'* */ •• ( +''■ 
 
 *SJ5? 
 
 tm 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 4ta| 
 
 Ml 
 
 .-:;v. 
 
 m 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 mm 
 
 J/,. 
 
£be lake Englisb Classics 
 
 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 ox 
 
 MILTON AND ADDISON 
 
 EDITED FOR SCHOOL USE 
 
 ALPHONSO G. NEWCOMER 
 
 PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH IN THK LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 
 CHICAGO 
 SCOTT, FOHESMAN AND COMPANY 
 
c * e . « 
 
 • i . . « 
 
 • t." < i • 
 
 Copyright 1899 
 Bv SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPACT 
 
 ROBERT O. LAVA/ C O M P A N > , 
 PRINTERS AND BINDERS, CHICAGO. 
 
PREFACE MPrlN 
 
 Julius Caesar and Lord Macaulay have been 
 much abused writers. They did not mean to 
 write immortal works, least of all did they mean 
 to write immortal exercises for the school-room. 
 But when a man writes — just as he would fight, 
 on the field of battle or in the political arena — 
 with what Quintilian describes as "force, point, 
 and vehemence of style," he must expect the 
 school-boy to devour his pages. This is right, — 
 this is not abuse; the abuse is done when live 
 literature is transformed into dead rhetoric, a 
 thing for endless exercises in etymologies and con- 
 structions, until the very name of the author 
 becomes odious. Perhaps it is late for this com- 
 plaint ; we flatter ourselves that we are coming to 
 reason and balance in our methods. Certainly I 
 should not try to discourage study, and liberal 
 study, of the mechanics of composition. And 
 there is no better medium for such study than 
 Macaulay 's Essays. But I trust that every teacher 
 to whom the duty of conducting such study falls 
 will not at the same time forget that literature is 
 an art which touches life very closely, and has its 
 springs far back in the human spirit. 
 
 20451C 
 
8 PREFACE 
 
 With the hope of encouraging this attitude I 
 have ventured to assume the responsibility of 
 setting afloat one more annotated text of Macau - 
 lay. Realizing that, in dealing with the work of 
 a writer whose affiliations with literature are 
 chiefly formal (Introduction, 19), there is no 
 escape from considerations of style, I have frankly 
 put the matter foremost. But I have tried to 
 take a broad view of its significance, and in partic- 
 ular I have tried to do Macaulay justice. Alto- 
 gether too many pupils have carried away from the 
 study of him the narrow idea that his great 
 achievement consisted in using one or two very 
 patent (but, if they only knew it, very petty) rhetor- 
 ical devices. It has been the primary aim of my 
 Introduction to set these matters in their right 
 perspective. I have not outlined specific methods 
 of study, which are to be found everywhere by 
 those who value them, but both Introduction and 
 Notes contain many suggestions. It seems better 
 to stop at this. Even the few illustrations I have 
 used have been preferably drawn from essays not 
 here printed. No editor should wish to take from 
 teacher or pupil the profit of investigation or the 
 stimulus of discovery. 
 
 There is another matter in which I should like 
 to counsel vigilance, and that is the habit of 
 requiring pupils to trace allusions, quotations, etc. 
 The practice has been much abused, and a warning 
 seems especially necessary in the study of a writer 
 
PREFACE 9 
 
 like Macaulay, who crowds his pages with instances 
 and illustrations. It is profitable to follow him in 
 the process of bringing together a dozen things to 
 enforce his point, but it is not profitable to reverse 
 the process and allow ourselves to be led away from 
 the subject in hand into a multitude of unrelated 
 matters. Such practices are ruinous to the intel- 
 lect. We must concentrate attention, not dissi- 
 pate it. Only when we fail to catch the full 
 significance of an allusion, should we look it up. 
 Then we must see to it that we bring back from 
 our research just what occasioned the allusion, just 
 what bears on the immediate passage. Other facts 
 will be picked up by the way and may come use- 
 ful in good time, but for the purpose of our pres- 
 ent study we should insist on the vital relation of 
 every fact contributed. 
 
 So earnest am I upon this point that I must 
 illustrate. At one place Macaulay writes: "Do 
 we believe that Erasmus and Fracastorius wrote 
 Latin as well as Dr. Robertson and Sir Walter 
 Scott wrote English? And are there not in the 
 Dissertation on India, the last of Dr. Robertson's 
 works, in Waverley, in Marmion, Scotticisms at 
 which a London apprentice would laugh?" Why 
 should we be told (to pick out one of these half- 
 dozen allusions) that Dr. Robertson's first name was 
 William, that he lived from 1721 to 1793, and 
 that he wrote such and such books? With all 
 respect for the memory of Dr. Robertson, I submit 
 
10 PREFACE 
 
 that this is not the place to learn about him and 
 his histories. Macaulay's allusion to him is not 
 explained in the least by giving his date. Yet 
 there is something here to interpret, simple though 
 it be. Let us put questions until we are sure that 
 the pupil understands that Dr. Robertson, being a 
 Scot, could not write wholly idiomatic English — 
 English, say, of the London type — and that thi3 is 
 one illustration of the general truth that a man 
 can write with purity only in his native tongue. 
 It is such exercises in interpretation that I should 
 like to see substituted for the disastrous game of 
 hunting allusions. 
 
 I cannot flatter myself that I have achieved con- 
 sistency in my own notes and glossary. To recur 
 to the illustration above, I have omitted the name 
 of Dr. Robertson, because Macaulay seems to tell 
 us enough about him, while I have added a few 
 words about Fracastorius in order that he may be 
 to the reader something more than a name. But 
 I cannot help suspecting that it is a waste of 
 energy for any one to try to impress even this name 
 on his mind, and I should be quite satisfied that a 
 pupil of mine should never look it up, provided 
 he had alertness enough to see that Fracastorius 
 wrote in Latin though he was not a Roman, and 
 discrimination enough to feel that there are other 
 allusions of an entirely different character which 
 must be looked up. 
 
 The glossary aims to include only names and 
 
PREFACE 11 
 
 terms not familiar or easily found (provided they 
 need explaining), and also names which, though 
 easily found, call for some special comment. In 
 general, when allusions are self -explaining, we 
 should rest content with our text. In the first 
 paragraph of the essay on Milton, for example, 
 one Mr. Lemon is mentioned. Doubtless the 
 Dictionary of National Biography would tell us 
 something more about him, but Macaulay tells us 
 all we need to know. Again, there is a reference 
 to a fairy story told by Ariosto. But all the neces- 
 sary details are given and it will be idle to hunt 
 the story up in order to cite chapter and verse for 
 it, though of course if one wants to read Ariosto, 
 let him do so by all means — that is a different 
 thing. On the other hand, an allusion to the lion 
 in a certain fable is not made so clear, because 
 Macaulay takes it for granted that we know the 
 fable. If we do not, we must look it up. So, 
 also, with such phrases as "the Ciceronian gloss," 
 "the doubts of the Academy," "the pride of the 
 Portico." I could have wished to insert into 
 the glossary nothing which an intelligent pupil 
 could find for himself, though here an editor 
 must sin a little in excess for the sake of schools 
 and homes not well equipped with libraries. I 
 have tried to decide each case upon its merits in 
 the interest of genuine education, and only those 
 who have attempted a similar task will understand 
 its difficulties. 
 
12 PREFACE 
 
 The text adopted is that of Lady Trevelyan's 
 edition, with very slight changes in spelling, punc- 
 tuation, and capitals. A. G. N. 
 
 Stanford University, May, 1899. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PA«E 
 
 Preface ... . 7 
 
 Introduction ........ 15 
 
 Chronologv and Bibliography . 43 
 The Essays: 
 
 Milton 45 
 
 The Life and Writings of Addison . . . 125 
 
 Notes . 250 
 
 Glossary . 268 
 

INTRODUCTION ■ 
 
 When, in 1825, Francis Jeffrey, Editor of the 
 Edinburgh Review, searching for "some clever 
 
 l.Macama y ' S Ad-y° l ™g man wh ° WOllld Wfite f ° r 
 
 vent in the Edin- us," laid his hands upon Thomas 
 burgh Review, Ba k ington Macaulay, he did not 
 
 know that he was marking a red-letter day in the 
 calendar of English journalism. Through the two 
 decades and more of its existence, the Review had 
 gone on serving its patrons with the respectable 
 dulness of Lord Brougham and the respectable 
 vivacity of its editor, and the patrons had appar- 
 ently dreamed of nothing better until the 
 momentous August when the young Fellow of 
 Trinity, not yet twenty-rive, flashed upon its pages 
 with his essay on Milton. And for the next two 
 decades the essays that followed from the same pen 
 became so far the mainstay of the magazine that 
 booksellers declared it "sold, or did not sell, 
 according as there were, or were not, articles by 
 Mr. Macaulay." Yet Jeffrey was not without 
 some inkling of the significance of the event, for 
 upon receipt of the first manuscript he wrote to its 
 author the words so often quoted: "The more I 
 think, the less I can conceive where you picked 
 
 15 
 
16 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 up that style. r ' Thus early was the finger of 
 criticism pointed toward the one thing that has 
 always been most conspicuously associated with 
 Macaulay's name. 
 
 English prose, at this date, was still clinging to 
 
 the traditions of its measured eighteenth-century 
 
 stateliness. But the life had 
 
 2. Effect on Prose. . 
 
 nearly gone out of it, and the 
 formalism which sat so elegantly upon Addison 
 and not uneasily upon Johnson had stiffened into 
 pedantry, scarcely relieved by the awkward 
 attempts of the younger journalists to give it spirit 
 and freedom. It was this languishing prose which 
 Macaulay, perhaps more than any other one writer, 
 deserves the credit of rejuvenating with that 
 wonderful something which Jeffrey was pleased 
 to call ''style." Macaulay himself would certainly 
 have deprecated the association of his fame with a 
 mere synonym for rhetoric, and we should be 
 wronging him if we did not hasten to add that 
 style, rightly understood, is a very large and 
 significant thing, comprehending, indeed, a man's 
 whole intellectual and emotional attitude toward 
 those phases of life with which he comes into con- 
 tact. It is the man's manner of reacting upon the 
 world, his manner of expressing himself to the 
 world; and the world has little beyond the man- 
 ner of a man's expression by which to judge of the 
 man himself. But a good style, even in its nar- 
 row sense of a good command of language, of a 
 
INTRODUCTION 1? 
 
 masterly and individual manner of presenting 
 thought, is yet no mean accomplishment, and if 
 Macaulay had done nothing else than revivify 
 English prose, which is, just possibly, his most 
 enduring achievement, he would have little reason 
 to complain. What he accomplished in this 
 direction and how, it is our chief purpose here to 
 explain. In the meantime we shall do well to 
 glance at his< other achievements and take some 
 note of his equipment. 
 
 Praed has left this description of him: "There 
 
 came up a short, manly figure, marvelously upright, 
 
 with a bad neckcloth, and one 
 
 3. The Man. ,-..». . -, *« 
 
 hand in his waistcoat-pocket. 
 We read here, easily enough, brusqueness, pre- 
 cision without fastidiousness, and self-confidence. 
 These are all prominent traits of the man, and 
 they all show in his work. Add kindness and 
 moral rectitude, which scarcely show there, and 
 humor, which shows only in a somewhat unpleasant v y 
 light, and you have a fair portrait. Now these are 
 manifestly the attributes of a man who knows 
 what worldly comfort and physical well-being are, 
 a man of good digestive and assimilative powers, 
 well-fed, incapable of worry, born to succeed. 
 
 In truth, Macaulay was a man of remarkable 
 vitality and energy, and though ■ he died too early 
 — at the beginning of his sixtieth year — he began 
 his work young and continued it with almost 
 unabated vigor to the end. But his "work" (as 
 
18 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 we are in the habit of naming that which a man 
 leaves behind him), voluminous as it is, represents 
 only one side of his activity. There was the 
 early-assumed burden of repairing his father's 
 broken fortunes, and providing for the family of 
 younger brothers and sisters. The burden, it is 
 true, was assumed with characteristic cheerfulness 
 — it could not destroy for him the worldly comfort 
 we have spoken of — but it entailed heavy responsi- 
 bilities for a young man. It forced him to seek 
 salaried positions, such as the post of commissioner 
 of bankruptcy, when he might have been more 
 congenially employed. Then there were the many 
 years spent in the service of the government as a 
 Whig member of the House of Commons and as 
 Cabinet Minister during the exciting period of the 
 Reform Bill and the Anti-Corn-Law League, with 
 all that such service involved — study of politics, 
 canvassing, countless dinners, public and private, 
 speech-making in Parliament and out, reading and 
 making reports, endless committee meetings, end- 
 less sessions. There were the three years and a 
 half spent in India, drafting a penal code. And 
 there was, first and last, the acquisition of the 
 knowledge that made possible this varied activity, 
 — the years at the University, the study of law and 
 jurisprudence, the reading, not of books, but of 
 entire national literatures, the ransacking of 
 libraries and the laborious deciphering of hundreds 
 of manuscripts in the course of historical 
 
INTRODUCTION 19 
 
 research. Perhaps we fall into Macaulay's trick 
 of exaggeration, but it is not easy to exaggerate the 
 mental feats of a man who could carry in his 
 memory works like Paradise Lost and Pilgrim" s 
 Progress and who was able to put it on record 
 that in thirteen months he had read thirty clas- 
 sical authors, most of them entire and many of 
 them twice, and among them such voluminous 
 writers as Euripides, Herodotus, Plato, Plutarch, 
 Livy, and Cicero. Nor was the classical literature 
 a special field; Italian, Spanish, French, and the 
 wildernesses of the English drama and the Eng- 
 lish novel (not excluding the "trashy") were all 
 explored. We may well be astounded that the 
 man who could do all these things in a lifetime 
 of moderate compass, and who was besides such a 
 tireless pedestrian that he was "forever on his feet 
 indoors as well as out," could find time to produce 
 so much literature of his own. 
 
 That literature — so to style the body of work 
 
 which has survived him — divides itself into at least 
 
 five divisions. There are, first, 
 
 4. His Work. ' ' 
 
 the Essays, which he produced 
 at intervals all through life. There are the 
 Speeches which were delivered on the floor of 
 Parliament between his first election in 1830 and 
 his last in 1852, and which rank very high in that 
 grade of oratory which is just below the highest. 
 There is the Indian Penal Code, not altogether his 
 own work and not literature of course, yet praised 
 
SO MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 by Justice Stephen as one of the most remarkable 
 and satisfactory instruments of its kind ever 
 drafted. There -are the Poems, published in 
 1842, adding little to his fame and not a great 
 deal to English literature, yet very respectable 
 achievements in the field of the modern romantic 
 ballad. Finally, there is the unfinished History of 
 England from the Accession of James the Second, 
 his last, his most ambitious, and probably, all 
 things considered, his most successful work. 
 
 The History and Essays comprise virtually all of 
 this product that the present generation cares to 
 5. History of read. Upon the History, indeed, 
 England. Macaulay staked his claim to 
 future remembrance, regarding it as the great work 
 of his life. He was exceptionally well equipped 
 for the undertaking. He had such a grasp of uni- 
 versal history as few men have been able to secure, 
 and a detailed knowledge of the period of English 
 history under contemplation equalled by none. 
 But he delayed the undertaking too long, and he 
 allowed his time and energy to be dissipated in 
 obedience to party calls. Death overtook him in 
 the midst of his labors. Even thus, it is clear 
 that he underestimated the magnitude of the task 
 he had set himself. For he proposed to cover a 
 period of nearly a century and a half; the four 
 volumes and a fraction which he completed actually 
 cover about fifteen years. His plan involved too 
 much detail. It has been called pictorial history 
 
INTRODUCTION 21 
 
 writing, and snch it was. History was to be as 
 vital and as human as romance. It was to be in 
 every sense a restoration of the life of the past. 
 Macaulay surely succeeded in this aim, as his 
 fascinating third chapter will always testify; 
 whether the aim were a laudable one, we cannot 
 stop here to discuss. Historians will continue to 
 point out the defects of the work, its diffuseness, 
 its unphilosophical character, perhaps its partisan 
 spirit. But it remains a magnificent fragment, and 
 it will be read by thousands who could never be 
 persuaded to look into dryer though possibly 
 sounder works. Indeed, there is no higher tribute^ 
 to its greatness than the objection that has some- 
 times been brought against it, namely, that it 
 treats a comparatively unimportant era of Eng- 
 land's history with such fulness and brilliance, and 
 has attracted to it so manv readers, that the other 
 eras are thrown sadly out of perspective. 
 
 But Macaulay 's name is popularly associated 
 with that body of Essays which in bulk alone 
 (always excepting Sainte- 
 Beuve's) are scarcely exceeded 
 by the product of any other essay-writer in an 
 essay-writing age. And the popular judgment 
 which has insisted upon holding to this sup- 
 posedly ephemeral work is not far wrong. With 
 all their faults upon them, until we have something 
 better in kind to replace them, we cannot consent 
 to let them go. In one sense, their range is not 
 
22 MACAULAYS ESSAYS 
 
 wide, for they fall naturally into but two divisions, 
 the historical and the critical. To these Mr. 
 Morison would add a third, the controversial, 
 comprising the four essays on Mill, Sadler, 
 Southey, and Gladstone ; but these are comparatively 
 unimportant. In another sense, however, their 
 range is very wide. For each one gathers about a 
 central subject a mass of details that in the hands 
 of any other writer would be bewildering, while 
 the total knowledge that supports the bare arrays 
 of fact and perpetual press of allusions betrays a 
 scope that, to the ordinary mind, is quite beyond 
 comprehension. 
 
 And the more remarkable must this work appear 
 when we consider the manner of its production. 
 Most of the essays were published anonymously in 
 the Edinburgh Revieiv, a few early ones in 
 Knight's Quarterly Magazine, five (those on 
 Atterbury, Bunyan, Goldsmith, Johnson, and 
 Pitt), written late in life, in the Encyclopaedia 
 Britannica. The writing of them was always an 
 avocation with Macanlay, never a vocation. Those 
 produced during his parliamentary life were usually 
 written .in the hoars between early rising and 
 breakfast.. Some were composed at a distance 
 from his books. He scarcely dreamed of their 
 living beyond the quarter of their publication, cer- 
 tainly not beyond the generation for whose enter- 
 tainment they were written with all the devices to 
 catch applause and all the disregard of permanent 
 
INTRODUCTION 23 
 
 merit which writing for such a purpose invites. 
 He could scarcely be induced, even after they were 
 pirated and republished in America, to reissue 
 them in a collected edition, with his revision and 
 under his name. These facts should be remem- 
 bered in mitigation of the severe criticism to which 
 they are sometimes subjected. 
 
 Between the historical and the critical essays we 
 are not called upon to decide, though the decision 
 is by no means difficult. Macaulay was essentially 
 a historian, a story-teller, and the historical essay, 
 or short monograph on the events of a single period 
 that usually group themselves about some great 
 statesman or soldier, he made peculiarly his own. 
 He did not invent it, as Mr. Morison points out, 
 but he expanded and improved it until he "left it 
 complete and a thing of power." Fully a score of 
 his essays — more than half the total number — are 
 of this description, the most and the best of them 
 dealing with English historv. Chief among them 
 are the essays on Hallam, Temple, the Pitts, Clive, 
 and "Warren Hastings. The critical essays — upon 
 Johnson, Addison, Bunyan, and other men of 
 letters — are in every way as admirable reading as v 
 the historical. They must take a lower rank only 
 because Macaulay lacked some of the prime 
 requisites of a successful critic — broad and deep 
 sympathies, refined tastes, and nice perception of 
 the more delicate tints and shadings that count for 
 almost everything in a work of high art. His 
 
24 MACAULAY r S ESSAYS 
 
 critical judgments are likely to be blunt, positive, 
 and superficial. But they are never actually shal- 
 low and rarely without a modicum of truth. And 
 %they are never uninteresting. For, true to his 
 narrative instinct, he always interweaves biog- 
 raphy. And besides, the essays have the same 
 rhetorical qualities that mark with distinction 
 all the prose he has written, that is to say, the 
 same masterly method and the same compelling 
 style. It is to this method and style, that, after 
 our rapid review of Macaulay's aims and accom- 
 plishments, we are now ready to turn. 
 
 There were two faculties of Macaulay's mind 
 that set his work far apart from other work in 
 
 7. organizing the same field — the faculties of 
 Faculty. organization and illustration. 
 He saw things in their right relation and he knew 
 how to make others see them thus. If he was 
 describing, he never thrust minor details into the 
 foreground. If he was narrating, he never "got 
 ahead of his story." The importance of this is not 
 sufficiently recognized. Many writers do not know 
 what organization means. They do not know that 
 in all great and successful literary work it is nine- 
 tenths of the labor. Yet consider a moment. 
 History is a very complex thing: divers events may 
 be simultaneous in their occurrence; or one crisis 
 may be slowly evolving from many causes in many 
 places. It is no light task to tell these things one 
 after another and yet leave a unified impression, to 
 
INTRODUCTION 25 
 
 take np a dozen new threads in succession without 
 tangling them and without losing the old ones, and 
 to lay them all down at the right moment and 
 without confusion. Such is the narrator's task, 
 and it was at this task that Macaulay proved him- 
 self a past master. He could dispose of a number 
 of trivial events in a single sentence. Thus, for 
 example, runs his account of the dramatist 
 AVycherley's naval career: "He embarked, was 
 present at a battle, and celebrated it, on his 
 return, in a copy of verses too bad for the bell- 
 man." On the other hand, when it is a question 
 of a great crisis, like the impeachment of Warren 
 Hastings, he knew how to prepare for it with 
 elaborate ceremony and to portray it in a scene of 
 the highest dramatic power. 
 
 This faculty of organization shows itself in what 
 we technically name structure; and logical and 
 rhetorical structure may be studied at their very best , 
 in his work. His essays are perfect units, made 
 up of many parts, systems within systems, that 
 play together without clog or friction. You can 
 take them apart like a watch and put them 
 together again. But try to rearrange the parts and 
 the mechanism is spoiled. Each essay has its 
 subdivisions, which in turn are groups of para- 
 graphs. And each paragraph is a unit. Take the 
 first paragraph of the essay on Milton : the word 
 manuscript appears in the first sentence, and it 
 reappears in the last ; clearly the paragraph deals 
 
26 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 with a single very definite topic. And so with all. 
 Of course the unity manifests itself in a hundred 
 ways, but it is rarely wanting. Most frequently it 
 takes the form of an expansion of a topic given in 
 the first sentence, or a preparation for a topic to 
 be announced only in the last. These initial and 
 final sentences — often in themselves both aphoristic 
 and memorable — serve to mark with the utmost 
 clearness the different stages in the progress of the 
 essay. 
 
 Illustration is of more incidental service, but as 
 used by Macaulay becomes highly organic. For 
 
 s. illustrating his illustrations are not far- 
 Facuity. fetched or laboriously worked 
 out. They seem to be of one piece with his story 
 or his argument. His mind was quick to detect re- 
 semblances and analogies. He was ready with a 
 comparison for everything, sometimes with half a 
 dozen. For example, Addison's essays, he has 
 occasion to say, were different every day of the week, 
 and yet, to his mind, each day like something — 
 like Horace, like Lucian, like the "Tales of 
 Scheherezade." He draws long comparisons 
 between Walpole and Townshend, between Con- 
 greve and Wycherley, between Essex and Villiers, 
 between the fall of the Carlovingians and the fall 
 of the Moguls. He follows up a general statement 
 with swarms of instances. Have historians been 
 given to exaggerating the villainy of Machiavelli? 
 Macaulay can name you half a dozen who did so. 
 
INTRODUCTION 27 
 
 Did the writers of Charles's faction delight in mak- 
 ing their opponents appear contemptible? "The}' 
 have told us that Pym broke down in a speech, 
 that Ireton had his nose pulled by Hollis, that the 
 Earl of Northumberland cudgelled Henry Marten, 
 that St. John's manners were sullen, that Vane 
 had an ugly face, that Cromwell had a red nose." 
 Do men fail when they quit their own province for 
 another? Newton failed thus ; Bentley failed ; Inigo 
 Jones failed; Wilkie failed. In the same way he 
 was ready with quotations. He writes in one of 
 his letters: "It is a dangerous thing for a man 
 with a very strong memory to read very much. I 
 could give you three or four quotations this 
 moment in support of that proposition ; but I will 
 bring the vicious propensity under subjection, if I 
 can." Thus we see his mind doing instantly and 
 involuntarily what other minds do with infinite 
 pains, bringing together all things that have a 
 likeness or a common bearing. 
 
 Both of these faculties, for organization and for 
 
 illustration, are to be partially explained by his 
 
 marvelous memory. As we have 
 
 9. Memory. ^ 
 
 seen, he read everything, and he 
 seems to have been incaj^able of forgetting any- 
 thing. The immense advantage which this gave 
 him over other men is obvious. He who carries 
 his library in his mind wastes no time in turning 
 up references. And surveying the whole field of 
 his knowledge at once, with outlines and details 
 
28 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 all in immediate range, he should be able to see 
 things in their natural perspective. Of course it 
 does not follow that a great memory will always 
 enable a man to systematize and synthesize, but it 
 should make it easier for its possessor than for other 
 men, while the power of ready illustration which 
 it affords him is beyond question. 
 
 It is precisely these talents that set Macaulay 
 among the simplest and clearest of writers, and 
 
 10. Clearness and that aCCOUllt for much of his 
 
 simplicity. popularity. People found that in 
 taking up one of his articles they simply read on 
 and on, never puzzling over the meaning of a 
 sentence, getting the exact force of every state- 
 ment, and following the trend of thought with 
 scarcely a mental effort. And his natural gift of 
 making things plain he took pains to support by 
 various devices. He constructed his sentences 
 after the simplest normal fashion, subject and 
 verb and object, sometimes inverting for emphasis, 
 but rarely complicating, and always reducing 
 expression to the barest terms. He could write, 
 for example, "One advantage the chaplain had," 
 but it is impossible to conceive of his writing, 
 "Now amid all the discomforts and disadvantages 
 with which the unfortunate chaplain was sur- 
 rounded, there was one thing which served to offset 
 them, and which, if he chose to take the oppor. 
 tunity of enjoying it, might well be regarded as a 
 positive advantage." One will search his pages in 
 
INTRODUCTION 89 
 
 vain for loose, trailing clauses and involved con- 
 structions. His vocabulary was of the same simple 
 nature. He had a complete command of ordinary 
 English and contented himself with that. He 
 rarely ventured beyond the most abridged diction- 
 ary. An occasional technical term might be re- 
 quired, but he was shy of the unfamiliar. He 
 would coin no words and he would use no 
 archaisms. Foreign words, when fairly naturalized, 
 he employed sparingly. "We shall have no dis- 
 putes about diction," he wrote to Napier, Jeffrey's 
 successor; "the English language is not so poor 
 but that I may very well find in it the means of 
 contenting both you and myself." 
 
 Now all of these things are wholly admirable, 
 
 and if they constituted the sum total of Macaulay's 
 
 method, as thev certainlv do con- 
 
 11. Force. . . * J 
 
 stitute the chief features of it, we 
 should pass our word of praise and have done. 
 But he did not stop here, and often, unfortun- 
 ately too often, these things are not thought of at 
 all by those who profess to speak knowingly of his 
 wonderful "style." For in addition to clearness he 
 sought also force, an entirely legitimate object in 
 itself and one in which he was merely giving way to 
 his oratorical or journalistic instinct. Only, his 
 fondness for effect led him too far and into various 
 mannerisms, some of which it is quite impossible 
 to approve. There is no question that they are 
 powerfully effective, as they were meant to be, 
 
30 MACAULAYS ESSAYS 
 
 often rightly so, and they are exceedingly interest- 
 ing to study, but for these very reasons the student 
 needs to be warned against attaching to them an 
 undue importance. 
 
 Perhaps no one will quarrel with his liking for 
 
 the specific and the concrete. This indeed is not 
 
 mannerism. It is the natural 
 
 12. Concreteness. . , . 
 
 working of the imaginative mind, 
 of the picturing faculty, and is of the utmost value 
 in forceful, vivid writing. The "ruffs and peaked 
 beards of Theobald's" make an excellent passing 
 allusion to the social life of the time of Queen 
 Elizabeth and James the First. The manoeuvres 
 of an army become intensely interesting when we 
 see it "pouring through those wild passes which, 
 worn by mountain torrents and dark with jungle, 
 lead down from the table-land of Mysore to the 
 plains of the Carnatic." A reference to the 
 reputed learning of the English ladies of the six- 
 teenth century is most cunningly put in the picture 
 of "those fair pupils of Ascham and Aylmer who 
 compared, over their embroidery, the styles of 
 Isocrates and Lysias, and who, while the horns 
 were sounding, and the dogs in full cry, sat in the 
 lonely oriel, with eyes riveted to that immortal 
 page which tells how meekly the first great martyr 
 of intellectual liberty took the cup from his weep- 
 ing gaoler." But when his eagerness for the con- 
 cretely picturesque leads him to draw a wholly 
 imaginary picture of how it may have come about 
 
INTRODUCTION 31 
 
 that Addison had Steele arrested for debt, we are 
 quite ready to protest. 
 
 His tendency to exaggerate, moreover, and his 
 
 love of paradox, belong in a very different 
 
 category. Let the reader count 
 
 13. Exaggeration. n 
 
 the strong words, superlatives, 
 aniversal propositions, and the like, employed in a 
 characteristic passage, and he will understand at 
 once what is meant. In the essay on Frederic the 
 Great we read: "No sovereign has ever taken 
 possession of a throne by a clearer title. All the 
 politics of the Austrian cabinet had, during twenty 
 years, been directed to one single end — the settle- 
 ment of the succession. From every person whose 
 rights could be considered as injuriously affected, 
 renunciations in the most solemn form had been 
 obtained." And not content with the ordinary 
 resources of language, he has a trick of raising 
 superlatives themselves, as it were, to the second 
 or third power. "There can be little doubt that 
 this great empire was, even in its best days, far 
 worse governed than the worst governed parts of 
 Europe now are." "What the Italian is to the 
 Englishman, what the Hindoo is to the Italian, 
 what the Bengalee is to other Hindoos, that was 
 Nuncomar to other Bengalees." It is evident that 
 this habit is a positive vice. He tried to excuse it 
 on the ground that there is some inevitable loss in 
 the communication of a fact from one mind to 
 another, and that over-statement is necessary to 
 
3£ MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 correct the error. But the argument is fallacious. 
 Macaulay did not have a monopoly of the imagi- 
 native faculty: other men are as much given to 
 exaggeration as he, and stories, as they pass from 
 mouth to mouth, invariably "grow." 
 
 His constant resort to antithesis to point his 
 statements is another vice. "That government," 
 14. Antithesis and he writes of the English rule in 
 Balance. India, "oppressive as the most 
 oppressive form of barbarian des])otism, was strong 
 with all the strength of civilization." Again: 
 "The Puritan had affected formality; the comic 
 poet laughed at decorum. The Puritan had 
 frowned at innocent diversions; the comic poet 
 took under his patronage the most flagitious 
 excesses. The Puritan had canted; the comic 
 poet blasphemed." And so on, through a para- 
 graph. Somewhat similar to this is his practice of 
 presenting the contrary of a statement before pre- 
 senting the statement itself, of telling us, for 
 example, what might have been expected to happen 
 before telling us what actually did happen. It is 
 to be noticed that, accompanying this use of 
 antithesis and giving it added force, there is 
 usually a balance of form, that is, a more or less 
 exact correspondence of sentence structure. Given 
 one of Macaulay 's sentences presenting the first 
 part of an antithesis, it is sometimes possible to 
 foretell, word for word, what the next sentence 
 will be. Such mechanical writing is certainly not 
 
INTRODUCTION 33 
 
 to be commended as a model of style. Of course 
 it is the abuse of these things and not the mere use 
 of them that constitutes Macaulay's vice. 
 
 There are still other formal devices which he 
 
 uses so freely that we are justified in calling them 
 
 mannerisms. One of the most 
 
 15. Minor Devices. . . 
 
 conspicuous is the short sentence, 
 the blunt, unqualified statement of one thing at a 
 time. No one who knows Macaulay would hesitate 
 over the authorship of the following: "The shore 
 was rocky: the night was black: the wind was 
 furious : the wares of the Bay of Biscay ran high." 
 The only wonder is that he did not punctuate it 
 with four periods. He would apparently much 
 rather repeat his subject and make a new sentence 
 than connect his verbs. Instead of writing, "He 
 coaxed and wheedled," he is constantly tempted 
 to write, "He coaxed, he wheedled," even though 
 the practice involves prolonged reiteration of one 
 form. The omission of connectives — rhetorical 
 "asyndeton" — becomes itself a vice. The ands, 
 t hens , there/ores, liowevers, the reader must supply 
 for himself. This demands alertness and helps to 
 sustain interest ; and while it may occasion a 
 momentary perplexity, it will rarely do so when the 
 reader comes to know the style and to read it with 
 the right swing. But it all goes to enforce what 
 Mr. John Morley calls the "unlovely staccato" of 
 the style. It strikes harsh on the ear and on the 
 brain, and from a piquant stimulant becomes an 
 
C$4 MACAULAYS ESSAYS 
 
 intolerable weariness. Separate things get 
 emphasis, but the nice gradations and relations are 
 sacrificed. 
 
 After all, though we stigmatize these things as 
 
 "devices," intimating that they were mechanical 
 
 and arbitrary, we must regard 
 
 16. Dogmatism. 
 
 them as partly temperamental. 
 Macaulay's mind was not subtle in its working and 
 was not given to making nice distinctions. He 
 c°jed chiefly for bold outlines and broad effects. 
 Troth, to his mind, was sharply defined from false- 
 hood, right from wrong, good from evil. Every- 
 thing could be divided from everything else, 
 labeled, and pigeon-holed. And he was very 
 certain, in the fields which he chose to enter, that 
 he knew where to draw the dividing lines. Posi- 
 tiveness, self-confidence, are written all over his 
 work. Set for a moment against his method the 
 method of Matthew Arnold. This is how Arnold 
 tries to point out a defect in modern English 
 eociety: "And, owing to the same causes, does 
 not a subtle criticism lead us to make, even on the 
 good looks and politeness of onr aristocratic class, 
 and even of the most fascinating half of that class, 
 the feminine half, the one qualifying remark, that 
 in these charming gifts there should perhaps be, 
 for ideal perfection, a shade more soul?" Note 
 the careful approach, the constant, anxious qualifi- 
 cation, working up to a climax in the almost 
 painful hesitation of "a shade — more — soul." 
 
INTRODUCTION 3.5 
 
 Imagine, if you can, Macaulay, the rough rider, 
 he of the "stamping emphasis," winding into a 
 truth like that. But indeed it is quite impossible 
 to imagine Macaulay 'a having any truth at all to 
 enunciate about so ethereal an attribute as this 
 same so«l 
 
 We have come well into the region of Macaulay's 
 defects. Clearness, we have seen, he had in a 
 
 17. ornament, remarkable degree. Force he also 
 Rhythm. j ia( j j n a remarkable degree, 
 
 though he frequently abused the means of display- 
 ing it. But genuine beauty, it is scarcely too 
 much to say, he had not at all. Of course, much 
 depends upon our definitions. We do not mean to 
 deny to his writings all elements of charm. The 
 very ease of his mastery over so many resources of 
 composition gives pleasure to the reader. Kis 
 frequent picturesqueness we have granted. He 
 can be genuinely figurative, though his figures 
 often incline to showiness. And above all he has 
 a certain sense for rhythm. He can write long, 
 sweeping sentences — periods that rise and descend 
 with the feeling, and that come to a stately or 
 graceful close. The sentence cited above about 
 the learning of women in the sixteenth century 
 may be taken as an example. Or read the sketch 
 of the Catholic Church in the third paragraph of 
 the essay on Yon Ranke's History of the Popes, or 
 the conclusion of the essay on Lord Holland, or 
 better still the conclusion of the somewhat juvenile 
 
36 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 €8saj on Mitford's Greece, with its glowing trib- 
 ute to Athens and its famous picture of the "single 
 naked fisherman washing his nets in the river of 
 the ten thousand masts." But at best it is the 
 rhythm of mere declamation, swinging and 
 pompous. There is no fine flowing movement, 
 nothing like the entrancing glides of a waltz or the 
 airy steps of a minuet, but only a steady march to 
 the interminable and monotonous beat of the 
 drum. For real music, sweetness, subtle and 
 involved harmony, lingering cadences, we turn to 
 any one of a score of prose writers — Sir Thomas 
 Browne, Addison, Burke, Lamb, De Quincey, Haw- 
 thorne, Kuskin, Pater, Stevenson — before we turn 
 to Macaulay. Nor is there any other mere grace 
 of composition in which he can be said to excel. 
 
 There is no blame in the matter. We are only 
 
 trying to note dispassionately the defects as well 
 
 is. Tempera- as the excellences of a man who 
 
 mental Defects. was no t a universal genius. It 
 
 would be easy to point out much greater defects 
 than any yet mentioned, defects that go deeper 
 than style. One or two indeed we are obliged to 
 mention. There is the strain of coarseness often 
 to be noted in his writing, showing itself now in an 
 abusive epithet, now in a vulgar catch -word, now 
 in a sally of humor bordering on the ribald. It is 
 never grossly offensive, but it is none the less 
 wounding to a delicate sensibility. Then there is 
 the Philistine attitude, which Mr. Arnold spent so 
 
INTRODUCTION 37 
 
 much of his life in combating, the attitude of the 
 complacent, self-satisfied Englishman, who sees in 
 the British constitution and the organization of the 
 British empire the best of all possible governments, 
 and in the material and commercial progress of the 
 age the best of all possible civilizations. And 
 there is the persistent refusal to treat questions of 
 really great moral significance upon any kind of 
 moral basis. The absolute right or wrong of an 
 act Macaulay will avoid discussing if he possibly 
 can, and take refuge in questions of policy, of sheer 
 profit and loss. We shall not blame him severely 
 for even these serious shortcomings. On the first 
 point we remember that he was deliberately play- 
 ing to his audience, consciously writing down to 
 the level of his public. On the second we realize 
 that he was a practical politician and that he never 
 could have been such with the idealism of a Car- 
 lyle or a Ruskin. And on the third we remember 
 that his own private life was one of affectionate 
 sacrifice and his public life absolutely stainless. 
 He could vote away his own income when moral 
 conviction demanded it. Besides, even when 
 he was only arguing, "policy" was always on the 
 side of the right. What blame is left? Only 
 this — that he should have pandered to any 
 public, compromising his future fame for an 
 ephemeral applause, and that he should have so far 
 wronged the mass of his readers as to suppose that 
 arguments based upon policy would be more 
 
A 
 
 
 38 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 acceptable to them than arguments based upon 
 sound moral principles. That he was something of 
 a Philistine and not wholly a "child of light," may 
 be placed to his discount but not to his discredit. 
 The total indictment is small and is mentioned 
 here only in the interests of impartial criticism. 
 
 It remains only to sum up the literary signifi- 
 cance of Macaulay's work. Nearly all of that 
 19. Literary work, we must remember, lies 
 significance. 0ll tside of the field of what we 
 know as "pure literature." Pure literature — 
 poetry, drama, fiction — is a pure artistic or imagi- 
 native product with entertainment as its chief aim. 
 Though it may instruct incidentally, it does not 
 merely inform. It is the work of creative genius. 
 Macaulay's essays were meant to inform. Char- 
 acters and situations are delineated in them, bnt 
 not created. History and criticism are often not 
 literature at all. They become literature only 
 by revealing an imaginative insight and clothing 
 themselves in artistic form. Macaulay's essays 
 have done this ; they engage the emotions as well 
 as the intellect. They were meant for records, 
 for storehouses of information ; but they are also 
 works of art, and therefore they live intact while 
 the records of equally industrious but less gifted 
 historians are revised and replaced. Thus by their 
 artistic quality, style in a word, they are removed 
 from the shelves of history to the shelves of litera- 
 ture. 
 
INTRODUCTION 39 
 
 It becomes plain, perhaps, why at the outset we 
 spoke of style. One hears little about Shaks- 
 pere's style, or Scott's, or Shelley's. Where there 
 are matters of larger interest — character, dra- 
 matic situations, passion, lofty conceptions, 
 abstract truth — there is little room for attention to 
 so superficial a quality, or rather to a quality that 
 has some such superficial aspects. But in the 
 work of less creative writers, a purely literary inter- 
 est, if it be aroused at all, must centre chiefly in 
 this. And herein lies Macaulay's significance to 
 the literary world to-day. 
 
 Upon the professional writers of that world, 
 
 as distinct from the readers, his influence has been 
 
 20. influence on no less than profound, partly for 
 
 journalism. eY {\^ t, ut c hi e fly, we think (Mr. 
 
 Morley notwithstanding), for good. His name 
 was mentioned at the beginning of our sketch in 
 connection with journalism. It is just because 
 the literary development of our age has moved so 
 rapidly along this line, that Macaulay's influence 
 has been so far-reaching. The journalist must 
 have an active pen. He cannot indulge in medi- 
 tation while the ink dries. He cannot stop to 
 arrange and rearrange his ideas, to study the 
 cadence of his sentences, to seek for the unique or 
 the suggestive word. What Macaulay did was to 
 furnish the model of just such a style as would 
 meet this need — ready, easy, rapid, yet never loose 
 or obscure. He seems to have found his way by 
 
40 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 instinct to all those expedients which make writing 
 easy — short, direct sentences, commonplace words, 
 constant repetition and balance of form, adapted 
 quotations, and stock phrases from the Bible or 
 Prayer-Book or from the language of the jjrofes- 
 sions, politics, and trade. This style he impressed 
 upon a generation of journalists that was ready to 
 receive it and keenly alive to its value. 
 
 The word journalist is scarcely broad enough to 
 cover the class of writers here meant. For the 
 class includes, in addition to the great "press 
 tribe" from editor to reporter and reviewer, every 
 writer of popular literature, every one who appeals 
 to a miscellaneous public, who undertakes to 
 make himself a medium between special intelli- 
 gence and general intelligence. And there are 
 thousands of these writers to-day — in editorial 
 chairs, on magazine staffs, on political, educa- 
 tional, and scientific commissions — who are con- 
 sciously or unconsciously employing the convenient 
 instrument which Macaulay did so much toward 
 perfecting seventy-five years ago. The evidence 
 is on every hand. One listens to a lecture by a 
 scientist who, it is quite possible, never read a 
 paragraph of Macaulay, and catches, before long, 
 words like these: "There is no reversal of 
 nature's processes. The world has come from a 
 condition of things essentially different from the 
 present. It is moving toward a condition of things 
 sssentially different from the present." Or one 
 
INTRODUCTION 41 
 
 turns to an editorial in a daily paper and reads : 
 "It will be ever thus with all the movements in 
 this country to which a revolutionary interpreta- 
 tion can be attached. The mass and body of the 
 people of the United States are a level-headed, 
 sober-minded people. They are an upright and a 
 solvent people. They love their government. 
 They are proud of their government. Its credit is 
 dear to them. Enlisted in its cause, party lines 
 sag loose upon the voters or disappear altogether 
 from their contemplation." The ear-marks are 
 very plain to see. 
 
 We would not make the mistake of attributing 
 too many and too large effects to a single cause. 
 Life and art are very complex matters and the 
 agencies at work are quite beyond our calculation. 
 There is always danger of exaggerating the impor- 
 tance of a single influence. The trend of things is 
 not easily disturbed — the history of the world never 
 yet turned upon the cast of a die or the length of a 
 woman's nose. In spite of Jeffrey's testimony — and 
 it cannot be lightly brushed aside — we are not ready 
 to give Macaulay the whole credit for inventing this 
 style. Nor do we believe that journalism would be 
 materially different from what it is to-day, even 
 though Macaulay had never written a line. But it 
 does not seem too much to admit that the first 
 vigorous impulse came from him and that the 
 manner is deservedly associated with his name. 
 
 In itself, as has been pointed out, it is not a 
 
42 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 beautiful thing. It is a thing of mannerisms, and 
 these we have not hesitated to call vices. From 
 the point of view of literature they are vices T 
 blemishes on the face of true art. But the style 
 is useful none the less. The ready writer is not 
 concerned about beauty, he does not profess to be 
 an artist. He has intelligence to convey, and the 
 simplest and clearest medium is for his purpose the 
 best. He will continue to use this serviceable 
 medium nor trouble himself about its "unlovely 
 staccato" and its gaudy tinsel. Meanwhile the 
 literary artist may pursue his way in search of a 
 more elusive music and a more iridescent beauty, 
 satisfied with the tithe of Macaulay's popularity if 
 only he can attain to some measure of his own ideals. 
 But Macaulay himself should be remembered for 
 his real greatness. The facile imitator of the 
 31. Real Great- tricks of his pen should beware 
 ness. f t} ie ingratitude of assuming 
 
 that these were the measure of his mind. These 
 vices are virtues in their place, but they are not 
 high virtues, and they are not the virtues that made 
 Macaulay great. His greatness lay in the qualities 
 hat we have tried to insist upon from the first, 
 ([Utilities that are quite beyond imitation, the power 
 of bringing instantly into one mental focus the accu- 
 mulations of a prodigious memory, and the range of 
 vision, the grasp of detail, and the insight into men, 
 measures, and events, that enabled him to reduce 
 to beautiful order the chaos of human history. 
 
 : 
 
CHRONOLOGY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 1800. Macaulay born, Oct. 25, at Rothley Temple, 
 
 Leicestershire. 
 1818. Entered Trinity College, Cambridge. (B. A., 
 
 1822; M. A., 1825.) 
 
 1823. Began contributing to Knight's Quarterly Maga- 
 
 zine. 
 
 1824. Elected Fellow of Trinity. 
 
 1825. Began contributing to Edinburgh Review. 
 
 1826. Called to the Bar. 
 
 1830. Entered Parliament. 
 
 1831. Speeches on Reform Bill. 
 
 1834. Went to India as member of the Supreme Coun 
 cil. 
 
 1837. Indian Penal Code. 
 
 1838. Returned to England. Tour in Italy. 
 
 1839. Elected to Parliament for Edinburgh. Secretary 
 
 at War. 
 
 1842. Lays of Ancient Rome. 
 
 1843. Collected edition of Essays. 
 
 1848. History of England, vols. i. and ii. (Vols. iii. 
 
 and iv. 1855; vol. v. 1861.) 
 1852. Failure in health. 
 185T. Made Baron Macaulay of Rothley. 
 1859. Died Dec. 28. (Interred in Westminster Abbey. ) 
 The standard edition of Macaulay's works is that 
 edited by his sister, Lady Trevelyan, in eight volumes, 
 and published at London, 1866 ; reprinted at New York, 
 by Harper Bros. The authorized biography is that by his 
 nephew, G. O. Trevelyan, a book which is exceedingly 
 interesting and which takes high rank among English 
 
 43 
 
44 MACAULAY S ESSAYS 
 
 biographies. J- Cotter Morison's life in the English 
 Men of Letters series is briefer, is both biographical and 
 critical, and is in every way an admirable work. There 
 are also the articles in the Encyclopcedia Britannica, by 
 Mark Pattison, and in the Dictionary of National 
 Biography, by Mr. Leslie Stephen. The best critical 
 essays are those by Mr. Leslie Stephen in Hours in a 
 Library, by Mr. John Morley in Miscellanies, and by 
 Walter Bagehot in Literary Studies. 
 
 
' r 
 
 MILTON 
 
 Joayinis Miltoni, Angli, de Doctrind Christiana libri 
 duo posthumi. A treatise on Christian Doctrine, 
 compiled from the Holy Scriptures alone. By John 
 Milton, translated from the original by Charles R. 
 Sumner, M.A., etc., etc., 1825: 
 
 Towards the close of the year 1823, Mr. Lemon, 
 deputy keeper of the state papers, in the course of 
 his researches among the presses of his office, met 
 with a large Latin manuscript. .With it were 
 
 5 found corrected copies of the foreign despatches 
 written by Milton while he filled the office of 
 Secretary, and several papers relating to the Popish 
 Trials and the Rye-house Plot. The whole was 
 wrapped up in an envelope, superscribed To Mr. 
 
 io Skinner, Merchant. On examination the large 
 manuscript proved to be the long lost Essay on 
 the Doctrines of Christianity, which, according 
 to Wood and Toland, Milton finished after the 
 Restoration, and depc%tted with Cyriac Skinner. 
 
 is Skinner, it is well known, held the same political 
 opinions with his illustrious%iend. It is therefore 
 probable, as Mr. Lemon conjectures, that he may 
 have fallen under the suspicions of the government 
 
 45 
 
46 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 during that persecution of the Whigs which fol- 
 lowed the dissolution of the Oxford Parliament, 
 and that, in consequence of a general seizure of 
 his papers, this work may have been brought to 
 the office in which it has been found. But what- 5 
 ever the adventures of the manuscript may have 
 been, no doubt can exist that it is a genuine relic 
 of the great poet. 
 
