 2.
f as in English. Examples : fong, summit, peak; fdu, a mound.
h as in English, or as x in Spanish Xeres, both pronunciations being heard in North
China. Examples: hung, red; kite, a cavern; hia, a gorge.
j as j in French jeu, and not as in English. Examples : j'on, man; jo, hot. When
followed by i the vowel disappears in it. See below, Note 2.
As in English. Examples: ling, a mountain pass, range; mi, rice; ni, mud; an,
a small temple; kuan, an inn.
dental, not gutteral, merely occurs in combination with the vowel i, which dis-
appears in it, so that it is difficult to say whether it is an initial or a final.
See below, Note 2. Example: i'r, two.
sh as in English show. Examples: sh a ng, above. When followed by i, the vowel
disappears in it. See below, Note 2. Example: ski', ten.
ss is a sharp sibilant, as in English mess, in which the vowel i disappears. Example:
ssi, a monastery. See below, Note 2.
w as in English. Example: wan, gulf, bay.
y a consonant, as in English yard. Examples: ye, wild land; yen, a precipice; ying t
a military camp; yuan, an eddy.
ng as a final, as ng in English song. Examples: t'ing, an inferior prefecture ; tsing,
a well ; yang, ocean ; hang, hill, ridge ; chung, middle ; fang, dyke, pool ;
lung, a cave. In certain words beginning with a, 6, or 0, ng is optional as
an initial, and should not appear in any transcription. Thus an, repose, is
by some individuals pronounced ngan, for which reason we often read
Si-ngan-fu instead of Si-an-fu.
NOTE I. The accent in the vocalic combinations 6u, i£, and ue, shows which
of the two vowels is to be intonated foremost ; it is otherwise not essential,
and it must not be mistaken for a word-accent-
SYLLABARY OF CHINESE SOUNDS.
515
NOTE 2. I have comprised under one category what I call "the six difficult sounds,"
viz, chi, shi, Ji, ssi, tzi, and ir. By the symbol i, which I have borrowed from Edkins
I wish to indicate the simultaneous intonation of a vowel, no matter which, with the
adjoining sonant (ch, sh,J, ss, tz, or r). I have, at a meeting of the Far-Eastern Section
of the XII International Congress of Orientalists, held at Rome October 10th, 1899, ex "
plained the reasons which have led me to use a uniform symbol for the vocalic elements
of these six sounds, which appear as chih, shih,jih,ssu, tzu and erh respectively, in Wade's,
and as chi or chih, shi, sh' or shihjeh, sz t tsz, and 'rh in Williams' orthography. On refer-
ring to the old Chinese sound description quoted in K'ang-hi's Dictionary, it will be found
that syllables are there explained by the so-called "cutting sound" method (ts'id-yin).
It consists of two characters, of which the first indicates the initial, the second, the final
together with the vocalic content of the sound to be described. Since the six syllables
referred to have, in the modern Mandarin dialects, no consonant as a final, the second
character of their "cutting sound" represents merely their vocalic content pure and
simple. And with regard to this vocalic content, uniformity may be shown to have been
assumed by Chinese sound investigators in cases which in former systems are described
by very different symbols. A few examples will illustrate this:
Wade spells i\ chih, K'ang-hi's analysis has ls\ J^ *ch(i-sh)i=chi
" -^p ssu " " " ^T j^ s{iang--sh)i=ssi
" Ht **, " " " W JL* rj(png-sh)i=ri, or ir
It will be seen that in these three cases the Chinese express the final, or vocalic ele-
ment in a uniform manner by & shi* whereas Wade expresses it in three different ways
by ih, it and e. Furher
Wade spells ^g shih, K'ang-hi's analysis has "fj* £ sh(6u-ck)i=shi
" ,'Q jj^ rj{6n-ch)i= ri, or ir
" " " ,T]| y* sh(i-ch)i=shi.
" " " /^ ^r rj'(on-ch)i= ri, or ir.
" " jjjt £ ts(in-ch)i=tsi, or tzi.
" " " _«, JC^ ch(pn-r)i= chi.
•' ^ n ch(i-ji) = chi.
" \^ W j\on-ch)i=ji.
A
erh
#
shih
*
erh
&
tzu
z.
chih
*
chih
a
jih
\ *The character for /*, "an officer," (read aftf ad hoc {-ifa £ Xf\ -^T rT* • K'ang-hi).
1
516 RESEARCH IN CHINA.
The last two examples are cases in which the old sound had a consonant at the end ;
they are read chat and yat in Cantonese. But since no difference in sound is now heard
between Wf chi (Cantonese chat) and ^f chi (Cantonese chi), we are by analogy
entitled to describe the sound for £J (Cantonese yat) as j'i in Mandarin.
The symbol i thus denotes the amalgamation of a vowel with the adjoining sonant-
I have also used it to describe the sound ei in lei, mei, etc., the i of which is but faintly
heard by the side of e.
