- 
 
REESE LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Deceived MAR 15 1893 ....189 
 ^Accessions No. S C} ^.2. ? Class No. 
 
& 
 
THE 
 
 Quarryman and Contractor's 
 
 GUIDE, 
 
 INCLUDING ARTICLES ON 
 
 The importance of Blasting Explosives; Wrong Treatment of Explosives; Transportation and Rate of Freight paid on Explosives 
 Great Loss sustained by prohibitory regulations against Explosives by R. Rs. ; Rate of Insurance on Explosives; How to 
 build Powder Store-houses or Magazines; Causa of Accidents by Explosives; Rules relating to Handling and Storing; 
 How to thaw frozen Dynamite safely; Bomb Proof Shelters for Quarrymen ; Waste of money by working 
 Quarries on any old plan; Contrast of Hand and Power Drill plan of making holes in rock; Con- 
 trast between large and small Blasts; Stripping rock of dirt by Hydraulic Washing by means 
 of a force pump; Nature of Dynamite as an Explosive; How to use Dynamite and Blast- 
 ing Powder; Details of Electric Blasting; Detailed account of Blasting at Johns- 
 town; Stump Blasting; Rock Drills; Air Compressors; Coal Augers, etc., etc. 
 
 BY 
 
 ARTHUR KIRK, 
 
 OF PITTSBURGH, U. S. OF AMERICA. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1891, by ARTHUR KIRK, in the office of the Librarian of Congress at 
 
 Washington, D. C. All rights reserved. 
 
W. J. COLDER & CO., PITTSBURGH. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 IN presenting to the public the following book on Blasting Explosives, Rock Drills, etc., we intend to 
 insert much new matter which we expect will be both interesting and profitable to everyone con- 
 nected with Railroad Contracting, Quarrying, Tunnelling, Mining, Shaft 
 
 Sinking, Stump Blasting and all kindred subjects, and we ask your careful inspection of it, as 
 we feel assured that before you get through with it you will find something that will repay for read- 
 ing much you already know. First, we ask your attention to 
 
 THE IMPORTANCE OF BLASTING EXPLOSIVES. 
 
 As now used, explosives are of far more importance among the comforts of life than most persons have 
 any knowledge of. Without explosives we could not make iron or steel, or make a single piece of glass, 
 or build a substantial building of any kind, or a railroad or canal ; and without powder all our fine- 
 drawn theories about coast defences or military organizations, drills and equipments would be pure 
 nonsense. Let the reader stop a moment and try to imagine a state of society without explosives 
 to get out coal, iron ore, limestone and building stone. This, of course, would carry with it the total 
 annihilation of all iron and steel tools or machines ; our saws, hatchets and axes would at once disappear 
 and we would step away back to the stone age. There could be no substantial buildings built without 
 powder to blast stone for the foundation and the greater part of all red brick are now made from blasted 
 material. None of our fine block-stone pavements could be gotten out without blasting explosives, and 
 blasting has to be used to open the quarries where our fine stone trimmings for brick fronts are gotten. 
 
 True, the ancient Egyptians appear to have gotten out and handled very large blocks of stone 
 without powder, but that is now a lost art, for which great search has been made without success. 
 
 The very pleasant practice of taking an annual vacation for pleasure and healthy recreation would 
 have to be abandoned. There could be no buggies, carriages or street cars to take us to the station or 
 steamboat landing, and there could be no rushing railroad train to take us at the rate of thirty-five miles 
 per hour to the cool, inviting, health-giving summer resort, and as for steamboat travel or a trip across 
 the ocean in six, seven or eight days, it would be utterly impossible, for without blasting to get out iron 
 ore, coal and limestone, there could not be a single one of our fine-floating and swift-rushing floating 
 palaces, for the best floating craft that could then be had would be a burned-out canoe which we might 
 paddle if we could find a suitable long splinter from a lightning-riven tree to use as a paddle. 
 
 And there could not be any nice basket of provisions to accompany us for even one day off to the 
 woods, with its fine assortment of pies, cakes or cookies, for without blasting there could be no iron 
 cooking stoves or ranges to cook these on, nor any extra fine roller process flour to make them from. 
 But the best grinding or cooking that could be had would be two women grinding at the mill, and then 
 mixing it with water, and without bolting or salting it, working it into cakes and baking it on the coals, 
 fresh for every meal, and our fair lady friends couldn't have a nice new dress (just made for the 
 occasion), with latest patterned towers of very fancy colored trimmings, for without blasting there 
 could be no iron or steel to make the carding, spinning or weaving machinery to make the fancy dress 
 goods, nor a pair of scissors to cut them, nor a needle to sew them, or even a pin to hold them in 
 position ; in short, without the blasting of minerals we would have to abandon all that steam engines 
 now help to produce; all our comfortable home furniture, kitchen, bedroom and parlor sets; carpets 
 
would be unknown and we would step at once into the simple style of living, piactically as Adam and 
 Eve did 'when they first started housekeeping outside the gate of the Garden of Eden. 
 
 Having thus Called your attention to the importance of explosives, I ask why should 
 such an important factor in every-day life be subjected to the 
 
 WRONG TREATMENT IMPOSED ON EXPLOSIVES. 
 
 I see no reason why explosives should be charged such high rates of freight on railroads as double 
 first-class rates, for all railroad managers should know that the more explosives used along their railroad 
 the better it is for the road. Because it not only produces large amounts of freight in the shape of 
 coal, stone, etc., but it calls there a great increase in the population who are every day paying large sums 
 
 FIG. 1. 
 
 THIS IS THE MAN WHO LIVES IN A HOUSE MADE WITHOUT EXPLOSIVES. 
 
 THIS OUT IS KINDLY LOANED BY M'QRAW BROS., MAKERS AND DEALERS IN ROOFING MATERIAL, 64 FEDERAL STREET, ALLEGHENY, PA. 
 
 as passage fare which railroads, running through a purely agricultural district, would be glad to have. 
 
 Explosives are the very life of a railroad, almost as necessary as water for their 
 
 locomotives, and to levy such a high tax rate on explosives is almost as foolish as to tax locomotives 
 for the water they use, and why Should powder not be Carried every day on railroads 
 on the same rules as dry goods? No reason can be given for restricting its cartage to one or 
 two days each week, or 
 
 FOUR DAYS IN A MONTH AS SOME RAILROADS DO. 
 But many reasons can be given why it should be carried every day, and 
 
 First, I would say no quarryman or railroad contractor or coal pitt manager can tell how much 
 powder he will need during next week, because a quarryman or railroad contractor may have enough 
 powder to do him in the ordinary way until next powder day. But he suddenly comes to a seam where 
 
he can use twenty, thirty or forty kegs in one blast to good advantage, and then he is out of powder for 
 eight or ten days, and must he stop perhaps fifty " men and throw them idle if he waits for powder 
 day? This he will not do on any account ; but inside of twenty-four hours he has plenty of powder, in 
 defiance of railroad rules. But how does he do this ? I do not think it my business to tell all the plans 
 of getting it over the railroad ; but to prove that railroad men cannot prevent explosives being smuggled 
 over a railroad, I mention one plan I have known coarse quarry powder emptied out of kegs into new 
 two-bushel bags and shipped as beans, and again have seen a flour sack (which I knew contained a 
 keg of powder) standing on a very cold winter day within ten feet of a red-hot stove in a smoking car, 
 and within three feet of the superintendent of the same road, who calmly smoked his cigar unconscious 
 of danger, but who, in spite of all arguments to the contrary, would only permit powder to be carried 
 over the railroad one day every two weeks. 
 
 Second. Our seconj. reason is, much local business is done over railroads by country 
 
 Storekeepers and country peddlers, who collect farm produce and haul it ten to fifteen miles to a 
 railroad station and then ship it to the city, leaving their teams to rest until they go to the city and 
 return the next day with many goods for their customers, among which may be an order for more or less 
 powder; but he is told that "Yesterday was powder day on your railroad and your powder cannot be 
 shipped as such until yesterday a week." He does not hesitate a moment. He knows he must have the 
 powder with him and some plan is adopted by which it goes over the road packed in a barrel of rice or 
 in a box as soap ; and the railroad loses the high rate freight on it as powder, and it serves them right, 
 because railroads have no right to make rules that cannot be obeyed. 
 
 
 Third, and last reason why explosives should be carrried every day whenever offered, is that railroad 
 
 officers know as well as we do that the smuggling of explosives has been carried on over their railroads 
 for the last twenty years, at least, as above described, without doing any damage to anything and with 
 great danger to both passengers and railroads, and yet for some reason best known to themselves, 
 they still insist on "our rule," to the manifest inconvenience of their patrons and the increased 
 danger to passengers by having it smuggled on passenger cars, and lose freight on it when shipped openly 
 every day as explosives. 
 
 But I will close my remarks on this subject by a quotation from Col. Majendie's report for the year 
 1884. Col. V D. Majendie is the Chief Inspector of Explosives for Great Britain, and as such has for 
 years done nothing .but make everything connected with explosives his special study, and he is, I think, 
 the best informed man in the world on such matters. He says as follows : 
 
 This prohibitory policy, we desire emphatically to repeat, supplies a temptation to the surreptitious 
 conveyance of the explosives which it is certain is not always resisted. As we stated last year, the prac- 
 tical effect is thus to introduce a greater risk than that against which the policy of the railway companies 
 is professedly directed. If it is dangerous to carry dynamite openly in a properly constructed van by 
 good trains, separate from all dangerous articles and subject to the various precautions imposed by the 
 by-laws, it must surely be more dangerous to convey it, concealed perhaps in unsuitable parcels under the 
 seat in a smoking car or among the miscellaneous baggage of a passenger train. The railway companies 
 must know as well as we do that there is reason to believe that such surreptitious conveyance is delib- 
 erately practised on their lines, and upon what grounds they justify the continuance of a policy which 
 tends directly to the encouragement of that practice, we are at a loss to imagine. 
 
 COL. V. D. MAJENDIE, 
 
 Her Majesty's Inspector of Explosives for Great Britain. 
 
WORSE THAN DYNAMITE. 
 
 The Lucifer Match and Coal Oil Do More Damage. 
 
 The Detroit News takes this hopeful, philosophic view of dynamite : "With all the powers of 
 dynamite and all the attempts to use it, the results effected are comparatively insignificant. It is true 
 a czar has been killed with it, but hundreds of kings have been killed without it. The lucifer match, of 
 which every household contains hundreds, is much more dangerous, and when first invented inspired 
 nearly as much terror. It destroys more property and more lives than dynamite does. It has in it the 
 power and potency of infinite mischief, if there were men enough wicked enough to use it as it might 
 be used. The rascally fools who exploded a dynamite bomb under the walls of their employer's shop 
 in New York, with but little injury, might have laid the whole establisment in ashes with a single lucifer 
 match properly placed. The revolver, the shooting walking-stick, the slung-shot, the policeman's club, 
 are all more dangerous weapons of offense, and number their annual victims by the score to every single 
 victim of dynamite or nitro-glycerine ; while the numerous deadly poisons, which can be administered 
 without detection, afford opportunity of doing a hundred times the mischief, with safety to the perpetra- 
 tor, that dynamite can do. 
 
 " If it be considered from the point of view of the probability of accident it presents, it sinks into 
 insignificance when compared with the thousand dangers through which we calmly and thoughtlessly 
 walk every day, and which we despise because we are familiar with them. Not to mention the hundreds 
 of contagious and infectious diseases, to which we expose ourselves without knowing it, or knowing it, 
 trusting like a Turk to Kismet to save us, it would require more space than the News has at command to 
 enumerate the exploding kerosene lamp, the oil stove, the open elevator, the bursting boilers, the burn- 
 ing theaters and hotels, the hot flue, the colliding and the derailed train, and the hundreds and thousands 
 of inventions for modern convenience and luxury, which conceal deadly dangers that frequently break 
 loose and destroy hecatombs of human beings. We venture to say that fried beefsteak and American 
 pie have destroyed more of the inhabitants in the past twelve months than dynamite can be charged with 
 in all its history all the world over; while the victims of nervous diseases, brought on by over-indulgence 
 in strong tea and coffee, among those who regard the more wholesome beer and ale with pious aversion, 
 would furnish regiments where the dynamite victims would not furnish corporals' squads. But we have 
 got used to all these things, and they no longer terrify us." And I may add the following : 
 
 KITCHEN RANGE BOILER EXPLODES AND CAUSES DEATH. 
 
 A boiler attached to a kitchen range of Frank T. Sherwood, of Hunter's Point, L. I., exploded with 
 terrific force recently, instantly killing Charles M. Sherwood, aged five years, and fatally injuring 
 Kellogg Sherwood and burning his mother terribly. She will probably lose the sight of both eyes. Every- 
 thing in the room was destroyed. 
 
 Some ten years ago a terrific Sewer gas explosion alarmed the residents on Penn avenue 
 from Twenty-eighth street to Twenty-ninth street, and was heard ten blocks away. November 6, 1884, 
 Robsonia (Pa.) furnace fell, killing seven and wounding eight men. Syracuse, N. Y., January 6, 1884, 
 an ash factory exploded and killed two and wounded eight men. 
 
GREAT NEED OF BETTER LAWS RELATING TO 
 
 EXPLOSIVES. 
 
 The great importance of explosives, and also the great danger from their careless handling, calls 
 loudly for. better laws relating to their manufacture, shipping and use. Just a few days ago the quiet 
 town of Washington, Pa., was shaken as by an earthquake by the explosion of one hundred pounds of 
 nitro-glycerine. Every person was alarmed, much property destroyed, and one man and two horses 
 killed; a great many lives were endangered by a fool-hardy, useless risk in transporting nitro-glycerine 
 through a town, and I see no reason why there should not be a law to protect lives and property against 
 such damage. A suitable law on this subject would be a great protection to everyone. It would be a 
 protection to owners of works, and to everyone engaged in them, and to shippers, haulers and users of 
 explosives, and every person in the community, by throwing every possible precaution around the making, 
 care-taking, transportation and use of explosives. As it is now, there is practically no law on this subject. 
 True, there are some local laws, but all I know of were enacted long ago, and are so unsuitable and 
 far behind the age that they are of no use and are never enforced. 
 
 OF INSURANCE ON EXPLOSIVES. 
 
 Why should explosives be subjected to so many antiquated and obsolete rules relating to how powder 
 shall be handled and stored rules that have been disregarded for fifty years and no harm has resulted, show- 
 ing the utter worthlessness of such rules ? And yet their existence in one place is made the excuse for 
 enacting the same rules elsewhere ; for instance, the rule with some insurance companies that the insured 
 shall not keep more than twenty-five pounds of powder in store at one time, and the same is enacted irito 
 a law in other places. 
 
 Now any dealer in explosives who accepts an insurance policy with this clause in it simply puts his 
 head into a noose and practically gets no insurance at all, for almost any dealer in powder now requires 
 to have at least a keg of fine and a keg of coarse rifle powder, and one keg of coarse and a keg of fine 
 blast powder, all open for retailing from at the same time, with a keg or two in reserve ready to open 
 when needed, and therefore we recommend that no dealer in powder accept a fire insurance policy with- 
 out permission to keep two hundred and fifty pounds of powder; and that he can easily have at the same 
 rate, for if twenty-five pounds of powder should ever explode it would knock the whole house to smash, 
 and what more could two hundred and fifty pounds do? But who ever heard of a fire caused by powder 
 in a store ? I have never known or heard of one and don't think there ever was one. 
 
 RELATING TO POWDER MAGAZINES. 
 
 This is another subject on which overwise ignorance prevails. From their great importance to society, 
 as has already been shown, a place of storage or magazine is an absolute necessity, and it should be 
 located as near shipping or using points as possible, without being compelled to haul long distances 
 through populous places; this only increases the danger by extending it all along the line of haul. Yes, 
 
but, says the objector, a magazine might explode. Well, if it does explode, as magazines arc now built 
 of walls of wood six inches thick and covered with corrugated sheet iron, the resistance is so slight that 
 an explosion will do but little harm, all going upward -nothing like the damage that has been done and 
 may be repeated every day by steam boilers exploding, as witness the explosion of Rees, Graff & Co.'s 
 mill, near Thirty-third street, some twenty years ago, when fragments of the boiler weighing nearly 
 one thousand pounds were thrown nearly a thousand feet, with all the force of a cannon ball. This was 
 followed a few years later by the explosion of Zug's rolling mill, when large fragments of the boilers 
 were seen dropping in the river over a thousand feet from starting point, and Groetzinger's tannery in 
 1889, which killed four men and caused widespread damage. Thus if everything liable to explode must 
 be kept at a great distance from human habitation, it would require the whole county of Allegheny to 
 contain the city of Pittsburgh alone. 
 
 FIG. 2. 
 
 BULLET AND FIRE-PROOF RETAIL MAGAZINE, 
 
 8x12 and 8 feet high to square, on stone foundation walls two feet high above ground. Door In 
 middle of side, hung on friction rollers. Sides and roof covered with corrugated sheet iron. 
 
 The above cut shows a modern-built powder magazine as now built with stone foundation two feet 
 above ground to prevent the accumulation of leaves or burnable material under it. Walls and door 
 bullet-proof, being six inches thick, and a light roof of corrugated sheet iron, so that if an explosion 
 should ever take place the roof will just blow off and explosion go upwards and do but little harm. 
 
RULES TO BE OBSERVED 
 
 By everyone handling Powder or any other Explosive Substance 
 
 ist. Always keep up in your mind a safe fear, and remember it is dangerous, and handle with 
 proper care. 
 
 2d. Never permit any explosive material to be taken into a BLACKSMITH SHOP. 
 
 3d. All explosive material should be kept (when not in use) in a suitable dry place, at a safe dis- 
 tance apart from other buildings, and at all times under lock and key, and only one person in charge of 
 it, and no person but one keeper permitted to enter it. 
 
 4th. No lights, matches or fire arms, or means of making a light should ever be taken near where 
 powder is stored. 
 
 5th. In making floor of powder house, no nails should be permitted to show above boards, but all 
 secret nailed. Floor should be kept perfectly clean, and no sand or grit permitted to remain on the floor. 
 
 OF ACCIDENTS BY EXPLOSIVES. 
 
 For twenty years I have made a practice of cutting out of the newspapers every account published of 
 accidents by explosives, and from a casual rsading over of these clippings I cama to the conclusion that 
 blunders would more appropriately describe the great majority of cases of damage by explosives; for 
 instance, the first of these cases that meets the eye reports the death of tw3 men in Kentucky, while 
 drilling out a hang-fire shot. This is always attended with great danger when fired by ordinary fuse. 
 Shots have been known to hang fire twenty-four hours and then explode, to the great danger of every 
 living being within range. This could never occur if the hole had been charged to fire by eleC- 
 tricity. (See page 30.) Another of these clippings records the destruction of five thousand dollars' 
 worth of property because a lot of dynamite had been stored in an engine room. I have again and again 
 
 warned our customers against permitting explosives to enter engine rooms or black- 
 
 Smith Shops, an( i y t only last summer I found forty kegs of powder, five hundred pounds of 
 dynamite and ten boxes of caps, all within fifteen feet of the anvil where the blacksmith was making a 
 weld at the time. 
 
 Another great cause of accidents with explosives is 
 
 THAWING DYNAMITE IN AN IMPROPER WAY. 
 
 Dynamite freezes at 42 and while frozen is practically unexplodable by any ordinary means. Some 
 experiments are said to have been made in Germany which exploded frozen dynamite, but practically 
 in this country every winter brings a crop of fatal accidents while attempting t.> thaw it in an im- 
 proper manner. Most of these occur in blacksmith shops, and I repeat what I have said, that no 
 explosive should ever be permitted inside a BLACKSMITH SHOP, as that is the worst place to 
 thaw frozen dynamite that I know of. A very safe plan about large works is to have a frost-proof room, 
 with means of keeping it heated to 70 or 80 and have the dynamite placed around on shelves where it 
 can thaw slowly through and through, and aboui-wiiaHier heat maintained. 
 
PLAN FOR DYNAMITE THAWING ROOM. 
 
 Below I show a plan (fig. 3), and inside elevation (fig. 4, p. n), and front elevation (fig. 5, p. 12), for 
 such a house, which can be built very cheaply, and on the principle that "an ounce of prevention is worth 
 more than a pound of cure," I recommend every quarry owner to erect one on this plan at once, larger or 
 smaller, as his business may require. I recommend it to be built in the quarry dump, as convenient 
 to the work as possible, and so low down in the ground that it can easily be covered three or more feet deep 
 and all around three sides with the refuse of the quarry (which has to be moved at any rate}, and with its 
 door end pointed away from the blasting. If thus constructed, blasting can be done quite close to it 
 without endangering its contents. 
 
 This house can be costructed of any size to suit the work. The size here given is five feet four inches 
 by eight feet long and nearly eight feet high, so that sixteen-foot stuff will cut to advantage without waste, 
 and is to be provided with five shelves on each side (see fig. 4), ten shelves, and each shelf holding four 
 boxes, will be forty boxes this house is capable of holding. This can all easily be kept warm enough to 
 thaw dynamite. A short coil of small steam pipe, or if that cannot be had, then a small " Summer Queen " 
 stove with double 4-inch wick, placed on floor at A (see fig. 3), and boring three i-inch auger holes 
 through the door at B (see fig. 5), to let in air, and three same sized holes at D to let vapors out ; the 
 space inside can easily be kept heated to 80 Fahrenheit in coldest weather, and at this temperature 
 in such a chamber dynamite will keep thawed for forty-eight hours and ready for use. 
 
 It will be observed the front (fig. 5) is built up of plank, laid flat ; this I recommend should be not 
 less than six inches thick, and the door same thickness. 
 
 The reason for this is to prevent it being exploded by any person firing a heavy musket ball at it 
 from a safe distance for the shooter. 
 
 
FIG. 4. 
 
 ELEVATION OF THAWING HOUSE. 
 
 Some readers may think I attach too much importance to thawing" dynamite, preventing" 
 accidents, etc. Some, no doubt, will be ready to say, I have used dynamite (thus and so) for ten years 
 and never had an accident, and it is all nonsense going to such expense, etc. To this I would reply : 
 True, you may have done so and so, and thus far have escaped damage, but you perhaps were not aware 
 how near the danger line you have come a hundred times. You may the very next time pass over the 
 danger line and be torn to fragments, and as I think it wiser to be one mile away than merely escape by 
 a hair's breadth, I recommend and urge everyone to take the safest plan in everything connected with 
 blasting. I once thawed dynamite on hot plates covered with sand level with the floor. I was absent 
 longer than I expected, and when I returned and standing astride of ten pounds in this sand, it 
 suddenly took fire and all burned up, and it was a wonder it did not explode and tear me to fragments. 
 I never ventured to thaw on heated plates again. 
 
oo o 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 o o o B 
 
 FIG. 5. 
 
 FRONT OF THAWING HOUSE AND BOMB PROOF 
 
 SHELTERS FOR MEN. 
 
 Can easily and cheaply be thus made in the dump of every quarry by simply setting up strong timbers 
 where a dump is to be made and covering them with planks, boards or even round poles, and then 
 dumping refuse of the quarry over it ; this will, in a short time, provide bomb proofs where all the men 
 
of the quarry can feel perfectly safe from flying rocks. Only about one year ago an estimable young 
 man, Mr. Mananing, was killed in a quarry near Williamsburg while running away from a blast, and 
 this, too, after working all his life about quarries ; and many lives have been lost in the same way which 
 might have been saved if the quarry had been provided with bomb proofs as above. And thus I might go 
 on pointing out many cases of damage by explosives, but I think I have shown enough to satisfy any one 
 that all accidents from explosives are preventable by simply remembering that all matter in the 
 WOrld is under Certain fixed laws and if we obey the laws of matter in any form there is no 
 danger .with it. For instance, every person knows the laws of matter in the form of water and oil, and, 
 therefore, no sane person would take oil to extinguish a fire, neither would he take water to kindle a 
 fire, and I, therefore, lay it down as a rule that every one handling explosives should keep up in his 
 
 mind a healthy fear that it is dangerous and treat all explosives with proper 
 
 Care. I next call your attention to 
 
 FIG. 6. 
 
 FIG. 7. 
 
 The next best plan for thawing dynamite is by means of a thawing kettle shown in figures 6 and 7, 
 which consists of an outside kettle capable of holding twelve gallons of water (see B, fig. 7), and having 
 four iron feet to hold it firm above the fire to be made under and around the kettle. It also has an inside 
 kettle (A A, fig. 7), which fits inside the large kettle, so that it has a water jacket of two inches around 
 and between the inside and outside kettle sides, and five inches of water between bottoms of inside 
 and outside kettles ; the inside kettle also has an open space (B, fig. 7) six inches in diameter at bottom 
 and an outside and inside shell which forms the dynamite chamber (A A, fig. 7), into which can be 
 placed forty-two sticks of 1^x8 inch dynamite, and then all is covered by a tight-fitting lid except the 
 small pipe (see figs. 6 and 7), which permits the steam to blow off freely from the inside chamber. I 
 have now sold these kettles for five years and have never known of an accident with one of them, and 
 every user praises them. 
 
WASTE OF FORCE (MONEY) IN HANDLING MINERALS. 
 
 It makes the feelings of the writer fairly rasp to see or hear of men still drilling holes in rock by 
 hand with three men in a gang, one holding and two striking, and these three men thinking they have done 
 extra well if they drill ten feet of hole in limestone rock per day, when these same three men at the 
 same wages, if supplied witli a steam boiler and rock drill, would easily average sixty feet of hole per 
 day. If we count that those three men get each $1.50 per day, it makes $4.5O for ten feet of 
 hole Or 45 Cents per foot, while if these three men are provided with proper tools and drill sixty 
 feet for $4.50, it makes it cost only 7^ cents per foot. Now, if we count twenty-four working days per 
 month, and sixty feet of hole per day, at 45 cents per foot, it will cost $648 to pay for that amount of 
 drilling by hand. But if we furnish a steam drill and pay three men 7^ cents per foot it will only cost 
 $108 ; this from $648 leaves $540, and if we still take off the $40 for coal, oil, etc., we still have a net 
 saving of $500 per month. Thus counting ten working months in a year, makes a clean saving by steam 
 drilling alone of $5,000 a year. And this is only a part of the advantages to be had by using a steam 
 drill. Another advantage is 
 
 PLENTY OF HOLES READY FOR BLASTING. 
 
 I never visit a quarry where the drilling is done by hand but I find some part of the men working at 
 a disadvantage until the drillers get a hole finished. On the other hand we know several quarries 
 using steam drills where they have a ten-foot hole here, a twelve-foot hole there, a twenty-foot hole 
 yonder, and so on, till they generally have two hundred feet of hole drilled ahead of the blasters, and 
 ready to be fired the moment the loose stone is all taken away from before them. Every experienced 
 quarryman knows what a great advantage this is and must add largely to the yearly profits. And yet 
 another advantage of power over hand drilling is, power-made holes are perfectly round, while hand-made 
 holes are alvays triangular, as per figures 8 and 9. 
 
 FIG. 8. 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 FIG. 9- 
 
 Figure 8 represents a machine-made hole, perfectly round, and when explosives are fired in such a 
 hole, the force of the blast being equal all around, it is held in longer, until its explosive gases are fully 
 developed, and when the blast finally bursts, it does far more execution than when fired in a hand-made 
 hole. Figure 9, representing a hand-made, and, of course, a three-cornered hole, if made by the ordinary 
 chisel bit, where the corners (A A A) have to withstand the concentrated pressure on the walls (B B B), 
 the corners (A A A) give way and the explosive gases escape before their full force is developed, and in 
 underground work this fills the place with smoke, which is imperfectly consumed powder. Another 
 advantage of power-made holes over hand-made holes is 
 
A LARGER HOLE AT BOTTOM. 
 
 Hand drills are made thin so as to cut quickly, but they at same time wear away faster than steam drill 
 steels, and when you add to that their triangular shape, the powder space at bottom of hole must be 
 very small, hence it must be squibbed and squibbed, again and again, to enlarge the hole. 
 
 THE GREAT DANGER IN SQUIBBING HOLES. 
 
 This is always attended with great danger to the blaster, especially if done with fuse, and more so if 
 done with cotton fuse. By referring to the cuttings from newspapers, already referred to in this book, I 
 find that almost every month some one is injured by a premature explosion while squibbing a hole. For 
 this there are several reasons and first I would mention as far as I have ever seen : Squibbing is almost 
 always done in a hurry; the rock has to be cleared away before the drillers can start to hammer down a 
 hole ; then, if it takes a day to put down a ten-foot hole by hand, before the hole is down all hands are 
 idle around it and then, "Hurry and squib that hole," is the order, and without waiting to let any 
 remains of fire from first suuib die out, a fresh charge is poured in, and after the hole is nearly charged 
 again with several kegs of powder it reaches a smoldering fire in some piece of fuse that has been forced 
 into a crevice in the rock which, on account of a limited supply of air in the hole, burns very slowly and 
 holds fire much longer than same fuse would do in the open air, but still contains enough fire to ignite 
 the blast, and off goes the charge and another man or more is killed, all because that hole must be 
 Squibbed in a hurry and cotton fuse used because it is cheap. If holes must be squibbed, it is 
 much cheaper and safer to fire the squib by electricity, for the wires used instead of fuse cannot hold 
 fire one instant after the charge has been fired, and it is done much quicker, and at the will of the blaster, 
 when every person near is safe from flying stones of Squibbing" holes.* 
 
 DOES SQUIBBING HOLES PAY? 
 
