THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES THE AND THE Q TR17AQITO1? UflTIQl? o IMAQUiJL nUUoL, Being a Political ani Statistical Mirror of tie United States : A COMPENDIUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY, WITH A RECORD OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNION, TOGETHER WITH THE LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS, AND SKETCHES OF GREAT AND REMARKABLE MEN OF AMERICA, AND OTHER LANDS AND AGES. To WHICH IS APPENDED THE PRINCIPLES AND PLATFORMS, AND LIVES OF THE CANDIDATES OF THE POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN OF 1872. By J. -WASHINGTON GOODSPEED. ILLUSTRATED. GOODSPEED'S EMPIRE PUBLISHING HOUSE: CHICAGO, ILL., 51 S. Carpenter St.; CINCINNATI, O., 179 West Fourth St.; ST. Louis, Mo., 314 Olive St. ; NKW ORLEANS, LA., 41 Natchez St.; NEW YORK, 107 Liberty St. , A: L. BANCROFT & CO., SAN "KAN<;IX:CS' CAIS * ' /; Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, by J. WASHINGTON GOODSPEED, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. SHNIEDEWEND, LEE & Co. ELECTROTYPERS, 240 East Madison St., Chicago. GOODSPEED'S STEAM PRESSES AND BINDERY, 51 S. CARPENTER ST., * CHICAGO. PREFACE. The Publisher's design in this work is masterly, for the world's history is really the history of its great men. The philosopher's terse saying is most true : " There is nothing great on earth but man and there is nothing great in man but mind." His purpose is, to gather up the leading features and characteristics of the mighty men in various departments of human activity and present them for the study and guidance of the young men of our times. Founders and reformers in religion, princes in finance, war, politics, and philosophy, including our own men of mark, and historical names of other ages and countries will be sketched, and their careers held up for approbation or warning. Naturally and neces- sarily much of our country's glorious history will be condensed into the biographies of those who have made her prosperous, or are now controlling her destiny. The Chief Magistrates, exponents, and representatives of opinions and parties, will have their por- traiture here ; and the system of government founded and admin- istered by them will be faithfully described. The rise of States, will be traced, and their position in the political heavens mapped out. The principles and platforms and candidates of the parties now struggling for ascendancy, will be impartially set forth for the information of the public. Such a collection of facts will render this volume as interesting as a story and as helpful as a Cyclopaedia. The substance of many volumes is concentrated in this, and in such space and form that one can gather into his mind, in brief hours of leisure, the results of years of research and composition. In these days of the Press, books are multiplied until the attention: is confused by their number and scope. It becomes a desideratum 461517 VI PREFACE. to find much matter compressed into a few pages, because time is money, and few can hunt through bushels of chaff for a few grains of wheat, or spend months over prolix histories and memoirs to glean what is needed for the actual necessities of information con- cerning questions of interest to the American citizen and the man of affairs. The former publications of this house have been uniformly of such a character as to give assurance that, in this new effort of the publisher to entertain, instruct and benefit his gener- ation, he will succeed, and advance his reputation, secure a new hold upon their confidence and establish a fresh title to their gen- erous patronage. Every reasonable exertion has been made to procure the best sources of knowledge concerning each person and topic treated in this work, and to arrange the matter in a succinct and readable form. Doubtless the public verdict will be favorable to the authenticity, strength and beauty of the author's production. Trom the immense scope of subjects here surveyed and illustrated, every person who reads the work will be sure to find something of deep interest and peculiar value to himself, and its treatment and range will be such as to constitute it, not an ephemeral thing, to be glanced at and cast aside, but a volume for frequent reference and recurring perusal. It is with this idea in view that the publisher lias striven to impart to the work that thoroughness and attractive- ness which shall give it welcome in the family and library of the masses of our intelligent countrymen. In the bulk of curious information concerning our political fabric, and the summaries of laws and enactments affecting indi- viduals, classes, and communities, it is intended to make the work essential a sine-qua-non to the people. In recognition of the universal love of pictorial representation, this volume will be embellished with numerous illustrations, con- veying, through the eye, to the mind, just and vivid conceptions of many of the characters and objects described, and of monuments of human skill and power, which minister to the gratification or the necessities of mankind. E. J. G. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART FIRST. Page. DISCOVERY OF AMERICA n Settlement of Greenland, 11 Colonies Lost in the Fifteenth Century, n Discoveries of Columbus, ... n Distrust of Portugal and Great Britain, 12 Assisted by Ferdinand and Isabella, 12 Second Voyage, 12 Discovery of the Contingnt in Third Voyage, - 12 Amerigo Vespucci, the Pretender,. 12 Oldest Town in America, 13 Oldest Town Settled by English, 13 Taxation of the Provinces, 13 Refusal of the Colonies to Submit, 13 Stamp Act Repealed, 13 FATHERS OF THE REPUBLIC, 15 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 17 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 24 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION, 38 HISTORY OF THE GREAT SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES, - 45 ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF GOVERNMENT, 60 Parental Government, 60 Gradual Development into National, 60 Mosaic Law the Law of all Christian Government, 61 The Earliest Established Points in Law, 61 Republicanism Opposed to Tyranny, 62 THE WAY WE ARE GOVERNED, 65 Legislative Authority, 65 The Senate, 65 Vice-President, 65 House of Representatives, 65 The Executive, 66 Secretary of State, 67 Secretary of the Treasury, - 67 Secretary of War, - 67 Secretary of the Navy, 67 Secretary of the Interior, - 67 Attorney General, 67 Postmaster General, 67 Supreme Court, 68 Legislative Powers of each State, .- 68 Circuit Court, 69 District Courts, - 69 Court of Claims, 69 State Governors their Election and Powers 73 Judges of State Courts, - 73 State Courts, 73 X CONTENTS. NATIONAL SECURITIES, *fi PUBLIC DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES, 301 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. GEORGE WASHINGTON - 305 2. JOHN ADAMS - 310 3. THOMAS JEFFERSON. . 315 4. JAMES MADISON 316 5. JAMES MONROE 321 6. JOHN Qumcv ADAMS 325 7. ANDREW JACKSON 326 8. MARTIN VAN BUREN ., 331 9. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON 332 10. JOHN TYLER 337 11. JAMES K. POLK . 338 12. ZACHARY TAYLOR .. 343 13. MlLLARD FlLMORE - 344 14. FRANKLIN PIERCE 349 15. JAMES BUCHANAN _ 350 16. ABRAHAM LINCOLN 355 17. ANDREW JOHNSON 358 18. ULYSSES S. GRANT . 363 THE FUTURE OF OUR COUNTRY, - 365 POETRY " THE LOVE OF COUNTRY AND OF HOME," 371 FORMATION OF THE ORIGINAL UNION 37* STATISTICS OP THE GLOBE, 374 THE TREATY OF WASHINGTON 378 THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE 389 THE LAW OF NATIONS, 390 PART SECOND. GREAT STATESMEN. Louis Napoleon. .. 399 Bismarck - 405 Carl Schvrz 409 Lyman Trumbull 412 Schuyler Colfax 413 Charles Sumner 416 John W. Chanler 418 John A. Logan 419 Reverdy Johnson - 421 Simon Cameron ; 424 James A. Garfield . 406 Benjamin F. Wade 429 Frederick Sawyer 432 Whitman T. Willey 433 Justin S. Morrill 435 Oliver P. Morton 437 Willard Saulsbury 438 Edwin D. Morgan 435 Charles D. Drake 441 William Pitt Fessenden 443 James Harlan John C. Breckenridge 447 CONTENTS. XI Page. Frederick T. Frelinghuysen 448 William H. Seward 450 John J. Crittenden 451 Alexander H. Stephens.. 453 Henry Clay .... 458 Robert Toombs. 465 Thomas A. Hendricks 469 President Thiers 470 George S. Boutwell . . *.. . . 472 Zachariah Chandler 475 Henry Wilson . 704 GREAT ORATORS. John C. Calhoun... . .. 477 William Pitt 480 Daniel Webster 481 Demosthenes 483 Edward Everett 486 GREAT PREACHERS. Henry Ward Beecher 488 Whitfield 491 C. H. Spurgeon 493 John Wesley... 498 GREAT PHILANTHROPISTS. Joseph Mazzini 501 George Peabody 503 John Howard 507 William Wilberforce 509 Gen. La Fayette 511 GREAT PHILOSOPHERS. Benjamin Franklin _. 513 Isaac Newton 516 Socrates 518 Plato 520 Copernicus 522 GREAT INVENTORS. Samuel F. B. Morse . 525 Elias Howe, Jr 529 Robert Fulton 534 Richard M. Hoe. 537 George Stephenson 540 Eli Whitney 545 Charles Goodyear 553 Cyrus W. Field 561 GREAT SOLDIERS. Philip Sheridan . 571 William T. Sherman 575 Robert E. Lee 577 Alexander the Great 581 Napoleon 1 587 Caesar 291 Stonewall Jackson 593 Giuseppe Garibaldi 599 GREAT AUTHORS. Homer 607 Shakspeare 609 Whittier 612 Washington Irving 615 Xn CONTENTS. Page. GREAT FINANCIERS. Cooper 610 Disraeli 601 Dickens ......... . - --.. 606 Commodore Vanderbilt - 619 A. T. Stewart 622 Daniel Drew - 627 Rothschild 629 GREAT EXPLORERS. Christopher Columbus ... 631 Captain Cook . .. 634 Dr. Livingstone . 635 GREAT ARTISTS. Thomas Nast _ 638 Raphael 640 Michael Angelo 641 Powers 642 NOTED ECCENTRICS. Masaniello 646 Zerah Colburn 648 Daniel Boone 651 Grot ius 654 GREAT INDIAN CHIEFS. Brant _ 657 Philip 661 Tecumseh 663 Black Hawk 665 HUMORISTS. Josh Billings 667 Dean Swift 668 Mark Twain . . ... -- 671 GREAT MUSICIANS. Beethoven 673 Mozart 675 POLITICAL PLATFORMS AND CANDIDATES. Platform adopted by the Liberal Republicans, at Cincinnati, and the Democrats, at Bal- timore, 1872. 677 Official Notice to Mr. Greeley of his nomination at Cincinnati 679 Mr. Greeley's Letter of Acceptance 680 Mr. Brown's Letter of Acceptance -. 683 Sketch of Horace Greeley 686 Sketch of B. Gratz Brown 688 The Baltimore Convention 690 Official notification to Mr. Greeley of his nomination at Baltimore 691 Mr. Greeley's Acceptance 692 The Republican National Convention - -- 696 The Letter to President Grant 699 Grant's Letter of Acceptance 700 Wilson's Letter of Acceptance - 701 Sketch of Henry Wilson 704 APPENDIX. Internal Revenue 707 New Postal Code 711 Important to Veterans of the Rebellion - 713 Our Railway Progress 713 The Washington Treaty 714 National Statistics 717 CONTENTS. XIII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Frontispi ece Capitol at Washington. Columbus taking possession of the New World. Washington's Monument. Natural Bridge, Virginia. House of Representatives, Washington. Falls of Niagara. Lisbon, Portugal, the port from whence Colum- bus set sail. Columbus before the Council at Salamanca. Columbus Quelling the Mutiny on board the Santa Maria. Columbus Breaking the Egg. Tomb of Columbus Seville Cathedral. The Tomb of Washington, Mt. Vernon, Va. Montpelier, late residence of President Madi- son, Vermont. Annual Distribution of Presents to the Indians. Seal of the United States. Mt. Vernon, the Home of Washington. The Tomb of Kosciusko, West Point. The Ancient Winslow House, at Marshfield, Mass. View of the United States Navy Yard, at Philadelphia. Seal made to Commemorate the Evacuation of Boston by the British. Thrifty American Farmer's Residence. Thrifty American Farmer's Barn. Reception Day at the White House. The Old Billop House, at Bentley, West End, Staten Island. Medical College of Georgia, at Augusta. View of the City of Boston. St. Paul's Church and the Astor House, N. Y. The New York Bowling Green. Thrifty American Farmer's Fowls. American Stage Coach. City Horse Railway. Chi cago Water Works. Pocahontas. Education and Christianity the Hope of the Republic. Cylinder Printing Press. Treasury Building, Washington. Patent Office, Washington. Source of the Mississippi. Mouth of the Mississippi. View of Albany, N. Y. White House at Washington. Loading a Steamboat with Cotton on the Mis- sissippi. American Man of War. The Oil Wells of Pennsylvania. General Post Office, Washington. Thrifty American Farmer's Stock Yard Horses. Thrifty American Farmer's Stock Yard-Cows. Tomb of Franklin. Washington as President. Jefferson Davis. Light House, Choctaw Point, Mobile, Ala. Howell Cobb. George Washington. John Adams. Thomas Jefferson. James Madison. James Monroe. John Quincy Adams. Andrew Jackson. Martin Van Buren. William Henry Harrison. John Tyler. James K. Polk. Zachary Taylor. Millard Fillmore. Franklin Pierce. James Buchanan. Abraham Lincoln. Andrew Johnson. Ulysses S. Grant. Yorktown, Virginia. Gore Hall, Cambridge, Mass. View of Lake Saratoga. A War Party of Indians. Robert L. Orr. View of the City of Washington. Napoleon III. Bismarck. Carl Schurz. Hon. Schuyler Colfax. John A. Logan. Reverdy Johnson. Simon Cameron. James A. Garfield. Benjamin F. Wade. Oliver P. Morton. Edwin D. Morgan. Frederick T. Frelinghuysen. Robert Toombs. Thomas A. Hendricks. George S. Boutwell. Zachariah Chandler. John C. Calhoun. Henry Ward Beecher. Charles H. Spurgeon. Benjamin Franklin. Samuel F. B. Morse. Robert Fulton. Richard M. Hoe. Elias Howe, Jr. City of Chicago, 111. Philip H. Sheridan. XIV CONTENTS. Robert E. Lee. Napoleon I. Stonewall Jackson. Commodore Vanderbilt. Daniel Drew. Christopher Columbus. Joseph Brant. Horace Greeiey. Henry Wilson. B. Gratz Brown. City of St. Louis, Mo. North America. City of Savannah, Ga. City of New Orleans, La. City of San Francisco, Cal. City of Cincinnati. Cincinnati and Covington Suspension Bridge^ Gen. Sam Houston. R. M. T. Hunter. Nathaniel P. Banks. Charles Francis Adams. Hon. Daniel Webster. William Wilberforce. Willam Penn. Seamen's Floating Chapel. First Steamboat on the Missouri. Ocean Iron Steamer. Clipper Ship. Chicago in 1820. General View of Chicago in Ruins. Chattahoochee River. 38 PICTORIAL SEALS OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES. PART I. THE DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT OF THE AMERICAN CONTINENT. BOUT the end of the tefith century, the Scandinavians, in some of their maritime expeditions, had reached Iceland and Greenland, from which latter country they appear to have advanced to Vinland, probably Labrador. In Greenland some unimportant settlements were made, and the communication with the transatlantic continent was maintained until the beginning of the i5th century, when the fate of these colonies was covered as with a cloud ; and although various at- tempts have since been made for their discovery, no traces of their existence have been obtained. In Southern Europe these expeditions were entirely unknown, and therefore the undiriiin- ished glory was left to Columbus of proving the existence of the Western World. This celebrated navigator was of Genoese origin, though his character had been formed and his skill ac- quired in the service of Portugal. His active mind readily fore- saw the length and difficulties of a voyage to the Indies by sailing to the eastward, even if the route should be discovered ; and it appeared to him that by sailing directly west he would more readily attain his object. Many circumstances, the importance of which is best known to mariners, supported his theories; but those to whom he applied for protection and support did not ac- knowledge their force. The Genoese Senate regarded him as a 12 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND madman ; in Portugal his confidence was most treacherously abused, and in England his brother Bartholomew obtained the consent of Henry VII. only when too late. After many obsta- cles, arising from the ignorance and religious scruples of those to whom his project was submitted, Columbus sailed with three small vessels from Palos in Andalusia, 3d August, 1492. On the night of the nth October, land was seen after a tedious voyage, during which the commander had to contend against the cowardly and rebellious spirit of his crew. San Salvador or Guanahani* one of the Bahama chain stretching between Florida and St. Do- mingo, was the island first discovered. Cuba and Hayti were reached soon after. Columbus, now directing his course home- ward, returned to the harbor of Palos, seven months and eleven days after his departure. He was received with great kindness by Ferdinand and Isabella, who ennobled his family, and ratified all the privileges of the treaty of Santa Fe. fiy the articles of this treaty, drawn up before Columbus sailed, he was created high admiral, with hereditary right in the seas he should discover; viceroy also, with hereditary possession of the lands ; he was to receive a tithe of the profits of commercial undertakings, and be supreme judge in all mercantile disputes in the newly-discovered countries While Europe was still re-echoing witn the news of this voyage, the navigator had again sailed towards the west with seventeen vessels, having on board numerous settlers, eager to reap the golden harvest which the descriptions of travelers had placed in the Indies. Isabella, in the island of Cuba, was the first city founded in the New World. In his third voyage, 1498, Columbus reached the continent of America, near the mouth of the Orinoco. Columbus died in 1506, after being treated by the Spanish court with the greatest ingratitude His body was pompously interred in the Cathedral of Seville ; and over it was erected a monument, with the simple inscription that Columbus had given a new world to Castile and Leon. His remains were afterwards transported to the Island of Hayti, and buried in the Cathedral of St. Domingo, in 1536, whence, two hundred and sixty years afterwards, they were transferred to Havana. In 1499, Alonzo de Ojeda sailed to the new continent, accom- panied by a Florentine merchant named Amerigo Vespucci, under AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 13 whose direction the enterprise was chiefly conducted. Returning to Europe, he published an account of his adventures, and claimed the honor of being the first to discover the mainland of the New World. The imposture of Vespucci has long been known, and his dishonest narrative has in no degree injured the glory of Co- lumbus. As to the honor of first reaching the shores of the new continent, it probably belongs to the English mariners, who, under Cabot, a Bristol seaman of Venetian parents, sailed along the coasts of North America from Labrador to Florida, 1498. The oldest town in the United States is St. Augustine, in Florida, settled by the Spaniards in 1565 ; but the first permanent settlement made by the English was that of Jamestown, in Vir- ginia, in 1603. In 1620 a body of emigrants, 101 in number, landed at or near Cape Cod, and in honor of their home in the Old World named their home in the New, Plymouth; and they are known to history as the Puritan Fathers. They were soon followed by others, and thus was laid the broad corner stone of civil and religious liberty The young colonies, were of course, subject to Great Britain; and as that country, with a policy very different from that pursued by her at present, was con- stantly engaged in war, its national debt was heavy and its own resources were so nearly exhausted as to make it a serious ques- tion from whence their money was to come ; and the ministers decided to tax the provinces to raise the means to relieve the necessities of the parent Kingdom; and accordingly the notorious Stamp Act was passed in 1765 ; but the colonists refused to recog- nize or comply with it, on the ground of their having no repre- sentation in the Parliament, and the offensive act was repealed ; but the right of taxation denied by Americans was insisted upon by the ministers, and the duty removed from one article was doubled upon others ; and the resistance of the people re- sulted in the long struggle known as the Revolutionary War. When there seemed but two ways of settling grievances and wrongs that grew each hour more deep and oppressive either by unconditional submission, or by separation from England they chose the latter, and on the 4th of July, 1776, Congress, on behalf of the Colonies, declared their independence of Great Britain, and a committee was appointed, consisting of Thomas Jefferson, Ben- jamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, and John Living- 14 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND ston, to draw up a Declaration of Independence. The Colonists were aided by France and Spain, and at length the treaty of Versailles, 1783, acknowledged them "free, sovereign, and inde- pendent States." The Articles of Confederation, which had heretofore bound the Colonists, were found too incomplete and imperfect for a National Government, and a new Constitution, drawn up with the greatest care and deliberation, was adopted by the States, and George Washington was elected first President of the new American Republic, with John Adams Vice President, and they were re-elected in 1792. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 15 THE FATHERS OF THE REPUBLIC >E can not believe that man lives upon American soil, protected by our laws, and sheltered by the dear old flag beneath whose folds the patriots of '76 marched on to victory over the armies of the tyrant and oppressor, whose heart does not beat quicker with pride and affection as heglances back over the heroes who planted the germ of our national independence, and watered it with tears, and hallowed the soil only too often with their life-blood. We look at their mighty works and say, surely, " there were giants in those days." Gigan- tic was the task which those brave men performed, and glorious have been the results of their efforts. From the day, when the first blow fell upon the astonished believers in the divine right of kings, to the day when, at the Court of Versailles, the reluctant lion of the . House of Hanover was compelled to sign the Act which gave to the colonists a stand- ing amongst the nations of the earth, their days and nights were given to watching, to fighting and to prayer. They had already endured all that men could endure suffered all that men could suffer borne all that men could bear ; and now, with the fire of liberty kindled in their souls, they gathered their forces and con- secrated their lives, their property and their all to the cause that to them was dearer than all others. There are names that we have inscribed high on the roll of fame ; there are names which we revere above all other names on earth names that we associate with all that is most sacred to freemen, and which will live in the councils of our nation while we have a national existence. In the constellation of names which succeeding generations delight to remember and honor, none are brighter than those of WASHINGTON, JEFFERSON, HANCOCK, l6 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE AGE, AND FRANKLIN, or JOHN ADAMS, and we feel a justifiable pride in the words and sentiments of that Declaration of Independence which made the memory of its framers immortal. Founded upon the principles of justice recognizing the right of all men to " life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness," it is not strange that the nation uprose to defend a government that declared it derived all "power from the consent of the governed;" nor that they bore hardships, privation, suffering and toil as became those who defended hearthstone and roof-tree ; and above all, those who defended the cradle wherein the young child Liberty slumbered. At that time the soldiers were but scantily fed, and more scant- ily clothed, but Washington bore with them the heat of the long march under a scorching sun and the severities of the winter cam- paign ; and when the footprints of the worn-out, exhausted troopers stained the unsullied snow of Valley Forge, the com- mander-in-chief and his subaltern officers were scarcely better clad. Yet no man murmured or complained, for the freedom that .should be the heirloom and birthright of their children's children for all generations to come was entrusted to their keeping. Such sublime devotion to a cause that seemed almost hopeless such unselfish patriotism and love for their country such unfal- tering courage, even when defeated at every step, Hfinds no parallel in history. It was no half-way victory they sought, and no half- way concession would satisfy them. They would be untrammeled by foreign power they would be unrestrained by foreign laws unrestricted by foreign intervention. Their rivers should run free to the sea their ships of commerce should dot every ocean their flag should be recognized by every government. No usurper's foot should press our green sward no tyrant army garrison our forts no tyrant's navy guard our harbors. Our blue skies should bend over no foeman's minions our fresh, wild winds, that swept mountain and lake and boundless prairie, .should kiss no foeman's cheek. With God for their leader, " Lib- erty" for their battle-cry, they were victorious, and to-day, with all they gained for us still preserved, our borders extended and our wealth increased an hundred fold, we reverently remember to whom, under God, we owe all this, and treasure the memory of the Fathers of the Republic as a sacred thing. Our gratitude is only measurable by our debt to them. WASHINGTON MONUMENT. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 17 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. IN CONGRESS THURSDAY, JULY 4, 1776. GREEABLY to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the Declaration ; and after some time the President resumed the chair, and Mr Harrison reported that the committee had agreed to a declaration, which they desired him to report. (The*committee consisted of Jeffer- son, Franklin, John Adams, Sherman, and R. R. Livingston). The Declaration, being read, was agreed to as follows : A .DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. WHEN, in th'e course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, tht separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are crea- ted equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, and the pur- suit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its found- ation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happi- 1 8 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND ness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing inva- riably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future secu- rity. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyr- anny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws ior the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exer- cise ; the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreign- AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. It? ers ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither,, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure: of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harrass our people, and eat out their sub- stance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, with- out the consent of our legislature. He has affected to render the military independent of and supe- rior to the civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ;. giving his assent to their acts of. pretended legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us ; For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these, states ; For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world ; For imposing taxes on us without our consent ; For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury ; For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences ; For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarg- ing its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these col- onies ; For taking away our chartfrs, abolishing our most valuable- laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments;; For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves, invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his. protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns,, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign merce- 20 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND naries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the exe- cutioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the mer- ciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undis- tinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress, in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have "been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose charac- ter is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration .and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inev- itably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, ene- mies in war in peace, friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, in GENERAL (X)NGRESS assembled, appeal- ing to the Supreme Judge of the World for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, FREE AND INDE- PENDENT STATES; that .they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dis- solved ; and that, as FREE AND INDEPENDENT STA TES, AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE 21 they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alli- ances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which INDEPENDENT STATES may of right do. And, for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the pro- tection of DIVINE PROVIDENCE, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by the following members : JOHN HANCOCK. New Hampshire. JCSIAH BARTLETT, WILLIAM WHIPPLE, MATTHEW THORNTON Rhode Island. STEPHEN HOPKINS, WILLIAM ELLERY. Connecticut. ROGER SHERMAN, SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, OLIVER WOLCOTT. New York. WILLIAM FLOYD, PHILIP LIVINGSTON, FRANCIS LEWIS, LEWIS MORRIS. New Jersey. RICHARD STOCKTON, JOHN WITHERSPOON, FRANCIS HOPKINSON, JOHN HART, ABRAHAM CLARK. Pennsylvania. ROBERT MORRIS, BENJAMIN RUSH, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, JOHN MORTON, GEORGE CLYMER, JAMES SMITH, GEORGE TAYLOR, JAMES WILSON, GEORGE Ross, Massachusetts Bay. SAMUEL ADAMS, JOHN ADAMS, ROBERT TREAT PAINE, ELBRIDGE GERRY, Delaware, OESAR RODNEY, GEORGE READ, THOMAS M'KEAN. Maryland. SAMUEL CHASE, WILLIAM PACA, THOMAS STONE, CHARLES CARROLL, of Carrollton. Virginia. GEORGE WYTHE, RICHARD HENRY LEE, THOMAS JEFFERSON, BENJAMIN HARRISON, THOMAS NELSON, Jun. FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE CARTER BRAXTON, North Carolina. WILLIAM HOOPER, JOSEPH HEWES, JOHN PENN. South Carolina. EDWARD RUTLEDGE, THOMAS HEY WARD, Jun. THOMAS LYNCH, Jun. ARTHUR MIDDLETON. Georgia. BUTTON GWINNETT, LYMAN HALL. GEORGE WALTON. MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. tne P e ple of the United States, in order to form a more P erfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Con- stitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. SECTION I. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Con- gress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. SECTION II. 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of mem- bers chosen every year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of the State in which he shall be chosen. 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, ac- cording to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 25 number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hamp- shire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one x Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. SECTION III. 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years, and each Senator shall have one vote. 2. Immediately after, they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the executive thereof shall make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 4. The Vice President of the United States shall be 'President of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he snail exercise the office of President of the United States. 26 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chiei Justice shall preside : and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. SECTION IV. i The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places or choosing Senators. 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. SECTION v. 1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each House may provide. 2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the con- currence of two-thirds, expel a member. 3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secresy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 4 Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 27 SECTION IV. 1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensa- tion for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to or returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either House they shall not be questioned in any other place. 2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United . States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. SECTION VII. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Repre- sentatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States. If he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journals of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays ex- cepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Con- gress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 28 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE AGE, AND 3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented ta the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. SECTION VIII. The Congress shall have power 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general wel- fare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; 4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform- laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States* 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and for the standard of weights and measures ; 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securi- ties and current coin of the United States; 7. To establish post offices and post roads; 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by se- curing, for limited times, to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations , 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water; 12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriations of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 13. To provide and maintain a navy; 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces % 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 2g> 1 6. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the- militia, and for governing such parts of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States re- spectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever,, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, be- come the seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other- needful buildings ; and, 1 8. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers- vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United. States, or in any department or officer thereof. SECTION IX. 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed. on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 4. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to- be taken. 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any- State. No preference shall be given by any regulation of com- merce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter r . clear, or pay duties in another. 6. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in conse- quence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement 3 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money .shall be published from time to time. 7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State. SECTION x. i. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confedera- ation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any .title of nobility. 2 No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts, or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war, in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war } unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. SECTION I. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 31 3. (Annulled, see amendments, Article XII.) 4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. 5. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitu- tion, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 6. In case of the removal of the President trom office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice- President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disa- bility be removed, or a President shall be elected. 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emoluments from the United States, or any of them. 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation : " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute "the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." SECTION II. i. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relat- ing to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 32 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they may think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. SECTION III. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consider- ation such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. SECTION IV. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misde- meanors. ARTICLE III. SECTION I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Con- gress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and Inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. TO.Mi: OF COLUMBUS CATHEDRAL OF SEVILLE. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 35 SECTION II. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls ; all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to con- troversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more States ; between a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of different States; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof and foreign States, citizens, or subjects. 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction,, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. SECTION III. 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy- ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on con- fession in open court. 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV. SECTION I. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which 36 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. SECTION II. 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such serv- ice or labor may be due. SECTION III. 1. New States may be admitted by Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdic- tion of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Con- gress. 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of ihe United States, or of any particular State. SECTION IV. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the Legislature or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. The Congress, whenever twd-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 37 States, shall call a Convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three- fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be pro- posed by the Congress ; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI. 1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the confederation. 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Con- stitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualifi- cation to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII. The ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be suffi- cient for the establishment of this Constitution between States so ratifying the same. 461517 38 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. ARTICLE I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of relig- ion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. ARTICLE II. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. ARTICLE III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue, but upon prob- able cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. ARTICLE V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall he be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. ARTICLE VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and WHITE HOUSE AT WASHINGTON. PATENT OFFICE, WASHINGTON. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 39 district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which dis- trict shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be con- fronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory pro- cess for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. ARTICLE VII. In suits at common law, where the value m controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the com- mon law. ARTICLE VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed,, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. ARTICLE IX. The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Consti- tution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. ARTICLE XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. ARTICLE XII. SECTION I. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. They shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, 40 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND ;and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no persons have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote. A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Rep- resentatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. SECTION n. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice- President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a ma- jority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President. A quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. SECTION III. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of Presi- dent, shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United .States. GENEEAL POST OFFICE AT WASHINGTON. TREASURY BUILDING, WASHINGTON. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 41 ARTICLE XIII. SECTION I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punish- ment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. SECTION II. Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appro- priate Legislation. ARTICLE XIV. SECTION I. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and sub- ject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States. Nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. SECTION II. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But whenever the right to vote at any election for electors of Presi- dent and Vice-President, or for United States Representatives in Congress, executive and judicial officers, or the members of the Legislatures thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. SECTION III. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as 42 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to- support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or com- fort to the enemies thereof, but Congress may, by a vote of two- thirds of each House remove such disability. SECTION IV. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for the payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion,, shall not be questioned ; but neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts,, obligations and claims, shall be held illegal and void. ARTICLE XV. SECTION I. The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. SECTION II. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- priate legislation. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 45 GREAT SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES. fTS HISTORY is one of peculiar interest, and therefore we feel warranted in giving more details of its design and history than can be allotted to the Seals of the several States. Soon after the Declaration of Independence, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson were appointed a committee to prepare a great seal for the infant republic ; and they employed a French West Indian, named Du Simitiere, not only to furnish di signs, but also to sketch such devices as were suggested by themselves. In one of his designs, the artist displayed on a shield the armorial ensigns of the several nations from whence America had been peopled embracing those of England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Germany, and Holland. On one side was placed Liberty with her cap, and on the other was a rifleman in uniform, with his rifle in one hand and a tomahawk in the other the dress and weapons being peculiar to America. Franklin proposed, for the device, Moses lifting his wand, and dividing the Red Sea, and Pharaoh and his hosts overwhelmed with the waters. For a motto, the words of Cromwell, " Rebellion to tyrants is obedience to God." Adams proposed the Choice of Hercules ; the hero resting on a club, Virtue pointing to her rugged mountain on one hand, and 46 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND persuading him to ascend; and Sloth, glancing at her flowery paths of pleasure, wantonly reclining on the ground, displaying the charms, both of her eloquence and person, to seduce him into vice. Jefferson proposed the Children of Israel in the Wilderness, led by a cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night; and, on the reverse, Hengist and Horsa, the Saxon chiefs, from whom we claim the honor of being descended, and whose political princi- ples and form of government we have assumed. Franklin and Adams then requested Jefferson to combine their ideas in a compact description of the proposed great seal, which he did, and that paper, in his handwriting, is now in the office of the Secretary of State at Washington. This design consisted of a shield with six quarterings, parti one, coupi two, in heraldic phrase. The first gold, and an enameled rose, red and white, for England ; the second white, with a thistle, in its proper colors, for Scotland ; the third green, with a harp of gold, for Ireland ; the fourth blue, with a golden lily-flower, for France ; the fifth gold, with the imperial black eagle, for Germany ; and the sixth gold, with the Belgic crowned red lion, for Holland. These denoted the countries from which America had been peopled. He pro- posed to place the shield within a red border, on which there should be thirteen white escutcheons, linked together by a gold chain, each bearing appropriate initials, in black, of the confederated States. Supporters, the Goddess of Liberty on the right side, in a corslet of armor, in allusion to the then state of war, and hold- ing the spear and cap in her right hand, while her left supported the shield. On the left, the Goddess of Justice, leaning on a sword in her right hand, and in her left a balance. The crest, the eye of Providence in a radiant triangle, whose glory should extend over the shield and beyond the figures. Motto : E Pluribus Unum "Many in one." Around the whole, "SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, MDCCLXXVI." For the reverse, he proposed the device of Pharaoh sitting in an open chariot, a crown on his head and a sword in his hand, passing through the divided waters of the Red Sea in pursuit of the Israelites. Rays from a pillar of fire in a cloud, expressive of the Divine presence and command, beaming on Moses, who stands on the shore, and, extending his hand over the sea, causes it to overwhelm Pharaoh AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 49 and his followers. Motto : " Rebellion to tyrants is obedience