LOCALIZATION 0? BRAIN TJHGTION SH3PH3RD I FRANZ REPRINTED FROM VOL VIII, No, 4. July, 1901, THE Psychological Review EDITED BY J. MARK BALDWIN J. McKEEN CATTELL PRINCETON UNIVERSITY COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY AND H. C. WARREN PRINCETON UNIVERSITY (Associate Editor and xsintsf Managtr) WITH THE CO-OPERA TION OF ALFRED BINET, ECOLE DES HAUTES-ETUDES, PARIS; JOHN DEWEY, H. H. DONALD SON, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO; G. S. FULLERTON, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA; G. H. HOWISON, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA; JOSEPH JASTROW, UNI- VERSITY OF WISCONSIN; G. T. LADD, YALE UNIVERSITY; HUGO MUNSTERBERG, HARVARD UNIVERSITY; M. ALLEN STARR, COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, NEW YORK , CARL STUMPF, UNIVERSITY, BERLIN ; JAMES SULLY, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, IXWDON. UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES LIBRARY LOCALIZATION OF BRAIN FUNCTION. BY SHEPHERD IVORY FRANZ, Harvard Medical School. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 41 N. QUEEN ST., LANCASTER, PA. 66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. AGBNT: G. E. STECHERT, LONDON (2 Star Yard, Carey St., W. C.); LEIPZIG (Hospital St., 10) ; PARIS (76 rue de Rennes). Reprinted from THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW, Vol. VIII., No. 4, July, 1901. LOCALIZATION OF BRAIN FUNCTION. 1 1 . Experimental researches upon the cerebral localization of the tactile, olfactory and gustatory senses. G. ANDRIANI. Ital. Cong, of Psychiatry, 1896. 2. Ueber die Enttuickelung der Rindencentren. A. BARY. Arch, f. Physiol., 1898, 341. 3. Ueber die Lagc der motor ischen Rindencentren des Menschen nach Ergebnissen faradischer Reizung derselben bet Gehirn- operationen. W. VON BECHTEREW. Arch. f. Physiol., 1899, 543- 4. Ueber die sensiblen Functionen der sog. motorischen Rinden- zone des Menschen. W. VON BECHTEREW. Arch. f. Physiol., I 9 00, 22. 5. Zur vergleichenden Physiologie des Grosshirns. A. BICKEL. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 1898, LXXII., 190. 6. Ueber corticale Reizung der Augenmuskeln. R. DU Bois-REY- MOND und P. SILEX. Arch. f. Physiol., 1899, 174. 7. A. note on the comparative intellectual value of the anterior and posterior cerebral lobes. C. CLAPHAM. Journ. Med. Sci., 1898, XLIV., 290. 8. Cortical motor centres of the Opossum. R. H. CUNNINGHAM. Journ. of Physiol., 1897-8, XXII., 264. 9. Beobachtungen an einem Affen mit -verstiimmeltem Grosshirn. F. GOLTZ. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 1899, LXXVI., 411. 1 This article is intended to give a brief resum and review of the principal articles upon the function of the cerebrum which have appeared since 1895. 419 LOCALIZATION OF BRAIN FUNCTION. 10. Beitrag zur experimentellen Analyse coordinirter Beivegun- gen. H. E. HERING. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 1898, LXX., 559- 1 1 . Ueber Hemmung der Contraction ivillkurlicher Muskel bei electrischer Reizung der Grosshirnrinde. H. E. HERING und C. S. SHERRINGTON. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 1897, LXVTIL, 222. 12. Les centres moteurs corticaux du cerveau humain determines d'apres les ejfets de I'excitation faradique des hemispheres cerebraux de Vhomme. L. LAMARCQ. Arch. clin. de Bordeaux, 1897,491,568. 13. Ueber die musikalischen Centren des Gehirns. W. LARIONOW. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 1899, LXXVL, 608. 14. Cortical Localization in Ornithorhyncus. C. J. MARTIN. Jour, of Physiol., 1898-9, XXIII, 383. 15. Sur la physiologic du corps calleux et sur les moyens de recherche pour r etude de la fonction des ganglions de la base. D. Lo MONACO. Arch. ital. de biol., 1897, XXVII., 296. 1 6. Sur la physiologic des couches optiques. D. Lo MONACO. Arch, ital. debiol., 1898, XXX., 198. 17. Recherches experimcntales sur la physiologic de la couche optique. J. SELLIER et H. VERGER. Arch, de physiol., 1898, XXX., 706. 1 8. Les hemianesthesies capsulaires experimentales. J. SELLIER et H. VERGER. Jour, de physiol. et de pathol. gner., 1899, I., 757. 19. Le lobe occipital et la vision mentalc. J. SOURY. Revue philos., 1895, XL., 561 ; 1896, XLL, 145, 285. 20. On the alleged Sensory Function of the Motor Cortex Cerebri. E. A. SCHAFER. Jour, of Physiol., 1899, XXIII., 310. 21. Ueber Rindenreizung am freilaufenden Hunde nach J. R. Ewald. G. A. TALBERT. Arch. f. Physiol., 1900, 195. 22. Sur les mouvements des membres produits par ^excitation de r hemisphere cerebral du cote correspondant. E. WERTHEIMER et L. LEPAGE. Arch, de physiol., 1897, XXIX., 168. 