 On this subject I have found a great diversity of opinion and that, too, among blasters of great ex- 
 perience ; some insisting that by far the best plan is to spring every hole before blasting, and just as 
 many insisting that a great deal of time and powder is lost while springing holes. 
 
 I think this great diversity of opinion may be accounted for by taking into account the different ex- 
 periences of the different men. For instance, every blaster of much experience must know that the 
 same kind of stone blasts differ in different quarries, and a man having worked for years in a quarry 
 that worked well by squibbing, naturally falls into the idea that squibbing must be used in every quarry. 
 And yet another reason may be the man in favor of always squibbing, has only had experience with hand- 
 made holes, which are both slow and expensive, and of course, when once down, must produce a great 
 amount of stone to pay for the drilling, as has been already shown in this book (page 14). A hand- 
 made hole ten feet deep and taking three men a whole day to hammer it down, costs $4.50, or 45 cents 
 
per foot. While at the same time three men with a good steam drill can drill sixty feet of hole per day, 
 at a cost of 7^ cents per foot, or three men at $1.50 each per day or $4.50, at this rate the steam drill 
 will have six holes each ten feet deep and if these holes are placed, say ten feet apart, and charged with 
 mixed charges, of say one stick of dynamite with electric exploder in it at the bottom, then one quart of 
 black powder, then another stick of dynamite, then another quart of black powder, then another stick of 
 dynamite until the hole is filled up five to six feet, or to within two feet of the top in the usual way and 
 all fired with a battery as hereafter described, after firing it thus it will be found that at least twice as 
 much stone has been loosened than could have been done with the same amount of explosives used in 
 
 squibbing and blasting with a single hole at a time. 
 
 I have never found much advantage in squibbing power-made holes and another advantage of 
 power-made holes is being able to make large round holes cheap and near each other and use electric 
 blasting, for which see page 30. 
 
 MAKING SMALL BLASTS 
 
 Is another cause of great loss to contractors, quarrymen, etc. We have seen many quarrymen who 
 rejoice when they get off a shot loosening ten ton, and when they loosen up twenty ton, talk about it for 
 weeks as something wonderful. By way of comparison, we call your attention to the following extract 
 from a letter, giving account of work done by a steam drill : 
 
 HEAVY BLASTING. 
 
 " Perhaps the largest blast ever made in the actual operation of stone quarrying for the market 
 occurred at quarry No. 4 of our company, at Hilltown, Pa., on Friday, the 4th of last month. We 
 drilled one hundred and thirty-one holes in two parallel lines, the holes alternating and about seven feet 
 apart, each eight feet deep, with one of your No. *F' Eclipse Drills. The time occupied in drilling was 
 thirteen days, and took two men (one to operate the drill, and one on the boiler). These holes were 
 then charged with powder and dynamite, fifteen kegs of the former and fifty pounds of the latter. After 
 the charges were prepared, the whole was exploded simultaneously by electricity; between 12,000 and 
 13,000 tons of limestone (by actual measurement) were displaced by this blast, opening a seam through 
 which a team could easily be driven. This work was done at an expense of $94.60 and a saving to the 
 company of over five hundred dollars. We have tried steam drills of several different makes, and unhes- 
 itatingly pronounce yours by far the best, and commend it to all in our business. I am, very respect- 
 fully yours, JOHN A. LOGAN, JR., 
 
 CARBON LIMESTONE Co., General Manager." 
 
 YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO. 
 
 This is probably the most effective blast on record, showing thirty tons of limestone removed to one 
 pound of explosive. 
 
 16 
 
MONEY LOST IN LOADING STONE FOR SHIPMENT. 
 
 Another way money is lost in quarries and railroad work, is loading it into a wheelbarrow as if it 
 was eggs, for fear of breaking the wheelbarrow and having to place every stone carefully so as to avoid 
 upsetting the wheelbarrow, and then take a man at $1.25 per day to run that wheelbarrow one hun- 
 dred feet and then up a steep grade to the top of the railroad car. Quarrymen have told me over 
 and over again they would rather sledge a wheelbarrow load than wheel it as above. 
 
 Then another objectionable way is to load it into carts and have a horse or mule to haul it. This is 
 still too expensive, because every man loading a cart has to lift by his own strength every piece of stone 
 about five feet from the ground to put it into a cart, and after the cart is loaded a man must go with 
 every ton and walk away off with the horse. Another less expensive, but still objectionable way is to 
 have small railroad tracks on which to run cars hauled by a horse. This is also objectionable because 
 the rails are liable to be broken every shot and a horse is constantly needing shoeing or harness 
 repaired, fed, watered, etc. But the most economical is wire rope hoist and conveying, of which more 
 will be said hereafter. After calling the attention of our patrons to the above leaks, where many 
 thousands of dollars are lost every year in quarry work for want of a little knowledge, I am 
 was tempted to repeat the old story of a darky who had been engaged to kill a calf. After the job 
 done he was asked : "Well, Sam, how much must I pay you for killing the calf?" He promptly 
 replied, " Two dollars and a half, Massa." "Why, how is that, Sam, the whole calf is not worth over 
 two dollars and a half, how then is it worth two dollars and a half for killing it?" " Why, Massa, you 
 see its worth fifty cents to kill the calf and then there is two dollars for the know how." 
 
 PAYING MEN BY THE DAY. 
 
 This is another source of loss to both owner and workman, and a constant source of trouble. We 
 therefore advise to give all out by piece WOrk whenever it is possible to do it, and to pay good liberal 
 prices that will encourage good workmen to exert themselves, and every man gets just what he earns and 
 the operator knows every night what his stone has cost through the day. This does away with all com- 
 plaints about how many hours men shall work per day and many other causes of complaint on both sides. 
 
 THE CHEAPEST PLAN OF STRIPPING A QUARRY IS BY 
 
 HYDRAULIC WASHING. 
 
 A book on blasting and mining matters would be incomplete without at least a brief treatise on hy- 
 draulic mining or the utilizing of a stream of water under heavy pressure for the removal of gravel or 
 clay deposit. The pressure may be produced by the elevation from which the water decends to the 
 nozzle, this being the general practice in California, and other mountainous regions where streams from 
 great heights are conducted in pipes to the nozzle. To give an idea of the immense power which may 
 be derived from water under pressure, it may be stated that a quantity of water equal to a thousand 
 miners' inches can be discharged under a pressure of say three hundred feet through a six-inch nozzle, 
 
with a velocity of one hundred and forty feet per second, and in a volume of one thousand six hundred 
 and fifty pounds during the same period of time. Such a volume, uninterruptedly striking upon a bank 
 of earth or gravel, having, as it does, one-tenth of the velocity of a projected cannon ball, must neces- 
 sarily do great execution, and produces the caving of an ordinary gravel bank without the necessity of 
 resorting to explosive blasting. The great pressure makes the nozzle difficult to control. To overcome 
 this difficulty, a nozzle in the shape of a goose neck placed upon a universal joint is used and controlled 
 by a hand lever extending several feet to the rear. This device is known as a Hydraulic Giant, and 
 enables one man to direct the stream to do the. most effective work. Where the water pressure necessary 
 for this can not be obtained by gravity, pressure pumps are often resorted to with equally profitable re- 
 sults, and a number of these pumps have lately been built by the Hall Steam Pump Company, of Alle- 
 gheny, both for mining of the precious ores and for the reduction of gravel and clay banks in railroad 
 cutting, and who will no doubt be pleased to furnish to parties interested further details on this subject. 
 
 I am strongly of the opinion that many limestone quarries in Lawrence county, Pennsylvania (which 
 have been or are to be abandoned because the stripping is sixteen to twenty feet thick), could be success- 
 fully operated by constructing a dam in a small stream near by, and using a properly constructed steam 
 pump to throw the water thus collected against the bank of stripping, and a properly constructed flume or 
 tail race to guide the washings to fill up and level unsightly and useless swamps or ravines below, and at 
 the same time the stream of water could be so regulated in its descent after striking the bank as to cause 
 it to deposit much fine stone from the strippings, which could be used to good advantage for railroad ballast* 
 or on public roads. I may here remark I have known of much trouble being caused in hydraulic washing 
 for want of a very cheap and simply constructed dam to hold the water and cause it to deposit its 
 burden of alluvial matter before escaping into the stream below. This is usually done by piling up mud 
 only to form the dam. Thus figure 10 shows the mud that had been deposited by previous washings has 
 
 
 10. 
 
 been piled up to form a dam around a deposit field. But as mud is, of course, composed of very fine 
 slippery particles, if the water once overflows at any point it will wash away very quickly and all the 
 water contained in the settling field may be in a few minutes precipitated into the stream below. But if 
 the simple precaution is taken of carrying up a rib of 2x4 inch cheap plank a little in advance of the 
 water, as shown in figure n, piled up one thickness on top of another, and spiked down with joints 
 broken and then mud banked up on both sides of it, there can be no wash-out. If a simple device of 
 this kind had been used in South Fork dam it might have been prevented, or at least lessened the damage 
 done by the flood. 
 
 18 
 
DYNAMITE AS AN EXPLOSIVE. 
 
 Many persons have an idea that because it is dynamite, therefore it must do its work wherever put and at 
 an extremely low cost. To all such we would say, there is as much difference in work done by the different 
 grades of dynamite as there is in service done by the different kinds of wood; and any one acquainted with the 
 nature and uses of pine wood would never think of making an ax handle of it ; neither would he 
 weatherboard a house with hickory wood. Hence the necessity for studying the work to be done and 
 getting explosives to suit that work. I have had a great variety of experience in blasting almost every 
 known article. While removing the great jam of drift lodged against the stone bridge at Johnston in 
 1889, where I used about eight and one-half tons of dynamite, and did wonderful blasting among such a 
 variety of substances as to surprise most experienced blasters with the results, sometimes tearing a huge 
 stump to kindling wood, next cutting off a protruding iron bridge girder, next shaking a sunken mass of 
 wrecks of houses all crowded together and interlocked by roots of trees and many miles of telegraph 
 wires. All this gave me great opportunity to study results, and it is my opinion that every blaster 
 should try different strengths and find out what strength does his WOrk best, without regard to 
 whether it is 20, 40 or 60 per cent. Besides, there are no means by which a quarryman can tell whether 
 dynamite really contains 20, 40 or 60 per cent, of nitro-glycerine or not ; neither is it of any importance 
 for him to know. All he has to care for is which grade will do his work the cheapest. 
 
 During the last ten years there has been a gre'at and increasing 
 
 DEMAND FOR HIGH EXPLOSIVES. 
 
 During the last ten years there has been a great increase in the consumption of high explosives, 
 caused largely by improvements in there manufacture (making them safer to handle) and increased 
 experience in handling, until now, although a hundred pounds are now used for one pound ten years 
 ago, yet accidents in regular use are so rare, and only occur as the result of gross carelessness, that many 
 users consider nearly all high explosives safer than black powder, and they are now considered indispen- 
 sable for all wet blasting, such as shaft, incline or well sinking, or taking up bottoms in coal mines or 
 submarine or salamander blasting, or any use where great shattering power is wanted, because high 
 explosives make eight or more distinct cracks, radiating from the hole like spokes of a wheel (see fig. 12), 
 while black powder generally makes but three cracks (see fig. 13). 
 
 FIG. 12. FIG. 13. 
 
 When dynamite is exploded in a hole it makes eight distinct cracks or fractures which radiate from 
 the hole same as the spokes of a wagon wheel does from its center, as shown in fig. 12, while black 
 blasting powder makes only three distinct cracks as shown in fig. 13, and while the fragments of rock, 
 
after being blasted with black powder, are still solid and can be used for dimension stone. The large 
 fragments, after being blasted with dynamite, are unfit for dimension stone, having received such a shock 
 as to produce incipient cracks, which may cause the stone to break in pieces after much labor has been 
 spent in dressing it. Quarrymen should therefore bear in mind that dynamite should never be used on 
 dimension stone that is wanted solid for dressing, and also that dynamite is the proper explosive to use in 
 quarries where the stone is wanted broken small, as for railroad ballast, concrete foundation, common 
 road metal, etc., etc. 
 
 DYNAMITE MAY BE USED LAID ON SURFACE OF ROCK. 
 
 Dynamite can be most economically used when placed in a hole and tamped solid, but in excep- 
 tional cases it can be used to good advantage when laid upon the surface without drilling holes, as for 
 instance where a rock has fallen down on a railroad and obstructs traffic where time is of first import- 
 ance and the cost secondary a rock can be broken quickly by laying four or five times as much dyna- 
 mite on top of it as would be required to blast it if put in a drilled hole in it ; when thus used all 
 charge should be covered with five or six inches of mud; and for breaking cast iron a very small charge 
 will be sufficient to break it at one-fourth the cost it would take to drill a hole in it, and to cut up old 
 heavy scrap iron, like old steam boilers, it can be done very cheaply by simply spreading out a strip of 
 paper four inches wide and as long as the cut is desired to be in the iron, then on this paper lay a thin 
 strip of dynamite about one inch wide and one eithth of an inch 'thick, which has been crumbled out of a 
 cartridge, then fold the edges together so as to bring the dynamite together in a continuous long roll or 
 ribbon, with the edges of the paper folded under each other (as a druggist folds up a prescription) so as 
 to hold the dynamite in a continuous ribbon or roll and to prevent the wind from blowing it off; then lay 
 it over the place it is desired to cut, then place a fuse two feet long (with explosive cap attached) about 
 the center of the ribbon ; this prepared, then place a teaspoonful of dynamite over the cap, then cover 
 all two or three inches deep with mud, then fire the fuse and get at least two hundred feet away, and as 
 soon as the fire burns up the fuse till it reaches the cap it will explode and the cut will be made. A little 
 experience will soon enable any person of ordinary intelligence to reduce or increase the charge so as to 
 do it most economically. 
 
 DYNAMITE IS INVALUABLE FOR BLASTING STUMPS. 
 
 For blasting stumps and rocks in fields, many thousands of acres in Pennsylvania have within the 
 last ten years been cleared of stumps and boulders, to the great satisfaction of their owners, as far cheaper 
 than any stump machines, and at the same instant that dynamite knocks the stump out of the ground it 
 splits and breaks it in pieces for easy handling, drying and burning; it makes but a small hole in the 
 ground, and many farmers have told me that the first crop from the ground formerly occupied by a stump 
 has more than paid all expenses. 
 
 DYNAMITE IS NOW MADE PERFECTLY SAFE 
 
 To transport or handle, and nothing but pure carelessness and utter neglect of simple instructions 
 can cause any damage while using it. For instructions about thawing dynamite, see page 12. 
 
STUMP BLASTING MADE EASY AND SAFE. 
 
 FIG. 14. 
 PREPARING STUMP FOR BLASTING BY USING HIGH EXPLOSIVES. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR BLASTING STUMPS. 
 
 ist. Cut off about three feet of fuse (cutting it straight across), then shake ail sawdust out of a cap 
 and push the fuse into the cap gently as far as it will go, then with nippers or dull knife close the cap 
 down tight on the fuse. 
 
 2nd. Open the one end of a dynamite cartridge and with a pointed piece of wood about the size of 
 3 lead pencil, make a hole in the powder large enough to receive the cap, push the capped end of the 
 fuse down into the powder, close the paper around the fuse and tie the fuse to cartridge, so that it cannot 
 pull out. See page 27. 
 
 3rd. With clay auger, or pointed crowbar, make a hole in the earth down under center of stump, 
 place the cartridge at extreme depth of hole, leaving the fuse extending out above ground, then ram the 
 earth in tight around cartridge and up level with top of ground, fire the fuse and get away two hundred 
 and fifty feet and watch results. Inside of two minutes the stump will be thrown out, torn to fragments, 
 which can easily be piled up, dried and burned out of the way. 
 
 21 
 
One such cartridge is sufficient for any stump one foot in diameter ; larger stumps will require more. 
 A little experience will soon show how much is needed, as it takes more to some kinds of wood and 
 localities than others. Any number of cartridges can be fired by one fuse and cap, provided they all 
 touch each other. Place the cartridges from twelve to twenty inches below bottom of stump in the 
 ground. 
 
 FIG. 15. 
 
 Figure 15 represents a piece of one inch pipe, five feet long, closed at one end and pointed at the 
 other, which makes a most excellent tool for probing among roots, feeling for an opening for the auger 
 (fig. 16), which I have found by experience to be the best way for making the hole for the blast. 
 
 FIG. 16. 
 
 Figure 16 shows an auger for making holes under stump, which is the best plan I know of for that 
 purpose. 
 
 TO BLAST A LARGE PINE OR HOLLOW STUMP. 
 
 Place a strong chain around stump, key it tight and then drive in tightening wedges until the chain 
 is tight around the stump, and as near the top of stump as strength of wood will permit. Then place an 
 extra heavy charge, as shown in figure 14. In all cases it will be found cheaper to have the charge a little 
 too strong and throw the stump out at once, all torn to fragments, than to have to use a team of horses a 
 half hour to drag out roots. 
 
 TO BLAST FRESH CUT OAK OR HICKORY STUMPS 
 HAVING A LARGE TAPE ROOT. 
 
 With auger (fig. 1 6), make a hole down along side of taproot, nearly three feet deep; enlarge the hole 
 at bottom by holding auger to one side, then having the dynamite thawed (if in cold weather), cut the 
 cartridges into three pieces and slit the paper wrapper from end to end. Place cap and fuse inserted in 
 one piece of cartridge at bottom of hole, then place one-third of dynamite cartridge in hole and bruise it 
 solid with a wooden rammer, then another and ram it solid, and so on until you have what you think 
 enough; then tamp up solid to surface of ground and fire, and get away at least two hundred feet, or if 
 there is water in the hole let it fill up and it will take the place of tamping and cutting the cartridges. 
 
 22 
 
HOW TO USE DYNAMITE. 
 
 Dynamite is generally put up in cartridges of strong manilla paper, each cartridge eight inches long 
 by one and one-quarter inches in diameter, but when wanted in smaller holes the paper cartridges can 
 easily be opened or cut, and the dynamite can then be crumbled into the smallest holes, but if several 
 hundred pounds is to be used in this way, it is better to send an order to the factory and have the cart- 
 ridges made the exact size. It is very important to have the charge packed solid in the bottom of the 
 
 FIG. 17. FIG. 18. 
 
 FIG. 17 SHOWS HOW TO FASTEN AN ELECTRIC EXPLODER TO A DYNAMITE CARTRIDGE. 
 
 hole, and in order to do this I recommend the blaster, after he has inserted the fuse, as described on page 
 26, to then place the nail of his right thumb on the side of a sharp-pointed pocket knife, about one-quar- 
 ter of an inch from its point, and then (fig. 17) insert the point of the knife into the cartridge near one 
 end and then draw the knife to the other end of the cartridge, and thus slit the wrapper from end to end, 
 
then lower the cartridge to the bottom of the hole and with square cut the end of tamping stick, push 
 the cartridge down solid to the bottom of the hole, if the hole is to be fired by electricity, and insert the 
 electric exploder in the first cartridge, as described on page 23. But if fuse is used, insert the exploding 
 cap in last cartridge of the charge of dynamite, but in firing black powder it should always be fired at 
 bottom of charge. To fire by electricity is by far the best plan (but whether ordinary fuse or electricity is 
 to be used, each mode will be described under its own title). First Open One end Of dyna- 
 mite Cartridge and with a pencil-like stick (made of hard wood) make a hole in the end of cart- 
 ridge sufficient to permit the whole cap to be embedded in the dynamite, then close the end of cartridge, 
 and if electric wires are used, bend the wires back and make a half-hitch around the other end, as shown 
 in fig. 17. But if fuse is used in a pop hole, not over one foot deep, the capped fuse can be pushed into 
 the dynamite sufficient to lower it down to the bottom of the hole without pulling out, as shown on 
 page 25, or the capped end of fuse may be placed at the bottom of the hole and the dynamite crumbled 
 into the hole and rammed tight with a wooden rammer and tamped tight in the usual way with black 
 powder. 
 
 HOW TO FIRE BLASTS IN COAL, ROCK, STUMPS, ETC. 
 
 There are three different plans of firing blasts in coal, rocks stumps, etc. First, squibs. Second, 
 fuse. Third, electricity. 
 
 FIG. 19. 
 
 First, I will describe squibs, which are artificial straws, about four inches long, made of paper and 
 filled with rifle powder and closed at one end by a small plug of resin soap, and the other end has about 
 thre.e inches of a slow fuse attached, made of paper impregnated with a solution of saltpeter and dried, 
 then cut into suitable strips and pasted around the other end of squib and then dipped in melted brim- 
 stone. Squibs are used almost exclusively by coal and fire-clay miners in places where fuse would 
 make too much smoke. Fig. 19 represents a blast ready to fire in coal. AA represents the coal 
 through which hole B has been bored horizontally one and one-half inches in diameter and four feet 
 deep ; D is the powder which has been put there by means of a powder spoon (fig. 22^, p. 26), and 
 C is a blasting barrel which is simply a plain piece of quarter-inch gas pipe, four feet long, which is 
 placed in the hole after the powder (D) has been put in, and before the tamping (E) has been put in; B is the 
 tamping, which is generally the borings out of the hole rammed tight in again; G is the squib placed loosely 
 
 24 
 
in the end of blasting barrel (C), and is ready to fire when the fuse end is fired. It will burn one minute 
 before reaching the powder. This gives all persons time to get away before it burns to the powder, when 
 the recoil of the burning powder will project the burning squib to farther end of blasting barrel at D 
 and fire the charge. It will easily be seen that there is a very serious objection to this mode of firing, 
 because much of the force of the explosion must be lost by escaping through the pipe (C) in an ignited 
 but only partially consumed condition, thus wasting powder and producing far more smoke than would 
 result if the hole had been fired by electricity. 
 
 FIRING BY FUSE 
 
 Is so well known to most quarrymen that any description would appear useless, but as there may be 
 new beginners looking for information, I submit the following : Fuse sixty years ago was made by hand 
 by the quarrymen in a great variety of ways, but it is now made exclusively by factories supplied with 
 suitable machinery to make it in continuous rolls of fifty feet each, and is now made of four descriptions, 
 
 SINGLE TAPE. 
 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 HEMP. 
 FIG. 20. 
 
 namely : Cotton, hemp, single tape and double tape fuse (and formerly guttapercha, 
 which is now seldom used). All of these makes of fuse consist of a continuous cotton thread in center, 
 which has been run through a solution ot saltpeter and dried; this greatly increases its fire-carrying 
 power, which is placed in the center of a column of fine rifle powder of about one-tenth of an inch in 
 diameter, and this column of powder is wrapped closely and spirally around with eight very coarse soft 
 
 FIG. 21. FIG. 22. 
 
 cotton threads, and this is again wrapped in opposite direction with five doubled and twisted cotton, 
 threads, and after this it is coated with a tarry substance to make it partly water proof and to hold the 
 
powder in, the whole being, when finished, about three-twelfths of an inch in diameter; this is used only 
 in dry holes and is called cotton f US6, and is too small to fill the exploding caps in dynamite blasting. 
 Hemp fuse is made in the same way as cotton fuse, except that eleven threads of hemp take the 
 place of the eight coarser cotton threads and the fuse, when finished, is a little smaller than cotton fuse. 
 Single and double tape fuse has the same saltpeter-impregnated cotton thread in its center, 
 surrounded by a tube of fine powder one-tenth of an inch in diameter, and is then surrounded by sixteen 
 fine cotton threads wound spirally around it, and again by five doubled and twisted cotton threads wound 
 in opposite direction to that of the last five threads, and this is again wound in opposite direction by ten 
 threads of hemp wound spirally around it, and this again is covered by a winding of cotton tape five- 
 eighths of an inch broad and laid on so that it comes almost edge to edge. But in double tape fuse, this 
 tape is made to describe its spiral motion so slow that it overlaps so much that there is always double 
 thickness of tape around the fuse ; then on top of all this, is a coating of pitch to make 
 it water-proof. When you bear in mind that the cord or tube of powder in all these fuses burns 
 
 at the rate of 3 feet in one minute, one can easily see it is quite possible that among all this mass of 
 burnable material there may still remain some fire, which I have demonstrated by actual experiment, wil 
 continue to burn ot the rate of four inches per hour and still carry fire sufficient to fire a charge 
 of powder while squibbing a hole. 
 
 HOW TO FASTEN FUSE TO CARTRIDGE 
 
 For deep hole blasting is shown in fig. 23, where it can easily be seen that the twine has been passed 
 around the cartridge about one or two inches from one end and tied to the fuse so that the two cannot be 
 separated in the hole. Of course the fuse has its cap on and the paper will now be slit from end to end, 
 all as directed on page 23, and lowered down to bottom of hole and bruised solid as directed. Fig. 18 shows 
 
 HOW TO FASTEN AN ELECTRICAL EXPLODER TO A 
 
 DYNAMITE CARTRIDGE 
 
 Without the use of twine, by simply making a hole in the end of the cartridge with a pencil-like 
 stick of hard wood, pointed at the end, and one-eighth of an inch larger than the cap. Let it be of hard 
 wood and so sharp pointed that you can easily punch it through the paper without taking time to open the 
 folds of paper on the end of cartridge ; withdraw the stick and insert the cap of electric exploder in the 
 hole so as to have the cap buried at least half an inch deep over all in the dynamite, then turn the wires 
 up alongside the cartridge and take a half-hitch around end of cartridge, as shown in fig. 18 and it is 
 then ready to be lowered into the hole. 
 
 FIG. 2.2.V*. 
 
FIG. 23. 
 
 Figure 23 shows how to fasten the fuse to a stick of dynamite, so that it will not pull out, and if 
 the dynamite should not go off right it can be withdrawn and put down again. 
 
 BLASTING BY ELECTRICITY. 
 
 Economical Value of Blasting by Electricity. 
 
 ihose who have most carefully studied the matter are most earnest in praise of the method and its 
 economical value. A very little thought will make apparent the greater effect which can be produced by 
 firing simultaneously a number of contiguous blasts, instead of firing them singly, while a little experience 
 will teach that even in firing single blasts by this apparatus, much can be gained. One advantage gained in 
 firing single holes by electricity is, that in Case of misfire (which can rarely happen by this 
 method) no tims is lost in waiting, as in the casa of firing by safety-fuse, for there is no hanging 
 fire with electricity. Another advantage is, that the explosion of the electrical fuse at the bottom of the 
 charge throws the fire through the whole body of the powder, igniting it all at once, and by detonation, 
 giving the same charge far better explosive effect, as has been fully demonstrated by experiment. 
 
 Another advantage is, the explosion of an electric fuse at the bottom of charge produces the first 
 rupture in the rock at bottom of the hole, leaving the tamping perfectly tight, and confining all the 
 explosive gas until the powder is completely comsumed and its force expended on loosening rock. 
 
 27 
 
FIG. 
 
 MAGNETO MACHINE. 
 5x8 Inches and 14 Inches High. 
 
 When firing is done with a common fuse, the first point of rupture in a rock is often near the tap 
 of charge, which often leaves a large part of the hole unruptured, the drilling of which, and the powder 
 it contained, were a total loss, for if it had exploded it would have burst the hole. 
 
 Electricity is much safer than fuse for blasting among houses or along railroad tracks, because it can 
 be done in one moment when everything is safe, and as it fires at bottom of hole it will not throw so 
 much material around on houses, and there cannot be any hang-fire shots to endanger the public. 
 
 COST OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS. 
 
 The Magneto Electric Machine is now the best in market, and costs only $25.00 and will fire one or 
 forty holes on separate charges (fig. 
 
 LEADING WIRES 
 
 Cost different prices, according to quality, from one cent per foot up. But after many years' expe- 
 rience, I recommend the following outfit : One battery, one reel and two hundred and fifty feet of 
 double braided cable, having great carrying power and very durable, and very easily taken up out of the 
 way of workmen, carts, etc. The whole now costs $40.00. 
 
 BLASTING REELS. 
 
 The want of some convenient contrivance for handling and shifting wire from blast to blast has long 
 been felt by those using electric batteries for blasting, and I therefore take great pleasure in calling atten- 
 tion to an improved reel, as shown in fig. 24. It consists of a strong hard-wood frame with a reel 
 
 28 
 
FIG. 24. 
 
 CRESCENT BLASTING REEL. 
 
 After much experimenting I have found the reel shown above to be the best I have ever 
 
 seen used. 
 
 inclosed. It is but the work of a minute to run out as much leading wire as is needed to reach a place of 
 safety for reel, battery and operator, and connect to battery and fire, and as quickly wind up again. There 
 need be no loss of time or wire and it is my opinion that more than cost of one reel will be saved to the 
 blaster in saving of time every month of its use. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR USING CRESCENT BLASTING REEL. 
 
 First, strip all insulation off three or four inches from the end of each of the cable wires to C, fig. 25; 
 then pass one of the wires from the inside of the reel through one of the holes (E) near center of reel 
 (see figs. 24 and 25); then pass it back again as in fig. 25. A, fig. 25, represents sheet iron end of reel with 
 
 A 
 
 FIG. 25. 
 
 two holes (E E) through it near its center, and B, the end of wire with insulation taken off to C, and the 
 naked wire (B) has been passed from inside of end of reel through hole E, and back again through hole E 
 to inside end of reel; then do the same with the end of other wire from double cable, passing it through 
 holes EE in the other end of spool, and then by means of the crank wind all the cable on reel, as shown 
 in fig. 24, and it is all ready for use. 
 
