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 TORATH 
 
 S'FATH 
 
 
 ^ i 
 
 1 f- 
 
 pRpp 
 
 I M W M IMI W>W W II MIII I IM tlWi W yi >* l VUAWJ^Wi^i^l<WllWBWI^^ 
 
 
 *v);i,jiikii5tier^vvj-vii 
 
mODi WDE^MaiR MEMOEHM. 
 
NAMES OF PATRONS - $10.00 
 
 Mr. J. Weil, 
 
 n. D. Kaplan 
 " D. Jones & Sons 
 " Charles Sj. izekelv 
 
 Mr. S. larmulowsky 
 Siegfried Hirsch, 
 " N. Cowen 
 '' J. Dukas, 
 
 NAMES OF PATRONS $5.00 
 
 
 Mr. 
 
 E. Greenberg 
 
 
 Dr. 
 
 ]. l^J. Mittelman 
 
 
 " 
 
 J. Katzenberg, 
 
 Mr, 
 
 . S. Weis 
 
 
 " 
 
 Max Markel, 
 
 6 
 
 M. Goldberg 
 
 
 " 
 
 Joseph Oshinsky, 
 
 ki 
 
 David Israel 
 
 
 u 
 
 \Vm. Prager 
 
 ifc 
 
 L. Rosenberg 
 
 
 6> 
 
 Joseph Polsttin, 
 
 4i 
 
 H. Mandelbaum 
 
 
 I. 
 
 Albert Blum, 
 
 ii 
 
 Isaac Polstein 
 
 
 " 
 
 David Berg, 
 
 ii 
 
 A. E. Rorhstein 
 
 
 It 
 
 Max Kobre, 
 
 
 Arnstein Bros. 
 
 
 Dr 
 
 Sam. Friedman, 
 
 ki 
 
 J. ]-?erko\vitz 
 
 
 Mr. 
 
 I. Liberman, 
 
 (,i 
 
 F. Levine 
 
 
 " 
 
 Joseph Friedman, 
 
 ii 
 
 I. J. Danziger 
 
 
 " 
 
 H. Barnard. 
 
 -4 
 
 S. Arnstein 
 
 
 Messrs. M. & L. Jarmulowski, 
 
 ki, 
 
 S. Mann 
 
 
 Mr. 
 
 K. Arnstein, 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Z. Moshkowitz 
 
 
 i( 
 
 Harry Rosenwasser, 
 
 Mr. 
 
 J. Xoth 
 
 
 * 
 
 J Epstein, 
 
 <.(, 
 
 S. M. Roeder 
 
 
 < ' 
 
 Gerson Hyman, 
 
 a. 
 
 Sam. M .Kaplan 
 
 
 ( 
 
 1 Unterberg, 
 
 NAMES OF PATRONS $3.00 
 
 Mr. A. Fellerman 
 " M . Weiss 
 " D. Kahn 
 
 Mr. Paul Flirsch 
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 '' Jos Hyman 
 
 ^^g^2^'*^ 
 
253 
 
 CORRECTIONS, 
 
 PARAGRAPH CORRECTION ERROR 
 
 " 2. Remark C taught tought 
 
 " 48 .- yt2NT f!?taKT 
 
 " 174 Fourth Sixth 
 
 Page. 228 Dn^DtJ^ D^^ttJ^ 
 
 230 ^vsfin i>yQnn 
 
 232 ^m-mpi w\ 
 
 242 '0T\'h" Dn^i? 
 
 246 N-iTi NTn 
 
 T T : 
 
 249 (S6) ^Tlttb' 1"'^PK> 
 
 " ^TV\'C'^ ^T7\'C)^ 
 
 1 . - ( : - 
 
 '' . 251 (c)6) nn-im nn-in 
 
 252 '^ nn3" r^p^. 
 
 '^ -y 'X "1 O '!5 'H '2 
 
^yen 
 
 252 
 
 njD 
 
 f. .n m. .0 
 
 |i2--m3pr> 
 
 3 nrapn laio'^ 3 
 
 p--D313 ' 
 p3--DD ' 
 
 100 
 
 io 
 
 '43p 
 
 n3-l-i3D 
 
 T , V T 
 
 1J3D 
 
 T 
 
 |3-D3p 
 
 irsp 
 n"'3--in"'3D 
 
 T I I . 
 
 T |V , 
 
 'jpp 
 
 nD--i(-n3D 
 
 'I I . 
 
 1J13D 
 
 I 
 
 |'!3--m3p 
 
 f. .n m. .0 
 
 irapri 
 
 3 iD' 3 
 
 T 
 
 ?]3-?)3pi 
 
 p-Dp3p: 
 , |3--D3p^^ 
 3 don 3 
 
 'J3Dr;i 
 
 r]3-^3pn 
 p-p3Pn 
 
 |3--D3pP 
 
 99 
 
 1 io: 1 
 
 f. .r 
 
 tn. .C 
 
 n3--in3DJ 
 
 T|v , . : 
 
 p-Dp3P4 
 ]3--D3p; 
 
 2 nj'3~13iDn 2 
 
 "'jDpn 
 ni3--im3Dn 
 
 I I 
 
 W3Dn 
 
 pn-Din3p 
 
 3 ao 3 
 
 ^:i3p 
 
 qi3-T]pp 
 
 ni3--ini3D 
 
 IJDP 
 
 p-DP13p 
 
 p3--D13p 
 
 98 
 
 TTT' TTlj; 't 
 1 3DS 1 
 
 n3--in3 " 
 p--DP3 ' 
 p-D3 ' 
 
 2 aon 2 
 
 "JPprn 
 n3-if-i3Dn 
 
 1J3PP 
 p--D3pri 
 
 2 '3iDn 2 
 
 ""rppri 
 
 np-iiT3 
 
 f. .n .m ,D 
 
 ^3-^3P 
 
 n3--in3D 
 
 T ,T - 
 
 ^J3p 
 
 p--Dp3P 
 P-D3P 
 3 nsp 3 
 
 'Jnsp 
 
 ^n---r]n3p 
 
 nnsHnnsp 
 
 ijn3D 
 
 : T - 
 
 p--Dpn3p 
 
 ) - - r - 
 
 91- 
 
 1 ^Ji3D 1 
 
 ! ~ 
 
 r]i:--T]pi3p 
 p--Dpij " 
 
 2 in-QljSD 2 
 
 "'j'in3D 
 
 I 
 
 Cfc 
 
Sysn 
 
 251 
 
 ^noD 
 
 f .n m. .c 
 
 96. 
 
 1 "riais 1 
 T]''n--T]"'f)2D 
 
 .Tn-rn " 
 
 T 
 
 2 liaD 2 
 "I" 
 
 nn-ln " 
 
 T 
 
 |n-Dn " 
 
 2 riap 2 
 
 I 
 
 n;n-rn " 
 irn " 
 
 3 3D 3 
 
 ':2D 
 
 I 
 
 94. 
 
 1 nf^jj 1 
 
 2 nr>--iiijn 2 
 
 nb-^n}b '* 
 
 3 n3'i)3n~!i^r 3 
 
 T|v;. : 
 
 95 
 
 ^:b^ 
 
 |- : 
 
 f. .n m. .Dj 
 
 1 : . 
 
 l'?-D? " i 
 
 2 'i)jri 2 
 
 ^J^b^n 1 
 
 n^>--in^^ " 1 
 
 
 r^-D^b " 
 
 3 nbi] 3 
 
 ^j^r 
 
 
 'j'' "1 
 
 
 3 nijjn 3 1 
 
 ^:^:in 
 
 
 i:^ "1 
 
 p--?^ "i 
 
 ]^-D? "1 
 
 f. n m. .0 
 2 )n-Dn'5j 2 
 
 nin-imn" 
 
 3 li>ll 3 
 
 T 
 
 p--?i^3 
 
 93 
 
 1 n?3K 1 
 
 p--5^- " 
 
 2 n^w 2 
 
"^v^i^n 
 
 250 
 
 OD 
 
 f. .11 m. .D 
 3 n^^a 3 
 
 3 r\r6^ 3 
 
 T : T 
 
 p--D5n^3 
 
 can nay ,t 
 1 i:'i)a 1 
 
 f. .11 m. .D 
 91 
 
 l^n^ -i^v 'T 
 
 1 ^n^ij2 1 
 
 r -^ 
 
 T]''n-?]"'n''^i| 
 .Tn-rn " 
 p--D5^n " 
 pn-D^n " 
 
 2 n'?3 2 
 
 T|- T 
 
 nn--inn ' 
 |n-Dn " 
 
 2 n'^3 2 
 
 irn 
 
 4 
 
 f. .r 
 
 m. 
 
 T : 
 
 2 njolOT 'Bn 2 
 
 T : T T 
 
 3 njDitw 'E" 3 
 
 T : T T 
 
 ^ I I 
 
 p=-D51D * 
 pD-DID ' 
 
 90- 
 
 'Tii- -f,T 
 
 T 1 
 
 f. .11 .m .0 
 
 2 'D'C'ri 2 
 
 I : 
 
 3 D'E" 3 
 
 T 
 
 |- : 
 
 1 
 
 p--Dpp ' 
 
 3 D'ETl 3 
 
 T 
 
 nQ--i3p 
 
 |D--DD 
 
 89 
 
 D-ai -TTIJJ '1 
 1 w'm 1 
 
^rsn 
 
 249 
 
 :d 
 
 f .n m. .D 
 
 f. .11 m. .c 
 
 f. .11 mv D. 
 
 f. -n m. .::2 
 
 1 
 
 3 DK^ 3 
 
 T : , ; 
 
 n--innp^*p. 
 
 ^ 1 1 
 
 r 'JO?' 
 
 ' ^jnp^'' 
 
 1 
 
 mn " 
 
 1^ T]p-'^'?^ 
 
 nn-inn " 
 
 ' 1 1 
 
 |n-Dn " 
 
 |in-Din " 
 
 1 na-mpE? 
 
 i:n " 
 
 3 npam nDE'" 3 
 
 3 lOr 3 
 
 UOE? 
 
 " jn-'on. " 
 
 ^jna^'> 
 
 "'Jipt' 
 
 1 p-Q^os; 
 
 86. 
 
 7]n-T]n- 
 
 ^in--'?iip " 
 
 p-DDt 
 
 V'i? Tij ':i 
 
 nn-inn " 
 
 mD--imo " 
 
 \ 3 noc 3 
 
 Tn'' -<.2V 'I 
 
 ijn ' " 
 
 ^ 1 1 
 
 1 ''^ 
 
 1 'noE' 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 p--D5n " 
 p-Dn " 
 
 88. 
 
 nna-WDt?' 
 
 p--D5^n " 
 
 85 
 
 rn^ .Tny 't 
 
 
 pn--D^n ' 
 
 lioc' 
 
 1 u^'m 1 
 
 p-rD3PPt^ 
 
 2 BDE' 2 
 
 
 
 I. |n--Dnp^ 
 
 
 
 n:-i3rp 
 
 1 ' SI- 
 
 nn--ln " 
 
 T |--: T 
 
 ' ^ 1 1 
 
 
 > 1 a^i ! 1 
 
 u^d::^" 
 
 iD--DDD 
 
 L!'^2n .nnv 'T 
 
 ijsn " 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 "^ 
 
 n-Dn^'iZ; 
 
 2 D^pF\ 2 
 
 1 ijDb' 1 
 i -1" 
 
 2 naE' 2 
 
 ) : T 
 
 ^jO'^'I? 
 
 
 'J^n??!^ 
 
 'rnqiz; 
 
 nj-iJO " 
 
 P-31J '' 
 
 n-jn-vnacy' 
 
 T 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 pJ--D1J '^ 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 p-QP '' 
 
 i 2 l^ll'^DriW ^ 
 
 pn--D\^pt^ 
 
 .p-i-Dn " 
 
f. /.I m. .c 
 
 3 -liDC>" 3 
 
 q-!D--'?j-ia " 
 
 T ,v : 
 
 p--Dp-ip " 
 
 p.--D-l.p '* 
 3 -\mm 3 
 
 248 
 
 T I V : 
 
 p--Dpip " 
 p,--DlP " 
 
 84- 
 
 D''31 TinjJ 'T 
 1 IWl 1 
 
 n>-na " 
 p-DD-l^^: " 
 p.-D-ip " 
 
 f .'A m. .a 
 
 nn--inn ' 
 
 i:n ' ' 
 
 p--D5n " 
 
 |n-Dn " 
 
 83 
 
 1 "liOB'N 1 
 
 nn--no " 
 
 T I V 
 
 p--DQ1p '' 
 p.--D-ip " 
 
 2 ^ict^'n 2 
 
 |- : : 
 
 I 
 
 p--D10 " 
 2 nptyn 2 
 
 I : : 
 
 np-^inp " 
 ' iJp. ' " 
 
 f. .n m. .0 
 
 p--D51Dr' 
 p-DIO?^ 
 
 3 mpB> 3 
 
 : ~ T : 
 
 p- D^nn ' 
 
 I - -i T 
 
 82 
 
 1 ^J-lDK^ 1 
 
 :|-T 
 
 2 in-on-iDE' 2 
 
 nin--inih " 
 '\m ' " 
 pn-'mn " 
 
 3 l-iDe* 3 
 
 f. -11 m. .0 
 81 
 
 T)"'n--T]^nnQ:^' 
 p-Dp^n " 
 
 2 mOK> 2 
 
 nn--ln " 
 
 T 
 
 I' 
 
 |p--Dn " 
 
 2 rnoB* 2 
 
 I : - : 
 
 n]r\-VD " 
 pn--D"'n " 
 
 3 "IDI^ 3 
 
 - T 
 
 nn--i->-n " 
 
 1 - 
 
247 
 
 Forms of the verbs 
 
 o^:d 
 
 ]:^'^V^^^^^:i ny-r ;];dis 
 
 vy^j^n'a 80 
 
 bpn '3 79 
 
 b^V^n 3 78 
 
 ^f^n 'SnI 
 
 
 f. .11 ra. .a 1 
 
 f. .11 m. .a 
 
 f. .11 m. .C 1 
 
 f. .*n .m .Di 
 
 
 ' 1 : 
 
 ^n^H3 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 1 : 
 
 
 1^1 
 
 n-n?i3 1 
 
 n--nt<3 
 
 T T 
 
 n--nnin 
 
 n-n"'-!-' 21 
 
 T |- T 1 
 
 nnSn 
 
 nE^-tria 
 
 nx--3 
 
 nni-nnln 
 
 T : T T 
 
 PT 
 
 utj'ia 
 
 1J3 
 
 1 i 
 
 1 ^ i 
 
 nn:? 
 
 ]r)-Di^^2 
 
 ]n-Drii<3 
 
 jp-cri^i^'"' ^ 
 
 |n--Dr)"'n"; 2! 
 
 
 1Z'13 
 
 1{<3 
 
 nln 
 
 1-p 3i 
 
 
 nt^l3 5i^l3 ; 
 
 nK3 i<3 
 
 nyD n-)lo 
 
 ny ni"' 
 
 j 313^ 
 
 nl--DT'D 
 
 ni--D\^3 
 
 nl-Dnla 
 
 nil^ on^ 
 
 hv, 
 
 
 
 ; T 
 
 -^n"-, ^n; 
 
 '313' 
 
 
 
 nl-Dnio 
 
 ir\r-Q^]y 
 
 'jij: 
 
 t^'li^ 
 
 13H 
 
 n"il 
 
 
 
 '1 ' 
 
 ''?:''-i:i''i3n 
 
 1 ^>?l3-^3n 
 
 1 nln n"!in 
 
 ^n-HTn '2 
 
 CO i 
 
 t:fi3n-^ 
 
 >l3n--"' 
 
 n^ln-l"" 
 
 nTn:-^\ 3 
 
 
 ti'l3: 
 
 N13J 
 
 nil: 
 
 nT;i 1 
 
 i 
 
 nj^'-r^'lDn 
 
 1 n:^3-i{<l3n 
 
 i njn-nin 
 
 ' 1 
 
 nrT-iTn^ 
 
 1 p i 
 
 " - 1ti'-D^. 
 
 -l^<i3: 
 
 "-nr 
 
 
 ti*l33 t:'l3 
 
 133 ^?13 
 
 '3 '3 ,nnin 
 
 |'5'3niT mT 1 1^-^ 
 
 w'Gt: ti'n-? 
 
 sxi2p ni^b 
 
 nninn 'in':^^ 
 
 j nn^^ 1 ^'^- 
 
 ^&'13 12^*13 
 
 \^3 {^3 
 
 1 -'lin ,n";in 
 
 ^T. HT i IV 
 
 nj'^l3-TZ'i3 
 
 - : 1 
 
 nj>?3 15<13 
 
 - I-- 
 
 1 nr>-n^ 
 
 : 'V.S 
 
Forms of 
 
 246 - 
 
 the verbs 
 
 r:D 
 
 5;iDny'iirD'''':f nyi jyo-iss 
 
 ^>:5J'3 16 
 
 bpn '2 75 
 
 b'lj^n '2 u 
 
 ^pn '3 73J 
 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 j f. .11 m. .0 
 
 i. .11 m. .C i 
 
 f. .11 .m .Oi 
 
 
 1 
 
 : 1 "T 
 
 ^n'3n 
 
 ! T 
 
 1*11 
 
 n-nj<-)ij 
 
 n--nxn^- 
 
 n--n^2n 
 
 n--n^[?j 21 
 
 na'jnn 
 
 nvS-i--iij 
 
 n^-i; ^?-i; 
 
 nn|-n3n 
 
 nncD-HDJ 3 1 
 
 T ; T T ; 
 
 pi 
 
 iJ5<nlj 
 
 1 '"^ 
 
 u^sn 
 
 ire: M 
 
 135? 
 
 in-QD^I.'iJ 
 
 in-DriT 
 
 |.n-Qn^3n 
 
 in-Dn^p^ 2' 
 
 
 li^nij 
 
 wn^ 
 
 DH 
 
 IDJ 3 
 
 
 n^-i-xnl: 
 
 
 nsa n30 ' 
 
 Htg)2 nm 
 
 '3"13^3 
 
 nV-D\siij 
 
 ni--D\N5-!-'^ 
 
 nl -n^2D 
 
 nlQi: D^cpU 
 
 SjriB 
 
 
 
 .130 ,-13?? 
 
 T : T 
 
 ^3irn 
 
 
 
 nl3-D^3o 
 
 nV-D^1iDJ 
 
 Sirs 
 
 v^Ti^ 
 
 ^5-i;5f? 
 
 n3H 
 
 m r\m 1 
 
 .2 CA- 
 
 1 s 
 
 N'^n-inin 
 
 ^t<-i-n^n 
 
 ^3n nin 
 
 ^C3-- nan 2 
 
 B ^ 
 
 v ' ', 
 
 T T. 
 
 i^Tn-"'"' 
 
 n3n ro: 
 
 nn- r 3 
 
 t .5 
 
 ^ll) 
 
 ^<-i^j 
 
 n3: 
 
 n^j 1 
 
 a 1^ 
 
 n3X"!.-w-nn 
 
 n:>-i -ivH-i\'n 
 
 nr3-i3n 
 
 n:^CD-iC2n2 
 
 
 : T. 
 
 - ixn^-' 
 
 "-13"' 
 
 * " -- !|J3i 3 
 
 
 xnina x-in 
 
 '^3'^3 i^T 
 
 3'3 ,nl3-n3n 
 
 i'3'3.nlD:3'nQJ i t^-^ 
 
 
 t<Tn 5^1"''? 
 
 ni3n?5 'H? 
 
 niQjp-^':' p'^" 
 
 '{<1 ^"i?n 
 
 1^-11 {<-i^ 
 
 ^3 - -]n 
 
 "'D^ nc?; 1 1^1 
 
 n:^<n-ij?-iin 
 
 n:N-i-i^i^ 
 
 n:^3 - 13 n 
 
 T 1 : 
 
 i 'nvn 
 
245 
 
 "^rsn 
 
 N'-^y'ri D^'DDIJD ;D^*7iMn ':i 
 
 0O3 
 
 Forms of the verbs 
 
 nycsnynta''^:; nn jvt:-iij) 
 
 f. .11 m. .D 
 
 jT T 
 
 n-nxt'j 
 
 T |T T 
 
 T : T T 
 
 bpQr)n'2n 
 
 i. .n m. .Q 
 
 nbb--9:> " 
 6b - 
 
 b^^n -2 10 
 
 f. .n tn. .D 
 
 T 
 
 na-DDin 
 
 T - 
 
 3 b"'j;?n'2 69 
 
 f .n m. .0 
 
 n--ri2pi7 a 
 n3D-2Dn 3 
 
 i2Dn 3 
 
 
 n^^fc^--t^j I nb)- t^b^iPP I n3--3pin i napp 2pp 
 
 
 nxitr^xit^j 
 
 1 
 
 
 n3-3D1D 
 
 jii'n 
 
 nl-D^iii'; 
 
 
 
 n1-D^3p1D 
 
 h'ljjB 
 
 T 
 
 '?'?3n> 
 
 3D1i< 
 
 3Di< 1 
 
 PT 
 
 "ijJi^-^^E'n 
 
 'bb--^'?3nn 
 
 i3-2Din 
 
 ^3--3pn 2 
 
 T'njT 
 
 j^E'n--"' 
 
 "^^iinn-^ 
 
 3Din-v 
 
 3Dn--^ 3 
 
 
 T 
 
 ^^an: 
 
 3DU 
 
 3DJ . 1 
 
 
 n:E'-i^n 
 
 T : : : 
 
 n:3--i3Din 
 
 T 1 V - 
 
 nJ3PP13Dn2 
 
 
 " -- )m' 
 
 " -- i':5'?3n^ 
 
 " --i3Dr 
 
 " -- oo: 3 
 
 
 mt m: 
 
 3'n3 '?'?2nn 
 
 3Din 
 
 'ns 'n3 3Dn 
 
 T'T 
 
 'm7 mp2 
 
 ^^anno 'nb 
 
 
 3pnp 'nb 
 
 npcn 
 
 '' m 
 
 ^^^ -^^iinn 
 
 
 i3-3pn 
 
 T^T 
 
 n:^e' ixt' 
 
 nj'^^-i^Vann, 
 
 
 nj3pn i3pn 
 
 T|v -: T 
 
 nixn 
 
"7:;^^ 
 
 244 - 
 
 O^JD 
 
 Forms of 
 
 the verbs 
 
 -',j;Q"iyiia''"'S npT iyoit< 
 
 s 
 
 b^Q'2 68 
 
 1 b^^Q '2 67 
 
 ^>:o; '2 66 
 
 bpr. '265 
 
 
 i- .11 m. .D 
 
 1 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 f. .11 m. .e 
 
 f. .11 .m .0 
 
 
 P--n22lD 
 
 ^n22lD 
 
 1 ri--n22iD 
 
 ^n2D; 
 n--ri2DJ 
 
 T : 
 
 'n2p 1 
 n--n2p 2 
 
 naSnn 
 
 .-122-2210 
 
 ! n22-22lD 
 
 n20-2o: 
 
 n3p 2p 3 
 
 li 
 
 1J221D 
 
 1 : " 
 
 1J221D 
 
 : 1 : - 
 
 i:2D^ 
 
 ijisp I 
 
 lay 
 
 |r^-Dr;i22iD 
 
 j |n-Dr)22lD 
 
 |n-Dri2D: 
 
 |D-Dr^3p 2 
 
 
 D21D 
 
 1221D 
 
 13d: 
 
 12P 3 
 
 
 n22-22lD 
 
 n22-22lD?? 1 
 
 n2D; 2PJ 1 n2D 2D 
 
 '213'3 
 
 nv-D^22iD : 
 
 ni--D'22iDp 
 
 n1-D^2D; 1 nl2--Q^3D 
 
 'jyiB 
 
 
 n22--22lD?? 
 
 -212D 212p 
 
 '!i:'3 
 
 
 nl-D^22iDr? 
 
 1 n1-D^2i2q 
 
 hr;^ 
 
 22105!?^ 
 
 221DN 
 
 2D{< . 2lD 1 
 
 f '1 
 
 ^22-2210^1 
 
 i ^22-22lDn 
 
 i3-3Dn 1 ^2-2Dn 2 
 
 r ja 
 
 CO ? 
 
 2210^1-10'' 
 
 22lDn-lD"' 
 
 3Dn-^ 1 ion- "; 3 
 
 
 2?1DJ ' 
 
 221DJ 
 
 iDJ 2d: 1 
 
 
 n:22-i22iDr) 
 
 n:22-n2iDn 
 
 rni2DnoDnhp2Dn-i3Dn 
 
 
 " - 12210^ 
 
 - 122lD^^ 
 
 "- 12D^ 1*'" -1201 3 
 
 i 
 
 fi 
 
 , 221D 
 
 1D21D2221D; 
 
 2Dn 
 
 32P 3P h^^ 
 
 
 22lDpiD'p 
 
 
 iPP 23P^ 1 ^''''"' 
 
 
 ""22-2210 1 
 
 ^2 -- 3Dn 
 
 ^3-2P i T-- 
 
 
 nn-5-n2lo 
 
 1 
 
 i:'2pn DDn 
 
 nr2p DP I 
 
 >nsn 
 
"yi^'t^n 
 
 243 
 
 ^rJ3 
 
 Forms of the verbs 
 
 I -: r : 
 
 n--n"'.in " 
 nnv-mn " 
 
 T : T-: 
 
 
 '3611 
 
 I 
 
 f. 11 m. -D I 
 
 in*) 
 
 
 1| -[-n 
 2|na'?nn 
 
 ! 
 
 3i 
 
 I 
 
 IDt 
 
 SI 
 
 
 
 ma ma 
 nv-D^ia 
 
 
 
 n'^--n^:o [ 
 
 
 "iirn 
 
 
 n1-D^>:a 
 
 
 Siys 
 
 mnni::^'^ 
 
 n'?:i'>< 
 
 ~'?:h 
 
 n)m. ' 
 
 pr 
 
 ^i=-ninni::^'n 
 
 : T 
 
 '':5-n':';in j 
 
 "v-niyri 2 
 
 Tny 
 
 n^nr^D-^D^ 
 
 n^jn-y 
 
 nb:n-r 1 
 
 nian-y"' 3 
 
 
 n^nni^'j 
 
 n^:j 
 
 nb^: ^ 
 
 ma; 1 
 
 
 nrv-iinpi::''n 
 
 T 1 V : ^ 
 
 nrb-"i'??n 
 
 T 1 V : 
 
 
 " - mrizf^. 
 
 " -- 6r' 
 
 " '- ^bv 
 
 " - ny;- 3 
 
 
 '2 n i-n)nnti'n 
 
 nl'?3n n^jn 
 
 r\'\b:ir\ n^jn 1 
 
 nia 
 
 TIT 
 
 n.lnn-^'nDV^ 
 
 
 nlb:no''?'33 
 
 
 Tipfsn 
 
 "'V-ninni^'n 
 
 
 'b-nb}n 
 
 
 -IT 
 
 ^T-iin " 
 
 
 nifp-mn 
 
 
 'iisn 
 
Forms of 
 
 242 
 
 the verbs 
 
 o^:d 
 
 nytsn:;'!';^^'':; nyi iVd-iss 
 
 jJ^S '3 60 1 
 
 bv.m '3 59 
 
 bpP. '3 58 1 
 
 b^jBr^n '2 5t 1 
 
 
 f. .n m. .0 
 
 n-nv,a 
 nm--my 
 
 f. .11 m. .a 
 
 n--nV " 
 r\rb- rh " 
 
 f. .11 .m .0: 
 
 n--n^ba ! 
 r\r\b-nbj \ 
 
 f. .11 m. .C 1 
 
 n--n3 " 2 1 
 n3'-X3 " 3 ' 
 
 ncj'jnn 
 
 10' 
 
 iJ"'ia 
 
 ir^ " 
 
 ir^a 
 
 1J^3 " 1 
 
 13V 
 
 11V 
 
 1^ ' " 
 
 1^ 
 
 1i^3 " 3 
 
 
 ni--nivp ^ 
 nV-D^ivip 
 
 
 1 ^^^ ^^^ \ 
 
 ni<3-3nnp 
 nl -D^><3 " 
 
 
 ni-niy?p 
 ni-D"'ivi? 
 
 
 ni^-D^i^3 
 
 >3i:'3 
 
 "i.-nivp 
 
 n?aj 
 
 ^b-r\b^r\ 
 
 ^b^^-y. 
 
 ^b>:i 
 
 ^5300^ 1 
 
 \S3-x3nrin 2 
 i^snon-n"' 3 
 
 N3nn; 1 
 
 .HI 
 
 id .s 
 
 nrv-iivi^ 
 
 " - IIV^^ 
 
 1 nr^-i'pin 
 1 ,',- i^r 
 
 \ nr'?-i^an 
 1 " '' 1^^' 
 
 n;t<3-iK3nnn 
 *"-i^3nri^ 3 
 
 
 '3 '3 niia 
 nlivo niiv? 
 
 'n3'n3 ni^jn 
 
 '3'3 ni':'? n^a 
 ni'^ao'a^ 
 
 '3 '3 '3nnn 
 xsnrinD ',-17 
 
 i -npan 
 
 "'1--1V 
 
 ^b-nban 
 
 'ba n'?a 
 
 ^^3->53nrin 
 
 i T^T 
 
 nri--iia 
 
 nrb-i'^an 
 
 T |V T 
 
 nr^-iVa 
 
 njijt3-is3nnn 
 
 I 'nxn 
 
"yv^n 
 
 241 
 
 o*:d 
 
 n{<;-XT5ri 1 
 
 n^-vsn50 
 
 n5^-i<i2 
 
 \ n^i-i^i30 
 
 'ii3n 
 
 ni-D^i<") "; 
 
 nl--D\xn " 
 
 nl--D^i<-i " 
 
 j nl-D^^inr? 
 
 hv'B 
 
 
 nv^-K-i3p 
 
 
 n5<i-t-i2Jp 1 ., 
 
 
 ni-D'^-i^p 
 
 
 n1-D^-j3p ''^VB 
 
 15^ 
 
 <n355 
 
 ^i^^ 
 
 ">?? ' 
 
 PT 
 
 ^i^l-^^n^n 
 
 ""^^-^n^n 
 
 '^n-^^lan 
 
 \^";i-->{-i3p 2 
 
 Tfiy 
 
 ^^n^J^i-: 
 
 n?n--5: 
 
 ^').:ii^-2] 
 
 ; ti2p-p^ 3 
 
 
 ^"^1?^ 
 
 'n2J 
 
 j{-)34 
 
 *^");i^ ' 
 
 
 n^vSi-ivSiDn 
 
 njt<i-in3n 
 
 njx-ii<-^3n 
 
 1 nj5<-)-ii<-i3n2 
 
 
 : : T 
 
 " - wn.5: 
 
 " -- w-i^^ 
 
 " - 1J<-iT 3 
 
 
 N"i2n 
 
 '3 '3 {^nnn j 
 
 >513 
 
 '25 '? i<"!3'iT, 
 
 
 {<n;ino 'n^ \ 
 
 i 
 
 i<-l30 "2b -^'1"=" 
 
 
 ^{^-^n.^n 
 
 
 \^n-sSi3 
 
 1*n 
 
 
 T 1 
 
 
 
 msn 
 
hvDn 
 
 240 
 
 ^r:n 
 
 
 n^ij'4'WJt' 
 
 
 
 ^i12'3 
 
 
 nl-D'5:5^j^ 
 
 
 
 S'.ys 
 
 t<ys5< 
 
 y?p^ 
 
 n-iinp^5 
 
 1P\S 1 
 
 PT 
 
 ^t<y-^ysn 
 
 \^V--i^a??n 
 
 nn-nnlnpn 
 
 np-ipin 2 
 
 Tnr 
 
 iiwn-''. 
 
 y??n-P' 
 
 i"i.inpn-p"'. 
 
 ; npin-r 3 
 
 
 ^ys: 
 
 ^V^-? 
 
 n-ilnpj 
 
 "ipi:; 1 
 
 
 njx-iv^ysn 
 
 T |v : : 
 
 nj-i-i-i-i-iinpn 
 
 \ n:-ip-npin 2 
 
 
 
 
 " - l^y?p^^ 
 
 " -- niinp^ 
 
 1 " - npv 3 
 
 
 1? 'H? ^?y3n 
 
 '3 '3 ^y?3 ^ 
 
 3'n3-i-iinp- 
 
 ipin 
 
 im 
 
 ^5y?^nn 'n':? 
 
 v^y??o .'J?'? 
 
 -i-i.inpnP'nV 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 Ti|:cn 
 
 \^y->asn 
 
 1 ^{<yp 5^yp 
 
 nn-nnippn 
 
 
 TT 
 
 njj^y -iNy " 
 
 n^^^rp i^ya 
 
 
 
 <nsn 
 
Forms of the verbs 
 
 f. ,11 m. .D ; f. .11 m. ,r2 
 
 n--nipri | n -nipiD 
 ni--TDn i n-Tn-iiiD 
 
 H~ : : I" 
 
 239 
 
 r:3 
 
 ^.VtonyntD'''':; nyi iVdiwb 
 
 f. .11 . .m-.Dj f. .11 m. .D 
 
 : r i .1 
 
 n--ni"iiD 1 n-Piiio: 2 
 
 ' : r i 'I 
 
 n-)i---i-iiD i.^ nn-ito: 3 
 
 T : I T T 
 
 TIT , 
 
 noSnn 
 
 
 'J13'; 
 Syis 
 
 nl-Dnoia 
 
 T T : ; 
 
 
 TD 
 
 1"l^D^? 
 
 . , ^^iDi? 
 
 . 1lD^5 1 
 
 pr 
 
 n.-i^on \ 
 
 "'"!"i-i"TiDn 
 
 "'-n--nlDn 1 
 
 np-nlDn 2 
 
 Tnj? 
 
 -i^qn-"^ 1 
 
 , -inlsri-^ 1 
 
 -rnicri-' 
 
 .-ilon-lD^ 3 
 
 
 " "^D^ . 
 
 "i^ApJ 
 
 111D4 
 
 llDJ 1 
 
 
 T :| -^ i 
 
 -ij-in-n-ilon 
 
 njip-nnlDpnj"ilD-niDn2 
 
 
 " ^'^'CP 
 
 '* - 5"11lD^ 
 
 " - n-iio;' j 
 
 "-nlD^ 3 
 
 
 'ri3,'n5,Tpri 
 
 nilD- 
 
 3 '3 ^^I^D 1 
 
 3 'n3,-ilDn 
 
 im 
 
 Tono ,'rh. 
 
 
 1-llDD'b \ 
 
 , ; 
 
 iipnn 
 
 n^D-iDi-i 
 
 
 \ n-1-)lD 
 
 n-nlDH 
 
 ; i"^"" 
 
 T :| T 
 
 
 hJ-ii-nniD 
 
 : T : |- 
 
 
 i 'inn 
 
Forms of 
 
 ;t- 238 " . . 
 
 the verbs 
 
 >rjn 
 
 nyiD-iyntD"'''!; np jyonss 
 
 ' ^j5u '3 44 1 
 
 ^ bpn '3.43 
 
 ; by^n 'Sisj^-^iysn^^i 
 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 i 
 
 f. .IV ' m. .0 
 
 f. .IV , ' .m .o| f. .n ; m. .Cf 1 
 
 
 : |- : 
 
 ' '^ : 
 
 ; ^n^ari j . ""n^an i ; 
 
 " "^"^^^ 
 
 n--n-)D i 
 
 : T : |- : 
 
 P --np?!-? 
 
 . n--n^an 1 pj?--r^i;yn 2 
 
 nioSnn 
 
 n-i-np ^ i 
 
 np^-- t]St 
 
 n^?i--jan 1 ri^-T'iin ^ 
 
 19^ 
 
 liinp -^ 
 
 "3Sri, 
 
 )mn . ijj;yn 1 
 
 nny 
 
 |r)-Dj?ip ^ i 
 
 |r)-Dr?p^O 
 
 |P--Dr^;iari i|p-Dr)j?an 2 
 
 
 , .^"^9,. 
 
 , ^^n 
 
 i:ivn ly^an- 3 
 
 
 n~!p'"np \ 
 
 np^-Tj'^Jn 
 
 Hjan ^yn ^:^-PW 
 
 3ir3 
 
 OV-Dnp ! 
 
 M 
 
 nv-D^5vn Inv-D^ryD - 
 
 SyiB 
 
 T ; 
 
 i 
 
 
 _ n^ap 'lap 
 
 '21i'3 
 
 
 
 
 nV-D^yVP 
 
 'jl^^B 
 
 ^- ^1Di< 
 
 ^bi* 
 
 :yi<, 
 
 - r^ , 1 
 
 .22 U^ 
 
 n lion 
 
 i .^P^-T]^? 
 
 .^jj^ici jari 
 
 1 .'J7--J!:ari ., 2 
 
 
 n.iDn-: 
 
 Tj'^n--'' 
 
 lyri :iy' 
 
 I i^'ari)--: _ 3 
 
 "r^ OS 
 
 T ' 
 
 1 . i^y^ 
 
 :; , 
 
 h.,ra^ 1 
 
 
 'nniD-niDn 
 
 1 .njp^-:D^n 
 
 nmr\ ij^n i.n;ya--iy^an 2 
 
 
 " -mD.: 
 
 ! ^^ -'^.' 
 
 nmr\ i:y^ "-ny"'a: s 
 
 -5 
 
 '3 ,'3,niD 
 
 'p'p.nD^TiSn 
 
 jan 
 
 1: 
 
 '5 'H? ,r^n 1 .^"^"^ 
 
 - ^iDa ,'b 
 
 T" I" "^ 
 
 
 r^np 'hV p^^^" 
 
 ^11D -lID 
 
 ^i7i2 
 
 
 ^ ..^j;:-i;^^n,.^. il-n 
 
 nj-ilD niD 
 
 njpb Db 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 njyy-ir^n i 
 
 ^^isn 
 
237 
 
 "^y^n 
 
 ' '3 ^m ':i 
 
 ^rjD 
 
 Forms of the verbs 
 
 ^v'^'^v^v^^^:^ -in 
 
 IVC-,JJS 
 
 ""sn S^n 3 40 
 
 f. .n 
 
 m. .0 
 
 iriDy 
 
 
 ^i;Bni 
 
 m '339| 
 
 f. :l m. .0 I 
 
 nn-nns " i 
 
 : - T :| - I 
 
 nnz)--n3 " | 
 
 |ri-Dnn3 " | 
 
 in3 " i 
 
 f. .11 m. ,D 
 
 : |- 
 
 : T ; |- 
 
 nn-i-n-iiin 
 
 3 b'']}^n'2 31 1 
 
 f .n m. .a ' 
 
 ; naSnn 
 
 n.--nprn 
 np-p"'j"'n 3i 
 
 iJDrn 1 
 
 n=y 
 
 3i 
 
 IpV^I 
 
 r\D)i-i:>)i^ \ nn3-n3ino ; m--i-iin 
 
 nV-D^py"' 
 
 ni--D^n3 " \ ni-D'-n-nn 
 
 np--p"'rp 
 
 nl-D-'pTD 
 
 Sps 
 
 npiy^^ piy; 
 
 
 
 np-p:iD 
 
 'jis'a 
 
 ni-D^piy;' 
 
 
 
 nl-D^pjiQ 
 
 "jlJIB 
 
 p1y^5 
 
 : ^^W 
 
 ~njj< 
 
 , P'yi^ ' 
 
 pt 
 
 - ^pV--plan 
 
 'n3-n3irin( 
 
 n"i--"!"!in 
 
 ^p-p^rn 2 
 
 Try 
 
 plan-"'. 
 
 nsinn-^ 1 
 
 i 1 -| : , 
 
 ^ -i-nn-r 
 
 p^jin-^.^ 3 
 
 
 : p^yJ 
 
 n3inj 
 
 -i-ii: 
 
 P'r^i 1 
 
 
 njpy-ipyn 
 
 njris-insinn 
 
 T : 1 - :| 
 
 njp;-ip^;^n 2 
 
 
 " -ipy^ . 
 
 " -- in3in"' i 
 
 " --nnr . . 
 
 " - ip^r' 3 
 
 
 3 '3npa ply\ 
 
 ;3'n3 n3ion| 
 
 inin 
 
 '3 "n3 pTH 
 
 l-n 
 
 1 i I--' 
 
 1 nsinno Ti^ j 
 
 
 p^rno '1-1'? 
 
 nipan 
 
 'PV py 
 
 'n3-n3inn i 
 
 
 ^p-r4M 
 
 TIT 
 
 '"ijpy ipy 
 
 n;in3 -in3inr:i 
 
 
 n3PMp^:'f-i 
 
 Ti:|- 1 
 
 i 
 
Forms of the verbs 
 
 236 
 
 'r:D 
 
 -ivtDnyiitfi''"':: >j;i j3;t:nB 
 
 TJ7Sn '3 36 
 f. .11 m. .a 
 
 by| '3 35 
 
 f. 11 m. .a 
 
 nn:?--"!.^^ 
 i:nj5^ 
 
 bVQ '3 34 
 f. .11 m. .a 
 
 ''T)ib\ 
 
 T : 
 
 jp-Dp-li'^ 
 
 bV_^i '3 33 1 
 f .11 m. .0 1 
 
 ^nn^i3 '1 
 
 nn^n^l: 3| 
 
 |P-Dpn'2iJ 21 
 ni>ij 3 
 
 naSnn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n"i-n>>^9 
 1 nvon^"!!? 
 
 
 ^:ir3 
 
 ' -Yvb^l 
 
 n^-n^V^ n^--n-5:p 
 n:7|?--n^"!rii | njn^--n>'!n 
 
 n^i 1 
 
 -i^in-T 3 
 
 .-!3n'7-n'7in2 
 
 T :| : T 
 
 " -- nVv 3 
 
 PT 
 
 '3 'ins n^'^ln 
 T^lnD'ln^ 
 
 -j^i 1 :3 '!3 lb: 
 
 'n3'n3 ib^n 
 i'?in!2 'n"? 
 
 
 ^-i^^.--i^^ln 
 n2n)-n"''?ln 
 
 
 i n:-i-'--n->: 
 
 1 ^n^-nS 
 
 : n:-i'?--n'?in 
 
 n :, :, T . 
 
 
Forms of 
 
 '3 bpln '3 32 
 f. .n m. .0 
 
 : t(:,-t 
 
 |n-D:;)pr 
 
 235 
 
 the verbs 
 
 |' ^j5n '3 31 
 
 I f. .11 m. .D 
 
 : T : |-T 
 
 m'?-- "lb"' 
 
 T : T 
 
 'r:3 
 
 iVB-ijnit3"'''S ".yn ;yts"is 
 
 ^];;snn '3 so | bmni 29 
 
 f. .n .m .d| f. .n m. .0 
 
 T : - : I T : - t: p 
 
 i:b>?nn I iJ^3^n 1 ^ 
 
 |r,--Dr)73Nrin 
 63t<nn 
 
 noSnn 
 
 13? 
 
 I'psi^n 
 
 '"ip^--p^i' 
 ni-D^pji' 
 
 T : : T : -;: t t t:|t 
 
 
 
 -i- : T 
 
 nl-D^i^"' 
 
 prN 
 ^p:-prn 
 
 prj 
 njp:-ip4"in 
 " ip^" 
 
 '"'3,'^3,plJ'', 
 
 
 ^^3-^3t<rn 
 
 - t:|T ,t 
 
 bjn: 
 
 - t:|T 
 
 
 
 3 '2,m^n^^ !3'n3,b>^nn \ bDi<n 
 
 . .,|.. ^ . . . . .. _ . . ^ - t:|t 
 
 
 "^nni. 
 
 
 
 ^b3-'?3Ninn i 
 n3^3-i^3{<nni 
 
 nun 
 
234 
 
 Forms of the verbs 
 
 f. .n m. .D 
 
 : T : |- ., 
 
 --'^:j^^ 
 
 T T ._ 
 
 'r:3 
 
 ".yaijjnD^s -.y^ ivoiso 
 
 '?'';;s?n '3 28 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 'n^3{i;n 
 
 n>-b^3 " 
 
 |n-Dr)^3 " 
 
 n^--^''3.N|p 
 nl--D^^^3 " 
 
 bV^ '3 26 i ^J;DJ '3 25 
 f. .11 .m .a! f. .11 m. .C 
 
 n-n73>5 !r^-n'?3" 2 
 n'?3-'?35!{ in^3i<-':'3" 3 
 
 : |- I : - 
 
 
 T : - : I T T v: |v 
 
 ni-D"''?3o ini--D"'b3" 
 
 
 
 
 ^'3N 
 ,^'3W 
 
 n:^3-i^^3i^n 
 
 ' -1T3X^ 
 
 '3 'n3 ^^3n 
 ':?^35;{no '1-1:5 
 
 ^'?-^^3>5n 
 
 -: |- 
 
 n:'73:1T3" 
 
 b^m-ii'^: 
 n:'p3-i:'3^5r;i 
 
 ^'?3-bi^n \ "''?3-b3i<n 2 
 
 '?3i<r;i-i!!!' 1 ^35<n--^ 3 
 
 ''3^^ b^m 1 
 
 n:':'3-i'?3i^n Injb3-i':53><n 2 
 
 T :|- : - : ; t : |- .'it 
 
 " --V2^^ \ "-63i<"' 3 
 
 ':i3'3 
 
 '?3>5 
 
 '5<3 '^^3 '"^Si? 1 '3 n3,'?3>n j t^"- 
 
 l-n 
 
 
bifsah 
 
 233 
 
 Dnonn ': 
 
 ,^J03 
 
 Forms of the verbs 
 
 nvtanynQi'S lyi Iven^B 
 
 
 'S^pn'2 24 
 
 nlvj?n'n^p.23 
 
 n'6bj5n'3 22 
 
 '?'ED'?pn'3 2i| 
 
 f. .11 m.-.D 
 
 f, ^^ m. -.0 
 
 f. .11 m. .D 
 
 ,f ,11 m. .0 \ 
 
 ^rb^ 
 
 'PpJ 
 
 ^nn3 
 
 ''T\npb ' ^yp 
 
 p-n^N 
 
 ' P-I?n^ 
 
 n-nn3 
 
 -m-m^^b i^ 
 
 
 njn--|n; 
 
 nQ-)-nn3 
 
 
 ]r)-^aWD^ 
 
 i^-Drin^ i 
 
 ]p^DP^-!| 
 
 : |J3-Drinpy 2| 
 
 1!'^^{ 
 
 : T 1 
 
 in-)3 . 
 
 inpV , 3i 
 
 'r\b>-b-2^ 
 
 n:n-|rij. 
 
 1 nn~i-n":i3 , nnj?-nj?lV 
 
 ... 
 
 ^nV-D^^5^? 
 
 -nV-Q^:pj: 
 
 ni-D"'nl3 j- ni-a^nj::)i^ 
 
 H"1B 
 
 ' n)D^? by2^ 
 
 '' r\y\r\}. pn:- 
 
 lnnii3 nn3 
 
 r\n\pbn'\pb 
 
 'J13'3 
 
 nv-D^:'iDX^ 
 
 nV-D^jin:5 
 
 j, nVD^nni 
 
 . nl--D^nip'? 
 
 SlJB 
 
 ^5t^ 
 
 jn^ 
 
 ' niiDX 
 
 . ''^^y^ . .' 
 
 5 & 
 1^ 
 
 ^!55-bi<n 1 
 
 'Jri-inn 
 
 l:^n>nnDp^ 
 
 irnp-npn 2 
 
 
 '?D^n--ji^ i 
 
 ; : inn-:"" 
 
 J: nnDno"": 
 
 npn--v 3 
 
 ll 
 
 ^5W 
 
 ' 'in: 
 
 niiD: : 
 
 , npi , 1 
 
 
 nj'jD-^^pjjn 1 
 
 njr^--ijnn .' 
 
 I- n3nVin-)3n 
 
 njnp^inpn2 
 
 n| 
 
 ''' -4-D^\ 
 
 " --W! 
 
 
 
 "-nnp"" ,3 
 
 
 ^3'Nib{<- |j 
 
 ins^nrr jn^l 
 
 '33 '33 n113 
 
 '3'3nnp,qp^ 
 
 IIT 
 
 v: 1" viiv i 
 
 nDnn'^nnil 
 
 rn3o'3b 
 
 nnpo 'p^ 
 
 nipcn 
 
 ^'?D>?:9Di< 
 
 ^ '^i?i |n '1 
 
 ^rD^m^ \ 'Hpnp 
 
 l-n 
 
 r\)bp^ ^b-2^" 
 
 "hjppw 'i 
 
 n:np3'lfTi3: 
 
 'Xnpinp . 
 
 msn 
 
brsn 
 
 232 
 
 y'Q non o 
 
 O'JD 
 
 Forms of the verbs 
 
 -i-j'uC-^Viv^*''^ "lyi jycnijs 
 
 f. -n m. .D 
 
 p-n'?sinn 
 
 ^j;?ri '3 19 
 
 f. n m. .0 
 
 f. .n m. .c 
 
 :| - 
 : T |: - 
 
 ^3^5 '3 17 i 
 f .n m, .a 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 '313'3 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 1 n^-z'm 
 
 ; T T . 
 
 
 
 
 - z% 
 
 
 ti*3;s^ 1 
 
 T :| - : , : 
 
 
 3 'n3 ^sjj^n 
 
 mr\ 
 
 'n3'n3-i^*An 
 
 
 
 
 v 
 
 
 
 
bX'^n 
 
 2B1 
 
 o^:d 
 
 Forms of the verbs 
 
 W^^^V^iV^*'*^ ^V^ jyC'^.KS 
 
 bvB 
 
 '2 16 
 
 L .11 m. .D 
 = r 
 
 bys: '2 
 
 : '2 15 
 
 f. 11 m. .0 
 
 :]- 
 
 i f. .11 m. ,D 
 
 I : T : - T 
 
 I T : - T 
 
 : -I ~ "" 
 
 "^ysnn '2 13 { 
 .11 m . .Ci 
 
 pt 
 
 
 
 r\%-bm \rrQ-n2P^D 
 
 
 n'e''--E'>:a 
 
 
 n^iDJ-'^'is: 
 
 
 31 2'n 
 
 nl5^'-D^&*3;rp 
 
 
 n1^-D^'?'is: 
 
 
 Sivs 
 
 Ci'W_i<^ 
 
 tr:: 
 
 bm 
 
 -innp^^ 1 
 
 far 
 
 ^ii'^--!::'.;i:n 
 
 it:?:-i::*j3n 
 
 \ ^'?sn-'?iijn 
 
 n.r^-nnnDn 2 
 
 n^n:? 
 
 Z'jilD-y, 
 
 E^jjn-j"' 
 
 '?len--ls^ 
 
 innpn--p^3 
 
 
 J^'U4 
 
 ^^14 
 
 "^ib: 
 
 nnnq: 1 
 
 
 n;^'^-i^'3:n 
 
 T : |-- : T 
 
 r\}bii-^bBr\ 
 
 nj-in-rnnon 
 
 T :|- : - : 
 
 
 " '-VL^'ir. 
 
 " -^mp. 
 
 " --it'B^ 
 
 " --nnnp^ 3 
 
 
 'i2':2m} 
 
 'H? '"3 ^}^r\ 
 
 'J3-J3-'?BJ 
 
 '3'n2nmpn 
 
 11-1 
 
 ^'m '2b 
 
 T 1" : 
 
 ^bjjq-b:)^ 
 
 ^mppp'Vh 
 
 iipcn 
 
 'P^-^n 
 
 iir^-!r:|n \ 
 
 ''pBJ "^b: I 
 
 'yp-^wpn 
 
 TT 
 
 n4!;:?3-i:i'lj 
 
 T : I" :t ; 
 
 n2':5Bj,i^B: 
 
 T : 1 : , : 
 
 ^)^r5-mr\pn 
 
 'iixn 
 
230 
 
 Forms of the verbs 
 
 'r:D 
 
 nytanyntD''''^ '^.y-r lyonss: 
 
 "^ysriri '2 12 i 
 
 bm '2 11 
 
 '?J?B '2 10 
 
 bvji:^. '2 9 
 
 
 f. .11 m. .a i 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 f. .11 .m .::; 
 
 f. .11 m. .C 1 
 
 
 ^nDlinn. 1 
 
 "'nDi2 
 
 : |- 
 
 '^12:12 
 
 ^nn2j;n 1 i 
 
 1*T 
 
 P--J?^p2 " 1 
 
 n --nDn " 
 
 ^""0?f^5 
 
 r^-nip- 2 1 
 
 nto'jnn 
 
 np-!--T]-i2 " 
 
 npi- ^"1 " 
 
 n2-)-T]-!2 
 
 nn2y-i2 " 3 
 
 PT 
 
 1JDn2 " 1 
 
 1" "^ : 
 
 UDn " 
 
 1:212 
 
 : |- 
 
 IJ12 " 1 i 
 
 nny 
 
 |-Dr)D12 " i 
 
 iri-Dj^pn " 
 
 |p-Dr)2"!2 1 
 
 1^-2012 " 2 
 
 
 ^2:19 "1 
 
 Dl " 
 
 1212 
 
 'l"'?J^^ ^ 
 
 
 np-i-^nana; 
 
 n?^-T]n2 
 
 n2-i--?]-i2?? 
 