to God." Jefferson's device was highly approved by his coadjutors, and the committee reported on the loth of August, 1776; but, for some unaccountable reason, their report was neglected, not having been even placed on record ; and the affair was allowed to slumber until the 24th of March, 1779, when Messrs. Lovell, of Massachu- setts, Scott, of Virginia, and Houston, of Georgia, were appointed a committee to make another device. On the loth of May following they reported in favor of a seal four inches in diameter, one side of which should be composed of a shield with thirteen diagonal stripes, alternate red and white. Supporters, a warrior, holding a sword, on one side, and on the other the figure of Peace, bearing an olive branch. The crest, a radiant constellation of thirteen stars. Motto : Bello vel Pace " For War or Peace," and the legend, " Seal of the United States." On the reverse, the figure of Liberty, seated in a chair, holding the staff and cap. Motto : Semper " Forever" and underneath, MDCCLXXVI. This report was re-committed, and again sub- mitted with some slight modifications (substituting the figure of an Indian with bow and arrows in his right hand for that of a warrior) just a year afterward ; but it was not accepted, and the matter rested until April, 1782, when Henry Middleton, Elias Boudinot, and Edward Rutledge were appointed a third commit- tee to prepare a seal. They reported on the gth of May following, substantially the same as the committee of 1779 and 1780; but, this not being satisfactory to Congress, on the i3th of June the whole matter was referred to Charles Thomson, its secretary. He in turn procured several devices, among which was one by William Barton, of Philadelphia, consisting of an escutcheon, with a blue border, spangled with thirteen stars, and divided in the centre, perpendicularly, by a gold bar. On each side of this divis- ion, within the blue border, thirteen bars or stripes, alternate red and white, like the American flag adopted on the I4th of June, 1777. Over the gold bar an eye surrounded with a glory, and in the gold bar a Doric column resting on the base of the escutcheon, having a displayed eagle on its summit. The crest, a helmet of burnished gold, damasked, grated with six bars, and surmounted by a red cap of dignity, such as dukes wear, with a black lining, 50 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND and a cock armed with gaffs. Supporters, on one side the Genius of America, with loose Auburn tresses, having on her head a radi- ant crown of gold, encircled with a sky-blue fillet, spangled with silver stars, and clothed in a long, loose, white garment, bordered with green. From the right shoulder to the left side, a blue scarf with stars, the cinctures being the same as in the border. Around her waist a purple girdle, fringed with gold, and the word VIRTUE embroidered in white. Her interior hand rested on the escutch- eon, and the other held the American standard, on the top of which a white dove was perched. The supporter on the other side was a man in complete armor ; his sword-belt blue, fringed with gold ; his helmet encircled with a wreath of laurel, and crested with one white and two blue plumes ; his left hand supporting the escutcheon, and his right holding a lance with a bloody point. Upon an unfurled green banner was a golden harp with silver strings, a brilliant star, and two lily-flowers, with two crossed swords below. The two figures stood upon a scroll, on which was. the motto Deo Favente " With God's Favor" in allusion to the eye of Providence in the arms. On the crest, in a scroll, was the motto Virtus sola Invicta "Virtue alone is Invincible." After vainly striving to perfect a seal which should meet the approval of Congress, Thomson finally received from John Adams, then in London, an exceedingly simple and appropriate device, suggested by Sir John Prestwitch, a baronet of the West of Eng- land, who was a warm friend of America, and an accomplished antiquarian. It consisted of an escutcheon bearing thirteen per- pendicular stripes, white and red, with the chief blue, and spangled with thirteen stars ; and, to give it greater consequence, he proposed to place it on the breast of an American eagle, dis- played, without supporters, as emblematic of self-reliance. It met with general approbation, in and out of Congress, and was adopted in June, 1782; so it is manifest, although the fact is not extensively known, that we are indebted for our national arms to a titled aristocrat of the country with which we were then at war. Eschewing all heraldic technicalities, it may be thus described in plain English : Thirteen perpendicular pieces, white and red ; a. blue field ; the escutcheon on the breast of the American eagle displayed, proper, holding in his right talon an olive-branch, and in his left a bundle of thirteen arrows, all proper, and in his. AMERICAN CITIZENS TREASURE HOUSE. 51 beak a scroll, inscribed with the motto E Pluribus Unum. For the crest, over the head of the eagle, which appears above the escutcheon, a golden glory breaking through a cloud, proper, and surrounding thirteen stars, forming a constellation of white stars on a blue field. Reverse. A pyramid unfinished. In the zenith, an eye in a tri- angle, surrounded with a glory, proper. Over the eye, the words Annuit Captis " God has favored the undertaking." On the base of the pyramid, are the numeral Roman letters MDCCLXXVI; and underneath the motto, Novus Ordo Seclorum " A New Series of Ages" denoting that a new order of things had commenced in the Western hemisphere. Thus, after many fruitless efforts, for nearly six years, a very simple seal was adopted, and yet remains the arms of the United States. SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES. MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF GOVERNMENT. LEARNED and skillful writer traces the origin of political government to parental government, in which we will agree with him if he will carry that back to our Creator, who, when He placed in the garden of Eden the children whom He had created, instituted a government by laying down certain laws, and attaching to the non-observance of them punishment or penalties. Man sinned, and the penalty was in- flicted upon him, and other laws were added to suit his fallen nature. It is probable that, when the children of Adam became old enough to understand right from wrong, looking back over his own fatal mistake, and forward to the consequences of that rash act, he strove to teach his descendants the Divine law, as given to him from the lips of God ; and thus became a law giver to, and ruler over them, in a certain sense. The children of men multi- plied and teeming millions covered the earth, and each descending generation gave itself up more and more to the indulgence of every forbidden sin and pleasure, until the world reeked with cor- ruption ; then again the Omnipotent Ruler of the universe inter- posed, and the wrath which they had kindled against themselves was let loose, and all, save righteous Noah and his family, were swept from existence. In turn, Noah became the Parent and the Ruler, and government was established over his descendants, and from time to time God gave such laws as He saw were needed. The most ancient of our modern governments were exceedingly arbitrary, in many cases were simply unlimited power and unre- strained tyranny. During the Old Testament age, usually called the Mosaic dis- pensation, the parent had control of his child, even to the inflic- tion of capital punishment, and in China the same law or custom AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 6l still prevails. It was also practiced by the ancient Romans, and by the Grecians; and was most probably common over all the world, since it was found in all our savage tribes when the Amer- ican Continent was discovered. In ancient times every tribe and every city had its King, and the kingdom was often so small in extent that in order to obtain the necessary territory, war was resorted to, and the weaker fled before, or was destroyed by the stronger party. Observation taught the rulers, at an early period of the world's existence, that certain restraints and laws were necessary for the preservation of order, and though the art of governing was not carried to that perfection which marks it now, yet the Mosaic laws are the foundation of the laws of our own, and indeed of every civilized, Christian country. As the population of the world in- creased, and the cares of state pressed too heavily upon him, Moses appointed assistants, or district judges who were to hear all complaints and settle small matters as seemed best to them; but Moses, still at the head of the tribes of Israel, as temporal and spiritual leader, decided all matters of importance. In order that every family should be provided with certain means of support, it has been the custom from time immemorial to set apart a tract of land for their use, and it was deeded or secured to them in such a way that except by actual sale, or transfer, or by confiscation for crime, it could not be taken from them, and they were required to place stationary landmarks to define their boundaries, and the heaviest penalties were inflicted upon any man who was-known to oe guilty ui altering the position of those marks. Three points of law, always prominent, were established as early in history as there was society to govern, " the punishment of crime," "the institution of marriage," and "regulations con- cerning property;" and we infer from this that laws of some sort have always governed mankind. As the world advanced from the gloom of barbarism, the laws relaxed somewhat of their severity, and each progressive step adds to our liberty ; but entire freedom from all law would plunge society into the most terrible state that ever existed ; and never, until man becomes something better than humanity is capable of, can this be; nay, never, since even in Heaven, he will be subject to law. All just laws are enacted with a view to preserving and defending the rights and liberties of those 62 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND who are subject to them, but often laws that are selfish and unjust impose upon the people wrongs that are too oppressive to be borne. In countries where the Republican form of government exists, this cannot be, or if laws are found to be unwise, and injudicious,, it is in the power of the people to repeal or modify them. In olden times the power of the sovereign was unlimited absolute, but gradually mind asserted its superiority over matter ; the voice of the people began to be heard, and their influence felt, and the low mutteringsof discontent from the masses have shaken the firmest thrones to their foundation. To-day there is scarcely a civilized government in existence where, in some way the people do not have representation and a voice in making the laws that govern them. The patriarchial form of government seems to have assumed the monarchial, and to have held sway even down to the present time ; but in latter years, under the influence of Christianity and civilization, it has abated its rigors, and become more limited in its power. With every circle of the whirling years, man's experi- ence teaches him wisdom, and nations learn in the same hard, sad school, and profit by the lesson they conned through years that were clouded by their errors, ignorance or folly. There is no> form of government in the world so well adapted to the human race, and so well calculated to develop the noblest sentiments of patriotism and love of country, as the Republican ; no other gov- ernment which calls into being, and stimulates into action so strong a feeling of personal interest and responsibility, and com- pels a man to study its principles. No injustice can be complained of no arbitrary or cruel oppression no laws that are an outrage upon his manhood for the voice of the people enacted these stat- utes, and framed those laws. For the liberty of thought and speech that has blessed us above all other lands for the freedom from thrall of church that has blessed us above all other nations for the patriotism that has defended our cherished institutions for the Republican government which has elevated us into the high- est position held by the nations of the world, we reverently thank God, as we worship him according to the dictates of our own con- science. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 65 THE WAY WE ARE GOVERNED. ROM the nature of the Federal compact which unites the several States of this Union under one National Govern- ment, each State retains, to a great extent, its inde- pendent, individual sovereignty. Every citizen of each of the United States is, therefore, at the same time subject to the authority of two distinct governments, administered by three separate classes of agents, Legislative, Executive and Judicial, each with powers peculiar to itself. THE LEGISLATIVE authority of the General Government is vested in a Congress of the United States, consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives, meeting at Washington upon the first Monday of December in each year. The Senate is composed of two members from each State, chosen, either by joint ballot or concurrent vote of the respective Legislatures, for the term of six years. No person can be elected Senator, unless he be thirty years old, has been nine years a citizen of the United States, and be, at the time of his election, an inhabitant of the State for which he is chosen. The Vice-President of the United States is President of the Senate, having a casting vote in case of an equal division of its members. In case he be acting as President of the United States, be absent, or deceased, a president pro tempore is chosen. The House of Representatives is composed of members elected directly by the people of their various Districts, for the term of two years only ; commencing (except in case of vacancies being filled) on the fourth day of March. The number of members to which each State is entitled, varies greatly with its population ; 66 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND the number of inhabitants apportioned to each member being regulated by Congress upon the basis of the census returns of every period of ten years, with the restrictions, that the number shall never exceed one for every thirty thousand inhabitants, and that every State shall have at least one representative. To be eligible for this office, a person must be twenty-five years of age, have been a citizen of the United States for seven years, and at the time he is chosen be an inhabitant of the State which elects him. The presiding officer of the House is the Speaker, chosen by the House at the beginning of each congress. Every organized Territory of the United States is entitled to elect one delegate to the House of Representatives for the term of two years, who may participate in debate, but cannot vote. The compensation of members of Congress is $3,000 per annum, together with eight dollars mileage for every twenty miles of the usual route traveled in going to and returning from Washington. For each day's absence pay is to be deducted, except in case of sickness. The Speaker of the House receives $6,000, and the President of the Senate pro tern. $8,000 per annum. The legislation of Congress is, of necessity, strictly confined to those subjects over which power to legislate has been expressly surrendered by the individual States, in the Constitution. THE EXECUTIVE authority of the United States Government is vested by the Constitution in the President. He is chosen by a College of Electors, equal to the number of Senators and Repre- sentatives, the people of each State electing its proportion by general ticket, except South Carolina, where they are elected by the Legislature. The qualifications of a President are, that he be a natural-born citizen, thirty-five years of age, and for fourteen years a resident within the United States. His term of office is four years. All Executive offices are filled, directly or indirectly, by his appointment, the advice and consent of the Senate in some specific cases being first required. He is assisted in the administration of the General Government by seven officers, Heads of Departments, called his Cabinet, whom he may consult on all matters of moment, and who share, to some extent, in his responsibility. They are all nominated by himself, but must be confirmed by the Senate before they can act. All AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 67 acts of Congress must be approved by him before they can become laws, unless two-thirds of each House of Congress agree to their passage, after his refusal to approve them ; or ten days (excluding Sundays) elapse from the time any act is presented to him for his approval, to its return by him to Congress, provided Congress do not meanwhile adjourn. The Secretary of State is the leading member of the Cabinet, having charge of the Foreign Relations of the United States, including all matters relative to Diplomacy, Foreign Ministers, Charges d'Affaires, Consuls, etc., and the reception of all com- munications from sovereign powers. The Secretary of the Treasury has the fiscal affairs of govern- ment under his direction, involving the collection of the revenue from imposts and all other sources, together with the oversight of the various Custom Houses, and the numerous officers therein employed. The Secretary of War has charge of the Army and national defense on land, the various details connected with the land forces of the United States, together with the superintendence of all the forts and military stations. The Secretary of the Navy has charge of the National defense by sea, in all its necessary details. The Secretary of the Interior. This department was first established in 1849, for the relief of the other departments. This officer has charge of the Patent Office, formerly under the super- vision of the State .Department; the Land Office, formerly connected with the Treasury ; Indian Affairs and Soldiers' Pen- sions, from the War Department ; Naval Pensions, from the Navy Department ; the taking of the Census, the care of the public buildings, and other matters. The Attorney-General is the legal adviser of the President and the Heads of the various Departments. The Postmaster-General, though not originally a Cabinet officer, is now recognized as such, having the control of all the postal arrangements, the appointment of Postmasters, contracts for the mail service by sea and land, and the execution of the laws passed by Congress for the regulation of Posts and Post-roads In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge his duties, the office 6o MASTER SPIRITS OK THE WORLD, AND devolves upon the Vice-President, who must possess the same qualifications as the President and is elected in the same way. The President and Vice-President cannot be inhabitants of the same State. In case of the incompetency, inability, etc., of both President and Vice-President, the President pro tern, of the Senate acts as President; in case of his inability, the Speaker of the House. If no person receives the votes of a majority of the whole Electoral College for President, the election of President devolves upon the House of Representatives, which is to choose the Presi- dent, by ballot, from the persons, not exceeding three, having the highest number of votes in the College. The vote, in such cases, is 'to be taken by States, each State having one vote, and a majority of States elects. If, in such cases, the House do not choose by the fourth day of March next ensuing, the Vice-Presi- dent acts as President. If no person is elected by the majority of the College as Vice- President, a majority of the Senate elects one from the two highest numbers on the list of the College. The compensation of the President is $25,000 per annum ; of the Vice-President, $8,000 ; of each member of the Cabinet, ,$S,ooo. THE JUDICIAL power of the United States is vested, by the Constitution, in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may establish. The Judges of all these courts are appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate ; they hold their office during good behavior, and receive a compensation which cannot be diminished during their con- tinuance in office. The Supreme Court, consisting of one Chief Justice (salary $6,500) and eight Associate Justices (salary $6,000), has one session annually, at Washington, commencing on the first Monday of December. This tribunal has original jurisdiction in all cases relating to embassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State is a party. It also has jurisdiction, under such regulations as Congress may provide, by way of appeal from the inferior United States courts, in all cases arising in law and equity under the Constitution and laws of the United States and treaties made by them; in all cases of admiralty and maritime AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 69 jurisdiction, when the United States is a part)-; in all contro- versies between two or more States, between a State and citizens of another State, between citizens of different States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of dif- ferent States, between a State, or its citizens, and foreign States, or their citizens. The Circuit Courts have been established by Congress as the tribunals next inferior to the Supreme Court. The United States is divided into nine Judicial Circuits, in each of which a Circuit Court is held twice in every year, for each State within such Circuit, by a Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and by the District Judge of the State or District. Florida, Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota, not being, as yet, attached to any circuit, the District Courts therein have the power of Circuit Courts. These courts have original jurisdiction, concurrent with the several State courts, of all suits of a civil nature, when the sum in dispute exceeds $500 (excepting when the United States are plaintiffs, when no such limitation is required) ; or, where an alien is a party, or the suit is between a citizen of the State where suit is brought, and a citizen of another State ; and in all cases arising under the Patent laws. They have, also, appellate juris- diction in cases brought before them from the District Courts where the matter in dispute exceeds fifty dollars. District Courts, to the number of fifty-one, constitute the next grade of United States courts. These courts have, among other things, cognizance exclusively of the several State courts, of all offenses cognizable under authority of the United States, commit- ted within their jurisdiction, or on the high seas (with certain limitations as to the punishment) ; exclusive cognizance in all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; together with juris- diction of all suits against consuls or vice-consuls, exclusively of the State courts. The Court of Claims, sitting at Washington, was instituted in 1855. It consists of a presiding Judge, and two associate Judges (salary $4,000), and has jurisdiction of all claims founded upon any Uw of Congress, upon any regulation of an Executive depart- ment, upon any contract with the United States government, or such claims as may be referred to it by either House of Congress. Congress has enacted, in relation to all of the United States 70 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND courts, that the laws of the several States, except when the Con- stitution, Treaties or Statutes of the United States shall otherwise require, shall be regarded as rules of decision in trials at common law, in cases where they apply. A detailed account of the scope and operation of the various State governments embraced within this Union, cannot be expected in the space here allotted. Since, however, they rest upon a com- mon basis, a