 29 
 
DIRECTIONS FOR CHARGING HOLES TO FIRE WITH 
 
 ELECTRICITY, 
 
 First, select an electric fuse at least four or more inches longer than depth of hole, then make it fast 
 to a dynamite cartridge, as shown in fig. 18, and slit the paper as directed (page 23), and lower the 
 cartridge by the wires of the exploder to bottom of hole ; then hold the wires in one hand and with 
 smooth, square-cut end of tamping stick bruise the cartridge down so as to fill the hole tight ; then add as 
 much explosive as will do the work desired, and tamp same as for fuse (but all the time you should hold 
 both exploder wires in one hand against one side of hole to prevent them being buckled or cut). 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR BLASTING BY ELECTRICITY. 
 
 ist. Drill as many holes as you want to fire at once ; each hole should not be more than its own 
 depth from the next hole; thus, if the holes are six feet deep, they should only be six feet apart, and six 
 feet from the face of rock. 
 
 2d. Cover bottom of hole one inch with powder, select a fuse long enough to reach bottom of hole, 
 and leave three inches or more out of hole ; place the exploding cap at bottom of hole, and then put in the 
 usual amount of either black powder or high explosive, then tamp in the usual way, taking care not to 
 rub or buckle the wires in tamping. 
 
 ELECTRIC FUSE. FIG. 26. 
 
 To connect wires, prepare the ends to be connected by having two inches of clean, bright wire, 
 without any insulation on them, then take one wire in each hand and cross them at about one and a 
 quarter inches from the ends, then twist them eight or nine times (see fig. 28). 
 
 When all the holes to be fired at one time are tamped, separate the ends of the two wires in each 
 hole, joining one wire of the first hole by means of connecting wire with one of the second, the other, or 
 free wire of the second with one of the third, so proceeding to the end or last hole, thus: 
 
HOW TO CONNECT THE WIRES FOR BLASTING. 
 
 Presuming that you have done as directed above and got your holes (any number from one to thirty- 
 five) all tamped and ready with wires all projecting above the rock four inches or more, you now begin 
 at one end of your line of holes and part the two wires in first hole, and splice a piece of connecting wire 
 to one wire of first hole, fig. 27, A, leaving one wire of first hole disconnected for the present ; you con- 
 nect one wire of first hole to one wire of second hole; and here I should remark that all connections must 
 be made with naked wire to naked wire ; no insulating material should be on either wire of a splice, but 
 the rule naked wire to naked wire, must be Observed in every Splice, thus : 
 
 FIG. 28. 
 
 Having spliced your connecting wire to one wire of first hole as above, you cut off enough connect- 
 ing wire to reach the next hole, and clean off the insulation from its end for two or three inches and 
 splice it to one wire of second hole, and thus proceed until all holes are thus connected. You will then 
 have one wire of first hole and one wire of last hole still unconnected ; then bring wires D and C from 
 the reel and splice D to one free wire of first hole and wire C to free wire of last hole, and then carry 
 reel to place of safety (p. 33), permitting the cable to run off as you go ; connect K from the battery to 
 holes A in end of reel, and wire L from battery to holes B in reel; then make sure that every person is out 
 of danger, then shout Fire! and take position, as shown in fig. 30, and draw up wooden handle and 
 place both hands on it with each foot alongside of battery and body over it as shown in the cut ; then 
 start to push the handle down gently at first for the first inch and rapidly increase the downward motion 
 without stopping or slackening speed, but come down to end of stroke with a sharp thud, and as soon as 
 the lower end of brass rack bar strikes a spring at the bottom every hole will fire, but in Case it 
 don't fire, remember the first thing to do is to disconnect one . wire from battery (every time you try 
 the battery) and then go over the whole circuit of wires and see that every splice has been properly 
 made ; and the best way to do this is to begin at the battery. First, see if any defect in the wires exist 
 near the battery and as soon as you find anything wrong, correct it, then come back to battery and con- 
 nect the wire you loosened from the battery and fire, as already described. Remember the importance of 
 seeing that all connections on an electric circuit must be made with naked metal to naked metal. Then 
 if the charge will still not fire, begin at the battery and run your hand along all wires around the whole 
 circuit and back to the battery again, feeling the wire as you go along to find whether or not it has been 
 struck by a falling stone from the last blast and the wire cut, but still held in position by the insulating 
 wrapping ; and as you pass along examine every splice. As you pass along over the wires between holes, 
 pull them gently tight to find whether or not some person has caught a wire on his foot just as he was 
 leaving before the blast and broken the wire. But if the blast will Still not fire, 
 first thing to be done after firing, is to disconnect one wire from the battery. Then disconnect one hole 
 at one end of the blast (which we will call No. i hole, for ease of description) and leave it out and con- 
 nect the wire from battery to free wire of hole No. 2; then operate the battery again as already directed, 
 and if it still will not fire, then cut out hole No. 2 and connect to hole No. 3, and try the battery on it, 
 and so on until you get the remaining holes to fire; then leaving" Out the last hole, connect all 
 the remaining holes together and fire them, and then attach each of..he._qibj e wires to one of each of 
 
 3i 
 
FIG. 29. 
 
 the wires in the hole and operate the battery as already described, and if that hole will not fire then 
 drill a hole, say ten inches from the unexplodable hole, and charge and fire in the usual way, and then 
 search carefully for the cause of misfire by examining the wire before any one has a chance to disturb 
 it, and most likely you will find the person who loaded the hole did not hold the wires in his hand, 
 but permitted them to be doubled up in tamping the hole. If no apparent cause can be found for mis- 
 fire, and you can get the exploder out that should, but did not explode, then attach one of its two wires 
 to one wire each of the cable and operate the battery, and if it fires then, there must have been some- 
 thing wrong in tamping, and if it will not fire, then return it to the maker as a bad and condemned 
 exploder. 
 
 THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS SEARCHING INQUIRY 
 
 Although long, will appear when you remember that I am writing for the information of new 
 beginners in using the battery, and wish to give them all the information I can, for I have repeatedly had 
 complaints of great trouble where the information given above would have saved great trouble and expense. 
 
FIG, 30, 
 
 Is caused by the reckless handling of electric fuses or exploders before they are used. I have repeatedly 
 found a bunch of them all tangled up like a handful of hay, and men tugging and pulling at them as if 
 they were so much brush from the woods. In doing this, I have no doubt, they often disturb the insula- 
 tion of the wires, and thoughtlessly cause great trouble and loss, as above. 
 
 THE GREAT PERFECTION OF MACHINERY FOR MAKING 
 
 ELECTRIC EXPLODERS, 
 
 And the great care now taken to test every separate exploder before it leaves the factory, renders it 
 impossible that a bad exploder should ever get upon a quarry. But if one ever is found that will not 
 explode, the maker takes it as a great favor if it is returned to him, so that he may examine it and do some- 
 thing to prevent another one getting out that will not explode. 
 
 33 
 
 C 
 / r 
 
 
FIG. 31 
 OLD PLAN OF HEAVY BLASTS. 
 
 34 
 
FIG. 32. 
 NEW PLAN OF HEAVY BLASTS. 
 
 35 
 
CONTRAST BETWEEN OLD AND NEW PLAN OF BLASTING. 
 
 Figures 31 and 32, pages 34-35, show the contrast between the old and new plan for making a blast 
 in a hole, say twelve or sixteen feet deep in limestone, shale, etc., where it is desirable to break up the 
 rock into moderate sized pieces and yet not waste rock ; and here I would remark that taking advantage 
 of the facts already described, relating to the shivering or fracturing properties of dynamite and the 
 expansive or propelling power of black blasting powder, I have shown in both figures how to combine 
 both together by first putting in, say, twelve inches of dynamite at the bottom of the hole (fig. 31), and 
 placing the electric exploder at bottom of charge, so as to produce the first rupture at the very bottom 
 of the hole ; then, say twelve inches of black powder, then twelve inches of dynamite (as shown in fig. 
 31), and so on, until eight feet of the hole is thus packed tight with alternate layers of dynamite and black 
 blasting powder, and eight feet of the hole is tamped solid. Thus far applies to both holes alike. But in 
 fig. 32 it will be seen I cut off th2 charge, say every two feet, by putting in two feet of combined explosive at 
 A, then two feet of tamping B, then two feet of explosive C, then alternate layers, two feet of each, 
 to top of hole, with an electric exploder in every charge of explosive, the wires of which are to be con- 
 nected together at top as if each exploder had been placed in a separate hole. Thus, wires i and 2, at top of hole 
 belong to exploder in charge A, and wires 3 and 4 to exploder in charge C, and wires 5 and 6 to exploder 
 in charge D, and wires 7 and 8 to exploder in charge E. Now, if we leave wire No. i free to be con- 
 nected by cable wire F to the battery, and connect 2 with 3, and 4 with 5, and 6 with 7, then 8 will be 
 left free to be connected with wire H to battery, or to wire 1 in an adjoining hole, and any number of 
 contiguous" holes may thus be connected until their combined number of exploders amount to thirty-five 
 for a No. 3 push battery, or sixty for a No. 2 battery. 
 
 THE RESULT OF THE TWO MODES OF FIRING. 
 
 The results of the two modes of firing is very clearly shown in the two cuts, figs. 31 and 32. In fig. 
 31 all the explosives having been confined in one continuous hole with all the mass of inert stone above 
 it has so burned and shattered the stone near it, that I have seen blasts made where several cubic yards 
 of good limestone have been so shattered, burned and blown away as to be a total loss to the quarrymen, 
 and at the same time many blocks like J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, V, R, left unbroken. I have seen such 
 blocks of all sizes up to sixty cubic yards. These blocks must then be drilled and reblasted at great loss 
 of time and expense for explosives. But in fig. 32, where the shattering force of dynamite and propelling 
 power of black powder has been more generally distributed through the mass of rock by simply placing 
 two feet of tamping between every two feet of explosive, here the rock is far more equally broken up, less 
 is burned, shattered, blown away and lost, and there is less need for pop hole blasting, and the result 
 will be a great gain to the quarryman or contractor by not wasting rock near blast as above, and breaking 
 up the rock more generally, saving stone, time and expense for pop hole drilling and explosives. 
 
BLASTING BY ELECTRICITY COMPARED WITH 
 
 FUSE 'BLASTING. 
 
 And by means of it fire a long range of holes at once and have every hole explode at one and the same 
 
 instant, and thus remove double the quantity of rock than can ever be done by fuse blasting with the same 
 
 number of feet of hand-drilled holes, as will be clearly understood by referring to following cuts (see fig. 
 
 33) where the line ABC represents the face of the rock in a quarry or side cut before blasting, and if 
 
 hole D is drilled by hand, say ten feet deep and ten feet back from face of rock A B and then fired by 
 fuse in the ordinary way after squibbing it twice, perhaps enough powder can be put into it to break out 
 the rock to lines represented by A D B. Then hole G (fig. 34) can be drilled, for in seamy rock with 
 fuse blasting, G cannot be drilled until D is blasted, for fear that D may break into G. But in electric 
 blasting this can make no difference, because the explosion takes place in every hole on the circuit at the 
 
 FIG. 34. 
 
 same instant and the force from any one hole meets the force from its neighboring hole like two bars of 
 iron butting against each other, and their united force is exerted on the rock at the same instant. When 
 G is fired it breaks out to B G H, and when I is fired it breaks out to H J K (fig. 35), leaving the points 
 A B H unexploded ; but if these same holes had been fired by electricity, the points A B H would be 
 gone as shown in fig. 35, and thus nearly double the amount of rock can be loosened by firing the same 
 holes and same amount of explosives if a range of contiguous holes are fired simultaneously by elec- 
 tricity instead of being fired in the old way with fuse, only a single hole at a time. It is almost impossi- 
 ble to properly estimate the great advantage in firing large blasts at once and thus loosening up a large 
 
 37 
 
amount of stone at once, saving loss of time of a whole gang from five to fifteen minutes every hole 
 that is blasted and besides the men having plenty of stone to load from can work to far better advantage 
 than if the holes are blasted only one at a time. The new face of the rock would have been along the 
 dotted line A D B G H J K (fig. 35), but the points A B H having been all blasted off they make nearly 
 
 FIG. 35. 
 
 FIG. 36. 
 
 double the amount of rock removed by electric blasting than if same holes had been fired by fuse, 
 because while it may be ten feet to top of rock and ten feet to front of rock, yet it is only ten to twelve 
 feet from hole to hole; then as the explosion takes place in every hole on the circuit at the same instant, 
 the force of explosion has only to force six to seven feet in direction of the next hole (fig. 36), until it is 
 met by the force of explosion in adjoining holes, thus making first rupture in the rock from hole to hole, 
 and the expansion of the blast is spent in enlarging this rupture, and yet another advantage of electric 
 blasting over fust blasting is producing" the first point Of rupture at the very bottom of every 
 hole on the circuit at the same instant, as is shown in fig. 37. 
 
FIG. 37. 
 
 These four cuts on this page represent a line of holes, which may be any number up to forty holes, 
 all at one shooting with a No. 3 Magneto Electric Battery, and sixty holes with a No. 4 Electric Battery 
 and at any depth, and of different depths, yet they can all be easily fired. A smart movement of such a 
 simple machine as the battery (which will be explained further along) and the above holes can all be 
 fired at same instant, thus securing far better results than could be done by forty shots fired by fuse, 
 besides being much safer, for if by some carelessness in loading the holes one hole or more fails to 
 explode, there'is no hang" fire Or no danger in going up to it or working around it, as there is 
 no fire in the hole and nothing but electricity or a hard blow on the cap can fire, iti 
 
 39 
 
FIG. 38. 
 
 Supposing the two holes A i and B i, fig. 39, to be any given depth, say ten feet deep each, and 
 each charged half full with powder, A i having an electric fuse and B i a common fuse, as soon as the 
 fire reaches the powder chamber it ignites the powder in B i, say four feet from bottom, and the first point 
 of rupture is, say four feet from bottom of hole ; hence we often find from one to two feet of hole unex- 
 ploded (see B 2, fig. 39). When this is the case all the labor spent drilling that stump of hole was lost, 
 and all the powder it contained was lost. It may often be seen going off in a second flash after the first 
 fire, and a great part of the stone blasted is scattered around and lost. 
 
 But firing with electricity never leaves any stump of hole, because the first point of rupture is always 
 at bottom of hole, and the powder being confined under the whole load of rock (see A 2, fig. 39), the full 
 force is expended in enlarging the first rupture, aad no stump of hole is ever found after electric blasting, 
 the rock being always loosened to bottom of hole. 
 
FIG. 39. 
 
 The advantage of electric blasting over fuse blasting is still farther shown above, where fig. A i 
 shows a hole just loaded and tamped to fire by electricity (fig. A i), the same hole fired and as the first point 
 of rupture took place at the bottom of the hole, the rocks are merely moved out of their bed, neither 
 broken up too much or scattered around. B i shows a hole loaded and tamped to fire by fuse and 
 B 2 shows the first point of rupture was made in the rock some two feet from bottom of hole, and the 
 rock is all smashed into fragments, much of it being scattered around and much of it broken so as to 
 be lost or worthless. 
 
NEW MODE OF BLASTING DIMENSION STONE. 
 
 Some years ago I was present at a quarry in Beaver county, Pa., during a series of experiments illus- 
 trative of a new method of blasting rock, invented and patented by John L. L. Knox. The experiments 
 were eminently successful. Since that time I have had many opportunities of witnessing the operation of 
 the so-called " Knox Method " in different quarries, and I am still, as then, of the opinion that in point 
 of expedition, economy and efficiency it is superior to any other method of quarrying " dimension " rock 
 ever presented to the public. If judicially handled no danger arises either to rock or men. 
 
 In the case referred to, I saw a detached block of sandstone about 14x10x2 feet broken in four equal 
 parts by a single hole placed in the center, and then each of these pieces " ripped " lengthwise through 
 the center by a single (inch) .hole -with one ounce of powder, making eight blocks 7x2 feet 6 inches by 2 
 feet, all ready for the stone cutter without any " scabbling," every break being clean and straight. On 
 the same occasion I saw a block 44x24x8 feet cut into four, two of which were 12x12x8, with one hole 
 (i}4 inch), all the breaks being perfect. One and a half pounds of powder was used in this shot. I 
 learn that the " Knox System " is rapidly coming into use all over the country, many of the largest com- 
 panies in the country using it in preference to any other method. 
 
 Information about this improved method of blasting can be had by addressing The Knox Rock Blast- 
 Blasting Co., No. 95 Fifth avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 RECKLESS WAY OF OPENING POWDER KEGS. 
 
 FIG. 4-O. 
 
 I stop the press to call attention to a reckless mode of opening powder kegs, as shown in fig. 40, 
 which I have reason to believe is very commonly done, and how any one can be so foolhardy as to strike 
 a steel pick through the sheet steel end of a powder keg, when that keg is full of powder up to about one 
 half inch of the keg head, is more than I can understand, for the smallest spark from the end of a pick 
 would be sufficient to fire the whole keg, and that would fire all around, and yet I assure the reader that 
 I have seen this done by a quarryman when 44 kegs of pdwder were laying within 10 feet of it. 
 
 Every person handling powder ought to know there is a three-cornered piece of sheet iron or steel 
 attached to one end of every keg of powder, which covers a bung hole, and is held in position by a very 
 small piece of sheet steel bent up behind its broadest end, and by simply bending back this small piece 
 of sheet steel the three-cornered piece which covers the bung hole can be easily removed and put back 
 again, after the powder needed has been taken out, with perfect safety. 
 
 42 
 
HOW TO BLAST A SALAMANDER. 
 
 By Salamander is meant the mass of chilled iron that is left in the bottom of an iron furnace when 
 it is blown out for repairs. This mass of chilled iron is often too heavy to be moved and must be broken 
 where it lies in the bottom of the furnace stack, and as this is never far from many thousands of dollars' 
 worth of machinery (blowing engines, pumps, etc.), it is very important to use great caution so as not 
 to throw fragments to injure the machinery, and yet break the salamander with as little delay as possible. 
 To do this I recommend using sixty per cent, dynamite. 
 
 The reason for drilling so many "holes first before firing is, the block is then large and solid, and a 
 steam drill can then be easily set up and operated on it, and as the drilling has to be done before the sala- 
 mander can be removed, it is best to do it all at once and then remove the drill and blast until it is small 
 enough for removal ; some large pieces may show signs of fracture, and may be reduced by simply laying 
 three or four pounds of dynamite on it and putting two or three shovelfuls of wet sand on top and 
 firing it in the usual way. 
 
 First. All Surrounding 1 burned brick should be dug away and removed, and every part 
 wedged off that can possibly be gotten off, so as to make the mass as small as possible before beginning 
 blasting and to leave the iron unsupported, so that the slightest jar may tell to best advantage on the 
 unsupported mass of iron. 
 
 Second. Then drill a rOW Of holes one foot apart in a line along the center from its 
 extreme parts (see fig. 47), then drill a hole one foot from every second hole at right angles from the 
 center line of holes (see fig. 47). 
 
 Third. These holes may be any diameter that can be easiest drilled and should go as 
 near as can be judged to within six inches of going through the salamander. If the iron is very hard to 
 drill and the drilling has to be done by hand, one inch in diameter is a good size ; but by far the best 
 plan to drill holes is to use a steam drill and start the holes at one and one-half inches in diameter and 
 let them reduce in diameter as they go down and the steel wears. The salamander will then have an 
 appearance like fig. 47. 
 
 FIG. 47. 
 Fig. 47 shows a salamander drilled and ready for blasting. 
 
 43 
 
The blasting of a salamander should by all means be done by electricity and all the holes should be 
 charged and fired at once. 
 
 HOW TO CHARGE HOLES IN A SALAMANDER. 
 
 If the holes are too small in diameter at first shooting to admit half of a full-sized cartridge, then 
 take an electric exploder with wires four feet long, and catch it between finger and thumb of one hand 
 two inches back of the cap, and with the other hand straighten out the wires, taking care to never pull 
 by the cap, then place the cap at bottom of hole and from an open cartridge crumble in a half a stick of 
 ordinary size sixty per cent, dynamite and push it down on the cap with wooden rammer as it goes in, so 
 as to get it all packed at bottom of hole around and on top of cap. But if the hole will admit a half of 
 full-size cartridge, then attach the cap and wires as shown in fig. 18. Then tamp with dry sand in the 
 usual way, and when every hole has been charged then connect the wires, as directed under Electric 
 Blasting" (page 30), and fire as there directed. The first shooting will likely enlarge the holes so that 
 each hole will admit half of a full-sized cartridge without losing time to crumble it into the hole, then 
 attach the exploder as directed in fig. 18, and proceed thus to load and fire all remaining holes four times 
 with half-stick charges. If any holes remain unexploded after the fourth round, then put in three-fourths 
 of a cartridge at a charge and fire three times with that charge, and if any remain then put in a whole, 
 stick at a charge in each hole and continue firing and firing until it gives way. 
 
 BLACK BLASTING AND SPORTING POWDER 
 
 Is made by two different styles of machinery : press cake and stamp mill powder. All first-class powder 
 mills make press cake powder with a plant of machinery costing from $40,000 to $50,000, while a plant to 
 make stamp mill powder seldom costs $5,000. Anyone can know from this that press cake powder must 
 be far superior to stamp mill powder, else why should $45,000 be invested, if a $5,000 plant would do 
 as well? Any person could easily tell whether he is getting best or second quality by selecting a grain of 
 similiar size from each grade and place them on a smooth, hard-wood surface and then place a flat 
 metal surface, such as a knife blade or flat chisel, and then press it down hard ; the difference would soon 
 be apparent. The press cake powder being much the hardest, it has, therefore, more explosive material 
 in same space and, of course, will keep much longer without absorbing moisture. The following cuts 
 
 JFF 
 
 show the five different sized grains in general use for blasting and they will enable anyone to order by 
 mail and get exactly the size grain he wants. O and coarse F are seldom used except for very large blasts; 
 single F is generally used for limestone or quarry work, and F and FF for coal blasting. 
 
 44 
 
HOW TO USE THE SHOT GUN. 
 
 For the benefit of new beginners I print the following instructions on how to use the shot gun : 
 "Let me tell you how to learn to aim a shot gun. It is a very simple thing when once you have 
 mastered it. 
 
 " Lift the weapon with both hands, the right clasping the stock just below the guard, the left support- 
 ing the barrels. Look with bath eyes steadily at the object to be shot at, and at the same time bring 
 the mid-rib of the barrels straight under the line of vision of the right eye. Pull the trigger instantly. 
 " Even after you have learned to control your nerves you will find it very hard at first to hit your bird, 
 because you will forget to aim ahead of it if flying across your line of sight, or above if rising, or below 
 it if flying downward. 
 
 " In hare shooting it is necessary to " allow " for running by aiming a trifle above the game when it 
 is running straight away from you. This is because your line of sight is above it as you stand. 
 
 " The shot gun requires the very best of care in order to do good work. It must be kept perfectly 
 clean and must always b2 loaded to suit its " habit," as I call it. By this I mean that each gun has a 
 capacity or quality for shooting a certain load best and any other load will lessen its effectiveness. By a 
 little experimenting you can find out the load that best suits your piece. 
 
 " Carry your gun on your shoulder with the muzzle elevated and the hammers down, save when you 
 are expecting game to rise, then you may hold it at " ready," which is as follows : Cock both barrels, 
 grasp the stock with the right hand, as in firing, and sustain the barrels at an upward angle in the left 
 hand just in front of and across the breast; the breech-heel a little below the right elbow. This gives 
 perfect freedom of action when the game rises. Moreover, it is the safest position in which to carry the 
 gun, both for yourself and your companions, if you have any. 
 
 " Never be in a hurry with a gun, no matter what the apparent emergency it is the deliberate and 
 cool sportsman that is quickest and surest. Remember what is done as a habit is done perfectly, and all 
 that you have to do to make a crack shot of yourself is to learn to fire habitually by the most approved 
 rule." Maurice Thompson in New York World. 
 
 CLUB SPORTING. 
 
 This powder is designed especially for breech-loading guns, and is a specialty in gun powder. It 
 will give great penetration, burn moist, and leave the gun in as good condition after a full day's shoot- 
 ing as after the first charge is fired in the morning. Its superior strength and cleanliness, coupled with 
 the low price at which it is offered to the trade, makes it the leading brand of sporting powder now on 
 the market. This powder costs but little more than rifle powder. 
 
 ECG G 
 
 if 
 
 FIG. 49. 
 
 Packed in twenty-five pound, twelve and one-half pound and six and one-fourth pound screw-topped 
 metal kegs, and three pound, one pound and one-half pound canisters, all handsomely painted or 
 japanned in blue. Full weight guaranteed in each package. 
 
 45 
 
CHAMPION DUCKING. 
 
 Until within a few years this grade of Sporting Powder was put on the market at the same price as 
 that of the highest priced grade of any of the American manufacturers, under the designation of "Dia- 
 mond Grain." It is now offered to the trade at a price corresponding with that of the second best grade 
 of other well-known manufacturers, and for strength and cleanliness is not excelled by any sporting 
 powder at a similar cost now on the market. 
 
 
 
 fss&sifc iSffls* 
 
 N91 
 
 FIG- 5O- 
 
 Packed twenty-five pound, twelve and one-half pound and six and one-fourth pound screw-topped 
 metal kegs, and three pound, one pound and one-half pound canisters handsomely japanned in vermilion, 
 and covered with heavy paper wrappers. Full weight guaranteed in each package. 
 
 RIFLE POWDER. 
 
 *Tf 
 
 DUCK. 
 
 FIG. 51. 
 
 Packed in screw-topped metal kegs, painted green, and in screw-topped canisters japanned green. 
 Kegs of twenty-five, twelve and one-half and six and one-quarter pounds. Canisters of one pound and 
 one-half pound twenty-four canisters in a case. Full weight guaranteed in each package. 
 
 46 
 
SPORTING AND BLASTING POWDER. 
 
 "CRACK SHOT. 
 
 This new brand is made from the best selected materials, properly mixed, and for trap and field 
 shooting is A No. i powder. Packages painted terra cotta color. Packed only in twenty-five pound, 
 twelve and one-half pound and six and one-quarter pound kegs. Below is given a fac simile of size 
 of grains. 
 
 N91. 
 
 FIG. 52 
 
 Be sure to try " Crack Shot." It is guaranteed the best. This brand of powder has been highly 
 recommended by trap shooters and many declare it is the best powder for all sporting purposes they have 
 ever used. 
 
 SMOKELESS POWDER. 
 
 Much has lately appeared in newspapers about smokeless powder, and I was last fall invited to 
 witness experiments in stone blasting in a quarry with smokeless powder. The experiments I witnessed 
 were very far from being satisfactory to me, and when the newspapers came out next day with a glowing 
 statement about the experiment I had seen, totally at variance with the facts of the experiments, I con- 
 cluded, so far, the whole of these experiments was a farce, and I have not heard of that make of 
 
 47 
 
powder being used in practical quarry works, although praised so highly in the newspapers. Commou 
 black blasting powder and dynamite are now so cheap and good that I have no hope of ever seeing a 
 smokeless powder so cheap that it can be used in competition with the explosives now in use in quarries 
 and all open air blasting, and smoke is so litt'.e inconvenience in such work that I do not think it 
 worth space in this book to say any more about it. 
 
 MY EXPERIENCE WITH DYNAMITE AT JOHNSTOWN, 
 
 PA., IN 1889, 
 
 Leaves no doubt of its great superiority for removing obstructions in streams over any other known plan 
 whether it be removing natural rock under water, or breaking a jam of logs, ice or debris, or removing 
 
 FIG. 63. 
 
 Johnstown jam above the P. R. R. stone bridge, taken on the fourth day after the flood of May 31, 1889, from a point about 
 two hun dred feet above the bridge on the west side of the stream, showing Pittsburgh firemen throwing water on bimiing 
 jam above the bridge- 
 
 43 
 
sunken coal or steamboat wrecks. Anything of this kind can be cheaply and quickly removed by a 
 judicious use of dynamite, but perhaps a brief narrative of what I saw and did at Johnstown will give a 
 better idea of its use than any other way I can state it. See fig. 53 for what I saw when I arrived at 
 stone bridge of the Pennsylvania Railroad at Johnstown, about noon of the first Monday after the flood 
 (which had been the previous Friday). I found such a combination as was never seen in the world before. 
 The South Fork dam had broken about 3 P. M. on the previous Friday and a mighty torrent of water, 
 seventy-five feet high and about two hundred and fifty feet wide, rushed through the opening in the dam, 
 and rushed on and on at a furious rate for nine miles to Johnstown, carrying death and destruction to 
 everything in its mad career; locomotives were swept along on the crest of the waves as if they had been 
 sticks of cord wood, and car loads of pig metal, weighing at least forty tons, struck and instantly 
 demolished strong brick houses over one mile from the railroad track they were standing on before the 
 flood picked them up, and a quarter of a mile from any railroad track. On their route they must have 
 crossed the Conemaugh river, which at that instant must have been at least sixty feet deep. 
 