 Mr. Sumner, who was commanded by His 
 Majesty to. edit and translate the treatise, has 10 
 acquitted himself of his task in a manner honor- 
 able to his talents and to his character. His ver- 
 sion is not, indeed, very easy or elegant ; but it is 
 entitled to the praise of clearness and fidelity. 
 His notes abound with interesting quotations, and 15 
 have the rare merit of really elucidating the text. 
 The preface is evidently the work of a sensible 
 and candid man, firm in his own religious opin- 
 ions, and tolerant towards those of others. 
 
 The book itself will not add much to the fame 20 
 of Milton. It is, like all his Latin works, well 
 written, though not exactly in the style of the 
 prize essays of Oxford and Cambridge. There is 
 no elaborate imitation of classical antiquity, no 
 scrupulous purity, none of the ceremonial clean- 25 
 ness which characterizes the diction of our academ- 
 ical Pharisees. The author does not attempt to 
 polish and brighten his composition into the 
 Ciceronian gloss and brilliancy. He does not, in 
 short, sacrifice sense and spirit to pedantic 30 
 
MILTON 47 
 
 refinements. The nature of his subject compelled 
 him to use many words 
 
 "That would have made QuintiliaD stare and gasp." 
 .-But he writes with as much ease and freedom as if 
 5 Latin were his mother tongue; and, where he is 
 least happy, his failure seems to arise from the 
 carelessness of a native, not from the ignorance of 
 a foreigner. We may apply to him what Denham 
 with great felicity says of Cowley. He wears the 
 
 10 garb, but not the clothes, of the ancients. 
 
 Throughout the volume are discernible the 
 traces of a powerful and independent mind, 
 emancipated from the influence of authority, and' 
 devoted to the search of truth. Milton professes 
 
 15 to form his system from the Bible alone; and his 
 digest of scriptural texts is certainly among the 
 best that have appeared. But he is not always so 
 happy in his inferences as in his citations. 
 
 Some of the heterodox doctrines which he avows 
 
 20 seem to have excited considerable amazement, 
 particularly his Arianism, and his theory on the 
 subject of polygamy. Yet we can scarcely conceive 
 that any person could have read the Paradise Lost 
 without suspecting him of the former ; nor do we 
 
 25 think that any reader, acquainted with the history 
 of his life, ought to be much startled at the latter. 
 The opinions which he has expressed respecting 
 the nature of the Deity, the eternity of matter, 
 and the observ^i^i of the Sabbath, might, we 
 
 30 think, have caused more just surprise. 
 
48 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 But we will not go into the discussion of these 
 points. The book, were it far more orthodox or 
 far more heretical than it is, would not much edify 
 or corrupt the present generation. The men of 
 our time are not to be converted or perverted by 5 
 ■Quartos. A few more days, and this essay will 
 follow the Defensio Populi to the dust and silence 
 of the upper shelf. The name of its author, and 
 the remarkable circumstances attending its publi- 
 cation, will secure to it a certain degree of atten- 10 
 tion. For a month or two it will occupy a few 
 minutes of chat in every drawing-room, and a few 
 columns in every magazine; and it will then, to 
 borrow the elegant language of the playbills, be 
 withdrawn, to make room for the forthcoming is 
 novelties. 
 *j>»*We wish, however, to avail ourselves of the 
 /y interest, transient as it may be, which this work 
 '/ has excited. The dexterous Capuchins never 
 choose to preach on the life and miracles of a saint 20 
 till they have awakened the devotional feelings of 
 their auditors by exhibiting some relic of him, a 
 thread of his garment, a lock of his hair, or a drop 
 of his blood. On the same principle, we intend to 
 take advantage of the late interesting discovery, 25 
 and, while this memorial of a great and good man 
 is still in the hands of all, to say something of his 
 moral and intellectual qualities. Nor, we are con- 
 vinced, will the severest of our readers blame us if, 
 on an occasion like the present, we turn for a 
 

 MILTON 
 
 short time from the topics of the day, to com- &*^ 
 memorate, in all love and reverence, the genius and 
 virtues of (John Milton, the poet, the statesman, 
 the philosopher, the glory of English literature, 
 
 5 the champion and the martyr of English liberty} '\s*^ 
 
 It is by his poetry that Milton is best known; 
 
 and it is of his poetry that we wish first to speak, 
 
 By the general suffrage of the civilized world, his 
 
 place has been assigned among the greatest masters 
 
 10 of the art. His detractors, however, though out- 
 voted, have not been silenced. There are many * '"". 
 critics, and some of great name, who contrive in V 
 the same breath to extol the poems and to decry 
 the poet. The works they acknowledge, consid- 
 
 15 ered in themselves, may be classed among the 
 noblest productions of the human mind. But 
 they will not allow the author to rank with those 
 great men who, born in the infancy of civiliza- 
 tion, supplied, by their own powers, the want of 
 
 20 instruction, and, though destitute of models them- 
 selves, bequeathed to posterity models which defy 
 imitation. Milton, it is said, inherited what his 
 predecessors created; he lived in an enlightened 
 age; he received a finished education; and we 
 
 25 must, therefore, if we would form a just estimate 
 of his powers, make large deductions in consider- 
 ation of these advantages. 
 
 We venture to say, on the contrary, paradoxical ' ^ 
 as the remark may appear, thauf no poet has ever ^f- & 
 
 30 had to struggle with more unfavorable circum- 
 
 <Sr~- 
 
 *iM*tf^< 
 
50 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 stances than Milton. He doubted, as he lias him- 
 
 5^ self owned, whether he had not been born "an age 
 
 too late." For this notion Johnson has thought 
 
 flu-* 
 
 fit to make him the butt of much clumsy ridicule. " 
 \x**' The poet, we believe, understood the nature of his 5 
 art better than the critic. ^He knew that his poet- 
 ical genius derived no advantage from the civiliza- 
 tion which surrounded him, or from the learning 
 which he had acquired ; and he looked back with 
 something like regret to the ruder age of simple !io 
 words and vivid impressions. 
 
 We think that, as civilization advances, j^oetry 
 almost necessarily declines. Therefore, though we 
 fervently admire those great works of imagination 
 which have appeared in dark ages, we do not 15 
 admire them the more because they have appeared 
 in dark ages. On the contrary, we hold that the *• 
 most wonderful and splendid proof of genius is a 
 great poein produced in a civilized age. We can- 
 not understand why those who believe in that most 20 
 orthodox article of literary faith, that the earliest 
 poets are generally the best, should wonder at the 
 rule as if it were the exception. Surely the uni- 
 formity of the phenomenon indicates a correspond- 
 ing uniformity in the. cause. 25 "^ 
 The fact is, that common observers reason from ^. 
 (^\j> t the progress of the experimental sciences to that of 
 ?*/ , the imitative arts. The improvement of the former'^ ^ 
 f^j/Kj' is gradual and slow. Ages are spent in collecting !&' 
 materials, ages more in separating and combining so 
 
MILTON 51 
 
 them. Even when a system has been formed, ***-t 
 there is still something to add, to alter, or to 
 reject. Every generation enjoys the use of a vast >*^~ 
 hoard bequeathed to it by antiquity, and transmits 
 
 5 that hoard, augmented by fresh acquisitions, to 
 future ages. In these pursuits, therefore, the first <z ~?' 
 speculators lie under great disadvantages, and, 
 even when they fail, are entitled to praise. ''-Their 
 pupils, with far inferior intellectual powers, speed- 
 
 10 ily surpass them in actual attainments. Every C^^ 
 girl who has read Mrs. Marcet's little dialogues on 
 Political Economy could teach Montague or Wal- 
 pole many lessons in finance. Any intelligent man ^ 
 may now, by resolutely applying himself for a few 
 
 15 years to mathematics, learn more than the great 
 Xewton knew after half a century of study and 
 meditation. 
 
 >ut it is not thus with music, with painting, or c—^ 
 with sculpture. Still less is it thus with poetry. 
 
 20 The progress of refinement rarely supplies these 
 
 arts with better objects of imitation. It may j,^ 
 indeed improve the instruments which are neces- f~^* 
 sary to the mechanical operations of the musician, 
 the sculptor,' and the painter. But language, the o-~ 
 
 25 machine of the poet, is best fitted for his purpose 
 in its rudest state. XationY, like individuals, 
 first perceive and then abstract. They advance 
 from particular images to general terms. Hence 
 the vocabulary of an enlightened society is philo- 
 
 30 sophical, that of a half -civilized people is poetical. 
 
52 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 This change in the language of men is partly the 
 cause and partly the effect of a corresponding 
 change in the nature of their intellectual oper- 
 ations, of a change by which science gains and 
 poetry loses. Generalization is necessary to the e 
 advancement of knowledge; but particularity is 
 indispensable to the creations of the imagination. 
 In proportion as men know more and think more, 
 they look less at individuals and more at classes. 
 They therefore make better theories and worse 10 
 poems. They give us vague phrases instead of 
 images, and personified qualities instead of men. 
 They may be better able to analyze human nature 
 than their predecessors. But analysis is not the 
 business of the poet. His office is to portray, not 15 
 to dissect. He may believe in a moral sense, like 
 Shaftesbury ; he may refer all human actions to 
 self-interest, like Helvetius; or he may never 
 think about the matter at all. His creed on such 
 subjects will no more influence his poetry, properly 20 
 so called, than the notions which a painter may 
 have conceived respecting the lachrymal glands, or 
 the circulation of the blood, will affect the tears of 
 his Niobe, or the blushes of his Aurora. If 
 Shakespeare had written a book on the motives of 25 
 human actions, it is by no means certain that it 
 would have been a good one. It is extremely 
 improbable that it would have contained half so 
 much able reasoning on the subject as is to bo 
 found in the Fable of the Bees. But could » 
 
 * v -v\-c 
 
 ^t^kry^^^/^t^^J <x^» *y 
 
MILTON 53 
 
 Mandeville have created an^Tagg^ 1 Well as he 
 knew how to resolve characters into their elements, 
 would he have been able to combine those elements 
 in such a manner as to make up a man, a real, 
 
 5 living, individual man? 
 
 Perhaps no person can be a poet, or can even "^ 
 enjoy poetry, without a certain unsoundness of 
 mind, if anything which gives so much pleasure 
 ought to be called unsoundness. By poetry we 
 
 io mean not all writing in verse, nor even all good / 
 writing in verse. Our definition excludes many 
 metrical compositions which, on other grounds, 
 deserve the highest praise. By poetry we mean 
 the art of employing words in such a manner 
 
 is as to produce an illusion on the imagination, the 
 art of doing by means of words what the painter 
 does by means of colors. Thus the greatest of 
 poets has described it, in lines universally admired 
 for the vigor and felicity of their diction, and still 
 
 20 more valuable on account of the just notion which 
 they convey of the art in which he excelled : — 
 
 ;< As imagination bodies forth 
 The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen 
 Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing 
 25 A local habitation and a name. " 
 
 These are the fruits of the "fine frenzy" which 
 he ascribes to the poet, — a fine frenzy, doubtless, 
 but still a frenzy. Truth, indeed, is essential to 2 
 poetry; but it is the truth of madness. The 
 
54 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 reasonings are just; but the premises are false. 
 After the first suppositious have been made, every- 
 thing ought to be consistent; but those first sup- 
 positions require a degree of credulity which almost 
 amounts to a partial and temporary derangement 5 
 of the intellect. Hence of all people children are 
 the most imaginative. They abandon themselves 
 without reserve to every illusion. Every image 
 which is strongly presented to their mental eye 
 produces on them the effect of reality. No man, 10 
 whatever his sensibility may be, is ever affected by 
 Hamlet or Lear, as a little girl is affected by the 
 story of poor Red Riding-hood. She knows that it 
 is all false, that wolves cannot speak, that there are 
 no wolves in England. Yet in spite of her knowl- 15 
 edge she believes ; she weeps ; she trembles ; she 
 dares not go into a dark room lest she should feel 
 the teeth of the monster at her throat. Such is 
 the despotism of the imagination over unculti- •.. 
 vated minds. jfl^vA^o 
 
 I bin a rude state of society me n are ch ildren with 
 a greater variety of ideas. It is therefore in such 
 a state of society that we may expect to find the 
 poetical temperament in its highest perfection. In 
 an enlightened age there will be much intelligence, 25 
 much science, much philosophy, abundance of just 
 classification and subtle analysis, abundance of wit 
 and eloquence, abundance of verses, and even of 
 good ones; but little poetry. Men will judge and 
 compare; but they will not create. They will bo 
 
 1 
 
MILTON 55 
 
 talk about the old poets, and comment on them, 
 and to a certain degree enjoy them. But they will 
 scarcely be able to conceive the effect which 
 poetry produced on their ruder ancestors, the 
 5 agony, the ecstasy, the plenitude of belief. The 
 Greek Ehapsodists, according to Plato, could scarce 
 recite Homer without falling into convulsions. 
 The Mohawk hardly feels the scalping-knife while 
 he shouts his death-song. The power which the 
 10 ancient bards of "Wales and Germany exercised 
 over then' auditors seems to modern readers almost 
 miraculous. Such feelings are very rare in a civil- 
 ized community, and most rare among those who 
 participate most in its improvements. They 
 15 linger longest among the peasantry. 
 v Poetry produces an illusion on the eye of the ' * 
 
 mind, as a magic lantern produces an illusion on 
 the eye of the body. And, as the magic lantern 
 j^3 -acts best in a dark room, poetry effects its purpose 
 /*o most completely in a dark age. As the light of 
 -<J knowledge breaks in upon its exhibitions, as the - 
 ^ outlines of certainty become more and more defi- 
 ; yy nite, and the shades of probability more and more 
 . distinct, the hues and lineaments of the phan- 
 fl£ toms which the poet calls up grow fainter and 
 fainter. We cannot unite the incompatible ad- 
 vantages of reality and deception, the clear dis- 
 ' cernment of truth and the exquisite enjoyment, of 
 fiction. 
 30 He who, in an enlightened and literary society. 
 
56 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 aspires to be a great poet, must first become a 
 little child. He must take to pieces the whole 
 web of his mind. He must unlearn much of that 
 knowledge which has perhaps constituted hitherto 
 his chief title to superiority. His very talents will 5 
 be a hindrance to him. His difficulties will be 
 proportioned to his proficiency in the pursuits 
 which are fashionable among his contemporaries; 
 and that proficiency will in general be proportioned 
 to the vigor and activity of his mind. And it is 10 
 well if, after all his sacrifices and exertions, his 
 works do not resemble a lisping man or a modern 
 ruin. We have seen in our own time great 
 talents, intense labor, and long meditation, em- 
 ployed in this struggle against the spirit of 15 
 the age, and employed, we will not say absolutely 
 in vain, but with dubious success and feeble 
 applause. 
 
 If these reasonings be just, no poet has ever 
 triumphed over greater difficulties than Milton. 20 
 He received a learned education : he was a pro- 
 found and elegant classical scholar ; he had studied 
 all the mysteries of Rabbinical literature; he was 
 intimately acquainted with every language of mod- 
 ern Europe from which either pleasure or infor- 25 
 mation was then to be derived. He was perhaps 
 the only great poet of later times who has been 
 distinguished by the excellence of his Latin verse. 
 The genius of Petrarch was scarcely of the first 
 order; and his poems in the ancient language, 30 
 
MILTON 57 
 
 though much praised by those who have never read 
 them, are wretched compositions. Cowley, with 
 all his admirable wit and ingenuity, had little 
 imagination; nor indeed do we think his classical 
 
 5 diction comparable to that of Milton. The author- 
 ity of Johnson is against us on this point. But 
 Johnson had studied the bad writers of the middle 
 ages till he had become utterly insensible to the 
 Augustan elegance, and was as ill qualified to 
 
 10 judge between two Latin styles as a habitual 
 drunkard to set up for a wine-taster. 
 , ^ Versification in a dead language is an exotic, a 
 
 r far-fetched, costly, sickly imitation of that which 
 elsewhere may be found in healthful and sponta- 
 
 15 neous perfection. The soils on which this rarity 
 flourishes are in general as ill-suited to the pro- 
 duction of vigorous native poetry as the flower- 
 pots of a hot-house to the growth of oaks. That 
 the author of the Paradise Lost should have 
 
 20 written the Epistle to Manso was truly wonderful. 
 
 Xever before were such marked originality and 
 
 such exquisite mimicry found together. Indeed, in 
 
 "all the Latin poems of Milton the artificial manner 
 
 indispensable to such works is admirably preserved, 
 
 25 while, at the same time, his genius gives to them a 
 peculiar charm, an air of nobleness and freedom, 
 which distinguishes them from all other writings of 
 the same class. They remind us of the amuse- 
 ments of those angelic warriors who composed the 
 
 30 cohort of Gabriel: — * 
 
 / 
 
58 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 "About him exercised heroic games 
 The unarmed youth of heaven. But o'er their heads 
 Celestial armory, shield, helm, and spear, 
 Hung high, with diamond flaming and with gold." 
 
 We cannot look upon the sportive exercises for 5 
 which the genius of Milton imgirds itself, without 
 catching a glimpse of the gorgeous and terrible 
 panoply which it is accustomed to wear. The 
 strength of his imagination triumphed over every 
 obstacle. So intense and ardent was the fire of 10 
 his mind, that it not only was not suffocated 
 beneath the weight of fuel, but penetrated the 
 whole superincumbent mass with its own heat and 
 radiance. 
 
 | It is not our intention to attempt anything like 15 
 a complete examination of the poetry of Milton. 
 The public has long been agreed as to the merit 
 of the most remarkable passages, the incomparable 
 harmony of the numbers, and the excellence of 
 that style which no rival has been able to equal and 20 
 no parodist to degrade, which displa} T s in their 
 highest perfection the idiomatic powers of the 
 English tongue, and to which every ancient and 
 every modern language has contributed something 
 of grace, of energy, or of music. In the vast field 25 
 of criticism on which we are entering, innumerable 
 reapers have already put their sickles. Yet the 
 harvest is so abundant that the negligent search of 
 a straggling gleaner may beo^ewarded with a sheaf. 
 
 jejei 
 
 iBeri 
 
 The most striking charafieristic of the poetry of 30 
 
MILTON 59 
 
 Milton is the extreme remoteness of the associ- 
 ations by means of which it acts on the reader. 
 ^tts effect is produced, not so much by what it 
 expresses, as by what it suggests; not so much by 
 
 5 the ideas which it directly conveys, as by other 
 ideas which are connected with themTl He electri- 
 fies the mind through conductors. The most 
 * unimaginative man must understand the Iliad. 
 Homer gives him no choice, and requires from him 
 
 ic no exertion, but takes the wdiole upon himself, and 
 sets the images in so clear a light that it is impos- 
 sible to be blind to them. The w r orks of Milton 
 cannot be comprehended or enjoyed unless the 
 mind of the reader cooperate w r ith that of the 
 
 io writer. ^He does not paint a finished picture, or 
 play for a mere passive listener. He sketches, and 
 leaves others to fill up the outline. He strikes the 
 key-note, and expects his hearer to make out the 
 melody?) 
 
 20 We often hear of the magical influence of poetry. 
 The expression in general means nothing; but, 
 applied to the writings of Milton, it is most appro- 
 priate. His poetry acts like an incantation. Its 
 merit lies less in its obvious meaning than in its 
 
 26 occult power. There would seem, at first sight, to 
 be no more in his words than in other words. But 
 they are words of enchantment. No sooner are 
 they pronounced, than the past is present and the 
 distant near. New forms of beauty start at once 
 
 30 into existence, and all the burial-places of the 
 
60 MACAULAYS ESSAYS 
 
 memory give up their dead. Change the structure 
 of the sentence, substitute one synonym for 
 another, and the whole effect is destroyed. The " 
 spell loses its power ; and he who should then hope 
 to conjure with it would find himself as much 5 
 mistaken as Cassim in the Arabian tale, when he 
 stood crying, "Open Wheat," "Open Barley," to 
 the door which obeyed no sound but "Open 
 Sesame." The miserable failure of Dry den in his 
 attempt to translate into his own diction some 10 
 parts of the Paradise Lost, is a remarkable instance 
 of this. 
 
 In support of these observations we may remark, 
 that scarcely any passages in the poems of Milton 
 are more generally known, or more frequently 15 
 repeated, than those which are little more than 
 muster-rolls of names. They are not always more 
 appropriate or more melodious than other names. 
 But they are charmed names. Every one of them is 
 the first link in a long chain of associated ideas. 20 
 Like the dwelling-place of our infancy revisited in 
 manhood, like the song of our country heard in a 
 strange land, they produce upon us an effect 
 wholly independent of their intrinsic value. One 
 transports us back to a remote period of history. 25 
 Another places us among the novel scenes and 
 manners of a distant region. A third evokes all 
 the dear classical recollections of childhood, the 
 school-room, the dog-eared Virgil, the holiday, and 
 the prize. A fourth brings before us the splendid 30 
 
MILTON 61 
 
 phantoms of chivalrous romance, the trophied lists, 
 the embroidered housings, the quaint devices, the 
 haunted forests, the enchanted gardens, the 
 achievements of enamoured knights, and the 
 
 5 smiles of rescued princesses. 
 
 " In none of the works of Milton is his peculiar 
 manner more happily displayed than in the Allegro 
 and the Penseroso. It is imnossible to conceive 
 that the mechanism of language can be brought to 
 
 10 a more exquisite degree of perfection. These 
 poems differ from others as atar of roses differs 
 from ordinary rose-water, the close-packed essence 
 from the thin, diluted mixture. They are indeed 
 not so much poems as collections of hints, from 
 
 is each of which the reader is to make out a poem 
 for himself. Every epithet is a text for a stanza. 
 •*• The Comus and the Samson Agonistes are works 
 which, though of very different merit, offer some 
 marked points of resemblance. Both are lyric 
 
 20 poems in the form of plays. There are perhaps no 
 two kinds of composition so essentially dissimilar 
 as the drama and the ode. The business of the 
 dramatist is to keep himself out of sight, and to 
 let nothing appear but his characters. As soon as 
 
 25 he attracts notice to his personal feelings, the illu- 
 sion is broken. The effect is as unpleasant as that 
 which is produced on the stage by the voice of 
 a prompter or the entrance of a scene-shifter. 
 Hence it was that the tragedies of Byron were his 
 
 30 least successful performances. They resemble 
 
42 JTACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 those pasteboard pictures invented by the friend of 
 children, Mr. Newbery, in which a single movable 
 head goes round twenty different bodies, so that 
 the same face looks out upon us, successively, 
 from the uniform of a hussar, the furs of a judge, 5 
 and the rags of a beggar. In all the characters, 
 patriots and tyrants, haters and lovers, the frown 
 and sneer of Harold were discernible in an instant. 
 But this species of egotism, though fatal to the 
 drama, is the inspiration of the ode. It is the 10 
 part of the lyric poet to abandon himself, without 
 reserve, to his own emotions. 
 
 Between these hostile elements many great men 
 have endeavored to effect an amalgamation, but 
 never with complete success. The Greek Drama, is 
 on the model of which the Samson was written, 
 sprang from the Ode. The dialogue was ingrafted 
 on the chorus, and naturally partook of its char- 
 acter. The genius of the greatest of the Athenian 
 dramatists cooperated with the circumstances 20 
 under which tragedy made its first appearance. 
 ^Eschylus was, head and heart, a lyric poet. In 
 his time the Greeks had far more intercourse with 
 the East than in the days of Homer ; and they had 
 not yet acquired that immense superiority in war, 25 
 in science, and in the arts, which, in the follow- 
 ing generation, led them to treat the Asiatics with 
 contempt. From the narrative of Herodotus it 
 should seem that they still looked up, with the 
 veneration of disciples, to Egypt and Assyria. At 30 
 
MILTON G3 
 
 this period, accordingly, it was natural that the 
 literature of Greece should be tinctured with the 
 Oriental style. And that style, we think, is dis- 
 cernible in the works of Pindar and iEschylus. 
 5 The latter often reminds us of the Hebrew writers. 
 The book of Job, indeed, in conduct and diction, 
 bears a considerable resemblance to some of his 
 dramas. Considered as plays, his works are 
 absurd; considered as choruses, they are above all 
 
 10 praise. If, for instance, we examine the address 
 of Clytemnestra to Agamemnon on his return, or 
 the description of the seven Argive chiefs, by the 
 principles of dramatic writing, we shall instantly 
 condemn them as monstrous. But if we forget the 
 
 15 characters, and think only of the poetry, we shall 
 admit that it has never been surpassed in energy 
 and magnificence. Sophocles made the Greek 
 drama as dramatic as was consistent with its 
 original form. His portraits of men have a sort of 
 
 20 similarity ; but it is the similarity not of a paint- 
 ing, but of a bas-relief. It suggests a resem- 
 blance; but it does not produce an illusion. 
 Euripides attempted to carry the reform further. 
 But it was a task far beyond his powers, perhaps 
 
 25 beyond any powers. Instead of correcting what 
 was bad, he destroyed what was excellent. He 
 substituted crutches for stilts, bad sermons for 
 good odes. 
 
 Milton, it is well known, admired Euripides 
 
 30 highly; much more highly than, in our opinion, 
 
H4 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 Euripides deserved. Indeed, the caresses which' 
 this partiality leads our countryman to bestow on 
 "sad Electra's poet," sometimes remind us of the 
 beautiful Queen of Fairyland kissing the long ears 
 of Bottom. At all events, there can be no doubt 5 
 that this veneration for the Athenian, whether 
 just or not, was injurious to the Samson Agonistes. 
 Had Milton taken /Eschylus for his model, he 
 would have given himself up to the lyric inspir- 
 ation, and poured out profusely all the treasures of 10 
 his mind, without bestowing a thought on those 
 dramatic proprieties which the nature of the Work 
 rendered it impossible to preserve. In the attempt 
 to reconcile things in their own nature inconsist- 
 ent, he has failed, as every one else must have is 
 failed. We cannot identify ourselves with the 
 characters, as in a good play. We cannot identify 
 ourselves with the poet, as in a good ode. The 
 conflicting ingredients, like an acid and an alkali 
 mixed, neutralize each other. We are by no means 20 
 insensible to the merits of this celebrated piece, to 
 the severe dignity of the style, the graceful and 
 pathetic solemnity of the opening speech, or the 
 wild and barbaric melody which gives so striking 
 an effect to the choral passages. But we think it, as 
 we confess, the least successful effort of the 
 genius of Milton. 
 
 The Comus is framed on the model of the 
 Italian Masque, as the Samson is framed on the 
 model of the Greek Tragedy. It is certainly the so 
 
MILTON 65 
 
 noblest performance of the kind which exists in 
 any language. It is as far superior to the Faith- 
 ful Shepherdess, as the Faithful Shepherdess is fc 
 the Aminta or the Aminta to the Pastor Fido. 
 
 5 It was well for Milton that he had here no 
 Euripides to mislead him. He understood and 
 loved the literature of modern Italy. But 
 he did not feel for it the same veneration which 
 he entertained for the remains of Athenian 
 
 jo and Roman poetry, consecrated by so many lofty 
 and endearing recollections. The faults, more- 
 over, of his Italian predecessors were of a kind to 
 which his mind had a deadly antipathy. He could 
 stoop to a plain style, sometimes even to a bald 
 
 is style; but false brilliancy w r as his utter aversion. 
 His Muse had no objection to a russet attire ; but 
 she turned with disgust from the finery of Guarini, 
 act tawdry and as paltry as the rags of a chimney- 
 sweeper on May-day. Whatever ornaments she 
 
 20 wears are of massive gold, not only dazzling to the 
 
 sight, but capable of standing the severest test of 
 
 the crucible. 
 
 ■}-*- Milton attended in the Comus to the distinction 
 
 which he afterward? neglected in the Samson. He 
 
 25 made his Masque what it ought to be, essentially 
 lyrical, and dramatic only in semblance. He has 
 not attempted a fruitless struggle against a defect 
 inherent in the nature of that species of compo- 
 sition; and he has therefore succeeded, wherever 
 
 30 success 3 not impossible. The speeches must be 
 
66 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 read as majestic soliloquies ; and he who so reads 
 them will be enraptured with fheir eloquence, their 
 sublimity, and their music. The interruptions 
 of the dialogue, however, impose a constraint 
 upon the writer, and break the illusion of the 5 
 reader. The finest passages are those which are 
 lyric in form as well as in spirit. "I should much 
 commend," says the excellent Sir Henry AVotton 
 in a letter to Milton, "the tragical part, if the 
 lyrical did hot ravish me with a certain Dorique 10 
 delicacy in your songs and odes, whereunto, I must 
 plainly confess to you, I have seen yet nothing 
 parallel in our language." The criticism was 
 just. It is when Milton escapes from the shackles 
 of the dialogue, when he is discharged from the is 
 labor of uniting two incongruous styles, when he is 
 ac liberty to indulge his choral raptures without 
 reserve, that he rises even above himself. Then, 
 like his own good Genius bursting from the earthly 
 form and weeds of Thyrsis, he stands forth in 20 
 celestial freedom and beauty; he seems to cry 
 exultingly, 
 
 "Now my task is smoothly done, 
 I can fly, or I can run," 
 
 to skim the earth, to soar above the clouds, to 25 
 bat be in the Elysian dew of ihe rainbow, and to 
 inhale the balmy smells of nard and cassia, which 
 ihe musky wings of the zephyr scatter through t ; 
 eedared alleys of the Hesperides- 
 
MILTON 61 
 
 There are several of the minor poems of Milton 
 on which we would willingly make a few remarks. 
 Still more willingly would we enter into a detailed 
 examination of that admirable poem, the Paradise 
 
 5 Regained, which, strangely enough, is scarcely ever 
 mentioned except as an instance of the blindness 
 of the parental affection which men of letters bear 
 towards the offspring of their intellects. That 
 Milton was mistaken in preferring this work, excel - 
 
 10 lent as it is, to the Paradise Lost, we readily 
 admit. But we are sure that the- superiority of /\ 
 the Paradise Lost to the Paradise Regained is 
 not more decided than the superiority of the 
 Paradise Regained to every poem which has since 
 
 is made its appearance. Our limits, however, pre- 
 vent us from discussing the point at length. We 
 hasten on to that extraordinary production which 
 the general suffrage of critics has placed in the 
 highest class of human compositions. 
 •so [The only poem of modern times w T hich can bo 
 / ^T^mpared with the Paradise Lost is the Divine 
 Comedv^ The subject of Milton, in some points, 
 resembled that of Dante; but he has treated it in 
 Y^ a widely different manner. We cannot, we think, 
 
 25 better illustrate our opinion respecting our own 
 great poet, than by contrasting him with the 
 father of Tuscan literature. 
 > ij-f *{* The poetry of Milton differs from that of Dante / 
 »^s the hieroglyphics of Egypt differed from the * 
 
 3M picture-writing of Mexico. The images which 
 
MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 Dante employs speak for themselves; they stand 
 . simply for what they are. Those of Milton have a 
 signification which is often discernible only to the 
 initiated. Their value depends less on what they 
 X directly represent than on what they remotely sug- a 
 gest. However strange, however grotesque, may 
 be the appearance which Dante undertakes to 
 describe, he never shrinks from describing it. He 
 gives us the shape, the color, the sound, the smell, 
 the taste; he counts the numbers; he measures the 10 
 size. His similes are the illustrations of a travel- 
 ler. Unlike those of other poets, and especially of 
 Milton, they are introduced in a plain, business- 
 like manner ; not for the sake of any beauty in the 
 objects from which they are drawn; not for the is 
 sake of any ornament which they may impart to 
 the poem; but simply in order to make the mean- 
 ing of the writer as clear to the reader as it is to 
 himself. The ruins of the precipice which led 
 from the sixth to the seventh circle of hell were so 
 like those of the rock which fell into the Adige on 
 the south of Trent. The cataract of Phlegetlnm 
 was like that of Aqua Cheta at the monastery of 
 St. Benedict. The place where the heretics were 
 confined in burning tombs resembled the vast m 
 emetery of Aries. 
 Now let us compare with the exact details of 
 Dante the dim intimations of Milton. We will 
 cite a few examples. -The English poet has never 
 thought of taking the measure of Satan. Wo gives 
 
MILTON 69 
 
 us merely a vague idea of vast bulk. In one pas- 
 sage the fiend lies stretched out, huge in length 
 floating many a rood, equal in size to the earth- 
 born enemies of Jove, or to the sea-monster which 
 6 the mariner mistakes for an island. When he 
 addresses himself to battle against the guardian 
 angels, he stands like Teneriffe or Atlas : his 
 stature reaches the sky. Contrast with these de- 
 scriptions the lines in which Dante has described 
 
 10 the gigantic spectre of Nimrod. "His face seemed 
 to me as long and as broad as the ball of St~ 
 Peter's at Eome; and his other limbs were in pro- 
 portion; so that the bank, which concealed him; 
 from the waist downwards, nevertheless showed so 
 
 15 much of him, that three tall Germans would in 
 vain have attempted to reach to his hair." We 
 are sensible that we do no justice to the admirable 
 style of the Florentine poet. But Mr. Cary's- 
 translation is not at hand; and our version, how- 
 
 20 ever rude, is sufficient to illustrate our meaning. 
 
 Once more, compare the lazar-house in the 
 
 eleventh book of the Paradise Lost with the last 
 
 ward of Malebolge in Dante. Milton avoids the 
 
 loathsome details, and takes refnge in indistinct 
 
 25 but solemn and tremendous imagery: Despair 
 hurrying from couch to couch to mock the 
 wretches with his attendance; Death shaking his 
 dart over them, but, in spite of supplications r 
 delaying to strike. What says Dante? "There 
 
 so was such a moan there as there would be if all fche 
 
5 
 
 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 sick who, between July and September, are in the 
 hospitals of Yaldichiana, and of the Tuscan 
 swamps, and of Sardinia, were in one pit together; 
 and such a stench was issuing forth as is wont to 
 issue from decayed limbs." 5 
 
 JL We will not take upon ourselves the invidious 
 office of settling precedency between two such 
 writers. Each in his own department is incom- 
 parable; and each, we may remark, has wisely, or 
 fortunately, taken a subject adapted to exhibit his 10 
 peculiar talent to the greatest advantage. The 
 Divine Comedy is a personal narrative. [Dante is 
 the eye-witness and ear-witness of that which he 
 relates^} He is the very man who has heard the 
 tormented spirits crying out for the second death ; 15 
 who has read the dusky characters on the portal 
 within which there is no hope; who has hidden 
 his face from the terrors of the Gorgon ; who has 
 tied from the hooks and the seething pitch of 
 Barbariccia and Draghignazzo. His own hands 20 
 ^rr; have grasped the shaggy sides of Lucifer. His 
 ^3*,_^own feet have climbed the mountain of expi- 
 ation. His own brow has been marked by the 
 purifying angel. The reader would throw aside 
 such a tale in incredulous disgust, unless it were 25 
 told with the strongest air of veracity, with a 
 sobriety even in its horrors, with the greatest pre- 
 cision and multiplicity in its details. The narra- 
 tive of Milton in this respect differs from that of 
 Dante, as the adventures of Amadis differ from so 
 
MILTON 71 
 
 those of Gulliver. The author of Amadis would 
 have made his book ridiculous if he had intro- 
 duced those minute particulars which give such a 
 charm to the work of Swift: the nautical observa- 
 5 tions, the affected delicacy about names, the 
 official documents transcribed at full length, and 
 all the unmeaning gossip and scandal of the court, 
 springing out of nothing, and tending to nothing. 
 We are not shocked at being told that a man who 
 
 10 lived, nobody knows when, saw many very strange 
 sights, and we can easily abandon ourselves to the 
 illusion of the romance. But when Lemuel 
 Gulliver, surgeon, resident at Rotherhithe, tells us 
 of pygmies and giants, flying islands, and philoso- 
 
 15 phizing horses, nothing but such circumstantial 
 touches could produce for a single moment a 
 deception on the imagination. __ 
 
 *\ ^ [^Of all the poets who have introduced into their *** ■'~ 
 
 / works the agency of supernatural beings, Milton 
 
 so has succeeded best?] Here Dante decidedly yields 
 to him; and as this is a point on which many 
 rash and ill-considered judgments have been pro- 
 nounced, we feel inclined to dwell on it a little 
 longer. The most fatal error which a poet can 
 
 25 possibly commit in the management of his machin- 
 ery, is that of attempting to philosophize too 
 much. ^Milton has been often censured for ascrib- 
 ing to spirits many functions of which spirits 
 must be incapable..] But these objections, though 
 
 so sanctioned by eminent names, originate, we ven- 
 
72 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 ture to say, in profound ignorance of the art of 
 poetry. 
 
 What is spirit? What are our own mind's, the 
 portion of spirit with which we are best acquainted? 
 We observe certain phenomena. We cannot 5 
 explain them into material causes. We therefore 
 infer that there exists something which is not 
 material. But of this something we have no idea. 
 We can define it only by negatives. We can 
 reason about it only by symbols. We use the 10 
 word ; but we have no image of the thing ; and the 
 business of poetry is with images, and not with 
 words. The poet uses words indeed; but they are 
 merely the instruments of his art, not its objects. 
 They are the materials which he is to dispose in 15 
 such a manner as to present a picture to the mental 
 eye. And if they are not so disposed, they are no 
 more entitled to be called poetry than a bale of 
 canvas and a box of colors to be called a painting. 
 
 Logicians may reason about abstn. ions. But 20 
 the great mass of men must have images. The 
 strong tendency of the multitude in all ages and 
 nations to idolatry can be explained on no other 
 principle. The first inhabitants of Greece, there 
 is reason to believe, worshipped one invisible 25 
 Deity. But the necessity of having something 
 more definite to adore produced, in a few centu- 
 ries, the innumerable crowd of gods and god- 
 desses. In like manner the ancient Persians 
 thought it impious to exhibit the Creator under a 30 
 
MILTON rS 
 
 human form. Yet even these transferred to the 
 Sim the worship which, in speculation, they con- 
 sidered due only to the Supreme Mind. The his- 
 tory of the Jews is the record of a continued 
 5 struggle between pure Theism, supported by the 
 most terrible sanctions, and the strangely fascinat- 
 ing desire of having some visible and tangible 
 object of adoration. Perhaps none of the second- 
 ary causes which Gibbon has assigned for the 
 
 10 rapidity with which Christianity spread over the 
 world, while Judaism scarcely ever acquired a 
 proselyte, operated more powerfully than this feel- 
 ing. God, the uncreated, the incomprehensible, 
 the invisible, attracted few worshippers. A philos- 
 
 15 opher might admire so noble a conception; but c ^^, 
 the crowd turned away in disgust from words -^^^J 
 which presented no image to their minds. It was 
 before Deity, embodied in a human form, walking 
 among men, partaking of their infirmities, leaning 
 
 20 on their bosoms, weeping over their graves, slum- 
 bering in the manger, bleeding on the cross, that 
 the prejudices of the Synagogue, and the doubts 
 of the Academy, and the ]:>ride of the Portico, and 
 the fasces of the Lictor, and the swords of thirty 
 
 -5 legions, were humbled in the dust. Soon after 
 Christianity had achieved its triumph, the prin- 
 ciple which had assisted it began to corrupt it. It 
 became a new Paganism. Patron saints assumed 
 the offices of household gods. St. George took 
 
 30 the place of Mars. St. Elmo consoled the- 
 
74 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 mariner for the loss of Castor and* Pollux. 
 The Virgin Mother and Cecilia succeeded to 
 Venus and the Muses. The fascination of 
 sex and loveliness was again joined to that 
 of celestial dignity; and the homage of 5 
 chivalry was blended with that of religion, 
 lieformers have often made a stand against these 
 feelings; but never with more than apparent and 
 partial success. The men who demolished the 
 images in cathedrals have not always been able to 10 
 demolish those which were enshrined in then* 
 minds. It would not be difficult to show that in 
 politics the same rule holds good. Doctrines, we 
 fire afraid, must generally be embodied before they 
 •can excite a strong public feeling. The multitude is 
 is more easily interested for the most unmeaning 
 badge, or the most insignificant name, than for the 
 most important principle. 
 
 From these considerations, we infer that no poet 
 who should affect that metaphysical accuracy for 20 
 the want of which Milton has been blamed, would 
 escape a disgraceful failure. Still, however, there 
 was another extreme which, though far less dan- 
 gerous, was also to be avoided. The imaginations 
 of men are in a great measure under the control of 25 
 their opinions. The most exquisite art of jjoetical 
 coloring can produce no illusion when it is em- 
 ployed to represent that which is at once perceived 
 to be incongruous and absurd. ^Milton wrote in 
 an age of philosophers and theologians. Tt was so 
 
MILTON 75 
 
 necessary, therefore, for him to abstain from giv- 
 ing such a shock to their understandings as might 
 break the charm which it was his object to throw 
 over their imaginations. This is the real expla- 
 
 5 nation of the indistinctness and inconsistency with 
 which lie has often been reproached./ Dr. John- 
 son acknowledges that it was absolutely necessary 
 that the spirits should be clothed with material 
 forms. "But," says he, "the poet should have 
 
 10 secured the consistency of his system by keeping 
 immateriality out of sight, and seducing the reader 
 to drop it from his thoughts." This is easily 
 said; but what if Milton could not seduce his 
 readers to drop immateriality from their thoughts? 
 
 is What if the contrary opinion had taken so full a 
 possession of the minds of men as to leave no 
 room even for the half-belief which poetry 
 requires? Such we suspect to have been the case. 
 It was impossible for the poet to adopt altogether 
 
 80 the material or the immaterial system. He there- 
 fore took his stand on the debatable ground. He 
 left the whole in ambiguity. He has doubtless, 
 by so doing, laid himself open to the charge of 
 inconsistency. But, though philosophically in the 
 
 25 wTong, we cannot but believe that he was poetic- 
 ally in the right. This -task, which almost any 
 other writer would have found impracticable, was 
 easy to him. The peculiar art which he pos- 
 sessed of communicating his meaning circuitously 
 
 30 through a long succession of associated ideas, and 
 
76 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 of intimating more than he expressed, enabled him 
 to disguise those incongruities which he could not 
 avoid. 
 
 Poetry which relates to the beings of another 
 world ought to be at once mysterious and pictur- 5 
 esque. That of Milton is so. That of Dante is 
 picturesque indeed beyond any that ever was 
 written. Its effect approaches to that produced by 
 the pencil or the chisel. But it is picturesque to 
 the exclusion of all mystery. This is a fault on 10 
 the right side, a fault inseparable from the plan of 
 Dante's poem, which, as we have already observed, 
 rendered the utmost accuracy of description 
 necessary. Still it is a fault. The supernatural 
 agents excite an interest; but it is not the interest 15 
 which is proper to supernatural agents. We feel 
 that we could talk to the ghosts and demons, with- 
 out any emotion of unearthly awe. We could, like 
 Don Juan, ask them to supper, and eat heartily in 
 their company. (^Dante's angels are good men with 20 
 wings. His devils are spiteful, ugly execution- 
 ers. His dead men are merely living men in 
 strange situations. The scene which passes 
 between the poet and Farinata is justly celebrated. 
 Still, Fariuata in the burning tomb is exactly 23 
 what Farinata would have been at an auto daf$. 
 Nothing can be more touching than the first inter- 
 view of Dante and Beatrice. Yet what is it, but 
 a lovely woman chiding, with sweet austere com- 
 posure, the lover for whose affection she is grate- so 
 
MILTON 77 
 
 ful, but whose vices she reprobates? The feelinga 
 which give the passage its charm would suit the 
 streets of Florence as well as the summit of the 
 Mount of Purgatory. 
 
 5 The spirits of Milton are unlike those of almost all 
 other writers, His tiends, in particular, are wonder- 
 ful creations. They are not metaphysical abstrac- 
 tions. They are not wicked men. They are not ugly 
 beasts. They have no horns, no tails, none of the 
 
 10 fee-faw-fum of Tasso and Klopstock. They have 
 just enough in common with human nature to be 
 intelligible to human beings. Their characters are, 
 like then* forms, marked by a certain dim resem- 
 blance to those of men, but exaggerated to gigantic 
 
 15 dimensions, and veiled in mysterious gloom?] 
 
 Perhaps the gods and demons of ^Eschylus may 
 best bear a comparison with the angels and devils 
 of Milton. The style of the Athenian had, as we 
 have remarked, something of the Oriental charac- 
 
 20 ter; and the same peculiarity may be traced in hie 
 mythology. It has nothing of the amenity and 
 elegance which we generally find in the supersti- 
 tions of Greece. All is rugged, barbaric, ami 
 colossal. The legends of .Eschylus seem to har- 
 
 25 monize less with the fragrant groves and graceful 
 porticoes in which his countrymen paid their vows 
 to the God of Light and Goddess of Desire, than 
 with those huge and grotesque labyrinths of eternal 
 granite in which Egypt enshrined her mystic 
 
 30 Osiris, or in which Hindostan still bows down to 
 
78 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 her seven-headed idols. His favorite gods are 
 those of the elder generation, the sons of heaven 
 and earth, compared with whom Jupiter himself 
 was a stripling and an upstart, the gigantic Titans, 
 and the inexorable Furies. Foremost among bis 5 
 creations of this class stands Prometheus, half 
 fiend, half redeemer, the friend of man, the sullen 
 and implacable enemy of heaven. Prometheus 
 bears undoubtedly a considerable resemblance to 
 the Satan of Milton. In both we find the same 10 
 impatience of control, the same ferocity, the same 
 unconquerable pride. In both characters also are 
 mingled, though in very different proportions, 
 some kind and generous feelings. Prometheus, 
 however, is hardly superhuman enough. He talks 15 
 too much of his chains and his uneasy posture ; he 
 is rather too much depressed and agitated. His 
 resolution seems to depend on the knowledge which 
 he possesses that he holds the fate of his torturer 
 in his hands, and that the hour of his release will 20 
 surely come. But Satan is a creature of anothei 
 sphere. The might of his intellectual nature is 
 victorious over the extremity of pain. Amidst 
 agonies which cannot be conceived without horroi , 
 he deliberates, resolves, and even exults. Again.-: 25 
 the sword of Michael, against the thunder of 
 Jehovah, against the flaming lake, and the marl 
 burning with solid fire, against the prospect of an 
 eternity of unintermitted misery, his spirit hears 
 up unbroken, resting on its own innate energies, ao 
 
MILTON 
 
 requiring no support from anything external, nor 
 even from hope itself. 
 
 To return for a moment to the parallel which 
 we have been attempting to draw between Milton 
 5 and Dante, we would add that the poetry of these 
 great men has in a considerable degree taken its 
 character from their moral qualities. They arc 
 not egotists. They rarely obtrude their idiosyn- 
 crasies on their readers. They have nothing in 
 
 10 common with those modern beggars for fame who 
 
 extort a pittance from the compassion of the inex- 
 
 - perienced by exposing the nakedness and sores of 
 
 their minds. Yet it would be difficult to name 
 
 two writers whose works have been more com- 
 
 15 pletely, though undesignedly, colored by their 
 personal feelings. 
 