passing allusion may not be inappropriate or valueless. In each of the States, the government, as in the case of the United States, is distributed among 'three departments, the Legis- lative, Executive and Judicial. Experience has demonstrated this separation to be vital to the existence of healthful government, and, consequently, especial care is taken to prevent, as far as may be, each from trenching upon the peculiar functions of the other. The legislative powers of each State, are lodged in a Legislature consisting of two branches ; the common title of the higher being "The Senate," that of the lower, "House of Representatives," " Assembly," or the like. The principal differences existing between these branches, are to be found in the number of members that of the higher branch being much less than that of the lower; in the age of their mem- bers a more advanced period being requisite in the former case ; in the extent of their constituency a greater number of inhabi- tants uniting to elect to. the upper ; in the tenure of their office a longer term being generally assigned to the Senate ; and in the requirement, in vogue in some States, that the terms of but a por- tion of the Senators shall expire at any one time, the object being to secure greater stability and certainty in legislation. In most of the States, comparatively slight, if any, requirements as to property qualifications exist, either in the case of members or those who elect them. In the earlier history of the country the sessions of the various Legislatures were held annually ; of late years, however, especially in the States more recently admitted into the Confederacy, the practice has obtained of having biennial sessions. The compen- sation of members of the Legislature differs greatly, both in amount and in the principles upon which it is based ; some being paid a per diem allowance and mileage, irrespective of the length of the session ; others having a per diem only for a specific number AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 73 of days ; while yet others are paid an aggregate sum instead of daily compensation. The approval of the chief executive officer of the State is requisite to ensure validity to the acts of the Legislature, saving in those cases wherein, by constitutional provisions, acts may be repassed by the necessary majorities over the vote of the Executive. In some of the States, the Legislatures are prevented, by constitutional inter- dicts, from imposing taxes beyond a specific amount, or creating a larger amount of debt than is thereby allowed ; while in others, both of these important subjects are left wholly within the control of the law-making body. The chief magistrate of each State is styled "Governor," and is vested with powers more or less extensive, as the particular Con- stitution prescribes. In some of the States he has authority, with the approval of the Senate, or Executive Council, to appoint Judges and various minor judicial officers, to grant pardons, reprieves, etc. He is commander-in-chief of the militia of the various States, and even in those where the large majority of civil officers are elective, is the only authority to commission all such officers. The length of the gubernatorial term varies much in the different States, a few still clinging to the old system of an annual election, while the larger number have lengthened it to two or three years. Governors are elected by the people of the several States, except- ing in South Carolina, where the Legislature elects ; and, in most of the States there are slight, if any, property qualifications requisite. Subordinate officers, generally elected by the people, whose duties are both advisory and executory as to the details of the administration of the government, are to be found in every State, corresponding in some degree to Heads of Departments under the United States government. Formerly, all judges were appointed by the Executive, with the consent of the advising Board. As a general rule, they are now elective, mostly by the people, though in some States by the Leg- islature. Their tenure of office, too, is now, as a general thing, for a specific term of years, instead of for life, as formerly. Each State has established a Court for the interpretation of Constitutional Law and the adjudication of weightier matters of 74 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND dispute between its inhabitants, called a Supreme Court, Superior Court, Court of Errors, Court of Appeals, or the like. A few of the States have separate tribunals for disposal of cases in equity. Next below the highest court are courts adapted to the partic- ular wants of ordinary litigants in the various counties or other subdivisions. These are called Courts of Common Pleas, Circuit Courts, District Courts, Police Courts, Recorder's Courts, etc. The lowest class of judicial officers is styled Justices of the Peace, or Aldermen, having jurisdiction in trivial suits and over petty 'Offenses. Besides these Courts there are, in some States, specific tribunals for the trial of criminal cases, as Courts of Quarter Ses- sions of the Peace, Oyer and Terminer, etc. ; and for settlement of estates of deceased persons, as Register's Courts, Probate Courts, Orphans' Courts, etc. Indeed, in no State can the citizens complain of a lack of opportunity afforded them for gratifying whatever litigious propensities they may possess. From this brief glance at the structure of our governments, both National and State, it will readily be seen with what scrupulous care and jealous anxiety the illustrious men who have gone before us, laid the foundation of our Union in that noble Constitution which has served as the model by which the individual States, as a whole, have elaborated their own governments. With the minute details of that Constitution, it is the first duty of every American citizen to familiarize himself. If the intentions of its framers are truly and faithfully carried out ; if the National Government is cautious to avoid all infringements upon the reserved rights of the individual States ; if the several States are reciprocally deter- mined to fulfil every obligation imposed upon them by the common compact ; in short, if a spirit of concession, forbearance, and love for the whole country pervades the bosom of every citi- zen of every State, then, indeed, we may feel proudly confident that the fond hopes of the most sanguine of the early friends of the Federal Union shall be more than realized then shall each day's rising sun, while time endures, smile upon a free, enlightened, independent, and united people, and our glory as a nation reach its culmination in the wise exercise of a power which none may safely resist, in the cultivation of a genuine rational liberty, which, recognizing the dignity of the individual man, shall afford ample .room and scope for its development. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE 75 THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CONSISTS of a Senate and House of Representatives, and must assemble at least once every year, on the first Mon- day of December, unless otherwise provided by law. The Vice-President of the United States is ex-officio President of the Senate, and has a casting vote in case of an equal division. In his absence, a President pro tern, is chosen from among the members. The Senate comprises two members from each State (now num- bering 74), who are chosen by the State legislatures for the term of six years one-third biennially. The members of the House of Representatives (limited by law to the number of 234) are elected by the people for the term of two years, and are apportioned among the several States, accord- ing to population, in the following manner : After each decennial enumeration, the aggregate representative population of the United States is ascertained by the Secretary of the Interior, by counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. This aggregate is divided by 233, and the quotient, reject- ing fractions, if any, is the rate of apportionment. The represen- tative population of each State is then ascertained in the same manner, and is divided by the above-named ratio, the quotient giving the apportionment of representatives to each State. The loss by fractions is compensated for by assigning to as many States having the largest fractions as may be necessary to make the whole number of representatives 234, one additional member each for its fraction. If, after the apportionment, new States are admit- ed, representatives are assigned to such States on the above basis, in addition to the limited number of 234 ; but such excess con- 76 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND tinues only until the next apportionment under the succeeding census. When the apportionment is completed, the Secretary sends a certificate thereof to the House of Representatives, and to the Governors of the States a certificate of the number appor- tioned to each state. The whole number of members when all the States are fully represented, is at present 243. There are, besides, ten delegates one each from Utah, New Mexico, Washington, Arizona, Colo- rado, Dakota, Idaho, Indian Territory, Montana and Wyoming who have a right to speak, but no vote. Since the 4th of March, 1817 the compensation of senators and representatives has been $8 a day during the period of attendance in Congress, without deduction in case of sickness ; and $8 for every twenty miles' travel, in the usual road, in going to or return- ing from the seat of government. The President of the Senate, pro tern, and the Speaker of the House of Representatives each receive double this sum. At the first session of the Thirty-Fourth Congress, however, an act was passed, fixing the pay of members at $3,000 per annum, but the rates of mileage were left undis- turbed. This salary was afterwards raised to $5,000 per annum. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 79, BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. great Republic, truly great and glorious, lies between-. lat. 24 deg. 30 min. and 49 deg. N., and between long. 66 deg. 50 min. and 124 deg. 30 min. W. Its boundaries, with the exception of British America west of Lake Superior, are water ; the Atlantic on the east, the Gulf of Mexico on the- south, the Pacific on the west ; on the north, from the St. Law- rence River to Lake Superior, lie Huron, St. Clair, Erie, and Ontario, a silver chain that encircles our treasure. America has added to her territory the Russian Possessions, lying to the far north. Whether, in adding to her broad acres over half a million of square miles she has added materially to her wealth, is a. problem which only a century in advance of ours can solve- Either in a domestic or political sense, it is at present only a. Castle in Spain to us. We may dream of its future development we may fondly imagine that it will some day be a storehouse of countless and boundless wealth but we shall never see that snow-shrouded desert " blossom as a rose," as at the touch of labor, and industry, and art, and skill, it shall wake from the winter sleep that has held it prisoned forever, and with the blushes sweeping over her still white face, go forth at their command to meet the incoming civilization. With an area of 3,878,245 square miles, three-fourths, or perhaps four-fifths of which is tillable, most of it surpassing rich in vegetable and mineral products, there appear no natural, or possible bounds to our prosperity. Every good thing seems to have been gathered here Our land- 8o MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND floweth with milk and honey, and its corn and wine make glad the hearts of her children. Standing between the impoverished nations of the East and the West, she opens her arms to the poor and needy, the wronged and oppressed, of all lands and climes ; gives them shelter and refuge in her bosom, and homes and for- tunes in her broad domains. It is not strange, under these circumstances, that the tide of emigration should turn to our shores, and, bringing with them habits of industry and economy, and obedience to law, should add to our own, as well as their wealth. Neither is it strange that, in the fulness of their gratitude, they love the land of their adoption, and the Government which has made their interests identical with its own. During the last twenty years nearly five million have arrived at the port of New York alone, who have come under emigrant regulations, solely for the purpose of settling and making homes in the New World. The political divisions are too well understood to need an explanation, and consist of thirty-seven States and eleven Terri- tories. The Mississippi is our most important river, and, together with the Missouri, the longest in the world. In reality, the upper Mississippi, by the usual rules of measurement, is the branch, and the Missouri is the main stream being more than a thousand miles longer, from its head to its mouth, or junction with the Mis- sisippi. The total length from its source in Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico, is 2,986 miles, but from the source of the Mis- souri to the Gulf of Mexico, is nearly 5,000 miles. The principal lakes are Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario and Champlain, all of which lie along our northern boundary, and the Great Salt Lake, in Utah Territory. This lake, so called, is more properly an inland sea. Lake Superior is a mag- nificent body of water, and the largest body of fresh water in the world. The bluffy shores on the north side of the lake are grand ; nc words perhaps can do them justice, but so desolate oh, so wild, and dreary, and desolate. A feeling of sadness comes over you, you cannot tell how or why, as you stand upon the deck of a steamer and pass mile after mile of unbroken forest, without a sign of civilization, without a sign of life, save where at long inter- vals the blue smoke rises from an Indian s bark hut, or a solitary red man stands on a crag to watch the passing boat, or a group of their beautiful, fleet-footed ponies tells of their proximity. The AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 81 dense, dark, low evergreens cover the land closely, interspersed with clumps or groves of oak, beech, birch and hickory trees. On the south side of the lake the shore is bold, but less steep and mountainous. The old Fort of Mackinaw still stands in good order, and the new fort is a fine building. The Pictured Rocks are very beautiful, and well worthy of a visit from the passing tourist. At sunrise they appear more like some fancy painting than any earthly reality. Rising boldly to a hight of from three to five hundred feet, covered with trees that are century crowned, perfor- ated with caves, worn and broken into fantastic shapes by the storms of ages, stained with every imaginable shade of coloring from the dripping of the springs in the rock upon mineral sub- stances, it is impossible to fancy any thing more picturesque or sublime. The water at their base is very deep and transparently clear ; at a depth of two or three hundred feet below the surface you can plainly discern the wreck of a steamer lying where it went down one fatal night some years ago. The richest copper mines in the world are those of the Superior. The ore is taken out in immense bodies, often too large to be transported in any manner, and nearly pure. The region of the upper Superior is but sparsely settled, but since the location of the Northern Pacific Railroad is rapidly improving. The mountain ranges most worthy of note are the Alleghany in the east, and the Rocky Mountains on the western side of the continent. The length of the Alleghanies is about 1500 miles. The Rocky Mountains are broken ranges, and although running from north to south, cover a district of a thousand miles in width. Between these ranges lie some of the most beautiful prairies, table lands or plateaus, in the world. The mountain passes, defiles and canons are awfully grand and sublime, and it is said by those who have visited both even by Europeans them- selves that the Alps present nothing more wild and grand than the Sierra Nevadas, with their hoary, snow covered heads, piercing the clouds. The soil of the United States presents every variety known upon the globe, from the soft, rich mould of the tropics, to the sterile sands of the desert^ but with the exception of the dry plains or desert in the vicinity of Salt Lake, nearly the entire surface of our country is productive, and from the Atlantic 82 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND shores to the Pacific coast, verdure, beauty and wealth spread out in every direction. The climate is as varied as the soil. Lying, as the Republic does, between such extremes of longitude and latitude, it is impos- sible but that our climate would embrace every variety which it is possible to produce. In the northern of the Middle States the temperature varies from one extreme to the other, and the changes are so rapid as to leave one wholly unprepared to meet them. In the East, we have longer winters, and steady cold or heat. In Florida the temperature is even, scarcely varying from January to January again ; while in Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, Texas, California and New Mexico, the climate is very like that of Italy. The mineral productions are extensive and varied. There is scarcely a mineral or precious stone known in the world, but is produced in America. Coal and iron are abundant in nearly every State in the Union. Nitrate of soda and potassa are found in quantities to supply the ages to come, in the caves of Virginia, Kentucky and Arkansas ; while the very desert of the Salt Lake country is a mine of inexhaustible wealth for its nitrate and car- bonate of soda. Maine, Maryland, Texas and Arizona produce gypsum, while marble of every variety, for building or statuary, is found everywhere. Iron is found in every State and Territory, and Illinois alone is capable of furnishing all the lead required by the manufactories of the world. The richest copper mines are found in the Superior region, yet almost every State produces it in greater or less quantities. Zinc is found in Penn- sylvania and New Jersey, and tin in Maine and California. Gold is found in all the States bordering on the Atlantic coast, and pre- vious to the discovery of the rich mines of the Western States, Virginia furnished nearly all the gold of the United States. These mines are all abandoned, however, since the discovery of the immense deposits in California, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Dakota. California also yields a limited quantity of platinum, and mercury in immense quantities, sufficient, indeed, to meet the great demand created by the gold mines for it. Osmium and iridium have been dis- covered in Oregon. Cobalt is produced by North Carolina and Missouri, and Pennsylvania yields nickel in abundance. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 83 The people.of the United States are from every land and every clime under the sun. In a few of the States you can trace, through the established habits and customs of the people, the origin of the first settlers; but in most places, the emigration from foreign lands constantly changes the characteristics of the inhabitants. The New England States, settled by the Puritans, retain something of their prim severity of manners. Maryland was settled by the Catholics, and they have always been, and still are, the strongest religious denomination in the State. Pennsylvania was settled by Quakers and Germans, Louisiana by the French, and Texas and California by Spanish. An immense number of Chinese have found homes on the western slopes of the continent, and promise to become useful citizens/ The agricultural interests of the Republic, already stupendous, are constantly increasing, and one looks over the statistics of pro- duce of farm and garden in a bewildered way as he fails to grasp or comprehend the figures that testify truthfully of our national wealth, industry and prosperity. Indian corn is and always will be a staple product. In 1862, the number of bushels raised by seven of the Middle States, amounted to 482,250,800. Illinois alone produced 125,500,000. In the scale of importance, wheat stands next to corn, and the yield of 1862 counts up 264,146,950. American wheat received the prize medal at the London exhibi- tion. There is no question but ours is the best grown in the world. Rye, barley and oats are grown in all the States, also buckwheat, peas and beans, and as a field crop the two latter grow in import- ance every year. Rice is produced in all the Southern States, and has been grown in the Middle States, though it can never be made a profitable crop there, since the soil is too dry. The yield in 1860 was 187,140,173 pounds. In this, South Carolina leads off, having produced that year 119,100,528. The potato ranks next to corn and wheat. In 1869 the number of bushels grown of this favorite vegetable was 133,886,000. Hay, also is a valuable crop, and hops, as the demand increases, are receiving favorable notice. Tobacco is raised in almost every State in the Union, flourishing upon every soil and giving profitable returns for little labor. The crop of 1860 amounted to 429,390,771 pounds. Sugar cane is raised in all of the Southern States, and the manufacture of sugar and molasses has long been a leading 84 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND branch of industry in that part of the Union. Of late years, with improved machinery and better facilities for performing the labor, the amount of sugar had increased steadily each year, until the war checked it, but it is again prosperous, and the latest returns credit Louisiana with the production of 297,816 hogs- heads, and 15,535,157 gallons of molasses, for that year. Sorghum is raised to considerable extent in the North, but it will not make sugar, and seems not to be really popular. In 1869 the yield of molasses in the Middle States, from sorghum, was 7,235,884 gallons, and the same year produced 40,863,884 pounds of maple sugar, and 1,944,594 gallons of maple molasses. The prairie lands of the United States furnish unlimited pasturage and hay, and stock raising and dairy-farming seem to follow as naturally as effect follows cause. The total amount of butter produced for market in the year 1869, was 470,536,468 pounds, and the same year also produced for market 114,154,211 pounds of cheese ; and enormous as the amount seems, it was not a year remarkable for the quantity, which has steadily increased since. The cultivation of grapes for the purpose of manufacturing wine is becoming one of the leading enterprises of the country ; and California has a prospect, at no distant day, of eclipsing the vine- yards of France or Italy. Ohio also produces a large quantity of very fine quality of flax and hemp, which have been raised to a con- siderable extent, both for seed and material for the manufacture of linen and hemp goods ; and the growing of wool, always a profitable and popular business, has received a great deal of encouragement for a few years past. Statistics prove that the growth of cotton in the United States is not as great as formerly, but has decreased in quantity for several years ; 1869 produced 5,198,077 bales. The commerce of the United States with foreign countries is very heavy. In 1869 the exports of the United States to foreign countries amounted to $373,189,274; while her imports amounted to $463,461,427. When we consider that America is made inde- pendent of every other country by her ability to produce every- thing in her own fields and factories which comfort or luxury demand, this excess of imports over exports would appear to be unnecessary. In internal improvements the Republic of America ranks AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 87 second to no power in the world. In river and harbor improve- ment, in canals and railroads, nothing that industry and enter- prise, united to almost limitless capital could accomplish, has been left undone. Continuous lines of railroad span the continent from the " rock bound coast " of the Atlantic to the blue waters of the Pacific, and from the lakes of the north to the gulf that breaks upon our southern coast, and forty thousand miles of iron track girdle the States in every possible direction ; while high over wood and prairie, over stream and hill, over mountain and valley the dark wires of the telegraph stretch out, bearing with an unseen, unheard and mysterious power, words of peace or tidings of war joy and gladness to one hearth, sorrow and desolation to another. With all his wisdom and far-seeing sagacity, Franklin never prophesied how great results would follow the experiments which to common minds seemed but the vague vision of an idealist. Later, Morse brought the art to what seems to us a glorious per- fection, but in the unborn years before us, other master minds, profiting by what philosophy has already proven, will carry on the well begun work. To our public or common schools America owes her greatness, since to strength of developed muscles is added strength of developed and cultivated intellect, and ample and generous pro- vision for the education of every child has been made. Our system of to-day is the system which was established by the Pil- grim Fathers, who, fleeing from the ignorance and superstition of the old world, kindled the flame of general knowledge, and set the light on a hill where it cannot be hid ; and succeeding generations have fed the sacred fire until to-day it lights the world. Fellow laborer with the free school is the free press. Thank God for the free, unfettered press, whose voice is potent to break the chains of tyranny and thunder its denunciations at abuse and wrong, and demand the execution of justice, even while it advocates mercy. With that commendable prudence and wisdom which marked the course pursued by the " Fathers of the Republic," every citizen is left free and untrammeled by bigotry or prejudice, "to worship God after the dictates of his own heart," and in doing this, that man must be callous indeed who cannot, in some religious denomination, find a home till such time as he is called to v" come up higher." 