 It has always been a matter of wonder to me how it came that the water, after traversing the nine 
 miles from South Fork dam to Johnstown and filling up all the valley for that distance, yet everyone who 
 saw the flood strike Johnstown, described it as a wave thirty feet high, traveling at great speed and 
 wrecking everything in its way. This was recently explained to me by an eye witness. The water was 
 near one hundred feet deep, and was one mile wide and three miles long in the dam before it broke. All 
 of a sudden two hundred feet of the dam gave way and this huge volume of water rushed down the val- 
 ley, which was from three hundred to five hundred feet wide, with high mountains on each side, and 
 this valley, almost through its entire length and width, was a dense thicket of healthy growing young trees, 
 principally young maples, birch and willows. When the torrent struck these trees it tore then all out, 
 roots, earth and all, and rolled them before it like a rolling, movable dam until it struck the viaduct stone 
 bridge four miles from where it started. This was a model stone bridge about seventy feet high with 
 single semi-circular arch of eighty feet span of remarkably good workmanship and with embankment 
 was about two hundred feet long, double tracked for the main line of the Pennsylvania railroad. The 
 above described mass of rolling debris was thrown with great force against this bridge and in one minute 
 formed a dam near one hundred feet high, and then the bridge gave way and was practically the breaking 
 of another dam. The flood, having been held back until its straggling forces came to the front, the 
 bridge gave way and the huge flood, freed from its confinement, burst with renewed force again on its mad 
 career towards Johnstown. About two miles above Johnstown it was again stopped by another stone 
 bridge of about the same dimensions as the first one. This again held back the advanced column and 
 piled up an immense volume of water until the second bridge gave way and the great flood, having rested 
 to collect its forces, burst with unresistable force on Johnstown. All this time it was accumulating debris 
 of every detcription, which was finally arrested by the stone bridge in Johnstown and formed such a mass 
 that nothing but dynamite could remove it. 
 
 It can thus be easily seen that this mighty torrent, during its nine-mile journey, which it is 
 estimated was made in about one hour, picked up huge trees as well as small saplings by the roots, earth and 
 all, by the acre, and as it passed farm houses, and the villages of Mineral Point and Woodville, and 
 swept at lightning speed through the densely populated and business part of Johnstown, it must have 
 had on its surface dwelling houses, stables, fences and wood piles by the acre. But fancy this mighty 
 cavalcade suddenly arrested and its first part brought instantly to a standstill by the strong, substantial, 
 four-track stone bridge of the Pennsylvania Railroad, having six very strong piers and seven stone 
 arches. The advance part of this debris soon formed a dam above the bridge, so that the water rushed 
 
 49 
 
Over the top and across the bridge several feet deep. The light floating houses, etc., soon stuck on the 
 bridges, and others, coming on with great momentum, jammed tight against those before them. Thus 
 several acres must have been packed tight and close with floating frame dwelling houses, stables, 
 fences, etc., floating high and dry on top of the water, when very soon 
 
 THE WHOLE MASS CAUGHT FIRE 
 
 And had burned all Friday night, Saturday and Saturday night, Sunday and Sunday night, and had the 
 appearance as you see on page 48 when I saw it at noon on the first Monday, or three days after the 
 flood. It must have been a very hot fire, for large, heavy, green tre^s, which had been caught in a 
 standing position, had been burned Off as if they had been old dry fence rails, and all had burned down to 
 the water's edge, yet when measured a few days after the jam it was 
 
 350 FEET WIDE BY 850 FEET LONG, 
 
 And estimated to be about fifteen feet deep on the average, composed, of course, of the heaviest part of 
 the floating articles, such as very large stumps of trees whose tops had been burned off by the fire, gon- 
 dola cars, beds and trucks, long stretches of railroad rails with ties still attached, very heavy bridge 
 beams with what appeared to be hundreds of miles of telegraph wires and heavy copper electric light 
 wire; this wire was the cause of great trouble. Now when the reader reflects that the flood of water had 
 run over this mat of heavy material for at least forty-eight hours and being retarded in its speed, dropped 
 thousands Of tons Of Sand, Stone and gravel into the interstices of this mat, and when 
 he remembers that this mat or jam was 350 feet wide by 850 feet long and average depth fifteen feet (see 
 fig. 54), he can have a faint idea of the difficulty of removing it; and here I may remark in brief that 
 
 every other known means for removing it was tried, but without success. 
 
 Some two days were lost in getting dynamite, a battery and assistants together, and as the proper place to 
 commence operation was at the down-stream edge of the jam, so that every piece set free would be at 
 once carried by the current out of the way of further operations, yet as all the material here was 
 piled up tight against the piers of the stone bridge, and for fear of injuring the bridge, only small charges 
 of dynamite could be used until the blasting could be done farther away from the bridge. All this and 
 the novelty of the work caused the work to go slow the first week, and great impatience was expressed at 
 the slow speed made by dynamite and a great many plans were proposed for removing 
 
 THE GREAT JOHNSTOWN DRIFT JAM MORE QUICKLY. 
 
 First a wrecking train of the P. R. R. was stationed on the stone bridge (see fig. 54), but 
 in less than one day the whole gang was disgusted with their progress and quit. Then a Mr. Col burn, a 
 contractor from Altoona, insisted to Gen. Hastings that he could take the whole drift out in a few days, 
 and I was requested to suspend dynamite blasting ; but in less than forty-eight hours he left in disgust ; 
 then some twenty steam engines were set at work and several of the largest patterns carrying steam up to 
 one hundred and twenty-five pounds were placed on the bridge and two days ended their work, for no 
 cable could stand the strain of dragging even what appeared to be very small pieces out of the pile until it 
 
 5 
 
was shaken up by dynamite. Then Col. Higgler, from Clearfield county, Pa., insisted that if Gen. Hast- 
 ings would give him authority he would bring down three hundred men from Clearfield county, experi- 
 enced loggers, and they would make short work of removing the jam. By and by they came and did jump 
 into work lively, but one day's work showed them the utter worthlessness of cant hooks and pike poles 
 until the mass was shaken up by dynamite, and I was again called upon to resume blasting. I only men- 
 tion these facts to show the great superiority of dynamite blasting over every other known plan for doing 
 such work, for it was no guess, but by actual test every other known plan was tried, and that thoroughly, 
 for every one who had boasted that he could do it naturally did his best before abandoning it, but after 
 every other plan had been tested to its utmost it was left for dynamite to finish the job. Perhaps it may 
 be interesting and useful for the reader to know another use of dynamite at Johnstown. This was 
 
 FIG. 55. . 
 
 Johnstown jam above the T. R. R. stone bridge, taken the sixth day after the flood of May 31, 1889, from the west side of 
 the stream about five hundred feet above the stone bridge, showing the jam before much had been done to remove it and show- 
 ing the trestle work, across washout at the east end of the stone bridge, where the flood in a fe*v minutes washed away four 
 tracks of railroad and an embankment forty feet high and rushed through into the stock yard of the Cambria Iron Company 
 
 5 2 
 
BLASTING DOWN A LARGE BRICK ROMAN CATHOLIC 
 
 CHURCH. 
 
 Amid such a disturbance among dwelling houses, as I have already described, it was quite natural 
 that some of them should catch fire from the upsetting of cooking stoves, etc., and as the burning build- 
 ings floated along, the fire quickly communicated to other buildings, among which was a Roman Catholic 
 Church, which would have st:x>d the flood all right if it had not caught fire from the passing burning 
 houses. This burned out every particle of wood about the whole building, outside and inside, and 
 nothing but high, naked, brick walls were left standing, all of which had been much loosened by the 
 fire, and as thousands of people were passing near them day and night, it was ordered to be blasted 
 down; this was done by Thomas McNally, who had thirty-three one inch and a quarter holes drilled in 
 
 Scene of Johnstown jam taken two months after the flood, from a point five hundred feet above P. R. R. stone bridge on 
 the west side of the stream showing the great Johnslown' jam all removed stream cleared of all obstructions and men at work 
 repairing the bridge. 
 
 the brick walls at regular intervals around the building about two feet above ground, and had all chargen 
 and connected to a battery, and all fired at once. The walls gave a sudden shudder and just settled down 
 a shapeless mass of bricks and mortar, and all this was done without throwing ten pounds of anything 
 fifty feet from the building. I am fans particular to give details of this blasting, as I think it a plan 
 which could often be used to good advantage in removing dangerous walls- or chimneys left standing after 
 a fire. The details of 
 
 53 
 
HOW THIS BLASTING IN THE JAM WAS DONE 
 
 will, no doubt, be interesting to my readers. At first, owing to the newness of the work, I naturally had 
 to try different experiments, until I finally settled down to about the following routine: I had from 
 eight to twelve assistants, and they were divided as follows: One in charge of blasting apparatus, one in 
 charge of stock of explosives, two making torpedoes and the balance were with me on the drift. The 
 great bulk of our shooting was done with charges made as follows: First, we would get a piece of flooring 
 or fence board, one by six inches wide and ten to sixteen feet long, then hunt over the jam for nails 
 out of burned buildings, then drive three or four eight or ten-penny nails through the board, six to 
 eight inches from one end, then tie as many sticks of dynamite (one inch and a quarter in diameter and 
 eight inches long) around among the nails. I found it always necessary to have the nails project half 
 length on each side of the board so as to prevent the board pulling out of the bundle of dynamite 
 sticks; then do the same with another series of nails driven half through the board, and another jacket 
 of sticks of dynamite laid lengthwise of the board and tied tight with two tyings, one at each end of the 
 dynamite cartridges; and thus I put on as much dynamite as I thought necessary in each place, and then 
 I put two electric exploders in each charge, placed one in each end, and one wire of each exploder 
 fastened to one wire of the other exploder; then I would fasten the two remaining wires to top of board. 
 While a torpedo was thus being made, I had a man removing small pieces of wood, stone, etc., so as to 
 form a receptacle or well for the torpedoes as deep under the water as possible; then I would prepare 
 three or four of such around a sunken mass and fire them all at once with a battery, and the result. 
 would be as shown in fig. 58. 
 
 FIG- 57 
 
 Johnstown jam above the P. R. R. stone bridge seven days after the flood, taken from the west side of the stream auout 
 five hundred feet above the Stone bridge, showing a beginning made of removing the great jam under middle arches of the 
 stone bridge. 
 
 54 
 
If I remember right, after deducting the time lost by the various stoppages above referred to, I spent 
 about twenty-five days in actual blasting on the great Johnstown jam. At least five of these were practic- 
 ally lost at starting the work, for want of experience in such work and suitable tools, as I had first to find 
 out what tools I needed and then send to Pittsburgh for them, for all the hardware stores in Johnstown, 
 with their stock, had been destroyed. Thus in twenty days actual WOrk I removed the 
 unprecedented Johnstown jam and changed the appearance of the stream from that shown in fig. 57 to 
 that shown in fig. 56. 
 
 FIG. 58. 
 
 55 
 
BEST METHOD OF SINKING A SHAFT OR RUNNING A 
 
 TUNNEL. 
 
 Much money is now invested every year (or rather wasted should be the word) for the purpose of 
 obtaining valuable minerals by sinking shafts, etc. Much of this might be more profitably spent, if the 
 owners would adopt the Davy Crockett rule to "first be sure you are right, then go ahead." Many shafts 
 and slopes or tunnelled openings that I have known of have been commenced and carried on, apparently 
 on the principal that any person can make a hole in the ground, which, of course, is true in a sense, but 
 in this, as in many cases, " wisdom is profitable to direct." And, although shaft sinking is not quarry 
 work, yet it is a kindred subject with which I am somewhat conversant and on whicli I will volunteer a 
 few remarks. It frequently happens that owners are so anxious to get at the hidden treasure that they 
 underestimate the difficulties of the undertaking at the beginning, but they are generally better informed 
 before the job is finished, and the result of my observation is that no person should decide to sink a shaft un- 
 less he can easily command at least fifty per cent, more money .than the estimated cost of the undertaking, 
 with a reserve fund of fifty per cent, more to fall back on in case of big unforseen expenses, for when 
 once commenced, the quicker it is completed the better, no matter what difficulties may be encountered 
 " to the bottom or China" should be the rule. Among unforseen expenses I may mention an unex- 
 pected trouble from jvater, from labor troubles, breakage of machinery, unexpected hardness of rock, etc., 
 and first I would here remark that first and foremost', it is absolutely necessary that a man of strictly 
 sober habits be put in charge of the work. From my observation I say it is utterly useless to expect sat- 
 isfactory results when the man in charge must get a drink every time he gets wet, and another every time 
 he is dry ; in fact he should be a strict teetotaler and a man of experience in the business of shaft sink- 
 ing. Without such qualifications, it is utterly useless to expect a satisfactory job. 
 
 Second, he should be a man thoroughly conversant with the latest improvements in his business. A 
 man who was a good shaft sinker ten years ago, but has been out of the business ever since, practically knows 
 nothing about shaft sinking now. The introduction of air compressors and power drills, electric blasting, 
 dynamite, and improved hoisting engines, improved pumps for taking away water these and many other 
 causes have completely changed shaft sinking, and a man who is ignorant of any and all of these, or is 
 opposed to the use of any of these, shows he is not up with modern improvements and is utterly unfit to 
 be superintendent of sinking a shaft, for I have known of men put in charge of work who even con- 
 demned and had modern appliances condemned and rejected, when it was plain to any one who under- 
 stood the business that the whole trouble was the modern improvements would finish the job too soon 
 and the superintendent would be out of a situation. But the worst trouble to be expected is from water 
 especially so, if the shaft is sjunk at the base or bottom of clinical formation, that is, at a depression or 
 dip in the geological strata. The water will then pour in from all sides and continue to do so until all the 
 receptacles of water in the region have been exhausted. This, of course, makes the trouble worse while 
 sinking the shaft, but if you want a shaft sunk and have settled on the spot, then you must prosecute it 
 vigorously and if possible permit nothing to interfere or stop work (of course excepting Sabbath Day), 
 until you go as deep as needed, and as a large amount of water may be expected at any moment, the first 
 thing to be done is to have a great surplus of 
 
PUMPING POWER, 
 
 Which should consist, first, of plenty of steam boiler capacity (if fuel is cheap). This should consist of a 
 large amount of cylinder boiler power, because the water you pump out of a shaft will likely have to be 
 used in the boiler, and it may be expected to cause heavy deposits of mineral, particularly in the boiler, 
 which may, before you suspect trouble, burn out a sheet or two over the fire and cause a stoppage of pumps 
 and the filling up of the mine again. This should by all means be guarded against. But if fuel is scarce 
 and expensive, then tubular boiler should be used, the same as shown in fig. 63, which is the most eco- 
 nomical steam-producing boiler I know of for that use and at the same time easily repaired. Third. 
 But with any form of boilers using water from a mine a liberal quantity of anti-incrustation preparation 
 should be used. One pint per day of pure, natural petroleum is said to be the best preventive and 
 should be freely used. Fourth. The steam boiler power should be divided into two batteries and be 
 used alternately, so as to give plenty of time for cleaning, inspection, repairs, etc. Fifth. 
 
 THE STEAM SHOULD FIRST BE USED THROUGH AN 
 
 AIR COMPRESSOR, 
 
 And the compressed air used on the pumps. This will be found by far the most economical and satis- 
 factory mode of using steam to run pumps under ground, and is being rapidly introduced for this pur- 
 pose and should by all means be used for shaft sinking, so that in case some unavoidable accident occurs 
 by which the work becomes flooded (if the pumps are of the duplex pattern), there will be no trouble 
 about starting them under water and making them pump themselves out again, but if steam is used 
 direct on the pumps it will be impossible to start them under water, because the steam pipe and steam 
 cylinder, being exposed to such cold water, would act like so many feet of condensing surface to kill all 
 the steam that could be thrown into them, but with compressed air this could not be felt. Another great 
 trouble with steam in a shaft is that the hot steam pipes, passing down to the pumps, keep the whole shaft 
 hot and murky and drop hot water from the pipes on the men below, and as the pumps have often to be 
 lowered and the pipes lengthened when steam is used, they are hot and very hard to handle by the work- 
 man, whose hands are sensitive to heat. 
 
 BUT WHEN COMPRESSED AIR IS USED 
 
 All this is changed; every part of pipe or pump is cool and no trouble to handle. Every escapement from 
 the pump is good, pure, fresh air, same as the atmosphere above, but has been cooled in the air com- 
 presser, and this is of great advantage by expelling the offensive gases after blasting, which enables the 
 men to go down sooner after every blast, and when down they can work with more vigor. Besides, the 
 
 COMPRESSED AIR CAN BE USED TO 
 
 Run one or more steam drills, the advantage of which can be easily seen by reading what is said about 
 steam drills on page 62, where it is apparent that one man with a steam drill can do more work than 
 twenty men. It therefore amounts to putting in twenty men, which it would be impossible to work in a 
 shaft, and after the holes are drilled then 
 
 57 
 
USE DYNAMITE, AFTER TRYING SEVERAL GRADES, 
 
 To find out the grade that will do your work best (see page 19). Then charge the holes heavy, especially 
 center holes, as dynamite is now so cheap you will find it much cheaper and quicker to have plenty of 
 power-made holes to blast and reduce your rock to shovel stuff with dynamite than by sledging. In 
 drilling down through some of the shale strata, the borings may be found of such a fine adhesive 
 character, that it may adhere strongly to wings of power drill and prevent the drill from operating 
 properly. I have known cases where power drills have been condemned and thrown out because they 
 stuck in the mud in the hole, but that was only a pretense. The real fact was that they did not put in 
 enough water to drown the dust and wash it out as soon as made, but wanted the drill condemned and do 
 the work by hand, so as to lengthen their job, and, of course, all this increased cost to owner. But you 
 can get over all that trouble by reading what is said about a water injector on page 65, while the 
 advantage of using such a plant as I have described above is clearly suen by reading an extract from a 
 letter sent me by Mr. J. K. Taggart, formerly superintendent at Leisenring Mines, Fayette County, Pa. 
 
 A. Kirk & Son: 
 
 GENTS: I used your drill to put down fifteen holes, each six feet deep, in the bottom of our large 
 shaft, and charged all with your dynamite, and loaded all to fire with your battery. We made the con- 
 nection, we thought, as you directed, but it would not fire. Upon inspecting the wires, as you direct in 
 case of misfire, we found that the last man to come up had caught his foot in the wire, as he got into 
 the bucket, and broke a splice. This was repaired and the battery operated again, when the whole 
 fifteen holes were fired simultaneously. We hoisted one hundred and eighty-five buckets, 
 each containing about three-quarters of a yard of rocks, before we needed to fire again. 
 
 Yours Respectfully, 
 L J. K. TAGGART. 
 
 THEN USE ELECTRIC BLASTING. 
 
 For instructions see page 30 and you will find by experience that to ue fuse for blasting in shaft or 
 tunnel is just throwing money away, delaying the work and endangering lives of men, for if there is dan- 
 ger in the world it is to go down on a hang-fire shot, because the fuse has missed fire and a man cannot 
 tell whether it has been drowned or is liable to go off any moment and without fail kill every one in the 
 shaft ; but this can never occur when the holes have been charged to fire by electricity. See page 32. 
 
 PUMPS 
 
 Are now an indispensible part of a contractor's outfit, and it is very desirable that a pump be reliable 
 that it is not liable to go out of order by openings, chokings or valves breaking, and the fewer parts 
 there are in a pump, or any machine, the less risk of going out of order. After considerable experience 
 with pumps, I have found the Hall Steam Pump to come the nearest to perfection for ordinary suction and 
 forcing purposes, as will be seen by referring to their advertisement on back of cover. 
 
 58 
 
FIG. 59. 
 
 DUPLEX PUMPS USED IN SHAFT SINKING. 
 
 Pumps for shaft sinking must have as much pumping capacity as it is possible to have with the same 
 weight of metal. After considerable experience with pumps, I am confident the Hall steam pump comes 
 nearest the above requirements of any pump I know, and, besides, should the water be pumped dry out 
 of the sump, it makes no practical difference in speed of pump. By a peculiar arrangement of valves it 
 will only run just so fast and no faster, although pumping nothing but air. 
 
FIG. 61. 
 
 The above cut represents a blast of three holes, each six feet dee]), in the bottom of a shaft which 
 may be many hundreds of feet deep. As soon as the operator in the shelter house pushes down the 
 operating rod in the battery, as described on page 31, all the holes on the circuit (of any number up to 
 35) will explode simultaneously and the result will be as shown on next page, where anyone can see at a 
 glance that the shaft has been deepened six feet at that spot and the muck has been broken up fine 
 enough for easy removal. 
 
 60 
 
FIG. 62. 
 
 By using a steam drill to make fifteen holes, each six feet deep, in the bottom of a large shaft at 
 Lesingring, and using dynamite and electric blasting, Mr. Taggart, superintendent, assured me that he 
 removed one hundred and eighty-five bucketfuls of muck material from one blast, and that was done 
 as quick as the buckets could go up and down, as the stuff was so broken and easy to load. 
 
 61 
 
SHAFT SINKING. 
 
 Being anxious to give my readers all reliable information on the subject of shaft sinking, I sub- 
 mitted a proof of the foregoing article to Mr. William Allison, of Cresson, Pa., who has had many years 
 of practical shaft-sinking experience, and below I give his answer, which contains much valuable informa- 
 tion which I am sure will be profitable to my readers : 
 Arthur Kirk, Esq., Pittsburg, Pa. CRESSON, PA., Aug. 21, 1891. 
 
 DEAR SIR : Yours of Aug. i3th received, also copy of the notes on shaft sinking. I have read 
 them over very carefully and I think it very good, as far as you apparently want to write on the matter 
 of shaft sinking. However, there are a few items I wish to mention if you think them proper. First, in 
 speaking of boilers, I would say that cylindrical should be used in all cases where mine water is used, 
 regardless of the price of fuel. You can put what you have a mind to in a boiler and the best it will do 
 is prevent the mud from getting hard and sticking to the shell. What is wanted about a coal mine, where 
 mine water is used in a boiler, is that a man can get into the boiler and scrape the mud out clean, which 
 he cannot do in a tubular boiler, besides he must be able to clean it properly. There is a great amount 
 of mud which collects between the flues, which is impossible for a man to get out from either top or bot- 
 tom. Manhole flues being put in a boiler, as a general rule, contracts the space so that a man cannot even 
 get an iron rod pushed in between. I have seen a great deal of those so-called preventatives used and I 
 have come to the conclusion that in a great many cases the preventative is worse than the disease, but as 
 you say, petroleum is the best, I also believe it is the best. The next thing I want to call your 
 attention to is the use of compressed air in pumps. The advantage of compressed air over steam is so 
 great that a person with a little experience with both steam and compressed air could write for a week 
 on the matter and not exhaust the subject. In the first place you have nearly the same pressure on your 
 pump piston down in the mine that you have in your receiver on top of the ground, no matter how great 
 the distance be. In the second place you have no condensed water in your pipes which prevents your 
 pump from working, besides the loss of steam pressure caused by the above condensed water. In the 
 third place you do not have the exhaust steam from your pump making the shaft so hot that it is almost 
 impossible for men to live in it, unless it is properly partitioned off, which is a very hard matter to keep' 
 in good repair in a sinking shaft, as the blasts will very often knock your boards off. With compressed 
 air your pump is ventilating the shaft and there is no lost power. As for the power drill, I would say 
 this much, when using steam the drill is so hot that men can not catch hold of it, and it takes three or 
 four men to move the drill when hot, because the only place the men can catch hold of it is by the tri- 
 pod. If compressed air was used one man could move it in many cases, and then if using steam you 
 have the exhaust of the drill to contend with. Between the exhaust and the heat of the drill, things are 
 pretty hot, as a rule, and the time lost in repairing hose which burn out at the ends is very great. 
 
 Hand drilling is not to be compared with power drilling. The difference is so great in favor of the 
 power drill that one trial will convince any practical man, but the man in charge will, as a rule, have some 
 trouble in introducing power drills. The workman will try everything to make them a failure. It is 
 therefore necessary for him to have all orders carried out to the point. When the men see the good 
 work the drill can do and how it lessons their labor, they will approve of it and everything will go 
 smoothly. The following figures show a test made in the Cresson shaft in gray limestone, very hard, on the 
 nth of February, 1888, power drill test, one man running drill: 
 
 
 POWER DRILL. 
 
 
 
 HAND DRILL. 
 
 
 First Hole, 
 Second " 
 Third 
 Fourth " 
 
 4 feet 9 inches deep, 
 
 2 " 8 " 
 
 i " 8 " 
 5 6 
 
 29 minutes 
 10 " 
 ii " 
 35 " 
 
 First Hole, 
 Second '' 
 Third 
 Fourth " 
 
 3 feet 6 inches deep, 
 4 " 6 
 
 2 6 " 
 
 4 " 6 
 
 70 minutes 
 90 
 50 " 
 80 
 
 
 '5 7 
 
 85 
 
 
 '5 
 
 290 
 
 The drill should be supplied with plenty of water to keep the dust wet like thin mud and clean 
 properly every time the drill is changed, but the mud in the hole is not to blame at all times for the drill 
 sticking. It often happens that the drill gets out of line if mounted on a tripod. The weight and motion 
 of the drill when working causes the legs of the drill to sink in the soft slate, therefore the drill gets 
 to one side and gets to bear on the side of the hole and becomes fast. To overcome the above 
 trouble is very simple: get three pieces of 2-inch plank, 10 or 12 inches square, place one under each 
 leg and it will keep in good working shape. In speaking of dynamite, you recommend heavy charges 
 in the holes. I wish to say that great care has to be taken not to charge holes too heavy. Over-charg- 
 ing might clear all the timber out of the shaft. The pump is always from 6 to 25 feet from the bottom, 
 and an over-charge might break it up or move the timbers from under it and let it fall. One more word 
 about boilers before I close. I think when coal companies are getting boilers for use at their mines 
 where coal is to be had at first cost, that the point in view should be to economize in boilers. To do so 
 they must get cylinder boilers; next choice would be two large flue boilers. Away from coal mines, 
 where coal will cost four times more than at the mine, then it is best to economize in fuel. To do so they 
 must get return tubular boilers. Hoping what I have writen will be of some good to you, I am 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 62 WILLIAM ALLISON. 
 
MACHINERY DEPARTMENT OF QUARRY 
 
 WORK. 
 
 Steam boilers, steam engines, steam or air rock drills, pop hole drills, hand coal drills, hand fire 
 clay drills, coal miners' drills, scrapers and needles, air compressors (steam actuated), air compressors 
 (water actuated), stone crushers, quarry bars for drilling rows of parallel holes in rock, channel bars for 
 cutting out smooth-faced stone, electric blasting apparatus, water injector to convey water to bottom of 
 hole while drilling, stump augers, dynamite thawing kettles, belt conveyers for conveying crushed stone 
 from crusher, steam pumps of all sizes and uses, wire rope conveyers, etc., etc., all of which it is import- 
 ant to obtain. All machinery should be the 
 
 The purchaser wants it for. And here I wish to call the attention of persons thinking of purchasing 
 machinery to the importance of getting the very best of any kind. It is a very good rule, 
 and I may say that the latest pattern is the best. This is especially true of rock drills, air compressors, 
 electric blasting apparatus, etc. During the twenty years I have been selling these articles, there has 
 been a constant improvement by the addition of some new device, so that the machines to be had now 
 are far superior to those of fifteen *or twenty years ago, and farther that a low-priced machine is not 
 always a profitable machine, but it is rather an evidence to the contrary, for a person regularly in the 
 business knows the merits and demerits of his own and his competitors' machine, and if a manufacturer 
 is willing to take less than he knows his neighbor will sell at, he thereby confesses that his machine is 
 inferior to that of others in the trade. While the man who has spent great labor and money to perfect 
 his machine knows he has the best and is more independent in his prices. 
 
 OF STEAM BOILERS. 
 
 There are so many different plans and makes of steam boilers and every plan and make of boiler has 
 its friends and advocates, so that after forty years' experience and careful study of steam boilers, and all 
 connected with them, T do not know of any one make of steam boilers that can be set forward as suitable 
 .for every plant or use. For instance, after supplying a first-class new three-inch tubular locomotive fire- 
 box boiler, which gave best satisfaction the first thirty days and after that gave great trouble by leaking 
 around the end of tubes in fire-box, and after examination by good boiler makers that boiler was con- 
 demned and taken away, and another new fifty horse power boiler of same make put in, and it worked all 
 right for about the same time and then commenced leaking around the end of flues in the fire-box. This 
 second boiler was also examined by first-class boiler makers and condemned. They said the holes in 
 the tube sheet of both boilers had been cut about one-eighth of an inch too large and the tubes had been 
 expanded far beyond their natural size to fill up the holes, as they said could be plainly felt by feeling 
 
 63 
 
with the finger inside the tube, that there was a ridge all around the inside ot end of tube, which the 
 inspector insisted had been done by using the expander too much, and which had weakened the tubes 
 so much that they leaked. This all looked very reasonable until a file was tried on this inside ridge in 
 end of tube, and then it was shown that this hard ridge was nothing but a hard deposit of mineral 
 matter around the inside of every tube in the lower row, and . on opening the boiler the tubes 
 were found coated all over with a mineral deposit nearly a quarter of an inch thick, showing that bad 
 water had been the cause of all the trouble and that there was nothing wrong with either of the boilers. 
 I mention this case to show that it is necessary to take in all the surrounding circumstances, and 
 especially the character of water to be used in it, and as all water near quarries is likely to be highly 
 impregnated with mineral matter, which is very injurious to steam boilers, it is of great importance to 
 guard against 
 
 INCRUSTATION. 
 
 For the usual incrustation in boilers, all that is required to detach and break up the sea' ..> is to use 
 Caustic Soda or Concentrated Lye about one-quarter pound per horse power, or where the Caustic cannot 
 be readily obtained, fifty per cent, additional of Sal Soda, dissolved into the feed water and pumped into 
 the boiler. Tannic Acid, clear extract of tan bark, or even the spent liquor, if settled and made clear, 
 may be used to advantage, a few gallons at a time, for softing and breaking up the scale, and if used in 
 small quantities twice a week will keep the incrustation under control. For facilitating the use of anti- 
 incrtistating fluids, an inlet to the suction pipe near the pump, with a cock or valve, should be so 
 arranged as to draw the fluids from a pail or tub. And here it should be stated it is very important to 
 provide a large, easily-operated blowoff cock, which should be kept in first-class order and opened at least 
 every evening and the boiled down water allowed to escape. And where there is any objectionable 
 matter in the water, a suitable reservoir should be provided high enough so that water can be given time 
 to settle before being put into boilers, and every boiler should be blown out empty every Saturday night 
 after drawing the fire, and there should be a large supply pipe from settling reservoir so that the boilers 
 can be quickly filled again with pure water. 
 
