LEE ANi HANDBO liy W.U.TK* K. K Olotb, 60 (flit*. 11 This v:ilu;ilili- I ;is ;i du'est of rlociii ill Jirirn "A'.y. Ti Xolittlc book is if ils inculcation ; i'/iarc/iinun, Sew i'u SHORT ST liy THOMAS WKM\ " Col. IIl','u'il|siill i ability. l)iu in HOIK* tli.ui i;i these grace that any more dag; thorite, I'oe or > IKM tin- author of An Itegliueut." Kiixji A Il.tii'lbook for tli> und PreMrvlug Coinpl Skrl lnlll/lll, r o 1'ricir 6() ccni-i. " It is entirely pi required t> reniici ln-.vs tits it to lii! car .\ntt"ii(il ltiif/i.y -terns of phonography is about as difficult as the Roman (h), that character would be appropriate for the initial, and the aspirated vowel is suriVi<-m in the surname. Even this necessity would not occur once in five thousand cases where 1 1 The principal objection to the H in phonography is that it is the one "bone of contention" between the various systems, causing them to wage INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 5 against each other like the Kilkenny cats, and with a tendency towards the same result.. 4. This is the only method that shows when W and Y are consonants or vowels, and yet the dis- tinction between the consonants and vowels is one of the main features of phonographic reporting. 5. The only method that has a distinct sign for each of the two letters Ra and Ar sounds ele- mental and so dissimilar (the former being slightly trilled) that separate characters should be provided tor them in long-hand. 6. Two or three simple rules for acquiring pho- netic consonant outlines of words. 7. A few simple expedients enabling students to read readily at the first lesson. 8. A system of punctuation enabling students to gain much more speed than by former methods, to read with more facility, and to give more rhetorical expression to what they have written. 9. Giving in second lesson, after having learned the consonants, expedients for writing frequently recurring sounds with a much less number of strokes. 10. A change and extension of list of voweJ 6 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. logographs to the first, second and third positions, giving vowel sounds in their true positions, so as not to trip students up, as formerly, and by repre- senting the most frequently recurring words with a mere tick, thus greatly increasing speed and facility in reading. i T . Rule to secure greater legibility in applying halving principles. i 2. Principles enabling students to discard vowel position, if desired, and thus secure more advan- tages for phrasing. 1 3. Directions for practice by which, if followed, students cannot fail to gain in speed in each lesson. 14. Specific directions, enabling the student to know without hesitation whether or not to apply the R or I, hooks. 15. Briefer and more systematic manner of rep- resenting prefixes and affixes of words. 1 6. Reducing the necessity of abbreviations or word-signs from a list of several thousand lo less than a dozen. 17. A diagram of the vowel scale that will enable the student to apply any vowel to any con- sonant in any direction without difficulty, at the INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. J same time showing the reporting style position of any words and illustrating the phonetic changes of vowels. This diagram saves scores of pages of definition and description. 18. A slight change in the "ticks," making them safe, reliable, more speedy, and doubling the facility for phrasing. 19. A slight change of W and Y logographs, which increases the speed and facilitates phrasing. 20. Over one hundred expedients for gaining speed and doing away with word-signs ; such as widened hooks, lengthened hooks, waved hooks, lengthened widened hooks, reversed hooks, length- ened reversed hooks, curves, waves, etc. 21. Harmonizes the various systems based on Pitman's, and establishes a universal one, which should be the grand desideratum of all short-hand writers and friends of the art. The conflicting principles of former methods, and consequently the antagonistic relations of their adherents, is the chief reason why phonography has required ten-fold more time than any other palpably useful art or science in becoming generally accepted. It is also the cause of the lack of confidence in it evinced by many 8 iNTkonrnoKY KK: MARKS. business men, and responsible for a large part of the total failures made by students who try to acquire and apply all the conflicting principles of several systems. 22. Phonetic spelling, or spelling by sound, is strictly adhered to at the first of the course by all previous text-books on phonography. This is a branch of education whose details, minutiae and exceptions would alone require a life-time to master, and when taken as an introductory step towards learning short-hand, engenders a confusion that leaves the learner little courage to attack the subject proper. It is not an actual necessity in writing short-hand rapidly and reading it, even by the pho- nographic alphabet, as the different degrees of its application by different stenographers in the pro- fession will illustrate. About all of phonetic spelling that is practically acquired by stenographers is learned from the daily practice of reading printed short-hand exercises, and through the same media we gradually train the student into its use, without devoting a day of extra time to it. 23. We omit the so-called corresponding style, used by all other methods. This branch of the INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 9 subject not only affords the most serious imped- iment to the student, but is much worse than entire ignorance of the art ; for it consists of a complete yet unscientific system in itself, whose intricacies can never be thoroughly mastered. But when extraordinary industry and protracted toil have fixed some of its principles so firmly in mind as to amount to a mechanical action like a second nature, he is told that in order to gain speed and practically apply the art he must discard these, take the next book and adopt the reporting style. Then comes the hardest work of all. Many words which occur most frequently and which he has made most mechanical, such as a, and, he, the, are differently represented, and he must learn a new application of them. It requires years to unlearn what had taken months to learn, and to overcome the habit of hesitation on account <3f the involuntary intrusion of those firmly fixed mechanical forms. First impressions are always the deepest, and "habit," says Bulwer Lytton, "is ten-fold stronger than nature." How firmly rooted, then, must be those principles established by months of habitual practice upon the first impressions of forms, and 10 INTRODUCTORY KKMARKS. into what a confused state of mind must it cast the poor pupil when a blow is aimed at the very foun- dation on which he had built, and every support upon which he was accustomed to lean is knocked from under him ! It is impossible for any one not acquainted with the circumstances to imagine the predicament. It is in some respects like the accent of a foreigner who has recently learned English. His old habits of pronunciation modify the new in almost every word he utters, and in spite of the most strenuous efforts some of the accents of his first mode of speaking will creep into his articula- tion until the day of his death. 23. It has heretofore been customary in all works treating of an art of this nature to give the pupil all the principles, rules, exceptions, variations, etc., before attempting any speed. This should be avoided, even when taking a reporting style ; for if the student should finally attempt any speed in writing, it would necessitate retracing in the mem- ory and a complete mental review of a large part of those apparently conflicting principles, rules, excep- tions, etc., at almost every word he writes. Is it any wonder that many persons of the best mental INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. II calibre study those books for half a dozen years or more without gaining speed ? Indeed it is a notice- able fact, and it has often been remarked by the best practical reporters, that the most brilliant and careful students in every other branch of education make the worst failures in acquiring the art from those books ; and, vice versa, the most careless students are generally the ones who have attained the summit of reputation. Those books reverse the old adage, " Example is better than precept,'-' and prescribe a pound of precept to every ounce of example many rules, etc., and but little general application of principles. In the method now offered to the public, success and practicability is the chief aim. This once secured, theoretical details can easily be acquired at leisure, if desired. The student is given a thor- . ough drill in the application of each rule or prin- ciple to general literature, and by making his acquisitions at each step mechanical, he is enabled to wholly concentrate his energies and attention on the next step, MAKING PROGRESS AND PRACTICABILITY CERTAIN. ) 2 D1AOKAM. CONSONANTS. So NG 'J RULES OF PROCEDURE. EXERCISE I. i. Copy about a solid column from one of the largest newspapers (or its equivalent in any other printed matter); using, instead of the common alphabet, that part of the circle or its radii in the accompanying diagram designated by the letter to be used, and adopt the following changes in orthog- raphy : Use tic- If. Some do not pronounce it, yet are understood. Omit the rowels A, E, I, O, U, W and Y. W and V are consonants when they are immediately followed by a vowel sound in the same syllable, as 14 RULES OF PROCEDURE. won, between, kwik (quick), when, yield, yondet, yet ; otherwise they are vowels, as own, town, bow. how, by, lonely, style. H following W is not regarded ; consequently when H and a vowel follow W, consider the W as a consonant. 2. Use S for the soft and K for the hard sound of C, Kw for Q, Ks for X, and J for soft G. Spell words as nearly as possible as they are pronoun omitting silent letters, and when the same conso- nant occurs twice without a vowel between, use it b'lt once. Examples : tho for though, rite for right or write, kood for could, pas for pass, tuf for tough, tha for they, thru for through, koper for copper. 3. Join all the con sonants in science silent secresy salu! ; sileiii'e surry viiii:it ( 2 ) 'i'hi'n it is the first consonant in a syllable and preceded />_) a rowel sounJ, as t inestimable estimate airi-rt.-un i-.pir.it n>n essential esteem U'hen the BOUnd of S occurs t\viuaL In all other respects, a word should have a stroke for each pronounced syllable. 6. Leave the space of an inch at the end of a sentence. This will help materially in reading. itlu-r marks of punctuation are needed in rapid rting, though a great d-.-al (if rhetorical ex; RULES Of PROCEDURE. I 7 sion may be given to an article, when writing slowly, by allowing the space of an inch for a period, three- fourths of an inch for a colon, a half inch for a semi-colon, and one-fourth of an inch for a comma. The ordinary space between the characters should be about one-sixth of an inch. 7. Always write the following words above the line, on the line and below or through the line, as indicated in the following : ' ~ \ ^r^. - -~-^- *^r ) me my him any, in no, on new, now house Like the last two, when any word has the vowel sound of ow (ou) in it, make the first consonant stroke through the line, unless it is a horizontal stroke, which must be written just below the line. 8. After having learned the alphabet by writing it as above, practice for speed by having some one read to you. 9. Practice on the above until you have attained a speed of forty words a minute, or a little more than a rapid long-hand writer. 