 The character of Milton was peculiarly distin- 
 
 I guished by loftiness of spirit ; that of Dante by 
 
 \ intensity of feeling. In every line of the Divine 
 
 20 Comedy we discern the asjDerity which is produced 
 by pride struggling with misery. There is perhaps 
 no work in the world so deejay and uniformly 
 sorrowful. The melancholy of Dante was no fan- 
 tastic caprice. It was not, as far as at this dis- 
 
 25 tance of time can be judged, the effect of external 
 circumstances. It was from within. Neither love 
 nor glory, neither the conflicts of earth nor the hope 
 of heaven, could dispel it. It turned every conso- 
 lation and every pleasure into its own nature. It 
 
 .so resembled that noxious Sardinian soil of which the 
 
80 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 intense bitterness is said to have been perceptible 
 even in its honey. His mind was, in the noble 
 language of the Hebrew poet, "a land of dark- 
 ness, as darkness itself, and where the light was as 
 darkness." The gloom of his character discolors g 
 all the passions of men and all the face of nature, 
 and tinges with its own livid hue the flowers of 
 Paradise and the glories of the eternal throne. 
 All the portraits of him are singularly character- 
 istic. No person can look on the features, no 1)1 e 10 
 even to ruggedness, the dark furrows of the cheek, 
 the haggard and woful stare of the eye, the sullen 
 and contemptuous curve of the lip, and doul- 
 that they belong to a man too proud and too se. 
 sitive to be happy. id 
 
 Milton was, like Dante, a statesman and a 
 lover; and, like Dante, he had been unfortunate 
 in ambition and in love. He had survived his 
 health and his sight, the comforts of his home, and 
 the prosperity of his party. Of the great men by so 
 whom he had been distinguished at his entrance 
 into life, some had been taken away from the evil 
 to come; some had carried into foreign climates 
 their unconquerable hatred of oppression; some 
 were pining in dungeons; and some had poured 29 
 forth their blood on scaffolds. Venal and licen- 
 tious scribblers, with just sufficient talent to 
 clothe the thoughts of a pandar in the style of a 
 bellman, were now the favorite writers of the 
 .Sovereign and of the public.. It was a loathsome so 
 
BOLTON 81 
 
 herd, which could be compared to nothing so fitly 
 as to the rabble of Comas, grotesque monsters, half 
 bestial, half human, dropping with wine, bloated 
 with gluttony, and reeling in obscene dances. 
 
 5 Amidst these that fair Muse was placed, like the 
 chaste lady of the Masque, lofty, spotless, and 
 serene, to be chattered at, and pointed at, and 
 gri nned at, by the whole rout of Satyrs and 
 
 . Goblins. If ever despondency and asperity could 
 
 10 be excused in any man, they might have been 
 excused in Milton. But the strength of his mind 
 overcame every calamity. Xeither- blindness, nor 
 gout, nor age, nor penury, nor domestic afflic- 
 tions, nor political disappointments, nor abuse, 
 
 15 nor proscription, nor neglect, had power to disturb 
 his sedate and majestic ])atience. His spirits do 
 not seem to have been high, but they were singu- 
 larly equable. His temper was serious, perhaps 
 stern; but it was a temper which no sufferings 
 
 20 could render sullen or fretful. Such as it was 
 when, on the eve of great events, he returned from 
 his travels in the prime of health and manly 
 beauty, loaded with literary distinctions, and glow- 
 ing with patriotic hopes, such it continued to be 
 
 as when, after having experienced every calamity 
 which is incident to our nature, old, poor, sight- 
 less, and disgraced, he retired to his hovel to die. 
 Hence it was that, though he wrote the Para- 
 dise Lost at a time of life when images of beauty 
 
 80 and tenderness are in general beginning to fade, 
 
62 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 even from those minds in which they have not 
 been effaced by anxiety and disappointment, he 
 adorned it with all that is most lovely and delight- 
 ful in the physical and in the moral world. 
 Neither Theocritus nor Ariosto had a finer or a 5 
 more healthful sense of the pleasantness of exter- 
 nal objects, or loved better to luxuriate amidst 
 sunbeams and flowers, the songs of nightingales, 
 the juice of summer fruits, and the coolness of 
 shady fountains. His conception of love unites all 10 
 the voluptuousness of the Oriental harem, and all 
 the gallantry of the chivalric tournament, with all 
 the pure and quiet affection of an English fireside. 
 His poetry reminds us of the miracles of Alpine 
 scenery. Nooks and dells, beautiful as fairyland, 15 
 are embosomed in its most rugged and gigantic 
 elevations. The roses and myrtles bloom un- 
 chilled on the verge of the avalanche. 
 
 Traces, indeed, of the peculiar character of 
 Milton may be found in all his works ; but it is 20 
 most strongly displayed in the Sonnets. Those 
 remarkable poems have been undervalued by critics 
 who have not understood their nature. They have 
 no epigrammatic point. There is none of the 
 ingenuity of Filicaja in the thought, none of the 25 
 hard and brilliant enamel of Petrarch in the style. 
 They are simple but majestic records of the feel- 
 ings of the poet; as little tricked out for the pub- 
 lic eye as his diary would have been. A victory, 
 an expected attack upon the city, a momentary tit 30 
 
MILTON 
 
 of depression or exultation, a jest thrown out 
 against one of his books, a dream which for a 
 short time restored to him that beautiful face over 
 which the grave had closed forever, led him to 
 
 5 musings which, without effort, shaped themselves 
 into verse. The unity of sentiment and severity ' 
 of style which characterize these little pieces 
 remind us of the Greek Anthology, or perhaps 
 still more of the Collects of the English Liturgy. 
 
 10 The noble poem on the Massacres of Piedmont is 
 strictly a collect in verse. 
 
 The Sonnets are more or less striking, according 
 as the occasions which gave birth to them are more 
 or less interesting. But they are, almost without 
 
 15 exception, dignified by a sobriety and greatness of 
 mind to which we know not where to look for a 
 parallel. It would, indeed, be scarcely safe to 
 draw any decided inferences as to the character of 
 a writer from passages directly egotistical. But 
 
 20 the qualities which we have ascribed to Milton, 
 though perhaps most strongly marked in those 
 parts of his works which treat of his personal feel- 
 ings, are distinguishable in every page, and impart 
 to all his writings, prose and poetry, English, 
 
 ac Latin, and Italian, a strong family likeness. 
 
 His public conduct was such as was to be ex- 
 pected from a man of a spirit so high and of an in- 
 tellect so powerful. He lived at one of the most 
 memorable eras in the history of mankind; at the 
 
 so very crisis of the great conflict between Oromasdes 
 
84 MAC AUL AY'S ESSAYS 
 
 and Arimanes, liberty and despotism, reason and 
 ])rejndice. That great battle was fought for no 
 single generation, for no single land. The destinies 
 of the human race were staked on the same cast 
 with the freedom of the English people. Then were, 5 
 first proclaimed those mighty principles which 
 have since worked their way into the depths of the 
 American forests, which have roused Greece from 
 the slavery and degradation of two thousand years, 
 and which, from one end of Europe to the other, 10 
 have kindled an unquenchable fire in the hearts of 
 the oppressed, and loosed the knees of the oppress- 
 ors with an unwonted fear. 
 
 I Of those principles, then struggling for their 
 infant existence, Milton was the most devoted and is 
 eloquent literary champion. We need not say how 
 much we admire his public conduct. But we can- 
 not disguise from ourselves that a large portion of 
 his countrymen still think it unjustifiable. The 
 civil war, indeed, has been more discussed, and is 9 
 less understood, than any event in English his- 
 tory. The friends of liberty labored under the 
 disadvantage of which the lion in the fable com- 
 plained so bitterly. Though they were the con- 
 querors, their enemies were the painters. As 
 body, the Roundheads had done their utmost to 
 decry and ruin literature; and literature wns even 
 with them, as, in the long run, it always is with 
 its enemies. The best book on their side of the 
 question is the charming narrative of Mrs. » 
 
MILTON 
 
 Hutchinson. May's History of the Parliament is 
 good; but it breaks off at the most interesting 
 crisis of the struggle. The performance of Lud- 
 low is foolish and violent ; and most of the later 
 « writers who have espoused the same cause, Old- 
 mixon, for instance, and Catherine Macanlay, 
 have, to say the least, been more distinguished by 
 zeal than either by candor or by skill. On the 
 other side are the most authoritative and the most 
 
 10 popular historical works in our language, that of 
 Clarendon, and that of Hume. The former is not 
 only ably written and full of valuable information, 
 but has also an air of dignity and sincerity which 
 makes even the prejudices and errors with which 
 
 15 it abounds respectable. Hume, from whose fasci- 
 nating narrative the great mass of the reading 
 public are still contented to take their opinions, 
 hated religion so much that he hated liberty for 
 having been allied with religion, and has plea* 
 
 a the cause of tyranny with the dexterity of an^Rjj 
 
 cate, while affecting the impartiality of a judg 
 
 ij. The public conduct of Milton must be approved 
 
 or condemned, according as the resistance of the 
 
 people to Charles the First shall appear to be justi- 
 
 -'" riable or criminal. We shall therefore make no 
 apology for dedicating a fe w page s to the discus- 
 sion of that interesting and most important 
 question. We shall not argue it on general 
 grounds. We shall not recur to those primary prin- 
 
 30 ciples from which the claim of any government to 
 
$6 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 the obedience of its subjects is to be deduced. We 
 are entitled to that vantage-ground; but we will 
 relinquish it. We are, on this point, so confident 
 of superiority, that we are not unwilling to imitate 
 the ostentatious generosity of those ancient 5 
 knights, who vowed to joust without helmet or 
 shield against all enemies, and to give their antago- 
 nists the advantage of sun and wind. We will 
 take the naked constitutional question. We con- 
 fidently affirm, that every reason which can be 10. 
 urged in favor of the Revolution of 1688 may be 
 urged with at least equal force in favor of what is 
 called the Great Rebellion. 
 3 In one respect only, w r e think, can the warmest 
 admirers of Charles venture to say that he was a is 
 better sovereign than his son. He was not, in 
 name and profession, a Papist; we say in name 
 and profession, because both Charles himself and 
 his creature Laud, while they abjured the innocent 
 badges of Popery, retained all its worst vices, a 20 
 complete subjection of reason to authority, a weak 
 preference of form to substance, a childish passion 
 for mummeries, an idolatrous veneration for the 
 priestly character, and, above all, a merciless 
 intolerance. This, however, we waive. We will as 
 concede that Charles was a good Protestant; but 
 we say that his Protestantism does not make the 
 slightest distinction between his case and that of 
 James. 
 H The principles of the Revolution have often been ao 
 
MILTON 8? 
 
 a —iv misrepresented, and never more than in 
 
 the course of the present year. There is a certain 
 
 class of men who, while they profess to hold in 
 
 reverence the great names and great actions of 
 
 5 former times, never look at them for any other 
 
 purpose than in order to find in them some excuse 
 
 for existing abuses. In every venerable precedent 
 
 they pass by what is essential, and take only what 
 
 is accidental: they keep out of sight what is 
 
 10 beneficial, and hold up to public imitation all that 
 
 is defective. If, in any part of any great example, 
 
 there be anything unsound, these flesh-flies detect 
 
 it with an unerring instinct, and dart upon it with 
 
 a ravenous delight. If some good end has been 
 
 15 attained in spite of them, they feel, with their 
 
 prototype, that 
 
 "' Their labor must be to pervert that end, 
 And out of good still to find means of evil " 
 
 U To the blessings which England has derived 
 20 from the Eevolution these people are utterly 
 insensible. The expulsion of a tyrant, the solemn 
 recognition of popular rights, liberty, security, 
 toleration, all go for nothing with them. One 
 sect there w r as, which, from unfortunate temporary 
 86 causes, it was thought necessary to keep under 
 r-lose restraint. One part of the empire there was 
 so unhappily circumstanced, that at that time its 
 misery was necessary to our happiness, and its 
 slavery to our freedom. These are the parts of the 
 
88 MACAU LAVS ESSAYS 
 
 Revolution which the politicians of whom we 
 speak love to contemplate, and which seem to 
 them not indeed to vindicate, but in some degree 
 to palliate, the good which it has produced. Talk 
 to them of Naples, of Spain, or of South America. 5 
 They stand forth zealots for the doctrine of Divine 
 Right, which has now come back tc us, like a 
 thief from transportation, under the alias of 
 Legitimacy. But mention the miseries of Ireland. 
 Then William is a hero. Then Somers and 10 
 Shrewsbury are great men. Then the Revolu- 
 tion is a glorious era. The very same persons 
 who, in this country, never omit an opportunity of 
 reviving every wretched Jacobite slander respect- 
 ing the Whigs of that period, have no sooner 15 
 crossed St. George's Channel, than they begin to 
 fill their bumpers to the glorious and immortal 
 memory. They may truly boast that they look not 
 at men, but at measures. So that evil be done, 
 they care not who does it ; the arbitrary Charles or 20 
 the liberal William, Ferdinand the Catholic or 
 Frederic the Protestant. On such occasions their 
 deadliest opponents may reckon upon their candid 
 construction. The bold assertions of these people 
 have of late impressed a large portion of the public 25 
 with an opinion that James the Second was expelled 
 simply because he was a Catholic, and that the 
 Revolution was essentially a Protestant Revolution. 
 (, Hut this certainly was not the case; nor can any 
 person who has acquired more knowledge of the 30 
 
MILTON 
 
 history of those time? than is to be found in Gold- 
 smith's Abridgment, believe that, if James had 
 held his own religions opinions without wishing to 
 make proselytes, or if, wishing even to make 
 
 5 proselytes, he had contented himself with 
 exerting only his constitutional influence for that 
 purpose, the Prince of Orange would ever have 
 been invited over. Our ancestors, we suppose, 
 knew their own meaning; and, if we may believe 
 
 10 them, their hostility was primarily not to popery, 
 but to tyranny. They did not drive out a tyrant 
 because he was a Catholic; but they excluded 
 Catholics from the crown, because they thought 
 them likely to be tyrants. The ground on which 
 
 15 they, in their famous resolution, declared the 
 throne vacant, was this, "that James had broken 
 the fundamental laws of the kingdom." Every 
 man, therefore, who approves of the Revolution of 
 1688 must hold that the breach of fundamental 
 
 20 laws on the part of the sovereign justifies resist- 
 ance. The question, then, is this: Had Charles 
 the First broken the fundamental laws of Eng- 
 land? 
 *] Xo person can answer in the negative unless he 
 
 25 refuses credit, not merely to all the accusations 
 brought against Charles by his opponents, but to 
 the narratives of the warmest Royalists, and to the 
 confessions of the King himself. If there be any 
 truth in any historian of any party who has related 
 
 30 the events of that reign, the conduct of Charles,. 
 
90 MACAULAYS ESSAYS 
 
 from his accession to the meeting of the Long 
 Parliament, had been a continued course of oppres- 
 sion and treachery. Let those who applaud the 
 Revolution and condemn the Rebellion mention 
 one act of James the Second to which a parallel is 5 
 not to be found in the history of his father. Let 
 them lay their ringers on a single article in the 
 
 • Declaration of Right, presented by the two Houses 
 to William and Mary, which Charles is not 
 acknowledged to have violated.. He had, accord- 10 
 ing to the testimony of his own friends, usurped 
 the functions of the legislature, raised taxes with- 
 out the consent of parliament, and quartered 
 troops on the people in the most illegal and vex- 
 atious manner. Not a single session of parliament 15 
 had passed without some unconstitutional attack 
 on the freedom of debate. The right of petition 
 was grossly violated ; arbitrary judgments, exorbi- 
 tant fines, and unwarranted imprisonments, were 
 grievances of daily occurrence. If these things do 30 
 not justify resistance, the Revolution was treason ; 
 if they do, the Great Rebellion was laudable. 
 
 \ But, it is said, why not adopt milder measures? 
 Why, after the King had consented to so many 
 reforms and renounced so many oppressive preroga- 25 
 tives, did the parliament continue to rise in their 
 demands at the risk of provoking a civil war? The 
 ship-money had been given up. The Star Cham- 
 ber had been abolished. Provision had hern 
 made for the frequent convocation and secure so 
 
MILTON" 91 
 
 deliberation of parliaments. Why not pursue an 
 end confessedly good by peaceable and regular 
 
 means'/ We recur again to the analogy of the 
 Revolution. Why was James driven from the 
 throne? Why was he not retained upon condi- 
 tions? He too had offered to call a free parlia- 
 ment, and to submit to its decision all the matters 
 in dispute. Yet we are in the habit of praising our 
 forefathers, who preferred a revolution, a disputed 
 
 10 succession, a dynasty of strangers, twenty years of 
 foreign and intestine war, a standing army, and a 
 national debt, to the rule, however restricted, of a 
 tried and proved tyrant. The Long Parliament 
 acted on the same principle, and is entitled to the 
 
 is same praise. They could not trust the King. He 
 had, no doubt, passed salutary laws; but what 
 assurance was there that he wo aid not break them? 
 He had renounced oppressive prerogatives ; but 
 where w r as the security that he would not resume 
 
 so them? The nation had to deal with a man whom 
 no tie could bind, a man who made and broke 
 promises with equal facility, a man whose honor 
 had been a hundred times pawned, and never 
 redeemed. 
 
 xrj Here, indeed, the Long Parliament stands on 
 still stronger ground than the Convention of 1688. 
 No action of James can be compared to the con- 
 duct of Charles with respect to the Petition of 
 Right. The Lords and Commons present him 
 
 30 with a bill in whjeh the constitutional limits of 
 
92 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 his power are marked out. He hesitates: he 
 evades ; at last he bargains to give his assent for 
 five subsidies. The bill receives his solemn assent : 
 the subsidies are voted; but no sooner is the 
 tyrant relieved than he returns at once to all the 5 
 arbitrary measures which he had bound himself to 
 abandon, and violates all the clauses of the very 
 Act which he had been paid to pass. 
 d ™ For more than ten years the people had seen the 
 rights which were theirs by a double claim, by 10 
 immemorial inheritance, and by recent purchase, 
 infringed by the perfidious King who had recog- 
 nized them. At length circumstances compelled 
 Charles to summon another parliament: another 
 chance was given to our fathers: were they to 15 
 throw it away as they had thrown away the for- 
 mer? Were they again to be cozened by le Roi le 
 veut? Were they again to advance their money on 
 pledges which had been forfeited over and over 
 again? Were they to lay a second Petition of 20 
 Eight at the foot of the throne, to grant another 
 lavish aid in exchange for another unmeaning- 
 ceremony, and then to take their departure, till, 
 after ten years more of fraud and oppression, 
 their prince should again require a supply, and ag 
 again repay it with a perjury? They were com- 
 pelled to choose whether they would trust a 
 tyrant or conquer him. We think that they 
 chose wisely and nobly. 
 v The advocates of Charles, like the advocates of so 
 
MILTON 93 
 
 other malefactors against whom overwhelming 
 evidence is produced, generally decline all contro- 
 versy about the facts, and content themselves with 
 calling testimony to character, lie had so many 
 
 5 private virtues ! And had James the Second no 
 private virtues? Mas Oliver Cromwell, his bitter- 
 est enemies themselves being judges, destitute of 
 private virtues? And what, after all, are the 
 virtues ascribed to Charles? A religious zeal, not 
 
 I more sincere than that of his son, and fully as 
 weak and narrow-minded, and a few of the ordi- 
 nary household decencies which half the tombstones 
 in England claim for those who lie beneath them. 
 A good father ! A good husband ! Ample apolo- 
 
 15 gies indeed for fifteen years of persecution, tyranny, 
 and falsehood ! 
 i UVe charge him with having broken his corona- 
 tion oath ; and we are told that he kept his mar- 
 riage vow ! AVe accuse him of having given up his 
 
 20 people to the merciless inflictions of the most hot- 
 headed and hard-hearted of prelates ; and the 
 defence is that he took his little son on his knee, 
 and kissed him! We censure him for having 
 violated the articles of the Petition of Right, after 
 
 as having, for good and valuable consideration, 
 promised to observe them ; and we are informed 
 that he was accustomed to hear prayers at six 
 o'clock in the morning! It is to such consider- 
 ations as these, together with his Vandyke dress, 
 his handsome face, and his peaked beard, that he 
 
94 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 owes, we verily believe, most of his popularity 
 with the present generation. 
 * For ourselves, we own that we do not under- 
 stand the common phrase, a good man, but a bad 
 king. We can as easily conceive a good man and 5 
 an unnatural father, or a good man and a treacher- 
 ous friend. We cannot, in estimating the charac- 
 ter of an individual, leave out of our consideration 
 his conduct in the most important of all human 
 relations ; and if in that relation we find him to 10 
 have been selfish, cruel, and deceitful, we shall 
 take the liberty to call him a bad man, in spite of 
 all his temperance at table, and all his regularity 
 ,at chapel. 
 
 We cannot refrain from adding a few words 15 
 respecting a topic on which the defenders of 
 Charles are fond of dwelling. If, they say, he 
 governed his people ill, he at least governed them 
 after the example of his predecessors. If he vio- 
 lated their privileges, it was because those privi- 20 
 leges had not been accurately defined. No act of 
 oppression has ever been imputed to him which 
 has not a parallel in the annals of the Tudors. 
 This point Hume has labored, with an art which is 
 as discreditable in a historical work as it would bt 
 admirable in a forensic address. The answer is 
 short, clear, and decisive. Charles had assented 
 to the Petition of Right. He had renounced 
 the oppressive powers said to have been exercised 
 by his predecessors, and he had renounced u 
 
 H al 
 
MILTON 
 
 them for money. He was not entitled to set up 
 his antiquated claims against his own recent 
 release. 
 
 ■> These arguments are so obvious that it may 
 5 seem superfluous to dwell upon them. But those 
 who have observed how much the events of that 
 time are misrepresented and misunderstood, will 
 not blame us for stating the case simply. It is a 
 case of which the simplest statement is the 
 
 10 strongest. 
 
 The enemies of the Parliament, indeed, rarely 
 choose to take issue on the great points of the 
 question. They content themselves with exposing 
 some of the crimes and follies to which public 
 
 is commotions necessarily give birth. They bewail 
 the unmerited fate of Strafford. They execrate 
 the lawless violeuce of the army. They laugh at 
 the Scriptural names of the preachers. Major- 
 generals fleecing their districts; soldiers revelling 
 
 20 on the spoils of a ruined peasantry; upstarts, 
 enriched by the public plunder, taking possession 
 of the hospitable firesides and hereditary trees of 
 the old gentry; boys smashing the beautiful win- 
 dows of cathedrals ; Quakers riding naked through 
 
 25 the market-place; Fifth-monarchy men shoutiiiL' 
 
 for King Jesus; agitators lecturing from the tops 
 
 of tubs on the fate of Agag; — all these, they tell 
 
 us, were the offspring of the Great Rebellion. 
 
 /Be it so. AVe are not careful to answer in this 
 
 30 matter. These charges, were they infinitely more 
 
96 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 important, would not alter our opinion of an event 
 which alone has made us to differ from the slaves 
 who crouch beneath despotic sceptres. Many 
 evils, no doubt, were produced by the civil war. 
 They were the price of our liberty. Has the acqni- 5 
 sition been worth the sacrifice? It is the nature of 
 the Devil of tyranny to tear and rend the body 
 which he leaves. Are the miseries of continued 
 possession less horrible than the struggles of the 
 tremendous exorcism? lfl 
 
 ^ If it were possible that a people brought up 
 under an intolerant and arbitrary system could 
 subvert that system without acts of cruelty and 
 folly, half the objections to despotic power would 
 be removed. We should, in that case, be compelled is 
 to acknowledge that it at least produces no perni- 
 cious effects on the intellectual and moral charac- 
 ter of a nation. We deplore the outrages which 
 accompany revolutions. But the more violent the 
 outrages, the more assured we feel that a revolution ~'<» 
 was necessary. The violence of those outrages 
 will always be proportioned to the ferocity and 
 ignorance of the people; and the ferocity and 
 ignorance of the people will be proportioned to the 
 oppression and degradation under which they have as 
 been accustomed to live. Thus it was in our civil 
 war. The heads of the church and state reaped 
 only that which they had sown. The government 
 had prohibited free discussion; it had done its 
 best to keep the people unacquainted with their so 
 
MILTON 9? 
 
 duties and their rights. The retribution was just 
 and natural. If our rulers suffered from popular 
 ignorance, it was because they had themselves 
 taken away the key of knowledge. If they were 
 5 assailed with blind fury, it was because they had 
 exacted an equally blind submission. 
 
 / f It is the character of such revolutions that we 
 always see the worst of them at first. Till men 
 have been some time free, they know not how to 
 
 10 use their freedom. 'The natives of wine countries 
 are generally sober. In climates where wine is a 
 rarity intemperance abounds. A newly liberated 
 people may be compared to a northern army 
 encamped on the Rhine or the Xeres. It is said 
 
 15 that, when soldiers in such a situation first find 
 themselves able to indulge without restraint in 
 such a rare and expensive luxury, nothing is to be 
 seen but intoxication. Soon, however, plenty 
 teaches discretion; and, after wine has been for a 
 
 20 few months their daily fare, they become more 
 temperate than they had ever been in their own 
 country. In the same manner, the final and per- 
 manent fruits of libertv are wisdom, moderation, 
 and mercy. Its immediate effects are often atro- 
 
 25 eious crimes, conflicting errors, scepticism on points 
 the most clear, dogmatism on points the most 
 mysterious. It is just at this crisis that its ene- 
 mies love to exhibit it. They pull down the 
 affolding from the half-finished edifice; they 
 
 so point to the flying dust, the falling bricks, the 
 
98 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 comfortless rooms, the frightful irregularity of the 
 whole appearance; and then ask in scorn where 
 the promised splendor and comfort is to be found. 
 If such miserable sophisms were to prevail there 
 would never be a good house or a good government 5 
 in the world. 
 Ariosto tells a pretty story of a fairy, who, by 
 some mysterious law of her nature, was condemned 
 to appear at certain seasons in the form of a foul 
 and poisonous snake. Those who injured her 10 
 during the period of her disguise were forever 
 excluded from participation in the blessings which 
 she bestowed. But to those who, in spite of her 
 loathsome aspect, pitied and protected her, she 
 afterwards revealed herself in the beautiful and is 
 celestial form which was natural to her, accom- 
 panied their steps, granted all their wishes, filled 
 their houses with wealth, made them happy in 
 love and victorious in war. Such a spirit is 
 Liberty. At times she takes the form of a hateful 20 
 reptile. She grovels, she hisses, she stings. But 
 woe to those who in disgust shall venture to crush 
 her ! And happy are those who, having dared to 
 receive her in her degraded and frightful shape, 
 shall at length be rewarded by her in the time of 25 
 her beauty and her glory! 
 
 ' There is only one cure for the evils which newly 
 acquired freedom produces; and that cure is free- 
 dom. When a prisoner first leaves his cell he 
 cannot bear the lii>ht of days he is unable to so 
 
MILTON 99 
 
 discriminate colors, or recognize faces. But the 
 remedy is, not to remand him into his dungeon y 
 but to accustom him to the rays of the sun. The 
 blaze of truth and liberty may at first dazzle and 
 5 bewilder nations which have become half blind in 
 the house of bondage. But let them gaze on, and 
 they will soon be able to bear i^ In a few years 
 men learn to reason. The extreme violence of 
 opinions subsides. Hostile theories correct each 
 
 10 other. The scattered elements of truth cease to 
 contend, and begin to coalesce. And at length a 
 system of justice and order is educed out of the 
 chaos. 
 t-Many politicians of our time are in the habit of 
 
 15 laying it down as a self-evident proposition, that 
 no people ought to be free till they are fit to use 
 their freedom. The maxim is worthy of the fool 
 in the old story, who resolved not to go into the 
 water till he had learned to swim. If men are to 
 
 20 wait for liberty till they become wise and good in 
 
 slavery, they may indeed wait forever. 
 
 ^ Therefore it is that we decidedly approve of the- 
 
 conduct of Milton and the other wise and good 
 
 men who, in spite of much that was ridiculous and 
 
 25 hateful in the conduct of their associates, stood 
 firmly by the cause of Public Liberty. We are 
 not aware that the poet has been charged with 
 personal participation in any of the blamable 
 ■■xcesses of that time. The favorite topic of his 
 
 » enemies is the line of conduct which lie pursued 
 
100 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 with regard to the execution of the King. Of 
 that celebrated proceeding we by no means 
 approve. Still we must say, in justice to the 
 many eminent persons who concurred in it, and in 
 justice more particularly to the eminent person 5 
 who defended it, that nothing can be more absurd 
 than the imputatrbns which, for the last hundred 
 and sixty years, it has been tjie fashion to cast 
 upon the Regicides. We 'have, throughout, 
 abstained from appealing to firsfr principles. We 10 
 will not appeal to them now. We recur again to 
 the parallel case of the Revolution^ What essen- 
 tial distinction can be drawn between the execu- 
 tion of the father and the deposition of the son? 
 What constitutional maxim is there which applies 15 
 to the former and not to the latter? The King 
 can do no wrong. If so, James was as innocent as 
 Charles could have been. The minister only 
 ought to be responsible for the acts of the Sover- 
 eign. If so, why not impeach Jeffreys and retain 20 
 James? The person of a King is sacred. Was 
 the person of James considered sacred at the 
 Boyne? To discharge cannon against an army in 
 which a king is known to be posted is to approach 
 pretty near to regicide. Charles, too, it should 35 
 always be remembered, was put to death by men 
 who had been exasperated by the hostilities of 
 several years, and who had never been bound to 
 him by any other tie than that which was common 
 to them with all their fellow-citizens. Those wh< 
 
MILTON 101 
 
 drove James from his throne, who seduced his, 
 army, who alienated his friend^ «vho first wa- 
 prisoned him in his palace,; and .then (gorxted him 
 
 out of It, who broke in upon his very slumbers Oy 
 
 5 imperious messages, who pursued him with fire 
 and sword from one part of the empire to another, 
 who hanged, drew, and quartered his adherents/ 
 and attainted his innocent heir, were his nephew 
 and his two daughters. AVhen we reflect on all 
 
 10 these things, we are at a loss to conceive how the 
 same persons who, on the fifth of Xovember, thank 
 God for wonderfully conducting his servant 
 William, and for making all opposition fall before 
 him until he became our King and Governor, can, 
 
 io on the thirtieth of January, contrive to be afraid 
 that the blood of the Royal Martyr may be visited 
 on themselves and their children. 
 7 "We disapprove, we repeat, of the execution of 
 Charles; not because the constitution exempts 
 
 20 the King from responsibility, for we know that all 
 such maxims, however excellent, have their excep- 
 tions ; nor because we feel any peculiar interest in 
 his character, for we think that his sentence 
 describes him with perfect justice as "a tyrant, a 
 
 25 traitor, a murderer, and a public enemy;'- but 
 because we are convinced that the measure wag 
 most injurious to the cause of freedom. He 
 whom it removed was a captive and a hostage: his 
 heir, to whom the allegiance of every Royalist was 
 
 30 instantly transferred, was at large. The Presby- 
 
102 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 terians could never have been perfectly reconciled 
 to the father , they had no such rooted enmity to 
 the son. The groat body of the people, also, con- 
 templated that j:>roceedmg with feelings which, 
 however unreasonable, no government could safely 5 
 venture to outrage. 
 
 * But though we think the conduct of the Regi- 
 cides blamable, that of Milton appears to us in a 
 very different light. The deed was done. It 
 could not be undone. The evil was incurred ; and 10 
 the object was to render it as small as possible. 
 We censure the chiefs of the army for not yielding 
 to the popular opinion; but we cannot censure 
 Milton for wishing to change that opinion. The 
 very feeling which would have restrained us from 15 
 •committing the act, would have led us, after it had 
 been committed, to defend it against the ravings 
 •of servility and sujoerstition. For the sake of public 
 liberty we wish that the thing had not been clone 
 while the people disapproved of it. But, for the 20 
 sake of public liberty, we should also have wis lied 
 the people to approve of it when it was done. If 
 anything more were wanting to the justification of 
 Milton, the book of Salmasius would furnish it. 
 That miserable performance is now with justice 25 
 considered only as a beacon to word-catchers who 
 wish to become statesmen. The celebrity of the 
 man who refuted it, the "iEneae magni dextra," 
 gives it all its fame with the present generation. 
 In that age the state of things was different. It 3c 
 
MILTOX 103 
 
 was not then fully understood how vast an interval 
 separates the mere classical scholar from the polit- 
 ical philosopher. Nor can it be doubted that a 
 treatise which, bearing the name of so eminent a 
 5 critic, attacked the fundamental principles of all 
 free governments, must, if suffered to remain 
 unanswered, have produced a most pernicious 
 effect on the public mind. 
 L We wish to add a few words relative to another 
 
 10 subject, on which the enemies of Milton delight to 
 dwell, — his conduct during the administration of 
 the Protector. That an enthusiastic votary of 
 liberty should accept office under a military usurper 
 seems, no doubt, at first sight, extraordinary. 
 
 15 But all the circumstances in which the country 
 was then placed were extraordinary. The ambi- 
 tion of Oliver was of no vulgar kind. He never 
 seems to have coveted despotic power. He at first 
 fought sincerely and manfully for the Parliament, 
 
 20 and never deserted it till it had deserted its duty. 
 If he dissolved it by force, it was not till he found 
 that the few members who remained after so many 
 deaths, secessions, and expulsions, were desirous to 
 appropriate to themselves a power which they held 
 
 as only in trust, and to inflict upon England the 
 curse of a Venetian oligarchy. But even when 
 thus placed by violence at the head of affairs, he 
 did not assume unlimited power. He gave the 
 country a constitution far more perfect than any 
 
 so which had at that time been known in the world. 
 
104 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 He reformed the representative system in a manner 
 which has extorted praise even from Lord Claren- 
 don. For himself he demanded indeed the first 
 place in the commonwealth; but with powers 
 scarcely so great as those of a Dutch stadtholder 5 
 or an American president. He gave the Parlia- 
 ment a voice in the appointment of ministers, and 
 left to it the whole legislative authority, not even 
 reserving to himself a veto on its enactments ; and 
 he did not require that the chief magistracy should 10 
 be hereditary in his family. Thus far, we think, 
 if the circumstances of the time and the opportu- 
 nities which he had of aggrandizing himself be 
 fairly considered, he will not lose by comparison 
 with Washington or Bolivar. Had his moderation 15 
 been met by corresponding moderation, there is no 
 reason to think that he would have overstepped the 
 line which he had traced for himself. But when 
 he found that his parliaments questioned the 
 authority under which they met, and that he was 20 
 in danger of being deprived of the restricted power 
 which was absolutely necessary to his personal 
 safety, then, it must be acknowledged, he adopted 
 a more arbitrary policy. 
 
 *\ Yet, though we believe that the intentions of 25 
 Cromwell were at first honest, though we believe 
 that be was driven from the noble course which 
 lie had marked out for himself by the almost irre- 
 sistible force of circumstances, though we admire, 
 in common with all men of all parties, the ability 30 
 
MILTON 105 
 
 and energy of his splendid administration, we are 
 not pleading for arbitrary and lawless power, even 
 in his hands. "We know that a good constitution 
 is infinitely better than the best despot. But we 
 
 5 suspect, that at the time of which we speak, the 
 violence of religious and political enmities rendered 
 a stable and happy settlement next to impossible. 
 The choice lay, not between Cromwell and liberty, 
 but between Cromwell and the Stuarts. That 
 
 10 Milton chose well, no man can doubt who fairly 
 compares the events of the protectorate with those 
 of the thirty years which succeeded it, the darkest 
 and most disgraceful in the English annals. 
 Cromwell was evidently laying, though in an 
 
 15 irregular manner, the foundations of an admirable 
 system. Xever before had religious liberty and 
 the freedom of discussion been enjoyed in a greater 
 degree. Xever had the national honor been better 
 upheld abroad, or the seat of justice better filled at 
 
 20 home. And it was rarely that any opposition 
 which stopped short of open rebellion provoked the 
 resentment of the liberal and magnanimous 
 usurper. The institutions which he had estab- 
 lished, as set down in the Instrument of Govern- 
 
 25 ment and the Humble Petition and Advice, were 
 excellent. His practice, it is true, too often 
 departed from the theory of these institutions. 
 But had he lived a few years longer, it is probable 
 that his institutions would have survived him, and 
 
 30 that his arbitrary practice would have died with 
 
106 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 him. His power had not been consecrated by 
 ancient prejudices. It was upheld only by his 
 great personal qualities. Little, therefore, was to 
 be dreaded from a second protector, unless he were 
 also a second Oliver Cromwell. The events which 5 
 followed his decease are the most complete vindi- 
 cation of those who exerted themselves to uphold 
 his authority. His death dissolved the whole 
 frame of society. The army rose against the 
 Parliament, the different corps of the army against 10 
 each other. Sect raved against sect. Party 
 plotted against party. The Presbyterians, in their 
 eagerness to be revenged on the Independents, 
 sacrificed their own liberty, and deserted all their 
 old principles. Without casting one glance on the 15 
 past, or requiring one stipulation for the future, 
 they threw down their freedom at the feet of the 
 most frivolous and heartless of tyrants. 
 jf Then came those days, never to be recalled 
 without a blush, the days of servitude without 20 
 loyalty, and sensuality without love; of dwarfish 
 talents and gigantic vices; the paradise of cold 
 hearts and narrow minds; the golden age of the 
 coward, the bigot, and the slave. The King 
 cringed to his rival that he might trample on his 23 
 people, sank into a viceroy of France, and pocketed 
 with complacent infamy her degrading insults and 
 her more degrading gold. The caresses of harlots, 
 and the jests of buffoons, regulated the policy of 
 the state. The government had just ability & 
 
MILTON 10? 
 
 enough to deceive, and just religion enough to 
 persecute. The principles of liberty were the scoff 
 of every grinning courtier, and the Anathema 
 Maranatha of every fawning dean. In every high 
 
 5 place, worship was paid to Charles and James, 
 Belial and Moloch; and England propitiated those 
 obscene and cruel idols with the blood of her best 
 and bravest children. Crime succeeded to crime, 
 and disgrace to disgrace, till the race, accursed of 
 
 10 God and man, was a second time driven forth, to 
 wander on the face of the earth, and to be a by- 
 word and a shaking of the head to the nations. 
 Q Most of the remarks which we have hitherto 
 made on the public character of Milton, apply to 
 
 15 him only as one of a large body. We shall proceed 
 to notice some of the peculiarities which distin- 
 guished him from his contemporaries. And for 
 that purpose it is necessary to take a short survey 
 of the parties into which the political world was at 
 
 20 that time divided. We must premise that our 
 observations are intended to apply only to those 
 who adhered, from a sincere preference, to one or 
 to the other side. In days of public commotion 
 every faction, like an Oriental army, is attended 
 
 25 by a crowd of camp-followers, a useless and heart- 
 less rabble, who prowl round its line of march in 
 the hope of picking up something under its pro- 
 tection, but desert it in the day of battle, and 
 often join to exterminate it after a defeat. Eng- 
 
 30 land, at the time of which we are treating, 
 
108 MACAULAYS ESSAYS 
 
 abounded with fickle and selfish politicians, who 
 transferred their support to every government as 
 it rose; who kissed the hand of the King in 1640, 
 and spat in his face in 1649; who shouted with 
 equal glee when Cromwell was inaugurated in 5 
 Westminster Hall, and when he was dug up to be 
 hanged at Tyburn; who dined on calves' heads, or 
 stuck up oak-branches, as circumstances altered, 
 without the slightest shame or repugnance. These 
 we leave out of the account. We take our esti- io 
 mate of parties from those who really deserve to be 
 called partisans. 
 
 fi We would speak first of the Puritans, the most 
 remarkable body of men, perhaps, which the 
 world has ever produced. The odious and ridicu- 15 
 lous parts of their character lie on the surface. 
 He that runs may read them ; nor have there been 
 wanting attentive and malicious observers to point 
 them out. For many years after the Restoration, 
 they were the theme of unmeasured invective and 20 
 derision. They were exposed to the utmost licen- 
 tiousness of the press and of the stage, at the time 
 when the press and the stage were most licentious. 
 They were not men of letters; they were, as a 
 body, unpopular; they could not defend them- 25 
 selves; and the public would not take them 
 under its protection. They were therefore aban- 
 doned, without reserve, to the tender mercies of 
 the satirists and dramatists. The ostentatious 
 simplicity of their dress, their sour aspect, their :*o 
 
rm- r ■* *-»■**■.. 
 
 MILTON 109 
 
 nasal twang, their stiff posture, their long graces, 
 their Bebrew names, the Scriptural phrases which 
 they introduced on every occasion, their contempt 
 of human learning, their detestation of polite 
 
 5 amusements, were indeed fair game for the 
 laughers. Hut it is not from the laughers alone 
 that the philosophy of history is to be learned. 
 And he who approaches this subject should care- 
 fully guard against the influence of that potent 
 
 10 ridicule which has already misled so many excel- 
 lent writers. 
 
 li Ecco il fonte del riso, ed ecco il rio 
 Che mortali perigli in se contiene: 
 Hor qui tener a fren nostro desio, 
 15 Ed esser cauti molto a noi conviene." 
 
 P I Those who roused the people to resistance; wlio 
 directed their measures through a long series of 
 eventful years ; who formed, out of the most un- 
 promising materials, the finest army that Europe 
 
 20 had ever seen; who trampled down King, Church, 
 and Aristocracy; who, in the short intervals of 
 domestic sedition and rebellion, made the name of 
 England terrible to every nation on the face of the 
 earth, were no vulgar fanatics. Most of their 
 
 25 absurdities were mere external badges, like the 
 - _ ns of freemasonry, or the dresses of friars. We 
 regret that these badges were not more attract-. 
 ive. We regret that a body to whose courage and 
 talents mankind has owed inestimable obligations 
 
 30 had not the lofty elegance which distinguished seme 
 
Y. 
 
 V. 
 
 110 :,IACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 of the adherents of Charles the First, or the easy 
 good-breeding for which the Court of Charles the 
 Second was celebrated. But, if we must make our 
 choice, we shall, like Bassanio in the play, turn 
 from the specious caskets which contain only the 5 
 Death's head and the Fool's head, and fix on the 
 plain leaden chest which conceals the treasure. 
 Q V, iJThe Puritans were men whose minds had 
 U ^derived a peculiar character from the daily con- 
 templation of superior beings and eternal interests. 10 
 j.Jfot content with acknowledging, in general terms, 
 ^ an overruling Providence, they habitually ascribed 
 every event to the will of the Great Being, for 
 whose power nothing was too vast, for whose 
 inspection nothing was too minute.** To know 15 
 him, to serve him, to enjoy him, was with them 
 the great end of existence. 1 ! They rejected with 
 contempt the ceremonious homage which other 
 sects substituted for the pure worship of the soul. 
 '.Instead of catching occasional glimpses of the 20 
 Deity through an obscuring veil, they asjrired to 
 gaze full on his intolerable brightness, and to com- 
 mune with him face to face. C. .Hence originated 
 their contempt for terrestrial distinctions .T- The 
 difference between the greatest and the meanest of 25 
 mankind seemed to vanish, when compared with 
 the boundless interval which separated the whole 
 race from him on whom their own eyes were con- 
 stantly fixed. % They recognized no title t<> supe- 
 riority but his favor; and, confident of that favor, w 
 
MILTON 111 
 
 they despised all the accomplishments and all the 
 dignities of the world./. If they were unacquainted 
 with the works of philosophers and poets, they 
 were deeply read in the oracles of God. #.If their 
 
 5 names were not found in the registers of heralds, 
 they were recorded in the Book of Life. If their 
 steps were not accompanied by a splendid train of 
 menials, legions of ministering angels had charge 
 over them. * Their palaces were houses not made 
 
 10 with hands ; their o^adems crowns of glory which, 
 should never fade away. On the rich and the 
 eloquent, on nobles and priests, they looked down 
 with contempt ; for they esteemed themselves rich 
 in a more precious treasure, and eloquent in a 
 
 15 more sublime language, nobles by the right of an 
 earlier creation, and priests by the imposition of a 
 mightier hand. ^The very meanest of them was a 
 being to whose fate a mysterious and terrible 
 importance belonged, on whose slightest action 
 
 20 the spirits of light and darkness looked with 
 anxious interest, who had been destined, before 
 heaven and earth Were created, to enjoy a felicity 
 which should continue when heaven and earth 
 should have passed away. "Events which short- 
 
 25 sighted politicians ascribed to t earthly causes, had 
 been ordained on his account.' fc For his sake em- 
 pires had risen, and flourished and decayed. For 
 his sake the Almighty had proclaimed his will by 
 the pen of the Evangelist arid the harp of the 
 
 30 prophet. -He had been wrested by no common 
 
112 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 It 
 
 deliverer from the grasp of no common foe. He 
 
 had been ransomed by the sweat of no vulgar 
 agony, by the blood of no earthly sacrifice, it was 
 for him that the sun had been darkened, that the 
 rocks had been rent, that the dead had risen, that 5 
 all nature had shuddered at the sufferings of her 
 expiring God. 
 3 Thus the Puritan was made up of two different 
 men, the one all self-abasement, penitence, grati- 
 tude, passion; the other proud, calm, inflexible, 10 
 sagacious. He prostrated himself in the dust 
 before his Maker ; but he set his foot on the neck 
 of his king. In his devotional retirement, he 
 prayed with convulsions, and groans, and tears. 
 He was half maddened by glorious or terrible 15 
 illusions. He heard the lyres of angels or the 
 tempting whisj^ers of fiends. He caught a gleam 
 of the Beatific Vision,' or woke screaming from 
 dreams of everlasting fire. Like Vane, he thought 
 himself intrusted with the sceptre of the millennial 20 
 year. Like Fleetwood, he cried in the bitterness 
 of his soul. that God had hid his face from him. 
 But when he took his seat in the council, or girt 
 on his sword for war, these tempestuous workings 
 of the soul had left no perceptible trace behind 25 
 them. People who saw nothing of the godly 
 but their uncouth visages, and heard nothing from 
 them but their groans and their whining hymns, 
 might laugh at them. But those had little reason to 
 laugh who encountered them in the hall of debate 30 
 
MILTON 113 
 
 or in the field of battle. These fanatics brought 
 to civil and military affairs a coolness of judgment 
 and an immutability of purpose which some writers 
 have thought inconsistent with their religious 
 
 s zeal, but which were in fact the necessary eiV> 
 of it. The intensity of their feelings en one sub- 
 ject made them tranquil on every other. One 
 overpowering sentiment had subjected to itself pity 
 and hatred, ambition and fear. Death had lost its 
 
 10 terrors and pleasure its charms. They had their 
 smiles and their tears, their raptures and their sor- 
 rows, but not for the things of this world. Enthu- 
 siasm had made them Stoics, had cleared their 
 minds from every vulgar passion and prejudice, 
 
 15 and raised them above the influence of danger and 
 of corruption. It sometimes might lead them to 
 pursue unwise ends, but never to choose unwise 
 means. They went through the world, like Sir 
 Artegal's iron man Talus with his flail, crushing 
 
 20 and trampling down oppressors, mingling with 
 human beings, but having neither part nor lot in 
 human infirmities; insensible to fatigue, to pleas- 
 ure, and to pain; not to be pierced by any weapon, 
 to be withstood by any barrier. 
 
 Co V Such we believe to have been the character of 
 the Puritans. We perceive the absurdity oi their 
 manners. Wc dislike the sullen gloom of their 
 domestic habits. We acknowledge that the tone oi 
 their minds was often injured by straining after 
 
 so things too high for mortal reach; and we knew 
 
1U MAUAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 that, in spite of their hatred of Popery, they too 
 often fell into the worst vices of that bad system, 
 intolerance and extravagant austerity; that they 
 had their anchorites and their crusades, their 
 Dunstans and their De Montforts, their Dominies 5 
 and their Escobars. Yet, when all circumstances 
 are taken into consideration, we do not hesitate to 
 pronounce them a brave, a wise, an honest, and a 
 useful body. 
 