 '"^")-"'2^^. 
 
 '3152 
 
 nlD-D^p-12" ; 
 
 nv-D^pn " 
 
 1 m-D^pnpp 
 
 n1 -Dn2 " 
 
 Sj^lB 
 
 
 
 -2>T]12P 
 
 
 i:iiO 
 
 
 
 nl-D^pn " 
 
 
 S>ys 
 
 Ti2ni< 
 
 ^"12^? 
 
 112^ 
 
 ""3^*^ 1. 
 
 
 ^p-i-T]n2nn 
 
 ! ^D-i--n-l2n 
 
 ^2-i-Tji2r;i 
 
 1 n2--i2:?n 2 
 
 
 ?]i2nn-n:' 
 
 Tji2:;i--^ 
 
 ^)?f^-p: 
 
 ! 12^0-' 3 
 
 a; 
 
 T^.iri^ 
 
 ?]12; 
 
 1 v^^ 
 
 "i2j;: 1 
 
 
 nJD-i-l2-i2nn 
 
 i n:2-i-Di2n 
 
 in22i-i2i2n 
 
 in:n2-n2yn 2 
 
 
 " -iD-i2n^ 
 
 ,,-1212^ 
 
 1 " --D12^ 
 
 : ; T : 
 
 *"-n2j?\ 3 
 
 X 1 
 
 '3'n3 "^iunn 
 
 ^12 
 
 '32 '22 -^12 
 
 1 '2 'n2,"i2^n 
 
 1 "'^"^ 
 
 T]-)2nnp 'n? 
 
 
 1^20 '2? 
 
 1 "i2i?np 'np 
 
 i mpon 
 
 'Pn-T]-i2nn 
 
 
 ^2>T]-12 
 
 ^!2-"i2^n T-. 
 
 nj?n-D"i " 
 
 
 n321-1212 
 
 T : |- : T 
 
 i nj-i2-n2j;n 
 
 i ^Tixn 
 
"^ys^n 
 
 229 
 
 'r:D 
 
 Forms of 
 
 the verbs 
 
 nj?a"iyiit3''''S.'.5?T ;j?o-iB 
 
 ^j5'j '2 8 
 
 "pj^snn'a 1 
 
 bj?5n'3 6| 
 
 '^lysjn '3 5 
 
 
 f. .11 m. .D 
 
 i'. .n m. .a 
 
 f. .n .m .Bi 
 
 f. .n m. .0 
 
 
 'ni,?v 
 
 ^m33nn 
 
 'Di^pr} \ 
 
 ^n-jBpn 1 
 
 l-n 
 
 p-nnnr. 
 
 n--ni3iinn 
 
 ^--^iw^ 1 
 
 r)--niDpn 2 
 
 naSnn 
 
 m3--"i5V 
 
 nn3--i34nn 
 
 n-i5D---iDpn 
 
 nn-i^cppris 
 
 10' 
 
 iJia^.. 
 
 iJi33nn 
 
 iJ"l2?j?n 
 
 ijiepn 1 
 
 lay 
 
 |n-Dr^"l2j;, 
 
 ijr)-D::ii3ann 
 
 |r:\--Dr5iDpn 
 
 ]r^-Dri1!?pn2 
 
 
 n?^ 
 
 1 ii3iinn 
 
 ncppn 
 
 1 n^ppn 
 
 
 nn3--i3y ' 
 
 n-i3--"i3iinD 
 
 nn-iDpn 
 
 , nn--n^cppo 
 
 i 
 
 nl-i--Dn5^ 
 
 ni-i-Dn.33nD 
 
 ^nii-Dn.Dj:)n 
 
 jnin-Dn^DpD 
 
 i 
 
 niDy.:-in|? 
 
 
 
 --i---iepo 
 
 1 'J13'3 
 
 nn-D^-ini? 
 
 ' J: 
 
 
 n1-i--DnDpp 
 
 SiyB 
 
 "^^^^ 
 
 i33n< 
 
 ^op^ 
 
 TDp5< 1 
 
 IDI 
 
 n3;;--iDi?n | 
 
 n.3--i3ann 
 
 np-iDpn 
 
 n-T-Qpn 2 
 
 Tnj? 
 
 nl3j;n-:^ | 
 
 i33rn-n^. 
 
 ^BpJ?-|T, 
 
 i^Bpn-p! 3 
 
 
 ilayj 
 
 '\2m 
 
 ^epj 
 
 TDpJ I 
 
 
 nj-i3-n5j?n | 
 
 njn3-n33nn, 
 
 n;iC5-n5Dpn , 
 
 nj^B-iT'Qpn 
 
 
 " n5];"L ij 
 
 - ** - n33n^ j 
 
 " - ii^p' i 
 
 "-iTpp: 3 
 
 
 |12;?3 , -itij; 
 
 '3,'n3,n33nn 
 
 IDpnr 
 
 '3 'Dsn^ppn 
 
 l-n 
 
 i3yp''?'3 1 
 
 nsinno,'.-!^ 
 
 
 l^opnp'n^ 
 
 mpon 
 
 n2y-i3j; ; 
 
 "'-i3-"i3;nn 
 
 
 n-i^Dpn 
 
 T^T 
 
 n^-ipg-n?:? 
 
 |n:n3-n33nn 
 
 
 n:ncD-n^Bpn 
 
 n^xn 
 
^^rsn 
 
 228 
 
 'rjD 
 
 Forms of 
 
 the verbs 
 
 -,3;Bnj?iiffl''"'S -iyi iVd-isb 
 
 bim '2 4 
 
 ^yS '3 3 
 
 bm '2 2 ^pn) ^J?ip '3 1 
 
 
 {. .11 m. .0 
 
 1 f. .n m. ,D 
 
 f. .11 .m .0: f. .11 m. .D 
 
 
 >r\-^2^ 
 
 ^nia:^ 
 
 'v\'^T2pi \ ^nip^ 1 i 
 
 11T 
 
 ?i--n-)2t^' 
 
 r)-r\'\2p 
 
 p--n-)Di;;^;i I n--niP'^ ^ 
 
 nta'jnn 
 
 ni2--12t5^ 
 
 1 n^3--i32^ 
 
 r\')rp-'\^p: 1 nno--"iaE' 3 
 
 IDT 
 
 M')2\r; 
 
 r . 
 
 1 1J-)3E^ 
 
 ij-)pe^j 1 uipti^ 1 
 
 13J7 
 
 ]r)-Dp^3t^' 
 
 IP-Dp-isc? 
 
 jP-Dnnatj': |rn--Dp-ia:j' 2 
 
 
 n^^' 
 
 n3c^ 
 
 npp^j ' i no^ 
 
 
 nn--"i22^ 
 
 n~!3---i3i^?p 1 nv-ia0 j nnrp-nois:' 
 
 ':i3'3 
 
 ni-)--Dn3t5' mn-Dng^pinii-onstj^ai nii--D"'-!:?ic:^ 
 
 SpB 
 
 
 nn3--n3^'?p 
 
 
 .i-5iac/--mDt2' 
 
 '3i:n 
 
 
 nn-Dn2t^:3 
 
 
 nli-DniDc; 
 
 Sl^B 
 
 ^3t:f 
 
 -13e'N -)D!2^X 
 
 -llD"^'^ 1 
 
 PT 
 
 n3--i3:^'p 
 
 n2--i3^n np-iaE?n 
 
 n??-nlDpn 2 
 
 Tny 
 
 ^2m-0' 
 
 12t:;n-tir> I IDE'n-E'' 
 
 
 
 
 '\2m 
 
 nac^j ^Pr^ 
 
 ^)r2p: 1 
 
 
 n:-i3-n3t^''ri 
 
 nj-i3-n3:^ri h;-ip-np;^n 1 nj"^D-n?p?^n 
 
 
 ' n3^*^ 
 
 " - n3^^ 1 " - i'^P!2'"! " nrpe^"' 3 
 
 
 ^3:^* 
 
 %%%^2 ^13C^ 1'3. '03, laE^n 
 
 nlDcj^*? niD*^* 
 
 IT! 
 
 
 -|3CjfD 'ir'? "iDE^np ,'n^ 
 
 *lD:j^P'0-t5^'3 
 
 nii5on 
 
 
 n3--i3t^ 1 n!?--lOI^n 
 
 nDi;^ nlDi;:^ t^-^ 
 
 
 nji3-n3!^' 
 
 T : |- : - 
 
 nj-ip-nzpE'n 
 
 njio&^'-npe^* 
 
 'iivn 
 
22T 
 
 68 ytD'^n 
 
 Tin 
 
 t2t2St2:r:t< 
 
 "Tilncpi?. 
 
 (6 
 
 "13E'^ 
 
 ^4 
 
 r\]:?m 
 
 6fc 
 
 DDnSD 
 
 66 
 
 ^^n 
 
 4 
 
 ^n 
 
 10 
 70a 
 
 na 
 
 74a 
 
 .^VDK n3iK ^lySK ''ptr?3 : t'Saya oyJ^n^c '''ii!f oxn T'ny dkt y^n 149 
 
 .^''y^D nr:: n tDtDKta*^:j< .... yn^o nr^i^n .i5i 
 
 nnrn 
 4< :d''o 
 
 (nno: m) "> liis .159 
 
 IVt:j^to^p ^^ .160 
 
 7^tD:y!Dj .166 
 
 D'^ysn .178 
 
 15^ Dn 's .183 
 
 -rrn DyT^.yD"'i.i94 
 
226 
 
 CORRECTIONS, 
 
 PARAGRAPH CORRECTION 
 
 TITLE PAGE, PART ONE ORTHOGRAPHY 
 
 Par. 2. Remark C Tought 
 
 " " D Abarbanel 
 
 " " D Grammars 
 
 Par. 6 i...^. Interchangeability 
 
 " 7 Eleven 
 
 *' 12 Various 
 
 " 21 Comes 
 
 " 28 Gutturals 
 
 " 29 (Superfluous) 
 
 " 31 Letters 
 
 *' 48 Infinite 
 
 *' 54 Aforementioned 
 
 " 57 Two 
 
 '* 59 and 
 
 '* 79 shva's 
 
 " 102 Rem. B follows 
 
 " 104 it 
 
 '* 115 noun 
 
 ** 119 DnK^^^ mX diligent 
 
 "127 respective 
 
 " 134 characterized 
 
 * 148 suffixes 
 
 '* 167 other 
 
 *' 179 ' conjugations 
 
 Page 67 , righteousness 
 
 Par 188 h'V^ri rv 'm 
 
 200 n^'h 
 
 , 203 Forty four 
 
 ERROR 
 
 ORTHOGROPHY 
 
 tought 
 Abarbanail 
 
 Grammers 
 
 Interchangability 
 
 Elevn 
 Various 
 Eomes 
 Gutterals 
 
 the Guttural 
 Lefters 
 Infinte 
 
 Aformentioned 
 two 
 
 und 
 
 shav's 
 
 follow 
 
 its 
 
 woun 
 
 dilgent 
 
 ive 
 
 charecterized 
 
 suffixses 
 
 othe 
 
 eonjugations 
 
 rightousness 
 
 Forty six 
 
225 
 
 ,;j?u'n 1!? upy'mo dxt s\>^H tinsntssnn n"3 nan sn 
 
 ^j : ^i:in nl -^D lo n y^^j;!! yt^-^i^ ^njsn ^<n.205 
 .jj;tDj;nt:)nys |n DH |n^^ Dni< ijnj ; ^-i i<)n n^s nn^^ 
 
 .]'n;'T 12? DD^T dSk -inyn tas^a nan ^yu^^n:? nj;T s'^^n 
 
 71s ny-rs tosn ^^psn |j;r^^^ 'sn '^ o^i p>^^ii ,f Dp ^.3;i nns 
 lyre's* i^s sity D^T^n s*ri .jsnys nj;r^ s^^3 ,snty mj 
 tor: t^ii ,TjlpB >"^1pD ^'^^ t2^';"r:py2 ly^^^ivi:; Tt ^sp^ii 
 '2 DSi iDsn i^^ij;::"'- Tny '^''2 ,nns p''^ 'sn 'y di to^jrnny 
 
 (81-100 .3StD) i:r p''^* nyDD^^< ^ysn 'V DST fli^ D^ 
 ; 'rysn ry]"'is n^ny o^'n Nitr ]'> 's dnt axn ijp my n^^n 
 .Sxp5<ii i^DD^T nn^ '^vH 'ji's Nn ,-i'Snp3py3 sitr cpyn 
 
112 
 
 ^an be used in their regular declensions namely, 10 dec- 
 lensions of the third person, eight of the first and only 
 six of the second person. 
 
 Ten personal pronouns all indicating, 
 
 Various funcionsin third person operate ; 
 With second only six are officiating 
 
 While in the first person there are fully eight. 
 
 CHANGE OF VOWELS. 
 
 206. The addition of the prefixes '"^I^Dn cause the 
 following changes in the punctuation of the verbs, 
 namely in -my, hp, the 'B is punctuated by Sl^ as ^Il"'p5 
 the "^ by yt^p when the b'^Bn 'b has a vowel or ^5^ty which 
 is occasionally changed into a vowel, but where the case 
 is different the b'^Bn y receives a nnS. In ITiy the 'S as 
 well as the b^Bn y always come with Slt^ (tab. 81 to 100) 
 
 The DMi3 cause the vowels to change, 
 
 hp, iny. 'B the tiv^ Tnv, rv? 
 
 In I3j;, 17 with |>?2p arrange, 
 
 When 'h with vowel or H^^ combine ^ 
 
 ?^^^^^^^^ 
 
-^ 112 
 
 ">pi<p1n -DDlp ^^11 ,tDr rDSj;ss-Tyi S'^^sn '^ jpyi (i 
 {^'-r D^s* -i3is (>^nj;taD'y2 ;pt:tr3in-^y:i"nt<ii ;j?3>ny''^-^,ys 
 .(:i''r:iST ,Dys) ^'DDT (;y^^^n:2*is) ^3"13 (lyDDynsns) 
 
 ; ]:^*DQ^pnS3'Q'7J?BB^TlJ?5 Sj^BH 'S l^iyT (1 
 
 ,u:3Npj;3'irT hy^s t23'3 c>DD"i i^sis DOns dSs ]yT ]se vdSkt (2 
 
 DpiD^yn ,-i1pD t2^n ^is ,^^i'Dn ir.s ^^D ^^p : ivo^ijs 
 
Ill 
 
 Third class which has generally been admitted, 
 
 For words of two different forms, though same word it be. 
 
 CHAPTER FORTY SIX 
 CLASS OF THE QUADRUPLE ROOTS D>y3-iO. 
 
 203. Words of four radicals are called D''V^">'^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^" 
 vided into two kinds 1 ) Those that have double ^j;sn 'h as 
 pin DDIp or those whose 'S and 'b or y and 'b are doub- 
 led as ^373 ]}^]}l^^. 2) Those that consist of four diffe- 
 rent radicals which should be considered as the genuine 
 D^'J^^ID although as tht-re are only a few of them t^BtDI, 
 
 Four radical verbs D^V^"!^ we call, 
 
 6 or 'B, 'h or 'j* double, 
 In ijyS), ^va, ijysnn above all, 
 
 But few of them genuine without trouble. 
 
 Q^'li^n or pronominal suffixes in relation to the verbs. 
 204. In the same manner that the pronominal suffixes 
 D'"'1JDn represent the subject of the noun, so do they indi- 
 cate the object of the verb, as V^IDS^ ^^ guarded him. 
 
 T 
 
 They are therefore used only in relation to transitive and 
 active forms, as bp, 7j;5 and ^^]}^r\ also with the mpD 
 when used as a noun. 
 
 The D'lasn of the Dtr the posessor reveal, 
 
 In hyB the object by them is shown, 
 Applicable only in the Sp. Jj^Q and^^ysn 
 
 Also with the TlpQ as subject known. 
 
 SUFFIXES '-?-'--?-^ 
 
 ID. e, 8, 
 
 205 The suffixes D"'1JDn representing the personal 
 
 pronouns ^i, nn n. Sin s"*-, i:m8 ,nn ;n, nn ;n- 
 
Ill 
 
 ,,";3i2<iD nyD'''?;; ikt nan ^ynj^^B'nj^s di{<b ^'k xn ,iSy!?'iiNii x^'iitf (2 
 
 ->*:ir'' iJ?DDS^p DiDpT i^s -n^-n t:-i ytaony ^<n .200 
 
 -p^ss n i^iDiDp m:; D^^ssjy::-; Dy:D^3;Ti n'h liis rs (2 ' 
 ,(|V:i''''i) nCOJ ,(|P"it5) ,^^t:?3 : i^V^if^wi (U-T3-72 iv^ 
 
 ; ]i3 'B jy2j; !3D''S;) x'S i'B (1 : Ji^tDnwDsyT na'T 
 ,1j;d''^ D3;d^>'7J taxnmpo .n^S dS^hid ,:'B oS'^ncon^.y 
 .]'nn 'n ;"N]Nr2 tsn^n. opj'S ,DU3y-i i"B rsT^x n'^S y^ (2 
 
 S**!! n"^ -T218 ''B ; ^n^ ^'IT ^"^ Ti^i< i^'S (3 .201 
 
 s -[sr;^ V^b];^^ ,i^)2 s^n s'^ -3is ry (6 (77-78 .as*tD) 
 (79-80 .ns:^) -f:in jyiiny^nj; i:; ;y'7^>^:itD ;p o'l'is ;j;tDDyn 
 
 ,]:;!3Dn n DytsjxTy,-! -jKa t'T lyaxn ,'n i^nx ,ciSn noS ,s]Sk 'B (3 
 
 liis mr "n: ; iz;t m2 ;D!d^ did ;"r]^^ t]S-i rr^^ 
 
 DD2'?yT 7T i^s v^^V"^^ pymyn D^it< (a ; r\r\Z' 'flW in^ 
 
no 
 
 Tr\y partly like ys and partly like ^'h. 2) ys andn*'? as 
 li3J where its initial is like ys and final radical like n'b 
 (Tables 72-73-74). 
 
 Roots : Ktra to carry, HID: to bend. r\2i to beat. 
 
 First kind in six classes we divide, 
 
 i) i''B a"d K''S combined, 
 2) :"B and H'^S we decide, 
 
 Riglit :"B left n"h designed. 
 
 FULLY EXPL AINED IN THE TABLES- 
 
 201. 3) 'S and S'^ as n, and H'^ as nnS are sub- 
 ject to the same rules that govern the D^D^ID aforemen- 
 tioned. 4) vs and fe^''? as T (Tables 75-76) 5) 'Sand 
 n'^ as m^ are also subjected to these rules which apply as 
 well to 6) rj; 'm an ^ t^'h as Sin. All these are more ela- 
 borately explained in their (tables 77-78) which we re- 
 commend for the students persual. (tables 79 80). 
 
 Roots : K12 to come. m to throw. Kl to fear. 
 
 3) K'^B, K'''?, or T\"h have same directions, 
 
 4) "B, H"h. 5) "'B n"h you should discern, 
 
 On their respective tables which give their different sections, 
 Also 6, V'J? and wb the best way to learn. 
 
 SECOND AND THIRD KIND. 
 
 202. The second kind consists of the following diffe- 
 rent radicals for words of the same meaning, namely ,"^1^ 
 nr, ^12, \:;T> 31CD, DD% r^y. r^bn- These as well as 
 the words that change their form it is advisable to study 
 from their tables. 
 
 Second class to only eight words is limited, 
 As TiS"!/ "ip^i best in the tables to see. 
 
-^ 110 r- 
 
 jl^Sany 'i |'y ik eo i'ik o'dSit yh^ fjys ,^5^3 
 .oyna'B pi^n t3o ]K0 '6 DK1 -nnc s)Bn 'n D'ettn ,^^yBn 
 
 toil nn-'if p-'s 'sn's D-r -tjis pp p-'S ;3;t:3'?niy ;'n"'S oyop^'S 
 
 nx Tiis npD ,tDn-r ^is d'^j^ ny^'n ^nsii^^r ^1:10 p 'sn's 
 "TIJ is tors .^j:j;d .:fr'> .nys ytDtD'^m ,pm:y p'^s iyt:5^n 
 
 .(67 p^^:;DtD) nnu nytr-T ^ys ay"! t^^^v D^J/3np 
 
 ,]p''n K^O SUD 'B D'0n IBHD '1 K2 ,K 'B D'OKH VJT IKT 
 
 .D^33^?5n nip 
 
 7T p ;yD-i5 yjy-ry'^nys dwt ,tonntD'''':f p'^s .i99 
 
 "'''Ti:f D-'is to:;tDyTy3iyi2n:f ^y^mn yj*'' (i : jytons ^''-'n-r 
 --nTi (2 (K'^^-'ss wr,'^ rs ty:^n) jyoos^p iyjyiy''tt^nvs 
 
 y:y-ry''tt^ny5 ^''"'nif tDon^yr inp yD^ymytDnyn (siD** 3*C0 
 
^ 109 -' 
 f^Op and the 'S a nn*^^ as DD^^> while in ry ^ni in the 
 corresponding conjugation, the 'B has pTn as *^^Di^- 
 With "[SHD '1 the 'S has ^liD in this class, as also in the 
 y^ ^ni. npD and ''I'l^ are also distinguished as above men- 
 tioned, thus "n^Dn' 2Dn .buSn- its prefixes are punc- 
 
 T T ^ 
 
 tuated by p^^^. It is hard to distinguish the third persons 
 masc. sing, from ry ""m or v^ ^ni (tables 59-70-71) '7ysnn 
 is equal to the D''j;:n-iD resembling the ^^^ of that class 
 (Table 67) 
 
 SyiB i:i3'3 and SlJ?B have K and ^K 
 
 Tny, I'TI^K, }>ap, 'S m'S receive, 
 "iipo, mv, by 5< and H vocalized too, 
 
 Third person from vy hard to perceive. 
 
 CHAPTER FORTY THREE 
 Cr^ASS OF COMPOUND VERBS D^n^ion 
 
 199. A verb that is a combination of two different 
 forms is called a compound verb ; n^lO ^yS, these are 
 compound in one of three ways, viz. 1 ) words whose ra- 
 dicals belong to two different classes, as ^^^ (^"7 O'S) 
 or fr^*1'' ({^'!), ''S). 2) two different words having the 
 same meaning Tpil, Tlb^ ' DID, DCO^ 2) ^ word having 
 two different forms as n^T}^^. 
 
 Compound veibs are thus for reasons three, 
 
 i) One root combined of classes two 
 2) Two roots of the same meaning we see, 
 
 3) One word that has another form too. 
 
 SIX CLASSES. 
 
 200. The first kind is divided into six classes, I ) 
 yS and H"b as ^f^^ where *^Dj; is conjugated like ys and 
 
109 
 
 -^"ii^) 33D : i^y^msn (65 y^^yn^ts) .did ;y3S5 ^nD3 
 
 >]H mi -yyn 'b bqo^: ,t3Nn ^t j^rr'N ^i "i TV ^n: ]nb 
 
 IVT'S T'T INJ tD3^: B'JT D^JD ,l2Kn ^K 'S3 N1^ "1 PV TIJ 1T 
 
 .]^:2n pD^ 'J Dp-'sps DT ,-13:; -^yoj -i^ei 
 
 ^'''"n IP s^''^ -i5;d"''i ,''ri3DJ '":s ^'i itr p''^ '^sn 
 ^ysn 's D-r .13DJ ,n3DJ ,3DJ i*i ,|V3fc<nys lytDto^m 
 -y-'^-iys s-'m ri^'is jy:nys ij;rD::)''-n s-^m jp ^''D tDDDSp 
 rs'^ii nn*":; ta-'D .3DJ s**!! nns tD^'D : t:5ny''tDp:i5 jytons yjyi 
 t2t<n iy:nys i-;3''nn"' jp ^'''a ; t3J ^'^n D^in d^d ; DDJ 
 7^::yD ^nsxr^s "'''n tDsn 's di ,''J1J^3 -nns mj 's d^i 
 (66 y^^ynsto) .nns t2D:T nn**:: nyis pp 
 
 ; Q1J?'tD|53^B 9 Ba D'tST'X lyjSTiyB ]j;t3t2m K3 <HW tDKH '3 .i^VQi 
 
 .TiJJ K'11 o'^in T^N nj,n "i'^ ,n^B oxn 'B dkt 
 
 8n 8^11 ;yny:i y^isc ,n3J7 ^yS^ "i^^ ^^D i'.-^t 
 D'-'iirn .pin .3310 i^'Ti ,t:5n3;'':n''ip jyristDtyrin nys to'^o 
 
 Dp-'sy-iB np 03y .^^yDH (67-68 jy^^ynsto) ^ni: tjiw 
 i<"'m iVi s-^^n nyo^ikS pTn ;'' 's dsi ,nn2 Cjton rD^'nij; 'n 
 ."iVmyn t:)ny*':Dpjis nT:^ ta^D yr^n sn ,|y:nys ;vtDD''-i-T 
 
108 
 'J has ^)^. 
 
 196. h^Jtii ,"in>* the characteristic 'J has t^W as 
 TllSpJ excepting in the three third persons where it 
 has a f>Dp as )2D^ ,n3DJ ,DDJ. ^^^ 'S is vocalized in 
 one of three ways, by nns as 2D^ by HTt; as DPJ by 
 D^in as t;)J, In the other persons it has nns. 'Jli'^^ 
 the 'B in masc. sing, is vocalized by |>Dp or nV^> the 
 others by nns. (table 66). 
 
 The SySJ. 'J by yDp is punctuated 
 
 In the three third persons, it has XIC otherwise. 
 
 The "ij^B '5 in three ways is conjugated, 
 
 By nns, m^S, cS^n you can vocalize. 
 
 hl}B punctuated by n"!^!^, ')V_^ by nnS- 
 197. 7^3 and '^^^. "^^J?- Some of them are conju- 
 gated like D^D^*^ as ^^H, bS"l, U"^ ^^ile others are con- 
 jugated by four letters like Vp Tli of the same forms as 
 
 nmo. pin, ^:;iD ^:nr3 and ^)^^ as weu as i^nj;' 
 
 ^^pD and 1^!]^ are entirely like D^r^bv (tables 67-68). 
 
 /^i^Dn. ISJ?. the 'n characteristic is punctuated by 
 
 nn^ f]t^n, the ^ysn 'B by..p"iTl excepting in the third per- 
 sons where both have H"^''^. 
 
 ^jyS, i^VQ, "inV with D'n'^e' compare, 
 
 "l^nj)', ^ya by m^S, i)V3 by nns sound, 
 ^"ySn by S or ^{ declare, 
 
 The third person with a ni'S is found. 
 
 Difference between 0^^103 and yy ^HJl- 
 198. ^yiS 'rirz The 'D has HT^f as ^p^ ^^1^3 
 t^iy^- pV2^ as 2D1?2, Tny. The prefixes jTl'^N receive a 
 
108 
 
 ,U0f3QB'j;S pi'n BD^^D ,SuD l^uSyt t2i*n 'H Dp^SyiB .(^''^Sn 
 
 jp*lOMU ]:^^^hy ^ysn 'h -i:i y |];ip ,nytDnyn .i94 
 ,Tn"lD^l ^Ti^^'S 'ii .D'ts^ty -ly-r ^p Dp- ]y'?^'^iv'i:; ^:^^^b: 
 
 -2]:^V"^ I'j; TIJ 1^1 is oy i:iDtrDi -ip^yn ,12D 
 
 ,t33:x:yj D^i^lQS nan ,]y3"S:j noS nii ]'y nit oj-'t^^jny 
 
 .yop D^^n i^ny 
 
 ^<^''3^<^i'i pp p ;-;tD^i<nny DyDp-^sps n .l^ny .195 
 tD^ynny ^^1!** -rris mpD d'':i T'^^ ^'^"i ^S'n 'S d^^'t .3D>^ 
 
lot 
 
 h^ti is like hp so is ijys too, 
 
 i>yS from ^]3Q, a slight difference shows, 
 S'Vn in nay has changes a few, 
 
 'jyen, 'jyenn h'ke cdW compose. 
 
 CHAPTER FORTY TWO- 
 EIGHTH CI^SS D^i)1DDn 
 
 194. Verbs whose y and ^psn '^ are the same letters 
 are called D'^^ISn (Doubles) as ^^; ,2DD. ^p, IDj; is some- 
 times like D^D^l^* as *>n/7S ^^^ i^ most cases the first 
 of the similar letters is omitted and replaced by tt'H in the 
 second punctuated letter as ^nl3D of 22D The 'B is 
 punctuated by nns in the "i^y and ^yiB ''Jli^a in con- 
 tradistinction to the Vp ^ni whose three third persons are 
 vocalized by |^Dp. Besides the vy is replaced by a long 
 vowel, whilst a D'H compensates for the letter omitted 
 in D^'^ISD. 
 
 Verbs whose y and 6 are equal D'S^sa are termed, 
 
 nay sometimes like D'oSb', mostly one letter is dropped, 
 'D punctuated by nns in I2y 'tis affirmed, 
 
 For the omitted letter a ITJT we must adopt. 
 
 195. Try The prefixes J'n^S are punctuated by 
 ynp as 3D^^. its ^ysn 'S as also that of nipD and ''n:? are 
 punctuated by D^in. It differs from the vy "^nj inasmuch 
 as the 'B of the latter has a pnitt^ followed by '\ as 
 
 nnD:i m. (table 65). 
 
 Roots : 32D, to surround. hh:i to rr II. 
 I'n'N of n^nj: a |>Dp must take. 
 
 Its' 3 by a oSin punctuate. 
 This for vj; we ca not mistake. 
 
 Which by pmtP and 1 we indicate. 
 
- 107 
 
 ,b'?'?j?sdm psj ips "I ^'K ,'n r tiSvD^yn nrsS dni ,12V 
 
 .11 -T .N* "'i^^ri ,n^:ii^ ^5^'il ,nb cp iDiisi^ti' " np^p^^s 
 
 'V 0^1 pyri -i:is :rii ps: n"^ Dsn t^r^^:: TjISHH 1 *^^o 
 N*T ,tDrs ^'CO pn TlTlS |p^<t:5w*::''c ;p |SS Dp^^ V;5n 
 
 -Sn h^:D j^-'s Dj^DD-'^c V;n 's Dsn -psnn 'i tD^t: did i^d^st 
 
 dP^''::) nn:r ;(jytDr:ip) nr^ 
 
 Tt :3:2x:2K'3N "< qi?3 o'j^^na ,''"1 '^^^ ^'^ dS'stj ,Si:.d ta^?: ]^j,' .TTiy 
 
 '9 DKi i^N xm ,Snxnxr yy aSj^^mj; xir n:ix crx a^'D jp^T ^'^I'TIB 
 lynxn SuD D:vt2D''?2 'S did "qsnn "i x'^s 'jd:xt 
 
 7^:n-; t^p Dp Vs dps pjn nyiri ,bi;DJ .lo 
 
 ^-:^* nn^";; 71s* ^ysr 'j; j^DDp dst ,p';^D*"^,ytD:is Dp ^^:2 
 
 bvj^, hp 2p ir^D^^i^ D DD'^^'?^ bj;s .^n'''7:ij 'i ' ,1^00^: 
 
 Dp^sps np .I2i7 ,b'^yDn hv^ D^52 ;p';^*^n-;L::is r:j;iT 
 
 D^^^nr:jr;tDDp5 p;t2^s*nny DyDp-'Sps ipp ^))'^ lii.s "llpD 
 
 (59-64 .to) 7Sin-;T!p ^-^r, ns2n^2C*:is nb iP>" "^i^ 
 
 i 
 
106 -- 
 
 ponding person in vy ""m has the n^Ji ^''3;^D. ^^IS ''-31i*'5 
 The j; has ^i:iD as n^lX ^lyS *'i'Ii''2 has a vocal "> instead of 
 the 'n as ^)h^. 
 
 (19 Tli verbs with 'H end, 
 
 '^ is sometimes changed in .'fl ^"' or dropped, 
 niJ''^J in this class to ^yp'O descend, 
 
 h)]}Q ^JlJ^n, '^ for 'H did adopt. 
 
 Tny THE i?VSn 'y is PUNCTUATED BY ^liD, 
 ALSO ^ INSTEAD OF n. 
 
 192. TnV The 'h has ^i:iD followed partly by 'H 
 and partly by '\ With "lisnn '* the 'n is left out. When 
 the y is one of the letters y:^ pn yriB the y as well 
 as the 'B with "jlSHH "! is vocalized .mostly by h\^0 
 as ,-]^^l ,Tjy_l 5iz;^5, |p;i1, (Tab. 58) 
 
 Roots : nSj to reveal, nn to command, nnti* to bow. 
 Tnj;, y has N with H'S or '> instead, 
 
 If 2"0 ,p'n T]"nQ the 'J? and 'B a xiB' receive, 
 When with TjSrtD "1, otherwise 'S with Sl.lD read. 
 
 As by the verbs p^l and ^K^"*! you may perceive. 
 
 ^i;Dl '^yB like ^p. 
 193. ^5;S3 This |^i2 bears a strong resemblance to 
 bp. The ^ysn '^ is punctuated by ni^!; as ^P^;!^, ^^S 
 is mostly like ^p. ^^B is but slightly different from 
 b^B ^J^Sn, nnj;, has mostly pnTi but sometimes ^I^C in 
 its prefix 'n . ^:irn, nipC, "T^ny, and ^n:;, their prefix re- 
 ceive mostly a nns, ^ySH and b'^'^Hn are punctuated 
 likeD^^r-r and their 'Sn'^ is silent as usual. (Tables 59-64) 
 
106 
 
 tons np -js:: n^ii p^pi ,tDr 3;::t2tt'Di2'?nyp ;'*' ^ipsn '^ 
 
 ,f)y3 e)3'Sj; Syenn ; piitr ^jrnxn oyDp^syiB sn SSx ,Sj:sn 
 ,^<^ "id!? ixj 113 |j?*iy;)V3xp 'n noS naix "i ;''y 
 '^"'.5? OIV 'Ti ,0^'chiy ij/'D'^S;) Nn loS cd-': niix 'i i^v 
 .KB -lynN idS ,!2t>k j;3N2:tr3i2Snyp ]Vin rv2"< ly^H'ii ]nd 
 
 ''nj : ip-iyii tars '^^ p^s ^ysn 'h ipy-r oyt^jnyii .i9o 
 -i<n ;yi t^''!:: D-^D^ty jp rDD''''^:i yoDS^p yTy*"-; .tD:i3i<:y:i i^'b 
 
 'V D"r D"'D^tr tp {^''n n : 7^Dj;a ;-;dsd npiy:i^ss 71 n 
 
 ':: Dx-T ^iij< {<y?o i^-13 S11 ,pp p-'s j^"^ ^nj d^^ s-^^n 
 
 (57-59 ly^^pj^iD) -^nJ^P!^ ^''11 ht:; ps ^ys bp\^12 ^''^ 
 
 :?ji3{<E3N ON cnn Dn idt'k piSn ,noS |y*i::T n^aiyn 
 
 ,y;3KS y-i<'2 N'T Nn s ipN X toSyniy l^v dnt 
 .;y3'n-ij; NiK^-ijrnx nns : n d'dSb' ^yn N''3 xn 
 
 ]c tD:r;: ,::r^ 'n p^s ^ysn 'S i>n>n -^.yto-'iyii .i9i 
 1^82 'H r^ *^^- '^"^'^'' '" d>t;''-t .niny '^p mT^ ^nj 
 H"in^;i 'iT '^r^^ P^^ t^z^'-^n ny-i to^yoDyrnys '^ i^ 
 D^yoD-'^D t:ir nr:i3 ^'''^ .n^:i ^y-i-nsn nyi it< ib:i ,nv;i 
 -nys |y-f:ynynjBDy-ni<p jyi ^''"'2 yj; Tl^ iy:iy:isn .j;i7D 
 V;sn '2 D8-7 ,^j;iED '3 .toDDNp ^^y^D n3^:J ^-r ]Vii<^ 
 -T3^Dyr^t< i:)^D tDCD^p h^^B '2 .nbv^ ^'^^ ,^i3d 1:5 H^nny 
 .^?1^: ,j<^Ti 'H '^'ysn '^ oyi tatosiD^^is ' ayisz 
 
105 
 
 bVBrin resembles the ^]J^ of that class, the only diffe- 
 rence being the prefix nn of ^^Bn". It should be noted 
 that the verbs of the m^Vy ^Ti: whose b^yBTl 'b is 'H are 
 conjugated like the n'^ 'Tli and not like vy ^nJ. Further- 
 more, there are eight verbs, whose 'S or b^Bn 'b is a 
 guttural, namely nn Hl^ ^T] ^1^ ^X^ ^Ij; V^^P ^IJ) 
 
 7yDn prefixes with p")"l:^ are said, 
 
 bv^T\r\ like ^j;Q with fin left out ; 
 The Tj; like r\'h is read, 
 
 When it has iT? but not without. 
 
 CHAPTER FORTY ONE. 
 S.XTH CLASS ^h ^m. 
 
 190. Verbs whose ^yS" 'b is 'S are called ^'b Til 
 All the initial letters in this class are punctuated like 
 D^t2^ty but their final letters differ as follows, where the 
 ^j;5n 'j; of W^dl":! is conjugated by nns or pn^'H the ^ysn 7 
 of S'^ 'Hi is punctuated by pp as {<12, {<y?2). In ^p^D 
 '^ypj the 7 is vocalized by r^V^ as Tli^?2'!^ (Tab. 51-59) 
 Roots : X^D to find. &<in to create. 5<2n to hide. 
 
 ^<9 ^nj. verbs with H, to end. 
 
 Begin like W^iy?^- but end other vvdse ; 
 Where W^I^V^ to tlie 't; a nns lend, 
 
 In this class, by ]'r2p we vocalize. 
 
 SKVEN TH CLASS nh ^m. 
 
 191. Verbs whose ^y^n 'b is 'n are called n'b ^n^ 
 ^p .n^y. The n'^ is changed sometimes into Ti sometflflies 
 into "> and occasionally omitted altogether, as r^vh^y 
 /Ti^^: I^X The nr:i is mostly p^t: whereas the corres- 
 
105 
 
 ]V^ ]s ^yi"^^^ ^ysn 'h dt ;ivi"; ,nns pt< ^ik np 
 
 ,N T^N lyiK ,fc< ,X : KB ,N I"n^K ^K own 'D ,SiyEi 
 
 lyip ()yJi''T) *ii^' H-'Ti ,i^j;:fnin Dp ton*': t Dyop-'s 
 
 ^"^ jyto^sn-ij; oyDp-'sps ;yDDy-: ^^w .^ycn .i89 
 
 ]]:2hvi'\vi bvB ^Dp T'^^ P^^ ^^'^ ,7j?snn .p"^^^ 
 
 (49-50 osio) tonp^risp ry ''n: "i<j tar: "i:is n'S ti: nni: 
 lyis '2 D-rnpyT!iD3y jp^yn ^''2 ,np Diy ,1in 11^ 
 
104 
 prefix 'n is punctuated by nns r|t2n or h^^0 tpn as 
 
 The other p>ersons in different ways we see, 
 'Q with nns when Tl a nnS shows ; 
 
 The 'Q with m^!? or with pnn will be, 
 When 'Q with nr.B e)tDn or '7i:iD goes. 
 
 187. ^jriS ''^im. The 'D of the masc. sing., is vo- 
 calized by nn*'^ In the other persons it has ^itr. ''^1^2 
 ^1J?S The 'D has pm^^ ; T'^ny. The prefix J'n*'S* is voca- 
 lized by ynp the 'B by pn''n, ni'^'i, or when the ^ysn '^ 
 is a guttural letter, by nns as J?*^^^- "]"lS5nn '1 causes it 
 to undergo a great change, thus Qn^l from Q'^H'^ Tab. 48 
 
 ^JlJ^n. 13 of -IDT n^n^ vTfV receives, 
 All the other perscs a Nit? must take ; 
 Sya 'Jin, ^D with pm^' ; J'TfJ^ conceives 
 Three forms for 'Q, X, {<, or K to make. 
 
 i2y LiKK S"^ ; 1'nv like Wdh. 
 188. niDD and ''11:;. Their prefixes are punctuated 
 after the form of the "J^ry to which they are related. 
 There are certain roots wherein the HDJ? is like hp and 
 the Tny like that of h^^Bn Vj; "^n:, as lltt' for which rea- 
 son they are called IT* y TTi. 
 
 Prefixes of "llpfS and "TlV with future are classed, 
 
 There are verbs whose "^2^ is just like 7p, 
 TnV with i)"i;sn W ^m are passed, 
 Therefore IV "V ^HJ them we call. 
 
 7yDn. Vy ^^"^ nv conjugated like H'^. 
 Vj; that is not H^ conjugated like D^?0^^- 
 189. h]^Bn, All its prefixes are punctuated by pnty. 
 
104 . 
 
 ^Ji "llpO n\ny .(nn'':; j^^s : :5ys n'^2 ,yhi2V^ hn^'^ 
 
 .^''J^DH (46-47 |5;'?'?5;2to) nns ;>^ D^i:3m-f ^j;^ o'^'^n 
 
 ^ysn 'S D^-r .n^Dn ,n"l^Dn ,"l^Dn '''!i ,nT:f : jy:n5;s 
 ."inDJ n^ '^ Dy-rjy:i^D iD^n ^n:i prn D3j;t:)D^^D tD^ynny 
 
 ,]yooxp T^S.i no^ i^v K11 ,n'7in town 'S ;pj,n ,f5yQ ,^jrQ 
 ;nr.B Sys Dxn ni^^f ^xn SyQ nyanj^to^ix u'o 
 
 HTy ^yi^^ .p^^n ,nnD 
 
 cj-'is* ;pnj;n -iny Dp |5;:snys ij;:in2''S s'^i .i86 
 
 ^^"^ rT^^lDH ^*'''n ,tDn nT:i' ^''i^ 'n Dp-^sy-iD d-t n 
 -iy ^i:iD C]tDn -lyis nns cjion p^s 'n Dp^syns dt ly^y^rn 
 m'^^f i^\s nyis p-^,^n |^\s ^ysn 's D-r i:^ynny i ,|yrD^s*n 
 
 yiy^t^nytDiis DVi ,sv2^ i^\s* jyi^nyp pyr-in^s ;yi s^''2 
 nys jy^^ s-^^:: n ,'^'b "^m oyi ^^^DH .^^1^3 28D 
 
 i^"^5< iyi:i^n"iy VT)^^ DyDp-^syis ^i ,"?^ny .p^^tr t^^n 't: 
 
'- 103 
 
 by a^in, as ?|Jl2^, njlDJ, jlDJ. in the other persons 
 however, the chHraoteristic 'J has a ^1^? and the "S a 
 pnty, ''Jir^ in masc, sing, the '^ has {>!:2p otherwise 
 a l^. The 'S is invariably punctuated by c'^in. The 
 T^ny, mpD and ''n^f have their prefixes vocalized by 
 pl^n (except in the first person singular which is vo- 
 calized by ^i:iD) with a ti^lil following to compensate 
 for the omission of the 'J J>:nn jDD (Table 45). 
 
 ?ySJ/ 11V its three tliird persons by }*Dp vocalized, 
 
 with 5<15;^, ^j;s 'S vocalized with p"))^ for the rest, 
 
 "Jim jTTI^ ,'J with Y^p^ rest by KISJ^ realized, 
 Prefixes of lipD, ''IIV of pl^R possessed. 
 
 ^yS) and ^J;B double ^]}^r\ 'h- 
 185. ^];5 and hv^-^2V- ^^^ ^>'Sn "2 is punc- 
 tuated by D^in, The first of the double ^3;sn 'h is punc- 
 tuated by nns (excepting the third person, masc, sing, 
 which has nV'^ in ^^^ in Tny, ,"npD and '^'11:; it is 
 punctuated by m^);. In ^yq it is punctuated by nnS. 
 In h^]^^n the prefix 'n of the n^y is punctuated by 
 m"!*^:;. The ^ysn '5 is vocalized mostly by pTH with "> 
 "iriD^ nj (Tables 46-47). 
 
 In ^]}Q atid (jys a dSiH has 'Q 
 
 Two "Lameds" by nJlQ the first punctuate. 
 With ,-n^V, '"IIV. llpD/ n^ny we say, 
 i?^V2n, -)3V, 'H by nn^V indicate. 
 
 nPD, pTH or HTy. 
 
 186. In the other persons of the "in>; the 'S is 
 punctuated in three ways, 1) by nns where the prefix 
 'n has rn'':^ 2) by pnTl 3) or by m''^ where the 
 
103 
 
 p^^ t:)^^-'!-; 'h ; 2V^3 D1p2 ^'^^ ''^ T^^ ;yD^nny 2'2 
 .::N*t2) .T^iinj^Tip ^<^ii ^nr:; p^s nyi^ ,pTn p^8 'D ; f^p 
 
 i '^ns:;:'^^ \nn)!B |;tDDiy i^d^ix n 'q tsxn TjSnD "i Q-^rs ;") yanx ix 
 .Sxn Dyiv^ ^'^1 p"i'n 'fi n:i yr^p :iDh >n^^ :2i<n '3 '3 
 
 184! 
 
 kS^n iDsn D^in Dy:D^yTi ,tDD^<p ^ysn 'b ds T^t:y^ ,ya'?^T 
 
 i^^t< ^yan 'B D.sn 131^ t^^'^ j-i^s '^ Dp'^syns dt \^h]^rn]: 
 ,7^:jyt: ^ns^:i^^^ ^?^^:: ,pp to^^n 'j d^s-t ,^Jir3 .p"i^^* 
 iyi^'^Dy:^^^ D''^ D^in ny^n to^M 'b dst .i^it^' p''S- t:DjT_ 
 ;ytD^nny DyDp-'syns ;yiyi ^^8 o^^l^ "t^^^* llpQ ,n^ny 
 12^:: (^i:!D : l^r\V -^^""^ 'T^ps yi^D-^y ;y?::t:^r;:tD^i) prn 
 (45 .2^tD) .pjDn po 'J ptDHny ci^ t^n DyTJy:^^*^ 
 
 Dxl ,ij< njix N JDNH (]j;:KTnyQ ytstom x'^m) ': .iiV i'VSJ 
 ; X1C' |'\x Sysn 'S : ax i3ix pniE' dnt 'L^ar^xp ]pn3> ]j;-i X'^n 
 
 .XT n^ix -^Ti^ -I31K N Dyrp^ey.s xn ,-ilp^ '"i^'y 
 
 p\s t^^ynny ^ysn 's d.s*-i ,"iDy ':5i7? "j'S t^ys l'>^^ 
 
102 
 
 ^J^IS ''Jir^ is also conjugated according to the three 
 forms above mentioned, as nD, ,nnD ,2)^ ,n2M^ etc. in 
 which case the nj"':i: is always p^D (Table 80). 
 
 Root : ^"2. to be ashamed, 
 
 lay, has D^in Uke ^])^ except before Dn, ]P\, 
 
 'S has C)t}n f^p instead of dSiII, 
 byiD ''ilJ^lS vowels too, according to three forms, when. 
 The nj^;ij in yipD accent must come. 
 
 183. ^lj;s 'iti^:: The ^ysn 'S is punctuated by pmtT 
 as no, ,n-nD. In my the prefixes JT'^S receive a pp, 
 the 'B is punctuated mostly by a pm^ sometimes (also 
 by D^in without '1 as -[SS S^*")* With "IISHn "1 the 'S 
 is vocalized by tpn yr^p as Qp^T. ^^^1, with the excep- 
 tion of the first person singular which does not change 
 its pmtt^ even with "[ISnn "!. ^ilpD and ''Vi^ are vocalized 
 mostly by pllty. The prefixes wh^^ are variously punc- 
 tuated 'a and 'n receive a Slty as Qlp^, 2^^3. "h re- 
 ceives a f>Dp ; 'a a plTI and sometimes a rn'^^. (Tab. 
 44), Root : -ilD, to turn. 
 
 Sl^S >:i:'n by pntr is vocalized, 
 
 I'^n^K by |ap is punctuated ; 
 "n:?, O^pf^ the 'S by pmtr realized, 
 
 D"S33 in different ways conjugated. 
 
 '^ has y^p 
 
 184. ^ysj, nnp. The ': in the three third persons 
 is vocalized by j>Dp in which case the nr:iJ comes on 
 the next syllable, namely on the 'B which is punctuated 
 
102 
 
 T -T 
 
 '.b)}:Q .b'jB.bvB jynn^^D i^^m ,byi& "^jira 
 
 ^'^ D'^in DN-r 'j; DT OT ,^1j;s ^p'^D (3 .i82 
 
 i^DDn r T^ i2^in D-r '^ysn y '^'^n n >|ri ,Dn oyo 
 ^JirS .jn^D^ ,Dn^D^ ^<"^"n ,i^^y-r:OTiy citon pp ni^in 
 
 s^^isii ,11 .T . HDD ,r\D ^nirls ,iz;l3 .nno ^no ^ti 
 
 ,^^*13 : ^y:;"^.^^m (so .n^^tD) .dp^ j;"1^D ^'V^o^^ nr:^ sn 
 
 .(^Sj^'my s^'jn pp (ix tDt:Nt:tr) py D'Nii ,n:"'JJ ly^y^i 
 pyn NT ,ivf2ise x^m ]H2 DSSNE:x?3y en:?:) ,SyiD ^Jin 
 .t2'?S:;-j:y yii^D r\yi: ixo ,]rt2nS c^u ,nD ,1D ,T'??2y3 n^t 
 
 pnii^^ : b)v^ ^Jir3 
 
 --ly ("n^^ DyDp^syns n iTiy ."n .t .^* n"11D ,"11D 'ii 
 ;pm:i' p D^yiDD^'^D ids- ^^sn 's Di<i .pp p^s ;yto^^n 
 "psnn '1 tD^i:: ,:i^> s-^n ,'i yjns D^in ^is jyt^^n >*! 
 
101 
 
 nor to ''"S 'ion namely ^)y^ and 73^. In nn>; both take 
 the form of ^TJ^, T^]: of ^)2^ has ^Din ,^D1, of *li:i"> 
 m:in .nUS* like rj; ^m. The verb Tj^n (to go) is also 
 expressed by TIT- Ii^ "13^ the ^p conjugation is used 
 as ^n^hn, "l^n etc. In T^]; the conjugation "HT ^^ 
 prefered as Tj^p ,77^^ etc (Table 43) 
 
 Root : T|pn to go. 
 
 nj^ and 5]p^ are under discussion, 
 
 Do they belong to y'Q or ^"D ? 
 7D^ ,"i^^9 have peculiar expression, 
 
 Arc they as Vy ^n^ understood ? ^ 
 
 CHAPTER FORTY 
 
 181. A verb whose h]!Bn '>* is a silent 'T as Dip. 
 ,mD ,Di::^ is called V^ '^m In "n^p the '1 is entirely 
 omitted. It has three forms 1 ) ^ys ^^pti^D where the 
 'B has nnSJ with the exceptions of the three third per- 
 sons which are punctuated by J>Cp as ^H'lD "ID 
 
 'H^lD 'I^D- 2) ^!;2l hp^r2 where the 'B is likewise vo- 
 
 T T T - T I 
 
 calized by nns with the exception of the third per- 
 sons, which are punctuated by m^^* as )p\^, 'HPiD* PD 
 
 In Vy TIJ the "j is unheard. 
 
 In ,pp ,13-y the '1 is dropped entirely, 
 The 'f^ has nnS and |*0p the three third, 
 
 Persons, sometimes a nT*^ with ihem you see. 
 
 ^yiD ''Jir^ bas three forms ^'^*^ ,^j;^ ,^yp 
 182. 3) bUB, bp'l^D where the '>^ retains the nh^Ti 
 is changed to its derivative Cjt^n nnS as jn^::'' ,ur\h2^ 
 
101 
 
 iriDJ nj hi^pi^ii ipjfc<^ ;-! -: vg dsi ot ,^"2 TIJ, 
 
 .1-1^11 tDi5;^:n^:{<p, v^i ')nj ^''ii ^^?3:y"^ -rii tars vj'j; D^iD^yn 
 ,;;y^ (i^or^ ,p!i'' : i^y:;msn (40-42 .ntD) ,y?^ ^^n 
 
 nr '3 'n: ijn ,n:? tsT'x 'i; lynyn ^'b nyn ,|'7yx"nNii xn 
 ; aSnys -inji liix psji v^ dkt nii ,"B non pynaxT o^^^^ toD'j 
 
 :T^^^'<'^s t2T\s ntpn ,n''3n ny^nyn s'^^n:; n .i80 
 ,njJ ^j;:f"nn |y-ij;i , |pyn-;:i v^n nvT^5 ^'n IP ^^ ^'t :: 
 --i^ni ^*>^Ti:f ny^nys -rrr t<T Pjy^n np*) ,nr "ip HpJ 
 
 b2)i< : ^D"^ tonj;^ iw; a^^^ ,^ij;B ^pIZ^D d^t 1^ ^2^ 
 
 DST .r:; ^n:i ij -it t . ^i^^^ ^^r -f:i"i .Ti .T -^ ^Din 
 .(ij^np) Tj^n : ^5;^nin (43 v^'^v:^^^) r^b^ onD^n 
 
 ,pj '2 xn nx : tossnSye'm^ n^n f]''pn ,mjn lyonyii xn 
 ,"iay ' nan o-^' '''^^ : nan ^'s ^n: nynx "s 
 ,|nn '^ -I's '1 ^y x">3 DID n^np ,ijj;s n"is nn 1""'?^ 
 ."is; '1 ]'j? 'n3 ]yT t'Sj t:ny^:jv3xp niMi n.r Sy3 dxt 
 
 ') Dsi sn .nDj; ,^p .ioiiiy:i rv 'n: irr. ,110 >1)U 
 
- 100 
 
 Of the h'^BPin^ however, the ^"B is sometimes changed 
 into a "1 the same as the TPi]^ of ^^23, but it is punc- 
 tuated by nns as y'llnn ,n3ir^n (Tables 34-35-38-39). 
 