10. Read about one-fifth of all you have writ- ten, according to rule in first reading exercise. iX kii.Ks OK '-km i iifki . KXKRC1SK II. i ON i KM TIONS. Indicate the prefixes Con and Com by a dot at tin- beginning of the next consonant stroke, as < compel compute combat connection confine ./V, 'w ^ H I in. .insi.iiu unconscious I contend will confide recommend decompose the company inconvenient Indicate the affix Ing liy a dot at the end of the stroke preceding it t as A, r-. ! ^~ L. "i "n -^ receiving seeking having taking remindiiiK coiu-luding concealing doing keeping Any sound following Ing ina\ l>e written in its placi - ' " t/ " l ctoings meetings seemingly throwing a going far sufferings accordingly exceedingly doinp a running fast RU1.KS OF PROCEDURE. ig The sound of St (without an intervening vowel) is represented by changing the little circle into a small loop, as arrest placed chased most suggests deduced missed distinguish paste stick testify trust suppose it Slightly shading one side of the "loop will repre- sent Zd, as f \> s-*& \> /V raised cruised paused gazed opposed aroused supposed amazed refused surprised confused harmonized The sound of Str is represented by a large loop, as imster duster boaster distressed distribute struggle poster jester pastor disturb destruction impostor Never make a consonant stroke across a line after the St or Str loop. A large terminal hook is used to add the sound of Shun, as J- attention mission constitution revision reformation prevention condition suspension sectional affectionate 20 KULES OK PK< K I 1 .1 Kl . Write the following words through the line, so as not to conflict with other words having the same form : -! F f < -~S- m had though those hope whole Practice on the above rules until a speed of fifty words a minute is attained. Read, as in Exercise I. about one-fifth of all you write. KXKRCISK III. VOWEI. L< ><;< K-KAI'HS. The following words oc Lj ^ meet caught sects written state elocutionist melt packed right fate touched estimate conducted ^ f * L L I metal agitated evidence rejected said it detect cottage anticipate decapitated take it slights dictate OK I'KOCKDl'KK. Shade M and N, downward L and K, when halved fur I), as old need build filled indicate defend command made formed seemed descend pretend understood I'sc downward L and R only when they are preceded and not followed by a vowel. For fear of conflicting with above rule, never shorten Mp, Ng, VV or Y. Do not shorten a stroke in a word of one syllable for D, except (i) when I) follows M or N, down- ward L or R ; (2) when it has a hook; (3) when it is a word of very frequent occurrence and may thus be considered as a logograph, as did. could, good, told, etc. Making a curved stroke double length adds Thr, Tr or I )r. as her matter later enter tender neither letter of their feather fainter leave their having their surrender RULES OF PROCEDURE. 25 Practice until the speed of seventy words a minute is attained, reading- as in Exercise II. EXERCISE V. W AND Y LOGOGRAPHS. Represent the following words by a small semi- circle or three-fourths of a circle, written above the line (halfway up to the next line) .or on the line : FIRST POSITION, c 3 we, with what SECOND " c D were, where would These brief signs may also be sometimes used for the consonant W, and may be joined as a hook when followed by M, N, upward L and upward R, as C '< KM Kl . The following words may also be represented by the following signs, semi-circular or three-fourths of a circle, in the same position as the \V logographs : FIRST POSITION, \ ye, year- Ley..,,,! SECOND " yet you, your Tlu-se signs may be almost always used for the stroke Y, and may be joined to other consonants at an angle, as ' " yield yell you may humane yonder unite yard you will you do ' you must occu py r > ( will shall wa-. which think RULES OF PROCEDURE. 2f EXERCISE VI. L HOOK. A small hook at the beginning of a stroke, on the right side of upright and sloping characters, and on the upper side of horizontal ones, represents the liquid L blended with the preceding conso- nant, as ^^-^ <*- ^ ^\^So\ T V -^ play fly likely flower couple buckle baffle fickle employ bluster meddle shackles. <\ bachelor ripple medical combustible chiefly philosophical flight bevel declaration reckless thickly intelligible incalculable faithful flexible infallible philanthropy deathly plausible fluent conclusive L hook on Sh is written at the bottom of the upward stroke, as especial social commercial foppishly 28 RULES OF PRssible physirak splice disciple explore explanatory cla- k H'M)K. A character consisting of the L hook joined to a stroke and turned over sideways, gives the form for representing the liquid R following and blending with the same consonant, as ) ^ r bitter braver free vulgar frightful overflow cripple thrust phrase reverse thrive ti.Mi.her pleasure precision ]n.T|n--trator frustratimi um niiqnerable great con\' :l.itrir proportion bright F, V and both sounds of 'l : h (lunge their form when turned over for the R hook. RULES OF PROCEDURE. 29 M and N are shaded to take the R hook, and on Sh it is written at the top, as grammar dinner generous former murder nervous Lr is sometimes used by reporters, thus : color intolerable S, St, or Str written in the place of the R hook precedes it, as spring consideration proscribe spray scrape extreme street scream disastrous straw strong It is not best to use the ordinary R or L hook on short words when there is a vowel sound between the R or I, and the preceding consonant; but in long words R and L more generally have the blended sounds, notwithstanding a vowel occurs between the stroke and the hook, and consequently the hooks may be always used to represent the sounds of R and L on long words. Mp, Ng, M, N, R, L, W, S and Z never have the ordinary L or R hooks. 30 RULES OK I'KOCKUUKE. N HOOK. R N KT>L L F.V N may be added by a small terminal hook on the lower or left side of straight strokes and on the concave side of curved ones, as man ten gone print convenience kitchen parent kind plant soften monument legion around friend stand eastern financial machinery spontaneous understand land ordain commandment candidate sextant attainment S, St or Str in the place of the N hook on straight strokes represents the stroke followed by N and S, St or Str, while on curves S following the N hook is indicated by changing the small circle into an ellipse, as J <-* } "^ /^^-^ 4 ^^d\ dense distance rains bounce- glance expense countenance caimtcr .i^.iinst dances responsible K OR V HOOK. A small terminal hook (used on straight strokes) RULES OF PROCEDURE. 31 on the side opposite the N hook is used to repre- sent F or V, as x i ^ brief gave negative cliffs roofs believe divinity contrive staff defeated tough strife defend divided EXERCISE vrr. TICKS AND PHRASING. A small tick joined to a word in a vertical or horizontal direction is used for A or An, And or I, as a I and an of and in he he and and as he is J will gift can some arc a for all is 1 are 1 have with not of all on the before us for- doit the in the ever for all and ever the He or The is a small tick joined to a stroke in any other direction than vertically or horizontally, as % J he the the he I think he is he you ought can box man does he is right should to have the the in what have two all that he says of the is in the 32 RUI.KS OK PROCEDURE. It is always best to make these ticks upward when possible. This requires two motions less than the manner of writing the tick for lie by tin- old methods. The method herein given for joining the ticks A. And and I, He and The, in several different directions, in any vowel position, instead of in one particular direction and in a certain vowel position, as formerly, together with the inversion of the si.^n for You, enables students to phrase twice as much as by former methods. Former text books give the same form for I and He, the two most dan- gerous words in the language to conflict, relying on nothing but memory to distinguish between their. as - I shall be " and " He shall be." J)o not make an indistinct outline byjoini; tick on the inside of a curve. PHRASING. Phrasing consists of joining several words in one character, or having them grouped closely together, as they are blended in being pronounced by a rapid speaker. Raising the pen and putting it RULES OF PROCEDURE. 33 down between words, especially with small and more contracted forms, requires as much time as to make three well-known strokes ; to verify this, try writing an ordinary sentence or paragraph with the letters of the words disjoined, and compare the time required with that of the same matter written as rapidly as possible in the usual way. Con- sequently the principle of phrasing, when properly acquired and applied, will enable any one to write at least twice as fast as one who does not phrase. The words should be disjoined (i) for a rhetor- ical or other pause; (2) rather than make an inharmonious juncture of lines; (3) when there is any tendency of phrases to run down across two or more lines. 34 DIAGRAM. LONG VOWELS. First position. Second Third " eat lea me * T, as in mete. a e lay may ', '"'I Jim In mail \ ' arm. ' A as in ball. ' ; O u note. Oo " boot SHORT VOWRF.S. 'First position, I as in bit. ft l/t mit 0f lot O as in cot. Second (t 'I ."".--.- K " get. ~: ,.\ .--. V " cut. rt Irt met t Ing mod Third " ) .,-. A hat. : ... U " lull. !?! 'inl mifii uit 'l^-.-k IRREGULAR VO\VKI.S. I'"irst |ios!tlon, I as in ripe. A " ()i as in toil. tc l/o nir oil \ay may Tliird i ^A , ; / '' s ou\ lout moz* ho\v. f^i //tc U " cube. RULES OF PROCEDURE. 35 EXERCISE VII. VOWELS. The first position vowel is always written at the beginning of a stroke. The second position vowel is always written at the middle. The third position is always written at the end. When a vowel occurs before a consonant it is placed on the left side of all upright and sloping strokes, and above horizontal ones. When the vowel occurs after a consonant it is written on the right side of upright and sloping strokes, and on the lower side of horizontal ones. Examples : -? ^ -r s ^ x, v j, T. i, ^c v licro echo Hannah area Ohio Orion hammer happy Hubbnrd own Iowa aerial The above is the vowel system arranged accord- ing to Isaac Pitman's ninth edition, most commonly known as the Benn Pitman system. It is also about the same as that used in the Graham method. 3<5 RULES OK PROCEDURE. BETWEEN TWO STROKES. A vowel between two consonant strokes is always placed : When in the first position after the first con- sonant. When in the second position after the first con- sonant, if long; before the second if short. When in the third position before the second consonant. CHANGED VOWELS. When a vowel occurs between a stroke and an L or R hook the ordinary vowel signs cannot be used. If it is a dot it is changed into a small circle, being placed before the stroke when long and after it when short. A dash vowel should be changed into an ellipse, and, like the changed dot vowels, should be placed before the strokes when long and after when short. The old way of representing this change was to strike the vowel through the stroke, or across near the ends. The former, especially on half-lengths, rendered it obscure or like the circle S, while the RULES OF PROCEDURE. 