 »5 The Puritans espoused the cause of civil liberty 10 
 mainly because it was the cause of religion. There 
 was another party, by no means numerous, but 
 distinguished by learning and ability, which acted 
 with them on very different principles. AVe speak 
 of those whom Cromwell was accustomed to call is 
 the Heathens, men who were, in the phraseology 
 of that time, doubting Thomases or careless 
 Gallios with regard to religious subjects, but 
 passionate worshippers of freedom. Heated by 
 the study of ancient literature, they set up their 20 
 country as their idol, and proposed to themselves 
 the heroes of Plutarch as their examines. They 
 seem to have borne some resemblance to the Brisso- 
 tines of the French Revolution, But it is not 
 very- easy to draw the line of distinction between 25 
 them ai d their devout associates, whose tone ami 
 manne they sometimes found it convenient to 
 affect, and sometimes, it is probable, imperceptibly 
 adopted. 
 7 We now come to the Royalists. We shall 30 
 
MILTON 115 
 
 attempt to speak of them, as we have spoken of 
 their antagonists, with perfect candor. We shall 
 not charge upon a whole party the profligacy and 
 baseness of the horse-boys, gamblers, and bravoes, 
 
 5 whom the hope of license and plunder attracted 
 from all the dens of Whitefriars to the standard of 
 Charles, and who disgraced their associates by 
 excesses which, under the stricter discipline of the. 
 Parliamentary armies, were never tolerated. We 
 
 in will select a more favorable specimen. Thinking 
 as we do that the cause of the King was the cause 
 of bigotry and tyranny, we yet cannot refrain from 
 looking with complacency on the character of the 
 honest old Cavaliers. We feel a national pride in 
 
 15 comparing them with the instruments which the 
 despots of other countries are compelled to em- 
 ploy, with the mutes who throng their antecham- 
 bers, and the Janissaries who mount guard at their 
 gates. Our royalist countrymen were not heart- 
 
 20 less, dangling com*tiers, bowing at every step, and 
 simpering at every word. They were not mere 
 machines for destruction, dressed up in uniforms, 
 caned into skill, intoxicated into valor, defending 
 without love, destroying without hatred. There 
 
 25 was a freedom in their subserviency, a nobleness in 
 their very degradation. The sentiment of indi- 
 vidual independence was strong within them. 
 They were indeed misled, but by no base or selfish 
 motive. Compassion^ and romantic honor, the 
 
 so prejudices of childhood, and the venerable names 
 
116 MACAULAYS ESSAYS 
 
 of history, threw over them a spell potent as that 
 of Duessa; and, like the Red-Cross Knight, they 
 thought that they were doing battle for an injured 
 beauty, while they defended a false and loathsome 
 sorceress. In truth, they scarcely entered at all E 
 into the merits of the political question. It was 
 not for a treacherous king or an intolerant church 
 that they fought, but for the old banner which had 
 waved in so many battles over the heads of their 
 fathers, and for the altars at which they had 10 
 received the hands of their brides. Though noth 
 ing could be more erroneous than their political 
 opinions, they possessed, in a far greater degree 
 than their adversaries, those qualities which are 
 the grace of private life. With many of the vices is 
 of the Round Table, they had also many of its 
 virtues, — courtesy, generosity, veracity, tenderness, 
 and respect for women. They had far more both 
 of profound and of polite learning than the Puri- 
 tans. Their manners were more engaging, their ao 
 tempers more amiable, their tastes more elegant, 
 and their households more cheerful. 
 *1 \JVIilton did not strictly belong to any of the classes 
 which we have described, ijle was not a Puritan. 
 * Jle was not a free -thinker M lie was not a Royalist. •;- 
 Sln his character the noblest qualities of every 
 party were combined in harmonious union* & From 
 the Parliament and from the Court, from the con- 
 venticle and from the Gothic cloister, from tin- 
 gloomy and sepulchral circles of the Roundheads, 
 
MILTON 111 
 
 and from the Christmas revel of the hospitable 
 Cavalier, his nature selected and drew to itself 
 whatever was great and good, while it rejected all 
 the base and pernicious ingredients by which th< 
 
 5 liner elements were defiled. "J Like the Puritans, he 
 lived 
 
 "As ever in his great task-master's eve 
 Like them, he kept his mind continually fixed on 
 an Almighty Judge and an eternal reward. 1 / And 
 
 10 hence he acquired their contempt of external 
 circumstances, their fortitude, their tranquillity, 
 their inflexible resolution f* But not the coolest 
 sceptic or the most profane scoffer was more per- 
 fectly free from the contagion of their frantic 
 
 15 delusions, then' savage manners, their ludicrous 
 jargon, their scorn of science, and their aversion 
 to pleasure../ Hating tyranny with a perfect 
 hatred, he had nevertheless all the estimable and 
 ornamental qualities which were almost entirely 
 
 20 monopolized by the party of the tyrant./'- There 
 was none who had a stronger sense of the value of 
 literature, a finer relish for every elegant amuse- 
 ment, or a more chivalrous delicacy of honor and 
 love. *!,■ Though his opinions were democratic, his 
 
 25 tastes and his associations were such as harmonize 
 best with monarchy and aristocracy. f r He was 
 
 - under the influence of all the feelings by which the 
 gallant Cavaliers were misled/- But of those feel- 
 ings he was the master and not the slave.- * Like 
 
 30 the hero of Homer, he enjoyed all the pleasures of 
 
118 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 fascination; but he was not fascinated. ' He 
 listened to the song of the Sirens; yet he glided 
 by without being seduced to their fatal shore. 
 ) "He tasted the cup of Circe; but he bore about him 
 a sure antidote against the effects of its bewitching 5 
 sweetness, l^ The illusions which captivated his 
 imagination never impaired his reasoning powers. 
 jThe statesman was proof against the splendor, the 
 solemnity, and the romance which enchanted the 
 poet. ' -I Any 'person who will contrast the senti- 10 
 ments expressed in his treatises on Prelacy with 
 the exquisite lines on ecclesiastical architecture 
 and music in the Penseroso, which was published 
 about the same time, will understand our meaning. 
 This is an inconsistency w r hich, more than any- 15 
 thing else, raises his character in our estimation, 
 because it shows how many private tastes and feel- 
 ings he sacrificed, in order to do what he con- 
 sidered his duty to mankind.*^ It is the very 
 struggle of the noble Othello!'* His heart relents ; 20 
 but his hand is firm/ 5 He does naught in hate, 
 but all in honor. ^ He kisses the beautiful deceiver 
 before he destroys her. 
 
 That from which the public character of Milton 
 derives its great and peculiar splendor, still 25 
 remains to be mentioned. If he exerted himself to 
 overthrow a forsworn king and a persecuting hier- 
 archy, he exerted himself in conjunction with 
 others. But the glory of the battle which he 
 fought for the species of freedom which is the most so 
 
MILToN 119 
 
 valuable, and which was thou t lie least understood, 
 the freedom of the human mind, is all his own. 
 Thousands and tens of thousands among his con- 
 temporaries raised their voices against ship-money 
 
 5 and the Star Chamber. But there Mere few 
 indeed who discerned the more fearful evils of 
 moral and intellectual slavery, and the benefits 
 which would result from the liberty of the press 
 and the unfettered exercise of private judgment. 
 
 10 These were the objects which Milton justly con- 
 ceived to be the most important. (He was desirous 
 that the people should think for themselves as well 
 as tax themselves, and should be emancipated from 
 the dominion of prejudice as well as from that of 
 
 15 Charles."/ He knew that those who, with the best 
 intentions, overlooked these schemes of reform, 
 and contented themselves with pulling down the 
 King and imprisoning the malignants, acted like 
 the heedless brothers in his own poem, who, in 
 
 20 their eagerness to disperse the train of the sorcerer, 
 neglected the means of liberating the captive. 
 They thought only of conquering when they 
 should have thought of disenchanting. 
 
 "Oh, ye mistook! Ye should have snatched his wand 
 ■25 And bound him fast. Without the rod reversed, 
 And backward mutters of dissevering power, 
 We cannot free the lady that sits here 
 Bound in strong fetters fixed and motionless.'" 
 
 $ J To reverse the rod, to spell the charm backward, 
 so to break the ties which bound a stupefied peopL 
 
120 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 the seat of enchantment, was the noble aim of 
 Milton. To this all his public conduct was 
 directed. For this he joined the Presbyterians; 
 for this he forsook them. He fought their peril- 
 ous battle ; but he turned away with disdain from 5 
 their insolent triumph. He saw that they, like 
 those whom they had vanquished, were hostile to 
 the liberty of thought. He therefore joined the 
 Independents, and called upon Cromwell to bre"ak 
 the secular chain, and to save free conscience from 10 
 the paw of the Presbyterian wolf. With a view to 
 the same great object, he attacked the licensing 
 system, in that sublime treatise which every states- 
 man should wear as a sign upon his hand and as 
 frontlets between his eyes. His attacks were, in 15 
 general, directed less against particular abuses 
 than against those deeply seated errors on which 
 almost all abuses are founded, the servile worship 
 of eminent men and the irrational dread of inno- 
 vation. 20 
 
 That he might shake the foundations of these 
 debasing sentiments more effectually, he always 
 selected for himself the boldest literary services. 
 He never came up in the rear, when the outworks 
 had been carried and the breach entered. He 25 
 pressed into the forlorn hope.- At the beginning 
 of the changes, he wrote with incomparable energy 
 and eloquence against the bishops. But, when 
 his opinion seemed likely to prevail, he passed on 
 to other subjects, and abandoned prelacy to the 3o 
 
MILTON L21 
 
 crowd of writers who now hastened to insult a 
 falling party. There is no more hazardous enter- 
 prise than that of bearing the torch of truth into 
 those dark and infected recesses in which no light 
 5 has ever shone. But it was the choice and the 
 pleasure of Milton to penetrate the noisome vapors, 
 and to brave the terrible explosion. Those who 
 most disapprove of his opinions must respect the 
 hardihood with which he maintained them. He, 
 
 10 in general, left to others the credit of expounding 
 and defending the popular parts of his religious 
 and political creed. He took his own stand upon 
 those which the great body of his countrymen 
 reprobated as criminal, or derided as paradoxical. 
 
 15 He stood up for divorce and regicide. He attacked 
 the prevailing systems of education. His radiant 
 and beneficent career resembled that of the god of 
 light and fertility : — 
 
 "Nitor in adversum; nee me, qui ceetera, vincit 
 20 Impetus, et rapido contrarius evehor orbi." 
 
 • It is to be regretted that the prose writings of 
 Milton should, in our time, be so little read. As 
 compositions, they deserve the attention of every 
 man who wishes to become acquainted with the 
 23 full power of the English language. They abound 
 with passages compared with which the finest 
 declamations of Burke sink into insignificance. 
 They are a perfect field of cloth of gold. The 
 style is stiff with gorgeous embroidery. Not even 
 
122 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 in the earlier books of the Paradise Lost has the 
 great poet ever risen higher than in those parts of 
 his controversial works in which his feelings, 
 excited by conflict, find a vent in bursts of 
 devotional and lyric rapture. It is, to borrow his ■ 
 own majestic language, "a sevenfold chorus of 
 hallelujahs and harping symphonies." 
 ^L We had intended to look more closely at these 
 performances, to analyze the peculiarities of the 
 diction, to dwell at some length on the sublime 10 
 wisdom of the Areopagitica and the nervous rhet- 
 oric of the Iconoclast, and to point out some of 
 those magnificent passages which occur in the 
 Treatise of Keformation, and the Animadversions 
 on the Remonstrant. But the length to which 15 
 our remarks have already extended renders this 
 impossible. 
 
 We must conclude. And yet we can scarcely 
 tear ourselves away from the subject. The days 
 immediately following the publication of this relic 20 
 of Milton appear to be peculiarly set apart, and 
 consecrated to his memory. And we shall scarcely 
 be censured if, on this his festival, we be found 
 lingering near his shrine, how worthless soever 
 may be the offering which we bring to it. While « 
 this book lies on our table, we seem to be contem- 
 poraries of the writer. We are transported a 
 hundred and fifty years back. We can almost 
 fancy that we are visiting him in his small lodg- 
 ing; that wo see him Bitting at the old organ so 
 
MILTON" 123 
 
 beneath the faded green hangings; that we can 
 catch the quick twinkle of his eyes, rolling in vain 
 to find the day; that we are reading in the lines 
 of his noble countenance the proud and mournful 
 5 history of his glory and his affliction. We image 
 to ourselves the breathless silence in which we 
 should listen to his slightest word ; the passionate 
 veneration with which we should kneel to kiss his 
 hand and weep upon it; the earnestness with 
 
 1 which we should endeavor to console him, if 
 indeed such a spirit could need consolation, for the 
 neglect of an age unworthy of his talents and his 
 virtues ; the eagerness with which we should con- 
 test with his daughters, or with his Quaker friend 
 
 15 El wood, the privilege of reading Homer to him, or 
 of -taking down the immortal accents which flowed 
 from his lips. 
 
 ^ These are perhaps foolish feelings. Yet we 
 cannot be ashamed of them ; nor shall we be sorry 
 
 so if what we have written shall in any degree excite 
 them in other minds. We are not much in the 
 habit of idolizing either the living or the dead. 
 And we think that there is no more certain 
 indication of a weak and ill-regulated intellect 
 
 25 than that propensity which, for want of a better 
 name, we will venture to christen Boswellisni. 
 But there are a few characters which have stood 
 the closest scrutiny and the severest tests, which 
 have been tried in the furnace and have proved 
 pure, which have been weighed in the balance and 
 
12-f MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 have not been found wanting, which have been 
 declared sterling by the general consent of man- 
 kind, and which are visibly stamped with the 
 image and superscription of the Most High. 
 These great men we trust that we know how to 5 
 prize; and of these was Milton. The sight of his 
 books, the sound of his name, are pleasant to us. 
 His thoughts resemble those celestial fruits and 
 flowers which the Virgin Martyr of Massinger sent 
 down from the gardens of Paradise to the earth, 10 
 and which were distinguished from the productions 
 of other soils, not only by superior bloom and 
 sweetness, but by miraculous efficacy to invigorate 
 and to heal. They are powerful, not only to 
 delight, but to elevate and purify. Xor do we 15 
 envy the man who can study either the life or the 
 writings of the great poet and patriot, without 
 aspiring to emulate, not indeed the sublime works 
 with which his genius has enriched our literature, 
 but the zeal with which he labored for the public 90 
 good, the fortitude with which he endured every 
 private calamity, the lofty disdain with which he 
 looked down on temptations and dangers, the 
 deadly hatred which he bore to bigots and tyrants, 
 and the faith which he so sternly kept with his ,;. 
 country and with his fame. 
 
THE JLTFE AND WRITINGS 
 OF ADDISON 
 
 The Life of Joseph Addison. By Lucy Aikin. 2 vols., 
 8va London: 1843. 
 
 Some reviewers are of opinion that a lady who 
 dares to publish a book renounces by that act the 
 franchises appertaining to her sex, and can claim 
 no exemption from the utmost rigor of critical 
 
 5 procedure. From that opinion we dissent. We 
 admit, indeed, that in a country which boasts of 
 many female writers, eminently qualified by their 
 talents and acquirements to influence the public 
 mind, it would be of most pernicious consequence 
 
 10 that inaccurate history or unsound philosophy 
 should be suffered to pass uncensured, merely 
 because the offender chanced to be a lady. But 
 we conceive that, on such occasions, a critic would 
 • well to imitate the courteous knight who found 
 imself compelled by duty to keep the lists against 
 Bradamante. He, we are told, defended sin 
 fully the cause of which he was the champion; but 
 before the fight began, exchanged Balisarda for a 
 
 126 
 
126 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 less deadly sword, of which he carefully blunted 
 the point and edge. 
 
 Xor are the immunities of sex the only immu- 
 nities which Miss Aikin may rightfully plead. 
 Several of her works, and especially the very 5 
 pleasing Memoirs of the Reign of James the First, 
 have fully entitled her to the privileges enjoyed by 
 good writers. One of those privileges we hold to 
 be this, that such writers, when, either from the 
 unlucky choice of a subject, or from the indo- 10 
 lence too often produced by success, they happen to 
 fail, shall not be subjected to the severe discipline 
 which it is sometimes necessary to inflict upon 
 dunces and impostors, but shall merely be re- 
 minded by a gentle touch, like that with which 15 
 the Laputan flapper roused his dreaming lord, 
 that it is high time to wake. 
 
 Our readers will probably infer from what we 
 have said that Miss Aikin's book has disappointed 
 us. The truth is, that she is not well acquainted 20 
 with her subject. No person who is not familiar 
 with the political and literary history of England 
 during the reigns of William the Third, of Anne, 
 and of George the First, can possibly write a good 
 life of Addison. Now, we mean no reproach to 25 
 Miss Aikin, and many will think that we pay her a 
 compliment, when we say that her studies have 
 taken a different direction. She is better acquainted 
 with Shakespeare and Raleigh, than with Con- 
 greve and Prior ; and is fur more at home among 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 127 
 
 the ruffs and peaked beards of Theobald's than 
 among the Steenkirks and flowing periwigs which 
 surrounded Queen Anne's tea-table at Hampton. 
 She seems to have written about the Elizabethan 
 
 5 age, because she had read much about it ; she 
 seems, on the other hand, to have read a little 
 about the age of Addison, because she had deter- 
 mined to write about it. The consequence is that 
 she has had to describe men and things without 
 
 10 having either a correct or a vivid idea of them, and 
 that she has often fallen into errors of a very 
 serious kind. The reputation which Miss Aikin 
 has justly earned stands so high, and the charm of 
 Addison's letters is so great, that a second edition 
 
 15 of this w T ork may probably be required. If so, we 
 hope that every paragraph will be revised, and 
 that every date and fact about which there can be 
 the smallest doubt will be carefully verified. 
 
 To Addison himself we are bound by a sentiment 
 
 20 as much like affection as any sentiment can be, 
 which is inspired by one who has been sleeping a 
 hundred and twenty years in Westminster Abbey. 
 We trust, however, that this feeling will not betray 
 us into that abject idolatry which we have often 
 
 25 had occasion to reprehend in others, and which 
 seldom fails to make both the idolater and the idol 
 ridiculous. A man of genius and virtue is but a 
 man. All his powers cannot be equally developed; 
 nor can we expect from him perfect self-knowl- 
 
 30 edge. We need not, therefore, hesitate to admit 
 
128 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 that Addison has left us some compositions which 
 do not rise above mediocrity, some heroic poems 
 hardly equal to Parnell's, some criticism as super- 
 ficial as Dr. Blair's, and a tragedy not very much 
 better than Dr. Johnson's. Jt is praise enough to 5 
 say of a writer that, in a high department of 
 literature, in which many eminent writers have 
 distinguished themselves, he has had no equal; 
 and this may with strict justice be said of Addison. 
 
 As a man, he may not have deserved the ado- 10 
 ration which he received from those who, bewitched 
 by his fascinating society, and indebted for all the 
 comforts of life to his generous and delicate friend- 
 ship, worshijyped him nightly in his favorite temple 
 at Button's. But, after full inquiry and impartial 15 
 reflection, we have long been convinced that he 
 deserved as much love and esteem as can be justly 
 claimed by any of our infirm and erring race. 
 Some blemishes may undoubtedly be detected in his 
 character; but the more carefully it is examined, 20 
 the more it will appear, to use the phrase of the old 
 anatomists, sound in the noble parts, free from all 
 taint of perfidy, of cowardice, of cruelty, of ingrati- 
 tude, of envy. Men may easily be named in whom 
 some particular good disposition has been more 23 
 conspicuous than in Addison. But the just har- 
 mony of qualities, the exact temper between the 
 stern and the humane virtues, the habitual ob- 
 
 vance of every law, not only of moral rectitude, 
 but of moral grace and dignify, distinguish him so 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 129 
 
 from all men who have been tried by equally 
 strong temptations, and about whose conduct we 
 possess equally full information. 
 
 His father was the Reverend Lancelot Addison, 
 
 5 who, though eclipsed by his more celebrated son, 
 made some figure in the world, and occupies with 
 credit two folio pages in the Biographia Britan- 
 nica. Lancelot was sent up as a poor scholar from 
 "Westmoreland to Queen's College, Oxford, in the 
 
 10 time of the Commonwealth; made some progress 
 in learning; became, like most of his fellow-stu- 
 dents, a violent Royalist; lampooned the heads of 
 the university, and was forced to ask pardon on 
 his bended knees. When he had left college he 
 
 is earned a humble subsistence by reading the liturgy 
 of the fallen church to the families of those sturdy 
 squires whose manor-houses were scattered over 
 the Wild of Sussex. After the Restoration his 
 loyalty was rewarded with the post of chaplain to 
 
 2C the garrison of Dunkirk. When Dunkirk was 
 sold to France he lost his employment. But 
 Tangier had been ceded by Portugal to England as 
 part of the marriage portion of the Infanta Cathar- 
 ine; and to Tangier Lancelot Addison was sent. 
 
 25 A more miserable situation can hardly be con- 
 ceived. It was difficult to say whether the unfortu- 
 nate settlers were more tormented by the heats or 
 by the rains, by the soldiers within the wall or by 
 the Moors without it. One advantage the chaplain 
 
 90 had. He enjoyed an excellent opportunity of 
 
130 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 studying the history and manners of Jews and 
 Mahometans; and of this opportunity he appears 
 to have made excellent use. On his return to 
 England, after some years of banishment, he pub- 
 lished an interesting volume on the Polity and 5 
 Religion of Barbary, and another on the Hebrew 
 Customs and the State of Rabbinical Learning. 
 He rose to eminence in his profession, and became 
 one of the royal chaplains, a Doctor of Divinity, 
 Archdeacon of Salisbury, and Dean of Lichfield. 10 
 It is said that he would have been made a bishop 
 after the Revolution if lie had not given offence to 
 the government by strenuously opposing, in the 
 Convocation of 1689, the liberal policy of William 
 and Tillotson. is 
 
 In 1672, not long after Dr. Addison's return 
 from Tangier, his son Joseph was born. Of 
 Joseph's childhood we know little. He learned 
 his rudiments at schools in his father's neighbor- 
 hood, and was then sent to the Charter House. 20 
 The anecdotes which are popularly related about 
 his boyish tricks do not harmonize very well with 
 what we know of his riper years. There remains 
 a tradition that he was the ringleader in a barring 
 out, and another tradition that he ran away from 25 
 school and hid himself in a wood, where he fed on 
 berries and slept in a hollow tree, till after a long 
 search he was discovered and brought home. If 
 these stories be true, it would be curious to know 
 by what moral discipline so mutinous and enter- 80 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 131 
 
 prising a lad was transformed into the gentlest and 
 most modest of men. 
 
 "We have abundant proof that, whatever Joseph's 
 pranks may have been, he pursued his studies 
 
 5 vigorously and successfully. At fifteen he was 
 not only fit for the university, but carried thither 
 a classical taste and a stock of learning which 
 would have done honor to a Master of Arts. He 
 was entered at Queen's College, Oxford; but he 
 
 10 had not been many months there when some of his 
 Latin verses fell by accident into the hands of Dr. 
 Lancaster, Dean of Magdalene College. The 
 young scholar's diction and versification were 
 already such as veteran professors might envy. 
 
 15 Dr. Lancaster was desirous to serve a boy of such 
 promise; nor was an opportunity long wanting. 
 The Revolution had just taken place; and nowhere 
 had it been hailed with more delight than at 
 Magdalene College. That great and opulent cor- 
 
 20 poration had been treated by James and by his 
 chancellor with an insolence and injustice which, 
 even in such a prince and in such a minister, may 
 justly excite amazement, and which had done 
 more than even the prosecution of the bishops to 
 
 s» alienate the Church of England from the throne. 
 A president, duly elected, had been violently ex- 
 pelled from his dwelling: a Papist had been set 
 over the society by a royal mandate : the Fellows, 
 who, in conformity with their oaths, had refused 
 
 so to submit to this usurper, had been driven forth 
 
132 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 from their quiet cloisters and gardens, to die of 
 want or to live on charity. But the day of redress 
 and retribution speedily came. The intruders were 
 ejected : the venerable House was again inhabited 
 by its old inmates : learning flourished under the 5 
 rule of the wise and virtuous Hough; and with 
 learning was united a mild and liberal spirit too 
 often wanting in the princely colleges of Oxford. 
 In consequence of the troubles through which the 
 society had passed, there had been no valid elec- 10 
 tion of new members during the year 1688. In 
 1689, therefore, there was twice the ordinary num- 
 ber of vacancies; and thus Dr. Lancaster found 
 it easy to procure for his young friend admittance 
 to the advantages of a foundation then generally is 
 esteemed the wealthiest in Europe. 
 
 At Magdalene Addison resided during ten years. 
 He was at first one of those scholars who are called 
 Demies, but was subsequently elected a fellow. 
 His college is still proud of his name ; his portrait 20 
 still hangs in the hall ; and strangers are still told 
 that his favorite walk was under the elms which 
 fringe the meadow on the banks of the Cherwell. 
 It is said, and is highly probable, that he was dis- 
 tinguished among his fellow -students by the deli- 25 
 cacy of his feelings, by the shyness of his manners, 
 and by the assiduity with which he often prolonged 
 his studies far into the night. It is certain that 
 his reputation for ability and learning stood high. 
 Many years later the ancient doctors of Magdalene n 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 133 
 
 continued to talk in their common room of his 
 boyish compositions, and expressed their Borrow 
 that no copy of exercises so remarkable had been 
 preserved. It is proper, however, to remark that 
 
 5 Miss Aikin has committed the error, very par- 
 donable in a lady, of overrating Addison's classical 
 attainments. In one department of learning, 
 indeed, his proficiency was such as it is hardly pos- 
 sible to overrate. His knowledge of the Latin 
 
 10 poets, from Lucretius and Catullus down to Clau- 
 dian and Prudentius, was singularly exact and pro- 
 found. He understood them thoroughly, entered 
 into their spirit, and had the finest and most 
 discriminating perception of all their peculiarities 
 
 is of style and melody; nay, he copied their manner 
 with admirable skill, and surpassed, we think, all 
 their British imitators who had preceded him, 
 Buchanan and Milton alone excepted. This is high 
 praise ; and beyond this we cannot with justice go. 
 
 20 It is clear that Addison's serious attention during 
 his residence at the university was almost entirely 
 concentrated on Latin poetry, and that, if he did 
 not wholly neglect other provinces of ancient 
 literature, he vouchsafed to them only a cursory 
 
 25 glance. He does not appear to have attained more 
 than an ordinary acquaintance with the political 
 and moral writers of Eome; nor was his own 
 Latin prose by any means equal to his Latin verse. 
 His knowledge of Greek, though doubtless such as 
 
 so was in his time thought respectable at Oxford, was 
 
134 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 evidently less than that which many lads now carry 
 away every year from Eton and Rugby. A mi- 
 nute examination of his works, if we had time to 
 make such an examination, would fully bear out 
 these remarks. We will briefly advert to a few of 5 
 the facts on which our judgment is grounded. 
 
 Great praise is due to the Notes which Addison 
 appended to his version of the second and third 
 books of the Metamorphoses. Yet those notes, 
 while they show him to have been, in his own 10 
 domain, an accomplished scholar, show also how 
 confined that domain was. They are rich in 
 apposite references to Virgil, Statius, and Clau- 
 dian; but they contain not a single illustration 
 drawn from the Greek poets. Now, if in the is 
 whole compass of Latin literature there be a pas- 
 sage which stands in need of illustration drawn 
 from the Greek poets, it is the story of Pentheus in 
 the third book of the Metamorphoses. Ovid was 
 indebted for that story to Euripides and Theoc- 20 
 ritus, both of whom he has sometimes followed 
 minutely. But neither to Euripides nor to Theoc- 
 ritus does Addison make the faintest allusion ; and 
 we, therefore, believe that we do not wrong him 
 by supposing that he had little or no knowledge of 25 
 their works. 
 
 His travels in Italy, again, abound with classical 
 quotations, happily introduced; but scarcely one 
 of those quotations is in prose. lie draws more 
 illustrations from Ausonius and Manilius than from 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 135 
 
 Cicero. Even his notions of the political and mili- 
 tary affairs of the Romans seem to be derived from 
 poets and poetasters. Spots made memorable by 
 events which have changed the destinies of the 
 
 5 world, and which have been worthily recorded by 
 great historians, bring to his mind only scraps of 
 some ancient versifier. In the gorge of the Apen- 
 nines he naturally remembers the hardships which 
 Hannibal's army endured, and proceeds to cite, 
 
 10 not the authentic narrative of Polybius, not the 
 picturesque narrative of Livy, but the languid 
 hexameters of Silius Italicus. On the banks of 
 the Rubicon he never thinks of Plutarch's lively 
 description, or of the stern conciseness of the 
 
 15 Commentaries, or of those letters to Atticus which 
 
 so forcibly express the alternations of hope and 
 
 fear in a sensitive mind at a great crisis. His only 
 
 authority for the events of the civil war is Lucan. 
 
 All the best ancient works of art at Rome and 
 
 20 Florence are Greek. Addison saw them, how- 
 ever, without recalling one single verse of Pindar, 
 of Callimachus, or of the Attic dramatists; but 
 they brought to his recollection innumerable pas- 
 sages of Horace, Juvenal, Statius, and Ovid. 
 
 25 The same may be said of the Treatise oi^ 
 Medals. In that pleasing work we find about 
 three hundred passages extracted with great judg- 
 ment from the Roman poets ; but we do not recol- 
 lect a single passage taken from any Roman orator 
 
 30 or historian; and we are confident that not a line 
 
136 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 is quoted from any Greek writer. ]STo person, who 
 had derived all his information on the subject of 
 medals from Addison, would suspect that the . 
 Greek coins were in historical interest equal, and 
 in beauty of execution far superior, to those of a 
 Rome. 
 
 If it were necessary to find any further proof 
 that Addison's classical knowledge was confined 
 within narrow limits, that proof would be fur- 
 nished by his Essay on the Evidences of Christi- 10 
 anity. The Roman poets throw little or no light 
 on the literary and historical questions which he is 
 under the necessity of examining in that essay. 
 He is, therefore, left completely in the dark; and 
 it is melancholy to see how helplessly he gropes his is 
 way from blunder to blunder. He assigns, as 
 grounds for his religious belief, stories as absurd as 
 that of the Cock-Lane ghost, and forgeries as rank 
 as Ireland's Vortigern; puts faith in the lie about 
 the Thundering Legion; is convinced that Tiber- 20 
 ins moved the senate to admit Jesns among the 
 gods; and pronounces the letter of Agbarus, King 
 of Edessa, to be a record of great authority. Nor 
 were these errors the effects of superstition ; for to 
 superstition Addison was by no means prone. The 25 
 truth is, that he was writing about what he did not 
 understand. 
 
 Miss Aikin has discovered a letter from which it 
 appears that, while Addison resided at Oxford, he 
 was one of several writers whom the booksellers so 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 137 
 
 engaged to make an English version of Herodotus ; 
 and she infers that he must have been a good 
 Greek scholar. We can allow very little weight to 
 this argument, when we consider that his fellow- 
 
 5 laborers were to have been Boyle and Blackmore. 
 Boyle is remembered chiefly as the nominal author 
 of the worst book on Greek history and philology 
 that ever was printed; and this book, bad as it is, 
 Boyle was unable to produce without help. Of 
 
 10 Blackmore 's attainments in the ancient tongues, 
 it may be sufficient to say that, in his prose, he has 
 confounded an aphorism with an apophthegm, and 
 tha.t when, in his verse, he treats of classical sub- 
 jects, his habit is to regale his readers with four 
 
 is false quantities to a page. 
 
 It is probable that the classical acquirements of 
 Addison were of as much service to him as if they 
 had been more extensive. The world generally 
 gives its admiration, not to the man who does 
 
 20 what nobody else even attempts to do, but to the 
 man who does best what multitudes do well. 
 Bentley was so immeasurably superior to all the 
 other scholars of his time that few among them 
 could discover his superiority. But the accom- 
 
 25 plishment in which Addison excelled his contem- 
 poraries was then, as it is now, highly valued and 
 assiduously cultivated at all English seats of learn- 
 ing. Everybody who had been at a public school 
 had written Latin verses ; many had written such 
 
 30 verses with tolerable success, and were quite able 
 
138 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 to appreciate, though by no means able to rival, 
 the skill with which Addison imitated Virgil. His 
 lines on the Barometer and the Bowling Green 
 were applauded by hundreds, to whom the Disser- 
 tation on the Epistles of Phalaris was as unintel- 5 
 ligible as the hieroglyphics on an obelisk. 
 
 Purity of style, and an easy flow of numbers, 
 are common to all Addison's Latin poems. Our 
 favorite piece is the Battle of the Cranes and 
 Pygmies ; for in that piece we discern a gleam of 10 
 the fancy and humor which many years later 
 enlivened thousands of breakfast -tables. Swift 
 boasted that he was never known to steal a hint ; 
 and he certainly owed as little to his predecessors 
 as any modern writer. Yet we cannot help sus- is 
 pecting that he borrowed, perhaps unconsciously, 
 one of the happiest touches in his Voyage of Lilli- 
 put from Addison's verses. Let our readers judge. 
 
 "The Emperor," says Gulliver, "is taller by 
 about the breadth of my nail than any of his 20 
 court, which alone is enough to strike an awe into 
 the beholders." 
 
 About thirty years before Gulliver's Travels 
 appeared, Addison wrote these lines : — 
 
 "Jamque acies inter medias sese arduus infert 25 
 
 Pygmeadum ductor, qui, majestate verendus, 
 Incessuque gravis, reliquos supereminet omnes 
 Mole gigantea, mediamque exsurgit in ulnam." 
 
 The Latin poems of Addison were greatly and 
 justly admired both at Oxford and Cambridge, 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISOX 139 
 
 before his name had ever been heard by the wits 
 who thronged the coffee-houses round Drury-Lane 
 Theatre. In his twenty-second year he ventured 
 to appear before the public as a writer of English 
 5 verse. He addressed some complimentary lines to 
 Drvden, who, after many triumphs and many 
 reverses, had at length reached a secure and lonely 
 eminence among the literary men of that age. 
 Drvden appears to have been much gratified by the 
 
 10 young scholar's praise; and an interchange of 
 civilities and good offices followed. Addison was 
 probably introduced by Dry den to Congreve, and 
 was certainly presented by Congreve to Charles 
 Montague, who was then Chancellor of the 
 
 is Exchequer, and leader of the "Whig party in the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 At this time Addison seemed inclined to devote 
 himself to poetry. He published a translation of 
 part of the fourth Georgic, Lines to King 
 
 20 William, and other performances of equal value ; 
 that is to say, of no value at all. But in those 
 days, the public was in the habit of receiving with 
 applause jneces which would now have little chance 
 of obtaining the Xewdigate prize or the Seatonian 
 
 35 prize. And the reason is obvious. The heroic 
 couplet was then the favorite measure. The art 
 of arranging words in that measure, so that the 
 lines may flow smoothly, that the accents may fall 
 correctly, that the rhymes may strike the ear 
 
 .so strongly, and that there may be a pause at the end' 
 
140 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 of every distich, is an art as mechanical as that of 
 mending a kettle or shoeing a horse, and may be 
 learned b} r any human being who has sense enough 
 to learn anything. But, like other mechanical 
 arts, it was gradually improved by means of many 5 
 experiments and many failures. It was reserved 
 for Pope to discover the trick, to make himself 
 complete master of it, and to teach it to everybody 
 else. From the time when his Pastorals appeared, 
 heroic versification became matter of rule and com- in 
 pass ; and, before long, all artists were on a level. 
 Hundreds of dunces who never blundered on one 
 happy thought or expression were able to write 
 reams of couplets which, as far as euphony was 
 concerned, could not be distinguished from those is 
 of Pope himself, and which very clever writers of 
 the reign of Charles the Second, — Rochester, for 
 Example, or Marvel, or Oldham, — would have con- 
 templated with admiring despair. 
 
 Ben Jonson was a great man, Hoole a very 20 
 small man. But Hoole, coming after Pope, had 
 learned how to manufacture decasyllable verses, 
 and poured them forth by thousands and tens of 
 thousands, all as well turned, as smooth, and as 
 like each other as the blocks which have passed 25 
 through Mr. Brunei's mill in the dockyard at 
 Portsmouth. Ben's heroic couplets resemble 
 blocks rudely hewn out by an unpractised hand 
 with a blunt hatchet. Take as a specimen his 
 translation of a celebrated passage in the ^Eneid : — so 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 141 
 
 "This child our parent earth, stirred up with spite 
 Of all the gods, brought forth, and, as some write, 
 She was last sister of that giant race 
 That sought to scale Jove's court, right swift of pace, 
 5 And swifter far of wing, a monster vast 
 
 And dreadful. Look, how many plumes are placed 
 On her huge corpse, so many waking eyes 
 Stick underneath, and, which may stranger rise 
 In the report, as many tongues she wears." 
 
 10 Compare with these jagged misshapen distichs 
 the neat fabric which Hoole's machine produces in 
 unlimited abundance. We take the first lines on 
 which we open in his version of Tasso. They are 
 neither better nor worse than the rest : — 
 
 15 "O thou, whoe'er thou art, whose steps are led, 
 
 By choice or fate, these lonely shores to tread, 
 No greater wonders east or west can boast 
 Than yon small island on the pleasing coast. 
 If e'er thy sight would blissful scenes explore, 
 
 20 The current pass, and seek the further shore." 
 
 Ever since the time of Pope there has been a 
 glut of lines of this sort; and we are now as little 
 disposed to admire a man for being able to write 
 them, as for being able to write his name. But in 
 
 2o the days of William the Third such versification 
 was rare; and a rhymer who had any skill in it 
 passed for a great poet, just as in the dark ages a 
 person who could write his name passed for a great 
 clerk. Accordingly, Duke, Stepney, Granville, 
 
 30 Walsh, and others whose only title to fame was 
 
142 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 that they said in tolerable metre what might have 
 been as well said in prose, or what was not worth 
 saying at all, were honored with marks of distinc- 
 tion which ought to be reserved for genius. With 
 these Addison must have ranked, if he had not 5 
 earned true and lasting glory by performances 
 which very little resembled his juvenile poems. 
 
 Dry den was now busied with Virgil, and ob- 
 tained from Addison a critical preface to the 
 Georgics. In return for this service, and for 10 
 other services of the same kind, the veteran poet, 
 in the postscript to the translation of the iEneid, 
 complimented his young friend with great liber- 
 ality, and indeed with more liberality than sin- 
 cerity. He affected to be afraid that his own 15 
 performance would not sustain a comparison with 
 the version of the fourth Georgic, by "the most 
 ingenious Mr. Addison of Oxford." "After his 
 bees," added Dryden, "my latter swarm is scarcely 
 worth the hiving. " 20 
 
 The time had now arrived when it was necessary 
 for Addison to choose a calling. Everything 
 seemed to point his course towards the clerical pro- 
 fession. His habits were regular, his opinions 
 orthodox. His college had large ecclesiastical 25 
 preferment in its gift, and boasts that it has given 
 at least one bishop to almost every see in England. 
 Dr. Lancelot Addison held an honorable place in 
 the church, and had set his heart on se*eing his 
 son a clergyman. It is clear, from some expressions 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 143 
 
 in the young man's rhymes, that his infcemiun was 
 to take orders. But Charles Montague interfered. 
 Montague had first brought himself into notice by 
 verses, well-timed and not contemptibly written, 
 
 5 but never, we think, rising above mediocrity. 
 Fortunately for himself and for his country, he 
 early quitted poetry, in which he could never have 
 attained a rank as high as that of Dorset or Roch- 
 ester, and turned his mind to official and par- 
 
 10 liamentary business. It is written that the 
 ingenious person who undertook to instruct 
 Rasselas, prince of Abyssinia, in the art of flying, 
 ascended an eminence, waved his wings, sprang 
 into the air, and instantly dropped into the lake. 
 
 15 But it is added that the wings, which were unable 
 to support him through the sky, bore him up 
 effectually as soon as he was in the water. This 
 is no bad type of the fate of Charles Montague, 
 and of men like him. When he attempted to soar 
 
 20 into the regions of poetical invention, he alto- 
 gether failed; but, as soon as he had descended 
 from that ethereal elevation into a lower and 
 grosser element, his talents instantly raised him 
 above the mass. He became a distinguished finan- 
 
 25 cier, debater, courtier, and party leader. He still 
 retained his fondness for the pursuits of his early 
 days ; but he showed that fondness not by wearying 
 the public with his own feeble performances, but 
 by discovering and encouraging literary excellence- 
 
 30 in others. A crowd of wits and poets, who would 
 
144 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 easily have vanquished him as a competitor, 
 revered him as a judge and a patron. In his plans 
 for the encouragement of learning, he was cor- 
 dially supported by the ablest and most virtuous 
 of his colleagues, the Lord Chancellor Somers. 5 
 Though both these great statesmen had a sincere 
 love of letters, it was not solely from a love of 
 letters that they were desirous to enlist youths of 
 high intellectual qualifications in the public serv- 
 ice. The Revolution had altered the whole sys- 10 
 tern of government. Before that event the press 
 had been controlled by censors, and the parliament 
 had sat only two months in eight years. Now the 
 press was free, and had begun to exercise unprece- 
 dented influence on the public mind. Parliament 15 
 met annually, and sat long. The chief power in 
 the state had passed to the House of Commons. 
 At such a conjuncture, it was natural that literary 
 and oratorical talents should rise in value* There 
 was danger that a government which neglected 20 
 such talents might be subverted by them. It was, 
 therefore, a profound and enlightened policy which 
 led Montague and Somers to attach such talents to 
 the Whig party, by the strongest ties both of inter- 
 est and of gratitude. 25 
 " It is remarkable that, in a neighboring country, 
 we have recently seen similar effects follow from 
 similar causes. The Revolution of July 1830 
 established representative government in France. 
 The men of letters instantly rose to the highest im- so 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON U5 
 
 portance in the state. At the present moment 
 most of the persons whom we see at the head both 
 of the Administration and of the Opposition, have 
 been professors, historians, journalists, poets. The 
 
 5 influence of the literary class in England, during 
 the generation which followed the Revolution, was 
 great, but by no means so great as it has lately 
 been in France. For, in England, the aristocracy 
 of intellect had to contend with a powerful and 
 
 10 deeply rooted aristocracy of a very different kind. 
 France had no Somersets and Shrewsburies to keep 
 down her Addisons and Priors. w 
 
 It was in the year 1699, when Addison had just 
 completed his twenty -seventh year, that the course 
 
 *- 5 of his life was finally determined. Both the great 
 chiefs of the Ministry were kindly disposed 
 towards him. In political opinions he already 
 was, what he continued to be through life, a firm, 
 though a moderate Whig. He had addressed the 
 
 20 most polished and vigorous of his early English 
 lines to Somers, and had dedicated to Montague a 
 Latin poem, truly Yirgilian, both in style and 
 rhythm, on the peace of Ryswick. The wish of 
 the young poet's great friends was, it should seem, 
 
 25 to employ him in the service of the crown abioad. 
 But an intimate knowledge of the French language 
 was a qualification indispensable to a diplomatist; 
 and tbi qualification Addison had not acquired. 
 It was, tin refoie, thought desirable that he should 
 
 30 pass some time on the Continent in preparing him- 
 
146 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 self for official employment. His own means were 
 not such as would enable him to travel ; but a pen- 
 sion of three hundred pounds a year was procured 
 for him by the interest of the Lord Chancellor. 
 It seems to have been apprehended that some diffi- 5 
 culty might be started by the rulers of Magdalene 
 College. But the Chancellor of the Exchequer 
 wrote in the strongest terms to Hough. The state 
 — such was the purport of Montague's letter — 
 could not, at that time, spare to the church such 10 
 a man as Addison. ( Too many high civil posts 
 were already occupied by adventurers, who, desti- 
 tute of every liberal art and sentiment, at once 
 pillaged and disgraced the country which they pre- 
 tended to serve. It had become necessary to 15 
 recruit for the public service from a very different 
 class, from that class of which Addison was the 
 representative. The close of the Minister's letter 
 was remarkable. "I am called," he said, "an 
 enemy of the church. But I will never do it any 20 
 other injury than keeping Mr. Addison out of it." 
 This interference was successful; and, in the 
 summer of 1699, Addison, made a rich man by his 
 pension, and still retaining his fellowship, quitted 
 his beloved Oxford, and set out on his travels. He 25 
 crossed from Dover to Calais, proceeded to Paris, 
 and was received there with great kindness and 
 politeness by a kinsman of his friend Montague, 
 Charles Earl of Manchester, who had just been 
 appointed Ambassador to the Court of France. 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 147 
 
 The countess, a Whig and a toast, was probably as 
 gracious as her lord ; for Addison long retained an 
 agreeable recollection of the impression which she 
 at this time made on him, and, in some lively 
 
 5 lines written on the glasses of the Kit Cat Club, 
 described the envy which her cheeks, glowing with 
 the genuine bloom of England, had excited among 
 the painted beauties of Versailles. 
 
 Louis the Fourteenth was at this time expiating 
 
 10 the vices of his youth by a devotion which had no 
 root in reason, and bore no fruit of charity. The 
 servile literature of France had changed its charac- 
 ter to suit the changed character of the prince. 
 No book appeared that had not an air of sanctity. 
 
 is Racine, who was just dead, had passed the close of 
 his life in writing sacred dramas ; and Dacier was 
 seeking for the Athanasian mysteries in Plato. 
 Addison described this state of things in a short 
 but lively and graceful letter to Montague. 
 
 20 Another letter, written about the same time to the 
 Lord Chancellor, conveyed the strongest assurances 
 of gratitude and attachment. "The only return I 
 can make to your Lordship," said Addison, "will 
 be to apply myself entirely to my business." 
 
 25 With this view he quitted Paris and repaired to 
 Blois, a place where it was supposed that the 
 French language was spoken in its highest purity, 
 and where not a single Englishman could be 
 found. Here he passed some months pleasantly 
 
 30 and profitably. Of his way of life at Blois, one of 
 
148 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 his associates, an abbe named Philippeaux, gave an 
 account to Joseph Spence. If this account is to 
 he trusted, Addison studied much, mused much, 
 talked little, had fits of absence, and either had no 
 love affairs, or was too discreet to confide them to 5 
 the abbe. A man who, even when surrounded by 
 fellow-countrymen and fellow-students, had always 
 been remarkably shy and silent, was not likely to 
 be loquacious in a foreign tongue, and among for- 
 eign companions. But it is clear from Addison's 10 
 letters, some of which were long after published in 
 the Guardian, that, while he appeared to be ab- 
 sorbed in his own meditations, he was really 
 observing French society with that keen and sly, 
 yet not ill-natured side-glance, which was pecul- is 
 iarly his own. 
 
 From Blois he returned to Paris; and, having 
 now mastered the French language, found great 
 pleasure in the society of French philosophers and 
 poets. He gave an account in a letter to Bishop 2c 
 Hough, of two highly interesting conversations, 
 <one with Malebranche, the other with Boileau. 
 Malebranche expressed great partiality for the Eng- 
 lish, and extolled the genius of Newton, but shook 
 his head when Hobbes was mentioned, and was 25 
 indeed so unjust as to call the author of the 
 Leviathan a poor silly creature. Addison's mod- 
 esty restrained him from fully relating, in his 
 letter, the circumstances of his introduction to 
 Boileau. Boileau, having survived the friends m 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 149 
 
 Mid rivals of his youth, old, deaf, and melancholy, 
 lived in retirement, seldom went either to Court or 
 to the Academy, and was almost inaccessible to 
 strangers. Of the English and of English liter- 
 
 5 ature he knew nothing. He had hardly heard the 
 name of Dryden. Some of our countrymen, in the 
 warmth of their patriotism, have asserted that this 
 ignorance must have been affected. We own that 
 we see no ground for such a supposition. English 
 
 10 literature was to the French of the age of Louis 
 the Fourteenth what German literature was to our 
 own grandfathers. Very few, we suspect, of the ac- 
 complished men who, sixty or seventy years ago, 
 used to dine in Leicester Square with Sir Joshua, 
 
 15 or at Streatham with Mrs. Thrale, had the slight- 
 est notion that TVieland was one of the first wits 
 and poets, and Lessing, beyond all dispute, the 
 first critic in Europe. Boileau knew just as little 
 about the Paradise Lost and about Absalom and 
 
 20 Achitophel; but he had read Addison's Latin 
 poems, and admired them greatly. They had 
 given him, he said, quite a new notion of the state 
 of learning and taste among the English. John- 
 son will have it that these praises were insincere. 
 