 ^ySn, prefixes have pl)^ with '% 
 bVB, hVB like D^oStT conjugate, 
 bVQnn is changed by having a '), 
 As minD, instead of '" instate. 
 
 .'^'V OR "B non 
 179. There are verbs whose ^^SH 'B is "^ and are 
 nevertheless conjugated like D'^^lDPI, namely, those whose 
 ^j;sn y is ':: these are called ^'B "'non as the ^'B is 
 omitted and replaced by a tT^n in the T'p. There is 
 an exception to this rule in the verb ^<:;"' which, although 
 T'f; is still conjugated like ^"B ^n:. (Tables 40-41-42). 
 
 Roots : pS' to pour ; j,':i to spread out ; :!!f' to place. 
 
 There are verbs of ""3 not QTIJ they are, 
 
 As y is 'V the '^ is left out, 
 In DTIJ the '> is seen better by far. 
 
 Therefore this class is D"'")Dn without doubt. 
 
 ARE rv:r\ AND Pi^pn rs OR "b? 
 
 180. The verbs nr (to lay) and C]p^ (to surround) 
 are the subjects of much discussion by grammanians as 
 to whether they are to be considered as belonging to 
 YB '^^Dn, in which case their respective radicals would 
 be nipjl and nlD^ o^ to ^"Q ''^IDn and their respective 
 radicals r]ip^ ,r]):\ 
 
 Furthermore there are two verbs of the class Tl^ 
 ^"B whose conjugation can be compared neither to ''"2 Tli 
 
100 
 
 hp Dyi Tnj; c^n I'Ti-'s j5;ny-r jp'^JV''^'''^ (^ i'^^ 
 
 .(37-36-33 .:3t2) 3CD^''T s^''^ i^'^n ,t:ia"'^'?2:iV'n "> dki 71 
 
 -HSinn 'i^ ta'^VT^^nnys i^hv^: "iT,y Dp ^^-^^a t^^Vi) 
 
 .(39-38-35-34 jy^^ynStO) y'llPin 
 -t33;n>trj;j dnii iki ; WJ^h^* ]y3'"'S;! i^ysinn ,^5^2 ,h]:B 
 .:2j;nn as,x t2Djn |sa own ."ly^Sxn u3xtrn3Kiny2 lynn'xi'S'ns 
 
 i"'"'^ bvBn 's lynp ,ny:D-iy'nto^^'i oy tor:i ^in* .i79 
 
 ; tors 'y p^^< ^ysn '; ;y-i>n ;.;y:i^jT;>s'^-r : -j-^^oyj .|>n 
 tD^nys v^ D-r SIT ,tD:ir;:i "("D '''IDn "lynsi ivinyn i<n 
 is yiy^i^nytDJis D>n tD^!2 ,"rTri iD:;toyny t^n "inn "i:is 
 
'- 99 -> 
 
 The '1 C(5nversive a change operates. 
 For a S:5D the nn'!^ relieves, 
 
 THE V^ISIBLE 1 AT TIMES VOCAL, 
 AT TIMES QUIESCENT. 
 
 176 h]^^2, "13^. The characteristic '3 receives D^IJl 
 with a quiescent '^ following, as ^rn^lj. In the TH^ 
 ^1^p^ and ^n:; this "1 is punctuated like the ^ysn '2 of 
 bv^: in D'^D^ir as l^^i^ ,"l!?in ^*'J^n has two conjuga- 
 tions 1) where the "^ (S"n 'B) is omitted in the ITlp 
 of ^p as 17^, the prefixes in ^^J?sn are punctuated by 
 n^in followed by a quiescent 'T as ^pT^in '1^/1^^ 
 
 'jyDJ, n2>' and '313*3 have oSin on 'i 
 
 THi', mpD, MIS like D'aStT punctuated, 
 '7'ysn, has two conjugations as stated above/ 
 
 In ]'n*S of hp with cSin 'tis conjugated. 
 
 177. 2) Those verbs however, whose prefixes yn^t^ 
 in the l>ny of hp are punctuated by piTI, in b"''^^n re- 
 ceive n"!''^ which is followed by quiescent "^ as p^^^^^ 
 'HiTrn- The h^Bn 'B of ^2^ receives nns, that of my 
 a pl"^n but with "^ISnn '^ the 'j; receives a ^i:tD and the 
 " is omitted, (Tables 33-36-37). 
 
 When ]'n'N of hp a p-|'n receive, 
 
 In S*J?n 'tis X and '^ you must know, 
 '^ has nr.B, " p"l*n, does not leave. 
 
 By "1 conversive ';;, SuD does show. 
 
 178. ^ysn has all its prefixes punctuated by pllti^ 
 as ^ni^^ ,in^"l. ^J^ED, ^j;S, and ^yDHH are like D-^D^^ 
 
99 
 
 nns ^vii< HTy 'j; 
 
 : i^:;::mn (31-32 jv^^ynstD) .ni^'^ ^m^B "'ii DnDH 
 
 : "i^Sanyiiy;! i)>yi)0 nj^J: ,Sijid nn^:? d^ix nim ,TisnD "J a'o 
 .n'S:nj,' nnon ;j;i "s ^lon oS'^na ,n'aStr oS^nto idt^n .''^i^iv Olp^ 
 
 Jp^SS 7^pTTl D:;^^yTl (^ysn '2,"' Dp IDrDSlDtt^J^'y "\ ^^^ 
 
 .rto-i''^n:f tors* ,^2i; .^^i;Dm ."l^^^n ."1^1^ ^''^ ,io-i:;"'id 
 
 .*jiyi;iv:sp D7in ts'o ijr'n nnni ,!3Nn nn^:? ^p d''n j^ir'N xii 
 
98 
 
 tion of punctuation of the prefix 'n of nny which is h}0 
 and J>Dp respectively, as ^n^Dt^.H ,'n^D^5.^ (Tab. 28-29) 
 
 S^yen and 'jysn with Da'?tr can compare. 
 
 Same in indicative and infinitive, 
 But the prefix 'n this power cannot share, 
 
 As the 'B a yr2p and hiD receive, 
 
 CHAPTER THIRTY NINE 
 SIXTH CLASS "ti 'm, 
 174. Verbs whose h]^Bn 'S is '> are called Ti: "'"S because 
 the " following JTl'^s punctuated bj^ m'^X or pn^n is silent 
 
 as in lbi< from -r^\-pr from p:\ In ho the nap and "'Jir::, 
 are like D'^D^SS^. J'n'^S of the TTIJ? is punctuated in one 
 of two ways : 1 ) by r^Vi without being followed by '\ 
 asinS, "I^.2) by pTn with a " following as prs, tt'*n''. 
 
 Verbs whose '& is '^ are ''3 'n3. 
 
 For that " after yn^a is silent ; 
 With mS or pTn 'tis understood, 
 
 But the former the;eof not a sign lent. 
 
 HT!^ or nns 
 
 175. The ^j;sn 'p after the ni''^ prefix receives a 
 riT^, after the pTH prefix a nnS, as lhi<^ ^T. With 
 "1 conversive, the m''^ is changed into b}0 as 17^1 (with 
 nj''ii j^'^y^D) but after 'S the nVX remains unchanged as 
 r^1. mpD and 'Ti^f are partly like W^nb^ as t'?\ in\ and 
 partly like D'^IDn as fl"!^^, PlI^S- (Tables 31-32) 
 
 Roots : iS' to g-ive birth ; p3^ to suck ; m^ to descend ; ny to reprove. 
 'j; a ni'S by mS punctuates, 
 
 By nns prefix a pTH receives, 
 
98 
 
 ,]y2n 'D liMi : ^Jim O^IV ; D^D^C^* od'^S; ,i5yaj 
 : ]''?'?K SuD aoQKp NIB' town py D'Kn ,K .Boyn 'K 
 ,|ynKQB'3i3-DpsvnB ]V" "ij;Bii m^v ttoisxp "i^po ,i^ny 
 
 (n^non ;''j;d) pp .soy-^. h^:D ^h]:rnv "nay d'';^ 'H dsi 
 
 .(28-29 jy^^ynsto) .Ti .T . ^n^D^n ^''n'l^DJ^n ^'n 
 
 ,]yD''7j D'o'jr ]j?*T ;yDD'!3 'jysn nam h^v^n 
 
 ,]y3'm IS ma tsT'x ti oyn ;ySt<pNiT lyn t:if2 
 lyaSKmy is Qn 33iDn j'lyD y^'jNt oy nt 
 
 ht:; p-'X j;:)'?;;'!! /|''r^''>< li ''"S Df "f ,to:::p '''D 
 
 ^Jir2 ,n2y .^p .prn pri< n^n "i^ r ^^^i 
 
 -pais |j;t:ns s-'-'iiif ij -rn^n HTiy ;D''?0:^^ i:^"f IP'"''^^ 
 (nD2) '' P^ ^"^""^ DV^'?^'!*! ,nT:; to-'D (i : 7^?!:^ ,101^10 
 
 |''n"'K N''2 S^n ,'"3 "^nj jNts t3::;'2 tarx "< 'a lyooyn Sya ]"N 
 ; onyuB' "iPiDJ nj ^''S dnt pi'n na-.N ni'S "ixa 
 ,lx'SKtDpiiB tyoDyT TTiy .d'oSb' ]y3i6j -"Jlja O^y ,!?? 
 .n^JK Mi ms !2Q ,pjK : Nn -pmn ta^o taT^N 
 
97 
 K"Q 'n:-')))i iipo LIKE i^ny ^\^iTHOua.^ r^^x. 
 
 171. 2) I'n'^S is punctuated by ^:iD and the h]^Br\ 'S5 
 by h^D C)tDn as nlD^^fl, HIDi^^ 3) Some verbs whose 
 ^j;Sn 'S is 't< as ^2J<, nDi<, ID^^ liave punctuated J'H-^^ 
 by n'^in and the 'S--^5;3n '3 is quiescent as "iDS on which 
 account the entire class is termed ^''"'ni--*TlpD with D'^DIi 
 is like TTlj; with J''n*'--''Ti:; is like THJ? without J''n'' 
 (Table 24) Roots: ^3S to eat, '^nS to raourn. 
 
 Some verbs like "ibX, i?3^5, 13t< demonstrate. 
 
 Why the class fp^ 'S Tl} is termed ; 
 hpi lay, ^:irn Hke Q^D^^' conjugate ; 
 
 T^ny/ the silent 'S the name confirmed. 
 
 bv^i IS ALMOST LIKE D'Db^, bm ,'PV^ and hv^nn 
 LCKEl D'r^^Z^ IX ALL. CON^JUGATIONS. 
 
 172. ^j;2:. In nny anl ^:^:^2 the 'J and %'Bn 'S receive 
 a ^:iD and ^JD CjtDn respectively, as^DSi but if the h'^Bn y 
 has a J^l^'the 'B has only a ^JD which is called nhp nyijn 
 as n::j;y in rnj; and ^IpD C'^ys:) of D^-D^^ there is a tm 
 in the ^ySn 'S to replace the characteristic 'J, J^Jin ]DD. 
 In guttural letters, however this is impossible, the ^:iD of 
 the prefixes yn^i^ is therefore changed into its long vowel, 
 namely nT^f as -^DS^nn, ^DJ<n, ^DSS. bv^, bVB ^"^ hVBnn 
 are altogether like D*'D^^ (Tables 25-26-27-30). 
 
 'jyea, D^dSc* almost in each conjugation, 
 
 With S^D, 'J, 'S, Past and I'resent, punctuate, 
 
 l^nj;, lipo have m'S for compensation. 
 
 Of the missing tt';n the 'j to indicate. 
 
 ^^ysn AND hvZin ALSO LIKE D^D^ST, 
 
 173, ^'j;^" and ^ysn are like D"'D^^ with the excep- 
 
97 
 
 ; ;rf3?2p ]i>^:nN3Dnx yDixo "iNnr N^'nsn .D'oi^ST lyT "I'^S; t2nj?.i 
 ,!DUN'jty u^'nayny^irnj?*] topics Tn^; n^^n ;D''D^Ei^ lyn T'^anj? iddkl ,"i3V 
 
 |"n\s wn Tny t]"'^^: ^iii^ ,iipD ; i^'D ^n: 
 
 p''i< 'S Dsn ijis ^iJD ps ^b-^rnv jTl''^ (2 .i7i 
 
 ,^Di^ ,iD^^ ,nD^5 rOiS ^^^11 ,t^rs^ '^ r^ bvBn 'b 
 
 -:ns' tDrj^ ^^"9 dst -r:ns a^in p^s VD^^ ^i^b^rnv ,lDi^ 
 
 ,n3X ,i53X 0^>5 : 'Ti ?n'' 's "- Dxi ,i3T\>< Dnyn:N 
 ,r3'7yn^y aSin p\x ttij; .D^ropEi' T]''S: "'Jim O^y ,^p 
 ,usn t:23s:p C]^j5 ^^Q 'n jno nSsnoyii ,ir\D2 P]i?N t:^^ 
 
 aV^i'a::*!?."!^^''?;! |"n'X v^'-ix I'ny /'n:?- !2':2 TTiy i"'^:! ^va ,'\)pf2 
 
 ^D'^b^ ^']) YJ>^3 bvBr\n bm ^b::B -ido^b bv^: 
 b::Qn 'd -^i^* ': dj^t ,^:ir2 ^nnj; bj;D::i .n2 
 
 ; "^D^: '72^^ ^''i '^i:>D ^IDJl -SDvn ^i^d p''^ ;ytD^sn-iy 
 
 nj;ijn tJ^':^ Di;D^yn nDyji. ^'''^ ^^i"! '^"i^d i''^^ ds^z 'S 
 
 -ny Di:; tm ps sn ^)pt2 "ii T'PJ^ 2^':::^ .toir;^ n>^p 
 iS^-^r -jsiy^ Dp^yn .DDt:8p p3n lOD 'J op v^^^^^ 
 ri:iDDs-i -fTii ,psp |-;-rrtDt2rt^*yr dd'': |-;2iD'^:Di2^nyp ;;-: 
 Di^:rn^) (nr:;) '^i^pijr, jp^s^ jp'^T ;\s .oyop'^sy-is jyi s^-'z 
 
 (25, 26. 27. 30 .DHID) .D^D^tT ]p Jp^^^: ^yDPn "^1^' ^J^S^ 
 
146 
 INITIAL AND FINAL RADICAL OMITTKD 
 
 161. The verb jnj whose ^J?2n 'B is omitted as in 
 jnt< and its ^ySn 'b as in Tinj or both are omitted as in 
 nn is called milfpn "'ion. initial and final radical omitted, 
 and is the only verb in that form. In n^y the b'j^Bn 'h is 
 
 omitted, the 31J'':i is like U^r^b^, Tny and ''li:; are YB ''"iDn, 
 llpD is like CD^t:^ as jnj ; when D'^:D2 is affixed thereto it 
 is sometimes n'n:;pn non as nn (Table 23). 
 
 The one root |nj its '3 and 9 omits, * 
 
 Past yiD^ non. Present like D''D^K^ framed ; 
 
 n^ny, -"iiv, rB non, -iipo both fits, 
 
 n^^^^ or ,DnDn niWpn non are named 
 
 CHAPTER THIRTY EIGHT. 
 THIRD CLASS K 3 ^"l^ 
 
 170, Verbs whose b'^Bn 'B is one of the guttural 
 letters j;''nnS are, with few exceptions, conjugated like 
 the D''!::'?^ : ^2]^ of bp is like D^t^b^ with the exception 
 of the second person plural, where the p3 j<l^ is changed 
 
 into nns !:]tDn as on^D^., |rD^n> DnC^^lH; '^i^'^^ is 
 
 nearly like U^^b^, yn^i^ of l>np is punctuated in one of 
 three ways : 1) It has nns (Jlllin niS n^nin^) for the 
 expansion of the guttural letter, as *)il2J^n where the 
 
 7ysri 'B receives nn3 Dton (excepting in 1st person sing). 
 
 Radicals whose SVSH 'D is ynn5<, 
 
 Are like D^D^C some differently punctuated ; 
 bp, 12^ 'ind ""JlJ^n with WD^^ compare, 
 
 i^ny, |"n^^< with nna is co. jugat d. 
 
N 90 ^ 
 
 .(21-22 ly^^ynstD) .tD3is:j;:i p'^ ''"lOn -SDyn yb ''IDn 
 
 ,]yan ij'^Q dt xn yni^ T3ix np^ ]'7y:iniKn n^''ii^ n 
 .ti^Tiysyj'o onon ]yn lymyn ,tDSuj;T*iy ts'jn imn naix ,|y'?nys3 
 
 'S ;j;DDj;"r .jnj i^^oyj ,tonn p tori t .169 
 
 r ^iT ,hvBn 'b w^^v^ t^ t ,|n r^< ^^^^ >^yBn 
 
 opH^n ,]y2'^''^:]:iyn nn i^^^ ^^^ ,y^h:^)i yr^:: n>n TiJIJ 
 ^^DH 'b D-i to^nys .nny .-f"i^Ti tDjjr;: milipn nOH 
 
 non i2r ^ni^ -r:i i^nj; -, d^d^iz; ip to::^'^^ ^:irn 
 
 dy:!:::!) |nj :^y:fnu^ii (23 y^^v-^iD) .11 .t .s 
 
 ; a33Npiv3x n^D^^ Nm ^jir3 ,0 "iDt5 non -orx "iny 
 
 ,;n i:;t'2 l:?30'2 "iipo ,r'3 nDH ut'x ^11^ ,n^ny 
 
 lya.stitTDU IP jss D3^^ ^ysn 'b i-;-i>n ,-iyr:in-;Ti .n() 
 .n-;s nns cji^n ;\s ;j sitr Dsn ttii ^n&^^nyD ;N*nys ytD'^^'ii:: 
 
 '^:nr:i .|nt:^nn 'Dr\2br\ ^orbD^ r ''^ .tDV;ijs-n 
 
 .tD^y^nnj; nns :)t2n p^t^ 's d^t 
 
95 
 
 *TlpD when "IDH a n it appends, 
 
 When D'v33 to roots are attached, 
 
 ^11V alternates, with V\0)2 Tl ends. 
 
 bv^^ Moods with D"'0?EJ> are matched. 
 
 CHARACTERISTIC OMITTED. 
 
 167. The 'J of n^j; and '':jlJ''n is the characteristic, the 
 ys is omitted and replaced by t^n in the b'^^n y . The 
 'J of Tny. *11pt: and '''n:; is the ys and the 'j characteristic 
 is omitted and replaced by a ^:n in the b'^^n 'S in this con- 
 jugation as Wf-11 as in the ^ysi of U^r^b^. (Table 15) ^]}Q 
 
 7^2 and ^JJ^DHn ^^^ equal to D^Iliyii^ in all conjugations; 
 ^"'J^Sn and b'^^n are y^ tnon but their vowels are like 
 that of n^ob^ (Tables 16-20) 
 
 mark "i^y and ''JIJ^^ maintain 
 
 Omitted in othe tenses, 
 hvB. hvp, ^yann, D^dSk^ attain, 
 
 yysn, t'ysn imperfect senses. 
 
 ^BH, rbn, n"^n 
 
 168. The two verbs npb (to take) and yn^ (to 
 bite) whose b]^^n '2 is omitted after prefixes, are called 
 b'^ ''nDn.-When the b]^'Bn 'b is J or n it is omitted before 
 similar suffixes, as JTS (hearken) niD (establish) n2l-]^^n 
 ^Pr^S instead of nyys*", ""n-nn^ the omitted letters are 
 replaced by ti^n-These forms are called yb "'"IDH and 
 ri'b ^^On (Tables 21-22). roots: np^ to take, nn^ to cut. 
 The verbs yni? PIp^ to imperfects bel )t g, 
 
 Drops the pySH "loi? :ifter prefixes. 
 The pyan l^i? with 'J and D is not strong. 
 
 As they are dropped when adjoining such suffixes. 
 
95 
 
 .D::y3B!3j; C)Di: 'n Dy SnKJSi^f oon nSxa aStr nSwi ,ntv 
 
 .i^PiV ;y^ non Trr ^ju^2 Tjis nay .^j;dj .i67 
 -TJ1S nay Q'^3 'J D-i .D^D^^ T''^^ "^^'^ ^n^ "^^"^^ ^'^p^ 
 
 Dp^yV) ,tD^nj;5 J'B Dfc<-r i:)i< pan pD DSi tDPt^ ^:ir3 
 
 '^^^1 ,pjan pD "J DS-r -TJi 7B Dsn tors jy^y^rn m!i 
 .t:5:ftD5;n>^ B^n "S ^^'< ^^"f T^ ,D'D^^ i3^"f ^''^ ^'^i 
 i^-r Ti?i;jp -i:in ^ysnn "rii ^ys ,^J?ED (i5 :;^^yns:D) 
 
 ( 16-20 .3t<tD) .7^iny D^'D^llil^ Qp T^Dy:; |S^'::{<!topi'is ]>n 
 
 ,t2Sn:; y'Q n3iK pD tsT'x iny o^n ': dni 
 
 ,a-ini':fj;;i Q^tDh^ \vi i^ ir^^y^^ t'Vann naix ^VQ ,^VQ 
 .an'nc' D"'D^CJ> Km ^wa xn ,y'Q non nan ^ysn naix ,i?''yDn 
 
 yn^ "f^ii< (r;ony:j) r\pb nyt^iyn ''^*n:; sn .i68 
 
 -1313 nyis iyt:)tD-iD''is) rina -, (jyDnyi-iys) |T^ ^s*'^^ .|Vd 
 n2-li<n |^'< ^-11 '"I'l'ii ro:ftDyny Dp^SDiD i>n:>^:i^ss n^s tr:- 
 
'- 94. -^ 
 
 in hp merely denote .the simple active voice, as in ^p 
 thus ^^snn this is also the case with verbs of b]^^2 as 
 
 nn^:i, of ^^^^n as yb\^n. 
 
 Reflexive the action on actor reflects , 
 
 An ironical phrase it expresses ; 
 If it contains a verb that the pp rejects ; ' 
 
 With the meaning of 7p it impresses. 
 
 CHAPTER THIRTYSEVEN. 
 SECOND CLASS 
 DEFECTIVE VERBS-FORM OF J a non 
 165. A verb whose ^ysn 'B is '3 omits it and com- 
 pensates therefor by a ^21 in the b'j^BT\ y-it is there- 
 fore called rs ''-iDn. The nny of ^p and the b'^^B ''^im 
 and ^1j;b are conjugated like the n'^D^ti^. - The Tn]^ 
 omits the 'J of ^3;Bn '2 as ti>:ij, with a few exceptions 
 which are conjugated like D'^D^*^ as *iVir. 
 
 Verbs whose yQ is missing in a word, 
 
 i^y ^*}1 in 'y 'tis replaced ; 
 In past and present like D'O/SJ^ 'tis heard, 
 
 But in ITiy the 'J is eff'aced. 
 
 Remark. Some verbs of this class have two forms, partly as D^^?K^ 
 and part as J^SnOil. If the S^Qn ']} is one of the letters T'^nnS they 
 are invariably conjugated like D^D?2^ as Dnj% pXJ% Dyj\ 
 
 ^nv LIKK n^lDT^ ALSO lipo. IF DEFECTIVE 
 ADDS n. 
 
 166. The llpt: is usually like D'^t:^^' as ^DJ- ^SX 
 but sometimes *iDn and sometimes C^tJ^ ,(T^t>le 14) byB^- 
 -135; and ^2^:^2 are rs non ; Tny, "lIpD, and '11^ are like 
 n^^b^ Table 15) roots: bB2 to fall tr:i: to approach, 
 
- 94 
 
 T:i:;nn''Sp^m^ (i : t:ir bj^DJin oy-r 3:itD''nvn ''-t .i94 
 ^I^Snn D^N* ov 1^.^)) ,tDrt< noij; j-'^s bVB DST pyii (2 
 
 7^inj;'n^:i to^nys ,tors* 'j (ns ' lyDDp ^ySD ps .i65 
 t<>n ly-inyii ^ij;q -ijis* ^j;id "^UlIl'^S ^3^ .^p -^^^P i'B'H 
 
 'i;^'*::i is 2:^:1^ ''it rs non ,"i^ny tanj;^:v:ii?p d^d^^ 
 
 ; c33iKi^j j'^Q non Ti'li ,J''y q^n :^J^ ]' -jin 
 ,t2rjytrj;;i D^D^Jt^ n^ii lynnyn D'"'J1J''n i^x i3i niy 
 
 j; Dxi pyii -I31X ; j"D non nii D'^oi'tr NMi )ynj;;i ysas-o OJIpnyDJN 
 .Dinr ,DVJ'' s'11 ,a>r2Stt Km iia xn pu'iS ,tDT^K ynnx ij,n ]ne Dp"K ^ysn 
 
 ^IDJ ^"'11 .D''!^^^ T'^^ Djyt2D"'^D tors llpD .166 
 
93 
 
 The radicals are punctuated like those of the hp -- ''ili''!} 
 is prefixed by 'D like ^j;S and ^'ysn-j'n''^ of m^ is 
 punctuated like that of bp - the 'n of llpD-nnV and '''n^ 
 are punctuated by p^-^n (Table 1). 
 
 D^Di'K^ with guttural letters ")"VnnK in tables (8-12), Roots: 12V to 
 serve, T|13 to bless. 
 
 Seventh form ^VSriH is prefixed bv flH, 
 
 The y a EJ^il contains, 
 A p-|n for I'^n^X, of TnV is this, 
 
 JIJU a D retains. 
 
 163 When the h'^Bn'B is a sibilant letter of f^"'t^DT the 
 following rules is to be observed, namely-- if the ^ySH 'S 
 is a 'T, the n of the prefix nn should be changed to "T and 
 be transposed to the radical and the 'T transfered to the 
 characteristic prefix ; thus Jt^T-Tn instead of JDT-nn. from 
 the root JOT. If the ^j;sn 'S is a 'D or 'ty the T of nn 
 is changed to p and the 'D or 't2^ takes its place, as 
 
 non-k^'n. nnn-DH, instead of nDi::^*-nn, ^no-nn of 
 
 the roots nDyS^ nriD. If the ^^2" '2 is ^-12 takes its place, as 
 pltO-:fn instead of pl^f-nn. of the root pl^ (Table 13) 
 Roots : piV to justify. "iDtJ^ to become intoxicated, "iriD to hide. 
 When Y"^*Of is first in i^ysrin form, 
 
 If 'T, |f3"TTn indicates the change : 
 'D, "innon, ^ ; IDnt^n transform, 
 And 'V as 'D in pTDVn arrange. 
 
 REFL.EXtVE, IRONICAL, LIKE ^p 
 
 164. ^ysnn denotes that the subject is both the doer 
 and receiver of the action, as Qnjr.n to bethink oneself. 
 It expresses intransitive verbs in an ironical manner, as 
 ^^nnn praising oneself Verbs that are not conjugated 
 
93 
 
 Dj;i n^s 'H D-r ;t:i-i5;^Dpiis ^p d^^2 t^^ii ttii rn^^^ ,"1^ny 
 TD (7 :;^^j;:}to) /nij -r^is *npo ,"i3j; '^'^n : prn ton 'n 
 (8-12 j';^^y:i^<tD) ,Tj;nn^5 ly^stDMin ip t:j^D D^D^^ ^'"f 
 
 ; f-'j; D'x trjn iMx ,i)5;s nxs nn : dins lyooyn ,i5j;Dnn 
 
 j;ijj;:^.ss ci^iis jyiyn tD-'is ^ysnn n^^n tons t ,t2r yt^Dl 
 
 'C:^' nyis 'D ri< 'ED dt pyi^ ; pi : U'^W d2 pi-pn 
 D T^iN' ;n p^ '^nn Dp^spsnss) 'P Dsni'-'nsT ,tDrs 
 
 ^yirmsn nyi ]ss nnp-pn ir5i^''-nn tot:siDtr:s nnn-pH 
 
 TTn ST ,t:n\s 'y ps 'D DSi prn ; "IHD .SDy^> ^^Z' 
 tD:::os*p 'y Dt<-T -r:is tn^y"r:srnyD 'D ("^s nn i^s 'fi DS"f 
 p1!^-nn t:it:s*t:5-^:iJ< p1D-^n :^<'i^ .y^^ytstr iyoDyi ;s 
 ,pl^ : l^y^^^iii^n (13 y^^ynst:) piy ^y::nwi n>n jss 
 (iy:r;2-i^3 TT) ,nnD dyty^i^y:!) ^^Diz; <(iyrD-iytDr;n) 
 
 ; pirn NMT ,rhi va nn ik"s 'n pr n^o rsSvosyn 
 
 ,;j?2Kn ySS^'OB' ]yDDyi "^ix nh ,'n r^* T^' '"H^^ 
 rn^'jc^ D10 nv 1N3 1'lN DyDSj^T) ,n^t: TK 'V K"n 
 
92 
 
 TRA^NSITIVE, CAUSATIVE, ACTIVE, 
 LIKE hp 
 
 160. ^^J^Sn has the power of rendering a transitive 
 verb intransitive, thus l^^j? (of bp) he stood, "T'Dyn (of 
 TJ^Sn) he caused to stand. It also transfers the action from 
 the object as receiver thereof ^2^h SXV to an agent, the 
 action thus becomes 'ti^"'^ti^^ ^^T* or causative active, It 
 intensifies the action. There are some verbs that are found 
 only in the ^''j;sn conjugation, which, nevertheless signify 
 no more than hp as yh^n (Table 5) 
 
 i5^ysn an -JOiy to J<VV transforms, 
 
 NVr irom ""Jt^^ to ^^^^^ transfers, 
 Actions in emphatic manner performs, 
 
 Some pp expressions the P'^ySH prefers. 
 
 CHAPTER THIRTYFIVE. 
 SIXTH CONJUGATION hv^r\. PREFIX H 
 ITS CHARACTERISTIC. 
 
 161. The sixth form is called h^^^n. It is characterized 
 by the prefix n with a J^Dp before the 'SH 'S (the n^y, "'Jim 
 and mpO are thus vocalized) the J'n''^^ of iTy have ]>Cp, 
 the y, nnS; of ^^jira, Yr2p the mpD is without wh^^ (Tab. 6) 
 
 Sixth form, pyDH with H prefixed, 
 
 ]"T)^ii with |*DP is read. 
 Past and present with H afifixed, 
 
 Infinitive too, thus said. 
 
 CHAPTER THIRTYSIX. 
 
 SEVENTH CONJUCAQTON bvz>r\r{. ITS 
 CHA R AC TE KISTIC nn PREFIX AND C^^n in ^yan y 
 
 162. The seventh form is called ^y^m It is prefixed 
 by nn before the h'^Bn 'B which is punctuated with nns. 
 
92 
 
 ,7p Dj<s IDl]; H's Dsn (1 : 3:iiD''ny:: ;yDD3;i .160 
 ,lDi) i<^Ti ,4'^yi'' ':>^Q Di:; ^'i;Bn oy-r D^vtiis^Dnys -im 
 
 ,a3Nf2j;.i NV1'' 1^ n^m loiy Dsi Ltsita^nyn 
 ; r->'^i::3^*< ^^'^^^ r l'2 ^!^>'^* ''^2^'^ ^^^l"* 
 
 'S ay-ns^s pp ta^o ^"i ,Sj;sn :p:i nytoDDyr .i6i 
 T\s ;yt:i^.snny ^^n:; .pDH |DD lyoDyi tori< (jyta^^^n 
 
 .(6 y^^ynstD) .|;*Dp 
 
 ,i:;!:'?Knyn -i>ik ]j,'t2^x yS'^x dnt i)j;D oyn nx2 'n ,i?5;2n 
 : 'H Dp^E^ns DKT TIN oy axn n7 f op Dsn J'D''^^ ^I^DV 
 
 .'B Dm Hi NIC* ]^^x nils j?28n nns i^roo'x |''y dxt 
 
 jyD^^:;nyt2ps-ip lyooy- ^j;Dnn :p:i:: nytD^y^yn .i()2 
 nns ynyiD-i^y'? DyD^yn /SD Qy"i n^^s nn y3^n N*n t:r 
 Dyi 7^^:i tDDSs |ynstotr:3^2^y^"iisi^ s*n lyiny^ii iodJw^t ; issn 
 
91 
 
 present) is omitted as being unnecessary. The J'n'^S pre- 
 fixes in the future tense, as well as the other prefixes 
 before vowel letters have ^V^, 
 
 Fourth form has C'Jn in 'j;, 
 
 And '2 a Y*^^? received, 
 "I3y likelTiy has 'x for its sign, 
 
 Of PiySj we are relieved. 
 
 liS^FINTIV^jr, NO IMPERATIVE. 
 
 158. Infinitive has the ^yS" 'j; vocalized by n^in. 
 It is never used with d'^D::. The Imperative mood is not 
 used in the ^^Q or byDH form . (Table 4) 
 
 l)pJ2 has D^^in on y 
 
 With D9Dn 'tis never read, 
 Of '"llV there is not a sign. 
 
 No command to passive said. 
 
 CHAPTER THIRTY-FOUR. 
 F-IFTH CONJUGATION Wsn; n IS PREFIXED 
 
 TO Sy2 AND " EOL.O^\^S'y pin pD?' 
 159 The fifth conjugation is called ^^^J^ri- It is 
 charadlerized by n with plTI before^ the b'^^n S and 
 silent '^ following the y, the y is sometimes punctuated 
 with nns as ^plpDn "^yiS ^^^^"'^ ^"d ^lys are prefixed by 
 'r2 the former with nns, the latter with y^p 
 
 The mpD Tny and ''Ti^ with their respedlive prefixes 
 are vocalized the same as b]^'^^ '^2^:^2 (Table 5). 
 
 Fifth form ^^*;n prefix n and ^ after y 
 B h :s NIC' the j; - X or X of -I2j; 
 
 '7i;i2 '21^2 and SlJ,*e ?3 is the sign, 
 'in "iipD and Tnj; like SriS are 
 
91 
 
 Ij;-tjj;t''^ Ij;-f x^^n ,tD:n-;ii-iyjj;nK ^'^n ,^2^^h2 ,^lj;s 'ilJ''2 
 
 ,j''y D'x B>jn niix 'q aj^n lytaiix ^< idkh ,^V3 
 ,]yS'?N ^vTiy-ii'S ]j?n Ni^n xm ,s 'jij-'n ; n uxn py o^V 
 
 n''?2 tors -riii< n^in ::)S];nny ';; Dsn ,'mpD '-issl 
 ^J^DH D'''':: 71s d^s npn ^nsiiST ^Hii dst 71s s^ii D'"?D2 
 
 .(4 y^^ynsto) ^S^^-'inyj t::::'': 
 
 ;n3"ic57:i ^yan n>o isa ny^n nj;nj:"n nn^n ^ii:^ dst 
 .1^1312^:5 NM1 na'T pnax -fin xn ,^y3XTnys n*i^i 
 
 .pj3n |DD^ 'j; 1^^^ '^ ,'D nsy:2 'H ; ':5^y5n : p2 (5 
 iViD-'^ifnytDpsnisip ij;DD>n .^"iirDn : P^ "lytosrs .159 
 Dp >*^ ("inOJ nj) 1 "T^'N* 'S nn "is pn-^n to^n 'n tor^* 
 -nys in"'!! 'j; Dsn .nj ^^v^y tosn 'D dst ."1^':)D^ : '^*i '^ 
 
 .njnpon npDo ^^mpsn i<^ii .tDnrt^piis rDnsjpr^' 
 
 'nij liis ,1^11? .tDny^t:jpjis nns d^d oy^r pp t:''^ "n'^n 
 
 .(5 y^^ya^^D) .T^J--; :);;1E) 
 
 ,-IN3Nn '^ naiK 5< rsxn j^y ; ^5S ayn nxe xn -b^V^ri 
 ;^n7P_sn x^^2 xni Diyuo^'r: |^y ijix '3 ,pi^n tsxn 'n .i3y 
 
-- 90 
 
 the h^'^B '2 by y^^p. The Tn>% prefixed by J'n^J^ with 1tr, 
 has its h]^Br\ 'B vocalized by nns, the ^yS" 'B of mpD and 
 ''Tllf is likewise vocalized by ^^^\B 
 
 ^]))Si and ^lya are by D with 8<1tJ^ prefixed, 
 
 "Ilp^--^1''^-- '^ by nnS punctuated, 
 Of ITiy likewise, --and J'n^&< with ^<1E* afiixed ; 
 The letters Dv3ii with t<1EJ> are conjugated. 
 
 Tf^ANSITIVE i<vr, INTKNSKn3D, 
 CHANGING ')2^, CONTRARY TjSn 
 
 156. The form of ^j;s is transitive, as "j^^ to teach 
 which verb although ^p is in the ^VB fo^^m, all the others 
 are ^1}Q exclusively, as ^!)^^, IHO It intensifies the 
 expression of the action, as npti^ '^!3S^* ^^ changes the 
 meaning of a word as "]-i:: to blessr-to blaspheme It gives 
 the word a meaning contrary to its original as from the 
 noun Jti^i ashes, the verb )\p'^ to remove the ashes(Tab. 3) 
 
 7^3 is transitive and intense 
 
 The meaning of a word it' changes. 
 Gives certain words a contrary sense, 
 
 Its verbs exclusively arranges. 
 
 CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE. 
 FOURTH FORM i?y3, CHARACTERIZED BY 
 
 mi US' THE hvBn 'y. 
 157, The fourth form is called ^y?^. Its characteris- 
 tic is a ^r^ in the ^pBH '>' and Y^np under the hVBn 'B ; In 
 the past as well as the future tenses, the ^ysn 'J? is vo- 
 calized by nns, in the present, by [*t2p. As ^}}B i^ ^^^ 
 ntense passive conjugation, the ^lj;s "^31^^ (or passive 
 
. 90 ^ 
 
 ; t2ij?iiB>::3 tanxii dst oyDSyn ,pTn trjn on ly-'i^^^ 
 
 'D p^ iytD^^<nnj; ^i;; -r:n ^j;is ^Ji:i^3 dsi .155 
 ^^''^^ ,yr\^ .y^np i^^^< .sop nne p^ 'S D-i ,si^ tD^D 
 1)pD ; ^i71D '3 D^T ybm-p nns I2sn ' D-r ,sia^ t2fc<n 
 T^in^ ;yjn'' D^^N*S3>*n5; -rrr ^n^^ -r^is 
 
 ,N ivtapysD^n _^< 'B DXT ,Nits' usn 'D Dn ,D'^J'IJ^1 
 ; T'^inv ^Jira n^n n 'Si dni ,KitJ uxn i^n^N. ,n^nj; 
 ,ii'-ij?OD'K taoNS ^{ '?D DNT ,s"iti' i?'on ,J< taxn 'Q OIP^ 
 
 .r]5Dn oi:i^^ .-^53 ,yr 
 
 -n]:bv2) 15)^ ^^n i^^^v (1 tors i^ito^npr ;-;DD>n .i56 
 
 ^:ipnj;t:5ti^ ,n^1i;5Dn pUnb (2 CnnD ni!^ J^^^^ ,t:)DDi<p-iss 
 ^*^r, ,tD^^prt2ynt:i i>n yppniD^is ny"i tD''''pni>^r::s*y:! -riis 
 
 yss-^nr;:: ip^^jir-is^-ns dsd rD:;tD:;Tp3pptor; ps: (4 ;;p 
 .(3 .2t2) .ytrtrs |c^n |S* /r;triyst2i>* jj^'^l s^^n .Dir ;- 
 
 ,]:;iny':'y3 irs)^ k^ti ,i<^*v (1 ; u^^u'ny^ 
 ;^p y^h.'i yMi ,t23'n2^\i niMi S:?s n^s iii d; pyn 
 
 ,]V"inj?iij;^ ^^ n:NaB':,''n liix pmax: lyn mx (2 
 
 ']':::in pob 'y d^ \L'n hv_B : ps u 
 
 -[n N*^n 'B D-;i nyiDri.s p^p .bj;D :r^- "i>"^"ir2 i5T 
 
89 
 
 Fo. "'IIV and "lIpD you must prefix a H, 
 In the whole conjugation thus 'tis said. 
 
 transitive:, intransitive, and 
 
 REFjLEXLVE. 
 
 153. The h]^^2 expresses the Passive voice in various 
 manners, as follows, 1 ) the simple passive, the result of 
 the action of the simple active in the transitive form. 2) 
 The passive voice in the intransitive form, denoting the 
 subject as the doer and receiver of an action as uvh} he 
 fought, jyt^: he is supported. 3) The passive voice in the 
 reflexive form -iTin as ^<^^^^^ I hid myself. (Table 2). 
 
 T'ySJ in different ways defines, 
 
 Its passive element ; 
 Trans and Intransitive acts assigns, 
 
 Reflexive too is meant. 
 
 CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO 
 
 3d eormW characterized by K>:n in ^yany 
 
 154. The third conjugation is called 7^Q also p^ 
 IDDH the intense active form Its characteristic is ty;n in 
 
 ^>*sn '*; the ^j;r; 'b is vocalized by pn^n the "-; by nns, 
 
 excepting in the third person sing, and plur. of both gen- 
 ders where the 'y is vocalized by m^'^ or ^^Vy^. 
 
 Third form pyS) is active intense, 
 
 As nssn ]'^^2 'tis known : 
 Of strong act ons expresses the sense, 
 
 By pi^n and HDB 'tis shown. 
 
 .N*r^ has J'Tl'^S 
 155. The present tenses ^3;'i2 '2 and ^*iyB '2 are prefixed 
 by r2 with S*Vu% the '2 of the ^yiS '2 is vocalized by nnS of 
 
\ 
 
 - 89 
 
 ,Na D'x prn K'jn i^'s i^ik tj;DKn ^11V naix ilpo 
 Nn Dp'eps ]Mx tDonxp ijr^xn i^ "iiS;ij?r2 ptn K'.n dik 
 
 niin ,npiy ,^^yv 
 
 T^fiij;: ,ip:n:2^ny3 >npnyt: ids- ^j;dJ ds-t i53 
 ;^p Dy-f I2^^p:^t3ynt2 n>n p^ss sn ,irtDnjsnro .^^i1\ (i 
 
 niln (3 ; ^niiJ ,|j;i;:0 ,Dn^J i^^ii ,-r-i"'ii tann^syjo-'is* 
 .(2 jr^^yastD) {^DH^^I : s^'iT r:i>nr.''2pm:; 
 
 ; apy^mo m!f nim !2pj?''2s dst n:ix afx svv hv^B dv Pi'^i 
 
 ,'?niJ Dni?J 'ii ^mm ap-iniyjj Dta-iyinpix pyn ^HZDiy (2 
 .(uppyt3tr''?y3 1'?: i^nxn I's) X3n1 x^il nnn hvB (3 
 
 yn^ii^ sn ,lD3n p3 T^s* ^;?D-pD "lytDD^m .i54 
 
88 ^ 
 
 almost resembles the "I'^ny without its prefix yn"^^. It 
 sometimes comes with superfluous T\ as in the words nn^D 
 .T;!2ty (Table 1). 
 
 "llpD has |*Dp with n'^3 i^)^ receive, 
 
 D^nn have pl^H a C01 after n. 
 Like Tifiy is """lIV the imperative, 
 
 Without n^ny prefixes added to them. 
 
 Remark. The roots (D^^nSJ^) of the tables of all the verbs (i?yBn) will be 
 quoted and translated in their respective explanatory rules and paragraphs. 
 Tables i to 7 IDt^ to keep, int^' to break, lOp to burn incense, -)23 to 
 conquer). 
 
 CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE 
 
 FORM OF SysJ FORM-MARK pnn pD^ J 
 151. The second conjugation, the simple passive is 
 /]^DJ~ It is marked by '} prefixed to its past and present 
 tense. As the entire conjugation is passive the ^I^S '^IM'^2 
 tense, is omitted. 
 
 The second form 7j?DJ has {<1^> under Q ; 
 
 SyiSl '2)2'2 with pp is read ; 
 h)]}^ "'JIJ"'! is not in this array 
 
 |'n\S* of the n^ny with p-iTl is said.. 
 
 FUTURE, FS^FINITIVE AND IMPERATIVE 
 
 have im in the h''^'Bn'B, 
 
 152. In the future, infinitive and imperative the j is 
 omitted and replaced by a pTPI \l^}1 in the ^j;3n'S for that 
 reason the *ilpO and ''Tili of the b^Bl conjugation are pre- 
 fixed by n with p'^'^n as otherwise such replacing would be 
 impossible. 
 
 Tn:: Olp^ and ^11^^ have mi in '5 
 ^m* for -I^n^ like llpD is read ; 
 
88 -- 
 
 (pirtDnisntD) D^'J^yV C^i^S i^tDD^-'D n DpyDD-iy rD"D 
 
 .]y!?t3y^B ;i'33KO ]H nSDIJ'n ts'o i^ik '"iIV Dxn caoNp IKT 
 
 
Remark. The third person of both numbers have two additional 
 fojms, namelv . 7^3 and piyS), 
 
 T T 
 
 PRESEKT TENSE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE 
 
 148. The Present tense ''J13''2 is divided in two 
 classes, namely, b'^^B "'^1^ active, and h^^B '^^'1^- passive 
 As Verbs they are conjugated with the personal pronouns 
 C]1-2nm^D as -rplB nns ,^.p^B ""JS etc. otherwise they are 
 considered as participles and declined accordingly, Sing, 
 masc. without suffixes, fem with suffix H plur., niasc 
 "^itfi suffixses'C : fem. with suffixes m. 
 
 ^yi2 "'Jin present active, 
 
 Without a pronoun is like a NoCin ; 
 7^y3 ''J1J">2 present passive, 
 
 With a pronoun as verbs they ar6 known. 
 
 ^.r^: . -.\ \ 
 
 149. In the future tense, the prfixes J'n*' are punctu- 
 ated by JtDp pn^n and S by h^}D. It has two forms, namely 
 ^j;St< and ^iyS. Most of the transitive verbs take the 
 form of 71^5^^, the intransitive that of 'l^yD^?. 
 
 l^nV the future by |n"''S is shown, 
 
 J-n^ has pi^n, the 'X ^IJD takts ; ' 
 ^ . V. By 7ySS iind ^iySX its forms are known, 
 
 These vowels the ']} never forsakes. 
 
 IM-PERA.TIVE ^ISfn ^IT ; ,, INFINITIVE nipDH Tjm 
 
 150 In the infinitive mpD" the is vocalized by yr^p 
 
 which is changed to t<^V when following one of the letters 
 
 T^2 (with JtOp pl'^n): when following 't5 it receives a tr'JT 
 
 to compensate for the '3 (from JD) The imperative ^l^fn 
 
^ 87 ^ 
 
 MiJB ,^yB ,^:;| 
 
 : iVP'iJ?f2 12M< r3^{^ ^iyQ n:iN ^ya ;yr2-iK2 n"ii:? is3 laj; dxt 
 lyn^'Sn i u'r: oir^ ovts^n:? n^is uxn nns ""'is DytDoiy dxt 
 
 ,n3yi"-) D^Tyn .vcyna Dy:yi ,^^5;q n:ix i^yis ^Jira 
 
 ,n2yn^^c'r2:y (atr n'o n'ii) ril '^T'x "i^Sn^Mi x": ; c : I'Sjiyfi SnN^*nnyo 
 .]j;:30xp3"S;! ]nyu-iynDtoKB'i;':^''X ;yn D^iirs xn S^'n 
 
 -p'^syns n ]yDt:p c'^^'^' yr^si^pi::) "i^pii; ''^2 -149;^ 
 i^-^D '^^ DS-r iii jtDp pTn iD'^c lyrnyn rn^ ; ]D'^^ d-;d 
 
86 - 
 
 CHAPTER THIRTY. 
 
 F-IRST CLASS, REGULAR VERBS U'fDh^n mn. 
 
 Conjugation of *7J;Q or 7p the simple form ^pH pj3 
 
 146. The name of the first form is ^y, it is also 
 called hp'n ]'^}2 the simple form, as previously stated (133) 
 as it has no special characteristic, its name bears the form 
 of *^]3J? to which one of the suffixes jlC'^nn are added in all 
 the conjugations of the past tense, viz First person, 
 singular, common gender ij^ as ^^"^T^J^^^Second person 
 sing. masc. gender, p^ feminine p- Third person, masc 
 
 in every conjugation of D'^fliyw' resembles the name form 
 ^V_B as "n;35^ ^^3 as -^P^^;} etc.,-- The feminine has 
 the suffix .("^ The aforegoing rules concerning the suffixes 
 I'lD'^nn for the past and the prefixes yPi^i^ for the future 
 tense are applicable to all forms in all classes. 
 
 pyS or 7p is the first class, 
 
 Tl for first person comes at end, 
 n, n for second person pass, 
 
 Third peison female rt extend. 
 
 b)VB ,b^B :bv^ 
 
 147. For first person, plural, common, gender, the 
 suffix .13 Second person, masc. Qp fem. 1p\ suffix. Third 
 person common gender ) suffix. 
 
 First, plural ,^} Second |JR Dn 
 
 Third person ^ common gender, 
 ^iya, hVQ ^VB of them, 
 Its three different forms we render. 
 
"' 8(; 
 
 ,p:: r^DDp o ,^^^v T;-fs ir^ij; ^y oyns (2 ,t:;mi;:^ 
 
 ^pDHC^ ,1^^^:; j;::^;!! ,|Din (6 ,-l:5:d^j nyi Dot^^iDtryz ,:3-it< 
 ^SDDn (9 ,|n-;2 yiD^yn r|i:in (8 ,Dj;tD::y^rrp jp^yn 
 
 ? p:3 nysS^n (3 ,u2^: in ^^2^V (2 ,n-inn (1 
 ,oiycDNB Dy pNTi |crn (6 ,^iin (5 ,ni^r:nn (4 
 
 .|2Nr2 nynx nmie :s ,|^Dn (9 OBDOn (8 ,?|i:in (7 
 
 ^pn '-.ps* ^yj ,pj5 ( 1 .D^oyv^^'n ;DD^?^p I 
 
 ,tD3::jT;:i diss y^ior^s nyis yto:D^^^ sn ,^pr\ r32 l"fr 
 iP^'^^rnss Dynyi:sTy2 v^p (13b'; tDJ-ynny Dt:^"^ny2 s^n ,sti 
 ,^n:fr\^ ,iny2 (i ."iDj; .im tarsyri^^rn ^y:;-nsii m:; 
 i<n ^y:;-nii ni:: m'^ri oy^^>'^^y^ >'"^''''^ "^''s: t^nsm j'^'-s dt\s 
 toDDXp ;s*ny2 (2 .Tj-'^??^' ^^^'ti ,tor2y:n^J''n Ti y^^^'T 
 
 jyi ^''^^ (D^D^tr ly^-'^tDtiDyT s^"'^) Dyts^i^ T^^ryt: ]i<i^]:B (a 
 nyr id^d toocsp yb2^^^^ ; dtj3 ;yir;2ynt2y3 Dy-r ;yt:s: 
 
 -I : |T - T I 
 
85 
 
 Remark As previously stated (121) the three radicals of the verb 
 as well as of the noun are named, for the sake of comparis n, after the 
 letters ^])Q the first, second and third radical being: respectively known 
 
 as ') 'j; and 'h. 
 
 rv 'n: : X"^ ^n:: r]"h 'nj AIST) D'?is3 
 144. 5 -Y]) Til is that class of verbs wherein the 
 second radical being a 1 is either missing or quiescent 
 as niDkS ,^n^D ,"1D (Tables 44-50) 6. ^"b ^H} of which 
 the third radical being an '^< is silent, although present 
 in every form as sip"' .Sip (Tables 51-57) 7. n'b "Hi 
 whose third radical being a n is also silent as "Ti?^ Hl^ 
 (Tables 58-64) 8. n^h^^:2 Radical letters duplicated, i. 
 e when the second and third radicals are similar, the 
 ^ysn'y is dropped and replaced by ^}l in h'^^n'h as "^PBD 
 DDD (Tables 65-71). 
 
 Vyj where '1 is 'y a d unheard 
 
 H"?'i where 5< is mute in every case 
 n"7J silent 'H at end of word 
 
 D^^'ISD equals, 'y by a EJ^JI replace. 
 
 VOICE n:iDn, FORM pn, TRANSITIVE 5<VV, 
 
 CL.ASS n-in, GENDER ]'D, PERSON f]13, 
 
 TKNSK pi MODE Tj-n, NUMBER IQDO. 
 