88 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND Our standing army, according to the act passed July 28, 1866, consists of 10 Regiments Cavalry, 12 Companies each. 5 Artillery, 12 45 Infantry, 12 In addition to this the militia of each State is always considered a reserve force, which may be called out whenever needed. The force which could be thus called into the field without a moment's delay, would be more than a million of men, many of whom have served on the battle grounds of Mexico and the South. The President of the United States is the Commander-in-Chief of the army, but it is neither customary nor expected that he will exercise the rights or duties of this office. Our navy, regulated by the same act as the army, consists of a force of 206 vessels, carrying 1743 guns; 35 of these are the first-rates, carrying 662 guns. The second rates are 37 in number, carrying 483 guns. The third rates, 36 in number, carry 184 guns. Fifty-two of these are iron clad, and carry 129 guns; 28 are paddle wheel steamers, carrying 197 guns; 95 are screw steamers, carrying 938 guns. The policy of our Government, both wise and proper, is to avoid war by a course of honesty, liberality, and justice toward all nations, conciliating rather than provoking, as thoughtful of the rights of others as she is jealous of her own, and by this means she has had little need to study the barbarous arts of war. Respected, loved and honored rather than feared, peace and prosperity are within all her borders. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 89 OUR COUNTRY. OUR COUNTRY ! 'tis a glorious land ! With broad arms stretch'd from shore to shore, The proud Pacific chafes her strand, She hears the dark Atlantic roar ; And, nurtur'd on her ample breast, Ho\v many a goodly prospect lies, . In Nature's wildest grandeur drest, Enamel'd with her loveliest dyes. Rich prairies deck'd with flowers of gold, Like sunlit oceans roll afar ; Broad lakes her azure heavens behold, Reflecting clear each trembling star, And mighty rivers, mountain-born, Go sweeping onward, dark and deep, Through forests where the bounding fawn Beneath their sheltering branches leap. And cradled 'mid her clustering hills, Sweet vales in dreamlike beauty hide, Where love the air with music fills, And calm content and peace abide ; For plenty here her fullness pours In rich profusion o'er the land, And sent to seize her generous store, There prowls no tyrant's hireling band. $0 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. JANUARY i, 1872. THE EXECUTIVE. ULYSSES S. GRANT, of I\\\no\s,President of tke United States, Salary $25,000 SCHUYLER COLFAX, of Indiana, Vice-President of the U. S. " 8,000 THE CABINET. HAMILTON FISH, of New York, Secretary of State .Salary $8,000 GEORGE S. BOUT WELL, of Massachusetts, Sec, of the Treasury " 8,000 WILLIAM W. BELKNAP, of Iowa, Secretary of War. " 8,000 GEORGE M. ROBESON, of New Jersey, Secretary df the Navy " 8,000 COLUMBUS DELANO, of Ohio, Secretary of the Interior. ..... " 8,000 GEORGE H. WILLIAMS, of Oregon, Attorney General " 8,000 JOHN A. J. CRESWELL, of Maryland, Postmaster General " 8,000 THE JUDICIARY. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. SALMON P. CHASE, of Ohio, Chief Justice Salary $8 ,500 SAMUEL NELSON, of N. Y., Associate Justice, NATHAN CLIFFORD, of Maine, " " NOAH H. SWAYNE, of Ohio, " " SAMUEL F. MILLER, of Iowa, " " DAVID DAVIS, of Illinois, " " STEPHEN J. FIELD, of California, " " WILLIAM M. STRONG, of Pennsylvania, " " JOSEPH P. BRADLEY, of N. J., " " Salary of Associate Justices, $8,000 Court meets first Monday in December, at \Vashington. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 91 MINISTERS TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES. ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY. Country. Capital. Ministers. Salary. Appointed. Austria. Vienna John Jay, N. Y., $12,000.. 1868 Brazil Rio Janeiro James R. Partridge, Md. I2,ooo..i87i Chili. Santiago Joseph P. Root, Kan... 10,000.. 1869 China Pekin Frederick F. Low, Cal._ 12,000.. 1869 France Paris Elihu B.Washburne, 111. 17,500. .1869 Great Britian London Robert C. Schenck, Ohio 17, 500.. 1870 Italy Florence George P. Marsh, Vt... I2,ooo_.i86i Mexico Mexico Thomas H. Nelson, Ind. 12,000. .1869 Peru Lima Thomas Settle, N. C io.ooo..i8i7 Germany Berlin George Bancroft, Mass. 17,500. .1867 Russia St. Petersburg Andrew G. Curtin, Penn. 12,000. .1869 Spain Madrid Daniel E. Sickles, N. Y. 12,000. .1869 MINISTERS RESIDENT. Argentine Republic Buenos Ayres $7,5OO..i8o9 Belgium Brussels J. R. Jones, 111... 7,500.. 1869 Bolivia .Cochabamba Leopold Markbreit, O._ 7,5OO..i869 CostaRica ..San Jose Jacob B. Blair, W.Va.. 7,500.. 1868 Denmark Copenhagen M. J. Cramer, Ky 7.5OO. .1870 Ecuador Quito E. Rumsey Wing, Ky._ 7, 500. .1870 Guatemala .. Guatemala S.A.Hudson, Iowa 7,5OO-.i869 Hawaiian Islands Honolulu Henry A. Peirce, Mass. 7,500. .1869 Honduras Comayagua Henry Baxter, Mich 7, 500.. 1809 Japan Yeddo C. E. Delong, Oregon.. 12,000.. 1869 Netherlands -.Hague .Chas. T. Gorham, Mich. 7,500.. 1870 Nicaragua Nicaragua Charles N. Riotte.Texas, 7,500. .1869 Paraguay Asuncion See Uruguay 7,500.. Portugal Lisbon.. Chas. H. Lewis, Va 7,500. .1870 San Salvador San Salvador Thomas Biddle, Penn.. 7,500. .1869 Sweden and Norway Stockholm C.C.Andrews, Mass 7,500. .1869 Switzerland Berne Horace Rublee, Wis... 7,500. .1869 Turkey Constantinople ..Geo. H. Boker, Penn... 7,500.. 1870 Uruguay and Paraguay. Montevideo John L. Stevens, Me... 11,250.. 1871 U. S. of Columbia Bogota. __S. A. Hurlburt, 111 7,500.. 1869 Venzuela ..Caraccas William A. Pile, Mo... 7, 500.. 1869 MINISTERS RESIDENT AND CONSULS GENERAL. Hayti Port-au-Prince E. D. Bassett, Pa 7, 500. .1869 Liberia Monrovia J. Milton Turner 7,oop. .1871 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND AMERICAN CITIZEN s TREASURE HOUSE. 95 POPULATION OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES, 1790-1870. STATES AND AGGREGATE. TERRITORIES. 187O. I860. 185O. 184O. 183O. 1X30. 1810. 18OO. 1790. Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut __ Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa 096992 484471 560247 537454 125015 187748 1184109 2539891 1680637 1191792 364399 1321011 726915 626915 780894 I45735I 1184059 430706 827922 1721295 694201 435450 379994 460147 112216 140424 1057286 1711951 1350428 674913 107206 1155684. 708002 628279 687049. 1231066 749"3 172023 79*305 1182012 28841 771623 209897 92597 370792 9*532 87445 906185 851470 988416 192214 590756 97574 309527 30388 127901 14273 309978 78085 54477 691392 476183 685866 43112 297675 76748 3473 516823 157445 3433* 275248 72749 261942 72674 251002 64273 237946 59,096 340989 552" 147178 252433 12282 24520 162686 82,548 5641 Kentucky Louisiana . 982405 517762 583169 583 34 9945H 397654 6077 606526 682044 77982* 3524" 501793 470019 737699 212267 687917 215739 399455 447040 610408 3*639 f>543*7 153407 298335 407350 523287 406511 76556 228705 380546 472040 4762 220955 73,677 151719 341548 422845 96,540 359,728 378,787 Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska 375651 383702 136621 140455 75448 66586 40303 20485 8850 42491 318300 906096 4382759 1071361 2665260 90239 3521791 76 5 !io 1258520 818579 2305S 1 1225163 326073 672035 3880735 992622 2339511 524 6 5 2906215 1174620 703708 1109801 604215 315098 1596318 N. Hampshire New Jersey New York NorthCarolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania - Rhode Island. South Carolina Tennessee 3 * 7976 489555 3097394 860039 1980329 13294 2311786 147545 668507 1002717 212592 314120 1421661 284574 373306 2428821 7534i6 1519467 269328 320823 1918608 737987 937903 244161 277575 1372812 638829 58i434 214460 245562. 959049 555500 230760 183858 211149 589051 478103 45365 141,885 184,139 340,120 393,751 1724033 108830 594398 829210 1348233 97199 581185 681904 1049458 83059 502741 422823 810091 7693 1 4i5"5 261727 602365 69122 345591 105602 ^H 73 68,825 *49.73 35,691 Vermont Virginia W.Virginia 291948 1239797 280652 1211405 235981 1065366 217895 974600 154465 880200 85,425 747,610 Wisconsin Arizona Colorado Dakota Dist. Columbia Idaho 1054670 9658 39864 14181 131700 775881 305391 3945 34277 4837 75080 51687 437" 39834- 33039 24023 14093 Montana 20595 New Mexico.. Utah... 91874 86786 935*6 40273 I x 594 61547 11380 Washington .. Wyoming 9118 Total .. i 38555983 31443321 23191876,17069453 12866020 9638453 723988115,308483 3929,214 9 6 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND NATIVE AND FOREIGN POPULATION". STATES AND TERRITO- RIES. Total popu.a- Native born. Foreign born. Total popula- tion. Native born. Foreign born. Un- Chinese. Indian. 1870. 1870 I860. Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut Delaware 964201 435450 879994 4(50147 112216 140424 10B7S86 1711951 1450428 674913 107206 1155684 708002 628279 687049 1231066 749113 172023 791305 1182012 28841 6857 326073 672035 3880735 992622 2339511 52465 2906215 174620 703708 1109801 604215 315098 1218680 376688 775881 951849 431850 233466 379451 103051 137115 1045615 1387308 1232144 568830 94515 1095885 627027 590826 609520 970960 600020 113295 782747 1021471 22490 4793 805145 549245 2879455 98W324 2011262 47342 2475710 137226 693722 1088575 560793 282355 1201117 360143 498954 12352 3600 14652S 1 806% 9165 3309! 11671 324643 118284 106077 12691 59799 80975! 37453: 77529: 260106 149093 587281 8558 160541 6351 ! 2064 20938; 122790' 10012801 3298 328249 5123 430505 37394 9986 21226 43422 32743 18513! 16545 276927 771623 209897 92597 370792 91532 87445 906185 851470 988416 192214 763089 207636 70340 331560 86268 84665 899132 736149 930458 170931 7509 1471 21802 38518 5253 2669 6488 111892 55572 20969 1025 790 455 714 11 11 565 3439 2386 314 98 89 7241 235 160 48 17798 16 98 49310 2 2 40 32 240 48 914 108 569 499 4 153 4926 690 809 75 87 23 23 1 38 32 290 65 189 33 173 5 1 1 3 Kentucky Louisiana Maine 982405 517762 583169 583034 994514 397654 6077 606526 682044 949652 448848 550878 531476 827430 341656 4097 601230 604522 31420 68233 31825 51209 164024 54703 1977 4788 76592 1433 681 466 349 3060 1295 3 508 930 1 71 1 2 97 2 Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi 32 6172 2369 a 20 63 16 3 Nebraska Nevada.. 3152 N. Hampshire New Jersey. .. New York N. Carolina... Ohio.. 317976 489555 3097394 869039 1980329 13294 2311786 117545 668507 1002717 212592 314120 1421661 303563 429176 2436771 S66241 1757746 12081 2006207 123564 659743 995478 194433 280055 1398205 14265 50948 655929 2581 2181*3 1022 303417 23902 8707 5653 17681 43715 22985 148 431 4694 217 4390 191 2162 79 57 1586 478 350 471 15 29 16 439 1241 100 318 34 154 124 70 379 14 229 1 140 1158 30 177 7 19 88 60 403 20 11% 1 4330 14 Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island. S. Carolina Tennessee Texas . 1 25 Vermont Virginia.. West Virginia. Wisconsin 4 305391 194099 110477 815 1206 31 180 1200 15 47 157 1309 179 1319 66 1017 "2261 1 ~ 10507 89 42tt 20 . 7 Colorado Dakota Dist. Columbia 34277 4837 75080 31611 3063 625% 266ft 1774 12184 51687 46720 4918 49 3 4274 1949 New Mexico. . Utah 93516 40273 11594 86793 27519 8450 6723 12754' 3144 61547 11380 59187 9326 2151 2044 209 10 445 234 143 Washington . . Total 31443321 '27304624 4138697 23191876209126122244602 S4662 1 6325425731 44021 AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 97 NATIVE AND FOREIGN POPULATION. 187O. STATES AND TERRITORIES. Total population. Native born. Foreign born. I or both parents foreign. Foreign fattier. Foreign Foreign father and mother. 996,992 484.471 560.247 537.454 125,015 187,748 1,184,109 2.539.891 1,680,637 1,191,792 364.399 1,821.011 726,915 626,915 780,894 1,457,351 1,184,059 439,706 827,922 1,721,295 987,030 479.445 350,416 423.815 115,879 182,781 1,172,982 2,024,693 1,539,163 987,7:15 316,007 1,257,613 665,088 578,034 697,482 1,104,032 916,049 279,009 816,731 1,499,028 9,962 5,026 209,831 113,639 9,136 4,967 11,127 515,198 141,474 204.057 48,392 63,398 61,827 48,881 83,412 353,319 268,010 160,697 11.191 222,267 30,748 18,801 29,611 188,494 1,138.353 3,029 372,393 11.600 545.261 55,396 8,074 19,316 62,411 47.155 13,754 17,091 364.499 5,809 6,599 4,815- 16,254 7,885 7,979 5,620 30,702 5,024 3,513 21.844 10,617 323.507 203. 650 20,361 9,295 23,814 986,035 441,001 316,139 87.211 142.720 132,011 91,651 181,362 626.211 4S8.159 285.516 18,756 465,125 50,017 25,117 44,592 350.316 2,225.627 6.464 849.815 20,705 1,151.208 95.090 16.449 36,326 107,327 83,615 30.794 46.204 717,832 6,766 10,707 7,319 34.106 9.305 10.246 8,677 59024 8.382 5,000 20,765 9,893 310.927 198,958 19,338 8,734 22,901 956,711 326,312 397,672 82,848 139.336 127,480 84.381 176,274 609,836 459,537 277,345 17,62 453,264 48,277 24.222 42.862 340:661 2,161,752 6,148 816,780 19,320 1,108.603 92,762 15,875 35.045 103,713 79,287 29,677 43,917 700.402 6,612 10,200 7,137 32,721 9,180 9,926 8.392 54649 7,880 4,850 18.060 8,484 308. 303 197.377 18.311 8020 19,413 920,147 298,753 379,438 77,828 130,183 118,017 81,128 164,960 606,727 444,958 273,860 15,861 428,770 46,392 24.042 42,550 330,900 2,106,987 4.644 764^380 17,541 1,034,456 92,311 14,156 31,861 100,047 76,482 24,751 39,077 688,189 6.664 9,854 6,786 30.568 9; 122 9,682 7,636 50,182 7,069 4,710 16,981 7,760 295,723 192,685 17,288 7,459 18,500 890,823 284,064 360,971 73,465 126,799 113,486 73,858 159,872 590,852 416,336 265,689 14,967 416,909 44,652 23,147 40,820 321,245 2,043,1 12 4,328 731,345 16,156 991,851 89,983 13,582 30,580 96,233 72,154 23,634 36,790 670,759 6,500 9,347 6,604 29,183 9,906 9,362 7,351 51,807 6,567 4,560 Connecticut Delaware Georgia Massachusetts ... Nebraska 122,993 42,491 318,300 906,096 4,382,759 1,071,361 2,065,260 90,923 3,521,791 217,853 705,606 1,258,520 818,579 aso,55i 1,225,163 442,014 1,054,670 9,658 39,864 14,181 131,700 14,999 20,595 91,874 86,786 23,955 9,118 92.245 23,690 288,689 717,153 3,244,406 1,068,332 2,292,767 79,323 2,976,530 161,957 697,532 1,239,204 756,168 283,396 1,211,409 424,923 690,171 3,849 33,265 9,360 115,446 7,114 12.616 86.254 56,084 18,931 5,605 New Hampshire- North Carolina .. Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina... Tennessee West Virginia Arizona Dakota Dist. of Columbia Idaho Montana New Mexico Utah Washington Total 38,555,983 32,989,437 5,566,546' 10,892,015 10,521,2*3 10,105,627 9,734,845 NOTE TO NATIVE AND FOREIGN TABLE. Of the sums contained in the four columns in order, respectively, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh, in this table, that in the seventh is invariably the smallest, and that in the fourth invariably the laqgest. The sum given in column five may be larger or smaller than that in column six, according to circumstances' It happens to be larger in the case of every State, and of each of the Territories except Arizona and Utah (in the latter case for obvious reasons). The mathematical proof of column four is by adding columns five and six, and subtracting column seven. The difference between columns six arid column seTen yieids the number having foreign mothers but native fathers. 98 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES. CITIES. Adrian, Mich 1870. 8438 10006 69422 13570 53180 13884 8665 Io6lO 21789 17225 15339 IIl62 267354 18289 8146 10282 12692 14590 250526 18969 396099 II77I4 14930 14387 39634 20045 8660 298977 48956 28323 8920 9485 216239 92829 9298 31274 15357 12241 IOO2O 24505 20038 30473 12035 79577 9294 18434 H350 20832 15863 19646 21830 26766 12764 I77l8l I860. 6213 3477 62367 12652 28702 8025 3585 3591 9554 10986 14875 6011 212418 16407 7520 9349 8325 7075 202977 13299 266661 81129 6700 2606 14358 4041 112172 40467 25065 458i 4631 161041 43417 8052 18554 8799 6896 201 1 16471 11267 2OO8l 3965 45619 8502 I3OOO 3OOI H567 9419 11484 14026 5450 CITIES. Frederick, Md. 1870. 8526 10158 13818 11384 16507 11081 10125 2310^ 37i8o 13092 20297 9382 8615 48244 11447 9203 8789 82546 32200 12766 8682 13506 20233 8320 28921 17873 13600 14801 12380 12426 8950 100753 40928 28233 10810 23536 10709 9176 8029 40226 71440) 13066 32034 10543 25865 9057 15396- 105059 21320 17014 21595 150581 50840 IO.I4.lS I860' 8143 I 4953 7307 8733 8084 7223 6505 13405 17956 9995 9659 4845 7187 18611 4999 5528 7702 29226 4418 8136 9387 17603 1645 17639 7420 7424 9321 3727 2979 68033 36827 19083 -8247 20107 8130 66n 458i 22621 45246 2563 29250 1065 16988 6612 12647 71941 22300 13401 11256 39267 118670 Akron, Ohio. Galesburg, 111. Albany, N. Y Galveston, Tex. Alexandria, Va. Georgetown, D. C. Allegheny, Pa. Grand Rapids, Mich Hamilton, Ohio Allento\vn, Pa.. Alton 111. Hannibal, Mo. Altoona, Pa. ., Harrisburg, Pa. Atlanta, Ga. Hartford, Ct. Auburn, N. Y Haverhill, Mass. Augusta, Ga.. Hoboken, N. J. Aurora, 111. Houston, Tex. . Baltimore, Md. Hudson, N. Y. Brngor, Me. Indianapolis, Ind. . Bellville, 111 Jackson, Mich. Biddeford, Me Jacksonville, 111. Binghamton, N. Y. Janesville, Wis. Bloomington, 111.. Jersey City, N. J Boston, Mass. Kansas City, Mo. Bridegeport, Ct. . Keokuk, Iowa Brooklyn, N. Y Knoxville, Tenn. . Buffalo, " Lafayette, Ind .. Burlington, Iowa.. Lancaster, Pa Burlington, Vt. Lawrence, Kan.. Cambridge, Mass. Lawrence, Mass. Camden, N. J. Leavenworth, Kan. Canton, Ohio. Lewiston, Me. Chicago, 111. Lexington, Ky. .. Charleston, S. C. Little Rock, Ark Charlestown, Mass.. ._ Lockport, N. Y. Chillicothe, Ohio Logansport, Ind Chester, Pa. Louisville, Ky. Cincinnati, Ohio Lowell, Mass. Cleveland, " Lynn, " Columbia S C Macon, Ga. Columbus, Ohio Manchester, N. H. Cohoes, N. Y. Madison, Ind. Concord, N. H. Madison, Wis Council Bluffs, Iowa Covington Ky. Mansfield, Ohio Memphis, Tenn. Davenport, Iowa Milwaukee, Wis. Dayton, Ohio . Minneapolis, Min Des Moines, Iowa Mobile, Ala Detroit, Mich. Nashua, N. H Dover, N. H. Nashville, Tenn Dubuque, Iowa . . Natchez, Miss. East Saginaw, Mich Elizabeth, N. J. New Albany, Ind. Newark, N. J. Elmira, N. Y New Bedford, Mass Newburgh, N. Y. Erie, Pa. Evansville, Ind. Newburyport, Mass New Brunswick, N. J.__ New Haven, Ct. Fall River, Mass. Fond du Lac, Wis Fort Wayne. Ind..:.. New Orleans, La... AMERICAN CITIZENS' TREASURE HOUSE. 99 POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES, (Concluded). CITIES. Newport, Ky. 1S70. 15087 12521 942292 19229 16653 10076 16083 9348 12643 20910 33579 22849 18950 674022 86076 3I4I3 9 2 93 9211 10592 10492 20080 68904 24052 9880 7790 33930 9445 51038 62386 IIOOO 16283 19565 110864 1>M. IOO46 10508 805051 14620 14048 7409 1881 8877 6086 16816 19586 14045 18266 565529 49217 26341 2868 9335 6268 9488 14726 50666 I37I8 7822 4780 23162 6623 37907 48204 35S4 12797 8932 l6o?7'i CITIES. St. Paul, Min. . 1870. 20030 24117 12854 12250 13000 149473 28335 10029 35092 17364 26703 12652 8107 18966 43051 10629 16103 8639 31584 22874 46465 28804 12443 109199 10826 9336 19289 16030 30841 13446 41105 11003 IOOII 1870. 10400 22252 8207 8235 8408 56802 22292 9576 9223 932O I5I99 7002 6l54 3679 28110 15376 8594 438 13768 17228 39232 22529 459 1 61122 10004 14083 5568 21254 9552 24960 8605 Q22Q Newport, R. I. Salem, Mass. . . . New York, N. Y. . . Salt Lake City, Utah... San Antonio, Texas Sandusky, Ohio Norfolk, Va. Norwich, Ct.. .... Ogdensburgh, N. Y. San Francisco, Cal. Omaha, Neb Savannah, Ga. Orange, N. J Shenectady, N. Y. Oshkosh, Wis Scranton, Pa. Oswego, N. Y. Springfield, 111. Patterson, N. J. t. Springfield, Mass. Peoria, 111. Springfield, Ohio Petersburg, Va. . Steubenville, Ohio . . Philadelphia, Pa Stockton, Cal. .. . Pittsburgh, Pa Syracuse, N. Y Portland, Me Taunton, Mass.. Portland, Oregon Terre Haute, Ind. Portsmouth, N. H. Titusville, Pa. Portsmouth, Ohio Toledo, Ohio . . Portsmouth, Va. . Trenton, N. J. . . Poughkeepsie, N. Y Providence, R. I Troy, N. Y. Utica, " Quincy, 111. Vicksburg, Miss Racine, Wis. \Vashington, D. C. Raleigh, N. C. Waterbury, Ct. Reading, Pa. Watertown, N. Y. Richmond, Ind. Wheeling, W. V. Richmond, Va Williamsport, Pa.. _ . Rochester, N. Y. "Wilmington, Del. Rome, " Wilmington, N. C. Sacramento, Cal Worcester, Mass.. St. Joseph, Mo York, Pa St. Louis, " . Zanesville. Ohio... AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 105 . OUR IMPORTS AND THEIR COST. The Chief of the Bureau of Statistics on Commerce and Navigation furnishes the following statement of the value and duty on the principal articles entered into consumption in the United States for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1871: Articles. Value. Duty. Animals, living, of all kinds __ $5,287,669 12 $1,165,533 83 Articles worn by men, women, children, of what- ever material, made up in whole or part by hand, not otherwise specified.. 249,51900 87,33165 Beer, ale and porter 1,154,254 98 434,321 63 Books, periodicals, &c., print, and blank ._ 1,706,30471 426,57620 Brass and manuf. of 54,38417 10,88943 Bricks and tiles 76,86659 16,08897 Bristles 721,51800 87,21428 Brushes -... 222,18809 88,87523 Butter 1,091,374 87 193,720 50 Buttons and button molds 1,299,895 75 389,968 73 Candles and tapers, all kinds. 5.89165 1,08894 Chalk of all kinds 18,36700 37,48700 Cheese 376,395 37 100,530 07 Chemicals, dyes, drugs and medicines 12,979,661 85 4,640.055 94 Chicory, root' and gr'd 70,495 00 116,120 82 Chocolate, cocoa, &c 346.210 86 74,583 10 Clay and fullers' earth 106,527 00 54,917 04 Clocks, watches and watch materials 3,457.261 21 804,840 71 Coal and culm of coal ... 1,144,538 34 543,257 88 Coffee 29,428,698 27 10,069,098 77 Copper and manuf. of 765,186 27 331,703 68 Cork and manuf. of 237,549 52 100,180 49 Cotton, manuf. of 26.587,994 91 10,773,832 48 Diamonds, gems, &c.'_ 2,351,963 25 235,234 73 Earthenware, china 4,632,355 21 1,915,109 81 Embroideries of cotton, silk, wool, not otherwise specified 2,565.914 00 898,069 90 Fancy articles, perfumery, &c 3,798,816 97 1,718,583 09 Fire-crackers and fireworks 170,264 25 196,929 80 Fish of all kinds 2,066,832 70 660.225 34 Flax and manuf. of (linens, &c.) 19.235,959 55 6.475,953 72 Fruits of all kinds. 