 25 "Nothing," says he, "is better known of Boileau 
 than that he had an injudicious and peevish con- 
 tempt of modern Latin ; and therefore his profes- 
 sion of regard was probably the effect of his civility 
 rather than approbation." Now, nothing is bettei 
 
 30 known of Boileau than that he was singularly 
 
150 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 sparing of compliments. We do not remember 
 that either friendship or fear ever induced him to 
 bestow praise on any composition which he did not 
 approve. On literary questions, his caustic, dis- 
 dainful, and self-confident spirit rebelled against 5 
 that authority to which everything else in France 
 bowed down. He had the spirit to tell Louis the 
 Fourteenth firmly and even rudely, that his maj- 
 esty knew nothing about poetry, and admired 
 verses which were detestable. What was there in i° 
 Addison's position that could induce the satirist, 
 whose stern and fastidious temper had been the 
 dread of two generations, to turn sycophant for the 
 first and last time? Nor was Boileau's Contempt 
 of modern Latin either injudicious or peevish. 15 
 He thought, indeed, that no poem of the first 
 order would ever be written in a dead language. 
 And did he think amiss? Has not the experience 
 of centuries confirmed his opinion? Boileau also 
 thought it probable that, in the best modern 20 
 Latin, a writer of the Augustan age would have 
 detected ludicrous improprieties. And who can 
 think otherwise? What modern scholar can 
 honestly declare that he sees the smallest impurity 
 in the style of Livy? Yet is it not certain that, 25 
 in the style of Livy, Pollio, whose taste had been 
 formed on the banks of the Tiber, detected the 
 inelegant idiom of the Po? Has any modern 
 scholar understood Latin better than Frederic the 
 Great understood French? Yet is it not notorious 38 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 151 
 
 that Frederic the Great, after reading, speaking, 
 writing French, and nothing but French, during 
 more than half a century, after unlearning his 
 mother tongue in order to learn French, after liv- 
 
 5 ing familiarly during many years with French 
 associates, could not, to the last, compose in 
 French, without imminent risk of committing 
 some mistake which would have moved a smile in 
 the literary circles of Paris? Do we believe that 
 
 10 Erasmus and Fracastorius wrote Latin as well as 
 Dr. Robertson and Sir Walter Scott wrote Eng- 
 lish? And are there not in the Dissertation on In- 
 dia, the last of Dr. Robertson's works, inWaverley, 
 in Marmion, Scotticisms at which a London 
 
 15 ajDprentice would laugh? But does it follow, 
 because we think thus, that we can find nothing to 
 admire in the noble alcaics of Gray, or in the play- 
 ful elegiacs of Vincent Bourne? Surely not. Xor 
 was Boileau so ignorant or tasteless as to be incapa- 
 
 20 ble of appreciating good modern Latin. In the 
 very letter to which Johnson alludes, Boileau says, 
 "Xe croyez pas pourtant que je veuille par la 
 bl amer les vers Latins que vous m'avez envoy es 
 d'un de vos illustres academiciens. Je les ai 
 
 25 trouves fort beaux, et dignes de Vida et de San- 
 nazar, mais non pas d'Horace et de Virgile." 
 Several poems in modern Latin have been praised 
 by Boileau quite as liberally as it was his habit to 
 praise anything. He says, for example, of the 
 
 30 Pure Fraguier's epigrams, that Catullus seems to 
 
152 MAC AULA Y'S ESSAYS 
 
 have come to life again. But the best proof that 
 Boileau did not feel the undiscerning contempt for 
 modern Latin verses which has been imputed to 
 him, is that he wrote and published Latin verses 
 in several metres. Indeed, it happens, curiously 5 
 enough, that the most severe censure ever pro- 
 nounced by him on modern Latin is conveyed in 
 Latin hexameters. We allude to the fragment 
 which begins : — 
 
 "Quid numeris iterum me balbutire Latinis, 10 
 
 Longe Alpes citra natum de patre Sicambro, 
 Musa, jubes?" 
 
 For these reasons we feel assured that the praise 
 which Boileau bestowed on the Machince Gesticul- 
 antes, and the Germio-Pygmceomachia, was 15 
 sincere. He certainly opened himself to Addison 
 with a freedom which was a sure indication of 
 esteem. Literature was the chief subject of con- 
 versation. The old man talked on his favorite 
 theme much and well, — indeed, as his young 20 
 hearer thought, incomparably well. Boileau had 
 undoubtedly some of the qualities of a great critic. 
 He wanted imagination ; but he had strong sense. 
 His literary code was formed on narrow principles ; 
 but in applying it he showed great judgment and 25 
 penetration. In mere style, abstracted from the 
 ideas of which style is the garb, his taste was 
 excellent. He was well acquainted with the great 
 Greek writers, and, though unable fully to appreci- 
 ate their creative genius, admired the majestic 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 153 
 
 simplicity of their maimer, and had learned from 
 them to despise bombast and tinsel. It is easy, we 
 think, to discover in the Spectator and the Guard- 
 ian traces of the influence, in part salutary and 
 
 5 in part pernicious, which the mind of Boileau had 
 on the mind of Addison. 
 
 While Addison was at Paris, an event took 
 place which made that capital a disagreeable 
 residence for an Englishman and a Whig. 
 
 10 Charles, second of the name, King of Spain, died, 
 and bequeathed his dominions to Philip, Duke of 
 Anjou, a younger son of the Dauphin. The King 
 of France, in direct violation of his engagements, 
 both with Great Britain and with the States 
 
 15 General, accepted the bequest on behalf of his 
 grandson. The house of Bourbon was at the sum- 
 mit of human grandeur. England had been out- 
 witted, and found herself in a situation at once 
 degrading and perilous. The people of France, 
 
 20 not presaging the calamities by which they were 
 destined to expiate the perfidy of their sovereign, 
 went mad with pride and delight. Every man 
 looked as if a great estate had just been left him. 
 "The French conversation," said Addison, "begins 
 
 25 to grow insupportable ; that which was before the 
 vainest nation in the world, is now worse than 
 ever." Sick of the arrogant exultation of the 
 Parisians, and probably foreseeing that the peace 
 between France and England could not be of long 
 
 30 duration, he set off for Italy. 
 
154 MAC AULA Y'S ESSAYS 
 
 In December, 1700, he embarked at Marseilles. 
 As he glided along the Lignrian coast, he was 
 delighted by the sight of myrtles and olive-trees, 
 which retained their verdure under the winter 
 -solstice. Soon, however, he encountered one of 5 
 the black storms of the Mediterranean. The 
 captain of the ship gave up all for lost, and con- 
 fessed himself to a capuchin who happened to be 
 on board. The English heretic, in the meantime, 
 fortified himself against the terrors of death with 10 
 devotions of a very different kind. How strong an 
 impression this perilous voyage made on him 
 appears from the ode, "How are thy servants 
 blest, Lord!" which was long after published in 
 the Spectator. After some days of discomfort and 15 
 clanger, Addison was glad to land at Savona, and 
 to make his way, over mountains where no road 
 had yet been hewn out by art, to the city of 
 Genoa. 
 
 At Genoa, still ruled by her own doge, and by 20 
 the nobles whose names were inscribed on her 
 Book of Gold, Addison made a short stay. He 
 admired the narrow streets overhung by long lines 
 of towering palaces, the walls rich with frescoes, 
 the gorgeous temple of the Annunciation, and the 25 
 tapestries whereon were recorded the long glories 
 of the house of Doria. Thence he hastened to 
 Milan, where he contemplated the Gothic magnifi- 
 cence of the cathedral with more wonder than 
 pleasure. He passed Lake Benacus while a gale so 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 155 
 
 was blowing, and saw the waves raging as they 
 raged when Virgil looked upon them. At Venice, 
 then the gayest spot in Europe, the traveller spent 
 the Carnival, the gayest season of the year, in the 
 
 5 midst of masks, dances, and serenades. Here he 
 was at once diverted and provoked by the absurd 
 dramatic pieces which then disgraced the Italian 
 stage. To one of those pieces, however, he was 
 indebted for a valuable hint. He was present 
 
 10 when a ridiculous play on the death of Cato was 
 performed. Cato, it seems, was in love with a 
 daughter of Scipio. The lady had given her heart 
 to Caesar. The rejected lover determined to de- 
 stroy himself. He appeared seated in his library, a 
 
 15 dagger in his hand, a Plutarch and a Tasso before 
 him; and, in this position, he pronounced a 
 soliloquy before he struck the blow. We are sur- 
 prised that so remarkable a circumstance as this 
 should have escaped the notice of all Addison's 
 
 20 biographers. There cannot, we conceive, be the 
 smallest doubt that this scene, in spite of its ab- 
 surdities and anachronisms, struck the traveller's 
 imagination, and suggested to him the thought of 
 bringing Cato on the English stage. It is well 
 
 25 known that about this time he began his tragedy, 
 and that he finished the first four acts before he 
 returned to England. 
 
 On his way from Venice to Rome, he was drawn 
 some miles out of the beaten road by a wish to see 
 
 30 the smallest independent state in Europe. On a 
 
 ^ nf t 
 
150 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 rock where the snow still lay, though the Italian 
 spring was now far advanced, was perched the 
 little fortress of San Marino. The roads which 
 led to the secluded town were so bad that few 
 travellers had ever visited it, and none had ever 5 
 published an account of it. Addison could not 
 suppress a good-natured smile at the simple man- 
 ners and institutions of this singular community. 
 But he observed, with the exultation of a "Whig, 
 that the rude mountain tract which formed the 10 
 territory of the republic swarmed with an honest, 
 healthy, and contented peasantry, while the rich 
 plain which surrounded the metropolis of civil and 
 spiritual tyranny was scarcely less desolate than 
 the uncleared wilds of America. 15 
 
 At Eome Addison remained on his first visit only 
 long enough to catch a glimpse of St. Peter's and 
 of the Pantheon. His haste is the more extra- 
 ordinary because the Holy Week was close at hand. 
 He has given no hint which can enable us to pro- 20 
 nounce why he chose to fly from a spectacle which 
 every year allures from distant regions persons of 
 far less taste and sensibility than his. Possibly, 
 travelling, as he did, at the charge of a government 
 distinguished by its enmity to the Church of 25 
 Rome, he may have thought that it would be im- 
 prudent in him to assist at the most magnificent 
 rite of that church. Many eyes would be upon 
 him, and he might find it difficult to behave in 
 such a manner as to give oft'ence neither to his 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 15? 
 
 patrons in England, nor to those among whom he 
 resided. Whatever his motives may have been, he 
 turned his back on the most august and affecting 
 ceremony which is known among men, and posted 
 
 5 along the Appian way to Xaples. 
 
 Xaples was then destitute of what are now, per- 
 haps, its chief attractions. The lovely bay and the 
 awful mountain were indeed there; but a farm- 
 house stood on the theatre of Herculaneum, and 
 
 10 rows of vines grew over the streets of Pompeii. 
 The temples of Psestum had not indeed been hid- 
 den from the eye of man by any great convulsion 
 of nature; but, strange to say, their existence was 
 a secret even to artists and antiquaries. Though 
 
 15 situated within a few hours' journey of a great 
 capital, where Salvator had not long before 
 painted, and where Vico was then lecturing, those 
 noble remains were as little known to Europe as 
 the ruined cities overgrown by the forests of Yuca- 
 
 20 tan. What was to be seen at ^Naples Addison saw. 
 He climbed Vesuvius, explored the tunnel of 
 Posilipo, and wandered among the vines and 
 almond-trees of Capreae. But neither the wonders 
 of nature, nor those of art, could so occupy his 
 
 25 attention as to prevent him from noticing, though 
 cursorily, the abuses of the government and the 
 misery of the people. The great kingdom which 
 had just descended to Philip the Fifth, was in a 
 state of paralytic dotage. Even Castile and Ara- 
 
 30 gon were sunk in wretchedness. Yet, compared 
 
158 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 with the Italian dependencies of the Spanish 
 crown, Castile and Aragon might be called pros- 
 perous. It is clear that all the observations which 
 Addison made in Italy tended to confirm him in 
 the political opinions which he had adopted at 5 
 home. To the last he always spoke of foreign 
 travel as the best cure for Jacobitism. In his 
 Freeholder the Tory fox-hunter asks what travel- 
 ling is good for, except to teach a man to jabber 
 French and to talk against passive obedience. 10 
 
 From Naples, Addison returned to Rome by sea, 
 along the coast which his favorite Virgil had cele- 
 brated. The felucca passed the headland where 
 the oar and trumpet were placed by the Trojan 
 adventurers on the tomb of Misenus, and anchored 15 
 at night under the shelter of the fabled promontory 
 of Circe. The voyage ended in the Tiber, still 
 overhung with dark verdure, and still turbid with 
 yellow sand, as when it met the eyes of ^Eneas. 
 From the ruined port of Ostia, the stranger hur- 20 
 ried to Rome ; and at Rome he remained during 
 those hot and sickly months, when, even in the 
 Augustan age, all who could make their escape fled 
 from mad dogs and from streets black with funer- 
 als, to gather the first figs of the season in the 25 
 country. It is probable that, when he, long after, 
 poured forth in verse his gratitude to the Provi- 
 dence which had enabled him to breathe unhurt 
 in tainted air, he was thinking of the August and 
 September which he passed at Rome. 20 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 159 
 N 
 
 It was not till the latter end of October that he 
 tore himself away from the masterpieces of ancient 
 and modern art which are collected in the city so 
 long the mistress of the world. He then journeyed 
 
 5 northward, passed through Sienna, and for a 
 moment forgot his prejudices in favor of classic 
 architecture as he looked on the magnificent 
 cathedral. At Florence he spent some days with 
 the Duke of Shrewsbury, who, cloyed with the 
 
 10 pleasures of ambition, and impatient of its' pains, 
 fearing both parties, and loving neither, had deter- 
 mined to hide in an Italian retreat talents and 
 accomplishments which, if they had been united 
 with fixed principles and civil courage, might have 
 
 15 made him the foremost man of his age. These 
 days, we are told, passed pleasantly; and we can 
 easily believe it. For Addison was a delightful 
 companion when he was at his ease ; and the duke, 
 though he seldom forgot that he was a Talbot, had 
 
 20 the invaluable art of putting at ease all who came 
 near him. 
 
 Addison gave some time to Florence, and espe- 
 cially to the sculptures in the Museum, which he 
 preferred even to those of the Vatican. He then 
 
 25 pursued his journey through a country in which 
 the ravages of the last war were still discernible, 
 and in which all men were looking forward with 
 dread to a still fiercer conflict. Eugene had 
 already descended from the Rhaetian Alps, to dis- 
 
 30 pute with Catinat the rich plain of Lombardy. 
 
160 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 The faithless ruler of Savoy was still reckoned 
 among the allies of Louis. England had not yet 
 actually declared war against France: but Man- 
 chester had left Paris ; and the negotiations which 
 produced the Grand Alliance against the house of 5 
 Bourbon were in progress. Under such circum- 
 stances, it was desirable for an English traveller to 
 reach neutral ground without delay. Addison 
 resolved to cross Mont Cenis. It was December; 
 and the road was very different from that which 10 
 now reminds the stranger of the power and genius 
 of Napoleon. The winter, however, was mild; 
 and the passage was, for those times, easy. To 
 this journey Addison alluded when, in the ode 
 which we have already quoted, he said that for 15 
 him the Divine goodness had warmed the hoary 
 Alpine hills. 
 
 It was in the midst of the eternal snow that he 
 composed his Epistle to his friend Montague, now 
 Lord Halifax. That Epistle, once widely re- 20 
 nowned, is now known only to curious readers, and 
 will hardly be considered by those to whom it is 
 known as in any perceptible degree heightening 
 Addison's fame. It is, however, decidedly superior 
 to any English composition which he had previously 25 
 published. Nay, we think it quite as good as any 
 poem in heroic metre which appeared during the 
 interval between the death of Dryden and the 
 publication of the Essay on Criticism. It con- 
 tains passages as good as the second-rate passages bo 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 161 
 
 of Pope, and would have added to the reputation 
 of Parnell or Prior. 
 
 But, whatever be the literary merits or defects of 
 the Epistle, it undoubtedly does honor to the prin- 
 
 5 ciples and spirit of the author. Halifax had now 
 nothing to give. He had fallen from power, had 
 been held up to obloquy, had been impeached by 
 the House of Commons, and, though his peers had 
 dismissed the impeachment, had, as it seemed, 
 
 10 little chance of ever again filling high office. The 
 Epistle, written at such a time, is one among many 
 proofs that there was no mixture of cowardice or 
 meanness in the suavity and moderation which dis- 
 tinguished Addison from all the other public men 
 
 15 of those stormy times. 
 
 At Geneva, the traveller learned that a partial 
 change of ministry had taken place in England, and 
 that the Earl of Manchester had become Secretary of 
 State. Manchester exerted himself to serve his 
 
 20 young friend. It was thought advisable that an 
 English agent should be near the person of Eugene 
 in Italy ; and Addison, whose diplomatic education 
 was now finished, was the man selected. He was 
 preparing to enter on his honorable functions, 
 
 25 when all his prospects were for a time darkened by 
 the death of "William the Third. 
 
 Anne had long felt a strong aversion, personal, 
 political, and religious, to the Whig party. That 
 aversion appeared in the first measures of her 
 
 so reign. Manchester was deprived of the seals, 
 
162 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 after he had held them only a few weeks. Neither 
 Somers nor Halifax was sworn of the Privy Coun- 
 cil. Addison shared the fate of his three patrons. 
 His hopes of employment in the public service 
 were at an end ; his pension was stopped ; and it 5 
 was necessary for him to support himself by his 
 own exertions. He became tutor to a young Eng- 
 lish traveller, and appears to have rambled with 
 his pupil over great part of Switzerland and Ger- 
 many. At this time he wrote his pleasing treatise 10 
 on Medals. It was not published till after his 
 death; but several distinguished scholars saw the 
 manuscript, and gave just praise to the grace of the 
 style, and to the learning and ingenuity erinced by 
 the quotations. 15 
 
 From Germany, Addison repaired to Holland, 
 where he learned the melancholy news of his 
 father's death. After j)assing some months in the 
 United Provinces, he returned about the close of 
 the year 1703 to England. He was there cordially 20 
 received by his friends, and introduced by them 
 into the Kit Cat Club, a society in which were col- 
 lected all the various talents and accomplishments 
 which then gave lustre to the Whig party. 
 
 Addison was, during some mouths after his 25 
 return from the Continent, hard pressed by pecun- 
 iary difficulties. But it was soon in the power of 
 his noble patrons to serve him effectually. A 
 political change, silent and gradual, but of the 
 highest importance, was in daily progress. The so 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 
 
 accession of Anne had been hailed by the Tories 
 with transports of joy and hope ; and for a time it 
 seemed that the Whigs had fallen never to rise 
 again. The throne was surrounded by men sup- 
 
 5 posed to be attached to the prerogative and to the 
 
 church ; and among these none stood so high in 
 
 the favor of the sovereign as the Lord -Treasurer 
 
 Godolphin and the Captain-General Marlborough. 
 
 The country gentlemen and country clergymen 
 
 10 had fully expected that the policy of these min- 
 isters would be directly opposed to that which had 
 been almost constantly followed by William; that 
 the landed interest would be favored at the expense 
 of trade; that no additions would be made to the 
 
 is funded debt; that the privileges conceded to 
 Dissenters by the late king would be curtailed, if 
 not withdrawn ; that the war with France, if there 
 must be such a war, would, on our part, be almost 
 entirely naval; and that the government would 
 
 20 avoid close connections with foreign powers, and, 
 above all, with Holland. 
 
 But the country gentlemen and country clergy- 
 men were fated to be deceived, not for the last 
 time. The prejudices and passions which raged 
 
 25 without control in vicarages, in cathedral closes, 
 and in the manor-houses of fox-hunting squires, 
 were not shared by the chiefs of the ministry. 
 Those statesmen saw that it was both for the pub- 
 lic interest, and for their own interest, to adopt a 
 
 30 Whig policy, at least as respected the alliances of 
 
164 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 the country and the conduct of the war. Bat, if 
 the foreign policy of the Whigs were adopted, it 
 was impossible to abstain from adopting also their 
 financial policy. The natural consequences fol- 
 lowed. The rigid Tories were alienated from the 5 
 government. The votes of the Whigs became nec- 
 essary to it. The votes of the Whigs could be 
 secured only by further concessions ; and further 
 concessions the Queen was induced to make. 
 
 At the beginning of the year 1 704, the state of 10 
 parties bore a close analogy to the state of parties 
 in 1826. In 1826, as in 1704, there was a Tory 
 ministry divided into two hostile sections. The 
 position of Mr. Canning and his friends in 1826 
 corresponded to that which Marlborough and is 
 Godolphin occupied in 1704. Nottingham and 
 Jersey were in 1704 what Lord Eldon and Lord 
 Westmoreland were in 1826. The Whigs of 1704 
 were in a situation resembling that in which the 
 Whigs of 1826 stood. In 1704, Somers, Halifax, 20 
 Sunderland, Cowper, were not in office. There 
 was no avowed coalition between them and the 
 moderate Tories. It is probable that no direct 
 communication tending to such a coalition had 
 yet taken place ; yet all men saw that such a coali- 25 
 tion was inevitable, nay, that it was already half 
 formed. Such, or nearly such, was the state of 
 things when tidings arrived of the great battle 
 fought at Blenheim on the 13th August, 1704. 
 By the Whigs the news was hailed with transports m 
 
LIFE AXD WRITINGS OF ADDISON 165 
 
 of joy and pride. No fault, no cause of quarrel, 
 could be remembered by them against the com- 
 mander whose genius had, in one day, changed the 
 face of Europe, saved the Imperial throne, hum- 
 6 bled the house of Bourbon, and secured the Act of 
 Settlement against foreign hostility. The feeling 
 of the Tories was very different. They could not 
 indeed, without imprudence, openly express regret 
 at an event so glorious to their country ; but their 
 io congratulations were so cold and sullen as to give deep 
 disgust to the victorious general and his friends. 
 
 Godolphin was not a reading man. Whatever 
 time he could spare from business he was in the 
 habit of spending at Xewmarket or at the card- 
 is table. But he was not absolutely indifferent to 
 poetry ; and he was too intelligent an observer not 
 to perceive that literature was a formidable engine 
 of political warfare, and that the great Whig leaders 
 had strengthened their party and raised their char- 
 so acter by extending a liberal and judicious patronage 
 to good writers. He was mortified, and not with- 
 out reason, by the exceeding badness of the poems 
 which appeared in honor of the battle of Blenheim. 
 One of those poems has been rescued from oblivion 
 25 by the exquisite absurdity of three lines : — 
 
 "Think of two thousand gentlemen at least, 
 And each man mounted on his capering beast ; 
 Into the Danube they were pushed by shoals.'' 
 
 Where to procure better verses the treasurer did 
 30 not know. He understood how to negotiate a 
 
166 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 loan, or remit a subsidy ; he was also well versed in 
 the history of running horses and fighting cocks ; 
 but his acquaintance among the poets was very 
 small. He consulted Halifax ; but Halifax affected 
 to decline the office of adviser. He had, he said, 5 
 done his best, when he had power, to encourage 
 men whose abilities and acquirements might do 
 honor to their country. Those times were over. 
 Other maxims had prevailed. Merit was suffered 
 to pine in obscurity ; and the public money was 10 
 squandered on the undeserving. "I do know," 
 he added, "a gentleman who would celebrate the 
 battle in a manner worthy of the subject, but I 
 will not name him." Godolphin, who was an 
 expert at the soft answer which turneth away 75 
 wrath, and who was under the necessity of paying 
 court to the Whigs, gently replied that there was 
 too much ground for Halifax's complaints, but 
 that what was amiss should in time be rectified, 
 and that in the meantime the services of a man 20 
 such as Halifax had described should be liberally 
 rewarded. Halifax then mentioned Addison; 
 but, mindful of the dignity as well as of the 
 pecuniary interest of his friend, insisted that the 
 minister should apply in the most courteous man- 25 
 ner to Addison himself; and this Godolphin prom- 
 ised to do. 
 
 Addison then occupied a garret up three pair 
 of stairs, over a small shop in the Hay market. In 
 this humble lodging he was surprised, on the so 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 167 
 
 morning which followed the conversation between 
 Qodolphin and Halifax, by a visit from no less a 
 person than the Right Honorable Henry Boyle, 
 then Chancellor of the Exchequer, and afterwards 
 
 5 Lord Carleton. This high-born minister had been 
 sent by the Lord-Treasurer as ambassador to the 
 needy poet. Addison readily undertook the pro- 
 posed task, a task which, to so good a Whig, was 
 probably a pleasure. When the poem was little 
 
 10 more than half finished, he showed it to Godol- 
 phin, who was delighted with it, and particularly 
 with the famous similitude of the Angel. Addison 
 was instantly appointed to a commissionership 
 worth about two hundred pounds a year, and was 
 
 is assured that this appointment was only an earnest 
 of greater favors. 
 
 The Campaign came forth, and was as much 
 admired by the public as by the minister. It 
 pleases us less on the whole than the Epistle to 
 
 20 Halifax. Yet it undoubtedly ranks high among 
 the poems which appeared during the interval 
 between the death of Dryden and the dawn of 
 Pope's genius. The chief merit of the Campaign, 
 we think, is that which was noticed by Johnson, 
 
 25 the manly and rational rejection of fiction. The 
 first great poet whose works have come down to us 
 sang of war long before war became a science or -a 
 trade. If, in his time, there was enmity between 
 two little Greek towns, each poured forth its 
 
 30 crowd of citizens, ignorant of discipline, and 
 
168 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 armed with implements of labor rudely turned into 
 weapons. On each side appeared conspicuous a 
 few chiefs, whose wealth had enabled them to pro- 
 cure good armor, horses, and chariots, and whose 
 leisure had enabled them to practise military exer- 5 
 cises. One such chief, if he were a man of great 
 strength, agility, and courage, would probably be 
 more formidable than twenty common men ; and 
 the force and dexterity with which he flung his 
 spear might have no inconsiderable share in decid- m 
 ing the event of the day. Such were probably the 
 battles with which Homer was familiar. But 
 Homer related the actions of men of a former 
 generation, of men who sprang from the gods, and 
 communed with the gods face to face ; of men, one 15 
 of whom could with ease hurl rocks which two 
 sturdy hinds of a later period would be unable even 
 to lift. He therefore naturally represented their 
 martial exploits as resembling in kind, but far sur- 
 passing in magnitude, those of the stoutest and 20 
 most expert combatants of his own age. Achilles, 
 clad in celestial armor, drawn by celestial coursers, 
 grasping the spear which none but himself could 
 raise, driving all Troy and Lycia before him, and 
 choking Scamander with dead, was only a magnifi- 25 
 cent exaggeration of the real hero, who, strong, 
 fearless, accustomed to the use of weapons, guarded 
 by a shield and helmet of the best Sidonian fabric, 
 and whirled along by horses of Thessalian breed, 
 struck down with his own right arm, foe after foe. so 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 169 
 
 In all rude societies similar notions are found. 
 There are at this day countries where the Life- 
 guardsman Shaw would be considered as a much 
 greater warrior than the Duke of Wellington. 
 
 5 Bonaparte loved to describe the astonishment with 
 which the Mamelukes looked at his diminutive 
 figure. Mourad Bey, distinguished above all his 
 fellows by his bodily strength, and by the skill 
 with which he managed his horse and his sabre, 
 
 10 could not believe that a man who was scarcely five 
 feet high, and rode like a butcher, could be the 
 greatest soldier in Europe. 
 
 Homer's descriptions of war had therefore as 
 much truth as poetry requires. But truth was 
 
 is altogether wanting to the performances of those 
 who, writing about battles which had scarcely any- 
 thing in common with the battles of his times, 
 servilely imitated his manner. The folly of Silius 
 Italicus, in particular, is positively nauseous. He 
 
 20 undertook to record in verse the vicissitudes of a 
 great struggle between generals of the first order ; 
 and his narrative is made up of the hideous wounds 
 which these generals inflicted with their own 
 hands. Asdrubal flings a spear, which grazes the 
 
 25 shoulder of the consul Xero ; but Xero sends his 
 spear into Asdrubal's side. Fabius slays Thnris 
 and Butes and Maris and Arses, and the long- 
 haired Adherbes, and the gigantic Thylis, and 
 Sapharus and Monaesus, and the trumpeter Mor- 
 
 30 inus. Hannibal runs Perusinus through the groin 
 
170 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 with a stake, and breaks the backbone of Telesinus 
 with a huge stone. This detestable fashion was 
 copied in modern times, and continued to prevail 
 down, to the age of Addison. Several versifiers 
 had described William turning thousands to flight 5 
 by his single prowess, and dyeing the Boyne with 
 Irish blood. Nay, so estimable a writer as John 
 Philips, the author of the Splendid Shilling, repre- 
 sented Marlborough as having won the battle of 
 Blenheim merely by strength of muscle and skill in 10 
 fence. The following lines may serve as an 
 example : — 
 
 "Churchill, viewing where 
 The violence of Tallard most prevailed, 
 Came to oppose his slaughtering arm. With speed 15 
 Precipitate he rode, urging his way 
 O'er hills of gasping heroes, and fallen steeds 
 Rolling in death. Destruction, grim with blood, 
 Attends his furious course. Around his head 
 The glowing balls play innocent, while he 20 
 
 With dire impetuous sway deals fatal blows 
 Among the flying Gauls. In Gallic blood 
 He dyes his reeking sword, and strews the ground 
 With headless ranks. What can they do? Or how 
 Withstand his wide-destroying sword?" 25 
 
 Addison, with excellent sense and taste, 
 departed from this ridiculous fashion. He 
 reserved his praise for the qualities which made 
 Marlborough truly great, — energy, sagacity, mili- 
 tary science. But, above all, the poet extolled the so 
 firmness of that mind which, in the midst of con- 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 171 
 
 fusion, uproar, and slaughter, examined and dis- 
 posed everything - with the serene wisdom of a 
 higher intelligence. 
 
 Here it was that he introduced the famous com- 
 
 5 parison of Marlborough to an Angel guiding the 
 whirlwind. We will not dispute the general jus- 
 tice of Johnson's remarks on this passage. But 
 we must point out one circumstance which appears 
 to have escaped all the critics. The extraordinary 
 
 10 effect which this simile produced when it first 
 appeared, and which to the following generation 
 seemed inexplicable, is doubtless to be chiefly 
 attributed to a line which most readers now 
 regard as a feeble parenthesis : — 
 
 15 "Such as, of late, o'er pale Britannia passed." 
 
 Addison spoke, not of a storm, but of the storm. 
 The great tempest of November, 1703, the only 
 tempest which in our latitude has equalled the 
 
 •20 rage of a tropical hurricane, had left a dreadful 
 recollection in the minds of all men. No other 
 tempest was ewer in this country the occasion of a 
 parliamentary address or of a public fast. Whole 
 fleets had been cast away. Large mansions had 
 
 25 been blown down. One prelate had been buried 
 beneath the ruins of his palace. London and Bris- 
 tol had presented the appearance of cities just 
 sacked. Hundreds of families were still in mourn- 
 ing. The prostrate trunks of large trees, and the 
 
 30 ruins of houses, still attested, in all the southern 
 
172 MACAULAYS ESSAYS 
 
 counties, the fury of the blast. The popularity 
 which the simile of the Angel enjoyed among 
 Addison's contemporaries, has always seemed to us 
 to be a remarkable instance of the advantage 
 which, in rhetoric and poetry, the particular has 5 
 over the general. 
 
 Soon after the Campaign, was published Addi- 
 son's Narrative of his Travels in Italy. The first 
 effect produced by this narrative was disappoint- 
 ment. The crowd of readers who expected politics 10 
 and scandal, speculations on the projects of Victor 
 Amadeus, and anecdotes about the jollities of con- 
 vents and amours of cardinals and nuns, were con- 
 founded by finding that the writer's mind was 
 much more occupied by the war between the 15 
 Trojans and Rutulians than by the war between 
 France and Austria; and that he seemed to have 
 heard no scandal of later date than the gallantries 
 of the Empress Faustina. . In time, however, the 
 judgment of the many was overruled by that of 20 
 the few; and, before the book was reprinted, it 
 was so eagerly sought that it sold for five times the 
 original price. It is still read with pleasure : the 
 style is pure and flowing ; the classical quotations 
 and allusions are numerous and happy ; and we are 25 
 now and then charmed by that singularly humane 
 and delicate humor in which Addison excelled all 
 men. Yet this agreeable work, even when con- 
 sidered merely as the history of a literary tour, 
 may justly be censured on account of its faults of 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISOX 173 
 
 omission. We have already said that, though rich 
 in extracts from the Latin poets, it contains 
 scarcely any references to the Latin orators and 
 historians. We must add, that it contains little, 
 
 5 or rather no, information respecting the history 
 and literature of modern Italy. To the best of our 
 remembrance, Addison does not mention Dante, 
 Petrarch, Boccaccio, Boiardo, Berni, Lorenzo de' 
 Medici, or Machiavelli. He coldly tells us that at 
 
 10 Ferrara he saw the tomb of Ariosto, and that at 
 Venice he heard the gondoliers sing verses of 
 Tasso. But for Tasso and Ariosto he cared far 
 less than for Valerius Flaccus and Sidonius Apol- 
 linaris. The gentle flow of the Ticin brings a line 
 
 is of Silius to his mind. The sulphurous steam of 
 Albula suggests to him several passages of Martial. 
 But he has not a word to say of the illustrious dead 
 of Santa Croce; he crosses the wood of Ravenna 
 without recollecting the Spectre Huntsman; and 
 
 20 wanders up and down Rimini without one thought 
 of Francesca. At Paris he had eagerly sought an 
 introduction to Boileau ; but he seems not to have 
 been at all aware that at Florence he was in the 
 vicinity of a poet with whom Boileau could not 
 
 25 sustain a comparison, of the greatest lyric poet of 
 modern times, Vincenzio Filicaja. This is the 
 more remarkable, because Filicaja was the favorite 
 poet of the accomplished Somers, under whose 
 protection Addison travelled, and to whom the 
 
 30 account of the Travels is dedicated. The truth is. 
 
174 MAC AULA Y'S ESSAYS 
 
 that Addison knew little, and cared less, about the 
 literature of modern Italy. His favorite models 
 were Latin. His favorite critics were French. 
 Half the Tuscan poetry that he had read seemed to 
 him monstrous, and the other half tawdry. 5 
 
 His Travels were followed by the lively oj)era of 
 Rosamond. This piece was ill set to music, and 
 therefore failed on the stage, but it completely suc- 
 ceeded in print, and is indeed excellent in its kind. 
 The smoothness with which the verses glide, and 10 
 the elasticity with which they bound, is, to onr 
 ears at least, very pleasing. We are inclined to 
 think that if Addison had left heroic couplets to 
 Pope, and blank verse to Rowe, and had employed 
 himself in writing airy and spirited songs, his rep 11- 15 
 tation as a poet would have stood far higher than 
 it now does. Some years after his death, Rosa- 
 mond was set to new music by Doctor Arne ; and 
 was performed with complete success. Several 
 passages long retained their popularity, and were 90 
 daily sung, during the latter part of George the 
 Second's reign, at all the harpsichords in England. 
 
 While Addison thus amused himself, his pros- 
 pects, and the prospects of his party, were con- 
 stantly becoming brighter and brighter. In the 35 
 spring of 1705 the ministers were freed from the 
 restraint imposed by a House of Commons in 
 which Tories of the most perverse class had the 
 ascendency. The elections were favorable to the 
 Whigs. The coalition which had been tacitly and bo 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 1 i 5 
 
 gradually formed was now openly avowed. The 
 fireat Seal was given to Cowper. Somers and 
 Halifax were sworn of the Council. Halifax was 
 sent in the following year to carry the decorations 
 
 5 of the order of the garter to the Electoral Prince of 
 Hanover, and was accompanied on this honorable 
 mission by Addison, who had just been made 
 Undersecretary of State. The Secretary of State 
 under whom Addison first served was Sir Charles 
 
 io Hedges, a Tory. But Hedges was soon dismissed 
 to makeM'oom for the most vehement of Whigs, 
 Charles, Earl of Sunderland. In every department 
 of the state, indeed, the High Churchmen were 
 compelled to give place to their opponents. At the 
 
 15 close of 1707, the Tories who still remained in 
 
 office strove to rally, with Harley at their head. 
 
 But the attempt, though favored by the Queen, 
 
 . who had always been a Tory at heart, and who had 
 
 now quarrelled with the Duchess of Marlborough, 
 
 20 was unsuccessful. The time was not yet. The 
 Captain General was at the height of popularity 
 and glory. The Low Church party had a majority 
 in Parliament. The country squires and rectors, 
 though occasionally uttering a savage growl, were 
 
 25 for the most part in a state of torpor, which lasted 
 till they were roused into activity, and indeed into 
 madness, by the prosecution of Sacheverell. Har- 
 ley and his adherents were compelled to retire. 
 The victory of the Whigs was complete. At the 
 
 30 general election of 1708, their strength in the 
 
176 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 House of Commons became irresistible ; and before 
 the end of that year, Somers was made Lord Presi- 
 dent of the Council, and Wharton Lord Lieutenant 
 of Ireland. 
 
 Addison sat for Malmsbury in the House of Com- 5 
 mons which was elected in 1708. But the House of 
 Commons was not the field for him. The bashful- 
 ness of his nature made his wit and eloquence use- 
 less in debate. He once rose, but could not 
 overcome his diffidence, and ever after remained 10 
 silent. Nobody can think it strange that a great 
 writer should fail as a speaker. But many, prob- 
 ably, will think it strange that Addison's failure as 
 a speaker should have had no unfavorable effect on 
 his success as a politician. In our time, a man of 15 
 high rank and great fortune might, though speak- 
 ing very little and very ill, hold a considerable 
 post. But it would now be inconceivable that a 
 mere adventurer, a man who, when out of office, 
 must live by his pen, should in a few years become 20 
 successively Undersecretary of State, Chief Secre- 
 tary for Ireland, and Secretary of State, without 
 some oratorical talent. Addison, without high 
 birth, and with little property, rose to a post which 
 dukes, the heads of the great houses of Talbot, 25 
 Russell, and Bentinck, have thought it an honor 
 to fill. 'Without opening his lips in debate, he 
 rose to a post the highest that Chatham or Fox 
 €ver reached. And this he did before he had been 
 nine years in Parliament. We must look for the n 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 177 
 
 explanation of this seeming miracle to the peculiar 
 circumstances in which that generation was placed. 
 During the interval which elapsed between the 
 time when the Censorship of the Press ceased, and 
 5 the time when parliamentary proceedings began to- 
 be freely reported, literary talents were, to a public 
 man, of much more importance, and oratorical 
 talents of much less importance, than in our time. 
 At present, the best way of giving rapid and wide 
 
 10 publicity to a fact or an argument is to introduce 
 that fact or argument into a speech made in Parlia- 
 ment. If a political tract were to appear superior 
 to the Conduct of the Allies, or to the best num- 
 bers of the Freeholder, the circulation of such a 
 
 15 tract would be languid indeed when compared with 
 the circulation of every remarkable word uttered in 
 the deliberations of the legislature. A speech made 
 in the House of Commons at four in the morning 
 is on thirty thousand tables before ten. A speech 
 
 20 made on the Monday is read on the Wednesday by 
 multitudes in Antrim and Aberdeenshire. The 
 orator, by the help of the shorthand writer, has to 
 a great extent superseded the pamphleteer. It 
 was not so in the reign of Anne. The best speech 
 
 25 could then produce no effect except on those who 
 heard it. It was only by means of the press that 
 the opinion of the public without doors could be 
 influenced; and the opinion of the public without 
 doors could not but be of the highest impor- 
 
 30 tance in a country governed by parliaments, and 
 
178 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 indeed at that time governed by triennial parlia- 
 ments. The pen was, therefore, a more formida- 
 ble political engine than the tongne. Mr. Pitt 
 and Mr. Fox contended only in Parliament. But 
 Walpole and Pulteney, the Pitt and Fox of an 5 
 earlier period, had not done half of what was neces- 
 sary, when they sat clown amidst the acclama- 
 tions of the House of Commons. They had still 
 to plead their cause before the country, and 
 this they could do only by means of the press.^ 10 
 Their works are now forgotten. But it is certain 
 that there were in Grn)) Street few more assidu- 
 ous scribblers of Thoughts, Letters, Answers, 
 Remarks, than these two great chiefs of parties. 
 Pulteney, when leader of the Opposition, and 15 
 possessed of thirty thousand a year, edited the 
 Craftsman. Walpole, though not a man of liter- 
 ary habits, was the author of at least ten pam- 
 phlets, and retouched and corrected many more. 
 These facts sufficiently show of how great impor- 20 
 tance literary assistance then was to the contending 
 parties. St. John was certainly, in Anne's reign, 
 the best Tory speaker; Cowper was probably the 
 best Whig speaker. But it may well be doubted 
 whether St. John did so much for the Tories as 25 
 Swift, and whether Cowper did so much for the 
 Whigs as Addison. When these things are duly 
 considered, it will not be thought strange that 
 Addison should have climbed higher in the state 
 than any other Englishman has ever, by means m 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 179 
 
 merely of literary talents, been able to climb. 
 Swift would, in all probability, have climbed as 
 high, if he had not been encumbered by his cas- 
 sock and his pudding sleeves. As far as the hom- 
 
 5 age of the great went, Swift had as much of it as if 
 he had been Lord-Treasurer. 
 
 To the influence which Addison derived from his 
 literary talents was added all the influence which 
 arises from character. The world, always ready to 
 
 10 think the worst of needy political adventurers, was 
 forced to make one exception. Restlessness, vio- 
 lence, audacity, laxity of principle, are the vices 
 ordinarily attributed to that class of men. But 
 faction itself could not deny that Addison had, 
 
 is through all changes of fortune, been strictly faith- 
 ful to his early opinions, and to his early friends ; 
 that his integrity was without stain ; that his whole 
 deportment indicated a fine sense of the becoming ; 
 that in the utmost heat of controversy, his zeal was 
 
 20 tempered by a regard for truth, humanity, and 
 social decorum ; that no outrage could ever provoke 
 him to retaliation unworthy of a Christian and a 
 gentleman; and that his only faults were a too 
 sensitive delicacy, and a modesty which amounted 
 
 25 to bashf ulness. 
 
 l He was undoubtedly one of the most popular 
 men of his time ; and much of his popularity he 
 owed, we believe, to that very timidity which his 
 friends lamented. That timidity often prevented 
 
 so him from exhibiting his talents to the best advan 
 
180 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 tage. But it propitiated Nemesis. It averted that 
 envy which would otherwise have been excited by 
 fame so splendid, and by so rapid an elevation. 
 No man is so great a favorite with the public as he 
 who is at once an object of admiration, of respect, 5 
 and of pity; and such were the feelings which 
 Addison inspired. Those who enjoyed the privi- 
 lege of hearing his familiar conversation, declared 
 with one voice that it was superior even to his 
 writings. The brilliant Mary Montague said, that 10 
 she had known all the wits, and that Addison was 
 the best company in the world. The malignant 
 Pope was forced to own, that there was a charm in 
 Addison's talk which could be found nowhere else. 
 Swift, when burning with animosity against the 15 
 Whigs, could not but confess to Stella that, after 
 all, he had never known any associate so agreeable 
 as Addison. Steele, an excellent judge of lively 
 conversation, said, that the conversation of Addi- 
 son was at once the most polite, and the most 20 
 mirthful, that could be imagined; that it was 
 Terence and Catullus in one, heightened by an 
 exquisite something which was neither Terence 
 nor Catullus, but Addison alone. Young, an 
 excellent judge of serious conversation, said, that 25 
 when Addison was at his ease, he went on in a 
 noble strain of thought and language, so as to 
 chain the attention of every hearer. Nor were 
 Addison's great colloquial powers more admirable 
 than the courtesy and the softness of heart which 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 181 
 
 appeared in his conversation. At the same time, 
 it would be too much to say that he was wholly 
 devoid of the malice which is, perhaps, inseparable 
 from a keen sense of the ludicrous. He had one 
 
 5 habit which both Swift and Stella applauded, and 
 which we hardly know how to blame. If his first 
 attempts to set a presuming dunce right were ill 
 received, he changed his tone, "assented with civil 
 leer," and lured the flattered coxcomb deeper and 
 
 10 deeper into absurdity. That such was his practice 
 we should, we think, have guessed from his works. 
 The Tatters criticisms on Mr. Softly's sonnet, and 
 the Spectator's dialogue with the politician who is 
 so zealous for the honor of Lady Q — p — t — s, are 
 
 is excellent specimens of this innocent mischief. 
 
 Such were Addison's talents for conversation. 
 But his rare gifts were not exhibited to crowds or 
 to strangers. As soon as he entered a large com- 
 pany, as soon as he saw an unknown face, his lips 
 
 ao were sealed, and his manners became constrained. 
 Xone who met him only in great assemblies would 
 have been able to believe that he was the same man 
 who had often kept a few friends listening and 
 laughing round a table, from the time when the 
 
 25 play ended, till the clock of St. Paul's in Covent 
 Garden struck four. Yet, even at such a table he 
 was not seen to the best advantage. To enjoy his 
 conversation in the highest perfection, it was nec- 
 essary to be alone with him, and to hear him, in 
 
 30 his own phrase, think aloud. "There is no such 
 
182 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 thing," be used to say, "as real conversation, but 
 between two persons." 
 
 This timidity, a timidity surely neither ungrace- 
 ful nor unamiable, led Addison into the two most 
 serious faults which can with justice be imputed to 5 
 him. He found that wine broke the spell which 
 lay on his fine intellect, and was therefore too 
 easily seduced into convivial excess. Such excess 
 was in that age regarded, even by grave men, as 
 the most venial of all peccadilloes, and was so far 10 
 from being a mark of ill-breeding, that it was 
 almost essential to the character of a fine gentle- 
 man. But the smallest speck is seen on a white 
 ground ; and almost all the biographers of Addison 
 have said something about this failing. Of any 15 
 other statesman or writer of Queen Anne's reign, 
 we should no more think of saying that he some- 
 times took too much wine, than that he wore a 
 long wig and a sword. 
 
 To the excessive modesty of Addison's nature we 20 
 must ascribe another fault which generally arises 
 from a very different cause. He became a little 
 too fond of seeing himself surrounded by a small 
 circle of admirers, to whom he was as a king, or 
 rather as a god. All these men were far inferior 25 
 to him in ability, and some of them had very seri- 
 ous faults. Nor did those faults escape his obser- 
 vation; for, if ever there was an eye which saw 
 through and through men, it was the eye of Addi- 
 son. But with the keenest observation, and tin- 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 183 
 
 finest sense of the ridiculous, he had a large 
 charity. The feeling with which he looked on 
 most of his humble companions was one of benevo- 
 lence, slightly tinctured with contempt. He was 
 
 5 at perfect ease in their company ; he was grateful 
 for their devoted attachment; and he loaded them 
 with benefits. Their veneration for him appears 
 to have exceeded that with which Johnson was 
 regarded by Boswell, or AVarburton by Hurd. It 
 
 10 was not in the power of adulation to turn such a 
 head, or deprave such a heart, as Addison's. But 
 it must in candor, be admitted that he contracted 
 some of the faults which can scarcely be avoided 
 by any person who is so unfortunate as to be the 
 
 15 oracle of a small literary coterie. 
 
 One member of this little society was Eustace 
 Budgell, a young Templar of some literature, and 
 a distant relation of Addison. There was at this 
 time no stain on »the character of Budgell, and it is 
 
 2$ not improbable that his career would have been 
 prosperous and honorable, if the life of his cousin 
 had been prolonged. But, when the master was 
 laid in the grave, the disciple broke loose from all 
 restraint, descended rapidly from one degree of 
 
 25 vice and misery to another, ruined his fortune by 
 follies, attempted to repair it by crimes, and at 
 length closed a wicked and unhappy life by self- 
 murder. Yet, to the last, the wretched man, 
 gambler, lampooner, cheat, forger, as he was, 
 
 so retained his affection and veneration for Addison, 
 
184 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 and recorded those feelings in the last lines which 
 he traced before he hid himself from infamy under 
 London Bridge.^ 
 
 Another of Addison's favorite companions was 
 Ambrose Philips, a good Whig and a middling 5 
 poet, who had the honor of bringing into fashion a 
 species of composition which has been called, after 
 his name, Namby Pamby. But the most remark- 
 able members of the little senate, as Pope long 
 afterwards called it, were Richard Steele and 10 
 Thomas Tickell. 
 