 145 The verb is therefore conjugated with respect to 
 
 the following nine modifications, 1 . niU class, or \^^'^ root^ 
 
 2 :;T' Transitive or TDiy intransitive, 3 ]^^2 Form, 
 
 4 n^lDnn voice, active or passive, 5 "]l"i" mode, 6 jDTm 
 
 Tense, 7 J'^:::- Gender, 8 m^ Person, 9 nSDDn Number . 
 
 The ^])B has modifiers nine 
 
 I Class, 2 If transitive or not, and 3 form, 
 4 Active or not, 5 mode, 6 Tense, time assign. 
 
 7 Of Person, 8 Number, 9 Gender inform. 
 
85 
 
 D^^DH -11 (1-13 ly^H'^-'^^) -^ ."f .i< "10^ 'i^ pV":sT ,-rT 
 
 t'iS^^ /;DJ ^^''11 ,iTn t2:ii:jrn>^ 'Sn 'j; D-'S trn -|nn 
 ^Dn 'D Disn^ii /^^ 'S ^nj -in (14-23 ij;'?^':^^!^) j .i .s 
 
 (24-30 ;-;^^>^aNti):.n .t .^5 -^mr) ^^^ ^Vi hpn pn 
 Dy^ss:>^25; D>^ tors ,'^ p\s '^n '^ d"t sii '^ 'S ^HJ -iv 
 .(31-39 ]vhhv2i^^') l^n n^^^ ^'ii ,nnDJ nj Tny C'S 
 
 ,S'7NS ];n7^ -fin -i3i;t. ,Sy:f-nsn |;nyn ,D^C^2>n (1 
 ,Sp \v ir,33 n: 't^ Dxn sn 'X '3 (3 
 
 .IV ]'^i< ^T\X 0^<-^>J^ S DST XII ,'^ 'B TIJ (4 
 
 lysN'JtTinH'^T.Nn N^m s^i n:n (,121) '^inymv DC'nj;a xm jjlp^yDJN 
 pyaisii Dyn pnxtstyDu x'm y;i in: ,DJi' cy-t xn Tj'ix dSx SnxnxT Sys d^t 
 
 .'? nj,nx 'V 'B KMT ]jrDO'*jir>'mi ]j;nNt:con |>n:ysynt:yn ];nDiN.]y-''':2^sisi?VSi 
 
 tDmn ,tDrs '1 ps 'sn '^ ds- sn ,'V;; ''n:! -V i44 
 
 'Dn '^ DSl sn vS"^ ^m -VI ' (44-50 ip^^-;3StD) ^HDp 
 iV^^s ps -ir;n';tD*^'S"r ^^pm -jis dj; t:)mn rors '^ j^-ns 
 
 ^m .VII (51-57 r;^H^2SLr) ss^jT ^^p ^*^^^ ,D^r:i3 
 
 ]j;^^m-iv i:is oy rDnn ,:Drs 'n ]'^'< 'DH '^ ds-t sn ,'n 'b 
 
 .VIII (58-64 |-;^H'^StD) fc^JTI nbV ^''^"^ ,ta^^y2Dns' 
 
 -pn p"'^^^ 'EDH '^ "I31S 'y sn ,yt2^ysss-r-iys D'^^IDD 
 
 :b D-^s t:*:i "inn irni uis 'j; ds"t to^nys ,i:"'t jy^stoi:* 
 
 .(65-71 iy^^ynst:^) ^P^2D 220 ^'it ,t:!-itDyny 'sn 
 
 ; ]'';'2^^'i -I31K ]yr3nxD lySSx ;'x 'jmi =\Sx cnti ,C|^j< mi? ((5 
 
84 
 
 The pre or suffixed verb thus inclines 
 To conjugate by them alone 
 
 CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE 
 
 CLASSES DMU 
 142. Verbs that are similar in punctuation are con- 
 jugated alike and form a separate class n"lT3 thus TpS ,nt2ty 
 form one class, i^"' ,J^'' another, -)1D 2W still another, 
 There are eight different classes m^T^ 
 
 Verbs have their classes eight 
 
 Differentiated : 
 Py way we punctuate 
 
 Thus they're conjugated 
 
 DEFECTIVE K D ,^ B ,DnDn ; PERFECT .D^D^JJ?^ 
 143. The following are the classes in which the 
 verbs are divided-- 1. D'^D^tfi' Regular verbs, wherein the 
 three radicals are vocalized, as "^^^ ; A verb can be 
 regular onlj^ when the ^ySH'S is not a ^ or the ^ySn'y is 
 not a :, the b]^Bn'h not a t< or n and the y or h]^Bn'h are 
 not similar letters-(Tables 1-13) 2. C'lDn the irregular 
 verb consists of those wherein the ^ysn'S (mostly a j) is 
 left out and replaced by a tt'J"! in the ^ySn'y as h^B'^ of the 
 root ^i (Tables 14 - 23) 3. The S'S ''Hi wherein the 
 ^ysn'SS is a quiescent 'i< as nOS'' from the root 1Di< 
 (Tables 24-30) 4) '''S TlJjWherein^the ^ySH'S is a quiescent 
 > as lhi< from the root iV (Tables 31-39). 
 
 U^J2?li^ wherein all radicals are pronounced ; 
 
 D^IDn ?V2'Q missed, by K^JI replaced, 
 ^7X'D ^nj the 5]")J< unannounced, 
 
 ^'D ^nO where the ^ sound is effaced. 
 
84 
 
 nnn 
 
 : tar;-;;: N*T ;(VDDb*^p) n^llil |^<!2 i::^;: ,|yr"'^:i ny-r^sj^'^s 
 
 ': m*lU y"T:iy:tSss nyns^i Dp-^^t^nyDjis ;:: .i43 
 'H n>n '^^ p^p "BH '^ ct<i :1 pp 'Bn 'V ^^'^ ,"' '^y'f^ 
 
83 
 
 PERSON. 
 
 FIRST nyn nmo 
 
 SECOND HDU THIRD PERSON "iriDJ. 
 
 139. 3 C)1Jn There are three persons, 1) 11^3 ^2in 
 the first person denotes the speaker, 2) nSIJ the second, 
 the person spoken to, 3) nriDJ the third, the person 
 spoken of. 
 
 f\)ir\ Of Persons there are three, 
 The first is one who speaks ; 
 The second one addressed you see, 
 The third the speaker seeks, 
 
 SINGUI^R, PLURAL, Q'2-) ,Tn- 
 MASCULINE, FEMININE, nnpj ,1DT 
 140. 4. The masculine gender is that form or use of 
 a word which denotes the male sex, the feminine that 
 which denotes the female sex. 5. "iSDt:n There are two 
 numbers, the T'n'' Singular number, denoting one. 
 The ''^-i Plural number, denoting more than one. 
 
 I'^JDn is ")3T or the male sex, 
 
 r]2p2 the gender feminine ; 
 "IQDD is "]^n^ one, not complex, 
 
 D^l"l plural, when moie we mean. 
 
 SUFFIXES ]^^"'nn mv prefixes r^'^- 
 
 141, The auxiliary letters ITl'^Dt^n are affixed to the 
 roots of verbs either as prefixes or suffixes the letters 
 pD'^nn as suffixes to indicate the past and the letters 
 T]''2V as suffixes and ]r'"'8 as prefixes to indicate the future 
 
 Person. Number, Gender, have their signs, 
 By VnJDfc<n they are shown ; 
 
(2 ,tirs* Y;r\v^V^ DtD"^ny2 Di^ntDy psn ,(t:5''^njy::i:-^ys) 
 
 royn^^eBoy -lynx !:nj?n pycyj: ]nc Dsn ,nin (2 
 
 ,|j;nyn'!?ix dvq^s>*i2-inb d^k imk ut'k Djriyn 
 
 .nnp^ ,nDij ,ny3 nsip 
 
 *1D10 (1 i<"'^^ir'">i tari^ ]Stt;s i<^-i ,n?i;in .iii i89 
 
 (2 ,];'T:pj;isD*tDD::^yT o^n -i>n (;nys ytoD-iy) ,nj;2 
 
 ,!23n -IJ^DnX CT^X jXTIJ^E yiiTXIEiyr^ XH Xll ,"inDJ (3 
 
 .unj^'T t33'i I'Spim npx Qi'^tr lynyr is t:3'i )xd xn 
 
 ,^31 ny'Tyrit:D3y ioT^t< .i^^v^^v^ d"i r^^n .iv i40 
 
 laj;^! ,^ns^j^^s I'TT' np^^nior; D^^ssjpy tors ,^n:; sn 
 
 ^,>ns ,y2.s;T n>n js^nys iy:':'y:;3^'' n^^ji-^-^s ]s ^^oy:; 
 
 .tans y-i-;-! s*n pynnyt: jsa ir;n D''!}*! 
 
 ,'jxntD xn D3^x opy'mD i^Sjiya |"x pyii IDT (1 TDn 
 ; ^K yt2DyStt>j;:! ;yo'm!f nin unyny: D'aay-n HDpJ (2 
 
 'jxpnj,ns D'j3j:n iTi^ (1 x"S-ij?'miv !2T'x lEaoDn 
 .]xn'j;'j nni ]iv"inyr2 ]xs D':ij;n D^m (2 ,Dy:'>x ]xe 
 
-- 82 - 
 gender, and number are indicated as p|^3{i^ *' You have 
 
 T : T 
 
 eaten" 2. r^pDr, ^11 The Infinitive Mode names the 
 mere action or state of the verb as h^i< to eat. It is 
 often combined with Tn*; and "'ilJ^ ,nay for the sake 
 of greater emphasis. 
 
 We distinguish modes as three, 
 
 I, Indicative tells the tale; 
 2. In Infinitive we see 
 
 Name of action v\ ithout fail. 
 
 IMPERATIVE ^IVn -j-il 
 137 3, ''l^n "pi The Imperative Mode is that form 
 or use of a verb by which it expresses a command, a 
 request, or an exhortation, as "]^ go ! niD^ keep ! to 
 the prohibitive form S^ or hi< is added. 
 
 3. The Imperative gives. command. 
 
 Exhorts, prohibits and warns, 
 Its voice is heard in every land, 
 
 Where human speech it adorns. 
 
 TEKSE. 
 
 FUTURE "i^nj; P!kJKSENT 'Jim PAST iny 
 138 2 jam Tense, The 1. 13^ past tense indi- 
 cates that an action has been done 2 ^J13^]3 the present 
 tense, expresses an action that is being done, it is also 
 treated as a participle and as a U*Z* Noun. 3. "f^nj; the 
 future tense is expressive of an action that will 
 be done. 
 
 Tense, in three ways is expressed, 
 
 iny. Past, what has been done 
 
 ''2^T2 on Present rest 
 
 l^ny Future course will run. ' 
 
82 
 
 ,pTn ,*^'s (2 (T]"nn) c"i (1 |vp"i:;?3 i:i tat'x 
 ,upyip i:iN iN^p ("laoan) 'jnKS (5 (j^D) 'osyStr^J (4 (5]ij) )KTnyB (3 
 .pNp iroo'uiryn oxpnyie dkt i^n ]Kf3 dkt 
 
 ; :2'^:t njiK anx ,7nss xn ,t2Dj;SB'yj dkt ,;nt*ij;s xn ,t2E:NnSyD^'iiV2iK 
 
 ;-jD?2>:s'ix ^]}B oyi cisn.iyn ij,n dxt ,-ilpon Tj-n (2 
 
 .D'in:j,'^2XJij,'e i2ix cEiipi!i -lyi yppmoxj ni^ D::;uD3yn tscoxp 
 
 ,tD-i p:j;to>*''3y:i (irtosnyec^^) ^nyn "nn (3 .i87 
 
 .tDr)y:n:;rn rny ^ys m:: ^^^ nps iih jy^ronj;!! d-t irn 
 
 ,]v'?n^By2 Di'B pn^D'ix 1^'x ,^'nvn tjii (3 
 ny^n'EiVD'ix cDQ^t:B'yn ]yjy3xiBC7;!ix ]j;t inn 
 
 .]y-ij;''^"s IV iih -lynx i^x t2'D Tnv D'ut^x ];'iixTi ^'e ixn 
 
 ."i^nj; 0Jij^5 .13J? 
 
 my 1) : -8D"'''-ii t:rs to'''':; sn p-in Ji 138 
 
'81 
 6 7 
 
 n 'nri'"" 
 
 134. The causative passive form has n before the 
 b]^Si, namely ^ysn. The reflexive, or combination of 
 active and passive form is charecterized by the prefix 
 nn before the ^^3 and ^}i in the ^ySn'y, namely 
 7>^^nn. The aforegoing remarks are applicable only 
 to the regular verbs Q-'C^trn nnn (143.) there are 
 however exceptions to the above in all the other classes. 
 
 ijySn has n by fDp vccalized, 
 
 H'Bnn. nn and ^M in 1>]J 
 Hy these marks C^rsSty are characterized 
 
 For regular verbs their peculiar sign. 
 
 NUMBER IDDD, GP:iSrDER pD, PKRSON 5^13, 
 
 TKNSK; ItDT, MODK Tj-in. 
 135. There are five modifications of the verb to 
 be observed, viz 1. "jn"" Mode 2, pTH Tense, 3 C]i: 
 Person, 4 pD Gender, 5 nSDCn Number - the verb, very 
 often being a combination of subject and predicate, is 
 modified by the first two concerning the predicate, by 
 the last three concerning the subject. 
 
 The verb has modifiers five, 
 
 Mode and Tense the act concern, 
 The "how" and "wlien" we thence derive, 
 
 From the rest, the subject learn. 
 
 MODE. 
 
 INDICATIVE nisi^nn -j-n, INFINITIVE '\^pr2n -j-n 
 
 136-1 "l"lTn There are Three Modes; 1. ntO^nn "i"n 
 
 The Indicative Mode is that form or use of a verb 
 
 by which it expresses a statement wherein person 
 
81 
 
 -^yifmsn ;yr:5Dnj; CBn 'S) Qy"f nytaiis yop r "f^i^* 'SH 
 
 .^"ysjn :'T35?t3''i'? ,'Bn 'b '^^^^ V w^^^^'^ 
 
 lj?3tv lysKn i^ysn lyo'iK ,]yaiBc"^ yt^n 'SSk 
 : lanyjiN oy kit ,j^v d'k it:!! ]' ^j^q ; 'j i' Sj?3: 
 
 ,]^3''ii ij^aSyT inx SS'n pnp ,|"y d' tr:ji ijys 
 .anytac 'i? naix 'j; jytrni:? nv ;"n -;mk nit ,'n ]'' ^'''yBn 
 
 .nn - 7 ; n - 6 
 
 ,^ysnn : liyto^i^ oysn 'j; d''8< ^^n p-'K iji^ 'b cy-r ns 
 nnu lyrna-'w i>n '':: ;(u3) ,a''D^::^n nni: ip 
 
 ,!SDDy'?iyc lytoSyr oy fOp Dn "i'ik K^n 'n dkt ,^yDn 
 ;SvBn py Di B'.n n^ix nn ,i?yinn 
 ,t3DyE n:i lyDn n^K)h^ n tb nsn ]yD'5f yTyn SSn 
 .Sko Dy23SD ]yDn2DMK iiK nan pynaw ]yt k'o iki 
 
 neop ,pp ,p]i:; ,|?3] ,Tjnn. 
 
 -srs nyrs tars ,tDS"'"'n:y:} "t^t ; ta^pnyns dwt 71s 
 ^"f) ,p^n (2 ;(:5i J<n),T]nin (1 :T^ayj ,D5;iDpn 
 nSDDn (5 -rJi iCtDD^^tt^y: D{<-r) pr^n (^ ;(|n>^s '"t) 
 
80 
 ^pn as *^)^^ he broke ; the intense active form )^2'2 
 "IDSn o^ ^^i^B ^^ "^3^ ^^ crushed, shattered; the caus- 
 ative active form ^'^ySH the above are the three c'^yiS 
 active voices. The three a''^1j;s passive voices are as 
 follows, the simple passive form ^ysj the intense pass- 
 ive form 7^2 the causative passive form ^yS" and one 
 is "^,nn h]^^ reflexive, namely ^ysm. 
 
 Verbs have seven conjugations, 
 
 Three are active in every way, 
 Three in pa^^sive situations, 
 
 One a reflexive role must play. 
 
 12 3 4 5 
 
 133 Each of the seven C'^J^JI conjugations has a 
 characteristic mark ]'^j2n JCD excepting ^ys ]'^^2 which 
 has none, it is therefore also termed hpn ]^22 the 
 simple form, as above mentioned, as it denotes ac- 
 tions that are done in a simple and ordinary manner. 
 
 The simple passive form is characterized by the 3 
 I'^i^n JDD^ namely b]^^l. The intense active has a ti^:n in 
 the ^ysn'>' (the second radical) namely 7J7B- '^^^ intense 
 passive also has a U^l in the b'y^ny and a p,2p vowel 
 beneath the ^ysn'S namely j)}}^. The causative active, 
 form is characterized by n before h]^^ and a ^ between 
 j; and ^^^D"'^, namely ^''ysri. 
 
 Each verb but Sj^S has a mark of its own, 
 
 2 for ''j:S3, Sye a ty;n inserts; 
 Sj;S with tt'^T and ]Mnp does own, 
 
 S'ysn a n and special ' asserts. 
 
80 
 
 'bv.mn .^y^n h'i:^n ,b^_^ ,^j;d ,bv.^: ,^j;p 
 
 -:d^^^ nj;j^\s j^s* n-;r,-;s psp t::''^p:i"':Dyni5 yr-'S .i32 
 ps nj;is ;(Diss ^1::::^''^) ^jjn rj3 :(o DyD^j;n ,(n;^j;n3 
 
 b::B ' ,^:i;d3 it'^'^v^ -nyiJVT-^^ D^^^:;D ^^^^^"f ;^^3;Dn 
 
 :r;^^ ^J^V^ ^yj^';''^ i^^^ S;s oyi ji^r^isEn^n: 
 ;t5n;'S j?:nx ij^ijyp-iy liis ]j;dd'ti i:j Sye dnt din 
 
 T 
 
 .S;'Bnn :DyT'n ;^VDn -hvB pySJ niyi'n K"-n 
 
 .n-5 ; .-4 ;.-3 ;2-2 ;0-l 
 
 ^t:p-i-;t: D-;D^riy:p\s to5<n (nns^) p2 Dyr;*' .138^; 
 '^) D^s* trn ;^^s D^^^<s:y3j; tDsn d^ssd >n:yT''^pnstDty 
 
19 
 
 there are two obje<5ls, the first is considered as an ad- 
 verbial objecflive and the verb is called '^^^b'^^b ^^T' b]^^ 
 as in the sentence nn^ ''iyn n ^''iDSn plSn ''Reuben 
 made the poor man eat bread" ''iyn "the poor man'' 
 is the active objedl in relation to an^ bread, he is pass- 
 ive, however in relation to Reuben the diredlor. 
 
 ^JSJ^fj J<^r SVS is an action direct, 
 
 ^2J^sf)2j^ j^Vr hv^ through a mediator; 
 Of the first an immediate action we expect. 
 
 Of the second action he's but the instigator. 
 
 ACTIVE, PASSI\rK, REFLEXIVE. 
 
 131. The t<:;v ^ys is subdivided in three classes, 
 viz. 1. b]^1^ njlt^nn the active voice, when its subjedl 
 denotes the doer of the a(5lion, as b^M< plS"l Reuben 
 is eating. -iDItT jmsn Reuben is keeping. -2- ^lys HJIDHZ 
 the passive voice, when its subjedl denotes the receiver 
 of the action as- "iDt^i J^^n the sheep are kept, DPl^n 
 ^^S: the bread is eaten, -3- nTin by^Si Hiinn^ the reflex- 
 ive, denotes the subjecft as the doer and receiver of the 
 a(5lion, as, bbnPin he praised himself, n^^iin he shaved 
 himself 
 
 &<V1'' pyS is subdivided in three classes 
 
 i^yiD nJIDD^ the active voice does indicate, 
 P^VS riJIOnn upon whom the action parses, 
 "iTin /V^S ^^ action in a reflexive state. 
 
 Chapter Twenty-eight. 
 
 hv.^r)n ,^j;E?n h^^^n h:i^ ,b:JB ,^j;d4 .^j?b 
 
 132. The following seven different forms of the 
 verb are called 7j;P or the simple active form pJ2 
 
-- Y9 - 
 
 -D^^^ )nj;s j;n>njs yr\s -pn p5;-r:T ,\2onhv^ ytDpy^2iD 
 
 ,n.vn7j;t2a>r2:ix 'jpiiii /JS^^ X^V (1 t^t'x nxv Sys 
 
 .niln ^plED ,^w? ^byis 
 
 ]V^^i< ^'''"i" |Ns* nyirn "fm $^^1'' bi;s d^-i .i5i 
 -yniD (siVDps) ,^j;iB nylons (1 T^'^J^^ ,i:5pp^my:!D^is 
 
 i2in) ,ip1t^'' p^^*1 ^*'i^ /^^'^ (>^tD::xntD3;r i:; ;snys ;: 
 -:pp npip'^"'^ D'^i^ DV"itDST Dp Dp3;^niD ds-t sni :j^t:tDs: 
 
 -nyp-p-'-ii:; (sps^ns^Dp) nun ^i;1S (3 .(tD-;:^''-^^ -ttii) 
 -2^D Dss t:^^prD-;nt: s^--d-t ^-fTii ts^n>^^ny ^n'^^?^l up 
 s^n ,t:T''S jpnsn tsrspD^is tsDn^j;: 71 ^s y'^pr 
 
 ,'[y3y-lut^ Dy3x"-n ]*'^n ny:-ij,'s t:Kn ^^^i"* ^VS dnt 
 .'jniiSs up;3x D^x tsDsSyT t:p^'>3iD dkt s^''2Nn -inn i?yD (3 
 
THIRD Pi^RT. 
 
 Chapter Twenty-seven. 
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 128. The Verb is next in importance to the Noun; 
 It represents the predicate of the sentence, as it ex- 
 presses the action or state of the subject. 
 
 The Verb is next in importance to the noun, 
 
 As it always forms its predicate, 
 It describes its action and it gives renoun, 
 
 Its state it can also indicate, 
 
 INTRANSITIVE ICiy Sys, TRANSITIVE 
 
 129: The Verb ^ys is divided in two classes, name- 
 ly, TiSlj; ^^2 Intransitive, expressing an action or state 
 that is limited to the agent, and does not pass over to, 
 or operate upon, an object, as Tlt^Dn I became wise, 
 niDD' You became fat, blj he grew up. 2. N*XV ^yS 
 Transitive, expresses an action which passes from 
 the agent to an obje(5l, from the subje(5l which does 
 to the objedl on which it is done, as h^^ he ate, 
 -^tU he kept, ytDJ he planted. 
 
 \-erbs in two classes are divided. 
 
 nr^lj," S^S intransitive, 
 Whereby' its own state is decided, 
 
 Or affects others transitive. 
 
 130. If the verb expresses an action which pass- 
 es fron the agent direcl to the obje(5l it is called 
 
 ^y^b S^V ^ys If, however, 
 
78 
 
 -D^ii tDD3>^: np tors ,(tDnsi^tD^^:;) hv^ dsi .128 
 
 .D^^" c>n is: ^^'''ntDyTV"^ Vto:sDDynj;tD:"'t< nnyt liis yrto 
 
 ,yL3*i}< ]-iyn3s Dy2'"N )x uinyv.ny DtD^nya xm 
 
 i-;t2ns N*^''!!!; j-'S tos^innv^^s "iTiI ^i;^ Dsn .i29 
 -^^5:1s ^t^pp'^-no^is rDyt:j"^'t2:'np- ny-i t2yD''^8'np yr'^s* Dp 
 
 p>n:s jyr^s cj-^ikS -ir;n';:n";2'^s ,t:ppmD''is< trs^-^pri^ynD 
 .yCDJ "ID^^^' b^^ ^'^'^ ,i:.stDty:pp ip:-;-;''^^ 
 
 cjj'j'Sxnp an d'in *jpm ,"1011; i?ys (1 ^d^h 7VS dnt 
 ,ri'tDn:KntD XVV hv^ (2 6n:i ,DDn xm ,toy'^it::Nnp np^ 
 
 -:pp ipiVT''^ ;>n ci-'is i^'^'^prtDyntD n pj;n .i30 
 
^ .nny nsi^ mm d^ . 
 
 TORATH S'FATH EBCR 
 
 or 
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR 
 
 
 PART III 
 
 VERBS, 
 
n 
 
 REMARK. 
 
 Owing to the lack of sufficient Hebrew punctuation 
 charac5lers, the Author was compelled to make use of the 
 letter ^ as a vowel in many cases where according to 
 the strict rules of Hebrew Grammar it is not entirely 
 proper, we hope the reader who has profited by our 
 lessons on the rules of punctuation will not be confused 
 thereby. 
 
 
 
 11V 
 
 T 
 
 
 10 
 21 
 
 30 
 
 34 
 34 
 41 
 62 
 65 
 
 
 
 JJIp-iyny^ 
 
 41 ytD'^n 
 
 83 
 
 88 
 
 64 yto'^n 
 
 64 '' 
 
 ,iyt2niitD''"in tDtot<tDtyi 
 
 **$* 
 
nioc'n 
 
 7 6a - 
 
 nD^*r2 
 
 Forms of the nouns 
 
 9y n^i 'D 
 
 97 b^rp '0 
 
 tabernacle r 
 
 D''3-l 
 
 3D >'BB^- 
 
 shield pQ nVS' 
 
 D^3n n^n^ 
 
 niDD 
 
 n3p : 
 
 Q'3;ip 
 
 |;!9 : ^^^^ 
 
 nDp 
 
 n3p : 
 
 'm 
 
 pP =1" 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 f. .11 ra. .a 
 
 f. .11 m. .a i 
 
 f. .11 .ni .a 
 
 ^nl3p 
 
 ^n3p 
 
 ^::d 
 
 ^i:p 1 
 
 ?l^n-T|^ni3p 
 n^n -rnl2p 
 
 T]n-^n3p 
 nn-ln3p 
 
 T]i:-T|^4:!P 
 
 
 ij'nl3D 
 
 i^nsp 
 
 1 "^ 
 
 uj:o 1 
 
 p-DP^nDp 
 
 |3-D3n3P 
 
 p-D3'^^P 
 
 p-D3|jp 2 
 
 |n-Dn^nl3p 
 
 jn-nnpp 
 
 |--Dn^j:p 
 
 p-D3:p B 
 
 100 
 
 prayer 
 
 T : 
 
 n-'sn 
 
 r\)bm 
 ^ni-'pri 
 
 p-D3^nl^pri 
 jn-nn^ni-'pri 
 
 n>'pn 
 
 'n7Dn 
 
 p-Dpn^pn 
 |n-Dn)pp 
 
 98 |1->S 'D 
 
 window p'^n ^yaDjys 
 
 Tj-'p-Tj^nljiVn 
 p-Dp^nlJi-'n 
 
 p-DpjiVn -2 
 
n^r2l^n 
 
 76 
 
 '>^p^r2 
 
 Forms of 
 
 the nouns 
 
 .-i:?ta-ij?nt3S''in t;t jyoiSB 
 
 95 ^5 'Q 
 
 93 h^ 'D 
 
 basket ^D 21Np 
 
 might Tj; taSKO 
 
 D^3-l 
 
 n^n^ 
 
 0^2-1 
 
 -i"'n'' 
 
 D^-'D 
 
 ^D : 
 
 D''bi 
 
 tj?.:nnB3 
 
 ^b 
 
 ^D : 
 
 ^^3 
 
 Ti; : idd: 
 
 f. .n m. .D 
 
 f. ^^ m, .0 
 
 f. .11 m. .D 
 
 f. .11 m. .a 
 
 ^^D 
 
 ^Vq 
 
 ^^5 
 
 IV 1 
 
 
 t-\^ " 
 
 i ?^-T^, " 
 
 ^ly-^-i;?? 2 
 
 T V T 
 
 nbAb - 
 
 1 n'^..-vb " 
 
 n-i-iiy 3 
 
 lyho 
 
 1j|?D 
 
 1 - 
 
 i^.^y 1 
 
 p-Q5 " 
 
 P-DP^ " 
 
 1 P-DP^^*" 
 
 p-D5-1 " 2 
 
 in-n " 
 
 ]^;D^ " 
 
 ]n-nn^'? " 
 
 |1;D-| " 3 
 
 96 n-5S 'a 
 
 94 bs '0 
 
 turn n3D 3313''S 
 
 nest IP tSDJ?J 
 
 nl2D 
 
 n3P : 
 
 D^3p 
 
 IP '"'SJ 
 
 nl3D 
 
 n2D : 
 
 1 :f 
 
 IP : 1=" 
 
 ^nl3p 
 
 T 
 
 ^ip 
 
 "^p 1 
 
 W^'^ " 
 
 
 1 T;^Ji-"n''ii " 
 
 ^^^^ " 2 
 
 n;p-vn " 
 
 nnin *' 
 
 1 C'^-i''? ' 
 
 nj-i: " 3 
 
 irnl3D 
 
 1 
 
 ijn2D 
 
 IJ'ilp 
 
 IJIP 1 
 
 p-3 " 
 
 p-D2n2 " 
 
 p-DP " 
 
 p-35 " ^ 
 
 jn-Qn *' 
 
 io-cps " 
 
 p-" " 
 
 p-Di " 3 
 
n^D^'n 
 
 75a 
 
 ^D^O 
 
 Forms of the nouns 
 
 .iytaijjntas"'V 
 
 -i>n iVDiHS 
 
 91 n^ypn 'D 
 
 89 n^j?9a '0 
 
 end n^'^Dn n:>' 
 
 many n^2'^D PJ>"0 
 
 D'2-\ 
 
 n^n-i 
 
 Dm 
 
 -i^n"" 
 
 nrj2n 
 
 n^^^n : 
 
 nv3t??o 
 
 n^p-lD : T1S3 
 
 nrjan 
 
 n-'bpn : 
 
 r\)'3pD 
 
 n""?")?? : -0D3 
 
 f. .n m. .D 
 
 f .n m, .0 
 
 f. .n m. .a 
 
 f. .n m. .a 
 
 ^nvjan 
 
 'n^bpn 
 
 ^nrptj'D 
 
 'n^3"!0 1 
 
 ; 1 I-- 
 
 in-"^n " 
 
 ITP-TQ " 
 
 qn-?in" 2 
 
 ,Tn-rn " 
 
 nn-ln., " 
 
 1 n^n-vn " 
 
 ; TV T 
 
 nn-ln " 3 
 
 T 
 
 1" 
 
 i:r\^b^r\ 
 
 u^nrp^p 
 
 un^3i?3 -i 
 
 R-? " 
 
 p-Dpn *' 
 
 p-QP^n " 
 
 p-Dpn " ^ 
 
 |n-Dn " 
 
 jn-on " 
 
 jn-Dri^n " 
 
 ]n-Dn " 3 
 
 92 n^i 
 
 n 'D 
 
 90 n:; 
 
 Dn 'D 
 
 misery H^ 
 
 ^n '7ST-^D 
 
 hope riip 
 
 n :3"3sss"n 
 
 niiibn 
 
 nvs':?n : 
 
 r\)m 
 
 nipn : -is: 
 
 
 nx^i? : 
 
 riii<n 
 
 nipn : to: 
 
 ^niiibr} 
 
 1 
 
 'nij?n ! 
 
 ^nipn 1 
 
 1 r |- 
 
 ^c-^n " 
 
 1 Tn-^^n " 
 
 r 1 1- 
 
 ^n-'^p " '^ 
 
 n^n-vn " 
 
 nnin " 
 
 : H'n-rn '' 
 
 nn-ln " 3 
 
 unix'^n 
 
 ''j^k^ 
 
 ^yr\im 
 
 ijnipn 1 
 
 p-D5 " 
 
 p-Djm " 
 
 \ p-? " 
 
 ]5-DDni " -' 
 
 '0-2n ' 
 
 |n-nn5< " 
 
 in-c" " 
 
 |n-Dni " 3 
 
n)r2t^n 
 
 75 
 
 ^'^ptro 
 
 Forms of the nouns 
 
 .n^Dij;ntas''in -lyT jj;d"ikb 
 
 HI n:?.5a 'd 
 
 85 niys 'D 
 
 cattle ny. 
 
 ?D nys 
 
 sister pOTM' 
 
 t lytSDyilB' 
 
 D^nn 
 
 TH"' 
 
 D^3-l 
 
 -i^n"' 
 
 D'^y.p 
 
 njpp : 
 
 n?n^ 
 
 nini< : nisj 
 
 ''E'^D 
 
 n^po = 
 
 
 nint? : 10D3 
 
 f. .11 m. .D 
 
 f .11 m. .0 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 'mi2 
 
 'Jpo 
 
 \nin^ 
 
 'nint<5 1 
 
 w^y " 
 
 ^>T,: " 1 
 
 ?P-TP " 
 
 7]n-T]n" 2 
 
 n''p-vt " 
 
 r\;-^n: " j 
 
 Tn-rn " 
 
 nn-in " 3 
 
 iJ'|^J?a 
 
 iJJpo 
 
 iJ^nin^? 
 
 =i:!nlnii^ i 
 
 R-nb ' " 
 
 p-QPJ " i 
 
 p-P'n " 
 
 p-'pr " 2 
 
 I'l-Dn " 
 
 i;-^ " 1 
 
 |n-D,Tn " 
 
 |n-Dn " 3 
 
 88 n:t;pp 'a 
 
 86 |1i?i 
 
 S 'D 
 
 command maC tSiJtap 
 
 Iniquity p_ 
 
 ;; ip-yjiye 
 
 niva 
 
 mya : 
 
 T : 
 
 riJi;?, 
 
 |1:y : TiBJ 
 
 nlyo 
 
 m.yo : 
 
 riJii? 
 
 ]% T>^ 
 
 'nlyp 
 
 'niyj? 
 
 'fiJiJ?, 
 
 'M 1 
 
 1 r I- 
 
 ^ri-"^n " 
 
 1 TP-^T " 
 
 ?j>"?):i " 2 
 
 iTn-vn " 
 
 nn-in " 
 
 1 CT-vn " 
 
 nj-U " 3 
 
 I" 
 
 ijnia'? 
 
 iJ'pJii? 
 
 IJJIV, 1 
 
 P-D3 " 
 
 p-D5ni " 
 
 1 P-P " 
 
 p-Dpj " 2 
 
 in-n " 
 
 in-oni " 
 
 1 lO-Dn " 
 
 |J-DJ " 3 
 
nM2^r\ 
 
 74a 
 
 ':?pc-'D 
 
 Forms of 
 
 the nouns 
 
 nyioiyntDS''in 
 
 *^.>n ;yDis 
 
 83 ;?D '0 
 
 81 
 
 ^yiSD 'D 
 
 fish :n 
 
 B^-S 
 
 sickness 
 
 ^^n lyi"'^^ 
 
 Q^D-1 
 
 i^n^ 
 
 D^nn 
 
 
 Tn"" 
 
 D^J^ 
 
 :i : 
 
 D^^^n 
 
 
 ^br\ : -i^s^':i 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 JT : 
 
 ^^.bn 
 
 
 ^^n : Pd: 
 
 f. .n m. .D 
 
 f- .11 m. .D 
 
 f. ^^ m. 
 
 .D 
 
 f. .11 .m .r2 
 
 "^-1 
 
 '^1 
 
 - T T 
 
 
 ^^^n 1 
 
 :].;:-T^T 
 
 ^^.1"^^1 
 
 1 , - |V 
 
 ^6 
 
 ^^.-'^' '' 2 
 
 n-'n-vn 
 
 nj-1:T 
 
 (T-^-V^ '' 
 
 ii 
 
 n^-r '^ 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 : 
 
 'ir^bn 
 
 
 U'^n 1 
 
 p-3 " " 
 
 p-ap^i 
 
 p-D3'' " 
 
 lii 
 
 P-?': " 2 
 
 in-on " " 
 
 RD^^ 
 
 |n-Dn^.^ '' 
 
 &4 
 
 P-D? " 3 
 
 84 
 son 
 
 ^J3 
 
 P 
 
 '43 
 
 T ,V 
 
 P 
 P 
 
 "43 
 T|J3-^43 
 
 n4-i:3 
 
 1JJ3 
 
 p-D?43 
 1>2^3 
 
 82 
 fruit 
 
 
 D"'':53 
 
 ^^3 
 
 T |. T 
 
 |n-nn '' 
 
 ^^5 : ICDJ 
 
 
hM2t:^n 
 
 74 
 
 '"^PCTD 
 
 Forms of the nouns 
 
 .-ij)Bij;iitss''ir 
 
 - lyi ipc-iHs 
 
 79 n];s '0 
 
 n n:;& 'a 
 
 field nnc' ^H's 
 
 gift njD . JJ33 
 
 D^an 
 
 n^n-" 
 
 D^nn 
 
 i^n"' 
 
 nnt' 
 
 niE? : 
 
 nlJD 
 
 n3?3 : T1B3 
 
 nni^ 
 
 mtp' : 
 
 nl:?? 
 
 n:p : 10DJ 
 
 f. .n ni. .D 
 
 f .n m. .0 
 
 f. .11 m. .D 
 
 f. .n m. .0 
 
 ^nn?' 
 
 n|; 
 
 'nUa 
 
 ^nj?? 1 
 
 
 7]-l-T|l " 
 
 -]^n-T]'n " 
 
 qn-^in " 2 
 
 n^n-rn " 
 
 nn-im. " 
 
 n^n-vn " 
 
 nn-ln " 3 
 
 ij^niit' 
 
 ijnc^ 
 
 irnljp 
 
 ^jpap 1 
 
 l-'^-2^ " 
 
 p-D?T " 
 
 p-Dp^n " 
 
 p-Dpnj " 2 
 
 jn-DH " 
 
 j-l-DT " 
 
 in-nn^n " 
 
 |n-Dnj " 3 
 
 80 i;; 
 
 S 'D 
 
 78 nj 
 
 ?S '0 
 
 innocent ipj 3n'71B':iK 
 
 corner |~|{' 
 
 5D ypp>' 
 
 ^''P^ 
 
 T^ = 
 
 nit<5 
 
 nt<S :TiS3 
 
 :^p^ 
 
 :p^. =. 
 
 nl{<p 
 
 ni<f : Idd: 
 
 ':p3 
 
 p-b 
 ]n-Dn 
 
 
 ^j^ 
 
 ^d: 
 
 T V T 
 
 p-DD _ " 
 
 ,"qn-ln " 3 
 
 p-D3n{< " 2 
 in-cnK " 3 
 
n)f2t:^n 
 
 73a 
 
 nV^D 
 
 Forms of the nouns 
 
 T : 
 
 13 n^is 
 
 '0 
 
 distress npiai 
 
 D-'jjjy-nyn 
 
 pit nmc^ j?a"3 
 D^3i "i^n" 
 
 nlpiap 
 
 npia?? : 
 
 nieiD 
 
 nmt:^: tisj 
 
 nipiap 
 
 npiap : 
 
 niDiD 
 
 nmE'no" 
 
 f. .n m. .D 
 
 f. .n m. .0 ; 
 
 f. .11 m. .D 
 
 f. .11 .m .0 
 
 ''nlpiy?? 
 
 'Hp^yp i 
 
 ^nisiD 
 
 'mw 1 
 
 n^n-vn " 
 
 nn-ln " \ 
 
 iTn-vn " 
 
 T ,V T 
 
 nn-ln " 3 
 
 ij"'nipiyci 
 
 ijnpiyp 
 
 ij^nisiD 
 
 unmc:'' 1 
 
 ( T 
 
 p-P " 
 
 p-ainj:? " 1 
 
 p-P " 
 
 ip-Dpnn" 2 
 
 ]n-DO " 
 
 in-QOR" 1 
 
 p-Dri " 
 
 1 in-Dnn " 3 
 
 16 ^IDD '0 
 
 ^4 "^^s 
 
 ? '0 
 
 place DIpD tsnK 
 
 house fi^S ''!" 
 
 riDlpa 
 
 Dipp : 
 
 D^n2 
 
 n'2 : Tisj 
 
 r 
 
 t\D)prp 
 
 DipP : 
 
 ^n3 
 
 n""? : lODJ 
 
 ^riDip?? 
 
 ^PlpP 
 
 ^n3 
 
 in^3 1 
 
 
 np-la " 
 
 T ,V T 
 
 T)n-T]ni3 2 
 nn-ln " 3 
 
 ijriDipr? 
 p'^ " 
 
 ijpipp 
 
 p-D50 " 
 
 irn3 
 p-? " 
 
 i:n^3 1 
 p-D3n" 2 
 
 jn-DH " 
 
 IP -Dp " 
 
 1 in-DH " 
 
 i 
 
 ]n-Dn " 3 
 
n)f2t:^n 
 
 yy : 
 
 73 
 
 Forms of the nouns 
 
 71 n)s '12 
 
 -ij;i2-ij;iitDS''in 
 
 69 '^IB 
 
 
 trouble HlJi ~t3KJ 
 
 strength p^ 
 
 ; tassnp ^ 
 
 D^3T 
 
 "i^n^ 
 
 D^nn 
 
 -i^n^ 
 
 nnv 
 
 niy : 
 
 ^:1K 
 
 |1i< : -tnsi 
 
 nna 
 
 nna : 
 
 "':1k 
 
 |1>< : pej 
 
 f. .n m. .D 
 
 f. .Ti m. .a 
 
 f. .n m. .0 
 
 f. .n .m .0 
 
 "nnv 
 
 T>')^ 
 
 \J1 
 
 ^:1i 1 
 
 ,V T 
 
 nn-ln " 
 
 T |. T 
 
 n:Am 3 
 
 ij'nliy 
 
 I- T T 
 
 ir:i 
 
 
 p-2 '^ 
 
 p-DvPn " 
 
 p-DP'JiK 
 
 ]?-Dp4l*< 2 
 
 in-Qo " 
 
 |n-Dn"i " 
 
 |.-i-n'':i*< 
 
 p-DJlK 3 
 
 72 
 
 n^B 
 
 'D 
 
 provision HHy ::i"in';:^Vr^"i 
 
 
 my 
 
 I 70 
 
 I a lions whelp 
 
 D^"^1J1 
 "-113 
 
 ^12 
 
 -113 : ^^S3 
 "113 : -aoj 
 
 p-ob " 
 
 nn-in " 
 urny 
 p-DDni " 
 
 ni3 
 
 T I V T 
 
 ijm3 
 
 ,in-ni3 
 i:"ii3 
 
 I 
 
 P"2?l^ 
 
 pD"113 
 
r\^f2t*n 
 
 72a 
 
 '*7pro 
 
 Forms 
 
 of the nouns 
 
 ^jjDnyiitDsiin -.y- ;ymss 
 
 65 n^yln 'd 
 
 witness 
 
 
 hope n':'mr 
 
 t\bwr\ 
 I 
 
 1 MliSSX- 
 
 1 
 
 f. .11 m. 
 
 .a 
 
 f. .11 ni. .a 
 
 'IV 
 
 f. .11 m. .a 
 
 f. .11 .m .a 
 
 T |V T 
 
 46 
 46 
 
 
 ,Tn-vn " " 
 
 nn-in " 3 
 
 i:i-^y 
 
 
 'i^p^ 
 
 1 
 
 ijn'?nin 1 
 
 1" " 
 
 p-a5 " 
 
 44 
 
 p-2;?i " i 
 
 P-D^ " " 
 
 p-Dpn " 2 
 
 in-DH " " 
 
 p-DT " 1 
 
 p-on " " 
 
 |n-Dn " 3 
 
 68 b''Q 
 
 messenger ~|iy 
 
 
 Ty 
 
 66 
 
 nbv)v\ 
 
 'D 
 
 reproof nnSln tS3''ipSntSB' 
 
 nnDin 
 
 nnDin 
 1 
 
 nnpin : -i^s^ 
 nnDin : icdj 
 
 1-P-T? 
 
 nn-m 
 
 T ,V T 
 
 p-i ' 
 
 ]n-Dn ' 
 
 n-i-ln 
 i:Ta 
 
 I" 
 
 P-D31 
 p-D-1 
 
 ^nnsln 
 
 n^n-vn 
 
 irnnDin 
 I" ' I 
 
 p-D3 " 
 
 in-nn " 
 
 ^nn^in 1 
 
 T]n-'?]n " 2 
 
 nn-in " 3 
 
 T 
 
 ijnnDin 1 
 
 P"PP 
 innn 
 
mocrn 
 
 12 
 
 '^pc^D 
 
 Forms of the nouns 
 
 63 bv,'ir2 'D 
 
 .;:;t3-ij;iiDS''in nyi ;j)dinb 
 
 61 rb^ '0 
 
 relative yilO J?tDi:,smyB 
 
 to sit n2ti'' (JJxa''i 
 
 D^n-1 
 
 "iin"" 
 
 D^21 
 
 -i"'n"' 
 
 D':?liD 
 
 i?llD : 
 
 nii?T 
 
 n^ti' :T153 
 
 'i?llo 
 
 yilD : 
 
 niyi 
 
 n^i^' now 
 
 f. .11 m. .c 
 
 f .n m, .a 
 
 f. .n m. .0 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 ^y."iiD 
 
 '^IP 
 
 "nij?! 
 
 in?^ 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 i:^i?lio 
 
 ijpiD 
 
 
 I" 
 
 p-b " 
 
 ]3-D^Oo 
 
 p-DQ-Tl " 
 
 p-DDP^::* 2 
 
 in-n " 
 
 |j;-DV"l'lo 
 
 in-D.TD " 
 
 |n-Dn3E' 3 
 
 64 bv)r2 'D 
 
 62 "^j^in 'D 
 
 a miracle flDID "lyiilKH 
 
 inhabitant 3^"in DDHtJ^K 
 
 D^noio 
 
 nrilD : 
 
 
 2J^1n : T1B3 
 
 ^n^io 
 
 nSlD : 
 
 '2E?ln 
 
 3^1n :10D3 
 
 "TiplD 
 
 ^n5lD 
 
 ^SE'in 
 
 "^ 1 
 
 
 nn-lnp " 
 
 1 qp-Ti^nc'in 
 
 n2-n " 3 
 
 
 1" 
 
 iJ'piC'iri 
 
 ijpirln 1 
 
 P-OD " 
 
 p-opnciD 
 
 p-ni " 
 
 p-D5?2'in 2 
 
 
 |n-DnDlD 
 
 in-^c " 
 
 p-D3E?1n 3 
 
nM2^n 
 
 Ila 
 
 ^^ptro 
 
 Forms of 1 
 
 the nouns 
 
 .nvanj!ntas''V 
 
 1 -ij?T ij;ons 
 
 59 nVT2 'D 
 
 57 r\bv^r2 'S 
 
 blow HDO 3'?B' 
 
 gift n:no y=5 
 
 D^3-^ 
 
 I^H"' 
 
 D"'31 
 
 T'ni 
 
 nl3D 
 
 n3D : 
 
 ni:nD 
 
 njnp :inB: 
 
 ni3Q 
 
 n3a : 
 
 nl:nD 
 
 nipo hpd: 
 
 {. .n m. .a 
 
 f .n m. .0 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 f...n m. .0 
 
 ^ni3a 
 
 ^n3a 
 
 ^nl:pD 
 
 TiriQ 1 
 
 Tj^p-^^n " 
 
 ^r)-^n " 
 
 ' 1 
 
 Tjn-Tjn " 2 
 
 n'r\-vn " 
 
 nn-ln " 
 
 T V T 
 
 nn-ln " 3 
 
 1" 
 
 iJn2s 
 
 irnuriQ 
 
 |- T : - 
 
 p-^ " 
 
 p-D.?n3a 
 
 p-D5^n " 
 
 p-DpnJ " 2 
 
 jo-Dn " 
 
 . |r-DP?P" 
 
 ]n-DiTn " 
 
 |n-Dnj" 3 
 
 60 n^i 
 
 ;. '0 
 
 58 nbyo 'D 
 
 advice nyj?. ntSSI 
 
 araolten image 
 
 nDDD l'7''2DD.'13 
 
 niyi;.. 
 
 nyy. : 
 
 niDDD 
 
 T 
 
 nlyj; 
 
 r\m., 
 
 niDDD 
 
 nDDo noDj 
 
 Tiiyj?. 
 
 'nyy. 
 
 'nlDDD 
 
 "nsD^ 1 
 
 ^P-TO " 
 
 ^n-^n " 
 
 
 Tjn-'^n " 2 
 
 n;n-vn " 
 
 nnin- " 
 
 1 .TH-vn " 
 
 ; T . T 
 
 nn-in " 3 
 
 irnlaj?. 
 
 'rnyj?-, 
 
 irniDDo 
 
 i^nppo 1 
 
 p-i '" 
 
 p-Dpny " 
 
 p-in " 
 
 p-D3n3" 2 
 
 jn-nn " 
 
 |ri-Linv " 
 
 |?-2~n " 
 
 |n-Dn " 3 
 
71 
 
 Forms of the nouns 
 
 55 b^^^_ '12 
 
 friend "|"'DD yBJ:Kpj;a 
 
 
 
 glory ni^Cn taasiB 
 
 
 
 f. .n m. .D 
 
 nn-in " 
 56 '?i:?a 
 
 saw "ll^D 
 
 f .:i m. .0 
 
 nn-n ' 
 
 
 
 p-cn " 
 
 f. .n m. ..D 
 
 T V T 
 
 p-D3^n " 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 nn-ln " 3 
 p-Dpn " 2 
 
 54 ':5^D 'D 
 
 plant j;D 5JS:'72B 
 
 Qij?EO yBO : T>S3 
 
 >j;2)D yiDD :10D3 
 
 p-n? 
 
 a 
 
 np-ly " 3 
 
 i:j7:so 1 
 
 p-DDJ? " ^ 
 
 l^-D^ " 3 
 
tOa 
 
 niDtrn 
 
 'iTN v^n2 D^o'7trn 
 
 '^pro 
 
 Forms of the nouns ^ 
 
 51 n^j;D{< 'o 
 
 a bracelet rnya>< J?tflDJ?ptDtt''nB' 
 
 
 
 branch biDiS'X ^yi3''2 
 
 
 
 tie: 
 
 f. .11 m. .e 
 
 fTn-rn " 
 
 in-on " 
 
 52 Sij;5n 
 pupil -Tio:;n 
 
 "^n-Tj-'-i-p^n 
 
 T V T 
 
 p-n'p " 
 
 f. .n m. .0 
 
 Tobn 
 T'p'^n 
 
 ?]1-?]i''p':?n 
 
 T 
 
 p-D3i " 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 ,Tn-rn " 
 
 T V T 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 'bW^ 1 
 
 r\bAb2 " 3 
 
 T : 
 
 p-Dpb " 2 
 
 50 
 girdle 
 
 ^DJ2 
 
 
 p-2 " 
 
 'D:3t 
 
 T 
 
 p-Dic?j " 
 
 |p-Dp " 
 
70 
 
 niotrn 
 
 'N* 'o 'Dina D'O'^rn 'j 
 
 "^ptro 
 
 Forms of the nouns 
 division np^PID 3J1^"ntS3K 
 
 nip^no 
 
 f. .n m. .0 
 
 Tllp^na 
 ,Tn-rn "" 
 
 npit'np 
 nDPno 
 
 support r\ivvi2 vpp'-^? 
 
 
 
 f. .11 tn. .D 
 
 'np'prio 
 nn-in " " 
 
 T 
 
 unp^rip 
 
 p-D^p' " ' 
 
 |n-Dn " ' 
 
 f. .11 m. .D 
 
 T |V 
 
 p-D^n" " 
 
 f. .11 .m .0 
 
 nn-in " 3 
 
 p-Dpp " 2 
 |n-Dn " 3 
 
 48 hiiz^ v 
 
 present 132?J{ piywyi 
 
 
 
 r]:'p-T]"'niy5 " 
 
 T ,V T 
 
 p-b^^n " 
 
 T : 
 
 46 
 
 n^yspD 
 
 'D 
 
 a watch niDC'D 
 
 tSI! 
 
 
 p-b.p^n " " 
 
 nnp^'o :tib: 
 
 r 
 
 ^niDt^^D 1 
 
 nn-in " 3 
 
 T 
 
 ijn~iatD''D 1 
 
 r 
 
 P-DPP 
 
 (6 
 
niDcrn 
 
 69a 
 
 '0 'DinD D^/D^trn 'Ji 
 
 *:jpc*D 
 
 Forms of the nouns 
 
 43 b^m V 
 
 41 ':>1j;sp 'D 
 
 deliverer qS 
 
 nyotaj;!-!!; 
 -I'm 
 D^DD : 
 
 treasure pOCDD fDKB' 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 f. .n m. .a 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 f. .11 .m" .0 
 
 iCD^DD 
 
 iQ^DD 
 
 ^;1DC?D 
 
 'JlDCDD 1 
 
 
 
 
 n>lJiD " , 3 
 
 1 - : 
 
 1Jd'?DQ 
 
 1 
 
 1" 
 
 p-5 " " 
 
 p-DDp^ " 
 
 P-D3 " " 
 
 p-DP5la " 2 
 
 |n-Dn " " 
 
 Ip-Dp'? " 
 
 |'>Dn " " 
 
 |;-DJlD " 3 
 
 44 ' n^:i;Dp 'd . 
 
 family nUB^D ^^V^^V^ 
 
 
 T T 
 
 nnecya 
 
 42 
 
 bvw 
 
 V 
 
 n^n-vn 
 
 it, 
 
 p-DD-'n " 
 
 nn-in " 
 
 |- : - : 
 
 p-DDn " 
 
 support DilE'D VStS'tSB'' 
 
 n2-l3 ' 
 
 p-?3 ' 
 p-D3 ' 
 
 T ,V T 
 
mocn 
 
 69 
 
 '^ptJ'O 
 
 Forms of the nouns 
 
 Judgement DBti'O tsmyj 
 
 
 T : 
 
 matter pjy 
 
 
 f. .n m. .a 
 
 T |V 
 
 ires " " 
 
 f. .11 m. .n 
 
 T : 
 
 ?]C?5-T]Cp 
 
 p-D5BS " 
 |e-DC3B -' 
 
 f. .n m. .0 
 
 ' I I I" 
 
 n^:-v'j 
 
 ,-T : 
 
 p-DD " 
 
 f. .n .m .a 
 ^JiJJ? 1 
 
 
 i:;:j:? 
 