6.872,741 36 3,428,097 72 Furs and manuf. of .. 2,194,462 58 434,972 72 Ginger, root, ground and preserved 171,18251 79,41170 Glass and manuf. of 4,450,724 68 2,472,412 50 Gold and silver, manufacturers of, &c 223,277 07 77.082 44 Gums, arabic, copal, mastic, myrrh, shellac, &c... 422,833 06 221,102 41 Gutta-percha, crude, and manuf. of 16,173 00 5,109 90 Hair of alpaca goat, &c., and manuf. of 34,559 70 25,003 13 Hair and manuf. of (hair-cloth, &c.)- 1 538,942 73 131,202 58 Hair, human, and mannfactures of 535,852 00 149,608 00 Hats and bonnets of hair, straw, chip, &c 658,380 58 253 352 24 Hemp and manuf. of 8.013,364 43 l,7i,009 47 Hides and skins 13,431,781 27 1,343,17814 Honey 53,119 91 17,071 50 Hops.. 12,81100 5,04420 India-rubber and manufacturers of 2,044,936 95 361,365 31 Instruments, mathematical, philosophical, &c_. . 15,51900 3,521 20 Ink and ink powders 85,82321 30,03812 io6 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE' WORLD, AND Articles. Value. Duty. Iron, manuf. of 31,852,03483 13,766,121 32 Steel and manuf of 11,404,08485 4,892,56263 Ivory and manuf. of. 174,94200 20,37970 Jet and jewelry, real and imitation. 1,322,266 67 374,742 03 Lead and manuf. of. 3,837,363 93 1,870,609 54 Leather and manuf. of- 10,552,155 34 3,839,679 50 Macaroni and vermicelli 80,47880 28,16759 Marble, granite, stone and manuf. of 764,32310 396,96406 Matts, cocoa, coir, dunnage, c., and matting... 564,239 85 162,632 36 Meats, eggs, game, poultry, &c 1,128,395 84 240,612 77 Metals, bronze, nickel, &c., and manuf. of, not elsewhere specified _ . 240,575 85 Mineral waters 34,918 13 Music, printed, bound or unbound 47,547 00 Musical instruments and music strings 842,507 98 Nuts, almonds, cocoa, filberts, walnuts, &c 1,196,779 44 Oil-cloths for floors 63,406 55 Oils, fixed or expressed : Castor 20,240 49 Flaxseed or linseed 24,814 49 N eats-foot and other animal 20,155 00 Olive, in casks 111,453 00 Olive, in bottles : 257,868 08 Palm and cocoanut 87,288 40 Seal and whale 183,751 38 All other fixed oils 115,479 66 Total $821,050 50 Oils, volatile or essential : Anise. 16,355 00 Bergamot-. 93,260 00 Citronella 13,535 00 Orange and lemon 144,505 00 Roses, attar of 46,242 00 All other essential oils 132,415 41 Total $446,212 41 Olives 32,458 58 Paintings, statuary, &c., not by American artists 767,160 06 Photographs. . 43,006 25 Paints and colors: White lead 483,392 31 Red lead 73,410 75 Ultramarine blue 115,816 00 Vermillion 43,935 11 All other paints and colors 597,276 84 Total $1,318,831 01 Paper and manuf. of 1,895,150 35 Pens, penhold'rs, pencils, crayons, &c 237,850 47 Pickles, sauces, catsup, &c 431,634 39 Pins, all metallic 60,912 00 Plumbago or black lead 139,954 00 Potatoes .- 225,972 48 Rice and paddy 1,449,198 50 Salt in bulk and bags, cake, &c. 1,158,208 56 AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 107 Articles. Value. Duty. Seeds, plants, trees, shrubs, &c., &c. : Canary 56,95200 37,77624 Cardamon 13,98200 2,77850 Castor 44,39300 22,11180 Flaxseed or linseed 5,977,925 80 724,420 40 Garden, agricultural, &c 563,536 38 169,006 41 All other kinds of seeds, &c 159,382 75 64,675 73 Total $6,818,12193 $1,020,76908 Silk and manufactures of: Velvets 1,424,12300 854,47380 Ribbons 6,979,52750 4,187,71650 Dress and piece goods 13,235,849 60 7,941,509 77 Laces, braids, fringes, galloons, &c., 2,281,23925 1,368,74355 All other manuf. of 7,147,512 67 3,613,376 23 Total $31,068,252 02 $17,965,819 85 Slate and manuf. of. 138,86500 49,67180 Soap, common, castile, and toilet 299,560 84 147,434 12 Spices : Cassia 291,97226 222,33025 Cloves 64,547 25 104,197 45 Mustard 114,535 74 80,508 27 Nutmegs 390,17510 266,41500 Pepper, black and white 484,635 68 596,020 65 Pimento 55,288 87 111,073 20 Vanilla beans 113,21200 44,29200 All other spices 102,10012 97,57453 Total $1,616,467 02 $1,522,411 35 Spirits and wines : Brandy 1,261,34342 1,793,27685 Spirits from grain and other materials 615,292 85 2,042,029 06 Cordials, liquors, arrack, &c 58,897 96 88,629 90 Wines of all kinds 5,876,613 14 4,478,973 91 Spirituous compounds 19,125 59 29,168 55 Total $7,831,27296 $8,432,07827 Straw, manufactures of 1,360,323 14 408,018 63 Sponges. 113,12700 22,62540 Starch, of corn, potatoes or rice 2,555 46 1,339 14 Sugar, &c. : Sugar of all kinds 58,382,938 21 29,690,521 58 Confectionery 11,73506 7,16038 Syrup of cane juice or melado 2,454,696 40 1,060,975 75 Molasses from sugar cane 10,953,029 02 2,826,462 45 Total $70,802,398 69 $32,585,120 16 Tea 14,274,48867 8,322,99467 Tin, and manuf. of 12,528,61276 2,846,69539 Tobacco and manufacture of : Leaf, manufactured, stems, and snuff 2,784,155 74 2,342,954 11 Cigars 2,422,552 94 2,458,622 62 Total $5,206,70868 $4,801,57673 io8 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND Articles. Value. Duty. Umbrellas, parasols, &c., (not of silk) 94,276 50 47,138 25 Varnish 72,26556 829,75550 Vegetables, yams, &c., new and prepared 584,61122 28,76833 Vinegar 54,85506 8,86322 Wax, and manuf. of 10,87076 3,15753 Wheat, grain, flour, meal, &c. : Wheat, _. 245,753 79 43,664 80 Wheatflour 157,80528 31,56106 Rye 45,14375 10,13876 Barley. 3.632,48478 721,47980 Oats. 290,982 90 72,702 20 Indian corn. 100,90291' 10,55348 All other kinds.. 911,82373 167,05536 Total $5,424,897 14 $1,057,15546 Willow or osier, and manufacturers of 245,50775 83,93097 Wood and manuf. of : Cabinet ware, household furniture, &c 942,973 37 330,040 69 Boards, plank and scantling 6.555,192 03 1,311,038 41 Aough timber 494,45645 98.89128 Other lumber 316,05764 63,21153 Fire-wood 202,08152 40,41630 Allother 207,00685 56,62387 Total $8,807,85786 1,900,32205 Wool, and manufactures of wool, and worsted : Wool, raw of all kinds 9,906,031 03 4,515,103 72 Cloths. 9,187,36528 6,430,22641 Shawls.. 281,66900 151,05253 Flannels 7,12049 5,074(55 Blankets 19,42695 17.29293 Hats of wool 131,23000 81,00754 Hosiery.... -- 537,05650 309,195 Shirts, drawers and other knit goods 21,729 00 12,559 27 Balmorals 3,46575 2,69021 Yarns 284,79290 231.87355 Dress goods.. 21,617,32294 14,353,85333 Clothing, ready-made and article of wear. 2,249,600 00 1,208,568 22 Bunting 4,16700 4,89840 Carpets and carpeting 4.931,62190 3,320,09731 All other manuf. of, not otherwise specified 3,583,419 63 2,895,982 29 Total $52,766,068 37 $33,539,475 93 'Zinc, and manuf. of... 943,96463 348,66720 All other articles 3,412,11557 291,78486 Total $459,597,057 86 $201,985,574 93 Amount entered for direct consumption 270,967,025 96 109,089,585 94 Withdrawn from warehouse for consump'n.. 188,630,031 90 92,895,988 99 Free of duty 59,162,46046 Additional and discriminating duty 461,09839 Aggregate total $518,759,518 32 $202,446,673 32 AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. lop DIFFERENCE OF TIME. When it is 12 o'clock at noon at New York City, it will be morning at all places west of New York, and afternoon at all places east, as in the annexed table : Place. Morning. Augusta, Ga ................ 11 28 28 Buffalo, N. Y _____ ......... .11 40 24 Chicago, 111 ................ 11 6 2 Cincinnati, .............. 11 18 16 Detroit, Mich. .. .......... .11 23 54 Ft. Leavenworth, Kan ______ 10 87 8 Galveston, Tex ............. 10 86 58 Honolulu, S. 1 ............. 6 24 8 Jackson, Miss .............. 10 55 32 Jefferson, Mo .............. 10 47 32 Louisville, Ky, ............. 11 14 4 Mexico, Mex.-- ............ 10 19 44 Milwaukee, Wis ........... .11 4 16 Mobile, Ala ................ 11 2 Nashville, Tenn ..... _______ 11 8 48 Natchez, Miss .............. 10 50 26 Place. Afternoon. Albany, N. Y .............. 016 Augusta, Me ...... _________ 16 44 Berlin, Prussia ........ _____ 5 49 39 Boston Mass .......... _____ 11 50 Constantinople ............ 6 52 Edinburgh ... ...... _______ 3 43 21 Hamburg, Ger ............. . 5 86 58 London ______ .. 4 55 41 Place. Morning. H. M. S. New Orleans, La 1055 4 Raleigh, N. C.. 11 40 52 Sacramento, Cal 856 4 St. Louis, Mo 1056 4 St. Paul, Minn 10 43 45 San Francisco, Cal 8 46 19 Santa Fe, N. M 9 51 59 Springfield, 111 10 57 52 Toronto, C. W -11 88 38 Utica, N. Y -.11 55 12 Vera Cruz, Mex 10 31 30 Washington, D. C 11 47 53 Wheeling, W.V 11 83 16 Wilmington, N. C 11 43 21 Wilmington, Del. 11 54 12 Place. Afternoon. M. H. S. Montreal, L. C 1 44 Paris, France 5 5 26 Portland, Me 15 10 Quebec.L.C Oil Rome, Italy 5 45 59 St. Petersburg .'. 6 57 18 Stockholm, Sw 6 8 18 Vienna, Austria 6 1 37 STATISTICS OF RELIGION IN THE UNITED STATES. The total number of Church organizations upon the 1st of June 1870, were CHURCH ACCOMMODATION. Baptist (regular) 3,997,1 1 6 Baptist (other) 363,019 Roman Catholic. 1,990,514 Congregational - 1,117,212 Episcopal 991,051 Lutheran 997,332 Methodist 6528,209 Presbyterian (regular)-.. 2,198,900 Presbyterian (other) 499,844 Total.. 21,659,562 VALUE OF CHURCH PROPERTY. Baptist (regular). $39,229,221 Baptist (other) 3,378,977 Roman Catholic 60,985 566 Congregational 25,069,698 Episcopal 36,514,549 Lutheran 14,917,747 Methodist 69,854,121 Presbyterian (regular). . . . 47,828,782 Presbyterian (other) 5,436,524 Aggregate value $354,429,581 Total number of Church edifices 63,074 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND A TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES, TERRITORIES, DOMINION OF CANADA AND BRITISH PROVINCES OF NORTH AMERICA. Daily. Tri- Wkly Semi- Wkly. Wkly. Bi- Wkly. M'thly iM'thly Bi- i Quar- M'thlyj terly. Total. P 4 34 17 i 6 1 14 38 20 20 14 10 9 .:: i; ;i Il6 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES MAINE. the year 1638, the same year in which New Haven was set- tled, Ferdinand Gorges procured a charter of the King of England for all the lands from the borders of New Hampshire, on the south-west, to Sagadahoc, on the Kennebec River, on the north-east, under the name of the Province of Maine. It remained a separate province till 1652, when it became a part of Massachu- setts. Various attempts were made, between 1785 and 1802 to form it into an independent State; but these efforts failed. In 1819 a large majority of the people were in favor of separating from Massachusetts. A convention was called, a Constitution prepared and adopted, and, in 1820, Maine was received into the Union. It is by no means an agricultural State, but its extensive fisheries and great lumber trade have greatly enriched it, and its progress in morality has, perhaps, been superior to that of any other State. The staple export of the State is lumber, of which vast quanti- ties are manufactured from the boundless forests. Her water power is good, but little attention is yet given to the manufacture of woolen or cotton, though the interest in this branch of busi- ness is increasing. The State has made steady progress in rail- road and other internal improvements. The soil is good and pro- ductive; the mineral resources limited. It was settled in 1625, at Bristol, by the English. The population is 626,915. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. NEW HAMPSHIRE. |HIS State was a part of Massachusetts up to the year 1680. It was, however, settled in 1624, the first settlement being formed at Dover by the English. In 1680 it was erected into a separate colony, and its first legislative assembly met that year. John Mason was its first Governor. It suffered severely from Indian wars, and its progress, during the first years of its existence, was slow. In 1742 it contained only six hundred persons liable to taxation. Its first Constitution was formed in 1683. It suffered from the effects of an insurrection in 1686, although prior and subsequent to this affair, it seems to have been one of the most peaceful and quiet of the colonies. It is distinguished for its excellent pastures, towering hills, and fine cattle. The White Mountains are the highest in New England. This State took a prominent and active part in the Revolution. It ratified the Constitution June 21, 1788, since which time it has been highly prosperous. The soil is sterile, and a very large proportion is devoted to grazing purposes. New Hampshire has but one navigable river, and that but a short distance, but her water power is good and the people are largely engaged in manufactures. Fine quarries of marble and granite are abundant ; and minerals of almost every specie, and a variety of precious stones are found in different por- tions of the State. The population, according to last censu% was 318,300. I2O MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND VERMONT. territory of which this State is composed began to be set- tled in the year 1731, but was for some years considered as a part of New Hampshire. It was also claimed at one time by New York, and a contest arose between that State and New Hamp- shire, which was adjusted by the King of England in a manner by no means satisfactory to the settlers. The result was a quarrel between Vermont and the Crown, in which the Green Mountain Boys, led by Col. Ethan Allen, resisted the officers of justice, as well as the New York militia, who were called out to sustain them. The province appears not to have had even a territorial gov- ernment until 1777, at which time a convention of delegates met at Westminster, and declared themselves an independent State, under the name of New Connecticut. Previous to this time, however, they had rendered material aid to the Revolution. In May, 1755, Col. Allen, at the head of two hundred and seventy men, reduced Fort Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and thus became complete masters of Lake Champlain. During the whole period of the Revolution the State did good service in the cause of lib- erty, although it remained independent. Some time subsequent to its declaration of independence its name was changed to Vermont. As it was not one of the original States, it did not ratify the Con- stitution, but, upon application, was admitted to the Union during the second session of Congress, in the year 1791. The climate of Vermont is pleasant, and the temperature even. The soil, in the valleys, is fertile, and large quantities of maple sug^are made. The water power of Vermont is the best in New England, but is but little used. Granite, marble and slate are found in large quantities. Iron and sulphuret of iron are abund- ant. A most liberal provision is made for education. Present population, 330,552. AMERICAN CITIZENS TREASURE HOUSE. 121 MASSACHUSETTS. MASSACHUSETTS was settled in the year 1620, by the P ul "i tans - These people, having been severely persecuted in England, had previously taken refuge in Holland ; but for various reasons they determined, after remaining in Holland a season, to emigrate to the New World. They started at a very unpropitious season, arriving at New England in the winter. The severity of the climate and the scarcity of food at times, ope- rated seriously against their comfort and progress. It is said that they were frequently threatened with starvation. At one time the entire company had but one pint of Indian corn, which being divided equally among them, allowed to each person eight grains. But, unlike the early settlers of Virginia, they were all working men, and good economists. From the time of the landing at Plymouth up to 1691, this first settlement was known as the Ply- mouth Colony. Meantime another settlement had been formed, styled the Massachusetts Colony. Both were for some years under the control of a London company. In 1691 Massachusetts and Plymouth Colonies were united, and thenceforward their history is one. The people of Massachusetts were, during the early part of their colonial existence, sorely vexed, at times, by the Indians, especially by the Pequods. They, unfortunately, had imbibed, during their own persecutions, too much of the spirit of conscrip- tion and, although themselves refugees from religious bigotry, sullied much of their history prior to the Revolution by punishing what they called heresy in the Quakers and Baptists. During 1774 and 1775, Massachusetts took a very prominent part in favor of colonial rights, and was the first State to manifest the spirit of resentment toward Great Britain. 122 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE AGE, AND This State has wisely made education one of its first objects, and its public school system is unsurpassed. The public schools are supported by direct tax. Harvard College, at Cambridge, is the oldest University in the Union. Massachusetts is the third State in the Union in manufactures, and first in cotton and woolen. Its cotton mills alone furnish employment to 24,988 persons. In internal improvements, she is also rich, and in proportion to her size, is really the most important State in the Union. Salem is the oldest city in New England, celebrated alike for being the place where the Pilgrim Fathers landed when they arrived from England, and for being the scene of the witchcraft superstition. Boston has long enjoyed the title of the Athens of America, and is justly Celebrated for the high and intellectual character of her inhabitants. Population, lASTAS 1 - AMERICAN CITIZENS TREASURE HOUSE. 125 RHODE ISLAND. June, 1636, Roger Williams, an earnest, enthusiastic advo- cate of religious liberty in the broadest sense, having been ban- ished by the Puritans of Massachusetts from that colony, went to what is now known as Rhode Island, purchased the present site of Providence of the Narragansett Indians, and founded a col- ony, of which he was at once pastor, teacher, and father. He donated land to any whom he thought worthy, and Providence Plantation, as it was long called, became an asylum for persecuted Christians of all denominations, especially the Baptists. The first settlement in Rhode Island proper, was formed by William Codington, in the year 1636. Up to 1640 the citizens of Rhode Island made their own laws in general convention. But, in 1644, Roger Williams, with the aid of Gov. Vane, of Massachusetts, procured a charter for two settlements, under the name of Rhode Island and Provi- idence Plantations. The Constitution framed under this charter was a good one; and lasted until the year 1818. For many years the legislative assembly of this colony met twice a year. Rhode Island is distinguished as the smallest State in the Union. It did noble service in the war for independence, but did not, for some reason, adopt the Constitution till the zpth of May, 1790. It has been a highly prosperous State ; is distinguished for its good schools and large manufactories. There are no lofty mountains no rivers of imposing length or breadth, and but few minerals ; but the Narragansett Bay, which divides the State into two parts, is picturesque and beautiful thickly studded with a charming cluster of islands. The State is actively engaged in manufactures, and her water-power is unsurpassed. Education receives a fair share of interest, and the State is alive with energy and activity. Present population 220,350. 126 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND CONNECTICUT. i>IN the year 1633, the Puritans of Massachusetts, having heard very flattering reports of the valley of Connecticut, resolved to make an effort to settle it. Accordingly, a company of them sailed for the Connecticut River, taking with them the frame of a house. Meantime the Dutch, claiming the territory as theirs, built a fort on the river where Hartford now stands, to prevent the emi- grants from passing up. The Yankees, however, with that steady perseverance which has always marked their course, proceeded on their way, paying no attention to the Dutch fort, whose only demon- stration was an unexecuted threat to fire on the emigrants if they passed it. Landing where Farmington River enters the Connect- icut, they founded the town of Windsor. Other settlements were subsequently formed at Westfield, Hartford and Watertown. The first general court was held at Hartford, in the year 1636. The province suffered severely from the depredations of the Pequot Indians, with which tribe a great and decisive battle was ulti- mately fought on the river Mystic, in the year 1636. This battle resulted in the destruction of the Pequot tribe. During this year the towns of Windsor, Hartford and Wethersfield met in convention and formed a government, electing John Haynes the first Governor of the colony. Its course from this period forward was one of great prosperity. It stood in the front rank during the war for Independence, and in no case was ever known to flinch from duty. It ratified the Con- stitution June 9, 1788. In minerals, Connecticut is very rich. Marble of a fine quality is abundant, as is also granite. But the beryl and the chrysoberyl AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 127 are found near Haddam, and Columbite near Middletown. Gold, silver, lead, iron, and copper are found in different parts of the State, as also bismuth. Her manufacturing and educational interests, as in most of the Eastern States, are in a flourishing condition. Yale College, in this State, is very old, having been founded in 1700. A curious law once existed in Connecticut prohibiting kissing. One trial is on record where, under this law, the parties were proven guilty and fined twenty shillings each. It is to be presumed that it is long since repealed. Population, 537,454. 