Note 3. I have followed the precedent set by Dr. Bretschneider in omitting the
final h at the end of certain syllables, which in former systems was meant to indicate that
a consonant (t, k, or p) appears in its stead in ancient Chinese and in the Southern dia-
lects. Thus the word for "wood" used to be spelt muh, because its Cantonese, and prob-
able ancient sound is muk. Bretschneider spells mu, because this is the sound actually
heard in Northern China, the h at the end having none but historical value. When it
is of importance to indicate the old final, I prefer to describe the word by "mu (Canton
Dial, muk)."
IIVE TY
s^UFOgg;
SYLLABARY.
I.
Williams.
II.
Hirth.
III.
Wade.
I.
Williams.
II.
Hirth.
III.
Wade.
ai
*
ai
ai
ch'eh
«.
ch'6
ch'e
ang
??
ang
ang
cheu
*H
chou
chou
cha ~l
chah )
ch'a "I
ch'ahj
chai
ft
%
cha
ch'a
chai
cha
ch'a
chai
ch'eu
chi -)
chih)
ch'i "l
ch'ih )
f
ch'6u
chi
ch'i
ch'ou
chih
ch'ih
ch'ai
«t
ch'ai
ch'ai
ching
iE
chong
cheng
chan
it,
chan
chan
ch'ing
$.
ch'ong
ch'eng
ch'an
i
ch'an
ch'an
choh
#
cho
cho
chan
Mr
chon
chen
ch'oh
%.
ch'o
ch'o
chen
ch'an
chan
ch'on
chan
ch'en
chu ")
chuh )
chu
chu
ch'en
chang
ch'an
chang
ch'an
chang
ch'u "I
ch'uh )
ch'u
ch'u
ch'ang
a-
ch'ang
ch'ang
chui
i
chui
chui
chang
ft
chong
cheng
ch'ui
»i*
ch'ui
ch'ui
ch'ang
*
ch'ong
ch'eng
chun
-•ft
chun
chun ]
chao
03
chau
chao
ch'un
&
ch'un [
ch'un
ch'ao
^
*>
ch'au
ch'ao
chung
+
chung
chung
che"
it
cho
che
ch'ung
*
ch'ung
ch'ung
ch'e"
*
ch'6
ch'e
chwa
i&
chua
chua
cheh
*T
cho
che
chw'ai
&
ch'uai
ch'uai
5«7
i8
RESEARCH
IN CHINA.
I.
II.
III.
I
II.
III.
Williams.
Hirth.
Wade.
Williams.
Hirth.
Wade.
chwang
£
chuang
chuang
hia ~i
T
chw'ang
&
ch'uang
ch'uang
hiah)
hia
hsia
chwen
4
chuan
chuan
#
hiai
hi€
hsieh
chw'en
»i
ch'uan
ch'uan
#
hiang
hiang
hsiang
fah
fa
fa
*
hiao
hiau
hsiao
fan
JX
fan
fan
m 1*
fan
»
fon
fen
hieh
hien
hid
hien
hsieh
hsien
fang
*
fang
fang
• w
fti
*
fei
fei
hin
•\f\
hin
hsin
feu
£
f6u
fou
hing
#
hing
hsing
foh
4
fo, fu
fu
hioh
*
hio
(hsio
( hsiao
fu
k
fu
fu
hiu
*
hiu
hsiu
fuh
4£
} fu, fo
fu, fo
liiun
ill
hun
hstin
fung
Wsj
fong
feng
hiung
a,
hiung
hsiung
hai
*
hai
hai
ho |
n
ho
ho
han
5f
han
han
hohf
xt
han,
flL
hon
hen
hu \
m
hang
¥l
hang
hang
huh J
ft
hu
hu
hang
•la
hong
heng
hwuh/
&
*
hao
#
hau
hao
hu
*
hu
hsu
heu
«.
h6u
hou
hii6 |
&
hue
hsiieh
hi |
m
hiieh )
k.
hih)
hi
hsi
hiien
i
hiian
hsiian
SYLLABARY OF <
:hinese sounds.
5
I.
II.
III.
I.
II.
III.
Williams.
Hirth.
Wade.
Williams.
Hirth.