 
 40 ^jfBa 
 
 altar ^2112 
 
 iTn-vn 
 
 p ?'in ' 
 
 a 
 
 , 
 
 38 
 advantage 
 
 nn-ln? " 
 
 p-D3n3 " 
 ]n-Dn3 " 
 
 ^ri:T)n' 
 
 
 p-np^n " " 
 
 
nioc^n 
 
 68a 
 
 npt:^'r2 
 
 Forms of the nouns 
 
 35 nbvB 'D 
 
 kingdom PIID'^O T'^^^'^J'p 
 
 
 f. .11 m. .D 
 
 n^n-rri "" 
 in-DiTn '" 
 
 
 33 n^lys 'D 
 
 cover n-l1S3 yppJJT 
 
 nliB3 
 miss 
 
 n"l1S3 : Ti" 
 nilD3 : to: 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 nn-ln '" " 
 
 T 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 ,Tn-vn" " 
 p-D3'n" " 
 
 f. .11 .m .0 
 
 >niB3 1 
 nn-lniss 3 
 
 T 
 
 p-D'priis3 2 
 |n-Dn-is3 3 
 
 36 n^'?yB 'o 
 
 remainder n''"lNE' tDDJJinysiK 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 letter 
 
 rhv.^ 
 
 'D 
 
 
 
 T : 
 
 n^p-rn " ' 
 
 |- : 
 
 p-D.p^n " ' 
 
 ^niii^? 1 
 "2 
 
 nn-ln " 3 
 
 ijnist^ 1 
 
 p-cip " 2 
 
 |n-Dn " 3 
 
n^t2t:;n 
 
 68 - 
 
 ^^ptTD 
 
 Forms of the nouns 
 
 31 n^iys 'D 
 
 njjn-;Vnt3S''in 
 
 29 n' 
 
 
 swelling mnn JJ^^S 
 
 garment HD^E^ T'"''?? 
 
 D^31 
 
 -i^n^ 
 
 D^3n n^n^ 
 
 nliDn 
 
 niDn : 
 
 niD^E' 
 
 no'pc' ms: 
 
 niiDD 
 
 nnon : 
 
 niopE^ 
 
 np^E' noDj 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 f. .n m. .D 1 
 
 f. .n m. .0 1 
 
 f. .11 .m .0 , 
 
 ^niman 
 
 ^n-nan 
 
 "'nlD^E' 
 
 ^no^E' 1 
 
 n-Ti -rnnian 
 
 r]n-T)n-iDn j 
 nn-lniian 1 
 
 
 Tin-TiriD^E? 2 
 nn-ina^E' 3 
 
 irniiiBn 
 
 ijnnon 
 
 ij^nioVf 
 
 )ZDDbt; 1 
 
 p-Dp^nni3n 
 
 p-D3n-y3n 
 
 p-Db^nia^E' 1 
 
 p-D3np7E/ 2 
 
 jn-DiTni"iDn 
 
 |n-Dn-ii3n 
 
 |n-Dri''nio?E' 
 
 |n-Dri9'?E' 3 
 
 32 
 garland 
 
 nney 
 
 
 30 nbv^^ V 
 
 request nC^^^3 V^^^^ 
 
 
 
 ""nncDy 
 
 ?j"'n-Tj^P"nc?j; 
 
 nrn-vnii^j? 
 
 i:ni-ip^ 
 
 ]3-D3'ni-ic?j; 
 
 ^i-Dn^nnc?y 
 
 ?]n-T]niDy |7]^n-T]iniE'i53 
 nn-ln"]Di? | n''ri-vniE^j?2 
 
 "'nE'53 1 
 
 T ' T - 
 
 T]n-T]nE'')?3 2 
 nn-lriE^'i^s 3 
 
 ijnE*i^3 1 
 
 p-D3nE'i?3 2 
 
 |n-DnE''i^3 3 
 
' 
 
 6' 
 
 fa 
 
 
 mDtJ'n D'0"7syn 'j ^'^p&D 
 
 Forms of the nouns 
 
 21 n^lyp '0 
 
 1VB"lp11t2S''1- nVT ij;r"lHS 
 
 25 r\b]})B 'D 
 
 vine nmm V2V^:^^^^^ 
 
 abomination n2J?ln '?J?''"'13 
 
 nliDi n-ilDi : 
 
 nQj;ln 
 
 nnyin : ti^j 
 
 ninoT rrilai : 
 
 nnj?in 
 
 nnyin : iodj 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 f. .11 .m .0 
 
 ^ninoT 
 
 Tinlo; 
 
 ^ni2y,in 
 
 ^npi^ln 1 
 
 
 nn-imlm- 
 
 rTn-rn" " 
 
 T ,V 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 ; 
 
 i:"'pnvln 
 
 i:p5:^in 1 
 
 p-Dp^n "" 
 
 p^D^nnioi . 
 
 p-D^^n " " 
 
 p-Din5J?in2 
 
 :|n-Dn^n "" 
 
 |n-DnnlDT 
 
 |n-D,Tn " " 
 
 ]n-Dn3yin 3 
 
 28 nh^Q V 
 
 26 nSys 'D 
 
 wisdom HDZ 
 
 : T 
 
 )n ta^ni^ii 
 
 nppn : 
 nopn : 
 
 garment rVT. 
 
 Dibipp 
 
 
 ^niDDn 
 
 'nppn 
 
 'nl^pc?' 
 
 ^rh^^ 1 
 
 n-'n-vnlDDn 
 
 T]n-T]nQnn 
 
 nn-lnaDn 
 
 unoDn 
 
 p-DpnoDn 
 
 1 jn-Dn^n " " 
 
 nn-ln'pDt' 3 
 
 'tir)br2t; 1 
 
 p-Dpn^oE' 2 
 
r\^oz'n 
 
 07 
 
 '7PC*D 
 
 Forms of the nouns 
 report r\]})D^ :^:2'^^V^ 
 
 rightousness HDDi Ijyrit: 
 
 
 f. .11 m. .t: 
 
 .Tn-rn "" 
 
 T V T 
 
 f. .n m. .D 
 
 nn-ln " " 
 
 T 
 
 |n-Dn " " 
 
 f .n m. .0 
 
 ,Tn-vh" " 
 
 T |V 
 
 p-D5^.n " " 
 
 np-iy : -!-^t: 
 np_"iy : loc: 
 
 f. .n .m .0 
 
 ^npiy 1 
 Tjn-?|np"iy ^ 
 nn-inp"ia 3 
 
 ijppiy 1 
 p-Dpnp-ia 2 
 |n-Dnp-iy 3 
 
 24 n^^ys? 'D 
 twig nti'"'EDJ jr^Dj;!? 
 
 
 
 ''2 
 
 robbery 
 
 ' I-- 
 
 nn-ln " 
 p-D5n^"'CDJ 
 
 
 un'^u 1 
 
 p-Dpri^i:! 2 
 
 |n-Dn'?i3 3 
 
n)f2t:^n 
 
 66a 
 
 npti'D 
 
 Forms of the nouns 
 
 19 bw 'D 
 
 
 hero -)l3il -hV- 
 
 strong "l"i33 p-|t3ff 
 
 D^D-1 
 
 T'n"' 
 
 D^3n 
 
 n^n^ 
 
 Dnl33 
 
 1133 : 
 
 Dn^33 
 
 -)i33 : in?i 
 
 nl35 
 
 1133 : 
 
 n^23 
 
 n^33 : 12DJ 
 
 f. .n m. .a 
 
 f. .n m. .a 
 
 f. .n m. .0 
 
 f. .n .m .a 
 
 '1l3il 
 
 n.l33 
 
 i-i;33 
 
 "'T33 1 
 
 Tin -"^inls;! 
 nn-"ini3? 
 
 n-i-nl3-i 
 
 ?|n-"?]n^33 
 
 nn-VT53 
 
 n>n^35 3 
 
 i:m3j 
 
 i:-)i33 
 
 i:t23 
 
 1 
 
 )}y22 1 
 
 p-DpnD^ 
 
 p-D3-ll33 
 
 P.-D3n.'33 
 
 p-D31^23 2 
 
 |n-Dnnl3j 
 
 p-Dni33 
 
 |,1-DiTT33 
 
 p/D1"'32 3 
 
 20 bv^ 'D 
 
 dumb uVii aaiet? 
 
 P-dVp>'4< 
 
 
 18 ^ys 
 
 husband 7y3 
 
 '0 
 
 ftatsK: 
 
 D^V^3 
 
 T]'')-Tji'?:;3 
 
 p-DD^'?y2 
 |n-Dnrbp2 
 
 ^;;2 :tis: 
 7^2 nsDj 
 
 I 
 
 '"'^^2 1 
 
 rJ7V:^b:i2 2 
 
 n'?-l':'j;2 3 
 
 p-Dp'^pi 
 
n^r2t^*n 
 
 66 
 
 ^ptro 
 
 Forms of 
 
 the nouns 
 
 .nytaij?iia3''in nyi ivdiks 
 
 15 b:m '0 
 
 13 '7:;f 'D 
 
 term p) tS^S yBCa"'DB'J?2 
 
 writing ^DS t2S"'nB' 
 
 D^31 
 
 n^n^ 
 
 D^3n 
 
 -i^n^ 
 
 D'm 
 
 pi = 
 
 D^^n? 
 
 1|T :i^s: 
 
 ^^01 
 
 jDl : 
 
 ^2n5 
 
 -ip"'^ noDj 
 
 f. .11 m. .e 
 
 f .11 m, .0 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 "'JOl 
 
 'JP] 
 
 '502 
 
 '^.R' 1 
 
 ^'J-T^^T 
 
 ?]>"?140] 
 
 7]^5-'^^?n3 
 
 V-VP': "- 
 
 T |V T - : 
 
 n>l3ni 
 
 n^5-V3n3 
 
 nn-niT 3 
 
 "^ypr 
 
 i:3P] 
 
 irpnp 
 
 ^^y:.. ' 
 
 p-Q5^:o] 
 
 p-?l^! 
 
 p-Dp^5n3 
 
 p-DDip.^, 2 
 
 |n-Qii^jDj 
 
 p-Q-ioi 
 
 |n-Dninn3 
 
 p^-Dnpr 3 
 
 16 9;;| 
 
 : 'a 
 
 14 b'l 
 
 ;s 'Q 
 
 judge jl"?! 
 
 nytaan 
 
 commander ~) 
 
 123 nviarzyj 
 
 D'J'^ 
 
 r,^- = 
 
 D"'T2i5 
 
 T33 :tibj 
 
 "'J':! 
 
 r- : 
 
 'T?^ 
 
 -1">33 :-,dd: 
 
 ^PT 
 
 'JH- 
 
 n/Sij 
 
 'T3? 1 
 
 ^'i-W^ 
 
 i>^^n 
 
 7]n-T]n^5^ 
 
 ?]-)-T]-)^53 '-^ 
 
 n-'^-vyi 
 
 n:-lj^l 
 
 T ,V T 
 
 nn-i-i""?? 3 
 
 iJ'^n 
 
 ^^,^'.1 
 
 1J'735 
 
 i:T33 1 
 
 p-DD^PT 
 
 p-Dp^n 
 
 p-D3n.^53 
 
 p-DPT53 2 
 
 ]n-Dn^jn 
 
 l>D^n 
 
 ]n-Dn''T5? 
 
 p,-Di^a3 3 
 
n^D'^n 
 
 . - 65a 
 
 ^Di:^D 
 
 Forms of the nouns 
 
 1 1 bv}B 'D 
 
 9 '?iys '0 
 
 holy 2^-1 p r^j^n 
 
 crib D13N J?S55''-ip 
 
 D^Dn 
 
 i^n^ 
 
 ^ai 
 
 -i^n^ 
 
 D'01p^ 
 
 t^^R : 
 
 D^D12^ 
 
 Dm :t^s: 
 
 '^Ip. 
 
 ^ip : 
 
 "'012^! 
 
 DD,NS :10D3 
 
 i. .11 m. .a 
 
 f .11 m. .a 
 
 f. .11 m. .D 
 
 f. .11 m. .a 
 
 '^IP 
 
 '^Ip 
 
 'Da{< 
 
 ^DHX 1 
 
 ^^fTriR 
 
 J^-T^^'lp 
 
 T]^D-TjiQni?, 
 
 ?]D-?]pDX, 2 
 
 ny-vpip 
 
 r\mmp 
 
 n-'b-vgn^^ 
 
 np-lDD^ 3 
 
 liyip 
 
 m'lp 
 
 u^pnj? 
 
 ijpni 1 
 
 prD^^llj'lp 
 
 p.-DJplp 
 
 p-DD^DDs^ 
 
 ]5-D^P13 2 
 
 |r-i-Dnx''-ip 
 
 ]%;-Dpip 
 
 |n-Dn'DDfr5 
 
 p-Dpni< 3 
 
 12 ^yis 
 
 ) 'D 
 
 1-0 ^yls 'D 
 
 flute 3J1J 
 
 ; yay^s 
 
 star ^^iS pJJES' 
 
 "^^ly 
 
 3;iy : 
 
 D^5Pp 
 
 2^13 :^^S3 
 
 '^^y 
 
 3JV = 
 
 
 3PD :-eDJ 
 
 '33y 
 
 '2:y 
 
 'D?ir 
 
 i3pl3 1 
 
 W^W: 
 
 ^3-^54y 
 
 
 T]5-Tj5iD 2 
 
 n;3-V3ay 
 
 nj-DJi? 
 
 1 iT2-r:3DD 
 
 : ' I-' ' 1 
 
 n3-nDl3 3 
 
 
 ^J2jy 
 
 ^T2J^2 
 
 1J2312 1 
 
 1 
 
 p-D3'2:y 
 
 p-D55:y 
 
 p-D5^3Dl3 
 
 ]D-D55Pl3 2 
 
 ' n-DH^Djy 
 
 15-Q2^y 
 
 |n-Dn^3DD 
 
 p-D2pl3 3 
 
 1 
 
motrn 
 
 - 65 
 
 '*7ptrD 
 
 Forms of 1 
 
 the nouns 
 
 ."ijDnj!iiDS''in ipT ij;o"iKB 
 
 1 bvB 'D 
 
 5 '?j;s '0 
 
 king r^b\ 
 
 :i''3yp 
 
 grapes 3Jj; J?3''1-|t3 
 
 wy^ 
 
 "I'-n^ 
 
 D^31 
 
 i"'n'' 
 
 ' '5^^P 
 
 -1^0 : 
 
 I- 
 
 n'33j?^ 
 
 3::; :ins3 
 
 ^^'pp 
 
 ^9 
 
 ^3:j; 
 
 3Jy :PDJ 
 
 f. .n m. .12 
 
 i .n m, ,0 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 f. .n m. .0 
 
 '5^Jp 
 
 ^3^0 
 
 '^)V: . 
 
 '3:y 1 
 
 ^^?-^^p^o 
 
 ^2-^3'?a 
 
 1'?-"^^3Jy 
 
 ^3i3:y 2 
 
 OP-I'^^D 
 
 n3-l3^D 
 
 n'^3-r3jj? 
 
 n3-i33y 3 
 
 1 
 
 1J3^0 
 
 i:^p:y 
 
 i:3:y 1 
 
 p-DD^D>D 
 
 p-Dp3^D 
 
 |.3-D.3^3Jj; 
 
 p-D33JJ? 2 
 
 jo-DD^D^a 
 
 j>D3^D 
 
 |n-Dn^3j;; 
 
 p-3;y 3 
 
 8 ^ys 
 
 3 '0- 
 
 6 ^:;? '12 
 
 country '^" 
 
 53 -J';3J?3 
 
 book icD Tia 
 
 0^32 
 
 133 : 
 
 onsp 
 
 1 
 
 n?3 
 
 "133 : 
 
 n5P 
 
 IBP J'l'iC^ 
 
 ^33 
 
 n33 
 
 nsp 
 
 i-,5P 1 
 
 I'i-Ti|3 
 
 "^1-^133 
 
 117-^120 
 
 ?]-l-Tj-lDD 2 
 
 n^:i-in33 
 
 ' n"n-n33 
 
 . nn-viDD 
 
 T ,V T 
 
 nn-liDD 3 
 
 1jn33 
 
 1:133 
 
 1" 
 
 insD 
 
 1212D 1 
 
 p-DDn33 
 
 ' I3-D3133 
 
 : P-D71?D 
 
 p-DPlED 2 
 
 ||-|-Diin33 
 
 ]1-D133 
 
 ]n-DnnDD 
 
 p,-D1DD 3 
 
n^Dt:^n 
 
 64a 
 
 ^^ptro 
 
 Forms of the nouns 
 
 .i;?D"ij?iit3S''in -ipT ;j;d-isb 
 1 bj?S 'D 
 
 noble anj ^J?'?^J? 
 
 word 12T tS-lKII 
 
 "'D"! 
 
 T'n'' 
 
 D^ni 
 
 "i-in^ 
 
 ^3^1^ 
 
 TlJ 
 
 Dnni 
 
 -|3T : T1S3 
 
 '7'i; 
 
 3nj : 
 
 
 
 n.3^. 
 
 I?"! :10DJ 
 
 f. .11 m. ,e 
 
 f. .11 m. .D 
 
 f. .11 m. .0 
 
 f. .11 m. .D 
 
 'yl.i 
 
 ^3n.4 
 
 ^")3n 
 
 "'"'.31 1 
 
 
 
 
 ^1-^13^ 2 
 
 n-i-n3"i 3 
 
 IJ^P'IJ 
 
 iJ3nj 
 
 1" : 
 
 r ^ 
 
 ijn3^ 1 
 
 1 T : 
 
 p-D3^T13 
 
 p-Dp3n4 
 
 p-Dpn.31 
 
 p-D3131 2 
 
 jil-DiT^n; 
 
 P-DTIJ 
 
 |n-D0n,3"n. 
 
 p,-D131 3 
 
 4 '^iyi 
 
 S '0 
 
 2 b:?! 
 
 S 'D 
 
 relative 3i"1, 
 
 :5 pDiJxmpB 
 
 old IP 
 
 T Q^ 
 
 D^2np 
 
 3np 
 
 D'JpJ 
 
 Jp] ="'^^^ 
 
 'slnp 
 
 3iip 
 
 ^Jpl 
 
 jpj! :-IDDJ 
 
 ^2l^p- 
 
 '3lnp 
 
 'Jp] 
 
 '^pl 1 
 
 n^3-r3lnp 
 
 "^3-"?i3np 
 np-lDnp 
 
 "q'>T^pi 
 '?'>i';p! 
 
 n>ljpi 3 
 
 iJ?^~p 
 
 ^J3np 
 
 irjp] 
 
 iJ:p.i 1 
 
 p-Dp^2np 
 
 p-Dp2np 
 
 p-p'jp^ 
 
 p-D3Jpl 2 
 
 ]n-Dn^3np 
 
 p-DDlnp 
 
 l'1-2.TJpl 
 
 p-DJpl 3 
 
64 
 
 pf< '3 .n.51 ;D^3n TjDDJ np T'^: ]ri-Dri'1.51 
 ^np")3 S-N*:;r^{< s-'i D-p (-jtrDJi) nlDna nDn5 (""^sj:) 
 
 iP )y3>': Sn f. feminine. ,"l''^3'''n ^^ m. masculine; 
 
 .j''p-iym:yn2N nyi ^DNip ySSss y-in'X (d ^ ^7 y s) nrts 
 
. 63A r- 
 
 ^<^n jpiStitTDi^ "i>n aj;r>* ps tr:"i |^^ tors* 127 
 
 ,]yS'7y:2iiM!fiKc byo I''':'.* ytSD vT^'iioSv^sc'X^'n 
 
 t^iD^^DJN* nyt2sn^^^-D-iN^s-syiy-ir;T-nt:t:^ c>n ;^y3StD r;-r 
 "nODJ cp 7^^: iony-r;y:2S -r-i^n ,D>;Dp^2iD .sop jyo 
 
 -nnp np -^nsmiDS^in ci .it .t .h* I'H'l-ilD'n Tj^Tj'lD'l 
 
 ;n ,Qn ,p ,dd id^d dst ;yj::t:K:ipD^iiS) "l*iD^ np isr'^'?: 
 ,-112: Dn^n ,*^"::^ .^n^^^nnp rp (TjOD:i cp t^^''^^ 
 : rrjnpjy-;^^^ ti^ti nyop^ssiD ^t^ ;T;t2:i:i5<r;j t^ony jp id^d 
 t:j^D -|hn ,insi cp 7"^^: .11 .t . 71^5"^. "^^^i.^l ^^''p?'^ 
 j2-O.P''"l51 : Dj; tony: |j;tD:::p-iyt:i>;2t:* 1^2 jp 
 
- - 63 
 
 0:i pr^'?e i^ystt "ii pt^ Dsn ,U3'^S i^s ]no )2p 
 
 J^^i^S ^(WD D>nj;n l:i 1"t dj; ytoD^t: jjt ,(r^5 "ips mp 
 -^^nj;:! p^^< n^i^iv' o]:^h]:^^ ,(-;j3yp iP^ipi iDn''i''^pyT 7i 
 
 .jyirs tDn^'^^pp ^j;sD l^i ^<''T ^ii yisnp ppjsT ,|^j;s 
 
 ,]yii'E u-iy^a^Spyn Sysra y^h:i ptra im -[xt 
 .];nn's )-i pms '?yef2 Sptj'rD is pti'O ar'x xt 
 
 -^^ifmsn ;yi -l^<J D^i;D-in nyn^<-r tors d^ i26 
 ^j;iJ li^^ii ^^is ,;V-rrsi:;D^inyn '7ptrD cyr^s* i:; ;j;2^''^:n3;D 
 
 z)r2Z'n Dvm^ ^'o h]:^ d^ ov b::^ a (^^y^^^^^hv^^i^) 
 
 D-r tors itr^n:; s-^n ; ipir i:; tD^>njt<nv:: (.11 .t . |n''^^) 
 
 'nosTin i^n ,ij;:dit i:; lypnn ^j;ed d^ n];;pn ^P 
 iDD D^ ,npij<T ^ysn 'B D^^* *^y^ ,nj;nn is ,'n os-r 
 
 ,]ypp'rn IS Sysmxn nyn ^ns rsi'x aNTn*::K-i 
 ; ;yDDNeiSDn 'aM'josS'n dSn d^SSn Dy;inn^N 
 
 ,]ypp''B'iS3'n as'i in toa^^tr cyrsNO )iyii 
 .lyDD^eisiN ]i33 nyns Spc'D nyn D'tst^x 
 
- 62 
 ive suffixes J^^ -^^ -Tf^ -TT -1J are equal to the absolute 
 state 1123 of the same number. For instance Q^*)3n 
 n^l -V"l-'^n-"^^"l?1 "^21 ("f^.S^'^) e.Kcept with the 
 four suffixes ,]" ,Dn ,(2 ,02 where they must be declined 
 according to the form of ^'^^1 (in n''2"l I^Dj) as ^'''nDI 
 
 .|n -Q'Ti?i -p 
 
 2 A noun with the suffix 'n is always declined 
 according to its number in the constructive state ("ODj) 
 thus in -ns: n::n:: in -poi it is nD*12 ^HlDnS singular 
 ^Tl^nS and so forth, and in the plural, '^riiD*13 ^"^ 
 so forth. 
 
 3 Every noun whose b]^^n 'B has 81^ in the ab- 
 solute state, TISJ retains that SV^ in all cases, as ,)^] 
 
 ^J?0] ,T]JD] and so forth 
 
 4 The first person of both genders is expressed 
 by the same word according to their respective numbers 
 For the second and third persons, there are special words 
 for each gender and number. 
 
 The respective words of the masculine gender are 
 complete. For the feminine gender their respective suf- 
 fixes are placed on the left side. The letters heading all 
 the tables viz : f. .11 m. .t2 read ,C ,"^^33>^i!- m. mascu- 
 line "j^^2^''T! .11 f. feminine. These initials express the 
 same meaning in the tables of the verbs, as also the fig- 
 ures 1, 2, 3, placed on the right of the tables, mean, 
 first person, second person, third person. 
 
vVS"n :jyi3^^'7ijni< SjrQ dne itii otr dxt 
 ,^'5^''^';.''. n:ix c::Npj:3 inyr^ t2T\y bys n:;T ixt 
 
 hv^ DV" T'^^ D2^ ^*"^ "i-;i"iys r:>nDs: 123 
 ^j;D ';iD-isrnyt:Di!:2 nyi -s: Q^' Dpy^ tir st ,i2nytDtry2 
 D2 '^ DSi : ;yt2to''-n (p ;']} dn^ : ivrri^^-n^i; jp ;'S ssi 
 
 ,*jny'u!:r;'2 ijr^nS x^m dmn Syss Dj?n i"'?.'! Dtr lyTsix xt 
 
 D>n iV^spsn IP r^^t: Dt^ cy-i^^ 71s tors i<T 12^ 
 
 .Vi .? .s ^j; ^pl^t: :|p] :^j;5 ^ptrt: ilV^^y^ 1^ "ID"! tors 
 
 po ]'' 'D Dsn DS- -r,s t2n>\-y: ^I^DP ^pti^^ ci:; 
 ;s) 'I DS- sri l^^ys ^pt^T *ii: '^::''i -riis tors hpZ'lDH 
 
 OxSp Dy3:t<'2 XT TT'n ,];2:jrp-Sptt^.'3 ;^s vjsSxd ]'x 
 ; bvB ix: ;pT nrx,,^;'D -v' T[Sd ,^5^5) ix: D3n \:y^^ 
 
61 
 verb 13;''nn proves that the 'n is the ^ptmn JDD charac- 
 teristic of the form .n^lSH 
 
 Look carefully for every root, 
 
 For pre and suffixes beside, 
 If this search you will prosecute 
 
 You'll know where each noun doth abide 
 
 ^ 127 When a pTD ^}1 is found in a word, as in 
 yiDD it should be considered that the class of |"S ^ICn as in 
 the form ^yt2 can be easily recognized as the ^p^*D of 
 that word. 
 
 ?tDr2 is like Sj^D you can reason rightly, 
 Take 't2 as prefix, ask why is B'^IT in 'tD 
 
 Something must be missing you can answer brightly, 
 Hence 'tis of ;''B non the answer is ,,yes". 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE TABL.KS OF 
 THE NOUNS ; 
 
 Although we have already given elaborate expla- 
 nations of the rules relating to the declension and forms 
 of the nouns, still it will not be amiss to again present 
 the student with some method of treating the nouns and 
 their tables. 
 
 1, The nouns in the singular number, with their 
 respective suffixes should be declined according to the 
 constructive state, ."[DDi For instance (in "nSi it is *n2*]) 
 
 in "jDDi 12"! which is declined as follows ,T]*)131 0"12"I 
 But the nouns in the plural number, with their 
 
__ Gl 
 
 .(113 ) ^)^2 -T,in>ns (96 ) niD^rOD 
 
 ,y!2-isn c'x Svcs^'iiSxpsn ]';i inn "n^n ntJJ 
 .]y::Nn 1!^ i5pL**Q DS'-t Nn inn -n3 t2T\^ 
 
 cyi^r: ^^T ; D^blDD -rriS n"P ^m ;^"^:) ^m ; V^ "^m 
 
-^ 60 ^ 
 
 not one of the radical letters therefore it cannot be con- 
 founded with the form |bj?D of which the final '| is the 
 
 characteristic. 
 
 Analogy is very good, 
 
 For nouns with verbs their iorms compare, 
 jSyB for ptt'tt never stood, 
 
 As SyB:2 s the form that's there. 
 
 I^ya IS'OT LIKE pK^D 
 
 125 The Noun pt^D cannot be compared to the 
 form J^j;s (like ]'^^p or J'^ia) as its declension would 
 show it to be a mistake, hence the word JlDtJ^D is found 
 in works of great authority to be declined according to 
 the form of h'^^D the 'JiD and not the 'J being the charac- 
 teristic of that form. 
 
 To model \2^r2 after ]'?j;5 not ,Sj:E?2 
 
 'f3 should be radical in declension, 
 l^ut it is characteristic and that is all, 
 
 Hence to the forn SjJSO it lays pretension. 
 
 BESIDES C^nC' (RADICAL) ^1D2J^ AUXILIARY 
 IS ALSO TO BE CONSIDERED. 
 
 126 From the foregoing it can be seen how ne- 
 cessar}^ it is to ascertain which are the radical letters of 
 the word, which can be done by comparing the noun 
 with the form that best fits it, thus if it is a ,"iT;i3 de- 
 rived from a ^ys it can be treated as a ,^^3 as for 
 instance in the noun n^^^pH it can be compared with its 
 b]^B (with prefix and suffix affixed) "lypnn it will be 
 rt-adily seen that the 'Pi is one of the radicals, hence of 
 the n^''>*S bp^t2The noun nj^l^lP compared with the 
 
N 60 r- 
 
 Dn^ q:;'t id-'d 71s* ;j;DDSp n ? no ? 'p : t^j^j?: ,:d5S-^3 
 
 .npj,^1lD^ (n:;tDny'nt:)2"'in np jv^ionss) nlOi^^'n "b^^'r^ 
 -^n^iy-r nUJ ij;ts ; nsj; ,nn ,D^n ,tz;^^ ^*^^i ,t:)y-rrn^ 
 
 ,t:j?:3inys i^S-i Dj?S"i"i ,nr2nx ]xs mx N'n dc' dj:3" ]^s 
 .SSn ]::3''''7.'nim:^N nsT ;se n^T x'n r'^ys dj?2'ik 
 
 -3j?.'jySyj!:K yjs^asMi tDor^'n n:,ny>-n ;;'a:"';!^'a -iV^n ,1"^ Dnc^'^t' 118< 
 
 -paisiis "i'5 d'"7Sxs3"7J5 ]Spv*i J-'T^'H S^N dSn ,];*2J?:j Dj?-ij;t:3'n nj?n2X2 pxp 
 -Djri -IK3 i:iN ^rDmSB* jyjDU DH ? ;yn3yii-i:?iK masnytD'S yayaync'v^ u-ii*^c 
 
 !jnyj!3:rSnys vi -jnx iiyn^xT 
 
 .:D:;tDyTpjyDDSTV:; 3^*19 Hssr^s DICE'S 
 ,S"':^^^2i::n ,ED1^D -ipyn^iy D^ j^^n* t:rs t 120 , 
 
59 
 
 IN^OUNS FORMED ACCORDING TO .^a 
 
 122 Inasmuch as the noun greatly resembles the 
 b]^^ in its various derived forms, they are classified ac- 
 cording to the different paradigms of the verb, as 
 
 nn^r^ (D^'ob^n mn) from rn:: yt:5t: (yB 'ion) from 
 ^V^irc^r^ (^'B nDn) from ,^^;^ nr^^'D ('"S '^n}) from 
 
 ,155^"' mpn (r-; "^m) from .Dip Slpt: (S^S ^m) from 
 
 ,"ip n^no (n"^ ^m) -from ,n^n jn (d'^^isd) from 
 ]:n etc. 
 
 The Dtt* from verbs of various kinds, 
 
 In the same forms are known and classed, 
 
 By this rule each paradigm it finds, 
 Under the same Sptr?2 is parsed. 
 
 RADICALS OF NOUNS MODELED AF= 
 
 TER hvB 
 123 As the roots of the D^ like those of the ^ys 
 also consist, with but few exceptions, of three letters, 
 they are modeled after the word ,^^2 thus the first 
 radical is called '3 the second 'y and the third 'h of the 
 word b'^B. 
 
 The CC like S"S three radicals contains, 
 
 By S^Q we place it on a scale, 
 nr27 ]'y KS are the letters it gains. 
 
 To weigh each noun they are of avail. 
 
 124 The forms of nouns are analagous to those of 
 verbs thus "^DT is analogous to ^y |pT to ^J^B etc, 
 
 According to this analogy it wnll be readily seen that 
 the word \ys^^ is analogous to the form of ^5;3t2 and 
 that the '1:2 is but the characteristic of that form and 
 
59 
 
 -^t<s .("iJ^ nyms) 1>y*)^^ (rin pi^) vp^^ .^'^^ ^''^t 
 .(1100 iy^H'2St:j) ly-rnyn tD^yiisnp r\)DWr\ ^bp^^D 
 
 T 
 
 (tD-iiiTS Dy"^r;^'':^i^') IDIIH ^IJD (ni- 116 
 
 tai'^to'':; f tDST ny:;:s: p^^s -pis Dj;tDpy"'2iD Dyr"'^ :iiiDD^tDt:^y3 
 ,psp ipnyn tDD'^nnp C'^D^ ^^'^ T">^ "^V^^ V^"^ ^,^ns^* 
 
 (nytD-iyiiTS >n3>^:in) nb^^^*n ^UD (v. 118 
 
- 58 
 entire knowledge of unpunctuated Hebrew practically at his command and 
 when it is considered what a wealth of literary gems will then come in 
 his possession, when he will reflect, but for a moment, that for two 
 thousand years the noblest ideas of the human race, expressed by the 
 Master-minds of God's chosen people are placed before the reading 
 world in unpunctuated liebr w, what an unpardonab e wrong would 
 he commit were he to neglect this opportunity ; ,,for an error in study 
 may amount to a presumptuous sin'' as he would thereby deprive him- 
 self of the greatest spiritual delight vouchsafed to man, that which not 
 alone sweetens his life but lengthens it. 
 
 SIMPJLK Die^a COMPOUND .3D-ID 
 
 120 A noun is either tOltli^B simple, as those just 
 mentioned, or compound 3^^i73 as the words .nT::^5 ^H^t^b'^ 
 There are not as many nouns of this combination as 
 those compounded by the combination of m:D"^t:D ( 96) 
 or ^IJ^ ( 113). 
 
 A DB> is mtrs a simple noun. 
 
 Or 3D"i?3 compound and c mbined, 
 22^t2 has a form of small re own, 
 
 Hy nii'fDD 'tis better declined. 
 
 THE LETTIGRS vnJDKn FORMING^ THE 
 
 12] The noun derived from a verb is formed either 
 by a change of vowels as the noun "II^ (servant) from 
 the verb "123; (working) or by affixng one or more of 
 the letters rnii:2Sn as nn^D from nn2 ^;J^st: from h::i< 
 
 nntra from ,nntr 
 
 ^"^trri 1V,Z a vowel does change 
 
 Or vnaasr; are to verbs applied, 
 Nouns derived from verbs we thus arrange, 
 
 By these forms many nouns are supplied. 
 
58 
 
 f. .11 m .t: 
 
 with us ,d:%S tD^D/lJ3 
 
 w. you ,7\s to^t: p-DD? 
 with ;yi-i\s t^^'o |n-Dn| 
 them 
 
 f. .11 m. .C 
 
 in me ,1^^ |^^ ^3 1 
 in thee ^TT J^S* TjJ Tj2 2 
 
 im hiin, her. 
 
 -i>n D];Dp^i:s:iD jp iri.s* d623 i^>s 'b t;"S ^^ 
 
 (to) us ,DilJ< li^ 
 
 you T^ p-DD^ 
 " them ,f;jn^s |n-Dn^ 
 
 (to) me ,TD ^^ 1 
 
 " thee O^" "^^'^^ ^ 
 
 " him. fher 
 
 np^ 
 
 to us ,d:is 11? IJ'''?^^ to me ,TD llf ^^^ 1 
 
 to you ,7-^^^ ^:^ p-DP''^ i to thee ,T"^ ^^ "1 V-'T]^^ 2 
 
 to ,]v:n'^ 1^ |n-Dn^^ i nn^ ,Dn^j< i:; O^^-l^^. ^ 
 
 them 
 
 to him. her 
 
 D-^is DnytD^ys (ivr^snyscsp) JVDin Dn"^ (1 
 
 like me .TC 7^^:i ^J3i?03 1 
 1. thee ,nn .: TjlD-'^lD3 2 
 
 .like us ,DJ1S 7^^: 1Jir03 
 
 1. you ,7''^* J p-D3'iD5 
 
 like them 
 
 like him, her 
 
5t 
 
 117 IV. The Relative pronoun consists of the 
 single word "i^S which. It is used as a conjunctive pro- 
 noun to connect the clauses of a sentence also to show 
 the object to which it relates ."|^<n ItTS pNH ^ 
 
 Rem, It is sometimes prefixed by one of the letters ^^"'"22 as 
 
 118 V. Interrogative pronouns, are words used in 
 asking questions, namely ? HD ? "^D they are also inflec- 
 ted by the word ni< of the ^lySH DPI'' and prefixed by 
 
 the initials wb^^ as ? ^120 ,''D^ ,nDD ,nt2:: : "^t: n 
 
 Chapter Twenty six. 
 FORMS OF THE NOUN, O^n "-i^pK^D 
 
 DERIVED .itj: primitive niD^ 
 119 A n^ noun is either primitive mO'' i. e. 
 an original word not derived from another, as ^i< fire, 
 D'^D water etc. or Derivative nT53 i. e. Derived from 
 
 another DtT as, n"S from ,nD"IS* or from a ^^5 as nntD 
 from .n^T 
 
 A DC is T)D' original word. 
 
 Or "^Ui from noun or verb derived, 
 In CK oi "ISJ? the niD^ IS heard, 
 
 From n?21X mx is contrived. 
 
 .2'/> nne^'S *nx The dilgent student has now the opportunity of ma- 
 king himself a master in the field of unpunctuated Hebrew literature, by 
 pursuing the study of the Hebrew Noun and Verb from their fundamen- 
 tal state, the roots, until he arrives at the development of complete words 
 in every form of their declension and conjugation. 
 
 By applying all the rules that these subjects embrace, to the study of 
 Hebrew without vowel-points, the student will have the 
 
-^ 5t <- 
 
 (ivt^np) b^ysn On^ ('3 .t:i2^i"ir;:i D'^^JDH lyn^t^Min 
 
 f. .Vi m, .0 
 
 us ,D:it< ?)jn\^ 
 
 you ,7"^? p-DDn^'^ 
 
 them ,sn |n-Dn%s 
 
 f. .11 m. .D 
 
 me rr^^n^s i 
 
 thee ,71 Tjn-Tjrii^^ 2 
 
 sn him,;,Ti<nn-ln1i^ 3 
 
 her 
 
 
 from us ,o:iS* uSS 1^00 f^'O^ "le ,-i^IO ;SS 'Jr^?^ I 
 
 |V - -iv 
 
 fr. you ,7^ .2 p-Q^P f- ^^^^^ O^" -^^ '^P-'^^^P 2 
 
 from ,;>^in\s . jn-ZDnp 1.TN* ,t:n\s* .s n>i:i^p 3 
 
 them from him- , her 
 
56 
 Accusative is indicated by the words ns with the sufi- 
 fixes of the letters .C^liDn For the tables see the Jewish 
 german part. 
 
 Siysn DPI' accusative ns* 
 
 First person ^nMt ums for all. 
 For second and third n'^^ism place, 
 
 Masculine, feminine, separate we call. 
 
 114 '^) lJt:D*^ on'' Ablative, consists of the word 
 |t2 from, or the letter '!2 and the suffixes ,2'^!^^" see 
 Jewish german part. 
 
 '"I) ^2^ Dn^ Instrumental and local consists of the 
 word "i;35 or of the letter '2 with the suffixes ,D"'liDn 
 
 see Jewish german part. 
 
 'H) V^,^^ DPI'' Dative consists of the word ,^S or of 
 the letter 'h and the suffixes ClJ^n see Jewish german 
 part. 
 
 ')) JVOin on'' Comparative consists of the word 
 1D3 o^ the letter '2 and the suffixes ,n^lJ2n see Jewish 
 german part. 
 
 115 II Possessive "pronoun. This is expressed by 
 the suffixes D^lJ^n added to the uoun denoting possession 
 ^s 1J"!i^i^ our land, ^-n^2 my house. 
 
 119 III. TDIIn ^lilD Demonstrative pronouns are 
 words that indicate the nouns to which they refer na- 
 mely, nihn ,riTn ,1T ,nST this, they are sometimes prefixed 
 
 by the letters n'b22 as .nT:2 ,nT^ ,n^- ?"^- 
 
-^ 56 r- 
 
 .^ns^fin^D -ijis -r''^ -lyi jijnys 
 
 .;j?-t3NnixB j;SSj?s px ins n^n ff;i;in mSa x^t 
 ; tasnsir in tb dnt (-|'n) :s ,nDNiiJ39: ji^^'n Dtr (1 
 
 .t33'3 ]s opi'tri:;t32i ,ijnJS ,Snsinyo -lyi x'^n tin 
 
 .nnoj ,nDi:i 
 
 ;n^^ ,nn : nytonyn n ,7^dj;j ,nDlJ (2 112 
 .^nsifnnyt: -r^is -r'' np ;sn5;s (yj:;5nB:yj;a) ,vtDt2''n-r 
 
 n3is siijn mo2> ^j;t n''2 nn>n ,Dy3'nnj,';i3xnBtr oyi y.';'?j<E |'x .:i3ipnya3x 
 Snx^injrr: lyn n^ix dSn Sn^n^T Snx!f:''N ip ]^Tn:;s yuny xn ,D""i33 l^n 
 inx i-i'n SjTB D^3) -i;'a3j?Str;J m^^s -I's mxn j^nS^Toxi liix |'x i"in -ij?Dr2'x 
 -nnya -ip 1^1-15:3 yLD-^m n^ix jraoiy xn njix '7nx!f3'\x ij;*t ]xnj?c j^amy xn 
 (n^ny oyi Sn^sinyn niix -3"x -lyn ixrnys yuoiy xn T'ix d'jx iny oyn Snx 
 131X -:'>x -lyi ]XT-ij?B ytsom laix yis^iis xn n^s naynnyi^ ; appmyionx 
 
 ,'j3j;'?2y;i ]i'x 1^2 Dyny ,x>n xin : y'j-jm ;nx,nnx : yto^Mis 
 ; ]n ,an : ya-jm : ]nx ,Dnx : Snx^inyo xn 
 ,'^3yn 131X -in-12 -lyo'iSj ]y!3D'^y nyn lyDMX ,;;*S'7X x>^2 t:T'x it 
 
 /:;3: inn mj t2D^:i tj;!"!^!! nyton';TiT5 n 113 
 IVDKtDMia iin 7i py"fJi<T n!i;in inl^O oy^'^V"'"' 
 
55 
 
 nj^D first person ^J{i^ sing, and ^JHJi^ plur. are used for 
 persons of both genders in their respective numbers. 
 
 5]i:in ni'^n too have their cases, 
 
 First, Nominative i^nax 'JK I, we, 
 For both genders used in all places, 
 
 Both numbers nj?n isnrs therein we see. 
 
 THIRD PERSON inDJ SECOND .n'2^: 
 ]]2 2) riDlJ Second person, namely, the words 
 masc/ sing, HJ^^ fern. sing, jr^^ masc. plur. QHi^ ^^"^ 
 plur. 1^^ 3) nriDi the third person, namely, the words 
 masc. sing. ^)^ fem. sing. ^"^H niaso plur QH fem. 
 plur. .|n 
 
 Remark. The first person, sing, and plural and the third person plur, 
 of the past, and the first person sing, and plural of the future, are com- 
 mon y expressed by the same word for both genders, both in the prono- 
 minal suffixes nnasn and in the verbs .byBH But for the second and 
 third persons of both genders and n\imbers separate words are needed. 
 Second person .HK ,nn5< Third ,S^n Sin 
 
 Second ;ns ,Dnx Third ]n ,cn 
 Masculine and feminine here you see, 
 As they are rendered very plain. 
 
 h^VBri on' ACCUSATIVE D^IJ^n PRONOMINAL 
 
 sufeixh:s. 
 
 113 The pronoun is also expressed by mTlli^ 
 mn namely, the letters vnjt2Sn and the suffixes .'^I^^H 
 
 The rji^n n^br2 as well as the c]i:in nrms* (rnj?::sn) are 
 
 used only in the ^^^n D*^ Nominative, as TjT^ln ^JN 
 ODHD ^IDriw the letters D'^li^H however, are used as 
 follows in ,^iysn DiT' ,1-*^ D'^'' ^^^- ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ verbs, 
 
 as bv^n -^liD as no^^ .Ti^lDZ' ,):^D (n ^lysn on^ 
 
55 
 
 oi^tos^ysiD n^^Dnn tj^j; (3 .t|?3d nn dj; ^n ,^n^iT 
 
 ; tD:"syj:N ]"Dj?:iS'?N ]vmn o inn nn^i oyTyn 
 .ajjiiatraxitn nj,n9 -si'ii'n tDDiyD" t n 'n n:iK 'n iin (3 
 
 -m toD-'j p tDr (tDnxTiTS) r|i:in DC:^ d^<"t m 
 ^133 ;]Dnn^1J13 ;ppn^i:i3 ;Pli:inn1-5D :T^J2:;3 
 
 ,?^i:in n1 'pD (i .n^^iz^^n ^1J3 ; ^i)ir^n) m^^n 
 
 f. .n m. 'D 
 
 we ,T^1 Unj^f 
 
 they ,n pnn 
 
 f. .11 m. 'D 
 
 thou ,sn p^ - nn{< 2 
 she n he ny ^^^'^-^^1^ 3 
 
 7^Dya -TrTDy,nj;3 n2"ID d :T^y: My-rnyn tapp-'ni 
 
54 
 2) Dative expresses the object we reach, 
 
 l^y ^^5 or 7 it is manifested, 
 6) By Comparative, grades of nouns we teach, 
 
 Wherby their three degrees are attested. 
 
 110 mti^n "Jlj; Positive expresses the equalit}^ of 
 two or more nouns ,,It is declined by the word ^Q^ as 
 
 n:in Ids or by the prefix '3 (;rt:"in '^) as "l^X^HS 
 2) ]^"l^^'^ "]1j; Comparative expresses the greater or less 
 degree of quantity or quality of a noun by comparison 
 with another noun. It is declined by the |*nn\1 'D as 
 *^t2D D^ Di^ 3) ,n:i^nn "[nj; Superlative indicates the 
 utmost degree and is declined by the prefixes '2 "n or 
 'tD as Q^^*J3 riD^n (the most beautiful of women) 
 Vn^^D /il^n (the greatest among his brethren). 
 
 i) Positive expresses the equality of two, 
 
 By ]V12'in O it is indicated, 
 2) Comparative expresses degrees of much or few, 
 ;. :j., 3) Super Jtive by 'H and '2 is stated- 
 
 Chapter Twenty five. 
 PRONOUNS, Pl"i.in niOSJ' FIRST PERSON 
 
 1 1 1 The Cil^n UU pronoun is also a very important 
 part of speech; it is divided into the following classes, 
 
 in^r2n ^12^ (4 .TDinn ^i::d (3 ,c]i:n "^ijd (2 ,C]i:ri m^o. (i 
 
 .n^Sti^n "'IJD (5 ,ri-i'iJ::m The riljn m^D personal pronouns 
 are also divided ('^ into iw^Tl Dw^ Nominative, and are 
 characterized by the following letters V'Tl^t^t^n namely 
 
 ^j^^ or ^33^ I. nn^ ,n^ thou, ^)n iie, ^^^-| she, 
 
 Ijnj^S we, |n>^ ,Dn^^ you, |n on they, THc -imo 
 
5 1 
 
 '2 Dp"'sj;n2 nps ^^dj;:: Tjin3 tDnsn dsi ,j;^p^ "T:n^< 
 
 ?no Tjins ?nr^2 
 
 ,!3f3?3^UB>y3';i3K3KnaiN '3NT"nN Dj?r'?j,'n ,1ifD?2e' Dm (1 
 
 ; ]D tin n:;n dd inn uupmyjiDnK nini d^ 
 
 >'t:s: ,^^N*SDyn ^.yiN cj'^ios-i ,r>ir Dm (5 109 
 op:! s^i "r^is y;^:; dsi np^yn DJ?^''^^t:l:;t2^s*T jj;r:y^D>n 
 
 ?]i2b ,Yn^n t^^ ^'^l ,"rn^lV' tDppmpD^lS* Cb Dp^SJ 
 
 -^'''?:inys "inn Dyt::ni<n-tD3'^in oy-r ,|5;t^st<tr:ay:^^s.nDyD^yn 
 
 ,y:,*2^my IS Dxn t:Nn DC d'n*ii',vSxc' DiT (5 
 ^.; uyi:>p-ij;s3 DsTJ^av,*! ,^3S^y^^{ Sx inn nini. 
 
 I 
 
 Dsn ,]s iDr^:** ,ivi:inss ,mt!:^n Tjnj;"'(i no 
 ;ropp^n-iy:D^i;s^ |VOTn 3 "nyT^ 1D3 V"^^ "^''1 D-; mP"'^^ 
 
53 
 it an indefinite case, as ^'J^ HJlS T]1jn (Hnoch builds 
 a City) 
 
 Accusative through DN plainly appear, 
 
 Showing on -.vhom the action falls, 
 But if nJ? n:in li:n are the words we hear, 
 
 Th' indefinite case it then calls. 
 
 ABI^TIVE MiJ^D^ DH^ INSTRUMTLNTATj AND 
 
 LOCAL A2^ Dm 
 
 108 3) i:ctD^ Dn'' The ablative denotes the case 
 of a noun wherein the action of carrying away, or taking 
 from is signified, it is expressed by the word JD or the 'D 
 prefix as .y^i^n JD ,"(^nD 4) I3ty DH'' The instrumental or 
 local case "]in;3 or '2 denotes the relation of the subject 
 in respect to time, place or instrument as CD^^2 9t]*1^2 
 nij^n "nlnS ^i^inn they answer the questions TlD 
 (when) non (wherewith) HD "linn (wherein).? 
 
 Ablative is the case that answers ,, whence ?' 
 
 Expressed by O or the word ,p 
 Instrumental and local show the sense. 
 
 By '1 ,1103 where, and wherein. 
 
 DATIVE vijKK^ Dn^ COMPARATIVE .p^^m Dn"* 
 
 109 5) V^fc<^ Dn^ Dative, expresses the case of 
 nouns which usually follow verbs that express an action 
 directed to an object, it is declined by the word ^^^ as 
 y^J^n^J? the prefix '^ as "^j^Di^^ or by the suffix 'H 
 which is often used instead of the prefix 'b - t\^D2 'n 
 nn^nna 'b mpna as .riD^^VO ^) JVOin Dm Compara- 
 tive* expresses the three degrees of quantity or quality of 
 a noun by comparison with other nouns. 
 
53 
 
 ,j?'7Sj?t2B' 11!? ,nK ,'?N ,p " ; xni ,Dn'n niSo 
 
 ^^v^n DZ' 
 
 .(tD-fi<Dty s*^ tD:;^i3 -i^n) n^j;n n^^ njl3 Tjijn 
 
 oyr^yn ,^^s?oj;n nps ,ii''^^*^'ip^'< ^^V^^^ on^ (2 107 
 
 '(1 Dy-r 71s* s-^n ,n^ oy^nsn Dp ::iDD.s^:i3;"n inn id'**'" 
 
 ,t3ppmv^Dns na t-in mm ;:]iaxnpN ,Siy5n DiT (2 
 ; tcny^Jyn in ^aiSnixn jr:i>x Dxn ")j;ns ; >m i c|nx 
 ,!:p'trnsD ar'j ;xr2 "r.sv/ ^ystD-iyn D'a:yii as^^o t:fDr2'atryn:iK 
 .!:njrn-iy ^2^^h iN33p ;xr2 Sijrsn Dn> dnt 
 
 
52 
 is vocalized by pnTl with a tyjT following in the next 
 letter, as in the word .^3^0 Before n'^nnS it is vocali- 
 zed by ni'':; as in the word .J^^Q ^Q) 
 
 The 'S is like the word Sn meaning ,.to" 
 
 It has Nitr 'O for]D and pvn below, 
 Under the letters 2^3 a Kitr comes too, 
 
 Or vowel like the letters that after it go. 
 
 Chapter Twenty four. 
 DECLENSIOK OF THE NOUN. 
 