 STATIONARY TUBULAR BOILERS, 
 
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HORIZONTAL TUBULAR BOILERS. 
 
 FULL FRONT.-F1G. 64. 
 
 I DO NOT RECOMMEND FANCY BOILERS. 
 
 Much has lately been said in public print in favor of fancy heat-saving boilers, but as they all require 
 a skilled man in charge, who would naturally expect more wages than is generally paid about quarry 
 work, in view of this and the trouble of having repairs made at a quarry or contract work, I decline 
 to recommend any of them where stoppage for repairs may cause so much loss, no matter if they 
 may save a few bushels of coal per day. 
 
 Engineers and steam users are well aware of the expense, inconvenience and loss of time occasioned 
 by frequent stoppages to repair boilers. These repairs are made necessary by one of three causes, ist. 
 The cracking of the circle seams back of the bridge wall, caused by feed water of a low temperature 
 coming in contact with the heated plates. 2d. By the burning and bagging of the plates immediately 
 over the grate bars, occasioned in the old way of feeding boilers by the current of the feed water passing 
 from the back to the forward end of the boiler, carrying with it the loose scales and collecting them over 
 the fire plates, where there is the greatest evaporation of water. Here, by the deposit of the foreign sub- 
 stances held in solution in the water, they soon become cemented together to the bottom of the 
 boiler, excluding the water from the iron, which becomes heated and is forced down by the pressure in 
 the boiler, forming the bulge or bag. 3d. The oxidation of the inside of the stand pipe or mud drum, 
 caused by the action of certain impurities in the water when at a low temperature. 
 
 The use of Ford's Patent Funnel Feed Water Heater, near the front end of boiler, will preven* 
 all of these troubles. 
 
 The heater being located in the steam space of the boiler, the water falls in a thin sheet from the rim 
 of the funnel B (fig. 66) into the shallow pan C, and thenre to the water in the boiler. In its descent it is 
 
 66 
 
subjected to the action of the steam, and is raised to a temperature equal to that of the water already in 
 the boiler before commingling with it, thus insuring against cracking the plates by the low temperature of 
 the feed water. 
 
 By supplying in the steam space of the forward end of the boiler, the equalization current is from 
 the front toward the rear end, carrying the scale and sediment away from the fire (instead of toward it, 
 as in the old way of feeding), and depositing them in the rear end where they can do no harm, leaving 
 the plates directly over the fire free from any accumulation that would cause the bagging, as before 
 described. 
 
 I would respectfully refer you to the following well-known firms, selected from many, who have this 
 heater now in use : 
 
 Lucy Furnace Co., Oliver Bro:;. & Phillips, Pittsburg Bessemer Steel Co., Perm Cotton Mills, Carnegie Bros. & Co., Dil- 
 \vorth Bros. & Co., Birmingham Coal Co., Reymer & Bros., Kimberly, Carnes & Co., Pennsylvania Furnaee, Graff, Bennett & 
 Co., Smith, Sutton & Co., Park, Bro. & Co., Standard Bolt and Nut Co., Wm. Clark & Co., Hartley & Marshall, Isabella Fur- 
 nace Co., A. French & Co., Singer, Nimick & Co., Jas. McNeil Si Bro., Joshua Rhodes : Co., Liggett Spring and Axle Co., 
 Moorehead, McCleane & Co. 
 
 FIG. 65. 
 
 FIG. 66. 
 
 The two cuts, fig. 67 and 68, show two prevailing types of stationary steam engines. Fig. 67 show- 
 ing a very powerful, compact, simply-constructed engine, where the balance-wheel is also the driving 
 pulley, and is used entensively where floor space is not scarce ; and fig. 68 shows a powerful centre-crank 
 motion, with duplex cylinders. Very good where space is an object, as on ship board, etc. 
 
FIG. 68. 
 
 68 
 
AIR COMPRESSORS 
 
 Are now admitted to be indispensible to running a stone quarry, or for carrying power to a great distance. 
 Air compressors are now made to be run by steam or water, or electric power, the compressed air from 
 which can be piped many miles without the least perceptible diminution of power, and by using com- 
 pressed air there is no condensed steam or water to be worked off through the small parts of a steam rock 
 drill, choking and retarding the speed of the drill. But, on the contrary, whenever the throttle cock is 
 opened the drill moves at Once Without the Stopping, starting and choking that always 
 attend starting a steam drill after changing steels. Another advantage is, that air escapes quicker than 
 steam, and thus permits the steel to strike the rock a much heavier blow than when the steam above has 
 to spend part of its power forcing the steam out of opposite end of cylinder. Another great advantage of 
 air over steam is, the steam boiler and air compressor can be located far enough from the quarry to be 
 OUt Of danger from blasting, and can at same time be located at best place to get coal and 
 water for use with the boilers, and the main air pipe can also bs laid away up over the brow of the 
 quarry, and if Ts are inserted every hundred feet in main pipe, then all that is needed is to unscrew a plug 
 from main line and screw in enough one and one-half inch pipe to reach brow of quarry, and then screw 
 on enough hose to reach drill, and drill is ready to start. Air hose costs $20 for fifty feet, while steam 
 hose costs $30 for fifty feet, and at the same time air hose will last four times longer than steam hose. 
 Compressed air is invaluable for pumping mines, as it can be carried any distance under ground to the 
 lowest part of the mine without loss of power, and every escape from the pump 
 
 IMPROVES THE AIR OF THE MINE, 
 
 And would be of immense advantage many times in thus preventing accidents, such as have recently 
 occurred, and in case of accidents the air pipe, being a strong wrought iron pipe laid on the ground, 
 not likely to be broken by an explosion of gas in a mine, the pump could be made to be stopped or 
 started from the top with its throttle valve in the engine room, and in case of an accident by a heavy fall 
 of roof or the like closing the entrance, the air could at once be turned on from above and good, pure 
 air forced in through the pumps, which should always be a duplex pump, and branch pipes could easily 
 be laid into bad air places and thus prevent a collection of dangerous gas, by forcing it out and 
 diluting it with pure air, because movable branches could easily be laid of one and a half-inch pipe away 
 into any part of the mine at very little cost. Compressed air can also be used to good advantage for run- 
 ning ordinary steam engines for operating derricks, rope travelers, hoisters and all such appliances which 
 are located at considerable distance apart, and by using an air compsessor and piping compressed air to 
 rach machine, a great number of such machines can be kept running very cheaply by having one large 
 stationary boiler located at safe distance from blasts and conveniently located to get water and coal. In 
 this connection I take great pleasure in calling attention to the lately improved concentrated 
 piston inlet COld air Cylinder -Compressor, which dispenses with the old-fashioned inlet 
 air valves with their spiral springs, every one of which was liable to break and make trouble, and what 
 was worse, they took up the space which is now occupied by thick jacket of cold water, which extracts 
 the heat at the point the pressure is the greatest from the air at the very moment when the heat is the 
 greatest, and the whole plan is so strong and substantial that it commends itself to everyone at first sight. 
 
 69 
 
FIG 69. 
 
 Fig. 69 shows a longitudinal section of the latest and most improved air compressing cylinder, in 
 which E represents the new plan of admitting air to be compressed. A study of the sectional cut will 
 show that cold water is admitted at A to the space J J J J, which completely encircles the air compressing, 
 cylinder and also fills spaces J J in each end of cylinder. The warm water then escapes at B and thus, 
 keeping up a constant circulation, carries off all heat from the air (E, fig. 69) inlet piston attached to 
 the hollow piston head G G and working through a stuffing box in rear end of cylinder. This leaves a 
 large portion of both heads of air cylinders to be covered by water jacket J J, keeping the ends of cyl- 
 inder perfectly cool, and thereby presenting a cooling surface to the compressed air at the end of the 
 stroke when the air is the hottest. The cold air having been admitted to hollow piston head is fed into 
 each -end of the cylinder alternately at E, the valves G G each acting as inlet and check valves alternately, 
 as the motion of the piston head may cause them to open or close. 
 
 THE ATTENTION OF ENGINEERS 
 
 Is Called to This, the Most Important Improvement in Air Compressing Machinery 
 
 of this Century. 
 
 The special advantages and most important features of piston inlet cold air cylinder are as follows: 
 
 1. The free air, before admission to the cylinder, is under thorough control, and may be taken 
 from that point which is the most favorable in its dryness, reduced temperature and freedom from dust ana 
 other foreign matter. 
 
 2. The admission of free air being through a single tube creates a constant and uniform draft of air 
 in one direction only, thus filling the cylinder at each stroke with air at full atmospheric pressure. In all 
 other compressors the air must be started from a state of rest and put in motion through the inlet valves at 
 each stroke, while here it is always moving into the hollow piston, and air being material that is, hav- 
 ing some weight this uniform movement gives a momentum to the air which causes it to fill the cylinder 
 
 70 
 
/o ;Yr fullest extent at each end of stroke. Indicator cards taken on the cylinders of this compressor 
 prove conclusively that not only is the cylinder filled with air at atmospheric pressure, but in some cases 
 the line runs above the atmospheric line to the same extent that it runs below it in other air compressors. 
 3. The air inlet valves are large metallic rings which are not operated by springs, but which open 
 and close by the natural momentum given to the valve by the movement of the piston. A study of the 
 sectional cut will show that when the piston is moving in one direction the ring valve on that face of the 
 piston which is toward the direction of movemeat is closed, while that on the other face is open. This 
 is exactly as it should be in order to discharge the compressed air from one end of the cylinder while 
 taking in the free air at the other. The position of each valve is almost instantaneously reversed at the 
 point when the stroke is reversed. This change in position takes place without springs or other influence 
 than the natural momentum of a piece of metal which is carried in one direction and is instantly reversed. 
 Place your pen-knife on the palm of your hand and thrust your hand forward and backward. You will 
 thus have a simple illustration of the movement of this valve. You will see that at the instant that you 
 reverse the direction of movement of your hand, the pen-knife continues on until the friction which 
 holds it to your hand overcomes the momentum, which tends to continue its movement in the direction 
 in which it was started. 
 
 FIG 70. 
 
 Details of Crosshead, 
 
 Showing Independence of Swivel Block with Steam and Air Piston Rods from Crosshead. 
 
 This important improvement in air compressor crossheads maintains the weight of the crosshead on 
 the guides notwithstanding natural wear, and prevents that weight from bearing on the rods. 
 
Plan of Air Compressor, Air Receiver and Boiler 
 
 FIG. 71. 
 
 Showing Pipe Connections and Automatic and Adjustable Regulator for 
 
 Air and Steam. 
 
 This Regulator takes the load from the engine when the air pressure reaches the desired point. Then 
 a valve opens which permits air to pass from one end of cylinder to another and at the same time shut off 
 the steam, so as only to permit enough steam to keep the compressor in motion; but as soon as the air 
 pressure is lessened in the air receiver the air valve between ends of the cylinder closes, and at the same 
 time the steam valve opens and compressor pumps in fresh air until the pressure again rises, thus securing 
 a steady supply of air and high pressure. 
 
8. 
 
Elevation of Air Compressor, Air Receiver and Boiler. 
 
 ^ ^^ ^r 
 
 FIG. 74- 
 Showing Pipe Connections, and Automatic and Adjustable Regulator for Air and Steam. 
 
 This regulator takes the load from the engine when the air pressure reaches the desired point. 
 
 H. C. Frick & Co. Recommend Compressed Air to Run 
 
 Pumps in Mines. 
 
 H. C. FRICK COKE COMPANY, ' 
 OFFICE OF SUPT., LEISENRING MINES No i, 
 
 LEISENRING, PA., March 14, 1891. 
 Mr. Thomas Lynch, General Manrger : 
 
 DEAR SIR: Replying to letter of A. Kirk & Son, herewith attached, would say we have still the 
 compressor at Leisenring purchased from them and it is working satisfactorily. We have three 10x12 
 Yough pumps on it running 10 to 15 strokes and carrying air to the fartherest one (nearly one mile), car- 
 rying fifteen pounds pressure. The size of the compressor is 10x30, No. 323. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 JOHN A. ESSER, Superintendent. 
 
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 Enlarged Air Cylinders; Straight Line Type. Class " F." Made either with or without 
 
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 in Australia. 
 
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OF POWER ROCK DRILLS. 
 
 All power drills (that is, drills driven by compressed air or steam) that I recommend, may be called 
 striking drills and consist of a small, peculiarly-constructed steam cylinder, supported in slides which are 
 mounted on three legs, ABC, fig. 84 (called the tripod). The cylinder is hung on feed-screw, D, and is 
 
 Drilling by Steam or Compressed Air. 
 
 FIG. 84. FIG. 85. 
 
 All Sizes of Rock Drills can be had from Fig. 84 to Fig. 85. 
 
 moved up or down. As the attendant turns feed-crank, E, the projecting end of piston is fitted with chuck 
 to receive end of steel, G, and the piston is moved up and down from one hundred to three hundred rev- 
 olutions a minute and the steel rotates once in every seven strokes. The duty of an attendant is mainly 
 to start and stop the machine by turning the throttle valve, H, and to keep feed screw so fed that the piston 
 
 84 
 
head shall not strike head of cylinder, but feed it so that the full force of the blow shall be delivered 
 on the rock, and as the rock is cut away and the hole K made, the crank E must be fed down just as the 
 rock wears away. These drills are very well constructed, and with anything like proper care seldom get 
 out of order. The running of one is very easily learned; any person of moderate mechanical skill can 
 learn to run them in a few hours. 
 
 By placing column (shown in fig. 86), in center of heading and using long or short steels, and slack- 
 ing the clamp bolts of the arm, the drill can be swung all around and made fast at any point of the circle, 
 and then by slacking the saddle clamp bolts and raising or depressing point of drill nearly twenty holes 
 can be made to good advantage at one setting of column. 
 
 FIG. 86. 
 Running a Heading in a Tunnel. 
 
 ARTHUR KIRK'S WATER INJECTOR FOR POWER ROCK 
 
 DRILLS. 
 
 How to get sufficient water into the hole to wash out the dust made by a drill driven by steam or 
 compressed air at from one hundred to three hundred strokes per minute, has long been an unanswered 
 question. But the apparatus shown in fig. 88 solves this perplexing question completely. 
 
 85 
 
DIRECTIONS FOR USING THE KIRK WATER INJECTOR. 
 
 Water being placed in bucket B, which is furnished with hand pump A. When the driller sees that 
 water is needed, he pulls up the handle A two or three strokes, which fills the hose C and pipe D, and 
 passes down through small brass pipe F into the hole and is discharged with great force at about ten 
 inches from bottom of hole. 
 
 When the screw has run out and the steels must be changed, unscrew the union F and remove the 
 short brass pipe from hole and place it in its proper place on rack-board M ; then change steels, putting 
 in the next longer length steel, and then attach a corresponding length of pipe from rack M to union F, 
 
 FIG. 87. 
 
 FIG. 88. 
 
 and so on until desired depth of hole is reached, then disconnect last brass pipe, place it in its proper 
 place on rack, and thus every pipe is kept in place, protected from injury in the quarry and ready to be 
 easily moved to another location, ready for immediate use. 
 
 86 
 
All the clean water thus passes direct to botton of hole without coming in contact with the dirty 
 water coming out of hole, and thus completely prevents the forming of mud in the hole, and leaves the 
 drill to dance free as in air, and strike the rock at bottom of hole with its full force, and thus by pre- 
 venting the sticking of drill prevents all unnecessary strain on the rotation parts of drill, and the whole 
 drill will last longer with less repairs, and make from ten to fifteen feet more hole per day than can be 
 done without this arrangement. 
 
 A connection can also be made from the steam or air hose in advance of the throttle valve or cock 
 to the pipe, C, by which the condensed steam can be drawn off and forced to bottom of hole, thus giving 
 better steam, and also getting up a pressure in bottom of hole which will at once free the drill, should it 
 stick, as it often does when the steel is dull and in need of sharpening. 
 
 An enlarged view of its action is shown in fig. 87, where F shows the water pipe drowning the dust at 
 bottom of hole as soon as made. 
 
 I have lately witnessed a drill running in such a peculiar, tough, adhesive rock that it would have 
 been utterly impossible to use a power drill on it without this plan of injecting the clear water to bottom 
 of the hole. An effort was made to run the starter without working the water through the injector, but 
 before it was half down it was working" mud and running slow, and when the hole was finally 
 worked down and the starter removed, it came out of the hole more like the plunger of a pump, with long 
 b.all of tough, adhensive mud sticking all over it, and the hole had to be swabbed out before another steel 
 could be put in. After that the small brass pipes were regularly changed every time steel was changed, 
 and the drill worked splendidly to full depth of hole without using a swab stick. 
 
 OIL AND TOOLS FOR POWER DRILLS. 
 
 Oil for steam or air drills should be of best No. r cylinder oil. Almost all cheap oils have acids in 
 them which eat the cylinders, packing rings or valve seat, and thus cause the machine to leak steam and 
 lose power, and need to be repaired long before they would if nothing but first-class oil had been used. 
 Other cheap oils gum, and cause the drill to stick and lose time. 
 
 The oil can should be a thumb squirt can, and oil should be used sparingly and only on the parts 
 exposed to friction. Oil should not be seen on any other part of the machine. 
 
 Every steam or air drill should be supplied with a thirteen and fifteen inch Beamer and Call com- 
 bination pipe and monkey wrench, shown at M, fig. 88, page 86. They are the best I have seen used 
 and also one-eight inch S monkey wrench. 
 
 WORK FOR WHICH DRILL IS BEST SUITED. 
 
 There are Drills of Eight Sizes, Adapted to all the Requirements of Rock Work. 
 
 Size "A," i^ inches diameter of cylinder. This is the smallest and lightest rock drill made. It is 
 called "Baby." It is intended for plug and feather work in quarries and for block holing that is, drill- 
 ing holes in loose boulders or large pieces of broken rock, and in any kind of rock work where shallow 
 
 87 
 
holes are required. It should not be used to drill holes deeper than three or four feet, or of larger di- 
 ameter than i % inches. This drill has been used to put in holes ten feet deep, but it is out of place in 
 such work, as a larger drill would do more work in the same time and would last longer. It is light in 
 weight easily handled by one man. It is mounted either on tripod column, shaft-bar or quarry-bar, as 
 desired. It is sometimes used for trimming the walls, roofs or floors of mines or tunnels. 
 
 Size " B," 2^ inches diameter of cylinder. This drill is intended for work where holes are put 
 in to a depth of from four to six feet, and from i to i^ inches in diameter. It is used in mining narrow 
 veins of ore, in driving tunnels of small section ; in quarries, for drilling plug and feather holes; also, for 
 blast holes. In mines it is principally used on shaft-bar or single-screw column. In quarries it is used 
 on quarry-bar for drilling a line of holes. 
 
 Size ** C 5 " 2 24 inches diameter of cylinder. This drill is used for holes from six to ten feet in 
 depth and from one to two inches in diameter, being one size larger than " B." It is used in small tun- 
 nels and narrow veins, where the rock is very hard. It is largely used in quarries, mounted on tripod, 
 quarry-bar and gadding frame. It is the proper size for standard gadder used in marble quarries. It 
 is more largely used on the quarry-bar than any other size. 
 
 Size '* D," 3 inches diameter of cylinder. This is the average size, more largely used than any 
 other. It is especially adapted for general mining work. It is used in driving the heading of tunnels 
 where the rock is not so hard as to call for a larger drill. It is largely used in shaft sinking and in driv- 
 ing drifts of six or eight feet diameter. It is intended for drilling holes to a depth of from 10 to 12 feet,, 
 and from i^ to 2 inches in diameter. It is used in quarries, mounted either on tripod or quarry-bar. 
 
 Size " E," 3/^ inches diameter of cylinder. This drill being a little larger than the " D," is in- 
 tended to substitute the " D " in work where a little larger drill is required, because of hard rock or 
 deeper holes. It is used to put in holes averaging about 12 feet in depth and from i ^ to 2^ inches in 
 diameter 
 
 Size " F," 3/^2 inches diameter of cylinder. This drill is intended for holes averaging about 16 
 feet in depth and from i^ to 3 inches in diameter. It is the preferred size for large open -cut excava- 
 tions in railroad building, canals, etc. It was the adopted size for driving the headings on the New York 
 aqueduct tunnel. It is the best size for all tunnels of not less than 10 feet diameter and in hard rock. 
 It is the preferred size in granite quarries, and is frequently mounted on the quarry-bar for broach chan- 
 neling. It is the size used on our bar channeler. There are two patterns of this size : one the "F" and 
 the other the "F 2." The latter is a special drill, made heavier and for heavier work. 
 
 Size " G," 4 l /i inches diameter of cylinder.' This drill is made with the automatic feed attach- 
 ment, except when otherwise specified. It is intended for holes from 20 to 30 feet in depth and from 2 
 to 4 inches in diameter. It is used almost exclusively on tripod for surface work in extremely hard rock. 
 It was preferred by the contractors in the excavations on the Pennsylvania Railroad at Bergen Cut, and is 
 the best size for all similar work that is, where the cutting is heavy and the rock very hard. It is 
 largely used in granite quarries for the deep-hole work. It is preferable to the 3^ inch " F " for holes 
 even fiften feet in depth, where the rock is as hard as trap or granite and the work extensive. 
 
 Size " H," 5 inches diameter of cylinder. This is the largest rock drill made. Its special 
 application is in submarine work. It is sometimes used in very heavy railway or canal rock cuts. It is 
 intended for holes from 25 to 50 feet in depth and from 3 to 6 inches in diameter. It is made with the 
 automatic feed attachment, except when otherwise specified. 
 
FIG. 89. 
 
 SINGLE QUARRY BAR. 
 
 The Lightest, Simplest Very Strong and Portable. 
 
 89 
 
FIG. 90. 
 Bar Channeler Making a Horizontal Cut. 
 
 FIG. 91. 
 Running a Tunnel with Power Drills and Compressed Air. 
 
 90 
 
FIG. 92 
 Sinking a Large Shaft with Four Power Drills Run by Compressed Air. 
 
 Showing the different positions drills can be used in. The drill standing on left hand of cut is stand- 
 ing on only the two front legs, the third or hind leg turned up along face of rock out of the way, so as to 
 permit the drill to make a hole close in to face of rock. The drill on right hand is drilling a perpendicular 
 hole. The center drill is set to drill a slanting hole at bottom of rock, and the forth drill is mounted on 
 a horizontal bar. 
 
FIG. 93. 
 Quarrying with the Bar Channeler. 
 
 The above cut illustrates a typical case of quarrying by the channeling process. In this case it is 
 especially noticeable that the channeling machine which has made such regular benches in the quarry is 
 a light and inexpensive Bar Channeler. 
 
 The advantages of a quarry in such regular shape as this will be apparent to any experienced quarry, 
 man. The stone is removed in blocks ready for the market. A uniform system is followed in removing 
 the stone from its place in the bed, enabling the foreman to calculate with accuracy how much stone will 
 be shipped within a definite length of time. Besides these advantages, there is a great saving in 
 expense. The stone costs less per cubic foot when brought out in blocks, and there is little or no waste 
 to be thrown into the dump. A quarry which is run by the channeling process requires, besides the 
 Channeling Machine, a Rock Drill mounted on either a Tripod, a Gadder Frame or Quarry Bar, as the 
 stone may require. This is all the machinery necessary for the removal of the stone from its place in 
 the bed. 
 
 92 
 
Sinking a shaft with power drills and showing the wonderful adaptability of a tripod, the drill work- 
 ing so close to face of rock that there is only space for one leg of tripod parallel to drill steel. One 
 leg is braced back against the rock and the other leg extending horizontally and braced against the rock. 
 
 OFFICE OF SCHWEYER & LIESS, 
 PRODUCERS OF PENNSYLVANIA BLUE MARBLE, 
 KING OF PRUSSIA, MONT. Co., PA., April 9, 1890. 
 
 GENTLEMEN: In our quarry we removed 3,704 cubic yards of marble in one year with one of your 
 screw frame channelers, one bar channeler and one gadder. This required about 10,000 square feet of 
 channeling or we removed about ten cubic feet of marble per square foot channeled. The average 
 cost per square foot of channeling is thirty-seven cents. The average cost per cubic foot of marble on 
 the quarry bank is about ten cents. Before we used your machinery in our quarry, the average cost of 
 our marble on the bank was twenty-five cents. We now are able to remove four times as much marble in 
 the same time that we could by quarrying by hand. The cost per square foot channeled appears high, 
 because we only use a thirty horse power boiler for running our three machines, and so far had a very 
 uneven floor in our quarry to work the machines on. We think that when we get a level floor in our 
 quarry (which we are working for), and increase our power, we shall be able to channel almost double 
 the amount of square feet in the same time. If so, it will very much reduce the average cost per square 
 foot channeled, and will increase the difference between quarrying by hand and quarrying by machines 
 in proportion. Yours respectfully, SCHWEYER & LIESS. 
 
 H. I. Schweyer, Manager. 
 
IMPORTANT FEATURES OF THE AUXILIARY VALVE DRILL. 
 
 The auxiliary valve drill is, strictly speaking, a drill for hard rock. The design and purpose 
 of the inventor was to strike a hard blow, and to so build the machine that it would stand hard usage 
 for years. The experience of the last four years has conclusively proved that not only is the drill 
 
 remarkably efficient in cutting capacity, but that it does its work after years of use 
 equally as well as when new. 
 
 The auxiliary valve is the only rock drill in the world which combines the inde- 
 pendent valve operated through an auxiliary valve, and which contains a 
 
 release rotation. These two features are the most important as distinguishing it from other rock 
 drills. 
 
 VALUABLE POINT IN THE AUXILIARY VALVE. 
 
 1. The auxiliary valve strikes an unCUShioned blow. The valve is held in such a position 
 that while the piston carrying the cutting tool is moved toward the rock the exhaust remains open at one 
 end, while the full pressure acts on the other end until the blow is struck, at which time the valve imme- 
 diately reverses. There is no such thing in the drill as striking a blow upon a cushion of steam or air in 
 front end of cylinder. It must hit the rock and does it before the steam or air enters the front end. It 
 
 does not use steam or air expansively, but has the benefit of full pressure 
 to strike the blow and to recover from broken or crooked holes. 
 
 2. It has an auxiliary valve operated by shoulders upon the piston. The auxiliary valve and its 
 valve seat are entirely independent of the main valve and seat. The auxiliary is the trigger to the main 
 valve. It opens or closes the steam or air passages, releasing the pressure from one end or the other of 
 the main valve. The pressure bears it upon its seat; hence its wear is Uniform and cannot 
 produce leakage- The auxiliary valve being light, of steel, and moving on the arc of a circle 
 through contact with the piston operating tangentially, it is easily moved, does not wear 
 rapidly, and never breaks. It is inexpensive and readily duplicated. 
 
 3. A perfect valve motion. Using a round pistion made of steel and hardened, fitting plug 
 
 like in the ends, a large opening is effected by a slight movement of the valve. 
 
 Being perfectly balanced, there is little Or no wear. There is not a Single instance On 
 
 record of an auxiliary valve breaking. 
 
 4. A short or long stroke can be obtained at will by turning the crank and feeding the cylinder 
 toward the rock. This is a most important feature. A short stroke is of great advantage in starting or 
 blocking out holes. 
 
 5. A new rotating devise with a release movement, which prevents twisting of the spiral bar or 
 breaking of pawls and ratchets. When a rock drill strikes a hard blow upon an uneven surface there is 
 a tendency sometimes to twist the steel in the opposite direction to that in which it rotates. The effect 
 of such a blow on this drill is simply to turn the back head around, overcoming the friction of 
 the back head springs, when with a rigid rotation it might twist the rifle bar or break the pawls and 
 ratchets. 
 
 6. Two strong steel springs are used in place of buffers. These springs are placed on the back 
 head and are connected with the front head through the side bolts; hence a blow upon either the front 
 or the back head is cushioned by the springs, thus preventing breakages. 
 
 7. Its construction is such that it can be taken apart and put together in a few minutes, the parts 
 eing few and simple. It is not liable to get out of order. It is easily handled and understood by -the 
 
 94 
 
FIG. 94. 
 
 'BABY 5 DRILL. 
 
 Size "A," 1# inch Cylinder. The simplest and lightest Drill made. 
 For Plug- and Feather Holes, and other light work. 
 
 95 
 
FIG. 95. 
 
 A. D. AUXILIARY VALVE DRILL. 
 
 Ready to start, showing Hose attached and Starter Bitt in, and has 
 just made a few inches of a hole. Can be run to strike 2OO blows 
 per minute. 
 
FIG. 96. 
 
 Starting a Quarry with Power Drill Machinery. 
 
 That useful quarrying machine, the Bar Channeler, is shown in comparison with hand 
 
 trenching. 
 
 97 
 
FIG. 97. 
 
 Flat Hole Work with a Power Drill. 
 
FIG. 98. 
 
 Breaking up Large Blocks of Granite 
 
 Into sizes ready for the market. Showing Power Drill and Bar at work at the quarries o." 
 Brandywine Granite Company, Wilmington, Del. 
 