Wade.
hung
It
hung
hung
jii |
■kv
hwa ")
&
hua
hua
juh i
>*
ju
ju
hwah)
if
jui
&
jui
jui
hwai
;i
huai
huai
jun
m
jun
jun
hwan
*
huan
huan
Jung
K
jung
Jung
hwang
#
huang
hnang
jwa
&
jua
jua
hwo ~)
hwoh )
X.
jwan
&
juan
juan
huo
huo
kai
Jt
kai
kai
hwui
m
hui
huei
k'ai
ft]
k'ai
k'ai
kan
■*
kan
kan
hwun
*
hun
hun
k'an
4i
k'an
k'an
yih)
&
&
i
», yi
kan
kon
ken
jib.
k'an
ft
k'on
k'en
jan
#
jan
jan
kang
13)
kang
kang
jan
K
jon
jen
k'ang
$.
k'ang
k'ang
Jang
%
Jang
Jang
* *
kang
Jt
kong
keng
Jang
W>
Jong
jeng
k'ang
ifc
k'ong
k'eng
jao
5t
jau
jao
kao
kau
kao
je
Is
j°
jo
k'ao
&J
*
k'au
k'ao
• J (a)
jehj
((b)
jo
je
jih
keu
ft
k6u
kou
El
k'eu
a
k'ou
k'ou
jeu
*'
jou
jou
"1
t,
ki
chi
joh
£
jo
jo
kihj
*•
519
520
RESEARCH IN CHINA.
I.
Williams.
II.
Hirth.
III.
Wade.
k'ih )
*
k'i
ch'i
kia "J
kiah i
kia
chia
k'ia )
<■£
Y
k'ia
ch'ia
k'iah )
•te-
kiai
ar
kie
chieh
k'iai
at
k'ie, k'
lai ch'iai
kiang
i*.
kiang
chiang
k'iang
JL
k'iang
ch'iang
kiao
*.
kiau
chiao
k'iao
*
k'iau
ch'iao
k'ie
flu
k'ie
ch'ieh
kieh
*i
kie
chieh
k'ieh
tt
k'ie
ch'ieh
kien
£
kien
chien
k'ien
K.
k'ien
ch'ien
kin
*
kin
chin
k'in
£
k'in
ch'in
king
*
king
ching
k'ing
*
k'ing
ch'ing
kioh
ft
kio
chio
k'ioh
£&
k'io
ch'io
I.
Williams.
kiu
k'iu
kiiin
k'iiin
k'iiing
ko )
kohi
k'o |
k'oh)
ku
kuh
I
k'u I
k'uhj
ku ~\
kiihi
'iih)
k'u
k
kiieh
k'iieh
kiien
k'iien
kung
k'ung
1L
%
i=>
•8-
f
ff
*
&
-J
II.
Hirth.
III.
Wade.
kiu
chiu
k'iu
ch'iu
ktin
chiin
k'un
ch'iin
k'iung
ch'iung
ko
ku
k'u
kiie
k'iie"
kiian
k'uan
kung
k'ung
ko
k'o k'o
ku ku
k'u k'u
chii
ch'ii
chiieh
ch'ixeh
chiian
ch'iian
kung
k'una:
SYLLABARY OF CHINESE SOUNDS.
521
I.
11.
III.
Williams.
Hirth.
Wade.
kwa ~)
&
kua
kua
kwah )
*J
kw'a
*
k'ua
k'ua
kwai
ft
kuai
kuai
kw'ai
fc
k'uai
k'uai
kwan
•s
kuan
kuan
kw'an
t
k'uan
k'uan
kwang
*
kuang
kuang
kw'ang
a
k'uang
k'uang
kwei
&
kui
kuei
kw^i
4-
k'ui
k'uei
kwo ~\
ift
kuo
kuo
kwoh)
H
kw'oh
M
k'uo
k'uo
kwun
«t
kun
kun
kw'un
a
k'un
k'un
"1
46
la
la
lah)
#
lai
^
lai
lai
Ian
M
Ian
Ian
lang
Fp
lang
lang
lang
long
leng
lao
-*-
lau
lao
I.
II.
III.
William
s.
Hirth.
Wade.
leh
&
16
le
lei
t
leV
lei
leu
#
16u
lou
H )
2.
f
li
li
lih )
i)
Hang
&
Hang
Hang
liao
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522
RESEARCH IN CHINA.
I.
Williams.
II.
Hirth.
III.
Wade.
lung
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Williams.
ii.
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OF CHINESE SOUNDS.
523
I.
Williams.
II.
Hirth.
III.
Wade.
pan
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24
RESEARCH
IN CHINA.
I.
Williams.
II.
Hirth.
III.
Wade.
I.
Williams.
ii.
Hirth.
III.
Wade.
ping
£
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SYLLABARY OP CHINESE SOUNDS.
525
I.
II.
III.
Williams
Hirth.
Wade.
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Williams.
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526
RESEARCH IN CHINA.
I.
Williams.
"1
t'ihi
*
II.
Hirth.
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Williams,
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4
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Hirth.
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III.
Wade.
t'un
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SYLLABARY OF
I.
II.
III.
Williams.
Hirth.
Wade.
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CHINESE SOUNDS.
527
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Williams.
11.
Hirth.
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If
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tzu
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it
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528
I.
Williams.
wa
wah
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wan
RESEARCH IN CHINA.
4
II.
Hirth.
wa
wai
wan
III.
Wade.
wa
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wan
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Williams.
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4
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f
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