128 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND NEW YORK. CAPTAIN Henry Hudson, the famous voyager, discovered what is now New York, together with a considerable extent of territory contiguous to it, in the year 1609. Although an Englishman by nativity, Hudson was at this time employed by the Dutch (Hollanders), who, consequently, claimed the territory. Meantime the English set up a claim to it, as being part of North Virginia. They also claimed it on account of Hudson being an Englishman. The Dutch, however, determined to hold it, and in 1610 opened a trade with the natives at Manhattan Island, on the spot where the city of New York now stands. They erected a fort on or near the site of Albany, named the country in general, New Netherlands, and the station at Manhattan, New Amsterdam. The Dutch retained the country until the year 1664. It seems that, up to this time, they claimed not only the present territory of New York, but also that of Connecticut and New Jersey. The liberal governments of the surrounding colonies stood in great contrast with the despotic one imposed by the Dutch Government upon their American colonists. And when, in 1664, the English squadron dispatched by James, Duke of York, with instructions to take possession of the province of New Netherlands, appeared before New Amsterdam, the inhabitants were willing to capitulate without resistance. Peter Stuyvesant, their Governor, and an able executive, made vain efforts to arouse them to defense, and was forced to surrender. The English Government was now acknowledged over the whole of New Netherlands, the capital receiving the name of New York, as well AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 131 as the province. From this time forward to the Revolutionary War, New York remained in the hands of the English, and was under the control of a very arbitrary succession of governors. The progress of the colony was steady in numbers, wealth and civilization. It took an active part in the Revolution, and adopted its Constitution July 26, 1788. After this it outstripped every State in the Union in everything pertaining to wealth and greatness, save education, in which matter no State can compare with Massachusetts. The commerce of New York is immense greater, by far, than of any other State and she possesses one of the finest harbors in the world. Almost every variety of industry, and manufacture, and art is represented and encouraged, and carried to great per- fection. Its internal improvements are carried on on a large scale, and nothing is omitted which would add to the wealth of the State or the people. New Yor^*^ity is the most important city in the Union. Unfortunately, its situation will prevent it from becoming the largest. The hotels of New York are the finest in the world. The State is rich in minerals, and mineral and salt springs abound. The soil is good, and scientific farming is carried to a high degree of excellence. The population is 4,374,499- 132 . MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND NEW JERSEY, T first, formed a part of the Dutch province of New Nether- lands. But soon after the latter came into the hands of the English, the Territory of New Jersey was transferred to Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret, by the Duke of York. The first permanent settlement was formed at Elizabethtown, in 1664, by emigrants from Long Island. Philip Carteret arrived in the colony in 1665, and became its first governor. The province had very little trouble with the Indians. Many emigrants from New England and New York soon arrived, and for a series of years the colony advanced in prosperity. It enjoyed the blessings flowing from a liberal form of government. In the year 1685 the Duke of York became the King of Eng- land, under the title of James II, and disregarding his former pledges, assumed, in 1688, the government of New Jersey, placing it under the control of Sir Edmund Andros, whom he had already made Governor of New York and New England. This state of things was terminated by the revolution in England, but left New Jersey for years in a very precarious condition. In 2702, its proprietors having resigned their claims, it became a royal province, and was united to New York. In 1738 it became again a separate province, and so continued until the Revolution, in which it took a very active part in favor of liberty. It ratified the Constitution December 18, 1787. Thenceforward its career has been a highly prosperous one. The scenery of New Jersey is picturesque and beautiful ; and its watering places are our most fashionable resorts during the summer season. The State is also rich in minerals, and its beds of marl and peat are very extensive. Its commerce is limited, but its manufactures are excellent and its water power not surpassed. A great deal of attention is given to education, and her colleges and libraries are in a prosperous condition. Population, 906,096. PENNSYLVANIA OIL WELLS. Cincinnati and Covington Suspension Bridge. View taken from the Covington Side of the River. Main Span, 1057 feet. Length of Bridge, 2252 feet. Height from Low Water, 100 feet. Height of Towers, 230 feet. Towers, at base, 86 by 52. In the two cables are 10,360 wires. Diameter of the Cables, 12^ inches, weigh- ing one million pounds. Amount of Lumber, 500,000 feet. Strength of Bridge, 16,300 tons. Width of Bridge in the clear, 36 feet. Total cost, $1,750,000. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 133 PENNSYLVANIA. Old Keystone State, and one of the most wealthy and prosperous in the Union, was settled by the Quakers, under the direction of Wm. Penn, at Philadelphia, in the year 1682. The founder of this colony showed himself a philosopher, philan- thropist, and thorough political economist, at the very commence- ment of his labors. He put the province under the government of a Council of Three and a House of Delegates, chosen by the freemen, who, according to his arrangement, were all those who acknowledged the existence of one God. He pursued such a course with the natives as won their confidence and esteem. No Quaker was ever murdered by an Indian; and to this day the " sons of Wm. Penn" are everywhere respected by the savage. The treaty Penn made with the Indians was never violated. In framing the colonial government, he provided for the largest relig- ious liberty, allowing every one to worship according to the dictates of his own conscience. Up to 1864, Delaware, as before men- tioned, was included in Penn's grant. But about this time he procured a new charter, more strictly defining the rights and limits of Pennsylvania, and Delaware was detached. For seventy years prosperity smiled upon this colony, during much of which time Penn was, according to the historian, its governor, magistrate, preacher and teacher. It was troubled with no Indian wars till 1754, when Penn's example and teachings began to be forgotten. The population, owing to a considerable influx from Sweden, Germany, and some othci countries, began, at a later date, to 134 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND assume a more varied aspect ; and when the colonies rebelled against the mother country, Pennsylvania contained sufficient " fighting " material to lend valuable assistance to the cause of liberty. Pennsylvania stands first in the abundance and quality of her coal and iron, and though no diamond fields have made her a sec- ond Golconda, exhaustless mines of gold have ranked her an Eldo- rado, yet her more substantial metals have steadily increased her prosperity. Her coal, iron, copper, zinc, marble and slate are apparently inexhaustible, while in greater or less quantities, all the rarer minerals are found in different sections of the country. The railroads and canals of Pennsylvania are very important, and both in number of miles and cost of construction she stands num- ber one. Her school system is excellent, and has received great attention. Population, 3,519,601. LOADING STEAMBOAT WITH COTTON ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 137 DELAWARE. USTAVUS Adolphus, King of Sweden, formed a plan of establishing colonies in America as early as the year 1626. But as he died on the field of Leutzen, during the German war in 1633, without carrying his scheme into effect, his minister took it up, and employed Peter Minuets, the first Governor of New Netherlands to carry it into effect. In 1638, a small Swedish colony arrived under the direction of Minuets; and settled on Christian Creek, near the present town of Wilmington. Notwithstanding the remonstrances of the Dutch Government of New Netherlands, who claimed the territory, the Swedes continued to extend their settlements from this time until they pre-empted all the territory from Cape Henlopen to the falls of the Delaware. At this time the colony was called New Sweden. In 1651, Governor Stuy- vesant, to check the aggressive movements of the Swedes, built a fort near the present site of New Castle, of which the Swedes afterward obtained possession by stratagem. Enraged at this movement, the Government of Holland ordered Stuyvesant to reduce the Swedes to submission, which he speedily accomplished with six hundred men, in 1655. The province was soon after annexed to New Netherlands. Delaware was, after it fell into the hands of the English, included in the grant made to William Penn, in 1692. It remained attached to Pennsylvania till 1691, when it was allowed a separate government. It was reunited to Pennsylvania in 1692. In 1703 it was again separated, having 138 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND its own legislature, though the same Governor presided over both colonies. The ancient forms of the government were preserved through the revolutionary struggle. It ratified the Constitution December 7, 1787. The direct foreign trade of Delaware is scarcely worthy of men- tion, as all its business passes through Philadelphia and New York. She sends large quantities of fruit to the North, and both the quantity and quality are being improved upon every year. The climate is fine, but the sea breeze renders the winters some- what severe. The soil is productive, and it is rapidly becoming one of the most fertile and prospersous States. Delaware is without mineral wealth of any sort, if we except a fine glass sand, which is exported to the New England States. The population is 125,015. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 139 MARYLAND. /N 1632, Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) visited America, explored a tract of country lying on the Chesapeake Bay, be- longing to what was then called South Virginia, and returned to England to procure a grant for it. But before the patent was made out, he died, and it was given to his son Cecil. The pro- vince was named by King Charles I. in the patent, in honor of his Queen, Henrietta Maria. A part of the province appears to have been included in the grant made sometime afterward to William Penn, and to have caused much contention between the successors of Penn and Baltimore. In March, 1634, Leonard Calvert, the brother of Cecil, arrived at the mouth of the Potomac River, bringing with him two hun- dred emigrants, most of whom were Roman Catholic gentlemen. Leaving the vessel, he ascended in a pinnace as far as Piskataqua, an Indian village nearly opposite Mount Vernon. The Indian Sachem gave him full liberty to settle there if he chose ; but not deeming it safe, he began a settlement lower down on a branch of th'e Potomac, at the Indian town of Yoacomoc. The settlement was called St. Mary's. Maryland made a very fortunate beginning. The colonists arrived in time to make a crop for that year. Their neighbors in Virginia supplied them with cattle, and protected them in great part from the Indians, while their own kind and consistent course materially promoted their happy relations with the savages. The charter granted them was very liberal ceding to them the full power of legislation, without any interference on the part of the Crown. In 1635 they made laws for their government, which were somewhat modified in 1636. In 1650 they had, like Virginia, an upper and lower legislative assembly. Pop., 780,894. T40 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. District, originally ten miles square, now embraces an area of but sixty square miles. It is the seat of our Na- tional Government, and lies at the head of tide water, on the east side of the Potomac River. It includes both the cities of Washington and Georgetown. Until the year 1781 it was governed by Congress, but in that year a law was passed giving the District the control of its own affairs. At the 'time that war was declared between the Colonies and Great Britain, Philadel- phia was the Capital of the new territory, and continued to be so until 1783. At that time some difficulty arose between a band of dissatisfied soldiers, who marched to the hall where Congress was in session, forced the doors of the building, and in a violent and in- sulting manner demanded the back pay due them, amounting to a considerable sum, and which it was not then in the power of the Government to pay. The outrage pressed upon their attention the subject, already under consideration, of a better site for the Capitol, removed from the seat of war and beyond danger of a recurrence of such scenes. It was proposed that it be located on the banks of the Delaware or Potomac river, and in December, 1788, Delaware, through its legislature, offered Congress the necessary ground, provided it did not cover to exceed ten miles square. The matter was debated in Congress, and the North and South, then, as since, divided upon almost every question, clam- ored like two spoiled children for the location of the new build- ings. The House of Representatives at one time declared the Capital should be in Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna, at which the South demurred. Germantown was next proposed voted upon by the House, and carried by a vote of 31 to 19. The fur- ther consideration of the matter was then postponed until the next session of Congress, and so, for the time, Germantown was the Capital. The South was very much excited over the state of affairs ; the North was anything but pleased with it, and in De- cember, 1789, Virginia ceded a district to Congress on the Poto- AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 143 mac for the purpose of founding there the Capital, and also pledged herself to give the sum of $120,000 for the erection of public buildings ; at the seme time asking the intercession of Ma- ryland to induce Congress to accept the gift, and also to pledge herself to give $25,000 for the same purpose. Maryland agreed- to both propositions. In Congress the matter came to a complete standstill. Neither the North nor South would yield, and it re- quired the most delicate diplomacy just then to prevent serious trouble. The great question which at that time hung suspended over the heads of politicians, like the fabled sword, by a single hair, was the debt of the States, amounting to $21,000,000; and it had become in some way a party question, and also become in some way, associated with the location of the Capital. It is for- tunate that when matters had assumed this ominous form, we had wise men at the helm of our Ship of State. Jefferson was Secre- tary of State, and Hamilton of the Treasury, and they were clearsighted enough to see that there must be a compromise- between the two sections, or there would be a sad rupture. The South must be won over to consent to the General Government's assuming the debt, while the North must accept the offer of Vir- ginia and Maryland. The thing was at length brought around by fhe utmost tact and delicacy, and the interests of the North and South so skillfully balanced that the threatening clouds passed over, and again sunshine flooded the land. Commissioners were appointed, three in number, to lay out the District, and on the i5th of April of the same year, the corner stone was laid at Jones Point, near Alexandria ; and having located its boundaries, it was christened " Columbia," with appropriate honors. The next step was to lay off the new city, which was done by major L'En- fant, and it was called "Washington." The Capitol building is not yet finished, and will cost, when completed, from twelve to fifteen million dollars. Georgetown is separated from Washington only by Rock Creek. It is a beautiful town, and the inhabitants are noted for culture, intellect, and hospitality. The Georgetown College, a noted Roman Catholic institution, is located here, as also is a fine hospital for sailors, said to be one of the best planned and conducted in the Union. The population of Georgetown is 11,384; that of Washington, 107,204. The population of the entire District is 131,000. MASTER SPIRITS OF THE AGE, AND VIRGINIA. Old Dominion," so distinguished as being the native State of the Father of American Liberty, and the " Mother of Presidents," really seemed at one time to be peculiarly favorable to the birth and development of statesmen. It has furnished no less than five Presidents, among whom are Washington, Monroe, Madison and Jefferson. It was the first Colony, on the Continent, settled by the English. In 1607, a com- pany formed under the patronage of James I. obtained a grant to make settlements in America, between the 34th and 38th degrees of north latitude. In May, 1607, a colony of one hundred and five persons, under direction of this company, arrived off the coast of South Virginia. Their intention had been to form a settlement on Roanoke, now in North Carolina ; but being driven north by a violent storm, they discovered and entered the mouth of Chesa- peake Bay. Passing up this bay they named its capes Henry and Charles, in honor of the king's two sons. They were com- manded by Capt. Christopher Newport, an experienced navigator. Passing up James River, they arrived at a peninsula, upon which they landed and established Jamestown. After promulgating a code of laws which had been formed by the London company, Capt. Newport sailed for England, leaving the colony under the care of Capt. John Smith, whose subsequent relations to the settlement became so important, and without whose efforts the enterprise would doubtless have proved a fail- ure. The colonists seem to have been very poorly adapted to the AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 145 labor required at their hands. Too many of them were gentlemen^ and came, it appears, only to enrich themselves by gathering gold, which, they had heard, was very abundant. The State is especially rich in mineral resources, which are yet but slightly developed. Gold is found in many parts of it, and its copper ore is very rich. Iron is abundant, while immense beds, apparently inexhaustible, of both bituminous and anthracite coal are found in the mountain region, and in and beyond the valley. Salt springs of excellent quality are numerous. Fruits, grain and vegetables of every variety are raised in the State, and the soil is productive. Her commerce in tobacco, flour, oysters and cotton was very valuable previous to the war, and is rapidly improving at present ; and in manufactories cotton, woolen, leather, iron, steam engines and machinery, lumber, flour, salt and tobacco, she was 'in advance of many of her sister States. There is no better water power in the world than in Virginia, and on this account she must some day be one of our first manufac- turing States. Her internal improvements are fully medium. The free school system has been fairly established, while some of the colleges are in a most prosperous condition and unsurpassed for the advantages they afford. The Washington-Lee University is very old, dating back of the revolutionary war. It was endowed and opened by Washington, and after the war of 1861 it was reopened by Gen. Lee, who was its president. After his death it was given his name, in addition to that of Washington. WEST VIRGINIA. State of West Virginia was separated from the "Old Dominion " in May, 1861, and a convention met at Wheel- ing in November of the same year, to draft a constitution. On the 3ist of Dec. 1867, Congress passed an act admitting the new State into the Union on an equal footing with the original States j allowing them three Representatives in the House. The scenery is very beautiful, wild and picturesque ; while at Harper's Ferry it is grand beyond the power of the most graphic pen to describe. At this place, on the Maryland side, it is said that nature, with a mighty chisel and master hand has carved^ from a bold, protruding rock, a likeness of Washington, so true and faithful a likeness of the noble patriot that any one observes it at a glance. West Virginia covers an area of 23,000 square miles. Wheeling, the capital, is situated in Ohio county, on the eastern shore of the Ohio River. The most valuable mineral in West Virginia is bituminous coal, which lies in stratas from four to six feet deep, very near the sur- face in almost any part of the country. Iron also is abundant, as is timber, of the best varieties. She has not less than 500 miles of completed railroad, and enterprise in this direction is active. Manufactures are also making rapid progress, and becoming an important feature of the State. The population of West Virginia is 442,012. The climate is pleasant and mild, and the soil good all of the country being adapted either to grazing or grain. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 149 THE CAROLINAS. the year 1563, the coast of Carolina was explored, and named after Charles IX. of France. The first attempt to settle it was made by the celebrated and accomplished Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1585, twenty-two years before the settlement of Jamestown, and thirty-five years before the Puritans landed at Plymouth. This effort failed, on account of the incapacity of the Governor appointed by Raleigh, and the ill-behavior of the colo- nists toward the natives. The first successful attempt was made sometime between 1640 and 1650, under the direction of Governor Berkley. The settle- ment was made in Albemarle county, by a few Virginia planters. In 1663, a large tract of land, lying between the 3oth and 36th degrees of north latitude, having the Atlantic Ocean for its east- ern boundary, was conveyed by Charles II. to Lord Clarendon and associates, under whose auspices a settlement was made near the mouth of Cape Fear River, in the year 1665, by emigrants from Barbadoes. Sir James Yeomans was appointed Governor. A settlement was made at Port Royal, South Carolina, in 1670; and in 1671, a few persons located at what was then called Old Charleston, which place was abandoned in 1680, and the founda- tion of the present city of Charleston laid, several miles nearer the sea. All the various settlements here mentioned went under the gen- eral name of Carolina, until 1571, when a division was made, and the northern and southern portions were called by their distinctive names, North and South Carolina. These States were the scenes of many revolutionary tragedies. South Carolina, in particular, although the home of Sumter, and Marion, and Rutledge, was replete with tories (royalists), who spared no efforts to annoy the infant republic, and play into the hands of the British Govern- ment. South Carolina ratified the Constitution May 23, 1788, but threatened to break the compact in 1832, and was only prevented by the stern will of President Jackson. I 5 o MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND NORTH CAROLINA. the soil and dimate of North Carolina are highly ) f avora ble to the production of fruit, grain and vegetables. The most important are wheat, corn, rye, oats, potatoes, yams, rice, peas, tobacco, cotton, grapes and turpentine. Albe- marle Sound fisheries are quite important, and 100,000 barrels are taken from these waters alone annually. The mineral's consist of iron, coal, copper, gold, silver, plum- bago, lead, marble, agolmatolite, soapstone, mangonese, limestone, whetstone, grindstone, slate, porcelain and pipe clay. A chain of silver and lead mines extend through the entire center of the State. Population 1,071,404. The manufactures are lumber, iron, paper, spirits of turpentine, wool and cotton. The exports of the State are quite extensive, and since the close of the war, a very large trade has sprung up, which is being rapidly increased. Education, encouraged by the people, is making rapid forward strides. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 15.1 SOUTH CAROLINA. climate of this Italy of the New World, is so beauti- ful as to leave nothing to be desired. The soil is so varied as to produce all the products of the north and of the tropics. Cotton, both long and short staple, rice swamp and upland sugar, indigo, and tobacco oats, wheat, rye, millet and corn peas, buckwheat, barley, broomcorn, sorghum, beans, guin- ea corn, sunflower, sweet and Irish potatoes, hops, flax and hemp grow luxuriantly ; while, in a wild or cultivated state, nearly every known fruit, berry and nut, are produced abundantly. Manufac- tures are not very much engaged in, but the State possesses facili- ties for carrying on almost every branch of it. With the products of every land growing at their own door, with fuel and water power in abundance there is nothing to pre- vent her from becoming one of the first manufacturing States in the Union. I will quote a paragraph from a recent State publica- tion : " We have the cotton growing in our broad fields beside streams which furnish mill sites and water power ; we have iron ore in abundance, and fuel ready at hand, to make our own metal and build our own machinery, we have the clay for stoneware and pottery, and the fine kaolin for porcelain silica for glass, fine grained and hard woods in our noble forests for all varieties of cabinet work, and an excellent and ever ready market for all our products." In addition to this they have connection, either by water or rail, with all the world ; and railroad stations are of easy access from every part of the state. The future of this favored State should, and doubtless will be very bright. Its population is 705,163. 