 Steele had known Addison from childhood. 
 They had been together at the Charter House and 
 at Oxford ; but circumstances had then, for a time, 
 separated them widely. Steele had left college 15 
 without taking a degree, had been disinherited by 
 a rich relation, had led a vagrant life, had served 
 in the army, had tried to find the philosopher's 
 stone, and had written a religious treatise and 
 several comedies. He was one of those people 20 
 whom it is impossible either to hate or to respect. 
 His temper was sweet, his affections warm, his 
 spirits lively, his passions strong, and his prin- 
 ciples weak. His life was spent in sinning and 
 repenting; in inculcating what was right, and 25 
 doing what was wrong. In speculation, he was a 
 man of piety and honor ; in practice he was much 
 of the rake and a little of the swindler. He was, 
 however, so good-natured that it was not easy to be 
 seriously angry with him, and that even rigid M 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 185 
 
 moralists felt more inclined to pity than to blame 
 him, when lie diced himself into a spunging-house 
 or drank himself into a fever. Addison regarded 
 Steele with kindness not immingled with scorn, 
 5 tried, with little success, to keep him out of 
 scrapes, introduced him to the great, procured a 
 good place for him, corrected his plays, and, 
 though by no means rich, lent him large. sums of 
 money. One of these loans appears, from a letter 
 
 io dated in August, 1708, to have amounted to a 
 thousand pounds. These pecuniary transactions 
 probably led to frequent bickerings. It is said 
 that, on one occasion, Steele's negligence, or dis- 
 honesty, provoked Addison to repay himself by the 
 
 is help of a bailiff. We cannot join with Miss Aikin 
 in rejecting this story. Johnson heard it from 
 Savage, who heard it from Steele. Few. private 
 transactions which took place a hundred and 
 twenty years ago, are proved by stronger evidence 
 
 20 than this. But we can by no means agree with 
 those who condemn Addison's severity. The most 
 amiable of mankind may well be moved to indigna- 
 tion, when what he has earned hardly, and lent 
 with great inconvenience to himself, for the pur- 
 
 25 pose of relieving a friend in distress, is squandered 
 with insane profusion. We will illustrate our 
 meaning by an example which is not the less 
 striking because it is taken from fiction. Dr. 
 Harrison, in Fielding's Amelia, is represented as 
 
 30 the most benevolent of human beings; yet he 
 
186 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS , 
 
 takes in execution, not only the goods, bat the 
 person of his friend Booth. Dr. Harrison resorts 
 to this strong measure because he has been in- 
 formed that Booth, while pleading poverty as an 
 excuse for not paying just debts, has been buying 5 
 fine jewellery, and setting up a coach. Xo person 
 who is well acquainted with Steele's life and cor- 
 respondence can doubt that he behaved quite as ill 
 to Addison as Booth was accused of behaving to 
 Dr. Harrison. The real history, we have little 10 
 doubt, was something like this : — A letter comes to 
 Addison, imploring help in pathetic terms, and 
 promising reformation and speedy repayment. 
 Poor Dick declares that he has not an inch of 
 candle, or a bushel of coals, or credit with the 15 
 butcher for a shoulder of mutton. Addison is 
 moved. He determines to deny himself some 
 medals which are wanting to his series of the 
 Twelve Caesars ; to put off buying the new edition 
 of Bayle's Dictionary; and to wear his old sword 20 
 and buckles another year. In this way he manages 
 to send a hundred pounds to his friend. The next 
 day he calls on Steele, and finds scores of gentle- 
 men and ladies assembled. The fiddles are play- 
 ing. The table is groaning under champagne, 85 
 burgundy, and pyramids, of sweetmeats. Is. it 
 strange that a man whose kindness is thus abused, 
 should send sheriff's officers to reclaim what is due 
 to him? 
 
 Tickell was a young man, fresh from Oxford, ao 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 
 
 who had introduced himself to public notice by 
 writing a most ingenious and graceful little poem 
 in praise of the opera of Rosamond. He deserved, 
 and at length attained, the first place in Addison's 
 
 5 friendship. For a time Steele and Tickell were on 
 good terms. But they loved Addison too much to 
 love each other, and at length became as bitter 
 enemies as the rival bulls in Virgil. 
 
 At the close of 1708 Wharton became Lord 
 
 i« Lieutenant of Ireland, and appointed Addison 
 Chief Secretary. Addison was consequently under 
 the necessity of quitting London for Dublin. 
 Besides the chief secretaryship, which was then 
 worth about two thousand pounds a year, he 
 
 is obtained a patent appointing him keeper of the 
 Irish Records for life, with a salary of three or 
 four hundred a year. Budgell accompanied his 
 cousin in the capacity of private secretary. 
 
 Wharton and Addison had nothing in common 
 
 ao bnt Whiggism. The Lord Lieutenant was not 
 only licentious and corrupt, but was distinguished 
 from other libertines and jobbers by a callous im- 
 pudence which presented the strongest contrast to 
 the Secretary's gentleness and delicacy. Many 
 
 25 parts of the Irish administration at this time 
 appear to have deserved serious blame. But 
 against Addison there was not a murmur. He 
 long afterwards asserted, what all the evidence 
 which we have ever seen tends to prove, that 
 
 so his diligence and integrity gained the friend- 
 
188 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS • 
 
 ship of all the most considerable persons in 
 Ireland. 
 
 The parliamentary career of Addison in Ireland 
 has, we think, wholly escaped the notice of all his 
 biographers. He was elected member for the 5 
 borongh of Cavan in the summer of 1709 ; and in 
 the journals of two sessions his name frequently 
 occurs. Some of the entries appear to indicate 
 that he so far overcame his timidity as to make 
 speeches. Nor is this by any means improbable; io 
 for the Irish House of Commons was a far less 
 formidable audience than the English House; and 
 many tongues which were tied by fear in the 
 greater assembly became fluent in the smaller. 
 Gerard Hamilton, for example, who, from fear of is 
 losing the fame gained by his single speech, sat 
 mute at Westminster during forty years, spoke 
 with great effect at Dublin when he was secretary 
 to Lord Halifax. 
 
 While Addison was in Ireland, an event occurred 20 
 to which he owes his high and permanent rank 
 among British writers. As yet his fame rested on 
 performances which, though highly respectable, 
 were not built for duration, and which would, if 
 he had produced nothing else, have now been 25 
 almost forgotten ; on some excellent Latin verses ; 
 on some English verses which occasionally rose 
 above mediocrity ; and on a book of travels, agree- 
 ably written, but not indicating any extraordinary 
 powers of mind. These works showed him to^be a 80 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 189 
 
 man of taste, sense, and learning. The time had 
 come when he was to prove himself a man of 
 genius, and to enrich our literature with composi- 
 tions which will live as long as the English lan- 
 
 5 guage. 
 
 In the spring of 1709 Steele formed a literary 
 project, of which he was far indeed from foresee- 
 ing the consequences. Periodical papers had 
 during many years been published in London. 
 
 10 Most of these were political ; but in some of them 
 questions of morality, taste, and love-casuistry had 
 been discussed. The literary merit of these works 
 was small indeed ; and even then* names are now 
 known only to the curious. 
 
 is Steele had been appointed Gazetteer by Sunder- 
 land, at the request, it is said, of Addison, and, 
 thus had access to foreign intelligence earlier and 
 more authentic than was in those times within the 
 reach of an ordinary news-writer. This circum- 
 
 20 stance seems to have suggested to him the scheme 
 of publishing a periodical paper on a new plan. It 
 was to appear on the days on which the post left 
 London for the country, which were, in that 
 generation, the Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Satur- 
 
 25 days. It was to contain the foreign news, accounts 
 of theatrical representations, and the literary gossip 
 of "Will's and of the Grecian. It was also to con- 
 tain remarks on the fashionable topics of the day, 
 compliments to beauties, pasquinades on noted 
 
 w sharpers, and criticisms on popular preachers. 
 
190 AIACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 The aim of Steele does not appear to have been at 
 first higher than this. He was not ill-qualified to 
 conduct the work which he had planned. His 
 public intelligence he drew from the best sources. 
 He knew the town, and had paid dear for his 5 
 knowledge. He had read much more than the 
 dissipated men of that time were in the habit of 
 reading. He was a rake among scholars, and a 
 scholar among rakes. His style was easy and not 
 incorrect; and though his wit and humor were of 10 
 no high order, his gay animal spirits imparted to 
 his compositions an air of vivacity which ordinary 
 readers could hardly distinguish from comic 
 genius. His writings have been well compared to 
 those light wines which, though deficient in body 15 
 and flavor, are yet a pleasant small drink, if not 
 kept too long, or carried too far. 
 
 Isaac Bickerstaff, Esquire, Astrologer, was an 
 imaginary person, almost as well known in that 
 age as Mr. Paul Pry or Mr. Samuel Pickwick in ao 
 ours. Swift had assumed the name of BickerstafT 
 in a satirical pamphlet against Partridge, the 
 maker of almanacs. Partridge had been fool 
 enough to publish a furious reply. Bickerstaff 
 had rejoined in a second pamphlet still more 25 
 diverting than the first. All the wits had 
 combined to keep up the joke, and the town was 
 long in convulsions of laughter. Steele deter- 
 mined to employ the name which this controversy 
 had made popular; and in April, 1700, it was 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 191 
 
 announced that Isaac Bickerstaff, Esquire, Astrolo- 
 ger, was about to publish a paper called the Tatler. 
 Addison had not been consulted about this 
 scheme; but as soon as he heard of it he deter - 
 
 5 mined to give his assistance. The effect of that 
 assistance cannot be better described than in 
 Steele's own words. "I fared," he said, ''like a 
 distressed prince who calls in a powerful neighbor 
 to his aid. I was undone by my auxiliary. AVhen 
 
 10 I had once called him in, I could not subsist with- 
 out dependence on him." "The jDaper," he says 
 elsewhere, "was advanced indeed. It was raised 
 to a greater thing than I intended it." 
 
 It is probable that Addison, when he sent across 
 
 is St. George's Channel his first contributions to the 
 Tatler, had no notion of the extent and variety of 
 his own powers. He was the possessor of a vast 
 mine, rich with a hundred ores. But he had 
 been acquainted only with the least precious part 
 
 20 of his treasures, and had hitherto contented him- 
 self with producing sometimes copper and some- 
 times lead, intermingled with a little silver. All 
 at once, and by mere accident, he had lighted on 
 an inexhaustible vein of the finest gold. 
 
 25 The mere choice and arrangement of his words 
 would have sufficed to make his essays classical. For 
 never, not even by Dryden, not even by Temple, 
 had the English language been written with such 
 sweetness, grace, and facility. But this was the 
 
 30 smallest part of Addison's praise. Had he clothed 
 
102 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 his thoughts in the half French style of Horace 
 Walpole, or in the half Latin style of Dr. John- 
 son, or in the half German jargon of the present 
 day, his genius would have triumphed over all 
 faults of manner. As a moral satirist he stands 5 
 unrivalled. If ever the best Tatlers and Spec-' 
 tators were equalled in their own kind, we should 
 be inclined to guess that it must have been by the 
 lost comedies of Menander. 
 
 In wit, properly so called, Addison was not 10 
 inferior to Cowley or Butler. No single ode of 
 Cowley contains so many happy analogies as are 
 crowded into the lines to Sir Godfrey Kneller ; and 
 we would undertake to collect from the Spectators 
 as great a number of ingenious illustrations as can 15 
 be found in Hudibras. The still higher faculty of 
 invention Addison possessed in still larger meas- 
 ure. The numerous fictions, generally original, 
 often wild and grotesque, but always singularly 
 graceful and happy, which are found in his essays, 20 
 fully entitle him to the rank of a great poet, a 
 rank to which his metrical compositions give him 
 no claim. / As an observer of life, of manners, of 
 all the shades of human character, he stands in the 
 first class. And what he observed he had the art 25 
 of communicating in two widely different ways. 
 He could describe virtues, vices, habits, whims as 
 well as Clarendon. But he could do something 
 better. He could call human beings into exist- 
 ence, and make them exhibit themselves. If we 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON W3 
 
 wish to find anything more vivid than Addison's 
 best portraits, we must go either to Shakespeare or 
 to Cervantes. 
 
 But what shall we say of Addison's humor, of 
 
 s his sense of the ludicrous, of his power of awaken- 
 ing that sense in others, and of drawing mirth from 
 incidents which occur every day, and from little 
 peculiarities of temper and manner, such as may 
 be found in every man? We feel the charm: we 
 
 10 give ourselves up to it ; but we strive in vain to 
 analyze it. 
 
 Perhaps the best way of describing Addison's 
 peculiar pleasantry is to compare it with the pleas- 
 antry of some other great satirists. The three 
 
 15 most eminent masters of the art of ridicule during 
 the eighteenth century, were, we conceive, Addi- 
 son, Swift, and Voltaire. Which of the three had 
 the greatest power of moving laughter may be 
 questioned. But each of them, within his own 
 
 80 domain, was supreme. 
 
 Voltaire is the prince of buffoons. His merri- 
 ment is without disguise or restraint. He gam- 
 bols ; he grins ; he shakes his sides ; he points the 
 finger; he turns up the nose; he shoots out the 
 
 25 tongue. The manner of Swift is the very opposite 
 to this. He moves laughter, but never joins in it. 
 He appears in his works such as he appeared in 
 society. All the company are convulsed with 
 merriment, while the Dean, the author of all the 
 
 30 mirth, preserves an invincible gravity, and even 
 
194 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 sourness of aspect, and gives utterance to the most 
 eccentric and ludicrous fancies, with the air of a 
 man reading the commination service. 
 
 The manner of Addison is as remote from that 
 of Swift as from that of Voltaire. He neither 5 
 laughs out like the French wit, nor, like the Irish 
 wit, throws a double portion of severity into his 
 countenance while laughing inwardly; but pre- 
 serves a look peculiarly his own, a look of demure 
 serenity, disturbed only by an arch sparkle of the 10 
 eye, an almost imperceptible elevation of the brow, 
 an almost imperceptible curl of the lip. His tone 
 is never that either of a Jack Padding or of a 
 cynic. It is that of a gentleman, in whom the 
 quickest sense of the ridiculous is constantly 15 
 tempered by good nature and good breeding. 
 
 We own that the humor of Addison is, in our 
 opinion, of a more delicious flavor than the humor 
 of either Swift or Voltaire. Thus much, at least, 
 is certain, that both Swift and Voltaire have been 20 
 successfully mimicked, and that no man has yet 
 been able to mimic Addison.^) The letter of the 
 Abbe Coyer to Pansophe is Voltaire all over, and 
 imposed, during a long time, on the Academicians 
 of Paris. There are passages in Arbuthnot's 25 
 satirical works which we, at least, cannot distin- 
 guish from Swift's best writing. But of the many 
 eminent men who have made Addison their 
 model, though several have copied his mere diction 
 with happy effect, none have been able to catch 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 195 
 
 the tone of his pleasantry. In the World, in the 
 Connoisseur, in the Mirror, in the Lounger, there 
 are numerous papers written in obvious imitation 
 of his Tatlers and Spectators. Most of these 
 
 5 papers have some merit ; many are very lively and 
 amusing; but there is not a single one which 
 could be passed off as Addison's on a critic of the 
 smallest perspicacity. 
 
 But that which chiefly distinguishes Addison 
 
 10 from Swift, from Voltaire, from almost all the 
 other great masters of ridicule, is the grace, the 
 nobleness, the moral purity, which we find even in 
 his merriment. Severity, gradually hardening and 
 darkening into misanthropy, characterizes the 
 
 15 works of Swift. The nature of Voltaire was, 
 indeed, not inhuman; but he venerated nothing. 
 Neither in the masterpieces of art nor in the purest 
 examples of virtue, neither in the Great First Cause 
 nor in the awful enigma of the grave, could he see 
 
 20 anything but subjects for drollery. The more 
 solemn and august the theme, the more monkey- 
 like was his grimacing and chattering. The 
 mirth of Swift is the mirth of Mephistopheles ; the 
 mirth of Voltaire is the mirth of Puck. If, as 
 
 25 Soame Jenyns oddly imagined, a portion of the 
 happiness of seraphim and just men made perfect 
 be derived from an exquisite perception of the 
 ludicrous, their mirth must surely be none other 
 than the mirth of Addison; a mirth consistent 
 
 30 with tender compassion for all that is frail, and 
 
196 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 with profound reverence for all that is sublime. 
 Nothing great, nothing amiable, no moral duty, 
 no doctrine of natural or revealed religion, has ever 
 been associated by Addison with any degrading 
 idea. His humanity is without a parallel in liter- 5 
 ary history. The highest proof of virtue is to 
 possess boundless power without abusing it. No 
 kind of power is more formidable than the power 
 of making men ridiculous; and that power Addi- 
 son possessed in boundless measure. How grossly 10 
 that power was abused by Swift and by Voltaire is 
 well known. But of Addison it may be confidently 
 affirmed that he has blackened no man's character, 
 nay, that it would be difficult, if not impossible, 
 to find in all the volumes which he has left us a 15 
 single taunt which can be called ungenerous or 
 unkind. Yet he had detractors, whose malignity 
 might have seemed to justify as terrible a revenge 
 as that which men, not superior to him in genius, 
 wreaked on Bettesworth and on Franc de Pompig- 20 
 nan. He was a politician; he was the best writer 
 of his party ; he lived in times of fierce excitement, 
 in- times when persons of high character and station 
 stooped to scurrility such as is now practised only 
 by the basest of mankind. Yet no provocation 25 
 and no example could induce him to return railing 
 for railing. 
 
 Of the service which his Essays rendered to 
 morality it is difficult to speak too highly. It is 
 true, that, when the Tatl&r appeared, that age of 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 107 
 
 outrageous profaneness and licentiousness which 
 followed the Restoration had passed away. 
 Jeremy Collier had shamed the theatres into some- 
 thing which, compared with the excesses of Ether - 
 
 5 ege and Wycherley, might be called decency. Yet 
 there still lingered in the public mind a pernicious 
 notion that there was some connection between 
 genius and profligacy; between the domestic vir- 
 tues and the sullen formality of the Puritans. 
 
 10 That error it is the glory of Addison to have dis- 
 pelled. He taught the nation that the faith" and 
 the morality of Hale and Tillotson might be found 
 in company with wit more sparkling than the wit 
 of Congreve, and with humor richer than the 
 
 15 humor of Yanbrugh. So effectually, indeed, did 
 he retort on vice the mockery which had recently 
 been directed against virtue, that, since his time, 
 the open violation of decency has always been con- 
 sidered among us as the mark of a fool. And this 
 
 20 revolution, the greatest and most salutary ever 
 effected by any satirist, he accomplished, be it 
 remembered, without writing one personal lam- 
 poon. 
 
 In the early contributions of Addison to the 
 
 25 Tatter, his peculiar powers were not fully ex- 
 hibited. Yet from the first, his superiority to all 
 his coadjutors was evident. Some of his later 
 Tatlers are fully equal to anything that he ever 
 wrote. Among the portraits, we most admire 
 
 30 Tom Folio, Ned Softly, and the Political Uphol- 
 
198 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 sterer. The proceedings of the Court of Honor, 
 the Thermometer of Zeal, the story of the Frozen 
 Words, the Memoirs of the Shilling, are excellent 
 specimens of that ingenious and lively species of 
 fiction in which Addison excelled all men. There s 
 is one still better paper of the same class. But 
 though that paper, a hundred and thirty-three 
 years ago, was probably thought as edifying as one 
 of Smalridge's sermons, we dare not indicate it to 
 the squeamish readers of the nineteenth century. 10 
 
 During the session of Parliament which com- 
 menced in November, 1709, and which the im- 
 peachment of Sacheverell has made memorable, 
 Addison appears to have resided in London. The 
 Tatler was now more popular than any periodical 15 
 paper had ever been; and his connection with it 
 was generally known. It was not known, how- 
 ever, that almost everything good in the Tatler was 
 his. The truth is, that the fifty or sixty numbers 
 which we owe to him were not merely the best, 20 
 but so decidedly the best that any five of them are 
 more valuable than all the two hundred numbers 
 in which he had no share. 
 
 He required, at this time, all the solace which 
 he could derive from literary success. The Queen 25 
 had always disliked the Whigs. She had during 
 some years disliked the Marlborough family. But, 
 reigning by a disputed title, she could not venture 
 directly to oppose herself to a majority of both 
 Houses of Parliament; and, engaged as she was in a? 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 199 
 
 a war on the event of whicli her own crown was 
 staked, she conld not venture to disgrace a great 
 and successful general. But at length, in the year 
 1710, the causes which had restrained her from 
 
 5 showing her aversion to the Low Church party 
 ceased to operate. The trial of Sacheverell pro- 
 duced an outbreak of public feeling scarcely less 
 violent than the outbreaks which we can ourselves 
 remember in 1820, and in 1831. The country 
 
 w gentlemen, the country clergymen, the rabble of 
 the towns, were all, for once, on the same side. 
 It was clear that, if a general election took place 
 before the excitement abated, the Tories would 
 have a majority. The services of Marlborough 
 
 is had been so splendid that they were no longer 
 necessary. The Queen's throne was secure from 
 all attack on the part of Louis. Indeed, it seemed 
 much more likely that the English and German 
 armies would divide the spoils of Versailles and 
 
 so Marli than that a Marshal of France would bring 
 back the Pretender to St. James's. The Queen, 
 acting by the advice of Harley, determined to dis- 
 miss her servants. In June the change com- 
 menced. Sunderland was the first who fell. The 
 
 85 Tories exulted over his fall. The Whigs tried, 
 during a few weeks, to persuade themselves that 
 her majesty had acted only from personal dislike to 
 the Secretary, and that she meditated no further 
 alteration. But, early in August, Godolphin was 
 
 to surprised by a letter from Anne, which directed 
 
200 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 him to break his white staff. Even after this 
 event, the irresolution or dissimulation of Harley 
 kept up the hopes of the Whigs during another 
 month; and then the ruin became rapid and vio- 
 lent. The Parliament was dissolved. The 5 
 ministers were turned out. The Tories were 
 called to office. The tide of popularity ran vio- 
 lently in favor of the High Church party. That 
 party, feeble in the late House of Commons, was 
 now irresistible. The power which the Tories had 10 
 thus suddenly acquired, they used with blind and 
 stupid ferocity. The howl which the whole pack 
 set up for prey and for blood appalled even him 
 who had roused and unchained them. When, at 
 this distance of time, we calmly review the conduct 15 
 of the discarded ministers, we cannot but feel a 
 movement of indignation at the injustice with 
 which they were treated. No body of men had 
 ever administered the government with more 
 energy, ability, and moderation; and their success 20 
 had been proportioned to their wisdom. They 
 had saved Holland and Germany. They had 
 humbled France. They had, as it seemed, all but 
 torn Spain from the house of Bourbon. They had 
 made England the first power in Europe. At 95 
 home they had united England and Scotland. 
 They had respected the rights of conscience and 
 the liberty of the subject. They retired, leaving 
 their country at the height of prosperity and 
 glory. And yet they were pursued to their retrofit ao 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 20] 
 
 by such a roar of obloquy as was never raised 
 against the government which threw away thirteen 
 colonies, or against the government which sent a 
 gallant army to perish in the ditches of Walcheren. 
 
 5 None of the AVhigs suffered more in the general 
 wreck than Addison. He had just sustained some 
 heavy pecuniary losses, of the nature of which we 
 are imperfectly informed, when his secretaryship 
 was taken from him. He had reason to believe 
 
 10 that he should also be deprived of the small Irish 
 office which he held by patent. He had just 
 resigned his fellowship. It seems probable that 
 he had already ventured to raise his eyes to a great 
 lady, and that, while his political friends were in 
 
 is power, and while his own fortunes were rising, he 
 had been, in the phrase of the romances which 
 were then fashionable, permitted to hope. But 
 Mr. Addison the ingenious writer, and Mr. Addi- 
 son the chief secretary, were, in her ladyship's 
 
 so opinion, two very different persons. All these 
 calamities united, however, could not disturb the 
 serene cheerfulness of a mind conscious of inno- 
 cence, and rich in its own wealth. He told his 
 friends, with smiling resignation, that they ought 
 
 25 to admire his philosophy ; that he had lost at once 
 his fortune, his place, his fellowship, and his mis- 
 tress ; that he must think of turning tutor again ; 
 and yet that his spirits were as good as ever. 
 
 He had one consolation. Of the unpopularity 
 
 30 which his friends had incurred, he had no share. 
 
202 " MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 Such was the esteem with which he was regarded 
 that, while the most violent measures were taken 
 for the purpose of forcing Tory members on Whig 
 corporations, he was returned to Parliament with- 
 out even a contest. Swift, who was now in Lon- 5 
 don, and who had already determined on quitting 
 the Whigs, wrote to Stella in these remarkable 
 words: "The Tories carry it among the new mem- 
 bers six to one. Mr. Addison's election has 
 passed easy and undisputed; and I believe if he 10 
 had a mind to be king he would hardly be 
 refused." 
 
 The good will with which the Tories regarded 
 Addison is the more honorable to him, because it 
 had not been purchased by any concession on his lb 
 part. During the general election he published a 
 political journal, entitled the Whig Examiner. 
 Of that journal it may be sufficient to say that 
 Johnson, in spite of his strong political prejudices, 
 pronounced it to be superior in wit to any of 20 
 Swift's writings on the other side. When it ceased 
 to appear, Swift, in a letter to Stella, expressed his 
 exultation at the death of so formidable an 
 antagonist. "He might well rejoice," says John- 
 son, "at the death of that which he could not have 25 
 killed." "On no occasion," he adds, "was the 
 genius of Addison more vigorously exerted, and on 
 none did the superiority of his powers more evi- 
 dently appear." 
 
 The only use which Addison appears to have so 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 203 
 
 made of the favor with which he was regarded by 
 the Tories was to save some of his friends from the 
 general ruin of the Whig party. He felt himself 
 to be in a situation which made it his duty to take 
 
 5 a decided part in politics. But the case of Steele 
 and of Ambrose Philips was different. For 
 Philips, Addison even condescended to solicit, 
 with what success we have not ascertained. Steele 
 held two places. He was Gazetteer, and he was 
 
 10 also a Commissioner of Stamps. The Gazette was 
 taken from him. But he was suffered to retain 
 his place in the Stamp Office, on an implied under- 
 standing that he should not be active against the 
 new government; and he was, during more than 
 
 15 two years, induced by Addison to observe this 
 armistice with tolerable fidelity. 
 
 Isaac Bickers taff accordingly became silent upon 
 politics, and the article of news which had once 
 formed about one-third of his paper, altogether 
 
 so disappeared. The Tatler had completely changed 
 its character. It was now nothing but a series of 
 essays on books, morals, and manners. Steele 
 therefore resolved to bring it to a close, and to 
 commence a new work on an improved plan. It 
 
 25 was announced that this new work would be pub- 
 lished daily. The undertaking was generally 
 regarded as bold, or rather rash ; but the event 
 amply justified the confidence with which Steele 
 relied on the fertility of Addison's genius. On 
 
 30 the second of January, 1711, appeared the last 
 
204 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 Tatler. At the beginning of March following 
 appeared the first of an incomparable series of 
 papers, containing observations on life and liter- 
 ature by an imaginary spectator. 
 
 The Spectator himself was conceived and drawn 5 
 by Addison; and it is not easy to doubt that the 
 portrait was meant to be in some features a like- 
 ness of the painter. The Spectator is a gentleman 
 who, after passing a studious youth at the univer- 
 sity, has travelled on classic ground, and has 10 
 bestowed much attention on curious points of 
 antiquity. He has, on his return, fixed his resi- 
 dence in London, and has observed all the forms of 
 life which are to be found in that great city ; has 
 daily listened to the wits of Will's, has smoked is 
 with the philosophers of the Grecian, and has 
 mingled with the parsons at Child's, and with the 
 politicians at the St. James's. In the morning, he 
 often listens to the hum of the Exchange ; in the 
 evening, his face is constantly to be seen in the pit 20 
 of Drury Lane Theatre. But an insurmountable 
 bashf ulness prevents him from opening his mouth 
 except in a small circle of intimate friends. 
 
 These friends were first sketched by Steele. 
 Four of the club, the templar, the clergyman, the 25 
 soldier, and the merchant, were uninteresting fig- 
 ures, fit only for a background. But the other 
 two, an old country baronet and an old town rake, 
 though not delineated with a very delicate pencil, 
 had some good strokes. Addison took the rude 30 
 
LIFE AND "WRITINGS OF ADDISON 205 
 
 outlines into his own hands, retouched them, 
 colored them, and is in truth the creator of the Sir 
 Roger de Coverley and the "Will Honeycomb with 
 whom we are all familial'. 
 
 5 The plan of the Spectator must be allowed to be 
 both original and eminently happy. Every valu- 
 able essay in the series may be read with pleasure 
 separately ; yet the five or six hundred essays form 
 a whole, and a whole which has the interest of a 
 
 10 novel. It must be remembered, too, that at that 
 time no novel, giving a lively and powerful picture 
 of the common life and manners of England, had 
 appeared. Richardson was working as a composi- 
 tor. Fielding was robbing birds' nests. Smollett 
 
 is was not yet born. The narrative, therefore, which 
 connects together the Spectator's essays, gave to 
 our ancestors their first taste of an exquisite and 
 untried pleasure. That narrative was indeed con- 
 structed with no art or labor. The events were 
 
 20 such events as occur every day. Sir Roger comes 
 up to town to see Eugenio, as the worthy baronet 
 always calls Prince Eugene, goes with the Specta- 
 tor on the water to Spring Gardens, walks among 
 the tombs in the Abbey, and is frightened by the 
 
 25 Mohawks, but conquers his apprehension so far as 
 to go to the theatre when the Distressed Mother is 
 acted. The Spectator pays a visit in the summer 
 to Coverley Hall, is charmed with the old house, 
 the old butler, and the old chaplain, eats a jack 
 
 30 caught by Will Wimble, rides to the assizes, and 
 
206 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 hears a point of law discussed by Tom Touchy. 
 At last a letter from the honest butler brings to the 
 club the news that Sir Roger is dead. Will 
 Honeycomb marries and reforms at sixty. The 
 club breaks up; and the Spectator resigns his & 
 functions. Such events can hardly be said to form 
 a plot ; yet they are related with such truth, such 
 grace, such wit, such humor, such pathos, such 
 knowledge of the human heart, such knowledge of 
 the ways of the world, that they charm us on the 10 
 hundredth perusal. We have not the least doubt 
 that if Addison had written a novel, on an exten- 
 sive plan, it would have been superior to any that 
 we possess. As it is, he is entitled to be con- 
 sidered not only as the greatest of the English is 
 essayists, but as the forerunner of the great Eng- 
 lish novelists. 
 
 We say this of Addison alone; for Addison is 
 the Spectator. About three-sevenths of the work 
 are his; and it is no exaggeration to say, that his 20 
 worst essay is as good as the best essay of any of 
 his coadjutors. His best essays approach near to 
 absolute perfection; nor is their excellence more 
 wonderful than their variety. His invention never 
 seems to flag; nor is he ever under the necessity of 2b 
 repeating himself, or of wearing out a subject. 
 There are no dregs in his wine. He regales us 
 after the fashion of that prodigal nabob who held 
 that there was only one good glass in a bottle. As 
 soon as we have tasted the first sparkling foam of 30 
 
LIFE AND WHITINGS OF ADDISON 207 
 
 a jest, it is withdrawn, and a fresh draught of 
 nectar is at our lips. On the Monday, we have an 
 allegory as lively and ingenious as Lncian'a Auc- 
 tion of Lives ; on the Tuesday, an Eastern apologue 
 
 s as richlv colored as the Tales of Scheherezade ; on 
 the Wednesday, a character described with the 
 skill of La Bruyere; on the Thursday, a scene 
 from common life, equal to the best chapters in 
 the Vicar of Wakefield; on the Friday, some sly 
 
 10 Horatian pleasantry on fashionable follies, — on 
 
 hoops, patches, or puppet-shows; and on the 
 
 Saturday, a religious meditation, which will bear a 
 
 comparison with the finest passages in Massillon. 
 
 It is dangerous to select where there is so much 
 
 1 5 that deserves the highest praise. We will venture, 
 however, to say, that any person who wishes to 
 form a just notion of the extent and variety of 
 Addison's powers, will do well to read at one sit- 
 ting the following papers : The two Visits to the 
 
 20 Abbey, the visit to the Exchange, the Journal of 
 the Retired Citizen, the Vision of Mirza, the 
 Transmigrations of Pug the Monkey, and the 
 Death of Sir Roger de Coverley. 
 
 The least valuable of Addison's contributions to 
 
 25 the Spectator are, in the judgment of our age, his 
 critical papers. Yet his critical papers are always 
 luminous, and often ingenious. The very worst 
 of them must be regarded as creditable to him, 
 when the character of the school in which he had 
 
 30 been trained is fairly considered. The best of 
 
208 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 them were much too good for his readers. In 
 truth, he was not so far behind our generation as 
 he was before his own. No essays in the Spectator 
 were more censured and derided than those in 
 which he raised his voice against the contempt 5 
 with which our fine old ballads were regarded, and 
 showed the scoffers that the same gold which, 
 burnished and polished, gives lustre to the iEneid 
 and the Odes of Horace, is mingled with the rude 
 dross of Chevy Chase. 10 
 
 It is not strange that the success of the Spectator 
 should have been such as no similar work has ever 
 obtained. The number of copies daily distributed 
 was at first three thousand. It subsequently 
 increased, and had risen to near four thousand 15 
 when the stamp tax was imposed. That tax was 
 fatal to a crowd of journals. The Spectator, how- 
 ever, stood its ground, doubled its price, and, 
 though its circulation fell off, still yielded a large 
 revenue both to the state and to the authors. For 20 
 particular papers, the demand was immense; of 
 some, it is said, twenty thousand copies were 
 required. But this was not all. To have the 
 Spectator served up every morning with the bohea 
 and rolls was a luxury for the few. The majority 25 
 were content to wait till essays enough had 
 appeared to form a volume. Ten thousand copies . 
 of each volume were immediately taken off, and 
 new editions were 'called for. It must be remem- 
 bered, that the population of England was then so 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 209 
 
 hardly a third of what it now is. The number of 
 Englishmen who were in the habit of reading, was 
 probably not a sixth of what it now is. A shop- 
 keeper or a farmer who found any pleasure in 
 
 5 literature, was a rarity. Nay, there was doubtless 
 more than one knight of the shire whose country 
 seat did not contain ten books, receipt-books and 
 books on farriery included. In these circumstan- 
 ces, the sale of the Spectator must be considered as 
 
 10 indicating a popularity quite as great as that of the 
 most successful works of Sir Walter Scott and Mr. 
 Dickens in our own time. 
 
 At the close of 1712 the Spectator ceased to 
 appear. It was probably felt that the shortfaced 
 
 15 gentleman and his club had been long enough 
 before the town ; and that it was time to withdraw 
 them, and to replace them by a new set of charac- 
 ters. In a few weeks the first number of the 
 Guardian was published. But the Guardian was 
 
 20 unfortunate both in its birth and in its death. It 
 began in dulness and disappeared in a tempest of 
 faction. The original plan was bad. Addison 
 contributed nothing till sixty-six numbers had 
 appeared ; and it was then impossible to make the 
 
 25 Guardian what the Spectator had been. Nestor 
 Ironside and the Miss Lizards were people to whom 
 even he could impart no interest. He could only 
 furnish some excellent little essays, both serious 
 and comic; and this he did. 
 
 30 Why Addison gave no assistance to the Guard- 
 
210 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 ian during the first two months of its existence, 
 is a question which has puzzled the editors and 
 biographers, but which seems to us to admit of a 
 very easy solution. He was then engaged in bring- 
 ing his Cato on the stage. 5 
 
 The first four acts of this drama had been lying 
 in his desk since his return from Italy. His 
 modest and sensitive nature shrank from the risk of 
 a public and shameful failure; and, though all 
 who saw the manuscript were loud in praise, some 10 
 thought it possible that an audience might become 
 impatient even of very good rhetoric, and advised 
 Addison to print the play without hazarding a 
 representation. At length, after many fits of 
 apprehension, the poet yielded to the urgency of is 
 his political friends, who hoped that the public 
 would discover some analogy between the followers 
 of Caesar and the Tories, between Sempronius and 
 the apostate Whigs, between Cato, straggling to 
 the last for the liberties of Rome, and the band of 20 
 patriots who still stood firm round Halifax and 
 Wharton. 
 
 Addison gave the play to the managers of Drury 
 Lane Theatre, without stipulating for any advan- 
 tage to himself. They, therefore, thought them- 25 
 selves bound to spare no cost in scenery and 
 dresses. The decorations, it is true, would not 
 have pleased the skilful eye of Mr. Macready. 
 Juba's waistcoat blazed with gold lace; Marcia'a 
 hoop was worthy of a duchess on the birthday : and so 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 211 
 
 ( ato wore a wig worth fifty guineas. The pro- 
 logue was written by Pope, and is undoubtedly a 
 dignified and spirited composition. The part of 
 the hero was excellently played by Booth. Steele 
 
 5 undertook to pack a house. The boxes were in a 
 blaze with the stars of the Peers in Opposition. 
 The pit was crowded with attentive and friendly 
 listeners from the Inns of Court and the literary 
 coffee-houses. Sir Gilbert Heathcote, Governor of 
 
 10 the Bank of England, was at the head of a power- 
 ful body of auxiliaries from the city, warm men 
 and true Whigs, but better known at Jonathan's 
 and Garraway's than in the haunts of wits and 
 critics. 
 
 is These precautions were quite superfluous. The 
 Tories, as a body, regarded Addison with no un- 
 kind feelings. Nor was it for their interest, pro- 
 fessing, as they did, profound reverence for law 
 and prescription, and abhorrence both of popular 
 
 20 insurrections and of standing armies, to appropri- 
 ate to themselves reflections thrown on the great 
 military chief and demagogue, who, with the sup- 
 port of the legions and of the common people, 
 subverted all the ancient institutions of his coun- 
 
 25 try. Accordingly, every shout that was raised by 
 the members of the Kit Cat was echoed by the 
 High Churchmen of the October; and the curtain 
 at length fell amidst thunders of unanimous 
 applause. 
 
 30 The delight and admiration of the town were 
 
212 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 described by the Guardian in terms which we 
 might attribute to partiality, were it not that the 
 Examiner, the organ of the ministry, held similar 
 language. The Tories, indeed, found much to 
 sneer at in the conduct of their opponents. 5 
 Steele had on this, as on other occasions, shown 
 more zeal than taste or judgment. The honest 
 citizens who marched under the orders of Sir 
 Gibby, as he was facetiously called, probably knew 
 better when to buy and when to sell stock than 10 
 when to clap and when to hiss at a play, and 
 incurred some ridicule by making the hypocritical 
 Sempronius their favorite, and by giving to his 
 insincere rants louder plaudits than they bestowed 
 on the temperate eloquence of Cato. Wharton, 15 
 too, who had the incredible effrontery to applaud 
 the lines about flying from prosperous vice and 
 from the power of impious men to a private station, 
 did not escape the sarcasms of those who justly 
 thought that he could fly from nothing more 20 
 vicious or impious than himself. The epilogue, 
 which was written by Garth, a zealous Whig, was 
 severely and not unreasonably censured as ignoble 
 and out of place. But Addison was described, 
 even by the bitterest Tory writers, as a gentleman 25 
 of wit and virtue, in whose friendship many per- 
 sons of both parties were happy, and whose name 
 ought not to be mixed up with factious squabbles. 
 Of the jests by which the triumph of the Whig 
 party was disturbed, the most severe and happy 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 213 
 
 was Bolingbroke's. Between two acts lie sent for 
 Booth to his box, and presented him, before the 
 whole theatre, with a purse of fifty guineas for 
 defending the cause of liberty so well against a 
 
 5 perpetual Dictator. This was a pungent allusion 
 to the attempt which Marlborough had made, not 
 long before his fall, to obtain a patent creating 
 him Captain General for life. 
 
 It was April; and in April, a hundred and 
 
 10 thirty years ago, the London season was thought to 
 be far advanced. During a whole month, how- 
 ever, Cato was performed to overflowing houses, 
 and brought into the treasury of the theatre twice 
 the gains of an ordinary spring. In the summer 
 
 15 the Drury Lane company went down to the Act at 
 Oxford, and there, before an audience which 
 retained an affectionate remembrance of Addison's 
 accomplishments and virtues, his tragedy was 
 enacted during several days. The gownsmen 
 
 20 began to besiege the theatre in the forenoon, and 
 by one in the afternoon all the seats were filled. 
 
 About the merits of the piece which had so 
 extraordinary an effect, the public, we suppose, 
 has made up its mind. To compare it with the 
 
 2.1 masterpieces of the Attic stage, with the great 
 English dramas of the time of Elizabeth, or even 
 with the productions of Schiller's manhood, would 
 be absurd indeed: yet it contains excellent dia- 
 logue and declamation, and, among plays fashioned 
 
 30 on the French model, must be allowed to rank 
 
214 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 high, — not indeed with Athalie or Saul, but, we 
 think, not below Cinna, and certainly above any 
 other English tragedy of the same school; above 
 many of the plays of Corneille ; above many of the 
 plays of Voltaire and Alfieri; and above some 5 
 plays of Racine. Be this as it may, we have little 
 doubt that Cato did as much as the Tatters, Spec- 
 tators, and Freeholders united, to raise Addison's 
 fame among his contemporaries. \ 
 
 The modesty and good nature of the successful 10 
 dramatist had tamed even the malignity of faction. 
 But literary envy, it should seem, is a fiercer pas- 
 sion than party spirit. It was by a zealous AYhig 
 that the fiercest attack on the Whig tragedy was 
 made. John Dennis published Remarks on Cato, 15 
 which were written with some acuteness and with 
 much coarseness and asperity. Addison neither 
 defended himself nor retaliated. On many points 
 he had an excellent defence, and nothing would 
 have been easier than to retaliate ; for Dennis had 20 
 written bad odes, bad tragedies, bad comedies: he 
 had, moreover, a larger share than most men of 
 those infirmities and eccentricities which excite 
 laughter; and Addison's power of turning either 
 an absurd book or an absurd man into ridicule was 25 
 unrivalled. Addison, however, serenely conscious 
 of his superiority, looked with pity on his assail- 
 ant, whose temper, naturally irritable and gloomy, 
 had been soured by want, by controversy, and by 
 literary failures. 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 215 
 
 But among the young candidates for Addison's 
 favor there was one distinguished by talents from 
 the rest, and distinguished, we fear, not less by 
 malignity and insincerity. Pope was only twenty - 
 
 5 five. But his powers had expanded to their full 
 maturity ; and his best j^oem, the Rape of the 
 Lock, had recently been published. Of his genius 
 Addison had always expressed high admiration. 
 But Addison had early discerned, what might, 
 
 10 indeed, have been discerned by an eye less pene- 
 trating than his, that the diminutive, crooked, 
 sickly boy was eager to revenge himself on society 
 for the unkindness of nature. In the Spectator 
 the Essay on Criticism had been praised with cor- 
 
 15 dial warmth; but a gentle hint had been added 
 that the writer of so excellent a poem would have 
 done well to avoid ill-natured personalities. Pope, 
 though evidently more galled by the censure than 
 gratified by the praise, returned thanks for the 
 
 20 admonition, and promised to profit by it. The 
 two writers continued to exchange civilities, coun- 
 sel, and small good offices. Addison publicly 
 extolled Pope's miscellaneous pieces, and Pope 
 furnished Addison with a prologue. This did not 
 
 25 last long. Pope hated Dennis, whom he had 
 injured without provocation. The appearance of 
 the Remarks on Cato gave the irritable poet an 
 opportunity of venting his malice under the show 
 of friendship; and such an opportunity could not 
 
 30 but be welcome to a nature which was implacable 
 
21G MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 in enmity, and which always preferred the tortuous 
 to the straight path. He published, accordingly, 
 the Narrative of the Frenzy of John Dennis. But 
 Pope had mistaken his powers. He was a great 
 master of invective and sarcasm; he could dissect 5 
 a character in terse and sonorous couplets, brilliant 
 with antithesis; but of dramatic talent he was 
 altogether destitute. If he had written a lampoon 
 on Dennis, such as that on Atticus or that on 
 Sporus, the old grumbler would have been crushed. 10 
 But Pope writing dialogue resembled — to borrow 
 Horace's imagery and his own — a wolf, which, 
 instead of biting, should take to kicking, or a 
 monkey which should try to sting. The Narrative 
 is utterly contemptible. Of argument there is not is 
 even the show, and the jests are such as, if they 
 were introduced into a farce, would call forth the 
 hisses of the shilling gallery. Dennis raves about 
 the drama, and the nurse thinks that he is calling 
 for a dram. "There is," he cries, "no peripetia 20 
 in the tragedy, no change of fortune, no change at 
 all." "Pray, good sir, be not angry," says the 
 old woman, "I'll fetch change." This is not 
 exactly the pleasantry of Addison. 
 
 There can be no doubt that Addison saw through 25 
 this officious zeal, and felt himself deeply aggrieved 
 by it. So foolish and spiteful a pamphlet could do 
 him no good, and, if he were thought to have any 
 hand in it, must do him harm. Gifted with 
 incomparable powers of ridicule, he had never, 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 217 
 
 even in self-defence, used those powers inhumanly 
 or uncourteously ; and he was not disposed to let 
 others make his fame and his interests a pretext 
 under which they might commit outrages from 
 5 which he had himself constantly abstained. He 
 accordingly declared that he had no concern in the 
 Narrative, that he disapproved of it, and that if 
 he answered the Remarks, he would answer them 
 like a gentleman; and he took care to communi- 
 
 10 cate this to Dennis. Pope was bitterly mortified, 
 
 and to this transaction we are inclined to ascribe the 
 
 hatred with which he ever after regarded Addison. 
 
 In September, 1713, the Guardian ceased to 
 
 appear. Steele had gone mad about politics. A 
 
 15 general election had just taken place : he had been 
 chosen member for Stockbridge, and he fully 
 expected to play a first part in Parliament. The 
 immense success of the Tatler and Spectator had 
 turned his head. He had been the editor of both 
 
 20 those papers, and was not aware how entirely they 
 owed their influence and popularity to the genius 
 of his friend. His spirits, always violent, were 
 now excited by vanity, ambition, and faction, to 
 such a pitch that he every day committed some 
 
 25 offence against good sense and good taste. All the 
 discreet and moderate members of his own party 
 regretted and condemned his folly. "I am in a 
 thousand troubles," Addison wrote, "about poor 
 Dick, and wish that his zeal for the public may not 
 
 so be ruinous to himself. But he has sent me word 
 
218 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 that he is determined to go on, and that any advice 
 I may give him in this particular will have no 
 weight with him." 
 
 Steele set up a political paper called the Eng- 
 lishman, which, as it was not supported by contri- 5 
 butions from Addison, completely failed. By this 
 work, by some other writings of the same kind, 
 and by the airs which he gave himself at the first 
 meeting of the new Parliament, he made the Tories 
 so angry that they determined to expel him. The 10 
 Whigs stood by him gallantly, but were tillable to 
 save him. The vote of expulsion was regarded by 
 all dispassionate men as a tyrannical exercise of the 
 power of the majority. But Steele's violence and 
 folly, though they by no means justified the steps 15 
 which his enemies took, had completely disgusted 
 his friends ; nor did he ever regain the place which 
 he had held in the public estimation. 
 
 Addison about this time conceived the design of 
 adding an eighth volume to the Spectator. In 30 
 June, 1714, the first number of the new series 
 appeared, and during about six months three 
 papers were published weekly. Nothing can be 
 more striking than the contrast between the Eng- 
 lishman and the eighth volume of the Spectator, 25 
 between Steele without Addison and Addison with- 
 out Steele. The Englishman is forgotten: the 
 eighth volume of the Spectator contains, perhaps, 
 the finest essays, both serious and playful, in the 
 English language. 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 219 
 
 Before this volume was completed, the death of 
 Anne produced an entire change in the administra- 
 tion of public affairs. The blow fell suddenly. 
 It found the Tory party distracted by internal 
 
 5 feuds, and unprepared for any great effort. 
 Harley had just been disgraced. Bolingbroke, it 
 was supposed, would be the chief minister. But 
 the Queen was on her death-bed before the white 
 staff had been given, and her last public act was to 
 
 10 deliver it with a feeble hand to the Duke of 
 Shrewsbury. The emergency produced a coalition 
 between all sections of public men who were 
 attached to the Protestant succession. George the 
 First was proclaimed without opposition. A coun- 
 
 15 cil, in which the leading whigs had seats, took the 
 direction of affairs till the new King should arrive. 
 The first act of the Lords Justices was to appoint 
 Addison their secretary. 
 