23. Ein Beitrag zur Lehre von den Beziehungen ztvischen Lage und Function im Bereich der motorischen Region der-Grosshirn- rinde mit specieller Riicksicht auf das Rindenfeld des Orbicu- lar is oculi. TH. ZIEHEN. Arch. f. Physiol., 1899, J 5^- PSYCHOLOGICAL LITERATURE. JpO Since the discovery, about iSo, that the cerebral cortex responds to electrical stimulation, knowledge of the function of the various parts of the brain has been rapidly accumulating. This method, which is of value only for the determination of the brain connection with the musculature, has been supplemented by the earlier extirpation methods and by pathological and embryological data. In the use of this method great care must be exercised that the stimulation produced does not spread to other areas which are not intended to be stimulated, and this great source of error limits the use of the method to the most skilled experimenters. The extirpation method, a method in which the brain is exposed and a part is cut away or its physiological activity destroyed by cau- terization, enables us to collect data regarding not only the motor function, but also the sensory. By means of this method we are en- abled to keep an animal alive for many days or even months, to note its actions, and to experiment often for a determination of the charac- ter of its sensory, motor and associational processes. The clinical and pathological method, or rather evidence, is closely allied to the extir- pation method. Patients may be observed for days or weeks, and after death the abnormal mental conditions are often found to have been concomitant with well-marked lesions in the brain. A histological examination often shows the course of the nerve fiber tracts concerned in these artificially produced and ' normal ' pathological conditions. To these methods Flechsig has added a fourth. He and other in- vestigators have determined the time at which the different parts of the brain arrive at their full development, and the embryological data is further correlated with the development of various bodily and mental processes. The use of these methods has shown (a) that the cortex may be divided into separate areas which control very definite muscular pi- sensory processes, () that the frontal, part of the parietal, and the occipito-temporal regions are probably concerned with the association of motor and sensory functions, and (c) that an animal may live with almost the entire cerebrum lacking. The motor area in the brain is found to be in the region surrounding the fissure of Rolando. Towards the lower end of this fissure stimula- tion produces movements of the head and face, and extirpation causes loss of voluntary control in those muscles. Higher up on the fissure of Rolando is found the area governing the movements of the hand and arm, above which is the center for the leg and foot and towards the mesial aspect of the cerebrum is found the area for the trunk muscles. 421 LOCALIZATION OF BRAIN FUNCTION. Bary (2) has attempted to determine whether or not the motor area can function at birth. Stimulation of the region which in an older animal always produces movements of the limbs, he finds at times ineffective on newborn dogs, cats, rabbits and guinea pigs. On a newborn child Westphal found that stimulation of the brain did not produce muscular movements. If both investigations are ac- cepted, the facts are significant to the psychologist. In the child we may have at first only reflex movements, and later the development of the cortex permits voluntary motions. In most of the animals upon which Bary experimented he found, on the other hand, that move- ments can be excited by cortical stimulation, the connection of the nerve cells with the periphery being fully established within twenty- four hours after birth. The early experiments of Fritsch and Hitzig, of Ferrier, of Munk, of Goltz, of Schafer and Horsley, and of others showed the general position in the cortex for the movements of the various muscles. The areas for single muscles were not so well investigated, and the attention of the later experimenters has been directed mainly towards the finer localization of the muscular control. Martin (14), experimenting on Ornithorhyncus, found that al- though the areas for the groups of muscles are well marked these areas could not be separated into areas for single muscles. Cunning- ham (8) found practically the same for the opossum. His results show that u cortical representation of the fore-limb, of the mouth and tongue, of the muscles of deglutition and of those causing move- ments of the ear seem to be well marked, although the foci for the indi- vidual movements executed in these regions of the body are not sharply differentiated." Precise local differentiation of individual movements does not exist in the opossum or in Ornithorhyncus. In other animals and in man it has been found by Hering (10), by Wertheimer and Lepage (22), by Lamarcq (12), and by Bech- terew (3) that movements produced by cortical stimulation are coor- dinated movements, not movements of single muscles. Hering (10) asserts that each motor disturbance which is obtained after extirpation of any brain area is not a simple disturbance but a coordinated muscu- lar disturbance. The results obtained by Wertheimer and Lepage are interesting in the light of some results in cross education. They find that stimula- tion of any area, normally producing a movement in the opposite side of the body, if sufficiently strong will also produce a movement on the same side. The authors seem to think that after the nerve fiber has crossed to the opposite side of the cord it may give off a collateral PSYCHOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 422 going to the corresponding muscles on the same side as the cell body. Were this true, ' cross education ' would not be ' cross education,' but would be resolved into a direct education of the corresponding part. The stimulation of the areas concerned in eye movements indicates better than most experiments that the areas for any given muscle may be distinct from others. Ziehen (23) and Du Bois-Reymond and Silex (6) obtained simple movements of the orbicularis oculi and of