MORAN FLEXIBLE STEAM JOINT. 
 
 FIG. 99. 
 
 It is claimed that the Moran Flexible Steam Joint is reasonable in original cost ; economical in steam 
 saving and actual wear ; more efficient than any rubber connection, because of its simplicity and inde- 
 structibility, and saving of care, worriment and labor proportionately ; and with unqestionable better 
 results, because it will admit of any desired pressure. 
 
 FIG. 1OO. 
 
 Perspective View of Steam Joint. 
 
 FIG. 101. 
 Sectional View of Same. 
 
 The Moran Joint was invented to cover the many points where the flexible joint is a necessity. 
 
 Attention is called to a few of the many uses wherein it might be called a necessity. 
 
 Steam drills Making a flexible and durable line of pipe, and doing away with the present unsub- 
 stantial and expensive rubber hose system. 
 
 Expansion steam joint For long lines of steam pipe, two of these joints will allow any distance of 
 expansion and contraction desired, 
 
 100 
 
ROCK DRILL HOSE AND COUPLINGS. 
 
 conveying steam or air to drills. One length required for each machine. 
 
 Letter indicating size of drill 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 II 
 
 Diameter of cylinder .. Inches. 
 
 I3/ 
 
 2 l /2 
 
 2 
 
 -: 
 
 3V6&7J/ 
 
 T. l /2 
 
 A]/ 
 
 e 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 FOR STEAM, 50 feet, 5-ply special steam hose (mar- 
 
 $30 oo 
 
 $30 oo 
 
 $30 oo 
 
 $77 OO 
 
 $77 OO 
 
 $77 OO 
 
 $7"? OO 
 
 $77 OO 
 
 Same with patent lightning couplings attached 
 
 33 SO 
 
 ** so 
 
 33 S 
 
 37 oo 
 
 37 
 
 37 oo 
 
 37 oo 
 
 37 oo 
 
 FOR AIR, 50 feet special air hose (marline wound or 
 
 20 oo 
 
 2O OO 
 
 20 oo 
 
 2S OO 
 
 2? OO 
 
 25 oo 
 
 2S. OO 
 
 25 oo 
 
 Same with lightning couplings attached 
 
 27 so 
 
 23 SO 
 
 2-? so 
 
 29 oo 
 
 29 oo 
 
 29 oo 
 
 29 oo 
 
 29 oo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 STEAM HOSE. 
 
 Prices subject to market changes. Winding with marline, 10 per cent, additional. 
 
 Size inside diameter Inches. 
 
 V 2 
 
 K 
 
 i 
 
 l# 
 
 *x 
 
 *X 
 
 2 
 
 2% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 FOUR-PLY extra heavy Price per foot . .... 
 
 $O 77 
 
 $O 49 
 
 $0 57 
 
 $o 66 
 
 $o 79 
 
 $0 92 
 
 $1 OS 
 
 $131 
 
 FIVE-PLY special " " " 
 
 o 41 
 
 o SS 
 
 o 66 
 
 o 83 
 
 o 99 
 
 i 14 
 
 I 31 
 
 I 64 
 
 SIX-PLY extra strong. " " ' 
 
 O 40 
 
 o 6s, 
 
 o 80 
 
 o 99 
 
 i 18 
 
 i 37 
 
 i 57 
 
 i 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 FOUR-PLY SPECIAL AIR HOSE. (Engine Hose.) 
 
 Winding with marline or canvas, 10 per cent, additional. 
 
 Size inside diameter Inches. 
 
 'A 
 
 X 
 
 I 
 
 *# 
 
 *# 
 
 1% 
 
 2 
 
 *tf 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $o 20 
 
 $O 2S 
 
 $o 34 
 
 $o 42 
 
 $o 50 
 
 $0 58 
 
 $o 67 
 
 $o 71 
 
 *n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 84 $o 92 $i oo 
 
 34 
 
 EXHAUST HOSE, THREE-PLY. 
 
 Size, inside diameter Inches. 
 
 # 
 
 X 
 
 I 
 
 *x 
 
 *x 
 
 i% 
 
 ' 
 
 2% 
 
 2^ 
 
 Price, per foot 
 
 $O 17 
 
 $o 20 
 
 $O 27 
 
 $o 74. 
 
 So 40 
 
 $o 48 
 
 $O $4 
 
 $o 60 
 
 $o 67 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 $o 80 
 
 $o 94 
 
 $o 97 
 
 All of the above hose in stock in lengths of 25 and 50 feet. Other lengths made to order. 
 
 EUREKA STEAM HOSE. 
 
 
 x 
 
 X 
 
 I 
 
 ' 
 
 flf 
 
 2 
 
 *x 
 
 2^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Price 
 
 $o 40 
 
 fU 4 
 
 $0 48 
 
 $o 60 
 
 1 
 $o 72 i $o 88 
 
 $i 04 
 
 $1 2O 
 
 $1 4.0 
 
 $1 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 This hose has a specially prepared rubber tube covered with a multiple woven cotton seamless tube, 
 which does not weaken by the wear upon the outside. 
 
 SPIRAL WOUND WIRE COVERED STEAM HOSE. 
 
 Size . 
 
 
 X 
 
 i 
 
 I* 
 
 & 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Price, 
 
 per foot, three-ply 
 
 $0 44 
 o 60 
 
 $o 60 
 o 75 
 
 $o 76 
 o 88 
 
 $o 90 
 
 I 00 
 
 $1 20 
 
 i 5 
 
 $i 80 
 
 2 40 
 
 " " four-ply 
 
 101 
 
PRICE OF ROCK DRILL 
 
 With Complete Outfit for Surface Work Where Holes are Put in About Twelve 
 
 Feet Deep. 
 
 Price. 
 
 One standard size "E" rock drill (diameter of cylinder 3^4 inches), mounted on uni- 
 versal joint tripod, furnished complete with valves, weights and wrenches. . $350 oo 
 
 One set of drill steels (six pieces), fitted with bits and shanks, for drilling holes up 
 
 to twelve feet in depth 25 oo 
 
 Fifty feet of one-inch rock drill steam hose, made either with friction back or 
 marline wound as preferred, furnished with patent security couplings at- 
 tached 37 oo 
 
 One set of blacksmith's tools for sharpening drill bits, one sand pump, band for en- Shipping 
 
 tering piston, and extra parts 15 oo Weight, fcs. 
 
 Total $427 oo 1113 
 
 One ten horse-power vertical tubular boiler, furnished complete with stack, grates, 
 guages and injector attached, boiler being supplied with all fittings, ready to 
 fire , 222 oo 1900 
 
 SIXTEEN FEET DEEP. 
 
 One standard size "F" rock drill (diameter of cylinder 3^ inches), mounted on 
 
 universal joint tripod, furnished complete with valves, weights and wrenches. . 375 oo 
 
 One set of drill steels (eight pieces), fitted with bits and shanks, for drilling holes 
 
 up to sixteen feet in depth 48 oo 
 
 Fifty feet of one-inch rock drill steam hose, made either with friction back or mar- 
 line wound as preferred, furnished with patent security couplings attached 37 oo 
 
 One set of blacksmith's tools for sharpening drill bits, one sand pump, band for en- 
 tering piston, and extra parts 15 oo 
 
 Total $475 
 
 One fifteen horse-power vertical tubular boiler, furnished complete with stack, grates, 
 guages and injector attached, boiler being supplied with all fittings, ready to 
 fire 276 oo 2800 
 
 TWENTY-FIVE FEET DEEP. 
 
 One standard size "G" rock drill (diameter of cylinder 4% inches), mounted on 
 
 universal joint tripod, furnished complete with valves, weights and wrenches. 430 oo 
 
 One set of drill steels (ten pieces), fitted with bits and shanks for drilling holes up 
 
 to twenty-four and one-half feet in depth 112 oo 
 
 Fifty feet of one-inch rock drill steam hose, made either with friction back or mar- 
 line wound as desired, furnished with patent security couplings attached. 37 oo 
 
 One set of blacksmith's tools for sharpening drill bits, one sand pump, band for en- 
 tering piston, and extra parts 15 oo 
 
 Total $594 2190 
 
 One fifteen horse-power vertical tubular boiler, furnished complete with stack, grates, 
 guages and injector attached, boiler being supplied with all fittings, ready to 
 fire , 276 oo 2700 
 
 102 
 
PRICE OF COMPLETE PLANT OF MINING MACHINERY 
 
 For Operating Six Size "D" (Three-Inch Cylinder) Rook Drills by Compressed Air. 
 
 DRILLS, ETC. 
 
 Price. 
 
 Six standard mining drills, size "D" (three-inch cylinder), complete with 
 
 valves and wrenches (unmounted), $275 each $1650 oo 
 
 Six new style, double screw tunnel columns, complete with arms and 
 
 clamps, $60 each , 360 oo 
 
 Price of shaft bars if required, $50 each. 
 
 Price of tripods with weights, $50 each. 
 
 Six sets of fitted drill steels for drilling holes up to ten feet in depth, $16 
 
 per set 96 oo 
 
 Six lengths (50 feet each) one-inch special air hose, with couplings at- 
 tached, $29 per length 174 oo 
 
 One set of blacksmith's tools for sharpening drill bits 10 oo Shipping 
 
 Extra duplicate parts 50 oo Weight, fts. 
 
 Total for drill outfit $2340 oo 4287 
 
 AIR COMPRESSOR, ETC. 
 
 One standard class "A" straight line air compressor, size P, cylinders 
 sixteen-inch diameter, stroke eighteen inches, of capacity to run 
 seven three-inch cylinder "D" drills, as specified in catalogue... 2500 oo 
 
 One steel air receiver, diameter forty-two inches, length ten feet; fur- 
 nished complete with guages, safety valve and fittings 202 oo 
 
 One seventy horse-power horizontal tubular boiler, of half-front pattern, 
 furnished complete with stack, grates, guages, rollers, brackets, guy 
 rods and all fittings, including injector attached, being complete, 
 ready to fire 1076 oo 
 
 Estimated cost of pipe and fittings to connect boiler with air compressor 
 
 and compressor with receiver 100 oo 35 
 
 Total for compressor outfit 3878 oo 39287 
 
 Cost of complete plant $6218 oo 
 
 Five hundred feet of four-inch air pipe to extend from air receiver into the 
 
 mine (price subject to market change), 42 cents per foot 210 oo 
 
 Valves and fittings for pipe line 75 oo 285 oo 55 
 
 Total $6503 oo 44787 
 
 103 
 
SIZES AND PRICES. 
 
 For Drill A.} i"* 
 
 For Drill F, **" 
 For Drill D,} *" 
 For Drill E,} ** 
 
 1 
 
 For Drill G, <w. 
 
 ^ v/ x 3 X/ Shank. Feed, I2 /X . 
 
 \Yz ff x 6 X/ Shank. Feed, i,o // . 
 
 LENGTI 
 OF 
 STEEL 
 
 I ft. 
 
 2 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 I SIZE 
 OF 
 STEEL. 
 
 WEIGHS 
 
 PEICE. 
 
 LENGTH 
 OF 
 STEEL. 
 
 SIZE 
 
 OF 
 STEEL. 
 
 WEIGHT. 
 
 i 
 PEICE. 
 
 1 
 
 SINGLE. 
 
 SET. 
 
 SINGLE. 
 
 SET. 
 
 ?>A " 
 
 3 Ibs. 
 
 5 " 
 7 " 
 
 $i 43 
 * 65 
 i 87 
 
 $3 08 
 4 95 
 
 \Yi" x $" Shank. Feed, 24". 
 
 2 ft. 
 
 7 " 
 
 12 " 
 I 7 - 
 
 22 " 
 
 24^ " 
 27 
 
 iH in 
 
 22 Ibs. 
 
 ! 39 " 
 59 " 
 65 " 
 81 " 
 98 " 
 114 " 
 131 " 
 148 " 
 165 " 
 182 " 
 
 $3 5 2 
 5 39 
 7 59 
 8 25 
 
 10 01 
 
 ii 88 
 13 64 
 15 51 
 i? 38 
 
 19 25 
 
 21 12 
 
 $8 91 
 16 50 
 24 75 
 34 76 
 46 64 
 60 28 
 75 79 
 93 i7 
 
 112 42 
 
 133 54 
 
 onan 
 
 OF 
 STEEL. 
 
 SIZE 
 OF 
 STEEL. 
 
 WEIGH! 
 
 PEICE. 
 
 For Drill B, w- 
 
 SINGLE. 
 
 SET. 
 
 ft" \ 4%" Shank. Feed, 2O // . 
 
 2 ft. 
 
 4 " 
 6 
 8 " 
 10 " 
 
 12 " 
 14 " 
 
 !X " 
 1/8 " 
 
 1/8 " 
 1/8 " 
 
 II Ibs 
 2O " 
 24 " 
 
 38 '< 
 46 
 54 " 
 
 $2 31 
 3 30 
 3 74 
 4 5 1 
 5 28 
 6 16 
 7 04 
 
 $5 61 
 
 9 35 
 13 86 
 19 14 
 
 25 30 
 32 34 
 
 1/8" 
 
 3 / 4 // 
 5' 
 
 i in. 
 ft " 
 
 7 Ibs. 
 
 9 n 
 
 '3 " 
 
 $i 87 
 
 2 09 
 
 2 53 
 
 $3 96 
 6 49 
 
 For Drill C, g: 
 
 i" x 5" Shank. Feed, 20", 24". 
 
 For Drill H, * 
 
 3' 4" 
 5/0" 
 
 6' 8" 
 8' 4" 
 
 ift in. 
 
 I " 
 i " 
 I " 
 
 9 Ibs. 
 
 IS " 
 16 " 
 
 21 " 
 26 " 
 
 $2 09 
 
 2 75 
 2 86 
 
 3 4 1 
 
 3 96 
 
 f 4 84 
 7 7 
 ii ii 
 15 07 
 
 For Drill F,} Sfc 
 
 i^" x 6" Shank. Feed, 30". 
 
 2 ft. 
 
 7 " 
 
 12 " 
 
 !4/4 " 
 
 17 " 
 
 22 " 
 
 24^ " 
 27 " 
 
 29^ " 
 32 " 
 
 i% in 
 
 1/2 
 1^ " 
 
 /^ " 
 
 ^ " 
 
 22 Ibs. 
 
 39 " 
 59 " 
 65 " 
 81 " 
 98 
 114 " 
 131 " 
 148 " 
 165 " 
 182 " 
 200 " 
 217 " 
 
 $3 5 2 
 5 39 
 7 59 
 8 25 
 
 IO OI 
 
 ii 88 
 13 64 
 
 15 51 
 
 17 38 
 19 25 
 
 21 12 
 
 23 10 
 24 97 
 
 $8 9 t 
 16 50 
 24 75 
 34 76 
 46 64 
 60 28 
 75 79 
 93 '7 
 
 I 12 42 
 
 !33 54 
 156 64 
 181 61 
 
 iX" * ^A" Shank, ) Feed, 
 I #" * 5" Shank, j 24". 
 
 2 ft. 
 4 " 
 6 " 
 8 " 
 10 " 
 
 12 " 
 14 " 
 16 " 
 
 [8 " 
 zo " 
 
 1 2*8 in. 
 
 rX " 
 
 14 Ibs. 
 
 25 " 
 36 " 
 
 39 " 
 
 48 
 
 57 " 
 56 " 
 
 75 "' 
 3d. " 
 
 $2 64 
 
 3 85 
 5 06 
 
 5 39 
 6 38' 
 
 7 37 
 8 36 
 9 35 
 10 34 
 " 33 
 
 $9 49 
 
 " 55 
 16 94 
 
 23 32 
 30 69 
 39 05 
 48 40 
 
 58 74 
 70 07 
 
 For Drill D, *" 
 
 i" x 5" Shank. Feed, 24". 
 
 4' 
 6' 
 8' 
 
 IO' 
 I2 X 1 
 
 i,Ml in. 
 
 l " 
 [ " : 
 " - 
 
 " ^ 
 
 10 Ibs. 
 18 " 
 19 " 
 14 " 
 ;o " 
 5 " 
 
 $2 2O 
 
 3 08 
 3 19 
 3 74 
 4 40 
 4 95 
 
 $5 28 
 8 47 
 
 12 21 
 
 16 61 
 
 21 56 
 
 104 
 
E 
 
 
 t/1 % j t/1 
 
 d 
 
 s J sf* 
 
 0_ N 0=2 
 
 ^ d, s 
 O s 5 .""mmOO'* 
 X ^3 \?> N moo ONOO 
 
 in to O 
 
 ro O ro O O 
 ON'O ^ v/ ^ O 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 a 
 B .2N? 
 
 " S " '* 
 
 o o t~- 2 - 
 
 fO t~- N ^^o 
 
 C to c 
 iS _ m m O O '* 
 X "** ^\ (0 * 
 
 ^N o" iT" ^ 
 
 X 
 
 T}-OO O <-> 
 
 
 
 o o * o o 
 
 N vO ro l o O 
 
 ts 
 
 u< 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 c .2 
 2 t - ^ 
 
 ^ ' ^' 
 * o 8 
 
 -t "^L.'" m O m O * 
 " ts m i~ ONOO 
 
 4 O t^ O - t 
 ^ " Jn O 
 
 m 
 
 O in ON O O 
 
 *' 
 
 
 to to 
 
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 DS. pressure at drill, 
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 I- : | : : 
 
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 No. of pieces in set of steels to drill holes of depths above stated 
 Approximate weight of one set steels to drill vertical holes of) 
 deoths above stated . 
 
 Best size of boiler to give plenty of steam at high pressure 
 Best size of supply pipe, carrying steam 100 to 200 feet 
 Price of drill, unmounted 
 
 Prire of arlintitiihlf trinnrl rr>mnlpt=> 
 
 Price of drill and tripod, complete 
 Price of tunnel column (any length to 8 ft.) with arm and clamp 
 Price of plain shaft bar (to 9 feet) with clamp 
 
 Diameter of cylinder 
 Length of stroke 
 Extreme length of drill from end of crank t 
 Diameter of supply inlet 
 
 Wfiwht nf mnrViiiif 
 
 Weight of tripod, without weights 
 Shipping weight of drill, tripod and weigh 
 Approximate strokes per minute, with 60 I 
 Approximate weight of blow delivered on th 
 Depth drilled without changing bits 
 Average work done per to hours in granite 
 eluding time lost in setting drill and ch 
 Depth of vertical hole each machine will dr 
 Diameter of holes drilled as desired 
 Diameter of drill steel used 
 Size of shanks . . 
 
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DIRECTIONS FOR OPERATING 
 ROCK DRILLS. 
 
 FIG. 1O2. 
 
 A successful driller must know how to feed, place and care for his machine properly. 
 
 First, adjust the tripod or column in place firmly and make sure that all bolts are thoroughly tightened before attempting 
 to start the drill ; then connect the hose by screwing the coupling on to plug cock or valve, between which and the steam chest 
 there should be a Tee placed in this position H (see fig. 95), the lower opening taking the valve, the side opening fitting into 
 steam inlet by means of a short nipple ; this leaves the top opening free for the introduction of oil to be blown into the steam 
 chest. This opening must always be plugged, except when pouring in the oil. 
 
 Wipe the shank of the steel perfectly clean before inserting it into the chuck ; force it in completely, and tighten the chuck 
 bolt nuts thoroughly and EVENLY, but avoid wrenching them off. After packing the front head, screw the stuffing-box up just 
 -tight enough to prevent the escape of steam. Keep the piston-rod well oiled, also the interior of the drill through the thumb 
 screw hole in the back head and the valve through the supply port. Use good oil which will not gum , keep the valve clean 
 and free from grit. Before attaching the hose to the drill let the steam or air blow through to remove the water and dirt in the 
 pipe. A valve should be attached to the iron pipe where it joins the hose. 
 
 When all is ready turn on the steam ; go slow at first, till the hole is well entered ; in this way it is started perfectly round 
 and true and prevents cornering. Do the same when passing through a slanting seam, otherwise the steel will try to follow' the 
 seam, when it will bind and stick. If the holes should work out of line so that the steel sticks, tap the STEEL lightly with the 
 wrench, but NEVER HAMMER THE PISTON OR CHUCK ; if tapping the steel does not start it, shift the position of the machine 
 slightly by loosening the back bolt, or otherwise, till it works free, then tighten the bolt. 
 
 Drills are all thoroughly tested before shipment and the parts are fitted closely ; for this reason the drill may work a little 
 stiff for a few days, and when run by steam the piston may stick at first (owing to the unequal expansion of the large and small 
 parts and the condensed steam in the cylinder), until the drill becomes thoroughly warmed up and limbered. Blow the con- 
 densed steam out of the pipe and cylinder before giving it full pressure. In cold weather do not leave water in the cylinder ; 
 unscrew the stuffing-box and let it out to avoid freezing. If the piston sticks, push it back and forth a few times with steam 
 turned on. till the water is forced out through the exhaust and the parts get thoroughly warmed ; then oil all the parts. If the 
 valve should stick, TAP LIGHTLY on the head of the bolt running through the steam-chest. NEVER POUND ON THE STEAM- 
 CHEST. Run the drill slowly until thoroughly acquainted with it. As the bit cuts the rock the drill is fed forward gradually by 
 turning the feed screw slowly and regularly 
 
 The speed of feeding depends on the rapidity with which the bit cuts into the rock. If fed too slowly the piston will 
 strike the front head ; if too fast, the piston stroke will be shortened ; in either case the drill is expending the power upon itself 
 instead of on the rock, because it is not being fed properly. The drill must be fed just enough to give the piston nearly its full 
 stroke (after the hole is fairly started). To do this properly is an important point in running a drill, but it is readily learned 
 by an intelligent man. 
 
 In starting a hole with a drill, the stroke can be shortened to about two inches by simply feeding the drill up close. This 
 gives a short, light blow, making the starting of a hole in an oblique face easy and quick. 
 
 When the AUTOMATIC FEED DRILL is used, the feed screw is held fast by a pin placed in the hole in the back of the rest ; 
 then the drill feeds itself. The rapidity of the feed is regulated by tightening or loosening the friction straps which clamp the 
 feed ratchet. 
 
 Do not bring too much strain on the feed screw and shell by running the cylinder out too far. If possible, keep water in 
 the hole. If the holes mud up, clean them out when steels are changed. Use Kirk's water injector, page 84. 
 
 If the COLUMN is used, a piece of heavy plank or timber must be placed against the rock under each end of the column. 
 The two jack-screws of the tunnel column should rest on the same piece of timber and should be jacked evenly. 
 
 Take care of your machine and use it properly, and it will last for years with few repairs. 
 
 106 
 
FIG. 103 
 
 GRIM PATENT COAL AND FIRE CLAY BORING' MACHINES. 
 
 Figs. 103 and 104 represent the large and small sizes of the Grim Patent Hand Coal and Fire Clay 
 Boring Machines. They are very simple and easily set up. A is the frame, consisting of two pieces of 
 oak, 4x1 ^ inches, fitted into casting at upper end. This casting carries the tightening screw, K, and the 
 oak pieces have notches, C C, up along one side to receive opening nut, F, and G is the boring stem 
 with socket at G, to receive different lengths of augers, and the other end has the operating crank H. 
 The lower ends of oak sides, A, are held together by wrought iron bands, D D, which carry the extension 
 pins, C C. By withdrawing these pins, the extension timber, D M, can be shoved up in between the 
 upper timbers, and the machine shortened to suit high or low places in the roof. When a hole has been 
 bored the nut, F, can be easily opened, and. the screw boring stem, G, can be just lifted back to starting 
 end without unscrewing it the whole length. These machines are made in six sizes and bore holes from 
 two to ten feet deep and from one and one-half to two and one-half inches in diameter. In ordering it 
 is necessary to state the diameter and depth of the hole desired and length of post or thickness of seam 
 
 107 
 
POWER DRILLS SHOULD BE USED IN FIRE CLAY MINES, 
 
 FIG. 104. 
 
 Short Size Grim Drill for Low Coal or Clay Seams. 
 
 The above Hand Drills are very useful, and a great improvement over one man holding a steel and another striking with a 
 hammer ; but they are far behind what might be used to great advantage in fire clay mines now, just as the grain cradle was 
 a great improvement over the sickle ; but the grain cradle has no standing alongside of the grain cutter and binder, because 
 all hand machines are limited to the strength and endurance of human muscles, in which the power is generated by high-priced 
 fuel, consisting of fine roller-process family flour, beef, mutton, ham and eggs, pies, etc., while in machines the moving power 
 is generated from cheaper fuel, and at less than on hundredth part the cost of above, and is applied by means of wood, iron or 
 steel muscles, that never tire or relax their power. All we have to do is to find a suitable combination of mechanical powers to 
 apply that power in a suitable manner to drill fire clay or perform any other laborious work we wish done, and when this is ac- 
 complished laborious work of any kind can be done far better and cheaper than by human muscle. 
 
 I have known of but two attempts having been made to use power drills in fire clay mines, and in both cases it was a com- 
 plete success, but workmen combined against them and done everything they could to prevent their use, and for want of suffi- 
 cient nerve in the managers of the works both plants were thrown out at great loss to owners. 
 
 From all I have ever seen I- am sure that if the directions given on page 85 are followed, and then a range of continuou: 
 holes fired by electricity, fire clay can be mined for at least 50 per cent, less than it costs by hand labor. 
 
 108 
 
COAL MINERS' DRILLS, SCRAPERS AND NEEDLES. 
 
 These very simple but generally used tools are now made so perfect and cheap by persons who 
 make a specialty of them, and have the proper tools and machines arranged for making large quantities, 
 that no jobbing blacksmith can either make them as good or as cheap as the persons thus prepared can. 
 
 FIG. 105- 
 
 FIG. 106. 
 
 FIG. 107. 
 
 FIG. 1O8. 
 
 FIG. 109. 
 
 FIG. IIO. 
 
 FIG III. 
 
 i 
 
 Figure 105 shows a combination hand drill and tamper five feet long, one inch in diameter and can 
 be dressed to make holes any diameter. 
 
 Figure 106 is a combined powder spoon and scraper four feet eight inches long, shank one-half inch 
 in diameter, spoon one and one-half by seven and one-half inches, scraper head one and one-quarter inches. 
 
 Figure 107 is a miner's needle four feet long. 
 
 Figure 108 is a coal auger stem three-quarters of an inch in diameter, screw barrel two feet long, 
 dressed to make holes one and one-quarter inches in diameter and five feet deep. 
 
 Figure 109 is a coal auger screw barrel two feet eight inches long, to make holes two inches in 
 diameter and five feet deep, with breast plate attached. 
 
 Figure no is a coal auger screw barrel two feet two inches long, dressed to make holes one and one. 
 half inches in diameter and six feet deep. 
 
 Figure in is a combined probe and tamp bar, one and three-eights inches in diameter. It is very 
 useful in stump blasting; pointed end for probing among roots for place to bore holes with stump auger, 
 as described in stump blasting, and the other end made a half inch larger, to use as a tamping bar. 
 
 109 
 
ROCK AND ORE BREAKER. 
 
 CAPACITIES IN TONS OF 2,OOO POUNDS. 
 
 SIZE O 2 to 4 Tons per hour. SIZE 4- 15 to 3O Tons per hour. 
 
 1 4 to 8 Tons " " " 5 25 to 4O Tons " " 
 
 * 2 6 to 1 Tons " " ' 6 3O to 6O Tons " 
 
 " 310 to O Tons " ' " 7 40 to 75 Tons " " 
 
 ** 8 too to ISO Tons " ' 
 Passing 2 % Insh ring, asaortHmg to eha.f&&tnf and hardness of material. 
 
 FIG. I 13. 
 
 The above cut shows the best stone breaker in the world, mounted on strong, permanent timbers, 
 ready to be made fast to foundation. The cut also shows the strong shaft, G, standing outside the shell 
 with pulverizing cone, F, attached; explained on page in. 
 
 no 
 
Xltfb- 
 
 
 rfh 
 
 TU 
 
 
 stj ' .~ 
 
 r w i i n 
 
 FIG. 
 
 The above cut, figure 114, shows a sectional view of the best stone breaker I know anything about 
 for putting out a large quantity of broken stone of any desired size, with very little power in proportion 
 to the work done. It can be changed for coarse or fine work very easily by simply turning screw S to 
 the right or left hand, which will close or enlarge the openings R and S. 
 