 There is an idle tradition that he was directed 
 
 20 to prepare a letter to the King, that he could not 
 satisfy himself as to the style of this composition, 
 and that the Lords Justices called in a clerk, who 
 at once did what was wanted. It is not strange 
 that a story so flattering to mediocrity should be 
 
 25 popular; and we are sorry to deprive dunces of 
 their consolation. But the truth must be told. 
 It was well observed by Sir James Mackintosh, 
 whose knowledge of these times was unequalled, 
 that Addison never, in any official document, 
 
 ! affected wit or eloquence, and that his despatches 
 
220 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 are, without exception, remarkable for unpretend- 
 ing simplicity. Everybody who knows with what 
 ease Addison's finest essays were produced, must 
 be convinced that, if well-turned phrases had been 
 wanted, he would have had no difficulty in finding 5 
 them. We are, however, inclined to believe, that 
 the story is not absolutely without a foundation. 
 It may well be that Addison did not know, till he 
 had consulted experienced clerks who remembered 
 the times when William the Third was absent on 10 
 the Continent, in what form a letter from the 
 Council of Regency to the King ought to be drawn. 
 We think it very likely that the ablest statesmen of 
 our time, Lord John Russell, Sir Robert Peel, 
 Lord Palmerston, for example, would, in similar 15 
 circumstances, be found quite as ignorant. Every 
 office has some little mysteries which the dullest 
 man may learn with a little attention, and which 
 the greatest man cannot possibly know by intui- 
 tion. One paper must be signed by the chief of 20 
 the department ; another by his deputy ; to a third 
 the royal sign-manual is necessary. One commu- 
 nication is to be registered, and another is not. 
 One sentence must be in black ink, and another 
 in red ink. If the ablest Secretary for Ireland 25 
 were moved to the India Board, if the ablest 
 President of the India Board were moved to the 
 War Office, he would require instruction on 
 points like these; and we do not doubt that 
 Addison required such instruction when he be- 80 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 221 
 
 came, for the first time, Secretary to the Lords 
 Justices. 
 
 George the First took possession of his kingdom 
 without opposition. A new ministry was formed, 
 
 5 and a new Parliament favorable to the WhigB 
 chosen. Sunderland was appointed Lord Lieuten- 
 ant of Ireland; and Addison again went to Dublin 
 as Chief Secretary. 
 
 At Dublin Swift resided; and there was much 
 
 10 speculation about the way in which the Dean and 
 the Secretary would behave towards each other. 
 The relations which existed between these remark- 
 able men form an interesting and pleasing portion 
 of literary history. They had early attached them- 
 
 li- selves to the same political party and to the same 
 patrons. While Anne's Whig ministry was in 
 power, the visits of Swift to London and the 
 official residence of Addison in Ireland had given 
 them opportunities of knowing each other. They 
 
 20 were the two shrewdest observers of their age. But 
 their observations on each other had led them to 
 favorable conclusions. Swift did full justice to 
 the rare powers of conversation which were latent 
 under the bashful deportment of Addison. Addi- 
 
 25 son, on the other hand, discerned much good 
 nature under the severe look and manner of Swift; 
 and, indeed, the Swift of 1708 and the Swift of 
 1738 were two very different men. 
 
 But the paths of the two friends diverged 
 
 30 widely. The Whig statesmen loaded Addison 
 
222 MACAULAYS ESSAYS 
 
 with solid benefits. They praised Swift, asked 
 him to dinner, and did nothing more for him. 
 His profession laid them under a difficulty. In 
 the state they could not promote him ; and they 
 had reason to fear that, by bestowing preferment 5 
 in the church on the author of the Tale of a Tub, 
 they might give scandal to the public, which had 
 no high opinion of their orthodoxy. He did not 
 make fair allowance for the difficulties which pre- 
 vented Halifax and Somers from serving him, 10 
 thought himself an ill-used man, sacrificed honor 
 and consistency to revenge, joined the Tories, and 
 became their most formidable champion. He 
 soon found, however, that his old friends were 
 less to blame than he had supposed. The dislike is 
 with which the Queen and the heads of the church 
 regarded him was insurmountable ; and it was with 
 the greatest difficulty that he obtained an ecclesias- 
 tical dignity of no great value, on condition of 
 fixing his residence in a country which he de- 20 
 tested. 
 
 Difference of political opinion had produced, not 
 indeed a quarrel, but a coolness between Swift and 
 Addison. They at length ceased altogether to see 
 each other. Yet there was between them a tacit 25 
 compact like that between the hereditary guests in 
 the Iliad : — 
 
 'Ey^ea 6' aAATjAwv aAetojuefla Kai 5t' o/xiKov 
 
 IIoAAoi p.ci> yap e/uol Tpcies *AeiTdi r tiriKovpoi. 
 
 Kreivttv, ov ks 0eo? ye nopy Kai iro<rai Kiyettt, 80 
 
 JIoAAol 8' av coi 'A\atoi, ivaipip.ev ov Ace Svvrjai- 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 223 
 
 It is not strange that Addison, who calumniated 
 and insulted nobody, should not have calumniated 
 or insulted Swift. But it is remarkable that 
 Swift, to whom neither genius nor virtue was 
 
 5 sacred, and who generally seemed to find, like most 
 other renegades, a peculiar pleasure in attacking 
 old friends, should have shown so much respect 
 and tenderness to Addison. 
 
 Fortune had now changed. The accession of 
 
 10 the house of Hanover had secured in England the 
 liberties of the people, and in Ireland the dominion 
 of the Protestant caste. To that caste Swift was 
 more odious than any other man. He was hooted 
 and even pelted in the streets of Dublin; and 
 
 15 could not venture to ride along the strand for his 
 health without the attendance of armed servants. 
 Many whom he had formerly served now libelled 
 and insulted him. At this time Addison arrived. 
 He had been advised not to show the smallest civil- 
 
 20 ity to the Dean of St. Patrick's. He had an- 
 swered, with admirable spirit, that it might be 
 necessary for men whose fidelity to their party was 
 suspected, to hold no intercourse with political 
 opponents; but that one who had been a steady 
 
 25 Whig in the worst times might venture, when the 
 good cause was triumphant, to shake hands with 
 an old friend who was one of the vanquished Tories. 
 His kindness was soothing to the proud and cruelly 
 wounded spirit of Swift ; and the two great satirists 
 
 30 resumed their habits of friendly intercourse. 
 
224 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 Those associates of Addison whose political 
 opinions agreed with his shared his good fortune. 
 He took Tickell with him to Ireland. He pro- 
 cured for Budgell a lucrative place in the same 
 kingdom. Ambrose Philips was provided for in 5 
 England. Steele had injured himself so much by 
 his eccentricity and perverseness, that he obtained 
 but a very small part of what he thought his due. 
 He was, however, knighted; he had a place in the 
 household; and he subsequently received other 10 
 marks of favor from the court. 
 
 Addison did not remain long in Ireland. In 
 1715 he quitted his secretaryship for a seat at the 
 Board of Trade. In the same year his comedy of 
 the Drummer was brought on the stage. The is 
 name of the author was not announced; the piece 
 was coldly received; and some critics have ex- 
 pressed a doubt whether it were really Addison's. 
 To us the evidence, both external and internal, 
 seems decisive. It is not in Addison's best man- 20 
 ner ; but it contains numerous passages which no 
 other writer known to us could have produced. It 
 was again performed after Addison's death, and, 
 being known to be his, was loudly applauded. 
 
 Towards the close of the year 1715, while the 25 
 Rebellion was still raging in Scotland, Addison 
 published the first number of a paper called the 
 Freeholder. Among his political works the Free- 
 holder is entitled to the first place. Even in the 
 Spectator there are few serious papers nobler than x 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 225 
 
 the character of his friend Lord Somers, and cer- 
 tainly no satirical papers superior to those in which 
 the Tory fox-hunter is introduced. This charac- 
 ter is the original of Squire AVestern, and is drawn 
 
 5 with all Fielding's force, and with a delicacy of 
 which Fielding was altogether destitute. As none 
 of Addison's works exhibits stronger marks of his 
 genius than the Freeholder, so none does more 
 honor to his moral character. It is difficult to 
 
 10 extol too highly the candor and humanity of a 
 political writer whom even the excitement of civil 
 war cannot hurry into unseemly violence. Oxford, 
 it is well known, was then the stronghold of Tory- 
 ism. The High Street had been repeatedly lined 
 
 is with bayonets in order to keep down the disaffected 
 gownsmen; and traitors pursued by the messen- 
 gers of the government had been concealed in the 
 garrets of several colleges. Yet the admonition 
 which, even under such circumstances, Addison 
 
 20 addressed to the university, is singularly gentle, 
 respectful, and even affectionate. Indeed, he 
 could not find it in his heart to deal harshly even 
 with imaginary persons. His fox-hunter, though 
 ignorant, stupid, and violent, is at heart a good 
 
 25 fellow, and is at last reclaimed by the clemency of 
 the king. Steele was dissatisfied with his friend's 
 moderation, and, though he acknowledged that the 
 Freeholder was excellently written, complained 
 that the ministry played on a lute when it was 
 
 so necessary to blow the trumpet. He accordingly 
 
220 MACAULAYS ESSAYS 
 
 determined to execute a flourish after his own 
 fashion, and tried to rouse the public spirit of the 
 nation by means of a paper called the Town Talk, 
 which is now as utterly forgotten as his English- 
 man, as his Crisis, as his Letter to the Bailiff of b 
 Stockbridge, as his Reader, in short, as everything 
 that he wrote without the help of Addison. 
 
 In the same year in which the Drummer was 
 acted, and in which the first numbers of the Free- 
 holder appeared, the estrangement of Pope and io 
 Addison became complete. Addison had from the 
 first seen that Pope was false and malevolent. 
 Pope had discovered that Addison was jealous. 
 The discovery was made in a strange manner. 
 Pope had written the Rape of the Lock, in two is 
 cantos, without supernatural machinery. These 
 two cantos had been loudly applauded, and by 
 none more loudly than by Addison. Then Pope 
 thought of the Sylphs and Gnomes, Ariel, Momen- 
 tilla, Crispissa, and Umbriel, and resolved to inter- bo 
 weave the Rosicrucian mythology with the original 
 fabric. He asked Addison's advice. Addison said 
 that the poem as it stood was a delicious little 
 thing, and entreated Pope not to run the risk of 
 marring what was so excellent in trying to mend 25 
 it. Pope afterward declared that this insidious 
 counsel first opened his eyes to the baseness of him 
 who gave it. 
 
 Now there can be no doubt that Pope's plan was 
 most ingenious, and that he afterwards executed it so 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 227 
 
 with great skill and success. But does it neces- 
 sarily follow that Addison's advice was bad? And 
 if Addison's advice was bad, does it necessarily 
 follow that it was given from bad motives? If a 
 5 friend were to ask us whether we would advise him 
 to risk his all in a lottery of which the chances 
 were ten to one against him, we should do our 
 best to dissuade him from running such a risk. 
 Even if he were so lucky as to get the thirty thou- 
 
 10 sand pound prize, we should not admit that we had 
 counselled him ill; and we should certainly think 
 it the height of injustice in him to accuse us of 
 having been actuated by malice. We think Addi- 
 son's advice good advice. It rested on a sound 
 
 is principle, the result of long and wide experience. 
 The general rule undoubtedly is that, when a suc- 
 cessful work of imagination has been produced, it 
 should not be recast. We cannot at this moment 
 call to mind a single instance in which this rule 
 
 20 has been transgressed with happy effect, except the 
 instance of the Rape of the Lock. Tasso recast 
 his Jerusalem. Akenside recast his Pleasures of 
 the Imagination, and his Epistle to Curio. Pope 
 himself, emboldened no doubt by the success with 
 
 25 which he had expanded and remodelled the Rape 
 of the Lock, made the same experiment on the 
 Dunciad. All these attempts failed. Who was to 
 foresee that Pope would, once in his life, be able 
 to do what he could not himself do twice, and what 
 
 30 nobody else has ever done? 
 
228 MACAULAYS ESSAYS 
 
 Addison's advice was good. But had it been . 
 bad, why should we pronounce it dishonest? Scott 
 tells us that one of his best friends predicted the 
 failure of Waverley. Herder adjured Goethe not 
 to take so unpromising a subject as Faust. Hume 5 
 tried to dissuade Robertson from writing the His- 
 tory of Charles the Fifth. Xay, Pope himself was 
 one of those who prophesied that Cato would 
 never succeed on the stage, and advised Addison 
 to print it without risking a representation. But 10 
 Scott, Goethe, Robertson, Addison, had the good 
 sense and generosity to give their advisers credit 
 for the best intentions. Pope's heart was not of 
 the same kind with theirs. 
 
 In 1715, while he was engaged in translating the 15 
 Iliad, he met Addison at a coffee-house. Philips 
 and Budgell were there; but their sovereign got 
 rid of them, and asked Pope to dine with him 
 alone. After dinner, Addison said that he lay 
 under a difficulty which he wished to explain. 20 
 "Tickell," he said, "translated some time ago the 
 first book of the Iliad. I have promised to look it 
 over and correct it. I cannot, therefore, ask to 
 see yours, for that would be double-dealing." 
 Pope made a civil reply, and begged that his 25 
 second book might have the advantage of Addi- 
 son's revision. Addison readily agreed, looked 
 over the second book, and sent it back with warm 
 commendations. 
 
 Tick ell's version of the first book appeared soon 80 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 229 
 
 after this conversation. In the preface, all rivalry 
 was earnestly disclaimed. Tickell declared that he 
 should not go on with the Iliad. That enterprise 
 he should leave to powers which he admitted to be 
 
 5 superior to his own. His only view, he said, in 
 publishing this specimen was to bespeak the favor 
 of the public to a translation of the Odyssey, in 
 which he had made some progress. 
 
 Addison, and Addison's devoted followers, pro- 
 
 10 nounced both the versions good, but maintained 
 that Tickell's had more of the original. The 
 town gave a decided preference to Pope's. We do 
 not think it worth while to settle such a question 
 of precedence. Neither of the rivals can be said 
 
 is to have translated the Iliad, unless indeed, the 
 word translation be used in the sense which it 
 bears in the Midsummer Night's Dream. When 
 Bottom makes his appearance w T ith an ass's head 
 instead of his own, Peter Quince exclaims, "Bless 
 
 20 thee! Bottom, bless thee! thou art translated." 
 In this sense, undoubtedly, the readers of either 
 Pope or Tickell may very properly exclaim, "Bless 
 thee! Homer; thou art translated indeed." 
 
 Our readers will, we hope, agree with us in 
 
 25 thinking that no man in Addison's situation could 
 have acted more fairly and kindly, both towards 
 Pope, and towards Tickell, than he appears to 
 have done. But an odious suspicion had sprung 
 up in the mind of Pope. He fancied, and he 
 
 30 soon firmly believed, that there was a deep con- 
 
230 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 spiracy against his fame and his fortunes. The 
 work on which he had staked his reputation was 
 to be depreciated. The subscription, on which 
 rested his hopes of a competence, was to be 
 defeated. With this view Addison had made a 5 
 rival translation : Tickell had consented to father 
 it; and the wits of Button's had united to puff it. 
 
 Is there any external evidence to support this 
 grave accusation? The answer is short. There is 
 absolutely none. 10 
 
 Was there any internal evidence which proved 
 Addison to be the author of this version? Was it 
 a work which Tickell was incapable of producing? 
 Surely not. Tickell was a fellow of a college at 
 Oxford, and must be supposed to have been able to 15 
 construe the Iliad ; and he was a better versifier 
 than his friend. We are not aware that Pope pre- 
 tended to have discovered any turns of expression 
 peculiar to Addison. Had such turns of ex- 
 pression been discovered, they would be sufficiently 20 
 accounted for by supposing Addison to have cor- 
 rected his friend's lines, as he owned that he had 
 done. 
 
 Is there anything in the character of the accused 
 persons which makes the accusation probable? We 25 
 answer confidently — nothing. Tickell was long 
 after this time described by Pope himself as a very 
 fair and worthy man. Addison had been, during 
 many years, before the public. Literary rivals, 
 political opponents, had kept their eyes on him. 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 231 
 
 But neither envy nor faction, in their utmost 
 rage, had ever imputed to him a single deviation 
 from the laws of honor and of social morality. 
 Had he been indeed a man meanly jealous of 
 s fame, and capable of stooping to base and 
 wicked arts for the purpose of injuring his com- 
 petitors, would his vices have remained latent 
 so long? He was a writer of tragedy: had he 
 ever injured Eowe? He was a writer of com- 
 
 10 edy:,had he not done ample justice to Congreve, 
 and given valuable help to Steele? He was a 
 pamphleteer : have not his good nature and gener- 
 osity been acknowledged by Swift, his rival in 
 fame and his adversary in politics? 
 
 15 That Tickell should have been guilty of a villany 
 seems to us highly improbable. That Addison 
 should have been guilty of a villany seems to us 
 highly improbable. But that these two men 
 should have consjrired together to commit a villany 
 
 20 seems to us improbable in a tenfold degree. All 
 that is known to us of their intercourse tends to 
 prove, that it was not the intercourse of two 
 accomplices in crime. These are some of the lines 
 in which Tickell poured forth his sorrow over the 
 
 25 coffin of Addison: — 
 
 "Or dost thou warn poor mortals left behind, 
 A task well suited to tlry gentle mind ? 
 Oh, if sometimes thy spotless form descend, 
 To me thine aid, thou guardian genius, lend, 
 30 "When rage misguides me, or when fear alarms, 
 
23 2 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 When pain distresses, or when pleasure charms, 
 
 In silent whisperings purer thoughts impart, 
 
 And turn from ill a frail and feeble heart ; 
 
 Lead through the paths thy virtue trod before, 
 
 Till bliss shall join, nor death can part us more." 5 
 
 In what words, we should like to know, did this 
 guardian genius invite his pupil to join in a plan 
 such as the editor of the Satirist would hardly- 
 dare to propose to the editor of the Age? 
 
 We do not accuse Pope of bringing an accusation 10 
 which he knew to be false. We have not the 
 smallest doubt that he believed it to be true; and 
 the evidence on which he believed it he found 
 in his own bad heart. His own life was one long 
 series of tricks, as mean and as malicious as that of 15 
 which he suspected Addison and Tickell. He was 
 all stiletto and mask. To injure, to insult, and to 
 save himself from the consequences of injury and 
 insult by lying and equivocating, was the habit of 
 his life. He published a lampoon on the Duke of 20 
 Chandos; he was taxed with it; and he lied and 
 equivocated. He published a lampoon on Aaron 
 Hill; he was taxed with it; and he lied and 
 equivocated. He published a still fouler lampoon 
 on Lady Mary Wortley Montague; he was taxed 25 
 with it ; and he lied with more than usual effront- 
 ery and vehemence. He puffed himself and 
 abused his enemies under feigned names. He 
 robbed himself of his own letters, and then raised 
 the hue and cry after them. Besides his frauds of m 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON ->33 
 
 malignity, of fear, of interest, and of vanity, there 
 were frauds which he seems to have committed 
 from love of fraud alone. He had a habit of 
 stratagem, a pleasure in outwitting all who came 
 
 5 near him. Whatever his object might be, the 
 indirect road to it was that which he preferred. 
 For Bolingbroke, Pope undoubtedly felt as much 
 love and veneration as it was in his nature to feel 
 for any human being. Yet Pope was scarcely dead 
 
 10 when it was discovered that, from no motive except 
 the mere love of artifice, he had been guilty of an 
 act of gross perfidy to Bolingbroke. 
 
 Nothing was more natural than that such a man 
 as this should attribute to others that which he 
 
 15 felt within himself. A plain, probable, coherent 
 explanation is frankly given to him. He is certain 
 that it is all a romance. A line of conduct 
 scrupulously fair, and even friendly, is pursued 
 towards him. He is convinced that it is merely a 
 
 20 cover for a vile intrigue by which he is to be dis- 
 graced and ruined. It is vain to ask him for 
 proofs. He has none, and wants none, except 
 those which he carries in his own bosom. 
 
 Whether Pope's malignity at length provoked 
 
 25 Addison to retaliate for the first and last time, 
 cannot now be known with certainty. We have 
 only Pope's story, which runs thus. A pamphlet 
 appeared containing some reflections which stung 
 Pope to the quick. What those reflections were, 
 
 30 and whether they were reflections of which he had 
 
234 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 a right to complain, we have now no means of 
 deciding. The Earl of Warwick, a foolish and 
 vicious lad, who regarded Addison with the feel- 
 ings with which such lads generally regard their 
 best friends, told Pope, truly or falsely, that this 5 
 pamphlet had been written by Addison's direction. 
 When we consider what a tendency stories have to 
 grow, in passing even from one honest man to 
 another honest man, and when we consider that to 
 the name of honest man neither Pope nor the Earl 10 
 of Warwick had a claim, we are not disposed to 
 attach much importance to this anecdote. 
 
 It is certain, however, that Pope was furious. 
 He had already sketched the character of Atticus 
 in prose. In his anger he turned this prose into 15 
 the brilliant and energetic lines which everybody 
 knows by heart, or ought to know by heart, and 
 sent them to Addison. One charge which Pope 
 has enforced with great skill is probably not with- 
 out foundation. Addison was, we are inclined to 20 
 believe, too fond of presiding over a circle of 
 humble friends. Of the other imputations which 
 these famous lines are intended to convey, scarcely 
 one has ever been proved to be just, and some are 
 certainly false. That Addison was not in the 25 
 habit of "damning with faint praise" appears 
 from innumerable passages in his writings, and 
 from none more than from those in which he 
 mentions Pope. And it is not merely unjust, but 
 ridiculous, to describe a man who made the fortune s~ 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 235 
 
 of almost every one of his intimate friends, as "so 
 obliging that he ne'er obliged." 
 
 That Addison felt the sting of Pope's satire 
 keenly,, we cannot doubt. That he was conscious 
 
 5 of one of the weaknesses with which he was re- 
 proached is highly probable. But his heart, we 
 firmly believe, acquitted him of the gravest part of 
 the accusation. He acted like himself. As a 
 satirist he was, at his own weapons, more than 
 
 10 Pope's match, and he would have been at no loss 
 for topics. A distorted and diseased body, 
 tenanted by a yet more distorted and diseased 
 mind; spite and envy thinly disguised by senti- 
 ments as benevolent and noble as those which Sir 
 
 is Peter Teazle admired in Mr. Joseph Surface; a 
 feeble, sickly licentiousness; an odious love of 
 filthy and noisome images ; these were things 
 which a genius less powerful than that to which 
 we owe the Spectator could easily have held up to 
 
 20 the mirth and hatred of mankind. Addison had, 
 moreover, at his command, other means of venge- 
 ance which a bad man would not have scrupled 
 to use. He was powerful in the state. Pope was 
 a Catholic; and, in those times, a minister would 
 
 25 have found it easy to harass the most innocent 
 Catholic by innumerable petty vexations. Pope, 
 near twenty years later, said that "through the 
 lenity of the government alone he could live with 
 comfort." "Consider," he exclaimed, "the injury 
 
 so that a man of high rank and credit may do to a 
 
236 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 private person, under penal laws and many other 
 disadvantages." It is pleasing to reflect that the 
 only revenge which Addison took was to insert in 
 the Freeholder a warm encomium on the transla- 
 tion of the Iliad, and to exhort all lovers of learn- 5 
 ing to put down their names as subscribers. 
 There could be no doubt, he said, from the speci- 
 mens already published, that the masterly hand of 
 Pope would do as much for Homer as Dryden had 
 done for Virgil. From that time to the end of his 10 
 life, he always treated Pope, by Pope's own 
 acknowledgment, with justice. Friendship was, 
 of course, at an end. 
 
 One reason which induced the Earl of Warwick 
 to play the ignominious part of talebearer on this 15 
 occasion, may have been his dislike of the mar- 
 riage which was about to take place between his 
 mother and Addison. The Countess Dowager, a 
 daughter of the old and honorable family of the 
 Middletons of Chirk, a family which, in any 30 
 country but ours, would be called noble, resided at 
 Holland House. Addison had, during some years, 
 occupied at Chelsea a small dwelling, once the 
 abode of Nell Gwynn. Chelsea is now a district of 
 London, and Holland House may be called a town 25 
 residence. But, in the days of Anne and George 
 the First, milkmaids and sportsmen wandered 
 between green hedges, and over fields bright with 
 daisies, from Kensington almost to the shore of the 
 Thames. Addison and Lady Warwick were conn- 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 237 
 
 try neighbors, and became intimate friends. The 
 great wit and scholar tried to allure the young 
 lord from the fashionable amusements of beating 
 watchmen, breaking windows, and rolling women 
 
 5 in hogsheads down Holborn Hill, to the study of 
 letters and the practice of virtue. These well- 
 meant exertions did little good, however, either to 
 the disciple or to the master. Lord Warwick 
 grew up a rake; and Addison fell in love. The 
 
 10 mature beauty of the countess has been celebrated 
 by poets in language which, after a very large 
 allowance has been made for flattery, would lead us 
 to believe that she was a fine woman ; and her rank 
 doubtless heightened her attractions. The court- 
 
 15 ship was long. The hopes of the lover appear to 
 have risen and fallen with the fortunes of his 
 party. His attachment was at length matter of 
 such notoriety that, when he visited Ireland for the 
 last time, Kowe addressed some consolatory verses 
 
 20 to the Chloe of Holland House. It strikes us as a 
 little strange that, in these verses, Addison should 
 be called Lycidas, a name of singularly evil omen 
 for a swain just about to cross St. George's 
 Channel. 
 
 25 At length Chloe capitulated. Addison was 
 indeed able to treat with her on equal terms. He 
 had reason to expect preferment even higher than 
 that which he had attained. He had inherited 
 the fortune of a brother who died Governor of 
 
 30 Madras. He had purchased an estate in Warwick- 
 
238 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 shire, and had been welcomed to his domain in 
 very tolerable verse by one of the neighboring 
 squires, the poetical fox-hunter, William Somer- 
 ville. In August, 1716, the newspapers announced 
 that Joseph Addison, Esquire, famous for many 5 
 excellent works, both in verse and prose, had 
 espoused the Countess Dowager of Warwick. 
 
 He now fixed his abode at Holland House, a 
 house which can boast of a greater number of 
 inmates distinguished in political and literary his- 10 
 tory than any other private dwelling in England. 
 His portrait still hangs there. The features are 
 pleasing; the complexion is remarkably fair; but 
 in the expression we trace rather the gentleness of 
 his disposition than the force and keenness of his 15 
 intellect. 
 
 Xot long after his marriage he reached the 
 height of civil greatness. The Whig Government 
 had, during some time, been torn by internal dis- 
 sensions. Lord Townshend led one section of the 20 
 Cabinet, Lord Sunderland the other. At length, 
 in the spring of 1717, Sunderland triumphed. 
 Townshend retired from office, and was accom- 
 panied by Walpole and Cowper. Sunderland pro- 
 ceeded to reconstruct the Ministry; and Addison 25 
 was appointed Secretary of State. It is certain that 
 the Seals were pressed upon him, and were at first 
 declined by him. Men equally versed in official 
 business might easily have been found; and his 
 colleagues knew that they could not expect assist- ao 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 239 
 
 ance from him in debate. He owed his elevation 
 to his popularity, to his stainless probity, and to 
 his literary fame. 
 
 But scarcely had Addison entered the Cabinet 
 
 s when his health began to fail. From one serious 
 attack he recovered in the autumn; and* his 
 recovery was celebrated in Latin verses, worthy of 
 his own pen, by Vincent Bourne, who was then at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge. A relapse soon took 
 
 10 place; and, in the following spring, Addison was 
 prevented by a severe asthma from discharging the 
 duties of his post. He resigned it, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his friend Craggs, a young man whose 
 natural parts, though little improved by cultiva- 
 
 15 tion, were quick and showy, whose graceful person 
 and winning manners had made him generally 
 acceptable in society, and who, if he had lived, 
 would probably have been the most formidable of 
 all the rivals of AValpole. 
 
 20 As yet there was no Joseph Hume. The minis- 
 ters, therefore, were able to bestow on Addison a 
 retiring pension of fifteen hundred pounds a year. 
 In what form this pension was given we are not 
 told by the biographers, and have not time to 
 
 25 inquire. But it is certain that Addison did not 
 vacate his seat in the House of Commons. 
 
 Rest of mind and body seemed to have reestab- 
 lished his health; and he thanked God, with 
 cheerful piety, for having set him free both from 
 
 30 his office and from his asthma. Many years 
 
240 MACAULAYS ESSAYS 
 
 seemed to be before him, and he meditated many 
 works, a tragedy on the death of Socrates, a trans- 
 lation of the Psalms, a treatise on the evidences of 
 Christianity. Of this last performance, a part, 
 which we conld well spare, has come down to ns. 5 
 
 But the fatal complaint soon returned, and 
 gradually prevailed against all the resources of 
 medicine. It is melancholy to think that the last 
 months of such a life should have been overclouded 
 both by domestic and by political vexations. A 10 
 tradition which began early, which has been gener- 
 ally received, and to which we have nothing to 
 oppose, has represented his wife as an arrogant 
 and imperious woman. It is said that, till his 
 health failed him, he was glad to escape from the is 
 Countess Dowager and her magnificent dining- 
 room, blazing with the gilded devices of the house 
 of Rich, to some tavern where he could enjoy a 
 laugh, a talk about Virgil and Boileau, and a 
 bottle of claret with the friends of his happier 20 
 days. All those friends, however, were not left to 
 him. Sir Richard Steele had been gradually 
 estranged by various causes. He considered him- 
 self as one who, in evil times, had braved martyr- 
 dom for his political principles, and demanded, 25 
 when the Whig party was triumphant, a large 
 compensation for what he had suffered when it was 
 militant. The Whig leaders took a very different 
 view of his claims. They thought that he had, by 
 his own petulance and folly, brought them as well ao 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 241 
 
 as himself into trouble, and though they did not 
 absolutely neglect him, doled out fa\rors to him 
 with a sparing hand. It was natural that he 
 should be angry with them, and especially angry 
 
 5 with Addison. But what above all seems to have 
 disturbed Sir Richard, was the elevation of Tickell, 
 who. at thirty, was made by Addison Undersecre- 
 tary of State ; while the editor of the Tatler and 
 Spectator, the author of the Crisis, the member 
 
 10 for Stockbridge who had been persecuted for firm 
 adherence to the house of Hanover, was, at near 
 fifty, forced, after many solicitations and com- 
 plaints, to content himself with a share in the pat- 
 ent of Drury Lane Theatre. Steele himself says, in 
 
 is his celebrated letter to Congreve, that Addison, by 
 his preference of Tickell, "incurred the warmest 
 rasentment of other gentlemen;" and everything 
 seems to indicate that, of those resentful gentle- 
 men, Steele was himself one. 
 
 ao While poor Sir Richard was brooding over what 
 he considered as Addison's unkindness, a new 
 cause of quarrel arose. The Whig party, already 
 divided against itself, was rent by a new schism. 
 The celebrated bill for limiting the number of peers 
 
 25 had been brought in. The proud Duke of Somer- 
 set, first in rank of all the nobles whose origin 
 permitted them to sit in Parliament, was the 
 ostensible author of the measure. But it was sup- 
 ported, and, in truth, devised by the Prime 
 Minister. 
 
242 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 We are satisfied that the bill was most perni- 
 cious ; and we fear that the motives which induced 
 Sunderland to frame it were not honorable to 
 him. But we cannot deny that it was supported by 
 many of the best and wisest men of that age. 5 
 Nor was this strange. The royal prerogative 
 had, within the memory of the generation then 
 in the vigor of life, been so grossly abused, 
 that it was still regarded with a jealousy which, 
 when the peculiar situation of the House of 10 
 Brunswick is considered, may perhaps be called 
 immoderate. The particular prerogative of creat- 
 ing peers had, in the opinion of the Whigs, been 
 grossly abused by Queen Anne's last Ministry ; and 
 even the Tories admitted that her majesty in 15 
 swamping, as it has since been called, the Upper 
 House, had done what only an extreme case could 
 justify. The theory of the English constitution, 
 according to many high authorities, was that three 
 independent powers, the sovereign, the nobility, 20 
 and the commons, ought constantly to act as checks 
 on each other. If this theory were sound, it 
 seemed to follow that to put one of these powers 
 under the absolute control of the other two was 
 absurd. But if the number of peers were un- 25 
 limited, it could not well be denied that the Upper 
 House was under the absolute control of the Crown 
 and the Commons, and was indebted only to their 
 moderation for any power which it might be 
 suffered to retain. 90 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 243 
 
 Steele took part with the Opposition, AddisoD 
 with the ministers. Steele, in a paper called the 
 Plebeian, vehemently attacked the bill. Sunder- 
 land called for help on Addison, and Addison 
 
 5 obeyed the call. In a paper called the Old WJiig, 
 he answered, and indeed refuted Steele's argu- 
 ments. It seems to us that the premises of both 
 the controversialists were unsound, that, on those 
 premises, Addison reasoned well and Steele ill, and 
 
 10 that consequently Addison brought out a false 
 conclusion, while Steele blundered upon the truth. 
 In style, in wit, and in politeness, Addison main- 
 tained his superiority, though the Old Whig is by 
 no means one of his happiest performances. 
 
 15 At first, both the anonymous opponents observed 
 the laws of propriety. But at length Steele so far 
 forgot himself as to throw an odious imputation on 
 the morals of the chiefs of the administration. 
 Addison replied with severity, but, in our opinion, 
 
 so with less severity than was due to so grave an 
 offence against morality and decorum ; nor did he, 
 in his just anger, forget for a moment the laws of 
 good taste and good breeding. One calumny which 
 has been often repeated, and never yet contradicted, 
 
 25 it is our duty to expose. It is asserted in the 
 
 Biographic. Britannica, that Addison designated 
 
 Steele as "little Dicky." This assertion was 
 
 repeated by Johnson, who had never seen the Old 
 
 Whig, and was therefore excusable. It has also 
 
 30 been repeated by Miss Aikin, who has seen the Old 
 
244 MACAULAYS ESSAYS 
 
 Whig, and for whom therefore there is less excuse. 
 Now, it is true that the words "little Dicky" occur 
 in the Old Whig, and that Steele's name was 
 Richard. It is equally true that the words "little 
 Isaac" occur in the Duenna, and that Newton's 5 
 name was Isaac. But we confidently affirm that 
 Addison's little Dicky had no more to do with 
 Steele, than Sheridan's little Isaac with Newton 
 If we apply the words "little Dicky" to Steele, we 
 deprive a very lively and ingenious passage, not 10 
 only of all its wit, but of all its meaning. Little 
 Dicky was the nickname of Henry N orris, an 
 actor of remarkably small stature, but of great 
 humor, who played the usurer Gomez, then a most 
 popular part, in Dry den's Spanish Friar. 15 
 
 The merited reproof which Steele had received, 
 though softened by some kind and courteous 
 expressions, galled him bitterly. He replied with 
 little force and great acrimony ; but no rejoinder 
 appeared. Addison was fast hastening to his 20 
 grave; and had, we may well suppose, little dis- 
 position to prosecute a quarrel with an old friend. 
 His complaint had terminated in dropsy. He 
 bore up long and manfully. But at length he 
 abandoned all hope, dismissed his physicians, and 25 
 calmly prepared himself to die. 
 
 His works he intrusted to the care of Tickell, 
 and dedicated them a very few days before his 
 death to Craggs, in a letter written witli the sweet 
 iind graceful eloquence of a Saturday's Spectator, so 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 245 
 
 In this, his last composition, he alluded to his 
 approaching end in words so manly, so cheerful, 
 and so tender, that it is difficult to read them 
 without tears. At the same time he earnestly 
 
 5 recommended the interests of Tickell to the care 
 of Craggs. 
 
 Within a few hours of the time at which this 
 dedication was written, Addison sent to beg Gay, 
 who was then living by his wits about town, to 
 
 10 come to Holland House. Gay went, and was 
 received with great kindness. To his amazement 
 his forgiveness was implored by the dying man. 
 Poor Gay, the most good-natured and simple of 
 mankind, could not imagine what he had to for- 
 
 15 give. There was, however, some wrong, the 
 remembrance of which weighed on Addison's 
 mind, and which he declared himself anxious to 
 repair. He was in a state of extreme exhaustion ; 
 and the parting was doubtless a friendly one on 
 
 20 both sides. Gay supposed that some plan to 
 serve him had been in agitation at Court, and had 
 been frustrated by Addison's influence. Nor is 
 this improbable. Gay had paid assiduous court 
 to the royal family. But in the Queen's days he 
 
 25 had been the eulogist of Bolingbroke, and was still 
 connected with many Tories. It is not strange 
 that Addison, while heated by conflict, should 
 have thought himself justified in obstructing the 
 preferment of one whom he might regard as a 
 
 30 political enemy. Neither is it strange that, when 
 
246 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 reviewing his whole life, and earnestly scrutinizing 
 all his motives, he should think that he had acted 
 an unkind and ungenerous part, in using his 
 power against a distressed man of letters, who was 
 as harmless and as helpless as a child. 5 
 
 One inference may be drawn from this anecdote. 
 It appears that Addison, on his death-bed, called 
 himself to a strict account, and was not at ease till 
 he had asked pardon for an injury which it was 
 not even suspected that he had committed, for an 10 
 injury which would have caused disquiet only to a 
 very tender conscience. Is it not then reasonable 
 to infer that, if he had really been guilty of form- 
 ing a base conspiracy against the fame and fortunes 
 of a rival, he would have expressed some remorse 15 
 for so serious a crime? But it is unnecessary to 
 multiply arguments and evidence for the defence, 
 when there is neither argument nor evidence for 
 the accusation. 
 
 The last moments of Addison were perfectly 20 
 serene. His interview with his son-in-law is uni- 
 versally known. "See," he said, "how a Chris- 
 tian can die." The piety of Addison was, in 
 truth, of a singularly cheerful character. The 
 feeling which predominates in all his devotional 25 
 writings is gratitude. God was to him the allwise 
 and allpowerful friend who had watched over his 
 cradle with more than maternal tenderness; who 
 had listened to his cries before they could form 
 themselves in prayer ; who had preserved his youth 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 247 
 
 from the snares of vice ; who had made his cup 
 run over with worldly blessings ; who had doubled 
 the value of those blessings by bestowing a thank- 
 ful heart to enjoy them, and dear friends to 
 
 5 partake them; who had rebuked the waves of 
 the Ligurian gulf, had purified the autumnal air 
 of the Campagna, and had restrained the ava- 
 lanches of Mont Cenis. Of the Psalms, his 
 favorite was that which represents the Ruler of all 
 
 10 things under the endearing image of a shepherd, 
 whose crook guides the flock safe, through gloomy 
 and desolate glens, to meadows well watered and 
 rich with herbage. On that goodness to which he 
 ascribed all the happiness of his life, he relied in 
 
 is the hour of death with the love that casteth out 
 fear. He died on the seventeenth of June, 1719. 
 He had just entered on his forty-eighth year. 
 
 His body lay in state in the Jerusalem Chamber, 
 and was borne thence to the Abbey at dead of 
 
 20 night. The choir sang a funeral hymn. Bishop 
 Atterbury, one of those Tories who had loved and 
 honored the most accomplished of the Whigs, met 
 the corpse, and led the procession by torchlight, 
 round the shrine of Saint Edward and the graves 
 
 25 of the Plantagenets, to the Chapel of Henry the 
 Seventh. On the north side of that chapel, in the 
 vault of the house of Albemarle, the coffin of 
 Addison lies next to the coffin of Montague. Yet 
 a few months, and the same mourners passed again 
 
 30 along the same aisle. The same sad anthem was 
 
248 MACAULAY'S ESSAYS 
 
 again chanted. The same vanlt was again opened ; 
 and the coffin of Craggs was placed close to the 
 coffin of Addison. 
 
 Many tributes were paid to the memory of Addi- 
 son ; but one alone is now remembered. Tickell 5 
 bewailed his friend in an elegy which would do 
 honor to the greatest name in our literature, and 
 which unites the energy and magnificence of Dry- 
 den to the tenderness and purity of Cowper. This 
 fine poem was prefixed to a superb edition of Addi- 10 
 son's works, which was published in 1721, by 
 subscription. The names of the subscribers 
 proved how widely his fame had been spread. 
 That his countrymen should be eager to possess his 
 writings, even in a costly form, is not wonderful, is 
 But it is wonderful that, though English literature 
 was then little studied on the continent, Spanish 
 grandees, Italian prelates, marshals of France, 
 should be found in the list. Among the most 
 remarkable names are those of the Queen of ao 
 Sweden, of Prince Eugene, of the Grand Duke of 
 Tuscany, of the Dukes of Parma, Modena, and 
 Guastalla, of the Doge of Genoa, of the Regent 
 Orleans, and of Cardinal Dubois. We ought to 
 add that this edition, though eminently beautiful, 25 
 is in some important points defective ; nor, indeed, 
 do we yet possess a complete collection of Addi- 
 son's writings. 
 
 It is strange that neither his opulent and noble 
 widow, nor any of his powerful and attached 30 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON '249 
 
 friends, should have thought of placing even a 
 simple tablet, inscribed with his name, on the walls 
 of the Abbey. It was not till three generations 
 had laughed and wept over his pages, that the 
 5 omission was supplied by the public veneration. 
 At length, in our own time, his image, skilfully 
 graven, appeared in Poet's Corner. It represents 
 him, as we can conceive him, clad in his dressing- 
 gown, and freed from his wig, stepping from his 
 
 10 parlor at Chelsea into his trim little garden, with 
 the account of the Everlasting Club, or the Loves 
 of Hilpa and Shalum, just finished for the next 
 day's Spectator, in his hand. Such a mark of 
 national respect was due to the unsullied states - 
 
 15 man, to the accomplished scholar, to the master 
 of pure English eloquence, to the consummate 
 painter of life and manners. It was due, above all, 
 to the great satirist, who alone knew how to use 
 ridicule without abusing it, who, without inflicting 
 
 20 a wound, effected a great social reform, and who 
 reconciled wit and virtue, after a long and disas- 
 trous separation, during which wit had been led 
 astray by profligacy, and virtue by fanaticism. 
 
NOTES 
 
 Although these notes are critical, they include few questions in regard 
 to Macaulay's structure and style. It is deemed that the Introduction 
 affords a sufficient starting-point for studies in that direction. Expla- 
 nations of names, etc., must be sought in the Glossary. 
 
 MILTON 
 
 This is the first of a long series of essays which Macau- 
 lay contributed to the Edinburgh Review. It appeared in 
 August, 1S25, immediately establishing his fame. In the 
 preface to his collected essays he said of it that it "con- 
 tained scarcely a paragraph such as his matured judgment 
 approved,'' and that even after revision it remained " over- 
 loaded with gaudy and ungraceful ornament." The revi- 
 sion did not involve any remodeling, but only the removal 
 of some blemishes caused by haste. A few of these changes 
 will be noted below. In spite of Macaulay's depreciation, 
 sincere and warranted, the essay remains a wonderful 
 achievement for a man of twenty-four years. The critical 
 tone is youthful, but in grasp of history and in authorita- 
 tive judgment on historical matters there is no sign of 
 juvenility. 
 
 There are biographies of Milton in the English Men of 
 Letters series (by Mark Pattison), in Great Writers (by 
 Richard Garnett), in Classical Writers (by Stopford A. 
 Brooke), and there is the great six-volume Life by Masson. 
 Of Milton's works, Masson's editions, large and small, are 
 the best. The Globe edition is the most convenient. 
 
 Page 45: Title. Joannis, etc. All the articles in the Edin- 
 burgh Review were, and still are, unsigned reviews of books, 
 printed speeches, etc, and have prefixed to them the name 
 of the book reviewed. The magazine, though now nearly 
 one hundred years old, has not changed its form in any 
 respect ; the very title-page remains word for word as in 
 
 251 
 
252 NOTES 
 
 the first number, except that it now bears the imprint of 
 London instead of Edinburgh. The so-called reviews, how- 
 ever, are often much more than reviews. Macaulay in partic- 
 ular would not confine himself within such narrow limits, 
 but made the publication of a book a pretext for writing 
 a finished essay on the theme suggested by it. Note in this 
 essay the point at which he leaves the book he is review- 
 ing 1 and launches into his general theme. When the entire 
 essay has been read and outlined, it will be interesting to 
 discuss the question how far Mr. J. Cotter Morison is jus- 
 tified in classifying it with the historical rather than with 
 the critical essays. See Introduction, 6. 
 
 45 : 9. Mr. Skinner, Merchant. Macaulay errs in follow- 
 ing the conjectures of Mr. Lemon and others. Cyriack 
 Skinner, to whom Milton indited two sonnets, was proba- 
 bly not a merchant. The Latin Treatise was copied out by 
 one Daniel Skinner, an amanuensis of Milton's, was sent to 
 Elzevir, the Amsterdam printer, but, not being published 
 for political reasons, was probably returned to Daniel Skin- 
 ner's father, who was a merchant. See Masson's Life of 
 Milton, vol. vi., p. 791, or Ency. Brit. xvi. 328. 
 
 46: 20. The book itself. Could we not almost determine 
 the date of Macaulay's essay from the internal evidence of 
 this paragraph? 
 
 46: 28. Polish and brighten . . gloss and brilliancy. One 
 example of "overloading with gaudy ornament." Find 
 others. 
 
 47: 3. Quintilian stare. See Milton's Sonnet XI. There 
 are other quotations from Milton's sonnets in this essay. 
 
 47: 8. We may apply. The sentence was originally 
 written : "What Denham with great felicity says of Cowley, 
 may be applied to him." Why did Macaulay, in revising, 
 invert it? 
 
 47: 9. The garb. 
 
 Horace's wit and Virgil's state 
 
 He did not steal, but emulate, 
 
 And when he would like them appear, 
 
 Their garb, but not their clothes, did wear. 
 
 — From Denham's Elegy on Cowley. 
 
NOTES 253 
 
 47: 19. Some of the. Was it well to make a new para- 
 graph here I 
 
 47: 29. Observation. Some editors have changed this to 
 observance, but Macaulay wrote observation, and it must stand. 
 It is certainly a matter for surprise that he was either 
 ignorant of, or cai'eless about, the distinction between 
 these forms that has held pretty well ever since Shaks- 
 pere's time. See Century Did., "observance," syn. The 
 very translation which he was reviewing has always, in 
 this connection, either celebration or observance. 
 
 40: 1U. His detractors. It is not Macaulay's way to 
 speak thus in genex*al terms without having something 
 very specific in mind. And the specific instances are 
 usually given. A little search will show that one is- given 
 here. With this clue it may be woi'th while to try to find 
 just where it has been intimated that Milton only "in- 
 herited what his predecessors created." 
 
 40: 28. Paradoxical . . appear. Show that the phrase 
 is pleonastic. 
 
 50 : 2. An age too late. Paradise Lost, ix. 44. The same 
 doubt had been expressed in a tract, " Reason of Church 
 Government," written more than twenty years before Par- 
 adise Lost. 
 
 50: 12. As civilization advances. In mature life, Macau- 
 lay was inclined to discountenance such philosophical 
 speculation as totally worthless. Is the theory here ad- 
 vanced in regard to poetry tenable? Is there not a fallacy 
 in the premise that " the earliest poets are generally the 
 best "? Assuming that there were lesser poets before the 
 best, what is likely to have become of their work? Read 
 Johnson's Hansel as, chapter x., and see how much of this is 
 original with Macaulay, how much is opposed to Johnson, 
 and how much is in agreement with him. 
 
 52: 24. Niobe . . Aurora. Here again Macaulay has 
 in mind specific passages in English poetry. Can you find 
 them? 
 
 54: 6. Children. "He had a favorite theory, on which 
 he often insisted, that children were the only true poets, 
 and this because of the vividness of their impressions, . . 
 as if the force of the impression were everything, and its 
 
254 NOTES 
 
 character nothing - . By this rule, wax-work should be finer 
 art than the best sculpture in stone." — J. Cotter Morison. 
 
 56: 13. Great talent*. A sly thrust at Wordsworth. 
 Consider the respective ages of the two men and draw 
 your conclusion as to one trait of Macaulay's character. 
 