 105 The U'^ Noun is declined in six different ca- 
 ses which are indicated by the prepositions ]D (of) bi< 
 (to) etc, or by the affixed letters of wb^^ 
 
 The nc in six cases is declined, 
 
 Called Dn< or declination 
 By n ,htt ,]?2 etc. they are defined, 
 
 Or dSd2's initiation. 
 
 NOMINATIVE IC^M 0^ 
 106 The cases are 1) Nominative "iti^'^n 0^ mea- 
 ning the subject of the sentence, un-inflected either by an 
 affixed word or letter, as ^l^'J^H Hi^ HJIB Tjljn (Enoch 
 builds the City). 
 
 i) Nominative answers for ,, who" or ., what'' ? 
 
 The subject of the sentence is concerned, 
 Un-inflected it is known on the spot, 
 
 And by ihe context it can soon be learned, 
 
 ACCUSATIVIC .^^yan Dn^ 
 
 107 2) ^lysn Dn'' Accusative, denotes the noun on 
 which the action of a verb terminates or falls, as for ins- 
 tance, the objective case n'^^n H^ quoted above, the omis- 
 sion of the word ns and the ny'l*'" T\ would render 
 
:):i 
 
 "ps'// DKT Dn:;:DEy tor^r^sp 'n*.rx// a-ixm^s D'n^e 
 .at3Kat5> n^^i^n tsf^o^p D^s'^yii /'D^K// iD3 : t2j^':2 3 tsnS lyn 
 
 ,t2rH (28 ) n^p nyijn >'^''i^ d^ "inyo Dt::D''3 oy^^s* 
 h^pt<^^ |';r>* s^-'t jysD^kSnny s*i:r ^t^n. d^d ip^Ht^^^iisSiyp 
 
 "i^s ;^2>^?? ^^^""^ i'^"'^'^ ^^" D>n3y:^5DSJ t^^D t:5r8 p'^.'^n 
 
 ,;;niyinys i:i hi^ -i^aK'jitriX 'jtw ii2h dni 
 ; |';2i<n "[n -[m t^^n n^ix pi^n Din ''jkE// dd dnt 
 
 DiDyr |\^ y^stosT c\^iTn ,t2"inD3''"in ,d^ dst io5 
 y:DV;n C)^i8 ,t2^^inr;: (;y:ii<''tos*r^pyi) v^bv^ ]:}],nv^''^^v^ 
 
 .lyD-^nrn .n .T .s 
 
^ 51 ^ 
 
 Remark A. The innn '1 when preceding a NitJ> letter, or one of the 
 letters C]":^^ receives a p-nti' which is called nni::i plltJ' (furtive pmtJ>) as 
 in the word ,"I32'l nnx (the same is the case with "[Qnon ") as in the words 
 DnnK-'p!) .Tj^n^ rpni^^l ,n:D^) B. when the ^l^nn '1 precedes a '^vith 
 
 NIC' the M is vocalized by pl^l and the '' that follow is changed into 
 *inD3 nj as in the word /n^l C. When it precedes one of the letters 
 
 V'TinK the '1 receives_ a vowel corresponding to that of the c^tDH 
 (22n?2n ;^j?f2) as .Dni'^N}^ D. Before npD23 H^^IJ the 'i is vocalized 
 
 by Y^p as .t|-lim pp 
 
 .Ids 3 ,1M '3 \^Z'^ 'Z^ 
 
 103 The letter 'ti^ is used instead of the relative 
 pronoun "^^^-'^ (which), it is punctuate! with ,^i:d as 
 .1JyD^*5!Z/ That letter '2 signifies either )^2 (with) or 
 
 TlinS (within). The letter '3 stands for )y22 (as). 
 Instead of "I2>X we often use the ,]^a' 
 
 'Neatli which is S"!;!D and C,n joins this case, 
 The letter '2 from i?321 rT^inS as with, within. 
 
 The letter '3 as or like, of 103 takes the p'ace. 
 
 104 The letter '^ stands for ^^ (to). These three 
 
 letters yh^ have no vowel, but are marked by a y] ^Iti' 
 excepting when they precede a ^i ^1*^ in which case they 
 receive a pITI which is called nhp nyijn ( 23) as in 
 the words .'n5"l7 ,*13'15 ^*1313 Before one of the 
 letters ynns* with ^y^ Citon they receive a vowel equal 
 to that of the CjlDn (^Dmn pj;D) as in the word 'nji^*^?^ 
 
 At times they are vocalized by yop before the letters 
 J^TInkS even if the letters are not with TiDn as 
 Cry"^ 15^? ^'^^^ letter 'D is used instead of |p its 
 
-> 51 
 
 -pnnj;^ ny-TS* Tjn^l ?jJ51 nn>? : d^k j;tDp5;^:no ^]:^v^n]:D 
 
 D-r .-ip:^<y^ i:; |^"ni j;3^1 ^Di^l : d^ yt^spnyns -^.yn 
 
 -ii^f -ry-'tynytDJis nyi .t<i^ j'^'^i^ ^VanyTiy: t:5^ynny m^nn 'i 
 -:ny np ^^toj^rrn Tny'? nnyt: "iiann "i liis m^nn 'i jye^ 
 
 ynyn n"' D^s rny 't< D^Tyn 'tDrj< : ^^tojjypny ^ys 
 
 rn^ii DHij ^^^^liip^^l '>v^^v^'^ '^ D^K ^^y c"*^ ^ys p^ynp 
 DST Die T ,D^pB n;iln3 )b nt;v) VJ? ^3?? '^pr 
 
 ; ^N nrB*iy5?3iK ]^i py^ftsNT Dyn ^:'t lyn b2'j; kt 
 
 ,ntryT ij n^nx '^\^^\ oi he^a ^^n sm 
 
 Dv toSvnny npDEO n:';;: ns .'i .ilS'Ka nmv (nD-ion pyD) citon d^e nyi 
 
 yi:)yny^:;y:n di n^s t:inytDtr 'c:^" y^Ktotr^ia nyi 103 
 
50 
 
 FROM future: into past and from 
 
 PAST INTO FUTURE 
 
 101 The "|1Snn '^ that converts the future to the 
 past tense is vocalized by riJnS and the letters J'H'^S that 
 follow it receive a ,ti^n thus ^^^O^^** (he will speak) con- 
 verted by -|isnn '1 in ^p^^^l (he spoke). 
 
 The "lisnn 'T that converts the past tense to the 
 future receives only a .SltS^ IDi^ (^^ ^^^ spoken), with 
 
 T 
 
 "]1Snn '^ is transformed to ^^^1 (he will speak). 
 
 A. verb from future changed to past. 
 
 '1 nriB ]n'K tr;!T receive. 
 IJut if past with future is classed, 
 
 By Kity this change we can perceive, 
 
 "I CONJUNCTIVE innn "I 
 lo2 2) m^nn '^ is used to join two or more 
 nouns or words, as .TJHID^ ^321 HDi^ The "1*1311" '^ 
 having the same punctuation as the "i^rj?^ ^^^^^ "JSHDn '^ 
 can only be distinguished by the tense of the antecedent 
 verb ^ys thus, if that verb is of the future ten^e, as 
 in the verse HDS ni^V^ "^3 DDH*^ 11^ ^3 the '1 of 
 the second verb n^J^I i^*^ obviously TH^^ "13>^D 'l^n^ "I 
 i. e. transformed also in the future tense ; but if the pre- 
 vious verb is of the past tense, as in the verse ^^^*l|j^^l 
 
 D'DB njln3 1^ nt^yi ^dv n>^ nn^^ the 'i of 
 
 ni^U) is a conjunctive ."11311" "1 
 
 Though -iinnn '^ is marked by x'.ir 
 
 Difference from 1 conversive you se^^, 
 
 As in the verses ntrj?! ni:j' 
 
 And n^l>l nnx don't agree. 
 
-- 50 
 
 li'pp't^^^"'**^ y'h2 yj'iS NH ixnj;' nan 
 
 
 -:|- : - 
 
 .-layS t'nyi n^n::S iienn 'i dSk 
 
 -:yj^ssDj D'^ mi i^'^s "|:j<ii ,nn3 j^i^s to^ynny ,t:5''*'nip 
 '] t^jiD iDr^'ts ,"insty ny *i;5^^ ,Dnn dsi dSs ,itt^ ^''S 
 
 ; 1N3NT B'JT tiix nnB "j^r: "icx'^i ix nrsx^ 
 
 
49 
 is vocalized by a >tDp and sometimes' by a ^13D Dl^ti^n^ 
 9^i"Tn to compensate for the missing ti^)"[ as .V^l^n ^0311(1 
 
 The 'H is certainly a very useful letter, 
 
 As nyn'n .'n placed before the noun^ 
 As a definite article there is none better, 
 
 By its absence indefinite is shown. - 
 
 Remark A. The nyn^n. 'n occasionaly follows another auxiliary 
 letter as 4p3ni ^. The absence of an nyHTI TI indicate? that the noun 
 
 is indefinite, as nsy C'^N (a hebrew man). 
 
 99 2) n^StS^n T\. .'n interrogative is used before 
 an interrogative sentence, it is punctuated with nPiB Plton 
 as Dy J^p^'n (has a people ever heard ?) after which 
 
 no ^:n can follow. The n^Sti^n '" comes before another 
 auxiliary letter as .r\^]2 IJ^p^H 
 
 nSxBTl 'n is an interrogative TI 
 
 nriB-'n beneath, no ^:il after that, 
 Except when we begin words with yh^ to say. 
 
 It takes nns and KIC is ya thereat. 
 
 Remark. When the nSNBT! 'H precedes one of the letters y'h2 it 
 receives 'a nnB after which a B'jn may duly follow, as ,D''inOiirT 
 
 CONVKRSIVE 'l-.Ti^iBnn "I 
 
 100 the "I is also a very useful prefix for the 
 following purposes, 1. as ']^B^\^\ "\ which changes a 
 verb from the past tense into one of a future tense and 
 vice- versa. 
 
 The '^ is useful in; many ways, 
 
 Verbs of the future it has changed 
 
 To past, -^ and the past tense it displays. 
 As in the future re-arranged.. 
 
~ 49 
 
 ; j?aisii D-ix Syp^'j-is 5?ac?2^atry3 -^yn nyn^n 'n (1 
 ,ij;nxatr3i2 ]j?:oD3y3 d\^ c>.n n^is n:iN nne dj^t id^d 
 
 .]:n?2 nj^'uT^inv p's nny tJ*''i< x^ii ,'jor2^t:c72 
 
 -j"isii"i*;s lyiiS 'p^^ns yr\s* ,n^styn 'n d^s (2 99 
 
 ,-rn^n tsnrtDpiiB nnss C|t:5n t::^^ DpV;^ ,;yppnTV:fD^i^ ::^'^]:l 
 
 ; i^S.'iyra ijrnsx: tr^n ^^^p wii ,nns si'iin ;''x 'jSj;n"ii*'D 
 
48 
 
 91 3) In n^"lDT *'3'n masculine plural, the 'C which 
 indicates plural is dropped in the constructive and the 
 preceding "^ is vocalized by a ni'''^ thus Q^^3 is chan- 
 ged into .^J5 4) In n^pj mi"! feminine plural, the 
 
 suffixes are unchanged, but the vowel of the first letter 
 is changed into a i^V^ but if it begins with a ^^W the 
 change is just the opposite, thus p\)^'2 is changed in the 
 
 constructive to niJ2-nnj;;i to .nnj;^^_ 
 
 In onDT d"i the 'D is to be dropped, 
 
 And 'neath the suffix '' a n*T!i must be ; 
 
 But the m^pa mm no caange did adopt, 
 
 Except the change of first vowel to HW we see- 
 
 ,K"' Dn2>^7 lis The aforegoing rules concerning the noun are in 
 all likelihood forgotten by those who are unable to make the most 
 important use of them, as a means of being enabled to read unpunc- 
 tuated li.brew, as '"ti^l and n2tt'?3 &c- It is well for them to consider, 
 wherever a letter is affiled to a noun, whether it den .tes its gender, 
 r.umber or state, as in the w rds 'JHX nny whether it is ^J ''T or ''J ^ 
 
 Chapter Twenty three, 
 
 98 The letter T\ serves as an auxiliary for the 
 following purposes 1 ) as a n>*''Tn T\ definite article, in 
 all cases, irrespective of gender and number. In this ca- 
 pacity it is punctuated with a nnS and the letter that 
 follows receives a ,t^*)n that is providing the said letter 
 is qualified to receive a \y:j^1 as in the word ,D''P^^1 
 
 but if that letter is one of n"ynn^? then the n>;''*TM T! 
 
---48 ^-- 
 
 ibi<2 j;^p*n sn iP^r^ ^T^^^J^'^ ^n:fr^ ,"131 n^D'' ^"'''^ 
 Dp^'SSiD -n-^n ,7'?:i'^''Ti ^n:;r^s ,r\Tn^ HDpJ (2 ;V^rsty 
 
 ' ' - : T ' T : T 
 
 DID '"^ nyT nss TJis 3j;"n .iy::.'''^:f^-i;-inyi:: ' d"i d^H's 
 ; ^j[3 : t:)!::ni^p Q^JB , j^tDnsn n^^a S'^Ti ,|yt:Dp nn"'^ j-^^s 
 
 (tD^.nypv:iaisny-rs) ^w]^i< ny-i ,^':)Sti lytDDr; lyirj^is rz) 
 
 
-N 4t -- 
 
 masculine nouns plural, as D^JD (sons), D^DDn (sages). 
 The m^pi ^\^21 nty femin. noun plur. is inflected by the 
 final syllable pi as Pl^/O queens, nVH^^ sisters. In 
 exceptional cases the inflection of gender is changed as 
 nnfc5 fathers D^t^J women, D^ti^H^S concubines. 
 
 For mascul. sing, nor gender nor number is stated, 
 But masculine plural by D' is inflected 
 
 And feminine singular by Tl and Tt is indicated. 
 The feminine p'ural by ni is corrected. 
 
 Chapter Twenty two, 
 ABSOLUTE AKD CONSTRUCTINTE STATE 
 
 96 III .Dir^n Relation. A noun whether in the 
 sing, or plur., when it is independent of other nouns is 
 called "TISJ D^ ., a noun in an absolute state", as its 
 original form remains absolute and unchanged as r\'^2 
 house, D'^^y trees. However if the noun must depend 
 upon other nouns for further explanation it is called Dt^ 
 "jtSDJ ,.a noun in a constructive state", in which case a 
 
 cange of vocalization is necessary, as from p^2 11^3 
 
 J^^^ from D^'yj?. ni^^n ^yj?. or the vowel is changed 
 into i^W as from ^l^*! 12*1 lp.]~?p] '^^^ changes 
 are effected as follows : 1 ) Masculine sing, changes in 
 the manner described above. 2) feminine sing, changes 
 its distinctive T\ mostly into 'n as from H >)Dri~~n7Dn 
 those ending with 'n remain unchanged in the con- 
 structive state. 
 
 For -13T TIT the rule for recognition, 
 
 Is only a change of vowels to make ; 
 
 But a n3p3 riTn^ has a disposition, 
 I nstead of its Tl a 'n to take, 
 
_ 4T 
 
 HDpJ DIZ:^' TS ; i^yn jH^^ ,;nT p D^i< ,j:;:;tDvn:;tDD];s 
 -p^ssiD s*n i^iD^^^yn ,T^:iyt2 ^ns'^fnnj;^ ,D"'"1D1 D^3"l 
 
 r .nlpn,yp nliiep nl:i2 -, d^s ,nl p^n^sj j<n -[m-r 
 
 .D^k:*:i^^ED ,D^i::^"J ,nnD^ ,t^^VDr;'nnys ^ns^rnnyD r;-r 
 
 --in^D nils -r"^ nyi nu Dynp D^^'^ .ni 96 
 
 ,-^,yrN-! D^n2 ; t:!'^^i 121 ,T^''n n^2 ^<'^i ^tsnpns^sny 
 -jp^ss^Si i^^i< inn D^ d^st -js-i>^'^ -rn^ii .ytsib^n D^^D"! 
 
 jytDD^'^D (j;-: ps r:;^t2ti'"it; -ipV;ii ,L5i3Sip ,DitDpt<nt:)Dijjp 
 ,n>nis*i''^nj;t^iis y^ps*ii -ip-r :ir.^D:Dynnys yr^i< IV^^ys 
 
46 
 GENDER, NUMBER, RET^ATION .DH"' nSDO r 
 94 Nouns are to be considered with respect to 
 three things, viz, 1 ) ["DH Gender, namely, whether it 
 represents a male or female. 2) ^iBDt^n number : whether 
 it concerns one object or more, 3) DilT; relation, 
 whether it is treated independently or in relation to 
 one or more names. 
 
 Three things consider when of Nouns you treat, 
 
 Whether male or female gender ; 
 If o; its number one or mo e you meet, 
 
 If relationship it render. 
 
 MASCULINE, FEMININE r\2p: ,-iDT 
 SINGULAR, PLURAL .D^-) n^n^ 
 95 I, j'^tDn Gender is divided in two classes, 1 ) Mas- 
 culine ^DT 2) n^SpJ feminine. Masculine gender expresses 
 the names of males as ti^^S (man), i::^^ (man-servant). 
 Feminine gender, the names of females, as n^ (daughter). 
 nnsti^ (maid-servant). II. "iSDt^n Number is also divided 
 in two classes, namely, 1) Tri'' singular, expressing the 
 name of only one person or thing as ilS^ (bird), ^21 
 (thing). 2) D^2"i plural, denoting more than one as 
 ''^^JS (men), ''-121 (things). The n:DT TH"^ D^ mascu- 
 line noun, singular, does not require any inflection as 
 the definition of its original form is sufficient to estab- 
 lish its gender, as m:! (man), jnS (lord). The n\^* 
 n^p^ nVr]"^ feminine noun sing, is inflected with a final 
 T\ vocalized by a preceding ro"^ as "8^23 (prophetess). 
 n*^^< (woman) or a final ,n vocalized by a preceding 
 ^I^Das n'llJJl (lady, mistress). The letters Q^ vocalized 
 
 by a preceding p-iTI is the mark for n''"l2T D"'2*l D^ 
 

 
 s 46 - 
 
 .n .T . J^Txym ^^D3 ,T"'in n'^a ,d3 ^\^ ^P^^s 12:1 ''ii 
 
 ,ai3y3yn IVOD^'^P y^3KJ DNT ,^'?S3 n^v dc (2 
 ."l^binj; j<T niiN i'-'Sj st |j;3"b> jyDi^e lynyn 
 
 
 .D"^?"! ,Tn^^ ;nppj ,npT 
 
 n>^^^s ;y^s3 ,7^2^^^ nDpJ (2 ; t:)^y:p 13^ o^^t:^^*^ D 
 
 ,:i^tDns''"^n^ d^^s:d''^^:i tons ,^nj<:; s^t ,*lSDOn n 
 -112 D^' D8-1 DSi ,D^i Dppm ; ^r;j<^;j^\s i^H' d T^^y^ 
 -nnyo ^3'n (2 .j;dst n>nj< ;}jrij;3 ;>;::^>^:;r'' nyr\s |s 
 I-;2snys p:;inj;o |3 ^^ti ""ds-i Dsn ,d"'\s topp-'-n ,^ns:; 
 
 7^inj;Ti5;j ; :i^ntDv: jp^'^:; DpT;-r:sTy2 p^p tars n'^^^V'^ 
 
45 
 parts of speech, as that is the pivot upon which all the 
 other parts turn ; The DtS^ is divided into two classes 
 1) W^]^ W^ substantive, the name of something that 
 exists independently and in substance, as D"I^ (man), 
 nDnn (cattle). J>y (tree), pS (stone). 2) nnpDH D^ 
 Abstract nouns denote qualities considered apart from 
 the person or thing to which they belong, as nC^Dn 
 (wisdom), 'SI'' (beauty), I^V (uprightness). 
 
 In two classes we divide the ,Dty 
 
 DSJ? Substantive, mp,'2 Abstract, 
 The first denotes a renl object's name. 
 The second as th ugh it were a fact. 
 
 PROPER NOUNS ^DIQ DVy D^ 
 
 92 The concrete noun is again divided into two 
 classes 1) Proper nouns ,'':^"12 D^*y D^ 2) ''^^^ Q^j; n^ 
 Common Nouns. A proper noun is a name that belongs 
 only to some particular person, place, or thing, as 
 
 .])22b ,nns ,nj 
 
 The substantive comes also in two classes, 
 
 1) 'a'lS c:?J? DC> which is ones special name ; 
 Names of persons, things, places, it compasses, 
 When common consent agrees upon the sjme. 
 
 2 COMMON NOUNS .^^i'D DVy DtT 
 
 93 *'^^:d D^y Dti^ Common Nouns are names of 
 classes that are made up of animate or inanimate objects 
 or things having some quality or property in common, 
 
 as pis (man), nt:: (tiger). 
 
 2) ''hhD DXy Z'^ names a distinct class, 
 
 Resembling each other as brothers, 
 Represents as one, an entire mass, 
 
 Distinguishing theai from the others. 
 
- 45 
 
 -:-;d Dp D-r ,tors* oy u^ oi<i mj -t ,y^''''ntDj;-ryn nj;^^ 
 7^Dj;i ,(j;rDn ^^^n^* ;'' t:)^"'*'ntDy:ij'''' -rn'^ri D^* Dtn .irr 
 
 ,apsTJD3K ,n-ipo 02^(2 ,Nn>J3:NaDmD ,cvy Dtr (1 
 
 ,i3nNn:y5SS in ]y3in ;>n dkt SSn uaays oytsDij? 
 
 y^n^n ,>;nyyD oy^^y^ ,y^^^nt:5-ny ,jy:r:iyo np^yn io*'d 
 Dsn ,Dy^'?j< tas-'imy^^s TJis Ipny'ii tojjsij;:} j;dd''^3 1J^^< 
 
 ; |y;i'i ;yTjni ]y3Sy:;i"s ni3 ,'t2"iB ntf^ air (1 
 
 ,V!::k: nyr-'Dy^^^s ^^^3 D^^y D^ j-^t^ (2 93 
 
44 
 
 is called h]^^ meaning ,,to act" which is a very approp- 
 riate term for the mission it performs. 
 
 6) h]^^r\ *lSn Adverb. It modifies the sense of a 
 verb as niriD "J^ go quickly. 
 
 5) The verb expresses every act, 
 
 Of every one at every time ; 
 
 6) The adverb modifies exact, 
 
 Modes of action at their prime. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS D^^^ mfe CONJUNCTIONS 
 
 89 7) DHM m^D Prepositions express some rela- 
 tion or quality, action or motion to or from the thing 
 specified, as J>5;n nnn "Tttlj; im (and he stood under the 
 tree) 
 
 8) m^nn m^D Conjunctions are words connecting 
 words or sentences, as : (also) a^lS (but). 
 
 7) Prepositions mark all the places, 
 Where the subjects can be seen ; 
 
 8) Conjunctions connect in all cases, 
 
 Words that show what they all mean. 
 
 INTERJECTIONS ni^'ipn nte 
 90 nj<^1pn m^l^i interjections are words thrown in 
 between words connected in construction, to express 
 some emotion or passion, they are usually exclamations 
 of anxiety, sorrow, or joy as ! nn ! "" ! nSn ! nt^n 
 
 9) Interjections express feelings, 
 
 Or emotions of heart or mind ; 
 Now some sorrow they're revealing. 
 
 And now some joy of any kind. 
 
 Chapter Twenty one 
 SUBSTANTIVE DVy DSJ^-ABSTRACT mpD nz* 
 91 Dty The noun is the most important of the 
 
44 
 
 .!3;inj?3 "t-l'n yT""n IJIN !2*1N ,tOlX ,t2'iX 1N3 
 
 .nDnn nl-)p ,D^^l ni-^p 
 
 nvt:5jis ti:nj;tD:y ny i^is .y^n nnn IDlj; ^im. s^'ii ,]V^ 
 ,^1 "Tin (nyt:inT;ny-rj^^) niDnn m^D (8 .(yD-^ia cy-r 
 -:i^*r^h* ts^c jyi^nys y:;j.si -pii^ d^ ,y^toyT o^t^'^yii Qi 
 
 Trr ,(ny:DT;nD:imrs2^y) nsnpn m^o (9 90 
 -:inyny: ,y^n^3y: nyiD:yiy:is^ii< "ip -lyrnin^is j;pp'-nD"'ii< 
 
43 
 
 2) D*^n ISn adjectives, expressing the qualities and 
 properties of persons and things and of everything called 
 by name, as h^1y (great) HD'' (nice) DDPI (wise). 
 
 Hebrew in nine parts is divided, 
 
 i) Nouns, names of everytaing known by name 
 2) Adjectives for them are provided, 
 
 Expressing the qualities of same. 
 
 Remark. The adjective DCT! IXD is added to the noun ,Dtt' either pre- 
 ceding or following it, and with ot wit out the definite article 'n according 
 to the following rule, when the adjective expreses an attribute possessefl 
 by the subject previous to the time spoken of, it is prefixed by ,'n 
 as ,D::nn ins ,in l''^'^ ,^1x1:1 l^h^n if however, the adjective describes 
 the quality as it exists at the time spoken of, it follows the noun without 
 the 'n prefix as .;pT Dm^Nl 
 
 NUMBKR OSDOn n^ PRON'OUN .PllJn U^ 
 87 3) "^.SDOn nV Number, stating the quantity 
 of anything that can be measured or enumerated as inS 
 (one) nntr*; (ten) ^);n (half) nn^ty*; (tenth) ]^^i^^ (first) 
 "':tt' (second). 
 
 4) C)13n C^ pronoun, a word used instead of a noun, 
 as ''JS (I) nP^i^ (you) Sin (he) these words are especi- 
 ally designated as Cll^n ^\^b^ personal pronouns in contra- 
 distinction to the mr, ^^2^ (pronominal suffixes) consis- 
 ting of the letters "^IJDn which severally represent the 
 Cjlin ni^t: as aforementioned, as .'^J2 '"jJ^ 'IJn 
 
 3) Numbers, words used to enumerate, 
 
 As inn one WZli* two ; 
 
 4) Pronouns serve us when no nouns we state, 
 
 A? '3x I, nnx vou. 
 
 VE:RB }pvZi ADVERB .^ysH nxn 
 
 88 5) h]^Bn A verb expresses action and state of 
 being of persons and things, animate and inanimate. It 
 
43 
 
 l^iN dS -!2S'in SnxnxT nynx ; isnan Tji^rsn /Djnn |n: dSn ut'x taaaxpyn 
 
 .nib K>^xn ; dt DnnnN 
 
 T ""T T t: - 
 
 "laib ,(y"Tr;^pstr nyi lotDStDtr^s DyD'^yn ,t:5n^<n p tars 
 
 ni:in mSn ly^^yv. nytonvn yrt^-snyi .n .t .i< (ny) i^]r\ 
 o^^^ V^bv^i ,ni:in ^"i^^D "iy"f v^ftDSTjj;^^: m^ ,tDJ3t<3yj 
 
 ,t:Q0<Qtry3 ]:rDDj;-i;n3iK ]y;!3:?D ovs'^yn psonn Dtr (3 
 .]N0 ,Dj; ,n oy ; ^'^ ?**'''"' ^J^f^'^ 9''^'* ^^*^ 
 
 DSi D^i t:jpp'^n-T ,(tD-ismt:^'':f Dfc<i) ^ysn (5 88 
 
42 
 
 SECOND PART. 
 
 Chapter Twenty. 
 
 PARTS OF SPEKCH. 
 
 85 The words of a language representing so many 
 and various forms of expression that are utterly diffe- 
 rent from each other as to the object that they are inten- 
 ded for, have been classified according to the resemblance 
 of their purposes, and arranged by the similarity of 
 their ideas, by a system of analysis that has divided the 
 seemingly chaotic mass of innumerable words into their 
 logically proper classes and has also determined the rela- 
 tions they bear to each other, these classes are called : 
 
 I*ARTS OF SFEECH" 
 
 As a further development of this great system that 
 the Gramm.arians have inaugurated, rules for the correct 
 pronunciation and proper use of words in speaking and 
 writing were established and Grammar, the name of that 
 branch of science in which these efforts have culmina- 
 ted, embraces amongst the important languages of the 
 world -the subject of this work, the Hebrew Language. 
 
 Every language was divided. 
 
 Into different parts of speech ; 
 This law also was decided, 
 
 For the Hebrew which we teach. 
 
 NOUN .n^ ADJJGCTIVIC .DCn ixn 
 86 The Hebrew Language is divided into nine 
 different parts of speech ,n^Din ^pbu namely : 1 ) Nouns 
 D^n words denoting names of persons as 1^1 nti^D Drin:n 
 of living beings, as mti^ (ox) nns (lion) of inanimate 
 things as D^Dt^ (heaven) 22^:D (star) m"! (wind) and 
 everything called by name, whether material or immate- 
 rial, as mn (spirit) "^SV (beauty) nSJtT (hate). 
 
42 
 
 jpny^ ,]j;ty-iss 1^ jj;n^j;Tyn jj^d ny-it:^''^ ,;pnii iDiDsnnj;: 
 JSD t2:ijyj ^'^^nta jy:D^t<T ipy^ .;:;:i:s5yj: |pnj;^pi5; n:is 
 jsn ^n ,]bv^V'^ ^''"f "f^i^ ytD:;toyT';:i n 3 ' "^ n to y t y n 
 
 ; lyasxnrsi^s i:ik iv^yii "ly'^'jN ]yf2W3 ,Qn^nQBMn Dtrn (1 
 
^ ."iny n^^ n"nn ^ 
 
 TORATH S'FATH CBER 
 
 or 
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR 
 
 
 PART II. 
 
 ETYMOLOGY, 
 
41 , 
 
 .n.^^*'' ^'Ti .n: : tars ^spsn 
 yi-is (mns :nD: d:d'': : toD^^n dk-t) j;t:3-is jp^^jmstrms 
 
 * * 
 
 -J n y 1 1 y J pyoivii |vi px x^ii jysnDtj' d^d 'x dni otci (i 
 ,iorK Tj-'^-iyniKS-iy .11 .t .n ,i y d n j; 1 1 j ^ n d y j ,t| ^ f^ j n y ,t| i) 
 
 ; lyvDyny iv 'y Dyr^x to^ 
 "IV v^i yjnx D^in dnt n*i"i ,pyDiyii |yp'''Nyinyn ]vhv'^ n'':! (2 
 
 ,]vhhv^i^ IV ,i Dx D^n ,^'D toT^^5 jya^ntj' 
 ,0T"'{< Dji^xsyj -w^vi i^y^yi |yr3&< jyi lyi yijy-iyniDSj^ -lyn 
 
 .|yD"'njyn 
 
 -;>5^ 
 
40a - 
 
 '".r''i"i^ t^"iiT r^ ^T^^V^ nn::n?2 ,(nntyt:) 'D 82 
 j;Dni<n D>^"r ]* i^'^'ii ,yj : tors i^^u Dyijy:i^s: jyt^Dnj; ny-r 
 
 :jT : - 
 
 D^r'^t< ns2 sitr p-'s ,7^Dy: ,tDr''t: (mns iioj) 'j 
 
 v,-.- : J, : 
 
 .nrj;: nj?T -[Ki -jnN yj : !:t's nib' ,-i^n< ^"'O^ : ps 
 
 I-'j^ s^Ti ,y: : tars ,tDi<n sr^ ;^>* T;::h]:^^ ,j;3Si:d^*j'12 
 
 .j2j;i5*;;iii'N jr3 dSs imn m^n xitr ipp 
 
40 
 
 ,Tni D'")po ,:j'on ^ynxatj'Din ]nj?:f xn nan dj? 
 .]j;B^n3^ ;immpij?r3 j;3 h\^ dnt c^nx xn 
 
 I " "^ 
 
 I "^ 
 
 ;:?J2k'? cy:'^x 1N3 Nitr ,nSn:j Sau 
 
 ,]j?.';3KSB?3j? Jtr,J3 o^sj-*- ^'i'' !'' pyi^ v''^'^ on 
 .y: ^^'s ins NiB> j;nij;3Eyiuyn- dnt tDT\^ ]3xt 
 
 n^p nyiin" -|i i<ity : ^^^tsy: tDr'-D^nbp 'p 8i 
 
 /nofc^ s-'^a {^^n ,y: : DPS 
 
 -Din d:d-;t np Q^r-^s.-iSD t<)^ : tDJ^'^t: (dd^t) '1 
 
 ^^'^^'D s^n ,y3 Dy tor^ ,^n y:n{< i^yii n''SD T:in ip^toty 
 
 ,'7xpxn ]<^x ST onyatr -is:?n ]3:?n ,nSp i:]-p 
 ; lyonspS^se ya : DS7Ss:y2j? sv^ dst tDT's 
 ,'7ns^ ]s DsyT n'^EO T'J2 ]j;unS ]j?n -iss : ua"^ m 
 .tynosiyjas tt*jn ]'^s -lyi^p ]3jrn 
 
39 
 '0 means niS'O of two tunes one conjunctive miist be, 
 
 And the H^^ is y: that follows behind 
 '3 lin JI1D3 when the receded vowel you see, 
 
 The following H^^ as ^3 is designed. 
 
 83 'T means mDTl (similar) namely, when two 
 similar letters follow each other in the middle of a 
 word and one of them bears a {<1ty it is y^ as in 
 the word .^JJH 
 
 '1 means ,tt^n nam.ely a i^W beneath a letter with a 
 trn in it is yj as in the word .^^BD 
 
 '1 man Similar letter the first punctuated 
 
 By H'iV is ,p pronunciation to facilitate , 
 
 n irn Any letter wherin a VM is situated, 
 
 The NIC beneath it is .J,'3 It also shares the same fate. 
 
 .("p ,n: SIS'* 
 
 84 yp are the initial letters established for memo- 
 rizing ; n: i:y 'p means ,nit2p namely SV^ after n^'lin 
 nJDp is m as in the word .H /lj^'^1 
 
 'J means nr^J a SV^ after a nr:iJ in its natural posi- 
 tion (not transfered by the rule of recession) when the 
 vowels also retain their original form, is nj as in .IJ^O^H 
 
 :at t 
 
 For m Kits' Y'p you memorize, 
 
 'p naap after which n: rest ; 
 '] n3:J3 As n: extemporize, 
 
 The Kitr tiat follows as its guest. 
 
 
39 
 
 ; vnyuty i!i :ina tin axn ^nn i^b U'Qtam on 
 
 ,l'nyTiX3N Jnn d'jn DSn bt'n yuony nh sit 
 
 .'J1ST naiN -ly'n ,Sy'e in^T iv'^^inye ]no j?t3D'o 
 
 "|ir "^"^''1^ ; T^^^'^ '^'^^^^ ,"i3j;nvt:trtDDnHn tors ,7lb 
 
 .t:Svn-iy lysnip l^T nais "jS-nS ;'n N'ii ,-tS dnt i"ini 
 
38 
 ' means under the first letter J?i is official, 
 '2 means two shva's second J73 is graced. 
 
 80 ':i means ,n^n: ^It!^ after a n^Hi n^l^H is y: 
 as in .nob 't: means ,:nt2 ^It^ after :in!2 is yj as 
 
 in .nn3 
 
 'jj means nh)i:i if nSnj nj?13n NIK* precedes, 
 
 ys Xltr it is then termed ; 
 'a means Jjnr2 when before the N1B> a Jinn leads, 
 
 As j;3 XlC' 'tis confirmed. 
 
 81 'p means .nbp i<^^ after a n^p nyi^n is y: 
 as in the word /^^O^ '^ means s i x namely, when {<1^ 
 
 precedes one of the six letters nSD 1^2 without tJ^:i"i it 
 is yj as in the word .1313 
 
 'p means nhp when nhp nj*13n a Nitr precedes, 
 
 It is a ya Xitt' nevertheless ; 
 "1 means six letters ns^ njin wi hout tTJT reads. 
 
 Is also a y: Xi::' we must confess. 
 
 .-nns :nD3 ,nntrc 
 
 82 't: means ,ni^D namely, in a word of two 
 ^^2^}2 the first of which is positively a conjunctive. Slti^ 
 
 following it is yj as in the word .Q^ni^^jn 
 
 '2 means mni< TiD^ recession of the accent, the trans- 
 fered accent, being equal in value to the first of two 
 mr:ii in one word, the S1^ following it is is also p 
 
 as in .nnn ^bbriD 
 
38 
 
 .mn^< :nD:i ta::^: -rm ]5;Tj;n ^^ s'^-'d ]^^]^^h^ 
 
 : yn'K tsD'a tD3y'?B':?.'i d"3 ]Nr3 dnt )n en niix 
 
 y^^ytDty i^DDp .niD^T yi^^i^iT cp r^ ^*'^'' ; i5;t:5^n 
 .npB r^ ^'""^ "^^'^^ "^V"^ ^^^ y'^^p^ii jytDtDm n tons 
 
 ,-]natt nj?u3j;ip2yT |"n ist's disb iks Jjno Dxn 
 
 I 
 
 'Sxpsii DN (2 n2Dn:2 liMi n2Qp n:?i3n (l 
 ; nhp nj;i:n -iya"t< i3 (3 ; n:'jj nyn -i^e 
 
 '^xrs Dyny' ht-sk eiton I'np cyn in3 (4 
 
 , .ySSNB:in?2 ]"p N*I DXT ,t32ynSy.iy-1 !3T'N 
 
37 
 
 5]^pi2 a horizontal line, 
 
 Its mission is to unite ; 
 The small words mostly by that sign, 
 
 That we read them quick and right. 
 
 fj^pO CAUSES CHANGE OF V0AVF:LS. 
 
 78 A change of vowels often occurs in consequence 
 of the C]^pD thus, where an irregular syllable is possible 
 on account of the ni''3J which it contains, which compen- 
 sates for its irregularity, as the word J^ it is not possible 
 
 when connected by Cl^pIO to another word, inasmuch as its 
 nl'^}} is then transfered, and the long vowel must therefore 
 be changed into its short one, as in the words .IJ^-O 
 
 As more words are united by that line. 
 
 When ni^"!i to the last one descends ; 
 
 nx"i3 with n'rn:) nyiin can't combine, 
 Its place to naisp nj?"l3n it lends. 
 
 Chapter Nineteen. 
 
 rr: D'vp'D 'ya'x mnwmokic lkttkrs 
 
 FOR .y^ i^)^ 
 
 79 The correct arrangement of the syllables de- 
 pends, mainly, on the perception of the .yj ^51l^ 
 
 In order that the student may easily memorize the 
 exact positions where j;j i^']^ may be located, the gram- 
 marians have established these initial letters "IptD y2i< 
 T"I3 thus 'S means, first, namely ^^1^ beneath the 
 first letter of the word ,^J3 '2 means two or 
 
 second, namely, if two shav's follow each other in 
 the middle of a word, the second one is ^2 as in 
 the word .HD^^ 
 
 To show wnere j,'2 H)^ is to be placed ; 
 
'- 37 
 
 .: .T . n^''^ i<"lD ir^'i^ nynn di!2 to^tD"':^ 
 
 ,]yjXBj?Tj;;ip''mx sn lan ;ina t"''?.'! -113 "h^t 
 .tsp'tr in tr:n ijriK na nib> j"p iN^^jn 
 
 .;j?DDNEa'n as'j DM3-in mnx ;!id3 pxp 
 
 > J" J 
 
 ; ]j?3^i!?:st3 jni'3 a'o ij'tDiyii yi"n |2yii ,D3j:t2"iis 
 ,^-1X11 ^y.vaSn'ms aj?T -is iij?ii ,Diyct3m 
 : lj?3'''?^DyT p'^JS na^jj: ya^K in uyna'Dj^n 
 .t3"H<n ^reS^n v:p oSSKBayar ut' 
 
 > J" 
 
- - - 36 : 
 
 ^ni2 a bridle, it checks a vowel's run, 
 
 Comes on third syllable before accent ; 
 
 But a S1B> that stands before the last one, 
 Is just like a vowel in such an event. 
 
 INCAT>ABLE OF RECEIV^ING .^HD 
 
 75 The following are incapable of receiving jno 
 1) a compound syllable ,nnDnt: "inn 2) when a vowel 
 
 is before the nriii 3) , nbp n])^:n 4) .Cjt^n pp 
 
 There is not a jjpii in these cases, ' 
 
 . i) Vowels before ,n3':J3 2) Syllables compound, 
 3) nhp4) ; s)!Dn pp In such peaces, 
 
 For good reasons a :in?3 can't be found. 
 
 Jno BEFORE jno 
 76 The third vowel preceding the ^HD is also 
 furnished with a JHD as in -DDTin^^lO When two mr:i3 
 
 are in one word, the first should be considered as jno 
 Sometimes a :ino comes instead of a n^iJ as in 
 
 / r . 
 
 The third nj?l3n before Jinr2 with jn?2 is pr vided, 
 
 When two ni3'J13 in one word we face 
 The first by the rules of grammar as jino is decided, 
 
 Jjno can also na'JJi replace. 
 
 Chapter Eighteen. 
 
 77 Makiph is a horizontal line placed between 
 two words, for the purpose of connecting them (as a 
 hyphen in the vernacular) Of the words connected by a 
 D'^pD it is usually only the ' last that contains the nr^3 as 
 
36 
 
 .]j;-J<'"2'j'Di2 i';i'DD^'?siy3^x izMi r^tsn fop 
 
 t^n i>*"ij;ti ,|>nj;^ i:; ^^y^D js oyrD^^n:; Tins yn^D ;s 
 
 ,"]'S."?vf2 ^2^3 t3T\s "iv^sxi^'Xixi tiixn m:^!3 x"in 
 ; ]jrms K''2 njr,v:;'n '^v's yjixn cy:"x ]'x 
 ,1iS,ij;-i'j-ij a'lp y^xnetTDnx xn i^ij yivii cxt 
 lyn'iSiye ci^S ]p d'^x ]>T2aj;n nnyo 'tn^m oy 
 
 mj^5:i |-;t^2 jyi jvtr'^'nx j;ti2nsn i^^^^^'t 0%^ pyn 69 
 
 :jT : - ' 
 
 ,xit}' -ixs Djyt2D,V2-;ii yanxn c>x jjruis^a 
 ; pxp ]j;2xn tox'Jir i^rn:; oj,* ,|i;r;'t:t5' jsnrD o'rx 
 
 ,inSr2 t2'0 tD'jiyj Di^am;' xn ,]:;^m^j xi'2 -jxt 
 .|x S'j?Sq u^q nx: !:.'!3j; :2ixn yj^^n:? Dxn nsix 
 
 .tDpp^ny:p"^nri ,11^^^ :ilDJ 
 
-- 35 
 another U^r^V^n nnnp) as in the words .^!|n ^Jifc^ ^^ 
 
 ' y J J 
 
 2) When before a disyllab'e comes a ,j;i'?i3 
 
 And after it a mono'-yllable goes. 
 The accents from each other are not far, 
 
 And ninx ;i1D3 n3"ip can't oppose 
 
 73 4) rih^^: namely, when a nhM} nyijn with m 
 nS*11 follows the vowel that ought to rece le : this irregu- 
 larity causes the accent to remain in its original posi- 
 tion, as at .{<"in ^2V 5) r\2^^^ If the syllable before the 
 
 J"" 
 
 last of the first word is compound, as in ,1^ H/DJI 
 
 J- : : 
 
 6) pt^n C]l^n where the first word ends with a suffix de- 
 noting gender which is accented for better emphasis as 
 ]V) Dp t^^ ^^1^ o^ lins ^IIDi is not applicable. 
 
 4) VVords with long vowel and consonant, 
 5) If in first word comes compound. 
 6) If accent makes nn resonan*, 
 Tins ;i1D3 can't be found. 
 
 Chapter Seventeen. 
 
 I" 
 74 In polysyllabic words there is a mark [ 1 | called 
 !inD which means ,,a bridle'* as it denotes the purpose 
 for which it is intended, namely, to modulate the rapidity 
 of the tone in arriving at the main accent which is gene- 
 rally at the end of the word, as in .H^IDXI Its place is on 
 
 ^T : - |T : 
 
 the third vowel before the ni^^i however a i<^'^ is sufficient 
 to separate between the nmj and .yn^ 
 
35 - 
 
 DD n3D nOD "Tl'ID r^* ^'^*' *' ,tDn'''^^nD''i -i:i ijit^ p:i 
 
 ,- T, - T :,| - : |- ' ' 
 
 jlj.'z^nc' 1!? UT^N xn naix c]'?n "ifsS 'na 
 .]ySnye us': S'ySr:> tin ci-it 'nrsp i2d ;'n xm 
 
 
 ,x> a.iSN prn c>,n *iyis nxn: n: pj;n 
 
 ,nnps ,pipj ,Drin51 ."""i^^ 0121 'ii ,(D^i:3n) 
 
 ; npB mp5 pips oDnps n^n nm nmi 
 
 I 
 
 yrDD^'?n5;2^ (4 ; >^3^n r,tDn f^p yr^s (3 ; nhp nyi^n 
 .PDDIJ '^ ;y?2Dj<r;:iD'''ii< (2 ,6i ) lyn^tatroi^ 
 
84 
 
 But of two words yiSo on first can't be seen, 
 As on the second word it is .S^j;S?3 
 
 linx J1DJ RECESSION OF THE ACCENT. 
 
 70 The nr:iJ of the first word recedes from p^D 
 to h'^'^b\2 this is termed ^iinS jlDi recession of the accent, 
 the words aforementioned are then to be readn7^7 ^^*1D 
 
 the transfered nj^}^ is then to be considered as a :ir,tD 
 ( 72) after which no rii N^lt!^ or pTn tm can follow. 
 
 The na'^SJ of the first word recedes to ,'?'ySf2 
 
 No longer an accent but Jno to be ; 
 And a HiUi or tr;n will surely fail, 
 
 To follow the accent that transferel you see. 
 
 Chapter Sixteen. 
 
 npDD CANNOT BE .linj^ J1DJ 
 71 There are six exceptions to the above rule of 
 .^^^^s :nD3 in other words D'^DytDn n2"lp have not the power 
 to change the position of the accent in the following six 
 cases. 1 ) n'^D2t2 where the preceding word is occupied 
 by a npDSt: nl^:: as in the words .^31?. i:pZ' ^\:J^2 
 
 There are six exceptions to recessions rule. 
 Where D'?Dj;!2n nmp no change can cause ; 
 
 One is npDS?2 of the disjunctive scS ool, 
 
 The accent at its proper place must pause. 
 
 .nmp ,niE^D 
 ^72 2) rntS'*D namely when each of the words is 
 occupied by a conjunctive nr:ii as O''0y^^*^ 'n'2'i bVD 
 
 T : - -jv J 
 
 3) mnip namely when the first word is a disyllabic 
 whilst the word preceding it is a monosyllable in which 
 event "iins }^D} would be of no avail (as it would cause 
 
84 
 
 V2^';n>n pj;!! ,(121 ^-;3n'V) (y^stiiy^i^H'^'-nsm jyt^^^ivi 
 >nr p>^n ^^^^P-P ^P-V ^P'^P^' ^''"'^ ^^^'^ toss-^spjjn 
 
 ;to''"^^ii; s*^-r ( i ;>ON*t: ;^pp ;-;r;''"T VjS ]^On:^:D^^^ ,p'^"i^' 
 -:ipy lytD^sn^iT; (n^nj;^ "l^yo) t:5s:ip"i:j; sn p D^^n 
 
 jT :- : ' 
 
 ,'iS^'mvp'^i^* '^b'pJJii i>T t^nS yj'^ns ^'ji isn;*' p^n 
 ; rias-jy; *iyT;^'"i V^^'^'^ j,n3V22y-it2y2 sn -mn nn^n ]ixT 
 
 ,-j:Svac'r."! v^Srs D']n en ]k n:'js: sn ixn^;' ti^ti oy 
 
 n^^::i s^-i tactDSp ^pn pn oyi n"^ '^n^ "f^^^* ^'b ^HJ (r;::^ 
 
 TIJ Vt:t:yt:tr sn '7^-;^t: irt iyin-;s -H^liyj^J 0^V9^ 1'^* ^*'^^ 
 toS TJis DPS ns2n^sry:jit< ^j;sn y ]p>n C^^ID.S "tJ' VJ7 
 
33 
 
 Nouns and verbs with suffixes are )^'\hD, 
 Like ,n2-t ,nm mpQ and ; npQ 
 
 But the following- are penultima, 
 
 Before ""J ,i: ,in n ,Dn ]n and .irs 
 
 ,n-p ,p-n .J^ISJ'IN'CAPABLK OF RECEIVIISTG A nrJJ 
 
 67 The fallowing are altogether incapable of 
 receiving the ^ni'^^l namely 1) a snt:^ letter, 2) a n>"l3n 
 ^nbp 3) a ,!:]tDn fi::p 4) an CJDIi ms a superfluous letter 
 with the exception of .DDIJ "TT" 
 
 It is also important to know, 
 
 Which vowels the accent cannot get ; 
 A rhp ,K1B> and c^un also, 
 
 Nor letters of superfluous set- 
 
 2 mrjj CANKOT BE CONTIGUOUS .D^^vrsn nmp 
 68 Two vowels close together cannot both be ac- 
 cented with ,mD!3 neither in the same word, nor in 
 two words folowing each other, as ^^^7 ^^ID ^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 T :at jt|t 
 
 >^1^t2 and the other ^h^'j^b^ these accents would be too 
 near each other, thus causing a difficulty of expression. 
 
 Two mi^JSi when two letters are close. 
 
 Cannot follow in one word nor two ; 
 Easy expressions they'd then oppose, 
 
 And instead of good moie harm they'd do. 
 
 WHERE D^D^Dnnn-ip IS POSSIBLE IIST A WORD. 
 
 69 When a vowel-letter comes between the two 
 
 nir^:i as an^riinSk^^'D^ or a sn^ letter as D^H^lS^^'^^n 
 
 V J : : : :jt : - 
 
 contiguous accents are possible but in the case of two 
 words as n^^^ S"lp the following change must occur. 
 
 Still when at least a H)^ comes in between, 
 Where nj\*3 counts as ,in'2 'twill avail ; 
 
33 
 
 ; mv?3 aaxtstr myrs xni ]y;3sS crsxac' lJ?5?mp i*n 
 
 riDD^lD ,7^^"^^^''^^ V^^V^'^ ,'^^V'^^V ^^<piT D^^mp id^d 
 n];:^^p i^i^ Dy:iis^ t^^D as s''"'Hyr''5< ,tDrs y^^n y^ss 
 
 .n?n ,^63 ,^5^?? 
 
 ,-I'S2nyiiy."i jdt'n 33^:2 dxt "^p 'i:n -j^ra Dtr ]'''n 
 ; 'j^j?''^ ^^'^ 02D yhi O'^syi C2T\v n::")B'Q stj 
 ,l'"'inj; Dyi pxjj n:n ,!:]di3 ms a^a "ij;to"iyn ySSx 
 
 
82 
 
 \\ hen the suffix is Dfl ]n the accent it gains, 
 Like '1 conversive for future course. 
 
 D^n: MOSTLY >V^D 
 
 64 The verbs of the classes S"^ ^U} (mnU) and ''n: 
 
 n*^ ( 190-191) are an exception to the aforegoing rule, 
 
 inasmuch as a "|SnO '^ causes them to receive the nr^i 
 
 ^^t;^!:: as in the words .nJ^yOI H^'t^n "^^^ ^^^ts of 'm 
 
 YV ( 181) and ''^is:: ( 194) whose second radical is 
 inaudible or dropped altogether also receive the accent 
 
 H^^D as .-^nop n2D 
 
 :| ) - T, - 
 
 In X"S %n3 and n'6 Mi the naUi conies ,S^ySr2 
 
 In these irregular verbs which we will explain 
 
 V']! ^iM and D^SlSS too are accented in the same scale, 
 Thus "nop and 13D the penultiina gain. 
 
 65 When the '^ conversive changes a future into a 
 past tense the verb is accented ,^''j;^t2 providing the vowel 
 that follows it is not followed by a nS13 PIJ or pTll *^n as 
 the word ,^p^^^1 otherwise it is accented y^^D as in 
 
 the words .IS"!^! ubz^^) 
 
 I - :- |- : - 
 
 '7'yS?3 is every n^nj,* changed into the past, 
 
 When compound syllable follows not the accent ; 
 The nJ'JtJ however still stands on the last, 
 
 b'V^D are io jn DH H -M IJ ^J 
 
 66 Nouns and verbs bearing the suffixes ''*1]3'1 "^^^^^ 
 &c are always yi^D but those ending with the suffixes 
 
 Id |n Dn n in ): ^: as in ^jppi^^i^np^^'&c are .b^ybr^ 
 
32 
 
 t3S''in;(i : nr::i sn tDt:Dp j;i^d c)^is. 11:1 58 
 
 ,]';iyj 'h; 'i:n ts'fs xn ,nyt2nyi"iSjr'j:a'o n:is -rss'in 
 ,]>"(:; ^i-is:''N' c'c2^3 '^va ,ricu nix ]''p i^t nii 
 
 \'sr> 
 
 .n^n;i nr;iJn i^ ^^2^^^ yn3o nlDk^v, 
 
 ; "is2i'2 unyair i^'-OnS ]"x ,mc' |\^ xm ,Snn:s 
 
 ,t2SayTy;. nr."!: N'n yu^^iDyS xn ^]nx ixt nm 
 .-in::: ns j;.VDv:DSy;j,n:ix dnt n:;"j!'j-ij,'2 
 
 
. 31 
 ^s H!)''!^ 3) on a word ending with two short vowels 
 
 T :|T 
 
 which form simple S3dlables as ,^/3 ^^^ /S 
 
 Nouns ending with a vowel that is short, 
 
 A simple syllable coming before ; 
 Words whose ending spM 'n support, 
 
 S^j;S?3 is t!;e accent they have of )ore. 
 