37 latter conflicted with the ticks in the place of Con and Com. Examples : bear bar fail tear bolt school full adorn Words of this kind are usually written in this manner in t'he "corresponding style" of other methods, but the R and L hooks should generally be avoided on such words in rapid reporting, especially if they are short words and have the same form as other words with no vowel between R or L and the stroke, and that consequently have these sounds more closely blended with the strokes. In long words these sounds are often closely blended, notwithstanding intervening vowels may occur, and consequently on such long words those hooks may be used. Apply these rules carefully in the reading in three or four lessons before trying to write them. After that, put in the vowel following H instead of H, except in a few words which are constantly occurring, such as had, have, has, etc. 448361 38 RUI.KS OF F'ROCKDURE. VOWEI. POSITIONS >K WORKS. (1) When the accented or most prominent vowel of a word is in the first position, the word is written above the line. (2) When in the second position the word is written on the line. (3) When in the third position the word is written through the line, unless it is a horizontal or half-length stroke, when it is written just below the line. These vowels are classed by the other pho- nographic works as "diphthongs," but as phonog- raphy is the art of writing the elementary sounds of the language by elementary signs, it therefore admits of no digraphs. Webster's dictionary gives the definition of a diphthong as " the union of two vowels in one sound." If so, to be phonographic, one sound should be represented by but one stroke. The sounds of i and u are certainly as indivisible as are those of e or a in the words eel and ail. The RULES OF PROCEDURE. 39 sounds between the vowels and the consonants in these two words are neither vowels, diphthongs, con- sonants or aspirates, but are coalescents. If ow (ou) and oi are not indivisible, they certainly are as much so as j, ch, sh and zh, which may be said to be composed of dzh, tsh, sy and zy respectively (former methods to the contrary notwithstanding). The following signs, consisting of top or bottom arc of the circle changed into a semi-circle or three-fourths of a circle, two of which are shaded slightly, may be advantageously employed to rep- resent the irregular vowels : " <" u u I Ol U OW (OU) ISAAC PITMAN'S AND ML'NSON'S VOWEL SCHEME. DOT VOWELS: LONG . SHORT. First position, A as in Arm, A as in Ask. Second " A " Ale, E " Met. Third " E " Ear, I " Pin. The DASH VOWELS are the same as the Benn Pitman scale. 4O RULES OK PROCEDURE. EXERCISK VIII. LARGE HOOKS, K1C. A large hook in the place of the L hook indicates VV following the stroke to which it is attached, as queer question dwell do we have we did we in entwine it was may we had we consequence < " / c which we inadequate if we anguish twitter sanguine can we I hope we twinge acquiesce A large hook in the place of the R hook indicates Y following the stroke to which it is attached, as K !'!<< H KliUKK. I'KK.rlXI-.S AND Al N I K, NI'K, MI.. intiTL-st intercept intersei_t introduction enterprise undertake intervene interpret interval entertainment understand iniellcci contradict conlraversion counteract countermand contributions contravene counterpart counterfeit counterfeited controvert MI,N. magnanimity niii^nitude magnificent magnificence UTY, RITY. formality credulity sensibility vulgarity popularity responsibility frugality incomprehensibility sincerity prosperity HLKNKSS, Kl'l-NK^S. \ / feebleness sinfulness playfulness faithfulness truthfulness serviceableness slcilfulness profitableness watchfulness slothfulness thoughtfulness LKSSNKSs, s. artlessness gladsomeness boundlessness blithesomeness fearlessness thoiiglillessm-ss luallisonii-ness irksonicntss carelessness hopek - RULES Ob' PROCEDURE. 43 EXERCISE IX. The following characters are generally used for the words accompanying them, by Pitman's, Gra- ham's, and other systems based on them, with hundreds and even thousands more ; but the follow- ing list has enabled the author's personal students, and renders it possible for almost any one, to read the short-hand exercises of those methods without much difficulty. We do not recommend the student to use all these signs, but only ( i ) those ' consistent with former principles in this book; (2) words not derivative and therefore not having a root which maybe taken for a whole ; (3) words which have no more suggestive abbreviations. Generally our students find less than a dozen memorized word-signs of this kind an actual neces- sity in acquiring the utmost speed to be attained in the profession. By practicing the use of only the roots, or even the abbreviated roots of words, as resp for respect- ability, simp for simplification, the student may develop the habit of abbreviating words so that he 44 RULES OF PRorEKl'RE. would write legibly, in half a day's practice, parts of two hundred words in a briefer form than most of the word-signs used by former methods, and the acquisition of this ability would require less time than to make practicable ten word-signs by the old methods. This is accomplished by a close observation of the orthography, etymology and context of sen- tences. The directions in regard to reading refer to this (see page 46). There may be half a dozen words with the same form, but if they are different parts of speech they will not conflict, and should not cause much difficulty in reading. LIST OF WORD-SIGNS. S Advantage > Establish-ment V. After V^ for According-ly-to *^ From ^ Astonish-ment w Under ( Without ^ Word j ( Whatever f World RULES OK PROCEDURE. READING. After having learned the alphabet thoroughly by writing as in Exercise I, the student may begin to practice reading. This should be done as follows : (1) Have some one read the first page of the reading lesson in the key, and write it as rapidly as possible, according to principles in Exercise I. (2 ) Compare your writing with the exercise printed in short-hand, and draw a line under the word in your writing that differs from it. (3) Copy the same from the key again, getting the characters a-, nearly as accurate in form as those in the printed short-hand as possible, and correct those words underlined. Then read, examining minutely the exact direc- tion of the stroke and whether it is shaded or not, and if the word is not readily suggested by pro- nouncing in rapid succession the consonant sounds of the word, write down those sounds in long-hand, together with those in two preceding, and as many following, words. Although all words may not l>e distinguished at first, yet practice in this way will RULES OF PROCEDURE. 47 enable one to recognize them by these skeleton outlines as readily, if not more" so, than by their full forms. Every reporter must adopt sooner or later some such process as this. The advantage of beginning in this way at the first of the course is that the same practice on the consonant outlines from the first lesson to the end of the professional career makes it a second nature, and gives students far more confidence in consonant outlines than may be acquired by the old method. The principles of each following exercise will make the reading much easier. The all-important point to be gained, at first, is speed and accuracy in the formation of characters. If these are acquired, the student may feel certain of being able to read after a few succeeding lessons. It is an interesting amusement, and highly useful as a means of developing the memory so as to remember sentences and expressions, to write down the skeleton outlines of the sentences (consisting generally of subject, predicate and object of the verb) in a short article, and then try to read them. To read outlines of sentences, like reading conso- 48 RULES OF PROCEDURE. nant outlines of words, is no great difficulty after some practice. Many reporters have been able, by using "key-words" or such outlines, to take in long-hand writing what was thought to be a ver- batim report of a discourse. Others have been enabled by developing the memory in this way to write out a full report afterwards, without having taken any notes at all. READING EXERCISES. HOW I BECAME A PHONOGRAPHER. ~M_"\ K" I I 52 now I BECAME A PHONOGRAPHER. HOW I BECAME A PHONOGRAPHER. 53, v- s .^.-^\L *\?n+ V ^J C ^ }/: sA 54 HOW I BECAME A PHONOGRAPHER. - a - - H V HOW I BECAME A PHONOGRAPHER. 55 v~^ ^ u > \ \ 56 HOW I BECAME A PHONOGRAPHER. HOW I BECAME A PHONOGRAPHER. 57 \ s*X. ( ~.s^>V + >- 'v } ^Vx XT" - P ^"^ _^ p w> 58 COMMERCIAL < <>KKKS|>< >M iKM 'K. COMMERCIAL rORRKSI'i >M>F\' T. COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE. 59 " -'VI w \\-1 v b ^ ^0 "^ H-i>\/^'^'~ l/w ^ v ' s ~L 6O COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE. tvi.'V 1 2/ 26 1 /o v^ ^1 COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE. 6 1 H u \s- V XX /*-* f. No ' - 62 (JOMA1KRCIAL U >kKKM'( >M>1..\< 1 . r 37 "\... ^. U I ^ f A. <; V " ^ -V - r i 1 250 6. V- ..\..IM /1v C-^x, "L 68 GARKIK.l.n's AI>PKKSS. GARFIELD'S ADDRESS. -(-^ - V/^l ^ *O>: 7 o CARFIELD'S ADDRESS. \~\ ( L. S -f -"v - ^.:U -i I x-l I / ^V - l-~~-_- X DIAMOND DUST. DIAMOND DUST. L JL Ir^ ^>> A c^) ) w* 'S ^~> ) J. V - 1 C olt o k ^~i.= ^V _ j . ' - ^ v^ DIAMOND DUST. ^ .^. v 'I HEALTH AND STRENGTH. HEALTH AND STRENGTH. 73 I s \ ..>... ^ _/V o v^ A^fcl V \w . vy.Lo ,-.\*-/ f -VS-.- S2i -^k^^-K - ^ V^ 1 U, ^ J^o ' -, f v "- -^^ /* v-,^.^ ^v^ <--v^ /: 74 HEALTH AND STRENGTH. If-^H-Vj HEALTH AND STRENGTH. 75 Z *1 f v i / 1- if. 7 6 HKAI.TH AND STKKV.TH. 2.0. X/ v V M> Jo \^vd. .+ l^f- S^i ^ i.. ( ..^c ^^^ _ j,^ , ^ \ ^^^J>- Cn^Y^XtW % ClAx^dJU REMARKS OF A RETIRED TRADESMAN. 77 REMARKS OF A RETIRED TRADESMAN. ?-*%* REMARKS OF A RETIRED TRADESMAN. .-.. i^^^-s 1 -^-* '-I, -J-tTX "Vc-^ A^ ^S> i \^^ "y~~Z~- f-+ , N \ ( -~^v ... A^-\ V.P ^ V- ^--tS^t s"s^" ^ M-.i. .-An *~*\s~V -I \ L f^. ^*tt*^s-+~ ^^ **^s^^. ^ ^ -+*-s ,-tyT^. ^> Q^-^^ REMARKS OF A RETIRED TRADESMAN. 79 \-(^l- ^r f -^ ^--1 n-A Z->e _^i_ -x, ..^U ^ .U "J- -(- ^~ ^ i^-'.rX.^^VA^ '-S V ^--->^ ^^ /-* *^\_ \rv-p ^ c- V^~' v^_ VK > ^-T-x S ^ V^_ ,\"^ t v v- -Os 1_ _-- txfc^^ -N^ LV^-- T ;v ^ ) c _/* v-u~ r\ -^. /'"T.-Vr-.. ^ n O ' WL V^? T<-^T- i s, "C ->> t. 8o REMARKS OK A RETIRED TkAI 'ESMAN. V., s -%_y 2a^.. v '"-N^ ^N L~V_ CV . f V (^t ^'7-,- ^*, ^ L f x^ i REMARKS OF A RETIRED TRADESMAN. 8t X _, \J A^VAA.K.vX\AJ . ^^XV^-^ ^^L / \. >-^\ V^ . REMARKS OF A RETIRED TRADESMAN. 83 \, ^> - X^_? X/""v- N --^v i H- / Xi^^i V 84 KRMARKS OK A RKT1RF.D TRADESMAN. ^ v^w ;'.y - \ - /V- Tr: \ S * V SERMON BY C. H. SPURGEON. 85; SERMON BY C. H. SPURGEON. V- V p 86 SERMON BY C. H. SPURGEON. V. . SERMON BY C. H. SPURGEON. V V, I -^V* C_ ...? -f '-r^l SERMON BY C. H. SPURGEON. u X^ Vw SERMON BY C. H. SPURGEON. 89 -v C ^t/ I- -N 1^ XT, 4. V <-> 9 VENU.S DE MKDIC1. VENTS DE MEDICI. S. JLX. > c <> v r *~ .b v ^ VENUS DE MEDICI. ! r....v_!_C ^7-' *~^ /v --*H .r D \rro I.IKK. LIFE. \ r V Vvx. ... Y* ^ rri V r^ 1 ^ 'A S OT*rv'i*t. CN ' ^ji VT^ ^,j_^ LIFE. 93 .^ c d" \ ]v u t' or ~ ^ -<^X XV.. 94 SU.K-KH IANCE. \ SELF-RELIANCE. , x * 7 ^ M SELF-RELIANCE. 95 \ ,! * p -v > -t. - 9 6 SELF-KELIANCE. f U c- 7 ..^L_C._ \] V_9 > fc V Irv^ "^pjr-x, * 1 -- - "\l LAW REPORT. LAW REPORT. \ u V- 97 A! HL 7 7 \ ^75 // xy 9 S LAW o- t - <3> V V vo \ ^ L " N_^_, Lu --r , U. DA ^ LAW REPORT? ' i- X * 99 iVl t^i u -T; ~L^f> I..UV RII'OKM. / CJ 2 3 3 k?_. v _ i .x L L KEY TO READING EXERCISES. HOW 1 BECAME A PHONOGRAPHER. Twenty-five years ago, when I was a young man, I became influenced by a great desire to learn the art of verbatim reporting. The queer characters of short-hand writing aroused and stimulated my curiosity. That by means of these cabalistic and perplexing marks thoughts could be transmitted to paper as fast as the speaker pronounced the words which represented them, was very astonishing. I was fascinated, and resolved to discover the secret of the rapid manipulation which achieved such wonderful results. After inquiry I found that but very little was known about short-hand, even by people of superior education, except that it was extremely difficult to learn, requiring years of patient labor before the student of the art could report a speech verbatim. It was also intimated to me that it was a much more difficult task to read short-hand than it was to write it; but so far as phonography is concerned, I discovered in time that the cause of the embarassment in deciphering it is not so much in the art itself as in the excessive use of arbitrary abbreviations and because of its being badly written. Phonography, instead of taking as its basis the twenty-six 102 HOW [ HI-CAME A PHONOGRAPH F.R. letters of the English alphabet and representing each by an arbitrary sign, takes the forty-two elementary sounds of language and represents these by straight lines, curves and dots. Each of the signs of its alphabet represents but one sound; consequently the word "though," instead of being spelled with six letters, is spelled with but one consonant and one vowel, as there are but those two sounds to be represented. I determined to master the art, and procured such instruction books as were obtainable then, and such as were afterwards published. These I carefully studied, and found that the basic principles of phonography had remained about the same as when first invented, but the art in prac- tice was greatly changed 'and much confused by the intro- duction of "improvements," most of which were merely individual conceits. By adopting these innovations I had to unlearn a great many things which I had thoroughly learned. My progress in speed and accuracy was retarded and I had at last to depend on my personal experience and that of other practical reporters with whom I became acquainted. I believed then, as most young phonographers do and the text-books encouraged the idea that the greater the number of "word-signs" which I committed to memory the greater would be my speed. The theory was fascinating, but the practice was a failure. I devoted weeks, months, even years, to the task, but without success. I have met many reporters in my life, but never found one who cpmpletely embodied in his practice the multitudinous abbreviations of the instruction books. The briefest outlines to the eye are not always the speediest to write. As vowels are left out by the reporter, his outlines should be such as are formed with the greatest facility, and should be suggestive of the complete words they represent. For instance, the student of phonography HOW I BECAME A PHONOGRAPHER. 103 was required to learn "sb" as a word -sign standing for the word "subordinate," which really amounts to an, arbitrary contraction, and is not suggestive. A man may report three months in court or at any other kind of reporting without meeting with the word, and if he had never spent time and labor in committing it to memory and practicing the arbi- trary outline for it, he would write its full consonant skeleton as rapidly as he heard the word spoken, and if suddenly called upon to read the sentence containing it, he would do so without any hesitation. The task of learning six or seven hundred such arbitrary contractions so that he will not fail to write them the instant they are spoken and read them without difficulty is a task most severe and unnecessary. It is the labor over contrac- tions of this kind that requires so much time to make phonography practicable. Of one thousand words of an ordinary speech or discourse, about six hundred will be such words as a, the, is, and, may, etc., and of the most familiar of the remaining parts of speech. A very small list will embrace all those words that require any contracting. Burdening the memory with a collection of arbitrary "word- signs" retards progress in gaining speed, and prevents legibility. He who dispenses with them will become just as rapid a reporter as the student who spends a year or two in memorizing these words and the outlines that represent them. And the balance of legibility will always be in favor of him who writes the outlines, as he who writes the con- traction is always in danger of forgetting it at the moment he wants to use it, and of being puzzled when he attempts to read it. The best reporters of the present time disap- prove of contracted outlines unless they are of very frequent occurrence, and favor flowing outlines, which are generally easier to write and always easier to read than " word-signs." IO4 MOW I IllAAMI A I'HoNocikAI'HF.R. Ili- can make contracted outlines very easily i/ desired, but for any person to attempt to memori/.e such "word- signs" for the technical names of every business, trade and profession, is to attempt more than an ordinary intellect is capable of accomplishing. Phonography, by all the text-books, has always required three vowel positions for words above the line, on the line, and beneath or through the line. This is unneces^aiy. \Yhen a person writes a word in phonography, the outline is first flashed through the mind. If position is considered, the mind has two transactions to perform at the same time. This requires hesitation and a waste of time, as nearly all words with two or more consonant outlines will be perfectly legible when they are written in any position, especially if the context and the general meaning is observed; and I have discovered that some of the best verbatim reporters paid but little attention to position. Two or more "word-signs" are frequently combined in the instruction books to form a "phrase-sign."' This phras- ing, under certain conditions, is a valuable help in gaining speed, but the instruction books generally give the student long li>ts of phrases to memorize in the same manner as the "word-signs." I lost a great deal of time in endeavoring to memorize phrases, until I conceived that I could, upon general principles, form at the time all the phrases that were essential to speed. One important element of legibility is generally disre- garded by the phonographic reporter. The legibility of long-hand writing depends very much upon the letters being properly formed. The same may be said of phonography. The time and labor devoted to acquiring the ability to write phonography symmetrically will be amply compensated by increased speed and legibility. COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE. 105 There is one thing more of which I wish to speak. The phonographic instruction books teach first a "corresponding style "and then a "reporting style." The former requires students to write the vowels and words in two positions; the latter style leaves out the vowels, teaches him to write the same words in three positions, and contains a great many more "word-signs" and make-shifts. When he learns the first he leaves out a great deal that he could learn then. When he advances to the second style he is required to unlearn a great deal that he has acquired. This is a great impediment to progress. There is no necessity for such a distinction in "styles." The learner should be taught the reporting style from the commencement. In fact, the text-books contain a large amount of rules, dis- tinctions and discursive paragraphs that are altogether superfluous, and which are totally disregarded by the expe- rienced verbatim reporter. Phonography, like most arts, will improve, but the improvement will simplify the art, and not render it more intricate and difficult of attainment. JON SKOT, in the "Cosmopolitan Short-Hand Writer." COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE. The style of a mercantile letter should be clear, explicit and concise. There should be nothing defective, nothing superfluous, nothing ambiguous. It should give full infor- mation of all business transacted or required, or of every fact inquired into, without digression or unnecessary detail. In replying to a letter, follow the same order that is observed therein, discussing one subject fully and in a sep- arate paragraph before you proceed to the next. The want IO6 COMMERCIAL C< )HK1 M'< >NI>K\CE. of a proper division of a letter into paragraphs and a neg- lect of punctuation will scarcely fail to render it confused. It is a point of chief importance that all orders given should be clear and explicit; and if their execution depend upon any contingency, the correspondent must have full directions how to act under any change of circumstances that may he contemplated; this is necessary to obviate mis- understandings and disputes. With the same view it is usual, especially in important matters, to recapitulate the principal subjects of the letter replied to. In this, however, merchants have also another object, which is to render their letter-books, as far as possible, a history of their trans- actions, for the advantage of ready reference after a lapse of years, and for production in court, with the better effect, in case of litigation. Accordingly every letter should speak, as it were, for itself, and give all necessary particulars of the transaction to which it refers. For the same reason merchants seldom arrange any important business verbally; or if they do a letter is immediately written, stating the nature of the arrangements made, which is thus placed on record in the letter-book, and is corroborated by the answer of the party concerned. In the practice of letter-writing there are some points to be observed which will very materially facilitate the per- formance of the duties of the corresponding clerk, and which I shall briefly notice. A merchant should begin a letter by referring to any former one to which he has not yet received an answer; he should then mention the letter or letters he may have received, and give a full reply to every particular, in the order of the dates, before he enters upon any new matter. A merchant's correspondence should be so arranged that any letter of any date may be found COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE. IQ-J immediately. This facility is insured by all letters being folded in a similar form by the clerk who receives them from the principal every morning, after they have been read; he then endorses each with the name of the writer, the place and date of the letter, and the day on which it was received, leaving a corresponding blank whereon to enter the date on which it may be answered, which is sub- sequently done either by the merchant himself, or the corresponding clerk. The following is the form of an endorsement : 1836. Colin, Blanc & Co. Boston, sist January. Received 23 J do. Answered sbth do. This practice is universal, but I would farther recommend the following addition, although not quite so common. Let the principal subjects of the letter be briefly noted imme- diately after the above endorsement of the date, etc., thus, for example : Rem itta n ce of $1500 . Bill of lading 10 bales of Cotton per Forluna. Markets. Proposed adventure to Liverpool on joint account. Now by merely looking at the outside of the letters as they he in the parcel, without untying the tape, you have an index of their contents. When the clerk receives directions verbally he should note them immediately in a memorandum book kept for that purpose. If he can take them in short-hand, so much the better; but note them he must, unless endowed with a 108 OiMMI l IAI. fMl N< I . singularly retentive memory. Indeed a juvenile clerk, having even thing to learn, will do well to take notes of every occurrence that passes before him; by which means he will lay up a stock of useful information on commercial subjects, and of precedence for his future guidance; lie will also greatly enhance the value of his services and gain the good opinion of his employers, who will not fail to observe with feelings of gratification his steadiness, intelligence and pi- 1 feet attention to all the minute details of busiir The following is the rijht and wrong way of doing the same thing : Xi.w YORK, Jan. ist, 1837. Missus. ROBERTS & Co., Liverpool: ( lentlemen : We have to acknowledge the receipt of your three letters of the I2th, i6th and 2Oth of last month. By the first we observe you have procured acceptance to our drafts of $1000 upon Prevost & Co.; in which we also itvi-i\cd your account-sales of our 25 bales of cotton per Amelia, the net proceeds of which, $2506.18, we have passed to your debit in account-current, having found the same correct. ' Enclosed in your second we received bill of lading of I'>. and I). I to ICO one hundred casks of . \noma skins, shipped by the James, Captain (Jreen, which we have insured according to your orders for 1500, at I 1-4 per it-iit. On the arrival of these goods we shall effect the best possible sale of them for your account. l!y your last we received instructions to purchase 2OO bear-skins, first quality, and herein we transmit you bill of lading of the same, together with the invoice, amounting to $1506, with which we have debited you in account-current. You will observe that we have insured these goods for COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE. 1 09 $1550 at 3-4 per cent, by the Rover, Captain Cooper, which vessel will leave our port for yours in the beginning of next month. We remain, gentlemen, Your very ob't serv'ts, BALDWIN & DAVIS. Gentlemen : We have received your three letters of the 2Oth, I2th and 1 6th of May, and observe in one of them that you wish us to buy 200 bear-skins of the best sort. This has since been done, and we have shipped them on board the Rover, Captain Cooper. In another we observe that Prevost & Co. have accepted our drafts for $1000, which we remitted you, and now we wait upon you with the bill of lading of the bear-skins; and also beg to inform you that the account- sales you sent us of our 25 bale,s of cotton by the Amelia is quite right. Accordingly, we have debited you with $1506 for the skins. We have also insured the hundred casks of skins consigned to us by you for $1500. The premium is I 1-4 per cent. The amount of the 'account-sales is $2506.18. The amount of the invoice is $1506. We insured the bear -skins for $1550, at 3-4 per cent; and we have charged your account-current with the amount of the invoice and the account-sales. We received in one of the said letters the bill of lading of the Ancona skins, and we have insured them for $1500, at I 1-4 per cent, and when we get the goods we will sell them for you as well as we can, observing at the same time that they are marked B. and D. I to 100. We are, etc., etc. FOSTER'S CLERK'S Gt-iui . IIO (-ARKIF.LI)'S A1>UKI>S. GARFIELD'S ADVICE TO YOUNG MEN. To a young man who has in himself the magnificent possi- bilities of life, it is not fitting that he should be permanently commanded. [Applause.] You must not continue to be the employed; you must be an employer. You must be pro- moted from the ranks to a command. There is something, young men, which you can command; go and find it, and command it. You can at least command a horse and dray, can be generalissimo of them, and may carve out a fortune with them. And I did not fall on that illustration by acci- dent, young gentlemen. Do you know the fact? If you do not let me tell it to you, that more fortunes have been won and fewer failures in the dray business than in wholesale merchandising. [Applause.] Now, young gentlemen, let me for a moment address you touching your success in life, and I hope the very brevity of my remarks will increase the chance of their making a lodg- ment in your minds. Let me beg you, in the outset of your career, to dismiss from your minds all idea of succeeding by luck. There is no more common thought among young people than that foolish one that by-and-bye something will turn up by which they will suddenly achieve fame or for- tune. No, young gentlemen, things don't turn up in tlii> world unless somebody turns them up. Inertia is one of the indispensable laws of matter, and things lie flat where they are until by some intelligent spirit (fur nothing but spirit makes motion in this world) they are endowed with activity and life. Do not dream that some good luck is going to happen to you and give you a fortune. Luck is an i^n us fa/uns you may follow it to ruin, but not to stii The great Napoleon, who believed in his destiny, followed GARFIELL) S ADDRESS. I I I it until he saw his star go down in blackest night, when the Old Guard perished around him and Waterloo was lost. A pound of pluck is worth a ton of luck. Young men talk of trusting to the spur of the occasion. 'That trust is vain. Occasions cannot make spurs; you must win them. If you wish to use them, you must buckle them to your own heels before you go into the fight. Any suc- cess you may achieve is not worth the having unless you tight for it. Whatever you win in life you must conquer by your own efforts, and then it is yours a part of yourself. [Applause.] In order to have any success in life, or any worthy suc- cess, you must resolve to carry into your work a fulness of knowledge, not merely a sufficiency. In this respect follow the rule of the machinists. If they want a machine to do the work of six horses, they give it a nine-horse power, so that they may have a reserve of three. To carry on the business of life you must have surplus power. I5e lit for more than the thing you are now doing. Let every one know that you have a reserve in yourself, that you have more power than you are now using. If you are not too large for the place you occupy, you are too small for it. How full our countiy is of bright examples, not only of those occupying some proud eminence in public life, but in every place you may find men going on with steady nerve, attracting the attention of our fellow- citizens, and carving out for themselves names and fortunes from small and humble beginnings and in the face of formidable obstacles. Young gentlemen, let not poverty stand as an obstacle in your way ; poverty is uncomfortable, as I can testify, but nine times out of ten the best thing that can happen to a young man is to be tossed overboard, and compelled to sink or swim for himself. In all my acquaintance I have never known one 712 GARFIELDS ADDRESS. t he drowned who was worth the saving. [Applause.] This \vould not be wholly true in any country but one of political equity like ours. The editor of one of the leading magazines of England told me, not many months ag", ;i fact startling enough of itself, but of great significance to a poor man. He told me that he had never' yet known, in all of his experience, a single boy of the class of farm- laborers (not those who own farms, but mere farm-laborers) who had ever risen above his class. Those from the man- ufacturing and commercial classes had risen frequently, but from the farm -laborer class he had never known one. The reason is this : in the aristocracies of the Old World wealth and society are built up like the strata of rock which compose the crust of the earth. If a person be born in the lowest stratum of life, it is almost impossible for him to rise through this hard crust into the higher ranks; but in this country it is not so. The strata of our society resemble rather the ocean, where every drop, even the lowest, is free to mingle with all others, and may shine at last on the crest of the highest wave. This is the glory of our country, young gentlemen, and you need not fear that there are any obstacles which will prove too great for any brave heart. You will recollect what Burns, who knew all meanings of poverty and struggle, has said in homely verse, "Though losses and cros>c- Be lessons right severe, There's wit there you'll get there You'll find no other where." One thought more and I will close. This is almost a sermon, but I cannot help it, for the occasion itself ha.-. given rise to the thoughts I am offering you. Let me DIAMOND DUST. 113 gest that in giving you being, God locked up in your nature certain forces and capabilities. "What will you do with them? Look at the mechanism of a clock. Take off the pendulum and ratchet, and the wheels go rattling down, and all its force is expended in a moment; but properly balanced and regulated it will go on letting out its force tick by tick, measuring hours and days, and doing faithfully the service for which it was designed. I implore you to cherish and guard and use well the forces that God has given to you. You may let them run down in a year if you will. Take off the strong curb of discipline and morality, and you will be an old man before your twenties are passed. Preserve these forces. Do not burn them out with brandy or waste them in idleness and crime. [Applause.] Do not destroy them. Do not use 'them unworthily. Save and protect them, that they may save for you fortune and fame. Honestly resolve to do this, and you will be an honor to yourself and to your country. [Applause.] Many of our cares are but a morbid way of looking at our privileges. SCOTT. DIAMOND DUST. lie that has never known adversity is but half acquainted with others or with himself. Constant success shows us but one side of the world, for, as it surrounds us with friends who will tell us only our merits, so it silences those enemies from whom alone we can learn our defects. _ COLTON. We hear much now about circumstances making us what we are and destroying our responsibility, but however much 114 DIAMOND DUST. the external circumstances in which we are placed, the temptations to which we are exposed, the desires of our own natures, may work upon us, all these influences have a limit which they do not pass, and that is the limit laid upon them by the freedom of the will, which is essential to human nature, to our personality. LITHAKDT. The vast cathedral of nature is full of holy scriptures and lhapes of deep, mysterious meaning, but all is solitary and silent there; no bended knee, no uplifted eye, no lip ador- ing, praying. Into this vast cathedral conies the human soul seeking its Creator, and the universal silence is changed to sound, and the sound is harmonious and has a meaning and is comprehended and felt. J^OSC.FELLOW. The shaping our own life is our own work. It is a thing of beauty, it is a thing of shame, as we ourselves make it. We lay the corner and add joint to joint, we give the pro- portion, we set the finish. It may be a thing of beauty and of joy forever. God forgive us if we preverrt our life from putting on its appointed glory. \V.\KI;. They who live most by themselves reflect most upon others, and he who lives surrounded by the million never thinks of any but the one individual, himself. \Ve a: linked to our fellow-beings that were we not chained to them by action we are carried to and connected with them by thought. _ Uri.wEK. Censure and criticism never hurt anybody. If fake they can't hurt you unless you are wanting in manly character; and if true they show a man his weak points, and forewarn him against failure and trouble. GLAUM. I love all men. I know that at bottom they cannot be otherwise; and under all the false and overloaded and glit- HEALTH AND STRENGTH. 115 tering masquerade, there is in every man a noble nature beneath, only they cannot bring it out; and whatever they do that is false and cunning and evil, there still remains the sentence of our Great Example, " Forgive them, for they know not what they do." AUERBACH. HEALTH AND STRENGTH. The following article on physical training is by Dr. Win- ship of Boston, who appears to be a modern and civilized Hercules : It is easy enough to write about the laws of health, but as this may be preaching without practicing, we do not listen with that respect we are disposed to pay to the teachings of one who shows us in his own person the practical and ben- eficial results of carrying out his own theories. The present movement in behalf of physical culture would seem to encourage the belief that a revival of some of those great convictions in regard to education which pre- vailed in ancient Greece is about-to dawn. Improvement in one's physical state can never be entered upon too early, and so long as there is an atom of life and strength never too late. Let no one despair of success in the attempt. Dr. Warren in his little work on health tells us of a member of the legal profession who practiced gymnastics for the first time and with the best results when nearly seventy years old. Cornaro, the Italian, whose treatise on health and long life has given him a world-wide reputation, began at forty to repair the ravages which many years of dissipa- tion had made upon a constitution naturally infirm, and in spite of the predictions of all his physicians and friends, he Il6 Ml AI1H ,\M SIKI M.11I. succeeded not only in restoring the health he had once lost, but in gaining the health he had never experienced, lie wu> eighty when he published his treatise, lived ! it through four editions, and died tranquilly in his bed after he had completed his one-hundredth year. I was nearly seventeen years of age before I seriously undertook to improve my physical condition. I was then but five feet in height and a hundred pounds in weight. 1 was rather strong for my si/.e, but not strong for my years, and my health was not vigorous. I am now twenty-six yeai-. of age, five feet seven inches in height, one hundred and forty-eight pounds in weight. My strength is more than twice that of an ordinary man, and my health is as excellent as my strength. During these nine years, while endeavor- ing to promote my physical welfare, I have made the fol- lowing discoveries : 1. That whatever increased my strength improved my health. 2. That one means of improving my health wa< ! increase my strength. 3. That the stronger I became the healthier I became. 4. That it was as easy for me to increase the strength f my body as it was that of a magnet. 5. That by developing the body harmoniously I Could preclude the possibility of hernia or any other serious injury that otherwise might arise from an extremely violent action of the muscles. 6. That lifting, if properly practiced, was the surest and quickest method of producing harmonious development, while it was also the most strengthening of all exerci-e and consequently the most healthful. 7. That it was better while exercising to perform twenty different feats once than one feat twenty time-. HEALTH AND STRENGTH. 1 I 7 8. That it was possible for me to take in fifteen or twenty minutes all the gymnastic exercise I should need in twenty-four hours. 9. That I could gain faster in strength by forty minutes' gymnastic exercise once in two days than by twenty minutes of the same daily 10. That as my strength increased my exercise should be more intense and less protracted, 11. That increase of muscular power was attended with increase of the digestive. 12. That one means of increasing the digestive power was to increase the muscular. 13. That many .articles of food had formerly proved indigestible to me, not because they were really unwhole- some, but because I was unable to digest them. 14. That a person may be possessed of great physical strength without having inherited it. 15. That by increasing the strength a predisposition to certain diseases may be removed, diseases already present removed or mitigated. 16. That increase of strength cannot long continue on a diet exclusively vegetable. 17. That increasing the strength made excretion take place less from the skin and more from the lungs and other emuctors. 1 8. That what benefits a part of* the body benefits more or less the whole. 19. That long before I succeeded in lifting eleven luin- dred pounds with the hands, or in shouldering a barrel of * Generally much can be saved by omitting " of" and leaving between the two words on either side of it much less space than usual. '"To" may also be advantageously represented by placing the following word below the line (in the place of " to " ). Il8 KKMARKS OF A RETIRED TRADESMAN. flour from the floor, I had ceased to l>e troubled with sick- headache, nervousness and indigestion. 2O. That a delicate hoy of seventeen need not despair of becoming in time a remarkably strong and healthy man. Fidelity is seven-tenths of business success. PARTON. In the march of life do not heed the order of ''right about" when you know you are about right. _ HOLMES. A page digested is better than a volume hurriedly read. MACAULEY. Good temper, like a sunny day, sheds a brightness over everything. It is the sweetener of toil and the soother of disquietude. _ IRVING. Profound conviction raises a man above the feeling of ridicule. MILL The greatest of melancholy men is seldom strong and healthy. _ IV UVE R. I feel a profounder reverence for a boy than for a man. I never meet a ragged boy in the street without feeling that I may owe him a salute, for I know not what possibilities may be buttoned up under his coat. _ GARFIELD. Growth is better than permanence, and permanent growth better than all. _ GARFIELD. REMARKS OF A RETIRED TRADESMAN I am of the opinion that no person, however humble his situation in life, should quit the world without leaving behind him the result of his experience for the benefit of REMARKS OF A RETIRED TRADESMAN. 119 the rising generation; and therefore as I am now growing old I hasten to set an example. It is really lamentable to see the number of young men that are constantly setting up in business and as constantly breaking down. They seem to begin the world without any end or aim without any steady purpose, and with the thoughtlessness of a child commence building a superstruc- ture on a totally rotten foundation. Many of those to whom I more particularly allude are young men whose incomes are extremely limited, and who with this knowledge before them still persist in plunging heedlessly on, acting upon the foolish maxim of "sink or swim." To reason with such persons would be an act of insanity. The issue of their folly is speedily seen. 1 shall now enter upon the immediate subject of these remarks. My object is to point out to you as briefly as pos- sible the way to become " a man of business," and in doing ihis all that I aim at is to give, from my own experience, such hints as will be found practically useful. "How to get money" is now the order of the day the "one thing needful" so far as worldly matters are concerned. It is I admit an awkward thing to begin the world without a dol- lar, and yet hundreds of individuals have raised large fortunes from a single shilling. I know a gentleman, a builder, now worth two hundred thousand dollars, who \\ as a bricklayer's laborer forty years ago, at eight shillings per day. lie became rich by acting upon principle. He has frequently assured me that even when he was in this employment he contrived to save three shillings a day out of his earnings, and thus laid by one hundred dollars per annum. From this moment his fortune was made. Like a hound upon the right scent, the game sooner or later was sure to become his own. He possessed an indomitable I2O KKMARKS OF A RETIRED TRADESMAN. >piiit df industry, perseverance ami I urcAi.i I Y, and the first one hundred dollars he realued became the foundation for thousands. The world at large would call this man fortunate, and ascribe his prosperity to good luck; but Ihe world would be very wrong in doing ,so. If there was any luck at all in the matter it was the luck of possessing a clear head and active hands, by means of which multitudes of others hr.ve carved out their own fortunes, as well as the person to whom I allude. Franklin and Girard may be mentioned as instances of this; they adapted the means to the end, a process which commands a never-failing success. In brief they were ;;/ of business. By "business" I mean habit. Paradoxical as it may appear at first sight, business is nothing in the world but habit, the soul of which is regularity. Like the fly-wheel upon a steam engine, regularity keeps the motion of life steady and unbroken, thereby enabling the machine to do its work unobstructedly. Without regularity your notion-* as a. man of bu>ine>s may be excellent, but they will m-\ri be profitable. Picture to yourself a ship without a rudder, a lock without a key, a house without a roof, or a carriage without wheels; these are types of all attempts to do bu>i- ness without regularity all useless. The force of example is the greatest force in the world, because it is the force of habit, which has been truly and appropriately called a second nature. Its overwhelming influence is so great that honest men become rogues by contact. Do you imagine yourself exempt from the conta- gion? If strong-minded men have frequently fallen victims to evil examples, how shall the weak escape? Very easily. Do not submit yourself to it. The preliminaries of tempta- tion are easy to be avoided, however difficult the subsequent REMARKS OF A RETIRED TRADESMAN. 121 coils may be to unwind. If you mean to make your way in the world, look about you and ensure your well-doing by copying the habits and following the example of those only whose conduct, experience and success entitle them to the character of models. WANT OF CAPITAL. It would be nonsense to affirm that capital is not necessary in business, and yet I have known many who have risen to great affluence without it, in the first instance. Assuming that you have little or none to begin with, your task will be more difficult than if you had sufficient funds at your command. But do not let the want of money intimidate you. If you are sincere in your inten- tions, if you are favored with an average quantity of com- mon sense, and withal industrious, temperate and econom- ical, you need not let the want of capital be a stumbling block in your way. If you are respectable, straight- forward and acquainted with the business you are about to under- take, you will find no difficulty in obtaining credit sufficient to enable you to open shop to advantage. But you must reccollect that in this case you will be trading upon other people's money, and it behooves you as a consequence to manage your business with the strictest economy and pru- dence.. "Money makes money" is a vulgar but true adage. Argument would be supererogatory in proving the advan- tages which capital affords to its possessor. But there are two ways of using it, a right and a wrong. The only legit- imate use of capital is to be out of debt. To be out of debt under any circumstances is an inestimable blessing, but more particularly so in mercantile business, where pecuniary obligations are of necessity much larger than in private or personal affairs. I do not envy that man who having one thousand dollars in capital endeavors to trade upon twenty 122 KKMARKS OF A KKIIKKU T! thousand, and yet this i> done more frequently than other- \\i--c. .Winning his speculations to he fortunate, the means are so ill adapted to the end that a constant oscillation of feeling and anxiety are invariably created in consequence. Keep within bounds is the best advice that can be given to any one with a moderate capital. Over-trading is the great bane of most young tradesmen. Naturally anxious "to do business," they forget that buying and selling do not neces- sarily imply profitable transactions; and they are too often disappointed, when the debtor and creditor sides come together, to find that they have gained their trouble for their remuneration. It is much better to do a little business safely than a great deal which is tinged with any matter of doubt. CIVILITY. "Civility is cheap," says the old proverb. That perhaps is the reason why it is so little cultivated. If a man would thrive in trade he must learn to be civil and even polite on all occasions a>-d to all sorts of customers. A connection is not soon formed, and can only be secured by unwearied attention to business. The tradesman must study the whims and caprices of his customers in every par- ticular; and if they occupy his time for hours and in the end lay out no more than a shilling, still he must appear satisfied and by no means out of temper. Ri:i;ri.Ai;i rv. I do not err in affirming that one individual who is methodical in his busine>s can with ease perform the work of six men who set order and regularity at defiance. The one by unity of action clears as he goes; the latter make work for each other, and after all nothing is done properly. A merchant or tradesman must be peremptory on this point; every day furnishes employment enough of itself, and there needs no accumulation of what ought to have been done the day previously. On commencing biui- REMARKS OF A RETIRED TRADESMAN. 123 ness economy should be the first consideration. It is useless to employ more hands about your establishment than you can keep constantly at work. It is better as a rule to give a liberal salary to one industrious young man who has your interest at heart than to employ several clerks at low salaries of whom you know little or nothing. Your own time, also, should be exclusively devoted to business, which will effect a saving of at least six salaries. Acting upon this principle, whether you employ few or many assistants, you will find that your best interests are consulted. ENGAGEMENTS. A man of business without his diary or engagement book is like a body without a soul, incapable of action. To have a perfect and complete register of all your engagements for days and weeks to come is no indifferent matter to any one who desires to be punctual and prepared for them, especially when the means are at hand. One of the first principles with the man of'business should be not to depend upon his recollection for anything. If orders arrive, if bills are to be paid or received, if appointments are made for any purpose whatever in fact if anything is to be done, set it down in writing. To do this however to any advan- tage it must be, like everything else, done by system; for an irregular and heterogeneous mass of memoranda can be of no use to any one. The arrangement should insure prompt information. For this purpose prepare a small book ruled with divisions for each day in the week, and arrange the days, dates, months, etc., according to the nature and extent of your engagements. In this book you should enter in advance every appointment that has been made, every- thing that has to be done, and all monies that are to be paid or received on particular days. By turning to this diary every morning regularly the business of the day will be at once apparent, and nothing can by any possibility be forgotten or overlooked. !' M ii AI.ITY. Show me a man who keeps his appoint- ments, and 1 will show you a man of business. A trades- man should never be behind time one minute. Attention to this apparently minor consideration has been the making of thousands of individuals. It prove-* a man to be active and industrious and one who is alive to all the duties of his call- ing. It causes him to be well spoken of and creates a con- fidence in his integrity that may be of vast service to him through life. In my multifarious transactions with the world I have seen so many and so great evils resulting from a want of punctuality that I feel bound to urge its observ- ance as a most solemn duty. KKIKM>S ANI> KKI.ATIONS. The young man in business in a case of distiess can obtain from a stranger infinitely greater commiseration and always more relief than he can from his friends or relatives, for "pity is poor relief." An application for a trifling loan is met by one's friends with a thousand "hems" and " hahs '. " First comes a lectu: imprudence; next the necessity of caution; then a hint that ire a novice in your business, and that //"they lent you the sum you would be none the better for it, etc. If your relatives condescend to deal with you, there are continual complaints of the commodities with which they are supplied. They fancy you buy your goods cheap for the purpose of making them pay dearly for them ! In short there is no giving satisfaction; therefore, my young friends, if you are willing to take my advice you will live totally independent in money matters of all your kindred. If you succeed in the world and are well oft, then indeed they will flock around your standard and say everything that is good of you because you are not likely to borrow money ! SERMON HV RF.V. C. H. SPURGEON. "By grace are ye saved through faith." Ephesians 2:8. I mean to dwell mainly upon that expression "Through faith." I call attention however, first of all, to the fountain- head of our salvation, which is the grace of God. Because God is gracious, therefore sinful men are forgiven, con- verted, puritied and saved. It is not because of anything in them or that ever can be in them that they are saved, but because of the boundless love, goodness, pity, compassion, mercy and grace of God. Faith occupies the position of a channel or conduit pipe. Grace is the fountain and the stream; faith is the aqueduct* along which the flood of mercy flows down to refresh the thirsty sons of men. It is a. great pity when the aqueduct is broken. The aqueduct must be kept entire to convey the current; and even so faith must be true and sound, leading right up to God and coming right down to ourselves, that it may become a ser- viceable channel of mercy to our souls. I. What is faith ? It is made up of three things knowledge, belief and trust. I want to be informed of a fact before I can possibly believe it. "Faith cometh by hearing; " we must first hear, in order that we may know what is to be believed. Then the mind goes on to believe that these things are true. The soul believes that God is, and that he hears the cries of sincere hearts. Then the heart believes that Jesus is verily and in truth our God and * See large hooks on page 40; and here the author would recommend the student to read over carefully the remainder of the rules of procedure, abbreviations, etc., before studying them in detail, as these require a great deal of practice ; and as our space is somewhat limited we give some of them now. 120 SERMON 15Y C. H. 5PURGEON. Savior, the Redeemer of men, the Prophet, Priest and King unto his people. So far you have made an advance towards faith, and one more ingredient is needed to complete it, which is trust. Commit yourself to the merciful God. Trust is the life-blood of faith; there is no saving faith without it. The Puritans were accustomed to explain faith by the word "recumbency." You see me leaning upon this rail, leaning with all my weight upon it; even thus lean upon Christ. It would be a better illustration still if I were to stretch myself at full length and rest my whole person upon a rock. Faith is believing that Christ is what lie is said to be, that he will do what he has promised to do, and expecting this of him. The scriptures speak of Jesus Christ as being perfect in his character, and being made a sin- offering on our behalf. The scriptures further tell us that he "rose again.'' We are most firmly to believe that it is even so; for this is the testimony of God the Father when he said, "This is my beloved Son; hear ye him." Faith also believes that Christ will do what he has promised; that if he has promised to cast out none that come to him, it is certain that he will not cast us out if we come to hur . Then comes the next necessary step. Jesus is what he is said to be. I rest upon his promise that he will do even as he has said. This is a saving faith, and he that hath it hath everlasting life. Faith exists in various degrees. When you are down at the seaside you will see the limpet sticking to the rock. He cannot tell us much about what he is clinging to; he is not acquainted with the geological formation of the rock, but he clings. Thousands of God's people have no more faith than this; they know enough to cling to Jesus with all their heart and soul, and this- suffices. God gives to his people the propensity to cling. Every child of God has his tendrils about him thoughts and desires and hopes, with which he clings to Christ and the promises. We can cling when we can do nothing else, and that is the very soul of faith. Another form of faith is this, in which a man depends upon another from the knowledge of the superiority bf that other, and follows him. A blind man trusts himself with his guide because he knows that his friend can see. Every boy that goes to school has to exert faith while learning. The boy does not himself know that the things he learns are true, except that he believes his teacher. Almost all that you and I know has come to us by faith. A scientific discovery has been made, and we believe it on the authority of certain well known men of learning. A lady is the wife of the most eminent physician of the day. She is seized with a dangerous illness, yet she is wonderfully calm and quiet, for her husband has made this disease his special study. Her faith is reasonable and natural. A firm form of faith rises out of assured knowledge. Look at the faith of a master mariner. For weeks or even months he never sees sail or shore; he has trusted in his compass. It is a wonderful thing, that sailing without sight. "Blessed are they that have not seen, yet have believed." Faith makes it easy to commit our soul and all its eternal interests into the Savior's keeping. Look at the ploughman. He labors with his plow in the wintry months. He takes the precious corn and he buries it, assured that it will come up again. This is a fair picture of the faith which grows of experience. II. We shall no\v enquire why faith is selected as the channel* of salvation. Faith which receives Christ is as simple an act as when your child receives an apple from vou. God selects faith as the channel of salvation because * When L follows a hook, wave the hook slightly. 128 SKRM<\ I1V C. II. it i-, ;i sine method, linking man \\iih Cod. \Vhcn man Confides in God there is a point of union between them, and that union guarantees blessing. Faith saves us because it makes us cling to Cod, and so brings us into connection with him. And faith is chosen again because it touches the springs of action. If I walk across this platform it is because I believe my legs will carry me. God gives salva- tion to our faith because he has thus touched the secret springs of all our emotions and actions. He has, so to speak, taken possession of the battery, and now he can send the sacred current to every part of our nature. Faith is an act of the understanding; but it also proceeds from the heart. Love to God is obedience, love is holiness. Moreover, faith creates peace and joy; he that hath it re-ts and is tranquil, is glad and joyous. III. We close with the third point, how can we obtain and increase our faith. A very earnest question this to many. Let us be practical in our dealing with it. If you have a difficulty, take it to God in prayer. Tell the great Father exactly what it is that puzzles you, and beg him by his Holy Spirit to solve the question. I would add next, consider the testimony of others. The Samaritans believi-d because of what the women told them concerning Je-,u>. Many of our beliefs arise out of the testimony of others. I believe I shall die; I have never died, but a great many have done so whom I once knew, and I have a conviction that I shall die also. As you listen to one after another of those who have tried the word of God and proved it, the divine Spirit will lead you to believe. A better plan still is this : note the authority upon which you are commanded to believe, and this will greatly help you. You are com- manded to believe upon the authority of God himself. He bids you to believe Jesus Christ, and you must not refuse to SERMON KY C. H. SPURGEON. 129 obey your Maker. If that does not settle you, think over what it is that you 'have to believe, that the Lord Jesus Christ suffered in the room and place and stead of men, and is able to save all who trust him. If none of these things avail, then there is something wrong about you altogether, and my last word is, submit yourself to God ! May the Spirit of God take away your enmity and make you yield. You are a rebel, a proud rebel, and that is why you do not believe your God.- Give up your rebellion; throw down your weapons; yield at discretion; surrender to your King. 1 believe that never did a soul throw up its hands in self- despair and cry, "Lord, I yield," but what faith became easy to it before long. Submit, O man. Yield to your God, and then shall you sweetly believe in your Savior, (iod bless you, for Christ's sake, and bring you at this very moment to believe in the Lord Jesus. NOTE. In all works on short-hand it is not customary to give the key to any article that has the vowels in it, as time,, patience and perseverance will enable a person to decipher it without. 130 LA\V KKl'OKT. I.A\V RKI'ORT (Thi-. i-, ;in extract from a re|x>rt of an .1. m.il c .(^_- in I'ostnn, with the name-, changed.) 1-dRM OK 11II.K TA'.I, To be written ,\t the beginning of each case: 'ior Court, Second Session. '^/'iiti^/i ngt II. & T. A'. A'. n, Jitnf 6, 73. Testimony sf Direct. X. Kd. A'.\. /;/,': Mosh-r.'iliaugA, / 77 Ciidjo Blackiiuin, 10 1 1 Patrick W Wani&an, 12 12 14 .li^. of B. D. Grover, 15 ,hy. ofj. l\ Cornell, 17 Judge s charge, ao jfohn jfont't. Stenographer, P. O. Box - LAW REPORT. 1 31 FORM OK FIRST PAGE, To be written every day. Superior Court, Second Session, Frilz Mcolersbaugli iked him to check my pundles to Bootveel. Ven I came to Bootveel de pigger pundle vas not dcre. \\Vie there any other questions asked you in the baggage jotmi in Bo>ton ? De paggage master used to know me for some dime, und he sail, " Helloh ! I suppose you are going lo Bootveel," or someding like dot, you know; dot ee^ the vay he sail it. \Vlien did you go to Bootville after having your bundle checked? I vent de same drain. And you get to Bootville from Boston by the same train that you leave Boston in? Ya-e sur. Does the train go through to Bootville? No sur, dere is a chainche of cars. Have you any recollection as to what you did immediately upon your arrival at Bootville? I dook dot shmall bundle and vent peddling for a vile, und I find out they didn't got settled dot day, that they got settled de same day in the afternoon at half past seex in the factory, und I vent back to the depot to see vere de oder pundle is, und I deedn't tind him. What did you do when you found your other bundle was not there? Der depot master vorks in dcr factory, zo ven I first came dere 1 didn't find him, and ven he cooms I LAW REPORT. 133 showed him dot sheck and dold heem I had got to get a pundle here, "Dot pundle didn't come yet," he said; "I vill haf to go to Poston," he sais, "and find out in the office in the paggage room." Did you say anything to any one else about this matter at that time ? I vent to Poston dot time you know, und enquired of the paggage master, and he sail he don't know anything. He dold me to go to the headt man, I don't know vat he is. What head man? If you mean the superintendent why don't you say so? De next to de sooberindendant. I don't know who he is. Der gashier or somebody else. Will you state to the court and the jury what the men said when you made your complaint to them. I showed dem dot sheck and dey dold me dey vould dry to find out vere dot pundle is. I shall come in dere in a day, und dey vood dry and find him. Who do you mean by him? I mean to de head man. What did you mean, that he would try to find the bundle ? Yase, dot he vood try and tind dot pundle. Just state what was in that bundle and what it was worth. (GROVER.) I will admit that it is of the same value as was testified to before. (CORNELL.) $233 about. (COURT.) What kind of dry goods were they? (Witness reads off a list of dry goods in the bundle.) (CORNELL.) As far as you saw at Bootville was there such a large crowd of people there, or Objected to as leading. 134 I>o you kinnv how many got out uf the tiain before you at liootville? 1 couldn't dell you how many deie vt-ic Cross l:.\aiiiiiiatioii. ((ikoVKK.) Mi. Moiherspaw, you have le.stilied to this matter before, have you not? Vase sur. These goods were goods you had bought for ihe purpose of soiling and making some money on, L suppose? Vase sur. (COkNH i .) What you call merchandise? I don't know vat you call it in English; I call it try goods. Sweet are the uses of adversity. Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous, Wears yet a precious jewel in his head; And this our life, exempt from public haunt, Finds tongues in trees, books in running brooks, Sermons in stones, and good in everything. SnAKESI'RAKK. WORDS FOR PRACTICE ON THE RULES OK PROCEDURE. WORDS WITH THE PREFIXES CON AM) COM. Conceal, command, conceit, commission, consent, com- mence, conceive, commingle, concentrate, commit, concep- tion, compound, concern, comprehend, concession, com- press, conciliate, compromise, concise, compel, conclude, compulsion, concord, compute, concourse, comrade, con- cretion, compunction, concurrence, comprise, concussion, compact, condemnation, commute, condense, complete, con- descend, complex, condition, compatible, conduct, compeer, confederate, combat, conference, combination, confess, combustion, confide, comatose, confirm, comfort, conflagra- tion, comical, conflict, comedian, confluence, commentary, conform, composed, confound, complaint, confront, com- petitor, confusion, complaisance, congenial, compositor, congestion, computer, congratulate, compartment, congre- gate, companion, conjecture, community, conjoin, conjunc- tive, connect, conscience. WORDS DISJOINED FOR CON AND COM. Inconsistent, accompany, reconcile, accommodate, incon- solable, accomplish, misconduct, incomprehensible, incon- stant, incompatible, incontinent, excommunicate, uncon- scious decompose, uncontrollable, recompense, inconclusive, i v> VVOKD^ KOK PR \K 1'K.VIH I . brought, bridegroom, bring, breathe, credible, cross, cramp, critical, comprise, deprive, defray, compress, .-trive, extra. N HOOK. Mind, tin, stand, kind, fan, demand, complain, detain, defend, send, finish, admonish, friendship, diminish, hap- pen, rain, even, alone, puni>h, none, man, remain, incon- venient, maintain, humanity, machine, imagine, suddenly. I AMi V HOOK. Rival, tough, care, defender, advocate, brave, extrava- gance, gave, cough, glove, deafen, divide, pave, strive-fe, drive, profit, divinity, prove, define. Twine, dwell, twin, can we, twice, it was, twelve, dwarf, queer, queen, dwindle, twist, twinkle, twenty, ^anguine, anguish, vanquish, inadequate. Do you, have you, if you, can you, give you, may you, though you, had you, don't you. THK, TK AM) I>K HooK. Rather, better, gather, patter, bother, each other, which their, redder, bitter, rider, bidder, pleader. CONCLUSION. In concluding the author desires to reiterate the statement made in the introductory remarks of this work, that he would try to present in a brief but lucid manner the elementary principles essential to speed and legibility in phonography. These ele- mentary principles will undoubtedly enable any student to make this art of as much practicable value as any other work on short-hand extant, and in a small fraction of the time required by any other work. But the student must expect to find herein but a small part of that vast and compre- hensive subject, "the queen of arts and sciences," phonography. Its realm circumscribes the boun- daries of many a sister science. Phonetics, phi- lology, etymology, vocal physiology, phonics, elocu- tion and others pour their contributions at its feet, and are amply enriched by it in return. Further- more, the foregoing pages contain but a small part, necessarily an epitome, of what constitutes our 140 i i INCLUSION. method." This entire work is based upon the attempt to avoid the rock on which all others have split, namely, making the art impracticable to many by adopting an analytic method, and going into all the theoretic and confusing details before making ;my part of it practicable. Many wander for years in the intricate and mazy labyrinths of those methods without finding one iota of utility in them ; while by the method herein delineated each exercise is a Mire advance in the path of practicability, will be of ureat utility to the student if interrupted at any part of his course, and lays a foundation of me< hanical control of principles which will be of inestimable value should he desire to take up the advanced course of the method and become more of an expert. It would be useless to embody all the principles and developed resources of this art in one instruction book, for it would incur a risk and engender a probability that the student would be confused by a number of new principles before he had mechanically acquired the old. As a UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY, harmoni/ing the various systems of the old phonography, this work does not pretend to be complete or scientifically perfect in all its details, but is a medium between the old style and what ought to be. APPENDIX. The following vowel scale can scarcely with as much propriety as in case of the preceding princi- ples be termed a part of Universal Phonography, for it is in no respect similar to that of any of the old systems ; but it may claim a right to be consid- ered a part of it on the ground that it supplies a long-felt and universal demand for a vowel scale that could be joined. As alluded to in the remarks on phrasing, to take up the pen, give space and put it down between characters occupies as much time as three ordinary, well-known consonant strokes ; and to do the same with the additional care of making a distinction between light and very light dots takes still longer. The general tenor of this book will convince the student that the author is no advocate of an extensive use of the vowels, as he has found that they are not a necessity once in a thousand words ; but oftentimes if one can insert a prominent vowel it will enable him to get a legi- ble and very suggestive abbreviation of a long word in one or two strokes beside the vowel. This arrangement places phonography on a much more scientific and philosophical basis than for- merly. It brings it into still nearer relation to the sciences of geometry, acoustics and anatomy of the vocal organs, makes it more nearly a perfect alpha- bet, an alphabet of nature, or universal alphabet, 142 APPKNDIX. than anything we have seen published, by repre- senting the higher, lower and medial organ articulation in a corresponding position in the cir- cle. It still preserves the harmony of first, second and third positions if desired, and makes th< called "diphthongs," or irregular vowels, regular. They are so flexible that they may be changed into three-fourths of a circle or an elongated semi-circle to facilitate a juncture or prevent conrlictions. Hut let me repeat, an extensive use of the vowels is nei- ther strictly phonographic, desirable nor necessary. ClRcn.AK VOWKI. SCU.K. already \ before *\ nrc uc - fl c1 s \ k UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles iTmh-*:- ....,,,... i . WBOO< HANDBOOK w. THE EAivTH. Natural Methods in Geography. By LOUISA PARSONS HOPEIMS. Teacher of Normal Methods in the Swum Free School, New Bedford. Puce 60 cents. An inductive treatise In Geography, which is offered to the general student as an original and philosophical presentation of the ml']' ct . also designed for the use of Teachers and Normal-School < las-' review ..ml generalization of geographical facts, agulde In right meth- ods of study, and an application of the principles of psychology to the art of teaching, which shall educate as well as Improve the pupil PRONOUNCING HANDBOOK Of 3,000 Words often Mispronounced, and of Word* as to which cilice of Pronunciation Is allowed By RICHABU SOILS imd Looms .1. CAMPBELL. Price 60 cents. "This book can be carried In a gentleman's vest pocket, or tucked into a ladv's belt, and we wish several hundred thousand opie* might thus be dfsposed of with a view to daily lonsultation." t cutiou will make a work for anyone v. ho 256 rest must be left to A42u .M.D. Trice 50 cents. are described In lan- of service to all who bullet, J'i.tla. ;p who drink water kind of water they etent person." Clu- noN. 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