THE GATES ROCK AND ORE BREAKER 
 
 Has a continual revolving motion, is very strongly made and has very few parts to get out of order or 
 keep in repair. It consists of a very strong cast iron frame (A A A, fig. 114), and a strong forged steel 
 shaft up its center (see G, fig. 113), which carries breaking head (F, fig. 114). This shaft, G, is supported 
 on chilled cast iron step (P, fig. 118), and passes loosely through the crownwheel, L, a little to one side of 
 true centre of crown wheel, L, and as crown wheel revolves this produces the gyrating motion of the 
 shaft, G, and break head, F (which breaks the stone as will be described farther on). The top end of shaft, 
 G. is held in position in center of hopper-shaped frame, A A, by a strong three-branch spider frame, C, of 
 
 FIG. 115. 
 
 which fig. 115 is ground plan, as seen looking down on it. The stone is dropped through openings (B B 
 B, fig. 115) into hopper (fig. 114), in which is seen the blocks of stone, E JR PR S; this hopper is furnished 
 with liners (O Z, fig. 114). The whole machine is driven by a main belt on pulley, T U, fig. 114, on shaft, X. 
 Spur bevel wheel, M, meshes into crown wheel, L, which gives the above described motion to shaft, G, and 
 as it gyrates around it forces the side, S, against lower end of liner, Y, and thus gives the stones, E J R T, 
 
 FIG. 116. 
 
a squeeze between the break head, F, and hopper, D, and while the full side, G, is forced against Z D, it at 
 the same time draws, F2 R, away from side of hopper, A, and permits the stones, P R S, to drop down in 
 the wedge-shaped chamber between A and 2, and so on continually all round the hopper. Another 
 peculiarity of this machine is the combination of the convex hopper (A D, fig. 115), with the corrugated 
 cone, F F2, as shown in fig. 116, where the stones, 123456, are all pressing in the center against circular 
 break head, F, and their extreme ends on opposite sides are pressing against the hopper, A D, thus placing 
 every stone in the most favorable position for breaking, and all broken fine enough to go through the open- 
 ings opposite points R S, drops at once on the inclined shoot, A T, and thus passes out of the machine, 
 leaving only the larger pieces to be crushed again and when broken the fragments require no handling, 
 but of their own weight drop down, while the break head, F F2, fig. 1 14, is pressed against the opposite side 
 of hopper, A D, to a narrower place of hopper, A D, and still pressed against breakhead, F F2, ready to 
 receive another squeeze when shaft, G, comes round, and so in a few revolutions of shaft, G, any sized stone 
 that can be gotten into the machine is small enough to drop through the openings, S R, on to shoot, A T, 
 and from there on to a pile or into a revolving screen or bin as desired (see fig. 128). Another peculiarity 
 of this crusher is its peculiar construction. It provides for protecting its bearings and wheels from all dust 
 or grit from the crushing of stone. Fig. 1 14 is a cross section, as if the machine was cut in two vertically, 
 and snows the shaft, G, passing through a strong boss in the shoot, A T, with a tight fitting collar, H, fit- 
 ting tight around shaft, G, but sliding easily on top of boss, R R, and preventing all dust or grit getting 
 in on pinion, M, meshing into gear wheel, L, or into the bearings of shafts. The output of this machine 
 is only limited by its size. The No. 8 machine will easily put through one hundred and twenty- 
 five tons every hour it runs, if kept supplied with stone fast enough. To make the output coarser 
 or finer, use the screw, S, fig. 114, below bottom of shaft, G, by screwing it so as to raise shaft, G. It 
 will contract openings, R S, and so make the output smaller, and by screwing it down it will make the 
 output coarser. Another great advantage in this machine is, that the band wheel, T U, fig. 1 14, is a loose 
 fit on shaft, X. The break pin hub, V, is keyed fast on shaft, X, and has a hole in it through which is passed 
 the break pin, W, into a hole in the hub of band wheel, T U. The break pin is held in place by the set 
 screws in the break pin hub, V, and is of no more than sufficient strength to withstand the strain neces- 
 sary to break the stone in the crusher, but should a piece of steel (like dropping a sledge) get into the 
 crusher, the strain would be so great upon the brake pin that it would break off and let the band wheel 
 revolve free on shaft, X, while the machine would stop without breaking until the obstruction had been 
 removed and a new break pin put in. The loose collars, H and I, are to keep the dust out of the journals 
 and gyrate with the shaft, G, in which they fit tight. 
 
 OF RENEWING HOPPER LINERS. 
 
 The upper part (A U, fig. 114) is hopper-shaped and is lined by twelve chilled iron liners placed inside 
 the shell, A D ; the space behind and between liners and shell is run full of melted zinc. When these liners are 
 worn after long use and need to be changed they can easily be removed by driving in the key liner (which 
 has reverse bevels on its edges) by the use of a wrought iron or steel pin through the hole in the shell, A D. 
 at 2, fig. 1 1 8. 
 
FIG I 17. 
 
 Fig. i j 7 represents a very strong overhead traveler, used for carrying the block and falls when setting 
 up or repairing the larger size breakers. This is a most useful tool, and every breaker should have one, 
 as it will be found a time and labor-saver. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR SETTING UP AND CARE OF BREAKER. 
 
 The breaker is furnished on hardwood frame, as shown in fig. 113. It should be bolted at each 
 corner to foundation with one and one-half inch bolts for the larger sizes and one inch bolts for the 
 smaller sizes The foundation may be of masonry, substantial wood frame, or, if set down on the 
 ground, simply cross timbers let into the ground and tolted to them. If the machine is shipped ready 
 to run, follow directions for starting and oiling as given below. If upright shaft, G, is not in when 
 breaker is shipped, before you put it in be sure to see that the eccentric, D, is perfectly cleaned out, and 
 two to four quarts of the breaker oil put in, and see that the coil of hemp packing is perfectly fitted 
 round the shaft inside the collar of bevel wheel, L, as this packing is intended to hold the oil and not let 
 it pass through the journal too fast. Put the collars, H and I, into place before you put in the shaft. Put 
 on the top, C, drawing it down evenly with the bolts, so it is perfectly tight, and using calipers or a 
 blunt wooden wedge, so that the space between the lugs on the shell and those on the top shall be 
 exactly the same on all sides. If the shell is divided into two parts, Q and QQ, and the upper half is 
 shipped separately, draw them down evenly with the bolts until they come iron to iron, and proceed as 
 above. If the frame with bottom plate, 3, is shipped separately, put on the lower half, QQ, and draw 
 it down evenly with the bolts iron to iron, and drive in the wrought iron wedges between the lugs on the 
 bottom plate, 3, and the shell, QQ, then proceed as above. If the shell is in one piece, and is shipped 
 separately, it should be drawn down on bottom plate, iron to iron, and wedged as above. In making 
 iron to iron joints it is a good plan to put in little strips of very thin paper at several points around the 
 shell, and when none of them will pull out you can be sure your joint is right. Be sure always to have 
 wood or leather liners in the boxes for counter shaft, X, as the bolts will not stay tight if there are no 
 liners. 
 
 114 
 
FIG. 118. 
 Sectional Perspective View of Breaker. 
 
OILING. 
 
 The most important thing to be done is to keep all the bearings well oiled with best lard oil, and a 
 little grease on the gear occasionally. We have made expressly a very heavy oil for the eccentric bear- 
 ing, D, only, which is still better than lard oil for that bearing. The bearing at top of shaft, G, needs 
 oiling from four to six times a day when running steady, only a little at a time. The boxes for band- 
 wheel shaft oil every two hours, or oftener if they get warm. The journal for eccentric, D, at lower 
 end of shaft, G, is the most important part of the breaker to be looked after. Before you start up be 
 sure to fill this journal or reservoir with oil, and after pouring it in, examine it a second time to make 
 doubly sure, as it will sometimes run over before it is full, and may deceive you. It will take from one 
 to six quarts, according to size of breaker. The oil may be poured in by raising the loose collar, I. 
 After this first oiling, and when the breaker is first started, watch this eccentric journal very closely. 
 You can put oil in through hole, J, in loose collar, I, and be sure to use plenty of oil. There is a pipe 
 with plug in the bottom plate, 3, to draw off the oil from the eccentric when it gets bad from use, and by 
 running hot water down this journal and out through pipe it will work out all the dirt and grit, then fill 
 up with fresh oil, as when you first start. This oil should be drawn off every day or so the first week, 
 after that, say once or twice a week. The oil you take out every day the first week will not be very 
 dirty, and may be used probably on other parts of the breaker. Fill the oil cup on band wheel, TU, 
 once a day, so that the shaft will not be cut by wheel revolving upon it should the break pin be broken. 
 
 Whenever you wash out the Eccentric, D, journal, first take out the hemp packing around the shaft, 
 G, in collar of bevel wheel, L, so that your hot water will have a good chance to get into all the little 
 holes, and wash everything out clean. Be very liberal with your water, and have it very hot. Wash out 
 the hemp packing in very hot water, and coil it back inside the collar on bevel wheel, L. 
 
 STARTING. 
 
 When the breaker is first started, the shaft, G, should be lowered down as far as it will go, then set 
 up the lighter screw, S, just so it will carry the full weight of shaft, but not enough to raise the shaft any. 
 Now, if it does not crush fine enough with shaft in this position, then keep raising the shaft, G, by 
 means of lighter screw, S, till the bottom of head, F, is even with bottom of concave, E, and no higher. 
 In this way you will break a half inch finer than when shaft is clear down. If you want to break still 
 finer, then you will require thicker concaves, a larger head, or a narrow concave, so they must be set in, 
 as shown in fig. 114. Endeavor to have such a size of head and concave as will give the right size 
 opening at bottom of head, F, and concave, E, to produce the right size of material when the head is 
 clear down. When raising or lowering the shaft, G, run the breaker light at first till it gets its new 
 bearing, else the eccentric may get hot. After you have shaft in right position put some hemp packing 
 with white or red lead around the screw, between bottom and jam nut, R, and screw up the jam nut 
 perfectly tight to prevent oil leaking out of eccentric bearing. Put one man on at first to feed the 
 breaker, and feed very slow, watching the eccentric journal to see that it does not get hot. If it heats, 
 stop, let it cool off, put in more oil, and proceed in this way the first day or so, and gradually increase 
 feeding as you can without heating, till bearing gets worn smooth, as long service will depend somewhat 
 on starting right. After you have been running a day or two you should take up all the slack in the nuts 
 on the shell, and also the wedges, and continue this at intervals of a day or two until there is no more 
 slack. This same precaution should be taken with the top, C, every time you remove it. These joints 
 can never be put together the first time so firm that the running of the breaker will not loosen them, 
 hence it is necessary to see that they are taken up until perfectly solid. 
 
 Never run the breaker to exceed two or two and one-half hours without giving the eccentric-, I), 
 journal fresh oil, putting same in through the hole, J, in loose collar, I. This is imperative. 
 
 116 
 
PLANS FOR CHANGING PARTS OF BREAKER. 
 
 FIG. I 19. 
 
 Plan for Setting Concaves, 
 i Is place to run zinc behind concaves. 
 6 Is concaves. 
 
 15 Is key concave, which must always be set opposite 
 hole in shell. (See fig. 114). 
 
 4 Is wood or iron ring. 
 
 5 Is wedges for holding concaves tight to shell. 
 
 FIG. 120. 
 
 Plan for Setting in Concaves so as to Break Finer. 
 
 1 Is place to run zinc behind concaves. 
 
 2 Is hole in shell for driving out key concave, and the 
 key concave (15, see fig. 31) must be set in opposite this hole. 
 
 3 Is pieces of iron set between concaves and shell, and 
 opposite the lugs on back of concaves. 
 
 4 Is wood or iron ring. 
 
 5 Is wedges for holding concaves tight to the piece of 
 iron and shell. 
 
 6 Is concaves. 
 
 8 
 
 FIG. 121. 
 Plan for Taking off Head. 
 
 A Is point to use sledge when full pressure is on screws, 
 also use sledge at opposite point on head at same time. 
 
 FIG. 122. 
 Plan for Babbitting the Eccentric. 
 
 7 Is the brass eccentric. 
 
 8 Is places to run in the babbitt. 
 
 9 Is inside and outside sleeves of cast iron. 
 
 10 Is one of slee.ves 9 before fitting to eccentric. 
 
 1 1 Is screw clamps for holding sleeves tight to thin part 
 of eccentric. 
 
 12 Is opening or slot in sleeves. 
 
 13 Is board to prevent babbitt running out. 
 
 14 Is block for holding board tight to eccentric. 
 
 117 
 
REVOLVING SCREEN. 
 
 FIG. 123. 
 
 Fig. 123 represents an improved revolving screen and dust jacket attachment for separating different 
 sizes of broken stone into bins a convenient arrangement for making roads where they require coarse 
 broken stone for bottom and finer on top. The screen is adjustable; one end can be raised or lowered to 
 discharge slow or fast, if required. By taking off one rib any section of screens can easily be taken out 
 and a different size put in. These screens are made in various sizes, and are the most perfect machine 
 for the purpose made. Hundreds of them are at work, all giving perfect satisfaction. They are an 
 indispensable adjunct where graded sizes of stone are required. The object of the dust jacket is to 
 increase the capacity of the screen, that is, to save expense and make a short screen as far as practicable 
 do the work of a longer one. It is especially valuable where more than three sizes of stone are required 
 in a short screen. In this arrangement the first size larger than the dust section becomes the first section 
 of the main screen ; thus what passes through that section and the dust only drops on to the outside dust 
 jacket, and the wear and tear of all the other sizes which pass over the dust section in the ordinary 
 arrangement is saved in this case. They may be run from a counter shaft, or by a back gear and belt to 
 run them direct from breaker. They are made both with and without the outside dust jacket. 
 
 ELEVATORS. 
 
 For the economical handling of broken stone there is nothing more practical than elevators. .These 
 elevators are made in all lengths and of capacities suitable to the various breakers. They are all built 
 from special designs ; are simple, durable and economical. They are largely used to elevate the broken 
 stone from the breaker to bins. They may be run from a counter shaft, or gear and belt to run them 
 direct from breaker. 
 
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 FIG. 127 
 
 Fig. 127 represents the plant of the Cambria Iron Works, erected at Birmingham, Pennsylvania. 
 This breaker is the size 8, the largest built. The letter of Mr. John Fulton, the general manager, will 
 convince any one of the merits of this mammoth machine. 
 
 IRON AND STEEL WORKS OF THE CAMBRIA IRON COMPANY. 
 
 E. Y. TOWNSEND, President ~) 
 
 POWELL STACKHOUSE, Vice President. [ 
 
 JOHN FULTON, General Manager. J JOHNSTOWN, PA., Nov. 2, 1888. 
 
 DEAR SIRS: Your favor of October 3ist received. I visited the Birmingham limestone quarries of 
 the Cambria Iron Company yesterday, and found the large breaker (the mastodon of its class) working 
 with the utmost ease. The machine is breaking five hundred tons per day, which appears to be less than 
 one-half the work of this powerful breaker. We are extending the quarries to get the product up to 
 seven hundred or one thousand tons per day. The breaker does its work very easily, and we estimate 
 that when we get up to seven hundred tons per day it will cost us about two cents per ton to break the 
 rock. The limestone at this point is rather tough, and requires more force to break it than the limestone 
 near your city. 
 
 I may say we are very much gratified with the results of this large breaker. You will remember 
 that, when Mr. Stackhouse and the writer accompanied you out to the limestone quarry south of your 
 city, we saw, I think, two or three men keeping the breaker open, and it was for this reason that a larger 
 breaker was suggested. Its economical working shows the wisdom of this increase in its capacity, and I 
 am not sure that you will not be urged to make a larger one still. 
 
 A number of persons have been down to see this breaker at work, and they all return entirely satis- 
 fied as regards its ability to do what is claimed for it. Without urging it very fast, it will break two tons 
 per minute readily. I think any reference that may come will receive full satisfaction in every respect in 
 regard to the capacity and economy of the machine. Very respectfully, 
 
 JNO. FULTON, General Manager. 
 
 May 28, 1891. And now after using the above stone breaker two and a half years every word of the 
 above has been more than justified.' 
 
 122 
 
FIG. 128. 
 
 Fig. 128 shows breaker, elevator, screen and bins, in which to store broken stone when not needed 
 immediately. These bins are of great advantage along with a crusher, as they permit the quarryman to 
 work on, and then when broken stone is wanted in a hurry it can be delivered as fast as needed. This 
 plan is adapted for a flat, level country. 
 
 FIG. 129. 
 
 Fig. 129 shows a plan adapted to a hill-side, where the stone can be put into the breaker from above 
 and from that discharged into the screen without an elevator. 
 
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PLANT FOR MAKING FINE MATERIAL. 
 
 It is also perfectly adapted to preparing certain ores for roasting, and other processes requiring an even product: for finishing 
 material for concrete, top dressing, roofing, etc. It is claimed that this combination of breaker, to break the stone from the 
 quarry (not shown in this. cut), revolving screen to separate it to any desired size (see fig. 134) and the elevator to return any 
 pieces too large to the breaker again, has never been equaled for quantity and quality of work done. 
 
 
 FIG. 134- 
 
 Fig. 132 represents a breaker with revolving screen and return elevator, and is designed to break the material very Inu- and 
 to size it so it will all pass a certain mesh screen. With this plant it is practical to break so that everything will pass ;i *$ screen. 
 The great advantage of having product thus prepared for stamp mills, rolls or other reducing machiney is at once apparent. 
 
 128 
 
ROAD ROLLER. 
 
 FIG. 135. 
 
 Latest Improved Pattern. 
 
 As will be seen in fig. 135, it is made in four separate rollers, thus securing great ease in turning, and 
 these rings can be made any desired weight. But in case heavy rolling is wanted, as will be seen in the 
 cut, there is a box before the roller and another behind into which a ton of stone may be put to add 
 
 weight. 
 
 IMPROVED HOISTING . AND CONVEYING APPARATUS. 
 
 Especially adapted for Quarries, Bridge and Dam Building, Contractors' Uses, Coal 
 
 Handling, etc. Description. 
 
 The engraving, fig. 138, represents an improved system of hoisting and conveying by means of a 
 suspended wire cable. The cable may be either level or inclined, as desired, and is usually supported by 
 A frames, and the ends securely anchored. The carriage travels either way on the cable, being pro- 
 pelled by means of an endless rope operated by a special type of engine, illustrated on pages 130 and 131. 
 By means of this rope the carriage can be stopped and held at any point on the cable, while the stone or 
 other material is being hoisted or lowered. 
 
 The hoisting rope is supported by means of the traveling carriers as shown. These carriers are indis- 
 pensable where the span is of any length, and are fully covered by the Locke patent. It will be seen 
 that in operation the hoisting and conveying may be carried on either separately or together; in the 
 latter case effecting a great saving in time and in the former enabling a great degree of accuracy to be ob- 
 tained in handling stone, thus making the apparatus of great value in erecting dams, bridges and other 
 engineering work. 
 
 It is also in many cases well adapted for contractors' uses, especially where rock excavations are to 
 be made. It is out of the reach of a blast, and will carry away the rock in large or small pieces, either 
 by tongs or in scales, as shown on page 133, much faster than by any other method; and also saves 
 breaking up the large pieces of rock. It will readily reach and drag a load at an angle of 45 degrees 
 from the cable, and by using a snatch block this distance may be increased as desired. 
 
 129 
 
SPECIAL ENGINE FOR HOISTING AND CONVEYING 
 
 APPARATUS. 
 
 FIG. 136. 
 Illustrated on Opposite Page. 
 
 Figs. 136 and 137 show respectively a plan (or top view) and side elevation of an engine especially 
 designed to operate the hoisting and conveying apparatus described on the peceding page. This engine 
 has double cylinders with cranks connected at an angle of 90 degrees and is fitted with reversible link motion. 
 The drums are of regular friction type, one drum, B, being spirally grooved to carry the hoisting rope, and 
 the other drum, C, is turned off smooth with a curved surface, as shown in the engraving, and carries the 
 endless rope. The endless rope is wrapped around the drum four or more times enough to secure suf- 
 ficient friction to keep it from slipping in the opposite direction to that in which the drum is turning 
 and the ends are passed over sheave wheels on the derrick frames (fig. 138) and made fast to the front 
 and rear of the traveling carriage. This is the most perfect and convenient hoisting engine I have ever 
 seen working ; by means of it one man standing at A can handle more stone or dirt than twenty-five horses 
 and carts can in the same time, and at less than one-tenth of the cost. 
 
 130 
 
FIG. 137. 
 Side Elevation. 
 
 In operation the carriage is moved in either direction the engine being reversible and as the end- 
 less rope on the curved drum, C, begins to wind the natural tendency of the rope to climb the drum is 
 resisted by the curved surface which produces a slight lateral slipping of all the coils of rope on the 
 drum. Thus the coils always remain nearly in the center of the drum, the slipping of the coils being 
 gradual and almost imperceptible. The wear on the rope produced by this slipping is not appreciable ; 
 in fact, in a case where the ropes have been in constant use about a year the endless rope shows no more 
 wear than the hoisting rope, both being in first-class condition. 
 
 This drum is provided with a powerful band-friction brake, applied by means of a hand lever, as seen 
 in the above engraving, and is self-acting, locking the drum securely, so that the carriage is held at any 
 point desired while the load is being hoisted or lowered. 
 
 The hoisting drum is perfectly independent of the other, and being of the same diameter winds at 
 the same rate of speed and keeps the load at the same height if so desired. This drum also has a self- 
 acting band brake, by means of which the load can be held positively. It will thus be seen that this inde- 
 pendent action of the drums gives the operator perfect command over the apparatus, as he can use them 
 together, or can hold either of them and use the other. 
 
 The reversing lever, friction levers and brake levers are all brought to a central position at A (fig. 136), 
 so that the operator can work all of them without difficulty. The reverse lever quadrant has the usual 
 square notches, while the other quadrants are serrated, and the levers having catches operated by thumb 
 latches can be handled quickly, and will stay in any position in which they are placed. This saves a 
 great deal of time in handling the engine, and adds to the general effectiveness of the apparatus. 
 
 These engines are made in three sizes of 30, 50 and 75 horse-power respectively. 
 
CO 
 
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 133 
 
Absolute Prevention of Accidents from Overhoist with the Attendant Loss of 
 
 Life and Damage. 
 
 Figure 140 shows a sectional view of a mine cage and slides No. 12 the slides and No. 10 the cage, 
 with its hoisting chains attached to upper end of cage and the top of cage, 10, which is very close to the 
 top timber, into which the slides are mortised to keep them from spreading, and if by any neglect of the 
 engineer or the derangement of throttle valve of the engine the cage should be drawn up too high, so as 
 to make an overhoist or, in other words, to draw the cage so high as to force the top of cage so hard 
 against the cross timber of the- slides as to draw the end of the wire rope out of its socket (not shown in 
 cut) on end of chain, or if the chain should break from being drawn up too high, then Mr. 
 Cowie's improvement comes into use, but is not in the way or needing the least care until it is 
 wanted, and when needed it is needed so bad that nothing else known to the human mind can take 
 its place ; for, if by any cause the cage is drawn up so high as to pull the hoisting rope free from 
 the cage, then the cage with loaded wagon and load of coal, and the human beings which 
 
 FIG. 140. 
 
 FIG. 141. 
 
 134 
 
may be on it at the time (if it is not provided with this simple device) descends with all its load at nearly 
 the velocity of a cannon ball to the bottom of pit ; and the deeper the pit, the greater the velocity with 
 which it will strike the bottom, completely destroying itself and every human being that may be on it at 
 the time. 
 
 On January 4, 1889, the winding rope in the No. 2 shaft of the Connellsville Coke & Iron Com- 
 pany at West Leisenring, Pa., was broken by over-winding. The cage, containing three men, fell to the 
 bottom of the shaft 500 feet below, crushing them into almost unrecognizable masses. The cage was 
 smashed to splinters and extensive damage done to the shaft. Mr. James Cowie, Sr., at that time super- 
 intendent of shaft No. 3 of the Connellsville Coke & Iron Company, at Leisenring, Pa., began to con- 
 sider means of securing a device that would effectually prevent all accidents involving danger to life and 
 property by such over-winding, as had already resulted so fatally. After some weeks of labor, he per- 
 fected the device herewith illustrated and described. On July 9, 1889, he was granted letters patent, 
 No. 406,630, on his device, and he now offers it to the consideration of owners and operators of coal 
 and other shafts, and elevators of all kinds. 
 
 The inventor does not claim that his device will prevent over-winding, but that it will prevent acci- 
 dents arising from over-winding. Several devices used to engage a falling cage, operating below the ordi- 
 nary working course, have been made, but not until now has a device been perfected to operate above 
 the working course so as to prevent a downward movement of a cage when a suspending rope may break. 
 The simplicity of the device makes its action positive and at all times reliable. It cannot get out of 
 order, and the shaft superintendent can always rest assured that he has an effectual check upon his 
 engineer, no matter how careless that employe may be. Its cost is so trifling that no owner or operator 
 of a shaft can afford to longer delay using it. 
 
 But all this can now be prevented by use of Mr. Cowie's device, which is so simple and plainly 
 shown in the cuts as scarcely to need any description. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 The device is simple in its construction and operation, as is shown in fig. 140. Figure 140 is the 
 side view of a cage and its guides, representing the same as they appear when provided with the safety 
 attachment. Figure 141 is a perspective view of a portion of one of the sustaining springs. In the 
 drawing, 10 represents a cage and n the winding rope. The cage 10 runs between the guides 12, and 
 the inner faces of these guides are each recessed at A. In these recesses the safety attachment is 
 mounted, being bolted to the guides by bolts 14. 
 
 The safety attachment is simply a spring, the upper end of which is bent to form a reverse curve. 
 Above the curves (shown at 6) the springs are bent so as to extend at right angles, thus forming shoulders, 
 C; threaded shanks, 15, extend outward from the horizontal sections of the springs, and these shanks are 
 engaged by nuts, 16, which bear against wear-plates, 17, which are secured to the outer faces of the guides, 
 the bolts passing through these wear-plates. 
 
 The location of the safety attachment is such that the bottom of the cage will not ordinarily pass 
 above the spring shoulders; but should the winding rope be over-wound, the cage will be carried above 
 the springs. As soon as the bottom of the cage passes the spring shoulders the springs are released, and, 
 in case the winding rope breaks, any downward movement of the cage will be checked by the safety at- 
 tachment, and consequently all accidents from over-winding will be averted. 
 
 135 
 
In case the winding rope is broken, and after it has been repaired, the springs, 13, can be drawn SO 
 that they will rest within the recesses, A, by turning the nuts, 16, as will be readily understood. 
 
 When one sees how cheaply and at the same time how effectively a reliable protection can be 
 adopted to protect the lives of thousands of miners, it looks like barbarous indifference about the 
 lives of others to run a mine shaft one day without it, and I see no reason why it should not be applied 
 to every passenger elevator used in all our high buildings, in which hundred of thousands of persons are 
 every day suspended over a pit, a fall down which would be certain death. True, all of these have protec- 
 tions against rope breaking below a certain height, but, as all human contrivances are liable to go out of 
 order, it is better to have 90 per cent, of surplus protection than to be i per cent, short of enough. 
 
 WHAT IS THOUGHT OF IT. 
 
 The safety attachment is in actual use at the Monarch works, Leisenring, No. 3, of the H. C. Frick 
 Coke Compamy. Rigid tests of the efficiency of the device have been made, and it has worked under all 
 conditions of service. 
 
 Relative to the test, Mr. Robert Gray, Sr., superintendent of the works, says: "The safety at- 
 tachment does all that is claimed for it, viz : To catch and firmly hold the cage if the rope is broken by 
 over-winding or pulled out of the socket at the sheave wheel. We have thoroughly tested the device, and 
 find that by its use it is impossible for the cage to fall back." 
 
 Mr. Fred C. Keighley, mine inspector of the Fifth Bituminous District of Pennsylvania, has exam- 
 ined the device, and says of it : "This improvement will be a preventative of that class of accidents 
 which result from over-winding of the cages at coal mine shafts (in fact to any kind of elevators), and I 
 have no hesitation whatever in recommending its adoption by coal operators and others." 
 
 Mr. Robert Ramsay, superintendent of the Standard mines of the H. C. Frick Coke Company, says: 
 "I have examined the safety catch and believe it adds additional safety in cases of overwinding when the 
 rope breaks by the cage coming in contact with the overhead timbers. We are about to put it in our 
 Standard shaft." 
 
 Mr. J. H. Paddock, chief engineer of the H. C. Frick Coke Company, says : "We have one of Mr. 
 Cowie's safety attachments at our Leisenring No. 3 shaft, and I am satisfied that its use will prevent loss 
 of life and damage to property. We expect to use them at all of this company's shafts where it is pos- 
 sible to put them in. 
 
 Mr. Morris Ramsay, general superintendent of the Southwest Coal and Coke Company, has this to 
 say : " The safety attachment is a sure safeguard against all accidents arising from over-winding. I 
 recommend it as being able to perform all that is claimed for it." 
 
 All information regarding the right to use the device, or anything pertaining to it, will be cheerfully 
 given. Address all inquiries to 
 
 JAMES COWIE, SR., 
 Superintendent of Royal Salt Shaft, 
 
 Kanopolis, Kansas. 
 
 136 
 
ROCK CRUSHER AND PULVERIZER COMBINED. 
 
 This mill is composed of two cylindrical heads or cups, B B, figs. 142 and 143, arranged 
 upon the opposite side of a case, into which they slightly project, facing each other, and are made to 
 revolve in opposite directions. The rock being conveyed to the interior of the case through the hopper 
 opening at the top, is retained and prevented from dropping below the revolving heads or cups by a cast 
 iron screen ; and entering, as it must, the heads or cups in revolution, is immediately thrown out again 
 from each cup, in opposite directions, with such tremendous force that the rock from one cup, in the col- 
 lision with the rock thrown oppositely from the other cup is crushed and pulverized, and the grinding 
 which otherwise would be upon the mill, is transferred to the material, which is at once reduced to pow- 
 der. The method of reducing rock by this process differs entirely from any other in use. 
 
 This mill is of extremely simple construction, being composed of only four elementary parts a case, 
 two hollow heads or cups and a screen and is easily run and kept in repair. 
 
 The attention of all who are interested in the crushing and grinding of ores and other hard 
 materials is called to the absolute originality of this invention. 
 
 The statements of product made are facts, not put too strongly, as all who have used the mills will 
 testify. That so small and simple a machine should accomplish so much work seems incredible, but is 
 nevertheless true. 
 
 An excellent mill for reducing hard substances is shown in the following cut for crushing and grind- 
 ing ores, phosphates, etc. The illustration gives a view of the machine as it appears in operation: 
 
 
 FIG. 142. 
 