the recti and oblique eye muscles, but the conditions are not the same as for the movement of other parts of the body. The results of Wissler and Richardson (this REVIEW, 1900, VII., 29) are in harmony with the idea of centers for coordinated move- ments, but in all these cases it is difficult to determine whether the coordinated movement is controlled by a distinct center or is due to a nervous discharge over the association tracts. Researches similar to those of Bary and of Westphal, if tried on monkeys of different ages, might determine this point, as well as the development of the forma- tion of simple motor habits. Most of our experiments on brain functions have been made on ani- mals, and the troublesome question has always arisen, " How far can we apply these results to man?" The question has been answered to a certain extent by Bechterew (3), in his recent confirmation of the great physiological similarity between the brain of the monkev and that of man. On a man who had the brain exposed, Bechterew stimu- lated the motor region and found that the general order of the motor centers in man in gyri about the fissure of Rolando is analogous to that found in apes. The center for the lower extremity lies in the upper part of the gyrus centralis posterior, the center for the upper extremity in the middle part of the gyri anterior and posterior to the fissure of Rolando. Underneath the center for the upper limb is the center for the thumb and the fingers, and below near the fissure of Sylvius is the center for the face. The center for the side movements of the head and the eyes, as in apes, lies in the posterior part of the second gyrus and in its immediate neighborhood. The center for the thigh muscles lies in the upper part of the convolutions anterior to the Rolandic fissure, above the center .for the upper limb. In man, as well as in apes, the center for the thumb and ringers lies near the center for the upper extremity. After extirpation of any motor center in an animal, for example, a dog, at first there seems to be almost complete paralysis of the muscles connected with that area. If the area for one of the forepaws is ex- cised, the dog is for a few days seemingly unable to move that limb. 4^3 LOCALIZATION OF BRAIN FUNCTION. This effect may disappear within the course of a few weeks and a cer- tain amount of movement in that limb be reestablished. In man, paralysis due to lesion of the motor cortex will not disappear. In ad- dition it is often found in cases of paralysis in man that the motor dis- turbance is often accompanied by a sensory defect in a loss of tactile or muscular sensations. Schafer (20) and Bechterew (4) in their re- cent articles represent the two views held regarding these phenomena : (1) that the cortex about the fissure of Rolando is purely motor, and (2) that it is sensory-motor. Schafer, holding to the first of these opin- ions, would probably say that the lesion in man is almost never local- ized in a small area and that the large area of disturbance may pro- duce many symptoms in addition to the paralysis without there being one center for the different processes. Schafer's conclusion seems based more upon animal experimentation and upon experiments which appear to the reviewer inconclusive. None of the published experi- ments upon animals is of crucial value and the view of Schiff and Munk, represented in Bechterew's article, seems at present most in accordance with the facts. Much of the clinical evidence supports the view upheld by Schafer that the so-called motor cortex is 'motor.' Bechterew, however, reports three cases from his own clinic, which have led him to believe that this region of the brain is not purely motor, but has also certain sensory functions. His conclusion is that "these facts set aside all doubt that skin sensibility and muscular feel- ing in man have their center in a portion of the brain other than that usually assigned to motor function. This fact is understood when we consider that these two qualities of sensibility are of considerable use in voluntary movement." In conjunction with the sensory disturb- ances noticed after extirpation of a motor area, it should be noted that stimulation of a sensory area such as the visual region in the occipi- tal lobes sometimes produces movement of the organs concerned in the perception. This may be due, it is explained by the holders of ' distinct-sensory-and-motor-areas ' view, to the conduction of the im- pulse to the motor zone by means of the associational tracts. All the data may be explained from both points of view. What seems to be needed most is some crucial experiment, which will permit of only one interpretation. Such an experiment, it seems, should not be diffi- cult to devise. The sensory functions of the cortex have been determined in ani- mals by extirpation and in man by the study of brain disease. Soury's admirable articles (19) in the Revue philosophique review the whole subject of the seat of visual sensations. There seems to be consid- PSYCHOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 424 arable unanimity of belief in considering the occipital lobe as the seat of light perception. Closely connected with this region are found the corpora quadrigemina, the pulvinar and the geniculate body. Soury concludes that the anterior quadrigeminal bodies are not essential for visual perceptions. Lesion in this region does, however, produce