 ^VB. IS MOSTLY h'vh^ 
 
 T 
 
 62 In all the forms of h]^B the accent is on the 
 second radical h])^n y (121) (excepting in the parti- 
 ciple ^Jir^) providing that radical is punctuated by a 
 vowel as .IJ-^D^ Ti*lDl^ ,^D\^ but if the h^^n '; is 
 marked by a ,SV^ the accent is placed on the third radi- 
 cal hvBn 'h as .np^ nnpi;^ 
 
 When 7j?9n "J a vowel does possess, 
 
 lie the form or the tense what it will ; 
 
 ' ris there upon which the ni^Jli do,es press, 
 But if ,SMC' 'tis the 1?0_^ 'twill fill. 
 
 .yn^D |n Dn 
 
 63 If the aforementioned V^' of the h]^Bn '>^ chan- 
 ges into a vowel on account of it being in pause, the 
 ni'^}! is restored to its natural position, i. e. the ^ysn '>' 
 as in the words .^^0^* H^^O^^ ^^ the 2nd person 
 
 AT T - r T 
 
 plural of both genders, the nrJ3 comes on the suffixes 
 Dn ?n that is .'^^h^ Finally on the suffixes of verbs 
 which have a conversive 'l--"]13n,l '1 which changes the 
 past in future, the accent is also ^^"i^::: as in .ri*)5'^1 
 
 The Sysn 'J,' its proper vowel obtains, 
 Restored to it in a word in pause, 
 

 1^">' i';^^T i^y^p >nr;:^s5 ,|j;nj;^:;i^n2 -r:: np 
 
 ,pj:tD-i>nj,' xniy;; lySSsr ]^;':v"i ^nij;;'?XE 
 
 ny-T -iii ;j^ -iyr\s |y^pN*n s^-^n:: s*''''^ 5t 
 
30 
 
 nnOi is there accented with the nr^: in spite of the pre- 
 ceding long vowel, as in ,,11^ '>^V)^ ^^^^ "^'^^ ^^^^^^ 
 to modify the irregularity of the H^tDp nyiiH and m^n 
 
 The '7i;iD and Tt ending of a Noun, 
 
 Although as in nyn a long vowel precede ; 
 
 Still with accent on yiSrs gain renown, 
 
 In adjusting vvrong "iriDi n2 they succeed. 
 
 ACCEN^T ON COMPOCJiS^O SYLLABLb:S 
 AND '^ PARAGOGIC .Vl^D 
 
 60 3) When two m^::"ia mn^n follow each other 
 as in 7]'n3 ,nS 4) on a short vowel that originates 
 
 from a long vowel, as fi^lJ^O ^^^^^ ^niyP^nD*!? ^^<^"^ 
 
 ; HDIS 5) on a CjDi: "^ superfluous, as in the word 
 
 ^^S^^n oi^ all of the above, the nr^i is .yn^t2 
 
 3) When in (^ne word there a-e two compounds, 
 4) When long vowels into short ones change ; 
 
 5) When a yod as superfluous sounds, 
 Th* accent on j,nS?3 we arrange. 
 
 Chapter Fifteen. 
 
 61 In the following cases the nmi is mostly ^^^^12 
 
 (on the penultima) 1 ) Nouns that end with a short 
 
 v^owel which usually forms a compound sjdlable, ni2n 
 
 n^lD*!!:^ whilst the previous syllable is a simple one, it being 
 
 immaterial whether it is formed by a long or short vowel 
 
 (as iu the forms of ^\})B bVB ^VQ) i^^ the words 
 
 I -v ! 
 
 TjPp npp ^in 2) all words ending with an CjOIJ mi< 
 
80 
 
 lyS^^nu^^TJiyj! sn tspTn 'jNp^n yST.p nyi 
 
 mnn ,njE:p nran -, n^Dno nn^n ,.-1^11:1 n:;un 
 
 I ; J y 3 "isny*' Dpm (nr:iy) ip^-'ir^Kn Dt<i 54 
 
 p.sp i<T ,t2rj< ^spsn -ij;:i3S^ p\s t2sn nr:i vr\s 7^t:-;: 
 
 IP ;\x ^^''n ,|yiij;'n na^nn nnijn -;r^s n}^:: v:i'\s* "|nn psp 
 D>^:;mp to'-!:: y^^n yr^s ;y:v^rn p:;^i *^^^^ nli^ ^^? pj;t:inyn 
 
 i2''c ,ip^SD -inoj n: i^^s* psp t t2s*n nr^i s^i ^N^pxii 
 "-12" m^ nr:: &<n "jin j^s^p -jDp ">**i:ir sn jytansn ppit< 
 
 .Tj'^^l ,ni'i^ ,n.5p pvt^nyii i>n r^ ^'^^ ,iP"^yTi nt^iM 
 
 ,]yos!:B'r3ix Dy!:JiKTy; ]:xp nju: xn 
 ; -isD Diy^sy n:>;!i i-in tix ursrosp dv 
 ,]yDDsn.'! lyjsixS ix: tD.i7xe nxi2 n: dxt 
 .inDi n3 t:.'j'?E ii'S-np 1x2 dx"i n:ix 
 
 1X11!? l^myn Snx!? ivi>"i t'l^ dSx Snxnxr lysSn xn .'" Dnt^"'^ "ilj^ 
 ySxpxn ^^yp XII dxt u3': -[xny' in ]xa yin'x ,'j:2r3'r2tyy3 j,*Sxp{<ii xn iin 
 -Sj;'s ;yr3?2^'JBi*n i!? j;j'Bixij,n iv"tx IV^Sn ya^^p ]y"iyn ,n:n -ixna^n 
 -Sy^jmxn D^ix (1 ]i;nyu*^j'n iv^sny-n ^yac'r^iySSx xn xi .i^S-'iyr3:ix ix."j r:3"S 
 ->'Siy y.V3yjj m:? D^SSx pytsiyirj^^i? naix -asMn ;n x^^r oyTyn x'li) lynxutr^n 
 xn c^^ix ^ju^tasnpnys nyi^'p "ix.i to'n ,t2"ix'n cyiy' innxn (i-i'n ly^iyn tsiyt: 
 ; axn ^yanxs yt3n?2'*JB'y2 r2'n ,)y3xt3tt'Dis "in jrSxpxn ;j,nx2t:2'T pxip 
 ^ynSnDxs n3ix (Dyop'syns) ^ynSn-ixe dSx ysSyii ,]ynxaB*2inD.''.:i3ynyn d'ix (2 
 
29 
 
 on the syllable before the last (^''y^D) penultima. It is 
 commonly adopted, that the location of the nj^^l or accent 
 should by preference be more generally on the ultima 
 that is .yn^D 
 
 In the rules which follow, the positions appropriate 
 for that accent will be fully specified. 
 
 'J'he accent on a polysyllabic word, 
 
 On ultima or penultima must be ; 
 The following will show wherever 'tis heard, 
 
 Where'er a 'j^ySo or j7lSi3 you can see. 
 
 n^M: nyun prefjered. 
 57 two vowels, a long and a short one, the long 
 vowel has the preference in receiving the accent, if not 
 opposed by other circumstances. 
 
 When a long and short vowel go together, 
 
 The accent for the long vowel we prefer ; 
 
 But first, circumstances tell us whether. 
 
 The accent we have mentioned should be there. 
 
 NOUNS, PARTICIPLES yi^fi 
 58 The accent is j;i'7D on the following 1) On 
 Nouns, (mDa^) and participles (^jI^D) which end with 
 long vowels whether thej^ be simple syllables nil^n 
 
 mt:!itr3or compound mn^^D mnnn as innyp 'IDlD Dl^^ 
 
 N. B. The long vowel should not be on a superfluous 
 letter ,^p^: ms 
 
 Nouns that with long vowels are ending, ' ' 
 
 Be they simple or compound ; 
 Participles, too, depending. 
 
 On j.nSfS as their last'sound. - 
 
 .moE^' ARE yi^tD EVEisr after .n^nj nyun 
 
 59 A Noun (ntr) ending with ^i:iD und ni 'H 
 
29 
 
 ,!3iny'?:?j D31K T-iMi yaSn y2N2:^'x ,n'JitrQ nisn 
 
 .nipii::^s nnnq-n^n; ny^i^n 
 
 -r\sp yp^ii -ij;3^^t:d5<:i tors* hi<pi}^^ -ipj^ pw* 51 
 
 ,Sn'3 D;nj;' toDxs ,j;2 sr^' oynav-'sSsE ::2Nr:3 
 
 -:di2 np -i3;r^ ,|y"f"l^?^^ ^^V^p^'V o\^^^^V^ ;str s*"'ii ,Dn\x 
 
 ,'^DNn2>':ns3nyn ''^ins I:;! ds^'n n^n in^s inn 
 
 131X 'j'jyjB' (nsop nyun) 'jxpsn yx-iip nvi f<i 53 
 
2S ^ 
 the syllable with the nr:i3 is pronounced with a short 
 vowel, it may follow a inD^ n^ and become an niDI^B n^2n 
 as in the words .Tj''-32 H"!^ H^D 
 
 A ni^;t3 is able to effect a great change, 
 
 In the rules we have given before ; 
 n'rn,"? n;nin compound syllables can arrange, 
 
 Simples njap n^l^n can restore. 
 
 ,'> Dn2>^" nix Although the number of syllables cannot be dett-rmined 
 i.i the unpunctuated Hebrew, owing to the absence of vowel points, still 
 it the reader will bear in mind that the words consist ijof radicals 
 which have their regular form, (when treating of nouns and verbs this 
 will be fully explained) entirely independent of the vowels by which 
 letters are accompanied. 2) of au .iliaries affixed to the radical, as prefixes 
 arid suffixes he v\ill find ii very ea<=y to divide thL' word in is proper 
 parts, by first finding the root which is the main part of tlie word, 
 it will then be a trifling maiter to find its auxiliaries; and finally to ascer- 
 tain its correct vocalization, as in the words nri'nilS SiiX ms'^ nmT I'^S 
 
 Wih^ nxnni ,DnDn mS'f3;ii ,0x1 nx ni33 : x^n uhv;'") nr^'p ppm ,nTn uhvj^ 
 
 .0^3 n;:3 mm mr^bm ,n>3n'7 mx ]'i 
 Chapter Fourteen. 
 ACCENT ON EVJLRY AVORD. 
 55 Every independent word (not connected to 
 another by ,C1\'^C 75) must be marked by a nr^J in 
 order to determine its correct accent, as previously 
 explained. 
 
 A word unconnected with another, 
 
 With the n3^J!2 must be provided , 
 This demonstrates the fact my dear br ther. 
 
 That its accent is thus decided. 
 
 ,h'vhj2 OR yi^o 
 
 56 The accentuation of a disyllabic or trisyllabic 
 word is either on the last syllable (^^"i^ti) (ultima), or 
 
28 
 
 D'^^nn ,''y^D ,3rj< I^s ]yi2tDXjj;:iD'''i ; 3;-iyii jvoy'^^tryn 
 
 .DH D?^ N^'ii ,tD-ii<'n D^^^-^ri^nr^t^ pi<t2D3ST,nvnan-.5^ s^n 
 
 ,'7KpxTi ] y i < ^ X -inyrs nyis tsnS ]"n uxn 
 ,!Di^ii nyns yiSn yi^'s aynS'sj;;! nnnT 
 Snxo D^nj^M ^nT iru-iyii -i'i ]V3iyp i^i 
 
 ;tD:frDyTp:VDDn:; ps (2 ; (nCOI^D '"'"l^O^ >'^^*^ 
 p-'p -1^^: pyn ,ya^n ^<^-l tors -|ssr\s .(n33"1D H^^lpq) 
 
2< 
 
 The ,n^n;i nyiin 'tis a remarkable fact, 
 
 To make naiB'B mnn is very apt. 
 And cause the X1B> following it as ^'3 to act, 
 
 Of '"inx "inDi n: to adopt. 
 
 52 The long vowel (n^n:! riyl^n) having a long 
 drawn utterance, as previously explained, has the power 
 of expressing one of the letters "'"inS after it, either 
 /iyD3 i' ^- the quiescent letter being present, or rlD3 
 considered as if it were present ; as in the word .^*l-2 
 
 T T 
 
 The Long vc^wel's sound is so long you see, 
 
 It has the power at its command ; 
 At all times to produce ,'""in5< 
 
 As such considered, or on hand. 
 
 53 The short vowel ,n3Dp rij/ljn however, being 
 of short utterance is more adapted for forming a com- 
 pound syllable, and causing the vowel-less letter that 
 follows it to be n^li Hi and the following t<rw to be 
 
 The short vowel has an opposite effect, 
 
 Inducing S'lC to be ,113 the sound to rest , 
 
 lis action is quick in every respect. 
 
 To make all syllables compound and compressed. 
 
 ,n:2^^^n^2:^ ,n:::p n;i:n ;n2Di':: nnzn ,nw: n-;':n 
 
 54 However if a syllable contains, a nJ^IJJ the 
 results achieved are exactly contrary to the rules afor- 
 mentioned, thus when the syllable with the nr^i is 
 pronounced with a long vowel, it may follow a ,nS13 HJ 
 and become an nziDIC rr^ln as .^^^ *)i^ If, however, 
 

 yr-'S ITS : 7^:::^: ^^^y-iyjp n'^ps J'^s (3 46 
 -^2y ;-irT tDDsn2p:is ^j;prii v^^]^^ ny^'?5;n ; r^'^ 
 
 -v^^p pij;s^i^^''^^j ^^"n:f n^iy-iy ; Dj;mp oyr^s ^ytDn];''^ 
 -''':; >n3;n y^^.s .^^r^ ^t:5Dy-^,pj:;T yr^s p^D2 -r:jis v^^^ntD 
 
 "I^t;*' yi:t:j;T p^>ni ,;pm^<-i5;3 y^DV^bvni^ ^nsn p^yii 
 
 ,p-DQ ^'tt'i.'! ,'^1:1 ,'n;!-'6n ,'5-^3ip o^s 
 ; j?'J2y?3DX"i;j np Dy.i2Nn )ycnyi2 ^IVJ^nj "li'T 
 
 .yt23r"r>^^ D'^nn^D 
 
 ,s:i-n ,st2-rp ,-|Bnt: ^njic^ : 7^0^^ ,(>nr;i:^3ii;3) n^-izinD. 
 ij;nyt2tryn icr-j^-nr ,n^i5:D-5<:Dnt: ,SDnt: ,nj:2p-ty''Sn 
 (p>n ,]y^''"'nt2r''np i3'i r-'-ip ,^ypm d^is D^^ss^yry 
 
 .'iDnytDtryn ,]vr^:^r::3s npisr^s 
 
 ,n3t2p-sc^'Sn ,x3"n ,xmp ,-iBn?3 ,n:iD 
 
 
. . 20 
 
 Hut in ,a'Snn ,^'72'r3 ,3VS solely. 
 
 Unexplained by tongrue or pen, 
 
 Chapter Thirteen. 
 
 nnnn syllabl^es. 
 
 49 One or more letters pronounced with a vowel 
 is called syllable, whether it be part of a word of disyl- 
 lables, trisyllables or polysyllables, as nVn D^-i^ o^ 
 
 whether the word be a monosyllable as .QH D^ 
 
 T 
 
 One letter or more with a vowel combined. 
 
 The syllables of a word will make ; 
 Words of many syllables you can find, 
 
 As many as the vowels that they take. 
 
 SrMPL,E AND COMPOQND SYLLABLES 
 
 50 The syllables are divided in (I simple ""12" 
 nt:ityS, (2 in compound syllables .nnsnt: m2n A syllable 
 is called simple when it is not followed by a con.sonant, 
 or if it ends with a"irD3 HI as in the w^ords .rn-^H-'^l ^V") 
 
 It is called compound if the vowel-letter is followed by a 
 vowel-less letter as nS*li HI as in the words .H |iy-??I^^ 
 
 nxiJ rij vow.-l-less, vocal is ordained, 
 
 As nnD"i?2 man compound absolute ; 
 naitrs mnn is only obtained, 
 
 When the end-letter i - -inD3 mute, 
 
 .ntsiDS --12" ^nbiij rr;^:n 
 
 51 A long vowel is well adapted for the forma- 
 tion of a simple syllable, ,(1121^3 ""1211 which has one 
 of the "'"ins letters as nno^ n: and causes the i<^^ that 
 follows it to be .;^ 
 
26 
 
 (y:;tDj?T p';DDyn: j>n j^'S VDD^^ty::^ yr'''n^''"'ntD lais v^'^b 
 
 vr^'^P 3;r'^ ,pi^D ^<'''n (n>TSp) D''-iDp (i 7^o>^i ,r:)^^''-t2 
 i>n ,D3;nj;Ti D>n >^tDnsTi i5;tD:;t2V^ ns ,y''r'? j;D:DV-ip:>n 
 -3^< 7^12^'':; nyi ;^s ,r''-ip::^sn i^^s ,n:jns ; tDpraoDi^ty 
 
 -f^Dy: (yrjyp) D^:D^t2 j'ls (2 .jytftoynj; i::; tDp:nB^-;2sT 
 ,^11:1 cjpT ,-;:Dpii2 s^^iva* ,iVjp cjpr ,>^:Dpri3 s^'i^m ,^i:d 
 ,sn3D i:is >*top:i2 s*^*^!!:: ;-;l^:d-;i m:; i^is ^ntDtr ps 
 
 .Dns*3 n^*! i3 n::;S'^n'^ tDDiyo^x o>^^><p D;*iy^ 
 
 ,in n^s Dyny^ sns'j ,d'^"t N-ms ,Si:!D 
 
 ps r^n ; 7^t:y: ,y^H*tr-i.st: c^itr ;^s (3 45 
 si:j-^2 y-jjprs cyrn ts-'is ^^^n-i^r'^-ip ps rnn ; ;-;i:n2 
 ,;p^^-i -i-;Tyn Dpy^ .n>n:r^s nj;2^s ^yp^^n p5;nn>*!:: 
 
25 
 line with an angle at the upper part of its right side, 
 q? n*lB ''^"Ip two circles on each arm of an angle StS^^Sl 
 p n^nj a circle pointing to the left, ' ^"^^ a quarter of a 
 circle, " D'^ti^i;! two equal parts of a circle running parallel 
 in a vertical line. These denote a short pause and are 
 equivalent to the comma. 
 
 -ITS ,mQ <i-ip ,nSn;i nti^^hn ,c>n:! ,n^cn;i and p^DS 
 
 Are fourth in rank, generals of hiofh degree, 
 In commanding various divisons all are identic, 
 
 And every reader must pause at their decree- 
 
 (SERVAN'TS) D^mJJ^O 
 47 The Characters of the eight D'TintrD (Servants) 
 or D'^nnniS (Conjunctives), namely ,:i-l"I ,St:-rp ,"Snt: ,njlD 
 ItSr p nV ,n^12^ nD-lt: ,n::-lO ,nrt5p N*t:"'^n are also for- 
 med by angles, circles or parts of them ; They are 
 mainly used for connecting w^ords. 
 
 The Servants, very humbly, by their Lords, united stan 1. 
 
 Knowing that divided they would fall ; 
 mirs ,15n*3 ,xr3ip ,N,im all stand at tieir command, 
 
 ny^p t<]i'^hn n2-)?2's nn' all. 
 
 48 The nr^i are indispensable for the correct 
 reading and accentuation of ^\'^^^\ and ,D"'S^23 they are 
 especially of infinte value in determining the beginning 
 and ending of sentences in the n^llH and ,m^^JD how- 
 ever, in ^h^^D 21^S and D^'^nn they are practically 
 terra-incognita, the properties which their accents 
 possess are still unknown to us. 
 
 All the accents in .the Scriptures Holy' 
 Are important to all men, 
 
2o 
 
 ,Nn5D .^in>-'^p.i A'^pfipl '"^i^P 'Hinvsi ,p^bD 
 ,{<p-ip ,njD,:5-j<5'^'?n ,wnT .^^pip. '"^sno ,njjD 
 
 (;il"Din .nnD::-is dh*^ ^J1>< Vp^>ii n;*2''T ]\y T^^^J^^) lyr^^fii tsssnp.-! Tinys 
 sranp ,sns*j K313 : b>'o:j ,;yn;\"nT?DnN ]y3'^s V^^'ia^'f^Nyji oha nii^-ii sn 
 
 n--;:: pj^i:: p^yvi ,yTr;mn r;ii} pr^jiptD Q''p;p5D 
 
 v'^iiiv^"- 1^2 Snx:** iyn;n ut\^ dd^t n:ix .V!f:Kn!? 
 
EMPERORS AiNTD TvIKGS. 
 
 44 The mp'^DSt: n'lr:!^ (disjunctives) are divided 
 into unequal grades as some of them denote merely a 
 short pause, whilst others mark a complete pause, or 
 the conclusion of a sentence ; They are divided in four 
 classes, 1) n^"lDp (Emperors), namely I ) [ pl'^D a vertical 
 line below the last word equivalent to the period in the 
 vernacular a n^ns a semicircle, generally, in the middle 
 of a sentence equivalent to the colon. 2) U^^b^ (Kings), 
 namely *' ^1:10 three dots in the form of a triangle ' hM} C]pT 
 a vertical line with two dots at its right side, and ^ ^?^^t2 
 a quarter of a circle, these are equivalent to the semi- 
 colon 
 
 piSo straight line. nsriK semi-c'"rcle. 
 
 Each an Hmperor and can separate ; 
 Tipcha, Zakof Godol,-Katon. Seghol, 
 
 As kings who command a pause to create. 
 
 (PRINCES) nnti^ 
 45 3) cnt:^ (Princes), namely * y^'Z"! a small squ- 
 are, " ^?p*lT a combination of two quarters of a circle, 
 i Tin part of a circle in which a dot is inserted. ^ t<tD*^3 
 a quarter of a circle, ^ 2^r^ an angle, ^ r\b*^b*\h^ several 
 angles forming a chain, each of the above denote that 
 one or more words in a sentence are in parenthesis. 
 
 atrB ,xp"iT and so on, Princes kind, 
 
 Invite the reader tj pause and rest ; 
 In the class of disjunctives them we find, 
 
 And they show the sentence how expressed. 
 
 GENERALS U'TpB 
 46. 4) C^"r\':J2) Generals), namely ^ ITS a vertical 
 
24 
 
 ,t3T>x Si'>s3is ^n ;^'N dnt ,ai"iy uex 
 
 ,tDDD'Q-ij;s "ix:j n3iN pN.i D:;3iK?2 nnm ^t 
 
 .D'p^li^n ySSx n:iK ^lyp'' ^inp^ 
 
 ny5NT px ,p^DBD ijiN p^Qo j:iyiaxTy3 d:'x ,ui5nir-n2ir?3 xn -I'ss inx tv^^nxs 
 
 ,n''SD T'jjn |X3 an'? ijriayjiSxa jr^nnxn d^t u^fs ^nD: ns on ]j?t3DJ!'s^^n ox yrj^n 
 
 .j:;tDy>:i:,-.i aSxnr^x Sy,iy-i ]yr'r2y.iSx np i^s^rii^x dxt 
 
 D^'^'^nt^ 0>'^'^' D^^-^nb ,|y^xps'n lyi i>*d^is lytDsnir j-pr^^'^n 
 mj^:iJ ]i<^ t^^jyi ,iy"T"iy^^ tD:;t:jyTp py:D-i5;n ;j;-r -ij;::::is* 
 
 : >;dj np nyni ,DVt:nsn Dyi ji^iJ^tsyn iyrt:5m m:; (1 
 i3ii< iVi^y'Trzn-;^ n>n i^iot^'^ti^yn ni:.' (2 ; (yr;tD) mr:i3 
 
 ,vrjx'75 ^i'j'UDn Dx ^v^'iy'' ]j?:ju5;t ]Xb i^t 
 
 ,^:?!3XT D>x ]yS^'nanj;e i:? i^^aS^^T x>ii "i^'.x 
 .]yjnxS n:?2in nnp ,j;n^r3 j;i'^x ar:xT ,pxp 
 
 ,iy-n:i*'S liis lyasj ,^n:; iy-i>n 
 
23 
 for an accomplished Hebraist, to recite the Scriptures 
 correctly. 
 
 For correct reading, and to accent right, 
 
 Both words and sentences in every case ; 
 
 Signs of accent and tune are within sight 
 
 They mark every word at the proper p!ac , 
 
 THRIU NUMBliiR, NAMES AND FORMS- 
 
 42 The riir:ii accents are twenty six in number, for 
 their names and forms please see the Jewish german part. 
 
 Remark. The Author, in a work entitled DiltJ' ^J35< that he has pub- 
 lished in Pre,SSbur(S in 1882. has demo strated that the forms of 
 these mi'JlJ are based upon geometrical signs for example j X310 
 r n'?TK1 ") K?31p ;. snQU are the four parts of a circle. < isna J n:iD tri- 
 angles ; the reader will therefore not be surprised at the geometrical 
 terms by which these forms are subsequ ntly described. 
 
 The author has shown on a previous occasion, 
 
 How tune? resemble forms of geometry ; 
 lie begs now to make use of the same explanation, 
 To aid description which later you'll see 
 
 RULEJRS JsJS!T> SERVANTS. 
 
 43 The niDlJ (accents,) are divided in two classes, 
 1) D^'^trii:: (Rulers,) or Cp'^DSi: (disjunctives,) they dis- 
 tinguish between the various clauses of a sentence, and 
 generally denote its pauses, 2) D^"l"ltt^J2 (Servants,) or 
 D^l^riD (conjunctives) they begin a sentence and mark 
 the connection with the preceding or following C'^'?ti^'l!2 
 or .D^'p'^DSt: 
 
 .m3^;!3 I'he accent's names and forms we will give. 
 
 And in two classes we'll divide them 
 Rulers v\ho as proud Disjunctives live, 
 
 And Servants united beside them. 
 

 t:2 IKS |y2SL^*yr2"i2 p'^'^^:! K-^^n:; pyn ,t2r^D (p^'^^:!) 
 
 cs "inDJ m D-;"i ftosnto ,*ym d.-^i o^^ssrp^y n"22 t:2 
 .n:;n55 ^133n3 ,^^p05 '2 ,iZ;^P2nD5 
 
 ; !:Syrnv trvn dxt n"22 t'J2 nnr: n: pxTj 
 .^':''?;'-jrp B'.n DNT i^ix i^-lTDi:; c^x nn'n xt 
 
 -D:r,t2^n-;2 i*^s: prn trn p\s tstDtDj^p ly^-^^ivi^ 40 
 D2^''^2 ipprn .|j;r;n Dpjs^p^nsii Dp ^^r'^trnnsri ,tk^ 
 -^V ",:; psi2*y:*D^*,s s*^-: Dis ,r;ri tr:T p\s bi^r2 Dpi.st: 
 
22 
 
 4 pim?3 xns When the accent stands far away 
 
 ,neD 1.*2 tr;n mu^t receive ; . 
 
 5 mon When similar letters both stay, 
 
 ; hs3 n.*!! ^n will relieve.- 
 
 A tJ>n SUPERFLUOUS, OR MISSING- 
 
 40 There are certain words that contain pTil \^yi 
 for no apparent reason, except as a euphonism. There 
 are others where a necessary *^n is omitted in order to 
 soften the expression of the word. 
 
 Full often a useless tr^ST you will see, 
 
 Sometimes an important one you will miss ; 
 
 That means if anything 'tis for euphony, 
 Ard a softer expression causes this. 
 
 Remark. Every short vowel that precedes an apparently omitted 
 C'jn becomes a rhp nj;iin and the SIS' that follows it must be ,y: as well 
 in all the words .D^lSn 
 
 ,'Q O'ltJ^'S IIS The exceptions that we have just noted in regard to a 
 ITJIT in n2D i:!l should be carefully noted by the reader of unpunctuated 
 Hebrew, as of T\2^:2 and ,^'"^"1 especially piQfD and p^D2?2 which form the 
 majority cf cases where the rule concerning nSD 1^2 which follows a ns 
 inoa is set aside. 
 
 Chapter Twelve. 
 
 .D^oyrsm nir33n TUXES Axr> accents. 
 
 41 The marks in the punctuated Holy Scriptures 
 some of which are placed above and some below the let- 
 ters are called C'^t:yD"'i mr:ii tunes and accents. 
 
 They are doubly useful 1 ) In determining the 
 correct accent of the word, hence the name m^Ji 2) In 
 denoting the connecting, dividing and closing parts of a 
 sentence, and are therefore termed .C"'C>t2 In the absence 
 of these extremely useful signs it would be difficult, even 
 
22 
 ,!2or3'2 ^n DHi iKi n"S3 Tos '"inx -[Hi \2'-;^^ 
 
 (41 ) ;p'^^^jst2 D>nr;3r;-it2 j^-^s t^nsm ";-rr;np-iynns 
 
 J- - : - 
 
 ; I'^rnyii:,';! s*mi tr,n dxt -^la'^tr^nj; 
 ."I^'^'iny D';i dkii n:iK npCEr: ixa 
 
 p^'S "inn ytD-iN^'n |-;-rr;:^ssDs:i c>n t:"'?^ 'liis ^i:id n';is 
 
 D^s 'H Dpypspt^p "n^^i T ;(-irT |";nyTi^:s* Disn 
 "s: iTSD t:!2 np nyr'^s di st ,t:5;tD:3snt:2p iD3:p"np 
 n;3^^?5 pyt:r;ii jp ps* s^n ,psp jytD^sniy mi p\s cn^s* 
 
38 3) pTn (dislodged) namely, when a word ends 
 with a quiescent 'n after ]^Cp nns or ,^i:iD and is joined 
 by a Cl'^pD ( 75) to the following word (in which case, 
 both are read as one word) that T\ may be considered as 
 dislodged, hence one of the letters nS2 1^2 that follows it 
 may receive a *^':il as in .np^-H^^P ny^l^-HO 
 
 3 ,p^rn To 'n a wrong is sometimes done. 
 
 In dislodging it from its plac ^ 
 ' Tis then no great risk will be run. 
 
 When tr;!T ,n33 "t."!2 will grace. 
 
 i; 39 4) p*nii2 SnS (coming from afar) namely, 
 when the ending of a word is ]*t2p followd by 'n "inD^ nj! 
 which is not a radical, but merely a superfluous 'n ,^201^ 
 or which is substituted for 'b which should have begun 
 the word (nn^nnz 'b mpO^) where the accent (nr^j) is 
 placed properly on the penult (^^y^t^) and where, fur- 
 thermore, the accent in the following w^ord is likewise 
 ^b'^l^b'O there, also^ nS2 "^2 receives a t^jl iu spite of the 
 
 preceding "inc^ Hj as in the words ;;^3 ^"I'^I^^^I 
 .?&^;l ni^n^ ^^ niCI" (Similar letters) namely, when 
 two similar letters of n22 1^2 or a '2 next to 't2 or 'S are 
 at the beginning of a word, then r,D2 1^2 also receives a 
 ^}1 in spite of "iHOJ 113 at the end of the preceding word, 
 as in the words. ^"IpjnS^^'^pPB ''2 X'''P3'1D3 ^bi) 
 
21 
 
 ]j,n iNJ .2"i ,=i"ixi ;j,'2yiBtt'D'ix ptn c>.n a^o d"i'?ti: pptr d'^!2 : ^ynxtsirsn 
 
 .-inoj n: -js: ^:n i^"*,": :^D>*t:^py-i 
 tj:: ; trn dst tors ^tD^nyiiny o^'^^^-^n S'^n 35 
 
 D^^sr;^^s ; nj t2Dt:^L2tt'*y2 psn dt'^s sitr yiaynyinjjts ^?'i^ID3; 
 ; i^n (m Dp2nyn) n^nj-n: ["^^s n: D>nj;n ;-;:iy:irn did 
 
 ,^in^^ iy2St:):yDi2 np j.^r^s -: n^sD t:i2 -lyi nvr\s 
 
 pyt2nj;ii ;p ps s^^ii ,D-;t:jnsn ipr;:i^8s:Ds:i d>^t 3;:i:is*sjs ds 
 
 ,(iNi-i:;n) nxi: ut's c*:jt nss ns 
 .;yDDSi:fnx xt i^'tonj^Ti x''ii!* "i^e i''ii< cSx 
 
 
20 
 m after a tTM a ns"i: must be. 
 
 ' For after inDJ no tTJT is in sight ; 
 Not only in one word this rule you can see, 
 
 But also in two words it claims the same right, 
 
 Chapter Eleven. 
 
 h\) mi AFTER /V-IX 
 36 When, in spite of a preceding ,inDJ PIJ one of 
 the letters nS2 122 still follows with a ,ti^:n it is due to 
 one of the following five exceptions which govern such a 
 case, namely, p^S!2 audible 'n ,p''DSD (a disjunctive ac- 
 cent) p^m (a dislodged '") pimtD ^r.S (coming from 
 afar) niJl^n (similar letters.) 
 
 V\ hen in spite of >ins (nSD l^l by ty.n is occupied, 
 It only occured through one of five exceptions ; 
 These are //similar,'' //perceivable" //dislodge" //from far" and //divid ," 
 Grammarians have agreed on these conceptions. 
 
 .iTDS?2 (TSO 
 
 37 1) p^SO (to bring forth) [a sound] namely, 
 when one of the letters '^^n at the end of the preceding 
 word is audible ,rit<"l3 HI one of the letters n5 122 may 
 follow with ,tr:i as in ^^2 V^i^ 2) p'^DSt: (disjunctive) 
 
 namely, when the preceding word is occupied by a dis- 
 junctive accent, npD2(2 nr^i (4l) (in spite of the pre- 
 ceding "inOJ (Ij) nSD "^2 may follow with a ^*^}i as in 
 
 the words .n^^*5 ^T^ 
 
 J ' 
 
 1) p'Bi2 If 'in is perceived in the word, 
 
 A B'jn in n3 n:;2 freely takes its place ; 
 
 2) p^OSrs If npDEr2 ni^;;: is heard, 
 
 In preceding 'ins the same is the case. 
 
tars ,;>^::st:tr:Di2 ^s prn tm D>n y^'^j.^tcitr s*n 38 
 
 >nsnj;5 tars OV""^^^ ^'^ i''^ /^''^ntaipv:! n^s .lynstDtr 
 ^'2^^ ,psp pn prn mi ]^^p tr:"r D>T;n ds-i ,r''Tiyi j^^s 
 Dj;^^ss:JVr^p isi ,pin-v:;:i dst tars ,1'n3T j^tansn 'S 
 
 .1*13*14 >;t2-isn D"^s 
 
 -^''S pjssis ns nij "jn taprs-;^ ^p trj-r dst 84 
 
 Dp yDta^D nyi j^s 71s ,>^2^n nyr^s nps c^^ta-is^.i D-;i 
 
 -tatastat:' ta^^i dj; psp ivrprn |>*2StatrDi2-yj sitr n';r^s 
 ST ,>n-;n taD^: yr^n n>n p^ssjs ds taDJsr Dy st ^Iprs 
 ,^p-;n ipijrnpnynnss np d-^is s^n n-;T-;n d-^is ta:^ss 
 n s :! I ; 2 s ta tr D 1 >-; 3-s it:* w; :^^ ^ - s j d s -r 
 
 .; 3 s p I ; ?: ta s p 1^:11 j "^ -^ p 
 
 ,;j?i:::a ix ,vj:2n hp c.n dnt i^k ist 
 
 
19 
 
 'l"o double its letter and restore one likewise, 
 
 Has been its mission, and will be so forever. 
 
 POSITION OF bp mi 
 
 34 The b'p tl^j") is placed at the beginning of a 
 word or syllable, or in the middle of a word after 
 .,nj ^y^ as in the word ,''^5 p5 ^^^ ^^ cannot be pla- 
 ced in a letter following a yj S^w letter, as in that case 
 it could not begin a syllable. From this and the pre- 
 vious rule it will be noted that the letter following a 
 >i Kltl^ cannot receive a *^*T\ at all. 
 
 A 7p mi ^Iso if you wish to know, 
 
 Look for its position in a word ; 
 First in syllables flSD 1^2 ?\> will show, 
 
 By nj Nltr preceded, b\> is he-^rd- 
 
 .'PI D'ia'"'S "nx The foregoing rules are so simple and concise, that 
 the reader of unpunctuated Hebrew, as of Mishna or of Rashi, wdll readily 
 know the letters at the beginning of syllables that are to be punctuated 
 vith f)p C01 and the letters D"^^nj f'pE^' D"t2 with pTH COT when the 
 circumstances warrant it. 
 
 IN'O mi AFTER iriDj n: 
 
 35 As previously mentioned, a u^jl at the begin- 
 ning of a syllable is invariably ^p and the preceding 
 Sltl^ is positivelly .n3 At all events, this nj must be ,nS"l3 
 an audible ,nj It makes no difference whether that nS*^i nj 
 is in the same or in the preceding word, as in the words- 
 .^3 "niSl^/ However if the preceding letter is of '^"inS 
 
 as ,iriC^ Hj the ^p Z'T\ is omitted and is called r\^l (weak) 
 nor is there any difference whether it occurs in the same 
 or in the following word, as in the words .H^IOD ''O 
 
19 
 
 ]: ,l-Tr "^'11 ,:!iipVT! ^t::3s:i>^:i sn ,; bp tr^-r dst 
 
 .nxzpnyn 
 
 ,'?p : y'^^m:? csn ,pTn CiT : jnc ui2V5 Dyr^ 
 ;n23 m ir-^'iS i^nrx -J^r^r^tip cyryn 
 ,S7N*i:;n'S lyjsn'? tsnsn ::2*;*i in J<3 ^13 n^:a sn dnt 
 
 , .pin li^^j^ Dsn 
 
 ; prn trn T,i i-;j:yp 'D'^'^'rVJ 'ypX* 'D'SD r;2t:t:^i2 
 pin trn) ;yT^2 ;-;-r ii< n-;t:c\s Dp^-;^ 'n'D'3 '"l':i'2 
 .i';^n';jii< oyr^p ns:i|-;ar;p n'j;'n'n'i^ "ri"ii< (bp mi t;is* 
 ts'^'^prt::]'^*,! -ij;i:jV;22Si ; tor^ prn D*:"r Dp ppp^"^ "i^ 
 m2^ yt^nsri c\s s-'Vi ,t^-;sssinv: ri |>*2S*t:trri2 jp (i 
 
 tDDXDr:^ t:r4^_ v'^^?^ 'T c^ss^n ,ipr;:!i-; i:; |pt:tr2i2 jp 
 
 .Drs np^ ^pmsn 
 
 ,;v."'''^^ 1^ CN'n cvH"' T'^* t:xn prn ^'.n 
 .]V2J<-"*2i- yiij^SnyE ^ysa^'Tny i!J Divts'^n^f 
 
 
18 
 
 .prn ^:i 
 
 32 Every letter, excepting '"i'y'n'n'i< is capable of 
 receiving a ; ^}i In that respect they are classified as 
 follows, the letters D^'^Tli Y"?^ ^'^ ^^^^ receive a ^21 
 ,pTn the letters nS3 153 receive either pTH tT^T or ^p B^n 
 the letters ,nj;nns receive neither of them. 
 
 The prn ^3"r is doubly useful, 1 ) to duplicate the 
 sound of the consonant in which it appears, as in the 
 word p^^^ pronounced p^*l-*l!^ 2) to compensate for 
 
 a missing letter, thus ^^^ instead of ^^^y of the root 
 
 ,mi riiT instead of HD^^ of the root .np'? 
 
 pin CJST in any letter you may instate. 
 
 Excepting nynnx which no JJJT receive ; 
 Either for an absent letter do they compensate, 
 
 Or duplication of a letter they achieve. 
 
 Remark. In regard to the disqualification of the letter 'n to receive a 
 /^!n this exception must be noted, namely, the suffix Tl "'liDH which 
 must contain a tJ'JI and is then called /H \)'^f^^ (audible ,'n) thus n3 
 
 T 
 
 should be accentuated ,r\r[2 H^ nn? 
 
 T T T T T 
 
 POSITION OF prn Kn 
 
 33 The proper position of a pTn ^^1 is only in a 
 letter following a vowel, it can never follow a t^^^ letter* 
 on the contrary, a preceding Slt^ is an indication that it 
 is not a ,pTn tt^H as for instance in the word ^*13^*^ the 
 
 ty^l is pTnthough it is not so, by any means, in the 
 word .^*13^^ 
 
 A pTn SJ*in if you wish to recognize, 
 
 See that after vowel it comes, after KIB' never ; 
 
18 
 '") nnpi' aawacax nnr^h lihvB i?pEJ>D is d^' xn) ni'' QtsKatriK m'' tr'^ns 
 
 -|VT --T V,-.- 't: V,V - - -|V 
 
 T T 
 
 .(D5;t2nn) pin r*:"I -r:n 
 
 ,^y2SB2'n2 D'K ;v--'?3 (^^"i) -P-1S n^H 
 ; ;vp"<> t2B' "IS a^S ;;n a:vn ,'7i<pn ]"p at^K 
 
 ,]j;nNn is aiN -iv^nsk^'hs ]'K at'N d;* 
 IVpiJ-'o IS cn'K i^B dv2:n?2 xt ar^K i:ik 
 
 -ij? B':n ]" oyTjrn ]3jni .s^j'n oyi a'o ,aT^K ') on ^"J'J'o *i;*"J ]* ap:iB ]k 
 "1 Dxn a-a-a^p j<t ,aT\y ^jri^apiis is piiB' a^a i^'jjjis oyrS^ni ,S'7KT ^jra^Kn 
 -ij?n ^yn i\s K^n /i ;va""ns d'x a.iSKC p-ns^ ;;'DDjn n:iK aoiyis tr:n a^a 
 
 .m* ,lip ]iv^ 
 
 .^p_ C^3^^ 
 
 K'li n3i ,]:r^'7vniS3x ^tSk '^^s^k nvT^rn .]yae'S is ]yD?3iy;i':''K iiaxnyB^S 
 ai4 oy ,Ti^n p: tS:i;'0 aextr^vDC'ii 13ik arxa lyapiptrys -ij?:^^a D^r a^ni 
 ,]yON3 ;y2Sj:T3vn ijra:iK ,;jrJ3ipnyc: ]5,n:;-;t'7Ke3K: y;^ pK S't^t ,]V2Ka is 
 -Bi y:''a ]nj,''n tin (2 j:ipnj?o: 2 u:nyinj:3y:9 kmi) ^'CanK'''^ "IIK// 
 
17 
 
 Chapter Ten. 
 
 THK -mi 
 
 ) 30. The dot in the middle of a letter is called .t^n 
 
 its main object is to harden the pronunciation of the 
 
 letter that it occupies ; There are two kinds of t:^5" -- 
 
 bp mi (lene) soft and pTH ^^1 (forte) hard, 
 
 A dot within a letter is tl>n by name. 
 
 It hardens that letter's pronunciation 
 There are two kinds of tt'Jn, Grammarians claim, 
 
 And we'll give them a fuller explanation. 
 
 Remark. We must be careful not to mistake the p'^^^ which is a 
 dot in the middle of a '1 for a ; ^*n If a "i must contain a ,l^'.!^ and at 
 the same time be punctuated with a ,p"ntt' then the '1 with the tt>.n takes 
 the first place as a radical letter and the second "\ is punctuated with the 
 ,p-nD' as in the words .Vfp ^i^V 
 
 31 The hp w^5" is placed only in one of the six let- 
 ters n22 1^2 for the sole purpose of giving them a harder pro- 
 nunciation ; without a tl^j"T they are pronounced softly as 
 ^'n'^'y2 wnth a ty:n hard, as .'n'D'3'3 ^^^^ pronunciation 
 of ^he lefters 'i and '1 (as abovementioned) is also streng- 
 thened by a ,ti^3" but according to their modern pronun- 
 ciation, the effect that the w j1 has upon them is not per- 
 ceptible to us as in the other four letters. 
 
 Their names pTPI C'JiT strong and hp ^*^1 light, 
 
 The latter heps DZ2 HJJS better t > express, 
 In hardening 'n'2'2'2 we can see their might ; 
 ' lUit how is ' T ^jl changed, "tell nre, who can guess? 
 
 ([ cannot read it for it is sealed to me,) The, lack of punctuation seems 
 to be for them an impenetrable veil impossible t pierce ; It shall therefore 
 be part of my task, in this work to dispel their gloom through the (Light 
 for the Upright) nnC^'S IIX as aformentioned, ( 2 Remark B.) wherein 
 I will treat f unpunctuated Hebrew, 
 
r 
 
 n 
 
 j^-'t^ y::stDty:Di:2^nyp pr;s>nt:ij?2 ny-r dd-ij; nyD^yii "i5<: 
 
 -i:; nyi '?nOT D^'m^; .W^^V^ ip-^^jny ijis iyr;n ly'^^s j-'S 
 nn3 Dyryn j^^^^.s ,nns j-'^s tD^'i^^n>^p p:yn-;L2tr y-y; 
 -^^'1 n-;L:jiis* i';3N*L2ty:Di2 lyn^nDy-r t^^n tDpyn'^-r ta^^j in^n 
 
 ,t:nr:; 7? -: y'^^^pKi'i |p:JN*^ "i>n nyr^s* iP^>^^ ^^-riD:: m 
 -i";ns-r ijn nytDn>^n ^LDnn^sp^s .i^Ty^P ,('' ^pi< "i T^t:-;:) 
 
 .yvns nvn,^^ ,n:-nyo ,nvn ,nvinj ,nM : i^^r;'' r^ 
 
 ]Vns-^tr'2i:: n^n 'J^ri ur^i l:t\s' nns dnt isn 
 ,]Vnxn 1^7 n s 3 xn ^:;t nnn: n: a;n r^r^ ds't: 
 
 -li'iM d;:^\x in3 mm 0M'?7n>*p "i;n ]i;n:>eT ; -Jinyn;',*! |;"j'7>*t *^in>'t;'^ V'"^"i 
 
 .11 .T .S 
 
 -pny; inyT "i^'^''^^>2Dv''T 'JDJST IMS iy"n:;ii ;;*2S"L:!r'2i^Snyp :;n /a 
 ]:;:n\x i-:'\x -|'in d^s ,'?nxiiST ]j;nS;myi ivi^^"* "i^Srsy^ ]:>'ii dki ,'jj*t:2n 
 
 pvny^nv "i'ly^iy::: in^' inS'r i^ns s-nr2 ,n:c'r2 ij;3's* ly^^^x '*?" cxi ,lV'''b'T 
 
 T i:i-i.i "lyn .xin cinn ^2 xnpS '?3ik xS ,j;jn;n;'Mnv i,"j:2nv-'* ^'"^ ^t'*< 
 ;x S^voxrs n;n iii oS^xsiy^Sx '^st^x 'jsiSp ';iy;2y-^* ix2,v^*^irn;*i'x:\x ::Tvn 
 
16 
 vowel of the letter which it punctuates, but rather the 
 vowel of the *inD3 n3 that precedes it, and w^hich, in turn, 
 is preceded by a long vowel, the guttural, the guttural 
 itself then becomes a nS*lJ Hi (an audible vowel-less let- 
 ter) and the nns that appears underneath it is called 
 ,"213:1 nnS a furtive nns as in the words n"'D!^D H'Tn 
 
 - I : - -| 
 
 i^1*lD n"'3^D n^ni n"**! ^^^ these and similar cases the 
 guttural letter at the end receives a nns which, however, 
 does not vocalize that letter, but the preceding "iHDJ nj 
 which follws the vowels ,'^ '^ The words quoted are 
 
 therefore to be read nViH^ D''-^ HVI"! &c. 
 
 "I "I ~ I 
 
 The nn3 to the guttural is of no avail, 
 
 Because it does not give it any sound ; 
 
 As to the '1 or '> of *in22 n3 who without fail, 
 
 Does follow its long vowel, it must be bound. 
 
 Remark A. In spite of the above explanation and the rule that was 
 established, such a reading is not in use, but ihe guttural letter is pro- 
 nounced as a ns"l2 n3 which follovvs an imaginary X as in the words 
 
 Remark B. In the treatment of the guttural letters, due consideration 
 was shown them, thus, ma y vowels that precede them (with the excep- 
 tion of the nns) are changed i to a nnB which is called ]ii:>n ni rssnnn'? 
 (a nns for the expansion ot the guttural lettei). For example ITT' instead 
 
 of m'' which form it should have taken, as it belongs to the '7pi5'f2 (form) 
 I" 
 
 of ,hv^ nnp instead of finp (like nCO) belonging to .cncnn rnT.-, 
 I" -\- 1 T' 
 
 very limit of their Hebrew knowledge. 
 
 It is superfluous to state that were they require 1 'o read ,n3tl^r2 ,tt'"nf3 
 ]T1J? )nSc' or (which are unpunctuated) they would sadly s.iy *1SD TiJi'T ah 
 (//I know not this book") but we can safely say that when called upon to 
 read in a niin 1SD or nS';!:^ their response will be Sin Dinn '3 Xip'? '?D'iK nh 
 
Ifi 
 
 ,o?2v^B^ xni pp -^Ns n:n &<n nais p^^jx 
 
 ;p-in iv^^^ n-i^x p-^s DDniv:: ' d;':^^n dxt ^t 
 -D * ' ?3 'H lyiK 't< cyr'N ; p 1 1 tr i v n n S i n p ^ n "i d v ^ ' ^ 
 -nj,:^K yj-i^n IV^^d^'^.'? c^s ^yn'^'rn kt ; Dia ]j,'ny:!"iV!^*^^2 I'^P P^ D 3 y '^ 
 Ijr^jrSiys^K Dysmp ix3 ,v'?Np^n ]yi5;T ,3n2^K lynxjas^^in 'ry^s ^2^3 tssnn 
 QK ,n-iin2 xmp n^n : p^tsivTi ]j,n ]^x c'rx ^iVnyn ^vn'jxnnj? ^s i<73j'C3ix t 
 D\s vnyn) ,|)^i)P /5r /^'(VP ']VD ^'^^ /]D': .rp'DE:3 r ^'^'nrn 
 
 (.'T Dntj*^'? *iix ,:,Vn3 ];'c^'?;!3y 
 
 ; i>n"T;Ti DDSt:-;:! ^iSznj;- -r^is ;pistr-;3D^i ts^p ,i''"'t 
 nsn: n:i d^.s ;v2srDtr::i2^nyp n";T";^-i ;yr^ ^j-^n cy-npyzr.s 
 ^n'^in ,pn^n ^nr:; -j i^^^stL^^rj-c^n^p -,>r;^-i ;-;r^s ,tDny-r 
 
 ,i:nrDpii2 nns 
 
 ,vSNpKn g:,';;3n'? "]n2 it'.i v'n'il 
 
 ^vSxo c^ny' x'l; S'rxn*jx3 d\v i^n 
 .]y:2:2xpj;3 nns ]^^x l:^':S r^^ ^^ D'.n 
 
 nyn{< j'3pi ,]):^yh D'x osn'i^'csix ]yt:'?^r.cnv tr^ixr^jtt Djr3"x avs "ipnyS 
 ;yTy^ D'x ;vt3pp*"i"^'ii<e ]:?;;'3:?\xn 'JoaS^'T .]jr!J:2'3 ct23'3ix; jB^innvn^x 
 -i;n -^ixn v-^->'^"^vS'?x DX-!) by^i t33<^e Tj^sn neo *i;n iv^ftsyTivrx n3ix 
 
15 
 
 'H and 'n after yrzp silent must stay. 
 
 For from the deepest organ are all three ; 
 
 ^ after S and ,^ '> after ^X ^ft? 
 
 The reason in relationship you see. 
 
 'T DHB"'? IlK This is a favorable occasion to shed some light upon the 
 apparantly impenetrable unpunctuated Hebrew in the Mishna : the Stu* 
 dent will kindly note that, inasmuch as every "in^i Hi is in] close rela- 
 tionship with its preceding vowel, which causes the m'V or pi'n to pre- 
 cede every "i the n'j'in or piiy every ,'1 and the 'X or 'n to be preceded 
 mostly by a tY^p but few vowels will remain, even in the longest word, 
 whose identity he will not be able to determine by a slight effort of the 
 
 mind for example, >KQtr n^n lyirsi nh pTB'rrs ^Si ]^^Dis iSxtr ^s '75: C|l 
 031^ P30 vbOD ]"1C^P 'II^P '^^^ ^'^'^ ''''" ^'^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^'^ '^^ **^*'''^ 
 
 See in the j, g. part 1 U^l^h *il (")7f^l) 17^ 
 
 Chapter Nine. 
 nnijj nn2 a fqi^tivk .nna 
 28 The guttural letters yn'n can only be nS*"l3 n: 
 (audible) when they follow a nns or rop which are like- 
 wise gutturals. It would, however, be inconvenient for 
 these letters to appear as "S^'iini after any of the other four 
 long vowels ,p"11t^* ,n^in ,pVn ^rn^'i therefore, when any 
 of these guttural letters is required to follow one of the 
 aforementioned HI^Hj ru^^ljn it must be furnished with 
 
 a .nns 
 
 Gutterals afte r long vowels are not perceived. 
 