 56: 19. Nopoet. Introduction, 13. 
 
 58: 1. About him. Macaulay boasted that if all the 
 copies of Paradise Lost were destroyed, he could reproduce 
 most of the poem from memory. A comparison of the 
 lines here quoted with the original (iv. 551) will show what 
 accuracy might have been expected in the reproduction. 
 The lines, as Macaulay first printed them, were even more 
 inaccurate. 
 
 58: 27. Put their sickles. Eeaders familiar with the 
 Bible will note in these essays a surprisingly large number 
 of Biblical echoes. 
 
 59: 30. Burial-places of the memory. One of the most 
 striking and beautiful figures in these essays. A late 
 writer on style, Mr. Walter Raleigh, has made it more 
 vivid perhaps, but not more beautiful, when he writes: 
 "The mind of man is peopled like some silent city, with 
 a sleeping company of reminiscences, associations, impres- 
 sions, attitudes, emotions, to be awakened into fierce 
 activity at the touch of words." 
 
 60: 9. The miserable failure. Does this last sentence add 
 to the beauty of the paragraph? To the force of the argu- 
 ment? Which is the more probable — that the instance 
 grew out of the argument, or the argument out of the in. 
 stance? Dryden, by the way, is said to have had Milton's 
 "somewhat contemptuous consent" to try to "tag his 
 verses." 
 
 62: 2. Mr. Newbery. A good example of Macaulay's 
 love of specific details. Most writers would have omitted 
 the name of the inventor. It is also one of the "journal- 
 istic" ear-marks. Mr. Newbery may have been well 
 known to the British public in 1825, — it might not be easy, 
 even if it were worth while, to find out anj r thing about him 
 now. The curious reader will find several Newberys in 
 the Diet, of Nat. Biog., and one of them wrote story-books 
 for children, but he died in 1767, and the curious reader is 
 
NOTES 255 
 
 not certainly wiser. In like manner, in Macaulay's essay 
 on Robert Montgomery, there are allusions to " Romanis's 
 fleecy hosiery, Pack wood's razor straps, and Rowlands 
 Kalydor." 
 
 64 : 3. Sad Electro's poet. Later in life, Macaulay 
 changed his mind about Euripides, liking- him then better 
 than Sophocles. 
 
 65: 18. Hags of a chimney-sweeper. This figure had been 
 used by Macaulay in his essay on Petrarch, published the 
 year before, in Knight's Quarterly Magazine. Comparing Pe- 
 trarch's worst poems with his best, he says: " They differ 
 from them as a Ma} r -day procession of chimney-sweepers 
 differs from the Field of Cloth of Gold. They have the 
 gaudiness but not the wealth." It is interesting to note 
 that there is an allusion to the Field of Cloth of Gold also in 
 the present essay. 
 
 66: 10. Dorique delicacy. The Doric dialect was consid- 
 ered less pure and elegant than the Attic, and " Doric dia- 
 lect " is to-day almost equivalent to "slang." However, 
 Mr. Stedman, thinking of Theocritus, calls the Tenny- 
 sonian idyllic effects Dorian ( Victorian Poets, p. 227) . And 
 the Doric order of architecture combined "great solidity 
 with extreme delicacy and artistic taste." 
 
 69: 11. Ball of St. Peter's. Inferno, xxxi. 51. Literally, 
 the pine-cone of St. Peter's. "This pine-cone, of bronze, 
 was set originally upon the summit of the Mausoleum of 
 Hadrian. . . . It was, in the sixth century, taken down 
 and carried off to adorn a fountain ... in front of the 
 old basilica of Saint Peter." — C. E. Norton: Travel and Study 
 in Italy. The cone is now in the gardens of the Vatican. It 
 is eleven feet high — which would make the giant 
 seventy. 
 
 69: 18. Mr. Cary's translation. We have many transla- 
 tions now, notably Longfellow's, but Mr. Cary's (1805-14; 
 has held its own remarkably well. 
 
 77: 10. Fee-faw-fum. For example, Tasso's Jerusalem, 
 Delivered, iv. 4-8 ; Klopstock's Messias, ii. 
 
 79: 10. Modern beggars for fame. This time the thrust 
 is at Byron. Compare the allusion to the "sneer of 
 Harold," on p. 62. 
 
250 NOTES 
 
 80: 16. A statesman and a lover. Milton was, we admit, 
 a statesman, and Dante was a lover, but we are reluctant 
 to admit much more. 
 
 80: 28. Style of a hellman. A somewhat vulgar com- 
 parison. Macaulay seems to have liked it — compare the 
 Introduction, 7. 
 
 81: 12. Neither blindness. For the style, see Romans viii. 
 38, 39. It is interesting to compare the form in which this 
 sentiment reappears in the History of England, written fif- 
 teen or more years later: "A mightier poet, tried at once 
 by pain, danger, poverty, obloquy, and blindness, medi- 
 tated, undisturbed by the obscene tumult which raged all 
 around him, a song so sublime and so holy that it would 
 not have misbecome the lips of those ethereal Virtues 
 whom he saw, with that inner eye which no calamity 
 could darken, flinging down on the jasper pavement their 
 crowns of quotation in amai*anth and gold." (Chap, iii.) 
 
 82: 9. Juice of summer fruits. Macaulay rarely fails to 
 give a curiously utilitarian twist to his finest descriptions 
 of nature. Note, too, several sentences below, how his 
 love of antithesis pursues him even into his appreciation 
 of scenery. In the next essay, as he follows Addison on 
 his travels, among the things of note are "verdure under 
 the winter solstice," "the smallest independent state in 
 Europe," bad roads, rich plains, a healthy peasantry, 
 simple manners and institutions. Clearly the modern 
 natiu-e worship had taken no strong hold upon him. Con- 
 sider his life-interests and environment. See Introduc- 
 tion, 16, 18; and compare Emerson's statement: "The 
 brilliant Macaulay, who expresses the tone of the English 
 governing classes of the day, explicitly teaches that good 
 means good to eat, good to wear, material commodity." 
 
 84: 13. Unwonted fear. The original reads "strange 
 and unwonted fear." Why was " strange " expunged? 
 
 84: 23. Lion. La Fontaine's Fables, iii. 10; iEsop, 63 
 (219). 
 
 87: 2. The present year. In 1825 the Catholic Associa- 
 tion agitated for emancipation, and Canning succeeded in 
 passing through the House a bill for the relief of the Cath- 
 olics. For Macaulav's attitude in the matter, if it cannot 
 
NOTES 25? 
 
 be gathered from the pages that follow here, see Tre- 
 . i. 141. What double purpose does this digres- 
 sion upon the Revolution of 1688 serve? And what has it 
 all to do with Milton? 
 
 87: IT. Theirlabor. It should be an easy matter to guess 
 the source of this quotation. That done, it is scarcely 
 worth while to look it up further. 
 
 88: 4. To palliate. The subtle sarcasm of this must 
 not be overlooked. The entire paragraph may require 
 and close study before it yields its full meaning. The 
 most important thing, of conrse, is its general drift and its 
 bearing on the larger theme of the principles behind the 
 English Revolution. This should be fairly clear at one 
 reading. But this will be much reinforced by a knowledge 
 of the historical details used as illustrations. Macaulay 
 passes so rapidly, in his analogies and illustrations, from 
 one thing to another, from the Rebellion to the Revolu- 
 tion, and from Ireland at the time of the Revolution to the 
 Catholic countries after the restoration of the Bourbons in 
 the present century, that one must have some grasp of 
 general history to follow him. Take note that after the 
 downfall of Napoleon, the Bourbon kings were reestab- 
 lishing themselves. With the terrible lesson of the French 
 Revolution behind them, they changed their phrase of 
 "divine right" into something milder, as "legitimacy."' 
 Promising, and even granting, popular constitutions, they 
 repeatedlv broke their pledges. Ferdinand IV. of Naples 
 (Ferdinand I. of the Two Sicilies) did thus ; Ferdinand VII. 
 of Spain did thus; and out of the despotism of the latter 
 grew the revolt of the South American possessions. Now. 
 these peoples were suffering for revolting against Catholic 
 kings ; the Irish, two centuries ago, had suffered for adher- 
 ing to a Catholic king, and their descendants are suffering 
 still. Yet, in the eyes of a certain class of people, it is all 
 one. Macaulay is really arraigning all who would justify 
 abuses, whether the abuses take the form of imperial des- 
 potism or religious persecution. If the arraignment is a 
 little hot-headed, we remember that Macaulay was young, 
 and that he was writing for a Whig journal. 
 
 88: 21. Ferdinand, the Catholic. It is pretty clear that 
 
258 NOTES 
 
 Maeaulay means, not Ferdinand V., who is commonly sur- 
 named " The Catholic,'' but Ferdinand VII. " Fi-ederic 
 the Protestant " seems to be dragged in chiefly to fill out 
 the antithesis, though Frederick William III. of Prussia 
 was also intolerant of liberal ideas and neglected to set up 
 the constitutional system of government which he had 
 promised. 
 
 9-4: 24. Hume . . address. This is precisely the 
 charge sometimes brought against Maeaulay. 
 
 95: 16. Unmerited fate of Strafford. A discussion of 
 this and of other events in the time of Charles I. mav 
 be found in Macaulay's essay on Hallam's Constitutiotial 
 History. 
 
 95 : 25. Shouting for King Jesus. There is no intentional 
 irreverence here, but there is certainly a breach of good 
 taste. The offence lies not so much in what is said as in 
 the way in which it is said. 
 
 102: 28. ^Eneos magnidextra. ^Eneas, compelled to slay 
 the brave youth, Lausus (Vergil, uEn. x. 830), tries to con- 
 sole the dying youth, saying: " This at least, ill-starred as 
 you are, shall solace the sadness of your death : it is great 
 iEneas's hand that brings you low." The aptness of the 
 comparison is evident, and affords a good illustration of 
 Macaulay's analogic faculty (Introduction, 8). 
 
 106: 19. Then came those days. Whatever we may think 
 of this passage as history, which should be above all dis- 
 passionate, we cannot withhold our admiration for it as 
 literature. Rhetoric it may be, but it is rhetoric touched 
 and sublimed by an almost Hebraic fervor. On the other 
 hand, the fourth paragraph following has in it a decided 
 ring of insincerity, so that what is meant to be eloquence 
 is only cheap grandiloquence. 
 
 108: 7. Calves' heads . . oak-branches. The Calves' 
 Head Club was instituted in ridicule of Charles I. At its 
 dinners a dish of calves' heads represented the king and 
 his friends. Oak-branches were worn by Royalists on the 
 birthday of Charles II. in memory of the time when, .after 
 the battle of Worcester, he concealed himself in an oak 
 at Boseobel. See Clarendon's History of the Rebellion, 
 siii, 84. 
 
NOTES . 259 
 
 109: 12. Ecco il 
 
 " See here the streani%f laughter, see the spring/ 
 Quoth they, "of danger and of deadly pain, 
 Here fond desire must byvfair governing 
 Be rxiled, our lust bridled with wisdom's rein." 
 — Tasso: Jerusalem Delivered, xv. 57 (Fairfax's translation.) 
 
 116: 24. He was not a Puritan. Compare Masson's Life, 
 vi. 840. 
 
 120: 9. Called upon Cromwell. Sonnet xvi. 
 
 121: 19. Kitorin advermm. Apollo's speech, telling how 
 he must drive the chariot of the sun against the eastward 
 movement of the universe: "Against this I must contend; 
 nor does the force which overcomes all else overcome me, 
 but I am borne in an opposite direction to the wheeling 
 world." Ovid, Metam. ii. 72. 
 
 123: 26. Bosioellism. In the first essay on William Pitt ; 
 this becomes "Lues Boswelliana, or disease of admiration." 
 In the essay on Hastings, it appears as "Furor BiograpJdcus." 
 
 124: 6. Of these was Milton. If Milton suffered severely 
 at the hands of Dr. Johnson in the eighteenth century, he 
 has had no lack of valiant champions in the nineteenth. 
 Conspicuous among them, besides Macaulay, were Thomas 
 de Quincey and Walter Savage Landor. 
 
 THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON 
 
 Of the thirty-six essays contributed by Macaulay to the 
 Edinburgh Review, this was the thirty-fourth. It appeared in 
 July, 1843, and represents him at the maturity of his powers. 
 It cannot quite rank, however, with such essays as those on 
 Clive and Hastings, because the author is not so much at 
 home in criticism as in history. Let the reader, in compar- 
 ing it with the essay on Milton, note all the evidences he 
 can find of the growth of Macaulay's mind and art. It will 
 be profitable to read in connection with it the essays upou 
 Addison by Johnson (Liven of the Poets) and Thackeray 
 (English Humorists) Mr. Courthope's Life of Addison, in 
 the English Men of Letters series, should be read, if possi- 
 ble, if only to correct some of the mistakes or exaggerations 
 
260 NOTES 
 
 of Macaulay's essay. Perhaps, too, in order to avoid car- 
 rying away from the prolonged study of one man a false 
 estimate of his importance, it will be well to keep in mind 
 the words written by a late critic, Mr. Gosse, in his History 
 "/ Eighteenth Century Literature: " With some modification, 
 what has been said of Addison may be repeated of Steele, 
 whose fame has been steadily growing while the exagger- 
 ated reputation of Addison has been declining." "The 
 time has probably gone by when either Addison or Steele 
 could be placed at the summit of the literary life of their 
 time. Swift and Pope, each in his own w r ay, distinctly sur- 
 passed them." 
 
 127 : 24. Ahject idolatry. This is still another reference 
 to what Macaulay elsewhere calls Boswellism, or disease of 
 admiration. How near he comes to falling himself a victim 
 to it in the present essay, the reader must not fail to judge. 
 
 133 : 29. His knowledge of Greek. Note just what is said, 
 and do not get the idea that Addison knew no Greek. 
 Macaulay has a way of making his sentences seem to say 
 more than is in their words. 
 
 136: 10. Evidences of Christianity. The essay is entitled 
 "Of the Christian Religion." Gibbon had long before 
 brought the same charge of superficialitj 7 against the essay. 
 
 136: 21. Moved the senate to admit. This is either one 
 of Macaulay's exaggerations, or else "moved the senate" 
 must be understood in a strictly parliamentary sense. 
 What Addison wrote ("Of the Christian Religion," i. 7) is 
 this: " Tertullian . . . tells . . . that the Emperor 
 Tiberius, having received an account out of Palestine in 
 Syria of the Divine Person who had appeared in that coun- 
 try, paid him a particular regard, and threatened to punish 
 •anyhow should accuse the Christians; nay. that the em- 
 peror would have adopted him among the deities whom they 
 worshipped, had not the senate refused to come into his 
 proposal." 
 
 137: 12. Confounded an aphorism. This is very boldly 
 borrowed, without acknowledgment, from the account of 
 Blackmore in Johnson's Lives. Macaulay is not always fair 
 to Johnson. As to the second charge against Blackmore. if 
 Macaulay found four false quantities on one page (he seems 
 
NOTES 201 
 
 to refer to the pronunciation of Latin proper names in an Eng- 
 lish poem, and not to Latin verses) he would probably con- 
 sider that to be a sufficient basis for making the statement. 
 
 l'.iH: 28. Exmrgit. Again Macaulay seems to be quoting 
 from memory, for Addison wrote astturgtt, following Vergil, 
 Qeorgit g 3, 355. The translation of the lines is : " Now into 
 mid-ranks strides the lofty leader of the Pygmies, of awful 
 majesty and venerable port, overtopping all the rest with 
 his gigantic bulk, and towering to half an ell. " 
 
 142: 18. After his bees. The figure was suggested by the 
 subject-matter of a portion of the fourth Georgic — the hiv- 
 ing and care of bees. It is made more appropriate too by 
 the familiar legend, told of many poets and particularly of 
 Pindar, that bees swarmed upon their lips in infancy, por- 
 tending the sweetness of their future songs. 
 
 119: 12. The accomplished men. See BoswelVs Johnson. 
 
 119:23. Johnson will have it. In his life of Addison. It 
 is interesting to see how Macaulay delights in setting his 
 opinion against the great Doctor s. In his biographical 
 essay upon him, however, he is generous enough, though, as 
 Mr. Morison says, his "appreciation is inadequate." 
 
 loO: 16. No poem . . in dead language. Macaulay, 
 in his various essays, repeats freely his ideas and illustra- 
 tions. Turn to his essay on Frederic the Great, and in the 
 passage beginning at about the eleventh paragraph, will be 
 found this same discussion, together with the account of 
 Frederic the Great's accomplishments in French, and an 
 allusion to " Newdigate and Seatonian poetry." It is a 
 good example of the working of the psychologic law of asso- 
 ciation. And any one familiar with the essays can turn to 
 a dozen such examples. 
 
 151: 22. Ne croyez. "Do not think, however, that I 
 mean by this to condemn the Latin verses of one of your 
 illustrious scholars which you have sent me. I find them 
 excellent, worthy indeed of Vida or Sannazaro, though not 
 of Horace and Vergil." 
 
 152: 10. Quid numeris. "Why, O Muse, dost thou bid 
 me, a Frank, born far this side of the Alps, again to stam- 
 mer in Latin verse ? " 
 
 153: 7. .4ji event. This union of France and Spain left 
 
262 NOTES 
 
 the other countries of Europe at a great disadvantage, and 
 led to the Grand Alliance against France and Spain, and 
 the long War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). 
 
 154: 29. More wonder than pleasure. Not, perhaps, until 
 Ruskin's Stones of Venice (1851-53) was Gothic architecture 
 fully appreciated by the English. 
 
 155: 17. Soliloquy. For the famous soliloquy in Ad- 
 dison's Tragedy of Cato, see Act V., Sc. I. 
 
 158: 8. Tory fox-hunter. Addison's Freeholder, No. 22. 
 
 158: 15. Tomb of Misenua. Mneid VI., 233.— Circe. Mn. 
 VII., 10. 
 
 162: 7. He became tutor. Probably incorrect. See Glos- 
 sary, Somerset. 
 
 164: 13. The position of Mr. Canning. That is, the posi- 
 tion of a moderate Tory, favoring the measures and reforms 
 advocated by the Whigs. 
 
 167 : 12. Famous similitude. Containing the famous line, 
 "Rides in the whirlwind and directs the storm." 
 
 169: 2. Life-guardsman. Members of the Life Guards 
 must be six feet tall. As to Shaw, of. note on Mr. Nbw- 
 bert, 62: 2. 
 
 173:19. Spectre Huntsman. Macaulay may be thinking 
 of Byron's verse, " The spectre huntsman of Onesti's line." 
 (Don Juan, iii., 106). " Ravenna's immemorial wood," says 
 Byron, "Boccaccio's lore and Dryden's lay made haunted 
 ground to me." Addison should have known the story from 
 Boccaccio's tale. Dryden's versification of it, Theodore and 
 Honoria, was only published in 1700, while Addison was 
 abroad, and it is not likely he had read it before visiting 
 Ravenna, though he might well havo read it before writing 
 up his travels. However, Macaulay fails to consider that 
 not all memories respond to suggestions so readily as his 
 own. Atone place in his journal, for instance, he tells how 
 he visited Louis the Fourteenth's bedroom, and — " I thought 
 of all St. Simon's anecdotes about that room and bed." 
 
 173: 25. Greatest lyric poet. This is extravagant praise. 
 
 177: 4. The Censorship of the Press. This practically 
 ceased in 1679, when the statute for the regulation of 
 printing, which was passed just after the Restoration, 
 expired. 
 
NOTES 263 
 
 178:12. In Grub street. Does this mean that Walpole 
 and Pulteney lived in Grub street? 
 
 179: 27. Popularity . . timidity. One of Macaulay's 
 paradoxes. 
 
 181: 4. He had one hahit. "He [Macaulay] too fre- 
 quently resorts to vulgar gaudiness. For example, there is 
 in one place a certain description of an alleged practice of 
 Addison's. Swift had said of Esther Johnson that 'whether 
 from easiness in general, or from her indifference to persons, 
 or from her despair of mending them, or from the same 
 practice which she most liked in Mr. Addison, I cannot 
 determine; but when she saw any of the company very 
 warm in a wrong opinion, she was more inclined to confirm 
 them in it than to oppose them. It prevented noise, she 
 said, and saved time.' Let us behold what a picture Macau- 
 lay draws on the strength of this passage. 'If his first 
 attempts to set a presuming dunce right were ill-received,' 
 Macaulay says of Addison, ' he changed his tone, " assented 
 with civil leer,'* and lured the flattered coxcomb deeper and 
 deeper into absurdity.' To compare this transformation of 
 the simplicity of the original into the grotesque heat and 
 overcharged violence of the copy, is to see the homely 
 maiden of a country village transformed into the painted 
 flaunter of the city."— John Morlet. Macaulay's quota- 
 tion, " assented with civil leer," is from Pope's well-known 
 line: 
 
 " Damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer." 
 
 181: 12. Criticisms . . dialogue. Ta tier, 163; Spectator, 
 568. 
 
 18-4: 12. Steele. "The character of Steele, with his 
 chivalry and his derelictions, his high ideal and his broken 
 resolves, has been a favorite one with recent biographers. 
 who prefer his rough address to the excessive and meticu- 
 lous civility of Addison. It is permissible to love them 
 both, and to see in each the complement of the other. It is 
 proved that writers like Macaulay and even Thackeray have 
 overcharged the picture of Steele's delinquencies, and have 
 exaggerated the amount of Addison's patronage of his 
 friend. But nothing can explain away Steele's careless 
 in money matters or his inconsistency in questions of moral 
 
264 NOTES 
 
 detail. He was very quick, warm-hearted and impulsive, 
 while Addison had the advantage of a cold and phlegmatic 
 constitution. Against the many eulogists of the younger 
 man we may place Leigh Hunt's sentence : ' I prefer open- 
 hearted Steele with all his fault9 to Addison with all his 
 essays.' "— Gosse: History of Eighteenth Centura Literature 
 (1889). See also Aitken's Life of Steele, II., 345 and else where. 
 
 185:14. Provoked Addison. Landor"s "Imaginary Con- 
 versation between Steele and Addison " will be interesting 
 reading in this connection. 
 
 186: 10. The real history. See Introduction, 12. 
 
 191: 23. By mere accident. As a matter of fact, critics 
 are pretty well agreed that Steele led the way everywhere, 
 though in certain respects Addison often outshone him. 
 In the words of Mr. Aitken, Steele's biographer, "the 
 world owes Addison to Steele." 
 
 192: 3. Half German jargon. Carlyle had for some 
 years, like Coleridge before him, been acting as a medium 
 between German philosophy and literature and English. 
 Of course Macaulay is ridiculing Carlyle' s uncouth style. 
 Landor, another stickler for pure English, said upon the 
 appearance of Carlyle's Frederick that he was convinced he 
 (Landor) wrote two dead languages — Latin and English. 
 
 196: 18. Revenge . . wreaked. Who Bettesworth 
 and De Pompignan were is not important. Can it be deter- 
 mined from the text who "wreaked revenge" upon them? 
 
 200: 1. White staff. Official badge of the Lord High 
 Treasurer. 
 
 200: 15. We calmly review. Calmly, perhaps, but not 
 impartially. Macaulay's Whig prejudices are vei*y apparent. 
 
 201: 25. Lost his fortune. It is very probable, however, 
 that Addison was still what might be called " independently 
 rich." 
 
 207: 19. The following papers. Nos. 26, 329, 69, 317, 159, 
 343, 517. 
 
 208: 16. The stamp tax. A Tory measure of 1712 virtu- 
 ally aimed at tbe freedom of the press. 
 
 210: 4. Easy solution. Macaulay's essays are full of 
 these easy solutions. They are usually mere guesses, but it 
 must be admitted that they are usually sensible ones. 
 
NOTES 
 
 211: 11. From the city. That is, from the mercantile 
 portion of the city— the original city of London. 
 
 213: 30. The French model. This refers to dramas of 
 the so-called Classical school, which adhered closely to 
 certain conventional rules— the three "unities," for in- 
 stance, of time, place and action. The Shaksperean drama 
 is constructed with far greater freedom. 
 
 215: 1. But among. Why is this long paragraph allowed 
 to stand as a unit, when it could easily be subdivided ? And 
 why are some short paragraphs (the ninth preceding, for 
 example) allowed to stand, when they could easily be com- 
 bined with the others I 
 
 215: 28. Malice. Toward whom ? 
 
 221 : 27. The Swift of 1708. 1708 was the date of one of 
 Swift's best poems, Baucis and Philemon, and of the attack 
 upon astrology in the pamphlet against Partridge, the alma- 
 nac-maker, which Macaulay has already mentioned. In 1738, 
 the year of his last published writing (long after the death 
 pf Addison, be it noted), he was an old man on the verge of 
 insanity. 
 
 222: 27. Iliad. VI., 226. Diomedes speaks to Glaucus : 
 " So let us shun each other's spears, even among the throng; 
 Trojans are there in multitudes and famous allies for me to 
 slay, whoe'er it be that God vouchsafeth me, and my feet 
 overtake; and for thee are there Achaians in multitude, to 
 slay whome'er thou canst." — Leaf : s translation. 
 
 232: 17. All stiletto and mask . For Macaulay's portrait 
 of Pope, as of Steele, many allowances must be made. 
 
 233: 26. Cannot . . certainty. See Courthope's 
 Addison, chapter vii. 
 
 234: 16. Energetic lines. The " Epistle to Dr. Arbuth- 
 not " (Prologue to the Satires), lines 193-214. 
 
 236: 22. Holland House. Macaulay has celebrated this 
 mansion of social fame in one of his most ambitious periods 
 — the concluding paragraph of the essay on Lord Holland, a 
 strange compound of artificiality of form and undeniable 
 sincerity of feeling. 
 
 237: 19. Consolatory verses. Not, of course, because he 
 was to visit Ireland for the last time, but because he had to 
 visit Ireland at all. 
 
266 NOTES 
 
 244 : 11. Little Dicky was the nickname. In the article as 
 originally printed in the Edinburgh Review this sentence 
 stands : " Little Dicky was evidently the nickname of some 
 comic actor who played the usurer Gomez," etc. Macaulay, 
 having discovered later that his guess was entirely right, 
 inserted the name of the actor into the revised essay. But 
 it may be noticed that, in the face of this positive informa- 
 tion, his preceding argument and " confident affirmation," 
 which he allowed to remain as written, now fall a little flat. 
 
 247: 10. Shepherd, whose crook. It is a little hard to 
 forgive Macaulay for yielding so often to the temptation to 
 paraphrase the most beautiful and most exalted passages in 
 literature. The echoes from Comus in his essay on Milton 
 will be remembered. And in his essay on Boswell's Life of 
 Johnson he has ventured thus to lay hands on one of the 
 sublimest utterances in Dante— Cacciaguida's prophecy of 
 Dante's banishment: 
 
 " Thou shall nave proof how savoreth of salt 
 The bread of others, and how hard a road 
 The going down and up another's stairs." 
 
 To have such pure poetry as this, which remains poetry 
 still in Longfellow's perfect translation, turned into mere 
 rhetoric, into "that bread which is the bitterest of all food, 
 those stairs which are the most toilsome of all paths," jars 
 cruelly upon the sensibilities of all to whom the original has 
 become familiar and sacred. 
 
 248 : 24. We ought to add. Here the journalist and re- 
 viewer most inopportunely intrudes upon the eulogist. As 
 to the eulogy itself, the catalogue of dignitaries in the pre- 
 ceding sentence has no such impressiveness for the demo- 
 cratic reader as it may have had for English readers of fifty 
 years ago. In fact it is a little ridiculous, and throws a 
 curious light either on Macaulay's estimate of his readers, 
 or, what is equally probable, upon the limitations of his own 
 nature. To see that nature at its best we must turn back 
 to the revelation of a worthier feeling in the touching 
 description of Addison's dedication of his works to his friend 
 Craggs. 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 For the principle followed In compiling this Glossary, and on the use of 
 reference books generally, see Preface. 
 
 Act. At Oxford, the occasion of the 
 conferring of degrees, at which 
 formerly miracle and mystery 
 plays were enacted. After 1669 
 the Act was performed in the 
 Sheldonian Theater, and London 
 companies frequently went down 
 to give performances. 213:15. 
 
 Act of Settlement. The agree- 
 ment by which the Hanoverians 
 and not the Stuarts (whom Louis 
 XIV. favored) were to succeed 
 Queen Anne. 165:6. 
 
 Ag'barus or Ab'garus. Ruler of 
 Edessa in Mesopotamia. Euse- 
 bius supposed him to have been 
 the author of a letter written to 
 Christ, found in the church at 
 Edessa. The letter is believed by 
 Gibbon and others to be spurious. 
 136:2-2. 
 
 Am'adis of Gaul. The hero of a 
 famous mediaeval romance. Also 
 thenameof the romance. 70:30. 
 
 Aminta. An Italian pastoral drama 
 by Tasso, 1573. 65:4. 
 
 Anathema >L>.rana'tha. Com- 
 monly interpreted as an intense 
 form of anathema, i.e., a thing ac- 
 cursed. Seel. Cor., xvi., 22. 107:3. 
 
 Arima'nestor Ahr'iman). SeeOito 
 MA8DE8. 84:1. 
 
 Ar'tegal, Sir. The impersonation of 
 Justice in the fifth book of Spen- 
 ser's Fairy Queen. 113:19. 
 
 Athalie'. A tragedy by the French 
 dramatist Racine. 214:1. 
 
 Balisarda. In Ariosto\s Orlando 
 Fuiioso, the enchanted sword of 
 Orlando (cp. Arthur's Excalibur), 
 which finally falls into the hands 
 of Rogero. In Rogero's fight with 
 Bradaniante, it is exchanged for 
 another sword (xlv., 68). 125: 
 18. 
 
 Bena'cus. The largest lake of 
 Northern Italy and noted for 
 storms. It is now called Garda. 
 Vergil (Georgics 2, 160) tells of 
 " Benacus, swelling with billows 
 and boisterous turmoil, like a 
 sea." 154:30. 
 
 Bentley, Richard. A noted English 
 classical scholar. His " Disserta- 
 tion on the Epistltsof Phalaris" 
 (1697, 1699), which Porson, another 
 noted scholar, called ''the immor- 
 tal dissertation," was written to 
 prove the spuriousness of those 
 epistles. 137:22. 
 
 Biographia Britannica. Published 
 1747-66. Long a standard work; 
 superseded of course now, espe- 
 cially by the Dictionary of National 
 Biography. 129:7. 
 
 Blenheim. In Bavaria. The scene 
 of the great defeat of the French 
 (1704) by the allies under Marl- 
 borough and Prince Eugene. 164: 
 29. 
 
 Book of Gold. The name given to 
 the list of Genoese nobles and citi- 
 zens of property which w;t.s made 
 at the time Andrea Doria deliv- 
 
 S567 
 
268 
 
 GLOSSARY 
 
 ered Genoa from French domina- 
 tion (1528). 154:22. 
 
 Boyle, Charles. He attempted, 
 with the help of others, to defend 
 the genuineness of the " Epistles 
 of Phalaris" against the famous 
 scholar Bentley. Swift's Battle 
 of the Books is founded on the 
 incident. See Macaulay's sketch of 
 Attertaury in the Ency. Brit. 
 137:5. 
 
 Bradaman'te. In Ariosto's Orlando 
 Fvtrioso, a woman of great prow- 
 ess, finally overcome by Bogero, 
 whom she marries. 125 :16. 
 
 Brunei, Sir Marc Isambard. A civil 
 engineer who in 1806 completed 
 machinery for making ships' 
 blocks. 140:26. 
 
 Button's. A London coffee-house, 
 probably established by an old 
 servant of Addison's. 128:15. 
 
 Captain General. See Marlbor- 
 ough. 175:21. 
 
 Catharine of Braganza. The In- 
 fanta of Portugal. Married Charles 
 II. of England in 1662. 129:23. 
 
 Cat'inat, Nicholas. Commander of 
 the French army in Northern 
 Italy in the War of the Spanish 
 Succession. 159:30. 
 
 Charter House (a corruption of 
 Chartreuse). Originally a Carthu- 
 sian monastery in London; later 
 an endowed hospital and school 
 for boys. Pictured by Thackeray, 
 in The Newcomes, under the name 
 of Grey Friars. 130 :20. 
 
 Child's. A coffee-house, frequented 
 by churchmen. 204:17. 
 
 Cinna. A tragedy by the French 
 dramatist Corneille. 214:2. 
 
 Clarendon, Earl of (Edward Hyde). 
 The chief adviser of Charles I. dur- 
 ing the Civil War. The great his- 
 tory of the Rebellion which he left 
 was not published till 1704. 85:11, 
 
 Cock Lane Ghost. See Boswell's 
 Johnson, June25,1763. 136:18. 
 
 Collier, Jeremy. An English clergy- 
 man. He attacked the contem- 
 porary theater in his Immorality 
 and Profaneness of the English 
 Stage, 1693. 197 :3. 
 
 Conduct of the Allies. A famous 
 Tory pamphlet written by Swift; 
 1711. 177:13. 
 
 Congreve, 126:29; Wycherlcy, 
 197:5; Etherege, 197:4; Van- 
 brugh, 197:15. For the Restora- 
 tion drama and dramatists, see 
 Macaulay's essay on Leigh Hunt's 
 edition of the dramatists; also 
 his History, Chapters II. and III. 
 
 Corporation. In English politics, 
 a body of men governing a town 
 and selecting its member of Par- 
 liament. 202:4. 
 
 Defensio Popull. Properly Pio 
 Populo Anglicano Defensio. Mil- 
 ton's most famous Latin work, 
 1651. See Salmasius. 48:7. 
 
 demy', or demi. At Magdalen 
 College, Oxford, a student upon 
 a scholarship, who will succeed to 
 the next vacant fellowship. 132:19. 
 
 Dominic, Saint. The founder of the 
 Dominican order of monks. A 
 religious zealot, and friend of De 
 Montfort the elder in the crusade 
 against the Albigenses, 1208. 
 114:5. 
 
 Don Ju'an. In the Spanish and 
 Italian plays on this theme, Don 
 Juan jeeringly invites the statue 
 or the ghost of the man he had 
 killed to supper. It comes and 
 drags him to hell. 76:19. 
 
 Duenna, The. One of Sheridan's 
 comedies. 244:5. 
 
 Dunstan, Saint. Archbishop of 
 Canterbury in the tenth century. 
 Often described as a mystic. One 
 legend relates that he once seiztd 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 869 
 
 the devil by the nose with a pair 
 of red-hot tongs. 114. 5. 
 
 Elizabethan age In literature, 
 the term commonly includes the 
 reigns of both Elizabeth and James 
 I. 127:4. 
 
 Erasmus. A famous Dutch theolog- 
 ical scho'ar. His works, after the 
 fashion of the time (1500), were 
 written 1n Latin. 151:10. 
 
 Escobar y Mendo za, Antonio. 
 A Spanish Jesuit who taught that 
 purity of intention may justify 
 even criminal acts. 114:6. 
 
 Etherege. See Congreve. 197:4. 
 
 Eugene, Prince. The Austrian gen- 
 eral in the War of the Spanish 
 Succession. 205 :22. 
 
 Faithful Shepherdess. A pastoral 
 drama by John Fletcher, c. 1609. 
 65:2. 
 
 Fausti na. The profligate wife of 
 the Roman emperor, Marcus 
 Aurelius. 172:19. 
 
 Fleetwood, Charles. An English 
 Parliamentary general, son-in- 
 law of Cromwell. He died in ob- 
 scurity long after the Restoration. 
 112:21. 
 
 Fraeasto'rlus. The Latin form of 
 Fracastorio. An Italian physician 
 of the 16th century, who wrote 
 Latin poems on pathological sub- 
 jects. 151:10. 
 
 Frances ca da Rim ini. Made im- 
 mortal in the most famous Canto 
 (Inf.v.) of Dante's Divine Comedy. 
 173:21. 
 
 Freeholder. A political paper pub- 
 lished by Addison. December, 1715 
 to June, 1716. 158:8. 
 
 Galllo. See Acts xviii., 12-17. 114:18. 
 
 Gazetteer. The editor of the state 
 newspaper, the Gazette, estab- 
 lished by Charles II. 189:15. 
 
 Ger'ano-Pygmeeoma'chla, or Pyg- 
 
 maeo-Geranomachia. (BattU of the 
 Pygmiexund Orana. i A Latin poem 
 by Addison. 152:15. 
 
 Godolphin, Earl of. Lord High 
 Treasurer during the early part of 
 Anne's reign. As a financier, 
 he raised the funds to support 
 Marlborough in his prosecution 
 of the war on the continent. 
 163:8. 
 
 Grand Alliance. The alliance 
 formed in 1701 between the Holy 
 Roman Empire. England, and the 
 Netherlands against France and 
 Spain. 160:5. 
 
 Grecian, The. A London coffee- 
 house of the eighteenth century. 
 The Learned Club met there. 
 189:27. 
 
 Guardian. A periodical published 
 by Steele and Addison. 1713. 153 :3. 
 
 Gwynn, Nell. An English actress, 
 and mistress of Charles II. 
 236:24. 
 
 Halifax. See Montague. 160:20. 
 
 Hampton Court. A royal palace 
 on the Thames. 127:3 
 
 Harley, Edward. An English Tory 
 statesman and High Churchman. 
 Before 1690 he had been a Whig. 
 175:16. 
 
 Holland House. See Note on, 
 236:22. 
 
 Hough, John. Bishop of Worces- 
 ter. Elected president of Magda- 
 len College, 1687. 132:6. 
 
 Hume, Joseph. An English politi- \ 
 cian and Member of Parliament 
 from 1812-55. He was noted for 
 his watchfulness against abuses 
 in public expenditure. 85:11. 
 
 Inns of Court. The name of four 
 legal societies of London, and of 
 the premises which they occupy — 
 the Inner Temple, the Middle 
 
270 
 
 GLOSSARY 
 
 Temple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's 
 Inn. 211 ;8. 
 Ireland, William Henry. A writer 
 of plays which he pretended to 
 have discovered, and attributed to 
 Shakspere. Vortigern and Eow- 
 ena was played at Drury Lane, 
 1796, and its complete failure re- 
 sulted in exposure. 136:19. 
 
 Jack Pudding. A clown in English 
 folk-lore. 194:13. 
 
 Jonathan's and Garraway's. Lon- 
 don coffee-houses frequented by 
 merchants and stock-jobbers. 
 The promoters of the South Sea 
 Bubble met at Garraway's. 21 1 : 12 
 
 Kit-Cat Club. A club of Whig 
 politicians and wits. 147:5. 
 
 Lapu'tan flapper. See Gulliver's 
 Travels, iii. 2. 126:16. 
 
 Machi'nae Gesticulan'tes. (Puppet 
 Show.) A Latin poem by Addison. 
 152:14. 
 
 Malebol ge. (Evil Pits.) Dante. 
 Inferno, cantos 18-30. 69 :23. 
 
 Manchester, Earl of. Ambassador 
 to France just before the War of 
 the Spanish Succession. 146:29. 
 
 Marcet,Mrs. Jane. She published in 
 1818 Conversations, on Political Econ- 
 omy, a much-praised book in its 
 time. 51:11. 
 
 Marlborough, Duke of (John 
 Churchill). One of the most fa- 
 mous of England's great com- 
 manders. He was the leading 
 spirit of the Grand Alliance. 
 163:8. 
 
 Marli. Marly -le-Roy, a village ten 
 miles from Paris, noted for a 
 chateau of Louis XIV. 199:20. 
 
 Montague, or Montagu, Charles, 
 Earl of Halifax (1661-1715). See 
 Essay on Addison, pp. 139, 143. 
 51:12. 
 
 Montfort, Simon de. Two of the 
 name, father and son, were com- 
 manders in tbe 13th century. The 
 son, in a struggle with Henry III., 
 defeated and captured him, and 
 virtually originated the House of 
 Commons. 114:5. 
 
 Mourad Bey. Commander of the 
 Mamelukes at their defeat by Na- 
 poleon in the Battle of the Pyra- 
 mids. 169:7. 
 
 New'dlgate prize. An annual prize 
 for English verse, founded at Ox- 
 ford by Sir Roger Newdigate. 
 139 V4 
 
 Newmarket Heath, in Cambridge- 
 shire. Annual horse-races have 
 been held there since the time of 
 James I. 165:14. 
 
 October Club. A club of extreme 
 Tories, named for its celebrated 
 October ale. 211:27. 
 
 Oromas'des (or Ormuzd, Ormazd, 
 Ahura Mazda). The Wise or 
 Good Spirit in the Zoroastrian 
 mythology, who will ultimately 
 triumph over Ahriman. the Evil 
 One. 83:30. 
 
 Pastor Fido. An Italian pastoral 
 drama by Guarini.c. 1583. 65:4. 
 
 peripetia. A Greek technical 
 term, signifying a sudden change 
 or reverse of fortune, on which the 
 plot of a tragedy turns; the de 
 nouement. 216:20. 
 
 Prior, Matthew. An English poet. 
 After the death of Anne and the 
 rise of the Whig ministry, he wa^ 
 imprisoned under suspicion of 
 high treason (1715-17). 126:30. 
 
 Ravenna, Wood of. The Pineta or 
 
 pine forest on the shore near Ra- 
 venna. See Dante, Purg. xxvili, 
 20. 173:18. 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 271 
 
 Rich, Heniy. Earl of Holland. 
 from whom Holland House took 
 its name. 240:18. 
 
 Sachev ere'.l, Henry. An English 
 High Church clergyman and vio- 
 lent Tory. lie was impeached for 
 preaching against the Whig min- 
 istry. The trial grew into a party 
 struggle, which resulted in the 
 overthrow of the Whigs in 1710. 
 17 5:87. 
 
 St. James's Coffee-House. The 
 resort of politicians. 204:18. 
 
 Salmastus. Claudius. The Latinized 
 name of n French scholar whose 
 book in defense of the policy of 
 Charles I. called forth Milton's 
 Pro Papula Defensio. 102 :24. 
 
 Santa Cro'ce, Church of . In Flor- 
 ence. Michelangelo, Galileo, and 
 others are buried there. 173:18. 
 
 Satirist . . Age. Sensational jour- 
 nals of Macaulay's time. 232:8. 
 
 Saul. A tragedy by the Italian poet 
 Alfieri. 214:1. 
 
 Savoy, Duke of. See Victor Ama- 
 DKUa 160:1. 
 
 Seatonian prize. An annual prize 
 for sacred poetry, founded at Cam- 
 bridge by the will (1741) of Thos. 
 Seaton, hymn writer. 139:24. 
 
 Shrewsbury, Duke of (Charles Tal- 
 bot'. One of the noblemen who 
 invited the Prince of Orange to 
 England in 1688. On the death of 
 Anne in 1714 he became Lord High 
 Treasurer. 88:11. 
 
 Silius Ital'lcus. A Roman writer 
 Of a dull heroic poem in seventeen 
 books. 135:12. 
 
 Sinai ridge, George. Bishop of 
 Bristol in the time of Queen Anne. 
 Dr. Johnson praised his sermons 
 for their "style." 198:9. 
 
 Somen, John. A leading Whig 
 statesman in the time of William 
 III. and Anne. He helped to draw 
 
 up the Declaration of Bights 
 which was presented to William 
 and Mary. He secured for Addi- 
 son a pension. 88:10. 
 
 Somerset. Charles Seymour, si xtb 
 Duke of Somerset. Called " the 
 Proud " — ■ hardly distinguished 
 otherwise. He refused to employ 
 Addison as tutor to his son. possi- 
 bly because future patronage 
 would be expected of him. 145:11. 
 
 Spectator. A paper published daily 
 by Steele, Addison and others, 
 Mar., 1711. to Dec. 1712; continued 
 by Addison in 1714. 153:3. 
 
 Spence, Joseph (1699-1768>. An 
 English critic who left a volume 
 of criticism and anecdotes. 148 :2. 
 
 Squire Western. A character in 
 Fielding's Tom Jones. 225:4. 
 
 Sumner, Rev. Charles R. Libra- 
 rian to George IV., and after- 
 wards Bishop of Winchester. 45 : 
 Title. 
 
 Surface, Joseph. A hypocrite in 
 Sheridan's School for Scandal. 
 235:15. 
 
 Talus. An attendant on Sir Arte- 
 
 gal. See Spenser's Fairy Queen . v 
 
 1,12. 113: 19. 
 Tangier', or Tangiers. A seaport 
 
 of Morocco. 129 :22. 
 Tatler. A periodical published by 
 
 Steele, and Addison, 1709-11. 181: 
 
 12. 
 Teazle, Sir Peter. A character in 
 
 Sheridan's School for Scandal. 235 : 
 
 15. 
 Temple, Sir William. An English 
 
 statesman and author. Macaulay 
 
 has an essay upon him. 191 :27. 
 Theobald's. A country-seat in 
 
 Hertfordshire. The residence of 
 
 Lord Burleigh. Used as a palace 
 
 by James I. 127:1. 
 Thundering Legion. A legion of 
 
 Christian soldiers under M 
 
272 
 
 GLOSSARY 
 
 Aurelius, whose prayers for rain, 
 according to legend, were answered 
 by a thunderstorm which de- 
 stroyed their enemies. Addison 
 sneaks of the event in his essay 
 "Of the Christian Religion," -Vii. 
 3. 136:20. 
 
 Toland, John. An English deist 
 who published a life of Milton in 
 1698. 45:13 
 
 i'own Talk. A paper established 
 by Steele, Dec. 17, 1715. But nine 
 numbers were issued. 226:3. 
 
 Vanbrugh', See Cosgreve. 197: 
 15. 
 
 Vane, Sir Henry. An English Re- 
 publican statesman, with a " dash 
 of the fanatic." One of the Fifth 
 Monarchy men. Beheaded 1662. 
 Milton's 17th sonnet is addressed 
 to him. 112:19. 
 
 Victor Amade'us II., Duke of Sa- 
 voy. He abandoned Louis and 
 joined the Alliance in 1703. 172 :11. 
 
 Walpole, Horace (1717-97). The au- 
 thor of The Castle of Otranto and 
 many memoirs and letters. 192 :1. 
 
 Walpole, Sir Robert (1676-1743). 
 Not to be confounded with his 
 son Horace, For an account of 
 
 him. see Macaulay's first essay en 
 the Earl of Chatham and his essay 
 on Horace Walpole. 5a: 12. 
 
 Wild of Sussex. Commonly called 
 " Weald.'" The Weald is a name 
 given to a district comprising 
 portions of the counties of Kent 
 and Sussex in southeastern Eng- 
 land. It is not certain whether 
 the word is to be traced to the 
 Anglo-Saxon iceahl, •' forest," 
 modern " wold," or whether it is 
 an irregular form of wild. 129:18. 
 
 Will's. A well-known London cof- 
 fee-house in the time of Drydeu 
 and Addison, known also as " The 
 Wits' CofTee-House." The resort 
 of poets and wits. 189:27. 
 
 Wood, Anthony a. An industrious 
 antiquary whose books on the 
 antiquities and the great men of 
 the University of Oxford have for 
 more than two centuries been a 
 mine of information. 45:13. 
 
 Wych erley. See Congreve. 197 : 
 5. 
 
 Xeres' (whence our word sherry). 
 A town in southwestern Spain. 
 famous for its exportation of 
 wines. Macaulay seems 10 think 
 it is a river. 97 :i4. 
 
14 DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 LOAN DEPT. 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 OCT 9 1975 I 9 
 
 10% 
 
 'f^llgf 
 
 -ftr 
 
 St A 
 
 c «3 re 
 
 ^r^ 
 
 •d circ. may 3 1 1983 
 
 Mt 
 
 Rl 
 
 --*** 
 
 D LD 
 
 1 1961 
 
 12Dec'62Ati 
 
 try 
 
 U^ 
 
 — — y 
 
 
 
 MAY 
 
 — — - 
 
 1AM1 
 
 38QWE3EJ u> 
 
 OCT 2 2 '03 '~ 
 
 •J- "' 
 
 - — ■ ■ . * 
 
 w- 
 
 LD 21A-50m-12,'60 
 (B&221slO)476B 
 
 General Library 
 
 University of California 
 
 Berkeley 
 
 
U.C.BERKELEY LIBRARIES 
 
 > • </ 2 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY