UC-NRLF $B bOS ^55 German Composition 8go r«3 n a «gK>»iymi^i^ PAUhVMAcon ^S\ m "^^ M !^ GIFT or «1 olslQjl*^ -% • • •> , • •• NoTtoooti 9tm« .1. 8. Cuwhlnsr Co. — Berwick A Smith Co. Norwood, Mms., U.S.A. THE AMERICAN TEACHER OF GERMAN 335658 VOit btc bcutfd^e 5prad?c pcrftei^t unb ftubicrt bcfinbet fid? auf bcm JHarftc, mo allc Hationcn il^rc Waxtn anbieten, cr fptdt ben DoImetfd?er, inbcm er fid? felbft berctd?crt. — Letter from Ooethe to Carlyle, July 20th, 1827. PREFACE. This book is the result of a conviction that in the study of German too little emphasis is laid on the meanings of words. When we use a wrong gender, case, or mood, Ger- mans rarely misunderstand us, but when we use a wrong word, they often get no idea whatever. Emphasis, there- fore, is here put on distinctions in the meanings of common words, though forms and syntax are not neglected. Above all, the book aims to be practical. The ideal way to teach German composition is to use nothing but German in the classroom. But this presupposes pupils who are pre- pared to "think in German," and such students have al- ready reached a state of proficiency far beyond the scope of this volume, which is intended as a practical step toward an ideal goal. The treatment does not claim to be exhaustive. As in the case of my German Grammar, I have clung to the belief that a thorough discussion of important things furnishes a better foundation for future work than less intensive study spread over a wider field. Though not made for the pur- pose of forcing the "direct method" upon teachers, this Composition — like the German Grammar and "Im Va- terland '' — readily lends itself to the use of German in the classroom. A partial list of the books used in preparing the Composi- tion will be found in the Teachers' Handbook, but in the treatment of many words and constructions, especially where no book sufficed, I have drawn not only on my own experi- ence, but also on that of many German friends. vii Viii PREFACE. Thanks are due first to my former teachers, Fraulein Anna and Fraulein Minna Sannemann, of Hannover, who went over the manuscript with critical care. A like service was performed by Dr. Romer, of the Herderschule, Char- lottenburg. Dr. Zingler, of the Werner Siemens Realgymna- sium, Schoneberg-Berlin, and Dr. Schindler of the Annen Realgymnasium, Dresden. Valuable help on points of de- bated usage was received from Dr. Gropp, of the Siemens Realgymnasium, Charlottenburg. Besides these, I wish to thank Dr. Martin Hartmann, of Leipsic, for permission to use his name in connection with his letter-writing exchange ; Professor Schrader, of the University of Breslau, for exam- ining my drawing of the Indo-European languages; Pro- fessor Richard M. Meyer, of the University of Berlin, for suggestions in regard to Chapter IV, Part II; Professor Wilhelm Victor, of Marburg, for explaining his attitude on certain disputed points in phonetics ; Professor Sievers, of Leipsic, for lending the weight of his authority to some statements which might otherwise seem presumptuous; and Dr. Max Walter, of Frankfort, for taking valuable time to explain and demonstrate the method he employs so success- fully. To Fraulein Hedwig Klatt, of Berlin, I am doubly indebted, not only for valuable suggestions upon the entire book, but for generous permission to use the results of her remarkable researches in teaching pronunciation. The anatomical drawings in Chapter III, Part II, are by Miss Blair, of the Harvard Medical School. P. V. B. Apbil, 1918. PLAN OF THE BOOK. Part I, containing thirty-six chapters, is for study. Each Chapter, except the Eeviews, has four parts : (1) Ger- man Story, (2) Syntax, (3) Notes, (4) Exercises. (1) The Story furnishes the foundation for conversation or "direct method" work, and illustrates the Syntax and Notes which follow. In connection with the Historical Notes the stories give a sketch of German history. (2) The Syntax furnishes discussion and further illustra- tion of the constructions treated in the chapter. (3) The Notes offer a detailed and definite explanation of word difficulties. (4) The Exercises (a) review the Syntax and Notes by questions, (ft) furnish Colloquial Idioms for memorizing, and (c) give three sets of Idiomatic Exercises to be written in German, the last of the three being a connected story. Every fourth chapter is devoted to Review, as are also the last four chapters, making twelve reviews in all. They contain Questions and Exercises, with a note on some idio- matic particle like bod) or IDO'^L Quotations from the Classics, some four hundred in num- ber, acquaint the pupil with the leading names in German literature. These citations include those which one hears most frequently in the conversation of cultured Germans. Pictures and Historical Notes serve two purposes. For those who wish to use them, they furnish excellent material for conversation and " direct method " work. For those who do not care to do this, they make good "breathing spaces " in the lesson. ix X PLAN OF THE BOOK, Part II, containing five chapters, is for reference. Chapter I gives forms and suggestions for letter writing. It should be consulted whenever the teacher wishes to vary the regular exercises by work on letters. CJiapter II furnishes illustrations and explanations of the more common ways in which German words are derived and combined. It may be used either for study or reference. Chapter III gives some of the delicate distinctions be- tween English and German pronunciation. It should be used discreetly, and only by those teachers who make a point of accurate work in speaking. Even by these, only one thing — Assimilation, the Glottal Catch, and so on — should be treated at a time. Chapter IV contains an outline sketch of the history of the German language, including a very brief statement of Grimm's Law. It should be used only for reading and reference, not for study. Chapter V includes (1) a few words spelled alike in both languages, not treated in Part I, (2) a list of abbreviations, familiarity with which will help a pupil in his German read- ing, and (3) about one hundred current idioms which can scarcely be called literary, but a knowledge of which will be of advantage to those who are planning to go to Germany. Vocabularies and Index are especially complete. The for- mer contain specific reference to the sections where the words are discussed, while the latter includes not only the syntactical, but the historical, ai-tistic, and literary matter of the book. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Illustrations xiii Drawings and Maps xv German Equivalents for Grammatical Terms . . . xvi PART I. CHAPTER I. Word Order — Inverted. 2)ie ^ermaTtn8f(i)Iad)t . . 1 II. Transposed Order. Simple Tenses. S)eutf(^e Sreue . 7 III. Transposed Order. Compound Tenses. 2)ietrid^ oon iBern . 15 IV. Review, ^cnn 22 V. Word Order. Position of nic^t, tarl hex ©ro^c in ber @ci)ule 24 VI. Word Order. Position of Adverbs. 2)cr ^oknbsbogen 32 VII. Word Order. Position of Objects, ^einrid^ ber ^ogler 39 VIII. Reviewo 9Zot^. 46 IX. The Modal Auxiliaries. Simple Tenses, .^aifer Otto ber 3)ritte in ber @ruft tarig beg ©ro^en. ... 48 X. The Modal Auxiliaries. Compound Tenses. !Die 'D^o- (anbjaufen 56 XI. Two Infinitives with Other Verbs than Modals. f^rieb= rid) ajotbart 64 XII. Review. SBo^I 72 XIII. Prepositions with the Dative. 2)ie SSeiber t)on 2Beiiig= berg 74 XIV. Prepositions with the Accusative. S)er @angcrfrteg auf ber SSariburg 84 XV. Prepositions with either Dative or Accusative. 9Zurn= berg 92 XVI. Review. k ^eif form ; present, t>a^ ^rci'* fen^; past, ba^ Qm'ptv\dt; future, ba^ gutur' (ba^ er'fte gutur'); perfect, t>a^ ^erfeff ; past perfect, ba^ ^(u^'quamperfeft ; future perfect, ba^ ^tDei'te gutur'; simple, compound, ein'fac^, ^ufam'mengefe^t. The mode, ber SJlo'bu^ ; indicative, ber 3^n'bt!atit) ; subjunc- tive, ber Con'juncttD ; imperative, ber -3m'peratit> ; infinitive, ber 3^^'P^^tit) ; participle, ba^ '^artictp'. The accent, ber Xon ; raising and lowering of the voice, bie gebung unb Senfung ber (gtimme. Position, order, bie (gtedung, bie Orbnung. Word order, bie SKortfoIge ; inverted order, bie 3^nt)erfton'- Page, bie (Seite ; line, bie 3^i(e, bie dtti\}t (row). Note. — Properly the foreign terms should have the accent on the last syllable ; but in the language of the schoolroom the accent has been shifted from the meaningless ending to the distinctive part of the word. PART I. CHAPTER I. WORD ORDER — INVERTED. Pie ^ermannsfd^Iad^t 1. S3or tJtelen, uteten ^a^ren gab e^ in 1)eutf(^(anb noc^ feme ©tcibte. !t)te atten Deutfc^en tDo^nten mitten in grogen SBcitbern, Unter if)nen lebte bamaf^ ein tapferer §e(b, germann, ben bie 9f^omer ^Irminiu^ nannten* Qn biefer ^eit ^errfc^te in ^f^ont f aifer 5Iuguftu^. ^a er bie ^eutfc^en miUtme^fiii— njoflte, fanbte er feinen gelb^errn SBarug gegen fie. liefer fnc^te ben ^einb im Xeutoburger SBalbe, aber §ermann trartete nid)t anf il)n; er griff bie 9?dnter an unb bernic^tete beina^e ba^ gan^e rt^mifc^e §eer. !5)a^ wav ba« erfte ^at, ha^ bie ^dmer in :t)entfc^(anb gefc^fagen tDnrben. 511^ bie 9^ac^ric^t baoon nac^ 9^ont getangte, rief taifer 5(ugnftu^ an^: „^d) SSaru^, iSarn^, gib mir nteine gegionen toieber!" Syntax. 2. Inverted Order. — In the inverted order the verb or auxiliary comes before the subject. The rest of the sentence has the normal order. Inverted order is used not only, as in English, in interrogative and imperative sentences, but also in declarative sentences when intro- duced by some element other than the subject. Eng- lish sometimes inverts a declarative sentence, as in. Here comes the bride. But English may also say, Here '.s!;ma^ composition. [§2. 1. The Hermann Monument in the Teutoburger Forest. the bride eomes^ while German cannot follow this latter order, \)\\\ must invert. (1) (Miniaii is very partial to the inverted order. Often wlitji o an English declarative sentence begins with Chap. 1.] WOUDOEDEB — INVERTED. 8 the subject, German starts with some other element. Where we say, I saw the emperor in Potsdam yesterday^ a German would probably use one of the following sentences, according to what he wanted to emphasize : ©eftern ):)Qiht \6) in ^ot^bam ben ^aifer gefe^en, or, !Den ^atfer ^be id) geftern in ^ot^bam gefe^en, or, ^n "ipot^bam ^abe ic^ geftern ben ^aifer gefe^en. (2) Special care should be taken to invert the main subject and verb when the sentence begins with a sub- ordinate clause. If I havenH a knife^ I canH carve. ^ctttt itl) feitt aJJcffcr ^abc, fann it^ ntrl)t fjl)tteibctt. — ^itlern. When I was still a boy, I thought of nothing but stories of magic and wonders, ^l§ tt^ no(^ etn ^naht toav, bai^tc td| an nic^tS aW an S^^^^^' unb SButtbcrgcf (^ii^tcn. — § e i n e. Notes. 3. Historical Note. — Hermann the Liberator was a German prince who had served as a youth in the Roman army. He tried to unite the German tribes so as to drive the Romans out of Germany, and after the victory in the Teutoberg Forest (9 a.d.), the Romans did remain for a time west of the Rhine. But the German chiefs were jealous of each other and of Hermann. They betrayed his wife Thusnelda to the Romans to be led in chains through the streets of Rome in the " triumph " of the Roman gen- eral Germanicus. And finally they murdered Hermann (21 a.d.) when he was in his thirty-seventh year. In the story in § 1, the Germans, bic ©ertnaneTt, are referred to as „bie 2)eittfd^en/' though this term is of later origin (about 800 a.d.). 4. English ago is usually 'oox with the dative case. A week ago I bought this book. f&ox ctttcr 9®o(i^c Ijabc id) btc§ S3ttd^ gcfauft. Long years ago there lived a man in the East. f&9x graucn ^tt^rcit UW tin 'Mann m Often. — $?ejfing. 4 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [§ 7. Note. — When ago is used with a form of the verb to 6e, German generally uses I)cr following an adverb or the accusative. It^s a long time ago. (gg ift langc l^er. That is fifty years ago. 2)a8finb nun fiinfgig 3a^rc I)cr. — SSltbcnbrud). 5. When denoting extent of time, English for is rendered in German by the accusative of time. This is often followed by the adverb (ang. For three hours^ for a whole month. ^rci Stiittbctt (tang), ctnctt ganjcn SUionat (tang). And so he sat for many days, sat for many years. Uttb fo fa^ cr tiictc Xagc, fa^ tttcF '^a\^xt lang. — ©t^iirer. Note. — Unmodified words expressing time are united with long and written as adverbs (not with a capital) : for hours, for days, for weeks, for months, for years, ftunbentang, tagelang, tt)od)en(ang, mona= telang, ja^relang. 6. English to live has two German equivalents : too^nen and Uhtn. (1) SSo^nen (reg., aux. ^aben) is used in the sense of to- dwell, to reside. I live on Charles Street, ^r^ wo^nc in bcr ^orfftro^e. She lived a long time here in Sorrento. (5ic Xjai (augc ^icr in Sorrento gcwo^nt. — ^t\)\t. (2) Seben (reg., aux. l^aben) is used in the sense of to he alive, to exist, Man lives not by bread alone. ^cr 9Kcttfd) tcbct ttid|t oom SBrot allciu. — 33ibel, matt, 4, 4. He didn't live like others, ©r lebtc ttit^t Wic aubere* — ^ c H e r. 7. English to look for, to hunt for, is fu(^en (reg., aux. I)aben) with the accusative. Think of the English word seek, and do not use filr. miat are you looking for 9 SBafil fur^Ctt 8ie ? And I had no idea of looking for anything. Unb md)t!$ su fu(t)cn, bad war mein 8inn. ~ @ o e 1 1^ e. Chap. 1.] WORD ORDER — INVERTED. 5 8. English to wait for is tnarten auf (reg., aux. '^abetl) with the accusative. Never say irarten fiir. We waited for you for half an hour. 995ir ^abcn cine Ijalbc ©titttbc auf i»t(^ (or ®ic) gcttiartct. But now I wonH wait any longer for him! 3(ticr ic^t ttiart^ ii^ iiod^ m^t laitgcr auf tl|tt ! — ® e r ft a d e r. 9. English no, not a, not any, is fctlt* ^td^t ein means not one and is used only in emphatic cases; even then feitt eittjig, not a single, is preferable. Haven't you a pencil ? ^abctt Sic f ctnctt 93(ctfttft ? He hasnH made a single mistake. @r \\ai fctncn eittjtgctt %t\\Ux gcmarfjt. Who doesnHjind any, doesnH need to furnish any. 9Ber fctnc ftnbct, braudit audi f ctttc abjultcfent. — @ t o r m . He did not speak a single word. — ©r ^pvad) !cttt cinjigc^ 995ort. — .t' e b b c f . Exercises. 10. (a) 1. Decline: ber grof^e Salb, ettt ta|)ferer vtSelb, teine ®tabt, ba^ erfte 33^a(. 2. G^ii;e ^/ie principal ^mrts of: geben, (eben, nennen, fenben, fc^lagen, rufen. {h) 1. Which sentences in § 1 illustrate the inverted order? 2. When must German invert a declarative sen- tence which does not need to be inverted in English ? 3. Find examples of the inverted order among the quota- tions in §§ 4, 5, and 8. Find in § 4 an illustration of § 6, 2. (c) Conversational Idioms. Memorize: 1. 3Ba^ [ui^ftbu? 2. 3Sor jnjei 3^a^ren ^abe t(^ in ber ^arlftra^e geiuo^nt. 3. Sarten (Ste boc^ ni^t (anger auf mtc^ ! 4. ^c^ ^atte feine ^di. 5. :r)a^ tDar aber (ange ^er. 6. ^c^ ^abe etne ganje ©tunbe gearbettet. 11. (a) 1. A year ago we lived on (tn ber) Hermann Street. 2. For two hours he looked for his friend. 3. We 6 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§11. have waited for you for hours. 4. Augustus lived many years ago. 5. For a whole week we didn't have a lesson ((Stunbe). 6. But that was long ago. (6) 1. For a whole year they lived on Winter Street. 2. Augustus lived in Rome, but that was many years ago. 3. For days I looked for an interesting book, but I didn't find one. 4. Will you wait a moment for me ? 5. Many years ago Germany did not have a single large city. 6. What are you waiting for (ttjorauf)? Are you looking for something ? (c) Hermann the Liberator. — 1. Many centuries ago (there) lived in Germany a brave hero, Hermann. 2. At that time (§ 1, line 4) the Germans did not have cities ; they lived in huts in the forest. 3. When the Emperor Augustus wanted to subjugate the Germans, he sent his general Varus against them. 4. Hermann was at that time twenty-five years old, but he was already the German leader. 5. For days Varus looked for him, but Hermann did not wait for him; he attacked Varus and almost anni- hilated his army. 6. That was nineteen centuries ago, but the Germans will never forget Hermann the Liberator. CHAPTER II. WORD ORDER — TRANSPOSED. SIMPLE TENSES. Peutfd?e Creue. 12. Der rbmifc^e ^tftorifer, Xacttu^, er^ci^It, ba^ tm erften ^a^r^unbert na(^ ^^riftM etnige ©efanbte be^ T)eut[d)ett SSolfe^ nad) 9f?om gingen. !Dort bat man fie, mit in^ ^o(of= feum ^u ge^en, urn fic^ bie ^ampffpiek anpfe^en. T)a fie unter ben rdmifc{)en (Senatoren einige SJZcinner fa^en, tk ni^t Corner n)aren, fragten fie i^re greunbe, tDer biefe Sente ba feien. 9}^an fagte i^nen, eg iraren grentbe, bie fi(^ bnrc^ i^re Xreue gegen ^om an^ge^eic^net flatten. T)a gingen bie T)entfc^en an ben Ort, tt)o biefe 3}^anner fagen, nnb fe^ten fic^ 3U i^nen. „3Benn e« Saffen ^u fitf)ren ober Xreue ^u fatten gilt," fagten fie ben $Ri3mern, „fo iibertrifft !ein aJienfc^ bie T)entfc^en." Syntax. 13. Transposed Order. — Simple Tenses. — With simple tenses in the transposed or dependent order, the verb is put at the end of the clause. This order is followed in all dependent clauses, that is, in those introduced by a relative or by a subordinating conjunction (aU, ha, ba§, h)eit, njenn, n)0, etc.). Whenever one of these introductory words occurs, drop all thought of the verb till every other word in the clause is translated, be- cause, except for the verb, the order is normal. GERMAN COMPOSITION, [§14. I found them when I put the empty baskets back in the boat. ^^ fttttb ftc, al§ id) bic Iccrcit tiirbc wicbcr in bic S3ar!c fc^te. — ^c^fe. /am thankful for the severest criticism, if it is only to the point. 5d) bin battfbar fiir bic frfjarfftc ^riti!, wcnn ftc imr faj^Iic^ bkibt. — SBiSmarrf. Notes. 14. Historical Note. — In the two centuries after the „§cnnann«- f(f)tad)t" the Romans extended their power beyond the Rhine and organized ithe province Germania. Thus relations between Romans 2. Ruins of the Palace of the Roman Emperors at Trier. and Germans became more intimate; Germans often went to Rome, and Romans built theatres and palaces in Germany. Of these buildings the best remains are at Trier, the residence of sev- eral Roman Emperors. But the Germans never adopted Roman civilization. Tacitus in his " Germania " gives us a vivid picture of German life and customs, the simplicity of which he contrasts most favorably with the luxury of the effeminate Romans. Chap. 2.] TBANSPOSEB OBDEB. 9 15. The English verb to ask is usually btttctl or fragcn* (1) bitten (bat, gebeten, aux. ^aben) means to beg, to ask for. (a) To ask for something is translated by bittetl Uttl. Both verb and preposition take the accusative. May I ask you for another glass of water 9 ^arf id) @ic urn ttod) cm (^U^ SBoffer Witn ? I do not ask for my life. ^^ bittc nidjt urn mein Scben. — @ (^ i U e r. (6) To translate the English phrase, to ask some one to do something, use bitten with a phrase, not a clause. She asked him to loaitfor her. @tc hat i^tt, auf fie 5tt ttiartctt, I ask you not to drag it (the communication) out too long. ^dj bittc Sic, bicfctbc (bic SUlitteilung) ni(^t ju longc au^5ubcl|uctt. — greljtag. 2^ote. — 53itte (for tcf) bitte) is used for English if you please, and also for you are welcome in answer to thank you (banfe). (2) i^ragen (reg., aux. ^aben) means to inquire, to ask (a question). It takes the accusative or two accusatives. (a) To ask if or ask whether is fragen ob, followed by a clause, not a phrase. Did yoM ask me something 9 ^abcn Sic tttit^ ctttia^ ficfragt ? iJe asked her if she could go along. @r fragtc fie, ob fie mitgcljett fonnte. J also will ask you one thing. 3t^ Will cttc^ and) citt SSort fragcm — S3 1 b c t, 2Jfatt. 21, 24. (5) To translate ^o ask about or asZ: a/^er something, use fragen nac^ with the dative. They asked after his health. Sic fragtctt naU) feincr ©cfunbljeit. Then I asked about my indebtedness. ^a fragt^ it^ nadf bcr St^utbigfeit, — U t) ta n b. ]}^ote. — (a) Remember that fragen always takes the accusative of the person to whom the question is put, while fagen, to say to, to tell, 10 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 17. always has the dative of the person to whom the statement is made. Compare fragten fie iljre greunbe (§ 12, 1. 6) and jagten fte ben 9tomcrn (§ 12, 1. 12). (&) To ask (put) questions is ^ragen ftcUen with the dative. Now Twill ask you a question or two. ^c^t ftcU^ id) ^Ijitcii citt paav f^ragcn. A fool asks more questions than a hundred wise men can answer. ©in ^avv ftcUt me^r ^^ragcn, al^ ^unbcrt SSctfc beantwortcn fonncn. — @prid)n)ort. 16. The English adverb there is usually bort or ba. These adverbs, ba and bort, should never be used for the factitive there in expressions like thei-e are, there was, and so on. (1) T)OVt is used for more distant places than ha, or when the speaker wishes to be more definite. English over there is always bort. I don't sec anything over there. Xovt fc^^ id) ntdjt^. The fairest maiden is sitting so wondrous up there. %\t fd|ijttftc ^ungfrau fi^ct bort obcu ttiunberbar. — ^ e i n c. (2) ^a is generally used in cases where no particular place is specified. There they were without [an] umbrella. ^a marcn fie ol)nc 5Rc0cnfd)irm. There stood poor Hans thunderstruck. %a ftaub ber ttrmc ^aw^ wic bom Conner gcrii^rt. — ip i ( ( e r n. 17. The German ba has several other common uses. (1) !^a, {and) then, is used at the beginning of a sentence to keep a narrative lively. And then it broke out afresh, ^o fltng c^ ttiicbcr (o«i. And then Mariette went out and wept bitterly. ^a flittfl ^ilWaricttc l)iimu<< uiib loctntc bittcrlid). — Sfdjoffe. (2) ^a, here, is less detinite than l)ier. It refers especially to one's being at homey or hack, having arrived. Chap. 2.] TRANSPOSED ORDER. 11 Is Miss Fisher here, please f S3ttte, tft fjraittcttt f^ifdjcr btt ? Fm glad yoiCre here again. 0:2 frcut mid), ha^ Sic ttJiebcr ba finb. .Here / am again, ^a bin id) ttiicbcr. — § e b b c I. (3) '^a, as, is a conjunction and is followed by the de- pendent order. It is used when as gives a reason. As it is late, ice must go. ^a t§ ft^ott f^rit ift, miiffcn toir fort. As he wasnH here by eleven o''clock, he wonH come. ^tt tx hx^ df Ul)r nid)t ba war, bleibt cr axi^, — @ e r ft ci cf e r. 18. English to sit (doivn) has two translations in German : fi^cn and ftc^ fc^ctt. (1) (St^en (fag, gefeffen, aux. ^aben) means to sit, to be in a sitting posture. The place where is indicated by a prepo- sition with the dative. Where did you sit ? SSo I)abctt @ic flcfcffctt ? / was sitting on a mountain. '^^ fa^ ailf cittCttt S3crgc, — ® r it n. (2) (gic^ fe^en (reg., aux. l^aben) means to sit down, to put oneself into a sitting posture. The place where (whither) is indicated by a preposition with the accusative. The idea of ^notion towards something is often strengthened by the particle ^in* Where shall I sit ? 2Bo f oU it^ mid) l)ittfc^ctt ? or, 933ol)itt foil id) mid) f c^cn ? Here he sat down in the armchair by the window. ^icr f c^tc cr fid) in bcit Scl)nftttl)l ati)^ fjcnftcr, — @ t o r m. 19. English man is usually rendered by bcr SOlcnfd^ or bcr SO^ann. Never use matt (§ 57). (1) !Der Sy^ettfcf) (be^ SJ^ettfc^ett) is used in the general sense of person, human being (Latin homo). Man proposes, God disposes. ^cr SJlcnf d) bcnft, @ott Icttft. — @prid)tt)ort. 12 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 21. Man errs as long as he strives. e^ hrt bcr aWcnfd), folang^ cr ftrcbt. — @ o c t ^ c. (2) '^tv Wlann (bte SJ^dnner) is used for man as distin- guished from woman (Latin vir). It is also the common word for husband, ber (^atte and ber @ema^( being more formal. He was a real man. dr toav tin center SJJatttt. YoM German men, say no, you German women, join in ! ^^r bctttfd)Ctt Mmntx, rufct ncin, i^r bctttfd)Ctt IJrttucn, ftimmct ettt ! — 2) a "^ Ti. T!^e husband, the protection and refuge of the wife; the wife, the ornament of the husband, '^cr SSlann bciS 993ctbc^ @t^u^ unb ^ort, bai8 295cili bc^ ajiatmc^ 3icr. — ^reiligrat^. Exercises. 20. (a) 1. Decline : ettt romtfc^er (Senator, bte beutfcf)e Saffe, eittige Seute, ba^ erfte 3a. 4. 5Ber Wxit nod) gragen ftellen? 5. ^itte, fe^en (2ie fid) bovt biiitcn! 6. 3on Bern. 22. 5t(te beutfc^e ^agen er3a{)Ien, ba§ ^tetric^ Hon -Q3ern aUe anberen tonige befiegt ^abe. ^J^orf) anbere (Sagen er- ^(i^ten t)on Siegfrieb, ber ben T)rac^en erfd)(ng. !Da beibe 4. The Tomb of Theodoric at Ravenna. — The most important Gothic monument in existence. The roof is hewn from a single huge rock and weighs nearly a million pounds. ^elben hx^tv in jebem ^'antpfe gefiegt fatten, fnrrf)tete fic^ ber eine nic^t t)or bent anberen. !l)te f(^i3ne ^riemt)t(be^ b ie 53rant (Siegfrieb^, fagte i^rent 15 16 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§24. SSerfobten, bag er mit :t)tetric^ fdmpfen fode. (giegfrieb n)ar unt)ertt)unbbar, ireU er fic^ im T)xa6)tnhlut gebabet ^atte, aber ^Dietric^ fc^Iug i^n fo ^eftig, baj? er oI)nmdrf)tig ^u ^riem- ^t(ben^ gitgen nieberfan! unb nun alfo ber ^efiegte n)ar. ^ietrid^ fd)en!te i^nt ba^ Seben unb fet)rte mieber unbefiegt in feine §etmat guritcf. Syntax. 23. Transposed Order — Compound Tenses. — With com- pound tenses in the dependent order, the auxiliary is put at the end of the clause, whether it is an auxiliary of tense (f)aben, fein, irerben) or of mode (burfen, fbnnen, and so on). The infinitive or participle comes just before the auxiliary. (1) As the auxiliary is the element that tells mode, tense, voice, person, and number and so gives definite- ness to the sentence, it is appropriate that it should occupy a more emphatic place — the end position — than infinitive or participle. Thus German clauses are always periodic. (German generally uses the past tense in narrative, but in § 22 the perfect is used, the better to illustrate compound tenses.) He said that he would come. @r fagtc, ba^ cr fommcn luitrbe. What is once printed belongs to the whole world for all time. aSttiS ciumal gcbrutft ift, jjcljort bcr ganjcn 9Bc(t auf cniiflc S^itcn. — Vefjiug. It was a branch that he had fastened to a dead tree. e§ war cin %\i, ben cr an cincn biirren ©aunt gcbunbcn ^attc. — @ r i m ni. Notes. 24. Historical Note. — Theodoric the Great was ruler of the East (joths, a German tribe living on the Danube. lie led his people across the Alps to settle in Italy, and in 490 a.d. won a Chap. 3.] TRANSPOSED ORDER. 17 great battle at Verona (53crn) which left Northern Italy in his hands. He established his capital at Ravenna and was recognized as the greatest of the German cliieftains. After his death (526) the Gothic power fell away before the Lombards, who were in turn to give way to the more powerful Franks, by whom the first Ger- man Empire was to be founded. But Theodoric of Verona, S)ietri{^ Don 33ent, has always been a central figure in German legend. 25. English to be afraid of is ft(^ f iirt^tCtt (reg., aux. ^aben) trnr with the dative. He was afraid of the dog. (£r fur(i|tctc fid^ tior bcm ^mibc, I am afraid of no one but you. ^t^ fiirj^tc mid) nit^t, tior fctttcm, at§ nnv oor Mr. — §et) fe. 26. English so has two common German renderings: fo and alfo. (1) As an adverb of manner or degree in the sense of thus, so is German fo. (So is also used to translate the first as in comparisons, like as good as, fo gut (tt>te), as far as, fo votit (lt)ie). I meant it so. ®o ^bc ir^^!§ gcmcittt The concealer is as bad as the stealer. ^cr ^c^lcr ift fo f djlimm ttiic bcr ®tc!^(cr. — @^ric^tt)ort. But everything that drove me to it was oh ! so good, so dear. ^o(^ aMt^ ttiaS mid^ ba^u trieb, ^r>it ! mar fo gut, at^ ! tout fo (teb. — @oetl)e. (2) In the sense of then (therefore), so is^ usually German alfo, which never means English also. So you will come at ten. Sie fommcn ttlfo urn scljn. So we can be as dilatory as we icish. Wiv fottitcn a(fo fo tticitlaufig fcitt, mic tt»ir tooUcn. — ®d)tUer. Note. — For thafs so, just so, thaVs true, thaVs right, German uses the adverb ebcu. 18 GERMAN COMPOSITION. I§ 29. 27. English to conquer is fiCQCn or ficflCflClt. Both are weak verbs and take ^abeit as auxiliary, but fiegen is in- transitive. So when conquer is transitive, befiegen must be used. 53efiegen never means besiege (belagerti). The Germans conquered (won). "Die Dcutft!)cn fteQten. The Germans conquered the Romans. Die Dctttfd)cn befiegten bic JRiimer. Yo^i must conquer or fall ; conquered by one is conquered hy all. Dtt mu^t fiegett ober fallen ; befiegt bon etnem ift bcftegt bon alien. — @d)itler. 28. English to tell has two common translations in Ger- man : crgafilcn and fagcm (1) (Srjci^Ien (reg., aux. '^aben) means to relate, and is used chiefly of telling stories or relating events. You told us an interesting story. ®ic ^aben nn^ eine intereffante ©efr^id)te erjoljlt* 7'Z/ tell you a funny tale. ^d) wiU end) erjolilen ein 9JJard)en gar ft^nnrrig. — Surger. (2) i^agen (reg., aux. ^aben) is used in less formal cases for to tell somebody (dat.) something (ace.) or to tell somebody (dat.) to do something (clause). What shall I tell him ? 9Ba^ foU id) il)m fagen ? Please tell him to come here. $itte fagen 8ie it)m, '^a^ er ^ierber fommen foU. You didnH tell her of my visit ? Dn l)aft \\)x nidjt )iif>\\ meincm iBcfud) gefagt ? — 5 1 o v in. 29. English the one(s) has three common renderings in German. (1) As a demonstrative, especially before the relative (ber or It)e(c^er), theoyie is usually translated by the demon- strative ber, bic, bad. The relative cannot be omitted in German, Chap. 3.] TRANSPOSED ORDER. 19 Is John the one you mean f ^ft ^oljattn tstx, bctt ®!C mcilicn ? I am the one who huilt it. ^d^ bin i>er, bcv C^ bautc. — Ap a u p t in a n n. Woe to the one who (tells) lies. 293cl|^ bem, ber lugt* — @ r i It p a r 3 e r. Note. — In more formal style berjenige (biejeuifle, baSienige, gen. begjcnigeu, etc.) may be used for the one (loho) instead of ber. It is rare in conversation. (2) For one, the one in contrast with one or more others (anbere) German uses ber etne. One translated loell, the other didnH. ^er ctttc \)ai gut iiberfe^t, ber anbcrc m^i, ■ The one was a head taller than the other. ^cr cine war eiuen ^opf grii^er at§ ber anbere. — SBilbenbruc^. (3) For one following an English adjective, as the 7ieiv one, German uses simply the inflected adjective following the definite article. It must have the gender of the noun to which it refers. That isnH my hat ; mine is the little one. ^a^ ift mein ^nt mdjt ; ber Heine geprt inir. I had a comrade ; youUl not find a better one. ^dj Ijatt^ einen ^amcraben, cincn bcffern finbft bn nit (nidjt). — U()(onb. 30. English other is usually anbcr or noc§ ein. (1) 5lnber (-er, -e, -e^) means other when used in the sense of different. Bring me another cup ; this is cracked. ©ringen @ie ntir eine anbere %n\\t ; biefe Ijat einen S^rnng. He can go some other time. @r !ann ein anbre§ WaX (or ein anbermat) geljcn. What you donH want done to you, donH do another. 938a§ bn nidjt ttiiUft, baj? man bir ixV, ba^ fitg^ and) feinent anbern jn. [The ' ' golden rule " in German] — ® |) r i (^ lu o r t. / cannot do otherioise. I^d) fann nid)t anber^. — V u t de r. ^0 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [5 31. jV'oie. — English else is usually anber in positive statements, jonft in questions. To-morrow he xoill begin something else. aiiorgen fcingt er tiwa^ anbcre^ an. — Xt)oma. What else., by the Styx 9 There is nothing else f 2Ba« jonft, bcim @tt) j ? 9^i(i|t8 anbcrS gibt'8. — 1 1 e i ft. (2) 9^orf) ein means other in tlie sense of one more of the same kind. 9^od) should always be used in asking for more of anything. Bring me another cup of coffee ; it tastes fine. a3ntt8en ®ic mtr no(^ ctnc %a^t toffee ; er fd)merft ttortrefflid) (compare § 30, 1, first example). He can go once more {one more time). @r fanu nod) einmat geljen (compare § 30, l, second example). Another bite., and ifs done. 9lottf cinen Si^ fo ift'g geft^c^en. — @ o e 1 1) e. Exercises. 31. (a) 1. Decline: }eber ^ampf, bie alte beutfd)e ^age, ba?^ !Drad)enb(ut. 2. Give the ^mndpal parts of : erfd)(agen, nieberftnfen, fc^enfen, juritdfe^ren. (h) 1. Which sentences in § 22 illustrate the transposed order for compound tenses ? 2. When does an English verb come at the end of a subordinate clause ? 3. Find illustrations of the transposed order in § 30. 4. Find an example of § 30, 1 in § 29, 2. 5. Find in § 26 one exam- ple which illustrates both § 26, 1 and § 26, 2. 6. Memo- rize the last examples in § 29, 1 and § 30, 1. (c) Conversational Idioms. Memorize : 1. ^llfo fiird)te bid) nic^t ! 2. ^omm bo^ fo fd)nel( \mt mdglid) ! 3. ^c^ l)ab' e^ i^m fd)on flefagt. 4. !Dcr cine xot\% t^, ber anbere nid)t. 5. @eben (2ie mir, bitte, nod) cinen :33of;cn *=Papier. 6. 3c^ ()abe gtoei §iite ; ber a(te ift gran, ber neue fdjiuarj. Chap. 3.] TRANSPOSED OBDER, 21 32. (a) 1. I'm not afraid of any man (§§9 and 19, 1). 2. A saga tells that Siegfried had usually won, but Dietrich conquered him. 3. I told him that I had been looking for something else. 4. The Germans were not so much afraid of the Romans after Hermann had conquered them. 5. She told me that she would bring another book. 6. The one told the other that he did not mean it so. (b) 1. Did you tell him to (ba§ er , . . fottte) bring an- other cup of tea? 2. This is my old hat, but I have another one. 3. The teacher told us that this exercise would not be so hard as the other one. 4. If it is, he will give us another easier one. 5. Perhaps he will tell us a story, how Dietrich conquered Siegfried. 6. The one was not so much afraid as the other. (c) Siegfried and Dietrich, — 1. An old saga tells us that Siegfried had always conquered when he fought. 2. So Kriemhilde told him to conquer Dietrich. 3. The one was not afraid of the other. 4. But Dietrich struck Sieg- fried so hard that he sank down unconscious. 5. These two heroes are the ones of whom we have heard so often. 6. Siegfried is the younger one, Dietrich the older one. CHAPTER IV. REVIEW. 33. The Germans use the particle bcnn in almost every spoken question. It is not translated in English. When it would otherwise come at the end of a sentence, it is often followed by etgentltc^, really. What's that ? SBa^ tft beuit ba§ ? Where are you going f 9!Bol)iu flcljcn 8ic bcnn etflcnt(id) ? Beally ? Hoio so ? Ifoic so ? 393al)Htd)? 29Sicfobcnn? ^ic bcnn fo '? — ?efiing. Why does he have to go to Capri 9 SBarum mn^ cr bcnn nad) 6a^ri ? — 1? e i) f p. Exercises. 34. (a) 1. Explain in detail the inverted and trans- posed orders. 2. Illustrate each with sentences of your own making and also with quotations from the authors cited in the text. (6) 1. Make a list of the different classes of nouns that have already appeared in the German stories. 2. Make a list of the classes of strong or irregular verbs that have already been used in the German stories. (c) Conversational Idioins. Memorize: 1. ^ilnio ift betin ba«? 2. Ser ift benn fertifl? 3. So UHil)nen 2ie benn etf^entlic^? 4. Sffier I)at benn noc^ eine i^-rai^e '^n fte((en? T). ^\{{t, moKen etc un nieine .'panb nid)t an bie Ieid)te geber, fonbern an bavj fdjmere ^djmert gen)o()nt ift! 3lber ma^ unrb man non einem ,Shii|er benfcn, ber feinen 9lamen nid)t fd)rei= ben fann?" "Tod) brand)- te ^aifer ,^ar( feinen '3iamcn nid)t mit ber gebcr 3n fd)reiben, 24 5. Charlemagne. — From a painting by Albrecht Diirer in the Germanic Museum at Nuremberg. Chap. 5.] POSITION OF ^fJic^t* 25 benn er i^at if)n mit feinen 3:aten in \)a^ S^nd) ber ^eiten gefc^rteben. Syntax. 37. Position of mrf|t — When nti^t modifies the whole clause, it comes at or near the end. In main clauses with simple tenses it comes at the end (e), except that a separable prefix follows it (a). In main clauses with compound tenses it comes just before the participle or infinitive (5). In subordinate clauses it comes just before tlie verb, whether simple or compound (c) ; with infinitive phrases, just before git (c?). (a) I won't admit that. ^a§ gcbe id) ntdjt gu. (&) I haven'' t seen him the last few days. ^d) Ijabc il)n in bicfctt Jc^tcit Xa^m ttid)t gcfcljctt, (c) He looked as if he hadnH understood. (5r fol) att)§, a(^ ob cr nidjt ucrftanbcit ^tte. {d) They don't wish to go. @ie ttiiinfcljcn nid)t ju gdien. (e) jytn 2Bttlb gc!|cn nnb ^0(5 bolcn. — @ r i m m. (3) SBerben (ttjurbe, gett)orben, aux. fein) means to get only in the sense of to become. It's getting terribly hot here. ,f)ter Wtrb t^ furd)tbar Ijci^. It is getting stiller in the streets. SttUcr ttJirb c^ ouf ben Btva^crt. — tome r. 43. The English conjunction but has two German equiva- lents. (1) 5lber is generally used for but, in the sense of however. He was poor, hut proud. @r War arm, obcr fto(,v They icere not tired, but we asked them to be seated. olIte nac^ feiner dlMk^v Don einem gelb^ug nac^ (Spanien hk fc^dne §Ubegunb f)eiraten. ^^ tierging Idngere ^txt, utele Malt famen ^oten Dom ^rieg^fd)anplat^e, aber !etn etnjtge^ SJ^al l)orte man tUm^ t)on il)nt. -3a, eine 3^^^^^^9 W^^ ^^^^ i^^ foQ'^^ f»r tot, benn man ^atte t^n iiberall uergeben^ G^fnc^t. al)rftI)Ctuntf). Pm much better now. ^e^t ficl)t C^ mir t»icl bcffer. The mills of God grind slowly, but they grind exceeding small. ^ottt^ ^ut)fen ma^Ien (angfam, ma^ien abcr treffltd) !letn. — !?ogau. Notes. 48. Historical Note. — In the battle of Tours (732) the Franks, commanded by the grandfather of Charlemagne, drove the Mo- hammedans (Moors) from Southern France back into Spain and thus saved Europe to Christianity. But the Moors remained in Spain until the year America was discovered (1492). All through the Middle Ages, until the time of the Crusades to the Holy Land (1095), pious knights used to go to Spain to fight the Moors. Of these knights the most famous is Roland, about whom an interest- ing group of legends has grown up similar to those of Dietrich von Bern and Siegfried. Some of these tell how Roland was killed at Roncesvalles in the Pyrenees on his return from one of these campaigns. Still others tell the story as it is given here. 49. English to be called, to be named, is rendered in Ger- man by ncnncn and ()ct^ctt» (1) Bennett (nannte, fjenannt, aux. ^aben) is used both actively and passively for to call, while t)ei§en has usually only a passive meaning. Elsewhere they call him a hero. 5(nbcrcin>o ncmit moii il)it ciucu .S?c(bcit. — ^ ii b c v in a u ii. I must call this inadii'ss. ^ic^ mufe id) 3Bal)HJiuu iicimcn. — a> a u p t m a u a. Chap. 6.] POSITION OF ADVERBS. 35 (2) geigen (^teg, ge^eigen, aux. l)aben) is used chiefly for my name is, your name is, and so on. What's your name, please 9 S8tttc, ttiic I)ei^en 'Bit ? His name was Charles. @r l)ie^ ^orl. Were I cautious, my name ivould not be Tell. 933ar^ ^ bcfonttcn, l)ic|' id) ni^^^t bcr S^cU. — @(f)illcr. iVb^e. — In the classroom to be (translated) is regularly rendered by ^ei^en. What is that in German f 2Bic ^ei^t baS auf bcutfd) ? WJiat is the whole passage ? 3Sie ^ei^t bie ganje ©telle? — ^effing. 50. The English word time has several German trans- lations. (1) !©ie ^txt is used in the general sense of duration of time. The times are hard. l5ic ^txitn ftnb fd)tticr» I have no time to be tired, ^d) ^abc fcinc ^txi, tnitbc Jtt f citt. — taiferSBiltjelml. (2) (Sine 3^it^^^9^ ^sed only in the accusative case, is the regular equivalent of English for a time. Compare § 5. For a time Hived in Hermann Street. @ittc Bcttlang I|ttbc id) in bcr ^crmannftra^c gctt)ol)nt. For a time he walked up and down in his room. @r ging ciitc ^citlang in fcincm 3i»tntcr auf unb uiebcr. — >e t o r m. Note. — Do not confuse this with a long time, which German ren- ders simply by the adverb lange. Hooked for it a long time. 3(i) ))tr fd|on ba fcitt ? It was Jive o'' clock in the afternoon. @^ war fitttf U^r iiat^mittog^. — ^ i H e lu r o n. Note. — In telling the quarter and half hours, German reckons toward the coming hour. Thus quarter past twelve becomes ettt iUertct txn^\ half past twelve, \)(dh cin^. In quarter to one, German counts the hour three quarters gone, and says brci S^icrtel Ctllfii. Minutes are expressed as in English, Uor or nad^ the hours. (5) To have a good time is fief) (gut) amitfieren. Never say eine gute ^txt ^aben. Did you have a good time ? ^aft bit bid) (|ut nmitficrt ? Yes, I had a splendid time, ^a, id) I)abc mid) Vrfld)tuoU amiificrt. He'^s having as good a time as a pug dog in a table drawer (that is, he is bored to death). (Sr amiificrt fid) mic bcr 9Ko^^ im 2:ifd)!aftcn. — ®prid)tt)ort. 51. English to marry is translated in German by tier= l^ctratcn and f)ctratcn. (1) 33ert)eiraten (reg. insep., aux. ^aben) is the commoner. It means to give in marriage {to, mit). The adjective mar- Chap. 6.] POSITION OF ADVERBS. 37 7'ied is always tier'^etratet, never ge'^eiratet. To get married (to) is the reflexive \i(i) t)er^eiraten (mtt). You are engaged ; when do you get married f ^crfobt fittb Sic f j^oit ; manit wcrbcti ®tc fid^ ticrl)eiratctt ? She married her daughter to a count. ©ic Ijat iljrc Xod^tcr mit eittcm (SJrafcit t»er^ciratct, ^e i/?as never married. (Sr ttiar tttc ticr^ctratct — § e t) j e. (2) §eiratett (reg., aux. I^aben) is used actively of both man and woman. He (she) married her (him). @r (fic) I)Ot ftc (tl|n) {JCl^CtratCt. Julia, the daughter, married a land-owner. Sttlcrl (dialect), bie %o^itx, \\ai cinctt (SJut^beft^cr ge^eirotct. — 9{ j e g g e r. Exercises. 52. (a) 1. Decline: eitt 9^effe, feine treue ^raut, fetn einjtge^ 30la(, biefe^ (S(l)to6- 2. 6r^^'e ^/^e principal parts of: t)erl)eiratett, fatten, fommen, fte^en, ^tnabfe^en. (h) 1. Which sentences in § 46 illustrate the position or order of adverbs ? 2. What is the simplest way to re- member the order of adverbs ? 3. In what way is this rule a phase of the general principle, § 37, Note ? 4. Find an example of the order of adverbs or adverbial phrases in § 50, 2. (c) Conversational Idioms. Memorize: 1. SSte !^ei^t ha^ auf beutfc^, auf englifc^? 2. (Ste fagen, (Ste fatten feine 3eit? 3. 3ft S¥ greunb tjer^eiratet? 4. Stetjtet Uf)r ift e^? T)rei ^tertef ^e^iti* 5. Sir ^abett uM |)rad)t^ t)o(( amltfiert. 6. '^k^ ift bag le^e SJ^at, bag td)'^ 3^nen fage. 53. (a) 1. What was her name before he married her ? 2. Her name was Margaret, but after she was married, her 38 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [i S3. husband called her Gretchen. 3. We looked for the glove for a long time over- there. 4. He asked you politely twice, what time it is. 5. At quarter to nine we are sometimes here at school. 6. The last time I went to the theatre I had a fine time. (6) 1. This is the last time that I shall ask you what that is in German. 2. What do they call a woman who has married once, but is no longer (mel)r) married ? 3. It is now nearly ten o'clock, and you tell me that you hadn't any time ! 4. Did you have a good time when you lived for a time in Charles Street ? 5. The first time that we lived there, we wanted to stay there a long time. 6. I looked for a friend eagerly for a long time, but did not find a single person (§ 19, 1) whom I knew. (c) The Kniglit Roland. — 1. The nephew of Charlemagne, named Roland, wanted to marry a beautiful girl called Hildegund. 2. The last time that he took part in a campaign, she waited for a time for him. 3. They told her he was dead, but she thought so much of him that she never thought of marrying another. 4. As she got no news of him for months, she finally went sadly into a con- vent. 5. For a long time no man knew that Roland lived. 6. When he finally returned, no one could help it, that Hildegund had not waited for him. CHAPTER VII. WORD ORDER. POSITION OF OBJECTS. ^etnrtd? bet Pogler. 54. 511^ tontg tonrab ftarb, fannten bie beutfc^en giirften nur einen SD^ann, §eittrtc^ tjon (Sarfifen, ber ftar! genug tuar. 8. The Castle Church at Quedlinburg. — The tomb of Henry the Fowler is beneath the grating in the foreground. fic^ auf bent Zi)vom gu befiaupten. ®o be[c^(o§en fie, biefem §er^og bie ^'rotte an^,ubieten. ^etnrirf) befanb fi(^ batnat^ auf bem 33oge(fang, unb er n^ugte nod) ni^t^ t)on feiner SSat)L 39 40 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§56. 5l(^ fic^ t^tn bie I'lberbrtnoer ber :^otfc^aft nd^erten, fd)eu(^ten fie bte 33dge( tneg. T)a rief @einric^ : „3Ba^ njotten bie fitter benn? T)ie gerren t)erberben mir htn Qanjen ^ogetfang." 5(ber al^ man i^m fagte, bag er ^um tonig erlDa^It tt)are, rief er au^ : „T)u gabft mir einen guten gang, §err ®ott, it»ie bir'^ gefcittt." (Seitbem nennt man it)n „§einrid^ ben iBogler." Syntax. 55. Order of Objects. — The order of objects in Ger- man is like the English order. A single object fol- lows immediately after the verb. Of a direct and indirect object, the indirect (dative) usually precedes when both are nouns, and follows when both are pro- nouns. When one object is a pronoun and the other a noun, the pronoun precedes. I gave the boy my book, ^d) Ijabc bcm ^nabcn mcin ^\\d^ flCficbcn. He gave it to his sister. (Sr I)at c§ fcincr Sd)Wcftcr flcficbcii. She gave it back to me. Bit l)ttt c^ mir suriirfflcgcbcu. He told me so to-day, himself. ©r fclbft Ijot c^ mir ^cutc gcfagt. — ^ r e t) t o g. Note. — In the sentence, / gave my brother the book, if you want to emphasize to whom you gave the book, you say : 3cl) l)abc ba8 53ud) mcinem S3ruber gegcben. But if you want to emphasize tchat you gave your brother, you say: ^d) ^abe meincm 33rubcr baS 53ud) gcgcbcu. Compare this with the general principle, § 37, Note. Notes. 56. Historical Note. — In less than a hundred years after the death of Charles the Great, his empire had not only separated into the two great divisions later to be known as France and (Germany, but even the title of Emperor, borne for a time by the kings of Germany, had fallen into disuse (809). However, the idea of the Empire had not died out, and it was revived later by the Chap. 7.) POSITION OF OBJECTS. 41 Saxon kings of Germany. The first of this family, Henry the Fowler (919-936), extended the eastern boundaries of Germany, built strongholds on the frontier, and beat back the Hungarians. This work of extension and defence was carried on by his son Otto I (936-973). In the battle of the Lech/eld (955) Otto defeated the Hungarians so decisively that they never again invaded Christen- dom, but instead accepted Christianity and later became a part of the Empire. Having now united the different parts of Germany, Otto felt powerful enough to lead an army into Italy and to restore the Empire under the name of " The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" (962). 57. The German man must not be confused with ber 3}Zann (§ 19, 2). ^an is used to translate the impersonal use of they, we, one, you, in expressions like they say, 07ie often hears, and so on. It begins with a small letter and is always singular. It has for the possessive, feitl, for the dative, etnem, and for the accusative, einen. They say the man cannot live. aWait fagt, bcr 9Jlann fonnc ntt^t (cben. Hoio do you get to the station f SBic fommt matt ttad) bcttt Saljttl)of ? They sat down at the table, Elizabeth at Beinhardfs side. Wm\ fc^tc fid) ait ben Xifrf), ©Hfabctli m DfJcin^arbt^ Seitc, — a\m, hamate, ha. Never translate then by benn (§ 33). (1) ^ann always looks to future time with reference to what has just been said. It is almost like next. Chap. 7.] POSITION OF OBJECTS. 43 miere shall we go then ? 2Bo ttJoUctt to'xx batttt ^ttt ? And then — my father — vihat did he do then ? Uttb bann — mcin 85atcr — ttia§, wa^ tat cr tsunn ? — ©ubermann. (2) 'Damal^ always refers to a point in the past. It should be used where at that time can be substituted for then in the English sentence. Then the Germans were still heathen. %\t ^Ctttfdjeit toarctt bamal^ nod) ^ctbcn. You were still a child then. X)tt ttiarft nod) citt ^iitb bama(§» — § e i) f e. (3) T)Ci has the meaning theyi chiefly in a narrative, where it adds life and is usually translated and then. See § 17, 1. Exercises. 60. (a) 1. Decline: ber beutfd)e gitrft, man, etn 9J?ann, bte ^otfc^aft, ber ^oge(. 2. Give the principal parts of: fennen, tierberben, anbieten, ermci^ten, tt)iffen. (b) 1. Which sentences in § 54 illustrate the order of ob- jects ? 2. Does thjB order of objects in German differ from the English order ? 3. Apply the general principle, § 37, Note,' to each illustration of the order of objects in §§ 54 and 55. 4. Find in § 43, 1, Note, three illustrations of § 57. 5. What is the difference between X)ann l^aben tDXV un^ gut amitfiert and :Dama(^ ^aben tt)ir un^ gut amltfiert? (c) Conversational Idioms. Memorize: 1. ^onueu ^\t gut T}tViiW' 2. Da^ meig x^ ntc^t. 3. T)ainal^ fannte ic^ i^n noi^ ntc^t. 4. Wan tuetg ntc^t ttnmer, ma^ man tDeiJ. 5. :t)ann tt)irb man e^ beffer (efen fbnnen. 6. Stffen ®ie, ob fie tf)n fennt? 61. (a) 1. Sometimes one doesn't know what to give children for (ju) Christmas. 2. The children sat down on a bench, and the man told them a long story. 3. Three 44 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§61. years ago he lived for a time in Brown Street, but I did not know him then. 4. I know a man who knows German and French. 5. He asked for my German grammar and I gave it to him. 6. But he gave it back to me because he knows German so well. (b) 1. He couldn't help it that he didn't know any (§ 9) German then. 2. Another time I'll work harder (fletfttger) and then I'll know it better. 3. We have a The Regenstein near Blankenburg. — A picturesque ruin of one of the many castles built by Henry the Fowler. good time in [the] school, when we know the questions the teacher asks. 4. He knew her, but she didn't know it then. 5. After some (einiger) time he asked her to marry him and then they got married. 6. They say they got many presents and lived for a time in a beautiful house. Chap. 7.] POSITION OF OBJECTS. 45 (c) Henry the Fowler. — 1. They say Konrad knew that Henry was then the strongest prince in Germany. 2. So he asked the other German princes to choose Henry [gum] king. 3. When they gave him the crown, he was not yet called emperor, but only king. 4. But he thought of the Empire, when he gave the kingdom to his son. 5. We know his son, who was named Otto, as the man who after some time restored the Empire. 6. That was nearly a thousand years ago, but they still call him " Otto the Great." CHAPTER VIII. REVIEW. 62. The particle nod^ is used in German, aside from its regular meaning of still, more, yet, whenever the idea of yet or more enters a sentence. It occurs mostly in negative sentences and is not usually translated in English. Who else ? 993cr fonft nod) ? He has never been in Germany. @r toat nod) nic ttt '^CUtfdjtonb. But he didnH begin at once. (Sr fing abcr nodi nidjt glcid) an. — S i I b e n b r u d). Exercises. 63. (a) 1. Explain in detail the position of nic^t; of a single adverb. 2. When two or more adverbs occur, in what order do they come? 3. Do these rules for posi- tion seem to conform to the general principle (§ 37, Note) ? Explain how. 4. Does the rule for objects seem to con- form to the general principle (§ 37, Note) ? 5. Explain how in each of the different combinations of noun and pronoun objects. 6. What is the difference between ^6) ergd^Ite meinem :53ruber bie (5^efd)ic^te and 3cft er5at)lte bie ©efc^ic^te meinem ^ruber? (6) 1. Make a tabulated list of the classes of nouns that have occurred thus far in the stories, and add the new ones in their proper class as you go on through the book. 2. Do the same for the classes of strong or ir- regular verbs. 46 Chap. 8.] REVIEW, 47 (c) Conversational Idioms. Me^norize: 1. ^^ bin nod^ m6)i ferttg. 2. :DamaI^ \)aiit er noc^ nte baran gebac^t. 3. Sir ^aben noc^ !eine ^inte befommen. 4. :Da^ ift noc^ range (% a good deal) nic^t ric^tig. 5. 2Bo((en ®ie un^ noc^ einmat fagen, toxt H^ auf beutfc^ (leigt? 6. 2Ber fonft nod) it)i(( noc^ Sragen ftetten? 64. (a) 1. Who else knows what this is in German? 2. We had never had such a good time as then. 3. She doesn't know what the teacher will ask her. 4. I couldn't help it that he wouldn't help me. 5. They say that a German general named Moltke knew seven languages. 6. I get envious when I think of it. (h) 1. I fear you have but a short time to get the other books. 2. She did not know him then, but after some time they got married. 3. Then her husband wanted to live over there, but he didn't tell her, so she didn't know it. 4. Can you (§ 57) get paper and pens here, or must you look for them down town (in ber (Stabt) ? 5. I don't know, but I will ask if they are here; then you won't have to (miiffen) wait so long for them. 6. We couldn't help (§ 39, 2, ^ote) thinking of you, when we were having such a good (fo gut) time. (c) .1. I know but little German ; will you please help me? 2. I shouldn't think (§ 41, 1, Note) of asking the same question twice. 3. She didn't want to get a pencil, but a pen. 4. In Germany they know how to have a good time. 5. She did not know any foreign languages. 6. Before he knew her well he called her Miss Smith for a time ; then she told him her name was Margaret. CHAPTER IX. THE MODAL AUXILIARIES. SIMPLE TENSES. Katfer (Diio ber Dritte in ber ®ruft Hatis 5es ^rofen, 65. ^er junge ^aifer Dtto ber dritte tvoUtt einft m bie ®ruft ^axi^ be^ ©rogeti p Sloc^en f)mabftetgenr 33ergeben«^ uerfuc^te man il)n baDon abpbrtngen. „3Sa^ fumntert mid) bie Df^u^e ber ^oten?" fagte er, nnb er (ie^ bie @rnft offnen. X)a fag anf golbenem X^rone bie ^eic^e ^axi^ be« ®rogen, t)or ber ber tiefbeluegte Dtto nieberfniete. %U er nad) einiger ^cxt fortge()en woUtt, jtuang i^n ein unn)iberfte()(irf)er !Drang, tin golbenem ^reug Don ^art^feruft 3U reigen. Da fie( bie lOeid)e in @tanb ^nfammey T)k^c %at n?arf einen (Sc^atten anf fein gan^e^ fpdtejj^ l^eben. Unb nad)bem Otto, ber nic^t^ ^ebentenbe^ gefdjaffen l)at, geftorben mar, mngte man feine JBeic^e Don 3^talien nad) 5Iac^en bringen, tueit er neben ^ar( bem ®rogen begraben n)erben woUtt ; „Denn/' fagte er, „ber Xatenlofe foU beim ^atenreic^en rnften." Syntax. 66. The Medals in Simple Tenses. — In simple tenses (present and past) the modals throw the infinitive to the end of the sentence. With them the infinitive never takes p. Modals are rarely used alone as in English he can^ you must. They should be followed by ed or by some object. In a negative sentence of this sort, e« 48 Chap. 9.] MODALS — SIMPLE TENSES. 49 10. The Coronation Chair of the Emperors in the Cathedral AT Aachen.- may be omitted ; ntc^t is then thought of as completing the modal. Shall I show it to him ? @oU id) e§ tl)m ^cigcn ? I cannot, hut you can. I^d) fautt m^i, ®ic abcr fbttitcit c§. 50 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§68. But he couldn't and wouldn't say more. ^oi!^ mc^r fonntc er utrt> ttiolltc cr itti^t fogctt.— 3fd)of fc. Belief is eternal^ its form is earthly ; we may improve it, yes, we ought to. X)cr ©loub^ tft cttitg, irbtfd) tft bic f^orm ; ftc burfcn ttiir bcrbcff crit, ja, tt)ir f oUcif !§. — 9i a u p a d). Bm^ he wanted by all means to have it, and they had to call Cinder- ella. @r woUtc c§ abcr burt^auiS ^abcn, unb ^f(^en)iutte( mu^te ficntf en iucrbcn. — @ r i m m. Note. — The syntax of the German rnodals is simple and uniform. English modals are defective ; but the German have full conjugations. When we say, / could speak German, we may mean that we used to he able to formerly, or that we might be able to if it were not so hard. English has but the one word, could, for both these meanings, for both past and conditional. German would say for the past, 35or jtranjig 3af)ren fonntc \6) 3)eutf(^ f)}red)en ; for the conditional : 3d) fonnte 3)cutfd) fprec^cn, trcnn c8 nid^t fo fd^wer ttJdre. So we might almost say that the difficulty with German modals is with the English ! At any rate the exact meaning of the English expression must be analyzed before it can be put into German. Notes. 67. Historical Note. — Just as the descendants of Charles the Great had failed to keep his realm intact, so the heirs of Otto the Great were unable to cope with the difficulties which beset the Empire. Otto II. reigned but ten years, and Otto III. (983-1002) was only three years old when his father died. During his minority his mother and grandmother ruled for him and the power and independence of the nobles grew, thus foreshadowing another breaking up of the Empire. Otto, although intellectually so brilliant that he was called the "wonder of the world," was young and impractical, and neglected Germany to dream of the restoration of Rome as a world capital, where he was to rule in oriental splendor, liut his dream was impossible; he accom- plished nothing, and died in the midst of defeat. 68. English to ham is rendered in German not only by ^ahtn, but by fcin, muffen, and loffcn. Chap. 9.] MODALS — SIMPLE TENSES. 51 (1) §aben (^atte, ge^abt, aux. ^aben) denotes possession and is also an auxiliary of time, like the English to have. What have you there 9 SSa§ l)oft bit bciltt ba ? / have enjoyed earthly happiness ; I have lived and loved. Stij ^abe gcnoffcn '^a^ irbift^c (^\M ; id) l)abc gcicbt \in'i> geUcbet. — @ d) i n e r. (2) (gein (mar, gemefen, aux. fetn) is used for to have only as the auxiliary for intransitive verbs. For a full treat- ment see § 166. Have you been sick? @tttb @tc franf getticfcn ? The sun had not yet risen. %xt Sonne mar nod) nidjt anfgcgangcn, — § e t) f e. (3) English often substitutes to have to for must. This substitution may take place in the present ; it must occur in the past and future, as English has no form of must for these tenses. When to have to in English means must, German uses miiffen (mu^te, gemu^t, aux. ^aben). Com- pare also § 39, 2, Note. 7'to sorry^ hut we have to go. @§ iVLi mtr (cib, abcr ttiir miiffen ge^en (or miiffen fort)* You will have to translate it twice. (Bit wcrbcn e§ aweimaf iiberfc^en miiffen. No Oh ! or Ah ! helped her., she (the rose) just had to stand it. ^alf il)m boi^ fein SGSei) nnb 5(d), mn^V t^ eben (eibem — @ o e 1 1) e. (4) iOaffen (Heg, gefaffen, aux. ^aben) is used for to have in the sense of to cause to he {done or made). You must have that made, ^a^ miiffen @ie mad)en taffen, Francisca, have the carriage drive around ! ^^ranji^f tt, lo^ ben SBagen borf a^rcn. — :? e f f i n g. The baron had had it loritten up so. @o Ijatte e^ ber S3aron anff d)reiben (affen, — 9?ofegger. Note. — The infinitive after laffen is translated active when a personal direct object follows taffen, and passive when the personal object is indirect (dative). 52 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [§69. He is having his son build a house. @r Id^t fcinen @o^n ein §au8 bauen. He is having a house built for his son. (5r la^t feinem @o^ne ein §au§ bauen. / am having my daughter make a dress. 3d) laffe meine 2;oc^ter ein ,t(eib madjen. I am having a dress made for my daughter. 3d) Iaf[e meiner Soc^ter ein ^(eib madjen. Are you having the children read the book aloud ? iBaffen @ie tie tinber ba« 33ud) oortefen? Are you having the book read aloud to the children ? i^affen @ie ben ^inbern ba« 33ud) oorlefen? 69. English shall and ivill have three common German eqLuivalents ; ttjcrbcn^ fotten, and ttiottcn. (1) SSerben (iDurbe, geiDorben, aux. fein) is the future auxiliary. It is used only when in English shall and iviU have simple future meanings, whether in declarative sen- tences or questions. Compare § 42, 3. I shall not be there. ^^ tucrbc md|t ba fein. Will she come to-day ? SSirb fic Ijcutc fommctt ? But nothing loill come of it. @)§ mirb bot^ nid)tg borau^ mcrben. — Storm. (2) (gotten (foUte, gefoKt, id) fo((, aux. Ijabeti) means s/io// only in the sense of ought to, to be asked to or ordered to. It never means will. With foHen the necessity or intention depends on some one besides the subject. Shall he help you ? (Do you want him to ?) 8oU cr ^l)ncn I|c(fcu ? Shall we read on ? (Do you want us to ?) @oUcn ttiir mcitcrlcfcn ? TAoz< .s/t«?< 7io« steal. (Somebody else forbids it.) ^u foUft nid)t ftcljicn. — S3 i b e t, 2 m^\t 22, 15. r/ie JJnion (newspaper) shall be sold, (/will sell it.) ^ic Uttiott f oU ucrfauft werbcn. — J^ r e t) t a q. Chap. 9.] MODALS — SIMPLE TENSES. 53 11. The Imperial Palace at Goslar. — A favorite residence of the early emperors. (3) 3Ko(len (iDottte, getnodt, ic^ toilt, aux. ^ben) means will in the sense of want to (see § 40, 1). It is especially common in questions. With tDoKen, the desire or intention depends upon the subject. He won't pay attention. (He does not want to.) ©r wiU nidjt auf^affcn. Shall we read on ? (Do we want to ?) SBoUctt mir ttjcitcrlcfctt ? Will you please pass the butter f (Do you want to ?) Sittc, njoUctt Sic itttr bic 83utter rci(^cn ? If I wanted to do what I should^ I could do all I wanted to. SSctttt i(^ wotttc, ttiai^ i^ foUtc, Imnf \^ aUc§, ma^ tii) tuoUtc, Note. — SBotten means shall only in questions in the first person plural. SSoUen trir is much commoner than foUen tt)ir. When in doubt as to how to translate shall we, use joUen h)tr only when you can say are we to. Otherwise use iroUen tt)ir. 54 GERMAN COMPOSlflON. [§ 71. (4) Summary. — (a) The simple future auxiliary, whether expressed in English by shall or will^ whether in declarative sentences or questions, is always in German some form of tperben. (6) Intention is expressed by iroKen when the question rests with the subject of the verb, by fotten when it depends upon some person or thing besides the subject. (c) In general when in English you can substitute a form of is going to, use iDerben ; a form of want to, use tt)o((en ; and a form of ought to, use foKett. Exercises. 70. (a) 1. Which sentences in § 65 illustrate uses of the modals ? 2. What causes the chief trouble when we translate English modals into German ? 3. Find illustrations of the use of modals in § 15, 2, a, § 15, 2, h, Note h, § 26, 2, § 27, § 28, 1, § 30, 1 (two examples), § 33, § 39, 1 and 2, § 40, 1, § 42, 2, § 49, 1, § 50, 3, and § 58, 1 and 3. The frequency of these illustrations shows how common, and so how important, is the use of modals. 4. Find in § 68, 3 an illustration of § 39, 1. 5. Memorize the last example in § 69, 3. {h) Conversational Idioms. Memorize: 1. ^\i er C\t' gangen, ober ift er nod) ba? 2. Soden (2ie "ba^ macf)en laffen? 3. 2Bo(Ien xo\x ^eute abenb m^ XI)eater gel)en? 4. ^Berbett bie anberen I)eute abenb im Xf)eater fein? 5. (Sod i(^ einen neuen ^Injng mad}en laffen? 6. ^a, ba« mUffen (Ste. 71. (a) 1. Shall we sit down over there and tell the little girl a story ? 2. Shall I ask you some more ques- tions ? 3. Will he have to have a new suit ? 4. Yes, Chap. 9.] MOBALS — SIMPLE TENSES. 55 he will have to have a new one made. 5. Has he gone to the tailor, or will he come home first? 6. Will you tell me what to do (§ 69, 2) ? (5) 1. The next time I shall have to have a better suit made. 2. When he had been in Germany for a time, he had to have a new one made. 3. Shall we wait for the others or will you look for them ? 4. Mr. Brown, shall we translate the next page for to-morrow? 5. He shall not marry her; they will be unhappy. 6. Will you please tell me how I shall get all these books ? (c) TJie Third Otto.—l. Shall I tell you the story of Otto the Third, or shall we read it ? 2. After Otto had had the vault of Charles the Great opened, he returned to Italy. 3. He was not afraid of the Italians, but he had to conquer them to maintain himself on the throne. 4. After he died, they (§ 57) carried his body to Aachen and buried him beside Charlemagne. 5. If you read history, you will learn how long he lived. 6. Will you do that, or shall I have to tell you [it] ? CHAPTER X. THE MODAL AUXILIARIES. COMPOUND TENSES. Pie Kolanbfdulen. 72. 3m 'J)^itte(a(ter ()atten bie beutfc()en 2t'dhte nur iDenige ^ecf)te. 3^^^ft burften fie !ein (^eric()t fatten; t>a^ fonnte nur ber ^onig tun. 5lber fpciter braucf)ten bie taifer t)dufig @e(b, njenn fie ^rieg fit()ren luoKten, unb ba I)aben fie oft an bie @tabte 9?ec^te t)erfaufen miiffen, urn ba^ ®elb ju er^alten. T)ie ^itrger gaben i()r (^elb gern fitr t>a^ ^t6)t, eigene ©eric^te fatten ju biirfen. 5(uf biefe Seife I)aben fic^ t)iele ©tobte t)oin faiferlii^en ©eric^t befreien !dnnen, unb fie l)oben a(^ (Sinnbilb biefer i^rei^eit auf bem 9J?ar!tp(a^ ba^ ^tanbbilb eineS riefigen 9^itter^ errid)ten bitrfen. @oIc^ ein 9?iefenftanbbi(b fann man ^eute nod) in i?ie(en beuifc^en (Stcibten fe^en. ^Man nennt e^ eine 9?olanbfdu(e ober blo^ einen 9^o(anb. Syntax. 73. The Modals in Compound Tenses. — Compound tenses of the modals, when not used with another verb, are regular. I couldn't, ^d) Ijalic c§ tttdjt gcfonnt. / have sung ivhat I ought to. 9Bo^ ittj flcfoUt (tjalic), ^ab^ id) flcfuitgcn. — lUjIanb. (1) When used in compound Un%eB with another verh^ the past participle of German modals has the same form as the infinitive. This participle with infinitive 66 Chap. 10.] MODALS — COMPOUND TENSES. 57 12. The Roland at Bremen. ,,HoIanb bcr Htcf am Hatt^aus 3u Bremen." — Hiicfert. 58 GERMAN COMPOSITION. (J 75 form always follows the main verb (" two infinitives "), exactly the reverse of the English order. Bid you want to go f ^abctt @ic gcljctt tooUeit ? We had to stand for half an hour. Sine ^albc ©tunbc l)abcn tair ftcljcn ittiiffcn. — X f) o m a. I haven'' t yet been able to bid you loelcome. ^d) ^abe bid) nod) nic^t miUfommcn ^ci^cn fonncn. — Ji? effing. (2) In the dependent order the tense auxiliary C^aben or lt)erben), instead of standing at the end of the clause, comes just before the two or more infinitives. I think that ive shall have to go. ^d) glaubc, ba^ ttiir wcrbcn octjcn miiffcn. He said that he could not do it. @r fagtc, ^a^ cr t^ uidjt l)abc tun fonncn. You know that you wanted to have me murdered. ^f}x to\% ta^ i\}V mid) l)abt ermorbeit (affcu tuoUcn. — ® d) i ( ( e r. Notes. 74. Historical Note. — One of the greatest influences In medieval and modern history is the growth of the towns. In Germany they originated under Henry the Fowler as fortified places for markets and fairs, and grew rapidly in importance. Soon they began to secure by war and purchase " charters of liberties," which gave them their own courts and often municipal freedom (exemption from imperial taxation). They were called free cities of the Empire, and a Roland statue was the emblem of this 'independence. Later most of these cities belonged to a powerful league, the Hansa or Hanseatic league, whose flag floated for centuries over a majority of the ships in the North Sea. Three of these free cities, Ham- burg, Bremen, and Liibeck, entered the German Empire in 1871 on a basis of equality with the other states of the present German Empire. 75. English 7nay is variously rendered in German. (1) T^iirfett (burfte, geburft, id) barf, aux. f)aben) is used Chap. 10.] MODALS — COMPOUND TENSES. 59 when may denotes permission, ^iirfett never means dare (magen). You may go now. ^c^t burfett Sic gcl)Ctt. May people go through here ? ^arf matt \)itr burd)0C^Ctt ? But if I may ask a favor, I ask just one thing. ^oc^ barf \ii) bitten, bitt^ id) citt§, — @ o e 1 1) e. (2) ^annen (fontite, gefottnt, tc^ !ann, aux. ^ben ; not to be confused with fenneti, § 58, 2) and mogen (moc^te, gemo(i)t, \6) mag, aux. ^aben) are used for may chiefly with to he. That may he. ^a§ fatttt fcitt, or ba^ tttag fcin* It may he. @§ titag fcitt. — g r e t) t a g. Note. — The commonest meaning of fonnen is English can, to he ahle. 9}iogeti is commonly used for to like. See below, § 76. (3) Where perhaps can be used in English instead of may, or where may is emphasized, indicating doubt, titel^ (etcf)t is generally used in place of an auxiliary to translate may. It may rain to-morrow. 25icUcir!)t rcgttct C§ Ittorjjctt. We may be too late. SicUcitI)t fottttttett ttiir jtt fpat. These people may have speculated carelessly, may be. ^icfc Scute Ijabctt bicUcidjt (eitt)tfittttig f^cftiticrt, tttag fcitt. — 33 i g m a r (f . (4) Summary. — When denoting permission, may is al- ways some form of blirfen. When it denotes possibility {perhaps), German uses t)tettet(^t. Other uses are practically limited to, That may he, which German renders : ^a^ !ann feitt, or less frequently, !Da^ mag fetti.. 76. English to like has three common German renderings. (1) M^^xl (mod)te, gemoc^t, ic^ mag, aux. ^aben) is employed for most uses of English to like with a direct object. (S^ern ^aben may also be used. Compare § 76, 2 below. 60 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§77. Don't you like Tannhduser? Wi^tn ®tc Xotttt^aufcr itidjt? or ^ahtn Sic Xann^dufer nic^t gem? You don't like her any more? ^u magft fie mm itit^t me^r ? — ^au^tmaniu Father likes you, too. 9Kcitt Sttter l)at ©ut^ auti^ gem.— ©erftad er. (2) Where English has to like followed by an infinitive, / like to sing, German uses simply the finite verb with the adverb gem, / sing gladly. @ertt is compared: Iteber, rather, to like better to, to prefer to; am (tebften, to like best to. Do you like to study German? Scnictt @ic gern ^cutfr^ ? She'd rather play the piano. @ic f pictt licber 5?ttttiiet. I like best to sing. ^^ fingc am Ucbftcn, / don't like to do it. ^d) ixC^ ttid)t gem. — ^thhtX. (3) befallen (gefiet, gefallen, er gefadt, aux. ^aben), always with the dative, is used where English can use a form of to please in place of like. How did you like the play? SSic Ijat ^^nett ba§ 8d)oiM>ie( gefallen ? He doesn't seem to like that. 1)a§ f(^eint iljiit ttit^t ju gcfaUett. Annie of Tharau is the girl Hike. ^nndjen Hon Xljarou ift, bic mir gefaUt. — '^ai^. Note. — Never use g(ci(^en (gUd), gefllid)en, aux. !)abcn, always with the dative) for to like, ©leic^cn means to be like, to look like, never to like. He looks like his father. (Sr glcic^t fcinem SSater. My heart is just like the sea. aJJein ^erg glcic^t gan^ bem 3iJ^eere. — § e I n e. (4) Summary. — SJiijgen and gern (()aben) are used inter- changeably for to like. When English like means not so much fondness for as pleasure in, that is, when it can be rendered by to be pleased with, German uses gefallen. @(eid)en is never used for to like. 77. English to do has two common German renderings ; mac^en and tun* Chap. 10.] MODALS — COMPOUND TENSES, 61 13. The Roland at Halle. „5u f^allc auf bcm ITTarft, Da ftct^t cirt grower Hiefe." — f^cine. 62 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§78. (1) DJ^ad^en (reg., aux. ^aben) contains an idea of definite accomplishmeyit, of making something. It is a bit more con- crete than tun. You've done a fine job ! ^a l^aft btt ctttjai^ SdjiJnc^ gcmadjt ! -He (^iVfw'« do that. %n^ \)at cr tttd)t gcmad)t. WArt^ caw ?)e done is being done. 'iQaii btt gcmad)t werbcn tann, wirb gcmadjt. — ^ i 8 tn a r cf . Note. — Xun can be used in all the above cases, but mac^eu is preferable. (2) Xun {{(xtf getan, aux. I^aben) can be used in most cases for English to do. It must be used when do replaces another verb. Children, what are you doing ? Yo%i mustnH do that ! ^ittiJcr, ttitt§ mttrf)t (or M) tljr bcnn ba •? ^a§ ntii^t iljr nid)t turn It is forbidden to smoke here., but they do it just the same. &§ ift ticrbotctt, l|icr ju raud)cn, abcr man tut c§ borij. Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them. %Uc§ itttii, ttia§ il)r moUt, ba| cud| bic ficutc tun foUcti, bag tut iljr iljuen. — « i b e r, 99? a 1 1. 7, 12. JVbie. — As auxiliary in the indicative or interrogative, do is ren- dered in German by the simple verb. In the imperative, emphatic do is usually bod). Do you play the piano ? @pic(en 'Bit ^(oDier? Yotir hands donH look it. ©ure §anbe fel)eti nic^t tanad;) aue.—@er ft defer. Oh ! do see ! do see ! Ot) ! feljen Bit bod) ! @et)en @te bod) ! — i^ e fj i ii g. Exercises. 78. (a) 1. Which sentences in § 72 illustrate compound tenses of modals ? 2. What is the chief difference be- tween compound tenses of English and German modals when not followed by another verb ? 3. Does the " two infinitives" construction seem to conform to the general principle, § 37, Note ? 4. Verify with the last example Chap. 10.] MODALS — COMPOUND TENSES. 63 in § 73, 1 the rule about reversing the English order of the verbs in translating into G-erman. 5. Find in § 75, 1 an illustration of § 15, 1. (6) Conversational Idioins. Memorize : 1. §aben @te e^ nic^t tun fdnneti? 2. g^^ein, ic^ ^abe e§ nirf)t gefonnt. 3. !Darf i(^ 3f)nen ^elfen? 3d) in' e^ gem. 4. !4:)a^ ^uc^ gefallt mir, aber id) mag ben §e(ben ntc^t. 5. !Da^ !ann fein, aber Dtel(eid}t irerben ©ie ein beffere^ finben !bn^ nen. 6. (gr fann nic^t bafitr, bag er feinem ^ater g(ei(^t. 79. (a) 1. May I ask if yon will wait for us? 2. It may be that we shall be able to have a good time. 3. I may go to the theatre ; how did you like the play ? 4. I liked " William Tell " very much ; I like to go to the theatre. 5. She likes to sing ; has she been able to hear the opera? 6. I don't know a single soul (§§9 and 19, 1) who looks like me. (b) 1. He may be able to think of the right word. 2. May I ask you to sit down there and tell us the story of Siegfried? 3. She likes to tell stories to the pupils, but she doesn't know any German. 4. In the theatre they always know it, if the public likes the play. 5. May we ask you if you like Wagner's operas ? 6. I don't like this suit ; I shall have to have a new one made. (c) The Old German Cities. — 1. May I tell you of the German cities in the Middle Ages? 2. You may not like these .old stories, but I like to tell them. 3. In the Middle Ages many German cities had wanted for a long time to get their freedom. 4. That is to say (ba^ ^^ifet), they wanted to be able to hold their own courts. 5. The emperors had to sell them these rights, because the emper- ors had to have the money. 6. That was a long time ago, but some German cities still have the same rights as then. CHAPTER XT. THE ''TWO INFINITIVES" CONSTRUCTION WITH OTHER VERBS THAN THE MODALS. ^riebrid? Kotbart. 80. (g^ war einmal ein beutfd)er ^atfer, griebric^ 9?otbart genannt, ben bie ^eutfc^en tne^r a(^ a((e anberen ^aifer liebten, unb t)on be[fen gtdnjenben Xaten audj bie ^adjWtit t)te( \)at reben ()dren. ©r tpar ein fietjreidjer .f)eerfiif)rer nnb man Ijat i()n oft an ber Spit^e feiner flitter in ben £ampf ;^ief)en fet)en. T^od) ftarb er Diet jn frii^ fiir fein ii^aterlanb ; er ertranf, aH er im britten ^iren^^uiie nac^ bem .^eiligen I'anbe jog. i)la6) feinent Xobe fe()nten fic^ bie "Deutfc^en nac^ i^rem fiegreic^en ^aifer, menn e<5 ^rieg gab. ;I)arou^ entftanb n)ot)( bie (Sage, ba|l er nirf)t tot fei, fonbern im .Qijff^dnfer :^erg fd)(iefe, nnb iDieberfommen miirbe, irenn bie ^Deutfc^en bereit feien, fic^ gn uereinen. (2ieben l)nnbert ^a^re fpdter ift ba^ bentfd)e 9f?eid) t)on ^in)e(m bem (Srften nnb :^i^marcf nen gegrUnbet iDorben, nnb an^ !Danfbar!eit I)at ba^ bentfd)e i>oIf feinem ^aifer auf bem " ^t)ff()dnfer " ein X)en!ma( erric^ten (affen, an beffen (So(fe( ^aifer 9totbart bargeftettt ift, une er gerabe ani bem ®d;(afe ertuad^t. Syntax. 81. Two Infinitives with Other Verbs than Modals. — Besides the modal auxiliaries the commonest verbs that take an infinitive without 5U are : braud)en, to need ; fit^* (en, to feel ; l)ei§en, to hid ; ^etfen, to help ; l)bren, to hear ; 64 Chap. 11.] TWO INFINITIVES.'' 65 14. The Monument on Kyffhausek. — The ruin in the distance is all that remains of a castle Barbarossa built here. taffen, to let; (e^ren, to teach; lernen, to learn; mac^en, to make; and fe^en, to see. Besides the regular past participle these verbs mai/ have a past participle with infinitive form, when used with another infinitive. Saffen is the only one whose past participle must 6Q GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§83. have the infinitive form when used with another in- finitive. T/iey were learning to read. ®te Icmteit Icfctt. She taught me to speak German. Sic ))ai mid) ^cutfd) fprettjcn Icljrcn (or gc(c!)rt). I saw him go. ^t^ Ijabc 'x\)\\ gcl)cn fcljcn (or gcfcljcn). Didn't you have him come ? .^abctt @tc \\)\\ ntd)t fommctt laffcn ? / heard a sicJde rustle. ^d) \}'6tV eitt Stttjlcttt rauf d)cit. — i^ o f f « li e b. You made me sweat with a vengeance. ^l)r l^aht mt(^ wcibfic^ fdjttii^cn madjcn. — @ o e t ^ e. Notes. 82. Historical Note. — Vor a century and a half (1002-1152) after the death of Otto III, the different German Emperors wasted time and armies in fruitless campaigns against the armies of the popes in Italy. In 1152 Frederick of Hohenstaufen, called Barharossa (from the Italian for red heard), came to the throne. He brought the glory of the German Empire to its highest point and was considered the most powerful ruler in Christendom. But like his predecessors he wasted northern energy to subdue a southern land ; six times he led across the Alps armies whose vitality Germany needed for itself. In those times all emperors were irresistibly drawn to Italy, and we cannot blame Frederick for neglecting Germany. His genius, valor, and renown have made him the darling of the German people. His descendants, like himself, waged fruitless war with the papacy for nearly a century, and the last of the proud Hohenstaufen line, Konradin, was executed at Naples in 1268. 83. English a.s and than are usually rendered by Ger- man hjic or at^. (1) In comparisons tt)ie means as and alS means than. The first correlative an in expressions like «.s good as, as far as, and so on is fo (§ 26, 1). Just as is ebenfo. He is not >>s sfmng as you. (^t ift tttd)t fo ftarf ttiic bu. lam older than she. ^d) bin filter nlc* fie. Chap. 11.] TWO INFINITIVES. 67 15. Barbarossa. — As represented on the base of the Kyffhauser Monunaent. You can go just as well as I. @ic fonncn cbcnfo gut 8cl)cn, wic id). Who has less than he desires m^ist know that he has more than he is worth. 2Ber mcnigcr \)at, al^ cr begc^rt, mu^ wiffcn, ba^ cr mc^r f^at, al§ cr wort ift. — 1' i d) t e n b e r g» 68 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [§84. (2) 5l(^ is preferable to luie for as, when as is a conjunc- tion of past time (not of reason. See § 17, 3). ^ie is oftener used with the present. Just as he began whispering, the teacher looked at him. %i§ tv eben anftng p flitftern, fal) il|n ber fie^rer an. And as he sits and listens, the flood divides. Unb mte tx fi^t unb mie er kufd^t, teilt fi(^ bie ^Int empor. — @oetl)e. 84. English when has three common German equivalents : aU, tomn, and toann. (1) 5l(^ regularly translates when with past tenses. But never use a(^ if whe7i can be replaced by ivhenever. I knew Mm when he was a child. ^d) t)abe il|tt gcfaunt, aW cr nod) ^inb ttiar» But loheu she saw the knife, she had to believe it. %htx a\^ fie ba^ ^cffcr fal|^ t^a mu^tc fie^£( mo^r g(auben. — Ap i n e r n. (2) $Benn translates (a) ?t7ien with the present or future and (h) whenever witli all tenses. With a subordinate clause in past time, use Jt)enn if the word always can be inserted in the main clause without changing the meaning. (a) When you are through, leVs go. SBetitt btt fcrtijj bift, (o^ m\^ fort. When they are gone, Pll go and buy some more. 9Bcnn fie 511 @nbc fiiib, geV id| «ub faufe ueue. — ^ e ij f c. (6) When Dietrich fought, he always won. SBenn ^ictrid) ffim^jfte, fo fiegte cr immer. When, as a youth you used to sing, you never got to the end ! 3fanbeft bu olisi ^iingting bod), nicnn bu fangft, bocJ @nbc iiic ! — .^blberltiu (3) SKann is used for when as interrogative. When does the train leave f SBaitlt fol)rt bcr ^Mfl flb ? And when will the day come f Uub toanu toirb bcr Xag fommcu ? — % r c i) t a g. Chap. 11.] '' TWO INFINITIVES.''' 69 Note. — It is better to avoid tiie use of toann in the general sense of when(ever), although it used to be common and we read it often. 85. English there is (are) is rendered in German in two ways : c§ gtfit and e;^ tft» (1) (S^ gibt (e^ gab, e^ ^at gecjeben), with the accusative, is used in general cases when no definite place is mentioned. (5^ is never omitted. There is no such thing. 'J)a§ gibt e§ nid^t. Well, ichaVs up ? 9iutt, ttia§ gtbt^^ ? There were no railroads a hundred years ago. 25or l|Uttbcrt ^o^rcn \)ai c^ fctnc ©ifcttbaljncn gcgcbcit* And there aren't any witches. Uttb ^cjcn gibt c§ ttid|t. — "p a u ^ t m a n u. (2) (5^ tft, e^ finb (e^ tt)ax, e^ ift gertjefen), with the nomi- native, is used for cases where a definite thing is mentioned, usually in a definite place. The verb agrees in number with the nominative which follows it. ^^ is omitted in the inverted or transposed order. There were three mistakes in this exercise. @§ marctt brci f^c^tcr tit bicfcr 5(ufgabc, or ^it btcfcr Stttfgabc warctt brci f^e!)(er» There is only one thing that can save us. @^ ift ttitr cittc^, ttJO§ ttn^ rettctt f attit» — ©(filter. In my father'' s house [there'] are many mansions. Stt itteiitcS ®atcr§ ^attjg jtttb uiele SBo^mtttgctt. — iBibct, 3ot). 14, 2. Note. — This similar use of e8 as grammatical subject extends to other words than fein, and is commoner in German than in English. There came three fellows across the Bhine. ©« ^oflen brei 33itrf(^e n)ol)t iiber ben '^i)em. — U^Ianb. Men talk and dream much of better future days. S8 reben unb traumen bic 9)icnf(^en diet oon befferen fiiufttgen 2^agen. — ©d^iUcr. 70 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§87, Exercises. 86. (a) 1. Which sentences in § 80 illustrate "two infini- tives " ? 2. What is the only verb besides the modals that must have its past participle in the infinitive form when used with another infinitive? 3. Find in § 83, 1 an illustra- tion of § 58, 1, in § 83, 2, of § 18, 1, in § 85, 2, Note, of § 19, 1. 4. Memorize the last ex- ample in § 85, 2, Note. (p) Conversatio7ial Idioms. Memorize : 1. §aben (2ie i^m liberfetjen ()e(fen? 2. (Sr \)Cii t)te( beffer lefen (ernen, a(§ ^ie. 3. 3Kann ()aben ^ie ben grauen 9?ocfTnacI)en(af)'en? 4. SSa« gibt'^? (5« ift nic^t« ^ter. 5. ($^ gibt 50^enfd)en, bte md)t finiien (ernen itjoden. 6. ($i? finb feine 3ef)(er in biefer 5lufgabe. 87. (a) 1. As he had not been able to do his work, he sat down and waited for his friend. 2. His friend was 16. Barbarossa. — As he probably really looked. From a carefully executed contemporary sculpture in a Bavarian monastery. Chap. 11.] '' TWO INFINITIVES."' 71 not so old as he, but he liked to help him. 3. As they were sitting in the garden, an old man told them a story. 4. When there are mistakes in my exercise, I have to ask the teacher questions. 5. Whenever he had to learn to read a new German story, he did not know what to do. 6. There were three old men in the house, and they did not like to hear us sing. (h) 1. I like this book better than that red one, but not so well as the other blue one. 2. When you have learned to read these books, you will know German. 3. When- ever I made a mistake the teacher asked if there were difficulties in the exercise. 4. There are four mistakes in this exercise ; next time you have to do better. 5. What are you doing ? Don't you know that you mustn't do that ? 6. When he had heard the boys sing for a time, he told them that he liked it. (c) Emperor Redbeard. — 1. We have often heard the teacher tell of Barbarossa. 2. There have been many German emperors, but we hear more of Frederick the First than of the others. 3. He is the one who did so much for the Empire. 4. His enemies were afraid of him whenever they had to fight against him. 5. When he conquered them, he wanted to go to the Holy Land. 6. But he was drowned there in a river. CHAPTER XII. REVIEW. 88. The particle tool^I is used in German whenever the idea of probability enters a sentence. It may be translated in English by perhaps^ maybe, I think, by a question, or by almost any expression indicating uncertainty. He's sick, I think. @r ift n)oI|( fratif . Yoii arenH prepared to-day, are you ? c tjerjeljrt fid) mciu Scib. — ip e i n e. (2) When feit is used with an expression denoting an extent of time, it is usually translated /or or in. IhavenH seen him for (or in) weeks. Sd) l)abc il)tt fcit a33od)en nit^t gcfcljctt. Fve been wandering for years. ^d) ttianbrc f d)ou fcit ^aljrcn. — % ^ d) ( e g c {. 99. !S8on usually denotes source, but less definitely than (1) Its commonest meaning is from. We are going from here to Cologne. 993ir fa^rctt uon !)tcr nad) f^'oUt, The brooklets spring from the monutitins. ^tc $ad|Iein boit ben Scrgcn f^jriiigcii. — CS i rf) e ii ^ o v \ f. (2) 55on is always used for by with the passive voice to tell the agent. Never use bei, y.j^ii Chap. 13.] PREPOSITIONS WITH DATIVE. 79 18. The Weibertreu from a Neighboring Hill. — Notice the rectangu- lar vineyards from which Weinsberg receives its name. The sentence was first translated by a girl. ^cr @a^ Wttrbc jucrft tion ctncm SOlabdjcn iibcrfc^t. You want to get beaten by an old soldier. (Bit ttioUctt ft(^ tJOtt cittern alUn Wlititav fd)tagctt laffctt. •greljtag. (3) 3$on is used for many translations of English of. 80 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ lOO. He is a friend of mine. @r ift citt ^'tCUttb tton ttltr, Frederick of Hohenstanfen was Emperor of Germany. ^ricbridi tion .t>oI|enfta«fcn mar ^aifcr non '^cutfrtitanb. They sing of spring and love., of blissful., golden time. on is omitted in German. The month of June., the city of Dresden., a glass of water. !Der Momi 3unt, bie @tobt 2)regben, ein @la8 2Ba[fer. In the beautiful month of May. 3m n)unberfd)onen 9Honat 9Wai. — § e i n e. (6) In expressions where of seems very closely connected with the preceding word, as tired of in spite of because of don cannot be used ; the genitive must be. In spite of the weather we went. Xro^ beS SBctterS gingcn \v'\x. O, I am tired of the turmoil. ^d|, ic^ bin be« Srelben^ ntube. — @ o e 1 1) e. 100. 3tt lias various renderings in English. (1) For English to^ p is used with persons (contrast nad) with places, § 97, 1) and with places where there is a definite purpose or object involved, or where no motion is indicated. Go to your mother! @el| ju bcincr SDJuttcr! Pm going to bed. ^(^ gcljc 5tt 83ctt. He came home to his parents. @r fain \\ti^ «^anfc 5tt fctncn (Sltcm. This street leads to the station, ^icfc Strafe filljrt jum SJa!|n^of. She sang to him., she spoke to him. ®ic fang 5U il|m, fie f^rad) 5u il)m. — @ o e t Ij c. (2) 3u usually means at with names of cities and in a few idioms. His patience is at an end. ^c^t ift fciuc OJcbulb JU (?nbc. At Qucdlinburg in the cathedral 7'esounds the clang of bells. 3u DttcblinbHtfl im ^omc crtflnct ©(orfcunanfl. — iDhlUer. Chap. 13.] PREPOSITIONS WITH DATIVE. 81 (3) ^u means for in phrases like the following : We always have soup for dinner. Snm aUittagcffeit Ijobcti ttJtr immer Buppt. You are too proud for submissiveness, I for falsehood. ^tt bift 5tt ftolj jur ^cniut, id) jur fiiigc. — ^djilUv, (4) In idioms p is variously translated : Afoofu, on horseback, in a carriage. Om^ o/ i^e window, in at the door. 3ttm ?^cttftcr Ijtttou^, jur ^^iir I)crcttt. Count Bichard came along on foot. ©raf 9flir^arb f am p f^u^ bal)cr» — U ^ I a n b. iVb^e. — English too is translated by 511 when it modifies another adverb or an adjective, by auc^ when it modifies a whole clause (as English a?so) . Is is too warm for you ? 3ft e« 3^uen ;;u rt)arm? / think so, too. !Da6 glaub' id) oitc^. Ah, he sleeps too long a time. %(i), ex jrf)Idft ju lanqe ^e\\. -- ^ a n e r ^ ( c b c n. Exercises. 101. (a) 1. Illustrate with sentences the different Ger- man equivalents for English at. 2. Illustrate with sen- tences the German equivalents for English to. 3. For English with and /or (§§ 5, 8, 15, 1, a, 98, 2, and 100, 3). (b) 1. Find in § 15, 1, 6 an example of § 100, 4, Note ; in § 15, 2, Z> of § 97, 2; in § 27 of § 99, 2; in § 28, 2 of § 99, 3. 2. Find in § 33 an illustration of § 97, 1 ; in § 41, 2 of § 99, 3 ; in § 47 of § 99, 1 ; in § 50, 3 of § 100, 3. 3. Find in § 76, 3 an illustration of § 99, 3 ; in § 85, 2, Note, of § 99, 3. (c) Conversational Idioms. Memorize : 1. ^et folc^em SBetter mug man gu $aufe btetben. 2. 9}?etner S[RetnuTi(j nad) ift e^ 3U wcit, su guf? 3U ge^en. 3. ($r ift au^ ^Itnerifa^ 82 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 102. abcr er njo^nt bet einer beutfrfien gatniUe. 4. ^a6:) 3e()n 9Jitnuten ge^en n)ir oon ^ter nac^ §aufe. 5. ^c^ toaxtt fc^on fett jtDiJlf U^r auf bid). 6. T)a« trirb oon ben anberen t)iel beffer getan tDerben. 102. (a) 1. According to his story ((grja^(ung) he was from Linden near (§ 95, 1) Hannover. 2. What has become of the dress that you had made by my tailor? 3. Since last fall we have lived (use pres. tense) with [the] Browns. 4. In (§ 95, 2) such a crowd it is hard to walk home from the theatre. 5. It's after half past ten ; I'm going to bed. 6. What did you get from your father for your (iise def. art.) birth- day? (b) 1. For (§ 98, 2) three days he has stayed (use pres.) at home with (§ 95, 3) his parents. 2. In (§ 97, 3) my opinion, we ought to go home with you after the theatre. 3. Tell us of the man who told you he was from Berlin. 4. Since last fall I have lived (pres.) in Schoneberg near (§ 95, 1) Berlin. 5. In such weather I like to stay at home with my friends. 6. Did I tell you of my new clothes that were made by your tailor for (§ 100, 3) two hundred marks ? * (c) Tlie Women of Weinsberg. — 1. According to an old story the city of Weinsberg was besieged by Konrad of i •V. ♦* ^.»'*, ■'■ ■-"'.V"' '"^ 19. The Octagonal Tower of Weibertreu. — This is the highest part of the ruin; it stands near the center of the park. Chap. 13.] PREPOSITIONS WITH DATIVE. 83 Hoheustaufen. 2. After a long siege the fortress near Weinsberg had to surrender. 3. Konrad told the people that the women might (§ 75, 1) come out of the fortress with all that they could carry. 4. When the messenger with this message came to the women, they went out of the fortress on foot with their husbands on their (def. art.) backs. 5. The ruin of the fortress is now a park. 6. When I asked a girl by whom it was kept up, she told me : " By the women of Weinsberg." A CHAPTER XTV. PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. Der Sdngerfricg auf 6er XPartburg. 103. ^t^ gegett ha^ ^nbe be^ WxtteMttx^ befc^aftigten fic^ bie beutfc^en fitter t)iel mtt ber X)ic^t!unft. :5}iefe T)tc^ter fangen i^re !i^teber unb iDurben be^^alb yj^innefdnger genannt. :Der Sanbgraf Hermann t)on Xl)urmgen, ber auf ber SBartburg iDoljnte, \}atU eine befonbere iBoriiebe fiir biefe 20. The Singers' Hall at the Wartburg. — Scene of the Singers' Contest. On the wall of the raised alcove at the back are written the songs of the principal contestants. 84 Chap. 14.] PREPOSITIONS WITH ACCUSATIVE. 85 SfJltntte [anger unb jetc^nete fic^ burc^ gro^e ®aftfrei^eit gegen fie au§. Qm 3a^re 1204 tjeranftaUete er ben Befannten ^^anger- !rteg" auf ber SKartburg, an bem atk bebeutenben SJ^inne- fdnger teilna^men^ diner fuc^te ben anberen in fetnen ii^iebern ^n ubertreffen. ®egen t>a^ (5nbe be§ gefte^ trat ein fc^tanfer danger anf, ber fo tpnnbertioK fang, ha^ man il)m ben "ipret^ guer!ennen mu^te. '^a^ irar SSalt^er tion ber il^oge(n)etbe, o^ne 3^^^f^^ ^^^ beliebtefte t)on aden Winnt^ fangern. 3?on it)m fc^rteb etn befannter T)tc^ter fpater: „$err Saltier t)on ber 3SogeItt)eibe, njer ben Dergage, tdf nttr (eibe." Syntax. 104. Prepositions with the Accusative. — ^The common- est prepositions with the accusative are : bt^, burcf), fitr, gegen, o^ne, urn, lt)tber. 5(tt cinctt ^rcuttb. '^nv^ bid) ift iiic SBcIt mir fdjijit, oljuc bid) miirb^ id) fie ^affcn ; ^i\v bid) (cb^ id) jjattj aUcin, urn bid) t»iU id) gertt crbtaffctt, ^cgctt bid) foU fein 5Bcr(cumbcr mtgcftroft fid^ jc bcrgel)tt» aSibcr bid) fein g^cinb fid) maffncu ; it^ mitt bir 5«r ©cite ftcl)tt. — 9^ a m I e r. Notes. 105. Historical Note. — The Minnesanger (SD^innc, love) began to flourish under the Hohenstaufen Emperors. These minstrels were usually well born, sometimes of noble birth, and they attached themselves to the great lords, whose guests they entertained. In return the great lords honored and rewarded them ; in fact, Walther von der Vogelweide (1160-1230) received an estate (fief) from Emperor Frederick 11. Though Latin was still the official language of church and state, the everyday tongue was German (Middle High German), and in this the Minnesanger composed 86 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 108. their songs. The tale in § 103 is not absolutely true. There are many conflicting stories ; the most authentic account of the " Sangerkrieg " says that Wolfram von Eschenbach won through Walther's help. 106. Prepositions with it (them) and which. (1) When referring to an inanimate object, ba'(r) is used with prepositions instead of a pronoun : with it, bamit ; for it, bafiir ; out of it, barau^ ; against it, bagegett. (2) When referring to an inanimate object, tt)O'(r) is used with prepositions instead of an interrogative or relative : after which, tvouad) ; of what, n)ot)on ; through which, iDOburc^ ; about what, itjoruttt ? Note. — Stumer, bi§, and o^nc do not combine with ba or \vo, and tt)ibcr does not combine with hjo. With these a form of bcrjelbc is generally used for the personal pronoun and a form of hjcl(^er for the relative or interrogative. 107. 83t^ is used alone and with other prepositions. (1) When used alone bt§ usually refers to time and means till or until. ril wait for you till twelve o'' clock. ^&\ wartc auf bir^ bt^ jwiitf Uljr. Until this day, oh, was that good, was it reasonable 9 SiiS bicfctt Xajj, o war ba^ gut, wor'^ biUig? — @cI|iUcr. (2) In connection with other prepositions bi6 often refers to space and means as far as. ril go along as far as the corner. S?i^ tttt btc @rfc gc^^ id) mtt. And lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Unb fie^e, i(^ bin bet eu(^ aUc ^age, btS an ber 9Be(t @nbc. «lbel, aWatt 28, 20. 108. ^ur(3^ is practically always English throughy and as such presents no special difficulties. Chap. 14.] PBEPOSITIONS WITH ACCUSATIVE. 87 21. The Wartburg at Eisenach. — The most famous and interesting castle in Germany. The river remains turbid that has not gone through a lake, the heart troubled that has not passed through woe. ^cr f^ltt^ hUiht tvnh, ber ttit^t burd^ cincit > she held her met hands against her burning rherks. Umfonft t)telt fte bie ttaffett ^dttbe de^en bie brennenbcn SBanoen. ~ ''O C I) j f . (2) (?^egen means toward, to, usually in a figurative or abstract sense. He arrived tovmrd evening. (Sr ift flcnctt 5(bcttb nuncfommcn. Toward friends be modest, toward yourselves be strong and firm. ^cgctt f^rcunbc fcib bcfd)ctbcn, gegcn citd) fetb ftrcng uitb fcft. — .^"^ e V b c r. 111. Ultt usually means around, for, or at. (1) When um is used for around, about, the adverb '^erum may follow the object of um. He went around the garden. @r gtltfl ttm bcit ©ttrtcit (Ijcrttm). Bound about the light, white house gardens were laid out. Um bttiS lctd)tc, wci^c ^an^ l|critm marctt ©ortcn aitgclcgt. —better. (2) Utn meaning for is usually figurative. We donHplay for money. 9Bir f^tetcit nid)t ttm @c(b. IdonH care for any one. ^d) ftlmittcrc mid) ttiit fctttctt. — ^ct)f c. Note. — In German, to compete at anything is to do it, um bie 2Bctte, for a wager ; to row a race, um blc SSctte rubcrn ; to run a race, um bte SBcttc (aufcn. Chap. 14] PBEPOSITIONS WITH ACCUSATIVE. 89 (3) Um meaning at is confined to expressions of time : At lohat time loill you come? Uttt ttltCDtel UI|r foitttticn @tc ? So it was at eight, so at nine, so at ten o'' clock. @o toav t§ ttttt ac^t, fo um ncun, fo nm $cl|tt XL^v. — @ e r ft a c! e r. 112. SBiber differs nowadays from gegett in that it is used only in a figurative sense. Hence it is much less common than gegetl. In the literal use of against, see gegen, § 110, 1. He did it against his will. @r I)at c§ ttJibcr fctitcn SSSiUcn gctait. Thoii shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor. ^u foUft nii^t fttlfr^(cg) Bcugni^ rcbcn mibcr bciuctt Mrfjften. ^ — 33ibel, 2 moU, 20, 16, 113. English all is usually rendered in German by gatlj or att* (1) ©anj is used only in the sense of entire, the whole, taking all as a unit. As an adverb it means quite, in the original sense of entirely. Before neuter names of cities or countries it is indeclinable. All Berlin was astir. @an5 S3cr(ttt War auf ben 93ctttcn» I dreamed all night, ^d) ^ttbc btc gaitjc 9lati}t gctrftumt. Are you quite well again? @tttb @ic Wtcbcr Qatl^ toof^l? For every whole work one needs a whole man. 3u jcbem ganjcn aScrf ge^ort tin ganger aWann. — 9tu(f ert. (2) 5l(( is used for all in other cases, usually referring to each and every one of a group. It may be indeclinable before ber, btefer, or a possessive. 7s that all 9 ^ft t^^^ ^V^t^ ? 7/iave read all these books, ^d^ Ijabc aU(e) btcfe 83ii(^cr gclcfcn. All good things come in threes {of all good things there are three'). WXtx guten ^ingc finb bret. — ®|)rid)rtJort. If he only had half of all the blows ! ^Mt cr nur crft bte ^alftc uoit alien ben Srf)Iogen! — ^effing. 90 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§115. Exercises. 114. (a) 1. Which sentences in § 103 illustrate the use of prepositions with the accusative ? 2. Make sentences illustrating the uses of at and for as treated in §§ 109 and 111. 3. Find in § 15, 1, a an illustration of § 111, 2 ; in § 26, 1 and in § 39, 2 of § 106, 1. (b) Conversational Idioms. Memorize: 1. !Da^ a((e^ tat er tDiber fetnen SStKen. 2, ^egett ge^n U^r f)abe ic^ bie gauge (Sette Uberfe^t. 3. ^^ intere[ftere mtc^ fiir bie beutfc^e £)per, aber ic^ fc^tDarme fiir ^eet^ot)en. 4. $?efen @te h\^ iMX niit^ften *Sette! 5. Urn bret U^r fu^r \&j burc^ bie ^i(x\ii bi^ an^ Xor. 6. giir bic^ iDlirbe ic^ um bie gauge Sffielt reifeu, 115. (a) 1. We all went on foot through the deep wood as far as (to) the little village. 2. Shall we begin at eight o'clock or toward nine ? 3. We (§ 57) have to answer questions against our will all the time. 4. Hermann fought against Varus till late in the evening. 5. Round about them lay all their dead friends. 6. Will you please ask for some more ink for me ? (p) 1. All the city voted for him against the old man. 2. For heaven's sake, don't go through the wood at mid- night. 3. All right (fc^ou), I will go around the wood as far as (to) the gate. 4. At what time did he get it for you? 5. Have you any objections {literally, anything against it) if we go through your garden? 6. He sat all day and thought of the stories we had told him. (c) The Singers' Contest at the Warthurg. — 1. Toward evening on a beautiful day in the year 1204, one could hear songs resound through the Wartburg. 2. It was the Minnesingers, who were singing for a prize. 3. Around Chap. 14.] PREPOSITIONS WITH ACCUSATIVE. 91 the wide hall there were (§ 85, 2) chairs and benches on which (§ 106, 2) all the guests could sit. 4. All the evening the}^ sang, and there was (§ 85, 1) a beautiful wreath for the best singer. 5. Some voted for Walther, and some against him. 6. We (§ 57) do not know exactly who got the wreath. ^^ CHAPTER XV. PREPOSITIONS WITH THE DATIVE OR ACCUSATIVE Icurnberg. 116. Unter atten beutf^en nM^fratt fa^ am ^'Cucr ; ctn ^nabc fianb an il)rcn ^ntcn, jwci X^H^itx braitfltcn fid) ait fie Ijcrait. — @oetl)f. (2) The commonest verbs with which an is used in close connection are: benfen, to think of; (^tauben, to believe in; fic^ fietDiJl)nen, to get used to; fid) erinnern, to remember; and fd^retben, to write to. Notice that they contain an idea of mental motion toivards; hence the accusative. Chap. 15.] PEEPOSITIONS WITH TWO CASES. 95 I must lorite to my mother, ^d) mu^ an tticitte SWuttcr fd^rctliett. So I think of my distant love. So bctt!^ id) ait tncin fcrnc^ fiicli* — ^ a u f f. Note. — Some verbs take an with the dative. The commonest are : 3tt)eifeln, to doubt ; fterben, to die (of) ; orbeiten, to work {at) ; and leiben, to suffer (from). (3) When used with adjectives, an usually means m; arm an, poor in; xdd) an, rich in; k^m an, lame in. Here it takes the dative. There sat a proud king, rich in land and victories. ^ort fa| citt ftoljcr tiinig, an iiaitb nnh (Sicgcn rcid^. — Utjtanb. Strong in mind, tveak in body, sits the aged Kaiser Budolf ^iaxl an (SJcift, an Scibc fr^wad), fi^t ber grcifc ^aifcr IHttbolf, — ^' e rn e r. Note. — For am with the superlative see § 218, 1. In special cases an varies both in meaning and in the case it takes. On Tuesday, in the evening, in the morning, on the first of January. %m 2)tcngtag, am 3lbenb, am 9)Jorgen, am erften 3anuar. In the sky, am §immel (im §immet means in heaven). Ifs my turn now. 3e^t ift bte 9tci^e an mir. A bird by its song, a man by his gait, a fool by his words, we recog- nize everywhere (at all places). (Sinen SSoget am @ang, einen 9JJann am ®ang, einen 2^oren an ben SBorten erfennt man an alien Orten. — ©pri^mort. 120. 5(uf has several English translations. (1) When denoting position, auf means upon, on top of. We were sitting on a bench. 2®ir fa^Ctt auf ctttcr S3attf, We sat down on a bench. 2Bir fc^tcn ttn§ auf cine S3ttn!. My glance fell upon the captain, whose eyes rested upon the boy. Wtxn S3Itrf fid auf bctt ^au^ttnantt, bcffcn ^tugcn auf bem ^nabcn ttt^tctt. — SBitbenbrud). (2) The commonest verbs with which auf is used are: antmorten, to answer, reply to; ^offen, to hope for; ^ord^en, to listen to; rec^nen, to count on; fid) tjertaffen, to rely on; 96 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 121. ad)ttn,to pay attention to; tvavttn, to wait for. With these it takes the accusative. You can count on me. @ic fonnctt auf midj rcd)nctt. I listened to the field-song. ^d) !l)ord)tc auf ben ^clbgcfang. — 2;iecf. (3) The commonest adjectives with which auf is used are ftolg, proud of; bbfe, angry at; neibtft^, envious of; auf- tnerffatn, mindful of. Here it takes the accusative. He was proud of his voice. @r ttiar ftolj auf fciuc 8timme. I was right angry at myself for not being able to be angrier at you. S^ uiar re(t)t bof^ auf mi(^, ba^ id^ auf ($u(^ nit^t bofer merbcn foutttc. — @ e 1 1) e. iVb^e. — (a) In many special cases auf means in or at with the dative and to with the accusative. Chief of these are : auf bcm or bag ?anb, m or to the country ; auf bcr or bic ^oft, a« or to the post- office ; auf bent or bcu S3aU, at or to a ball {dance) ; auf bem or ben 53al)nl)of, at or to the station ; auf bcr or bie Uuioerfttat, at or to the university (of students ; of professors, aw.)] and auf bem or baS ®^IoB, at or to the castle. (b) Other comjnon uses to which no definite rule applies are : In German, auf beutfd^ ; in this way, auf biefe SBeije ; at any rate, auf allc ^dlle ; by no means, auf feiueu gall ; for to-morrow, auf morgeu ; for next week, auf na(i)fte Sod)e ; abroad {on travels), auf 9leijeu. /t can oijZy be said in Greek. @« tafjt fic^ uur auf griedjifd) jageu. — SS i e t a u b. 121. 3^11 usually means in when used with the dative, and into with the accusative. In a few expressions its meaning varies. I was in town, in church, in school, in the theatre. ^d) war in bcr 8tabt, tn bcr ^ird|c, in bcr 8d|u(c, tm ^Ijcatcr. I am going to town, to church, to school, to the theatre. Sd) 0c^c in bic @tabt, in bic ^ird)C, in bic ®d)ufc, ini^ Xl)catcr. Whom God wishes to show .special favor, lie sends into the tcide world; to him he shows his wonders in mountain, loood, .stream, and field. aScm Q^oit ttJiU rcdjtc (iJunft crnicifcn, bcu fdjicft cr in bie Chap. 15.] PREPOSITIONS WITH TWO CASES. 97 23. Hans Sachs' Statue at Nuremberg. tocitc 995c(t, bcm ttittt cr fciuc SBunbcr wcifcit in Serg mtb ^ait> unb Strom ttttb ?^c(ii, — (S i d) e ii b o r f f. Note. —The expressions jur ^irc^e, jur @d)ute suggest regular at- tendance with a purpose, while the above use with in refers usually to a particular act. See § 100, 1. 98 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 125. 122. 9le6en means beside, but not so near as an. As we seldom wish to specify so closely in English, an and neben may be used interchangeably in most cases referring to places. Who sits by you? SBcr ft^t ncbctt ^luntn ? Close beside the inn stood the old church. ^icl)t ttcbcn bcm 26trt§I)aufc ftanb bic aitt ^ird)c. — ©crftarfer. 123. iibcr is used literally and figuratively. (1) When used literally iibet means over, above, across. Over all hilltops is rest. Ubcr alien dJi^fcIn ift JRu^. — @ c 1 1) e. With arms crossed over her breast she stepped down aci'oss the court. Wlit iibcr bcr ^ruft gcfrcujten 3lrmcn, fdjntt fie uber ben ^of Ijinttb, — (Storm. (2) Figuratively liber usually means about, and takes the accusative. What were you talking about ? SBornber f^rad)en ®te ? '"''One can laugh about all that now,''' he continued. „Uber \ia^ aUe§," fnljr tx fort, „fonn man je^t Jadjcn." — SBilbcnbrucf). Note. — liber is also used for by way of, in 3(i) fa^rc iiber ^Berlin. It means from in such expressions as : a week from to-day, a year from to-day, Ijeutc iiber ad)t %(i^t, t)eute iiberS (or iiber ein) 3a^r. 124. Untcr means under or among. I have that among my books, ^a^ l^abe id) nnter meinen IsBiirfjern. Neither do men light a candle and put it under a bushel, but on a candlestick. Wnn fjiinbet and) nidjt ein fiid)t an unb fc^t t^ nnter eincn 8d)effe(, fonbcrn anf eincn iiend)ter. — ^ i b c I, 3JZ a 1 1. 5, 15. 126. f8ot is used literally meaning before and figuratively in various meanings. (1) Literally tior is used with both dative and accusative and means before, in front of. Chap. 15.] PREPOSITIONS WITH TWO CASES. 99 We rode in front of the castle. 993ir rtttett t)or ba§ @d^to^. By the spring in front of the gate there stands a linden tree. Sim Srumictt tior bcm %r>xt \i(i \it\)i ein iiinbcubaum. — aRiiUer, (2) Figuratively t)or is used with the dative in many senses, usually with expressions implying a certain state of mind. See also §§4 and 25. She got red with anger. (Sic ttiurbe rot tior ^^xxt, I warn you of the danger, ^t^ ttiarnc bit^ tior bcr (IJcfaI)r» Tou jump for joy. ^u I)tt^f eft \a tior ^rcubctt, — d ^ a m i j f o. Exercises. 126. (a) 1. Find in § 4 an illustration of § 121 ; in § 8 of § 120, 2; in § 13 of § 121; in § 18, 2 of §§ 119, 1 and 121. 2. Find in § 23, 1 an illustration of § 120, 3, Note h and § 119, 1; in § 25 of § 125, 2; in §41, 1 of §119, 2; in § 50, 2 of § 121. 3. Find in § 85, 2 an illustration of § 121 ; in § 85, 2, Note, of § 123, 1 ; in § 88, Note, of § 121. {h) 1. In the illustrations in § 126, a, above, give the case following each preposition and the reason for it. 2. Illus- trate with sentences the uses of at, to, and for in this chapter. (c) Conversational Idioms. Memorize : 1. !^a^ ift rtc^tig ; ®ie fdnnen [ic^ barauf Derfaffen. 2. 5luf feinen gait tPoHen iDtr iiber ^o^ton fa^ren. 3. 5(uf ber UniDerfitat mu^ man Dor aden 1)ingen an bte 5lrbeit benfen. 4. ^6) ):)(xht m\6) noc^ nic^t baran getDi5^nt. 5. gr n)ar fo b5fe auf mic^, \>(x^ er rot t)or 3^^^ tfurbe. 6. 5luf morgen tt)o((en xoxx bie (Seite 101 lefen. 127. (a) 1. He was sitting at the window on a bench. 2. I sat down beside her in an arm chair. 3. What are you laughing about? 4. I'm not laughing; I'm trem- bling with anger. 5. Among all the books in the library 100 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 127. there is nothing about the singers' contest at the Wartburg. 6. On the first of July I'm going to the country. (b) 1. I am used to paying attention to ray teachers. 2. Are you afraid of ghosts, or don't you believe in them? 3. We went across the street and sat down in front of the 24. The Wall and Moat at Nuremberg. old house beside the church. 4. At any rate she will not be very angry at us. 5. We sat by the spring in front of the gate and listened to the birds under the trees. 6. A week from Monday (§§ 119, 3, Note, and 123, 2, Note) we shall be on that high mountain. (c) A Letter. (See § 296, Note.) — 1. Dear Mother : Here we are in Nuremljerg, where we are constantly reminded of the Middle Ages. 2. AVe arrived early in the morning Chap. 15.] PREPOSITIONS WITH TWO CASES, 101 and went across the old moat, under the gate between the beautiful buildings, and listened to the river which flows through the town. 3. Then we went to the old castle by way of the market, where on market days there is much in which you would be interested. 4. In front of the castle is a very deep well, and beside a church is a little tavern called the " Bratwurstglocklein." 5. When one is travelling in Germany one ought above all to visit Nurem- berg. 6. You can depend upon it that you will be wild about it. Your loving daughter. 'i^''^.^i' CHAPTER XVI. REVIEW. 128. The particle fc^on is used in German not only to translate English already, but in other cases. See also § 228, 2. (1) Whenever the idea of already enters a sentence, German uses f(^on. It is not necessarily translated in English. Have you been in Germany? SBarctt Sic fd|on in T)Ctttf(I)Iani) ? / have translated twice, ^d) l)abc fd)on jwctmat iiberfc^t. He had gone out of the room. @r war f djon an^ bcr ©tube gcgattgcn, — 2B i I b e n b r u rf). (2) (Scroti is also used when the sentence contains an idea of future accomplishment. It may be translated in English by all right or rieverfear, ril he there on time, all right. ^d) iDcrbc fdjoit pr rcd)tctt 3ctt ba fcin. He'll pass, never fear. @r ttJtrb fd)Ott licrfc^t Wcrbcm We'' II find the others all right. 2Bir fittbcn btc anbcrcn fd)Ott. — ® t o r m. You shall hear nothing further from me, never fear. ^tt f oUft f c^ott ntt^tiJ lotcbcr bott mir l|iircn. — § c t) j e. Exercises. 129. (a) 1. Make a table of all the German equivalents for English at that have been treated in Chapters XIII, XIV, and XV and illustrate them with sentences. 2. Do 102 Chap. 16.] REVIEW. 103 the same for the German equivalents of English to. 3. For the German equivalents of English for. (b) 1. Apply the general rule for order (§ 37, Note) to prepositional phrases. Illustrate with one or more sen- tences. 2. How does German translate it and which fol- lowing a preposition? Illustrate with sentences. 3. Are there any exceptions to the preceding answer? If so, give them with illustrative sentences. (c) Conversational Idioms. Memorize: 1. iBitte, tDarten (Ste einen Slugenbltd auf mid^ ; ic^ tuerbe fc^on baran benfeti. 2. 5Baren (Ste fc^on auf bem ^anbe? 3. §aben ®te etma^ bagegen, itjenn tc^ burc^ -3^ren (Garten ge^e? 4. Sir ^aben frf)on t)te(e ^Vdm auf morgeu iiber ac^t Xage. 5. 5lu mem ift bte 9f^et^e? 6. 5luf feiuen gad bltrfen @te fo barauf autttjorten. 130. (a) 1. All these people are from Schoneberg near Berlin. 2. In such weather we ought not to go afoot as far as to the castle. 3. We stayed all summer in a little village beside a broad lake. 4. Among all my friends there aren't any to whom I write year by year. 5. This man was so angry at the other that he went across the street every time he met him (begegueu with dat.). 6. Who is to blame (@^u(b baran) that you did not write to your mother on Sunday ? (6) 1. We climbed onto the mountain by way of a narrow path between two large rocks. 2. Above all (§ 125, 2) she wishes a dress of silk for her birthday. 3. When he came back to his friends he hadn't any money with him. 4. In my opinion we cannot go from here as far as to the castle before seven o'clock. 5. In such rain I go out of the house only against my will. 6. At four 104 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 130. o'clock we shall go across the river and before five we shall be up (oben) on top of the mountain. (c) 1. At Nuremberg there were many old houses in which we were all interested. 2. Toward sunset I went across a wide river where I rested till night. 3. After dinner will you go to town with me by way of the old church? 4. A week from (§ 123, 2, Note) to-day I'll write to you about my trip to Berlin. 5. Have you any objections (anything against it) if I go with you from the hotel as far as to the post-office ? 6. We must wait for him till to-morrow, as he has all the money for us with him. CHAPTER XVII. INSEPARABLE VERBS. Die Bud^brucferfunft. 131. Urn ba^ 3a^r 1450 erfanb ^^o^ann (Gutenberg in 9)2ain3 bie ^uc^bruderfunft, bie fii^ f(f)ne(( iiber ganj !5)eutfi^^ 25. Statue of Gutenberg at Mainz. — In the background rises the famous Mainz Cathedral, historically one of the most interesting in Germany. 105 106 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [§ 133. latib t)erbrettete. Wan etnpfanb em (eb^afte^ ^ntereffe fiir bie neuen ^itc^er, unb ber ^eruf eine^ ^ucf)brucfer^ erfc^ten toieten aU fe!)r tjerlocfenb. ObH)of)( btefe llunft ntd)t in ^^iirnberg entftanb, fo trat biefe (Stabt boi^ fe^r balD an bie ^pii^e be^ ^uc^I)anbe(^. §ier ht^a^ 5lnton ^^berger bie cjrdjte "Druderei in gan^ (Suropa, benn er befrfiaftigte ^unbert @efe((en mit ber ^ebie= nung feiner Dierunb3rt)an3ig ^reffen. ^i^ 1504 ^atte er liber gtDei^unbert ^er!e gebrudt, unb um fie gu oerfaufen, burc^reiften feine 3lgenten gang !Deutfd)(anb. Syntax. 132. Inseparable Prefixes. — The commonest insepa- rable prefixes are be, em^, ent, er, ge, ntig, t)er, ger* They are never accented ; in fact, in ordinary conversation they are pronounced only as "grace notes." Verbs compounded with these particles are conjugated exactly like their corresponding simple forms, except in tenses with the past participle. They form the past participle without the prefix ge: befe^fen, befaf)!, befo^Ien; erga^Ien, ergii^fte, ergd^ft. , Let him who possesses learn to lose. 393cr befi^t, ber Icrnc bcrlicrcn. — @ d) i 1 1 c r. And there is no neio thing under the sun. Mttb gcfdjicljt ttid)tfii Is^icucci uutcr ber Sonne. — 33ibcl, ^rebiqer @ a torn on is 1, 9. Duty fulfilled is always still felt as debt. erfiiUte *^flid|t em|)finbet fic^ immer no(^ a\& ®d|u(b. — @oet^e. Notes. 133. Historical Note. — After the fall of the Hohenstaufens, the next great imperial family was the house of Habsburg. Rudolph, the first of the line (1273-1291), abandoned the Italian policy of his predecessors and devoted his energies to Germany. Chap. 17.] INSEPARABLE VERBS. 107 He insisted that all official documents and proclamations be written in German (instead of Latin as heretofore) and thus helped to develop the German language. But the greatest boons to the German tongue were to be the invention of printing and the Protestant Reformation. When manuscripts had to be laboriously copied by hand, books were rare, nor were they of the kind to appeal to the people. But Gutenberg's invention brought them within reach of all, while Luther's writings furnished matter of compelling interest. 134. It must be clearly understood at the outset that it is impossible to give a definite meaning in all cases to insep- arable prefixes. The following notes, which partially cover the commonest uses, may help students to acquire some feeling for the more important meanings. 135. S3e= has usually one of three meanings. (1) It may merely strengthen a simple verb : befe^en, to look at {carefully), bebeuten, to mean (exactly), be^alten, to keep. What does that mean ? 933a§ Bcbcutct btt§ ? ril visit yon this very week. ^d\ bef ud)c end} in bief cr SBodjc nod). — ^et}\t. (2) ^t^ may mean to provide ivith the thing indicated by the root of the verb: befratt^ett, to provide with a wreath; befletben, to provide with clothes; befc^irmen, to provide with protection; bebedetl, to (provide with a) cover. Keep your hat on, sir {cover yourself). S3cbcrfett @tc fid), rttctn ^crr. Do you leant happiness made happy, reward rewarded 9 893oUt \\)x ba^ QMM bcgtiirft, ben ^ii\)\x htU\\\\i ? — ^auptmann. (3) :53e' may simply make transitive an intransitive verb : ftagen, to complain — beflagen, to mourn; ftegen, to win — beftegen, to conquer; reifen, to travel — bereifen, to travel through, to "do"; tDeinen, to weep — belDeitien, to bemoan, 108 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 137. weep for; ga^fen, to pay out money — beja^fen, to pay some- body; antnjorten, to (make) answer — beotlttDorten, to answer, reply to. Why don't you answer ? 993arum ontttiortctt @ic md|t ? IcanH answer the question. '^^ fatttt btc f^raflc md)t beanttuorten. To make war on oneself is the hardest fight, to conquer oneself the finest victory. @id| fclbft bcfncflcit tft bcr fdjttierftc ^ricg ; ftc^ fclbft beftegen ift bcr frfjonftc ®icg, — ? o g a lu 136. ©nt= usually has one of two kindred meanings. (1) It denotes the becoming, the beginning of an action, often in a figurative sense : etltfte^en, to arise (figurative, begin to starid) ; entbretttiett, to flame up (figurative, begin to bum) ; entbUi^en, to blossom out (begin to bloom). He is afiame with love for her. @r ift mit fiicbc p i^r etttbrannt. There arose a great hubbub. @§ entftanb ctn gro^c^ ^aW^, — 3S i I b e n b r u d). (2) From this idea of passing into another state comes the idea of separation', which is now the commoner meaning: entlaufen, to run away; enterben, to disinherit; ent5te!)en, to draw away; etttne'^men, ^o take from. Compare bemdffem, to water, with entluaffem, to drain. Many quotations are taken from Goethe's works. SBtcIc Bittttc fiitb 6JoetI|e^9!Bcrfctt enhtommctt. A?id when itfiees., belief also flees away. Uttb flic^t'^, cntflicl|t bcr ©laubc oud). — ^ a u p t m a n n. Note. — Before f, ent= becomes cmp^ : em^fc^lcn, to recommend ; cm^ftnbcn, to feel; cm|3fangen, to receive; but in all these cases it has lost its original meaning. He is received with joy in the springtime. 6r n)irb im IVnj mlt lUift cmpfangen. — 9^ u a 1 i «. 137. G^r= comes from an old root meaning out ; hence, to the end, thoroughly. Compare English tired out. It usually Chap. 17] INSEPARABLE VERBS. 109 contains the idea of finality, accomplishment, sometimes success; ermitbett, to tire out; erfinnen, to recall (think out) ; erfinben, to invent (find out) ; erretd)en, to reach (out and get) ; erfennen, to recogriize (know thoroughly). I shouldn't have recognized you. ^rf) IjSttc @tc bot^ ttit^t erfattttt. But finally he let himself he persuaded after all. ©ttblir^ lic^ cr fit^ obcr bot^ crbittcn* — ® t o r m. 138. @C= meant originally completeness, or a being together, but its meaning is almost entirely lost, except that it occurs regularly as the prefix to the past participle. Pm glad to do it. @§ tft gcnt gcfr^eljctt* Enjoy what God has allotted to you ; be glad to do without what you have not. ^enic^c, ttitt^ bit %t^ii Iieff^ieben, ctttbcl)rc gem, ttia^ bunid)tl)aft — ©ellert. 139. S'Jlift^ means defective, false, had, ivrong: mi^Oer^ fte^en, to misunderstand ; tnigtingen (from gelingen, to suc- ceed) , to fail. I misunderstood that, ^a^ I)abc i(^ mi^ticrftanbcn. And a councilman of Breisach abuses his {Durer''s) favorite pupil like a rascal! Uttb cin ^(ii^\)txv tJon S3rcifa(^ mipanbclt fcinen fiicbltttg^ft^tilcr ttiic cincn Sc^uft ! — § i U e r n. 140. ^tt' is the most puzzling of the prefixes, but it usually has one of three meanings. (1) The old root meaning is on, to the end: tjerge^ett, to X>ass (of time, to go on to the end); t)er^(Ien, to die away (of sound, to sound to the end); t)erfd)(tngen, to swallow (entirely). How the time flies ! 2Btc ft^ncU ticrocl)t bic ^^xi ! The last tones have died away. %\t Ic^tCtt Xdnc fittb bcr^ttttt — S^antijjo. (2) Thus t)er* comes to mean beyond the end, into a dif- ferent or opposite state : Dera^tetl, to despise (ac^tett, to 110 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 142. honor); t)erbieten, to forbid (gebieten, to bid) ; Derlernen, to unlearn ((emett, to learn) ; t)er!aufen, to sell (faufen, to buy). Betrayed and sold. ScrratCtt unb Ocrfauft, — @prid)tt)ort. It is easy to put things out of tune, but not every one can put them in tune, ^erftitttmett ift ltiti)t, ahtv ftimmen fann nt(^t jeber. — S3brnc. (3) So tjer* comes finally to have the meaning not necessarily opposite, but just wrong, false. In this sense it is often reflexive: fic^ t)erfel^en, to see wrong; firf) t»er- f pred^en, to misspeak, to say wrong ; t)er!ennen, to mistake for some one else; t)erfiif)ren, to lead astray; t)erbre^en, to twist, to give a wrong meaning to. Excuse me, I misspoke I SJcr^ctljCtt Sie, id) ^abc mi^ Uerf^roi^ett* DonH sit about too long, don't lie around too much, donH fly too high. S^erft^^ bid) ux^i, tjcdicg^ V\&\ nid)t, ^u \!^f>&i l|inou§ Dcrflicg^ bid) ntd)t» — (S d) e f f e (. Note. — But there are countless words with t)er= to which none of these meanings can be traced. Nor can one foretell the meaning of \}tX' in any given case. For instance, ad^tcn means to esteem and cl^ren means to honor, but t)crad)ten means to despise, while tjcrc^rcn means to honor exceedingly. So, too, tterfpred^en means to promise, ftd) Oerfpre^en, to misspeak ; berfjeben with the dative, to forgive, with the accusative, to give away. Read again § 134. 141. ^tX' regularly means separation, destruction, to pieces : ^tVYti^tXlf to tear to pieces; itrhvcdjCXlf to break to pieces ; ger* ftOren, to destroy (disturb to pieces). I smashed my cup. ^d) I)abc mciuc Xaffc 5crbrod)Cit» The halls are destroyed. 1)ic fallen finb jcrftijrt, — lU) I a n b. Exercises. 142. (a) 1. Point out the illustrations of inseparable prefixes in § 131. 2. Explain those that can be explained according to the Notes in this chapter. 3. In what way do inseparable verbs differ from simple verbs ? Chap. 17] INSEPARABLE VERBS. Ill (6) 1. Find and explain according to the Notes (§§ 134- 141) the examples of inseparable verbs in the following sections : § 15, 2, b, Note b, § 23, 1, § 27, § 28, 1, § 43, 1. 2. In § 51, 1, § 58, 1, § 66, § 69, 2, § 73, 2, § 76, 3. 3. In § 92, § 100, 2, § 104, § 113, 1, § 117, 1, § 119, 3, Note, §121. (c) Conversational Idioms. Memorize: 1. (^te l^abetl e§ n)o^( t)ergeffen, ober ^aben ^k e^ tni^tierftanben? 2. ^er* 3eif)en (Ste mtr; icf) ^abe mic^ Derfproc^en. 3. @^ gefc^ie^t (serves) i^m re^t, enterbt gu tuerben. 4. 3<(^ empfinbe ein (eb^aftee ^ntereffe bafiir. 5. ^ijnnen (Ste fic^ nt^t erinnern, itja^ ba^ bebeutet? 6. Senn @ie ba^ be^atten, fo miiffen (Sie me^r beja^Ien; ic^ hjitrbe e^ tierfaufen, U)enn e^ mtr ge^drte. 143. (a) 1. He didn't succeed in remembering what the sentence meant. 2. Don't tear up that piece of paper ; keep it to cover your German grammar. 3. There arose such a noise that one could hardly recognize one's own voice. 4. Have you heard to whom the big house be- longs ? 5. I misunderstood the waiter and paid him too much. 6. I can recommend these chairs; they are of oak and you can't break them easily. (b) 1. The thief succeeded in getting away with a great deal of (t)ie() money. 2. The man complained of his loss, but later he forgot it entirely. 3. Kriemhilde re- ceived Siegfried and crowned him with a wreath, when he reached Worms. 4. It often happens that pupils who have forgotten, claim (bel)aupten) that they misunderstood the question. 5. If you twist the sentence so, I cannot help (§ 39, 2, Note) misspeaking. 6. The time passed so rapidly that we did not succeed in reaching the top of the mountain. 112 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 143. (c) John Gutenberg. — 1. When Gutenberg invented the art of printing, people did not feel any particular interest in it. 2. They paid him very little and he did not succeed in showing others what his invention meant. 3. But when they recognized its importance there arose great competition. 4. In Nuremberg the biggest print- shop belonged to Anton Koberger. 5. Only a little time passed before thfe art of printing had spread over all Ger- many. 6. And we must not forget that we owe this to Gutenberg. CHAPTER XVIII. SEPARABLE VERBS. 2llbred?t Purer* 144. T)er groBte beutfc^e ^itnftler bee Wxtttlalttr^, ^U hxtd)i !Durer, ^at fic^ burc^ feitie n)unbert)o(Iett ©emcilbe auegejetc^net. 5l(e ^iingling hjanberte er nad) ^talten aM, n)o er titele Orte befuc^te unb ftc^ an ben bebeutenbften (Bt'dU ten ber ^unft eifric; in ber SO^alerei itbte. 5^a^ eintger ^tit !el)rte er in fein 33ater(anb ^nrltd nnb, aU er in ^f^iirnberg eintrof, ^eic^nete fic^ feine ^unft burc^ i^re griftf)e unb, ':)?aturtreue aue. ($r irurbe t)om ^aifer aj^a^imitian freunblic^ oufgenommen, befam aber !eine ©tettuncj. ^eine (^emcilbe finben n)ir in alien bebeutenben ©aterien, aber nirf)t nur ale SO^aler fc^ci^en mir i^n fo ^o^» @elten ^at fic^ ein 9J^a(er gu gteirfjer ^eit auc^ bur^ folcfje tjorgiigli^en fupferftidie unb ^ot^fc^nitte auege^eic^net, \vit !5)itrer ee getan ^at. Unb abgefel)en mn alt feiner funftlerifc^en ^e* beutung mar er au^ ein angefe^ener ^itrger t)on ebtem (Sf)ara!ter, auf ben gan^ !i:)eutfc^Ianb mit ^ec^t ftof^ fein !ann unb ftol^ ift. Syntax. 145. Separable Prefixes. — The Separable Prefixes in- clude all tliose not inseparable, that is, all except those mentioned in the last chapter. They may be (1) prepo- sitions, as an and aue in an^ie^en, to put on; aue^ie^en, to take off; (2) adverbs, as ^in and Dorbei, in ^inge^en, 113 114 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [§ 145. 26. Portrait of Albrecht Durer. — Painted by the artist himself. Chap. 18.] SEP AB ABLE VEBBS. 115 to go {away) ; tiorbeige^en, to go hy, to pass ; or (3) nouns, as $au^, in ^au^^atten, to keep house; ^iaii, in ftattfinben, to take place* 146. German is partial to separable verbs, especially in conversation. If two verbs have the same meaning and one is separable, this one is usually preferred in talking, though the other may be used regularly in more formal language. For instance, one sees signs on doors : „T)k ^iir fc^Uegt t)on fetbft," and in trains : „^xttt bie Znv nid)t ju offnen, bet)or ber 3ug pit," and in theatres : „^te ^orftellung (performance) begtnnt um oc^t U^r." But in conversation Germans say regularly : „SKolIen @ie bttte bie Xiir jumai^en?" „(gr mac^te ba^ genfter auf," „SSann fctugt bie 33orfte((ung an?" 147. Separable verbs have three peculiarities. (1) For simple tenses (present or past) in independent clauses the prefix is put at the end of the clause, except that a complementary infinitive follows it. It now begins to dawn. @^ fangt tttttt an, ju taQtn* — g o u q u e. The people is aroused, the storm breaks loose. ^a^ S5otf ftc^t auf, ber Sturm Wx^t to^» — Corner. (2) For simple tenses in dependent clauses the prefix is attached to the verb, just like an inseparable prefix. He is not so stupid as he looks. er ift nidjt f o t>nmm, wic cr au§ftel)t. — @:pri(^tt)ort. Who doesnH go ahead, goes back. 893cr ttid)t tJorangcljt, Ummi swriirf. — @ o e t ^ e. (3) For compound tenses, whether in dependent or independent clauses, the prefix precedes the verb and is attached to it. When the infinitive with ju is used, 116 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 149. gu (like ge in the past participle) comes between prefix and verb. iShe stopped reading aloud. Bit l)at oufgc^iirt, tiorjurcfen. A thing put off is never done. 5lttfgcfd)otiCtt ift ttidjt aufgcljobcn. — ®^ric^tt)ort. Though time may have flown, memory never yields. ^ft bic 3cit autt^ tjingcfioncn, bic ©rinncrung ttictdjct nic. — U t) la n b. Notes. 148. Historical Note. — After the death of Rudolph of Hahshurg (1291), half a dozen different families furnished emperors, but in 1438 the crown fell again to the Habsburgs and from then on remained in that family. The most interesting and romantic of the Habsburgs was Maximilian I (1493-1519), "the last of the knights," the patron of Diirer (the Kaiser Max in Hillern's ^o^er al^ bie ^irc^e). Under him a noble effort was made to reconstruct the Empire and to modernize Germany, but it failed because of the petty jealousies among the German states, of which there were at that time between three and four hundred. 149. ,§tn and f|cr» Nearly all German verbs of motion are compounded with the adverbs l)tn and ^er to denote direction of motion. (1) §in means motion away from the speaker, \)tx motion toward the speaker. There he goes, ^a gcl|t cr l)tn. Is she coming across >• i^ommt fie Ijcritticr ? Whither thou goest, I will go. 993o btt l)ingcl)cft, tta miU id) au^ l)iugcl)ett, — 33ibel, $RutI) l, 16. (2) §in unb l^er means to and fro, hither and thither, and is usually treated as an independent adverb, rather than as a separable prefix. He ran hither and thither. @r tft l)in unb l)cr gclaufcn. Wretched thoughts tore him hither and thither. ^ammertiolle (^ebanlcn riffcn i^n l)in unb ^er. — (^ r e t) t a g. Chap. 18.] SEPARABLE VERBS. 117 27. Albrecht Durer's House in Nuremberg. 118 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 150, Note. — The difficulty with l^in and l^cr lies in the fact that in Eng- lish we have no equivalent word to translate. The idea is contained in our verb, but German adds a word of direction, which we forget to use when we put our English thoughts into German. But especially with ge^en and fommen it is easy to get the habit of using ^tn and ^cr. These phrases should be practised till they become second nature. Come up, come over, come here. fommen @te ^erauf, fommen ®ic ^eriiber, fommen @te l^ierl^cr. Go up, go across, go out. ®elien @le f)inauf, ge!)en @ie f)miiber, gel^en @ic l^tnauS. He came no one knows whence, he loent no one knows whither. ©r fam, unb niemonb meife ttjo^cr ; er ging, unb niemanb roeife tt)oI)tn. — Jcjfttig. 150. English place has several German renderings. (1) ^er Ort (bie Orte or bte Orter) is used for a definite place in a broad sense, as one might refer to a city, a field, or any large space. That is a pretty place. 'iSai^ ift citt ^iibft^cr Ort. This truth changes according to time and place. ^icfc 933al)rl|eit mcri^fclt nnrfi 3cit unb Oxt — 53 i« m a r cf. (2) '^tx ^lci% (bie ^rS^e) usually means (a) public square, (6) room, in the sense of space, (c) a seatf at the theatre or in a similar place. It rarely means place. {a) I saw him in the Paris Square. ^(^ I)obc tl|n auf bcm ^arifcr ^lo^ jjcfcl|cn. That spreads abroad through streets and square. ^aS bringt in btc 393citc burd) ©affcn unb ^la^.— U^tanb. (6) Have you room enough f .^abctt <3ic ^tn^ flcnufl ? There^s room for us both in the sea. (&^ ift ^ta^ fiir wnS bctbc im 9Kccr. — $e^fe* (c) Is this seat taken ? ^ft bicfcr ^(a^ bcfcgt ? Young L. stood erect in his seat. ^o« flcinc 2. ftonb nufrcdit ouf fciitcm ^loa§ anf bcittf^ (or tm ^cutfdictt) ? Please put that into German. Bittt, ilbcrfe^ctt @ic U§ in§ ^cutfd^c* 124 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 157. In German ice lie when loe are polite. ^m ^ctttfd^cn (iigt man, wcttit man I)oflid) ift. — @ o c 1 1) e. In German ^'' world'''' is a woman, in Latin she''s a man (bic SBelt ; mundus, masc). 5(nf bctttf j^ ift SBcIt ctn SBcib, latcinifd) ift fie 'Mann. — ? o p a u. 29. The Outer Court at the Wartburg. — Luther's room was in the building at the left centre. 157. English to think may have various German render- ings. See § 41. (1) ®(auben and meinen (both reg., aux. ^aben) are the commonest. They translate think in the sense of to have a belief (ber ®(aube) or an opinion (bie 3[J?einimg). yj?etnen often implies not only having an opinion, but telling it. In the expression, to think so, so is either omitted entirely in German or is rendered by ba^ or e^. Chap. 19.] COMMON PREFIXES. 125 Do you think it will rain ? I (SJIaulictt ®ic (or tneinctt @te), ba^ c§ rcgnctt mirb ? Tes, / i^i/iA; &o. Sn, ba^ glaubc t(^, or ba§ ntcinc trfj, or simply : ^i^ gfaubc or id| tneinc. " Believing'''' and " thinking^'' deceive many a one. ©taubcn unb aWcittcn bcttritgt rnattttig etnctt, — @prici)tt)ort. I donH think so. In the whole village they think that there'' s some- thing up there that's uncanny. 1)a§ glttttb^ tti^ nidjt, Wlan ittcittt m gttttsctt 2)orf, c§ f ei ba obcu ctttJOig nit^t gc^cuer, — ^au^tmattn. iVbJ6. — (a) ©louben, io believe a person, regularly takes the dative Kot one believes me, every one believes the blind man. Sflidjt einer gtaubt mlr, jebcr gtaubt bem SSUnben, — @uberntann. (6) In the sense of believing a thing, glauben always takes the ac- cusative : DonH believe everything you hear, @laub' nic^t gleic^ oUeg, tt)a§ bu tjbrft. — 2B i e I a n b. (c) ©lauben, «o believe in, takes an with the accusative. See § 119, 2. Believe in the power of honor. ©taub' an bie ©eiralt ber @^re. — W. 2B, @ d) I e g e I. (2) T)enfen (bac^te, gebarf)t, aux. ^ben) indicates ^nen^a? action or concentration. See § 41. Did you think of that ? ^abctt ®ic barait gcbadjt ? /'ve never thought about thinking. ^j^ ^abc ttic ilbcr ba§ ^citfcn gcbadjt — @ o e 1 1) c, (3) In the sense of to think of, to consider, usually with two objects, German uses finbett or ^alten fitr. They must be used only where the English j^nd or consider could be used. I think him a dunce. ^(1) Ijattc iljtt filr cittCtt ^ummfo^f, DonH you think that beautiful f f^ittbCtt Sie ba§ nid)t ft^Ott ? I always thought myself a man of honor. ^d) Ijabc m\^ immcr fiir cincn Wann tion @^rc gc^altcn, — gret)tag, 126 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [§169; I Exercises. 158. (a) 1. Which sentences in § 153 illustrate common prefixes? 2. Write two sentences to show that the separable use of the common prefixes is just like other separable verbs. 3. Write two sentences to show that the inseparable use of the common prefixes is like other inseparable verbs. (6) Conversational Idioms. Memorize: 1. ^d) bin feft itberjeugt, bag (Ste e^ Itberfe^en fonnen. 2. X)u bift ganj bur^ndgt ; bu mugt bi(^ gleic^ umjie^en. 3. Qd) g(aube, ba^ foKten wix nod) nid)t unterne^men. 4. Qa, ba^ meine i(^ auc^, benn e^ tft t)ie( ju fc^irer. 5. Senn @ie e§ nic^t in^ !Deutfd)e itberfe^en, fo fomnten @ie n)o!)( nic^t bnrcf). 6. 3a^ bie U^ren nicf)t gleic^ gittgen. jDiefer ^^reunb fagte bem ^aifer: ,,Senn e^ bir nic^t getungen ift, ^mei Heine Ul)rett in gteic^em @ange ^u erl)alten, mie fannft bn I)offen, (gpanien nnb ^eutfd)(anb mit g(eicl)en (^efe^en ^n regieren? Xrenne (ieber bie beiben!" „J^vl I)aft recl)t," fagte ^axi, unb er ift bent '^att feine^ greunbe^ gefolgt. Qn X)eutfcf|(anb ift nac^ i^nt fein ^ruber J^*evbinanb auf ben Z^xon gefommen ; ben 9^eft feinem 9^eid)e«^ \)at er feinem (Sot)ne 'ipiiilipp gegeben. dx felbft ^at fid) t)on ber ^egierung jurlicfgeaogen. Syntax. 164. .^aBcn and fctn as Auxiliaries. — As auxiliary, ^ben usually indicates verbal action, while fein is used to indicate the condition following such action. This general rule applies to most of the following morej detailed statements. 130 Chap. 21.] ^ahtU AND ©citl AS AUXILIARIES. 131 31. Emperor Charles V. — From a painting by Titian. 132 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 166. 165. ^ahtn is used with (a) all transitives, (5) all reflexives, (c) all modals, (^) all impersonals except gelingen, gef(^e^en, and glucfen, and (e) many intransi- tives. These last include especially those denoting no change in position, like !f)angen, to hang^ (eben, to live^ liegen, to lie, ru^en, to rest, fc^(afen, to sleep, fi^en, to sit, fte^en, to stand, iDo^nen, to dwell, ^raten, to roast, foc^en, to boil, and raurfjen, to smoke, take ^aben whether used with or without an object. (a) I have seen him. ^(!^ Ijabc il)tt gcfcl^Ctt. (6) Have you had a good time ? ^obeu @ic fid) gut amiificrt ? (c) ITe hasn't been able to do it. @r Ijttt C§ nitl)t tun fiJUUCU. (d) I was glad that it rained. @§ ))iinfd)cn wtrft, gdcbt ju I)abe«. — ©eUert. 166. Sein is used with (a) all intrattsitives that denote change of position or condition, (^) fein, to he, and bleiben, to remain, and (c) the impersonals gelingen, to succeed, gefc^el^en, to happen, and glitcfen, to have good luck, to succeed. («) She has gone home. (Sic ift nad^ ^^aM\c gcgnugcu. He has become very angry. Gr ift fcl)r bijfc gouurbett* {b) I have never been in Germany. ^d) bin no(^ uic in X>cutfd)(oub gcmcfen. They have stayed a long time. Sic ftub (angc gcblicbcn. (c) I have succeeded well. @§ ift mir gut gclungcu (gcgliirft). It happened according to Wodan's command. (B^ ift gcfd)cl)cn nad) aSobnn^ ^cbot. — SS a u m b a d). Note. — Two common English transitives, to follow (folgen), and to meet by chance, to happen upon (begcgncn), are intransitives in Chap. 21.] ^aBctl AND ©ettl AS AUXILIARIES. 133 German and take fciti and the dative. German Bcfolgen and treffeii correspond exactly to follow and meet, and take ^aben and the ac- cusative. Have you followed my advice ? ®inb ®ie tneinem ^aU gefotgt? How often have I met him on my walks! 2Bic oft bin ic^ i^m auf mcinen ©pasicrgottgeit begcgnet ! — 2Bitbenbrud). 167. Some intransitives may take either ^ahtn or fetm (1) When indicating the goal of the act, they take fein. / traveled to Berlin. I^J*) ^itt nad) 83crUtt flcrcift. He has ridden to town. @r ift ttt bic Stobt gctittcit. We rowed to the shore. W\x fittb att§ Ufcr gcrubcrt. In this he has gone too far. (£r tft ^icrbci ju ttictt gcgangcit. — @d)iner. (2) When indicating simply the verbal action^ not the goal, they take ^ben. 7 have traveled for Allyn and Bacon. ^d) ^abc fitt 5(Ut)n ttnb S3acott gctrctft» TTe Aas r«V/^e/i till he is tired. (£r Ijat gcrittctt, bt§ cr tttiibc ift. We have rowed for two hours. 298ir Ijabett ^ttJct Stunbcn gcrubcrt I never rode like that. tc(c a(tc f^rcuttbc unb ^amcrabctt bort treffcn* — ^retjtag. (2) In the sense of to meet by chance, to run across, Ger- man generally uses begegnen (reg. insep., aux. fein), with the dative. See § 166, Note. I just met your sister in Broad Street. Sd) bitt cbeti ttt bcr Srcitcn ©tra^c ^^rcr (S(l|tticftcr bcgcgnct. In the coiirt the coachman met him. 2(ttf bcm ^ofc bcgcgttctc i^nt bcr tutft^cr. — @tortn. 136 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§173. Note. — To meet in the sense of to get acquainted with is fenncn lernen. The regular remark in Germany when one is introduced is Very agreeable, \el)V angenefjm. The common forms of introduction are ; Have you met Mr. Brown ? ^oben @ie §errn 33raun fennen gclernt? May I present you to my sister ? or May I acquaint you ? 3)arf i(^ ®tc meiner @c^tt)efter tiorftcUen? or :5)Qrf id) bic §crren (bic ^errfd)aften, when of different sexes) befannt madden ? 172. English right is rendered in German in two ways. (1) dltd^t is used (a) for all cases of 7Hght as distinguished from left and (b) for the expression to be right when refer- ring to persons. In the latter case it is, used only with the verb '^ahtn. (a) I hurt my right foot, ^d^ l^obc mir ben rerfjtcn ?^u§ ticrlc^t. Let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth. ®o (a^ bcittc Htifc ^anb ittdjt miffctt, mag bic rcd|tc iwi. — 33iber, gjJatt. fi, 3. (ft) ^771 / nV/i« ? ^nb^ ti^ rct^t ? (Never, S3in id) rcrf)t ?) Yes, you are right, ^a, '^a ^rtft bit rcd|t. — .s) a u p t m a n n. (2) 9?ic^ttg is used for right in the sense of correct. It is used generally with fein and of things. 7s this sentence right f ^ft btcfcr 8rt^ rtd)tt(| ? 2%a« isw'« r?(7/i« {doesnH happen right). ^ag gcljt nirf)t ridjtig ju. — ? e f f i n g. JVofe. — A common expression for that is right, especially in re- ferring to number, paying bills, counting change, and so on, is : !5)a8 ftimmt (that is in tune). 173. English hard is variously rendered in German. (1) As an adjective in the sense of hard to the touch, the opposite of soft, hard is ^art. This pencil is too hard, ^tcf cr S?Ictftift tft 511 l)art. He is girt from top to toe in hard steel. ©r tft tiont Wivhel biS sur So^f in fatten Staljl flcfdjitaUt — U^ranb. Chap. 21.] ^ttBctt AND Scttl AS AUXILIABIES. 137 (2) As an adjective in the sense of difficult, hard is fc^lDer. This exercise is not hard, '^icfc 3(ttfgttlie tft tttt^t ft^ttJCr» 7i( may have been hard for the old man, @d|tt)cr mog e^ bcm grcif eu SWanitc gcmcfctt fcin* — 9fl o f e g g e r. (3) As an adverb, in the sense of industriously, hard is fleigig. ro?« m?/s« study harder. Sic tttiiffctt ftci^igcr Icmctt* But they worked all the harder. %\>tx bcfto flcv^tgcr arbcttctcn fie, — better. (4) As an adverb in the sense of vigorously, hard is ftarf. It rained very hard. (g§ regttctc jc^r ftarf. The old man smoked harder. ^cr 3l(tc raud)tc ftarfcr, — 2Bi(benbrui^. Exercises. 174. (a) 1. Explain by the rules in § 164 to § 167 the uses of !^aben and feiu in § 163. 2. Apply the general rule in § 164 to the special cases in §§ 165, 166, and 167. 3. Give German sentences illustrating two common verbs which take fein and the dative when their English equiva- lents take have and a direct object. (6) 1. Find examples of the auxiliary '^abetl in-§ 6, 1, § 28, 2, § 51, 2, § 68, 1 and 4, § 73, 1 and 2, § 81. 2. Find illus- trations of the auxiliary fein in § 30, 2, § 68, 2, § 128, 1, § 140, 1, § 147, 3, § 150, 4. 3. Under what phase of the rules in §§ 164-167 does each of the above examples belong? (c) Conversational Idioms. Memorize: 1. ^^ moc^te fie fennen (ernen. Sotten i^ man in bie Stabt fommt ? It took quite awhile, before he came to the surface again. &§ baucrtc cine 3cttlttng, c^c tt ttiicbcr ouf bic Dbcrf(ad|c fam. — @torm. (2) To take a train (street car, omnibus, or carriage) is usually fasten tnit (fut)r, gefa^ren, aux. fein), though ne^men is also used in this sense. Did you take the omiiibus 9 Sittb @tc ttiit bcm Omnibus gcfa^rcn? No, we took an auto. 9icitt, ttiir fittb tttit cincm 5(uto gcfttljrcu. Take the train throiigh Germany. f^a^r bod) mit bcr a3al)tt b«rd) 2)ctttfti^Iaub. — 2B o 1 3 o g c n. (3) To ^aZce a ti'ip or a t'ja^A: is eine 9f^eife or einctt (Spatter- gang mac^en (reg., aux. ^aben)» We took a walk this morning. ^cutc tnorgcn ^abcn ttitr cincn S^jajicrgang gcmad^t. PFe'Zi ?a^•e the trip together. SBir mat^ctt bic S^cif c $uf ommctt, — ® c^ i U e r, (4) To take a person for some one else or to consider as is fallen fitr (^ielt, gel)a(ten, aux. ^aben). See § 157, 3. §a(ten is also used for to lake a newspaper. I took you for your brother. ^(^ ^flbc ®ic fiir S^rcit Srubcr gcl)o(tcn. What paper do you take ? 9®ctd)c Bcitung (never ^a^icr) ^altcn ®ic ? FoM «aA;e me for a child. ^tt l|dltft mid) f iir cin ^inb. — (£ I) a m i f U. Note. — To take pains is fid) (dative) Spfiu^c gcbcn. Jfr. Bolz, lUl take pains not to shoic you that. §err Solj, id) tt)iU mtr aJ?ut)c gcbcn, 3t)ncn ba« nid)t ju jcigen. — §rfi)tag. 184. English /ia//has two German equivalents. (1) As a noun half is always bie §dlf te. Chap. 22.] ENGLISH VERBALS. 145 ru only take half, ^d) ncl)me nur bic ^a(ftc» aS'o AaZ/ of these purses are his. (Bo ift bic ^ttlftc bief er S^ctttd f ciit* — $? e f j i n g. (2) As an adjective or adverb, half is regularly '^a(b. You have lost half a day. @tc ^abctt cittCtt l^aJbctt XaQ »cr(orctt» /« is only half as far. @§ tft mir ^a(b fo Wcit* / did it with half a glance. ^r^ tttt c§ mit eittcm Ijatbcu Stirfc* — ^ e U e r. 185. English only is both adverb and adjective. (1) As an adverb, only is (a) nur, except when it modifies time-expressions in the sense oi for the first time, not until; then it is (h) erft. (a) TJiere are only two seats here, ^xtx fittb ttur 5tt>Ct ^Vi^t* Love only^ love is life. 2)ic Sicbc mir, btc Sicb^ ift Scbcti, — ganer§leben. (&) The hoy is only four years old. ^cr ^nabc ift crft uicr ^al)rc alt. 0/^?^/ lo^e/i he stood close before them, did they start up. @rft a\2 cr bid)t tior itjitcn ftanb, fulireii fie in bic |>iJl)c* — ^iUern. (2) As an adjective, only is etttjtg. I was the only man there, ^d^ mat* ba bcr cittsigc SJlantt* The poet is the only true man, and the best philosopher is only a caricature beside him. '^tv ^it^tcr ift bcr cittsigc toaf^rt 9Wcnf(^, ttttb bcr bcf*c ^Ijitufo^I) ift nur cine ^arif atur gcgen il)tt. — @ d) i U e r» Note. — ©injig also means single in the sense of sole, only : not a single time, !eiit ein^ige^ Mat See § 9. It must not be confused with etnjetn, single in the sense of separate, individual : a single (odd) volume, ein eiuj^etner iBanb ; single (detached) houses, einjeinc §aufer, A single man is ein unt)erl)eirateter 9}Zann. Exercises. 186. (a) 1. State the differences between the English and German uses of the present participle as a modifier. 2. Illustrate these differences by sentences in each Ian- 146 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [§ 187. guage. 3. Do these differences hold also for past parti- ciples when used as modifiers ? Illustrate. (b) 1. Name the commonest German verbs which are followed by an infinitive without ju when translating an English verbal in -ing. 2. Illustrate their use in two German sentences. 3. Name the commonest German verbs followed by an infinitive with ju to translate an English verbal in -ing. 4. What four verbs (§ 180, 1 and 2) may have an English translation just like the German ? 5. Illustrate the uses of ot)ne and anftatt with gu and the infinitive. (c) Conversational Idioms. Memorize: 1. SSo fittb tDtr geftern fte^en geblieben? (the schoolroom phrase for stop). 2. 9^etn, I)oren @ie noc^ nic^t auf ju (efen! 3. 58itte, troKen (Ste fortfa^ren gu iiberfe^en? 4. ^c^ I)bre jemanb flUftern; 'ba^ muB fofort auf^oren. 5. S§ l)at nur eine l^albe (Stunbe cjebauert. 6. "^xt erfte @d(fte ber 5lufgabe ^at er itberfe^t, of)ne fic^ 90^itt)e ju geben. 187. (a) 1. Please stop whispering and begin translat- ing. 2. Instead of taking a carriage when you take a long trip, you ought to take the train. 3. Otherwise (fonft) it will take so long that you will not arrive till (§ 185, 1, h) the next day. 4. Without waiting for help, he succeeded in translating half a page. 5. If you con- tinue working hard, it will take only half an hour. 6. He didn't see me coming, so I found him lying on the ground. (6) 1. We heard the teacher read the first half of the exercise without translating. 2. That is the only mistake you made. 3. If you continue whispering, we shall have to stop reading. 4. If you cannot begin translating, you need not stand. 5. She read half a page without making a single mistake. 6. They looked for him a long time, Chap. 22.] ENGLISH VERBALS. 147 and it took two hours before they found him sleeping under a tree. (c) Germany after the Thirty Yearn'' War. — 1. Only after two centuries did Germany begin recovering from the consequences of the Thirty Years' War. 2. Half the country was devastated, and it took a long time before we find Germany thriving. 3. Instead of despairing, the Germans continued working and took pains to develop their country. 4. That was the only way in which (trie) they succeeded in recovering from the war. 5. They never stopped working. 6. And to-day we see Germany thriv- ing and developing extraordinarily. CHAPTER XXIII. ENGLISH VERBALS AND INFINITIVES TRANSLATED BY GERMAN CLAUSES. Der (Sro§e Kurfiirft. 188. Qm 3a^re 1640 njurbe griebric^ St(f)elm turfiirft Don ^ranbenburg unb ©ergog Don ^reugen. ^a er batnat^ ganj !Deutfrf)(anb tjon bem grogen ^rieg uertriiftet fa^, fo tDiinfc^te er, ba§ fein !(etne^ §eer fid) ftet^ frieg^bereit ^aUe. 3nt @egenfa^ gu anberen gitrften jener ^txt beftanb er barauf, bag [ein ©eer nic^t pliinberte. 5I(^ feine geinbe im ^egrtff traren, in fein ^anb einp^ bringen, tierjagte er fie mit biefem fleinen §eere, ol)ne bag er eine ein^ige (Bd)ia6)t t)er(or, (5r ^atte feinen ^euten gefagt, fie fodten bebenfen, bag fie !Deutfi^e feien. Unb furj beoor er feinem (So^ne bie 9tegiernng itbergab, empfa()( er biefem, fUr ha^ So^( feine^ 3So(!e^ 3n forgen. !Da« tt)ar „ber groge turfiirft" nnb bie T)eutfcf)en finb noc^ ftolj baranf, bag er fiir ba« 3Sater(anb fo oiel getan ^at. Syntax. 189. Verbals rendered by Clauses. — English verbals in -ing are rendered by German clauses in two impor- tant cases. (1) When an English verbal in -ing is in a participial phrase of time or cause^ it is rendered in German not by a participle or by an infinitive, but by a clause. This clause is generally introduced by a(^, when^ tpftl^* 148 Chap. 23.] VERBALS AND INFINITIVES. 149 34. Statue of. the Great Elector in Berlin. renb, while^ inbem, at the moment when, as, or ba, as, be- cause. Thus these participial phrases must be mentally changed to clauses before translating. While reading I fell asleep. SBa^rcnb (or a\2) id) (a^, fdjKcf ic^ tin. 150 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 191. Coming around the corner she slipt. ^nbcm fie urn bic (Srfc fom, gtttt fic^u§. Seeing her fall ^ he hurried to help iver ^a cr ftc faUctt fat), ciltc cr \\\x 511 |)t(fc. '•'' But ichere are your strawberries? "" she asked finally, stopping and taking a deep breath. ' ^e^.. „993o biciben bcnn abcr bcinc ©rbbccrcn?" fragtc ftoftbUd), tnbcm fie ftcljCtt bltcb unb cincn ticf en Sltcmsug iai, — ©tor tu( (2) When the English verbal in -ing is the object of a preposition^ it is usually rendered in German by a ba^'clause. The corresponding German preposition is then combined with the particle "bd' and comes just before ba§. We insisted on his going. SStr bcftrtttbcn baraitf, "^d^^ cr ge^c. She spoke of seeing him. Sie f^radi babon, ba^ fie it)n gefet)cn Ijatte. Were you proud of being there? aSaren Sic ftol^ barawf, ^a^^ ®ie ^a toartn ? 0/(fe?i taft btt bir^ (|>aben 8te fid)) gefdjnitten ? / hurt myself, ^d) l)abe mir wel) getan. Did I ever promise myself to you ? ^ah^ id) mid) bir je berf^jroi^en ? — § e t) j e. (2) As the intensive, self is [elbft or felber (indeclinable). Did you write that yourself f ^oben @ie \>^^ felbft (f etber) gefd^ricbeit ? The servant would like to be a knight himself. ^er Stmd\t to'dv^ f clber eiti JRitter gem* — U t) I a n b. Note. — @etb[t also means even. Never use cbcn, which is usually the adverb just. Mortal, even your thoughts are not your own. ©ctbft bie ©ebanfcn, @tcrbUd)cr, finb nid^t betn eigen. — Slrnbt. 154 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 198. 197. English to order has two German renderings. (1) In ordering something at a store or restaurant, use befteKen (reg. insep., aiix. ()aben). Have you ordered ? ^abcil @ic ftt)Ott bcftcUt ? Fes, dear Lottie, I will attend to and order everything. Sa, (tcbc fiotte, id) wiU ^\U^ bcf orgcii unb bcftcUcn. — ® o c t f) e. (2) In the sense of command, order is befe()(en (befat)I, befo()(en, aux. !^aben) with the dative. It may be followed by an infinitive or a clause. See § 191 , 1. He ordered you to do it. (£r bcfal)! ':^\)\mx, cgs p twn (or ba^ ®ic c^ tun). dmimand therefore that the sepulchre he made sure. ^rtrum ticftcl)!, ba^ man ba§ Q^vah ticrwa^rc. — «ibe(, "Matt 27, 64. iVbie. — The phrase in order to is um 5U with an infinitive phrase, or bamit with a clause whose verb is usually in the subjunctive. We went early in order to get better seats. 5Bir finb fviil) gegannen, um beffere ^ldt5e 511 befommeii (or baniit tDir beffere ^^(ci^^e betcimen). Hans hurried to meet them, in order to hear lohat loas up. §an8 cUtc i!)nen entgegen, um ju l)oreu, luaS e^ gab. — ipiHeru. Exercises. 198. (a) 1. State the two cases where English verbals in -ing are rendered in German by clauses. 2. Illustrate each case by two German sentences. 3. Translate three English sentences into German to illustrate English infin- itives rendered by German clauses. 4. What is the dif- ference between the use of o^ne and attftatt in this chapter and in Chapter XXII ? Illustrate each with a sentence. (6) 1. Which sentences in § 188 may have English ver- bals in their translation ? 2. Which sentences in § 188 may have English infinitives to translate their clauses? 3. Give the rule (§§ 189, 190, or 191) covering each case. Chap. 23.] VERBALS AND INFINITIVES. 155 (c) Cojiversational Idioms. Memorize: 1. 5lber ic^ ^abe nocf) ntc^t befteKt. 2. (5r iDar tm ^egriff ab^uretfen, aber feine @ac^en marett nod^ nt(^t fertig. 3. !Du foKft beinen 9^ad)ften Itebeti n^ie bic^ felbft (3 9}^o[e 19, 18). 4. @te ^aben nur ungefd^r erne @tunbe gearbeitet ; 'ta^ ift ^u tDenig. 5. 3fe^t bin tc^ berett, tnit ber Uberfe^ung fortaufa^ren. 6. (gr gtng nac^ §aitfe, o^ne 'tia^ ber ^e^rer e^ bemedte. 199. (a) 1. She told him to translate without anybody's helping him. 2. Instead of her going, I was about to go myself. 3. He ordered a little chicken (translate little two ways), but it wasn't ready (§ 62). 4. Coming suddenly into the room, the teacher found the pupils whispering. 5. He scolded the pupils for (baruttt) not being ready to translate. 6. He ordered us to stop before we were ready. (6) 1. I know him to be about sixty years old. 2. He insists on our ordering everything that (it)a^) we like. 3. Having translated all the exercise without the teacher's finding a single mistake, she was proud of knowing so much. 4. I was about to say that about half the class is ready to translate this page. 5. Dewey ordered Gridley to begin the fight when he was ready. 6. Seeing the little girl whispering, the teacher ordered her to stop. (c) The Development of Brandenhurg-Prussia. — 1. Two hundred and fifty years ago Brandenburg was a little coun- try about one-seventh as large as the Prussia of to-day. 2. But it was about to become a great power by (baburd)) having great rulers. 3. They ordered their people (ba^ 3SoI!) to .work hard. 4. We know the Great Elector to have been an extraordinary man. 5. He was always ready to fight in order to help his people. 6. He wished them to thrive, and Prussia is proud of having developed so well during his life. CHAPTER XXIV. REVIEW. 200. The particle ja is used not only for the answer yes, but in two other cases. (1) 3^ ^^^y strengthen a command. It is then empha- sized and may be translated by various emphatic words in English, hy all means, he sure, and so on. Come hy all means ! ^omittcn Sie ja ! Be sure not to forget it ! Scrgcffen Sic^§ ja m(t)t ! Let me hear it right soon. Saffctt @ic mid) e^ ja balii ^orcit! — !i?eff ing. (2) Qa may emphasize a well-known fact. It is then unaccented and may often be translated by exclamatory why, I tell you, you know, or by inverting the sentence. Why, I told you so ! or Didn't I tell you so ! ^a§ fagt^ id) Sljttcn ja ! Why, Ws nonsense ! or IV s nonsense, I tell you ! ei§iftjaUttfitttt! — SSilbenbrud). Exercises. 201. (a) 1. What is the difference in general between ^aben and fein as auxiliaries ? 2. Illustrate by two sentences for each and explain. 3. Give two sentences illustrating the use of !^aben and fein with the same verb. 4. When are o'^tie and anftatt followed by a phrase, and when by a clause ? (6) 1. Make a table showing the different ways in which German may translate an English verbal in -ing. 2. Illus- trate with a German sentence each way shown in your t^ble» 156 Chap. 24.] REVIEW. 157 3. What are the commonest cases where an English infini- tive is translated by a German clause ? 4. Illustrate. (c) Conversational Idioms. Memorize : 1. ^ergeffetl (^te }a nid)t, 't>(x^ h)ir eine lange D^etfe mac^en! 2. ^d^ fage 3()nen ja, ba^ ^ud) ift nic^t fc^tDcr. 3. ^er Secret fanb t^n flitftern unb befall t^m auf^u^i^reti- 4. :Der (Sc^liler ^brte auf ju ftiiftern. 5. (g^ ()at nur ungefa()r eine ^albe (Stunbe gebauert. 6. Sir finb ja no(^ (ange ntc^t fertig. 202. (a) 1. Please stand up and begin translating. 2. When you have stopped reading, please remain seated (sitting). 3. Work hard, and instead of its taking about half a day, you can be ready in two hours. 4. His little boy was only four years old; he was the only child. 5. We are in a hurry (^aben (Site) ; we ordered (§ 128, 1) about twenty minutes ago and we take the next train. 6. In ordering, you should ask how long it will take. (6) 1. It takes about an hour before everything is ready. 2. Seeing the two men following the lady, I was about to speak to (anreben) them. 3. Finding half the class whispering, the teacher ordered them to stop. 4. It took about half a minute before they all stopped whispering. 5. Why, I tell you, his only child is about fifteen years old. 6. The teacher will soon begin taking you for a dunce if you don't stop making mistakes all the time. (c) 1. That is much too little ; it is only about half as big as I wished. 2. I ordered him to be ready to take the train at ten o'clock. 3. Instead of his being ready, it took about half an hour before he caml. 4. Going walking yesterday evening, we heard a nightingale singing. 5. Coming home late, the man found his only child playing before the fire. 6. The teacher told us to take pains and translate half a page without anybody's helping us. CHAPTER XXV. ' THE PASSIVE VOICE. ^xkbvxd} ber ^rofe unb bic IPinbmul^Ie. 203. 9^eben bent (gc^loffe griebric^^ be^ ©rogen ^u ^ot^^ bam ftanb eine Stnbmuljle, tion wtldjtv bte folc^enbe (Skfcf)tc^te eqa^It Wixh. T)er ^efi^er ber ai}?u()(e tuoKte fie nic^t uer-- faufen. ^er ^dnu], ber fie cjern faufen moKte, lie^ ben Tlixikv fomnien, unb fagte : „Sa^ foil benn t>a^? 3S}enn bu mir bie Wln^k, bie bort oben ftet)t, nic^t uerfaufft, fo luerbe ic^ fie btr einf ad) ne^nten.'' „Senn Sie ba^ tun/' antmortete ber SO^ltKer, „fo tnenbe id) mic^ ^n ba^ Berliner (Skrid)t. Ser fd)lei^t be()anbe(t mirb, !ann bort immer ©erec^tigfeit finben." ^iefe 5Intmort gefiet bem ^bnig fo fe^r, baft er bent 9Jlii((er feine Sinbntii^te (ieg. Unb neben bem (gc^loffe in ^ot^bam ift fie noc^ l)eute gu fe^en. Syntax. 204. The Passive Voice. — German uses the passive voice in several ways not common in English. The passive auxiliary is ttierben, not fcin, and the agent is usually introduced by Don, hi/. (1) The jt?er8o/ia/jt>a88iv« corresponds to the English. Iioas hit by a ball, ^d) tpurbe \>on eincm SSaUc flctro^en. Do you know the place where the treasure of the house icas con- cealed by your husband f ilcuuft bu bctt Drt, ^^ bem ber 8d|a$ be^ ^mife^ tiott beinem CiJattcii cinft ucrliotflcu niarb? — (Subermaun. Note. — Germans are very fond of nsing man with the active where English often has the passive. This is especially true of verbs that take the dative. 158 Chap. 25.] THE PASSIVE VOICE. 159 ^^......^Jl .WIN, .. . :i- ^ ■*^- ^ ^^:.^ ,^ ^ «,.. " "^BfiH^"'''' •-■-^'-^■^^mtmmmmmmam^ 35. The Famous Windmill at Potsdam. / was told. Man jagte mir. She was helped. Man ^atf i^r. Ifs true she was called only little Mariette. Man naunte fie ^tuar luir bie tieine 9Jfariette. •Bfc^offe, 160 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§205. (2) The impersonal passive is very common in Ger- man. It cannot be translated literally into English, but must be rendered like man with the active. ^^ is omitted in the inverted or transposed order. There'' s a dance to-night. eg ttJirb l|cutc abenb gctttn$t, or ^cutc obcnb toirb ^tian^t What time do you dine f Um ttjictiicl U^r ttirb jtt SJJittag gcgcffcn ? They were playing out there. eg wurbc ba brau^ctt gcf^iclt, or ^a brau^cn ttiurbc gcf^iiclt. J.n answer is requested {r.s.v.p., r^pondez s'il vous plait). Um 3(tttttiort toirb gcbctcn (U»3l.tti.g.). You canH have anything charged (chalked up) here. Stngcfrcibct tuirb ^icr nit^t. - iB a u m b a d). iVb^e. — The English passive infinitive after to be is translated into German by the active. This house is for sale (to be sold), ^icg ^ttug ift $u ticrlottfen. She was nowhere to be seen. @tc War ntrgcilbg 5U fctjCll. TAey looked everywhere ; the belt was not to be found. UhevaU mivhc gcfuti^t ; ^a§ Moppet toav nid^t aufsufittiictt. — SBitbcnbrud). Notes. 205. Historical Note. — Frederick the Great (reigned 1740-1786) is the most popular of all the Prussian kings. As a youth he was abused by his crusty old father, who had no sympathy with the poetic, musical boy. As king, Frederick not only developed the army and won battles, but patronized music and literature as well. In the later years of his life, after his wars were over, he was affec- tionately called „2)cr altc ^vii^/' a name which still clings to him throughout Germany. He traveled over Prussia, helping trade and industry and seeing that justice was carried out in the courts he had established. He called himself the first servant of the state and is said to have remarked in regard to the courts : " The rich have the means to defend themselves; the poor have only me." Such was „bcr grofee ^bnlg/' who did more for Prussia than any of his predecessors. Chap. 25.] THE PASSIVE VOICE. 161 206. English to be is variously rendered in German owing to German's being more exact than English. The common- est German renderings of to be are (1) in cases of feeling and health, and (2) in indicating place where. (1) When to be applies to health German uses fi^ BcfittbCtt or c^ gcl^t with the dative. To say / am cold, meaning / feel cold, German uses c^ tft with the dative : (S^ tft mir fait. l!^ever say, Q6) bin tait In the transposed or in- verted order e^ is omitted in this latter construction, but not in the expression e^ ^e^t. lam very well. SWtr gcl)t^§ fc^r gut. ^r^ bcftnbc ntit^ fc^r ttio^l. He is (feels) cold ; are you warm f ^I)m ift !alt ; tft ^^ttCtt Warm ? How is her ladyship ? 2Bic gc^t c§ bcm f^rdtttctn ? — gre^tag. So Agathon was happy beyond all his hopes. ^gat^on befanb fi(^ atfo iiber alle feine ^offnung gfiitflit^. — SBielanb. (2) In indicating position (place where) German is much more exact than English. Wherever in English a form of to be is used to denote position, and could be replaced by a more specific word, it is always best to use the specific word in German. The lamp is on the table. 2)ic Sattt^C ftcl)t Jiuf bcm Xi\(i)t* His residence was in the suburbs. Seine 338o^ttttttg (ag in ber iBorftabt. — SBilbenbruc^. There was nothing bad in the letter. ©jg ftanb ttit^t^ St^tei^tc^ ttt iiem Srief . — ^ ^ o m a. j^ote. — Two other common translations of to be are ange^en with the accusative, and !oftcn. Hoio much is that ? SieDiel foftct bag ? What are my eyes to you 9 iEBaS ge^cn bic^ meine ^lugen on ? — @ t o r m. 207. English it, when translated into German, must take the gender of the noun to which it refers. 162 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 210. My watch is fast ; I must set it. aWcittc U^r gc!)t ttor ; ic^ mu^ fie ftcttcn* /S'o she awaited the evening. It came, but Mirtl did not. 80 crmartctc ftc ben 5lbcub, Gr fam, abcr aWirtl !am ntt^t. — 31 j e g g cr. iVb^e. — When a German neuter noun naming a person is referred to by a pronoun, the pronoun is usually neuter, though the logical gender often prevails. Note below lt)e(d)cS {neuter, to agree with \i(x^ ^rdulein) i^rcn {her, to agree with the logical gender). ^Vhat a pretty girl ! Did you notice her ? nt\^ I)ubfc^e§ a«dbcf)en! §aben @ie t% bcmerft? Are you the lady who sent her secretary to me f @inb @te bag grdiitein, ireldjeg i^rcn @c^reiber ju mlr gcjc^tdEt ^at? — ^rctjtag. 208. English viho is both relative and interrogative. As a relative it is translated in German by bcr or toetd^er; as an interrogative by itJCt* The indefinite compound relative {lie) who is also tticr* German never omits the relative. Who is that 9 993cr tft bctttt t>a§ ? That is the gentleman v^ho lives next door. ^a§ tft bcr ^txx, bcr (or mclt^cr, never wcr) ncbcttttit ttio^ttt. He that hath ears to hear, let him hear. SBcrD^rctt^t, Stt^orctt, bcr l)orc! — 33iber, a«att. 11,15. 209. English which corresponds exactly to German Xotliin in being both relative and interrogative. But the English relative ivhich may also be rendered in German by the relative bcr, as well as by tpetc^cr. German never omits the relative. Which man is that ? !iB?cIrf)cr 9Waun ift bttS ? Is this the hook {which) you wanted 9 Sft bic§ ba§ ^n^, ha^ (or nicldjcfii) Sic tnilttfdjtcn ? Tliere are crimes over which no grass will grow. @)g gibt Utttotcu, iibcr tticld)c fcin ©ro^ tt»od|ft. — a;-) e b b c I. 210. English what is usually German ttia^, both for the interrogative and the indefinite compound relative (ivhaty Chap. 25.] THE PASSIVE VOICE, 163 36. Frederick's Palace at Potsdam. that which). But when what modifies a noun, German must use mi^, Wliat kind of is toa^ f iir (ein)* WliaVs the matter f 295a§ ift bctttt Io§ ? What books are these 9 SSctdjC SBitt^cr fint) ba§ ? (§211, 3, ?;, Note.) TF/irt« Mwd of hooks are these ? ^a^ fiir 23uti^er jtnb ba^ ? itfaw ts toTiai Ae eats, ^tx SpfJcnf c^ ift, ttiai§ er \^U — ^ e u e r b a d). 211. English, that is either a conjunction or a pronoun, relative or demonstrative. (1) As a conjunction, that is always German baj (with ^), and is followed by the transposed order. I tell you that it isn't true, ^ii) fdgc btr, ba^ c§ xii^t ttia^r ift. T^,ai 1/0?^ have the rose, you notice only by the thorn. ^af Ml bic JRofc t)aft, ba^ mcrfft bti nur om ^oriu — Wilder t. 164 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§2ii. (2) As a relative, that is the German relative ber (or iDeli^er), German never omits the relative. That isrCt the hook {that) I ordered. ^a§ ift ntr^t baig Sur^, bog (or m\^t^) \^ bcftcUt Ijabc. He had taken to the city fish that that gentlewoman had ordered. @r l)atte ^tfii^e in bte ^i^'bt gcbrai^t^ bie jcne tionte^me '^amt bcftcttt W^c. — §ei)jc. iVbre. — When referring to neuters like aViti, m6)\%, ettt)a«, and so on, the relative that or which islva^. That is all that I have. 2)ag ift alleS, traS id) l^abe. Ybw are right; stick to that which is natural and that one can take hold of. "^u ^aft re(^t ; t)altc bici^ an bag, n)o8 natiirtic^ ift unb h)a8 man grcifen !ann. — § i tl e r n. (3) As a demonstrative, that (those) is the German demon- strative ber or jener. (a) !j)er is also often used for the personal pronoun he, she, it. There is the man that did it. ^a ift ber Wlann, ber (relative) tS flctan I|at, There is the man ; he (that one) did it. ^a ift ber Waww ; ber (demonstrative) I)at c^ ^tian. Let that one never he chosen hy you, that has never heen his own friend, ^cr (demon.) tncrbc Jiie \i9n bir crlcfcn, ber (rel.) nic fein cigener {^reunb gcmef en. — !i? e f f i n g. (h) When that points a contrast with this or indicates something definitely remote, German uses Jener, This hook is easy, that one hard. ^ic§ '^MiS) ift itx^i, jenc§ fii^ttier. Who will bring hack the heautiful days, those days of first love f 9Ber bringt bic fj^onen J^age, jeuc S^ogc ber erftcn Sicbe, jurilrf ? — @OCtI)C. Note. — With jein, \i(x^ is used indeclinably, referring to either singular or plural nouns. What men are those ? 3Bftd)c SDldnner finb benn ba8? Those are heaven's terrihle judgments. 2)a8 finb be8 $lmmet« furditbare @eric^tc. — (S(i| tiler. Chap. 25.] THE PASSIVE VOICE. 165 Exercises. 212. («) 1. Make a table, with illustrations, of all the uses of ber, bie, 'tia^, 2. Of all the equivalents for Eng- lish that; for which. 3. Write sentences illustrating the use of the German for our English indefinite compound relative (who, he who; what, that which). (h) 1. Explain all the ba^'s in T)ag tft \i(i^ ^U(^, ha^ id) lag, and :Da^ tft bag ^uc^ ; \>a^ (a^ tc^. 2. What word order follows the relatives ? Give examples. 3. Trans- late : Those are the books I lost, and Those were the only ones he had. 4. Contrast the German and English uses of the passive. (c) Conversational Idioms. Memorize: 1. $Bte ge'^t eg Qljutn ? (Se^r gut ; tc^ befittbe tnic^ fe^r tt)oI)(. 2. SKag ge^t bag (gie an? 3. Siet)te( foftet ber §ut? (Sr tft ^u flettt. 4. 3ft 3f)Ttett fait? ^tr ift fur^tbar mxm, 5. (S^eftern abettb hjurbe gefutigett uttb gef^jtelt. 6. ;i)ag fittb bie ^taffett, tro atn fleiBigfteti geferttt lt)irb. 213. (a) 1. He asked her how she was, and she replied : What's that to you? 2. Those sentences were written by that little boy. 3. Those are the girls who believe everything I tell them. 4. I do not know who wrote this sentence, but I know a pupil who can correct it. 5. It is said that those are the largest birds that have ever been caught alive. 6. I was told that those were the rooms where they danced (§ 204, 2). (6) 1. I do not know whether those are ray books ; what is it to you? 2. How much is that picture which is on the wall, and this one which is on the table ? 3. What is the matter? Are you cold? 4. He said that those were the best translations that had been made by this class. 5. When do you sup, and do you ever dance (§ 204, 2) after 166 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 213. supper ? 6. They looked for my hat everywhere, but it was nowhere to be found. (c) Frederick the Great. — 1. Frederick the Great lived mostly in Potsdam, a city which is on the Havel, west of Berlin. 2. There was built for him there a beautiful castle, which was called " Sans Souci," by the king. 3. Frederick was often to be seen in Potsdam, when he went walking with his dogs. " 4. He was so simple and friendly that he was called " the old Fritz '' by the people. 5. Those were the qualities that made him popular among the Germans. 6. When he died, his death was lamented by all Germany. CHAPTER XXVI. ADJECTIVES. ^rtebrid? ber ^ro^e unb lDafl?tngton. 214. griebrit^ ber (Bxo^t ben^unberte (George SBaf^ington fe^r. (Seiner 9J?etnung nad) ftattb SKaf^ington an ber k 3a§ bcfte. — U I) 1 11 b. (3) Long words are regularly compared in German. Never use me'^r and meift to form the comparative and superlative. SJie^r is used only for rather when two adjectives are being compared with each other ; tneift for mostly in the sense of usually. She has the most wonderful voice ! @ic \)ai bic wuitbcrboUftc Stimmc ! He could easily take me for more {rather) vain than virtuous. &x fouute tni(^ Ui^i fur mel^r eitel aW tugenb^aft I)a(ten. -eeffing. 219! The principal cases where the use of German adjectives differs from English are with personal pro- nouns, and in a few special expressions. (1) The use (usually substantive) of an adjective after a personal pronoun is much commoner in German than in English. German usage is far from uniform, but an adjective following a personal pronoun is gen- erally strong in the nominative singular and accusative plural, weak in the other cases. Chap. 26.] ADJECTIVES. 171 Yuu lucky dog! @ic ^liirftit^cr ! (man) , ^indii^t I (woman). Woe to me most wretched ! SBelje mir ^Irmftett ! I see you both. ^^ fcl)e @tc bcibc. We Germans fear God, nothing else in the world. 993ir ^ctttfc^ctt fur^ten &oit, f ottft m^t§ in bcr SBcIt — 53 i g m o r cf. (2) There are several cases where an English ad- jective must be rendered in German by a paraphrase. The commonest of these is the case of f^jdt, which is rarely used with fettl except when eg is the subject. It is late, e^ ift jpdt He is late, ©r fommt \pdt The train is twenty minutes late. ^cr 3«fJ l)«it Sttian^tg aWimttcit 2?erf^atttttg, or tft urn ^ttJatt^tg aJiittutcn bcrf^atct. Your watch is fast (slow). ^I)rc ttl)r geljt tior (nadj). You'll be too late. '2)tt lotttmft 511 f^at» — @ 1 r m. Notes. 220. Historical Note. — Frederick the Great was the greatest military genius of his age. He won Silesia (tttt)g ftctftc iictt Srffluffct ill bic Xafri^c, — ^tnern. (5) German uses tutt (tat, getatt, aux. ^aben) in a loose sense for many uses of to put, especially with liquids. Please put in some more milk. ^ittt, tun ®ie itoi^ etiua^ Wilti) Ijinein ! So put it (the bud) in a glass of water. ®o ttt^ t§ in citta93offcrg(a)§, — ^cud^tcrsleben. 223. English the is not always the definite article hct, hit, bai^» With comparatives — the more, the merrier — the first the is German je, the second befto. Hie farther we went, the hotter it got. ^c ttjcitcr ttjir giiigcit, bcfto Ijci^cr ttJUttic c§. The more the body is hidden, the more the soul is disclosed. ^c mc^r Her ^J&vptv ncrpltt (ift), bcfto mtl^v cntput fir^ bic Sccfc. — 9fiid)ter. Exercises. 224. (a) 1. Make an outline table, showing the uses of adjectives treated in this chapter. 2. Illustrate each use by a German sentence. 3. Translate, He put it on the table, in as many ways as you can. 4. Explain in what position the object represented by e0 will be in each case. (6) 1. Classify according to your outline table the uses of adjectives in the last illustration in § 4, § 9, § 16, 1, § 23, 1, § 29, 2, § 30, 1, Note, § 41, 1. 2. Also in § 85, 2, Note, § 100, 4, Note, § 110, 1, § 111, 1, § 112, § 113, 1, § 119, 3. 3. Also in § 120, 3, § 173, 1 and 2, § 211, 3, 6. 4. Memo- rize the last illustrations in § 216 and § 217. 174 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [§225. (c) Conversational Idioms. Memorize: 1. ^c^ fann bie ^naben nic^t (etben, bie bie ^dttbe immer in bie §ofentafd)en ftecfen. 2. (gie Srmfter, a^ bie beiben grbgten ^ic^ter eine^ i^anbe^ fo gut TUtteinanber ubereinfttmmen iDie ©oet^e unb (Schiller e§ taten. !^ie greunbfd^aft gttJtfc^en ben beiben begann, nac^bem (Scolder fd^on einige ^dt in 3ena gelebt ^atte. (gif 3o^re lang (1794-1805) ^aben fie aKe^, ira^ fie fd^rieben, gufantmen bef^roc^en. Senn bem einen ein guter ^ebanfe einfiel, fo teitte er i^n bem anbern mit. (So fe^ten fie eine greunbfc^aft fort, in ber man feine (giferfuc^t bemerft. (Sinmal I)at man ©oet^e gefragt, ob er nic^t gugebe, bag er grciger fei aU (Schiller. „9lun," ant- mortete er, „anftatt ^u fragen, mer ber grdgte ift, fodte man @ott banfen, bag e^ ^mi fo groge !iDirf)ter gibt." Syntax. 227. The Use of Tenses. — In general the use of tenses in German corresponds to that in English. But there are several exceptions. (1) German has no progressive or emphatic forms. These are rendered by simple tenses. Never use a form of tun for the English emphatic do in do come and so on. See § 178, Note h. Do you like tea ? Xnufctt Sic gcrtt Xcc ? res, Ida. ^a, ir^ trinfc i^n gem. He doesnH see the rocky reefs. @r fd^ottt ttid^t bic ^clf cnriffc. — $ e I n e. 170 USE OF TENSES. 38. The Statue to Goethe and Schiller at Weimar. — Note the inscription. 228. The German present is used not only for the simple English present and for the progressive and emphatic forms of the English present, but also for the Englisli future and with fd^on for the English perfect. 178 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§229. (1) When the English future is used with an ad- verbial expression referring to the future, it is rendered in German by the present. German considers the adverb sufficient to indicate the tense. When the adverbial expression is omitted, the future is used. Avoid fodetl and tt)oI(en as future auxiliaries, except in the question shall we? tt)o((en intr? See § 69, 3. I shall go to town. ^^ ttJerbc ttt bic 'BicC^i gc^cn. This afternoon I shall go to town. ^cutc nati^mittag gc^c it^ in bic BiatsU He will do that. (Sr ttitrb "isa^ iMn* He will do that to-morrow, ^a^ twi cr morgen» Only wait, soon thou too shalt rest. SSartc ttur, balbc trul^cft bit ami^» — @ o c t ^ e. (2) The English perfect has two distinct meanings. When we say, I have been there^ the verbal action is ended. But when we say, I have been here two hours, the verbal action is still going on. For this English perfect denoting past verbal action continuing into the present, German uses the present with f(f)on. How long have you studied German? 9!Sic langc Icrttcn (trctBen) ®ic fdioit ^ctttfrf) ? He has been sick a long time. @r ift ft^oit loitflC fraitf. For many days I have noticed it in silence. 8t^ott titclc Xagc fc^ tt^^§ fd^hicigenb an. — @ (f) i U c r. Note. — Similarly for the English pluperfect denoting verbal action continuing into the past, German uses the past with fdjon. How long had you studied German f SSle tanqe ferntcn (trieben) @ie fd)on !I)eiitfc^? Hans Liefrink had been in the church since daybreak. ^an8 Sicfrtnt n)or fd^on felt XageSanbruc^ in bcr ^irdjc — bittern. 229. For the English past (imperfect, preterit), German uses the past or the perfect. Chap. 27.] USE OF TENSES. 179 (1) The G-erman past (imperfect) is the tense for connected narrative. It is the regular tense for all novels, stories, and histories. Once upon a time there was a man. (I§ tt)ar ctnmct citt 9Wantt» / came., saw, and conquered. ^^ tam, f a^, ttttb ficgtc* She stopped and trembled in every limb with fright. @ic Uxtb ftc^en mx^ gittcrtc tjor St^rccf an aUcn ^(tcbcrtt» -3lci)of!e, (2) The G-erman perfect is the tense for stating facts or reporting particular, unconnected events. Usually where in English a form of the verb with did is or can be used, German uses the perfect. This morning I bought two books. ^cutc tttorgctt i^aht i^ awci Slither gc!aiift» Did you see the airship f ^abctt ®ic ba§ Sttftfd^tff gcfe!^cn ? Whom did you drink to last f SBcm \^aSsX %\i jutc^t sugctrmifcn ? — @ e r ft a cf e r. Note. — (a) As soon as an isolated fact or event becomes connected with other events so as to make a narrative, German uses the past instead of tlie perfect. If in the first example above, instead of re- porting a particular act, I were to narrate what I did this morning, I should use the past. This morning I got up early, went to town and bought two books. §eute ntorgen ftanb id) friil) auf, ging in bie @tobt unb faufte mir jtcei S3ii(^er. (6) On the other hand, if in the midst of a narrative in the past tense a particular event is to be emphasized, it is put into the perfect. For example, in the above sentence if I wanted to add with emphasis, And then I dropped them in the mud, I should say, Utib bie \\aht ic^ bann in ben @cf)mu^ fatten taffen. Notes. 230. Historical iVoie. — Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749-1832) was born twenty years after Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729- 1781) and ten years before Friedrich Christoph Schiller (1759- 1805). These three, especially the two friends Goethe and Schiller, are the lions of German literature, the best known, the 180 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [J 231. most admired, the oftenest quoted. Though German literature reached its highest perfection in Goethe and Schiller, it by no means ended there. The following brief summary is meant only for reference. It contains the names and dates of Germany's lead- ing literary men since the time of Goethe and Schiller, especially those most often quoted in this book. With the new nineteenth century began the so-called Romantic School in German Literature. Its greatest names are : the brothers August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767-1845) and Friedrich Schlegel (1772-1829), Ludwig Tieck (1773-1853), Heinrich von Kleist (1777-1811), Joseph von EichendorfE (1788-1857), and Heinrich Heine (1797-1856). The poets of the wars of liberation (bie 53efretung8fricge), Korner (1791-1813), Arndt (1769-1860), and Ruckert (1788-1866), were followed by Uhland (1787-1862), Kerner (1786-1862), Hauff (1802-1827), Moricke (1804-1875), Wilhelm Muller (1794-1827), Hoffmann von Fallersleben (1798- 1874), Geibel (1815-1884), and SchefEel (1826-1886). Baumbach (1841-1905) is best known in America for his SJiordjen. Freytag (1816-1895), Heyse (1830- ), Keller (1815-1890), and Storm (1817-1888) represent the nineteenth century in Story; Hebbel (1813-1863) and Wildenbruch (1845-1909) in the Drama; Hauptmann (1862- ) and Sudermann (1857- ), the so- called Naturalistic Movement. 231. English to occur is usually tiorfommcn or cinfottcn* (1) 33or!ommen (!am Dor, tjorgefommen, aux. fetn) is used in 1;he sense of to happen. That often occurs. ^a§ fommt puftg tjor. It wouldn't have occurred again. @iS laarc ntt^t niicbcr tjorgcfommcn. — JiltHencron. (2) @infa((en (fiel ein, etngefatlen, aux. fetn) is used with the dative for to occur to some one. See § 41, 1, Note. It occurred to him that he ought to go. @d ift i^m etngefatten, bn^ er ge^en foKte. It all only occurred to me on the way. @i^ fid mir attcS crft uutcmcoi^ ctii. — ^ c t) f c. Chap. 27.] USE OF TENSES. 181 39. Goethe's " Garden House" at Weimar. — Here the poet often withdrew from his city house, to work in quiet surroundings. 232. English to agree has two German equivalents. (1) To agree with somebody is iibereinftimmetl (reg. sep., aux. ^aben), tnit. / agree with you perfectly. ^d) ftimmc mtt S^»ctt oofifommctt ttbcrcin. Their icitness (testimony) agreed not together. S^r 3cttgttt§ fttmmtc ntr^t iibcrcin* — 33 i b e I, 90^ a r c u 3 14, 56. (2) To agree to something in the sense of admit is jugebett (gab ^u, gugegeben, aux. f)aben) with a direct object. Yes, I agree to that (admit it), ^a, bag gcbe td^ Jtt. / agree that you are a better newspaper man. ^d) gcbc 5tt, tta^ ®ic ctn bcffcrcr Sourttatift ftttb. — ^retjtag. 182 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§234. 233. English to continue has two common German ren- derings. (1) When used intransitively or with an infinitive, to continue is fortfa^reti (fu^r fort, fortgefaftren, aux. i)aben). See § 180, 2. She continued to cry. ®tc ftt^r fort ju ttictnctt. '■'• Now that was noteworthy^'''' he continued. „9itttt mar basS mcrfttmrbig," fu^r cr fort. — SSilbenbrurf). (2) When used with an object, to continue is usually fort- fe^en (reg. sep., aux. ^bett). He continued his work, ©r fc^tc fcinc Strbcit fort. The ship continues on its way with oars. ^a§ S^iff f c^t feittCtt SScfl tnit Dlubcrn fort. — 2B i e I a n b. 234. English well has three common German renderings. (1) As an adverb modifying a verb, well is gut. You did that well. ^a§ Ijobctt @tc ^vd gemai^t. That was well given. ^ttsS War ^\xi gcgcbett. — ^ r c t) t a g. (2) As an adverbial interjection, well is ttutt. It comes first in the sentence and is set off by a comma. Well, whafs up f 9?tttt, ttia§ gibt^S ? So ! Well., good-by, Mr. Landlord ! ^a f ! 9?tttt, abictt, ^crr 2Strt ! — ? e f f i n g. Note. — When not set off by a comma, nun means now^ the same as jetjt. Now everything must change. Sf^un ntu^ ftdi alU9, alleS ttjcnbcn. — Ul)tanb. (3) As predicate adjective referring to health, well is Ger- man h)ol)I. See § 88, Note, and § 206, 1. Now I am well again. ^cot^ herein ! Well, iVsfine that you are coming ! ^a§ ift boc^ nett, tsa^ 8tc fommcn. Do calm yourself. Scru^igc bir^ bo(^ ! — 25i(benbru(^. Note. — The English repetition of the auxiliary — isnHitf donH they f has he 9 and so on — is rendered in German by nid)t or nid)t ft)af)r for the negative, by bod^ for the affirmative. Ifs warm, isnH it f (Ss ift tDorm, nid^t? (or nic^t iDa'^r?) It isn't warm, is it f @g ift bod) ntd)t rt)arm ? You arenH going to start out again to-day, are you? ®ie toerben ^eute bod) nid)t trteber oufbrec^eti? — i^ejjing. 186 186 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§239. Exercises. 238. (a) 1. Explain and illustrate with sentences the chief differences between the use of the passive in German and English. 2. Explain, with examples, the uses of the German equivalents for that, well, who, to put, which. 3. In what respects does the use of adjectives in German differ from English use ? Illustrate with sentences. (h) 1. What is the difference between auf^ befte and am beften? 2, What English tenses may be represented by the German present? 3. Illustrate each use with a sen- tence. 4. Explain fully, with illustrations, the difference between the use of the German past (imperfect, preterit) and perfect tenses. (c) Conversational Idioms. Memorize: 1. ^a§ '^at er iDO^I noc^ ntc^t itberfe^t. — X)oc^. 2. ^te luoden boc^ ntc^t jugcben, \iCi% @te t^n ni(^t leiben fontien? 3. 2S?a^ fdtlt 3^nen ein (§ 41, 1, Note)? ga^ren ®ie bod) fort gu (efen! 4. (Sie @Ut(l(td)er! @eftern abetib hjurbe getanjt, unb (Sie famen nid)t ^u fpcit. 5. ^a^ gel)t t()n bod) ntd)t^ an. 6. (gtecfen ®ie ee bod) in bte 3:a[d)e; e^ foftet njenig, nid)t (rt)a^r)? 239. (a) 1. They don't agree with each other yet, do they ? — Oh, yes. 2. Oh, don't put any sugar in my tea ; I can't stand anything (not anything = ?) sweet. 3. After he had put his hat on a chair, it occurred to him that he should leave it outside. 4. You'll be late, and you know there's going to be a dance to-night (§ 204, 2). 5. We like it so well here that we shall not continue our journey till (§ 185, 1, h) next week. 6. She continued looking for her hat, but it was nowhere to be found. (6) 1. I asked her how much the watch was, and she told me it was a hundred marks. 2. I asked her to set it, and Chap. 28.] REVIEW. 187 said, " I will put it in my pocket.*' 3. Which watch is the one that you put on the table ? 4. You aren't going to town with that man, are you? — Why, yes. 5. They are going to sing this evening (§ 204, 2) ; I know I shall be late, but my other glove is nowhere to be found. 6. Those are the girls who didn't know the difference between this sen- tence and that one. (c) 1. When I asked how much the hat was, I was told it was not to be sold. 2. They couldn't agree with each other which suit looked (au^fe^ett) the best. 3. In school they were singing, outside they were playing ; nowhere was a quiet place to be found. 4. Well, shall we look at something else ? Those are the cheapest things over there. 5. I can't stand this store ; I've been standing here since quarter to three ; I shall be late home. 6. Well, if it takes so long, why don't you take something expensive and put it in your pocket ? Then they'll wait on you ! CHAPTER XXIX. THE SUBJUNCTIVE. Bcetl?ot?en unb ^oetl^e. 240. SBa^renb ^oet^e einigc ^txt in SKien toerbrac^te, gtng er etne^ Xageg mtt ^eet^ot)en fpagteren. ^ir t)dren oon ^ttt1)oun felbft, iDte etn= mat bte gon^e faiferltc^e gamilie ba^ergefomtnen tDcire, a(^ bte beiben burd) ben ^att gingen. ^ogletc^, fc^retbt ber ^omponift, f)abe @oet^e ben §ut abgenom* men unb fei auS bem 5Sege gegangen. (5r felbft aber, ber bie ^aiferlic^en ©of)etten fc^on frnl)er gefe^en ^atte, ^abe ben |)ut bt« Uber bte D{)ren f)ernnterge^^ogen, bte §dnbe in bte Xafdjen geftecft, unb fei an ben gitrftlic^teiten tjorbeigegangen. X)a l^abc i^m er3^er3og 9^ubo(f fc^er* genb ben §ut abgenommen. ^eet^oDen woUtt ®oet^c tttt^t uxitx^tn, bag er t)or ben gUrften pritcfgetreten tt)ar. „^5nige/' fagte er, Jbnnen Zxtd unb (5l)ren t>erleit)en, aber groge ^Hanner luie un^ fbnnen fie nid)t madjen." 188 41. LuDwiG VAN Beethoven. Chap. 29.] THE SUBJUNCTIVE. 189 Syntax. 241. The German Subjunctive. — In general, the sub- junctive is the mode of possibility and uncertainty, while the indicative denotes reality and certainty. The German subjunctive may be divided into two chief classes : (1) the indirect discourse (or dependent) sub- junctive, and (2) the unreal (or contrary to fact) sub- junctive. The latter is treated in the next chapter. The border line between indicative and subjunctive is often so uncertain that either use is correct. But there is always a difference in meaning, which should be thoroughly understood. 242. The indirect discourse (or dependent) subjunc- tive is used in subordinate clauses after verbs of telling, thinking, saving, and the like. Of course such reported statements cannot be so real or certain as the original ; hence the subjunctive. I thought that I had the right book. Grandmother says you are a wise man. (^vo^muittx f agt, bu f cift cin ttictf cr Wlann, — ^au^tmatiti. 243. In indirect discourse English changes the present tense to past, if the verb of the main clause is past. German may do the same, but usually it does not ; in- stead it keeps the tense of the direct discourse. To determine what tense a German would use, ask your- self, " what were the speaker's exact words ? " He said, ''lam ilV @r frtfltc: „^^ 5in tvanV He said that he was ill. @r fagtc, ba^ tv trant feu She said, " / have a new hat.''"' (Bic fagte : „S(^ ^abc cincn ncucn ^mV 190 GERMAN COMPOSITION. 245. She said that she had a new hat. 'Bit fagtc, ba^ fie cincn ncttcn ^nt f}aht. He asked one of the bystanders if it was the body of his friend. 6'r fragtc ctitcit bcr Umftc^cnbcn, oh c§ bcr ^iir^cr fcinc^ f^rcunbe^ f ci, — ® c^ i n e r. 244. The indicative is used when the speaker wishes to emphasize his belief in the truth of what he reports. He said that he didn't do it. ($r fagtc, btt^ cr c§ nit^t Qctttn \)at I told that I was riding on a narrow Alpine path. ^^ er^af^Uc, ba| id) auf etuem fdjmaleu ^l^eu|)fab xitt. — S3i8mar(f. Notes. 42. Richard Wagner. 245. Historical Note. — Ludw'ig van Beetho- ven (1770-1827) marks a turning point in the history of instrumental music. He is best known for his symphonies, though he composed over two hundred songs. During his lifetime he was admired chiefly for his improvisations. Germany has always been famous for its music. Its best-known composers are Bach (1685-1750), who com- posed especially for the organ; Handel (1685- 1759) and Haydn (1732- 1809), famous for their oratorios; Mozart (1756-1791), active in Chap. 29.] THE SUBJUNCTIVE. 191 all fields; von Weber (1786-1826), best known for his operas; Schubert (1797-1828), the most poetic of all musicians, renowned for his songs; Mendelssohn (1809-1847), a romantic creator of symphonies and songs; Schumann (1810-1856), writer of songs, ballads, and symphonies; the famous pianist, Liszt (1811-1886); and last and greatest, Liszt's son-in-law, Richard Wagner (1813- 1883), who perfected the music-drama. 246. English to pass is variously rendered in German. (1) In the sense of to hand to, it is reicf)en (I'eg., aux. l^aben), not to be confused with ried)en, to smell. Will you please pass the bread ? SBottcn ®ic tttir, hittt, tta^ SBrot rctr^cit ? Without asking further for permission he jmssed the glass to him, too. O^wc iacttcr nm (^vlanhni^ gu fraflcit, reit^tc cr an^ i^in ba^ OJta^. — SSilbeubrud). (2) As a neuter verb, in speaking of time — as, the time passes — to pass is tjerge^en (merging, tiergangen, aux. fein). The time passes slowly, ^tc ^t\i tiergc^t langfam. The night has now passed, '^ic 9?ac^t ift tttttt tJergattgcit* — 3( r n b t. (3) As an active verb, in speaking of time — as, he passed the time — to pass is usually ferbntigen (tjerbrac^te, tjerbrac^t, aux. ^aben). How shall loe pass the time? 298tc tjcrfirtugen tutr bic S^it ? He looked for a protecting tree, to pass the night there. (£r fttt^tc cinctt ft^it^cnbcit S3aum, i»ic '^a6)i bort p tjcrfinttflcn, — @ e r ft a d e r. (4) In the sense of to go hy, to pass is usually an etlDa^ (dative) t)orbeige^en (gtng Dorbei, Dorbetgegangen, aux. fein). 33orbet (t)oritber) here means past, and is used with different verbs of action, walk, ride, drive. English uses to pass for all these meanings ; German must be more specific and use ge^en, reiten, or fasten, according as the subject walks, rides, or drives. Compare § 206, 2 and § 222. 192 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§248. Yesterday loe passed your house {on foot^ on horseback^ in a car- riage:), ©cftcrufinb toxx an ^^rcm ^aufc tiorbciflcgangcn, toorbcige^ x'xiitw, tJorbcigcfa^rctt, He shook hands with everybody who passed him. ©r ft^iittcttc jcbcm bic ^a\\t>, bcr an i^m tiorbcifam, — X ^ o m a. //e looks past others. 3ttt auberen ft^ttut cr tiorbct. — ®ubermonn. iVb^e. — To pass in the sense of to he promoted is Derfc^t ttJcrbcn. Did you pass ? @inb @ie berfet3t trorben? The juniors, who in time passed into the senior class. 2)ie ©cfunbaner, bie nun in ber 3«it noc^ ^rima oerfc^t hjurben. — SBilbenbrud). 247. English along has two different German meanings. (1) In the sense of along the street, it is etlttattg, or balder (^er), following the accusative. We went along the street. 993ir giitgctt bic ®tra^e cntlaitg (or ba^cr or l^cr). Bush, river, along the valley. maufd^c, %ln^, t>a§ %al cttttang. — @ o c 1 1) c. (2) In the sense of along with some one, to denote accom- paniment, German uses tnit (for mttge()en). May I go along f ^arf tji^ ittit (gc^ctt)? ril go along to India, ^d) ^^tW j<» Wt* «ir gel)ett an ber k fd)one f dnigtn ^uife ^ad}x\d)t t)on bem franco fifc^en (Siege bei It^onig^berg erl^ielt, flo^ fie mit i()ren (S5()nen au^ ber (gtabt. 2l(^ fie fic^ nad) einer Seile au^rul)en tt)o((ten, fa^ ^uife einett ^rupp (BoU baten fomtnen. „®ott ^elfe nn^/' rief fie aue, ,,tt)enn e'g gran^ofen finb.^' (Seined entfdjiog fic^ bie fonigin; fie iDarf ein Znd) iiber ben ^op\, aU njiire fie etne ^auerfrau, itnb fitf)rte bie ^ringen iM ^ornfelb, „Sad aud) fomme/' fagte fie ben ^inbern, ,,feib rnl)ig, biicft end) nieber, unb pfludet bie l^ornblnnten." !Den grangofen fiel eg natiirlic^ gar nid)t ein, biefe gran mit ben tinbern fiir J^iirftlidifeiten gu ^alten unb au§ biefem @runbe gingen fie rul)ig meiter, of)ne 3Serbad)t 3U fc^l3|3fen. SBer ^iitte je benfen fdnnen, t>a^ ber junge 3Si(f)e(m, ber auf fo !(uge $3eife t)on feiner SJ^utter ge- rettet tuurbe, fec^jig 3^a^re fpater granfreid) erobern unb bag neue beutfd^e 9?eid) griinben iDiirbe! Unb wer ()atte geg(aubt, baj eben bie ^ornblume — feine i^ieblinggblume — bie 9^ationa(b(ume !Deutfd^(anbg tuerben miirbe! Syntax. 253. The Unreal Subjunctive. — The unreal subjunc- tive (including the subjunctive contrary to fact) cor- responds exactly to the English. It is used when no 196 44. Queen Luise. — From the painting by Richter in the Gallery at Cologne. 197 198 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§254. statement of fact is made, and is sometimes divided into four classes: («) the hortative subjunctive (of command), (5) the optative subjunctive (of wish), (c) the potential subjunctive (of possibility/'), and (c?) the subjunctive contrary to fact. (a) Let us go ; let him come. ©c^ctt wir ; fommc cr, or cr mooc fommcit. God help me ! OJott Ijclf c tttir ! — $? u 1 1) c r. (6) Were I only there ! SBSrc tt^ ttUr bfl ! Would that he would write ! ®c()nctiC cr bod^ ! — ? e f j i n g. (c) It would hardly he possible. (^§ mfirc !attm m6g(i(j^» Far away Fd like to go I ^tt btc ^critc mot^t^ i6) jic^eit* — @d)cnfenborf. (d!) If she had time, she would be glad to do it. SSJctttt fie Bctt f^dtitf tote fie e^ gerit. Had I pinions, had I wings, I would to the hills away. ^UV tt^ St^ttitttgeit, \)M' iH) f^titocf, miS) bem ^iigeCtt jog* id^ ittt» — (g c^ i I ( e r. 254. The conditional mode in German is formed by prefixing forms of Itiiirbc, would (past subjunctive of tDerben), to the present infinitive. It is merely another form of the potential (§ 253, ig, less often auf immer. Zeus'' s decision stands for ever. (5tt)ig ftet)t ber BdjU^ bcS 3eu«. — @(f) liter. (2) In expressions like wherever, whatever, and so on, ever is usually German aud^. It follows the subject. For wheti- ever, see § 84, 2, b. Wherever you go, you meet friends. So man au(f| Qcf^t, ha tnfft man ^reitnbe. Then I shall hunt up the Emperor, wherever he may he. %am. ftti^c irf| belt ^aifcr auf, mo cr a\x&\ fci. — >> i 1 1 e r n. 258. English to decide is used with or without a direct object. Chap. 30.] THE CONDITIONAL, 201 (1) When Englisli uses to decide with a direct object, German uses entfc^eibeti (entfd)teb, entf(f)teben, aux. ^aben). Will you decide this case f SSottctt @ic bicfctt f^'fttt Ctttfti^cibCtt? You come at just the right time, major, to decide our controversy. ®ic fommcit thtn rci^t, ^crr SJlajor, unfcrcu ©trcit 5tt cutft^ctbctt. — @oetl)e. (2) When English uses to decide for to reach a decision^ especially when followed by a prepositional phrase, German uses \\d} entfd^Ite^en (entfc^tog fi(^, \id) entfd)(offen, aux. ^abeti), or befd)(iegen (befc^(o§, befc^loffen, aux. f)aben). They may be used interchangeably, but entfd)(ie§en is always reflexive. / have decided to go abroad next year. ^ti) f^aht m\^ eutft^loffcn (or f^ahc ficfdjloffcn), nai^fte^ ^a^r nuf 9Jctfcn 5U oc^cn. I have determined there to winter. ^afctbft f^aht td| bcft^loffcn, bctt SBrntcr ju btcibcn. — 33ibel, 2:itug 3, 12. 259. English after has two German renderings. (1) As a conjunction, after is German nad)bem with the transposed order. We arrived at the station after the train had left. 9Bir famcn am SBa^n^ofc an, uoj^bcm bcr 3tt9 nbgcfa^rcn mar. After the child is drowned, the well is covered. 9la^^tm ba^ ^inb crtrunfett ift, tttdt man ben Srunncn ju. — @^ric^lDort. (2) As a preposition, q/i'er is German na6), (See § 97, 2.) The adverb afterward is nac^^er. 260. English ?-eason is bcr ©runb (bic ©riittbc), which rarely means ground except in a figurative sense. Those are my reasons {grounds), '^a^ ftttb tttetttc ©ritttbe. Well, haven'' t Treason enough to be angry ! Silti, i(^ ^ttbc ^ruttb gcmig, orgcrtit^ jtt f citt ! — ^^ r e t) t a g. 202 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [§263. Note. — English ground is usually bcr S3obcn, which also means floor, bottom, and attic. The richer the ground (soil), the thicker the weeds. 3e fetter ber S3oben, je fetter ba8 Unfraut. — @^rtc^tt)ort. 261. English to receive has commonly two German render- ings : cr^altcn and cm^fangcn* (1) When the object is a thing, to receive is nsually er- i)a(ten (erl)ie(t, erl)a(ten, aux. ^aben). I haven't received any answer, ^ttf f^aht fcittC ^llttwort cr^altCtt, lieinhardt had received no further letter from her. JHein^arbt ^ttttc tion i^r feiucn JBricf mc^r er^altcn. — @ t o r m. (2) When the object is a person, to receive is em|)fangen (empfing, empfangen, aux. ^aben). It may be used of things, but in a more formal sense than er()alten. How did she receive you 9 933tc ^at fie bit^ em^fanflcii ? The cousin looks after the house, receives the guests. 2)cr SBcttcr bcforgt bosg ^ou^mcfctt, cm^jfottgt bic (iJaftc. — 33 e n e b i ;:. 262. English of course is usually natitrltc^. Of course PR go. 'UaiViXlx^ fiC^C tJ^. Of course the affair could now no longer remain concealed. 9{un fonnte bie ^cfi^ti^tc natilrlit^ ntt^t linger tierborgcn blei^en. — SBilbenbruct). Exercises. 263. (a) 1. Make an outline table showing the different classes of unreal subjunctives in German. 2. Illustrate each class by a sentence. 3. Are there any cases where German use differs from English ? If so, name them. (In answering these questions remember that the same form often serves as indicative or subjunctive, both in English and German.) 4. How is the German conditional formed, and how does its use differ from that of the past subjunctive ? Chap. 30.] THE CONDITIONAL. 203 (h) 1. In what cases do German conditional sentences differ from English? 2. Illustrate each case by a sen- tence. 3. Classify and explain the subjunctives and con- ditionals in § 252 and in the last example in § 49, 2, § 69, 3, § 113, 2, § 150, 3, § 222, 3. (c) Conversational Idioms. Memorize: 1. ^ettt fet, tDte t^m tt)o((e ! {Be that as it may!) 2. ^diit x6) \i(x^ getDU^t, fo mare tc^ fritter fertig gemorben. 3. 9^atitr(icf) ^aben a^ ju fagen. 4. §aben ^ie je etnen fotc^en ^rtef er^alten? 5. 9^ac^bem er 'ba^ fagte, \)ai fie ftc^ entfd)(oBen, i^n nte iDieber ju em)3fangen. 6. (5^ gibt 90^enfd)en, bte ^bfltc^ empfangen merben, ido fie auc^ ^tn* ge^en. 264. (a) 1. Were he more polite, he would of course be better received. 2. After they had decided to stay, we had no reason to go. 3. If you ever receive such a let- ter from him, you must decide not to receive him again. 4. It would be decidedly easier to write these exercises, if you worked harder. 5. If he ever had to decide anything, of course he would do it in the easiest way. 6. Whatever we decide, you will have no reason to complain (fid) beflagett). (&) 1. Of course, if I had ever received a letter from you, I should have been glad to answer it. 2. She couldn't decide to receive him after he had been so impo- lite. 3. After this outing the pupils will decide if they are ever going to have another. 4. Had I only worked harder, I should have passed. 5. He wouldn't do such a thing (fo etttia^) without having a good reason. 6. Were she able to decide, of course she would receive him. (c) Queen Luise. — 1. If you asked who was the most pop- ular queen that Prussia had ever had, you would of course receive the answer : Queen Luise. 2. And the Prussians 204 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§264. have good reason to say so (ba^). 3. Had everybody decided to work as much for Prussia as Queen Luise did [it], Prussia would have been decidedly stronger after the wars against Napoleon. 4. She went to Napoleon and he received her, but he decided not to let himself be influ- enced by her. 5. If he had done so, it would have been better for Prussia. 6. But Napoleon did not care about Prussia, and of course he did as he pleased. CHAPTER XXXI. SPECIAL SUBJUNCTIVES. Pas ^ranffurter Parlament. 265. Qm Sa^re 1848 tagte in granffurt ba^ erfte t)om SDeutfc^en 55o(! ern)a{)(te ^ortament, um bte beutfc^en (Staaten gu etnem 9^eic^e p tieremigen. !Da^ •parlament beftanb au^ t)te(ett gele^r- ten SJ^dnnern, be- nen pra!tifd)e (5r= fa^rung fe()(te. (Sie rebeten ju t)te(. @te l^citten etttja^ (eiften !dn== nen, iDenn fie ge^ I)anbe(t Ijatten, anftatt fo t)ie( ju fpred^en. (Sie be^ ftanben itnmer auf i^ren 3^^^^r ^^^^ renb fie pireifen ptten nad)geben foffen. ^^ war ein feltfame^ parla- ment, mie man noc^ !ein§ in :Deutf{^(anb gefe^en ^atte. (5nb(id), um T)eutfii)(anb ju einigen, hot man bem ^5nig t)on ^reugen bie ^aiferlrone an. 5lber er tuagte nid)t, fie an* 205 45. St. Paul's Church at Frankfort, where the famous Frankfort Parliament met. 206 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§266. junef)Tnen, wdi er auf tie ^uftimtnung ber beutfc^en giirften nic^t rec^nen fonnte. „(S:mt folc^e ^rone moc()te ic^ nidjt tragen/' fagte er. Unb fo ift ber Dom beutfrf)en ^olf gemad)te 33erfuc^, ein neue^ Dfleid) gu griinben, j^uerft cjefc^eitert. ^Man mu^te auf einen ftarfen git^rer it)arten. Syntax. 266. Special Subjunctives. — Two kinds of expressions which usually make trouble for Americans are should (or would) like, and ought to have, might have, coutd have, and so on. (1) The expression should or would like is always mbc^te, the past subjunctive of mogen, with or without (jern. See § 76, 1. Would you like to hear " Lohengrin " ? 9Jloj^tcn @ie (gcrit) ^iio^cugnn" Iiijrcu? He would like to very much, ^n^ mbd)te cr \t\)t gcm. I should like to go to Nuremberg to Barer. '^aii) 9'iiirttbcrg jum ^ilrcr mod^t^ ic^ fc^ou. — § i U e r n. (2) The expressions could have, might have, ought to have, and so on are rendered in German by the pluper- fect subjunctive. The expression begins with a form of I)atten, then comes the main verb in the infinitive, and finally the infinitive of the modal. This order should be practised so thoroughly that the student loses all tendency to use the English order when put- ting his thoughts into German. (Soden and fbnnen are commonest in this construc- tion ; burfen is sometimes used ; mbc|en, miiffen, and U)o((en are rare. For the position of l)atte in dependent clauses, see § 73, 2. Chap. 31.] SPECIAL SUBJUNCTIVES. 207 I could not have done it. ^6) pttc C§ Jtic^t ttttt fottttCtt, You ought to have seen us ! @ic ptteit tttti^ fc^Ctt fottctt ! / ought not to have accepted so quickly. ^^ 'i)Uit bo(^ nit^t fo fd^itctt anne^mcu fottcn* — ^r e tj t a g. I could not have been horn here. ^^ ptf ^icr m^t gcfiorctt tucrbcn fottttCtt» — § e b b e I. Notes. 267. Historical Note. — Frederick William III reigned thirty years after the death of his queen, Luise, and was succeeded in 1840 by his son, Frederick William IV. During all the first half of the nineteenth century, national feeling had been gi- owing stronger throughout the many German states. But when the Frank- fort Parliament met, the great question was, who should lead the new Empire, Austria or Prussia. Austria had the most prestige, but refused to join the new Empire without bringing in Hungary as well, and this the other German states did not want. They desired only Austria proper — the German part of the Austrian Empire. As Austria remained firm, the Parliament finally decided to leave her out entirely. So it was not only distrust of this parliament, but fear of a war with Austria, that led Fred- erick William IV to refuse the imperial crown. He also wished to consider the princes of Germany, and they were not represented at the Frankfort Parliament. 46. Ernst Moritz Arndt. — Poet and patriot, one of the members of the Frankfort Parliament. 208 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [5 269. 268. English Jirst is usually rendered in German by crft or 5ucrft» (1) As an adjective^ Jirst is generally erft. For erft as an adverb see § 185, 1, b. Did you guess it the Jirst time ? ^afictt @ic c§ ba^ crftc Wlai crrotcit ? But many that are first shall be last, and the last shall be first. 5(bcr Hide, bic ha finb bic crftctt, ttierben bic Ic^tcn, unb bic tc^tctt ttcrbctt bic crftcn f cin. — 33 i b e I, 2Jiatt. 19, 30. (2) As an adverb, Jirst (at Jirst) is guerft. I saw it first, ^d) f^aht c§ jucrft gcfc^cn. They thought first of the old caretaker. Wan bat^tc sucrft an bcit alttn ^lufwartcr. — 2B i I b e n b r u d). 269. German Bcftcf|cn (beftatib, beftanbett, aux. ^aben) has two very different meanings, depending upon the preposi- tion with which it is used. (1) When followed by au^ with the dative, befte^en means to consist of. The German Empire consists of twenty-six states. ^a§ ^cutfc^c 9?ctt^ bcftc^t an^ fcti^^uttbjWttnjig Staatcn. This {crowd) consists of people of all ranks. ^tcfc (2Jlctt0c) bcftc^t an^ 9Kcttf(^cu boit attcn Statibcn. — §f inc. (2) When followed by auf with the dative, befte^en means to iyisist upon. linsist upon my rights. ^6) Bcflc^c auf tncinctt JWcdjtcii. But he insisted on seeing the Colonel. (§ 270, 1, Note.) 5lbcr cr bcftanb barauf, bcit ^crrii Obcrftcit ju f^ircr^ctt. — grcqtag. Note. — When followed by a direct object bcftel^cn means to with- stand; of examinations, to pass. He couldn't pass the examination. (Sr l)at bic ^riifimg nidjt bcftc{)en fbnnen. I am still alive and icill withstand him. 3c^ kbc nod) unb luiU tljn bcftdjcn. — Slrnbt. Chap. 31.] SPECIAL SUBJUNCTIVES. 209 270. English to speak, to talk, is usually f^red^Ctl or rebctl* They are generally interchangeable, except as shown below. (1) The common word for to speak is fprec^en (fprac^, gefproc^en, aux. !^aBett). It refers usually to short talks or to the power of speech. So it could be used of babies or parrots, where rebett could not. At the age of one year the child began to talk. ^m %\itx t»ott einem ^a^rc ftttg btt§ ^iitb an gu f^jrct^ctt. The mother speaks : To-morrow'' s a holiday. ^tc Wuittx f^rtj^t : Wlox^txx ift^§ l^ciertag.— @ d) to a b. Note. — ®^rcd)cn is always used (followed by the accusative) where English uses to see in the sense of visit with or speak to. Where Eng- lish says : Is Mr. Brown at home? May I see him a moment? Ger- man always says : 2)arf id) i^n etnen Slugenblicf fprec^en? (2) Usually reben (reg., aux. ^aben) refers to the content of a more extended talk or speech. It is a trifle more for- mal than fiprec^en and often contains a suggestion of speechi- fying. He spoke {talked) for a whole hour. @r rcbctc cinc onnje (Stttttbc* You speak with much deliberation. ®tc rcbctt mit utclcr Uftcrlcgung* — $? e f f i n g. I cannot speak as I should like to. ^^ Itum nit^t rcbctt, njtc tj^ mo(i^tc» — ^thhtt Note. — To make a speech is eine 9tebe fatten ; to speak to, in the sense of address, is anrebeit with the accusative. He made a Jine speech. @r ^at elite fc^bne 9?ebe gel^atten. It is they ; I will speak to them. @ie fmb'g ; ic^ WiU fie onreben. — @ (^ 1 H e r. 271. English strange is generally fcltfam or frcttlb* (1) (Settfam means strange in the sense of odd, queer. That's a strange bird. ^a§ tft citt fcttfaittcr BoQti. How strangely this sign affects me ! 235te fcltfam mirft btc§ 3^^c« ' 'xMKd J ^n ^^^^^^pppijiiiy™^*^ 48. Statue of Young Bismarck at the Rudelsburg. ein (5^e)3aar. Senn a(te« ru^ig unb ftitt ift, janft man fic^ n)o^( ein ttjentg ; n)enn aber ein 3'?arf)bar fid) einmifdjt, fatten aJiann unb grau Dereint iiber i()n l)er." ^Jlod) Dor ber 4Be* 214 Chap. 33.] REVIEW. 215 gritttbuncj be^ je^tgen T)eut[(^en 9f^et(^§ tuar ^i^mar(f !(ug genug, btefe Xatfac^e ^u erfennett unb gu benu^en, um bie beutfc^en (Staaten ^u t)ereintgen. T)ie gro^e 3}?acf)t, bie t^m ^ontg Sil^elm gegeben ^tte, gebraud^te er, um ba^ ipreu^ifdje §eer ju ftdrfen, !l)ann bet'- brangte er Sfterreid) au^ bem beutfc^en :Q3unbe (1866) unb im Qa^xt 18*10 — al^ bie !l)eutfcf)en genitgenb geritftet Waxen — txat er t)or ben !Dro^uugeu ber grau^ofen ui^t ^uritcf, fo ha^ granfreic^ ben ^rieg erftiirte. 9^orbbeutf(^e unb (Sitbbeutfc^e tjereinten fic^ gegen htn gemeinfanten geinb, unb, nac^bem fie bie grau^ofen befiegt i)atttn, Dereinigten fie fid) pm neuen !l)eutfc^en D^eid). Notes. 278. Historical Note. — In 1861 Fredeiick William IV died and was succeeded by his brother William. The new king tried to increase the strength and efficiency of the army, but his reforms were unpopular, the Prussian House of Representatives voting against them 308 to 11. William then made Otto von Bismarck prime minister, and together they worked grimly for the unifica- tion of Germany under Prussia's leadership. After strengthening the army — against the determined opposition of a people who hated him — Bismarck put it to excellent use against Denmark, Austria, and finally France. Bismarck came out of these success- ful wars the idol of the German people, the man of blood and iron who had welded Germany into an Empire, after the people them- selves had failed. Exercises. 279. (a) 1. Apply the General Principle for Order (§ 37, Note) to the cases of word order treated in Chapters I, II, and III. 2. Do the same for Chapters V, VI, and VII. 3. Find in § 277 illustrations of inverted order, transposed order, position of nic^t, and position of objects. 216 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§280. (b) 1. Put the sentence, I told my little sister a long story several hours ago, into the inverted order, writing it in three ways. 2. Write the same sentence twice in the normal order: (1) to emphasize what was told to the sister, and (2) to emphasize to whom the story was told. 3. Trans- late the sentence, You arenH working very hard to-day, and then put it into the proper order following. It seems to me that. (c) Conversational Idioms. Memorize: 1. (Stuttbettfang l^abe \6) auf bid^ getmrtet! 2. ^ein SO^enfc^ t)erftel)t, \oa^ (Ste ba fragen. 3. ^a, eben; ba^ f)ab' id) ^i)ntn ge[agt. 4. (g^ fd((t mir gar nic^t ein, ba^ 4Buc^ gu ^o(en. 5. SSte nennen @te bie^S auf beutfd)? 6. 5lber h)ie laxm man ba« toiffen? 280. (a) 1. Three weeks ago she wasn't married, so far as I know. 2. At any rate they said that her name was still Schmidt, and we all called her Miss then. 3. For years we looked for a comfortable house in which we could live in peace. 4. I asked for a gray hat, but the man didn't get me the one I wished, but a brown one. 5. Then I told him that I could not wait for him any longer, but would get the hat another time. 6. And then (§ 17, 1) the man got angry and said he couldn't help it. (6) 1. What are you thinking of (§ 41, 1, Note) to ask such a question, when you ought to get a dictionary and look it up yourself! 2. One never knows how one should call people who have been married several times. 3. Sometimes I can't help wishing that we lived in a bigger house. 4. As you had such a good time, don't you want to sit down and tell us about it? 5. He can ask such strange questions that no human being can answer them. 6. That was a long time ago, and since that time 1 have never thought of those days. Chap. 33.] REVIEW, 217 49. Bismarck, the Iron Chancellor. (c) A Visit. — '* Come in and sit down ; I am glad that you are here again." " Thank you ! May I ask you about Mr. Miiller, who lives with you ? " " Certainly, ask as many questions as you want to." " Some time ago that man who lives here with you 218 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§280. asked me for my German grammar. Now I wish it again. I have asked him three times why I have to wait so long for it. Will you please look for it in his room ? '' " No, it is not there. Pm very sorry.'' " Thank you very much." " You're very welcome." " May I ask you what time it is ? " " Certainly, it is quarter to five. Don't you want to wait for your friend ? " ^' No, thank you ! I shouldn't think of (§ 41, 1, Note) waiting longer for him. I can get the grammar another time." CHAPTER XXXIV. REVIEW OF CHAPTERS IX-XVI. Katfer IDtll^elm ber ^rof e» . 281. m^ ^aifer mi^dm ber (grfte tm ^a^xt 1871 au« bem fran^ofif^en ^>iege ^uru(f!ef)rte, ftanb er fc^on in fetnem 50. Monument to Emperor William I at Coblentz. — On the point where the Moselle flows into the Rhine. t)terunbftebjtgften ^eben^ja^re. !Da erfanb fitr t^n ba§ 3SoI! ben 9^amen „§e(bengreig." ^en ritfttgen, frdftigen ^aifer cirgerte bie^; er ^t nie ^ugeben tDoIIen, ha^ er alt fet. 219 220 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§283. „3Ba§ ^abe irf) \)a er^d^ten fjUvtn? Sa« woikn benn btc Seute mtt i^rem §elbengreife ?" f ragte er. „Um ©elbengrei^ ^u fein, mu§ man boc^ t)or alien ^Dingen etn @reig fein, unb ba« bin tc^ noc^ (ange nic^t." Unb \>a^ er n)ir!ad) nidjt ait toav getgt fic^ barin, ha^ er noc^ fiebae^n .ga^re itUt unb regterte. Notes. 282. Historical Note. — William I, though unpopular early in his reign, was, as founder of the new German Empire, much admired and loved. Memorials to him are found all over Ger- many, usually flanked by statues of Bismarck and Moltke. Each of these three, the king, the statesman, and the general, was indis- pensable in building the new empire. Later, the old Emperor used to appear every day about one o'clock at the corner window of the old palace, when the guard, tie 2[Ba(J)e, marched by. People came in crowds to see him. When he became feeble his family tried to persuade him not to stand at the window, but he insisted with characteristic energy and wit : " I must do it ; it says in Baedeker [a well-known guide book] that I am to be seen here." He died March 9, in 1888, and was succeeded by his son. Kaiser Friedrich III [so called because he was King Friedrich III of Prussia, not because he was the third Emperor Friedrich.] After a brief reign of ninety-nine days, the popular Friedrich III, known to the people as „Unfcr %xii}/' died, and the present Kaiser, Wil- helm II, came to the throne. Exercises. 283. (a) 1. The auxiliary always precedes "two infini- tives." Then what is the difference between the position of the auxiliary with " two infinitives " in independent sen- tences and in subordinate clauses ? 2. Apply the General Principle for Order (§ 37, Note) to the position of prepo- sitional phrases. Do they differ in position from adverbs ? 3. Find in § 281 illustrations of modals in simple and compound tenses, of " two infinitives " with other verbs, of Chap. 34.] REVIEW. 221 prepositions with the dative, with the accusative, and with dative or accusative. (6) 1. Translate the sentence, He JiasnH been able to do it to-day, and then put it into the proper order after / know that. 2. What is the difference between ^a^ ^'inb lief in ba« 3ttttmer, and !t)a^ ^inb lief in bem ^tmmer. 3. What is the difference between ®e^en ^k in hit @C^u(e? and @e^en it ba fein ? and SBerben (Sie ba fein ? (c) Conversational Idioms. Memorize: 1. Sa§ \>a^ fein; i^a^ barfft bu nic^t tun. 2. 3,^>4»'*i*-f&^t^^*-r^i^^<^*v^ ua^^^^^.^'P^^^^^^ Chap. 1.] LETTER WBITING. 237 3an. 1915; ^o^ton, ben 23ften S^otJ. 1916, Germans very rarely write the day of the week, nor do they usually spell the name of the month in full. 295. The Address. — The common address between friends is: li^ieber ^axi, ^iebe 5tnna, more rarely, Wtxxi Ueber or 3J?eine (tebe. Then follow, increasing in for- mality : i^teber §err :53raun ! Steber §err ^oftor! (always address a German by his title); @e^r geel)rter §err (Scf)mibt (gee^rter alone is bad form); (Se^r gee^rte gna* btge grau! @e^r gee^rte grau ^rofeffor! (to the wife of a professor); (Se^r gee^rter §err! (the commonest form of address); 33ere^rter §err !Direftor! S^ere^rter ^err! (very respectful). In business letters it is sufficient to write the name of the person or firm, followed on the same line by in and the name of the city. Then comes the body of the letter without the equivalent of our Dear Sir: mm^tn, 15. 6. 1914. §errn 51. SS^ertf)eim in Berlin! Qn :^eanttt)ortung Q^xt^ tperten @c^retben^ t)oni 12. b. Wl* (§ 365) teile id) 3*^nen ergebenft mit, ba§, etc. goc^ac^tung^tioK 296. The Close. — There are many wai/s of closing a letter. For intimate friends, '^etn or !Deine suffices; for less intimate friends, -3^r or 3^re; for acquain- tances, §orf)ac^tung^t)o((, ^oi^ac^tung^tJoK unb ergebenft, and Wlit tjorjuglidjer goc^ac^tung form a series ranging from respectful to very respectful. No comma or other 238 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [§296. AaM^^ oi,/9zuc. JU^y^/i J^\^^i^t.^-^e.^e^ ' ..t^ ^,.C^l.u,,^^^€^^ ^i^x^T^r^ yt^yt^ec^^t-e^?^ i^t<^^ ''^^^'^'C^^iDer g(u§ (fitejen), something that flows. (2) !Der ^ruc^ (brec^en), something that is broken. !Der ^unb (binben), something that is bound. T)er ^ran! (trinfen), something that is drunk. (3) !Der g(ug (fliegen), action or condition of flying. !l)er ®ang (ge^en), action or condition of coino. ^tx Xrun! (trinfen), action or condition of drink- 303. Below are given the commonest verbal roots from which nouns are derived by root changes (3(blaut) . ^tegen, to bend ; ber ^ogen, bow^ arch; bte ^u^t, bay. 53inbett, to bind; ber iBattb, bound volume; ba^ ^anb, ribbon ; bte -53tnbe, bandage ; ber :^unb, bond^ union. ^rec^en, to break ; ber :^ru(^, breach. 244 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§303. ginben, to find ; ber ^Viw!^, find, cache. gUegen, to fly; ber ^inq, flight; ber gliigel, wing, glie^en, to flow ; ber glug, river ; \ia^ glo^, ra/if. (^thtn, to give ; bie @abe, ^^/i(; (ba^ @tft, poz807i). ©e^ett, to go ; ber ®ang, ^ai^, «^'a?A:. ©iegen, to pour ; ber (^^^ casting (of metal}. @raben, to dig; ba^ @rab, grave; bie @rube, grotto; bie ®ruft, r;aM?^ ; ber ©raben, c?i^(?A. @reifen, to grasp ; ber ®riff, handle. .^Ungen, to sound; ber ^(ang, sound; bie £(ingel, bell. Siegen, to lie; bie ^age, situation, the wag a thing lies. OJ^effen, to measure ; bai5 Wa^, measure ; bie 9}?a§, (quart) measure. (Sc^iegen, ^o s^oof ; ber ^i^ug, s^o^; ber (Scf)o§, shoot, twig. @d)(ageu, ^o stWA^e ; ber (2d)(ag, stroke ; bie (^c^tad^t, 5af?/6j. (Sd)Iie§en, ^o shut; ^a^ (S^Io§, Zoc^; cas^/e; ber ^d)lu^, end ; ber (Scl)Iitffe(, key. ©c^neiben, to cut ; ber (Sd)nitt, c^wf; ber ^d)ni^, slice. (Set)en, ^o see ; bie @id)t, sight. \d)i, poem (btcf)ten) ; ba^ ©e^eul, howling (f)eulen) ; ba^ ®e(dute, rm^- m^ (tauten); ba^ @ef^en!, present (fc^enfen). (8) Wl\\\(ty (English mis- or dis-) means wrong. It has been treated with verbs in § 139. It is also used regularly with nouns from which, together with their verbal roots, adjectives are sometimes formed. Thus we see also adjectives with the prefix tni^. 246 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§306. !Dte SJitffetat, misdeed (bte Xat); bie 20^t§c\unft, envi/ (hit @unft, favor) ; miBQiinfttg, envious ; ba§ ajJigtrauen, distrust (ba^ 23ertrauen); migtrautfc^, distrustful; bie SO^ipanblung, 27^ usage; bag SJitgtjergniigen, displeasure (bag ^ergniigen) ; Tni§t)ergnugt, displeased. (4) Utt' (English zm- or m-, sometimes mis-') usually reverses the meaning of a word : unanftdnbig, improper (anftanbig) ; unarttg, naughty (arttg); unbequem, uncom- fortable (bequem); unbeftimmt, indefinite (beftimmt); ber Unban!, ingratitude (ber ^an!); unenblic^, infinite (enb* Itc§); ber \Xn\\xin, nonsense (ber (Sinn); ber Unfriebe, dis- cord (ber griebe); bie Ungebulb, impatience (bie ©ebulb); ha^ Ungliid, misfortune (bag ©(lief), (5) Ur- (no English equivalent) comes from the Gothic us^ ur^ meaning out, and denotes origin or source. It may also intensify the meaning of a word : Uralt, very old (alt); bie Ural^ne, great-grandmother (bie 5l^ne); ur* fomifrf), very funny (fontifc^) ; urplij^lic^, all of a sudden (plo^(ic^); ber Urfprung, source (ber (Sprung); ha^ l\xm% original or primitive people (bag 3SoIf) ; ber Uriualb, pri- meval forest (ber ^a(b). Suffixes. 305. A great many German words are formed by adding suffixes to various roots. The most important groups of wowds formed in this way are : (1) nouns, (2) adjectives, and (3) verbs. Derivation of Nouns by Suffix. — Nouns formed by suffix may be divided into two classes : concrete and abstract. 306. The commonest suffixes by which concrete nouns are formed are : c^en, (ein, er, in, and ting. Chap. 2.] COMPOSITION OF WORDS, 247 (1) a^tn and Itin form neuter diminutives out of other nouns : ba^ ^cium^en, little tree (ber ^aum) ; \>a^ (So'^nc^en, little son (ber (So^n); ba^ 3}?ab(i)en, Zz^j^Z^ ^zW (bte SJ^agb); ba§ ^ac^tein, ^rooHe^ (ber ^a(^); t>a^ grau* letn, Mss, Z^f^/g woman (bte grau); ba^ ^iic^tein, little book (ba^ ^u^). Note that the root vowel takes Umlaut when possible. (2) (Ex forms masculine agents from («) Nouns : ber gletft^er, butcher (\>a^ S^^ifc^) ; bet (partner, gardener (ber ©arten) ; ber 2:bpf er, potter (ber (5) Verbs : ber gu'^rer, guide (fii^ren) ; ber Sefer, reader (lefen); ber (g^reiber, clerk (fc^reiben). Note that the root vowel usually takes Umlaut. (3) ^n forms feminines from masculines : bte ^otttgtn, queen (ber ^iitttg) ; bte Se^rerin, ladg teacher (ber !Oe!^rer) ; bte SotDitt, lioness (ber ^ott)e). (4) Sittg forms masculines with varying meaning from (a) Nouns: ber (Blittftttttg, favorite (bie (SJuttft); ber (gprogltttg, scion (ber 8pro6, sprout) ; ber !l)dutttlittg, hop- o'-my-thumb (ber ^autrtett, thumb). (5) Adjectives : ber gremblittg, stranger (fremb) ; ber grit^Uttg, spring (fritJ)); ber ^iittgUttg, youth (iuttg). (c) Verbs : ber ginbttttg, foundling (fttibett) ; ber Se^r- littg, apprentice (le^reti): ber @auglittg, suckling (faugett). ((?) Numerals: ber (grftUttg, first fruits (erft); ber 3tt)i(ItTtg, twin (^ttJet); ber !5)ri((tttg, triplet (bret)» Note that the root vowel takes Umlaut when possible. 248 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§307. 307. The commonest suffixes by which abstract nouns are formed are : e, ei, \)txt, !ett, f(f)aft, and ung. (1) a forms abstract feminines from (a) Adjectives : bte §arte, hardness, cruelty (^art) ; bie @rd§e, size (grog); bie Sixnge, Zer^^^A (lang). (h) Verb Roots : bie ^xiit, request (bitten); bie Siebe, love (lieben); bie Sitge, lie (liigen). Note that the root vowel takes Umlaut when possible. (2) (St forms feminines of various meanings — many have become concrete — from (a) Nouns: bie :53dcferei, bakery (ber Q3acfer); bie gifdjerei, fishery (ber gifc^er); \ixt (gflaoerei, slavery (ber e!Iat)e). (5) Verbs : bie 9^e(f erei, chaffing (neden, to tease') ; bie ^(auberei, chattering (p(aubern) ; bie (S(^meid)elei, flattery (fc^meic^etn). (3) §eit forms abstract feminines from {a) Nouns : bie ®ottI)eit, godhead (ber @ott) ; bie ^inb* ^eit, childhood (ba^ ^inb); bie 3JZenfcf)^eit, humanity (ber mtxx\^). (b) Adjectives : bie ^Dumm^eit, stupidity (bumm) ; bie ^in^eit, unity (ein); bie SKei^^eit, wisdom (iveife). (4) ^eit forms abstract feminines from adjectives which have endings like ig, lid), fant, bar, etc. : bie ^Dan!* barfeit, gratitude (banfbar); bie greunblid)!eit, kindness (freunblic^); bie '^Vi{'b\(xmit\i, patience (bulbfam). (5) @d)aft forms abstract feminines, chiefly from nouns denoting persons : bie :59iirgerf^aft, citizens (ber Chap. 2.] COMPOSITION OF WORDS. 249 ^itrger) ; bie ^Dienerfc^aft, servants (ber !l)iener) ; bie ^nec^t* fd)aft, serfdom (ber ^nec^t). (6) Ung forms abstract feminines, chiefly from verbs : bie (gr^ci^Iung, stori/ (erja^ten) ; bie ^(eibung, clothing (!(eiben); bie Qtidjuun^, drawing (jeic^nen). 308. Derivation of Adjectives by Suffix. — The com- monest sufifixes by which adjectives are formed are : bar, en, l^aft, ig, x\ii), (ic^, and fam. (1) ^ar forms adjectives from (a) Nouns : battfbar, grateful (ber X)an!) ; e^rbar, hon- orable (hit (S^re); furc^tbar, terrible (hk gurc^t). (5) Verbs: 'bxand)haY, usable (hxand)en); t^hav, eatable (effen); (e^bar, legible (lefen). (2) (Sn forms adjectives, usually of material, from nouns: ei(J)en, oaken (bie (Sid^e); golben, golden (ba^ ®oIb); iroKen, woolen (bie Sol(e). (3) §aft forms adjectives from (a) Nouns: ddl)a^t, disgusting (hex (iM^; meifter^aft, masterful (ber 30^eifter); fiinb^aft, sinful (bie (giinbe), (5) Adjectives : bo^^aft, malicious (bdfe, bad) ; tvanh l^aft, sicklg (!ran!); tua^r^aft, real (iDa^r, true). (4) 3^g forms adjectives, chiefly from nouns : gunftig, favorable (bie ®unft) ; mutig, courageous (ber 3}?ut) ; f on- nig, sunny (bie @onne), (5) 3^f(i) forms adjectives, chiefly from proper nouns: omerifanifc^, J.meWm/i (ber 5lmeri!aner) ; ^xanio\i^ii}, French (ber granjofe); ^onterifc^, Homeric (ber §omer> 250 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§309. (6) 2x6) forms adjectives from (a) Nouns: gliidHc^, happt/ (\>a^ ®(u(f); menfrf)(ic^, human (ber Tltn\d}'); taglicf), daili/ (ber Xag)* (5) Adjectives: ^xo^ixd), joi/ous (^xof)}; VdnQlid},lengtht/ (lang); rat(i(^, reddish (rot). ((?) Verbs : begretfltc^, comprehensible (begretfen) : frag* Itc^, questionable (fragen); Ij'd^iiii), hateful, ugli/ (^affen). (7) (Sam forms adjectives from (a) Nouns: furc^tfam, timid (bie gurc^t); getualtfam, violent (bie ^eiDalt); fittfatn, modest (bie (Sitte, usage^. (5) Verbs : btegfam, pliable (biegen) ; gef)orfam, obedi- ent (ge^ord)en); ftrebfam, assiduous (ftreben, to strive^, 309. Derivation of Verbs by Suffix. — The commonest suffixes by which verbs are formed are : en, em, ieren, and igen. (1) (5n forms verbs from (a) Nouns: biirften, to brush (bie :53iirfte); fifc^en, to fish (ber gifrf)); fiiffen, to kiss (ber ^ug). (6) Adjectives: f)arten, to harden (^art); flatten, to iron flat (piatt, flat} ; ftarfen, to strengthen (ftarf). ((?) Roots of other verbs: brdngen, trans., to crowd (bringen, intrans., to force one's way); fatten, to fell (fallen); XxdxiXtXi, to water (trinfen). (2) (5rn forms verbs chiefly from adjectives. With comparatives it may be considered as simply ?n added to the comparative root. A prefix — commonly Der* — often precedes the root : Derbeffern, to correct (beffer) ; Chap. 2] COMPOSITION OF WORDS. 251 berlangern, to prolong (tcinger); t)ergrogern, to enlarge (9t:og). (3) ^eretl forms verbs, chiefly from foreign words : amufiereti, to entertain (French, amuser) ; beflinteren, to decline a word (French, dediner) ; regieren, to rule (Latin regere). (4) ^o^tn forms verbs from (a) Nouns : ^ulbigen, to do homage (bie §u(b, grace) ; freu^tgen, to crucify (ba^ ^reu^); ftetntgen, to stone (ber (Stein). (5) Adjectives (when an adjective has the ending tg, this class of verbs is not to be distinguished from that in 1) : Befeftigett, to fasten (feft) ; befc^bnigen, to beau- tify (fc^btt); fattigen, to satisfy (fatt). Compound Words. 310. German compounds always consist of two main parts : (1) the modifying element and (2) the basic word. The basic word comes last : blaugriin, bluish green; griinbtau, greenish blue. Either element may belong to almost any part of speech : ^au^l^altett, to keep house; ber 9^immerf att, glutton. And both elements may themselves be compounds : bie SBagenbautDerfftatt, workshop for building wagons. Compounds may be any part of speech ; (nouns take their gender from the last element) : ba^ S^ifc^bettt (noun), table leg ; ba^felbe (pronoun), the same ; ^edblau (adjective), light blue; tt)a^rfagen (verb), to prophesy ; bergan (adverb), uphill; anftatt (preposition), instead of; na(f)bem (conjunction), after; |30^taufenb (interjec- 252 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 312. tion) Great Scott! While there are compounds in all parts of speech, the most important are (1) Nouns, (2) Adjectives, and (3) Verbs. 311. Nouns. — A noun may be compounded with (1) Nouns: ba^ i^tbtvhttt, feather bed ; ber J^inger^ut, thimble; ha^ (^olb^tM, gold piece ; bie ^auptiiaht, capital city, (2) Pronouns, usually felbft : ber (Selbfttnorb, «mW(fe; ber a^ ;Deutfd)= lanb, Germany ; bie ^ro^mutter, grandmother. (4) Verbs: ha^ J^a^rrab, bicycle; bie i^M^thtv, foun- tain pen; bie SBanberluft, love of travel. (5) Adverbs: bie 2luf^enfeite, outside; ha^ (5benbilb, image; bie 3^e^t^eit, the present time. (6) Prepositions: ba^ TOtleib, jt?^Y^/; hk ^ladjUvtit, pos- terity ; ber Umtueg, roundabout way. 312. Adjectives. — An adjective may be compounded with (1) Nouns : bi(bfrf)bn, pretty as a picture; feefrattf, sea- sick; \iihtx^tUf clear as crystal. (2) Adjectives: Utttx\n^, bitter sweet ; c^utmntxc^, good- natured; griinblau, greenish blue. (3) Verbs: bemerfen^tuert, worthy of note; (ernbe= gierig, eager to learn ; merfttJilrbig, remarkable. (4) Prepositions : aufred)t, upright; au^erorbentlid), extraordinary ; t)or(aut, forward, pert. Chap. 2.] COMPOSITION OF WORDS. 253 313. Verbs. — A verb may be compounded with (1) Nouns: ^U^^alten, to keep house; ftattfinben, to take place ; tettne'^men, to take part. (2) Adjectives: grogtmt, to swagger; liebaugetn, to ogle ; tioKenbett, to finish. (3) Adverbs : ^tnge()en, to go away ; wieberfommen, to come again; guriidfe'^ren, to turn hack. (4) Prepositions: anjte^eti, to put on; mttge^en, to go along with; nac^fi^en, to stay after school. Derivations through the Latin. 314. Students of Latin may be interested in compar- ing certain English words, derived from Latin, with their German synonyms. For many English words derived directly, prefix and root, from the Latin, the German equivalent may be found by translating the Latin word, part by part, into German. A few illus- trations are given below ; students should be on the watch for others. (1) Nouns : Attraction, bie 5ln^ie{)un9 (ad, an -f- trahere, ^tefieti). Benefit, bie SBo^Uat (bene, tr)o!)( + facere, tun). Eruption, ber ^lu^brui^ (e, au^ H- rumpere, bre(f)en)/ Pretence, ber 3Sorit)anb (prae, t)or -f- tendere, tt)enben). Resonance, ber SBtber^tt (re, iriber -f sonare, fatten). Note. — Examples from the Greek are rare. The best one is sym- pathy, \ia% 2)lit(eib {abv, tnit + Trd^os, bag i?eib). (2) Adjectives: Accessible, ^ugciuglicf) (ad, 3U 4- cedere, gel^en). Illicit, unerlaubt (in, un + licere, eriaubt fein). 254. GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 314. Immortal, unfterbltc^ (in, un + mori, fterben). Retrograde, riidgangig (retro, luxM + gradi, ge^en). Subsequent, nac^fotgenb (sub, nac^ + sequi, fo(gen). (3) Verbs: Compose, pfammenfe^en (con, gufammen + ponere, fe^en). Contract, jufammenjte^en (con, jufamtnen + trahere, gie^en). Exclude, aMfrfiUe^en (ex, au6 + claudere, fd^Uegen). Expel, aMtreiben (ex, aM + pellere, tretben). Extract, au^jie^en (ex, aM + trahere, gte^en). Import, einfii^ren (in, ein + portare, fii^ren). Prescribe, t)or('c^rteben (prae, tior + scribere, fc^retben). Remit, jurlicff^tcfen (re, ^uriicf + mittere, fc^icfen). Retract, guriicfjte^ett (re, guriid + trahere, gie^en). Survive, iiberleben (super, uber + vivere, leben). CHAPTER III. COMPOSITION OF SOUNDS. PRONUNCIATION AND PHONETICS. Introduction. 315. A German Accent. — When we hear newly arrived Germans speaking English, we are often amused at what we call their " broken " speech. Do we ever stop to think that our German is just as broken and amusing to them? When we speak German readily or recite a poem glibly, it rarely occurs to us that a German would probably have difficulty in understanding us. To acquire a correct German accent, we must study and imitate the very peculiarities of enunciation which make a German's broken English sound so quaint to us. The simplest way to approach a good German accent is to make believe we are telling a German dialect story, and to do this when we read or speak German, We must also get rid of all false modesty, for trying to mimic German sounds is not half so ridiculous as giving Ger- man letters their American sounds. Several years ago an American student in Germany tried one day to make fun of the speech of his German fellow-students, rolling his r's, hissing his «'s, and jerk- ing out the separate words, instead of speaking in his former careful, easy, American way. He threw himself into the German with might and main, just to show them how queer it sounded to him. To his surprise he 255 256 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [§ 317. was complimented upon his progress in pronunciation. The Germans had noticed, not that he was exaggerating, but that he was approaching a good German accent. 316. The Best German. — There is as much difference in the speech of natives of Berlin, Hanover, Dresden, and Munich, as in that of natives of New York, Boston, Chicago, and New Orleans. It is not desirable to imi- tate any one too closely. In German, as in English, those who speak best are those whose speech cannot be identified with any particular city or province. The following hints are based upon observation of various accents — especially those of North Germany. They are meant for conversational German, not for declamation. These hints treat German "as she is spoke" by cultivated Ger- mans to-day, not as one hears it in formal declamation. For formal German, see Benedix^ 2)er ntunb(id)e 33ortrag, published by Weber, Leipzig, and Siehs^ !^cutfci)c S3iil)nenaucfprad)c, published by Ahn, Cologne. As a matter of fact, the language of the stage, even in heroic pieces, is much nearer colloquial German than Siebs' book indi- cates. Teachers wanting a more detailed discussion of pronunciation than that given here are referred to : ViUor's ^{)oncttf and '!pi)onetifd)c ©tubien, Sievers' ^t)onetif, Hoffmann'^s ^autlx)iffenfd)aft, Bremer's %\)q> netif, KlinghardV s 2{rtifuIatton§ilbungen, and the similar works of Trautmann and Beyer. Not only are these books too detailed for pupils, but they were written for Germans, not for Americans. 317. The Chief Difficulties. — As a rule, German sounds for which English lias nothing to correspond — like 6)f d, and tt — are well mastered by American pupils. The chief difficulties are with sounds like (, r, and long C, because we wrongly assume that these letters represent English sounds. Pupils prepare themselves for the difficulties offered by such words as \iCi^ ^ud), bie 9Jilt^e, or fd^iJn, and take pains in pronouncing them. The Chap. 3.1 PRONUNCIATION. 257 result is that they are pronounced much nearer the true German way than words which are thought to offer no difficulty, like ade, (e^reti, or bie @eele. The things that are most distinctively German — neglect of which marks an American most clearly when he speaks with a German — are : (1) pure vowel sounds^ especially D and c, §§ 318 ff. ; (2) the diphthongs, §§ 323- 324 ; (3) the glottal catch, §§ 326 ff. ; (4) the consonants i and X, §§ 336-337; (5) syllable stress, §§ 338 ff.; and (6) the ending Ctt in certain special cases, § 343. Note. — Read § 344, Conclusion. It is not intended that teachers shall present this whole chapter to their pupils. It is best to treat only such parts as teachers feel will be most readily grasped. Vowels. 318. Quality of Sound. — German vowels are simple, pure ; American vowels are usually slurred. There is almost always an i^A-sound after an American vowel. This is caused by the moving of the tongue or the lower jaw. We pronounce 6 as o-oo, while a German keeps tongue, lips, and lower jaw in exactly the same position throughout the entire sound. We pronounce art, school, rose, a-ert, sehoo-ul, ro-ooze, where a German makes pure, simple sounds of bie 5lrt, bie @c^u(e, 'tixt 9f^o[e, The English sounds are of course exaggerated here, the better to illustrate the tendency. 319. Position of Tongue and Lips. — In order to learn to keep tongue, lips, and lower jaw rigid during the sound of German vowels, it is important to know the exact position of these parts for the making of the vari- ous vowel sounds. Articulate carefully the vowels in 258 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§ 319. Fig. 1. — The Tongue-position for u Fig. 2. — The Tongue-position for a. feed, far, food. For the vowel sound in feed the lips are drawn back as in a smile; in far they are in their normal position of rest ; in food they are (or should be) thrust forward as in a pout. And the tongue is raised and thrown forward in feed, is normal in far, and is d rawn back in food. These positions are illustrated in Fig- ures 1, 2, and 3. The German vowel sounds form a se- quence t, tf a, 0, Uf beginning with a sound in the front of the mouth and running to the back. Notice the position of the tongue for the series as graphically shown in Figure 4, and remember that it must not change position during eacli Chap. 3.] PBON UNCI A TION, 259 sound. A good way to keep the tongue steady is to rest its tip consciously against the base of the lower teeth. A good way to keep the lower jaw steady is to hold a lead pencil be- tween the teeth. 320. Length of Sound. — Unlike English vowels, each German vowel has only one kind of sound. This sound varies in length. The five German vowels may be long or short. (1) They are usually short when followed by two or more consonants or a double consonant : ^a^ Staffer, ba^ ^ttt, ber gif^, bie ^olk, ber §unb. (2) Otherwise they are lon^^ especially when doubled or followed by fj : ber SSater, ha^ ^eet, i^nen, h)o^(, tun. (3) Some monosyl- lables, mostly inde- clinable, have a short vowel before a single consonant: an, ab, man, in, e^, ob, ber, be^. The chief difference between the pronunciation of long and short vowels in German is that long ones are The Tongue-position for tt. Diagram of the Tongue-positions for German vowels. 260 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [§32l. pronounced less vigorously than the short. The short vowels are uttered with a tenseness — they are almost coughed — which clips them short and carries the sound immediately to the following consonant. This will be more thoroughly treated under "syllable stress," §§ 338-340. 321. Pronunciation. — If we remember not to move tongue or lower jaw during vowel sounds, German vowels offer little difficulty, except in the case of long e* (1) The two sounds of a are like the English a's in aha (never as in fat or fate}; (2) the two t sounds like i in pin and machine (never as in fine}; (3) the two u sounds like u in put and trul^/ (never as in mule or fun}; (4) the two sounds like the two o's in oho. Note. — In the best German schools pupils learning to pronounce English long o are made to give a long oo-sound after the o-souud. They are made to say ho-oom (^home), wo-oo (woe), and so on, be- cause they naturally make a pure o*sound with no motion of tongue or jaw. (5) German e has three sounds : short, obscure, and long. When short it is like e in met^ when obscure like e in golden. But long c makes trouble, as it has no English equivalent. It is between a in mate and ee in meet. It is made with the teeth almost together, the lips drawn back as in a smile, and the tongue almost as high as in the i position (Fig. 1). It is a pure sound and has not the slur usually following English long a, as when we pronounce name., nd-im. Pronounce (^ffXt (not S^re), (Seele (not (Sa(e), me^ren (not 9}2d{)ren), fe^e (not fdl)e). Note. — For the sound of e in the unaccented syllable er, see r, § 3S7, Note. Chap. 3.] PBONUNCIATION. 261 Vowels with Umlaut. 322. Umlaut. — When in Old and Middle High Ger- man (see §§ 354-355) a stem whose vowel was a, o, n, or an was followed by a suffix containing the vowel i (later c) the sound of the stem vowel ^ was modified, becoming more like the vowel in the ending ; thus a, 0, Uf or au came to be spoken a, '6, % or an (O.H.G. fallu, fellis, fellit ; M.H.G. valle, vellest, vellet ; N.H.G. fafle, fdKft, fcillt). This change of sound was called Umlaut by Klopstock, and the great German philologist, Jakob Grimm, made this term current. Below are given the sounds of these Umlaut vowels : (1) Short a is like e in met; long a is properly the same quality of sound, only longer. It is a pure sound, not like a in late, but more like the first e in there, or ai iu faith when spoken with Irish brogue. In North Germany, however, it is coming to be spoken more and more like long e except to distinguish similar forms (see § 321, 5). Pronounce: bte Wdnntv, bte Sa(ber; ga^nen, tpa^ten. Distinguish carefully : t^re, ^^re ; fti^e, fe^e. (2) Short has the lips rounded as in short o and the tongue in the position for short e (g in met}; long ii has the lips rounded in the position for long o (whistling position) and the tongue in the position for long c (SJ^e^l). Pronounce : bte §dl(e, bffnen, bte §i5^(e, bte Ofett. Distinguish carefully : §o((e, ^e((e ; fdtttten, fett- ttett; §d^teti, ^el^Ien. 1 The best English illustration of Umlaut is the difference we make in pronouncing the o in wovian, when we speak the plural form, women. The change in the last vowel affects the sound of the first. 262 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§323. (3) Short it has the lips rounded as in short u and the tongue in the position for short i (i in pin); long ii has the lips rounded as in long u (whistling position) and the tongue in the position for long i (i in machine). Pronounce: bie giitte, fiitten, bte §iite, fit^ten. Distin- guish carefully : tUffen, .^iffen ; tUfte, tifte ; tniiffen, miffen. (^4) The diphthong (iu is pronounced just like cu» See § 323, 3. (5) Notice that in every case an Umlaut- vowel has the same lip position as the corresponding non-umlauted vowel, but the tongue is raised nearer the position for t (Fig. 1). As this t was originally the sound of the following syllable, we may say that the tongue began to prepare for the ending while pronouncing the vowel of the stem. Thus Umlaut may be called an assimilation of the stem vowel to the vowel of the ending. Diphthongs. 323. Nature of the Diphthongs. — A diphthong is — properly speaking — a double sound. But we often speak of two vowels, when written together, as a diph- thong, even when they are spoken as a single sound: each^ hearty heard. Below are treated the three genuine diphthong sounds : at (ci), dVif and cu (hx), German diphthongs differ from English chiefly in having the main emphasis on the second sound where English has it on the first. But there are also differ- ences in the quality of the sounds. (1) The diphthongs d and at are historically the same sound and are pronounced exactly alike in Ger- Chap. 3.] PRONUNCIATION. 263 man. Their sound is nearly like that of English i in mine^ but English long i is a long a^-sound followed by a short ee-sound (a'-ee), while German at (ci) is a short a-sound followed by a longer c-sound (a=cc')* In Ger- man, after the short a-sound, the tongue does not bother to climb clear to the imposition (Fig. 1), but stays for the longer part of the diphthong in the e-position (Fig. 4) : T)a^ di, tnetn, ber ©ain, bte (Satte. (2) The diphthong an is nearly like English ow in how^ but English ow is a long a^-sound followed by a short i^-sound (a'-ob^^ while German au is a short a=sound followed by a longer (J=sound (a=ot)')* In German, after the short a=sound, the tongue does not bother to go way back into the u=position (Fig. 3), but stays for the longer part of the diphthong in the opposition (Fig. 4) : !t)a^ ©aug, ber $Raub, 'tia^ ^aut, au§. (3) The diphthongs CU and au are historically the same sound and are pronounced exactly alike in German. Their sound is nearly like that of English oy in hoy^ but English oy is a short a^^'-sound followed by a shorter 2-sound (aw-i^. German CU (du) is a short o-sound fol- lowed by a longer ii-sound (o=iiiJ')* In German, after the short 0-sound, the lips keep the same rounded position and the tongue does not bother to climb clear to the imposition (Fig. 1), but stays for the longer part of the diphthong in the exposition (Fig. 4) : !Dte Seute, ^eute, bte §aute, bte @au(e. 324. Summary of the Differences. — Thus we see not only that German diphthong-sounds have the emphasis on the second part, where English emphasizes the first element, but that the second (longer) element of the 264 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§326. German diphthong is not so different from the first (short) element as in English. In other words, both the lip- and the tongue-positions for the second element of the German diphthong are nearer those of the first element, than in English. German diphthongs are also of shorter duration than English. They are not so long as a long vowel. If we want to emphasize a claim to something we say : " That's mine " (^madda'een), where a German says : „T)a0 tft mein" (maeen'). When we are hurt, we say: " Ow " (dddd'ob)^ but a German says : „5lu" (aoo')« .We also call : " Ship ahoy " {aw'i)^ but a German in calling out the word for Aay, says : „ba^ ©eu" (o5B'). The best way to say this right is to think mainly of the second sound ; the first will take care of itself. Digraphs. 325. In English we have many double vowels for single sounds, as in the words, each^ hearty heard^ believe^ receive^ and so on. German has but few of these di- graphs. They are te, pronounced like long i ; oa, pro- nounced like long a; ce, pronounced like long e; oo, pronounced like long 0* All these digraphs are used merely to show by the spelling that a sound is long. They are employed usually where a simple vowel would naturally be short. (Bit, t)ie(, bie , to, 5, have equivalent sounds in English, but these are not represented by the corresponding English letters.^ ^ occurs mostly in rf, pronounced like f, and in df (§ 334). 3 is like y in ^ear (in North Germany it tends towards rff, § 334, 2) ; qu like kv; t) like/; to like V ; 5 like tz. 333. Dissimilar Consonants. — The consonants which have sounds not found in English are d^, Q, (, and r» Naturally they make the most trouble for Americans. 334. The Sound c^. — (1) In pronouncing ci^ after a, o, Uf or OU, the back of the tongue is raised and drawn back toward the soft palate so that a scraping sound is made as the breath is forced through. It is like the Scotch ch in loch. The nearest equivalent English sound is the rasping we sometimes make at the end of a long yawn or the sound some people utter when breathing on their eye-glasses before cleaning them. Pronounce : ad), ba« ^uc^, i>a^ ^od), and). (2) After all other sounds — that is, after consonants or tf if tUf or the umlauted vowels — d^ has a sound re- sembling the noise made by a spitting cat. Raise the 1 For foreign words a pronouncing dictionary must be consulted. Some French words are pronounced as in French, as ""^enfion, 3ourna« lift; some are half Germanized: (gaucc, pronounced @o§e. Chap. 3.] PRONUNCIATION. 269 tongue to the position for long i (Fig. 1) and holding it there, stop the vowel sound and breathe out. Pro- nounce : 'txi^ ^t6), ha^ ^\6)i, tyx6), W Z'^6)itx, bte ©iic^er, bie Z\i6:)tx, bte (Sc^lciuc^e, \m\6), manc^. It is plain that the guttural d^=sound, made in the back of the mouth, goes naturally with the vowels a, 0, and VLf which are formed in the middle or back of the mouth (see Fig. 4). The palatal (i^=sound, made against the front part of the palate, goes naturally with the vowels formed in the front of the mouth (Fig. 4) or with \ or n, both of which are articulated with the tongue against the front of the palate (Fig. 5). (3) At the beginning of a syllable, ^ is pronounced as in (2) before e and i : (S^emte, (S^ttia. Before other vowels or consonants it is pronounced like ( : (S^or, Shrift, (^^arafter, guc^2i, trac^fen. 335. The Sounds of g. — (1) German g at the begin- ning of a word or syllable is like English g in go. (2) At the end of a syllable it is like k except (3) in the ending tg, when it is like 6) in irf). Thus d^ and g in rti^ttg are pronounced alike. But as soon as inflectional endings are added to final g, so that g becomes the first letter in the following syllable, g is pronounced like g in go. Pronounce: (1) gut, griin; (2) ber Xag, ber @teg ; (3) ru^ig, rid^ttg ; but (1) bie Xage, bie ®tege, ru^iger, ric^tiger. Note. — There is less uniformity in Germany for the pronunciation of g than for any other letter. Probably half the people in Germany pronounce final g like final 6), as in § 334, 1 or 2. But the best author- ities are now agreed upon the pronunciation as given .above. See Vie- tor's S)ie 2(u§fprad)e beg @(^riftbeiitjd)en, 7th edition, O. R. Riesland, Leipzig ; also Siehs'* 2)eutf(i)e iBu^nenau§f|3rad^e, Ahn, Koln. See §316. 270 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [8 337. 336. The Sound of L — German ( is pronounced with the tongue pressed against the front of the palate, like III in million (Fig. 5). The sound of ^ in i/ear seems interwoven with the I, which is made in the very front of the mouth, not at the back as English I. One might say that German l has an ee-shade (Fig. 1), while Eng- lish I has an oo-shade (Fig. 3). Pronounce: Mi^e^mann,aire^AH!. 337. The German r* — There are two dis- tinct German r's ; the tongue-tip (trilled) r, and the uvula (rolled) r» Both differ from the American slurred r of the East and South, and from the drawled r of the West. (1) In the trilled t (Fig. 6), the tongue- tip is vibrated against the palate just behind the front teeth. This is not only the easier of the two, but it is the one approved on the stage. (2) The uvula or throat t (Fig. 7) is made by the vibrations of the uvula upon the back of the tongue. It is more distinctively German, but is usually difficult for Americans to acquire. In a way it resembles a gargle and it may best be developed from the guttural Fig. 5. — The Tongue-position for U Chap. 3.] PRONUNCIA TION, 271 6), § 334, 1. In fact, many Germans pro- nounce r as d^ when speaking rapidly ; they give SJiart^a and 3}^agba almost the same sound. The physiological expla- nation of this is that in very rapid speech the uvula fails to vibrate when the breath is forced out, thus making only the scraping sound of 6)f § 334, 1. For this uvula r the front of the tongue must never be raised as in the drawled r of the West. The back of the tongue is raised so that the uvula is forced to vibrate when we breathe out (see Fig. 7). Note. — In conversation the r in the unaccented syllable er is not rolled. The uvula touches the tongue just once, but does not vibrate. This makes a very short ato-sound, akin Fig. 6, — The Tongue-position for trilled r. Fig. 7. — The Tongue-position for uvula X* 272 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§339. to in short. Thus 3)er SSatcr \)at e8 ocrgeffen is spoken almost like Daw fahtaw hat es fawgessen. The sound here represented by aw is as short as it can possibly be. It is not at all like the aw in " See^ saw, Marjorie Daw,''^ but on the contrary so brief as to be practically only a grace note. Syllable Stress. 338. Syllable Bearers. — In English the vowels are the important parts of the syllables. They may be called the "syllable-bearers." A short vowel like a in hand may receive as much emphasis as long a in tame. In German this is strikingly different. Long vowels are longer than in English, and short ones shorter. After a short vowel in German the following consonant bears a large part of the burden of the syllable. A consonant following a short vowel in German is much longer than the same consonant when following a long vowel. 339. Long and Short Consonants. — Thus German has long and short consonants as well as long and short vowels. A short vowel is so short that it is almost coughed out ; the sound springs from it immediately to the following consonant, which is held much longer than the vowel. Graphically the difference between the English and German way of saying hand may be represented : -• M^ bie ©a|^^^ A long vowel followed by a short consonant offers no difficulty, as that is a frequent combination in English. But care must be taken to prolong a consonant follow- ing a short vowel. Remember to hold tongue and jaw still during a German vowel-sound, and to jump without Chap. 3.] PRONUNCIATION. 2,1 B any slur from a vowel to the following consonant, espe- cially when the vowel is short. Compare ber ^fcintg and fdttnen. Pronounce ^o o ij 5 nig and !5n n n n nen. In the same way pronounce hit @(f)ule and t>k (S^ulb ((Sc^uuuule and @^u(nib). Also ber Dfen and offen (O fen and offfffen). Be careful always to jump without any slur from the vowel to the consonant. Do not say ^'6\uh\n\qf !d|wA|nnen, (Bd)n\uh\it, (Bd)n\uh\it), £)\uh\^tn, o|wA|ffen. 340. Practice Pairs. — This is one of the most char- acteristic features of German and one of the easiest to learn. Just remember to put on extra lung-pressure for short vowels and then to hold the following conso- nant. If we admire something very much, we say it is '-'• wo nderfuV ; a German says „tDunnnbert)ot(." The best English illustration of this is the way ng is pro- longed in the American slang expression: "Stung!" This length of consonants is especially easy to get with If vXf and tt. Try these first. A few good pairs with which to practise these short vowels followed by long consonants and to compare them with similar long vowels followed by short con- sonants are : 'btvx (So'^ne, bte (Sonne ; fii^ten, flillen ; !o* mifc^, fontmen ; ber (Sta'^t, ber (Stall ; tuo^ltDotten ; ber ^allfaal ; §a(Ie an ber (gaale ; ben (S^afen, fc^affen ; fam, ber f amm ; Iat)nt, 'aa^ Samm. 341. Change of Pitch. — In English words the vowel carries the changes in pitch. When we say " Oh, come on " in a pleading tone, the o in on slides several notes down the scale, If German were to use the same ex- 274 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [§343. pression „^omm an" in the same tone, the n in an would carry this change in pitch. Graphically this may be rep- resented by English " Come o^j^" ; German „^omnt anj^ •" In German any change in pitch is carried by the long element in the syllable, whether vowel or consonant. Of course, to carry change in pitch a consonant must be voiced^ that is, the vocal chords must vibrate when it is pronounced. Thus change of pitch cannot be car- ried by fnutes like p, h, t 342. Sentence Accent. — In general, German sentence accent follows the same rules as the English, but it is more emphatic. The two may be compared to German and English script; the one goes straight and is sharp; the other glides and curves ; one is angular, the other round. And so with the sentence accent : in English it slurs, in German it jumps. The extent of this change (greater than in English), coupled with the greater lung-pressure in German and the glottal catch (§ 326), give spoken German a much more vigorous and staccato effect than English. Aside from these considerations the chief difference between English and German sentence accent is in com- plex sentences. In German complex sentences — those with a main and a subordinate clause — the tone begins at normal and rises till it comes to the junction of the two clauses ; then it declines. This is the case whether the main clause or the subordinate comes first. Assimilation. 343. The Ending en. — The Germans speak not only with more vigor than we Americans, but with more Chap. 3.1 PKONUNCIATtON, 276 speed. Much of this speed is due to their clipping the ending en. An enormous number of German words end in en, the sound of which is shortened in various ways. In conversation the c in en is always silent. The n then undergoes various changes, called assimilation^ depend- ing upon the preceding or following consonant. Chief of these are : (1) next to 16 or |J ; (2) after g ; and (3) after n or ng. (1) When the ending en comes just after or just be- fore a B or a ^) sound, it is pronounced like nt* The sen- tence Sir 1;)ahtn thtn fieben ^naben gefe^en is pronounced, 3Ktr ^abm ebm fiebm ^nabm gefe^n. ^fc^enbac^ and Sol- fenbitttet are pronounced (5f(J)mbad) and Solfmbitttet.^ 1 This stg,tement and several of the following are at variance with Siehs and with German pronunciation as formally taught, but they are consistent with the practice, even of teachers. The author once heard a professor in the University of Berlin — a man well known in America — say in a lecture: 3)ie (Snbung ,en' nm^ immer t^oHn %ou I)abm! Advocates of stage German insist that en should have its regular sound, but even on the stage b and ^ usually attract n to m. For instance, ^iepenbrint (in Freytag's „3ournQ(tften") is never pro- nounced according to the stage rules. Actors always say ^tepmbrinf. This is a practically universal law, which the Greeks and Romans embodied in their written language: iv -\- ^dWcj — i/jL^dWu (en + ballo — emballo) ; con + prehendo — comprehendo. In speaking hur- riedly we say " 0pm the door," for "Open the door." Professor Victor of Marburg, who has written more extensively on Phonetics than any one else, does not assimilate the ending en after h, p, and so on, and he combats such assimilation in his writings. But in conversation with the author he admitted the tendency (which he said came from Prussia) and confessed that his youngest son assimi- lated en, while the other members of the family did not. On the other hand, the most able and scholarly phoneticist in Germany, Professor Sievers of Leipsic, advocates the teaching of assimilation from the beginning. He told the author not only that en should be assimilated 276 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [§343. If we notice carefully how h and p come to attract n to m, we shall see that it is all done by the soft palate. For the sounds h and p the lips are closed and the soft palate cuts off the nasal passage. For the following n=sound it is much easier to keep the lips closed and simply to let the soft palate down, thus opening the nasal passage, than it is to open the lips and raise the tongue to the n=position. This opening of the nasal passage gives a nasal sound, and the only nasal sound possible with the lips closed is m* (2) A similar process to that just described takes place when en follows fi* In the sound of g in ge^en (§ 335, 1) the nasal passage is closed by the soft palate and it is easier to lower the soft palate than to raise the tongue to the tt=position. The result is that the follow- ing ti'sound becomes nasal (like ng in sing}. SBtr tragen l^o^e tragen is pronounced 2Bir tragng l^o^e ^ragng. (3) When the ending cn follows n or ng it is indicated simply by a change of pitch. The change may be up or down. In other words the tongue remains in the n^position while the vocal cords alter the pitch. This may be graphically indicated thus : 5Btr fonnen etnen fc^bnen (S^agiergang madden — trir fbnn"^ ein^ fc^bn'JJ\ (Spa* giergang mat^n, or iDir f5nn5etn]}/fc^i3n5'(2pa^iergang mac^n. (Sie fingen an, p fingen — fie fing^ an, 3U fing^or fie fing^^^an, au fing^;^. in the cases mentioned in the text, but that in a sentence like SSlr fommen nid^t, the m attracts the cn to m even when the next word begins with n. It is not the aim of this book to go into so much de- tail, but this statement is interesting, coming from Germany's leading authority. Chap. 3.] PRONUNCIATION. 217 Conclusion. 344. The previous rules and suggestions are meant to explain in some measure the greatest difficulties that confront an American trying to speak German. Teach- ing pronunciation from a book is a thankless job, but even from a book some hints may be gleaned. If teacher or pupil can get from this chapter some helpful hint or inspiration, it will have amply served its purpose. CHAPTER IV. COMPOSITION OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. An Outline Sketch. 345. Introduction. Indo-European. — The English word night is in German bie 9^arf|t, in Latin, nox^ noetis^ and in Greek wf, vvkto^ (nux, nuktos). In studying the roots of these words {nighty Naoht, nokt, nuhf) and oth- ers, scholars were long ago struck by their similarity. They seemed to be in some way related, probably to have a common origiil. Indo-European is the name generally given to those languages of Europe and Western Asia which have certain roots in common. They are supposed to come from a parent language, which is also called Indo-Euro- pean. The original form of this language is unknown, as is the home of the people who spoke it. But we suppose they spread throughout Europe and Asia, and as they scattered, the parent language changed. Out of it developed most of the languages of Europe. Note. — The Indo-European languages may be classified roughly as follows : I. Asiatic Languages. 1. Indic^ including (a) the language of the Vedas, (6) Sanskrit, (c) Modern Indian, and (d) the language of the Gypsies. 2. Iranic, including (a) Old Persian, (6) Modem Persian, (c) Old Baktrian, and {d) Afghan. 3. TochariCj a language in Central Asia, recently discovered to be Indo-European. 4. Phrygian- Armenian. 278 Chap. 4.1 THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. 279 Fig. 8. — Diagram illustrating the Development of the Indo-European Languages. 280 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§348. II. European Languages. 1. Albanic, including the languages of the Balkan States. 2. Balto- Slavic^ including («) Russian, (6) Polish, (c) Bohemian, and (d) Bulgarian. 3. Germanic, including (a) Gothic, (b) Anglo-Saxon, (c) German, (d) English, (e) Dutch, and (/) the Scandinavian tongues. 4. Celtic^ including (a) Gaelic, (6) Gallic, and (c) Welsh. 6. Bomanic, including (a) Latin, (6) Italian, (c) French, (d) Span- ish, and (e) Portuguese. 6. Hellenic, including (a) Ancient and (6) Modem Greek. No two classifications of the Indo-European languages agree. See the Encyclopaedia Britannica or Schrader's " Die Indo-Germanen. " 346. The First Sound-Shift. Grimm's Law. — These languages all branched off or grew out of the original Indo-European by the changing or shifting of certain sounds. In the case of the Germanic languages, this is called the first sound-shift Qik erfte ii^autoerfcftiebung). The change took place during a long period of years and according to certain fixed principles. These prin- ciples were first worked out by the great philologist Jakob Grrimm^ and are known as Grimm's Law. 347. Greek and Latin as illustrating Indo-European. — As the parent language has disappeared, we can illus- trate Grimm's Law only by comparing the Germanic languages with Indo-European languages which did not take part in the first sound-shift. Of these, Latin and Greek are the best known, just as Gothic is the best known early Germanic language. So we usually com- pare Latin or Greek words with Gothic to illustrate Grimm's Law of the First Sound-Shift. 348. Statement and Illustration of the Law. — In its simplest form the law of the first sound-shift is that: Chap. 4.] THE GERMAN LANGUAGE, 281 (1) 5, d, g, become respectively p, t, Jc; (2) p, t, Jc, be- come respectively /, th^ h ; and (3) /, th, A, become respectively b, c?, g. (1) d-^t C^}l>^f (3)/->5 Greek DeJca (8e/ca) Pous (ttoi)?) Prater (^cjypaTrjp) Latin Decern Pes Prater Gothic Taihun Fotus Brothar English Ten Foot Brother Thus approximately the same sounds continued in the language in spite of the shifting. For while 5, (?, and g were shifting to JO, f, and Ar, these three were shifting to/, th^ and A, which in turn were [ / \P. shifting to 5, c?, and g. This may be shown graphically in Figure 9. Fig. 9. — Illustration of the way the same sounds continued in the language in spite of the sound- shifts shown in Grimm's Law. Note. — The details of Grimm's Law, many of which have been worked out since his death (1863), are much too complex for any but advanced students. The present treat- ment touches only a few phases which may help students to understand the history of the German language and the relation of many English words to the German. 349. Gothic. — As Germanic branched off from Indo- European through the first sound-shift, this shift may be said to have made the various Germanic languages. Of these the oldest that is known is the Gothic, which 282 GERMAN COMPOSITION. t§ 350. died out about the seventh century a.d. It has been preserved for us chiefly through the Gothic Bible of Ulfilas^ a bishop of the West Goths (Visigoths) in the fourth century a.d. On page 287 will be found the Lord's Prayer in Gothic, so that those who are^ interested can compare it with later German. 350. The Second Sound-Shift. — Just as the Germanic languages branched off from the Indo-European through the first sound-shift, so High German branched off from the other Germanic tongues (Low German, English, and so on) through the second sound-shift. This shift- ing took place in Southern Germany from the sixth to the eighth centuries. It worked its way gradually northward, stopping short of the low, northern part of Germany. Thus, because it took place in Upper Ger- many (see Map), the second sound-shift is also called the High- German Sound-Shift, Note. — High German is so called because it developed in the high land of Upper Germany. There is a common misapprehension that it was spoken by the upper classes, while Low German was spoken by the lower classes. This is not the case. High German was spoken by all classes in Upper Germany, Low German by all classes in Lower Germany. (See Map. ) Low German, commonly called ^lQtt*!I)cutf(i) (from ptatt, flat^ re- ferring to the nature of the country where it is spoken), did not take part in the High-German Sound-Shift, and so has remained in some regards nearer than High German to the original Germanic. English (Anglo-Saxon) was also unaffected by the High-German Sound-Shift, so in many respects Low German resembles English more than it does High German. Below are a few illustrations : High German ots Ift ticf ^er.j ba^ l)attc .^^imntcl stuanjlg Low German a8 i« bee)) ^art bat l)abb ipeben tiucntig English as is deep heart that had heaven twenty Longitude 10 East 1 Chap. 4.] THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. 283 351. Gothic, English, and High German. — The changes made by the second sound-shift are best illustrated by comparing Gothic, English, and High German. Thus we see in the Gothic the condition of certain consonants in an old Germanic language before the second sound- shift. In the English we see these consonants in a new Germanic language, but in one not affected by the second sound-shift. And finally in High German we see these consonants in a new Germanic language which has been affected by the second sound-shift. 352. Statement and Illustration of the Law. — The law for the second sound-shift, also worked out by Jakob Grimm, is less regular than the first (see § 348, Note). In general its simplest form is: p becomes/ or pf; t becomes a, 2, or «8 ; d becomes t. Gothic Fund Taihun Bags English Pound Ten Day High German ^funb 3et)tt ^ag 353. High German. — Ever since the second sound- shift. High German has been the literary language of Germany. From the second sound-shift till about 1100 A.D. it is called Old High Grerman^ from 1100 till about 1350 Middle High Q-erman. Then came a period of transition till the Reformation (1517), when the spread of Luther's writings made his language (that of the Saxon Chancery) the standard for Germany. This is called New High German. When we speak of G-erman^ we usually refer to New High German, as that is the language written and spoken by most Germans to-day. The next paragraphs trace its development. 284 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [§354. 354. Old High German. — The period of Old High German extends roughly from 750 to 1100.^ This was the time of the Carolingian (768-911), Saxon (919- 1024), and Frankish (1024-1125) Emperors. Latin was in the main the written language ; the people spoke Old High German. The chief Manuscripts that have come down to us are the Hildebrandtalied^ the WeBSo- hrunner Q-eheU the Evangelienhuch of Otfrid von Wets- senburg^ the ffeliand, and the MuspiUi (End of the World). On page 287 is the Lord's Prayer in Old High German as it was written at the end of the eighth century a.d. and again as at the end of the tenth. It is interesting to compare these with the Gothic. It was during this period (in the reign of Charle- magne) that the word came into existence from which the present word beutf(!^ was derived. The Old High German word diot means people. To this was added the ending {so (German ifc^, English ish}. The word then developed : diutisc, diutsk^ tiutsch^ teutsch. This latter form was current in High German as late as the eighteenth century. At first it was used only of the language spoken by the people, but later it came to be applied to the people themselves. 1 Dates referring to general language changes, just as the boun- dary lines between different dialects (see Map, p. 282), must not be interpreted too exactly. The Germans did not go to bed New Year's Eve, 1100, speaking Old High German, and wake up the next morning speaking Middle High German, any more than a High German who moved across the line into Lower Germany would immediately begin to speak Low German. So, too, during the different periods changes were constantly going on, just as they are in the language to-day. Dates and boundary lines are necessary for a clear understanding, but in the case of linguistic movements they are flexible and must bQ understood as such. Chap. 4.] THE GEBMAN LANGUAGE. 286 355. Middle High German. — Gradually Old High German changed into what we call Middle High Ger- man. An idea of the amount of the change can be had by looking at the Middle High German Lord's Prayer, page 288, and by comparing it with the Old High German. Middle High German coincides with the rule of the Hohenstaufen Emperors (1138-1254) and the next hundred years, when the Emperors were chosen from various families (till 1350). The first well-known works in Middle High German were Heroic Poems by unknown writers, the 9fitbe(ungen= Iteb, ®ubrun, the poems of the !Dietrt(^fage, and others. The Court Epics, D^olanb^Iteb and 3ltepnber(ieb, were both written by priests. The (Sneit (^neid) was written by Reinrich von Veldehe^ ^ar^ttial, by Wolfram von Uschenbach, ^riftan unb 3foIt, by Gottfried von Strass- hurg, !Der virtue §etnrt(^, by Hartmann von Aue, Most of these Minnesingers also wrote lyrics, though the chief lyric poet was Walther von der Vogelweide. Middle High German was at its best about 1200. For the next century and a half it declined, and then for nearly two centuries (1350-1534) till the completion of Luther's translation of the Bible came the period of transition to New High German. This transition is shown in the official documents of the different govern- ments (chanceries) in Germany, those of the cities, of the bishops, of the Emperor. As long ago as in the time of Rudolph of Hahshurg (1273-1291) official decrees began to be made in Ger- man rather than in Latin. These decrees were issued by the chancellors^ hence we hear of the language of the chancery (^atijleifprac^e). The different chanceries 286 GEBMAN COMPOSITION, [§356. wished to be understood as widely as possible, so they adopted the language of the people. Out 'of the decrees of the different chanceries — those of the cities, dukes, bishops, and so on — developed an official language which was understood by all. But it was not as yet widespread among the common people. This was to be accomplished by Martin Luther. 356. New High German. — Long before Luther, there existed the language he used, just as there were Ger- man translations of the Bible before his. Luther's great service to the German language lies not in his invention of something new, but in his spreading and popularizing what was already at hand. (See § 155.) An idea of the impetus which he gave to reading may be secured from the following figures. For the ten years preceding the Reformation (1517), the yearly output of German books had averaged about 110. The numbers for the next six years were roughly : 1518 — 150 ; 1519 — 260; 1520—570; 1521 — 620; 1522 — 935. Luther's language is shown in the Lord's Prayer given bn page 288, which it is interesting to compare with those of other periods. Since Luther's time Ger- man has been constantly developing. Goethe and Schil- ler wrote Tnei)n, fe^n, and so on, as well as inein and fein. This absence of uniformity has caused a certain official orthography to be adopted in the schools of Germany. But many learned men, including some college profes- sors, are out of sympathy with the new rules, which are, it must be confessed, peculiar and inconsistent. The leading authority on this subject is the Drt^ogra* p^ifc^e^ SBdrterbud) of Konrad Duden, Leipzig. Chap. 4.] THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. 287 The Lord^s Prayer. 357. Gothic, from the Bible of TJlfilas (fourth century A.D.). — The character p is pronounced like English th; jah means and. Atta unsar pn in himinam, weihnai namo fein ; qui- mai fiudinassus peins ; wairjjai wilja feins, swe in himina jah ana airfai ; hlaif unsarana fana sinteinan gif uns himma daga; jah aflet uns ]?atei skulans si- jaima, swaswe jah weis afletam faim skulam unsaraim jah ni briggais uns in fraistubnjai, ak lausei uns af famma ubilin ; (unte J)eina ist fiudangardi jah mahts jah wulfus in aiwins). amen. 358. Old High German (eighth century). — Notice the double u for w. Fater unser, thu in himilom bist, giuuihit si namo thin, queme richi thin, uuerdhe uuilleo thin, sama so in himile endi in erthu. Broot unseraz emezzigaz gib uns hiutu. endi farlaz uns sculdhi unsero, sama so uuir farlazzem scolom unserem. endi ni gileidi unsih in costunga. auh arlosi unsih fona ubile. 359. Old High German (tenth century). — Fater unser du in himele bist. Din namo uu6rde geheilig6t. Din riche chome. Din uuillo gesc^he in erdo, also in himele. Unser tagelicha brot kib uns hiuto. Unde unsere sculde belaz lins, also ouh uuir belazen unseren sculdigen. Unde in chorunga ne lei- test du tinsih. Nube lose unsih fone tibele. 288 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [5 362. 360. Middle High German (thirteenth century). — Vatir unsir der da bist in den himelen. Geheiliget werde din name. Zu kume dtn riche. Din wille der werde alse in dem himele und in der erden. Unsir tegeliche brot gip uns hute. Und vorgip nns unsir schulde, alse ouch wir vorgebin unseren schuldigeren. Und in leite uns nicht in bekorunge. Sundern lose uns von ubele. amen. 361. New High German. Luther's Translation (1522).— Unfer t)ater tjun bem ^i)tneL T)t\)n name fel) ^etjlig. !t)et)n rei)(^ !ome, !Det)n tvxik gef(i)e^e auff erben it)ie tjtn IjtjvxtL Unfer teglic^ brob gib nn§ ^ent, nnb Dergtb nn^ nnfere fc^nlbe, rvk n)tr unfern fc^ulbigern toergeben, nnb fnre nn^ ntc^t t)nn tjerfnc^nng, fonbern erldfe nn^ Don bent nbet. (^enn bei)n ift ba^ rei)d), nnb bie frafft, nnb bie t)erU(fei)t ^n en)ig!ei)t.) Slmen. 362. New High German. Modern Version. — 33ater nnfer, ber bn bift in bent gintntel! ®e]^ei(iget n)erbe bein ^^^ante ; bein 9?eirf) fontnte ; bein SBiHe gefcfte()e, n)ie int gintntel, alfo and) anf (Srben; nnfer tdglic^ :^rot gib un^ l)ente ; nnb t^ergib nn^ nnfere (Sc^ulben, n?ie tt)ir tjergeben nnfern (Sc^nlbigern ; nnb fii^re nn^ nid)t in 33er* fnd)nng ; fonbern eridfe nn§ Don bent Ubel ; benn bein ift ba^ 9^eic^ nnb bie ^'raft nnb bie $err(id)teit in @tt)igteit. 5lnten. CHAPTER V. MISCELLANEOUS. 363. There are three things, not usually treated in textbooks, which often make trouble for Americans. They are (1) words whose form is almost the same in both languages, but whose meanings differ ; (2) abbre- viations, of which the Germans are very fond; and (3) expressions not found in the best literature, but common in everyday speech. 364. Similar Words. — Many of these similar words have been treated in Part I. A few of the commonest not there treated are given below. Sllfo (therefore) does not mean aho (aud^). "^Da^ S&tti (floiverhecT) does not mean heet (bte ^iibe). !5)a^ ^oot (boat) does not mean boot (ber (Sttefet). ^rat) (good^ well-behaved) does not mean brave (tapfer). :Q3e!ommen (get) does not mean become (tDerben). gaft (almost) does not mean/as^ (fi^tiett). T)a^ @i)mnaftum (high school) does not mean gymnasium (bte ^urnt)a((e). §a(tett (hold) does not mean halt (ati^Iten). !Der ^0^1 (cabbage) does not mean coal (bie ^o^Ie). !l)er SO^tmfter (minister of war) does not mean minister (preacher, ber '^rebtger). jDte §0(f)fc^ule (college) does not mean high school (^a^ ©ijmnafium), 289 290 GERMAN COMPOSITION. [§366. !Der ^^otograp^ (^photographer^ does not mean photograph (bie "ip^otograp^ie). T)tx ^la^ (seat) does not mean place (ber Crt). !iDer 9^e!tor (principal) does not mean rector (ber '^farrer). !r)er (Sinn (sense) does not mean «m (bie Siinbe). (Ste'^en (stand) does not mean s^a?/ (bleiben). T)tx (Stu^l (chair) does not mean 8^ooZ (ber S^entel). 33or (in front of) does not mean /or (fiir). 365. Abbreviations. — Germans are very partial to abbreviations. We find them not only on signs and notices, but in books as well. And they always obscure the sense unless we know what words they stand for. Except in the case of weights and measurements, a Ger- man abbreviation should always be followed by a period. Some abbreviations are common to both languages : p.p.c. (pour prendre conge, to take leave), cf. (confer, compare), etc. (et csetera, and so forth), i.e. (id est, that is), N.B. (nota bene, note carefully), sc. (scilicet, namely), and so on. But in most cases German prefers abbreviations of its own words, and uses for the first four above : U.l.j.n. (Um ^Ibfd^teb ju ne^men), tjgl. (t)er= ^\t\6)t), uftt). (nnb fo treiter), b.^. (bag ^eigt). Below are given some of the commonest abbreviations with their full meaning in German and in English. ^b., ^anb, volume, vol, b^h)., bejtet)unggn)eife, or (literally, respectively), bgL, bergleic^en, of the same hind. b.^., ba« ^eigt, that is, i.e. b. ^., biefe« 3at)re«, of this year. b. a??., biefe« aJ^^onat^, of this month, inst. (Stt). (iu., (5uer (S^gellenj, your excellency. Chap. 5.] MISCELLANEOUS, 291 geb., geboren, born^ (*). geft., geftorben, died, (f). @. m» b. §., (^efellfc^aft mtt bef^riinfter gaftung, Company with limited liability, Ltd. 9)^, 3J^ar!, quarter, about twenty-four cents. m, Tltttv, meter, a measure of length, n. (St)r. ®., nad) ^^riftt ©eburt, a/ifer ^^e birth of Christ, A.D. ^ap., ^apttel, chapter. Chap. t. ^v tdntgltc^ taiferlic^, Eoi/al Imperial; ^qL, ^dnigUc^, Royal. refp. (ref))ectit)e), beguglic^ertDeife, m^A regard or r^/er- f., fie^e, see, vid. fog., fogenannt, so- called. u., unb, a9^c?, &. U. 51. ti). g., Um 3lTith)ort tt)trb gebeten, a?2 answer is requested, please reply, r.s.v.p. (repondez s'il vous plait). uftP., 2C., unb fo ireiter, and so forth, etc. t). ^^r. ®., Dor (^^rifti ©eburt, 5g/org the birth of Christ, B.C. tjgL, t)erg(et(^e, compare, cf. 0. 3., tjerfloffenen 3^a^re^, Zasf ?/ear. t). 3J^., oergangenen 3}Zonat^, Zas^ month, ult. 3. ^., ^um ^t\\)^xt{,for instance, e.g. (exempli gratia). 366. Colloquial German. — There are many expres- sions in German which seldom find their way into books, but which are very common in everyday speech. Some of them are perfectly good German, while others border on slang. They need not be learned, but people who visit Germany will hear them often and will feel more at home for having seen them in print. 292 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [§366. Below are given about a hundred of the commonest of these expressions. It is impossible to translate most of them, but an effort has been made to give as nearly as possible their American equivalent, even when they are slang. ^IbtDCirt^! Going down! (of an elevator). Q^ ^abe fetne b(affe 5l^nung, fetnen (Scf)imtner. I haven't the dimmest idea, not an inkling. T)ie 2^inte tft aik. The ink is gone (used up}. T)ie 5lngftrt)^re, stove-pipe hat Q'tiW). m\6)\ (or etfc^!) I told you so! What did I tell you! Serves you right ! 5luf tDcirt^ ! Going up! (of an elevator). !Der :53a(ffifrf), young girl. ^iiffeln, o^fen, to grind, to ''hone'' (of students), ^ocf ig, pigheaded. ^ummeln, to loaf., to gad about. !l)a§ T)ing^, what- do- you- call-it (used when one cannot think of the name of something), gatno^'! fine Q' great"). gibeC, freugftbet, cheerful, a '^ good fellow." gijr unb fertig, all ready ; fitn!, quick. glbten ge^en, to disappear, get lost. gron! unb fret, free as air. ^tx %Vi^i, freshman (student). Jutfd), gone, disappeared. ©ang unb gcibe, customary, the regular thing. X)te ®efd)icf)te, thing, business. 3e^t ift bie ganje ©e- fd)ic^te laput'! Now the whole thing (business) is busted! X)a^ ©igerl, fop, dude. Chap. 5.] MISCELLANEOUS, 293 T)er ®(tmmftenge(, cigar ("weed''}. jDer (^rof rf)en, rdckel (a ten Pfennig piece} . §a(t, just. 30^an nennt fie ^a(t nur (Sc^tt)abenftret(^e. We just call them ^^ Swahian strokes.'' —Vi^Xau'a, §anbel unb Sanbet, ^r«c?e. (Sr ^at ®e(b tuie §eu (hay}. He's got money to hum. §mfe|en! Down in front! (in a grandstand). 3n giille unb giiKe, m abundance. 3^, iDo! (eittja^!) TFeZZ, 2^'e^Z/ or What do you think of that! Also, Not by a long shot! The meaning varies with the intonation. ^a« ift jammerfc^abe ! That's a burning shame ! Sir trotten i^n !a(t ftellen. TTe'ZZ ^t^^ Am on the shelf. (5r ift etn ^ameeC ! He's an ass ! ^apnt', smashed ("-busted"). ^te! 'mat or gucf' mal! e7ws« ?oo^/ ("pipe "). 3J^it ^inb unb ^egel, with bag and baggage. Mxpp unb flar, clear as day. ^natt unb gad, suddenly^ slam-bang ! ^te ^nei:pe, co/^^ or meeting place., or meeting "joint" (student), ^nipfen, to photography to " snap." ^oloffaC or riefig, huge, "great." Un^etmlic^ is used mostly with t)te(, an awful lot. ^(Jnnen oor i^ad^en! Yes, if — / Like ducks! (gr ^at etnen ^orb (basket:) befommen! He got the mitten! ®er ^ijter, dog, cur. ^riegen, to get. SBarte nur, tc^ !rteg' i^n fc^on ! Just wait, I'll get him / — @ o c t ^ e. iDte ^anbratte, landlubber; bte SSafferratte, sailor, "tar." Cebern, dry, wooden (of stories), geiber ®otte^ ! More's the pity ! 294 GERMAN COMPOSITION, [§366. • S'^un, man log ! Well, go ahead ! '^SRxtlt, Wlklt ! Kitty, kitty ! :Dag ift ja 9}^umpi^! or Quatfc^! also, ^apperlapapp! Stuff and nonsense ! Tommy rot! 9f?ebe fein ^(ed^ ! BonH talk nonsense ! S^lanu'! Well, what' s up ! ^ee, no Q'nit''}. '^i^ (for nt^t^), nothing. T)er ^ec^oogel, jooor tZmZ/ (Ste armer "iped^tjoget, Aarc? ?2^cAr, oZcZ man! The opposite of ber ©(ud^pilg, lucky dog. T)er ^l^iUfter, any one not a student. •iPumpen, to borrow or Zew(7. ^utnp' mir 'ne SJiarf ! Zewc? me a mark! jDer 9?abau', racket, noise. 9^ouf, raug, rein, rum, runter (for ^erauf, etc.), up, out, in, around, under, '^k alte (Sc^acf)te(, old maid. @cf)(ecl)t unb rec^t, simple and straightforward. Sie ein (Sc^Io^unb ^eulen, to yell like fury. ©alt ben@c^nabe(! galt'^ay^auU Shut up! (S(i)neiben, to cut (^an acquaintance'). (Sc^tDcinjen, to cut (a lecture or lesson). T)a^ ift mir gan^ ©c^nuppe! Idont care a hang! T)tx (S^tDipS, jag. SSoKen iDir h)a§ fteigen laffen? iS'AaZ? we start something? Uber (Stod unb Stein, off the beaten path, up hill and down dale. T)er UI!, joke ; ulfig, funny ; Oerulfen, to make ridiculous. Unl^eimlirf), uncomfortable, gloomy, used chiefly with t)ie(, an awful lot. Un'folib, sporty, fast, leading a gay life. jDer St^ttjipg, jag. Chap. 5.] MISCELLANEOUS, 295 3SerbummeIn, to blow in, to squander. ^Serbuften, to sneak off^ disappear. (5r ift in fie oernarrt! lies dippy about (in love with') her. 3Serfo^(en, to thrash, ''lick.'" Also buri^^auen, buri^= priigein, and burc^^o(3en. T)tv So(!en!ra^er, skyscraper. Surft tt)iber Surft! Tit for tat. '^a^ ift mir Surft! That's all the same to me ! I dont care a rap ! !Da^ ^tVi^, stuff (contemptuous); bummed 3^^9^ Stuff and nonsense ! ^\t ^Xoxt^ti, watch Q' turnip''). ^Vox^^'dUf to plague, bother. GERMAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY AND INDEX. %aii)tn, bag, Aachen, Aix-la-Cha- pelle, the capital of Charle- magne's Empire. tt&bringctt, brocf)tc ab, abgebrac^t (^aben), to dissuade. Stbcnb, ber, bie -e, evening ; writ- ten without a capital with ad- verbs : geftcrn abenb. abcr, but, § 43, 1. ttlbgcnommcn, see abne^men. $[b(aut, ber, bic -e, ablaut, change in the root vowel of a word. alitte^mett, na^m ah, abgenommen (^aben), er nimmt ah, to take off. afircifctt, reg., sep. (fein), to go away, depart. a6fc^Ctt,fa^ ab, abgefel)en (l^aben), er fie^t ab, to look aside ; abge- f e^eti t)on, aside from . ah^kf\in, jog ab, abgejogen (tiaben), to go off or away. alisubringen, see abbringeii. ttb3«rcifcn, see abreifen. tt(^, oh, ah. a^tf eight ; niorgen iiber— Sage, a week from to-morrow. 3tgcnf , ber, beg -en, bie -en, agent. ^Ihvt^tf ber, Albert; Albrecht Durer, Germany''s great artist, § 116 and § 144. aU, all, § 113, 2 ; alle beibe, both, § 170, 2, Note b. aUtin', alone. aUtvt^iUQ^', to be sure ; it is true, §274. al», when, § 84, 1 ; as, § 83, 2 ; correlative, than, as, § 83, 1. al^Of so, then, § 26, 2 ; sometimes omitted in translating. ali, otter, otteft, old, older, oldest. wxif see an betn; with superl., § 119, 3, Note, and § 218, 1. 5(merifa, ba^, America. Stmcrifa'ttcr, ber, bie — , Ameri- can. amufic'rctt fic^, amiifierte, amu= fiert' (^aben), to have a good time, § 50, 5. ttn, prep., at, to, in, on, § 119, 1 ; of (benfeit an), to (gett)o^nt an), § 119, 2 ; with adjs., § 119, 3 ; special uses, § 119, 3, Note ; — etn)ag oorbei, past ; sep. prefix, as in anbieten, angretfen, h\ onbictctt, bot an, angeboten (^a= ben), to offer. anbcr, other, § 30, 1. ttttfangctt, fing an, angefangen (t)aben), er fdngt an, to begin, § 180, 2. anfii^rcn, reg., sep. (^aben), to bring in, use as an illustration. ange^en, ging an, angegangen (^a* 297 angelai^t 298 an^ ben), with ace, to be to, § 206, 2, Note. angclat^t (anlac^cn), smiled at. aitgcttc^m, agreeable, § 171, 2, Note. angcfc^cn (anfc^en), respected. tttigretfcn, griff an, angegriffen (^aben), to attack. antommtn, tarn an, angefommcn (fein), to arrive ; ha^ fommt barauf an, that depends. anla^tn, reg., sep. (^aben), to smile at. 3tttlattt, ber, tie -e, anlaut, the be- ginning sound of a word or syllable. ttnncl^mcn, nal^m an, angenom* men (^aben), er nimmt an, to accept. Stnrcbc, bie, bie -en, address. ttnfc^Ctt, \a\) an, angefe^en (t)aben), er fiet)t an, to look at ; angeje* l^en, looked up to, respected. an^aitf instead of; with gu, § 181 ; with ta% § 190. 5(ttton, ber, Anton, Antony. ^nttoovif bte, bie -en, answer, reply. antwortcn, reg. (tjabcn), to an- swer, reply, to, anf with ace. anjubictcn, see anbieten. anjufangcn, see anfangen. 5(n5Mfl, ber, bie 3lnjiige, suit. ntt-^ttttcljmcii, see annel)men. on5ufcl)cn, see anjel)en. 5(rbcit, bie, bie -en, work, la- bor. otbcitcn, reg. (Ijaben), to work. rivgcru, reg. (t)aben), to anger, irritate. arm, poor; ®ie ^rnifte(r), you poor thing ! 3(rmtttiu§, ber, Armin or Her- mann, the German leader (chief of the Cherusker) who won the battle of the Teutoburg Forest, §1. ttttl^, also, too, § 100, 4, Note ; ever, 257, 2. anf, prep., on, upon, § 120, 1 ; at, to, § 120, 3, Note a ; for, § 8 ; with verbs, § 120, 2 ; toith adjs., § 120, 3 ; in idioms, § 120, 3, Note b ; — bem 2Jior!te, in the market (place) ; — beutfd), — engUfd), in German, in Eng- lish ; — bem ^ogelfang, fowling ("bird-shooting"); — biefe SSeife, in this way; aufS -ftc (superl.), in the -est way, § 218, 2 ; sep. prefix, as in auf= boren, anfmac^fen, etc. 3(ufgabc, bie, bie -n, exercise. aufge^ijrt, see aufl)oren. oufgcnommen, see aufne^mcn. auf^iircit, reg., sep. (^abcn), to stop, § 180, 2. aufnc^men, nal)m anf, aufgenom« men (l)aben), er nimmt auf, to take up, receive. auftreten^ trat auf, oufgctreten (jein), er tritt auf, to step up, appear (on the stage). aufwad)cn, reg., sep. (jein), to wake up. auf^u^iircn, see aufl)i3ren. ^luflCttblirf, ber, bte -e, moment. 5(ii0ttftuc(, ber, Augustus, Roman Emperor. Ott^, prep., out of, from, § 94, 1 ; duSbred^en 299 Scgriff of, § 94, 2 ; — btefem@runbp, for this reason ; oon iro aug, (from) where, § 46 ; sep. prefix^ as in ougbre(i)en, augrufen, etc. au^brcj^cn, brac^ au«, oitgge= bro(i)en (fetn), er bri(^t au§, to break out. iltt^gerufctt, see augrufen. auggcjeic^ttct (ougjeic^nen), dis- tinguished. 9(tt!§Iattt, ber, bie -e, auslaut, «/ie end sound of a word or syllable. Ott^mai^Ctt, reg., sep. (^aben), to make a difference. au^^tuttbcrtt, reg.^ sep. (^abcit), to rob, pillage. au^riifcn, rief ou8, au§gerufen (f)aben), to call out, cry out. ttU^ru^Ctt fit^, re/?., res'., «e/). (I)a^ ben), to rest. tttt^fc^Ctt, fa^ au8, auggefel)en (l^abcn), to look, appear, au^ttiattbcrii, reg., sep. (fetn), to emigrate, go to. tttt§5Ct(^ttCtt ft(^, re^., regr., sep. (^aben), to distinguish one- self; anggej^eid^net, distin- guished. ttu^Stt^tttttbent, see augplunbern. Baben, reg. (^aben), to bathe. 6alb, soon. S3anb, bag, bie '^er, ribbon, band. \s(ii, see bitten. bauctt, reg. (t)abcn). JBaucr, ber, beg -g or -n, bie -n, peasant. Saucrfratt, bie, bie -en, peasant woman. 23autc, bie, bie -n, building. SBcantttJortUttg, bie, bie -en, an- swer (to), reply (to). ficbaucn, reg., insep. (tjaben), to till (the soil). Bebcttfctt, beboc^te,beboc^t(f)aben), to consider ; to remember. bcbCtttCtt, reg,, insep. (^aben), to mean ; bebeutenb, important, prominent. S3cbctttttng, bie, bie -en, impor- tance ; meaning. S3cbtCttttttg, bie, bie -en, service. ^CCt^otJCtt, ber, Beethoven, one of Germany''s greatest musi- cians, § 240 and § 245. bcfttttb, see befinben. bcfc^tctt, befal)(, befol)ten (tjaben), er befie^It, with dat., to com- mand, order, § 197, 2. Bcftnbctt ft(^, refl., befanb, be= fnnben (l)aben), to find oneself, to be, to do, § 206, 1 ; 2Bie be- finben 3te fid)? How do you do? befrcictt, reg., insep. C^aben), to free, set free. ftcganit, see beginnen. fiegC0ttCtt, reg., insep. (jein), with dat., to meet, come upon, § 166, Note, and § 171, 2. BcotttttCtt, begann, bcgonnen (^a= ben), to begin, § 146. bcgniigctt, reg., insep. (f)aben), to satisfy ; fid) — , reflex., to con- tent oneself, to be content. Bcgralbctt, begrnb, begraben (l)o- ben), er begrcibt, to bury, inter. SBcgrtff, ber, bie -e, idea; int — fein, to be about to, § 193, 3. Scjjrftnbung 300 bcjfcr Scgriittbttttjj, tie, bic -en, estab- lishing, establishment. begrit^en^ reg., insep. (Ijaben), to greet. bc^aJtctt, bcl)ielt, bc^altcn (^aben), cr bel^cilt, to keep, retain ; to remember. Be^anbeln, regr., insep. (^abcn), to treat, to use. hcf^auptttlf reg., insep. (^aben), to maintain ; ftd^ — , reflex. , to maintain oneself. Bc^crrfl^Ctt, reg., insep. (^abeit), to rule, be ruler of. bci, prep.^ near, by, beside, § 96, 1 ; with, § 95, 3 ; to denote cir- cumstances^ § 95, 2 ; sep. prefix as in beifiigen. Bctbe, both, 170, 1 ; neuter, § 170, 2; bie -n, the two, § 170, 2, Note a; aiie —, § 170, 2, Note 6. bcifitgctt, regr., sep. (tjaben), to include in, add to. bcim, see bet bem. bcitttt^C, almost. SBctf^icI, bag, bie -e, example; jum — , for instance. bcipfilflCtt, see betfiigen. befannt, well-known. befanntHi!^, adv.^ as is well known, you know. befommen, betom, bcfommcn (l^a= ben), to get, secure, procure, § 42, 1. bcraflcrn, reg.^ insep. (^aben), to besiege. Sclaflenmg, bic, bie -en, siege. beltebt, beliebteft, popular, most populfvr {not beloved, gcUcbt). bcmcrfctt, reg.^ insep. (^aben), to notice. ^trmi^tn or benii^cn, reg., insep. (^abcn), to use, make use of. bcrcti^crn, reg., insep. (^abcn), to enrich. bcreit, ready, § 195, 1. Scrg, ber, bie -c, mountain. Scrlittcr, adj. (of) Berlin. Sern, ba«, Verona {when used icith Dietrich, not modern Bern) . Scruf, ber, bie -e, calling, trade. bcrii^mt, famous, befa^, see beftl^en. befd^aftigen, reg., insep. (I)aben), to employ; ftd^ — tnit, reflex., to busy oneself with. S3cfi^oftigutt{|, bte, bic -en, busi- ness, occupation. bcfd^Hc^ctt, befrf)Ioft, befrf)Ioffen (^aben), to decide, § 268, 2. bcfi^loffctt, see bef(^Uc^en. bcficgctt, reg., insep. (^aben), to conquer, loith obj., § 135, 3; ber S3efiegte, be§ -n, bte -n, the conquered one, the vanquished. befi^cn, befog, befeffen (ijahen), to possess. S3cfi^cr, ber, bie — , owner, pos- sessor. befonber, adj., especial, particu- lar. befonberiS^ adv., especially. befpred^en, befpradj, befproci)en (^aben), cr befpridjt, to talk over. befprof^en, see bcfprecl)cn. beffcr, better, compar. of gut, good. deft 301 bmgen Beft, best, am beften, superl. of gut, good. bcftanb, see befte^en. bcftc^ett, beftanb, beftanbcn (^a* ben), to consist, of, au8, § 269, 1 ; to insist, on, auf, § 269, 2 ; to pass {an examination), § 269, 2, Note. ficftcltctt, regr., insep. (I^aben), to order, § 197, 1. defttt^en, regr., iwsep. (^aben), to visit ; to attend. htiomn, reg., insep. (^aben), to emphasize. 23cdi)Ifcrttttg, bte, bie -en, popula- tion. IbctJor, con;., before. ficwunbcrn, regr., insep. (^aben), to admire. ht^at^httf reg., insep. (^aben), to pay. mM, bie, bie -n, Bible. bictcn, bot, geboten (^aben), to offer, see also anbteten. bin, am, see fein. S^ittbe, bie, bie -n, bandage. hi§, conj., till, until ; prep., till, § 107, 1 ; as far as, § 107, 2. U^cv', previously, up- till now, or then. Si^marrf, ber, Bismarck, the ^^ Iron Chancellor'^ of Wil- liam 7, §§ 277 and 278. hiiit, please; you're welcome, § 15, 1, Note, see bitten. bitten, bat, gebeten (t)aben), to ask, § 15, 1. blciben, btieb, geblieben (jein), to stay, remain, § 180, 1. hlo^i adv., just, only. blii^cn, reg. (t)aben), to bloom, blossom. Stttmc, bie, bie -n, flower. Soben, ber, bte — and "■, bottom ; floor ; ground, § 260, Note. S3ogen, ber, bte — , sheet {of pa- per) ; arch {of building) ; bow {in archery). bijfc, angry, at, auf with ace. J8o^ton, bag, Boston. bot, see bieten. S3otc, ber, be8 -n, bie -n, mes- senger. Sotfd^aft, bte, W -en, message; embassy. brad^, see breci)en. brar^te, see bringen. S3ranbcttbnrg, ba«, Brandenburg, the province from which the modern kingdom of Prussia has developed. S3ratttittrftgIorfIcin, t>a^, the Brat- wurstglocklein, a famous little eating place in Nuremberg, lit., roast sausage little bell. brant^cn, reg. (^aben), to need. braun, brown. Sraut, bte, bie 53rdute, fiancee {not bride). brc(^en, brac^, gebrod)en (^aben), er bri(i)t, to break, see also augbred^en, to break out. S5rcmcn, bag, Bremen, a North German city. 23rief, ber, bte -e, letter. S3neff(^rciben, "iia^, beg -g, letter writing, correspondence. bringen, hxa^^it, gebract)t (^aben), to bring, see also un'ter= bringen, to shelter. ^tntS^ 302 benett ^vntS)f ber, bic H, breach. a3rurfc, bie, btc -n, bridge. S3rttbcr, ber, ble ", brother. S3rttft, bie, bic H, breast. 2Jui^, bag, bie Hx, book. S3ut^bnirfcr, ber, bie — , printer. S3ut^brucfcrfttttft, bie, ber — , art of printing. S3ttci^^attbc(, ber, beg -8, book business, book trade. Sut^ftafic, ber, beg -n, or -ng, bie -n, letter (of the alphabet). Bilrfctt, reg. (^abett), to bend, bow. S3ttnb, ber, bie H, alliance. 93ttniic§genoffc, ber, bie -n, ally. 83nrg, bie, bie -en, fortress, strong- hold, castle. SBitrgcr, ber, bie — , citizen, burgher. S3ttrgcr!rtcg, ber, bie -e, civil war. S3iir0crf(i^u(e, bie, bie -n, public school. (S^araftcr, ber, bie dljorafte're, character. 6l)nftctt^cit, bie, ber — , (the peo- ple of) Christianity. e^rifttt^, ber, (beg) ei)rtftl, Christ. ba, conj., as, § 17, 8 ; adv., there, § 16, 2 ; and then, § 17, 1 and §69,3; here, §17,2. barfjtc, see benfen. bdfiir, for it; in it (with to be interested); help it, § 39, 2. banCfiCtt, against it ; etluag — I)Qben, to have any objections. bo^cr, along, § 247, 1. baljcrgcfommcn, see ba^erfommen, ba^erfommctt, fam ba^er, bat)cr» gefommeu (fein), to come along. ba^tn, along, thither, ba^ittflie^cn, f(o^ ba^in, bo^ingc^ ftoffen (fetn), to flow along. bamal^, at that time, then, § 59, 2. ^am^fcrli'nic, bie, bie -n, steam- ship line. ^ttttfbarfctt, bie, ber — , grati- tude. ban!en, reg. (^aben), with dat., to thank. bttttlt, then, next, § 59, 1. baran', of it. barauf, upon it ; of it (ftolj); to it (antraorten) ; bag fommt — on, that depends. hatavL^', out of that, from that, or it. barf, barfft, may, see biirfen. bargcftcttt, see barftellen. barill', therein, in the fact that. barftcttctt, reg., sep. (t)aben), to represent. bariibcr, about it. t^aSf the, that, which, see ber. bafe, conj., that, § 211, 1. bottcrn, reg. (^aben), to take, to last, § 183, 1. bation', of it, from it, from there ; away. batiottfommen, fam baton, bat)on< gcfommen (fein), to get away, escape. bcttt, your (bu). bcm, dat., see ber. ben, ace, see ber. benett, dat. pi., see ber. bcttfctt 303 burc^naffctt beitleti, bod)te, geba(i)t (^aben), to think, of, an, § 41, 1, Don, § 41, 2. '^tnlmaif i^a^, ble ''er and -t, monument. benn, conj.^ for with the normal order ; particle to be omitted in translating, § 33 ; 7ioi then, §59. bcr, bie, bo8, article, the, § 223 ; demonstrative, that, gen., beffen, beren, beffen, § 211, 3 a ; relative, who, which, that, gen., beffen, beren, beffen, § 208. bcs*, gen., see ber. be^^atb, therefore, for that rea- son. beffen, gen. of ber, or n^etrfier, whose, of which. befto, correl. of\e, the, § 223. beutetn, reg. (^aben), to explain away, quibble over. beutft^, German ; auf — , in Ger- man ; ber ®eutfc!^e, be8 -n, bie -n, the German (citizen) ; ta^ S)entfc^(e), be§-n, German (lan- guage) ; cr fprid^t 2)eutfc^, he speaks German ; in8 2)eutfd^e, into German ; tnt ®eutfd)en, in German, § 156 ; origin, § 354. ^eutfd^tattb, ta^, Germany. bicfj, you, yourself (familiar), see bu. ^iti^ter, ber, bie — , poet. ^tt^tfuttft, bie, bie "e, poetry, art of making verse. bitf, thick. bie, see ber. btefer, biefe, btefeg, or bie«, this ; pi., these. • 'J)tetri«^, ber, Dietrich, Theodoric. ^xnQ, bag, bie -e, thing ; Dor alien -en, above all. btr, you, to you, dat., see bn. ^ivtt'ioVf ber, bie S)ire!tor'en, director, principal. bod^, yet, but, after all ; yes, § 237, 1 ; pray, with the impera- tive, § 237, 2 ; is it, etc., § 237, 2, Note. ^ohnetfr^er, ber, bie — , inter- preter. bort, there, yonder, over there, § 16, 1. '^V,f abhrev. for S)o!tor, Dr. ^rat^e, ber, be^ -n, bie -n, dragon. ^rnt^enblut, ba§, beg -eg, dragon's blood. ^rang, ber, beg -eg, impulse. brc^eit, reg. (^aben), to twist. brct, three. brei^tg, thirty. bret^igja^rtg, lasting 30 years ; ber -e ^rieg, the Thirty Years' War. britt, third. ^ro^ttttg, bie, bie -en, threat. bnirfcn, reg. (^aben), to print. ^rurferet, bie, bie -en, printing, printing office. bit, you, thou ; used with intimate friends. burt^, through, § 108 ; by. burt^'fit^ren, reg., sep. (^aben), to put through, carry out. burc^'fommen, tarn bnrd), burc^ge- fommen (fein), to come through, get through, pass. burd^ttaffett, reg.,insep. (l)aben), to soak through, wet through. burt^reifctt 804 tmpot burc^rci'fcn, reg.^ insep. (Ijaben), to travel through, to "do." ^iircr, bcr, Albrecht Diirer, Ger- many'^s leading artist in the sixteenth century^ § 116 and §144. biirfctt, burfte, geburft (I)abcn), cr barf, may, to be permitted, § 75, 1. burfte, see biirfen. cbcn, so, § 26, 2, Note; just, § 196, 2, Note. cficnfo, just so. cbcl, ebter, noble, nobler. t\)t, before, § 248, 1. @^c^aar, bag, bie -e, married couple. 6^rc, bie, bic -tt, honor. e^ren, reg'. (l)aben), to honor. (Sid^ftr. /or (Sidjftra^c, Oak St. ^tfcrfttd^t, bic, ber — , jealousy. cifrifl, eager(Iy). cigcn, (one's) own. ciflCtttlit^, really, § 33. citcii, reg. (^aben), to hasten. cin, a, an ; one ; ber eine, the one, § 29, 2 ; sep. prefix as in ein= fatten, etc. Ctnanber, each other, one another ; combines loith prepositions as one word : tniteinanbcr, etc, einbriugctt, braiij] cin, einge- brungen (^abcn), to press into ; to invade. cinfrtd^, simple, simply. ©infttit, ber, bie ''e, idea. cittfattctt, fiel ein, eingefatten (jeln), to occur to, loith dat., § 231, 2 ; I shouldn't think of, e8 fottt ntlr nid^t ein, § 41, 1, Note. cittftcl, see einfatten. eingefalten, see cinfaUen. cittgcfd^tafctt, see einfdjtafen. ctttig, pron., some ; toor einiger 3eit, some time ago j ad;., united. etuigen, reg.^ (i^aben), to make one, unite. einnta(, once, once upon a time. eitt'mifd^cn, reg.^ sep. (^aben), to mix in ; fid) — , reflex.., to " butt in." ctnfd^Iafctt, fd^tief ein, eingefd)fafen (fein), er fc^Idft cin, to go to sleep, fall asleep. Ctnft, once (upon a time). cintraf, see cintreffen. ciittrcffctt, traf ein, eingetroffen (fein), to arrive. Ctttjtg, single, § 9 ; only, § 185, 2. ciitjubringcn, see einbrtngen. ©ifcttba^tt, bie, bie -en, railroad. ©Icftrijitat', bie, bic -en, elec- tricity. ^Icttb, ba8, beS -S, misery, c(f, eleven. cmpftt^r, see empfet)(en. cm^fnnb, see empfinben. empfriugcit, enipfing, cmpfangen (Ijaben), cr cmpfdngt, to re- ceive, § 261, 2. empfe^fen, empfal)t, cmpfo^fen (Ijaben), ev empfie^tt, to recom- mend. cmpfittbctt, cmpfanb, empfunben (^aben), to feel, experience. empor, up, aloft. cmportttgctt 305 crtrtttfctt tmpov'vaQtn, reg., sep. (^abcn), to loom up, to jut out. ©ttbc, bog, bie -n, end. Cttblid^, finally. ©ttgtanbcr, ber, bie — , English- man. englif^, English ; auf — , in Eng- lish. tnttv'hcn, reg., insep. (^abcn), to disinherit. Ctttrattg', along, § 247, 1. cntfj^ctbctt, cntfd)ieb, entfc^ieben (^aben), to decide, § 258, 1 ; entf(i)ieben, adv., decidedly. Ctttfli^Kc^Ctt ft(i^, rejl., tw\.\6)\Q% entf(i)toffen (^aben), to decide, § 258, 2. Ctttft^Io^, see cntf(^Iie§cn. Ctttftanb, see entftel)en. Ctttftc^en, cntftanb, cntftanben (feiii), to arise, have its start ; to begin. cr, \\t, c8, he, she, it, § 207, Note. crbottCtt, reg., insep. (f)aben), to erect, build. crfilcffcn, reg., insep. (fein), to grow pale,^^., to die. ©rfa^rung, bie, bie -en, experi- ence. crfattb, see erfinben. crftttbctt, erfanb, erfunben (^aben), to invent. etgangen, see crgef)en. crgcBctt m, refl., ergab, ergeben (f)aben), er ergibt fid), to sur- render; adj., respectful; erg 6=" benft, very respectfully. crgc^cn, ergiiig, ergangen (fein), impers. with daL, to go, to fare ; ebenfo ift es if)m mit feinem 9ietc^e ergongcn, just so he fared in regard to his realm, cr^ttftctt, er^ielt, ert)alten (Ijabeti), er ert)dlt, to keep ; to receive, § 261, 1; ft(^ — , reflex., to maintain oneself. er^telt, see erl^alten. cr^olctt fi(^, reflex., reg., insep. (i)oben), to recover. crittttcrit, reg., insep. (^aben), to remind ; fid) — , reflex., with gen. or an and ace, to remember. crfcttttCtt, erfonnte, erfannt (baben), to recognize. crflarctt, reg., insep. (J^ahtn), to explain; .frieg — , to declare war. • crlaubctt, reg., insep. (baben), with dat., to allow. crtcttJ^tctt, reg., insep. (f)abeit), to light, illumine. croficrit, reg., insep. (I)obeii), to conquer. crri^tctt, reg., insep. (t)aben), to erect, put up. crf^cittCtt, erf rf) ten, erfd^ienen (fein), to appear. crf(^icn, see erf(^einen. crft^tagctt, erf(f)tug, erfc^tagen (^aben), er erfd)tagt, to kill. erf(i^(u0, see erfd)tagen. crftcr -C -C§, adj., first, § 268, 1 ; adv., for the first time ; only, just, not till, § 185, 1, 6. crfttt^Ctt, reg., insep. (^aben), to request, beg. tvivanlf see ertrinfen. ertnn!ctt, ertranf, ertrunfen (fein), to drown, be drowned. crttiaj^ctt 806 fid crttJa^cn, regr., insep. (fcltt), to awake. erWtt^tcn, reg., insep. (^aBcn), to choose. tr^afjhn, reg.^ insep. (f)aben), to tell, relate, § 28, 1. ©rs'^crjog, ber, bie -e and '^e, archduke. tS, it ; there (or omit), § 85, 1, 2 and Note ; loi^A feitt aiid plural attribute, they, those, § 211, 3, 6, Note. tttoa, about, § 193, 2. ettttaS, something, anything; a following adjective is written with a capital: ettt)a8 @uteg, §217. tn(lf)f dat. and ace. of U)x, you. ttttv, your. (^nvopa, ba«, Europe. ©jarncn, ba«, bic (Sjamina, ex- amination. Q^trnplav', bag, bic -e, copy, sam- ple. f^ttftrifat', ba8, bic -c, manufac- ture. fa^rcn, fu^r, gefa^ren (fein or ijahtn, § 167), er fd^rt, to drive, ride, go (by train) ; see also fortfa^ren, to continue. ^aU, htx, bic "c, case ; auf fctncn — , by no means, under no cir- cumstances ; Quf allc ^aUe, at any rate, anyway. faHctt, fict, flefallen (fein), cr faEt, to fall ; see also ciufollcn, ^cr* fatten, jufammcnfatten. falls, conjunc, in case. fattt, see fallen. falfd^, wrong ; false. ^amilic, bie, bie -n (four sylla- bles), family. ^ang, ber, bie H, catch. fangcn, fing, gefangen (l^aBen), er fangt, to catch ; see also an* fangcn, to begin. faffctt, reg. (^aben), to take; to interpret. faft, almost. ^cd^tCtt, baS, be8 -8, fencing, sword play. IJcbcr, bie, bie -n, pen. fc^tcn, reg. (^aben), with dat, to lack; benen prattijd)e ©rfal^* rung fel)tte, who lacked prac- tical experience. %t\)Ux, ber, bie — , mistake. f^ctcrtag, ber, bie -c, holiday. fcttt, delicate, fine. f^Ctttb, ber, bic -c, enemy, foe. I^ctb^crr, ber, bes -n, bic -en, general. i^clbsujj, ber, bie H, campaign. f^crbittoub, ber, Ferdinand. §crufprc(^cr, ber, bic — , tele- phone. fertiji, ready ; through, finished, § 196, 2. fcft, firm(ly), thoroughly. ^cft, bag, bic -c, celebration, fes- tival. ^cftuitflSflraficn, ber, bie gcftuno^' grnben, moat. S^cftttUfl^maucr, bic, bic -n, forti- fied wall. ^\ii)it, ber, Fichte, the great German philosopher, fid, see fallen. ftnbett 307 Prfttt(^fcit ftttbcn, tonb, gefunben (l^aben), to find, § 180, 1. ftngcn, see fangen. %\tdf ber, bie -e, spot {of ink or dirt, etc.). ffet^ig, industrious (ly); hard, § 173, 3 ; am -[ten, 218, 1 ; aufg -fte, § 218, 2. fltcl^en, f(o!), gefloljen (jein), to flee. fltc^Ctt, f(oB, gefloffen (jein), to flow. flo!^, see ftic^en. I^Ittg, hex, bie "c, flying, flight. f^(u§, ber, bie ^e, river. flitftcrn, reg. (^aben), to whisper. f^otgc, bie, bie -n, consequence. folgcn, re^. (fein), with dat., to follow, § 166, Note; fotgenb, following, fjorm, bie, bie -en, form. fort, adv. and sep. prefix, away. fort'ftt^rcn, futir fort, fortgefal)ren (^aben), to continue, § 233, 1 and § 180, 2. fort'ge^cn, ging fort, fortgegangen (fein), to go away. fort'fc^Ctt, reg., sep. (l^aben), to continue, § 233, 2. fortjttfa^rctt, see fortfa!)ren. ^ragc, bie, bie -n, question. fragctt, reg. (tjaben), to ask, § 15, 2. f^ranffurt, bo8, Frankfort (on the Main) . %xani^ilvitVf prop. adj. (of) Frankfort. ^vantvdiS), ba^, beg -8, France. fjransofe, ber, beg -n, bie -n, Frenchman. fransiifift^, French. i^vaUf bie, bie -en, woman ; wife ; Mrs. ^xtinltin, bag, bie — , lady ; Miss. ^rct^cit, bie, bie -en, freedom. frcmb, strange, § 271, 2; ber ^rembe, beg -ti, bie -it, stranger. f^rcttttb, ber, bie -e, friend. ^rcunbitt, bie, bie -nen, friend (woman). frcilttbltt^, friendly; kind. ^reuttbft^aft, bie, bie -en, friend- ship. ^riebrtt^, ber, Frederick. ^rifi^c, bie, ber — , freshness, vigor. frii^, early, soon ; fritter, sooner, before, § 248, 2, b. ^vni)UnQ§Unmt, bie, bie -n, spring flower. fit^rctt, see fai)ren. fiil^rcn, reg. (^aben), to lead ; of arms (3Saffen), to bear, wield ; of war (^rieg), to wage ; see also burc^fiitjren, to put through, carry out. ^ii^trcr, ber, bie — , leader. fiinf, five ; fiinft, fifth, fiir, for, §109, 1; hj, etc.. §109, 2. furt^tfiar, fearful (ly), terribly. fiirj^tcn, reg. (^aben), to fear ; fic^ — , refl,ex., to be afraid, of, ttor with dat. fitrd^tcrtiti^ft, mos^- terrible. ^iirft, ber, beg -en, bie -en, prince (appointive, as distinguished from ber ^rinj, the son of a king) . f^ilrftlit^feit, bit*, bie -en, prince, royalty. 3ftt« 308 gelungen ^tti ber, bic "e, foot ; gu — foot, afoot. ga6, see gebcn. (^atcric', bie, bie -n, gallery. ^ang, ber, bie "e, gait, pace, rate. gattj, all, whole, entire, § 113, 1. qaVf at all ; in fact. ^avtcn, ber, bic % garden. ^aftfrci^cit, bie, ber — , hospi- tality. Qtathtittt, see arbeiten. gcbttbct, see Baben. ©cftiittbc, bog, bie — , building. gcficn, Qah, gegeben (^aben), er gibt, to give ; eg glbt, there is, § 85, 1 ; njog gtbt'g, what's up ; see also gugeben. Qthxaii)t, see brlngen, gcfirauc^Ctt, reg., insep. (l)aben), to use, make use of. (SJeBuft^, ha^f bie -e, bushes. gcbat^t, see benfen, ©cbanfc, ber, beg -tig, bie -n, thought, idea. gebaucrt, see bauern, (^t^l^t, bog, bie -e, poem. gcbrurft, see brudfeti. gccl^rt, honored, see e^ren. gcfatten, gefiel, gefaUen (I)aben), eg gefaUt, iciY^ dat., to please ; to like, § 76, 3. gcftcl, see gcfaUcn. gcfolgt, see folgen. gcfrttgt, see fragen, gcgaugctt, see ge^etx, gcgcficu, see geben. gcgcn, against, § 110, 1; to, toward, § 110, 2. ©cgcttfa^, ber, bie "e, contrast. gcgtaubt, see glauben. gegritnbet, see griinben. gc^anbclt, see ^anbeln, ©c^ctmrat, ber, bie '^e, secret councillor, a common German title. gc^Ctt, ging, gegangen (fein), to go ; eg gef)t, to be, § 206, 1 ; see also angel)en, § 206, 2, Note and Oorbeige^en, § 246, 4 ; bag ®e= ^en, going, gait; gum gleid^en rid)tigen ©e^en gu bringen, to get them to keep together cor- rectly. gc^ijrctt, reg., insep. (i)aben), loith dat., to belong to. gcPrt, see \)'6xen and gepren. gcHagt, see flagen. gcfommctt, see fommen. Qttomii, see fonnen. gctangcn, reg., insep. (fein), to arrive, come. gclaffctt, see taffeii. ^clb, bag, bie -er, money. gcfcfit, see leben. QtU^vtf learned, see le^rett ; ber ®tU\)xtt, beg -n, bie -n, learned man. gelciftct, see letften. gclcrnt, see lerncn. QtVicht, see Ucben. gclingctt, gctang, gelungen (fein), impers. with dat., to succeed, § 180, 2. Qtlohtf see loben. gcltcn, gait, gegolten (tjoben), e« gilt, usually impers. , to be a question of. gelungcu, see gcUngen. ^tmaifit 309 fitctt^ ^tmati)t, see mad)en. ©cmalbe, bag, bie — , painting. gemcinfain, common. gcttttttttt, see nettnen. (DcttcraC, ber, bie -e, or "e, gen- eral. gcttttg, enough. fiCttttgCtt, reg'., ms^ip. (^aben), to suffice ; geniigenb, sufficient(ly). dJcorgc, ber, George (in German usually @eorg')« gcrabc, afZj., straight; adv.,]\ist, exactly. gcraten, gertet, geraten (feiu), to get ; ill 3orn — , to get angry. ©crei^tig^cit, bie, ber — , justice. gcrcttct, see retten» (^tvi^tf ba«, bie -e, court (of judgment). gcrirfjtct, see rirf)ten, to direct. gcrict, see geraten. gcrit, Ueber, am liebften, gladly, to like to, § 76, 2 and 1. gcriiftct, see riiften. gcfagt, see fagen. OJcfattbtc, ber, beg -n, bie -it, envoy, ambassador. gcft^affctt, see fd^affen. gcft^c^ctt, gefcf)a^, gefc^e^eu (fein), eg geidjie^t, im'th dat., to hap- pen ; eg gef(i)ie^t il)m rec^t, it serves him right. gcfd^citcrt, see jc!)eitern. gcft^Cttft; see fc^enfen. ©cfc^ic^tc, bie, bie -n, story ; his- tory. gcfd^Iagcn, see f(i)tagen. ©cfi^tci^t, bag, bie -er, race, gen- eration. . gcfc^Ctt, see je^en. ^cfcttc, ber, beg -n, bie -n, jour. neyman, companion. @cfcMf(^aft, bie, bie -en, company. C^cfc^, bag, bie -e, law. gcficgt, see ftegen. gef^Jtelt, see fpielen. geftcrft,see ftecfen. gcftcrit, yesterday ; a following noun is written as an adverb without a capital : geftern abenb, geftern nac^mittag. gcftorbctt, see fterben. gcMt, see jndjen. gcfwttgett, see fingen. getan, see tun. gctricbctt, see treiben. gemalttg, mighty. gcttiartet, see n^arten. gettiijl)nctt ftd^, reflex., reg., insep. (Ijaben), to get used, to, an with ace; getro^nt, accustomed, to, an with ace. gcttJO^ttt, see njo^nen. gcttJorbctt, see n)erben. gettiu|t, see rt)iffen. gift, M sing, imperative, see geben. Qlhtf eg — , there is, § 85, 1 ; see geben. gilt, see gelten. gtttg, gingen, see ge^en. gtangcttb, gldnjenbft, brilliant, most brilliant. gJaufictt, reg. (^aben), to believe, think, § 157, 1 and Note ; to believe in, an with ace, § 157, 1, Note c. gleic^, adj., alike, equal, the same ; ^u -er 3^itf ^* o"® ^^^ ^^^ same time ; adv., at once. gletfi^en 310 ^au9 with dat., to resemble, § 76, 3, Note. glttrfltd^, happy, fortunate. gnabtg, gracious ; common term of address to ladies : gnabigc grau, gnobigeg i^raulein. &ottt\C, ber, Goethe, Germany's greatest genius. gotbCtt, golden. (^ott, ber, bie ^er, God, god. ^vamma'titf bie, bie -en, gram- mar. ^xan, gray. grcifctt, griff, gegriffen (^abett), to grasp ; see also angreifen, to attack. @rcti§, ber, be« -eg or -en, bie -e or -en, the old man, gray- beard. @ric(^if(i^(c), bag, beg -en, Greek. griff, see g re if en. ©rimm, ber, prop, name, Jakob Grimm, probably the greatest philologist Germany ever pro- duced. gro^, grij^er, grftfet/ large, big, great, greater, greatest; as noun, @ro§eg, great things. (SJruft, bie, bie H (burial) vault. ^runb, ber, bie H, reason, § 260. grilttbctt, reg. (^aben), to estab- lish, found. ^vn% ber, bie "c, greeting. grii^Ctt, reg. (^aben), to greet, send regards to, with ace. &nt, bag, bie "er, property ; estate. gut, adj., good ; adv., well, § 234, 1. Gutenberg, ber, Gutenberg, the inventor of printing, § 131. gut'tnittig, good-natured. ffahen, ^atte, gel)abt (^abcn), er ^at, to have ; often translated by English past when used as auxiliary; see §§ 164, 165, and 167. ^aI6, half, § 184, 2. ^atftc, bie, bie -n, half, § 184, 1. Ijaltcn, ^ielt, ge^alten (l^aben), er i)alt, to hold, to keep ; fic^ — , reflex. , to keep oneself ; — fiir, to consider, take for, § 157, 3 and § 183, 4 ; to take (a news- paper), § 183, 4. Hamburg, bag, Hamburg, the second largest city in Germany. ^0ttttittrg=5tmcrifa=fiinic, bie, the Hamburg-America Line, the world's largest steamship com- pany. ^anb, bie, bie "e, hand. ^anbcl, ber, U^^ -g, trade. ^anbcltt, reg. (I)aben), to act. ^anS, ber, John ; Hans Sachs, Germany's greatest master- singer, § 116. ^art, hard, § 173, 1. I^artttotfig, obstinate. ^offcn, reg. (^abcn), to hate. \)(ii, see fjaben. ^ttttc, I^Qtten, see ^abcn (past subj.). ^auftg, frequent(ly). ^tkxx^, bag, bie ^ciufer, house ; ju -e, at home ; nad^ -c, (to) home. ^ebttiig 311 l^itt ^cbttJtg, bic, Hedwig. ^ccr, ta^, bie -e, army. ^ccrfii^rcr, hex, bie — , leader, general. ^Cftig, severe (ly), heavy. ^cgel, ber, Hegel, one of Ger- mcmy^s greatest philosophers, ^CtKg, holy. ^timatf bie, bie -en, home. l^cimKi^, secret(ly). ^cittfiri^, ber, Henry. ^ciratctt, reg. (i)ahen), to marry, § 51, 2. l^ci^Ctt, ^ie^, ge!^ei^en C^aben), to be called, § 49, 2 ; to be (trans- lated), § 49, 2, Note. l^ettcr, cheerful (ly). ^clb, ber, bc8 -en, bie -en, hero. ^c(bcttgrei§, ber, beg -eg or -en, bie -e or -en, heroic old man, old hero. ^clfcn, ^alf, gel^otfen (^aben), er I)itft, with dat., to help, § 39, 1. ^clm^ol^, ber, Helmholtz, one of Germany'' s great physicists. l^er, hither ; denoting motion toward the speaker, not trans- lated, § 149, 1 and § 149, 2, Note ; following an ace, ago, § 4, Note ; ^in unb — , hither and thither, to and fro ; see also ^erfaUen. ^erangcttiod^fctt, see !^eranit)a(^fen. ^cranttJat^fctt, njud^S Ijeran, I^eran^ geh)ac{)fen (fein), er n)d(i)ft l)eran, to grow up. l^crattiSgcbctt, gab l^erong, l)eraug= gegeben (l)oben), er gibt ^eroug, to publish. ^crau^gcgeficn, see ^erauggeben. l^eretn, in {toward the speaker) ; — ! come in ! {in answer to a knock at the door). l|crcitt!ommctt, font tjerein, ^erein^ gefomnten (fein), to come in. ^crfattctt, fiet §er, ^ergefaffen (fein), er foEt l^er, to fall ; iiber jentanb ^erfaEen, to come down hard upon, to attack severely. ^ermatttt, ber, Hermann, Ar- minius. ^crmann§fd^(ad^t, bie, Hermann's Battle, name given to the fight in the Teutohurg Forest, where Hermann defeated the Eomans in 9 A.D. ^txv, ber, beS -n, bie -en, gentle- man ; sir ; Mr. ; — @ott. Lord God, the Lord. ^errfi^Ctt, reg. (^oben), to rule, reign. ^crtttttcrgcjogctt, see ^ernnter* jie^en. ^cruntcrstc^cn, ^og ^erunter, f)er^ untergegogen (^aben), to pull down. ^crjog, ber, bie -e and "e, duke. ^tMitf to-day ; a following noun is written as an adverb without a capital: ^ente abenb, ^ente morgen. ^tclt, see ^alten. ^icr, here ; compare ha, § 16, 2. ^tc^, see ^ei^en. ^itbcguttb, bie, Hildegund. ^t(f, pi'es. imperative from \:)tU fen. I^itt, denoting motion away from the speaker, § 149, 1 and § 149, 2, Note, usually not translated ^ !^tttabf(f)auen 312 ^taKett — unb l^er, to and fro, hither and thither, § 149, 2. ^tnab'ft^aucn, reg., sep. (l)abcn), to look down. Ijina^'ftciflCtt, fticg ^inab, I)inab= gefticgcn (fcin), to go down, de- scend. ^tnettt, in. ^incinttttt, tat l^inein, ^iticingctati (I)abeu), to put in. ^tngc^ctt, gtng I/in, t)ingegangcn (fcln), to go (away) from the speaker. ^tttf^d^cn, reg., sep. (^abcn or fcin), to spatter. l^inten, at the back or rear, be- hind. Winter, prep, with dat. or ace, be- hind. l)ttttttt'tcrfiU(fctt, reg., .sep. (t)a- ben), to look down. ,^iftori!cr, ber, bie— , historian. l\oti), {declined, ^o^er), \)'t\)tx, am t)Oci)[tcn, high, higher, highest. ^or^a^tung, bie, bcr — , esteem. I)od)a(l^tuttg§t)ott, with great es- teem. ^offctt, reg. (^aben), to hope, for, auf with ace. Pfltrf), l)bflid^ft, polite(ly), most politely. ^of)cit, btc, ber — , highness; ^aifcrlic^e — , Imperial High- ness. l^olctt, reg. (t)abcn), to get, fetch, § 42, 2 ; see also nod)l)olcn, to make up. ^oljfc^mtt, bcr, bie -e, wood- cut. Pren, reg. (^aben), to hear, § 180, 1 ; see also Quf^orcn, to stop. ^ofcntafrfjc, bie, bie — , trousers pocket. ^ottV, ba8, bie -%, hotel. ^unbert, hundred. ^nt, ber, bie H, hat. ^bcc, bie, bie -n, idea. t^m, to him or it, dat. of er or eg. t^tt, him, it (9'iamen), ace. of ex. ^f^ntn, you, dat. of (Sic. i^nen, to them, dat. of jie. S^r, your. t!^r, her, their ; to her, dat. of fie, she ; you, pron. of2dpers. plu. tm, see in bem. tmmcr, always. in, in, into, to, § 121. tnbem^ while ; for English verbal, § 189, 1. ^nbttfhric', bie, bie -n, industry. ^n(aut, bcr, bie -e, inlaut, the middle sound, that is, not at either end, of a word or syl- lable. xn^, see in ba8. ^nfrfirift, bie, bie -en, inscription. tutcrcffnut', interesting. Siitcrcf fc, ba«, bie -n, interest, in, fiir with ace. itttcrcffic'rcit S^^t reflex., interef= fiev'te, intercjfiert' (l)aben), to be interested, in, fiir with ace. intim', intimate, friendly. tft, see jein. ^talien, bas, Italy. i« 313 mnxq fa, yes ; by all means, § 200, 1 ; why, you know, § 200, 2. Stt^r, bag, bie -e, year. 3>tt^r!^Utt'bcrt, ta^, bie -e, century. |c, ever, § 257, 1 ; correl., jc — befto, the — the. jcbcr, jebe, itht^, every, each. jebod^, yet, but, nevertheless. ^tna, ha^, Jena. jcncr, jene, jeneg, that, § 211, 3, b. jc^ig, adj., of now, of to-day, present. ft^tf now. ^o^amt, ber, John. Sugenb, bie, ber — , youth. inm, young. Sungling, ber, bie -e, young man, youth. ^atfcr, ber, bie — , emperor, kaiser. ^aiferfro«c, bie, bie -it, imperial crown. faifcrlid^, imperial. tali, cold. tam, fomen, see fomnten. ^am^f, ber, bie H, combat, fight. fam^fcn, reg. (I)aben), to fight. ^am^ff^tcl, ta^, bie -e, combat, gladiatorial games. tanxif can, see tonnen. tannttf see fennen. ^atlt, ber, Kant, one of Ger- many'' s greatest philosophers. ^avi, ber, Charles ; — ber Oro^e, Charlemagne. ^arlftra^c, bie, ber — , Charles St. fttttfctt, reg. (^aben), to buy. tanm, hardly. fc^rtc, see juriicffeljren. feitt, not a, not any, no, none, §9. fcttttcn, !annte, gefannt (^aben), to be acquainted with, know, § 58, 2 ; to get acquainted with, meet, § 171, 2, Note. ^ittb, ba^, bie -er, child. ^irt^c, bie, bie -n, church. tiaQtn, reg. (l)aben), to complain. Piaffe, bie, bie -n, class. ^latt, prop, name, Klatt. tkixtf small, little, § 194, 1. ^(ctttafictt, ha^, beg -g, Asia Minor. ftittgctt, Hang, geflungen (tjaben), to sound. ^loftcr, t>a^, bie ", convent. tiUQ, clever. ^nahc, ber, beg -n, bie -n, boy. ^Obcrgcr, bft:, Anton Koberger, a printer of Nuremberg . ^Od^, ber, Koch, the great German scientist. ^oltc'gin, bie, bie -nen, colleague (lady). ^otoffcum, ta^f beg -g, colosseum, the huge amphitheatre in Borne, where the games and gladiato- rial combats were held. fomtncn, tam, gefommen (fein), imperative, fomni, to come ; to be (fpcit, late), § 219, 2; see also anfommen, to arrive, tjor* fomnteiT, to occur. ^otn^ottift', ber, beg -en, bie -en, composer (of music). ^oniQ, ber, bie -e, king. ^iJnigitt 314 laffeit ^iltttgttt, ble, blc -nen, queen. ^Ottig^&crg, bag, Konigsberg, a city in northeast Germany. fiittttcn, fonntc, gefonnt (I)oben), er fann, to be able, can, § 76, 2 ; to know (how to do), § 58, 3. fonntc, fonute, could, see tJ5n= neit. ^onrab, ber, Konrad or Conrad, name of (1) the Franconian, the predecessor of Henry the Fowler, § 54, and (2) of the Hohenstaufen king who took Weinsberg, § 91. ^Ottftantino'licl, ba^, Constantino- ple. ^oMcxiation^'hnti), ba^, bie "er, conversational manual. ^opl ber, bie^e, head. ^ornbtnme, ber, bie -n, corn- flower, the national flower of Germany; a conventionalized form of it is the' cover design of this hook. ^ornfclb, bag, bie -er, cornfield, field of grain. ( Corn, that is, Indian corn, is little known in Germany.) foften, reg. C^aben), to cost; to be, § 206, 2, Note. fraftig, strong. ^tti^f ber, bie -e, circle. ^reuj, bag, bie -e, cross. ^rcujjng, ber, bie ^reujjiige, cru- sade. ^ricg, ber, ble -e, war ; — fat)ren, to wage war ; — erfldren, to de- clare war. fricg^bcrcit, ready for war. ^ricgiifuttft, bie, ble H, strategy. ^rtcgSfd^au^ta^, ber, ble H, scene of war. ^ricm^tlbc, bie, Kriemhilde. ^ronc, bie, bie -n, crown. fiimmcm, reg. (^aben), to bother ; fid^ — , reflex., to care, about, um with ace. ; 3Bag fiimmert mid) ble 9lul)e ber Soten? What do I care about the peace of the dead ? ^tnft, ble, ble "e, art. Mnfttcr, ber, bie — , artist. fiinfttcrifd^, artistic. ^nnftfinn, ber, beg -g, artistic sense. ^n^fcrftii^, ber, ble -e, etching. ^nrfttrft, ber, beg -en, bie -en, elector, § 192. fnrj, short (ly). ^Ijff^ttttfer, ber, KyfEhauser, m,ountain in Thuringia, where Barharossa is said to he sleep- ing and where Germany has erected a huge monument to Emperor William I, who re- stored the German Empire. labctt, lub, getaben (l)aben), er labet or Icibt, to load. Snnb, bag, bie "er, land, country ; anf bem -e, in the country. Sanbgraf, ber, beg -en, ble -en, count. lang, adj., longer, long, longer ; for, § 6 ; long ere ^tit, rather long, quite a while. lauge, adv., a long time, long, § 60, 2, Note. laffctt, Ile^, gelafjen (^aben), er (aufett 315 mam la^t, imperative^ ta^, to let ; to have (made or done), § 68, 4. laufcti, Uef, gelaufen (jein), er Iduft, to ran. (ttttt, lautcr, loud, louder. tcfictt, reg. (!^aben), to live, exist, § 6, 2. ficbcn, t>a^, bic — , life. 2tbtn§iaf\t, bag, bic -c, year of (his) age. Icb^aft, lively. Icgcn, reg. (^aben), to lay ; to put, § 222, 2. ficgiott', bic, bic -en, legion, a Boman regiment. Scorer, ber, bie — , teacher. ficid^c, bie, bic -n, corpse, (dead) body. IctJ^t, light, easy. letb, c8 tut tnir tcib, I am sorry ; tat' mtr leibc, I should be sorry for. (cibctt, litt, gctittcti (^abcn), to suffer; to stand, § 221, 2. (ciftctt, reg. (^abcn), to accom- plish ; SBibcrftanb — , to offer resistance. (crnctt, reg. (l^abcn), to learn, § 81 ; to study {except in ad- vanced work, when ftubicren is used) . Icfcn, to8, gclcfcn (^abcn), cr Ucft, to read. Ic^t, last. 2cittc, bic (pi), people. Keb, dear. Itcbctt, reg. C^abctt), to love. iithtx, rather, see gent. fiicbnitg^bfume, bic, bie -it, favor- ite flower. Itcbtctt, see Uebctt. fiicb, ha^, bic -er, song. lief, see laufeit. Itcgctt, lag, gctcgcit (^abeit), to lie ; to be, § 206, 2. lic^, see laffeit. Jitubcn, ta^f Linden, a city near Hannover. Sinie, bic (three syllables), line. Sift, bic, bie -en, trick, subter- fuge. litt, see Iciben. Slot)b, ber, Lloyd, North German Lloyd, name of a large German steamship company with head- quarters in Bremen. lobctt, reg. (^abcn), to praise. lubett, see laben. Sttifc, bie, Luise, Louise. Sutler, ber, Luther, pronounced with short u in German. m tnar^Ctt, reg. (^aben), to make ; to do, § 77, 1 ; to take, § 183, 3 ; see also auSntac^en. 9Wtt(^t, bie, bie H, power. SWabt^clt, bag, bic — , girl. mag, see mogen. ma^lctt, ma^lte, gema'^len (t)aben), to grind {of corn). WaX, ha^, bie -c, (point of) time, § 50, 3. ntalctt, reg. (f)aben), to paint. SJlalcr, ber, bic — , painter. 9Jlalcm', bie, bic -en, (the art of) painting. man, one, they, you, we, § 57. 'Maww, ber, bie "er, man, husband, § 19, 2. ^atcnS 316 9Kitttcr 9Jlorcu§, ber, Mark. Wlavte, bie, bic -n, sign, trade- mark. Warttf ber, bic "e, market (place) . mavitpla^, ber, bie aJiarftpm^e, marketplace. aJlartitt, ber, Martin. 2)lfl^, bag, bie -e, measure. 9Watt*, for 3Rott^au«, ber, beg SRatt^cii, Matthew. SlflagiinUiatt, ber, Maximilian. mcl^r, more ; rather, § 218, 3. mcitt, my, mine ; — §err, sir. mcittCtt, reg. (I)aben), to mean (of persons) ; to think, § 157, 1. ^Jlctttttttfl, bie, bie -en, opinion ; mciner — nad), in my opin- ion. mcift, mo8t(ly) ; am mciften, most(ly). mciften^, mostly, usually. SKciftcrfaitflcr, ber, bie — , master- singer. 5Jlcttfji^, ber, be8 -en, bie -en, man, § 19, 1. mxtt\, me, see id). SJltnncfdttncr, ber, bie — , minne- singer, troubador. 9Jltnutc, bie, bie -n, minute. mir, to me, see id). tttt^tjcrftaitbctt, see mi{3t)erfte^en. ttti^ucvftc^cn, migDcrftanb, mtB= oerftanben (l)aben), to misun- derstand . tnit, prep., with, § 96; adv., along ; § 247, 2 ; sep. prefix as in mitgeT)en, mittcilcn. mitctttan'bcr, with one another or each other. mttgc^cii, fling mil, nutgegangen (fein), to go, to go along or with. mttnc^mcn, na^m mit, tnitgenom^ men (l)aben), er nimmt mit, to take along. mtttetlen, reg., sep. (^abcn), imth dat. , to inform ; to share with. dMttiaUcv, bag, beg -g, the Mid- dle Ages, tnittCtt, adv., in the middle; right (into, etc.). mttjunc^mctt, see mitnef)men. m'6ii)tt, should or would like, § 266, 1, see mogen. monctt, moc^te, gemod)t (t)aben), er mag, may, § 76, 2 ; to like, §76,1. ntogltf^, possible. ^ommfen, ber, Mommsen, one of Germany's greatest histo- rians. Wlonat, ber, bie -e, month. 9)Zorgcn, ber, bie — , morning ; written as adverb tcithout a capital after geftern, I)eute, etc. morgen^ adv., to-morrow ; auf — , for to-morrow. 3Wofc, ber, Moses ; 1 3D^ofe, Gene- sis ; 2 Tto]e, Exodus; 3 3Wofe, Leviticus ; 4 SSflok, Numbers ; 5 9)lofe, Deuteronomy. 9)l3fcr, ber, prop, name, Moser. ^OHl)(c, bie, bic -n, mill. aWiiUcr, ber, bic — , miller ; prop. name, Miller. miiffen, mujjte, gcmuf?t (I)aben), cr mu§, to have to, must, § 68, 3. mu^te, see milffcn. SRutter, bic, bic ", mother. na 317 of^nt n tttt, excL, well. nari^, prep., after, § 97, 2 and § 259, 2 ; to (of places), § 97, 1 ; according to, by, § 97, 8 ; sep. prefix, Ttaci)^o(en, to make up. ^la^hav, ber, bc8 -§ ancZ -n, bie -n, neighbor. nat^bem, co/y., after, § 259, 1. itttd^gcficn, gab ttad), nadjocgeben (^aben), er gibt noc^, to give in, yield. na^^oUttf reg., sep. (t)aben), to make up (work, etc.). Ma(i)xx^t, bie, bie -en, news, re- port. 9?ot^ftc, ber, be8 -n, bie -n, neigh- bor, superl. of na^, near. tta(^'ff^(agcn, fci)Uig narf), na(f)ge^ jd^lagen (^aben), er f(f)tagt nad), to look up (zn a book, etc.). ^a^t, bie, bie "e, niglit. 9?ac^ttgatt, bie, bie -en, nightin- gale. 9lnrijtticft, bie, ber — , posterity. nad)5U^oIcn, see Tiocl)t)oten. ttd^crn fit^, reflex., reg. (^oben), with dat., to approach. 9iamc, ber, beg -ng, bie -n, name. ^^attott', bie, bie -en, nation. ^Jationat'fittttttC, bie, bie -n, na- tional flower. natiir'ttji^, of course. 'UaiMX'txtvit, bie, ber — , natural- ness ; exactness. ncfictt, by, beside, § 122. 9?cffc, ber, be8 -n, bie -n, nephew. ncl^mctt, na^m, genommen (^aben), er nimmt, to take, § 183 and 2, from, dat. new, no. ttcnnctt, nannte, genannt (l^aben), to call, to name, § 49, 1. ItCtt, new, anew. tttJ^t, not; position of, § 37. ntd^tS, nothing ; a following ad- jective is written with a capital : nid)tg @d)Ie(f)teg, § 217. nic, never. tticbcr, adv. and sep. prefix, down. tlic'bcrbiirfctt fit^, reflex., reg. sep. (i)ahtn), to bend down. ttic'bcrJnictt, reg., sep. (jein), to kneel down, ntcbcrfanf, see nieberfinfen. nicbcrfittfctt, fan! nieber, nieber= gefnnfen (jein), to sink down. tticmatig, never. no^f yet, still, as yet ; more, another, § 30, 2 ; — t»or, even before ; sometimes not trans- lated, § 62 ; before, § 248, 2, a. ^onnc, bie, bie -n, nun. norbbcutft^, adj., North German ; ber 9^orbbentfd}e, be§ -n, bie -n. North German (man). mitt, well, § 234, 2 ; now, § 234, 2, Note. ttttt, only, § 185, 1, a. '^ttvnhcvQ, ta^, Nuremberg. ohf if, whether. obcn, above ; upstairs. o^ttJOj)!, although. obcr, or. iJffttCtt, reg. (Ijaben), tb open. oft, often. O^ttC, without ; with infin. , § 181 ; with clause, § 190. o^ntnSd^tig 318 rcifctt ol^n'mad^ttg, fainting, uncon- scious. Ofjv, bag, bie -en, ear. Ovt, ber, bie -e or Hx, place, § 150, 1. Dftcrrct(^, bag, Austria. Otto, hex, Otto. / * ^aia^t', ber, bie ^alcifte, palace. ^-Pa^Jtcr', bag, bie -e, paper. ^avf, ber, bie -e, park. ^orlamcttt', ba^, bie -e, parlia- ment, congress. ^ani, ber, Paul. ^JjSegni^, bie, Pegnitz, the river on which Nuremberg lies. ^ctriftr., ^:petriftra^e, bie, Petri St. ))flilrfctt, reg. (^aben), to pluck, pick. ^^itipp', ber, Philip. ^ia\t, ber, bie H, plan. ^la^, ber, bie ^ square, § 160, 2, a ; room, § 150, 2, b ; seat, § 160, 2, c. ^Iftnbcrn, reg. (I^aben), to plun- der, pillage. ^JOli'tifrfi, political. ^^oftnat^na^mc, unter — , to be collected by the post office, "C. O. D." ^ot^bam, baS, Potsdam. pva^tt>oUf splendid(ly), magnifi- cent(ly). prnftifc^, practical. ^-Prcbiflcr, ber, bie — , preacher; — @aIomoni8, (Bible), Ecclesi- astes. ^rcti8, ber, bie -e, price ; prize. ^rcffc, bie, bie -n (printing) press. ^rcu^cn, bag, Prussia. ^Jrcu^ift^, Prussian. ^rinj, ber, beg -en, bie -en, prince, ^rofcf'for, ber, beg -g, bie ^ro- feffo'ren, professor. a CueUe, bie, bie -n, spring (of water). ?fiat, ber, bie "e, advice. JHat^au^, bag, bie "er, city hall. O*ioubcr, ber, bie — , robber. rct^nctt, reg. (^aben), to count, on, auf with ace. fUtiiftf bag, bie -e, right, privilege. Vt^t, right (morally), § 172, 1 ; red^t I)aben, to be right, § 172, 1, b. D^lcbc, bie, bie -n, speech; 9Jebe baften, to make a speech. . rcbcn, reg. (I)aben), to talk, speak, § 270, 2. Dlcgcl, bie, bie -n, rule. rcgdma^ig, regular. rcgic'rctt, regier'te, regiert' (^a» ben), to rule, reign. 9{egterung, bie, bie -en, govern- ment. dtcxtf^, bag, bie -e, empire. rei(^en^ reg. (l^aben), to pass, to hand to, § 246, 1. 9{ei(^tum, ber, bie "ex, wealth, richness. ^tif^t, bie, bie -n, row ; line ; turn; an tnern ift bie 9Jeil)e, whose turn is it ? JRcifc, bie, bte -n, trip, journey. rei^en, ri^, geriffen (^aben), to snatch, tear. dttittn 319 Sj^ittcr ^IcitCtt, bag, be§ -§, riding. ditliQion', bie, bie -en, religion. Otcft, ber, bie -e, rest, remainder. rcttCtt, reg. (^aben), to rescue, save. rtc^tcn, reg. (()aben), to direct. rid^tig, riglit, correct, § 172, 2. ricf, see rufen. Sfiicfc, ber, be^ -n, giant. CiiefcttftonbBttb, bie -er, gigantic or colossal statue. I^tefig, gigantic. dtltttVf ber, bie — , knight. dlod, ber, bie "e, coat. 91o(anb^ ber, Roland, nephew of Charlemagne ; Roland column, emblem of civic liberty, § 72. Ofiolttttbfatttc, bie, bie -n, Roland column, § 72. 9?o(attb§6o8cn, ber, be6 -8, Ro- land's arch, a ruin on the Bhine. Siom, ha^, Rome. OfJiimcr, ber, bie — , Roman. riimifrfl, Roman. JKontgctt, ber, Rontgen, one of Germany'' s great scientists^ dis- coverer of the X-ray. voi, red. O^iotbart, ber, Redbeard, Barba- rossa. dtMcn, ber, bie — , back. dtMhllV, bie, ber — , return. D^lubotf, ber, Rudolph. riifctt, rief, gerufen (^aben), to call, cry out ; see also ougnifen, to cry out, call out. JRttljC, bie, ber — , rest, peace. ru^en, reg. (f)aben), to rest. xn\}XQ, calm(ly), quiet(ly). ruftCtt, reg. (^aben), to prepare for war. riifttg, hearty, hale. a^, bie — , theater. %ii)vn}X, ber, bte -e, throne. ^^iirtttgctt, \iCi^, Thuringia, a group of small states in the most picturesque part of cen- tral Germany. ticfficttJCgt, deeply moved. %\\xit, bte, bte -n, ink. S^ttttcnfa^, ^a^, bte ''er, inkstand, inkwell. %\\^, ber, bte -e, table. Xitel, ber, bte — , title. %9'^, ber, bte -e or jlobegfoEe, death. ioi, dead ; bte jToten, the dead. tiitcn, reg. (^aben), to kill. tragctt, trug, getragen (^aben), er trcigt, to bear, carry ; to wear. %xa\\l, tix, bte H, potion, drink. txdi, see treten. iX(iMX\% sad(ly). ttreffctt, traf, getroffen (^aben), er trtfft, to meet, § 171, 1 ; to hit. trcifiett, trteb, getrteben (^aben), to drive ; to work at, study. trcnncn, reg. (l)aben), to separate, divide. 2^rcttt0tt, ha%, Trenton. treten, trat, getreten (jetn), er trttt, to go ; to step ; see also anftreten, to step up, to appear {on the stage) ; juructtreten, to step back. treu, faithful. Xrcue, bte, fidelity. trotfcil, dry. trug, see tragen. Xrugbtlb, ^^a^, bte -er, illusion, phantasy. %x\xni, ber, bte H, drinking. Xrup^, ber, bie -g, troop {of sol- diers). %\x6)f )ia^, bte "er, cloth. ttttt, tat, getan (^aben), to do, § 77, 2; to put, §222, 5; Uxh tun, with dat., to hurt ; tdt' mtr tetbe, I'd be sorry for. U iiben, reg. (^aben), to practise. iifeer, over, above, § 123, 1 ; about, § 123, 2 and § 193, 1 ; by way of, § 123, 2, Note; from {to- day, etc.), § 123, 2, Note. ttbcraH', everywhere, all over. iificrar'bcitett fid), reg., insep. (^o^ ben), to overwork. ilberftringcr, ber, bie — , bearer. iifiercitt'ftimmeit, reg., sep. (^a= ikhtvqab 324 tierbrai^te ben), to agree, with, mit, § 232, 1. iibcrgab', see iibergeben. U'ficrgafic, bie, bie -ti, surrender. itbcrgc'ftcn, iibergab', iiberge'ben (^aben), er iibcrgibt', to give over, intrust. &htv\}anpt'f at all, anyv^^ay, § 160. iibcrlc'gctt, adj., superior, to, dat. iibcrfct'jcn, reg., insep. (t)aben), to translate, § 154, 2, Note. ii'bcrfc^cn, re^., scp. (^aben), to ferry over, put across, § 164, 2, Note. flficrfct'Sttttg, bie, bie -en, transla- tion. il6crtrcf'fcn, iibertraf, iibertrof':= fen (Ijaben), er iibertrifft', to surpass, excel. iificrtrifft', see iibertref'fen. iiBcrsctt'gcn, reg., insep. (^aben), to convince. Ufcr, bag, bie — , shore. U^r, bie, bie -en, watch, clock, § 169, 1; time, § 50, 4 and § 169, 2 ; o'clock, § 50, 4 and § 169, 2. ttW, around, about, § 111, 1 and §193, 1; for, §111, 2; at, §111, 3 ; with infin. and gu, in order to, § 197, 2, Note. umfttf feu, reg., insep. (i)aben), to include. umgc'ben, umgab', umge'ben (^o- ben), er umgibt, to surround. ttmftrirf'Ctt, reg., insep. (l)aben), to insnare. Umlaut, ber, bie -c, umlaut, as- similation of a vowel to i, § 322 ; usually represented by ". uut'sic^cn fic^, gog fid) nm, ftd) um» gegogen (^aberi), to change one's clothes. uubcficgt, unconquered. uub, and. uugcfa!l)r, about, § 193, 2. uugcftraft, unpunished. Ituiwcrfitiit', bie, bie -en, univer- sity ; auf ber — , at, of students ; an ber — , at, of professors. ttumijg'ltj^, impossible. uui^, us, see njir. uufcr, our. UUtcr, under, among, § 124. uu'tcrbriugcu, bracf)te unter, un- tergebrac^t (^aben), to shelter, protect. nnitvntf)'mtn, unternat)m', nnter- nom'men (t)aben), er unter= nlmmt, to undertake. uutcrftiit'jcu, reg., insep. (^aben), to support, help. uuterttJcr'fcu, nntermarf, unter» iuor'fen (l)aben), er unterhjirft', to subjugate, subdue, conquer. UUtJCrttJUUb'bttr, invulnerable. Uttiuibcrftc^'Iit^, irresistible. S^ttru^, ber. Varus, a Boman gen- eral binder Augustus. i ben), cr uerbtrbt, to spoil. tjerbrangctt, re^., msep. (^aben), to crowd out. tJcrc^rctt, reg., insep. (^oben), to honor exceedingly ; tiere^rt, most honored, revered. tJCrcittCtt fi(^, reg., insep. (fjabcn), to unite ; bereint, united. ticrcintgcn, reg., insep. (^aben), to unite, join together ; fid) — , reflex., to join hands, unite. ttcrfolgctt, reg., insep. (t)aben), to persecute. ticrgaffc, past subj. of ocrgeffen. ttcrgcBcn^, in vain^ tie^cfctt, Derging, tjergangcn (fein), to pass (of time), § 246, 2 ; fief) — , reflex. , to go astray ; ftd^ — gcgcn, to insult. ticrgcffcn, tjerga^, oergcffen (^a* ben), er t)ergi^t, to forget. titVQitiQf see t)erge^en. SJcrgnitgctt, ha^, bic — , pleasure. tjcr^eiratctt, reg., insep. (^aben), to marry, give in marriage, § 51, 1 ; firf) — , to get married. tierjagen, reg., insep. (I)aben), to drive out, expel, repel. ticr!attfctt, reg., insep. ({)aben),to sell. 25cr!c^r, ber^ bc8 -8^ traific. tJcrfaffen, berlie^, tocrloffen C^a* ben), er bertci^t, to leave (ac- tive); fid) — , reflex., to rely, upon, auf with ace. ^erlcgcttl^eit, bte, ber — , embar- rassment. ticrtet^ctt, dertie^, berlieljen (^a= ben), to bestow. S^crlcumbcr, ber, bie — , calumni- ator. tjerltc'rett, bertor', t)erlo'ren (^a-- ben), to lose. SBcrloBtc, ber, beg -n, bie -n, fianc6. ticrlorfcnb, enticing. ticrlor, see tjertieren. ticrtttt^tctt, reg., insep. (^aben), to destroy, wipe out. tJcrft^trfctt, reg., insep. (^aben), to send (away). Dcrfd^ttiattb, see oerfi^rtiinben. Ucrfd^ttJtttbctt, oerjc^rt)anb, ber- fd^njnnben (fein), to disappear. ' ticrfcl)Ctt, berfat), t)erfe^en (^aben), er berftel)t, to supply. Derfpreri^en, Derjprad^, berjprodien C^aben), er oerf|)rirf)t, to prom- ise ; ftd) — , reflex. , to misspeak. t>crftcI)Ctt, Derftanb, berftanben (^a^ ben), to understand. Serftti!^', ber, bie -e, attempt. ticrMctt, reg., insep. (^aben), to try, attempt. tJCrtticrtcn, reg., insep. (baben), to apply, put to use. ticrttittftctt, reg., insep. (^aben), to lay waste, devastate. dcrjct^Ctt, tjerjie'^, tterjiel^en (l)a:= ben), with dat., to pardon, for- give. tjcrsmctfclt 326 aSartburg dcr^hJCifctt, in despair, desper- ate(ly). titer, much ; pl.^ many. tJtcttcid^t', perhaps ; may, § 75, 3. SJtcrtct, hCL^, bie — , quarter; brct 33ierte( etn8, quarter to one. titcrttttbftcfisigft, seventy-fourth. tiicruttbjrtianstg, twenty-four. ^OflCl, bcr, bie '^, bird. Sogclfnttg, ber, bie SSogelfcinge, bird snaring ; auf bent — , fowl- ing. S^ogclttictbc, bie, prop, noun, Vo- gelweide, Walter von der. ^ofltcr, ber, bie — , fowler ; §ein= rid) ber — , Henry the Fowler. SoH, bag, bie ''er, folk, people, nation. tjom, see t)on bem. tJOn, from, § 99, 1 ; of, § 99, 3 ; by, with passive^ § 99, 2 ; omit- ted, § 99, 3, Note a. t)or, before, in front of, § 125, 1 ; § 248, 3 ; ago, § 4 ; of, § 25 ; with states of mind, § 125, 2. tiorbet, adv. and sep. prefix, past, § 246, 4. tJorbctgcgattgctt, see borbeigetjen. t»orlict'flcl)Ctt, ging oorbei, t)orbei= gegangen (fein), with an and dat., to go past, to pass, § 246, 4. Iior^cr, adv., before, § 248, 2, 6. tjorfommcn, fam uor, Dorgefom- men (fein), to occur, § 231, 1. SPorlcfnufl, bie, bie -en, lecture. 8?urHctJC, bie, ber — , preference, fondness. HorftcUcn, reg., sep. (I)abcn), to introduce, present' ; fid) — , rejlex., to imagine. tJor^iiglid^, excellent ; especial (§ocl^ad)tnng). tuat^cn, reg. (f)aben), to watch, lie awake ; see also aufmad^en, to wake up. ^affc, bie, bie -n, weapon, arm. ttiaffttCtt, reg. (^aben), to arm; fid) — , reflex., to arm oneself, take up arms. luagen, reg. (^aben), to dare. ^al)l, bie, bie -en, choice, election. ttia^r, true; nic^t — ? isn't that so? ma^ren, reg. (^aben), to observe, keep. tualjrenb, con}., while ; prep, with gen., during. 993alb, ber, bie "er, forest, wood. SBoIbttiefi, ber, blc -c, wood path, forest path. njattctt, reg. (fein), to journey (as a pilp-im). gSalt^cr, ber, Walter. aSttnb, bie, bie "e, wall (of a room); compare bie iDJauer, wall of a garden or city. toanbcrtt, reg. (fein), to wander; see also anSmanbern, to emi- grate, go to. ttjann, when, § 84, 3. t«flr, ttiftrc, see fein. STl^arc, bie, bie -n, ware. ttJarf, see twerfen. Warm, waim. SS^artburfl, bie, Wartburg, the most interesting castle in Ger- many, situated at Eisenach in Thuringia. toavitn 327 toitt>itl ttmrtctt, reg. (tjoben), to wait, for, ouf loith ace. , § 8. toa^, interrog. and compound rel., what, § 210 ; rel. after neuter, which, § 211, 2, Note. SSaf^tttgtOtt, ber, George Wash- ington. SScg, ber, bie -e, way, path, § 249, 1. tticg, adv. and sep. prefix, away. toegen^ prep, with gen., because of, on account of. ttlcgfj^Ctt^Ctt, reg., sep. (^abeit), to scare, frighten away. SBcifi, ta^, bie -er, woman (poetic). SBci^crtrcitc, bie, fidelity of women ; Weibertreu, name given the fortress near Weins- berg. mctl, because. 2Bci(c, bie, bie -n, while, time. ttictlcn, reg. (t)aben), to stay, while away time. 833cin§berg, ta&, Weinsberg, a city in Wurttemherg, § 91. SScife, bie, bie -n, way, manner, § 249, 2; auf biefe — , in this way. \0t\% white ; also pres. of tt)i[[en. ttJCtt, far {not wide, breit). tOCttcr, sep. prefix and adv., fur- ther. ttJCttcrgcl^ett, ging njeiter, rt)eiter= gegangen (jein), to go on, pass along, move on. toietd^, rel. and interrog., which, § 209; what, § 210; that, §211,2. SBeCc, bie, bie -u, wave. 99Sc(t, bie, bie -ett, world. 2!6eltgcfc^t(^tc, bie, ber — , world's history. SBclttcit, ber, bie -e, part of the world, quarter of the globe. tticm, dat. of roer, to whom. iDCttbett, tuattbte, getuanbt or reg. (I)oben), to turn ; fic^ — , refiex., to turn, appeal, to, an with ace. mctttg, little, § 194, 2; pi., few. nienn, if ; when, § 84, 2, a ; when- ever, § 84, 2, h. tucr, who, he who, § 208. mcrbcn, raurbe, gettjorben and itiorben (fein), er trirb, to be- come, get, § 42, 3 ; as future auxiliary with infin., shall, will, § 69, 1 ; as passive auxiliary icith perfect participle, am, are, is, § 204. ttJcrfett, ttjarf, gemorfen (Ijabett), er trirft, to throw, cast. SBcrf, t)a^, bie -e, work (books, etc.). mcrt, valued, valuable; worth. SBcttcr, ba^, bie — , weather. ttJibcr, against, § 112. SSStbcvftrtttb, ber, beg -eg, resist- ance ; — teiften, to offer resist- ance. ttJtc, as ; how ; trie tfti^t, what is (the name of). ttitcbcr, adv. and sep. prefix, again. ttJicbcrfotttntett, font tDieber, tt)ie= bergefommeit (fein), to come again, return. SSiCtt, ha^, Vienna. ttiictitcJ, how much ; — U^r, what time. ttiUb 328 Stterfit totib, wild. aSil^cIm, ber, William. ttiitt, ttJiEft, see irollen. 9BinbmuI)(e^ tie, bic -n, wind- mill. ttitr, we. ttiirb, see trerbcn. ttltrfHl^, real(ly). ttiiffcn, tru^te, geitjufet (^aben), cr trci^, to know, § 58, 1. 9Biffcttf(^aft, btc, bie -eit, science. 2Bittcn6cr0, ba«, Wittenberg. ttJO, where. ttio^t, perhaps, probably, I think, § 88 ; well {of health), § 88, Note, §206, 1, § 234, 3. SBol^I, "tiCi^, bc§ -e, welfare. mo^ttClt, reg. (^aben), to live, dwell, reside, § 6, 1. moCctt, rea%) S3ranbenburg. Bratwurstglocklein, ha^ 33rat= rourftgiocflein. brave, ta^fer. bread, bag 33rot, bie -e. break, gerbrec^en, gerbrad), gerbro^ c^en (t)aben), er gerbrid^t. bring, bringeu, brad)te, 0ebrad)t (^abett) ; to — up, erjie^en, erjog, ergogen (^aben); to — together, jufantmenbringen, brac^te jufammen, jiifammcnge- brad^t (^aben); to — (to fetch), I)oIen, reg. (^aben), § 42, 2. broad, breit. brother, ber 33ruber, bie ''er. brought, past and participle of bring. brown, braun; Brown, prop, name, 33raun. build, bauen, reg. (^aben). building, bag ©ebciube, bie — ; bie ^aute, bie -n. buried, past o/bury. bury, begraben, begriib, begraben (^aben), er begrcibt. busy, to — oneself, fid) befc^aftigen (t)aben), reg., insep. but, conj., aber, § 43, 1 ; fonbern, § 43, 2; adv., nur ; nothing — , nid)tg a(g, § 43, 1, Note. buy, faufen, reg. (^aben). by, ncben, § 122 ; bei, § 95, 1 ; noc^, § 97, 3 ; fiir, § 109, 2 j with passive, toon, § 99, 2 ; — means of, burc^ ; with verbal, baburrf) ha^ ; to sit down by, fic^ 3U jemanb fe^en, reg. (l)a= ben). call, nennen, nannte, genannt (t)aben), § 49, 1 ; to be called, ^ei^en, I)ie§, geljei^en (^aben), § 49, 2. came, past of come. campaign, ber getbpg, bie "e. can (to be able), fonnen, fonnte, gefonnt (^aben), er fanti, § 75, 2, Note. cane, ber @to(f, bie '^e, cannot, see can not. care, fid) fiimmern, reg. (t)aben), about, urn with ace. careful (ly), forgfcittig ; most — , § 218, 2. carriage, bie 3)rof(^fe, bie -n ; ber 3Bagen, bie — . carried, past of carry, carry, tragen, trug, getragen (^aben), er tragi; bringen, brad)te, gebrad)t (tjaben) ; to — out, burc^'fe^en, reg., sep. (l)oben). castle, bog ®d)(o^, bie "er. catch, fangen, fing, gefangen (t)a= ben), er fcingt. caught, past o/ catch. celebrate, feiern, reg. (i)aben). century, bag 3al)rt)unbert, bie -e. certainly, getni^', chair, ber @tu^(, bie H ; armchair, ber ^e^nftu^I, bie H. chancery, bie ^anglei', bie -en. change 334 country change, wed)\dn, reg. (l)oben); to — clothes, fid) um'^iel)en, gog fic^ um, \\6) umgegogen (t)abcn). Charlemagne, (bcr) Staxi ber ©ro^e, tarl8 beg ©ro^en. Charles, (ber) tart. cheap, billig. chicken, ba§ §u^n, bie "er. child, children, 't^a^ f inb, bie -er. choose, tt)Qt)(en, reg. (l)aben) ; to elect, ertuii^ten, reg.., insep. Christmas, bie 2Beit)ua(^ten (pZ.) J for — , ju 2Seil)nad)ten. church, bie tircf)e, bie -n. city, bie @tabt, bie H, claim, bel)aupten, reg.^ insep. (l)a= ben), class, bie tiaffe, bie -n. classic, ber tlajfifer, bie — . clever, flug. climb, intrans., fteigen, ftieg, ge- ftiegen (jein); trans., befteigen, beftieg, beftiegeu (l)oben). clock, bie Ul)r, bie -en, § 169, 1 ; o'clock, Ul)r, § 50, 4 and § 169, 2. clothes, bie tleiber (pL); to change — , fid) um^ie^en, jog ftd) um, fid) umgejogen (I)abcn). cloud, bie SBotfe, bie -n. coat, ber 9tocf, bie "e. coffee, ber t^affee, bie -e. cold, fait. Colosseum, bag totoffeum, beS -8. combat, baS tampffpiet, bie -e. come, fommen, fam, gefommen (feiu); to — back, juriicffom^ men, sep. (fein); to — in, herein- fommen, sep. (fein). comfortable, bequem. command, befel)ten, befal)t, be- fo^len (I)aben), er befict)It, with dat., § 190, 1 and^ 197, 2. common, gemeinfam. competition, bie .^onfurrenj', bie -en. complain, fic^ beflagen, reg., insep. (^oben); to — of, to lament, beflagen, reg., insep. (l)aben) with ace. complicated, oertt)icfe(t. conquer, intrans., fiegen, reg. (tjaben), § 27 ; trans., befiegcn, reg., insep. (f)aben), §27; to subdue, nntermer'fen, unter= marf, untermor'fen (^aben), er untermirft. consequence, bie ^olge, bie -n. consist, beftef)en, beftanb, beftan* ben (Ijaben), of, aug with dat., § 269, 1. constantly, fortmal)renb. contest, ber tampf, bie H ; singers' — , ber ^cingerfrieg, bie -e. continue, fortfal)ren, fut)r fort, fortgefa^ren (baben), er fdl)rt fort, with ju and injin., § 180, 2 and § 233, 1 ; fortfe^cn, reg., sep. (f)aben), with direct obj. in ace, § 233, 2. convent, baS tlofter, bie ". convince, iiberjeu'gen, reg., imep. (l)aben). corner, bie ©cfe, bie -n. correct, rid)tig ; to — , oerbeffern, reg., insep. (l)aben). could, fonnte, fonnte, see can, fbnnen. countless, 5al){lo8. country, ba6 i!anb, bie "er ; to couple 335 do the — , auf bo8 $?anb, § 120, 3, Note a. couple, bag ^aar, bie -e ; in adj. sense, a — , ein paax, course, of — , notiirUc^, § 262. court {of law), bag ®txi&ji, bie -e. courteous (ly), ^oftic^. cousin (male), ber S5ettcr, bie — . cover, bebecfen, reg., insep. (^a= ben). crowd, ha$ ©ebrange, beS -8. crown, bie ^rone, bie -n ; to — with a wrfeath, befranjen, reg., insep. (f)aben). cup, bie Soffe, bie -n. dance, ber Xan^, bie H; to — , tan^en, reg. (l)aben) ; there's going to be a dance, eg tt)irb ge= tanst, § 204, 2. daughter, bie 2;oc^ter, bie ^ day, ber 2^ag, bie -e ; market — , ber 3Rarfttag, bie -e ; — after to-morrow, iibermorgen. dead, tot. deal, a great — , Diet. dear, lieb ; (costly) teuer. death, ber Xob, bie -e. decide, entfc^eiben, entfd^ieb, ent:^ fcfjieben (^aben) ivith direct obj., § 258, 1 ; fid) entfdiaeBen, ent= jrfiroB fid), ftrf) entfd)Ioffen (()a= ben), § 258, 2; befrf)aeBen, bej(^Io^, befd)(offen (^aben), § 258, 2. decidedly, entfc^ieben, past part, of entfc^eiben, used as adv. deep, tief. depend, fid) t)ertaffen, Derlie^ fid^. ftd^ bertaffen (f)aben), er berla^t fid^, upon, auf with ace; that depends, bag fommt barauf an. desk, bag ^ult, bie -e (at school); ber ®(^reibtifd), bie -e (a« A-owie). despair, bergftjeifeln, reg., insep. (^aben). devastate, bern)uften, re^., twsep. (t)aben). develop, enttt)i(feln, regr., insep. (f)aben). development, bie Snttt)i(felnng, bie -en. Dewey, (ber) 2)en)el). dialect, bie SiJiunbart, bie -en. dictionary, bagSSbrterbud), bie^er. did, tat, see do, tun ; emphatic form, § 77, 2, Note ; often !^aben, § 229, 2. didn't, see did not. die, fterben, ftarb, geftorben (fein), er ftirbt. Dietrich, (ber) S)ietrid^. difference, ber Unterfci^icb, bie -e. difficulty, bie ©c^ftiierigfeit, bie -en. dinner, bag 9Kittageffen, bie — . disagreeable, un'angene^m. distinct (ly), beuttic^ ; most — , § 218, 2. distinguish, aug5eid)nen, reg., sep. (^aben); to — oneself, fid) aug* 3eid)nen. disturb, ftbren, reg. (^aben). do, tun, tat, getan (^aben), § 77, 2 ; mac^en, reg. (i)aben), § 77, 1 ; to emphasize imperative, bod), § 77, 2, Note; for em- phatic indicative pres. or past dog 336 excel use simply German pres. or past, § 77, 2, Note, and § 227, 1. dog, ber §unb, bie -e. done, getan, see do, tun. don't, see do not. down, nieber, ^tnunter ; to sit — , fi(^ fe^en, reg. (t)aben), § 18, 2; to sink — , Tiieberfinfen, fan! ttlebcr, nicbcrgefunfen (fein) ; — town, in ber, or bie @tabt, §121. Dresden, (ha^) S)regben. dress, ba8 ^teib, bie -er (also clothes). drive, fo^ren, fu'^r, gcfa'^ren (l)a= ben or fein, § 167 and Note), er fa^rt. drown, be drowned, ertrinfen, ertranf, ertrunfen (fein). dunce, ber 2)ummfopf, bie "e. during, ti3af)renb, prep, with gen. E each, jeber, jebe, iebe€ ; — other, when ohj. of verb, ^id}, un«, eud^, etc.; when ohj. of prep., einan= ber, written with prep. : auSein- anber, niiteinanber. eagerly, eifrig. early, friil). easier, comparative ofe^Lsy. east, ber Often, be« -8 ; for adj., Oft, usually uniting with a fol- lowing noun; east wind, ber Oftiuinb. easy, easily, easier, easiest, leirfjt, Ieid)ter, leic^teft, ant leid)teften. eat, eaten, effen, o^, gegeffeu (l)a- ben), er i^t. eight, Qd)t. elector, ber turfiirft, be8 -en, bie -en. else, anberg, § 30, 1, Note; fonft, § 30, 1, Note. emperor, ber ^aifer, bie — . empire, "ba^ 9^eic^, bie -e ; ba8 ^'aiferreid), bie -e. enemy, ber geinb, bie -e. enough, genng. entertain, unter^at'ten, untert)ielt', unter^al'ten (i)aben), er unter= ^olt'. enthusiasm, bie 53egMfterung, bie -en. entire(ly), gan?, § 113, 1. envious, neibifd^, of, anf; eifer= fiidjtig (jealous). escape, entfom'men, enttam', ent* fom'men Cfein), from, au« with dat. especially, befonberS. Europe, (bag) ©uropa. even, fetbft, § 196, 2, Note, evening, ber ^benb, bie -e; in the — , abenbg, am 3lbenb ; written small as an adv. in this evening, to-morrow evening, ^eute abenb, ntorgen abenb. ever, je, § 257, 1; and), § 257, 2; for — , (anf) emig, § 257, 1, Note. every, jeber, jebc, jebcg. everybody, jebermann. everything, alle^. everywhere, iiberaU. exactly, gonan. examination, baS ©j.amen, bie C£janiina ; bie '^^riifnng, bie -en. excel, iibertref'fen, iibertraf, ilber- trof'fen (l)aben), er iibertrifft'. 337 French excuse, cntf(f)utbigcn, reg.^ insep. (I)oben). exercise, bie 2lufgabe, bie -n. exhibition, bie 2tu8ftcEung. expect, crJtJarten, reg.^ insep. (^a= ben). expensive, teuer. extraordinary, au^eror'bentUd). fact, W %Cii'\a6)t, bie -n. fainting, adj.., o^nmdc^tig. fall {of the year)., ber ^erbft, bie -e. fall, foUen, fief, gefollen (jein), er fallt. famous, berii^mt. far, ireit ; as — as, bi^, § 107, 2. fast, faster, fastest, fd)neir, fc^nef^ ler, am fcf)uell[ten. father, ber ^ater, bie ^ fear, fiird)ten, reg. (t)abeu); never -, fd)on, § 128, 2. feel, empfinben, em^fanb, empfun= ben (t)aben). ferry, to — across, ii'berfe^en, reg.., sep. (^aben), § 154, 2, Note. fidelity, bie Streue. fifteen, fiinfje^n. fifth, fiinft. fifty, fiinf^ig. fight, ber tatn^f, bie H ; to — , fompfen, reg. ({)aben). finally, enblic^, fditte^lic^. find, finben, fanb, gefnnben (^a= ben), § 180, 1. fine, ^ra(^ti)oll. finish, t)oEenben, reg., insep. (^o= ben). fire, bog ^euer, bie — . firm, feft ; firmer, most firmly, fefter, am fefteften. first, adj.., crft, § 268, 1 ; adv., juerft, § 268, 2. Fisher, prop, name, (ber) ^ifd)er. five, fitnf. flattery, bie @(f)meid)e(ei, bie -en. floor, ber S3oben, bie — or "■. flow, ftei^en, flo^, gefloffen (jein). follow, fotgen, reg. (fein), with dat., § 166, Note ; befolgen, reg., insep. (^aben), with ace, § 166, Note. fly, fUegen, flog, geflogen (jein) ; of time, fd)nell Derge^en, Der= ging, Dergangen (fein), § 246,2. football, ber t^nfiball^ bie ^e. for, fiir, § 109 ; feit, § 98, 2 ; nm, § 111, 2 ; ace. sometimes loith tang, § 5 and Note; look — , furf)en, § 7 ; wait — , marten anf, § 8; what — , mofiir, moranf ; — your birthday, gum @eburt«= tag ; — to-morrow, auf morgen, § 120, 3, Note h. foreign, fremb. forest, ber 2BaIb, bie ''er. forever, (auf) emig, § 257, 1, Note. forget, bergeffen, oerga^, bergeffen (^aben), cr Dergi^t. forgot, past of forget. fortress, bie 53urg, bie -en. fought, past of fight. found, past o/find. four, Dier. Fowler, (ber) 35ogfer. Frederick, (ber) ^riebrtd). freedom, bie ^rei^eit. French, adj. , franjbfifci) ; the friend 338 guest French language, ba8 f^ran^b* ftf(^(e) ; in French, auf fran30=^ ftfd). friend, bcr ^reunb, bic -c. friendly, freunbUd^. Fritz, (bcr) ^rife. fro, to and — , l)in unb t)er, § 149, 2. from, oon, § 99, 1. front, in — of, tior, § 125, 1. funny, !omifrf). gallery, bte ©atcrie', bic -n ; pic- ture — , bic ©cmal'bcgatcric'. game, bag @^iel, bic -c ; bo8 SSctt* fpict, bic -c. garden, bcr ©ortcn, bic ^ gate, ba§ Xox, bte -e. gave, gab, see give, gcbcn. general, bcr gclbljcrr, bic -en ; ber ©encrat', bie -e or '^e. gentleman, bcr §err, bc8 -n, bic -en. German, adj., bcutfrf) ; — man, bcr 2)cutfc^c, beg -n ; the — lan- guage, bag 3)cutfcf)e (3)ciitj(^) ; to speak — , 2)cutfc^ fpred^en, fprad^, gefpro(i)en (^abcn), cr j^ric^t; in — , auf bcutfd), im 2)eutfd)cn, § 156. Germany, ba^ ^cutfc^Ianb. get, befommen, betam, bcfom* men (l)aben), § 42, 1 ; l)oIcn, reg. (l)abcn), § 42, 2 ; luerbcn, h)urbe, flctnorben (jctn), er uUrb, § 42, 3 ; to — away, cntfom'= men, entfam', entfom'men (jetn) ; to — around (avoid), umgc'{)en, umgtng', umgangeit (^abcn). getting, see get. ghost, bcr ®cift, bic -er. girl, bag 9JJcibd)en, bic — . give, geben, gab, gcgeben (^abcn), cr gibt ; to — back, jururf gcben, irreg., sep. (t)aben); to — re- gards to, grii^en, reg. (t)abcn) with ace. glad, fro^ ; I am — , eg freut mid) ; to be — to do something, cttt)ag gem tun ; gladly, gern, § 76, 2. glove, bcr §anbfd)u^, bie -c. go, gelien, ging, gegangen (fein) ; ^ingc^en, irreg., sep. (fein) ; (of army) giclicn, jog, gcjogcn (fein) ; to — around, um'ge^en, irreg., sep. (fein) ; to be going to, pres. tense, § 228, 1 ; to — walking, or for a walk, fpajie* ren ge^en, § 180, 1. Goethe, (ber) ®octf)c. gone, gegangen, see go, gc'^cn. good, gut ; to have a — time, fid) (gut) amiificrcn, amiificrtc, amiificrt (baben), § 60, 6. good-by, abicu. got, see get. grammar, bic ©ramma'tif, bic -en. grass widow, bic ©tro^njitroe, bie -n. gray, grau. great, greater, greatest, gro§; grower, grb§t, am grbfetcn. Gretchen, (bag) ©retdjen. Gridley, prop, name, (ber) ®rib» let). ground, bcr S3oben, bic — and «, § 260, Note; (reason), bcr ©runb, bie "c, § 260. guest, bcr ®aft, bic "e. Gutenberg 339 hot Gutenberg, prop, name, (ber) ©u^ tenberg. had, I)atte, see have, l^aben, hair, 'iia^ §aar, bie -e. half, ^alb, § 184, 2; bie §atfte, bie -n, § 184, 1 j — past ten, \)a\h elf. hall, ber @aal, bie @ate; bie §alle, bie -n. hand, bie §anb, bie H, handkerchief, 'Qa^ %a\6)txiiVL6), bie "er. Hanover or Hannover, {tiOi^) §an» no'oer. happen, gefc^e^en, gefdja^, gejcl^e= Ijen (fein), e8 gefc^ie^t. hard, harder, fc^raer, fd)tt)ercr, §173,2;f(eiBig,freiBiger,§173, 3 ; ^art, § 173, 1 ; ftarf, § 173, 4 ; ^eftig. hardly, !oum. Harvard, prop, name., §art)arb, bie §aroarb=Unit)erfitat. hat, ber §ut, bie ^e. have, ^oben, ^otte, ge^abt (^aben), er ^at, § 68, 1, §§ 164, 165, 167 ; with some verbs (fein), § 68, 2, §§ 164, 166, 167 ; to — to, miif- fen, § 68, 3; to — made, ntad)en laffen, § 68, 4. Havel, prop, name of a river near Berlin, bie §at)el. haven't, see have not. having, see have. he, er. head, ber ^opf, bie ^e ; at the — , an ber @pi^e. health, bie ©efunb^eit, bie -en. hear, l^oren, reg. (Ijabcn), § 180, 1. heard, past of hear. heaven, ber ^immel; for — 's sake, urn (be8) ^immetS inillen, help, bie §itfe, bie -n ; to — , ^elfen, ^a(f, gei)otfen (^aben), 39, 1 ; to — it, bofiir fonnen, § 39, 2; can't help, miiffen, § 39, 2, Note. Henry, (ber) §einri(^. her, i^row., fie, ace, i^r, dat.; it)nt or e§, § 207, Note; adj., i^r. here, ^ier; (hither) ^ier^er; tio., § 17, 2. Hermann, (ber) Hermann. hero, ber §etb, beg -en, bie -en. high, ^oc^, declined l^o^er, ^o^e, i)ol)e8. Hildegund, bie §i(begunb. him, i^n, ace, i^m, dat. himself, fid), reflex, pron. his, fein. history, bie @efrf)i(i)tc, bie -n ; bie Seltgef(f)i(^te. hither, ^er, l^ier^er; — and thither, ^in unb Ijer, § 149, 2. Hohenstaufen, prop, name, (bie) §oI)enftau'fen (pi.), § 82. Hohenzollern, prop, name, (bie) ^o^enjol'lern (pL), § 192. hold, fatten, l^ielt, getjalten (t)a= ben), er pit. holy, ^eitig; Holy Land, bag §eilige !i;anb. home (to), noc^ §oufe ; at — , gu §aufe. honor, bie (S^re, bie -n ; seat of — , ber (S^renpto^, bie -e ; to — , Deref)ren, reg., insep. (pben). hot, ^ei^. hotel 340 July hotel, bag §oteI', tie -«. hour, bie @tunbe, bie -n, § 169, 2, Note. house, bag §au8, bie §dufer, how, tt)ie. human being, ber 9Kenj(^, beg -en, bie -en, § 19, 1. hundred,, ^unbert. hundredth, ^unbertfl. "hurry, eilen, reg. (^aben) ; to be in a — , eile ^oben. husband, ber 3J?ann, bie "er, § 19, 2. hut, bie ^iitte, bie -u. I, Id). idea, bie 3bee, bie -n. if, XotmiiWUh transposed order; after words of asking^ ob ; as — , alg ob, with transposed or- der^ § 255, 2, or alg, loitfi in- verted order, § 265, 2. I'm, see I am. impolite, un'^of(icl). importance, bie 53ebeutung. in, in, § 121 ; — it, barin (rest), I)ineiu (motion) ; bei, § 95, 2 ; jeit, §98,2; an, § 119, 3; — the evening, abenbg or am 5tbenb; — German, auf bentfd), § 120, 3, Note 6, § 156, or im 2)eutfd)en, § 156 ; to come — , l)ereinfommen, tarn l)erein, l^tv- eingefommen (fein) ; Come in ! (in answer to a knock at the door), l)erein! include, umfaj'jen, reg., insep. (^aben). influence, beein'fluffen, reg., in- sep. (Ijaben). ink, bie Xinte, bie -n. inn, bag ^irtg^aug, bie 2Btrtg» ^cinjer. insist, befte^en, beftanb, beftanben (^aben), on, anf with dat., § 269, 2. instead of, anftott with gen. ; with a verbal, infinitive, § 181, clause, § 190. interest, bag 3interej'^e, bie -n, in, fiir with ace. interested, to be — , fid) intereffte'« ren, intereffier'te fid), fid) interef* fiert' (l)aben), in, fiir loith ace. interesting, intereffant'. interrupt, nnterbred)'en, unter- brad)', nnterbrod^'en (t)abcn), er nntevbridjt'. into, in with ace. ; — German, ing 'Dentfd)e, § 156. invent, erfinben, erfanb, erfunben (i)aben). invention, bie ©rfinbnng, bie -en. iron, bag (Sifen, bie — . is, ift, see fein; that — {to say), bog ^ei^t : that — (translated), bag l)eiBt, § 49, 2, Note ; there — , eggibt, §85, 1, egifl,§85,2. isn't, see is not. it, eg, er, fie, § 207 ; help — (after negative), bofiir, § 39, 2 ; with prepositions, ba(r), § 106, 1. Italian, ber 3taUe'ner, bie — . Italy, bag Stalien. it's, see it is. J John, (ber) 3ol)ann. journey, bie 9Jeife, bie -n. July, (ber) Suti. just 341 Linden just, when qualifying another icord, g era be ; of time, eben, § 196, 2, Note. keep, ht^aiten, be^iett, bel^altcn (^aben), er bebcilt; — up, uer- forgen, reg., insep. (t)aben); — one waiting, UJorten laffen, Ue^, gefaffen (^aben), er Ici^t. kept, past of keep. kind, bie @orte, bie -n; be so — , jeien @te jo freunblid) ; all — s of, attertei. king, ber tonig, bie -e. kingdom, ba^ ^onigreid), bie -e. knew, past of know. knife, ta^ SJJeffcr, bie — . knight, ber Splitter, bie — . know, n)iffen, itjuf^te, gett3uj?t (Ca- bell), er tt)etf^, § 58, 1, with ta^^^clause for English infini- tive, § 191 ; feunen, fannte, ge= famit (Ijaben), § 58, 2 ; tonnen, fomite, gefonnt (^aben), er !ann, §58, 3; well-known, adj., be= fanttt. Koberger, prop, name, (ber) ^o= berger. Konrad, prop, name, (ber) ^on= rab. Kriemhilde, prop, name, (bie) ^riem^ilbe. lady, bie 2)ame, bie -n. lake, ber @ee, bie -n. lamb, bag^amm, bie "er. lament, bemeinen, reg., insep. (^aben). lamp, bie ?am^e, bie -n. land, bo8 2anb, bie "er ; the Holy Land, bag §eiUge !Banb. language, bie ©prat^e, bie -n. large, larger, largest, gro^, grower, gro^t, ant grb^ten. last, (e^t; — summer, borigen ©ommer. late, later, latest, f^ot, f^ater, am jpdteften, § 219, 2. laugh, (ad)en, reg. (fjaben), lay, past of lie. lead, fiit)ren, reg. (^aben). leader, ber ^ii^rer, bie — . learn, (erneit, reg. (l)aben) ; with infin., § 81. learned, adj., getel)rt. least, am it»enigften. leave (depart from), tjerlaffen, tjerltc^, toerlaffen (^aben), er Dertcif^t ; (let alone or fail to take), tafjctt, liefi, gelaffen (l)a=^ ben), er tdj^t. led, past o/lead. lesson, bie @tunbe, bie -n, § 169, 2, Note. letter, ber 33rief, bie -e. liberator, ber ^efreier, bie — . library, bie S3ibtiot^ef', bie -en. lie, liegen, kg, gdegen (^aben). life, 'i^a^ ?eben, bie — . like, mogen, mod)tc, gemod)t {\)a- ben), er mag, § 76, 1 ; gefat* ten, gefief, gefatten (^aben), er gefciEt, § 76, 3 ; gem, § 76, 2 and 1 ; to look — , gteid^en, glid^, geglic^en (^aben), with dat., § 76, 3, Note ; — that, fo. Linden, prop, name, (ba«) ^inben, a city near Hanover. line 342 messenger line (on a page), bie ^dU, blc -n ; bic ^eilje, bie -n. listen, Ijord^cn, reg. (l)aben), to, auf with ace. little, flein, § 194, 1 ; tvenig, § 194, 2. live, njo^nett, reg. (t)oben), § 6, 1 ; leben, reg. C^aben), § 6, 2. long, longer, longest, adj., lang, Icinger, am (angftcn; adv., a — time, longe ; no longer, ntrf)t me^r ; as — as, conj., fotangc. look, fe^cn, ja§, gefc^en (l)abcn), ex ftc^t ; oh, look ! fiet) tod} ! in sense of to appear, au8= fel)en, irregr.,sep. (I^abcn); to — at, anfel)en, irreg., sep. (^aben); to — for, juci)cn, reg. (l)aben), § 7 ; to — like, gleic^en, glic^, gcgUd)cn (t)oben), with dat., § 76, 3, Note ; to — through, burd)'je^en, irreg., sep. (^oben); to — up (in dictionary), nad^'- frf)tagen, fd)fug naci), nadjgc- fc!)lagcn (^aben), er fd^Icigt naci). lose, tocrtieren, bcrlor, Dcrloren (I)aben). loss, ber SSertuft, bic -e. lost, past of lose. loud, louder, loudest, lout, tauter, am lauteften. love, licben, reg. C^aben) ; loving, Itebenb. Ludwig (Louis), (ber) ?ubung. Luise (Louise), (blc) ?utje. lying, see lie. M made, past of make, maintain, betjaupten, reg., insep. (l^obcn) ; to — oneself, ftd) be* ^au^ten. make, madden, reg. (t)aben) ; to — a speech, cine 9^ebc tjaltcn, Ijielt, ge^alten (l)abcn), er ^dlt, § 270, 2, Note. man, ber 9J?ann, bie "er, § 19, 2 ; ber 2Rcnf(^, beS -en, bic -en, § 19, 1. many, pi., biete. Margaret, (bie) 2Rargarc'te. mark (German coin icorth 24 f), bie 9Rarf, used in the singular with numerals: groanjig 9Jiarf. market, ber 9JJarft, bie "e; — day, ber SJ^arfttag, bic -c. married, see marry, marry, toerl^etraten, reg., insep. (l)aben), § 51, 1 ; ^eiraten, reg. (Ijaben), § 61, 2. marrying, see marry. Mary, (bie) 9J?arie'. matter, what's the — ? SSa« ifl log? Maximilian, (ber) SD^ayimiliau. may, biirfen, burfte, geburft (^a- ben), er barf, § 75, 1; fbnnen, fonnte, gcfonut (^aben), er faun, § 75, 2 ; uicUeic^t, § 76, 3. me, mir, dat., mid), ace. mean, of things, bebcuten, reg., insep. (babcn) ; of persons, meinen, reg. (^aben). meet, begcgnen, reg., insep. (fein), with dat., § 171, 2; treffen, traf, gctroffen (^aben), er trifft, § 171, 1 ; feunen Icrnen, reg. (I)aben), § 171, 2, Note. message, bie ^otfd^aft, bic -en. messenger, ber ©otc, bc8 -n, bie -n. met 343 noise met, see meet. middle, bie Mittt ; Middle Ages, bag mitteMtev. midnight, bie Mxttexnadjt, bic H, might, see may. milk, bie SJJitd), ber — . mine, mein, ber meme, ber meinige. minnesinger, ber 3Jlinnejdnger, bie — . minute, bie 9JJtnu'te, bie -n. Miss, (bag) grduteitt, bie — . misspeak, fid) Derfpred)en, Der= ]pxadi ft(^, ftc^ berf^roc^en (^a= belt), er Derfprid^t fid). mistake, ber %d)Ux, bie — . misunderstand, mi^Derfte'ljen, mi^oerftanb, tni^t)erftanben (I)a= ben). misunderstood, see misunder- stand. moat, ber ^eftuttgggraben, bie ^eft* nngggrciben. Moltke, (ber) ^oUte. moment, ber Slugenbtid, bie -e. Monday, ber SD^ontag, bie -e. money, bog @elb, bie -er. month, ber 9}ionat, bie -e ; for — s, monotelang. more, niel)r ; nod), § 30, 2, § 62; comparative, § 218, 3. morning, ber 2Rorgen, bie — ; in the — , am 9Jiorgen, morgeng ; written small as an adverb when used with another abverb : ^ente morgen, geftern morgen. most, ttteift, am meiften ; superla- tive, § 218, 3 ; mostly, meifteng. mother, bie HJJntter, bie ^ mountain, ber 53erg, bie -e. Mr., (ber) §err, beg -n, bie -en. much, 'out, usually not declined; as adv. often fe^r ; how — ? irietjiel? Miiller, prop, name, (ber) 9}luIIer. Munich, (bag) 9}Jiinc^en. musician, ber 2)'?u[tfer, bie — . must, miiffen, mu^te, gemn^t (l)a- ben), er mu^, § 68, 3. my, mein. myself, reflex., mtr, mi(^, § 196, 1 ; intens., felbft, § 196, 2. N name, ber '^ame, beg -ng, bie -n ; my — is, ic^ f)ei^e, § 49, 2. named, genannt, see nennen, § 49, 1 ; to be — , t)ei^en, f)ie§, ge= ^eif^en, § 49, 2. Napoleon, (ber) 9fJapoteon. narrow, eng. near, adj., na'^e (not)er, am ndc^= ften) with dat. ; prep., bei, with dat., § 95, 1. nearly, beina^e. need, brand)en, reg. (^aben). nephew, ber 9^effe, beg -n, bie -n, never, nie, niemalg; — fear, jdion, § 128, 2. new, neu. news, bie 9^ad)ric^t, bie -en. newspaper, bie 3fitung, bie -en. next, ndrf)ft. night, bie 9^a^t, bie H. nightingale, bie Sfla^ix^oM, bie -en. nine, neun. nineteen, neunje^n. no, adv., nein ; adj., fein, § 9. noble, adj., ebet; noun, ber 2lbtige, bie -n. noise, ber ?drm, beg -g. not 344 Otto not, ttlrf)t ; — a, fein, § 9, nothing, nid^tS ; a following ad- jective is written with a capital : mdltg @c^ted)teg, § 217. notice, bemerfen, reg., insep. (^a* ben). now, je^t ; less often, nun. nowhere, nirgenb^. number (of a house), bie ^fJum* nter, bie -n ; (figure), bie ^a\)l, bie -en. Nuremberg, (bag) ^Jiirnberg. oak (wood), baS 6i(f)en^ot5, bie ^er ; — tree, bie (Sic^e, bie -n. objection, to have any — , ettnaS bagegen t)aben, I)atte, ge^abt (l)aben), er ^at. occupy, befe^en, reg., insep. (()a> ben). occur, Dorfommen, fam toor, »or= gefommen (fein), § 231, 1 ; ein= fallen, fiet ein, eingefallen (fein), to, with dat., § 231, 2. 0^ clock, U^r, omitted as in Eng- lish, except when exact hour is spoken of, § 50, 4 and § 169, 2. of, Don, § 99, 3 ; ait8, § 94, 2 ; omit, § 99, 3, Note a ; gen., § 99, 3, Note h ; — course, natilrlid), § 262 ; to be afraid — , fid) fiird)ten, reg. (^aben), Dor, § 26 ; to think — , benfen, bac^te, gebad)t (t)aben), an or Don, § 41 (baran or baoon). office, ba« @efcl)dft, bie -e. often, oftener, often est, oft, bfter, am ofteften. oh, o\)\ o! al)! ad)\ old, older, oldest, alt, alter, am otteften, olteft. on, anf, § 120 ; on Hermann street, in ber ^ermannftra^e ; — foot, 5U ^u^; to read — , n)eiterlefen, lo8 n»eiter, tt)eitcr» getefen (t)aben), er Ueft tt)eiter. once, einmal. one, ein; man, § 57 ; not — , fein, § 9; no — , nicmanb; one's, fein ; the — , ber eine, § 29, 2 or ber (berjenige), § 29, 1 and Note, or translated by an adjec- tive, § 29, 3 and § 217. only, adv., nur, § 185, 1, a ; erft, § 185, 1,6; adj., einjig, §185,2. onto, anf toith ace. open, bffnen, reg. (^abcn) ; anf* madden, reg., sep. (^aben) ; §146. opera, bie Oper, bie -n. opinion, bie 9TJeinung, bie -en; in my — , meiner 2)ieinung nac^, § 101, c, 2. or, ober. order, bie Orbnung, bie -en ; to put in — , in Orbnung bringen ; to — , beftellen, reg., insep. (\)a- ben), § 197, 1 ; befel)ten, befaljt, befol)len (baben), er befiet)lt, § 191, 1 and § 197, 2 ; in — to, um with infin. or bamit with clause, § 197, 2, Note. other (different), anber, § 30, 1; (more), noc^, § 30, 2 ; each — , ohj. of verb, fid); obj. of prep. ^ einanber, written together with preposition : mitclnanber. otherwise, fonft. Otto, (ber) Otto. ought B45 play ought, jollen, reg. (^abcn), idf) fott, § 69, 2 and 4, c. out of, au8, § 94, 1 ; — it, borauS ; to carry — , burrfj'fe^en, reg.^ sep. (^aben); to go — , augge^en, ging au«, auSgegongcn (fein). outing, ber 2tugfhig, bie ^ilu^fliige. outside, adv., brau^en. over, adv., l^iniiber ; — there, bort(^in), § 16, 1 ; prep., iiber, § 123, 1. overwork, jtrf) iiberor'beiten, reg., insep. (t)oben). owe, to — to, oerbanfen, reg., insep. (tjahen), with dat. own, adj., eigen. page, bie @eite, bie -n. paid, see pay. pains, bie 3}?u^e, bie -n ; to take — , fid^ 9)iii^e geben, gab, gegeben (t)aben), er gibt, § 183, 4, Note. painting, ba§ ©emalbe, bie — . paper, bag ^^apier', bie-e; news — , bie 3eitung, bie -en. parents, bie ©(tern {pi.). park, ber ^^arf, bie -e. parliament, \iapid, bie -e; bag @c^au= pleasant 346 rave fplel, ble -e ; to — , j^ielen, reg. (l^abcTi). pleasant(ly), angenc^m. please, gefallen, gefiel, gefaHen (Ijaben), er gefciUt, with dat.; as he — d, tt)ie eS i^m gefiet ; if you — , bitte, § 15, 1, 6, Note. pocket, bie XaS^t, bie -en. polite(ly), I)ofIi^. poor, orm. popular, beliebt. post office, bie ^^oft, bie -en ; to the — , auf bie ^oft, § 120, 3, Note a. Potsdam, {^^a^) ^otSbam. power, bie 50Jac^t, bie "^t ; a great — , eine @ro§morf)t. present', {introduce), Dorftellen, reg., sep. (l)aben), with two objects, ace. and dat. pres'ent, ba'i @cfci)enf, bie -e, pretty, ^iibfd^. prince (appointed), ber ^^iirft, bc8 -en, bie -en; young son of a king, ber ^ring, be8 -en, bie -en. printing, bie 2)rucferei', bie -en; art of — , bie S3nd)brn(ferfunft. print shop, bie 2)ru(!erei', bie -en. prison, ba8 ©cfangni^, beS -ffe8, bie -f[e. prisoner, ber ©efangene, be« -n, bie -n. prize, ber ^rei«, bie -e. probably, n)al)rfd)einUci) ; tt)ol)t, §88. professor, ber ^^rofef'for, be« -8, bie ^^rofeffo'ren. pronounce, angfpred)en, jprad) au8, au«gcfprod)en (l)aben), er jpric^t proud, ftolg, of, ant with ace. Prussia, (bag) ^reufeen. public, ta^ ^nblitum, beg -8. punish, beftrafen, reg.,in8ep. (l)a» ben). pupil, ber @d)u{er, bie — . put, fteUen, reg. (t)aben), § 222, 1; Iegen,re9f. (l)aben), § 222, 2; fe^en, reg. (^aben), § 222, 3; fteden, reg. (fjaben), § 222, 4 ; tun, tat, getan (t)aben), § 222, 5 ; to — on (a hat), auffe^en, reg., sep. (I)aben) ; (clothes), anjie* I)en, jog an, angejogen (^aben). quality, bie (Sigenfc^aft, bie -en. quarrel, ganfen, reg. (f)aben) ; ftreiten, ftritt, geftritten (t)aben); quarrelling, jan!enb. quarter, ba^ 35iertet, bie — ; (of money), eine Tlaxt ; — to three, brei 3>iertel brei. queen, bie ^onigin, bie -nen. question, bie ^rage, bie -n ; to ask (put) —a, ^ragen ftellen, reg. (t)aben). quiet, rnl)ig. quite, ganj. R rain, ber 5Regen, bie — ; to — , regnen, reg. (tjaben). rapidly, jc^neU. rate, at any — , jebenfaUS, auf je- ben gaU, auf alle '^dUe. reach, erreic^en, reg., insep. (^a» ben). rave, jdjnjcirmcn, reg. (^aben), about, fttr. read 347 sank read, tefen, tag, gelcfen (^aben), er Ueft. ready, bereit, § 195, 1 ; fertig, § 195, 2. really, tt)ir!(ict). reason, ber ®runb, bie ''t, § 260. receive, empfongen, em^fing, tmp= fangeit (^obcn), er em)3fangt, § 261, 2 ; er^alten, er^ielt, ert)al= ten (^aben), er er^alt, § 261, 1. recognize, erfennen, erfannte, er- fannt (^aben). recommend, em^fel)(en, empfa^t, empfo^len C^aben), er empfiel)It. recover, fid) er^olen, reg., insep. (^aben). red, rot. redbeard, (ber) 5Rotbart; (ber) S3arbarof[a. regards, to give — to, grii^en, reg. (^aben), with ace. remain, bletben, btieb, gebfteben (fetn), § 180, 1. remark, bie S3emer!itng, bie -en. remember, fic^ erinnern, reg., in- sep. (\}ahen), with gen. or an with ace. remind, erimtern, reg., insep. (f)a= ben), of, an with ace. reply, antlDorten, reg. (^aben). resound, ertbnen, reg., insep. (^a= ben) ; er^allen, reg., insep. (ija-- ben). rest, to — thoroughly, fid) augru= ^en, reg., sep. (\)ahen). restore, ttJieberl^er'ftetten, reg., sep. (^aben). retire, fic^ ;mrucf';5ief)en, jog ftc^ juriicf, fid) guriid'gejogen (t)a^ ben). return, i^uriid'febren, reg., sep. (jein). right, bo6 5fte(^t, bie -e ; to be — , rec^t :^aben, § 172, 1; ric^tig fein, § 172, 2 ; ba§ ftimntt, § 172, 2, Note ; all — , frf)on, gut. river, ber ^tu^, bie "e. rock, ber ^ets, beg -en, bie -en. Roland, (ber) ^olanb. roll (bread), ba^ S3rbtd)en, bie — . Roman, ber Stomer, bie — ; adj., romifd). Rome, (ba^) 9fiom. room, bag 3itttmer, bie — ; ber fla^, § 150, 2, b ; ber 9^aum, § 150, 2, c, Note. round, prep., um, § 111, 1; — about, utn . . . I)erunt. ruin, bie 'Stui'ne, bie -n. rule, bie 9lege(, bie -n; to — , regieren, regierte, regiert (^a= ben). ruler, ber §errfc^er, bie — . run, laufen, lief, gelaufen (fein), er Iciuft. sadly, traurig. saga, bie @age, bie -n. said, see say. sake, WiUen ; for my — , um mei=- nettt)itten ; for heaven's — , um §imttte(8 raillen. same, fetb ; the — , berfelbe, bie- felbe, bagfelbe, gen., begfelben, etc. sandwich, bag iButterbrot, bie -e; ham — , 33utterbrot ntit @d^infen. sank, see sink. Sans Souci 348 sitting Sans Souci, (bag) @an« @ouci, (bo8) 0{)ne @orge. sat, see sit. satchel, bie 3^cifetojrf)e, bic -n. saw, see see. say, fagen, reg. (^aben). Schiller, (bcr) @(i)iUer. Schoneberg, (ha^) (Sc^oneberg. school, bic en used with all transitives, all re- flexives, all modals and all impersonals (except three), § 164 and § 165; used with certain intransitives, indicat- ing verbal action, § 167, 2; with any intransitive when used transitively, § 167, 2, Note; with certain verbs (inseparable) when used fig- uratively, § 154, 2. of mode, see MoJals. of passive voice, tocrbcn, § 204. position of in simple sentence, § 2. in compound sentence, § 23. for emphasis, § 23, 1. repetition of, in English, ren- dered by nid^t or nic^t toai)v, § 237, 2, Note. fein, use of, with certain intrans- itives, impersonals, jctn and btcibcn, § 166 ; with follow and meet, § 166, Note ; with cer- tain intransitives indicating the goal of the act, § 167, 1. follcn, to express obligation, § 69, 2 ; § 69, 4, 6, c ; to be avoided for simple futurity, § 228, 1. INDEX. 357 For special word-studies, see Vocabularies. Rudolf (1841-1905), § 204, 2. Auxiliary — Continued tooUen, to express desire, § 69, 3 ; to be avoided as future auxil- iary, § 228, 1. Bad Reichenhall, picture of Bar- barossa sculpture at, page 70. Bach, Johann Sebastian (1685- 1750), composer, § 245. Baedeker, guide book to Ger- many, § 282. Barbarossa, see Frederick I, of Hohenstaufen. Barmen-Elberfeld, picture of the Hanging Railway in, 230. Baumbach, §230. quoted, § 166, S3c-, § 135. Beethoven, Ludwig* van (1770- 1827) anecdote of Goethe and — , § 240. sketch of, § 245, § 251, c. picture of, page 188. Benedix, Roderick (1811-1873) quoted, § 261, 2. Berlin, capital of German Empire industrial center of Europe, § 290. picture of 9fici(^§tag8gebaubc (House of Parliament) in, Frontispiece ; statue of Great Elector, page 149; Frederick the Great, page 169. Bern, Verona, Italy (not Bern, Switzerland), capital of The- odoric the Great, § 22, § 24. Bible, translation of New Testa- ment by Luther, § 153. quoted, § 6, 2 ; § 15, 2, a ; § 43, 1 ; § 69, 2; § 77, 2; §85, 2; § 107, 2; §112; §124; § 132 §149,1; § 172, 1, a; §180,2 § 197, 2; § 198, c; § 208 §216; § 217; § 222, 2; §232, 1; § 258, 2; §268, 1. Bismarck, Count Otto von (1815-1898) anecdote of, § 277 ; § 285. work for Germany, § 277 and §278. quoted, § 13; § 75, 3; § 77, 1; § 150, 1; § 150, 4; § 219, 1; §222, 3; § 244. picture of statue in front of Par- liament Building, Frontis- piece ; as a student, page 214 ; picture from a photograph, page 217. Blankenburg, picture of ruined castle at, page 44. B5rne, Ludwigr (1786-1837) quoted, § 140, 2. Brandenburg, see Brandenburg- Prussia. Brandenburg- Prussia [Brand- enburg ** mark " (frontier) against Slavs in 10th cen- tury ; in 1150, first " mar- grave" ; 1415, bought from Emperor by Hohenzollerns, who become Electors ; 1618, Elector inherits Duchy of Prussia — hence Branden- burg-Prussia], §188; §192; § 199, c; 1648, acquisition of Pomerania, § 192; elector becomes King (1701), § 192; [thenceforward Prussia,] 1748, acquisition of Silesia, § 220; 1772-1795, Poland, § 220. For later history, see Prussia. 358 INDEX. For special word-studies, see Vocabularies. Bremen, picture of the " Roland " at, page 57. Bryce, James, quoted, § 93. BUrgrer, Gottfried August (1747-1821) quoted, § 28, 1; §95,2 Capitalization of adjectives as nouns, and after ettuaS and nic^t^, § 217. of names of streets, § 299. Case, see Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative. Castles, pictures of, pages 8, 44, 53, 74, 77, 82, 84, 87, 124, 143, 163. Catholics, in 1018, § 182. Chamisso, Adelbert von (1781- 1838) quoted, § 126, 2; § 140, 1 ; § 170, 1 ; § 183, 4. Charlemagne, ^arl ber @ro§e (reigned, 768-814) anecdote of, § 3() ; § 45, c. as ruler, § 30. division of his empire, § 56. picture of, from painting by Al- brecht Diirer, page 24. Charles the Great, see Charle- magne. Charles V anecdote of, § 163; sketch of, § 168, § 175, c; death of, §176. picture of, from painting by Titian, page 131. Classics, the German, § 236, c ; see also Literature. Clauses always periodic, § 23, 1. English verbals translated by, § 189, land 2; § 190; §191. indirect discourse, § 242. order of verbs in, § 13; § 23; § 73, 1 and 2. used after fragen o6, § 15, 2, a. Coblentz, picture of monument to William I, page 219. Coburgr, picture of the castle, page 143. Cogrnates, § 348 ; § 350, Note ; § 352 ; §364. -Collective nouns, § 304, 2, a. Cologrne, portrait of Queen Luise in, page 197. Colosseum, § 12. Commerce of Hanseatic League, § 74 ; of modern Germany, § 290. -<3ommon prefixes (that is, sep- arable and inseparable) as separable, § 154, 1 ; as insepa- rable, § 154, 2. illustrations of use, § 154, 2, Note. Comparatives, see Comparison. Comparison use of al«, § 83, 1; fo, § 26, 1; tt>k, § 83, 1. jc — befto, § 223. of adjectives, see Adjectives. of adverbs, see Adverbs. Composers, musical, of Grerraany, § 245. Composition of Words, see Words. Compound words, § 310 ; adjec- tives, § 312; nouns, § 311; verbs, § 313; Latin deriva- tives, § 314. See also Words, Composition of, Part II, Chap- ter II. Ooncesslves, § 274. INDEX. 359 For special word-studies, see Vocabularies. Concrete nouns, § 306. Conditional Mode contrasted with English, § 255. formation and use of, § 254. inversion of conditional in Ger- man, § 255, 1 ; of comparative conditional, § 255, 2. substitution of past subjunctive, § 254, Note. Conjunctions coordinating, hut, abcr, §43, 1; fonbern, § 43, 2. correlatives, § 83, 1. subordinating, § 13; with past, al«, § 83, 1, § 84, 1 ; with pres- ent and future, h)cnn, § 84, 2 ; it){c with present, § 83, 1; ba, §17,3; that, ^2n, 1. Conrad the Franconian (reigned 911-918), § 54, § 61, c. the Hohenstaufen (reigned 1138- 1152), §91; §102, c. Conradin, § 82. Contrasts, § 29, 2; § 43, 1, Note. Consonants, see Pronunciation. Conversation bcnn in questions, § 33. use of inseparable verbs in, § 132. rare uses in, bcricntgc, § 29, 1, Note ; participles, § 178; h)iin== fc^en, § 40, 2. Correspondence, International, for pupils, § 293, Note. See also Letter- Writing. Courts, establishment in Prussia by Frederick II, § 205. Cranach, Lucas (also Kranach), painter of Luther's portrait, page 127. Crusades, § 48. Dach, Simon (1605-1659), quoted, § 70, 3. Dahn, Felix (1834-1912), quoted, §19,2; § 150,2, c. Note. Dative case with certain prepositions, § 92, §§94-100; §117, §§119-125; after fi^cn, § 18, 1 ; to show place where, § 117 ; with »or {ago), § 4. after certain verbs fcefe^Ien, § 197, 2. begcgncn, § 166, Note, beftctjen auf or au«, § 269, 1 and 2. benten s?on, § 41, 2. emfatlen, § 41, 1, Note, § 231, 2. fragen nac^, § 15, 2, h. \\^ fiirc^ten t)or, § 25. glaubcn (with persons), § 157, 1, Note a. fjelfcn, § 39, 1. fagcn, § 15, 2, h, Note a; § 28, 2. ijcrgebcn, § 140, 3, Note. . Demonstratives the one, § 29, 1 ; that, those, § 211, 3. to show contrast, jcncr, § 211, 3,6. Denmark, in Thirty Years' War, § 182; defeated by Prussia, §278. Dependent clauses, see Clauses. Dependent order of sentence, see Word Order. Derivation, see Words, Composi- tion of. 2)cutfd^, origin of the word, § 354. Dialects, attempts to unite, § 159, c. See German Language, Part II, Chapter IV. 360 INDEX. For special word-studien, see Vocabularies. 2)ietric^ ioon 33crn (Theodoric the Great, died 526), §22, §24, § 32, c ; decline of his king- dom, § 38 ; legends of, § 48 ; see also Theodoric the Great. Digraphs, § 325. Diminutives, § 306, 1. Diphthongs, § 323. different from English, § 323 ; §324. ai Cc{),§ 323, 1. ou, § 323, 2. m {iv), § 323, 3. Discourse, direct, tense of, re- tained in German in indirect, §243. indirect, § 241 ; §242; §243. Dud en, Konrad, authority on German spelling, § 356. Diirer, Albrecht (1471-1528), citi- zen of Nuremberg, § 116. sketch of, § 144; patronized by the Kaiser, § 148. picture of, from painting by him- self, page 114. picture of his house in Nurem- berg, page 117. painting of Charlemagne by, page 24. Eichendorff, Joseph von (1788- 1857), § 2.'K). quoted, §1)9, 1; § 121. Eisenach, see Wartburg. Elector, the Great (bcr @ro^c .^urfiirft), see Frederick Will- iam of Brandenburg. picture of statue in Berlin, page 149. Electors, seven (later nine) rulers who chose the German Em- perors, § 192. em^=, § 136, 2, Note. Emphasis in sentence, see Word Order. ja, §200, 2; boc^, § 237, 2. change of tense for, § 229, 2, Note b. Emphatic form of verb rendered in German by simple, verb, § 77,2, Note; §227, 1. Empire, the (in full, " Holy Roman P'mpire of the German Na- tion," 800-1806), §38; §56; §61,c; §67; §74; §82; §93; § 133; § 148; § 163; § 168. the new German Empire, § 277 ; §278; 282. See also Germany and German Empire. Engel, Karl, quoted, § 190. England, ally of Frederick the Great, §214; §220. ent>, § 136. (Sr., § 137. eg, in c« gtbt and c« tft, § 85, 2. as grammatical subject of other verbs, § 85, 2, Note. in c« gcH § 206, 1. Exclamations, see § 366. Factitive, there, in c« gibt, § 85, 1; ccl ift, § 85, 2; distinguished from ba, and bcrt, § 16. Fallersleben, Hoffmann von (1798-1874), §230. quoted, § 100, 4, Note; § 185, l,a. Ferdinand I (reigned 1556-1564), Holy Roman Emperor of the Habsburg line, successor to Charles V, § 163; § 168. INDEX. 361 For special word-studies, see Vocabularies. Ferdinand III (reigned 1637-1657) , Holy Roman Emperor, grand- nephew of Charles V, § 182. Feuchtersleben, Ernst von (1806-1849), quoted, § 222, 5. Feuerbach, Ludwig- Andreas (1804-1872), quoted, § 210. Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762- 1814), §285. Folksongs (iBoIfSIieber) , quoted, §81; § 117; § 180,1, Note. Fouqu^, Friedrich Karl Hein- rich, Freiherr de la Motte (1777-1843), quoted, § 147, 1; § 195, 1. France in Thirty Years' War, § 182 ; in Seven Years' War, § 220 ; in Napoleonic Wars, § 252; § 256; in Franco-Prussian War, § 277, § 278. Franks, conquests of, § 24 ; § 38 ; §48. Frankfort, parliament of, § 265; § 267 ; § 273, c. picture of St. Paul's Church at, page 205. Frederick I, ** Barbarossa " (reigned 1152-1190) Emperor of the Hohenstaufen line, § 80; § 82; § 86, c. contemporary sculpture of, page 70. idealized figure of, at Kyffhauser, page 67. Frederick II, grandson of Bar- barossa. Emperor (1212-1250), § 105, § 118. Frederick I, King in Prussia (1701-1713), (elector, 1686- 1701), § 192. Frederick II, the Great, King of Prussia (1740-1786) descent from the " Great Elector," §192. establishment of Berlin courts (windmill legend), § 203. sketch of life and work, § 205. life in Potsdam, § 213, c. admiration for George Washing- ton, § 214. military operations of, § 220, great popularity, § 205 ; § 225, c. descendants of, § 256; § 267; §282. picture of palace at Potsdam (Sans Souci), page 163. picture of statue in Berlin, page 169. Frederick III, German Emperor and King of Prussia (reigned 99 days, 1888), „Unfcr ^x\%," § 282 (called "the third" because he was the third King Frederick of Prussia. There was an Emperor Fred- erick III of the *'Holy Ro- man Empire," 1440-1493.). Frederick William, "the Great Elector" (bcr groge ^urfitrft), Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia (1640-1688), § 188 ; § 192 ; § 199, c ; § 220. descendants of, § 192. picture of statue in Berlin, p. 149. Frederick William I, King of Prussia (1713-1740), „@oIba* tenfontg/' father of Frederick the Great, § 192. Frederick William II, King of Prussia, nephew and succes- sor of Frederick the Great (1786-1797), §265. 362 INDEX. For special word-sttidies, see Vocabularies. Frederick William III, King of Prussia (1797-1840), husband of Queen Luise; patron of art and of learning, § 256; § 207. Frederick William IV, King of Prussia (184(>-18(jl) , offered imperial crown, § 265; re- fuses, § 267 ; death, § 278. Free cities Oi the Empire, § 74. Freiligrath, Hermann Ferdi- nand (1810-1876), quoted, § 19, 2 ; f; 271, 2. Freytagr, Gustav (1816-1895), §230. quoted, §15, 1, 6; §41, 2; § 47; §55; §69,2; §75,2; §84,3; §99,2; §149,2; §150, 3; §157, 3; §171,1; §183,4; §206,1; §207, Note; §232,2; §234,1; §2(>0; §266,2; § 2()9, 2. Future tense, see Tense. Galleries, of art, in Germany, § 152, c ; § 144. @c=, § 138. Geibel, Emmanuel (1815-1884), § 230; quoted, § 50, 3, Note a. Gellert, Christian FUrchtegrott (1715-1775), quoted, § 138; §165. Gender, § 207, Note. Genitive, special use of, § 99, 3, Note b. German Empire restoration of the Roman Em- pire in the west as the German Empire, by Charle- magne (800 A.D.), § 38. revived by Otto I, as " the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation," § 56. decline of, § 67. glory revived by the Hohenstau- fen line, § 82. condition in the Middle Ages, § 93. under the Habsburg family, § 133, §148. importance under Charles V, §168. weakened by division, § 163, § 168, and by religious war, § 182. title of ** Holy Roman Emperor " abandoned 1806, § 256. crown of proposed new German Empire offered to King of Prussia and refused, § 265 ; §267. proclamation of the new German Empire (1871), §277; § 278; §282. See also Germany. ©crmanen, technical Grerman name for the "early Germans," § 3. Germania, the Roman province, §14. of Tacitus, § 14. Germanicus, Roman general, § 3. German language abbreviations in, § 365. colloquialisms (2llltag«bcutfd)), §.366. development of, as shown in Lord's Prayer, §§ 357-362. historical sketch of, §§ 345-362. Indo-European, the parent language, § 345; drawing of, page 279. first sound shift, § 346. Grimm's law of, § 346, § 347, §318. INDEX, 363 For special word-studies, see Vocabularies. German language — Continued Gothic, oldest known Ger- man, § 349; Lord's Prayer, § 357. second sound shift, § 350. High and Low German and English, § 350, Note, §351. Grimm's law of, § 352. High German, § 353. Old High (750-1100 a.d.) writings in, § 354. Lord's Prayer in, § 358; §359. Middle High (1100-1350) writings in, § 355. Rudolph of Habsburg's influence, § 133. Lord's Prayer in, § 360. New High (1534-present) (after transition pe- riod, 1350-1534) Lord's Prayer in, § 361, §362. modern German, § 356. influences upon Rudolph of Habsburg, § 133, § 355 ; the Reformation and Printing, § 35() ; Maximilian, § 155 ; § 159, c ; Luther, § 155 ; § 159, c; §356. name „beut|c^/' § 354. official orthography, Duden, §356. See also Composition of Words, Pronunciation. Germans, the early, § 3 ; § 12 ; §14; §20, c. Germany- appreciation of German classics in, § 286, c. artistic centre of, in Middle Ages (Nuremberg), § 118. cities of Middle Ages, § 72 ; " free cities," § 74. growth of national feeling in nineteenth century, § 267. history of, in Roman times, § 1 ; § 3; province " Germania," § 14; under the Goths, Lom- bards and Franks, § 38 ; em- pire of Charlemagne, § 38; work of Henry the Fowler, § 56; empire of Otto the Great, § 56; decline, § 67; § 82; glory of Hohenstaufen, §82; under the "robber barons," § 93; under the Habsburgs, § 133; § 148; failure of Maximilian to mod- ernize Germany, § 148 ; union with Spain, § 163; abdication of Charles V, § 168 ; suc- cessors of Charles V, § 182; Thirty Years' War, § 176; Treaty of Westphalia (1648), §182; the "Great Elector," § 188 ; § 192 ; under Frederick the Great, see Frederick II of Prussia; Seven Years' War, 220; Queen Luise, § 252 ; § 256 ; the Napoleonic period, § 256 ; growth of na- tional feeling, § 267 ; Frank- fort Parliament, § 265; § 267; founding of the new German Empire, § 277; § 278; § 282. invention of printing in, § 131; §133. literature of, § 230. musicians of, § 245. national flower of, § 252. parliament (first elected) of, §265; §267. scieucein, §285; §286. trade of, §289; §290. 364 INDEX, For special word-studies, see Vocabularies. Gerstacker, Friedrich (1816- 1872), quoted, § 8; § 17, 3; § 76, 1; § 77, 2, Note; §111, 3; § 122; § 229, 2; § 246, 3; § 257, 1. Goethe, Johann Wolfgangr von (1749-1832) anecdotes of — and Beethoven, § 240 ; of — and Schiller, § 226. place in literature, § 230. picture of bust in Weimar Li- brary, page 195. of house in Weimar, page 181. of statue " Dichterpaar," page 177. quoted, § 7 ; § 19, 1 ; § 26, 1 ; § 30, 2; §41,1, Note; §58, 3, Note 6; §68,3; §75,1; § 81 ; § 83, 2 ; § 99, 3, Note 6 ; § 100, 1 ; § 108; § 119, 1; § 120, 3; § 123, 1 ; § 132 ; § 147, 2 ; § 156 ; §157,2; § 167,2; § 178, Note 6; § 189, 2; § 197, 1; §211, 3,6; §216; §218,1; §228,1; § 247, 1; § 254; § 255, 1 ; §258,1; §271,1. Goslar, picture of Palace of Ger- man Emperors, page 53. Gothic, earliest known German language, §§ 347-352. Lord's Prayer in, § 357. Goths, East, see Ostrogoths ; West, see Visigoths. Great Elector, see Frederick Will- iam. Grillparzer, Franz (1791-1872), dramatist, quoted, § 2{), 1; § 58, 3, Note c; § 169, 1; § 196, 2. Grimm, Jakob (1785-1863), phi- lologist, § 285. adoption of term "umlaut," § 322 ; discoverer of Grimm's Laio, §§ 346-352. Grimm, Wilhelm (1786-1859) Grimm Brothers (btc @c6riibcr ©rimm), Jakob and Wil- helm quoted, §23, 1; §42, 2; §50, 3; § 170, 2, Note a ; § 248, 2, a. Grtin, Anastasius, pseudonym for Anton Alexander, Graf von Auersperg (1806-1876), quoted, § 18, 1. Gutenberg, Johann (1400-1468) inventor of printing, § 131 ; § 133 ; § 143, c. picture of statue in Mayence; page 105. as auxiliary, see Auxiliary. used with rcc^t, to be right, § 172, 1,6. Habsburgr (less correctly, Haps- burg), the ruling line of the Holy Roman Empire during most of the period 1273- 1740. [Descendants through female line (Maria Theresa), German Emperors, 1745-1806 ; emperors of Austria, 1806 to present time.] founding of, § 133; fortunes of, § 148; under Charles V and descendants, § 163 ; § 168. Halle, picture of the " Roland " at, page 61. Hamburg", picture of the harbor of, page 228. Hamburg- America, line of steamships, § 289. INDEX, 365 For special word-studi, Handel, Georg Friedrich (1685- 1759); German composer, § 245.' Hansa, see Ilanseatic League. Hanseatic League, § 74. Hauff, Wilhelm (1802-1827), quoted, § 119, 2. Hauptmann, Gerhart (1862 — ), § 230; quoted, § 29, 1; §40, 1; §49, 1; § 76, 1; § 85, 1; §95, 3; § 135, 2; § 136, 2; §157, 1; §172, 1, 6; §242. Haydn, Johann Michael (1732- 1809), Germau composer, §245. Hebbel, Friedrich (1813-1863), German dramatist, § 230; quoted, § 9; § 17, 2; §58, 3; §76,2; § 170, 2, Note 6 ; §209; § 266, 2 ; § 270, 2. Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Fried- rich (1770-1831), German philosopher, § 285. Heine, Heinrich (1799-1856) , German poet, § 230; quoted, §2,2; §16, 1; § 58,1; §76, 3, Note ; § 94, 1 ; § 98, 1 ; § 99, 3, Note a ; § 227, 1 ; § 269, 1. Heinrich der Vogler, see Henry the Fowler. Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von (1821-1894) , German scientist, § 285. Henry the Fowler (reigned 919- 936) ; " King of Germany," §54; § 56; §61, c; "Builder of Cities," § 74; picture of his tomb, page 39 ; one of his cas- tles, page 44. ?, nee Vbcahularies. Herder, Johann Gottfried (1744- 1803), quoted, § 97, 1; § 110, 2; §218,1. Hermann the Liberator, § 1; § 3; picture of monument to.. page 2. Hermann, Count of Thuringia, §103. Hermannsschlacht (battle) , in Teutoburger Forest, § 1. Heyse, Paul (1830 ), § 230 quoted, § 6, 1; § 13; § 25 §33; §39,1; §51, 1; § 59, 2 §68,2; §84,2,a;§88; §110 1; §111,2; § 135, 1 ; § 150, 2, 6 § 196, 1; § 211, 2; § 231, 2 § 248, 1. High German, see German Lan- guage. Hildegund, the betrothed of Ro- land, § 46. Hillern, Wilhelmine von (1836- ); quoted, § 2, 2; § 16, 2; § 50, 2, Note ; § 84, 1 ; §139; § 185, 1, &; § 197, 2, Note; § 211, 2, Note ; § 222, 4 ; § 228, 2, Note ; § 257, 2 ; § 266, 1. Hohenstaufen line of emperors (reigned 1138-1254), § 82; §105. See also Frederick I and II, and the German Empire. Hohenzollern line, § 192. See individual names below, (a) Electors of Brandenburg (1415-1701), § 188, § 192; see Great Elector. (6) Kings of Prussia (1701-1871), § 192; §205; § 220; § 256; §267; §278. 366 INDEX, For special word-studies, see Vocabularies. HohenzoUern line — Continued. Frederick I (1088), 1701-1713. Frederick William 1, 1713-1740. Frederick II, the Great, 1740- 1786. Frederick William II, 1786- 1797. Frederick William III (Queen Luise), 1797-1840. Frederick William IV, 1840- 1861. (c) German Emperors and Kings of Prussia (1871 ) , § 278 ; § 281 ; § 282. William I (1861), 1871-1888. Frederick III, 1888. William 11, 1888 . Holderlin, Priedrich (1770-1843) , quoted, § 84, 2, 6. Holy Roman Empire (962-1806), see German Empire. Hungarians, repulsed by Ger- mans, § 56. Imperative sentence inverted order in, § 2. use of bo(f> in, § 77, 2, Note ; of \a, § 200, 1. Imperfect, see Tense, imperfect. Imperial chancery, § 155. Impersonals, " there is," § 85, 1 and 2 ; " they say," § 57. See also Verbs. Indefinite article, negative, § 9. Indefinite pronouns, see Pro- nouns. Indicative Mode contrasted with subjunctive, § 241 ; special use in indirect discourse, § 244. r Indirect discourse rule for use of, § 242 ; tenses of, § 243. Indo-European languag'e, par- ent of German, § 345; see German language. drawing of, page 279. Industry, growth of, in German Empire, § 290. Infinitives after laffcn, § 68, 4, Note, after o^ne and anftatt, § 181. omission of ju, § 180, 1 ; use of SU, § 180, 2. order of, in sentence with medals, §66. passive in English, active in Ger- man, § 204, 2, Note, translations of English infinitive into German, §191, 1; of German infinitive into Eng- lish (verbals) ,§ 180. " two infinitives," with modals, § 73, 1 ; without modals, § 81. Inflection of adjectives, § 216, - Inseparable prefixes discussion of, § 132 ; meanings of, § 134; U>, § 135; ent* (cmH, §136; CX'; §137; gc*, § 138; mif;-', § 139; ux^, § 140; jcr», §141. for prefixes that are both sepa- rable and inseparable, see Common prefixes. Interjections, see § 3(k). International correspondence for pupils, § 293, Note. Interrogrative pronouns, w/io, §208; which, §209; what, § 210; what kind of, § 210. sentences, inverted order in, § 2; use of n^ann in, § 84, 3. INDEX. 367 For special word-studiea, see Vocabularies. Intransitive verbs with fjaben, § 165 ; witli fetn, § 166 ; in German become transitive in English, § 166, Note, with l^abcn or fcin, § 167, 1 and 2. Introduction, forms of, § 171, 2, Note. Inverted order of sentence, see Word Order. Italy, under the Ostrogoths, § 24; under Charlemagne, § 38 ; un- der the Ottos, § 56 ; quarrels of the emperors with, § 67 ; § 82; change of policy to- ward, § 133. Kaiser Karl der Grosse, see Charlemagne. Kaiser Karl V, see Charles V. Kaiser Maximilian, see Maxi- milian. Kaisers, see German Empire. Kant, Imanuel (1724-1804) , § 285. Keller, Gottfried (1815-1890), § 230; quoted, § 6, 2; § 88, Note; § 111, 1; § 173, 3; §184,2; §193,3. Kerner, Andreas Justinus (1786- 1862), § 230; quoted, § 119, 3. Kiel, picture of canal at, page 231. Kleist, Heinrich von (1777- 1811), §230; quoted, §30, 1, Note ; § 193, 2. Klopstock, Priedrich Gott- fried (1724-1803) quoted, § 181. influence on language, § 322. Koberger, Anton, printer, § 131 ; § 143, c. Koch, Robert (1843-1910), § 285. Konrad, see Conrad. Konradin (Conradin), the last of the Hohenstaufen line, § 82. Korner, Theodor (1791-1813), § 230; quoted, §42, 3; § %; § 147, 1. Kranach (Cranach) , Lucas, German painter of Luther's portrait, page 127. Kriemhilde, § 22. Kyffhauser, legend of, § 80. picture of monument to William I at, page 65. of Barbarossa statue at, p. 67. Latin language of courts in the Middle Ages, § 105. derivation of German words from, § 314. Legrends See Barbarossa, Dietrich von Bern, Roland, Hildegund, and Siegfried. Lenau, pseudonym for Nikolaus Niembseh von Strehlenau (1802-1850), quoted, § 255, 2. Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729-1781) , § 230 ; quoted, § 4 ; §23, 1; §33; §43, 1, Note; §49,2, Note; §68,4; §77,2, Note ; § 97, 2 ; § 113, 2 ; § 149, 2, Note ; § 172, 2 ; § 184, 1 ; § 200,1; §211,3, a; §218, 3; § 234, 2, § 237, 2, Note ; § 253, h. Letter- Writing, Part II, Chapter I general rule for, § 293. examples of business, page 241. friendly, page 238. 368 INDEX, For special word-studies, see Vocabularies Letter- Writing — Continued intimate, page 236. exchange of letters between Ger- man and American pupils, § 293, Note, proper forms to use in the date, § 294 ; address, § 295 ; the close, § 2f>6; the envelope, § 298 ; address of sender, 2lb- fenbcr, § 298 ; rules for names of streets, § 299. summary, § 297. Licbtenberg-, Georg Christopb (1742-1799), quoted, § 83, 1 ; §254. Liliencron Detlev von (1844- 1909), quoted, § 50, 4; § 169, 2; §231,1. Liszt, Franz (1811-1886), § 245. Literature, German periods of, § 230. popularity of classics, § 236, c. Logau, Friedricb von (1604- 1055), quoted, §47, 1; §135, 3; §156. Lombards, § 24. Lord's Prayer, in German, § 356- § 362. Low German, see German lan- guage. Luise, or Louise, Queen of Prussia, story of, § 252. work for Prussia, § 256; § 264, c. picture of portrait in Cologne, page 197. Luther, Martin (1483-1546) anecdote of, § 153 ; influence on the German language, § 133 ; § 155; 169. c; §363; §356; translations of the New Testament, § 153; §355. picture of Luther's room at Wart- burg Castle, page 121; of the court at the Wartburg, showing location of Luther's room, § 124. painting of Luther by Lucas Kranach, page 127. Mastersingers, § 116 ; § 118. Maximilian, Emperor of Germany (1493-1519), grandfather of Charles V ; § 168 ; influence on the German language ; § 148 ; §155; §159, c. Mayence, statue of John Guten- berg and the Cathedral at, page 105. Measure, expressions of, § 99, 3, Note a. Mendelssohn, Felix Mendels- sohn-Bartholdy (1809- 1847), §245. Middle Age« growth of the towns in, § 74. history of Germany during, see Qermany. language of, see German, Middle High, • mastershigers of, § 118. minstrel poets of, § 103 ; § 105. Nuremberg in, § 116; § 118. robber barons of, § 93. " Roland," symbol of civic liberty in, § 72; § 74. Middle High German discussion of, see German, Mid' die High. language of the Minnesingers, § 105; of Mastersingers, §116; §118. INDEX. 3^9 For special icord Minnesingers, § 103; § 105. ^ mih § 139. x^ Modals, in simple tenses, § 66 ; in compound tenses alone, § 73; with other verbs, § 73, 1 ; in dependent order, § 73, 2. German and English compared, § 66, Note, subjunctive, § 266. — Mode, see Conditional, Impera- tive, Indicative, Subjunctive. Mohammedans (Moors), driven out by Franks, § 48. Moltke, Graf Hellmuth Karl Bernhard von (1800-1891) chief of staff of the German army, §282. picture of, page 222. quoted, § 180, 1. Mommsen, Theodor (1817-1903), § 285 ; picture of, page 226. Morike, Eduard (1804-1875), § 230 ; quoted, § 170, 2. — Motion, direction of away from the speaker (^tn), § 18, 2; § 149, 1; toward the speaker (^cr), § 149, 1. definite purpose or no motion, ^u, § 100, 1. difficulty with l^in and i)tx, § 149, 2, Note, prepositions showing motion or place where, § 117. toward or to a place (nac^), § 97, 1. Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756-1791), §245. Miiller, Wilhelm (1794-1827), quoted, § 100, 2; § 125, 1; § 180, 1. Music of Qermany, § 245. see Vocabularies. Narrative, use of imperfect tense in, § 23, 1 ; § 229, 1. National flower of Germany, §252. Neg-atives bod^ in answer to, § 237, 1. tein, § 9. ntc^t irafjr, for repetition of, § 237, 2, Note, noc^, § 62 ; § 248, 2, a. position of nid^t, see Word Order. Netherlands, part of "the Em- pire " under Charles V, § 168. Neuter gender, § 207, Note. Verbs, see Verbs, intransi- tive. New Testament, translated by Luther, § 153 ; § 159, c. Nominative, with c^ tft, § 85, 2. Normal order of sentence, see Word Order. North German Lloyd, line of steamships, § 289. North Germans accent of, § 316. in Franco-Prussian War, § 277. Nouns abstract, § 307. collective, § 304, 2, a. concrete, § 306. derivation from verb roots, § 302. Novalis, pseudonym for Friedrich von Hardenberg (1772-1801), quoted, § 136, 2, Note. Nuremberg (9^i:rnbcrg), § 116; §118. home of Diirer, § 144; of Hans Sachs, § 116; of Koberger, §131; §143, c. influence on printing, § 131. 370 INDEX, For special tcord-studies, see Vocabularies. Nuremberg" — Continued picture of the river Pegnitz and the walls of, page 92. picture of the Woman's Gate (O^raucntor) at, page 100, statue of Hans Sachs at, page 97. house of Albrecht Diirer, page 117. Numeral adverbs, see Adverbs. Objects, order of, see Word Order. Order of sentence, see Word Order. Orthography, authority on Ger- man, Duden, § 356; names of streets, § 299. Ostrogoths, § 24. Otto I, the Great (936-973), re- storer of the Holy Roman Empire, §56; §61, c; §67. Otto III (983-1002), anecdote of, § 65; sketch of, §67; 71, c. decline of Empire, after, § 82. Parliament at Frankfort, § 2(i5; §267; picture of meeting place, page 205; of members, Arndt, page 207; Uhland, page 211. Particles at(crbing«, § 274 ; bcnn, § 33 ; boc^, § 237 ; ja, § 200 ; no(^, § 62 ; fc^on, § 128 ; ilfccr^au^^t, § 160 ; h)o()t, § 88 ; jh)or, § 274. Participles present used to translate English verbal In ing, § 178 ; in English rendered in German by infini- tive, § 180, § 181 ; by clause, § 189 ; by German past par- ticiple {came running, tarn gclaufcn), § 180, 1, Note ; ob- ject required, § 296, Note; English progressive, § 178, Note b ; § 227, 1. past, § 178, Note a. of inseparable verbs, § 132; order of in sentence, § 23 ; prefix gc= in, § 138; used to translate English verbal, caine running, § 180, 1, Note. Passive Voice, formation and peculiarities of, in German, § 204 ; use of bon to tell the agent, §99, 2; §204; per- sonal passive, § 204, 1 ; Eng- lish passive infinitive, active in German, § 204, 2, Note ; the impersonal passive, § 204, 2 ; German substitutes for (man with the active), § 204, 1, Note. Past Participle, see Participles. Past Tense, see Tense. ^aiMliv(i)c, at Frankfort, picture of, page 205. Peace of Westphalia, § 182. Pegnitz, river, § 116; picture of, page 92. Perfect Tenses, see Tense. Person, capitalization of second person pronouns in letter- writing, § 2i^i, Note. Personal pronouns, see Pro- nouns. Philip, son of Charles V, § 163. Phrases after bitten, §15, 1, b; after to command, § 191, 1. concessive, § 274. INDEX. 871 For special word-Htudies, see Vocabularies. Phrases — Continued order of, § 47 ; § 92, Note, participial phrase becomes clause in German, § 189, 1. position of n^t in, § 37. um ju with an infinitive phrase, § 197, 2, Note. Platt-Deutsch, § 350, Note. Pluperfect Tense, see Tense. Plural with ba8, § 211, 3, 6, Note ; eg, § 85, 2. Poland, annexation of part of, to Brandenburg, Prussia, § 220. Pomerania (^ommern), won by the " Great Elector," § 192. Position, " place where" greater exactness of German in expressing, § 206, 2. Potential form of the conditional, § 254 ; of the subjunctive, § 253, c. Potsdam, § 203 ; § 213, c. picture of the windmill at, page 159; of the palace, Sans Souci, page 163. Predicate, adjective, §216; am with the superlative, § 218, 1 ; order in, § 37, Note; see also Word Order. Prefixes general, § 304 ; ers», § 304, 1 ; ge=, § 304, 2, a and 6 ; m\^', § 304, 3; un^, §304,4; ur=, §304,5. verbal separable, see Separable pre- fixes. inseparable, see Inseparable prefixes. common, see Common pre- fixes. Prepositions with accusative, § 104; § 106- § 112; accusative or dative, § 117; §§ 119-125; with da- tive, § 92; §§ 94-100; with inanimate objects, bfl(r), § 106, 1 ; h)o(r), § 106, 2 ; with the genitive, § 99, 3, Note b. Present participles, see Parti- ciples. Present tense, see Tense. Preterit (Imperfect), see Tense. Printing", invention of, § 131 ; §133; §143, c. Progressive form of verb, ren- dered by present, § 178, Note b ; § 227, 1. Pronouns capitalization in letter-writing, § 296, Note, demonstratives, § 29, 1, and Note ; §211, 3; other, § 30. impersonal, bag, 211, 3, 6, Note; C«, § 85. indefinite, § 29, § 30. order of pronominal objects, §55. personal, bcr, § 211, 3, a. use of adjectives with, § 219, 1. congruence of it, § 207. reflexive, § 196, 1. relative (conjunctive), not to be omitted in German, §29, 1; §208; §209; §211,2. regular relatives, who, § 208 ; that, §211,2; that referring to neuters, § 211, 2, Note; compound {Jie who), §208; indefinite compound {Jihat which) , § 210. 372 INDEX. For special word-studies, see Vocabularies. Pronunciation accent the best German, § 315, § 316. authority on, § 316, Note ; § 343, footnote, in sentence, § 342. assimilation, § 343. consonants identical, § 331, 1 and 2; equiv- alent, § 332. dissimilar, § 333; d), § 334; g, §335; I, § 336; r, § 337, land 2. quantity of, §339; §340. difficulties of, § 317. digraphs, § 325. diphthongs, § 323, § 324. glottal catch, §§ 326-330. syllable bearers, § 338. pitch, § 341. sentence accent, § 342. syllable stress, §§ 338-341. Proper names, of streets, § 299. Protestant Reformation, in- fluence on German language, §133; gains of ,§ 182. Proverbs (^^rtt^iuortcr), quoted, §19.1; §26,1; §30,1; §37; §50, 3, Note; §50,5; §69,3; §113,2; §119, 3, Note; §140, 2; § 147,2; §147, 3; § 154,2; § 157, 1; § 194, 1;.§ 249, 2; § 255, 2 ; § 259, 1 ; § m), Note. Prussia, kings of, §192; § 256; § 267 ; § 278 ; § 282 ; establish- ment of courts, § 205; gains of territory, § 220; in the Napoleonic era, § 256; ri- valry with Austria for leader- ship of Grerman states, § 2(>7; wars for primacy in Ger- many, § 278. Pure vowels, characteristic German, § 318. oi Quantity of consonants, § 338- §340; see also Pronunciation. Quantity of vowels, §§ 320-322 ; see also Pronunciation. Quedlinburgr, picture of burial place of Henry the Fowler at, page 39. Queen Louise, see Luiae, Queen of Prussia. Questions answer to negative, § 237, 1 ; beun, in, § 33. See Interrogative pronouns and sentences. Ramler, Karl Wilhelm (died 1798) ; quoted, § 92 ; § 104. Ravenna, capital of Theodoric, § 24; picture of Theodoric's tomb at, page 15. Reflexive verbs, see Verbs. Reg-enstein, picture of, page 44. Reichenhall, sculpture of Barba- rossa at, page 70. Reichstag^sg-ebELude (House of Parliament) , picture of, Fron- tispiece. Relative (Conjunctive) pro- nouns, see Pronouns. Rlchter, Johann Paul Fried- rich, commonly called Jean Paul (1763-1825), quoted, §223. Robert, Ludwigr (1778-1832) ; quoted, § 68, 3, Note a. Roentgren, Wilhelm (1^5 ), § 285; picture of, page 224. INDEX, 373 For special word-studies, see Vocabularies. Roland, nephew of Charlemagne, § 46 ; § 48 ; § 53, c ; as symbol of civic liberty in Middle Ages, see Bolandsdule. Roland's Arch, § 46; picture of, page 33. Rolandsaule, symbol of civic free- dom ; § 72 ; § 74 ; picture of Roland at Bremen, page 57; at Halle, page 61. Romans in Germany, § 1 ; § 3 ; § 14. picture of remains of palace at Trier (Treves), page 8; of Porta Nigra, page 13. Romantic school of German literature, § 230. Roncesvalles, important battle in medieval legends, § 48. Rosegger, Peter (1843 ), quoted, §51, 2; §68,4; § 173, 2; §207. Rotbart, see Frederick II, Barba- rossa. Rothenburg, picture of, page 139. Ruckert, Priedrich (1788-1866), § 2.30; quoted, §94, 2; § 113, 1 ; § 117, 1 ; § 211, 1. Rudelsburgr, statue of Bismarck at, page 214. Rudolph of Habsburg, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (127^-1291), influence on the German language, § 133; § 355 ; death of, § 148. Russia, in Seven Years' War, §220. Sachs, Hans (1494-1576), "Mas- tersinger," § 116; picture of statue in Nuremberg, page 97. (Sangcrfrieg at the Wartburg (Singers' Contest), § 103; § 105; § 115, c. Sans Souci, picture of mill at, page 159; of palace, page 163. Saxon, line of German kings and emperors, § 56. Scheffel, Josef Viktor von (1826 -1886), § 230; quoted, § 140,3. Schenkendorf, Max von (1783- 1817), quoted, § 253, c. Schiller, Friedrlch Christoph (1759-1805) account of, § 230. anecdote of — and Goethe, § 226. picture of statue of the „T)id)tev^ paat/' page 177. of bust of Schiller in Weimar Library, page 184. quoted, § 5; § 15, 1, a; § 26, 2; §27; §41,1; §49,2; §58,2; § 68, 1 ; § 85, 2 ; § 97, 3 ; § 100, 8; § 107, 1; § 132; § 150, 2, c. Note; § 167,1; §183,3; §185, 2; §211,3, b, Note; §218, 1; § 228, 2; § 234, 3; § 237, 1; § 243 ; § 249, 1 ; § 253, d ; § 257, 1, Note ; § 270, 2, Note. Schleg-el, August Wilhelm von (1767-1845), § 230; quoted, § 157, 1, Note c. Schlegel, Friedrlch von (1772- 1829), §230; quoted, §95,1; § 98, 2. Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788- 1860), §285. Schubert, Franz (1797-1828), §245. Schumann, Robert (1810-1856), §245. 874 INDEX. For special word-studies, see Vocabulariea. Schwab, Gustav (1792-1850), quoted, § 270, 1. Science, German superiority in, § 285, § 286. Script, illustrations of, pages 236; 238; 241. (Setn as auxiliary, see Auxiliary. more exact use of, than in English, §206. use of fic^ fccftnbcn and c« gc(;t or of fein with the dative, § 206, 1. " place where " demands specific term, § 206, 2, and Note, with bag, § 211, 3, 6, Note. Sequence of tenses, § 243. Seven Years' War, § 220. Siegfried, § 22; § 32, c, Silesia, won by Prussia from Austria, § 220. Singular with plural verb, § 85, 2; §211, 3,6, Note. South America, German trade in, § 289. South Germans in Franco- Prussian War, § 277. Spain, crusades against Moors in, §48. part of "the Empire," §163; separated from, § 168. Steamship lines, § 289. Storm, Theodor (1817-1888), §230. quoted, §9; § 18, 2; §28, 2 §42,1; §50,2; §57; §69,1 §109,1; §123,1; §137; §171 2; §183, 1; §206,2, Note §219, 2; §222, 1; § 247, 2 § 261, 1. Streets, names of, § 299. Students of German Univer. slties, § 285. Subject accusative with infinitive be- comes German clause, § 191, 1. grammatical, „t^," § 85, 2, and Note, place in sentence, § 2. Subjunctive conditional mode with subjunc- tive of tDcrbcn, § 254 and Note. See Conditional. distinguished from indicative, §241. divisions (a) of indirect discourse (de- pendent), § 242, § 243. (6) unreal (contrary to fact), §253. (tt) hortative, § 253, a. (b) optative, § 253, b. (c) potential, § 253, c. (d) contrary to fact, § 253, d. special uses of "should like," "could have," § 266, 1 and 2. past for conditional, § 254, Note, pluperfect, § 266, 2. Subordinating: conjunctions, see Conjunctions. Substantive adjectives, § 217. Sudermann, Hermann (1857- ), §230; quoted, §49, 1; § 59, 1; § 157, 1, Note a; § 204, 1 ; § 246, 4. SufElzes formation of nouns concrete, =(^cn, 4ctn, *er, aw, »Itng, § 30(i. abstract, ^, -^x, A^ziif .fett, »fc^tt, =ung, § 307. INDEX. 375 For special word-studies, see Vocabularies. SuflBxes — Continued formation of adjectives =bar, =en, ^aft, =tg, 4^6), 4i^, ^fam, § 308. formation of verbs -en, =crn, Acven, =tgcn, § 309. Superlative, see Comparison. Sweden, in Thirty Years' War, § 182; in Seven Years' War, §220. Syllable stress, see under Pro- nunciation. Tacitus, Roman historian, § 12 ; §14. Tense present used in German for the future, § 228, 1 ; for the progressive and emphatic forms, § 227, 1 ; § 228 ; with f(f)on for the per- fect, § 228, 2 ; in indirect dis- course, §243; use of ttjcnn with, § 84, 2. past (preterit, imperfect) in connected narrative, § 229, 1 ; change from perfect to past, § 229, 2, Note a ; past to per- fect, § 229, 2, Note b ; with fd^on for past perfect (pluper- fect), § 228, 2, Note; for pro- gressive and emphatic forms, § 178, Note h ; § 227, 1 ; use of aU with, § 84, 1. future general rule, § 69, 4, a, b, c. simple auxiliary, toerbcn, § 69, 1 and 4, a ; to express desire, hjoacu, §69, 3; intention, § 69, 4, i ; obligation (foHen), §69,2; §69,4, 6 and c. substitute for, § 228, 1. perfect general rule for use in German, § 229, 2 ; change to past, § 229, 2, Note a ; for empha- sis, § 229, 2, Note b ; German present with fdjon for English perfect, § 228, 2. pluperfect German past with fci^on for English, § 228, 2, Note, subjunctive, § 266, 2. Teutoburger Forest, § 1 ; § 3. picture of monument in, page 2. Theodoric the Great, § 22 ; § 24 ; § 38; see also Dietrich von Bern; picture of tomb at Ravenna, page 15. There, adverb, § 16, 1 and 2; "factitive," § 16; e§ gibt, §85,1; cSift, §85, 2. Thirty Years' War, § 176 ; § 182 ; § 187, c. Thoma, Ludwigr, quoted, § 30, 1, Note; § 206, 2; § 221, 2; § 246, 4. Thuring-ia (Xfjiirtngcn), § 103. Thusnelda, wife of Hermann, § 3. Tieck, Ludwigr, (1773-1853), § 230; quoted, § 120, 2. -^ime accusative of , § 5 ; § 50, 2. adverbs of, § 5, Note, duration of, § 50, 1 and 2. extent of , § 5 ; § 98, 2. particular point of , § 50, 3 ; § 98, 1. telling time (of day), § 50, 4; § 169, 2. Titles, § 295 ; § 298. Tours, battle of, § 48. Towns, growth of, in Middle Ages, § 72, § 74. 876 INDEX. For special word studies, see Vocabularies. Trade, growth in German Empire, §289; §290. Transitive verbs, see Verbs. Transposed order of sentence, see Word Order. Trier (Treves), Koman remains at, §14. picture of Roman palace at, page 8. of tlie Porta Nigra (Black Gate), page 13. Two infinitives, § 73, 1 and 2; §81. Uhland, Ludwig (1787-1862), §230. picture of, page 211. quoted, §15, 2, &; §29,3; §40, 2; §47; §99, 3; §100, 4; §119, 3; § 141; § 147, 3; § 150, 2, a ; § 154, 2; §173, 1; §196, 2; § 218, 2 ; § 234, 2, Note. Ulfllas, translator of the Bible into Gothic, §349; §357. Umlaut derivation of, § 322 ; sounds of, § 322, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. used with suffixes, »c^en, 4dn, § 30(), 1 ; ^er, § 306, 2, 6 ; 4ing, §306, 4, d; ^,§307,1, b. Universities, discipline in, § 285. Varus, Roman general, § 1. SSeX'^, § 140. Verbals English verbal in ing 1. When not participial modi- fier (a) as clauses, when in phrase of time or cause, § 189, 1 ; or the object of a preposition, § 189, 2; or when the verbal after with- out or instead of is modified by possessive, § 190. (6) as infinitives omission of ju, § 180, 1 ; use of 5U, § 180, 2. verbals after instead of or without, if unmodified, §181. 2. When participial modifiers (a) present participles, § 178. (6) past participles, § 178. Note a. (c) predicate verbal, came running, § 180, 1, Note. 3. Progressive form, § 178, Note 6 ; § 227, 1. verbal nouns, § 304, 2. Verbs transitive with ^abcit, § 165; § 167, 2, and Note ; follow and meet intran- sitive in German, § l