 Except with IK or N punctuated ; 
 Their expression, therefore, should be so relieved, 
 
 That through nns thev mav be tolerated. 
 
 BY THE PRECEDING nnOJ m 
 29 That nns however, is not by any means, the 
 
 It is pitiful to think that even tothose who are proficient in reading 
 and translating the Holy Scriptures ,~>y'l the last word in "["in is the 
 
pv ]^i>p ^pvbv n'y)V 05jr^ iir-i^i lyi ]' n^^i ,iyTiyii ij??2oj<i 
 
 01^PC OP)PO ,nr-2^VTi' IV"t r "^'ii ?iP-yp ^^ iSynasnys inc2 n: uhn 
 
 -jys2^^ D^^ssjyzy sn ,p^v^ "r:i.s d^ih -^li ni: t:^ i^r;s''^ 
 
 j:;:r2r2xpSSs2n>'2 l^f in d:;t;'? ]y'jp:,-nsp d-;i *jsu'r;cD'n ivt ^n ,i;';i:v3x 
 
 -n^E Dii<n:x -lasp ]v^;'^i*iy ]yn;'^'i"^ij,' ,p'axa?2xiJ ]j,'C'^yinyn ]j;*^cdx2i;'e 
 1^ .t:2srjyDD>Ti ^yt!'\^yinvn lytr^^S^^nixa jy^is."! '^-;i :'0 l^^r T' OJ-' ^'^>'^ 
 y;y^ii yans ,]':in*;S3s-o"Lr nvn^rTiis y^'^'"* OV-'^^'^^x nys^'X ytsiavp '^"^>M 
 
14 
 
 radical ^ncj?) or else transformed into a 'n as in the word .nntr>? 
 ,"i DnK'^'? *T5K From the foregoing rules considerable information 
 is derived that is of benefit to the student of unpunctuated Hebrew, 
 such as the T\2^D and '"B'T i' that nearly all letters at the end of 
 words must be nxn: m and that the pronunciation of most letters in 
 
 the middle of a word is audible, as in the words D"'")37 O'Oj'O jP 
 
 D^DP Pli^PJ hi)) 07)31)0 hv 'OIIPO bp 1V)V oh)vo 
 
 2. That the letters '^'rn'K are not to be vocalized at all, but should 
 be considered only as ,*inD3 Hi as in the words ]''CT>DT)0 D^13VD ))0 
 
 .01^ l)3pl) p:v bv rts 310 ^^ 
 innj m inaudible m 
 27 As we have just remarked, irDJ nj embraces 
 only the four letters ,"''Vr;'^< and these, too, remain in- 
 audible only when followed by a long vowel, which is 
 articulated by the same organ of speech, thus '^ being 
 a palatal, is silent only after n1^^ and plTI which, as 
 vowels, are likewise palatal, as in the words ^3^^ ""JS 
 
 ') being a labial, is inD3 Hi only when following ub^^\ 
 and pn^ which are also labial as in the words ^^^^^ 
 
 ?Di/t^ '^ ^^^ '" however, as they are produced by the 
 throat and are consequently pronounced faintly, remain 
 iriDi nj usually after ,rop but very often after all the 
 long vowels, as in the words ,^^^^ ,n^^")1 ,i^y ,^"l .^^H 
 -sibil^ ,i<t^^ .ni!* But when the letters '] and '^ are 
 
 T :,T T T 
 
 not of the same organ of speech as the vowels that precede 
 them, they are n^n^ HI as in the words ,)^^ TTl'^i^*!. ""I^ 
 
 we are impelled by considerations of the necessity to combat the evil 
 resulting from the general ignorance th t prevails among laymen, as 
 regards the entire post-biblical Hebrew literature, for the reason that 
 ic is unpunctuated. 
 
14 
 
 n: Dsn tDPS n3 n qj^i ^i:? p>'tDnpT jp ps d^i^ 3;tj<^ 
 13 n^ ^^3 ^r2 : nytDn>^Ti jp px npp s^n t ; nt<n3 
 
 iy;!y.irn D^'Jixn oyi >n:;; dk ; 12VH (19 ) n: n^^ yyh:^y;:^'>'ti dnt Dys'ryTi 
 
 .J5j;t) Nit? DNi a^^Sa 
 
 ]'n nnci n: oya-ixn oyi v^s'-s^^ ly^ J'x l^i^P oj? I^yn .]3Np ]^n -ino: n: 
 
 yiyj UH \i*2K'^^2^2 v'^Sn rcNS DN"! (1 .];'cnv3*^3;' IS '^sntt'-'^ci n:ix nicra 
 
 -^iV uixnyT ]^^H DXT ,ii-)Tt:x3 px."? -lynxT t:rx oy m'^ixn !:j;i2-2^P 
 131X i^r-juxc'j;^ n3j;jyiaj;:i iSysnix'.i "liix nrixtoB' );'DDV"! ?p'iV"i^ dx'b'^VPP^i^ 
 xn n's ^yh ^^''^lyii^E-iv dxt ,dv3':'J<t p^x cxn ,;!xr3ive |vsi2'try2 
 ^'x I'Sr^v^ pyr, DXT ,'jT^x v^^x'^c* d^x Sixii ]pn:;iiv:i ^v cipn ':f?3 
 
18 
 
 After ,n'?p nj,*1in the Klt5> y: must be, 
 
 This to its weakness is due ; 
 Because it cannot conrect, from Hi it must flee, 
 
 A light vowel from every view. 
 
 Chapter Eight. 
 
 HN-ij m AN audibf.k: nj 
 
 26 A letter pronounced in combination with a 
 preceding letter is called .ni All letters have the power of 
 being ,ni and their pronunciation being audible, ,nS^3 Hi 
 (audible n^) with the exception of the letters "''Vn'J< whose 
 pronunciation being inaudible, are called "inci n^ (inaud- 
 ible ,n3) as illustrated b}^ the following examples 
 nS ]2 Di^ D^? all the vowel-less letters are nSIJ n: 
 Id no 5^5 ""P all the vowel-less letters are ,""inD: ra 
 
 Any Ittter at the end of S) liable or word, 
 Without a vowel is nN"li w^ll p rceived 
 
 Excepting ' '/n'H alter some x wels are unheard ; 
 For reasons that later will be conceived. 
 
 Remark A. In the middle of a word the riKli Hi receives a HVZ* 
 which is nj NIC^ ( iq). At the end of words, the SltJ'(witli few excep- 
 tions) is omitted. 
 
 Remark B. It sometimes occurs that two let ers, which are nsii n- 
 at the end of a word both receive a KIC* as in the word mOK' I wo 
 letters at the end of a word can be "inoi nj onlv if the second one is X 
 as in the words J^^in ^KV^^O ,^<^K0 
 
 T T 
 
 Remark C. The letter 'n can be "inCi n3 onl\- at the end of a 
 word ; It is, however, often omitted, as in the word vy-; (from the 
 
 natural that a work of this kind, inasmuch as we ei.deavor to make it 
 a complete guide to the proper u derstanding of the Holy Scriptures, 
 should devote some space t the treatment of unpunctuated Hebrew, 
 In this tleparture from the usual c urse of Hebrew (Grammars, 
 
la 
 
 ,]^<t: ,ripin p^'i^ M>"^"^rii ta^-;!:^^^^ (jyr;T pD) TlD^^ 
 
 T ,Dn-;DtytD3>^ ;: Nntr -pn nbp ^r;^:n s-: 24 
 
 (67 ) ,;y!::nyi'i^'is :nD nps* nr:: yr''s* ,tDD!2t:5ty 
 
 ; ]aNp ):;3j<:2 n:--sitr j^'P cy nt 
 
 ^l^^s^^Sn i;'i:D^N ]vrnSn cvc^^^S oia cy 
 
 
1 2 
 
 matic rules such a vowel is called nbp nyijn ,, light" 
 or unimportant vowel", as for instance in the word 
 HDIS (blessing) when it is declined ^niD^3 (y ^les- 
 
 T T : T : 
 
 sing) the p^l'T! vowel takes the place of the ^^V and is 
 called n^p nf^yn 
 
 Of another kind of vowel we read, 
 
 It is not ,. short" though it seems the same ; 
 
 From a changed j,'3 XIC does it proceed, 
 And iihp ny^in we call its name. 
 
 NO ACCENT ON nb? nvi:n 
 24 Inasmuch as a nbp n>ljn originates from 
 ,> J i<V^ as in the word ^2/^ its nns being substitute 
 
 for the 1tt^ of the word Q^^^iO ^^ the pn^n of ^r\212 for 
 
 the ^Vy^ of n2^2 &c, it is governed by the same rule, 
 hence, has no power to receive a Hi'')! J or ^HuS ( 67). 
 
 The nSp nj?i:n different from the n:'^p must be, 
 
 As it is unable a Hi to produce 
 With a rii^Ji: or *n:3 it cannot agree, 
 
 The one or the other for it have no use. 
 
 xrtj' AFTER nhp nv^^n is yj 
 25 The nbp ny^2^ not possessing the powers of an 
 ordinary vowel, cannot produce a ,ri3 ^^V consequently the 
 Sltr following it must always be considered as ,^*i ^^itT as 
 in the words above mentioned, *^2bc and \n2"l2 both sh'vas 
 are noh. 
 
 It is immaterial, at the present time for us to determine whether the 
 vowels with their various forms of punctuation were known at the time 
 the holy Scriptures were promulgated, or whether tliey are the invertion 
 of a later period (ppn) It is, however, an undisputed fact that all the 
 rules of Hebrew Grammar which have been compiled unto this day, have 
 thtir origin in the Holy Scriptures, timpn ^2712 consequentlv, it is only 
 
12 
 
 ,N15;> Di^ ;n pp iv^ '^i-'d nn& tsji^s ]xa 
 
 ir^'iS n: Nitr u'd liOK^^ ytDixn d^k x^ii n' vu'?'?^^ ; liny"' yuisii d^k 
 
 : -:|- 
 
 .arx (nsno) j^i:^ y^a dSx nn^ro Dtari ,t3;)XTj?;j 
 y3 xitt> px ,7'?-ij?-nxBi;' ]3yi^ ,tDy3;i'^xj?;! m'x ,Sxp^n "iV^V' .'T 
 nnt ; ^303 r< ^D3 t5>'^n!J xm ,]j?nnj?iT i^ ts'^psx^nys n: xity nynx 
 
 in uDyS n: xitr naix y: xib' d:;t ySSyutr xn .'n DntJ^^^ -ili< 
 
 ij?^^2"x jxa Dp2X3 ,;;f30't3trv2 nynj?Dn tsens' v^iJ^^'Jp^^s^i^ ^"i "i'e T^^ 
 
 naix -asnn nyn i^aixsj ]j;:yTyiB'nj?s ^p ]'x ua^mv DD'2Ui3yp 5?2'' ircxo 
 
 'PDD 'PIl^IJi: 'VDD iLDV Vt^l 'Pre ,]y3n-ij?s lyTyS i:f xn ;xq pv 
 
 .nbp_ ni;ijn 
 
 np^3 yt^n.xn c^ svyT Dsn tr":::!; t^ijyj (^^tpt^n [yt^::''^^) 
 5;tDnsn n\s (2 D>n -i>^tDj%s prn) nyiir ;;:'' |\s dii^ (;pj;t) 
 
 VT^n s^nipn ^nriD "i^t yonx^ix -lyn x^n ]xtr ]x?3 n^ .(rsosSyrxnayiy) 
 pnnytsyBB^ y:^^x yn'yyT lynx ; yaisxn 'Jisxpyji nixs ijix ]y?2x: a^a myi^n 
 yrxT'js^in xn n^2 ,vn*::y3 as^i -jt^x ,;y^n (|pn) JinyDoyniyis ysyniisiy 
 
11 
 
 n^)br\ D'^^iyandis called r]Dn compound nnS CjlDO com- 
 pound ^*i:!D tpn compound ]^t:p 
 
 As Xliy is not the right sound of j^'n'n'N 
 This combination has been arranged ; 
 
 Put pp nns or '7;.D after Nltr. 
 
 And the Xlty is into S]t:n changed. 
 
 Re.nark A. These gutturals accept a compound H)^ evea if according 
 to the rules, they should possess a ,nj SltT as in the word f]"ilDj;^of the 
 same paradigm as ."lIDCi*^ 
 
 Remark !>. Every Kitr ):]t2n should be considered as a .y: N*'^ 
 Remark C. C]*jn ]'Dp should not be confounded with y72p c^trn the 
 former being an independent short vowel, rij'jp n"13n derived from 
 
 .Sin 
 
 Remark D. It is often necessary to change vowels inlo yi NVi:' or ns 
 as in the words 13^^ from ,T|j5^ n^'il from .-|tJ^21 
 
 .n nnc"'? "nx In the unpunctuated Hebrew, the ya H'iV and Hi NIC 
 will be readily determined after the lessons bearing on the various 
 forms of nouns, ve bs and their suffixes will have been mastered. 
 
 Easy words for reading ; D'DD 'OD):V nV))^0 b)V '3^13 OV 
 IZ^V OZ^VV ilV}V3 )"j See in the Jewish germaa. .n nn'^y^S T,K 
 
 Chapter Seven 
 
 23 The ^"w* is sometimes changed into a v^owel 
 ( 95 n'O^CD among many others) in order to avoid the 
 conjuncture of twoSh'va Noh's which would violate gram- 
 pronunciation of the n*lD and ,'T23C< the Galician and Lithuanian.) 
 formed what is termed S*ip^b DK (litarally, the mother of Reading and 
 Scripture) (see 'i ^mriJO r\"i2 ]'uJ'n'p) and the form of the letters, also 
 their exact preservation, the zealous guarding against alteration, and the 
 enumeration of each letter, word and verse, as iound in the Holy 
 Sciiptures is called miDJi'? SX (literally ,,the mother of tradition"). 
 
11 
 
 ; inn dsxo oytaony ,t3j;yi^j?3 Dj?t3"ns ; ]v^m^ x'o 
 
 .inn lynnyn tsinySpij; niix ]y2y.i;M 79 ps Dys'ryn ,]5;n:^siy 
 
 Dss n nj;-ir ,j;'n'n'X jy^SLO^::'!^ t<n .22 
 
 c>n iD^D m , i;;f:nv:ni;:s j;j ^^1^ dst Tin -jsTiti^ i:; i2^t< i>^t2 
 
 D^^-r pyn ,D\Sipn D'&^J^ Dnnj? ^Di"! n>^t2nri jp r^< 
 
 VnlDi^ p^t^nyn IP i\s s^n ,tD:^2p i:;r- ,r|!pn yop 
 
 r>-n:;mp n>n yDp^rjoq ,^i:ip rjcpq ,nns f]pn : ^^r-'ii 
 
 ]y:ijS3Q?3y ,]ynyn2'j;,'; (min rr^n) '^oyT^o nya^n =^^2// xn '?j?n-it's ^^^syl 
 ti'.s uE-^if ]j,'D'?ynyi ]^n D^niDD i3ix D^NUJ i^ix n:n min i""'?:; .yB^xn 
 
 xn .]>nxn lyiixii '^-^.ysy'Snya^x nyDDxsiys ijjin^x ]yi:yn ]yT onx any^u 
 ny.V3yii nynx nnyti a^D in xn ,"iyt:::y'?tt>y;; ]yuSx lyi anxyTy'? ya^oy-sS'^x 
 ,'1 pnnjD) Nip^^ Di< : ]xo t3:2y: ,yi:t:xn tsiiynys djix ix ly^anyniyiys 
 ]yiyn x^-t ,]y2xuti'2i2 nyn ^nxx xn n:ix t:sntt* xn ly.iy,"!:':! ; (n"' ]^:rn>p 
 miDDb DX : ]x?3 u:3y: ,iyzxn lyaSxnyix^n t:^-n:y?:r2{<pSSi<5 yD^S-iin^'uimx 
 
10 
 
 resting, as in the word -liOliw^n ^^ two vSli'vas are in 
 the middle of a word, the first is ni the second ,;?3 as in 
 the word .^^pt^^ri 
 
 With ^i Nitr begins a syllable or word, 
 
 na NItJ' eomes at its end ; 
 Two sh'vas in the middle, the second Vi is heard, 
 
 The first ,n3 comprehend. 
 
 Remark A, It is more difficult, however, to determine whether a 
 Nia' is yj or n3 when but one is found in the middle of a word, however 
 it will be fully explained in its proper place, 
 
 Kemark B. Owing to the great necessity for knowing whether the 
 H'W^ letter is sounded with the letter preceding or following it, an easy 
 method of distinguishing the J*^ NIS^ v as established which will be 
 explained, at the proper time ( 79). 
 
 Chapter Six. 
 NV^' PIDH COMPOUND SH'V^A. 
 
 22 The letters y n'n'S being derived from the throat 
 are too weakly uttered to give proper expression to a 
 yj SV^ when pronounced with the letter that follows it, 
 as in the words D'h'2r\ ,Dn^^^y .D^Z'^^ ,01^:1^0 
 but inasmuch as the ^*3 5<Vw is unavoidable, it must be 
 combined w4tli one of the three short vowels, viz nHB 
 
 bW ^ .^ipn yOp^ as in the words nJIOi^ ZZiH 
 
 two thousand years, and it is an undisputed fact that the Hebrew lang- 
 uage and writing existed before Israel received the five IJooks of Moses, 
 and that these also, the nilH as well as the D^S'2J and D'2in2 \\ ere ori- 
 ginally unpunctuated, and were thus read, taught ard studied ' in fact 
 the careful prei:ervation of the proper pronunciation and vocalization of 
 letters and vowels which were orally transmitted for many generations, 
 (which nevertlieless suffered some changes, as in the widely different 
 
10 
 
 
 ,;y,ip:'n v^'^'t *i;n csiSEix sic' dxt -jt'x 
 
 ]y:"x njns t2ii:3:'xiy Sspxii ;y,'i'''j2n ]j;t ^xr^ rs ,vi xv^' c^r^ DXTn*JX"i ut'x 
 D"')\3pD jI) D'bnJ l^'Opj ;xm ,;y2j?iBK'iSDnxt2xn un?:'utfyn]:r3'r^T 
 
 75 ^^\i!^' ?T^.s l:t\s y^ii.ssis cs ^\p j^^s 21 
 yonsii i:\s s^"^-,i ,j;^ d-;i2^Vi:; t:is nj D^^DDny Drs* Dj^tDnsni 
 
 n;ii< nr^'?D -v^ ];\"i:x2.";:x ,t:2x2':vDD^Ti ^v^''^yi-yn i:;t '?^*n*J ];'un*?'-p2Ts:ix 
 .5^:;^ ysS^^n ,';2><iQ'^ I^'sS^ti;'! nv*j"^v'^2 ;mx'j i^'jjs'jy'? xn qnx rn cmo 
 ,*^pmv."; XT .V5'j iv-'^-^^n ;vn l^'^^ "^ ,;*,'mKn 'j3Dcx2iy vSxp^tn ,':nx yh::r2:2';' 
 MV22i<T2'';:: i:;Tyn -\';'2t;)-\ ^'.Vi^^x "nx iJix ]j;tiv1' *J"inySj;: 121 x j:;iy'?v-* 
 
 V'ssS ,*^nr i:*,x v-^"^3'-^* vti'\s'yn3;'n xn i;':i-i*:^*J2^cp:^' .vj^n*j!'2*3ix 
 
9 
 
 Absence or presence does not alter the case, 
 
 For this a resting sh'va we always must call. 
 
 . :i DntJ>''? mx In the unpunctuated word, the sh'va. or vowel-less letter 
 is also used as in the punctuated word=;, and it is generally discernible, as 
 in the words .D)lh)r) "jb ^I) P^Df'l} 00!)3 Od})\ Opl 
 
 20 The ^^Ity at the beginning of a word or syllable 
 is pronounced with the letter following it, and is called 
 ,^J Slti^ movable sh'va, j;^ being derived from ]^^2 to move, 
 because the organ expressing that letter is put in motion 
 at the beginning of every syllable, as in the words 
 
 .ny c:i;_p inp 
 
 A Sh'va at the beginning of a word, 
 
 As a movable Kin' is known ; 
 The motion of letters in speech is heard, 
 
 At bsginning of word is shown. 
 
 ,'T D^^tJ'^^ T.K When uncertain as to the vowel"sound of a letter in 
 the unpunctuated Hebrew, consider it as a Sltt* letter, not alone at the 
 beginning of woids and syllables, but in the middle of words as well : 
 when several consonants follow each other, it is advisable to express the 
 uncertain letter as though it possessed a J?i j,"itt* until the proper vowel 
 
 is determined, for examp. ? 0\ Pl^Ii^l) Ot>l OV OT) VpDL P")p 
 
 Nlt^ AT THK BEGINNING OF A WORD OR SY= 
 IABLIGIS,yj AT ITS KND m 
 
 21 A sh'va at the beginning of a word or syllable 
 is yi movable, as in the word ,"^^3 at its end it is ni 
 
 earliest Sa^es in the form of Mishna and Midrash, and which now 
 appears to us in the guise of the modern jewish-german news-paper- 
 
 Innumerable and of the highest importance are the works that 
 were composed in unpunctuated Hebrew during that period of nearly 
 
' 9 
 
 ,t2'i'L:VT^'; lyrSn-n^i? ]n kic' dnt t:T\x 
 
 ,t:rjy:J7."; t:2s:;*n xr^r 12^:2 xm ,cy ni^n 
 .nj snC' : ixr: -y.;: d^t^t X'h cviv' 
 
 ^^s* V2xa*^'^i2 jTTxS'^xpxn -i>n ,'0D''n dxt -xitr nyn p^m j D"'"i5^*''i? "ilS 
 
 : ]i::-^nV'i IP i^^' J<^ii ?i"* ''.x2;:vpij: -j;*l:2^^S xt mx pyt2-i;"Ti ]yt2 
 
 .b?'i'L> r^^D ''P::'-):: n>p"ji)i /bT^rob 'OP'r^:: /0^"i3 'Or^)^ 
 
 -5::i"ii<2 v'rxpxn xn i^sSyn ]x ,-;hh';'y2f yryn (13 ) .a-.'iiipii'SJx 
 
 yhi^:; D1X ,]i,':j"m;' 15? ny::n;",i liix y^^h^f lyn anK>'Tj;S v,vj:2n xn mx 
 ]y,VT^n IP ]^x iv?272> J<"n ; iyH*'^"'> ^^ yS''"^ J-'^'^^ i2xtr':vDD'n iv'V't r*** 
 
KJtJ^ MEANS VOWEL-LESS. 
 
 17 Thefc<l^ is not a vowel, on the contrary, it shows 
 that the letter under which it stands, is vowel-less as b 
 in the English word bread. 
 
 NIB' as a vowel you must not count, 
 
 No power of vowels does it possess ; 
 
 Its existence is paramount, 
 
 To a display of vowel-lessness. 
 
 SH'VA PRODUCES DOUBLE CONSONAIS^TS. 
 
 18 The letter under which sh'va appears must 
 therefore be pronounced together with a letter that pre- 
 cedes or follows it, as in the words .^J^^^-tJ^^ ^t2\^ 
 
 Supported by a neighbor letter, 
 
 The Sh'va letter is to be expressed ; 
 In every word there is none better 
 
 Either for its motion or its rest. 
 
 19 If the ^^'^ letter is pronounced with the one 
 preceding, it is called Hi Sl^iresting sh'va. The word n} 
 means resting, because the organs of speech rest at the 
 end of the syllable, as in .'^n-l^'' D^l'D^ 
 
 At the end of syllables, taking its place, 
 
 Although it is not 'neath the letter at all ; 
 
 /V long vowel, H") short vowel ; ^pTTl /^H 1. v. p") sh. v. ; D?in in U v 
 
 ah sh. V. : p'-\^^ At^ 1. V. ,p-| sh. V. 
 
 Remark C. While we are treating of the vowels which play such 
 an important part in facilitating the fluent reading and correct under- 
 standing of the Holy Scriptures, it will not be out of place for us to 
 discuss the unpunctuated literature that covers Fuch a vast field in the 
 domains of Hebrew k,>owledge, that was handed down lo us by the 
 
8 
 
 ( ) v^p^'^s^ yiij;:!^^ -iyi3j<r\s np^fc< fc^^-'iv;: i6 ^ 
 jp"'"':; D>nyn -i^l^ ;D tDijyj ^ipstoa^sia Dj?r"'i< -i3;id:in 
 
 -a nj;"ijr D^i< dj?^^j ;j;r^p tors i^W di n 
 
 ."I%^'n2 ytSnS^n lya^t:''"'! L\N* '3 DSl 
 ,aSn;s^';j myisn ]:,n -.s t33^: i-i^ii Kits' 
 ; ip'^x Dn\y tDT'N ttSKipSxp^^i j?:^'p 
 
 Dytyn ^wpj^ii yj)D-!j7 np |op tr'^ns ]yjjj,nBiSi.'< j^DD^jasyiyj djtt n:iN ]y3 
 
 ,]pnn'N ]yn t3'0D>JT\s DD^:a7;,'n~VB ysSy: dxt .nns :;smp ;t2?:r:y:2ir5?J3K 
 
 : D^in ; .p pn ,.'T -^ ''n : pyn ; ly^j-ip n~i ,'^Np^n i^jj^n'? ,7 : htv 
 
 .p ^pT ,.11 '' '^^ P'^ii^* ; ? 'Cji' ,.11 *? 'in 
 
ORGANS OF SPEECH AS APPI^IKD TO 
 VOWELS. 
 
 14 The vowels are also pronounced by the various 
 organs of speech. 
 
 The vowels too by organs of speech, 
 
 Just like the consonant 
 A different organ have for each, 
 
 To make them resonant, 
 
 THEIR SYSTEM OF PRONUNCIATIOX. 
 
 15 J!::p is uttered by the throat, nn^!; and pn^n by 
 the palate, ub^'^ and p^lD by the lips. This system of pro- 
 nunciation of the long vowels is employed also for 
 their corresponding short vowels. 
 
 The ]*pp vowel by the throat is gained, 
 
 n*i^X and pn^n from the gum arrive ; 
 D'7'n and p^V2^ by the lips obtained, 
 
 These organs also for the shorter five* 
 
 Chapter Five. 
 THE SH'VA. 
 
 16 Two dots one above the other, viz ( : ) under 
 a , letter are called ,^]^* There are two kinds of ,i^yz* 
 
 namely yj t^y^ movable sh'va and n^ SVw* silent sh'va. 
 
 See two dots under a Hebrew letter, 
 
 Perpendicularly for HVZ* they stand 
 just at present I can do no better, 
 
 'J'han name y:-S1tt' and Hi at your command. 
 
 Remark B. The names of the long vowels or n',nx are so punctu- 
 ated as to furnish their own characters as well as that of their derivatives 
 ,nn'7in thus the first vowel yop has its own character 5< in the first 
 part of its name, and the character of its derivatives short vowel J< riDS 
 in the second part of its name. It is the same with the rest ; n'T'V 
 
^yuSs KH ni^ ,t:nx3NT n:iK h)iD nflS 
 
 ,DS"n ,pn'n ,m^:j ySxpxn nys ]j;!::ix:;\'.ix xn .'3 Dnsj^""!? "l')^5 
 ynxj psj; ^S5nB^ ''"K>n n:ix ]yaiv>tDpiiB3ix lyn ]>x -iy.i:ysix nyn lyjiy''? p'^^\:^ 
 t2.vsy.i '1 onB'^'? iix 27 Dy x'n) ]yi:yp i:i ^yr^tt'ctt'ya q2>'S px;i xn mx 
 
 '^h)l '^Cbl /D^ Pll '^1)V 'T ''3t> ':^V : pyiDT;Ti ]yn ]^x xni ,(nTn 
 ,l>Sn:yuc'f2ix nnyrs nx*.i^ nan ySxpxn ir^iip n n:ix |'?3p ''C'^DI Tl") '''3b 
 
 .]y-y:ny inx vmyroysc' ixny^ in ]yTiyn 
 
 ,]ynyaB'r:3j? -n: ]yi3yp ySxpxn xn 
 
 siyny^nxsn^'n ] y .1 : x S xn x^n ]';2y 
 .]j,'3xn i:j 113 y :j n 1 p lyiyn i^ix nr; ' 
 
 pTH. "f:n^< HT^ ;y^nvp ^P t2t:t:s^t^'i::>^ ypp 15 
 TIN* in"^ii '"'^'^"'^ nj^lJip 1^"^^' n^r^s psnstr^D^is ^<n 
 
 (.:3ipi3;^:s 13 >; 
 
 ixj; ^;nx ,vr;"n ts'^: ,^y:yny33'ix ;yrixr2 ^x ]ynyTy:i2X (13 ) .^5 ;i:ipny::x 
 naix nvnix "iy"i lyrsxi xn t^n ,pynnyS ^yaynyTyjixs ynxnayr: nyi'^p 
 1^2X3 nytyn -jiips^S!?!:': yrxaSys xn D^ix^nn in uoyS ,]y2^n2C^r2 myiJn 
 dSx nynpyn -inyr lysxuirDi^ lyn ]ycN3 xn (1 n^u xt .]y::yn5tr2x idd^: 
 XT xn xn ]ynSn 'a T^n xt n:ix ,3-'.'? ,2-'n ,1-'X 'o:f ]y:?u^3y3 i!f ]y'?rtxs 
 XT n:ix ,4()-'D ,33-J''S ,3()-''7 ,21.x"D ,20-/3 ,11-'X"^ ,10- > .ny3>\^ : ;ya::xay; 
 ,376-v^ytt> ,300-'^^ ,264-T'D1 ,200-'l ,150-^9 ,100-'p .nyjny!* xn ]yiS'2 ts'^^f T'2 
 ril^n:i nij;i:n np lyaxs xn r;:yn (2 .ytsnynain .11 .t .x 6l3-.v'nn ,400-'n 
 

 SHOUT VOWELS-niJDpn^Pljn 
 1 3 The five vowels aforementioned, which have a 
 long drawn utterance, are called ni^n^l niyijn, lyong vowels 
 or m^S fundamentals. When, however, they have a short 
 or quick utterance, the}'- are termed nijlip iTi^'lJH Short 
 vowels, or nn^in derivatives. Their names, characters, 
 and sounds, are as follows ,^ p'^^ri ,5^ ^IjD ,i^- npD 
 
 .i< yap ,i? ^ r|on ysp 
 
 Sv'D nns and so on, are names of old, 
 P'^or the sho t vowels that are found, 
 
 l-"ach in the long vowel its origin does hold, 
 Whose name gives long and short sound. 
 
 '3 D"'1Ji"'7 "TIX 'Ihe Sounds of the four long vowels ,p-i>n ^nvn 
 ,p*T:^ ,D^in are easily perceived by the student when re ding unpunctu- 
 flted Hebrew, such as the commentar\- of Rashi &c as shown in ( 27 
 .ntt""' mx) The perception of the sound of yr2p and the short vowels 
 is more difficult, however, the rules proper for distinguishing them 
 vill be fully explained. For examp. )f^^5)0 '3^^ DI^ 'D^W PP 
 
 Remark A. Although some teachers still persist in mis-using the 
 names of letters and vowels, thus proving themselves unfit for their 
 profession, still those names of letters and vowels properly used are 
 very beneficial thus the letters of the alphabeth are used as a numeral 
 system, viz : ,2 n ,1 N until IV are digits ; tens, SO'? ,20 2 ,10' &c 
 and hundreds ,400-n ,300-'t: ,200-1 ,100-p 
 
 P'D ip ')'j 'p D'D V Dvb p ^0 'V') )0 '7J 'J'f' 
 
 '1 he dissimilar letters, are : 3D ''0 1] 7^ V^^^H P^ k^*{^ ^^ 
 
 In the first passage of Rashi in Genesis the nine dissimilar letters are 
 
 represented (for the beginning of this passage see the jewish-german part): 
 
 DP'::'3D':: DPT D'lD'D^l) i'p^'i^'i) o^:o^3 >'7'3^p ^ivv' d'P':: 
 
 fPO 0"3 '-^MpO b'-^ 'p'PO b OOb ^ly'T' DO D^r^D 0:)'3'S ']1V 
 
 l)r!)^)V'j-)/3^ D."^l) ]d: ^)vji'5 vrD'3 1'vn-irb o:p:^ o'pi'3 t\"^ 
 

 (/;^psn r^2^h) ni^'"i;! nirun 
 
 ' v'^xpsn xn IMS ,p-i^n m^v |*op 
 
 ; r233Xpy2 *::d.'!:;*'? :: :mih oha nan ,p-)it^ ,D^in 
 
 .tt3:N:y.i y S s p s 1 1 J,' :? 1 : p : tr^s'S v"^>*i:!i< ix^ 
 
 C"'2:j dxt j;Sxpxii i;n xn ins nmi ,^nxnN? |*?*J!i3K:NT:xp dj7i yta^-n^n."? lyn 
 ? ii';:nn:fS'^2 ,iv DT\S ^^V D^in :dSx iv '^t>x i'i 
 
 c.^^^-^xn r^mp) nijipp nwjn 
 
 : p^p^iSE lin vi:^!^ -liis |j;nir2 ,|j;DkS:i j>*-iyi .tsijs^r;: 
 
5 
 
 Chapter Four. 
 
 I.ETTERS VOCALIZED. 
 
 10 Every letter is vocalized by a vowel called nyiin 
 (literally "movement'') There are five different forms for 
 every letter. 
 
 For a letter to have a certain sound, 
 With a vowel it must be combined ; 
 
 Its power the Grammarians have found, 
 And in five forms thev have declined. 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 1 1 There are five different vowels, ni^l^n by 
 which letters are vocalized. 
 
 Well have orthographers succeeded 
 
 Five different vowels to invent, 
 For various sounds that were needed 
 
 The proper expressions they lent. 
 
 LOiSiO VOWELS-mi?nj n^pjn 
 12 Their names, characters and sounds are as 
 
 follows : pyn ,^ ny)^ .^ ^ yop^ 
 
 .i ) p^p M i D^^in ,!>^ (with a follow. 'V) 
 
 As I'lap ni'i and so forth, they are known, 
 All of them long vowels are called, 
 
 Every one developes a vowel of its own. 
 Which as short vowel is installed. 
 
 Remark. It is inadvisable for teachers to use either the names of 
 vowels or letters ( 2. Rem. C.) for elementary instruction. Is it not 
 easier to teach the beginner by expressing the elementary sounds of both 
 letters and vowels, as for instance V"i is iV instead of ?"iv is "'^V D?in 
 
 .'i< nnt!>^7 *TiK As before mentioned, al out two thirds of this Rashi 
 '2 'X is a'most similar to the usual '2 H as will be seen iii the following, 
 (each dissimilar letter is distingjished by a dot above it) vi;^. 
 
ybhasi rx f\hv 2"b:i) .T'tJ^D rn^K ; I'Soya 
 .|Vpp<'?niy IS ;i'!23^ii-in d'tn i'ik lin 
 
 
 tD::N*r;: njnjin ^N*ps*ii !y^^^^^ inn ,psn2trD"'^s -i>n ps 
 
 .]i,\'^;''2 IS XT ^;"JnX Xi^'7-iyrE "1X2 
 
 : i^Srsy: kixt jsD'^n Dy..My-t3'E is p^r^x ;v2'S:n;*;ix 
 
 oi^po P'p V^prol) yi'j 0^0 'rt p''P'5^ ^^31'1'V'p .n't^*Ni2 
 b'pi'P i^vvjy^ o^vD'p'i ov3r 'PO'i: o^V o'^o 'dtvp'O^^ tVp 
 p:^^ i^dI) '7^jp v::!^')^ 'P3 dv::^^ p^'^'pi'3'3 'pp^ dpo or^^ 
 
Into three classes divide the letters, 
 P'irst the roots to make, 
 
 Second their auxiliaries abettors, 
 Third for beauty's sake- 
 
 Remark. The root of every word consists of three letters, which 
 express the essence of that action or state of being, as for instance "t'oh to 
 leara '1 'a 6 are the three radical letters. 
 
 AUXILIARIES. 
 
 8. 2. nv^iaty Auxiliaries. The following eleven 
 letters ybD^ H'tt^D I'H'^S are affixed before or after the words 
 to express the various forms of action or possession of the 
 radical words, thus in the conjugation of the word T]D^t< 
 "I shall learn," the S is an auxiliary letter, or prefix, and 
 in the declension of the word ''131 ' 'my word" the "^ is 
 also an ^lO^H ms or suffix. 
 
 A word with all its manifold relations 
 
 Terfectly expressed if you wish to know, 
 
 Eleven letters give the explanations 
 
 Theyje y'h2^ H'^C^rs yr^H that show 
 
 SUPERFLUOUS LETTERS. 
 
 9. 3. niSDIi or Paragogicals. The five letters J'^inS 
 are often found in words where they do not serve the pur- 
 poses abovementioned, and are probably placed there for 
 the sake of euphony. 
 
 Paragogic of no benefit 
 
 Unless a better sound to obtain, 
 Why in the Scriptures they did admit. 
 
 These ]"nns* 'tis hard to explain. 
 
 corresponding letters in the H brew. It will therefore be a part of my 
 present work, besides the course of the usual grammar rules, to put also 
 at every fitting occasion, under the name "'D"'1tJ'v liS '' Light for the 
 
 upright" rules and remarks concerning the Rashi ?cript and reading. 
 
4 
 
 -n2 p^j;ti ,d6d1 n'^r^ yD^i^ ]V2^'^\y^^2 C)^]; sn T^t2yi 
 
 -'^ys-nxi'i 'm dmn any^K^ya y:!N"is lyiyn ansTi oynjr^ ..isipnyD-x 
 -D^iN DJiypjNny;) ^yi^ynyo^x is oyn r]2'njyman;i ]n yrSyii (121 ) lynxatt^sn 
 an '"I 'D 'i? I'Soyj i:^T (;viiyS uonni xn) "iiD^n yansn d^n xm ,]ypp'*Ti 
 
 Dj?nay:SK2 dms s^n ,i^'?:ny i^'rfiy'S ]y2'S:nvT!V,i ]y:i^OKiri^'?.i lyi '3 'S ^"t^n 
 
 *P'i: ip '('3 p v'D ]) or^l) p ^X) 'V') ^o '7J '3T 
 
 (no) 5D (!:\s) I^P (]sn) J)P(nT) 1) ]y2^<B20^2 xn ii':::^: nsn lys'^rinyaix xn 
 
Unguals Y'*1'^'D'] by the teeth, therefore called dentals, 
 n'D'V3 t)y the lips and are therefore called labials. 
 
 V'n'n'K by the throat are pronounced, 
 p'3'vj by gum; By tongue H'^'^'D'T 
 
 |'")'2J>'D'T by teeth must be announced, 
 
 And ?]''V3 through the lips must pass. 
 
 THEIR i:N^TE:RCHANaABILITY. 
 
 6 The letters produced by the same organ, are on ac" 
 count of this relationship interchangeable, thus ^^^Q 
 
 T 
 
 (polluted) with'5^ instead of T'J^JiO with 'j; because 'J^and 
 
 'J7 are produced by the same organ of speech, namel}^, 
 the throat. 
 
 Letters which from same organ originate 
 Change, occupying each others place, 
 
 Dost seek the reason for this peculiar state 
 'Tis in their relationship to trace. 
 
 Chapter Three. 
 
 RADICALS. 
 
 7. All letters are divided into three classes, namely, 
 Radicals (nrtriwV) Auxiliaries ( ri'',''t^*''it:C^ ) and Paregogic 
 
 1 . m^ti^"ltr Radicals All letters can be used to form 
 the roots of words, but the following elevn letters. tD'n 
 p"Ti' y'T:! TBD can be used for that purpose only. 
 
 as Rashi, Nachmanides Abarbanail &c. This writing however seems to 
 have been transmitted traditionally by ceitain parents to their favorite 
 sons, The Hebrew Grammers that are now extant give no hint nor 
 intimation of the importance of the aformentioned Rashi script, nor do 
 they contain any information for the study of the letters thereof. 
 
 Though i8 of the Rashi characters have a most perfect resemb- 
 lance to the ordinary Hebrew 'i 'H^ the other 9 are different from the 
 
3 
 
 sn^nn ipnyn ;;'n'n'^^ i-;ast:i*^Di3 s*n i^^dj?: ,(Vdi2 
 
 ,^D''^^-D^n ;i>^t23;nDnyj i^f'^iyusr^^ ,DSs**^:iyr^s '^-r ,t22s*tr 
 
 -nn'x xn .;jr^x;-i3j?n ]i?:3''?inj?n^;? ]j;i i:<^ a'^ps'^^ny j;:>'X nxns ]y::xn ;j;2 
 lynxT SSxT Dv .|pjr'ti'*iJ''2 r^^^ ]V2'S:nv,'ij,\"! ]yi ]xe n:'T ixiy' ]'':! ip 
 
 -t;i xn VD 1:2^7// n^'\f'b "lix : ];*?3x: ]y- nr-"-^ :::.*:' p^.yayn I'-x ^lymr'i 
 .^V2xa n '2^';i::v;h n:',x as^^c* r;yn ijn'x "yr^S 
 
FINAL LKTTERS. 
 
 3. The letters DDli*JO when at the end of a word, 
 are formed differently than at the beginning or in the middle 
 of a word, thus TinVJD. Hence these are termed final let- 
 
 just see the letters DD^JD tive 
 
 In different forms are framed ; 
 At ends of words when they arrive; 
 
 Hence, final letters named. 
 
 Chapter Two. 
 ORGAXS OF SPFTCCH, 
 
 4. The letters are pronounced by means ofthe five or- 
 gans of speech (i^CODD w'D) i- ^- each sound is pronoun- 
 ced by one of the following five organs, namely throat, 
 palate, tongue, teeth and lips. 
 
 As to their pronunciation, 
 
 It is by five organs of e^peech; 
 Five forms of articulation, 
 
 Every organ for part of each; 
 
 SYSTEM OF FRONUXCIATIOX. 
 
 ^ 5. The system of pronunciation is as follows, the 
 letters J^'HTl'^ ^^^ produced by the throat, and are con- 
 sequently called gutturals, p'3'^'3 ^^Y tbe palate, therefore 
 called palatals, P'J'^'CO'"! by the tongue, hence called 
 
 student by whom the Hebrew tongue is eniirely unknown, the Author 
 therefore suggests that it be taught mainly by the use of the elementary 
 sounds, the names of the accents, however, as they prove more useful 
 should be tought as they are called. 
 
 Remark I). It is of the utmost importance to know also the 'z 'K of 
 the so-called '-'Rushi script,'' in whicli many Hebrew books are printed, such 
 
,'^]y3xa'j>2m2V" IRTISH sn 'j:3y: ]>*:2 
 
 -^snstr n>n ;r''s* ipr :t2D''^n ds-i ,t2:jT;: (;r''^pnyn::snt:') 
 -^,S2n';n ^;Dt:i^t:D2^'^n |p:3p^S2 n-;- |j;:^\s -pn -r^*'n -^ti^i^ 
 
 -p';ni dSk in isi^' :;iKn:3v*2 yr'/vn : |y;i:.n5n*3i\x lySS^:'^' xt gix ni';.3;*2:x 
 
 -j;mV3V3 cSx n2n;n:'n in;v2 p-j,"!")^' ]yi T2 nan xn .!:2v^jny cr^i Js^Doya 
 Y;i !2V2 in ,*;'jnS ]y2^'?'JiV'''^^* ^<-"i dSx i:n ij,nyir^ lyj-^^^i'^^z xn xt ,n2j,n 
 i:f in ;yn'>Mny n^'r^S^J^: Sv^2 .ly^^H'^^'^^^'s i^ *i3'N ]:?.Vi^^xij,'2 i:f ]ySxpxii 
 
 uT'x u^^p;n3y:in'jx: n:ix ."siVJD^ny: -lysDxi-i |s'3 (2 ) 'i ;!JipnV'-- 
 ny'^'n^' |X2 p;ddxd ii;rSjrn ]";< ,*j!2nc'-'"''t^n :*,"j::k;p xt xn ;vDcn'! '.i* i^ix 
 
 .vnx i5"XJin_3X ^riipn 7''"^*'] Dbx ]y22X-^'j' ]V"2'nxL^:y?2?2xp ]X2 ,::2XC':vDD^n 
 
 m: ixn^i i2zn'y ';2h';^) ; -i:n ;ya:;n:^7;!ny^y^: i>P"^V'i r;':^x:\vix ;x inx cSx 
 -n^j .'jy't:* ^in i^f r22iinv2 y."::'Szy''? n^j^n |y:''x qnx -iv-i< nx2 ';^yixi'jnxi*j 
 ];]:x'Jt^2^2-^"S:n i:;n j^>p-r>!:2'',i xn ^^ms xii ,1^*2*^-'* ^''^'^V-^^'C ^*^< t:t^x Dijp 
 
1 
 
 Chapter One. 
 
 LETTERS (n?ni^^) 
 
 1. The x\lplia-Beth of the Hebrew Language con- 
 tains twenty-two letters which form the ground work of 
 the language. 
 
 Letters of the "Holy Tongue" 
 
 Are twenty-two by name; 
 P^very Hebrew while yet young, 
 
 Should strive to know the same 
 
 KAMKS AND FORMS. 
 
 2. The names and forms of the letters are as follows; 
 
 ,5^1 ,1V m .n^6 'P- 'H '^n ^phi hm ,n^l ,^% 
 .in ,p|' .i^^'^l. .^ip oi ,t^l ,pL^pp ,|u ,Dp ,npb* 
 
 'T.l '^\ '^*'l ^^1 ^P'^ r\'2 ?|^i< 
 ; ^13 nv n'D ,n^n 
 
 .in r:; K>n ?i^p nv ,N*3 
 
 Remark A, The letter ^ with its dot on the right side pronounced 
 as "Sh," in "Shine" ch.inges its sound to D as Sin "Sign" by placing 
 the dot on its left side, as in the word "^^ 
 
 Remark B, The Letters n23 1*3 have two pronunciations, hard and 
 soft, namely, without dots they are s^ft as in the following: "IIJ^I P2^2 
 
 "I2it^ Vi^nn with dots they are hard viz, .i3^?p ^53^ ISlpfj Dn inS T|l^ 
 
 Remark C. These names were probably given ihe elementary sounds 
 of the Hebrew Alphabeth for the purpose of lixing the sound in the 
 memory of the young scholar by naming the letter after a visible object, 
 however, in our days, it has proven far from beneficial to the \oung 
 
.;>n^^2 ps-iBtr ^,>n>^n p';t:5n3;Ti ;>*^^ i:^ C|Sd^-i:ti:i 
 
 ,^3 ,-ir ,n^e .n^n ,|^.i ,ii ,^^n ,n7i .b^^^ ,n^3 ,^74? 
 .in ,p|' ^^'^. ^^ip ^'"|y ,vn| ,|''i; ,t]d6 ,|i: ,d5 ^"ipb* 
 
 ,Nn n^i ^^^2 n'3 ?ibi< 
 ;ei3 ,nv n^D ,n"'n ,;n ,i} 
 
 .in i^c' en ?]^p n>* 
 
 V3'\^ ]yssn n'D'3 Tys li'nxrs'^'rin oryr sn '2 .-iiip-iyr^is 
 
 .]yDNns2'pDMx 'jnxn sn ivJ'^V'n ,nninn ni33p "iBpi "lan/J? 
 
^ ."i3y r\E^^ nmn ^ 
 
 TORATH S'FATH EBER 
 
 or 
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 * 
 
 PART I 
 
 ORTHOGROPHY. 
 
 e^ 
 
VIII 
 
 , D''wv., ^"^pn ->pw^ DWn ""bpt^'P 
 , D^i:? |n->{< -iiD,^ bv. , bys "'r,J3 
 
 
 , ^r\m 'S35 ^^'?j , D"':npn 
 ! nvi?i nra -^^sn lipp , b^n ?jp 
 , n^,;^"~in ab n-ilnn ]nl: -n^ 
 
 ! D'c^nnn ni: , i<j Dbp>^ , Tj~i]y3 p 
 , -ID5-13 ti''^i^ ?p^, ^Tl^i 'Slip 'p?) nin 
 
 ,~l2nDn ,p"sb -'Din njtt'2 ncT, 't 
 
VII 
 
 't T : - : V T|-- T : - 
 
 . D"'^ipii^' ply '^ptj^D? , ^'Wn T]-)i. ^:; 
 , D^^m nnin ij2d , ^'v:*i 3n3 nD'^a 
 
 ; npcj'Ti no? , nipi "i?^ ^J?P^ 
 
 , ^nyo: ns dis* , ]vbv. 'tf'ip 'i??^: 
 mm D~ilK^ . ^""^J inD3 , bp. u'^n] 
 
 , niyijri 'b? . nnson ]i''?i ^x*-! 3n5 
 
 , n:;ii:'''n ^j^yoD , n\ nn^;; np0 
 
 . cmnys i'i6^2 , i^^np:- nil |n3 
 ; ^nnna d^je^'^ , -)i3in ^p'pns 
 
VI 
 
 , n^DH"! npx^r? napnn n?P D5 
 
 
 
 
- V 
 
 TESTI/nONIALS, 
 
 III. 
 
 From the Rev. Dr. H. P. Mendes, V'"*: 
 Mr. Hertz's work is the natural result of 
 his many years of practical teaching. His 
 methods are well adopted to impress our 
 grammatical forms on the mind and the un- 
 usual features of his book will commend 
 themselves, particularly his treatement of 
 Rashi script and unpunctuated Hebrew. 
 I shall be glad to hear of his success. 
 H. Pereira Mendes 
 Spanish and Portuguese Synogogue, 
 New York City. 
 
 IV. 
 
 From the Rev. Dr. B. Drachman, y^ 
 It affords me much pleasure to testify to 
 my approval of the work written by Mr. S. 
 Hertz, tofaciliate the instruction of the He- 
 brew language. Mr. Hertz is a Hebrew 
 pedagogue of long experience and con- 
 siderable attainments and has had in view 
 the difficulties whioh present themselves to 
 the teachers in dealing with beginners par- 
 ticularly those of tender years. His method 
 will be found quite practical for accomplish- 
 ing this task. The idea of teaching the Kashi 
 script is also a very useful one. As a whole 
 the work should prove of great service to the 
 Hebrew instructor. 
 
 Bernard Drachman 
 Rabbi of Cong. Zichron-Ephraim, N. Y- 
 January 3rd 1904-5664. 
 
 From the Rev. Dr. Ph. Klein, V'''J 
 
 n^p -123 lE^N ": Y"^^^ ^l^]'']r)^ 'mo ^^v^^rih 
 
 HQD iTn nm'^\>T\ lijic^^ nnsD ni^2 
 
 i^D pi Dn^D^n^ d:ii DnD^^Di? 31 nSyini? 
 
 |i3:i nn:i y^v n nvd^ nrn ]nv b'^^Ki x-np 
 
 nvnn mm .-nix ix^^^ini? ipin^i ivdn^ 
 
 ,nph ^'D)nh ':2 n^n inni'i 
 
 n. 
 
 From Professor Solomon Schechter, V'"'J 
 January bth 1904. 
 My friend, the well known Hebrew 
 Scholar, Mr. Simon Hertz, of New York, 
 has shown me his work, written in German 
 & in English "'Torath S'phath Eber" an el- 
 ementary Hebrew Grammar for the use of 
 all who wish to become initiated into the 
 sacred language. Mr- Hertz has been a tea- 
 cher of Hebrew for more than a quarter of 
 a century, and l found that in his book he 
 had made good use of his long experience. 
 Both ill matter and in form it is admirably 
 suited for teaching purposes He had exer- 
 cised wise judgment in the selec ion of his 
 
 matter, whilst his method is clear and direct, 
 calculated to make the instruction easy & comprehensible. I have therefore subscribed for 
 five copies and have also much pleasure in recommending the work to all lovers of the 
 Hebrew la guage and all interested in spreading its knowledge among our young men. 
 
 S. Schechter, 
 President of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. 
 
 ^:45908 
 
maia) 
 
 c w > 
 
Torath S'fath Kber 
 
 A 
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR 
 
 An instructive guide to the 
 
 HOLY language: 
 
 FOR 
 
 JEW^ISH SCHOOLS AND HOMES. 
 
 Written in a most interesting and attractive style, 
 with ample rules and explanations concerning 
 
 Ri^LSHI SCRIPT 
 
 and the reading of 
 
 UNFUlSrCTXJA^TED HEBRE^^ 
 
 In English and Jewish-German 
 Divided in tinree parts, viz: 
 
 Part One ORTHOGRAPHY 
 
 \ ; P?rt Two- -ETYMOLOGY 
 
 --.'' " Part Three VERBS 
 
 COMPOSIEJI BY 
 
 SIMON HEUTZ, 
 
 ENGLISH TRANSLATION REVI.^ED BY 
 
 V. S. D. AARONSON, 
 
 IS^E^V YORK, 1904. 
 
 Morris Philip, Printer, 330 E. Houston St., K. Y. 
 
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