 137 
 
The material to be ground is conveyed through the hopper at the top to the case, A, filling the case 
 and the revolving cylinders or heads, B B, which, being put in motion, hurl their contents against each 
 other with such power that the rock is at once crushed to'atoms. The mill does not grind the 
 materials, but simply furnishes the power that compels the rocks to grind themselves; consequently the 
 hardness of the rock does not affect the result, as it acts upon itself. 
 
 FIG. 143. 
 
 Figure 143 shows the cups or heads drawn back to give a view of the interior of the mill, showing 
 the cast iron screen, C, through which the material, as fast as ground, passes and falls into the hopper 
 marked D. When necessary to reduce the rock to a greater fineness than the screen outlets allow, the 
 coarser part of what leaves the screen is reconveyed to the mill by an elevator for regrinding ; that which 
 is already sufficiently fine being first removed by the usual apparatus adopted in milling. 
 
 A suction blower causes the air to draw strongly into the mill, and prevents the escape of dust. 
 
 The cast iron screen, C, is composed of small sections, and the worn parts are cheaply and easily 
 replaced. The wear upon this screen is very slight, as it is always protected from the action of the 
 rocks thrown from the heads or cups by a cushion of interposing material formed by the rocks, which 
 always fill the case and cover the screen. 
 
Pig. 144 shows one of the revolving heads or cups taken apart. It is composed of two pieces, one of 
 which, E, a simple hard iron cylinder (called the bushing) is removable, and when worn is easily taken 
 out and replaced. 
 
 FIG. 145. 
 
 Fig. 145 shows the same put together and Z, the conical cup-like stone lining which, curiously 
 enough, always forms itself inside the head or cup in the process of grinding. This lining forms itself 
 by the caking within the cup of the material being ground, and completely protects the metal of the cup 
 from wear, except at its edge. (See cut above). 
 
 It will be seen that, with the exception of the edges of the cup bushings, the entire interior of this 
 machine is completely protected by the rock itself. These bushings are, in practice, very slowly worn 
 and cheaply and easily replaced. They can be cast at the nearest foundry. 
 
 The following cut, showing the elementary parts of the mill in cross section, may possibly explain 
 more clearly the operation of the machine when made to run : 
 
 FIG. 146. 
 
 Let B B represent the two opposite heads or cups of the mill, holding the two bushings, E E, which 
 slightly project into the case. At Z Z the stone hollow cones are shown (which form themselves in each 
 head by the packing of the rocks being ground, after the machine has been run a few moments). The 
 hopper is shown filled with rocks, which drop into the case of the machine between the two heads ; let 
 the mill now be started up. In a few moments the two stone hollow cones, Z Z, as before stated, 
 form themselves and become as hard as the rock. When these hollow cones have formed, it is plain 
 
 139 
 
that the centrifugal force given by their revolution will hurl out of the hollow cones in the general 
 directions indicated by the arrows all the rocks that are forced into them. These rocks thrown violently 
 out of the two hollow cones, oppositely, cannot strike the case, for they are thrown from it and against 
 each other, and the force lost by collision ; also, every movement of these projectile rocks is made 
 through an atmosphere of the same material, for the case is kept constantly full of rock. Thus in the 
 collision of the rocks the material is pulverized. If the flying rocks could take any direction not indi- 
 cated by the arrows, before striking the case, such projectiles would have to meet and crush all the rocks 
 lying in their way to the case, or screen, and they would be pulverized themselves or lose their force 
 before striking the iron boundary. 
 
 This machine is excellent for work requiring the product to be reduced to dust, and as I have seen 
 it repeatedly in operation I strongly recommend it for that purpose. It requires the Stont! 
 Breaker Shown On pages 11O and 111 to reduce the quarry stone small enough to enter the 
 hopper on case A, fig. 142, and this, with the two machines combined, screen and elevator, shown in fig. 
 134, will enable any one to rush through a very large amount of fine, pulverized limestone for glass flux 
 or other similar use at very little cost and very few repairs. 
 
 DITTMAN'S PATENT HAND-POWER ROCK DRILL. 
 
 Drilling capacity in Sand Stone, six feet per hour. 
 
 FIG. 146^. FIG. 146%. 
 
 This hand-power rock drill has but recently been patented and put on the market, and appears 
 destined to fill a long-felt want for something better than hand drilling in the old style, and is not so 
 expensive as a steam or compressed-air plant. It has very few and simple parts to go out of order, 
 and by it holes can be drilled to any desired depth for rock blasting. It is easily moved from hole to 
 hole, and by means of set screws, A B, it can easily be adapted to any unevenness of the rock. It is 
 self-feeding and self-rotating, and one man is all that is necessary to operate it as above. 
 
 140 
 
PORTABLE AND STATIONARY POWDER MAGAZINES. 
 
 All Blasting or Sporting Powder should be laid down flat, whether in 
 
 hauling or in storing. 
 
 For many years I have observed the great need of better arrangements for taking care of explo- 
 sives about quarries and railroad work, and lately I have had the matter forced to my attention by sev- 
 enteen kegs of best blasting powder being found spoiled for want of proper storage conveniences, and I 
 therefore take the opportunity of calling attention to what I have said on this subject on pages 8 and 9; 
 also, to add that I have observed that powder is almost the first thing needed about a railroad con- 
 tract or opening a quarry, and it is generally the last article for which proper storage is provided. It is 
 no uncommon thing for everything else needed on a railroad contract to be ordered and a beginning 
 
 FIG. 147. 
 
 made, and then comes a hurry for explosives. When the powder arrives there is no separate place to 
 properly store it, but it is hurriedly put in a corner of the blacksmith shop or an old leaky-roofed stable, 
 and soon a complaint is made that the powder is bad; but the user (or powder monkey) does not report tha t 
 it has been treated as if it was limestone not affected by the weather or surroundings. Now, to supply 
 this long-felt want, the firm of Arthur Kirk & Son have made arrangements by which they will be able to 
 supply portable rat and rain-proof sheet iron magazines on wheels, as shown in fig. 148, and capable of 
 holding 16, 24 and 32 kegs; all these three different sizes will have rain-proof covers fastened to one 
 side with strong strap hinges, and the other side with two strong padlock hasps and strong handles on 
 each end, all painted outside and inside. The above firm will also supply stationary sheet iron -magazines 
 
 141 
 
FIG. 148. 
 
 like that shown in fig. 147 in four different sizes, capable of holding 100, 200, 300 and 400 kegs respect- 
 ively; they are substantially made on a frame work of angle iron covered with strong sheet iron and 
 made in sections held together at the corners by bolts inside, which can easily be removed and the sec- 
 tions can then be shipped separately thereby securing a low class of freight from one contract to another. 
 See figs. 147 and 148. Powder kegs should always be laid on their side and never on end, so that any 
 water or moisture may run off. 
 
 THE FORSTER ROCK BREAKER. 
 
 Fig. 149 represents the Forster Rock Breaker and shows the construction of that machine very well. 
 The power is applied by means of a belt on the tight and slack pulleys, shown in the center of the cut, 
 which are mounted on a short driving shaft with a center crank and short pitman connected with the long 
 lever reaching forward to front of machine and oscillating on a crown bolt under the ring shown in cut. 
 
 FIG. 
 
 The end of this lever forms the end of feed box where the stone is dropped in and ?s the shaft revolves 
 the crank and pitman moves the long end of the lever back and forward, so as to crush the stone, first on 
 one side of feed hole and then on the other, and so crushes the stone on one side after another until it is 
 small enough to drop through between end of lever and wedged end of feed box. 
 
 142 
 
ASBESTOS LINED SECTIONAL PIPE AND BOILER 
 
 COVERING. 
 
 FIG. 150. 
 
 Class A is compossed entirely of wool felt, and is used for water and gas pipes, and very low 
 pressure steam pipes. 
 
 Class B is wool felt, lined inside with Asbestos. It is used principally on steam pipes, boilers, 
 drums, etc. 
 
 Class C is wool felt, having three layers of Asbestos inside alternating with layers of wool felt. In. 
 tended for use on very high-pressure steam pipes. 
 
 It is made of campact felt, made from the pulp of woolen rags; and wool is positively the best non- 
 conductor of heat known to science. 
 
 It is made in paper form, about an inch in thickness, is elastic and durable, and does dot crack by 
 expansion of pipes. 
 
 Being interlined with asbestos, it is indestructible at any temperature at which steam is used. Numer- 
 ous instances of pipes covered with it and carrying over 160 pounds of pressure are given. 
 
 It radiates less heat, at seven-eights of an inch in thickness, than most other coverings of twice that 
 thickness. 
 
 From printed instructions accompanying shipments, any handy man can apply the Reed covering. 
 When well coated with paint, it is impervious to the action of the weather whether used inside or 
 outdoors. 
 
 It is made in sections, three feet in length, and can, if necessary, be taken off and reapplied 
 without injury. 
 
 It does not burden down the pipes; weight of square foot, one and one-quarter pounds. 
 
 It will not fracture or loosen, and when being applied or in use makes no dirt or grit to injure 
 machinery. 
 
 It can be applied while pipes are either hot or cold. 
 
 Gas and water pipes covered with this preserve their contents without freezing. 
 
 If desired we will do work by contract, or furnish men at fair wages and expenses. 
 
 Tests have shown that savings in fuel from 10 to 30 per cent, have been effected by this covering. 
 
 Price list sent on application. 
 
 JOHN A. McCoNNELL & Co., 
 
 No. 87 Water Street, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 '43 
 
ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE COVERING WITH AIR SPACE. 
 
 FIG. 151. 
 
 This composition for lightness, efficiency and durability, is unexcelled, is elastic and will not crack 
 from expansion of surfaces, and adheres tightly to same; is easily replaced and can be used again. The 
 composition keys itself through the meshes of the wire lathing, where air space is adopted, and this adds 
 to its efficiency. 
 
 AIR SPACE-FIG. 152. 
 
 The composition is made of asbestos fibre and a cementing compound, part of which is infusorial 
 earth, widely known as fossil meal, which makes our composition an excellent non-conductor and, at 
 the same time, very light. It is put up dry, to be mixed with water to the consistency of mortar and 
 applied in coats by trowel on surfaces to be covered. 
 
 Our asbestos cement felting is unexcelled. 
 
 It is an excellent non-conductor ; mixes readily, is easily applied, adheres tenaciously with 
 minimum of crackage. 
 
 Write stating what you wish to cover with cement felting and we will mail you a sample of suitable 
 grade. 
 
 For steam pipes, boilers, drums, etc., XXX, per bbl., $4 oo 
 
 For hot blast pipes and all very hot surfaces, Hot Blast, " 5 oo 
 
 ASBESTOS AND MINERAL WOOL COMBINATION 
 
 COVERING. 
 
 CLASS D-FIG. 153. CLASS E-F1G. 154. 
 
 Both the mineral wool and the asbestos combination coverings, shown in the above cuts, com- 
 bine all the advantages of the much-talked-of fire-proof coverings, together with the remarkable heat 
 insulating qualities, everywhere recognized as being possessed by the wool felt sectional coverings. 
 
 JOHN A. MrCoNXKLL & Co. 
 
 No. 8j Water Street, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 144 
 
I KNOW A FEW QUARRYMEN WHO ALWAYS COMPLAIN 
 
 OF BAD ELECTRIC FUSES, 
 
 While other quarrymen never make a complaint about the same. After much investigation, 
 I have concluded that the fault lies in the way quarrymen handle them, and to save other quarrymen 
 trouble, I have concluded to call special attention to this subject ; this I propose to do by first calling 
 attention to the delicate construction of electric fuses or exploders, of which fig. 155 is a full-sized cut. 
 
 FIG. 155. 
 
 A represents the copper shell or cup, about one and a quarter inches long, and one-quarter of an 
 inch in diameter, closed at one end and open at the other, and filled two-thirds full with explosive 
 fulminate, B, which is very "easily exploded, with the two ends, E and D,of the two copper wires, C, imbedded 
 in the fulminate, and those two copper wires are connected to each other by a fine hair wire, E D, of 
 platinum wire, and then the end of the cap closed by a plug of melted sulphur, F. The two wires, C, are 
 covered with insulating covering to prevent the electricity passing from one wire to the other without 
 going to exploder cap, and these wires are made from four to thirty feet regularly, or to any length on 
 special order. 
 
 Now, anyone who has carefully read the above will easily understand that electric exploders are very 
 delicately made and, of course, easily put out of order. They should be handled very carefully, for if a 
 man catches the cap in his finger and thumb and attempts to pull a fuse out of a bundle of fifty, as they 
 are usually put up, and should permit the wires to become tangled, as shown in fig. 156, he is very 
 liable to injure the fuse, either by pulling the cap off and disturbing the fine hair of platinum wire, or 
 injuring the insulation along the wires so that when the wires are laid side by side in the tamping in a 
 hole the electricity will then jump from one wire to another and the hole missfire ; then the fuse is con- 
 demned, when it has only been injured by careless handling by the quarryman, without him ever know- 
 ing he has injured it. Now, to avoid this trouble, I recommend that manufacturers of electric fuses 
 should be required to fold every separate wire, with each fold crossed over the previous fold, as shown in 
 fig. 158, and then packed in box, as shown in fig. 159. Then a quarryman can easily lift out as many 
 fuses as he has holes ready to blast and take them to the holes. By catching the wires near the cap 
 with the finger and thumb of one hand and the other end, B, with the finger and thumb of the other 
 hand, the whole fuse will unfold itself as easily as a two-foot rule unfolds, and it can then be put into a 
 hole with far more certainty of exploding than as now used. 
 
 Fig. 156 represents the condition I have many times found electric fuse in at a quarry where a care- 
 less man, in drawing out a few fuses from a bundle of fifty, permits the whole bundle to become 
 tangled up as shown. Fig. 158 shows how I propose to have each separate fuse wound on a former, each 
 layer crossed over the previous layer and each end so twisted around the layers as to hold each fuse sepa- 
 rate, and then packed fifty in a box, as shown in fig. 159. Then when the user takes one out of the box, 
 untwists and ratches each end, as shown in fig. 157, and spreads his. arms, the whole fuse 
 will unwind, as shown in fig. 157, without injuring either cap or insulation. 
 
 MS 
 
PIC. 156. 
 
 FIG. 157- 
 
 FIG. 158. 
 
 FIG. 159. 
 
 146 
 
STRIPPING QUARRIES BY HYDRAULIC WASHING, 
 
 FIG. 160. 
 
 Since printing what is said about Hydraulic Washing on page 48, I have obtained the above cut and 
 considerable information on the subject, and stop the press to give it to my readers. Fig. 160 shows the 
 two nozzles playing on a bank at once, and if we imagine they are five or six inches in diameter (a very 
 common size in hydraulic washing), and throwing that volume of water with a force of from three 
 hundred to four hundred pounds pressure at the nozzle, one can easily see that the stripping above any 
 limestone quarry must soon give way before such a force continuously thrown against any earthen or shale 
 bank at far less cost than by any other known means. This force, I am assured, can easily be produced 
 by using a duplex Hall steam pump, of suitable size and proportion, as I am informed these pumps have 
 been repeatedly used for this purpose. Almost every quarry is located near a stream of water, where, by 
 means of a cheap dam thrown across it, sufficient water might easily be collected in a night to run the 
 pump part, if not all, of the next day, and do far more stripping than fifty men could do in the same 
 time, and that merely at the cost of the wages of three men ; one to keep up steam, one to attend to the 
 the nozzle and one to see that the water was properly conducted away after it spent its force on the bank. 
 Another item of saving would be the washing clean of a large portion of loose stones now found 
 imbedded in the mud and clay, and too dirty to be used for any purpose, but which, if rolled or tossed 
 in water one or two hundred feet, would be clean enough for any use, and, although they might not be 
 fit for fluxing purposes, yet would make excellent railroad ballast, or common road metal, as a'.l such 
 stone would be gotten without drilling or blasting. I have no doubt but that in many quarries this 
 washed stone would pay all expenses of running the pump. 
 
LIDGERWOOD MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 
 
 99 First Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 IMPROVED HOISTING ENGINES AND BOILERS. 
 
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 Specially adapted for Contractors, Railroads and Builders' uses, Pile 
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 SEND FOR OUR LARGE ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. 
 
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INDEX 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Accidents from Explosives 9 
 
 Another Cause of Missfire in Electric Blasting 33 
 
 Air Compressors Improve the Air in a Mine 69 
 
 Air Compressor (sectional view) 7 
 
 Air Compressor, with enlarged Air Cylinder for Low 
 
 Pressure Air 79 
 
 Auxiliary Valve Drill 9 6 
 
 Asbestos Lined Pipe and Boiler Cover 143, 144 
 
 Advantages of Compressed Air 57 
 
 Allison's, Wm., Letter on Shaft Sinking 62 
 
 B 
 
 Bullet-proof Magazines 8 
 
 Blasting by Electricity, Economic Value 27 
 
 Blasting Reels 28 
 
 Blasting by Electricity Compared with Fuse Blasting... 37 
 
 Blasting and Sporting Powder . . . 44 
 
 Blasting down the walls of a Roman Catholic Church at 
 
 Johnstown 53 
 
 Blasting the Jam at Johnstown 55 
 
 Best Method of Sinking a Shaft or Running a Tunnel. . . 56 
 
 But when Compressed Air is Used 57 
 
 Bar Channeler Making Horizontal Cut 90 
 
 Baby Drill for Pop Holing 95 
 
 Breaking Large Blocks of Granite 99 
 
 Breaker, Elevator, Screen and Bin 128 
 
 Breaker, Screen and Bin 129 
 
 Breaker and Double-sided Bin 124 
 
 Breaker with End Dump Hoist 125 
 
 Breaker Plant for Large Capacity and Fine Product 126 
 
 Breaker Higher Than Supply of Stone 127 
 
 Breaker with Screen and Return Elevator 128 
 
 Bomb-proof Shelters for Men 12 
 
 Blasting Coal 24 
 
 Cheapest Plan for Stripping a Quarry 17 
 
 Cost of Electric Apparatus 28 
 
 Crescent Blasting Reels 29 
 
 Cause of Missfire in Electric Blasting. . 33 
 
 Contrast Between Old and New Plan of Blasting 36 
 
 Club Sporting Powder 45 
 
 Champion Ducking Powder 46 
 
 Crack Shot Powder 47 
 
 Compressed Air Can be Used 57 
 
 Concentrated Piston Cold Air Compressor, Class A, 
 
 Steam Actuated 73 
 
 Compressor with Large Cylinder for Low Air Pressure. . . 79 
 Compressor with Piston Inlet for Cold Air, Showing 
 
 Automatic Air Pressure Cut-off 80 
 
 Compressor Showing Details of Automatic Air Cut-off, 
 
 Class A or B .81 
 
 Compressor with Pelton Water Wheels on Main Shaft. . . 82 
 Concentrated Piston Cold Air Compressor, Class B, Belt 
 
 Actuated, Driven by Water Power 76 
 
 Concentrated Piston Cold Air Compressor, Class li, 
 Driven by Belt from Water Power, Electricity or 
 
 Stationary Engine 77 
 
 Compound High Pressure Air Compressor, for air pres- 
 sure up to 800 pounds to one inch 78 
 
 Compressor Showing Enlarged View of Automatic Ait- 
 Pressure Regulator 8 1 
 
 Coal Miners' Drills, Scrapers, etc 109 
 
 Combria Iron Works Plant 122 
 
 Cowies' Patent, preventing accident from over-hoist of 
 
 '34, 135, >j6 
 
 Cotton Fuse . 
 
 2 5 
 
 Dynamite Thawing, Plan of Room 10 
 
 Dynamite Thawing, Kettles 13 
 
 Does Squibbing Holes Pay ? 15 
 
 Dynamite as an Explosive 19 
 
 Demand for High Explosives KJ 
 
 Dynamite May be Used Laid on Rock 20 
 
 Dynamite is Invaluable for Stump Blasting 20 
 
 1 )ynamite, How to Use 23 
 
 Dynamite Made Perfectly Safe 20 
 
 Directions for Using Crescent Reel 29 
 
 Directions for Charging Holes to Fire by Electricity 30 
 
 Directions for Blasting by Electricity 30 
 
 Duplex Pumps Should Be Used in Shaft Sinking 59 
 
 Details of Construction of Air Compressors 71 
 
 Duplex Compound Corliss Air Compressor 73 
 
 Duplex Compound Air Compressor, ground plan 75 
 
 Dynamite, Several Grades of 58 
 
 Directions for Using Kirk's Water Injector 86 
 
 Descriptive Table of Rock Drills 105 
 
 Directions for Operating Rock Drills 106 
 
 Directions for Setting Up and Care of Stone Breakers. ..114 
 
 Ditman's Patent Hand-power Rock Drill 140 
 
 Dam for Hydraulic Washing 18 
 
 Double Tape Fuse 25 
 
 Dynamite Explosion 55 
 
 Elevation of Thawing House i r 
 
 Electric Exploders, How to Fasten Exploder to Cartridge 23 
 
 Electric Blasting in Shaft Sinking 60, 61 
 
 Electric Blasting Compared with Fuse Blasting 41 
 
 Elevation of Air Compressor, Air Receiver and Boiler. . 74 
 Engineers' Attention Called to the Importance of Com- 
 pressed Air 70 
 
 Electric Exploders, Perfection in Machinery for Making. 33 
 
 Electric Blasting 58 
 
 Elevators 1 1 8 
 
 Electric Fuses, How tu Handle 145. 146 
 
 150 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Front Elevation Thawing House 12 
 
 Firing by Fuse 25 
 
 Frick & Co.'s Letter Recommending Compressed Air for 
 
 Running Pumps 74 
 
 Fuse Blasting 4 
 
 Ford's Paten Turinel Feed and Water Heater 66 
 
 Flat Hole Work with Power Drill ' 98 
 
 Forster Rock Breaker 142 
 
 Fastening Electric Exploder in a Dynamite Cartridge. . . 23 
 
 Great Need of Better Laws 7 
 
 Great Danger in Squibbing Holes 15 
 
 Cireat Perfection of Making Electric Exploders 33 
 
 Grim Patent Coal and Clay Boring Machines. .-. 107 
 
 Gates Rock and Ore Breaker 112 
 
 Gutta-Percha Fuse 25 
 
 H 
 
 Heavy Blasting 16 
 
 How to Fire Blasts in Coal, Rock and Stumps 24 
 
 How to Fasten Fuse to Cartridge 26, 27 
 
 How to Fasten Electric Exploder to Dynamite Cartridge, 23-26 
 
 How to Connect the Wires for Blasting 31, 32, 33 
 
 How to Blast Salamander 43 
 
 How to Use a Shot Gun 45 
 
 1 low to Charge Holes in a Salamander 44 
 
 How Blasting in the Johnstown Jam was Done 54 
 
 Horizontal Tubular Boilers, Full Front 67 
 
 Hydraulic Washing Best Plan to Strip a Quarry 17, 147 
 
 Horizontal Steam Engine '. . . 67 
 
 Hose and Couplings 101 
 
 Hand Power Drill 140 
 
 Hoisting Engines 148, 149 
 
 Hemp Fuse 25 
 
 I 
 
 Introduction 3 
 
 Importance of Blasting Explosives 3 
 
 I nsurance of Explosives 7 
 
 Importance of Re-examining Wires 32 
 
 Incrustation in Steam Boilers 64 
 
 I do not Recommend Fancy Boilers 66 
 
 Inlet Air Piston to Air Compressor 70 
 
 Important Features of the Auxiliary Valve Drill 94 
 
 Improved Hoisting and Conveying. . 129, 130, I3r, 132, 133 
 Improved 1'lan of Packing Fuses 145, 146 
 
 Johnstown Jam, 350 feet wide by 850 feet long 50 
 
 Johnstown Jam Above Stone Bridge 51, 52, 53, 54, 55 
 
 Kitchen Range Explodes 6 
 
 Kirk's Water Injector for Power Drills 85 
 
 Larger Hole at Bottom 15 
 
 Leading Wires 28 
 
 Letter from J . K . Taggart 5^ 
 
 Letter from William Allison 62 
 
 Letter from H. C. Frick & Co 74 
 
 Letter from H. L. Schweyer 93 
 
 Ledgerwood Mfg. Co., ad 148, 149 
 
 M 
 
 Majendie Letter, Col. V. D 5 
 
 Making Small Blasts 16 
 
 Money Lost in Loading Stone 17 
 
 Magnetic Machine for Blasting 28 
 
 My Experience with Dynamite at Johnstown in 
 
 1889 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55 
 
 Machinery Department of Ouarry Work 63 
 
 Missfire in Blasting, Cause of 33 
 
 Modes of Firing, Result of 36 
 
 Method of Shaft Sinking 56 
 
 Mining or Tunnelling Plant, showing boilers, pump, com- 
 pressor, etc, 83 
 
 Moran Flexible Steam Joint, to take the place of steam 
 
 and air hose .....' too 
 
 Matches Worse than Dynamite 6 
 
 McConnell, Jno. A. & Co., ad 143, 144 
 
 N 
 
 New Plan of Heavy Blasts. 35 
 
 New Mode of Blasting Dimension Stone 42 
 
 No Hang-fire Shots, 39 
 
 Old Plan of Heavy Blasts 34 
 
 Opening Powder Kegs 42 
 
 Oil and Tools for Power Drills 87 
 
 Oiling Stone Breaker 116 
 
 Powder Magazines 7, 141, 142 
 
 Plenty of Holes Ready for Blasting 14 
 
 Paying Men by the Day 17 
 
 Powder Spoon 26 
 
 Pumping Power 57 
 
 Pumps 5^ 
 
 Plan of Air Compressors. Boiler, etc 72 
 
 Producing First Point of Rupture at Bottom of Hole 38 
 
 Power Rock Drills 84 
 
 Price of Rock Drills 1 02 
 
 Price of Complete Plant of Mining Machinery 103 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Power Drills Should Be Used in Fire Clay Mines 108 
 
 Plans for Changing Parts of Breaker 117 
 
 Portable Stone Breaker 119 
 
 Pipe Covering 143, 144 
 
 Plan of Dynamite Thawing Room 10 
 
 Quarrying with Bar Channeler 92 
 
 Quarrymen Complain of Bad Electric Fuses 145 
 
 Rules to be Observed in Magazines 9 
 
 Rock and Ore Breaker 1 10 
 
 Result of the Two Modes of Firing 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 
 
 Reckless Way of Opening Powder Kegs 42 
 
 Rifle Powder 46 
 
 Reason why the water struck Johnstown with so much 
 
 force 49 
 
 Running a Tunnel with Power Drills and Compressed Air. 90 
 
 Rock Drill Hose and Couplings 101 
 
 Renewing Hopper Liners 113 
 
 Revolving Screens 1 18 
 
 Road Roller, Best Pattern 129 
 
 Rope Hoist and Conveying Apparatus 129 
 
 Rock Crusher and Pulverizer Combined 137, 138, 139 
 
 Running a Heading in a Tunnel 85 
 
 Rock Drill and Ore Breaker no to 128 
 
 s 
 
 Stripping a Quarry, Cheapest Plan 17, 146 
 
 Stump Blasting Made Easy and Safe 21 
 
 Stump Blasting, Large or Hollow 22 
 
 Stump Blasting, Fresh Cut, etc 22 
 
 Squib Firing 24 
 
 Smokeless Powder 47 
 
 Shaft Sinking 56, 57, 58, 59. 60, 61 , 62 
 
 Steam Should be Used Through an Air Compressor 57 
 
 Steam Boilers 63 
 
 Stationary Tubular Steam Boilers 64 
 
 Stationary Tubular Steam-setting Boilers 66 
 
 Stationary Tubular Steam Table of Specifications 65 
 
 Stationary Horizontal Steam Engine 67 
 
 Stationary Vertical Steam Engine 68 
 
 Shot Gun, Use of 45 
 
 Single Quarry Bar 89 
 
 Sinking a Large Shaft with Power Drills 91 
 
 Starting a Quarry with Power Drills 97 
 
 Specifications and Prices of Drill Steels 104 
 
 Size and Weight of Column 105 
 
 Starting Stone Breaker r 16 
 
 Stone Breaker Mounted on Wheels 119 
 
 Steam Engine for Hoisting and Conveying Apparatus. 130, 131 
 
 Special Engine for Hoisting and Conveying 130, 131 
 
 Single Tape Fuse 25 
 
 Sectional View of Air Cylinder 70 
 
 Sclnveyer, H. I., letter on Advantage of Quarry Machin- 
 ery 93 
 
 Steam Hose, Prices, etc 101 
 
 Stripping Quarries by Hydraulic Washing 147 
 
 Sinking Shaft 62 
 
 Thawing Dynamite in an Improper Way . . . .9, 10, n, 12, 13 
 
 Thawing Dynamite, Kettles 13 
 
 Thawing Dynamite, Room 10 
 
 The Whole Mass Caught Fire * 50 
 
 The Great Johnstown Jam 50 
 
 Then Use Electric Blasting 58 
 
 u 
 
 Use Dynamite After Trying Several Grades 58 
 
 Use Ford's Patent Water Heater in all Steam Boilers 67 
 
 Use of Compressed Air 57 
 
 Very Best Machinery for the Work 63 
 
 Vertical Steam Engines 68 
 
 w 
 
 Wrong Treatment Imposed on Explosives 4 
 
 Worse Than Dynamite 6 
 
 Waste Force in Handling Minerals 14 
 
 Work for which Drill is Best Suited 87 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
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 9 1947 
 JUN 6 1947 
 
 APR 'L 4 19 
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