D 2 512 BIOLOGY A COMPENDIUM OF OSTEOLOGY; m-.IXG A SYSTEMATIC TREATISE ON THE BONES OF THE HUMAN BODY for tljr fclsr of TO WHICH IS StT.JOlXKD AN IMPROVED METHOD OF PP.EPARIXG BOXES FOR OSTEOI.OG1CAT, PI RPO-K- BY GEORGE WITT, M. D. PHYSICIAN TO TIIF. GENERAL INFIRMARY, U El) KO 1! I). p- * ' ' & ' " PROMETHEVS HVMANI CORPORIS SCGI.ETON FINGKNS." 1 LONDON: LONG MAX, RP.I'S, OTIMII, HROU \, (ilM-HN, AM) l.OM.MAX, 1>ATF.U\()STKR MOW, AM) uiirn:, BI-DFORD. MDCCCXXXHI. '/>-x >nnl Sn COMPENDIUM OF OSTEOLOGY. COMPENDIUM OF OSTEOLOGY; BEING A SYSTEMATIC TREATISE ON THE BONES OF THE HUMAN BODY ZDesignelr for tlje JMsc of Stutrrnt0. TO WHICH IS SUBJOINED AN IMPROVED METHOD OF PREPARING BONES FOR OSTEOLOGICAL PURPOSES. BY GEORGE WITT, M. D. PHYSICIAN TO THE GENERAL INFIRMARY, BEDFORD. *) " PROMETHEVS HVMANI CORPORIS SCELETON FINGENS." MontfailCOli. LONDON: LONGMAN, .REES, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMAN, PATERNOSTER ROW; AND WHITE, BEDFORD. MDCCCXXXIII. QM W-5 BiLOQY LIBRARY G PRINTED BY W. WHITE, llllill STREET, I)F.l)l'OI(I). Iflfl- PREFACE. IN professing to set forth a systematic descrip- tion of the bones, it may be necessary to explain the grounds upon which it is founded. In the following Tables an attempt has been made to convey a methodical knowledge of Osteo- logy the result of a practical mode of teaching this branch of anatomy. This mode consists in taking up each bone in succession, and placing and retaining it in one given and fixed position until the different parts presented to the eye whe- ther processes, foramina, or grooves are read off in this lucid order and succession. The bone is then turned as upon a given axis, to bring into sight a fresh collection of parts. The advantage of this simple plan can scarcely be imagined without actual experiment. In describing any bone care must be taken not to pass over a single point enumerated, whilst it is retained in its first position ; and when every part shall have been described in that view, it then must be turned to its next aspect. Every thing depends upon this careful CONSECUTIVE de- scription ; and when the knowledge of a bone shall have been acquired after this method, it will be really difficult for any part to escape notice, or fail to be impressed upon the memory ; the eye forms a correct picture of the bone the mind seizes the arrangement and the memory retains the clas- sified knowledge thus systematically acquired. In practice, the bone, the os occipitis for instance, should be held steadily with the left hand, pre- senting to view the first-mentioned part in the table ; the right hand should hold a probe or some sharp instrument to point out the parts. In the occiput, the tubercle is the first part to be noticed hence a posterior aspect of the bone is chosen : b PREFACE. in this view we have exposed the first six parts in the table ; then by moving the bone a little, so as to bring the condyles uppermost, the remaining three parts on the external surface will be exposed ; the bone must next be turned round to its internal surface, which turn alone will bring into view the remaining seven parts of the os occipitis. Care must be taken to describe from above downwards, and to follow scrupulously the arrangement in the table. In the description of each of the bones of the head, a certain formula has been steadily observed, commencing with the " Situation," " Connexion" and " Use" ; but in that of the bones of the trunk and of the extremities, it has been found expedient now and then to deviate from this arrangement ; and here it may be remarked on systems in gene- ral, that they are useful only so far as they tend to facilitate the acquirement of any science ; but that as soon as this object is lost sight of, they become a clog upon the subject which they were primarily intended to elucidate. Accordingly, a cer- tain system, when available, has been here em- ployed, and regarded as a valuable auxiliary, but immediately that it has been found not to be adapted to the purpose, it has been laid aside, and made to re-appear on a future and more fitting occasion. The description of each bone is arranged in two columns : in the first are the general parts, as the foramina, ridges, processes, &c. in the second, a brief and comprehensive enumeration of the uses of those parts. It is not to be understood that all their uses and functions are described ; these must be sought in works on general anatomy ; such only are noticed as are most important and useful to be remembered in connexion with the osteological structure. In regard to some bones, and more especially those of the head, it is to be observed that every specimen will not exhibit clearly all the parts de- scribed. In some, one part is found well developed, while in others, owing to the varying course of the arteries, and other causes, we find the same object hardly visible. It is therefore only in a large as- sortment of bones, with various sections, and speci- mens of different ages, that we can hope to obtain a good view in every case. PREFACE. In making use of the Questions, which follow each division of the Table, the bones of that divi- sion of the skeleton should lie before the student, and the eye should, with each answer, be directed to the spot to prove its correctness : in this way the subject is indelibly fixed on the memory. All learners in Osteology will admit that the first steps are beset with difficulties, which render the study of this most important branch of anatomy a dry and tedious labour. Among the first of these may be ranked the task of committing to memory a certain number of barbarous inappropriate terms, having scarcely any apparent connexion with each other, and often ill-adapted to the subject ; and with however great difficulty this knowledge may have been acquired, it has been considered almost an im- possibility to retain it for any useful period, without constantly refreshing the memory. Such knowledge is nothing more than a collection of unconnected sounds to render them available, and to impress them upon the memory, they must be properly as- sociated with some fixed idea the mind must in- stantly, and as if involuntarily, picture to itself the image of the object intended to be described. There is perhaps no branch of anatomy which more deserves the reproaches that have been cast on the science, generally, as to the barbarism of its terms, than Osteology. It is a matter more to be lamented than wondered at, when we take into consideration the objects from which many of our early anatomical terms were derived. Some are in bad Latin, others in equally bad English ; and al- though it is generally admitted, that it is very desir- able to do away with such an opprobrium in the present state of the science, yet the matter is so fraught with difficulty that it hardly seems prac- ticable. The following arrangement was commenced some years ago ; and, with a desire to maintain consistency, none but English names were made use of; but the occurrence of such unphilosophical expressions as the " great hole" of the occiput, or the " great bone " of the carpus, induced a, trial solely of Latin terms ; here similar, if not greater difficulties, were experienced, and this language in its turn was relinquished ; and the only alternative was to return into the old beaten track. In the description, however, of the bones of the head and face, both the Latin and English terms have been VI PREFACE. preserved, leaving it to the choice of the learner to adopt those which custom has rendered most familiar to his ear. A tabular view of Dr. Barclay's Nomenclature has been introduced, and occasionally made use of; but the objections against new terms in anatomy, generally, hold good, with respect to this system, however admirable and well adapted it may be. It is not a matter of surprise that medical men should complain of the difficulty of recollecting their anatomy in after life, since the information on this subject is for the most part very hastily obtained, often very imperfectly, and in many instances dis- sections are actually commenced before even a mere outline of a knowledge of the bones of the part is acquired, while, in others, the study of the muscu- lar and of the osteological structure of the part has commenced at the same time. Throughout the whole of the following pages, much pains has been bestowed in condensing the descriptions as much as is consistent with clearness of expression; but the frequent occurrence thereby of the word IT, renders it necessary that the atten- tion of the reader be directed to this subject, and that he should observe, that whenever the meaning appears doubtful, the reference is invariably to the word in the first column of the table. The usurped use of this little word alone has saved the frequent repetition of whole sentences. If the foregoing description of the system be clearly understood, a thorough knowledge of Osteo- logy may be acquired in an incredibly short period. Very little new matter is here brought forward the aim has chiefly been to facilitate the acquire- ment of what is already known. Quotations have been made from various anatomical works, and some- times in the very language of their authors, when- ever it was found sufficiently condensed to answer the purpose of the tables. It is proposed hereafter to publish a series of Etchings to illustrate every part described through- out the work, with references to the letter-press as it now stands. ON THE BONES IN GENERAL. The term OSTEOLOGY, or the Doctrine of the Bones, compre- hends a disquisition upon what belongs to bones in common, and upon what is proper to each bone in particular. The BONES are hard compact substances, assuming various irre- gular forms, giving stature and support to the body, and affording points of attachment to the numerous muscles necessary to the performance of its varied motions and functions ; they enclose and defend the brain and spinal marrow, the heart and lungs, and other viscera ; they chiefly constitute all the joints of the body ; and afford important levers for the free and powerful actions of the ex- tremities. The structure of bones corresponds with the structure of other parts of the body : they are abundantly furnished with blood vessels, nerves, and absorbents; and are subject to similar diseases to those which affect the soft parts. Their hardness is the result of atoms of lime imbedded in structure similar to the cellular sub- stance of any other part of the body. Ivory is nothing more than lime deposited in the midst of cellular structure; and thus soft parts and membranes may become bone ; that is, the arteries may deposit lime in their structure ; the arteries of old people sometimes become like coral. As to the formation of bone in the fcetus, at first it is a mere vascular jelly ; by degrees the outline of the bone is seen, and the gelatinous matter becomes blanched by the deposition of lime : when more perfectly formed, the ends of the long bones are tipped with cartilage. Bones are therefore formed yielding, but with as much elasticity and firmness as will enable them to retain their form. The component parts of bones vary in proportion in different persons in different bones of the same person and in the same bone at different ages. The lime, however, bears a much smaller proportion in children, than in persons of more advanced age. Its excess or deficiency constitutes two opposite diseases of the bones the one an affection of youth, viz. rickets ; and the other a malady not unfrequent in old age, viz. fragilitas ossium. The earthy matter is obtained either by calcination, or by maceration in a dilute acid, from which the lime may be afterwards precipitated; in the latter case, bones thus chemically altered become perfectly flexible, but they retain their original form so long as they are kept wet in spirit. The following analysis of bone has been given by Bergelius : Phosphate of Lime 51 04 Cartilage 34 17 Vlll ON THE BONES IN GENERAL. Carbonate of Lime 11 30 Fluate of Lime 2 00 Phosphate of Magnesia 1 10 Soda, Muriate of Soda, and Water .... 1 20 Externally, the bones are closely invested by a membrane called the periosteum, which is subservient to various important uses both in their physiology and structure especially in lodging and sup- porting the vessels and nerves in their passage to the bones in strengthening the conjunction of bones with their epiphyses in the young subject and in furnishing a smooth surface for the action of the muscles. That portion of the membrane which covers the bones of the skull has received the name of pericranium, and that lining the orbits is called periorbitar. Bones are composed of lamellae, or plates, which are formed of fibres, running either longitudinally, or in a radiated manner, according to the figure of the bone. This structure may be readily seen, either by calcination, or by maceration in acid. The solidity of the walls of bones is owing to these laminae being closely im- pacted, as in the bodies of the long bones ; whilst at the extremities they gradually become very thin, and the bone is chiefly formed by the cancellated structure of the interior. The flat bones consist of two thick compact laminae, separated from each other by a middle layer of spongy structure, called diploe, as in the bones of the cranium. The short bones consist principally of a spongy or canccllous structure, surrounded by a thin lamina of compact bone. The cancelli communicate everywhere with each other, and by their irregular reticulated form, constitute cells of various shapes and sizes. These are lined throughout by a fine vascular membrane, which secretes the oily substance called marrow. The cancelli in the middle of the long bones are fibrous, but towards the ex- tremities they are lamellated and more numerous ; but in some of the flat bones, as the scapula, and the ilium, the solid parts are so much compressed as to leave but little room for any intervening structure ; while, on the contrary, in the middle of the long bones, the cavities are so large, and so distributed, as to constitute a hollow cylinder, or tube, in which the marrow is lodged. If bones were formed solid, they would be weighty and cumbrous, and it may be demonstrated mathematically that a hollow cylinder is stronger than a solid. There is another advantage arising from this form of the long bones ; by being small in the middle, room is made for the action of the muscles, and the ends are spread out for the purposes of their attachment, and for the formation of joints. The number of the bones constituting the human skeleton varies in different instances, owing to the irregular distribution of the sesa- moid bones; it also varies during youth at the different changes of the teeth, but the number in the adult is most commonly 242. The skeleton is divided into the Head, the Trunk, the Upper and the Lower Extremities : the head consisting of 61 bones, the trunk of 53, and the extremities of 64 each. The head comprehends the bones both of the cranium and face, as well as, one bone of the tongue. The bones of the cranium are connected with each other by serrated edges, termed sutures ; and those of the face, by less strongly marked sutures, called harmonies. ON THE BONES IN GENERAL. The trunk comprehends the bones of the spine, thorax, and pelvis. The upper extremities comprehend the bones of the shoulders, arms, fore-arms, wrists, hands, and fingers. The lower extremities comprehend the bones of the thighs, legs, tarsus, metatarsus, and toes. All of which are hereafter severally described. In describing the relative position of the different bones, it may be necessary to observe that the usual plan made use of by ana- tomists has been adopted ; which supposes the body to be erect, with the palms of the hands forwards, and the thumbs turned out- wards. Hence the terms superior, inferior, anterior, or posterior, have direct reference to this position. The median plane is an ima- ginary perpendicular line, commencing on the top of the head, extending through the middle of the body, dividing it into two lateral halves, and continued between the inferior extremities; the terms inner and outer denote an approach to, or a removal from, this imaginary line. ERRATA. Page 16, Line 16 from the top, for crita, read crista. 16, Line 2 from the bottom, after the word maxillary, insert the word vomer. 22, Last line,ybr roof the mouth, read roof of the mouth. 40, Line 8 from the bottom, for xXX v ^> rea ^ MKKvZ,. 40, Line 2 from the bottom, leave out 1 . BASE. - 60, 62, 67, Head-line,/or Upper, read Lower. 67, Leave out the last Question, being a repetition. W pa PS w w o fc O fc <1 OF THE HU hH HH fe O cc W O W _ -3 5 2.2-s alriTi-i e S -g I _2 J 2 ^ r* o -S /< H 1 * & ." H * 4 ^| 1 - -S ^ " p _N ! H *s - H R J J 03 Ed n* ( S a H W 0) 5 2 1 .a" 5 w~ N : < '* Zl M 3 w 5 z o ^ H df 2 ii ^ M O PELVIS, viz. . . a" H | -2 5 -8 w -g K a .' 2 !- 1 H s s s w 2 g 5 ill s 2J- -' w 1 M '-> a W 1 < - i is H 1 H o 1 ! i F^ [^ 1 1 1 V V V ^ QJ 4) C j: js ja ja _=_=.- -*^ *j *-> -*j *j -*j *- qj CJ *^ "*3 "5 ** 0, ^ . *o <* w o c O 'S "8 ooo o o o c O O a a O 09 g en i M CO V e o M CO en co {ft co co cf QJ a> QJ Q} QJ o G. n a a a s a s o o 05 m QJ Q; 1 C ^ c ci V. pH C! ^ ^ J* i-t n ^ -^ s ^ j= w" : 10 On the First Division of the Table, comprehending the 61 Bones of the Cranium and Face. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. OS TEMPORALE. Situation . Connexion U,e Pars Squamosa (externally). SEMICIRCULAR EDGE SMOOTH SURFACE ... ZYGOMATIC PROCESS TUBERCLE GLENOID CAVITY GLASSERIAN FISSURE Internally. GROOVE. Pars Petrosa (externally). AUDITORY PROCESS VAGINAL PROCESS . STYLOID PROCESS . . MASTOID PROCESS Deriv. Tempera, the temples, ab tempus; because the hair first grows grey at this part. Synonima, ossa Petrosa, Mcndosa, Lapidosa, Dura, Arcualia, Armalia, &c. Laterally and inferiorly with respect to the other bones of the cranium. With 5 bones ; viz. in front, with the sphenoid and malar bones by the zygomatic and sphenoidal sutures ; above, with the parietal bones by the squamous suture and its additamentum ; behind, with the occipital bone by the additamentum suturae lambdoidalis ; and below, with the lower jaw by ginglimus. Contains the organ of hearing, receives and transmits various nerves and blood vessels, assists in sup- porting the middle lobe of the brain, &c. The temporal bone is usually divided into two portions, viz. a Pars Squamosa, and a Pars Petrosa. Arcus Sqitamosus. Thin, and overlapping the parietal bone. Below the semicircular edge formed by the belly of the temporal muscle. Processus Zygomaticus, seu Jugalis. Standing out from the lower and front part of the squamous portion forming, with the zygomatic process of the malar bone, the zygoma or jugum within which the temporal muscle plays. (Eminentia Articularis) at the root of the zygomatic process, and close to the articular cavity. Fossa Articularis. For the reception of the condyle of the lower jaw, and of the interarticular cartilage. Fissura Glasseri. Immediately behind the glenoid cavity which divides the squamous and petrous portions of the bone at this part gives attachment to the capsule of the joint, and passage for the chorda tympani. The squamous portion is hollowed out for the reception of the middle lobe of the brain, and is marked by the convolutions towards the front part of it there is a Sulcus Meningeus, running upwards which conducts the middle meningeal artery to the sphenoidal angle of the parietal bone. Has 4 processes, 4 foramina, and 4 fossae or sulci. . Processus Auditorius. Surrounding the external auditory meatus, but imperfect at the upper part to which the cartilage of the ear is attached. In animals of the ruminating class this process is seen in great perfection. Processus Vaginalis. A flattened projection of bone, situated immediately below and within the fore- going process, and partly surrounds the root of the next process, called the Processus Styliformis. Which is situated midway in a straight line drawn from the carotid foramen to the mastoid process in most instances it is a well marked and long process, as its name implies, but in some it is very short it affords a point of attachment for several muscles, as well as, for a ligament going to the os hyoides. Processus Mastoideus, seu Mammilaris. Containing the mastoid cells, which communicate with the 11 OS TEMPORALE (continued). On the First Division of the Table, comprehending the 61 Bones of the Cranium and Face. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. EXTERNAL AUDITORY FORAMEN STYLO-MASTOID FORAMEN. CAROTID FORAMEN MASTOID FORAMEN PAROTID CAVITY. JUGULAR CAVITY MASTOID GROOVE , OCCIPITAL GROOVE, Pars Petrosa (internally.) INTERNAL AUDITORY FORAMEN OPENING OF THE VESTIBULE OPENING OF THE COCHLEA , cavity of the tympanum at a short distance above and behind this process, the edge of the bone is rough and deeply serrated, indicating the place of connexion with the parietal and occipital bones, by means of the additamenta of the squamous and lambdoidal sutures. Meatus Auditorius Externus. The opening of the canal leading to the organ of hearing, which in the recent subject is terminated at the distance of about an inch from the opening of the ear, by a fine membrane stretched across, called the tympanum. Foramen Stylo-Mastoideum, vel Aqueeductus Fallopii. Situated between the styloid and mastoid pro- cesses the exit of the portio dura of the seventh pair of nerves in order to its distribution to the face. Foramen Carotideum. A considerable foramen situated internally to the styloid process ; being the entrance of the carotid artery into the skull it also gives passage to filaments of nerves which form the connexion between the sympathetic and cerebral nerves. Foramen Mastoideum. Situated generally about the additamentum of the lambdoidal suture, but some- times there are several foramina for the transmission of veins from the back of the neck into the lateral sinus, and occasionally of a branch of the occipital artery to the dura mater. Fossa Parotidea. Immediately behind the glenoid cavity, from which it is divided by the glassserian fissure for the lodgement of a point of the parotid gland. Fossa Juyularis. Separated from the foregoing cavity by the vaginal and styloid processes, and situated immediately behind the carotid foramen forming by its union with the occipital bone, the foramen jugulare for the transmission of the lateral sinus, &c. Sulcus Digastricus. Situated just internally to the mastoid process the point of attachment of the posterior belly of the digastricus muscle. Sulcus Occipitalis. Divided from the former by a small ridge marked by the passage of the occipital artery. The temporal bone is rightly termed the most difficult in the body, inasmuch as it admits of so little classification or arrangement. The petrous portion is of a triangular shape, and may be said to present 4 openings, and 5 canals or furrows. Meatus Auditorius Internus. A large opening on the posterior aspect of the pars petrosa into which the conjoined portions of the seventh pair of nerves enter. The portio mollis proceeds to the laby- rinth of the internal ear, while the portio dura takes its course along the canal of Fallopius, and emerges at the stylo-mastoid foramen as before mentioned. Aqueeductus Vestibuli. Situated at a short distance externally to the meatus auditorius internus, and nearer to the superior petrosal groove the opening is generally covered by a sort of scale of bone. Aquceductus Cochlea. Situated lower down on the same aspect of the bone, and also at a short dis- tance from the internal auditory meatus, in a line drawn from this point to the jugular fossa. 12 OS TEMPORALE (continued). 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 1. 2. 3. 4. .SUPERIOR PETROSAL GROOVE INFERIOR PETROSAL GROOVE LATERAL GROOVE. CAROTID CANAL EusTACHiAN CANAL VIDIAN FORAMEN ., THE INTERNAL EAR. THE CAVITY OF THE TYMPANUM FENESTRA OVALIS FENESTRA ROTUNDA ... OSSICULA AUDITUS THE EUSTACHIAN TUBE. On the First Division of the Table, comprehending the 01 Bones of the Cranium and Face. Canalii Petrosiis Superior. Running alonu the upper edije of the petrous portion for the lodgement of the superior petrosal sinus the ridges on each side of this groove afford attachment to the ten- toriuni and about the middle of the upper edge an eminence is observed indicating the situation of the superior semicircular canal of the internal ear. Canalis Petrosus Inferior. Situated at the lower edge of the posterior aspect of the petrous portion, and completed by the junction of this bone with the basilar process of the occipital bone for the lodgement of the inferior petrosal sinus. Sulcus Lateralis. A deep excavation, on the inner surface of the mastoid process, through which the lateral sinus passes a little before its termination. Canalis Carotideus. Which commences at the carotid foramen, and terminates at the innermost point of the petrous portion at its anterior aspect. Immediately in front of the internal opening of the carotid canal is seen the Canalis Eustachianus, vcl Iter a Palato ad Avrem. The bony portion of the eustachian tube, which in the recent subject is completed by cartilage it terminates in the cavity of the tympanum. Foramen Vidiaimm, sen Innominatum. At about the middle of the anterior aspect of the pars petrosa. A groove is seen leading to this foramen which commences at the margin of the internal opening of the carotid canal for the passage of a branch of the second division of the fifth pair of nerves, or vidian nerve, to join the portio dura. The parts composing the organ of hearing are arranged in three divisions, viz. the External Ear, the Middle Ear or Tympanum, and the Internal Ear or Labyrinth. The meatus auditorius externus is the commencement of the canal leading from the external ear to the membrana tympani the osseous part of this canal is about half an inch in length. Is of an irregular form, and situated within the petrous portion of the temporal bone the external boundary of this cavity is formed by the membrana tympani the other boundaries are formed by the surrounding bone. In the cavity of the tympanum are the following parts, viz. the or Foramen Ovale. Situated opposite to the membrana tympani, and a little above the next opening, called the or Foramen Rotundum. Both these apertures are covered by thin membranes, which separate the cavity of the tympanum from the internal ear properly so called. Are three small bones articulated with each other, and extending across the cavity of the tympanum, named the Malleus, Incus, and Stapes but these will be more particularly described. Is a canal formed partly of bone and partly of nbro-cartilage, extending from the tympanum to the upper part of the pharynx, of about two inches in length, for the purpose of convaying air into the 13 TI1K INTERNAL EAR (continued). On the First Division of the Table, comprehending the Gl Bones of the Cranium and Face. 1. 3. OPENING OF THE MASTOID CELLS THE LABYRINTH THE VESTIBULE THE SEMICIRCULAR CANALS. THE COCHLEA cavity of the tympanum it begins by a rounded orifice in the anterior side of the tympanum, and thence extends obliquely downwards and forwards to the upper part of the pharynx, where it termi- nates immediately behind the posterior opening of the nose. A small opening in the upper and back part of the tympanum, which extends into the mastoid cells these cells are filled with air which passes into them from the tympanum. or Internal Ear, properly so called consists of several cavities of irregular form and direction, ex- cavated in the petrous portion of the temporal bone. These cavities are arranged in three divisions, viz. the Cochlea, the Vestibule, and the Semicircular Canals the cochlea is situated in front of the vestibule, and the semicircular canals behind it the vestibule communicates with the cochlea and semicircular canals, hence it is regarded as the central cavity of the labyrinth. The bony walls of the labyrinth are lined by a membrane, from which a transparent watery fluid is secreted into the several cavities this membrane is continued through the aquaeducts, and at the termination of each passage is expanded beneath the dura mater in the form of a pouch the sacs and tubes in the labyrinth receive the filaments of the auditory nerve, which terminate on their internal surfaces in soft pulps. Is a small cavity, of an elliptical shape, and containing 8 openings one of these openings is the Fenestra Ovalis, by which the vestibule communicates with the cavity of the tympanum one open- ing extends into the Cochlea one forms the commencement of a passage named the Aquaeductus Vestibuli and the five other openings extend into the Semicircular Canals.. Are 3 in number, and designated, according to their situation, Superior, Posterior, and External the two former are vertical in their direction, the latter or external is horizontal these canals communi- cate at both their extremities with the vestibule the superior and posterior canals are joined at one end, hence the three canals present only five openings the diameter of each canal is such as will just receive the head of a common sized pin. Derives its name from the resemblance of its external form to the shell of a snail it has therefore an Apex and a Base the base is directed towards the bottom of the ineatus auditorius internus in- ternally the cochlea consists of a central pillar named the Modiolus, and of a Convoluted Tube the tube forms two turns and a half around the modiolus on opening the tube it is found to consist of two passages called Scalse, and divided by a transverse partition called the Lamina Spiralis, which is formed partly of bone and partly of membrane, the osseous part consisting of two delicate plates, between which the filaments of the auditory nerve are lodged at the apex of the cochlea, the two passages or scalse are continued into each other, while at the base they have separate terminations one scala communicates with the vestibule by the opening described in that cavity, and hence termed the Scala Vestibuli the other communicates with the tympanum by the fenestra rotunda, and is called the Scala Tympani the central pillar of the cochlea, or modiolus, is hollow, and a branch of 14 THE INTERNAL EAR (continued). On the First Division of the Table, comprehending the 61 Bones of the Cranium and Face. 4. o. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. THE AQU.EDUCTUS VESTIBULI THE AQXJ;EDUCTUS COCHLEAE. OSSICULA AUDITUS. MALLEUS. Situation . Connexion THE HANDLE HEAD NECK LONG PROCESS.. SHORT PROCESS the auditory nerve passes through it at the apex of the cochlea the modiolus presents an expansion, which is named the Infundibulum. Is a very small channel, extending from the vestibule to the external surface of the temporal bone, and terminates, as before mentioned, by a small slit-like opening on the posterior side of the petrous portion of the bone. Is also a very small channel, extending from the cochlea to the external surface it terminates by a small conical aperture in the posterior border of the petrous portion, just below the internal auditory meatus. Note. To obtain a view of the foregoing parts, several sections of the temporal bones will be neces- sary, both of the faetus and of the adult, as well as of the dried bone, and of those in a fresh state. Are 3 small bones extending across the cavity of the tympanum, for the purpose of conveying the im- pressions of sound produced upon the tympanum, to the internal ear. The Malleus is placed at one end of the chain, and is attached to the membrana tyrnpani ; the Stapes at the other end, and is attached to the membrane closing the fenestra ovalis. These bones are very nearly completed in early infancy, and are found in all the Mammalia in the Amphibia, and in Birds the chain of bones is much simplified, and is reduced to one long thin bone expanded at its extremities, one end of which is attached to the tympanum, and the other to a hole corresponding to the fenestra ovalis. Deriv. Malleus, quasi mollius, from mollio, to soften from its resemblance to a hammer. Immediately within the membrana tympani, to which it is attached. With 1 bone, viz. internally, with the incus. Manubrium. Which is attached lengthways to the tympanum, extending from the circumference to the centre of the membrane, Caput. Having a rounded articulating surface adapted to the body of the incus. Cervix. A contraction just below the head. Processus Gracilis. Arising from the neck, and affording attachment to the laxator tympani muscle. Processus Brevis. Being the projecting point at the proximal end of the manubrium, which is attached to the centre of the tympanum. INCUS. Situation . Connexion Deriv. Incus, from incudo, to smite upon from its resemblance to an anvil by some it has been com- pared to a molar tooth. The second bone of the chain between the malleus and stapes. With 2 bones, viz. with the malleus at its body ; and with the glenoid cavity of the stapes by its orbicular process. 15 OSSICULA AUDITUS (continued). On the First Division of the Table, comprehending the 61 Bones of the Cranium and Face. 1. 2. 3. 4. BODY . LONG LEG ORBICULAR PROCESS SHORT LEG Corpus. Having a cavity, and two eminences, adapted to the head of the malleus. Crus Longuin. Directed downwards having a curious rounded process standing out from its extre- mity, called the Processus Orbicularis, which is furnished with an articulating surface adapted to the glenoid cavity of the stapes. This process is most commonly described as a distinct bone, called the os orbiculare, but a careful inspection of the adult specimen, will exhibit no trace of the separation that existed in tht fu'ial state. Crus Breve. Extends backwards, and is joined by a ligament to the edge of the mastoid opening. STAPES. Situation . Connexion 1. 2. 3. 4. GLENOID CAVITY NECK 2 LEGS ., BASE OS ETHMOIDES. Situation. Connexion Use The Cerebral Surface. Deriv. Stapes, in quo pes stat from its exact resemblance to a stirrup. The last bone of the chain between the long leg of the incus and the membrane closing the fenestra ovalis. With 1 bone, viz. with the incus at its glenoid cavity. Fossa Articularis. Excavated, and adapted to the orbicular process of the incus. Cervix. A contraction just below the glenoid cavity to which the stapedius muscle is attached. . Crura. Of unequal length, and situated horizontally, being nearly at a right angle with the inferior crus of the incus the two crura are placed on the same plane, the longest backwards and the shortest forwards ; they are grooved on the inner side of each, for the attachment of a membrane stretched be- tween them at their extremities they unite by a thin, flat, oval-shaped plate of bone, called the Basis. Which is adapted to the fenestra ovalis. Deriv. ridfioe, a sieve, and Soe, likeness from its being perforated on its upper surface with many foramina. Synonima, os Cribrosum, os Planum, os Spongiforme, os Cribriforme, &c. In the fore part of the base of the cranium, between the orbitar plates of the frontal bone, and behind the nose. With 11 bones ; viz. in the orbis ; above, with the os frontis by the transverse suture ; in front, with the lachrymal bones, and below, with the superior maxillary and palatine bones by harmony ; behind, with the sphenoid bone by the sphenoidal suture in the nose ; below, with the vomer ; and in front, with the nasal bones by harmony. Supports, in part, the anterior lobes of the brain, transmits the olfactory nerves, assists materially in the formation of the nose, and of the orbits, and affords the anterior point of attachment to the falx major. The ethmoid bone is of a cuboidal figure, and is described as having 4 surfaces one upper or cerebral ; two lateral or orbitar, and one lower or nasal surface. OS ETHMOIDES (continued). On the First Division of the Table, comprehending the 01 Bones of the Cranium and Face. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 10. CRIBRIFORM PLATE HOLES INTERNAL SPINE. THE FORAMEN CAECUM The Orbitar Surfaces. 2 ORBITAR PLATES 2 ANTERIOR ORBITAL HOLES . 2 POSTERIOR ORBITAL HOLES The Nasal Surface. THE NASAL PLATE.. 2 SUPERIOR SPONGY BONES. ETHMOIDAL CELLS Lamella Cribriformis. On which the bulbous extremities of the olfactory nerves rest it is of an oval form, with its long axis from before backwards, and is received between the orbitar processes of the frontal bone it is perforated by many Foramina Cribrosa. For the transmission of the filaments of the olfactory nerves, and of the ethmoiclal nerves into the nose. Crista Galli. Rising out from the anterior part of the cribriform plate, and terminating in a point or apex, to which the falx major is attached. Completed by the union of this bone with the os frontis, as before described. Lamella: Plante. Forming the greater part of the inner sides of the orbits, and covering the ethmoidal cells. Foramina Orbitalia Anteriora. Situated at the upper edges of the lamellae planae, and completed by the junction of this bone with the os frontis, as already described. Foramina Orbitalia Posteriora. Also at the upper edges of the lamella! plante, situated rather deeper in the orbit than the former, and completed by the junction with the frontal bone. Processus Nasalis. A broad flat plate of bone, situated in the centre, and descending from the under surface of the crita galli process by its junction with the vomer it forms the septum narium it is grooved on its anterior edge for the reception of the cartilage of the nose, and its posterior edge is sharp, and is received into a corresponding groove on the upper edge of the vomer. Processus Turbinati. Are convoluted processes of the ethmoid bone, hanging down on each side of the nasal process being convex on their inner, or mesial side, and concave on the outer. In animals possessing an acute sense of smelling, the spongy bones are wonderfully convoluted, over which con- volutions, the schneiderian membrane is extended to increase the olfactory surface. Sinus Ethmoidalcs. Situated within the body of the bone opening above the turbinated processes, and communicating with the frontal and sphenoidal cells. OS SPHENOIDES. Situation . Connexion Dcriv. from a^v, a wedge, and ttcoe, likeness because it seems to wedge together all the other bones of the skull. In the centre of the basis of the cranium, and immediately behind the bones of the face. With all the bones of the cranium, and with 7 of those of the face in all 14 bones ; viz. in the temporal fossae, with the malar, frontal, parietal, and temporal bones ; behind, with the occipital bone at the basilar process ; and in the nose, with the ethmoid, superior maxillary, and palatine bones. 17 OS SPHENOIDES (continued). On the First Division of the Table, comprehending the (51 Bones of the Cranium and Face. 1. 2. 3. 4. 0. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Use An. Ala Major, has 3 Surfaces, viz. CEREBRAL SURFACE , TEMPORAL SURFACE OHHITAL SURFACE.. FISSURA LACERA ., FORAMEN ROTUNDUM FORAMEN O VALE SPINOUS PROCESS .. STYLOID PROCESS . SPINOUS FORAMEN Ala Minor. TRANSVERSE SPINOUS PROCESS. ANTERIOR CLINOID PROCESS. OPTIC FORAMEN . The Body. TUBERCULUM OLIVARE ... SELLA TURSICA Assists in forming the orbits, the temporal fossw, and middle cerebral fossae and gives passage to many important vessels and nerves. The os sphenoides has been said to resemble a bat with its wings extended, and is therefore described as having a Body, two Alae Majores, and two Ala; Minores the descending pterygoid processes bear some resemblance to the legs. It is an azygos bone, hence many of the parts occur double. Fades Cercbralis. Forming part of the middle cerebral fossa, and marked by the convolutions of the brain. There is also a small groove to be seen on this surface, produced by the middle meningeal artery. Fades Temporalis. On the outer side of the bone forming part of the temporal fossa. Fades Orbitalis. Forming the outer and back part of the orbit. Foramen Lacentm Orbitale Superius. A slit-like opening, formed by the junction of the ala major and minor to the body -for the transmission of the third, fourth, first branch of the fifth, and the sixth pairs of nerves into the orbit ; and of the ophthalmic vein from the orbit into the cavernous sinus. Situated below and behind the fissura lacera for the transmission of the second branch of the fifth pair of nerves, or superior maxillary nerve. Situated rather more than half an inch behind the foramen rotundum, and more externally for the transmission of the third branch of the fifth pair of nerves, or inferior maxillary nerve. Processus Spinosus. Situated behind the foramen ovale, projecting outwards and backwards, and ter- minating in a sharp point or apex, called the Processus Styliformis. Projecting downwards, affording attachment to the circumflexus palati muscle. Foramen Spinosum. Situated externally and near to the point of the spinous process for the trans- mission of the middle meningeal artery, or spinous artery of the dura mater. Situated between the ala; majores. Between the two alae minores there is a smooth and somewhat excavated surface, upon which part of the anterior lobes of the cerebrum rest. Processus Transver so- Spinosus. A sharp slender process extending outwards and terminating in a fine point it is received into the groove dividing the anterior from the middle lobes of the brain, called the fissura Sylvii. Processus Clinoides Anterior. Projecting backwards and inwards, towards the posterior clinoid process excavated on its inner, or mesial, side for the passage of the carotid artery. Foramen Opticum. Situated in front of the anterior clinoid process, at the root of the ala minor for the transmission of the optic nerve, and of the ophthalmic artery. Is situated in the middle of the bone. An oval-shaped eminence, situated between the two optic foramina, on which the optic nerves decussate before they emerge. Just behind this eminence there is a deep excavation, called the Fossa Pituitaria. In which the pituitary gland of the brain is seated. 18 OS SPHENOID ES (continued). On the First Division of the Table, comprehending the 01 Bones of the Cranium and Face. 15. 10. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 2 POSTERIOR CLINOID PROCESSES 2 CAROTID GROOVES ROUGH SURFACE.. 2 PTERYGOID CANALS. 2 EUSTACHIAN GROOVES 2 EXTERNAL PTERYGOID PROCESSES 2 INTERNAL PTERYGOID PROCESSES HAMULAR PROCESSES 2 PTERYGOID FOSSAE . THE AZYGOS PROCESS , 2 SPHENOIDAL CELLS. OS NAS1. Situation . Connexion Use.. Processus Clinoidcs Postcriores. Situated immediately behind the sella tursica, and projecting for- wards these processes are connected together by an intervening portion of bone, and hence they appear in some instances indistinct they afford a point of attachment to the tentorium. Sitlci Carotidei. Situated alongside the sella tursica, but most visible at the root of the posterior clinoid processes. Fades Basilaris. Situated between the foregoing grooves by which this bone is connected with the basilar process of the occipital bone. Canales Pteryyoidca:, vel Foramina Ptenjgoidea, The posterior openings of which are just below the carotid grooves the anterior openings of these canals are a little below, and within, the foramina rotunda for the transmission of a branch of the second division of the fifth pair of nerves, which divides into two at the posterior opening of the canal : one branch goes upwards into the skull, and the other downwards, and takes the name of palatine. Sulci Eustachiani. Are small grooves in some instances indistinct, situated at a short distance below the pterygoid foramina through which part of the eustachian tubes pass. Processus Pterygoidei Externi. Projecting downwards and outwards from the under surface of the body, broad and flat, affording attachment to the external pterygoid muscles. Processus Pterygoidei Interni. Narrow, and longer than the former forming the lateral boundaries of the posterior openings of the nares, and terminating in two hooked processes, called the Processus Hamulares. Around which the tendons of the tensores palati muscles play. Fossa: Ptcrygoidea;. Situated between the external and internal pterygoid processes and give lodge- ment to the internal pterygoid muscles. Processus Azyyos. Situated in the mesial line on the anterior aspect of the body to which the nasal lamella of the ethmoid bone and the vomer are attached. On each side of the root of this process are two thin plates of bone,"which have obtained the name of ossa triangularia. Sinus Sphenoidales. Are two large cavities, communicating with the ethmoidal and other cells, open- ing in front, on each side of the azygos process, and separated from each other by a bony partition, termed the septum. Deriv. Nasus, the nose. Syn., ossa Nasalia. Upper part of the face, immediately beneath the nasal process of the frontal bone, and between the nasal processes of the superior maxillary bones. With 4 bones ; viz. above, with the os fronds at its nasal process ; laterally, with the superior maxil- lary bone ; in front, with its fellow ; and behind, with the nasal lamella of the ethmoid bone. With its fellow, it forms the bridge of the nose ; assists in forming the septum narium, &c. 19 OS NAS1 (continued). On the First Division of the Table, comprehending the 01 Bones of the Cranium and Face. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. SUPERIOR EDGE . , INFERIOR EDGE ., ANTERIOR EDGE. POSTERIOR EDGE. INTERNAL SPINE. FORAMEN The os nasi is an oblong, quadrangular shaped bone, somewhat contracted in its middle and expanded at either extremity -it has an external convex, and an internal concave surface, and is described as having four edges, viz. Margo Frontalis. Thick, and serrated by which it is connected with the frontal bone. Margo Alaris. Thin, and expanded to which the cartilage of the nose is attached. Margo Nasalis. Flat and straight by which it is connected with its fellow, Margo Maxillaris. Rough, and irregular by which it is connected with the nasal process of the superior maxillary bone. Crista Internet. Situated on the posterior aspect of the nasal edge, and extending down the whole length of the bone by which it is connected with the nasal lamella of the ethmoid bone it thus forms a small share of the septum narium. On the anterior aspect, generally near to the line of junction with its fellow sometimes there are several foramina, for the transmission of the nutrient arteries of the bone. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. OS MAXILLARE SUPERIUS. Situation . Connexion Use. SUPERIOR, OR ORBITAL.. EXTERNAL, OR MALAR . . INTERNAL, OR NASAL . . . INFERIOR, OR PALATINE THE NASAL PROCESS . . LACHRYMAL GROOVE ORBITAR RIDGE Deriv. Maxilla, the jaw from fiaaaaia, to chew. The anterior and middle part of the face. With 10 bones ; viz. in the orbit, with the frontal, lachrymal, ethmoid, palatine, and malar; in the nose, with the nasal, inferior spongy, sphenoid, vomer, and its fellow as well as, with 1(5 teeth, by gomphosis. The two bones form the greater part of the nose, and of the roof of the mouth, a considerable share of the orbits, and contain all the upper teeth. It is a very irregular bone, and is described as having a Body, and 4 Surfaces, viz. Or orbitar plate, forming the floor of the orbit. The whole external surface of the bone the malar process projects in the centre. Deeply excavated at its lower part. Flat, and surrounded by the alveolary processes. Processes Nasalis. Projecting from the upper surface this process is connected with the frontal bone at its apex, with the nasal bone at its front edge, and with the os unguis behind. Sulcus Lachrymalis. At the lower and back part of the root of the nasal process, extending downwards into the nose for the transmission of the lachrymal duct, and terminating just behind the anterior point of the lower spongy bone. Commencing immediately in front of the lachrymal groove forming part of the lower margin of the orbit. 20 OS MAXILLAlUi SUPERIUS (continued). On the First Division of the Table, comprehending the 01 Bones of the Cranium and Face. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. INFRA-OKBITAR FORAMEN NASAL NOTCH THE MALAR PROCESS SPHJENO-MAXILLARY FISSURE THE ALVEOLI ALVEOLARY FORAMINA PALATAL PROCESS ANTERIOR PALATINE FORAMEN . POSTERIOR PALATINE FORAMEN. LONGITUDINAL RIDGE . . LONGITUDINAL GROOVE. SEMICIRCULAR RIDGE. SUPERIOR MAXILLARY SINUS Foramen Infra-Orbitariiim. Situated immediately beneath the outer end of the orbitar ridge being the anterior opening of the infra obitar canal for the transmission of the infra-orbitar branch of the second division of the fifth pair of nerves, and of a branch of the internal maxillary artery. A semicircular sinuosity at the lower and front part of the bone for the attachment of the ala nasi. Processus Malaris. A large rough projection on the outer surface, by which this bone is connected with the os malse this process is hollowed out behind, for the play of the temporal muscle, and internally, there is a fissure common to this bone, and to the sphenoid, called the or Foramen Lacerum Orbitale Inferius, Which extends along the back part of the orbit, and conducts the infra-orbitar nerve and artery to the posterior opening of the infra-orbitar canal this canal pro- ceeds forwards directly beneath the orbitar plate, and emerges as before mentioned at the infra- orbitar foramen. Are cavities, or sockets, situated around the palatine surface of the bone, and corresponding in number to the teeth, which they lodge. Foramina Alveolaria. Are numerous small holes abounding near the alveoli, for the transmission of vessels for the supply of the membrane lining the sockets of the teeth. Processus Palatinus. Projecting horizontally inwards, towards the corresponding process in the other bone, with which it unites and forms the greater part of the roof of the mouth. Foramen Incisivum. Situated just behind and between the two middle incisor teeth, and therefore common to the two superior maxillary bones for the transmission of the anterior palatine nerves and vessels. The foramen after proceeding a short distance, subdivides into two or three canals which open into the nostrils this communication in animals is very conspicuous. Foramen Spheno-Palatinum, Situated just withinside the last tooth, and common to this bone, to the palatine, and to the sphenoid for the transmission of the palatine nerve, or the palato-maxillary branch of the second division of the fifth pair of nerves, and of a corresponding artery from the internal maxillary. Formed by the union of this bone with its fellow commencing in front, and running backwards over the line of junction with the palatine bones, along which bones it is continued. Sulcus Longitudinalis. On the top of the foregoing ridge, which receives the lower sharp edge of the vomer. Arcus Semicircularis. On the nasal surface of the bone, extending in an arched form from before back- wards across the antrum on which the inferior spongy bone hangs. Antrum Highmorianum, seu Sinus Maxillaris Pituitarius. A very large cavity occupying the centre of the body of the bone, and communicating with the nose, by an opening situated between the superior and inferior spongy bones. 21 On the First Division of the Table, comprehending the (51 Bones of the Cranium and Face. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. OS LACHRYMALE. Situation . Connexion. Use. PERPENDICULAR RIDGE ... THE LACHRYMAL SURFACE. THE ORBITAR SURFACE 2 CONVEX SURFACES . . . THE LOWER EDGE Deric. Lachryma, a tear, from its holding the lachrymal sac. Syn., os Unguis. The fore and lower part of the inner side of the orbit, and behind the nasal process of the superior maxillary bone. With 4 bones ; vi/. in the orbit, above, with the frontal ; below and in front, with the superior maxil- lary ; behind, with the ethmoid ; and in the nose, with the inferior spongy bone, close to the termination of the lachrymal canal. Assists in forming the orbit, the lachrymal canal, the cthmoidal cells, &c. That part of the lachrymal bone forming the orbit is of an oblong shape, and very thin, hence it has been compared to a finger nail. Situated near to the middle of the external side of the bone, dividing it into two surfaces, viz. Sulcus Lackrymalis. Grooved for the lodgement of the lachrymal sac and the transmission of the ductus ad nasuni. Lamella Orbitalis. Smooth, and somewhat excavated forming part of the orbit. On the inner, or mesial side, corresponding with the anterior ethmoidal cells, which this bone partly conceals. Which is in contact with the inferior spongy bone just at the termination of the lachrymal canal. 1. 2. 3. 4. OS MAL^E. Situation . Connexion Use.. SUPERIOR ORBITAL PROCESS INFERIOR ORBITAL PROCESS INTERNAL ORBITAL PROCESS MALAR FORAMEN Deriv. Mala, (ex Mains, an apple,) the check ; so called from its roundness. Syn., os Jugalc, os Zygomaticum. Upper and outer side of the face. With 4 bones ; viz. in the orbit, above, with the frontal ; behind, with the sphenoid ; and below, with the superior maxillary ; and at its zygomatic process, with the temporal bone. Assists in forming the orbit, the zygomatic arch, the temporal fossa, &c. The malar bone is of an irregular quadrangular form, and is sometimes described as having four angles, viz. a Superior or Frontal, an Internal or Orbital, an Inferior or Maxillary, and an External or Zygomatic ; which angles are also called processes, viz. Processus Orbitalis Superior. Forming, with the frontal bone, the outer edge of the orbit. Processus Orbitalis Inferior. Forming, with the superior maxillary bone, the lower edge of the orbit. Processus Orbitalis Internus, vet Posterior. Projecting backwards, and assisting to form the orbit on its inner, or mesial side, and the temporal fossa, on its outer side. Foramen Malare. On the outer surface of the bone for the transmission of a branch of the second division of the fifth pair of nerves, together with a branch of the internal maxillary artery, from the orbit to the cheek. Sometimes there are two foramina. G 2-2 OS MAL;E (continued). On the First Division of the Table, comprehending the (51 Bones of the Cranium and Face. 5. MAXILLARY PROCESS., 0. ZYGOMATIC PROCESS . 7. TEMPORAL SINUOSITY Processus Maxillaris. Serrated and rough by which this bone is connected with the superior maxil- lary ; at which point it forms the prominence of the cheek. Processus Zyyomaticus. By which this bone is connected with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, forming an arch over the temporal muscle. jpossa Temporalis. An excavation at the outer and back part of the bone in which the lower or ten- dinous portion of the temporal muscle plays. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. OS SPONGIOSUM INFERIUS. Situation . Connexion Use. LACHRYMAL PROCESS MAXILLARY PROCESS. GROOVE , ANTERIOR EXTREMITY MAXILLO-PALATINE EDGE INFERIOR EDGE POSTERIOR EXTREMITY OS PA LATIN UM. Situation . Connexion Use. Deriv. Spongia, sponge; from its porous or sponge-like texture. Syn., ossa Turbinata, Concha: In- feriores, Convoluta, &c. Lower part of the cavity of the nose. With 3 bones ; viz. with the superior maxillary and palatine bones along the semicircular ridge ; and with the os unguis just at the termination of the lachrymal duct. From its convoluted form, it augments the olfactory surface, it assists in forming the antrum Highmori, the ductus ad nasum, &c. Processus Lachrymalis. A thin scale of bone, extending upwards, and forming the inner parietes of the lachrymal duct near to its termination. Processus Maxillaris. Also a thin scale of bone, smaller than the former, and extending upwards and backwards forming part of the inner parietes of the superior maxillary sinus it is divided from the foregoing process by a Which in the recent subject is a foramen being the opening of the antrum Highmori into the cavity of the nostrils. Covering the inferior opening of the lachrymal canal. Or superior edge, by which this bone hangs upon the semicircular ridge of the superior maxillary and palatine bones. Rounded, and projecting downwards into the cavity of the nostrils presenting a convex surface mesially, and a concave surface externally or opposite to the antrum. Forming a more acute point than the anterior extremity. Deriv. Palo, to hedge in, because the palatal bones are staked in as it were by the teeth. Back part of the palate or roof of the mouth, being continued up the posterior nares to the orbit. With bones; viz. in the orbit, with the ethmoid and superior maxillary bones ; and in the nose, with its fellow, the vomer, the sphenoid, and the inferior spongy bones. It assists in forming the orbit, the nose, and the roof.the mouth. 23 OS PALAT1NUM (continued). On the First Division of the Table, comprehending the 61 Bones of the Cranium and Face. 1. 2. 3. 4. 0. 7. 8. PALATAL PROCESS LONGITUDINAL RIDGE AND FURROW. AZYGOS PROCESS.... PTERYGOID PROCESS NASAL PROCESS RIDGE SPHENOIDAL PROCESS, ORBITAR PROCESS ... Lying horizontally with the palatal plate of the superior maxillary bone, with which it is connected, and thus contributes to the formation of the roof of the mouth. Formed by the union with its fellow for the lodgement of the posterior part of the vomer. This ridge terminates behind in a projection common to the two bones, called the Processus Azygos, seu Spinosus. To which the azygos uvulw muscle is attached. Processus Pterygoideus. Projecting outwards and backwards, and joining the internal pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone the spheno-palatine foramen is in front of this process, and common to the superior maxillary, sphenoid, and palatine bones, as before described. Processus Nasalis. Rising up laterally, at the back part of the cavity of the nostrils, and forming a considerable share of the inner parietes of the antrum. On the middle of this process a (Arms Semicircularls) is seen, being a continuation of the ridge on the superior maxillary bone, to which the inferior spongy bone is attached. Processus Sphcnoidalis. A projection at the upper and back part of the nasal process the point where this bone joins the body of the os sphenoides. Processus Orbitalis. The small portion of this bone which contributes to form the floor of the orbit it is of a triangular shape, and connected at that point with the ethmoid and superior maxil- lary bones. OS VOMER. Situation . Connexion Use. 1. ANTERIOR EDGE . 2. SUPERIOR EDGE . 3. POSTERIOR EDGE. 4. INFERIOR EDGE .. Deriv. Vomer, (ex Vomo, to cast up, quod terrain vomat.) from its supposed resemblance to the old coulter or plough-share. The under and back part of the septum narium. With 6 bones ; viz. in front, with the nasal lamella of the ethmoid bone ; above, with the sphenoid bone ; and below, with the two superior maxillary and two palatine bones. Forms, by its junction with the nasal lamella of the ethmoid bone, the septum narium. or Ethmoidal, grooved, for the reception of the sharp edge of the nasal plate of the ethmoid bone at its back part, and of the cartilaginous septum of the nose in front, or Sphenoidal, the thickest, and deeply grooved to receive the azygos process of the sphenoid bone, or Pharyngeal, rounded and concave, facing towards the pharynx forming the line of separation between the posterior openings of the nares. or Maxillo- Palatine, sharp, and received into the groove formed along the ridge, or line of junction of the superior maxillary and palatine bones with each other. 24 On the First Division of the Table, comprehending the 01 Bones of the Cranium and Face. 1. 3. 4. 5. 0. 7. . 9. OS MAXILLARE INFERIUS. Situation . Connexion Use THE SYMPHISIS .. 2 MENTAL FORAMINA THE ALVEOLI , 2 CORONOID PROCESSES. 2 SEMILUNAR NOTCHES. CONDYLES . , CERVIX 2 POSTERIOR MAXILLARY FORAMINA. INTERNAL SPINE. Is an azygos bone, and is usually described as having a Chin, a Base, two Angles, and two Ilami. Lowermost of the bones of the face. With 2 bones ; viz. at its condyles with the temporal bones, by giuglimus. Important, in mastication, deglutition, and speech. The line of junction of the two separate portions of bone in the young subject, which becomes ob- literated in the adult. This junction of the two portions of the lower jaw is peculiar to man, and to some few of the animals. Foramina Mentalia, seu Foramina Maxillaria Anteriora. The anterior openings of the dental canal, situated on each side of the chin, out of which branches of the dental nerves and arteries emerge. Situated along the upper margin of the anterior portion of the bone for the reception of the teeth. Processus Coronoides. Are strongly marked angular projections, rising upwards and forwards, just behind the termination of the alveoli the points of insertion for the temporal muscles. Are excavations extending backwards, dividing the coronoid from the next processes, called the Processus Condyloides. Are two oblong articulating surfaces, with their long axes situated transversely, and adapted to the glenoid cavities of the temporal bones around the condyles are orbicular ridges for the attachment of the capsules of the joints. A contraction just below the condyles where the bone becomes round and thin. Foramina Maxillaria Posteriora. Situated on the inner surface of the bone, a little below the semi- lunar notches, and protected by a sort of scale of bone being the commencement of the Dental Canal, which extends along the bottom of the fangs of the teeth. The Dental nerves and vessels after supplying in their course a branch to each fang of the teeth, subdivide at the mental foramina into two branches, one of which is continued along the canal, and anastamoses freely with the corre- sponding branch on the other side ; the other escapes, and is distributed to the chin. Crista Interna. A sharp projection behind, in the line of the symphisis for the attachment of the fraenulum linguae and of other muscles. The posterior surface of the bone is also marked by two prominent ridges, denoting the points of attachment of the mylo-hyoidei muscles. THE TEETH. 4 INCISORES 2 CUSPIDES. Are hard firm bodies, situated in the upper and lower jaws assuming different characters in the dif- ferent species of animals, indicating the nature of the food of each making their appearance in one shape in infancy, and giving way to an entire new set in boyhood : others again appearing at the age of puberty in the adult they are 32 in number, 10 in each jaw, viz. Deriv. Incido, to cut. Situated in front of the jaw, having one fang, and terminating in a cutting edge. Deriv. Cuspis, a spear, from the resemblance to the point of a spear called also the Denies Canini. Situated one on each side of the incisors, having one fang, but the body terminating in a pointed form. 2-, THE TEETH (continued). On the First Division of the Table, comprehending the Gl Bones of the Cranium and Face. 4 BICUSPIDES 4 MOLARES .... 2 DENTES SAPIENTI.E or Bicuspidati. Adjoining the canine teeth, two on each side, having somewhat of a double form, but only one proper fans. Deriv. Mola, a mill, because these teeth grind the food. Situated behind the bicuspides, having a more distinct double form ; the crown expanded for mastication having 2, 3, and even 4 fangs. Deriv. Sapiens, wise, because these teeth do not make their appearance until the age of puberty. Pos- sessing the characteristic of a small molar tooth their fangs for the most part consolidated. 1. 2. 3. 4. A TOOTH, BODY, OR CROWN CERVIX . FANGS, OR RAMI FORAMEN generally, is described as having a That part of the tooth appearing above the gums, and covered with enamel. Between the body and the fangs, to which the gum is attached, where the enamel ceases, and the periosteum commences. Varying in number, fixed in the alveoli, and covered with periosteum the fangs of the upper teeth are in general more expanded than the lower, to allow of a firmer attachment, or Foramina, at the lower end of each fang, for the passage of the blood vessels and nerves of the tooth. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. OS HYOIDES. Situation . Connexion Use. BODY PERPENDICULAR SPINE 2 CORNUA 2 APPENDICES INTERNAL CONCAVITY Deriv. from the Greek letter v, and ticoc, from the resemblance which this bone bears to the letter ypsilon. Syn., os Linguale. Between the root of the tongue, and the upper part of the larynx. Properly speaking, it can hardly be said to be connected with any bone, unless it be with the styloid processes of the temporal bones, by the intervention of ligaments, which not unfrequently become ossified in the whole of their extent, in advanced age. Forms a solid point for the attachment of the muscles of speech and deglutition. The os Hyoides consists of three distinct bones, the centre of which is termed the Body, and the two long thin portions projecting backwards, are called Cornua. Is the large central broad portion, convex before and concave behind marked by the attachments of many muscles in the middle of its anterior surface there is a projection, termed the Which forms a division between the muscles of the opposite sides. Extending backwards, and terminating in tubercles, which form the points of attachment to the stylo- hyoidean ligaments, as well as to the superior processes of the thyroid cartilage. Sometimes called the Processus Styliformes. Are little projections, arising upwards and outwards from the point of junction of the body with the cornua for the attachment of muscles connecting this bone with the tongue and lower jaw. Cavitas Thyroidea. Behind the body for the reception of the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage. H 26 On the First Division of the Table, comprehending the 61 Bones of the Cranium and Face. 1 2 2 2 THE SINUSES. THE SUPERIOR LONGITUDINAL SINUS. THE Two LATERAL SINUSES THE INFERIOR LONGITUDINAL SINUS.. TORCULA HEROPHILI, ^ FOURTH, OR THE STRAIGHT SINUS THE OCCIPITAL SINUSES . THE ASCENDING SINUS THE CIRCULAR SINUS ... THE CAVERNOUS SINUSES , THE SUPERIOR PETROSAL SINUSES THE INFERIOR PETROSAL SINUSES THE TRANSVERSE SINUS In order to the proper comprehension of the parts in the interior of the Cranium, it is necessary that the sinuses of the dura mater should be understood they are formed by the separation of this membrane into layers, which are so disposed as to leave spaces between them, generally of a triangular form. The course of the sinuses may be pointed out by external marks, and are 1(5 in number, viz. Commences directly opposite the point of junction of the nasal bones with the frontal, thence ascending upwards and backwards along the middle of the concave surface of the bone, it is continued back- wards along the convex border of the falx major in the line of the sagittal suture, and down the upper portion of the os occipitis to the superior transverse ridge, where it branches out into Directly opposite to the tubercle of the occiput. The lateral sinuses are continued transversely along the line of the foregoing ridge, passing over the posterior inferior angles of the parietal bones, to the mastoid processes of the temporal bones, here forming an obtuse angle, they proceed directly inwards, again taking their course upon the occipital bone, at which point they form a second angle, and ad- vance forwards towards the jugular foramina, where they terminate in the internal jugular veins. Commences and terminates at the same points with regard to the skull as the superior, but it is con- tinued along the lower or concave border of the falx, and ends at the point where the falx expands into the tentorium, forming Which proceeds in a straight course, along and within the line of junction of the falx with the tentorium, and empties itself at the point where the superior longitudinal sinus bifurcates into the lateral sinuses. Are situated on each side of the foramen magnum, which proceeding backwards to the falx cerebelli, unite and form Which proceeding upwards along the lower branch of the internal crucial spine of the os occipitis, and opposite to the perpendicular ridge of that bone, terminates in the lateral sinuses at the same point as the fourth sinus. Is situated around the pituitary gland, and empties itself into Which are short broad sinuses, situated on each side of the sella tursica, upon the body of the os sphenoides ; they receive the ophthalmic veins from the orbit and communicate with the petrosal sinuses. Are situated in the grooves on the upper edge of the petrous portions of the temporal bones, and com- municate with Which are lodged in the grooves formed by the union of the petrous portions of the temporal bones with the basilar process of the os occipitis, and empty themselves into the lateral sinuses just before they emerge at the jugular foramina. Extends across the basilar process of the occipital bone, forming a communication between the petrosal sinuses of each side. On the First Division of the Table, comprehending the 01 Bones of the Cranium and Face. THE ORBITS Are two irregular conical cavities, situated under the forehead, on each side of the root of the nose, having their apices directed backwards and inwards, and their bases forwards and outwards. Each orbit is formed by 7 bones, viz. 1. Os Frontis Superiorly, or Coronally. 2. Os Lachrymale ) : Internally, or Mesially. S. Os Ethmoides \ 4. Os Malse 1 _ . > Externally, or Laterally. 5. Os Sphenoides 3 0. Os Maxillare Superius 1 _ _ . . > Infenorly, or Basilarly. 7. Os Palatmum 3 The frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid are single bones, and enter into the formation of both orbits, which are thus formed by 11 bones only. The OPENINGS into each orbit are 7 in number, viz. 1. The Superior Opening of the Nasal Duct. 2. The Superciliary Foramen. 3. The Anterior Orbital Foramen. 4. The Posterior Orbital Foramen. 5. The Fissura Lacera. G. The Spheno-Maxillary Fissure. 7. The Posterior Opening of the Infra-Orbital Canal. THE MOUTH Is situated between the upper and lower jaws, and in the adult is formed by 38 bones, viz. 2 Ossa Maxillaria Superiora~J 2 Ossa Palatina > Above, forming the Palate. 1 Os Sphenoides j 1 Os Maxillare Inferius. . .. Below. 32 Teeth In front, and laterally. The Openings, or Foramina of the Palate, are 3 in number, viz. 1 Foramen Incisivum. 2 Foramina Palatina Posteriora. THE NOSTRILS Are two pyramidal cavities, situated in the middle of the bones of the face, covered anteriorly by the nose. 14 Bones enter into the formation of the nostrils, viz. I Anteriorly, or Glabellarly. 2 Ossa Nasi 1 Os Frontis 1 Os Ethmoides ^Superiorly, or Coronally. 2 Ossa Lachrymalia j 1 Os Sphenoides 2 Ossa Palatina 2 Ossa Maxillaria Superiora 1 T , . > Externally, or Laterally. 2 Ossa Spongiosa Infenora.. ) 1 Os Vomer Inferiorly, or Mesially. A back view of the nostrils exhibits three pairs of openings, leading into cavities which are commonly termed Chambers, viz. ,. . ( Situate above the turbiuated processes of Meatus oupenores < I the os ethmoides. ( Situate between the superior and inferior Meatus Medn < I spongy bones. Situate between the inferior spongy bones Meatus Inferiores and the floor of the nostrils. In each of these chambers are the following Openings, viz. f Are the openings from the posterior ethmoi- In the Superior Chamber J ( dal, and the sphenoidal sinuses. f Are the openings from the frontal, the an- In the Middle Chamber < terior ethmoidal, and thfe superior maxil- {_ lary sinuses. In the Inferior Chamber Is the lower opening of the nasal duct. 28 On the First Division of the Table, comprehending the 01 Bones of the Cranium and Face. THE BASIS OF THE CRANIUM Is generally divided into six large cavities, viz. 2 ANTERIOR CEREBRAL FOSS.E. Formed principally by the orbitar plates of the frontal bone, and bounded behind by the transverse spinous processes of the sphenoid bone sup- porting the anterior lobes of the cerebrum. 2 MIDDLE CEREBRAL FOSSJE. Chiefly formed by the sphenoid and temporal bones, and bounded behind by the posterior clinoid processes, and by the petrous portions of the temporal bones supporting the middle lobes of the cerebrum. 2 POSTERIOR CEREBRAL FOSSJE. Formed by the occipital and temporal bones, and situat- ed behind the posterior boundaries of the middle cavity containing the cerebellum. The pos- terior lobes of the cerebrum rest upon the ten- torium, and in the superior cerebral cavities of the occiput. A Recapitulation of the principal parts IN the Base of the Cranium, enumerated as they present themselves to view : 1. Ridge for the attachment of the Falx. 2. Foramen Caecum. 3. Crista Galli Process. 4. Cribriform Lamella. 5. Orbitar Plates. 6. Tuberculum Olivare. 7. Foramina Optica. 8. Anterior Clinoid Processes. 9. Tranverse Spinous Process. 10. Fissura Lacera. 11. Foramen Rotundum. 12. Foramen Ovale. 13. Foramen Spinale. 14. 15. 10. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 2(i. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. Meningeal Groove. Sella Tursica. Posterior Clinoid Processes. Carotid Canal. Vidian Foramen. Petrous Portion of the Temporal Bone. Superior Petrosal Groove. Ridges for the attachment of the Tentorium. Internal Auditory Meatus. Opening of the Vestibule. Opening of the Cochlea. Foramen Jugulare. Inferior Petrosal Groove. Fossa Basilaris. Anterior Condyloid Foramen. Grooves for the Lateral Sinuses. Foramen Magnum. Internal Crucial Spine. Ridge for attachment of Falx Cerebelli. Groove for the Superior Longitudinal Sinus. The Base of the Cranium EXTERNALLY, omit- ting the parts before enumerated: 34. The Lambdoidal Suture. 35. Tubercle of the Occiput. 30. Superior Transverse Ridge. 37. Perpendicular Ridge. 38. Inferior Transverse Ridge. 39. Posterior Condyloid Foramen. 40. Condyles of the Occipital Bone. 41. Occipital Groove. 42. Digastric Groove. 43. Mastoid Process. 44. Mastoid Foramina. 45. Stylo-Mastoid Foramen. 40. Fossa Jugularis. 47. Foramen Carotideum. 48. Styloid Process. 49. Vaginal Process. 50. Auditory Process. 51. Meatus Auditorius Externus. 52. Fissura Glasseri. 53. Fossa Parotidea. 54. Glenoid Cavity of the Temporal Bone. 55. Eminentia Articularis. 50. Zygomatic Process of the Temporal Bone. 57. Temporal Fossa. 58. The Squamous Suture. 59. The Sphenoidal Suture. 00. Spinous Process of the Sphenoid Bone. 61. Pterygoid Foramen. 02. Eustachian Groove. 63. External Pterygoid Process. 04. Pterygoid Fossa. 65. Internal Pterygoid Process. 60. Haniular Process. 07. Posterior Openings of the Nares. 08. The Septum Narium. 69. Azygos Process of the Palatine Bones. 70. Pterygoid Process of the Palatine Bone. 71 . Posterior Palatine Foramen. 72. Palatal Process of the Sup. Max. Bon^. 73. The Alveoli. 74. Two Denies Sapientiae. 75. Four Molares. 76. Four Bicuspides. 77. Two Cuspides. 78. Four Incisores. 79. Foramen Incisivum. 80. Alveolary Foramina. 81. Infra-Orbitar Foramen. 82. Malar Process of the Sup. Max. Bone. 83. Maxillary Process of the Malar Bone. 84. Zygomatic Process of the Malar Bone. 85. Malar Foramen. 86. Orbital Processes of the Malar Bone. 87. Spheno-Maxillary Fissure. 88. Infra-Orbitar Canal. 89. Posterior Orbital Foramen. 90. Anterior Orbital Foramen. 91. The seven Bones of the Orbit. 92. Superior Opening of the Nasal Duct. 93. Nasal Process of the Sup. Max. Bone. 94. The Transverse Suture. 95. Notch for the Trochlear Tendon. 90. Lachrymal Fossa. 97. Superciliary Ridge. 98. Supra-Orbitar Foramen. 99. Nasal Process of the Frontal Bone. 100. The Frontal Sinuses. l' KSTIONS on the First Division of the Table, comprehending the 61 Bones of the Cranium and Face. How many bones proper to the head. How many common to the head and face. How many bones of the face. How many teeth in both jaws. How many and what bones form an orbit. What is the use of the foramen parietale. What does the cribriform lamella transmit. Where are the lachrymal glands situated. What does the foramen ovale transmit. What bones form the temporal foss ^ e cuckoo, the bill of which bird it is said to represent. Syn., os Caudae, os Spondylium. Lower part of the sacrum, converging forwards beneath the cavity of the pelvis. With 1 bone only ; viz. above with the sacrum. Supports the extremity of the last intestine, and affords attachment to the sphincter ani, and other muscles. Like the sacrum the os coccygis is of a triangular form, and consists of three or four portions in the young subject, the upper of which is the largest, and the lower the smallest. 41 OS COCC'YGIS (continued). On the Second Division of the Table, comprehending the 53 Bones of the Trunk. 1. 2. 3. 4. BASE Above forming the articulation with the sacrum, and allowing of considerable motion. 2 CoRNUA i Rising up on each side of the base, going' to join the sacrum to form the fifth pair of sacral foramina. A PEX Below the point of attachment of the sphincter ani muscle. TRANSVERSE RIDGES LATERAL TUBERCLES DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE MALE AND FEMALE SKELETON. Marking the lines of separation of the bone into three or four pieces in the young subject these por- tions are not hollowed out for the continuation of the cauda equina, and therefore cannot be said to resemble the caudal vertebrae of animals. Which bear a faint resemblance to the transverse processes. The differences between the male and female skeleton chiefly exist in the bones composing the second division of the Table, and especially in those of the pelvis. It is to be remarked generally, that the bones of women are smaller and more slender in proportion to their length than those of men ; and that the processes, depressions, ridges, scabrous surfaces, and other inequalities produced by the muscles, are not so conspicuous the os frontis is more frequently divided by a continuation of the sagittal suture the frontal sinuses are less strongly marked the cartilages of the true ribs are longer in proportion to the osseous part, ami broader and flatter to support the mammae the clavicles are less crooked the scapulas are smaller, and placed more backwards and closer to the thorax the sternum is more raised, the cartilages of the lower ribs are longer, and the whole thorax is driven upwards, in order to enlarge the cavity of the abdomen. This observation does not apply to the un- natural and injurious contraction of the chest produced by tight lacing. The sternum is sometimes perforated by a large hole in the centre, and the ensiform cartilage is frequently bifurcated the ossa femorum are more curved, and the neck of the thigh-bone forms a greater angle with its body. As to the PELVIS. The whole cavity in women is more expanded, and its outlets are larger the os sacrum is more turned backwards the os coccygis is more moveable and less bent forwards the ossa ilia are flattened, and more reflected outwards the cartilage in the symphisis of the puhis is thicker the tuberosities of the ossa ischia are flatter, arising from the sedentary life of women and in consequence of the greater width of the pelvis, the articulations of the thigh-bones are further removed from each other, from which reason women walk less firmly than men. The female pelvis is altogether more lightly constructed than that of the male, and all the lateral dimensions are greater, while in the male the perpendicular dimensions are the most considerable the superior aperture is large and oval, the long diameter extending between the ossa ilia the inferior aperture is much wider, and of an oval form, but the oval is the reverse of that at the brim. The male pelvis, on the other hand, is characterised by its greater depth and contracted diameter, its more strongly ossified bones, its erect ossa ilia, its curved sacrum, and its more closely approximated acetabula, which brings the thighs in a more direct line with the body, and renders the walk of man firm and secure. M 42 QUESTIONS on the Second Division of the Table, comprehending the 53 Bones of the Trunk. How many bones form the trunk. How many bones of the spine. How many bones of the thorax. How many bones of the pelvis. With how many, and what bones is the atlas connected. For what purpose is the groove on the inner side of the tuber ischii. What are the names of the two upper cervical vertebrae. How many articulating surfaces are there on the dentata. What are the connexions of the os coccygis. How are the vertebra; subdivided. How do the transverse processes of a lumbar vertebra differ from those of a dorsal. What joins the descending ramus of the pubis. What is there peculiar to the transverse pro- cesses of the cervical vertebrae. Where are the intercostal grooves of the ribs ? and what do they lodge. What does the iliac fossa contain. With how many bones is each os innominatum connected. Where is the linea-ileo pectinea. What is lodged in the fossa in the aceta- bulum. What are the general characteristics of a dorsal vertebra. How, and where does the vertebral artery enter the skull. How many ribs are there ? and how are they subdivided. For what purpose are the foramina about the acetabulum. Why is the upper surface of the ascending ramus of the pubis smooth. Is the os coccygis hollow? What is the division of the os innominatum in the young subject. What is the direction of the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae. For what purpose is the smooth surface on the first rib. Which is said to be the smallest of the dorsal vertebrae. What plays around the neck of the ischium. What is received into the groove on the under surface of the spinous process of a dorsal vertebra. For what purpose is the sacral canal. How is the articulation of the cartilage of the second rib formed. Which vertebrae are the largest. What is there peculiar to the eleventh and twelfth dorsal vertebrae. For what purpose is the rough surface on the upper part of the first rib. How many articulating surfaces are there on the sacrum. Where is the body of the os pubis. What is attached to the inferior extremity of the sternum. Which is the longest rib ? and which the most circular. Is there ever more than one hole in the trans- verse process of a cervical vertebra? and for what purpose. What do the ridges on the front surface of the sacrum denote. What is attached to the spinous process of the pubis. Where is the brim of the acetabulum the deepest. What is the use of the anterior sacral foramina. How many articulating surfaces are there on a lumbar vertebra. What is there peculiar to the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae. With how many bones is the sixth rib connected. How many articulating surfaces are there on the upper triangular portion of the sternum. Is the foramen thyroideum, in the recent sub- ject, open ; or completely closed. Where is the promontory of the sacrum. What is attached to the apex of the os coccygis. With how many bones is the sternum connected. Which is the lowermost of the three bones of the os innominatum. With how many bones is a dorsal vertebra connected. What is the difference between the upper and under surfaces of the vertebra dentata. To what is the tubercle of a rib attached. Where is the angle of the os pubis. What is attached to the posterior spines of the ilium. How are the cartilages of the eighth, ninth, and tenth ribs connected with the sternum. What is the nature of the upper articulating surfaces of the atlas. How is the spinal column formed. What is there peculiar to the last lumbar vert. How is the acetabulum formed. How are the oppos. portions of the pubis joined. What is the use of the posterior sacral foramina. 