a disturbance of eye movements and of pupillary innervation. Degen- eration of the pulvinar produces no hemianopsia when the geniculate body is intact, and he thinks that the pulvinar and the quadrigemina are possible reflex optic centers. Sellier and Verger (17) find dis- turbances of vision after lesions of the optic lobes, some other sen- sory (tactile) disturbance, but no motor deficiencies. Lo Monaco (15) noted no disturbances, either sensory or motor, following lesions of the corpus callosum, and electric stimulation was negative. Lo Monaco (15) further noted the effects following lesions of the optic thalami. The thalatni have been considered at various times sensory (Luys) and motor (Magendie, Schiff). Injury was said to produce movements of man'ege, but the author did not notice such in animals operated upon by him. Visual defects existed for a month succeeding the operation, but these finally disappeared, as did also the tactile and pain disturbances noted by him immediately after the operation. Andriani (i), from experiments upon dogs, concludes that the cortical zone in the region of the fissure of Sylvius and in the subad- jacent white matter, and in the hippocampal gyrus, comprise the parts and centers for the tactile sense. The disorders noted after ablation disappear, however, in 40 to 50 days. After excision of the posterior Sylvian zone and of portions of the hippocampal gyrus there are found slight transitory disorders of smell but no disorders of taste. After unilateral excision of the limbic lobe and of the marginal gyrus there are bilateral disturbance of taste and transitory disorders of smell. Lesions of the posterior part of the internal capsule produce, ac- cording to Sellier and Verger (18), in limbs of opposite side an incomplete motor paralysis with loss of idea of the position of the limbs, a hemianaesthesia to touch, and a lack of ability to locate pain. These disturbances are transitory like the cortical. They continue for three to six weeks, but later seem to leave no trace. The main contributions to our knowledge regarding the function of the association areas have come from a study of clinical and pa- thological material. A recent study by Winkler l and the article by Clapham (7) indicate that something may be added from the study of 1 Article not yet published. The details were reported to the present writer by one who has seen Winkler's work. 425 LOCALIZATION OF BRAIN FUNCTION. the external configuration of the brain. A comparison of a large number of brains of men and women shows a greater development in the second frontal convolution in women than in men, a greater de- velopment in emotional men than in non-emotional men, and a lesser development in non-emotional women than in the ordinary woman. These results would indicate that the frontal areas are concerned in emotional processes, as would also the clinical facts, (a) the change in character (ivirzelsuchf) and (b) the tendency to make puns and foolish jokes (moria), which often accompany disease and injury of the frontal lobes. Experiments made by the reviewer on cats lead to the conclusion that the frontal areas in these animals are not concerned in emotional states. Clapham, considering the following facts, concludes that the oc- cipital lobe is probably more concerned in the intellectual processes than is the frontal lobe which is usually considered the seat of intel- ligence : (a) In the lower races the occipital lobes are small. (3) In vertebrates other than man the occipital lobes are small, (c) In the individual this portion of the brain develops late. (aT) In the insane and in the lowest class of the mentally deficient there is found a very small development of the occipital lobes, while in idiots the frontal lobes are large in comparison with the remainder of the brain. This view is supported by Retzius, Carpenter, Bastian and Hughlings Jack- son, and in addition Ireland and Flechsig seem to think that the most important part of the brain for great mental performance lies in the posterior region. The comparison of brains of eminent men with brains of non-intellectual people shows that in men like Gauss and Helmholtz the region between the motor zone and the visual area is more highly convoluted than the frontal areas. This great develop- ment of the parietal region is probably to be associated with the great development of association power. In dogs Larianow (13) has found in the temporal region an area which seems to be concerned with perception of music and lesions of the corresponding region in man have produced amusie. In conclusion it will be well to point out that although our knowl- edge of the brain has been steadily broadening, the progress during the past five years has been slow and in many ways unsatisfactory. For the present, the discovery of facts seems to be more important than discussion , and it is to be hoped that investigators will soon in- vade the almost unexplored field to be found in the three association areas, and in the cortical sensory zones. SHEPHERD IVORY FRANZ. HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL. 124 J This book is DUE on the last date stamped below v^ .:? DEC 9 tsaa, JUN 1 183 JUL 2 l 1937 1 19301 5 1933 i 7 1933 M7? ;.-- 193b ~ 4 T937 Form L-9-35m-8,'28 DAY I 3 1943 SEP 8 1960 APR 171961 RECTD MLD JAN 6 1962 APR 2 1954 1 MAR \964i UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 000880946 9