43 QUESTIONS on the Second Division of the Table, comprehending the 53 Bones of the Trunk. How is the canalis spinalis formed. What is stretched across the neck of the odon- toid process. In what direction is the long axis of the body of a lumbar vertebra. How is the thorax bounded. What is there peculiar to the sacro-iliac sym- phisis. With how many bones is the sacrum con- nected. Where are the spinous processes of the sacrum. Why is a dorsal vert, selected for description. Has the atlas a spinous process ? For what purpose is the roughness. What is the meaning of a floating rib ? and have they cartilages. What is there peculiar to the articulating sur- face on the head of a rib. What is the nature of the under articulating surfaces of the atlas. With what are the ascending articulating sur- faces of the sacrum connected. How many articulating surfaces are there on a dorsal vertebra. What are the occasional peculiarities of the tenth dorsal vertebra. By what bones is the obturator foramen formed. How many ridges are there on the os coccygis ? and what do they denote. What is there peculiar to the first dorsal vert. How many articulating surfaces are there on the atlas. What is there peculiar to the seventh cervical vertebra ? and what do its vertebral fora- mina transmit. For what purpose are the intercostal notches on the dorsal vertebrae. How many articulating surfaces are there on the lower portion of the sternum. What is attached to the spinous process of the ischium. What is attached to the notch in the brim of the acetabulum. What is attached to the anterior superior spine of the ilium. To what do the parallel ridges on each side of the spinous processes of the sacrum cor- respond. 44 On the Third Division of the Table, comprehending the 04 Bones of the Upper Extremities. 4 Bones of the Shoulders. 64 BONES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES. 2 Claviculae. 2 Scapulae. 2 Bones of the Arms. 2 Humeri. 4 Bones of the Fore- Arms. 2 Ulnae. 2 Radii. C 8 Ossa Metacarpi. 38 Bones of the Hands and 1< ingers. { 30 Phalanges. 16 Bones of the Wrists. 2 Scaphoidea. 2 Lunaria. 2 Cuneiformia. 2 Pisiformia. 2 Trapezia. 2 Trapezoidea. 2 Magna. 2 Unciformia. CLAVICULA. Sit tint inn . Connexion Use.. 1. o. 3. 4. 5. C. 7. GREATER CONVEXITY, OR ARCH . . LESSER CONVEXITY, OR ARCH TRIANGULAR ARTICULAR SURFACE TUBERCLE OBLONG ARTICULAR SURFACE TUBERCLE FORAMEN, OR FORAMINA SCAPULA. Situation . Connexion The Upper Extremities are situated at the posterior and lateral parts of the chest, and consist of the Shoulder, Arm, Fore- Arm, and Hand, which are connected with the trunk by one bony union only, viz. by the clavicle to the sternum. Deriv. the diminitive of clavis, a key, from its said resemblance to the ancient key. Syn., Ligula, Furcula, Clavis, os Jugale. The clavicle is shaped somewhat like the italic letter /, and is divided into a body and two extremities, viz. the inner or sternal, and the outer or scapular extremity. At the root of the neck, extending horizontally from the sternum to the shoulder. With 2 bones ; viz. internally with the sternum, and externally with the scapula. Connects the superior extremity with the trunk, affords a point of attachment for many muscles, and protection to the subclavian vessels. The clavicle is altogether wanting in many animals. Projecting anteriorly. Near to the scapula end, pointing posteriorly. At its sternal end connecting it with the sternum by the intervention of an interarticular cartilage. Situated beneath the sternal extremity for the attachment of a ligament going to the first rib. At its outer flattened extremity connecting this bone with the acromion scapulas. Beneath the scapular extremity for the attach, of a ligament going to the coracoid process of the scapula. Situated on the posterior and inferior aspect of the bone for the transmission of the nutrient vessels. Deriv. from schipha (Hebr.), the shoulder-blade. Syn., Omoplata, Scoptula. The upper and back part of the thorax, extending from the second to the seventh or eighth rib. With 2 bones ; viz. above, with the clavicle at its acromion process ; and in front, with the humerus at its glenoid cavity. 45 SCAPULA (continued). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 0. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. la. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Use, ACROMION PROCESS COKACOID PROCESS. SPINOUS PROCESS ACROMION NOTCH . CORACOID NOTCH.. SEMI LUNAR NOTCH FOSSA SUPRA-SPINATA. FOSSA INFRA-SPINATA , FOSSA SUBSCAPULARIS . ANTERIOR ANGLE SUPERIOR ANGLE . INFERIOR ANGLE., SUPERIOR COSTA . INFERIOR COSTA.. POSTERIOR COSTA GLENOID CAVITY CERVIX FORAMEN, OR FORAMINA , ARTICULAR SURFACE..... TUBERCLE DORSUM , SMOOTH SURFACE ., On the Third Division of the Table, comprehending the 04 Bones of the Upper Extremities. Affords an extended irregular surface for the attachment of muscles, forms the socket for the head of the humerus, &c. The scapula is of a triangular form, and to facilitate the description, it may be arranged in five parts, each of which parts is triple, with some few additional parts; viz. 3 Processes, 3 Notches, 3 Fossae, 3 Angles, and the 3 Costae, which form the three sides of the triangle. Projecting over the shoulder joint -to the inner side of which the clavicle is connected. Situate on the upper and inner side of the shoulder joint affording attachment to the short head of the biceps, and to other muscles, or Spine, commencing at the root of the acromion process, and extending across the bone to the base an important point for the attachment of muscles. Situate beneath the acromion process. Situate within the hook of the coracoid process, or Supra-scapular Notch situate in the superior costa, near to the root of the coracoid process. In the recent subject it is a foramen for the passage of the superior dorsal artery and nerve. The hollow situate above the spine for the lodgement of the supra-spinatus muscle. The surface of the bone beneath the spine for the lodgement of the infra-spinatus muscle. sen Venter. The whole cavity on the inner side of the bone for the lodgement of the subscapularis muscle. Contains the glenoid cavity the superior margin of this cavity affords attachment to the long head of the biceps muscle. or Posterior Angle. The uppermost part of the bone affords attachment to the levator scapulae muscle. The lowermost part of the bone which reaches down to about the eighth rib. Is the shortest, and extends from the glenoid cavity to the superior angle, or Anterior Costa, commences at the glenoid cavity and terminates at the inferior angle, or Base, extends from the superior to the inferior angles, and in the recent subject is tipped by a broad border of cartilage. Each of these costae afford points of attachment to many important muscles. A superficial excavation, situate at the anterior angle, of an oval form, smaller above than below, which in the recent subject is rendered deeper by the fibro-cartilaginous substance that surrounds it it receives the head of the humerus. A contraction of the bone just below the glenoid cavity for the attachment of the capsule of the joint. Most numerous about the neck for the transmission of the nutrient arteries. On the acromion process by which this bone is connected with the clavicle. At the root of the coracoid process for the attachment of a ligament going to the clavicle. The smooth convex surface of the bone, beneath the spine. Of a triangular form, on the inferior angle, over which part of the latissimus dorsi muscle plays. M 46 On the Third Division of the Table, comprehending- the G4 Bones of the Upper Extremities. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. C. 7. 8. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. HUMERUS. Situation . Connexion Use. THE HEAD NECK.. GREATER TUBERCLE. LESSER TUBERCLE., BICIPITAL GROOVE ANTERIOR, OR RADIAL EDGE , POSTERIOR, OR ULNAR EDGE , ROUGHNESS . . ROUGHNESS FORAMEN Jnfcriorly. RIDGE RIDGE TROCHLEA CORONOID FOSSA INTERNAL CONDYLE ULNAR GROOVE Derie. from la^oc, (or hamah, Ilebr. quasi humerus,) the shoulder. Syn., os Brachii. Between the scapula above, and the radius and ulna below. With 3 bones ; viz. above, with the scapula by its head ; and below, with the radius and ulna by its truchlea. Constitutes the arm. It is described as having a body, a proximal, and distal extremity. Directed inwards, upwards, and backwards furnished with an almost spherical articulating surface, by which this bone is articulated with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. A contraction just below the head, which extends upwards and outwards between the head and the tubercles it is rough for the attachment of the capsule of the joint. Situate on the outer side of the head it is marked above by three smooth surfaces, being the points of attachment of the supra-spinatus, infra-spinatus, and teres minor muscles. Situate on the anterior part of the head the point of attachment of the subscapularis muscle. Running between the two tubercles, which is furnished with cartilage and synovial membrane for the transmission or play of the tendon of the long head of the biceps muscle, of the Bicipital Groove for the attachment of the tendon of the pectoralis major muscle, of the Bicipital Groove for the attachment of the tendon of the latissimus dorsi muscle. On the radial aspect of the bone, in a line between the greater tubercle and the external condyle for the attachment of the deltoid muscle. On the ulnar aspect of the bone, in a line between the lesser tubercle and the internal condyle for the attachment of the coraco brachialis muscle. On the inner or ulnar aspect of the bone, entering obliquely downwards for the transmission of the medullary artery. The bone expands and becomes flatter on the anterior surface, the flexor muscles are lodged ; and on the posterior convex surface, the extensor muscles are lodged. leading to the Internal Condyle, "iboth giving attachment to the intermuscular fasciae, which divide the leading to the External Condyle, ^ flexor muscles from the extensors. The articulating surface at the lower end of the bone, adapted to the sigmoid cavity of the ulna, and to the head of the radius. An excavation just above the trochlea, in front, which receives the coronoid process of the ulna, in flexion of the arm. A marked projection on the ulna side of the lower end of the bone it affords an important point of attachment to the flexor and pronator muscles of the fore-arm. It is to be remarked, that this condyle differs from the other parts of bones so called, inasmuch as it is not furnished with an arti- culating surface. Situate just behind the internal condyle for the passage of the ulnar nerve. 47 17. 18. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. IHMERUS (continued). ANCONOID FOSSA EXTERNAL CONDYLK 19. TUBERCLE. ULNA. Situation . Connexion Vie. Proximal Extremity. OLECRANON.... BURSAL FOSSA . CORONOID PROCESS SIGMOID CAVITY TUBERCLE SEMILUNAR CAVITY . . . INTEROSSEOUS RIDGE . MEDULLARY FORAMEN On the Third Division of the Table, comprehending the 04 Bones of the Upper Extremities. A deep excavation on the lower and posterior part of the bone, which receives the anconoid process (or olecranon) of the; ulna, during extension of the arm. A projection on the radial side of the lower end of the bone, but much shorter than the internal by some anatomists the external condyle is described as containing the articulating surface for the head of the radius ; in which case, a must be mentioned, situate just above the external condyle the superior point of attachment of the ex- tensor and supinator muscles of the fore-arm. Deriv. from wXtcjj, the cubit : cubitus signifies the elbow, as well as the measure. Syn., Focile Majus, Cubitus, Canna Major. On the inner side of the fore-arm, extending from the elbow to the wrist. With 2 bones ; viz. above, with the pulley of the os brachii, and laterally with both extremities of the radius. By some anatomists this bone is said to be connected with the os cuneifonne of the wrist by means of an interarticular cartilage. Assists materially in the formation of the elbow joint, and in forming the fore-arm, &c. The ulna is the longer of the two bones of the fore-arm it is described as having a body, a proximal, and a distal extremity ; the latter is sometimes called the head, and the distal, or larger end, the base. The large projecting process at the upper end of the bone, which forms the elbow, and is the grand point of attachment for the extensor muscles of the fore-arm. A smooth surface on the upper part of the olecranon for the lodgement of a bursa, just above the in- sertion of the tendon of the triceps extensor cubiti muscle. On the front surface of the bone, a little below the olecranon, which enters the coronoid fossa of the humerus, when the fore-arm is bent upon the arm. Between the olecranon and coronoid process there is a deep semilunar excavation, called the Which is furnished with cartilage, and adapted to the pulley of the humerus the perpendicular ridge in this cavity divides it into two surfaces of unequal size, the inner of which is the larger. At the root of the coronoid process for the attachment of the tendon of the brachialis interims muscle, or Lesser Sigmoid Cavity. On the outer side of the proximal end of the bone- for the reception of the head of the radius, or Spine. A sharp edge, commencing a little below the semilunar cavity, and extending down the radial aspect of the bone for the attachment of the interosseous ligament. Entering obliquely upwards, about one-third from the proximal end of the bone, on its anterior aspect. 48 ULXA (continued.) On the Third Division of the Table, comprehending the 64 Bones of the Upper Extremities. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Distal Extremity. STYLOID PROCESS , ANTERIOR GROOVE POSTERIOR G ROOVE OBLONG ARTICULAR SURFACE. EXCAVATION ... or Head, is much smaller than the base, and rounded. The body of the bone is triangular ; hence, anatomists have spoken of the three angles of the ulna, one of which is the sharp interosseous ridge above described the other two are rounder, and afford attachment to muscles. A conical projection on the inner side of the distal end of the bone, affording attachment to the internal lateral ligament of the wrist joint. In front and behind this process there are two grooves; viz. the Which is an indistinct excavation for the passage of the ulnar artery and nerve. The Is more strongly marked for the passage of the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. On the outer side of the distal extremity adapted to the semilunar cavity of the radius. On the lower surface of the head for the reception of the interarticular cartilage. 1. 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. RADIUS. Situation . Connexion Use. Proximal Extremity. THE HEAD OBLONG ARTICULAR SURFACE. ORBICULAR RIDGE NECK TUBERCLE . INTKROSSEOUS RIDGE. MEDULLARY FORAMEN Distal Extremity. SEMILUNAR CAVITY SCAPHOID CAVITY . STYLOID PROCESS. . Deriv. from paKoe, a staff, or spoke, from its said resemblance to the spoke of a wheel. Syn., Manu- briutn Manus, Focile Minus, Canna Minor. On the outer side of the fore-arm, extending from the elbow to the wrist. With 4 bones ; viz. above, with the humerus; laterally, with both ends of the ulna ; and below, with the scaphoides and lunare. Assists in forming the elbow and wrist joints, and performs the motions of pronation and supination. The radius is the smaller of the two bones of the fore-arm it is described as having a body, a proximal and a distal extremity ; the latter of which is the base, and the proximal end is called Which has an excavated articular surface on its top, adapted to the articular surface of the os brachii. On the inner side of the head, adapted to the semilunar cavity of the ulna. Surrounding the head for the attachment of the capsule of the joint. A contraction of the bone just below the head, around which the coronary or annular ligament plays. On the inner side of the bone just below the head for the attachment of the tendon of the biceps flexor cubiti muscle. There is a bursal fossa on the tubercle just above the insertion of the tendon. Commencing just below the tubercle, and extending down the ulnar aspect of the bone for the attach- ment of the interosseous ligament. Entering obliquely upwards, about one-third from the proximal end of the bone, on its anterior aspect. or Base, is broad and expanded to form the articulation with the bones of the wrist before and behind it is marked by grooves for the passage of the tendons of the flexor and extensor muscles. On the inner side of the distal extremity for the reception of the distal end of the ulna. At the lower end of the bone divided by a superficial ridge, for the reception of the os scaphoides and os lunare. Projecting from the outer side of the distal extremity for the attachment of the external lateral liga- ment of the wrist joint. 49 On the Third Division of the Table, comprehending the 64 Bones of the Upper Extremities. THE CARPUS. SCAPHOIDES. LUNARE. CUNEIFORMS. PlSIFORME. TRAPEZIUM. TRAPEZOIDES. MAGNUM, ET UNCIFORME. Deriv. either from carpo, to seize ; or from tcapiroc, a seed, which the small bones of the wrist have been said to resemble. The bones of the carpus are eight in number, and are placed in two rows, or phalanges the first row consists of the os Scaphoides, os Lunare, os Cuneiforme, and os Pisiforrne ; the second row consists of the os Trapezium, os Trapezoides, os Magnum, and os Unciforme. The articulation of the carpus with the radius is formed by the scaphoides and lunare only, which admits of free motion in every direction there is also some degree of motion between the first and second rows of the carpus, afforded by the play of the head of the os magnum in the cavities of the scaphoides and lunare there is however little or no motion between the carpal and metacarpal bones. The bones of the carpus are so disposed, that the back of the wrist is convex, and the front, or palmar aspect, is concave, forming a cavity through which the flexor tendons pass in order to their attachment to the phalanges of the fingers these tendons are confined in their proper situation by the transverse carpal ligament, which is stretched across from the bony projections, situated on each side of the front of the carpus. As the carpal bones are small, and have but few marked processes, fossae, or sulci, their chief descrip- tion must necessarily consist in the enumeration of their articulating surfaces. SCAPHOIDES. Situation . Connexion 1. LARGE CONVEX ARTICULAR SURFACE ... 2. OBLONG ARTICULAR SURFACE 3. EXCAVATED ARTICULAR SURFACE 4. SMALLER CONVEX ARTICULAR SURFACE o. PROCESS . . Deriv. from o-ra^?/, a skiff, and etSoe, likeness, from its said resemblance to a little boat. Syn., os Naviculare. It is of an oblong form, convex above, and concave below. Horizontally, on the radial side of the wrist, being the first bone of the proximal row of the carpus. With 5 bones; viz. above, with the radius; on its ulnar side, with the lunare; and below, with the trapezium, trapezoides, and os magnum. Above which is received into the scaphoid cavity of the radius. At the ulnar extremity of the foregoing surface for the .connexion with the lunare. Externally which receives more than half of the head of the os magnum. Below which is marked by an indistinct ridge, and adapted to the trapezium and trapezoides. At the radial extremity of the bone a point of attachment for the external lateral ligament of the wrist. LUNARE. Situation . Connexion I. 2. CONVEX ARTICULAR SURFACE. SEMILUNAR CAVITY.. Deriv. Luna, the moon, from its crescent shape. Syn., os Lunatum. The second bone of the first row of the carpus between the scaphoides and os cuneiforme. With 5 bones ; viz. above, with the radius ; below, with the head of the os magnum and with a point of the os unciforme ; externally, with the scaphoides ; and internally, with the os cuneiforme. Above adapted to the scaphoid cavity of the radius. Below which forms with the scaphoides the cup for the head of the os magnum. O 50 LUNARE (continued). On the Third Division of the Table, comprehending the 64 Bones of the Upper Extremities. 3. 4. 5. NARROW OBLONG ARTICULAR SURFACE FLATTENED ARTICULAR SURFACE SMALL CONCAVE ARTICULAR SURFACE.. Adjoining the semilunar cavity where it is in contact with the os unciforme. Internally adapted to the os cuneiforme. Externally adapted to the scaphoides. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. CUNEIFORME. Situation . Connexion SLIGHTLY CONCAVE ARTICULAR SURFACE LARGE IRREGULAR ART. SURFACE SMALL CIRCULAR ARTICULAR SURFACE.. CONVEX SMOOTH SURFACE FOSSA . , Deriv. from cuneus, a wedge, and forma, likeness, because it is somewhat wedge-shaped. Syn., os Triquetrum. This bone may possibly be confounded with the trapezoides, but the fossa on its back surface will form a distinguishing mark ; it is also altogether larger than the trapezoid. The third bone of the first row of the carpus, between the lunare and pisiforme. With 3 bones ; viz. externally, with the lunare ; below, with the os unciforme ; and in front, with the os pisiforme ; it is also connected with the interarticular cartilage of the ulna. Externally adapted to the lunare. Below by which it is connected with the os unciforme. In front adapted to the os pisiforme. On its upper part adapted to the interarticular cartilage of the ulna. On the back surface of the bone for the attachment of the ligament going to the styloid process, of the ulna. 1. 2. PISIFORME. Situation . Connexion ROUND FLAT ARTICULAR SURFACE TUBEROSITY Deriv. pisum, from its resemblance to a pea. Syn., os Subrotundum, os Orbiculare, &c. On the ulnar side of the carpus, in front of the os cuneiforme the smallest bone of the wrist. With 1 bone only; viz. with the front surface of the os cuneiforme. Behind adapted to the os cuneiforme. The projecting portion of the bone, which forms a marked point of attachment for the internal lateral, and transverse carpal ligaments. 1. TRAPEZIUM. Situation . Connexion Use. EXCAVATED ARTICULAR SURFACE. Deriv. from rpa^i'(iov, a four-sided figure. It might be inferred that this bone is of a square shape, but it is in fact the most irregular of all the carpal bones. Syn., Multangulum Majus. The first bone of the distal row of the carpus, below the scaphoides, above the proximal phalanx of the thumb, and adjoining the trapezoides. With 4 bones ; viz. above, with the scaphoides ; internally, with the trapezoides; externally, with the first phalanx of the thumb ; and below, with the metacarpal bone of the fore-finger. Supports the first phalanx of the thumb, and partly the metacarpal bone of the fore-finger. Above adapted to the scaphoides. 51 TRAPEZIUM (continued). On the Third Division of the Table, comprehending the G4 Bones of the Tipper Extremities. 2. 3. 4. 5. LESS EXCAVATED ARTICULAR SURFACE. SMALL ARTICULAR SURFACE.. TROCHLEA OBLONG PROCESS Internally adapted to the trapezoides. Just below, and adjoining the trapezoid surface adapted to the outer side of the carpal end of the metacarpal bone of the fore-finger. Facing downwards and outwards for the articulation with the first phalanx of the thumb. On the ulnar aspect of the bone, opposite to the hamular process of the os unciforme for the attach- ment of the external lateral, and transverse carpal ligaments. 1. 2. 3. 4. TRAPEZOIDES. Situation . Connexion Use. SLIGHTLY CONCAVE ARTICULAR SURFACE SLIGHTLY CONVEX ARTICULAR SURFACE LARGE ARTICULAR SURFACE SMALL ARTICULAR SURFACE. Is of a very irregular form, but the name implies that it is less of a quadrangular figure than the preceding bone. Syn., Multangulum Minus. The second bone of the distal row of the carpus situate between the trapezium and the os magnum, below the scaphoides, and above the metacarpal bone of the fore-finger. With 4 bones; viz. above, with the scaphoides ; externally, with the trapezium; internally, with the os magnum ; and below, with the metacarpal bone of the fore-finger. Supports the metacarpal bone of the fore-finger. Above adapted to the scaphoides. Externally adapted to the trapezium. Below divided by a ridge, adapted to the excavation on the upper end of the metacarpal bone of the fore-finger. Internally adapted to the os magnum. 1. 2. 3. 4. OS MAGNUM. Situation . Connexion Use. HEAD OBLONG CONCAVE ARTICULAR SURFACE OBLONG ARTICULAR SURFACE LARGE FLATTENED ARTICULAR SURFACE The largest of the bones of the carpus. Syn., os Capitatum. In the centre of the bones of the wrist. With 7 bones ; viz. above, with the scaphoides and lunare ; externally, with the trapezoides ; inter- nally, with the os unciforme ; and below, with the metacarpal bones of the first, second, and third fingers. Supports the metacarpal bone of the second finger. The rounded articular surface, which is received into the hollow formed by the scaphoides and lunare this surface is marked by a slight ridge corresponding to the line of union of the two bones, with which it is articulated. Externally adapted to the trapezoides. Internally adapted to the os unciforme. Below adapted to the metacarpal bone of the second finger. 52 MAGXUM (continued). On the Third Division of the Table, comprehending the 64 Bones of the Upper Extremities. 5. C. 7. SMALL ARTICULAR SURFACE SMALL ARTICULAR SURFACE . FORAMEN On the posterior and Outer corner of the foregoing articular surface touching a corresponding small articular surface on the metacarpal bone of the fore-finger. On the posterior and Inner corner of the fourth articular surface touching the metacarpal bone of the third or ring-finger. On the palmar aspect of the bone, just below the head for the passage of the nutrient artery. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. UNCIFORME. Situation . Connexion Use. SMALL CONVEX ART. SURFACE , OBLONG FLAT ARTICULAR SURFACE . IRREGULAR CONCAVE ART. SURFACE. LARGE ARTICULAR SURFACE UNCIFORM, OR HAMULAR PROCESS . . Deriv. from uncus, a hook. It is somewhat of a triangular bone, with a prominent hooked-like process on its anterior aspect. Syn., os Cuneiforme. Above the metacarpal bones of the third and fourth fingers, and between the os magnum, and the cunei- form and pisiform bones. With 5 bones ; viz. above, with a point of the lunare ; externally, with the os magnum ; internally, with the os cuneiforme ; and below, with the metacarpal bones of the ring and little fingers. Supports the metacarpal bones of the two last fingers. Above adapted to the lower point of the lunare. Externally adapted to the os magnum. Internally adapted to the os cuneiforme. Below divided by a ridge, adapted to the metacarpal bones of the ring and little fingers. On the palmar aspect of the bone a marked point of attachment for the ligaments of the carpus. THE METACARPUS. FIRST METACARPAL BONE Deriv. fitra, after, and xapirog, the wrist. That part of the hand between the wrist and the fingers. The metacarpus consists of eight cylindrical bones, four to each hand, but by some anatomists the first phalanx of the thumb has been regarded as a fifth metacarpal bone it however possesses none of the attributes of a metacarpal bone in the skeleton. The metacarpal bones are described, generally, as having a Body, a Proximal Extremity or Base, and a Distal Extremity or Head. The posterior surface is flattened, and the anterior or palmar aspect is sharp, thus giving them a triangular form on each side of the head of a metacarpal bone there are tubercles and depressions, for the attachment of the transverse or interosseous ligaments. The meta- carpal bones are altogether shorter and stronger than the bones of the metatarsus. Or that supporting the fore-finger, is connected with 5 bones ; viz. at its base, above, with the trape- zium, trapezoides, and os magnum ; on the ulnar side, it is in contact with the metacarpal bone of the second finger ; and at its head, it supports the proximal phalanx of the fore-finger. This bone may be distinguished from the rest by the deep groove its base, which receives the corresponding projecting portion of the trapezoides. 53 THE METACARPUS (continued). On the Third Division of the Table, comprehending the 64 Bones of the Upper Extremities. SECOND METACARPAL BONE. THIRD METACARPAL BONE FOURTH METACARPAL BONE Is the longest of the four, and is further distinguished by the obliquity of the articulating surface at its base it is connected with 4 bones ; viz. at the base, above, with the os magnum, and laterally, with the metacarpal bones of the first and third fingers ; and at its head, it supports the proximal phalanx of the second finger. Ranks as third, both in size and situation it is connected with 5 bones ; viz. at its base, above, with the os unciforme ; externally, with a point of the os magnum and with the metacarpal bone of the second finger ; internally, with the metacarpal bone of the little finger ; and at its head, it supports the proximal phalanx of the third or ring finger. Is the shortest, and somewhat rounded at its base it is connected with 3 bones ; viz. at its base, above, with the os unciforme ; externally, with the metacarpal bone of the third finger ; and at its head, it supports the proximal phalanx of the little finger. PHALANGES DIGITORUM. THE PROXIMAL PHALANGES. THE MIDDLE PHALANGES Deriv. from 0a\ay, a regiment of soldiers the bones of the fingers are so called from their regular disposition. They are 30 in number, 15 to each hand. The thumb and the four fingers are each furnished with three bones or phalanges, of which the proximal is the largest, the middle second in size, and the inferior, or distal phalanx, is the smallest a phalanx is described as having a Body, a Proximal, and a Distal Extremity the body is convex on its posterior surface, and rather concave on its anterior or palmar aspect the proximal extremity or base is furnished with an excavated articular surface and the distal extremity or head has an articular surface, which is convex laterally, and concave from before backwards. Are severally connected with two bones each, and are distinguished by their large size, and by the deeply excavated articular surface at the base, which receives the head of the metacarpal bone on each side of the base there are tubercles for the attachment of ligaments the articular surface at the distal extremity is smaller than that at the base, and presents two slight eminences divided by a groove, which may be compared to small condyles they are connected with the corresponding articular surfaces on the proximal ends of the next phalanges. The proximal phalanx of the thumb is connected with the trapezium, and differs somewhat from the corresponding phalanges of the fingers the body of the bone is flattened on its posterior surface, and its upper articular surface is so constructed as to admit of a much greater lateral motion than those of the fingers the articular surface at the distal end differs in being round, and undivided by any groove. Are each connected with two bones, and rank as second in size, and correspond as to length with the fingers, that of the second finger being the longest, and that of the little finger being the shortest and thinnest the proximal extremity is furnished with an articular surface, having two lateral depres- 54 PHALANGES (continued). On the Third Division of the Table, comprehending the 64 Bones of the Upper Extremities. THE DISTAL PHALANGES sions, divided from each other by a ridge, and adapted to the eminences on the distal ends of the first phalanges the distal extremity is small, and precisely similar to the distal ends of the foregoing phalanges. The middle phalanx of the thumb is stronger and thicker than those of the fingers, and the articular sur- face at the proximal end is cup-shaped like those on the upper end of the first phalanges of the fingers it is adapted to the rounded articular surface on the distal end of the first phalanx of the thumb. Are each connected with one bone only, and are the smallest the articular surface at the proximal end presents two small concave articular surfaces, divided from each other by a groove, and adapted to the distal extremities of the middle phalanges the distal end is covered with nail posteriorly, and its anterior surface is rough for the attachment of the tendon of the flexor profundus muscle. QUESTIONS on the Third Division of the Table, comprehending the 04 Bones of the Upper Extremities. How many bones form the fore-arm. How many bones of the shoulder. How many bones of the arm. How many bones of the wrist. How many bones of the metacarpus. How many phalanges of the fingers. Where is the coronoid fossa. What encircles the neck of the radius. What is lodged in the fossa supra-spinata of the scapula. In what direction is the lesser convexity of the clavicle. Where is the lower attachment of the deltoid muscle. What does the bicipital groove transmit. W r hat is the form of the sternal end of the clavicle. Which is the more internal, the greater or the lesser tubercle of the humerus. Is the ulna or the radius on the outer side of the arm. For what purpose is the oblong articular sur- face at the distal end of the ulna. What bone of the carpus supports the second metacarpal bone. What is there particular in the articulation of the clavicle with the sternum. What are the five principal divisions of the scapula. What is attached to the styloid process of the radius. What bone of the carpus supports the meta- carpal bone of the ring finger. Which condyle of the humerus is the larger. On what aspects of the clavicle are the medul- lary foramina most commonly found. Where, and for what purpose is the sigmoid cavity of the ulna. With how many, and what bones is the humerus connected. What passes over the smooth surface on the inferior angle of the scapula. Where is the coracoid process of the ulna. How many articulating surfaces are there on the os unciforme. What does the glenoid cavity of the scapula receive. For what purpose are the tubercles and depres- sions on each side of the heads of the me- tacarpal bones. With how many, and what bones is the clavicle connected. Where is the olecranon ? and to what does it give attachment. What are the points which distinguish the tra- pezoides from the os cuneiforme. For what purpose is the tubercle at the root of the coracoid process of the scapula. With how many, and what bones is the ulna connected. In what direction does the foramen for the nu- trient artery of the humerus enter the bone. What is the use of the supra-scapular notch. 55 QUESTIONS on the Third Division of the Table, comprehending the 04 Bones of the Upper Extremities. What is attached to the ridges leading to the ex- ternal and internal condyles of the humerus. What bones constitute the distal row of the carpus. Where is the cervix of the scapula. With how many, and what bones is the lunare connected. How is the second metacarpal bone distin- guished from the rest. To which end of the clavicle is the ligament going to the first rib attached. With how many, and what bones is the os magnum connected. What is received into the semilunar cavity of the radius. Where, and for what purpose is the anconoid fossa. In what direction do the medullary foramina enter the radius and ulna ? and on what aspect of the bones. Where, and for what purpose is the cervix of the humerus. What is observable at the lower points of at- tachment of the tendons of most large muscles. Where is the acromion process of the scapula. In what direction is the greater convexity or arch of the clavicle. What is attached to the tubercle of the radius. With how many, and what bones is the trape- zoides connected. What bones does the trochlea of the humerus receive. Where, and for purpose is the cervix of the scapula. What is attached to the ulnar edge of the bici- pital groove. On what aspect of the bone is the interosseous ridge of the radius. What bone supports the first phalanx of the thumb. In what direction is the head of the humerus. Where is the spine of the scapula. With how many, and what bones is the sca- phoides connected. What bones form the cup for the head of the os magnum. What supports the metacarpal bones of the ring and little fingers. Where and for purpose is the fossa on the os cuneiforme. How many articulating surfaces are there on the ulna. How is the proximal phalanx of the thumb distinguished from those of the fingers. What is the form of the scapular extremity of the clavicle. With how many, and what bones is the sca- phoides connected. On what aspect of the bone is the interosseous ridge of the ulna. What is attached to the radial edge of the bici- pital groove. With how many, and what bones is the me- tacarpal bone of the fore-finger con- nected. Is the convexity, or the concavity of the lunare upwards. In what respect does the middle phalanx of the thumb differ from the corresponding pha- langes of the fingers. Which costa of the scapula is the shortest. Where is the os pisiforme ? and to what does its tuberosity give attachment. With what part of the acromion process is the clavicle connected. Where is the dorsum scapulae. What is attached to the styloid process of the ulna. What does the scaphoid cavity of the radius receive. How is a proximal phalanx of a finger distin- guished from a middle phalanx. On the Fourth Division of the Table, comprehending the 04 Bones of the Lower Extremities. 64 BONES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES. 2 Bones of the Thighs. 14 Bones of the Tarsus. 2 Astraguli. 2 Ossa Calcum. 2 Navicularia. 2 Cuboidea. 6 Cuneiformia. 10 Bones of the Metatarsus. 2 Femora. 10 Ossa Metatarsi. 6 Bones of the Legs. 32 Bones of the Toes. 2 Patellae. 2 Tibia. 2 Fibulae. 28 Phalanges. 4 Ossa Sesamoidea. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. FEMUR. Situation . Connexion THE HEAD Deriv. Femur, signifies, properly, the outside of the thigh, and fenien, the inner side both terms are derived from feo, unde fetus, fecundus, femina, &c. ab vu>, produco : femur is also said to be derived from fero, to bear, because the thighs support the trunk. Beneath the pelvis, extending from the hip to the knee. With 3 bones ; viz. above, with the os innominatum at the acetabulum ; below, with the head of the tibia by its condyles ; and in front, it is in contact with the patella at its trochlea. The femur is the longest bone in the body, and is the most regular specimen of a cylindrical bone it has a Body, a Proximal, and a Distal Extremity. The rounded articular surface, adapted to the acetabulum of the os innominatum. At about the middle of the inner side of the head, there is a For the attachment of the ligamentum teres of the hip-joint. Descending obliquely from the head to the shaft of the bone it is very porous for the transmission of vessels to the cancellous structure, and is covered by a reflection of the synovial membrane. The large rough apophysis, projecting from the upper end of the shaft of the bone for the attachment of the gluteus medius and minimus muscles. At the upper part of the great trochanter there is a For the lodgement of a bursa ; and just withinside the root of the trochanter major there is a deep For the attachment of the rotator muscles of the thigh outwards. Is a rounded process, situated on the posterior and inner side of the bone, at the root of the great trochanter it affords attachment to the psoas magnus and iliacus internus muscles. Extending round the root of the neck, both in front and behind, from the greater to the lesser trochan- ters for the attachment of the orbicular ligament of the hip joint. For the passage of the medullary artery, on the posterior aspect of the bone, entering obliquely upwards about one-third from the proximal extremity. Commences near to the lesser trochanter, and extends down the posterior part of the bone for the FOSSA TROCHANTER MAJOR SMOOTH SURFACE CAVITY TROCHANTER MINOR ORBICULAR RIDGE FORAMEN LlNEA ASPERA 57 FEMUR (continued). On the Fourth Division of the Table, comprehending the 64 Bones of the Lower Extremities. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Two DIVERGING RIDGES., Two TUBERCLES THE INTERNAL CONDYLE . THE EXTERNAL CONDYLE. NOTCH . . Two DEPRESSIONS. PULLEY THE ORBICULAR RIDGE. attachment of the quadratus femoris and triceps muscles. Towards the lower end of the bone the linea aspera terminates in Going to either condyle and these ridges again terminate in Which form points of attachment for the two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle, &c. Is the larger and longer of the two, owing to the oblique position of the bone, and is adapted to the inner concavity on the head of the tibia. Is adapted to the outer concavity on the head of the tibia. Between the condyles there is a deep Through which the popliteal vessels and nerves pass in their course to the leg. Just withinside the condyles there are For the superior attachment of the crucial ligaments of the knee-joint. In front, the two condyles are united, and present a smooth articular surface, or On which the patella plays. Extending round the edges of the condyles for the attachment of the capsule of the joint. About the condyles the bone is rough, for the attachment of ligaments, and is perforated by numerous small holes for the transmission of vessels to the cancellous structure. PATELLA. Situation . Connexion Use. THE BASE FOSSA THE ANTERIOR SURFACE THE APEX. GREATER CONDYLOID FOSSA LESSER CONDYLOID FOSSA Deriv. from patina, a dish, the knee-pan, so named from its shape. Syn., Rotula. It is a bone situated in a tendon, which extends over the front surface of the knee-joint. It lies in contact with the front surface of the condyles of the femur, and is connected with the an- terior tubercle of the tibia by means of the tendon in which it is situated : it corresponds precisely to the sesamoid bones in the tendons of the flexor muscles of the toes. It forms an important defence to the joint in flexion of the leg, and acts as a pulley to the great extensor muscles. The superior edge of the bone the point of attachment for the united tendons of the rectus and cruralis muscles. On the base for the lodgement of a bursa. Of the bone is convex, and rough for the attachment of the tendinous and ligamentous fibres it is also perforated by foramina for the transmission of the nutrient vessels. A pointed projection at the lower margin of the bone, being the superior point of attachment of the liga- mentum patella:. The posterior surface of the bone is smooth and covered with cartilage, and is divided by a perpendicular ridge into two unequal cavities, viz. the On the outer side adapted to the outer, or lesser condyle of the femur ; and the On the inner side adapted to the inner condyle of the femur. 58 1. 2. 3. 4. G. 7. 0. 9. 10. 11. TIBIA. Situation . Connexion Use. Proximal Extremity. THE HEAD EXTERNAL CONDYLOID FOSSA INTERNAL CONDYLOID FOSSA INTERARTICULAR PROCESS Two DEPRESSIONS ARTICULAR SURFACE TUBEROSITY THE ANTERIOR TUBERCLE BURSAL FOSSA , SHIN, SPINE, OR ANTERIOR ANGLE INNER ANGLE On the Fourth Division of the Table, comprehending the 64 Bones of the Lower Extremities. Deriv. quasi tubia, from tuba, a pipe or flute, from its said resemblance to the old musical pipe. Inner side of the leg, extending from the knee to the ankle. With 3 bones; viz. above, with the condyles of the femur; laterally, with both extremities of the fibula ; and below, with the astragulus. By its junction with the fibula it forms the leg, and inters into the formation of the knee and ankle joints. The tibia is described, like other cylindrical bones, as having a Body, a Proximal, and a Distal Extremity. The superior expanded part of the bone, which is rough all round for the attachment of ligaments, and contains on its upper surface the articular cavities for the condyles of the femur; viz. the Superficial and round, adapted to the outer condyle of the os femoris. Oblong and more excavated, for the reception of the inner condyle of the femur. These articular cavities give lodgement to two interarticular cartilages, which are of such a form as very much to increase the concavity for receiving the condyles. Between the condyloid fossae there is an irregular projection, or Which is divided on its top by a groove running from before backwards ; and in front of and behind this projection there are For the inferior attachment of the crucial ligaments, as well as of the ligaments of the interarticular cartilages. Facing downwards, on the outer and back part of the head for the upper connexion with the fibula. On the inner and back part of the head of the bone, corresponding in some measure as to situation with the articular surface, there is a roughness or For the attachment of the tendons forming the inner ham-string. Just below and behind this protu- berance there is a triangular excavation for the lodgement of the popliteus muscle ; and in front of it, there is a somewhat similar concavity for the upper attachment of the tibialis anticus muscle. Situate immediately in front of the head of the bone the point of attachment of the tendon of the ex- tensor muscles of the leg, i. e. the ligamentum patellae. At the upper part of the anterior tubercle there is a smooth surface, or For the lodgement of the bursa, which is frequently the subject of inflammation in those who work much upon their knees. A marked ridge extending down the front surface of the bone, commencing just below the anterior tubercle, and terminating at the internal malleolus for the attachment of the fascia covering the muscles of the leg. Situate on the tibial aspect of the bone, which is less strongly marked than the preceding it commences just below the tuberosity for the attachment of the inner ham-string, and affords attachment to the fascia of the leg. TIBIA (continued). On the Fourth Division of the Table, comprehending the 04 Bones of the Lower Extremities. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. THE INTEROSSEOUS RIDGE. FORAMEN The Distal Extremity. MALLEOLUS INTERN us . GROOVE SEMILUNAR CAVITY CONCAVE ARTICULAR SURFACE or External Angle. On the fibular aspect of the bone for the attachment of the interosseous ligament. For the passage of the medullary artery, on the posterior aspect of the bone entering obliquely down- wards about one-third from the proximal extremity. Is much smaller than the head, and contains the articulating surface with the tarsus. On the inner side of this extremity there is a marked projection, extending downwards, called the Which forms the inner parieties of the ankle joint, and affords attachment to the deltoid ligament, &c. The external or fibular side of this process is covered with the cartilage, and adapted to a cor- responding articular surface on the inner side of the astragulus. Behind the malleolus internus, which is more or less marked in different instances for the passage of the tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle. On the outer side of the bone for the reception of the lower end of the fibula, which is retained in its situation by strong ligamentous fibres the surface of this concavity is rough, and neither furnished with cartilage nor synovial membrane. Fossa Scaphoidea. At the inferior part adapted to the upper articular surface of the astragulus, and surrounded by a ridge for the attachment of the orbicular ligament. 1. 2. 3. 4. FIBULA. Situation . Connexion Use. Proximal Extremity. THE HEAD ARTICULAR SURFACE THE INTEROSSEOUS RIDGE. THE FORAMEN , Dcriv. from fibula, an ancient clasp or buckle, ab figo, or fibulo, to fasten ; because this bone is fixed to both ends of the tibia. Si/n., Perone, Arundo Minor, Sura. On the outer side of the leg, extending from the knee to the ankle. With 2 bones ; viz. laterally, at both extremities, with the tibia; and below, with the outer side of the astragulus. By its union with the tibia it forms the leg, and assists in the formation of the ankle-joint. It is a long slender bone, and the Body is marked by numerous irregular ridges or angles, denoting different points of attachment for muscles. Is of a triangular form its outer side forms a point of attachment for the ligaments of the knee-joint, and of the tendon forming the outer ham-string : its inner side is furnished with an Facing upwards adapted to the articular surface on the outer side of the head of the tibia. Commences just below the articular surface, and extends down the tibial aspect of the bone it is the sharpest and most strongly marked of the many ridges of the fibula, and affords attachment to the interosseous ligament. For the passage of the medullary artery enters obliquely downwards, at about the middle of the pos- terior aspect of the bone sometimes there are several small foramina. GO FIBULA (continued). 5. 6. 7. 8. The Distal Extremity. MALLEOLUS EXTERNUS . . GROOVE ARTICULAR SURFACE ROUGHNESS THE TARSUS. ASTRAGULUS Os CALCIS NAVICULARE CUBOIDES CUNEIFORMS EXTERNUM CUNEIFORME MEDIUM... CUNEIFORME INTERNUM . On the Fourth Division of the Table, comprehending the 64 Bones of the Upper Extremities. Is broader and larger altogether than the head, and forms the Which is the lower projecting part of the bone, forming the outer parietes of the ankle joint its apex affords an important point of attachment for ligaments. Behind the malleolus externus, for the passage of the tendons of the poronei muscles. On the inner side of the malleolus externus, adapted to the articular surface on the outer side of the as- tragulus. Just above this articular surface there is a Marking the connexion of this bone with the semilunar cavity of the tibia. Deriv. from rapaog, the flat part of the foot. The FOOT is composed of the bones of the Tarsus, of the Metatarsus, and of the Toes. The Tarsus forms the posterior part of the foot, and consists of 7 bones, which are very strongly connected with each other, and form an arch, the convexity of which is upwards, constituting the dorsum of the foot, and the concavity downwards, lodging the numerous muscles of the sole of the foot the tarsus is con- nected, above, with the bones of the leg ; and in front, with the metatarsus. The seven bones are placed in the following order, viz. the Above, "1 Below, and behind, \ forming the posterior row, or phalanx. On the inside, j In front, and on the outer side, In front, and adjoining the cuboides, In front, and adjoining the cuneiforme externum, In front, and on the inner side, -forming the anterior, or distal phalanx. ASTRAGULUS. Situation. Connexion 1. 2. 3. CONVEX ARTICULAR SURFACE FLATTENED ARTICULAR SURFACE, OBLONG ARTICULAR SURFACE.. Deriv. from aorperyaXoc, a cockal, or die ; so called, because it is shaped like the die used in ancient games. Syn., Talus, Balistae os. The uppermost of the bones of the tarsus, beneath the bones of the leg, and above the os calcis. With 4 bones ; viz. above, with the tibia ; externally, with the fibula ; below, with the os calcis ; and in front, with the os naviculare. Above adapted to the scaphoid cavity of the tibia. Externally adapted to the outer malleolus. Internally adapted to the inner malleolus. (il ASTR AG ULUS (continued). On the Fourth Division of the Table, comprehending the 64 Bones of the Lower Extremities. 4. THE HEAD G. 7. 8. 9. Two INFERIOR ARTICULAR SURFACES FOSSA, OR GROOVE SMOOTH SURFACE . GROOVE . . TUBERCLE In front the rounded articular surface, which is received into the glenoid cavity of the naviculare this articulation corresponds to that of the os magnum with the scaphoides and lunare, in the carpus ; and the contraction just behind the head has been called the neck. Adapted to corresponding articular surfaces on the upper part of the os calcis, and divided from each other by a Running diagonally between them for the attachment of a strong ligament going to the corresponding groove in the os calcis in order to strengthen the articulation. At the lower and inner part of the head, which rests upon a ligament stretched between the os calcis and the naviculare. On the posterior and inner aspect of the bone for the passage of the tendon of the flexor longus pollicis muscle. Just in front of this groove there is a Which is one of the points of attachment for the deltoid ligament coming from the malleolus internus. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. OS CALCIS. Situation . Connexion Two SUPERIOR ARTICULAR SURFACES . . FOSSA TUBERCLE GROOVE SINUOSITY.. TUBEROSITY SMOOTH SURFACE IRREGULAR ARTICULAR SURFACE Deriv. calx, the heel, from calco, to tread upon. Syn., Calcaneum, Calcar Pedis. The under and back part of the foot, beneath the astragulus, and behind the cuboides. With 2 bones; viz. above, by its double articulating surface with the astragulus; and in front, with the cuboides. Corresponding with those on the under surface of the astragulus. Between them for the attachment of the interarticular ligament going to the astragulus. On the inner side of the articular surfaces being a continuation, as it were, of the tubercle on the astra- gulus, for the attachment of the deltoid ligament. Just beneath this tubercle there is a Continuous with that on the astragulus for the passage of the tendon of the flexor longus pollicis muscle. The large excavation on the inner surface of the bone for the transmission of the vessels and nerves to the sole of the foot, as well as, of the tendons of the flexor muscles. The large rounded posterior part of the bone, forming the heel the posterior point of the tripod the lower part is rough, for the attachment of the tendo achillis, and on its upper part there is a For the lodgement of a large bursa. The anterior aspect of the bone contains an Adapted to a corresponding articular surface on the posterior aspect of the cuboides. OS NAVICULARE. Situation . Deriv. from navicula, the diminutive of navis, a little boat, from its said resemblance to a boat. Syn., Scaphoides, os Cymbae. On the inner side of the foot, before the astragulus, and behind the three ossa cuneiformia. 62 1. 2, 3. 4. 5. OS NAVICULARE (continued). Connexion THE DORSUM GLENOID CAVITY TUBERCLE . On the Fourth Division of the Table, comprehending the 04 Bones of the Upper Extremities. SMALL ARTICULAR SURFACE TRIPLE ARTICULAR SURFACE With 5 bones ; viz. behind, with the astragulus ; on the outer side, with the cuboides ; and in front, with the three cuneiform bones. The superior convex surface of the bone the most prominent part of the instep. Behind being the excavated articular surface which receives the head of the astrasulns. The projecting part of the bone, on the inner side of the glenoid cavity which affords attachment to the ligament stretched between this bone and the os calcis, &c. On the outer side of the glenoid cavity adapted to a corresponding small articular surface on the cuboides. In front which is divided by two oblique ridges into three wedge-shaped articular surfaces, adapted to the three cuneiform bones. 1. 2. 3. 4. CUBOIDES. Situation . Connexion LARGE IRREGULAR ARTICULAR SURFACE SMALL ARTICULAR SURFACE FLAT OVAL ARTICULAR SURFACE DOUBLE ARTICULAR SURFACE . GROOVE RIDGE. . Deriv. from KVOC, a cube, and tiJSoe, resemblance; because this bone is irregularly square-shaped. Syn., os Cubiforme, Quadratum, Varium, Grandinosum, &c. On the outer side of the foot, before the os calcis, and behind the metatarsal bones of the fourth and fifth toes, which it supports. With 5 bones; viz. behind, with the os calcis; internally, with the naviculare and external cuneiform bone ; and in front, with the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones. Behind adapted to the front extremity of the os calcis. Internally, and near to the last sometimes indistinct or altogether wanting adapted to the naviculare. On the upper margin of the inner side of the bone adapted to the os cuneiforme externum. In front divided by a perpendicular ridge into two surfaces of unequal size, the larger of which is adapted to the metatarsal bone of the little toe, and the smaller to that of the toe next to it. On the outer side, and continued underneath the bone for the passage of the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle in its course across the sole of the foot. Just behind this groove there is a marked For the attachment of the inferior plantar ligament. 1. OS CUNEIFORME EXTERNUM. Situation . Connexion FLATTENED ARTICULAR SURFACE . Deriv. from cuneus, a wedge, which these bones do resemble. The upper surface is broad and flat, and the lower or palmar aspect is sharp. Between the cuboides and the middle cuneiform bone, in front of the naviculare, and behind the meta- tarsal bone of the third toe, which it supports. With bones; viz. behind, with the os naviculare ; externally, with the cuboides ; internally, with the middle cuneiform bone ; and in front, with the metatarsal bones of the second, third and fourth toes. Posteriorly adapted to the os naviculare. OS CUNEIFORMS EXTERNUM, (continued). 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. OBLONG ARTICULAR SURFACE IRREGULAR ARTICULAR SURFACE. WEDGE-SHAPED ARTICULAR SURFACE. SMALL ARTICULAR SURFACE SMALL ARTICULAR SURFACE. On the Fourth Division of the Table, comprehending the 04 Bones of the Lower Extremities. Externally, and behind adapted to the cuboides. Internally, and behind it is frequently divided by a ridge or fossa into two, which are adapted to cor- responding articular surfaces on the outer side of the middle cuneiform bone. In front adapted to the tarsal end of the metatarsal bone of the third toe. Externally, and in front adapted to the inner side of the proximal end of the metatarsal bone of the fourth toe. Internally, and in front adapted to the outer side of the proximal end of the metatarsal bone of the second toe. 1. 2. 3. 4. OS CUNEIFORMS MEDIUM. Situation . Connexion CONCAVE WEDGE-SHAPED ART. SURFACE SMALL ARTICULAR SURFACE FLATTENED ARTICULAR SURFACE CONVEX WEDGE-SHAPED ART. SURFACE Is medium as to situation, and minimum as to size. Between the external and internal cuneiform bones, in front of the naviculare, and behind the metatarsal bone of the second toe, which it supports. With 4 bones ; viz. behind, with the naviculare; externally, with the os cuneiforme externuin ; inter- nally, with the os cuneiforme internum ; and in front, with the metatarsal bone of the second toe. Behind adapted to the middle articular surface on the front aspect of the naviculare. Externally and posteriorly adapted to the articular surface on the inner side of the external cunei- form bone. Internally and anteriorly adapted to the internal cuneiform bone. In front adapted to the tarsal end of the metatarsal bone of the second toe. OS CUNEIFORME INTERNUM. Situation . Connexion 1. CONCAVE WEDGE-SHAPED ART. SURF. 2. OBLONG ARTICULAR SURFACE 3. IRREGULAR ARTICULAR SURFACE 4. LARGE CONVEX ARTICULAR SURFACE 5. TUBERCLE . Is the largest of the three cuneiform bones. On the inner and front part of the tarsus, adjoining the middle cuneiform bone, in front of the navi- culare, and behind the metatarsal bone of the great toe, which it supports. With 4 bones ; viz. behind, with the naviculare ; externally, with the middle cuneiform bone, and with the metatarsal bone of the second toe ; and in front, with the metatarsal bone of the great toe, which it supports. Behind adapted to the inner articular surface on the front aspect of the naviculare. Externally and posteriorly adapted to the inner side of the middle cuneiform bone. Externally and anteriorly adapted to the inner side of the tarsal end of the metatarsal bone of the second toe the two foregoing articular surfaces are sometimes continuous with each other, and some- times, either partially or totally divided by a ridge or groove. In front adapted to the concavity at the tarsal end of the metatarsal bone of the great toe. At the under and back part for the attachment of the tendon of the tibialis anticus muscle. 64 OS CUNEIFORMS INTER NUM. (continued). 6. THE BASE On the Fourth Division of the Table, comprehending the 04 Bones of the Lower Extremities. Or broadest part of this bone is directed downwards, and the apex upwards, while in the two other cuneiform bones the reverse of this takes place. The articular surface on the posterior aspect of each cuneiform bone is somewhat excavated, and by the union of the three bones with each other, a considerable concavity is formed for the reception of the naviculare. THE METATARSUS. 1. 2. 3. BODY PROXIMAL EXTREMITY, OR BASE DISTAL EXTREMITY, OR HEAD . . . Is composed of five cylindrical bones, situated between the tarsus and the toes they are longer, rounder, and more slender than the metacarpal bones ; and are connected, behind, with the four front bones of the tarsus ; in front, with the proximal phalanges of the toes ; and laterally, with each other in such a manner as to form an arch corresponding to that formed by the cuboid and the three cunei- form bones. A metatarsal bone is described, generally, as having a Broader above and sharpened below hollowed out on each side for the lodgement of the interossei muscles. The larger end of the bone by which it is connected with the tarsus. Which is rounded, and adapted to the convexity of the proximal end of the first phalanges. FIRST METATARSAL BONE . SECOND METATARSAL BONE. THIRD METATARSAL BONE FOURTH METATARSAL BONE. Or that supporting the great toe, is by far the largest bone of the five, as well as the shortest it is connected with 5 bones ; viz. at its base, with the internal cuneiform bone ; externally, it is in con- tact with the metatarsal bone of the second toe ; the front part of its head supports the proximal phalanx of the great toe ; and the under surface of the head is marked by two grooves for the play of the two sesamoid bones. The head is very large and round, and forms the internal point of the tripod, and there is a tubercle at the under part of the tarsal end, for the attachment of the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle. Is the longest of the five, and is connected with 6 bones ; viz. at its base, behind, with the middle cunei- form bone ; internally, with the internal cuneiform bone and the metatarsal bone of the great toe ; externally, with the external cuneiform bone and the metatarsal bone of the third toe ; and at its head, it supports the proximal phalanx of the second toe. Is the second in length, and is connected with 4 bones ; viz. at its base, behind, with the external cuneiform bone ; on the inside, with the second metatarsal bone, on the outside with the fourth meta- tarsal bone ; and at its head, it supports the proximal phalanx of the third toe. Is nearly as long as the former, and is connected with 4 bones ; viz. at its base, behind, with the inner articular surface on the front aspect of the cuboides ; internally, with the third metatarsal bone ; externally, with the fifth metatarsal bone ; and at its head, it supports the proximal phalanx of the fourth toe. TI1K METATARSI'S (cmlimml). On the Fourth Division of the Table, comprehending the 04 Bones of the Lower Extremities. FIFTH METATARSAL BONE. Is of a peculiar shape, and readily distinguished by the tubercle at its base, projecting outwards and backwards, for the attachment of a ligament coming from the os calcis. It is connected with 3 bones ; viz. at its base, behind, with the cuboides ; internally, with the fourth metatarsal bone ; and at its head, it supports the proximal phalanx of the little toe. The head of this bone forms the external point of the tripod. PHALANGES D1GITORUM PEDIS THE PROXIMAL PHALANGES. THE MIDDLE PHALANGES THE DISTAL PHALANGES Are 2S$ in number, 14 to each foot two to the great toe, and three to each of the lesser toes. The phalanges of the toes are thinner and altogether smaller than those of the fingers, excepting the great toe ; like the bones of the fingers, each phalanx of the toes is described, generally, as having a Body, a Proximal, and a Distal Extremity. Are much longer than any of the rest, and are the only ones that can possibly be confounded with the bones of the fingers, but they may be readily distinguished by their being much thinner, by their rounded form, and by their more expanded extremities. They are each furnished with an excavated articular surface at the base, by which they are connected with the heads of the metatarsal bones the articular surface at the distal extremity corresponds with that of the phalanges of the fingers, in presenting two slight eminences divided by a groove, and adapted to the proximal ends of the next phalanges. Are very small and irregular, and those of the lesser toes are frequently united with the distal phalanges ; it is in this row that the injurious effects of cramping the feet in unnaturally formed shoes is most conspicuous instead of preserving the regular phalangeal appearance of the bones of the fingers, they frequently overlap each other, and are otherwise so distorted, that their original use is altogether lost. The proximal end is furnished with an articular surface adapted to the distal end of the last-mentioned phalanx, and the distal extremity supports the extreme phalanx. There is no middle phalanx of the great toe. Are smaller than those of the fingers, but they correspond with them in every other respect they are however longer than the middle phalanges. The distal phalanx of the great toe is of considerable size as compared with the other phalanges of the toes ; and it may be said of both phalanges of the great toe, that they are stronger, but not so long as those of the thumb. OSSA SESAMOIDEA. Deriv. from cn)o-afir), an eastern grain, and tiSoc, likeness from their resemblance to the grains of indian corn. The sesamoid bones vary in their number and situation like the patella, they are bones situated in a tendon, and increase the power of the muscle to which they are attached ; the most general 66 OSSA SESAMOIDEA (continued). On the Fourth Division of the Table, comprehending the 64 Bones of the Lower Extremities. situation is beneath the ball of the great toe, sliding in two grooves adapted to them on the under surface of the distal end of the metatarsal bone, where they are rarely found wanting ; but they are also occasionally found in the thumb, in the lesser toes, in the tendon of the peroneus longus as it turns round the cuboides, in the tendinous attachments of the two heads of the gastrocnemii muscles, and in the tendons of the flexor muscles generally, wherever there is great muscular develope- nient ; but the bones found in these irregular situations are often globular, and do not preserve the oval characteristic figure of the sesamoid bones of the great toe, which are furnished with excavated articular surfaces adapted to the grooves in which they play. QUESTIONS on the Fourth Division of the Table, comprehending the 64 Bones of the Lower Extremities. How many bones form the leg. How many bones of the thigh. How many bones of the tarsus. How many bones of the metatarsus. How many phalanges of the toes of one foot. How many sesamoid bones are ordinarily found ? and what is their common situa- tion. What forms the malleolus externus. Which condyloid fossa of the tibia is the larger. Where is the tendo achillis attached. With how many, and what bones is the os cuueiforme externum connected. What is the form of the head of the fibula. With what bones is the fifth metatarsal bone connected. Where is the linea aspera of the femur. For what purpose are the depressions in front of, and behind the interarticular process of the tibia. With how many, and what bones is the os calcis connected. In what direction does the medullary artery enter the tibia, and on what aspect of the bone. What bones form the tripod. With how many, and what bones is the as- tragulus connected. Which ridge of the fibula is the sharpest ? and on what aspect of the bone is it. What forms the malleolus internus. Which condyloid fossa of the patella is the larger. What is there peculiar in the articulation of the astragulus with the os calcis. With how many bones is the second metatarsal bone connected. For what purpose is the pit on the head of the femur. How many articulating surfaces are there on the distal phalanges of the toes. With how many, and what bones is the cu- boides connected. What is attached to the anterior tubercle of the tibia. What does the glenoid cavity of the navicu- lare contain. With how many bones is the femur con- nected. Which metatarsal bone is the longest. What are the characteristics of the middle phalanges of the toes. What does the notch between the condyles of the femur give passage to. Which cuneiform bone is the smallest. With how many bones is the fibula connected. What passes through the groove at the back of the malleolus externus. For what purpose is the sinuosity on the inner side of the os calcis. In what direction is the base of the patella. In what situations are sesamoid bones to be found, besides the ball of the great toe. Where are the trochanters of the femur. What are the characteristics of a metatarsal bone as distinguishing it from a metacarpal. What are the proper connexions of the patella. Which cuneiform bone is the largest. (57 QUESTIONS on the Fourth Division of the Table, comprehending the G4 Bones of the Upper Extremities. With how many bones is the naviculare con- nected. What is there observable on the trochanter major. How are the proximal phalanges of the toes distinguished from those of the fingers. What passes through the groove behind the malleolus interims. With how many bones is the tibia connected. Whore is the medullary foramen of the fibula. With what bones is the os cuneiforme externum connected. How are the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones supported. Which condyle of the femur is the larger. How many phalanges of the great toe are there. How is the fibula connected with the tibia at the distal extremity. With how many bones is the os cuneiforme in- ternum connected. For what purpose is the groove on the os cuboides. What is attached to the apex of the patella. What are the characteristics of the fifth meta- tarsal bone. Where is the ridge for the attachment of the capsule of the hip-joint. For what purpose is the smooth surface on the anterior tubercle of the tibia. What forms the point of attachment for the outer ham-string. With how many bones is the metatarsal bone of the great toe connected. What is the character of the anterior articular surface of the os naviculare. What bones form the anterior row of the tarsus. For what purpose is the smooth surface on the inner side of the head of the astragulus. Where is the interosseous ridge of the fibula. For what purpose is the tuberosity on the inner side of the head of the tibia. What is attached to the tubercle on the inner side of the astragulus. What are the three angles of the tibia. Are the articulating surfaces of the cundyles of the femur united both in front anil behind. For what purpose is the cavity, or pit, at the inner side of the root of the trochanter major. With how many bones is the os cuneiforme medium connected. In what direction are the bases of the three cuneiforme bones placed. How many articular surfaces are there on the tibia. Of how many bones is the foot composed. What is attached to the tubercle of the os navi- culare. With how many bones is the fourth metatarsal bone connected. What bone forms the highest part of the instep. How are the proximal phalanges of the toes distinguished from the digital phalanges. APPENDIX. OBSERVATIONS ON THE MODE OF PREPARING BONES FOR OSTEOLOGICAL PURPOSES. HAVING been repeatedly solicited by various friends, who have seen the bones in my collection, to explain to them the manner in which they were prepared, I now gladly avail myself of an op- portunity of making it more generally known. About twelve years since my attention was particularly directed to this subject, by finding that some bones which I had macerated were unusually white, and free from smell. I continued for several sub- sequent years to macerate and prepare bones, as I conceived, precisely upon the same plan as that in which the maceration had been so successful ; but although some proved tolerably white, the majority were cleaned with much difficulty, and when the ligamentous attach- ments were removed by dint of hard scraping, the bones were ever after yellow at the extremities, and had a more or less offensive smell. After much thought on the subject, I could not discover wherein my method differed from that in general use, but the pre- paration of another skeleton, about four years back, furnished me with materials whereupon to build something like a tangible theory ; and this theory having been verified by repeated subsequent trials, I feel confident in recommending the practice founded upon it, although perhaps the reasons advanced may not be altogether con- clusive. Two words, however, if properly understood, will furnish all the information that is necessary, viz. UNINTERRUPTED PUTRE- FACTION ; for if the putrefactive process be in any way interrupted, the bones will never be clean. In order to obtain this end, the fol- lowing directions must be scrupulously observed : It is desirable to get the animal, of which a skeleton is to be made, as few hours after death as possible, while the blood is in an almost fluid state, and having taken off the muscles tolerably clean, and separated every bone, they should be immediately thrown into cold water ; the water should be changed every twelve hours for three or four days, until it becomes no longer tinged with blood. A tub, or large earthen- ware vessel, must then be procured if a tub, it must be well made to secure it from leaking during the long period required for ma- ceration, and of such a size as to hold a sufficient quantity of water, over and above that which covers the bones, to allow for the waste by evaporation. Evaporation entails two difficulties, for if it go so far as to leave the ends of some of the longer bones projecting out of the water, they immediately become quite black, and if fresh water be added to cover them, the whole putrefactive process is arrested : hence the vessel must stand in some covered out-house, secure from the admission of rain, and from the danger of the water being drunk by rats. So far as I have observed, the vessels should be merely lightly covered over, as a certain access of air appears necessary for, on one occasion, being without a convenient T 70 APPENDIX. place, I buried some tubs during the usual period, when the bones proved the most offensive that I ever prepared, and it was an endless task to get off the ligaments. Should all go on successfully, and the process be in no way interrupted, either by evaporation or by leakage, in the space of about six months, the bones may be washed perfectly clean with a common brush, the ligaments and muscular attachments may be pushed off like a cake from the ends of the bones, and then if they be held up, a thick fluid will be seen to exude through every aperture from the interior, proving that the putrefactive process has gone on in the interior with the same happy result as on the exterior. It is hardly necessary to observe, that the internal and external putrefaction must go hand in hand in order to procure a clean bone, and this I apprehend to be the general source of dif- ficulty. A vertical section of any of the cylindrical bones in my collection exhibits the interior, even whiter than the exterior ; and the cancellous structure is a beautiful white net- work, unsoiled by any medullary matter. After the bones have been well brushed, they should be soaked in clean water twenty-four hours, and then carefully cleaned with a scalpel from all ligamentous and cartila- ginous matter that may be found still adhering, but the bone should in no way be scraped more than is absolutely necessary, as it is thereby deprived of all its minute processes and distinctive charac- teristics. The long cylindrical bones should be placed upright upon their extremities for a short time, in order to allow of the entire escape of the medullary fluid. To cleanse them from any oleaginous matter, whether external or internal, I have generally soaked them for the next forty-eight hours in a solution of subcarbonate of potass, in the proportion of about a pound to each gallon of water, after which, they should again be well washed and left for a short time in a large quantity of clean water, and then wiped with a dry cloth. The bones after this should be carefully laid upon a clean deal board, and exposed for a few days and nights in the open air, taking the precaution to turn them now and then. As to the exact period for maceration, six months has been stated as a general time; but this is found to vary, as a set of bones will macerate in almost half the time during the summer months, to what will be required in the winter. The bones of small animals, and of birds also, require a comparatively short period ; and it may be observed that the bones of the ruminating class of animals always macerate more speedily than those of the carnivorous. INDEX. Page. APPENDIX 69 Arthrodia 3 Astragulus 60 Atlas 33 Auditiis, Ossicula 14 Barclay's Nomenclature 4 Base of the Cranium 28 Calcis, Os 61 Carpus, Bones of 49 Cervical Vertebrae 32 Clavicula 44 Coccygis, Os 40 Connexions of Bones 2 Cranium, Bones of 5 Cuboides 02 Cuneiforme, Os Carpi 50 Cuneiforme Externum 62 Cuneiforme Internum 63 Cuneiforme Medium 63 Dentata 33 Difference between the Male and Female Skeleton 41 Dorsal Vertebrae 31 Enarthrosis 3 Ethmoides 15 Femur Fibula Frontis, Os , Page. 56 59 5 G inglimus k 3 Harmonies Humerus . Hyoides . . Ilium Incus Innominatum Internal Ear . Ischium Labyrinth Lachrymale, Os Lower Extremities, Bones of Lumbar Vertebrae Lunare, Os Magnum Malleus Malae, Os Metacarpus, Bones of Metatarsus, Bones of . Maxillare Inferius. . . . Maxillare 2 46 25 37 14 37 12 38 13 21 56 34 49 51 14 21 52 64 24 19 Page. Motions of Bones 3 Mouth, Bones of 27 Nasi> Ossa * 18 Naviculare, Os 61 Nostrils, Bones of 27 Occipitis, Os 8 Orbits, Bones of 27 Palatinum 22 Parietale, Os 7 Patella 57 Pelvis 37 Phalanges Digitorum 53 Phalanges Digitorum Pedis 65 Pisiforme, Os 50 Pubis, Os 39 Questions on the Bones of the Cranium and Face 29 Questions on the Bones of the Trunk .... 42 Questions on the Bones of the Upper Extremities 54 Questions on the Bones of the Lower Extremities 66 Radius 48 Ribs . . 35 72 INDEX. Sacrum Scaphoides Scapula Sesamoidea, Ossa . . . Sinuses of the Brain. Sphenoides Spongiosum Inferius. Stapes Sternum Sutures Symphisis , Page. Page. 39 Synarthrosis 2 49 44 Table, General, of the Bones of the IIu- 65 man Skeleton 1 26 Tarsus, Bones of 60 16 Teeth 24 22 Temporale, Os 10 15 Thorax, Bones of 35 36 Tibia 58 2 Trapezium 50 2 Trapezoides 51 Triquetra, Ossa Trunk, Bones of Tympanum, Cavity of , Ulna tlnciforme, Os Upper Extremities, Bones of Vomer . Wormiana, Ossa . 9 31 12 47 52 44 23 9 F I X 1 S. WHITE, PRINTER, BEDFORD. THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $I.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. DEC 6 LD -jl 50i 58269,3 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY M m J'"'i &