152 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND GEORGIA. ENERAL James Oglethorpe, and a company of twenty- one others received, in the year 1732, from George II. of England, a grant for all the land between the Savannah and the Altamaha rivers. In January, 1732, a company of one hundred and fourteen men, women and children, arrived at Charleston, S. C., destined for Georgia. They were kindly treated by the Charlestonians, and were greatly assisted by them in their labor of forming a colony. The first laws made for the province by the twenty-two grantees, prohibited the importation of rum, trade with the Indians, and the use of negroes. They also pro- vided that lands should go back to the original owners in case the purchaser had no male heirs. Although the first, second, and third of these provisions were undoubtedly wholesome, the fourth was highly objectionable, and tended very much to retard the progress of the colony. In the year 1740 General Oglethorpe, as commander-in-chief of the forces in Georgia, at the head of two thousand men, invaded Florida with the intention of forcibly an- nexing it to Georgia ; but he was soon repelled from the territory, and returned home bootless. The Spanish, in turn, with two sail of vessels and three thousand men, invaded Georgia in 1742, and were likewise forced to return home thwarted. The progress of this colony was for many years very slow ; the people manifesting that indolence and indifference which are anything now but a characteristic of Georgians. It was mainly on the side of freedom during the revolution. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. !$$ The climate of Georgia is fully equal to that of any other Southern State, while the soil, rich along the coast and rivers, is. poor in the pine barrens, but yields abundantly when fertilized. In the central part of the State the soil is a red loam, while in the western part it is light and sandy, productive when properly- culti- vated and cared for, but easily exhausted under a bad system of cultivation. Before the late war Georgia was foremost of the Southern States in her manufactures, and in every enterprise cal- culated to increase her wealth, but during that sad contest she was crippled to that extent that she has not yet wholly recovered. However, the energy and determination of her people are fast improving the financial condition of the State. The rivers are navigable for a great extent, and her principal towns are connected by railways. Although the last settled of the thirteen States the youngest of the band of sisters her rapid progress in agricul- ture, commerce, manufactures, education and internal improve- ments is a credit alike to herself and the Union. Present popu- lation, 1,195,338. MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND FLORIDA. Peninsula States, discovered and explored by Ponce de Leon, a voyager with Columbus, and whose name was suggested to the discoverer by the abundance and beauty of its wild flora, was, from 1512 to 1819, with the exception of the interval between 1763 and 1783, a province of Spain. The first attempt to settle it was made in the year 1565, at St. Augustine, (which is said to be the oldest town in America,) by the Spaniards. This effort was attended with many difficulties, the colonists con- tending, for the first few years, alternately with the horrors of savage warfare and famine, at times being forced to subsist on roots and acorns. In 1819 it was transferred to the United States by treaty, which treaty was, after much delay, ratified by Spain, and with still more delay by the United States. Possession of the colony was granted the Government in July, 1821. The ter- ritory contained, in 1840, a population of 54,477, and on the 3d of March, 1845, became a State, and was received into the Union. A chain of lakes, some of them beautiful gems, set in rank and luxuriant vegetation tropical vines, flowers of the most exquisite color and fragrance, mosses as rare and dainty as the silver frost work of an arctic night extends through the entire center of the peninsula. The State lies upon the border of the tropics, and the climate, fanned as is the land by the soft sea breezes from three sides, is as mild and pleasant as is possible to imagine, and inva- lids are very much benefited by it. All the winter months, so rigid and tiresome in the north, the gardens of Florida are a wil- AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 157 derness of the most beautiful flowers, while from the orange trees, laden with their bloom and ripening fruit, the mocking-bird car- ols forth his richest melody, or the oriole, flitting through the dense and glossy leaves from bough to bough, dazzles you like some fiery comet that has fallen from its sphere in the cloudless blue above. With proper drainage, the marshes, so long and still an object of aversion and contempt, might be made the richest land in America. The products are grain of different varieties. Cotton, sugar-cane, Irish and sweet potatoes, and every variety of fruit known in the tropics. The State has little or no foreign commerce, and but little attention is paid to manufactures. Railroads con- nect most of the principal towns, and these with most of the other States. It was discovered on Easter Sunday, and from this, and the fact that the land was a mass of bloom, it derived its pretty and sig- nificant name " the flowery land." The present population is 187,748. 158 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND ALABAMA. admitted to the Union on the i4th of December, 1819. It has a deep, rich soil, and in many portions a healthful climate. It remained till the Revolution a mere hunting ground of the savages. From the peace of 1783 to 1802 it was claimed by Georgia, and lands were sold to settlers and speculators accordingly. In the year 1802, Georgia ceded all her western territory to the United States for $1,250,000. In 1800, the present State of Alabama became a part of Mississippi Terri- tory, from which it was separated when Mississippi became a State It was settled in 1711, at Mobile, by the French, being a part of the territory explored by La Salle in his Mississippi tour. A band of fugitive Indians, weary and foot-sore, fleeing by day and by night from their pursuers, found here their first safe shel- ter, and we can imagine how, throwing aside the suspense and anxiety and terror under which they had been so long borne down, they flung themselves down on the green sward, under the branches of gigantic trees, and exclaimed in the fullness of their satisfac- tion, "Alabama! " Here we rest. Some of the richest soil in the world is found here, and with but little cultivation the yield is very large. The climate varies greatly, and every degree from the temperate to the torrid zone is represented. The mineral resources of the State are vast. The entire central portion, if not, indeed, the whole of the State is underlaid with beds of coal and iron of surpassing richness. Lead, marble, ochre, and manganese are found in abundance, while chalybeate and sulphur springs are frequent. The railroads of the State were almost entirely destroyed by the war, but are rapidly recovering their prosperity and wealth. The pop- ulation of Alabama is 996,992. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. l6l MISSISSIPPI. f/HE territory comprising the present State of Mississippi and Alabama having been divided, that portion lying next the river was, in 1817, admitted into the Union as a State, under the name Mississippi, while the eastern portion was organized as a Territory, and named Alabama. The whole of this territory was explored, first by Ferdinand De Soto, and afterward by La Salle. It suffered greatly during the wars of the Natchez Indians. The Choctaws, for a long time, retained possession of the northern portion of it, and were, to some extent, civilized. Mississippi was settled by the French, in 1716, at Natchez. The northern part of the State is prairie, with a rich, black soil but in the South it is sandy. Cotton has long been the staple product, but more attention is now being paid to grain, and other branches of agriculture. Peaches and figs yield enormously ; in- deed the former grow wild in many parts of the State. Until lately but little attention has been paid to fruit, though all varie- ties grow and produce abundantly. She has no foreign commerce, and her exports and imports pass through New Orleans. Missis- sippi has more than a thousand miles of completed railroad. One main line passes through the center of the State, southward to Louisiana, another crosses it from Vicksburg to the Alabama line from east to west, the road from Mobile to the Ohio River extends through almost the entire eastern part, and the great line from Memphis to Chattanooga passes through the northeast. Mississippi is thus well supplied with railroads. The old school system was one of the best in the South previous to the war, but schools were, of course, sadly broken up then. The new consti- tution makes very liberal allowance for educational purposes. Population 829,019. MASTER SPIRITS OF THE AGE, AND LOUISIANA. TAIN ceded Louisiana to France in the year 1802, and it was bought by the United States of the latter power, in 1803, at a cost of $15,000,000. Governor Clayborne took possession of it the same year. It was settled by the French, at Iberville, in 1699, and was admitted into the Union April 8th, 1812. It is an important State, in that it holds the keys of entrance to the mouth of the Mississippi. The surface of the State is low and flat, and the southern por- tion so very low that it always overflows when the rivers are high. There are a large number of lakes in this portion of the State, and the country here is very marshy. Numberless islands lie along the gulf coast, some of which are very fertile and beautiful. On one of them is an immense salt bed or mine, known to be nearly or quite a mile in extent perhaps more. The depth of the strata is unknown, as they have bored down forty feet into the pure, solid salt, with no indications of the bottom. Tropical fruits grow well here, and in the southern part fruit ripens from fall to spring, as well as from spring to fall. Oranges grow here in the greatest perfection, and the yield is enormous. A single tree often bears 5,000. Apples, peaches, pears, quinces, figs, plums, berries of all kinds, and grapes do well. Little attention has been paid to manufactures, but cotton and cane being staples, they must sometime be encouraged. Schools are supported by tax, and no appropriations by the State are allowed for the purpose of sustaining or assisting such institutions. A University in New Orleans, with law and medical department, is, however, partly sustained by the State under the new Constitution. Population 726,915. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 163 TEXAS. DE LEON and La Salle explored the territory of Texas. After Mexico became independent of Spain, a grant which had been made to Moses Austin, a native of Connecticut, comprising a large tract of this province, was con- firmed by the new Republic ; and, being transferred by Moses Austin, at his death, to his son Stephen, was subsequently en- larged by a further grant. Emigration from the United States was encouraged, and in 1830 nearly ten thousand Americans were settled in Texas. The prosperity of these inhabitants excited the jealousy of Mexico, and under the administration of Santa Anna, an unjust, oppressive policy was adopted toward Texas. Remon- strance proving useless, the people of the territory declared them- selves independent. The revolution began in 1835, by a battle at Gonzales, in which five hundred Texans defeated over one thou- sand Mexicans. Other engagements followed, the result of which was the dispersion of the Mexican army. Santa Anna now re- doubled his efforts, and appearing in March, 1835, with a force oi eight thousand men, several bloody battles followed. On the 2ist of April, having under his immediate command one thousand and five hundred men, he was met by General Sam. Houston, with eight hundred men, and totally defeated, on the banks of the San Jacinto. Santa Anna himself was captured the next day in the woods, when he acknowledged the independence of Texas, though the Mexican Congress refused to ratify the act. Active hostilities, however, were now abandoned, and the independence of Texas was acknowledged by the United States, Great Britain and other European countries. It was in this condition of things that 164 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND Texas was annexed to the United States. On the 24th of Decem- ber, 1845, it was admitted into the Union, which act was ratified by the Texan Legislature July 4th, 1846. But Mexico, still re- garding Texas as a revolted province, refused to acknowledge the validity of this measure. The result was a war between Mexico and the United States, which terminated on the 2d of February, 1848, in a treaty by which the latter power, in consideration of the payment of a debt of $3,500,000, due from Mexico to the citizens of Texas, acquired New Mexico, Texas, and California. The progress of Texas from this time till the eve of the great Re- bellion, was almost unprecedented, no less than twenty-five thou- sand Germans having emigrated to that State in five years' time. It is said that Texas has the most delicious climate of the Southern Empire that her skies are as clear as the glowing skies of Italy that her sunsets rival all that poet has sung of, and that the artist would go mad with despair were he to attempt to trans- fer to canvass the beauty in which his soul revels. The low, rich lands of southern Texas are covered with boundless profusion of the most beautiful vegetation. The climate is so healthy that it is claimed that a person born and brought up there would never die, unless they went out of the State, and in proof of this a story is told of a traveler who met very aged men, who were so hale and fresh looking as to excite wonder, while the manner in which they were hastening towards the border aroused suspicion, and they were questioned, " Whither away ? " They answered that they were tired of living and wished to die, and were going somewhere they cared not where to seek some happy spot where people could die. The pasture lands of Texas are the very best, and stock raising is made profitable. All sorts of grain grows well here, and forests in endless quantity and variety. Decided progress has been made in internal improvements ; indeed, quite wonderful when we con- sider how young she is, how thinly settled and under what difficul- ties she has labored. GEN. SAM HOUSTON. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 167 TENNESSEE, OR some time, was a part of North Carolina. It was made a territorial government in the year 1790, and was admitted into the Union in 1796. The first permanent white inhabitants of Tennessee went there in the year 1775, and built Fort Loudon, now in Blount county. They were, in 1760, attacked by the savages, and two hundred persons were massacred. But, in 1767, the natives were reduced to submission by Colonel Grant, and a treaty was made with them, which encouraged emi- gration. Settlements were formed on Holston River in 1765, which, although frequently attacked by the Indians, made very fair progress. Colonel John Sevier, with the Tennessee militia and a few Virginia soldiers, gained a decisive victory over the savages, and from this time forward, though more or less harrassed by the Indians, the progress of the State, in population and im- provement, was rapid. North Carolina gave up the territory in 1789, and in* 1790 Congress recognized it as a separate province. It has great extent of territory, and up to 1861, was considered as among the greatest of the agricultural States. Its staple products are cotton, tobacco and corn. The mineral resources of Tennessee are not yet developed to any extent, but they are rich in quality, and limitless in quantity, and will b a source of boundless wealth to the State. In the mountains, easy of access, are endless stores of copper, zinc, sandstone, iron, and 1 68 the very finest marble, waiting since creation's birth for the enter- prise that should tear it from the bosom of the earth and give it shapes of beauty and utility. Coal of the best quality is abundant, and gold is found in some parts of the State. Tennessee has nearly or quite two thousand miles of railroad, and though these thoroughfares were much injured by the war, the admirable energy of the people would not allow them to lie in waste, and they were accordingly rebuilt in an excellent manner. Her free schools, under the protection of the State, and liberally supported by the Government, are in a prosperous condition. Population, 1,258,370. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 169 KENTUCKY >N the year 1775, Daniel Boone, with a number of associates from North Carolina, settled in this State. The trials and adventures of these hardy pioneers, and especially those of Boone, constitute one of the most romantic leaves in the history of the West. For over two years, previous to 1775, Boone was busily employed in surveying Kentucky, building roads and forts. One of the latter the erected at Boonsborough, to which place he removed his family, in 1775. Boone said that his wife and daughter were the first white women who ever stood on the banks of the Kentucky River. For a number of years after Boone's settlement, he and his associates experienced many diffi- culties with the natives Boone's daughter being at one time cap- tured by the Indians, though shortly afterward rescued by her father. But, notwithstanding the difficulties with the savages, the young territory grew rapidly in population and wealth, and on June ist, 1792, was admitted to the Union. Having a fertile soil, and affording excellent pasturage, she has far outstripped most of her southern sisters in general improvement. The Cumberland Mountains separate Kentucky from Virginia, and furnish some very fine scenery unsurpassed in grandeur or loveliness. One of the greatest natural curiosities in the world, the Mammoth Cave, is in Kentucky. Its extent is not yet known, since it has never been fully explored. Coal and iron are abund- ant, but little use has, as yet, been made of them. The best of timber and stone abound, and salt wells of fine quality give prom- ise of considerable value. The climate is mild and healthy and the soil productive. The present population is about 1,321,711. I7O MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND OHIO. HIO was admitted to the Union on the 2gth of November, 1802, the State containing, at the time, 72,000 inhabitants 2,000 more than was required in order to its admission. It was settled in the spring of 1788, and one year after it, with a vast additional extent of North-western territory, had been ceded, by Virginia, to the United States. The year 1788 was a famous year for emigration. ' It witnessed the passage of no less than 20,000 persons down the Ohio River. The company which settled Ohio consisted of forty persons, under General Rufus Putnam. They built a stockade fort at Marietta, of sufficient strength to resist the attacks of the natives, cleared several acres of ground, and planted a crop. They were joined by twenty additional families in the autumn. Both these compa- nies were New England people. For a number of years they were not troubled by the savages, nor did any of their number trouble the Indians, except in one or two instances. The earliest settlers of Cincinnati arrived there, about twenty in number, in 1760. Until the year 1765, the attempts made to settle most parts of Ohio were attended with great difficulties, on account of Indian wars. Marietta, however,, formed an exception to this rule. After the general victory which General Wayne achieved over the savages during Washington's administration, the population increased rapidly. Unembarrassed by any centralizing or aristocratic institutions, possessed of the finest natural resources, and vitalized by an enterprising popula- AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 173 tion, Ohio, after its admission into the Union, made an advance- ment of which any State might well be proud. The great wealth of Ohio lies in her agricultural interests. The soil is rich and yields an hundred fold for the labor which is bestowed upon it. The principal minerals are coal and iron, which are very abundant, while marble and stone of a good qual- ity are produced in large quantities. The climate is not severe, and is remarkably healthy. Manu- factures have not been made a specialty, yet they are of consid- erable importance and steadily growing. Ohio has about 4,000 miles of railroad, which, with its canals, add materially to the wealth of the State. She has always been awake to the interests and importance of education, and is, in this respect, one of the most prominent of our Western States. In 1860 there were 317 newspapers and periodicals published in the State, 24 of which were dailies. They had an annual circulation amounting, in the aggre- gate, to 71,767,742. The present population is 2,665,002. 174 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND INDIANA. BOUT the year 1690, a French settlement, the first in In- diana, was made at Vincennes, that place being within the territory claimed at that time by the French, upon priority of discovery by La Salle. Indiana was long the residence of various Indian tribes, and the theater of Indian wars. By the terms of the treaty of the peace of 1763, it, with the rest of the North-western Territory, was ceded to Great Britain. It was still claimed by the Indians, but, by various treaties, extensive tracts were obtained for settlement. The Indians, however, retained possession of many parts of the State up to the year 1812, and to that portion known as the Indian Reserve even later. It was erected into a Territory in 1809, and on the nth of. December, 1816, was admitted into the Union. Its population 1,350,428, in the year 1860 is an indication of its progress. The climate is mild, but changeable. The soil is rich, but as the State is comparatively new in improvements it is not yet all brought under cultivation, and has never been half tested as to its productive capacity. Its grazing advantages are so great that it must in time give its attention largely to stock and dairy products. Manufactures must also become an important branch of industry of. the State, since the fine water power and unlimited coal fields strongly suggest and invite it. Nearly all the great railroad lines between the east and west cross this State, and in internal im- provements Indiana is quite up to the age. Seven lines have a terminus at the capital of the State, and a dozen or less lines start from any and every given point, and run into Chicago. She has made very liberal provision for education, and her schools are a credit to the Government and people. The population is 1,680,637. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 175 ILLINOIS. /HIS most thriving and prosperous State came into the Union on the 3d of December, 1818. Until 1809 it was a part of Indiana, at which time it became a separate terri- tory, and so remained till received into the Union. This State has been little disturbed by civil divisions or by Indian wars. Its most serious troubles arose from the appearance within its bor- ders of the Mormons, in 1838, and from attempts made to curb their irregularities. This singular people, believing themselves to be ill-treated, assembled to the number of 700, under their leaders, in a remote part of the State, and proposed fighting for their rights. But a body of three hundred troops marched against and captured them. The whole sect was ultimately reduced to submission and banished the State. The territory was explored by La Salle and settled by the French at Kaskaskia (the first capital of Illinois, located on the Kaskaskia River, and the present site of Vandalia), in 1720. Its growth has been immense. Illinois is the richest agricultural State in the Union, with no waste or poor soil. The soil of the " bottoms," or river valley, extending for five or six miles back from the Mississippi River, is made entirely of deposits from the river in times of flood ; and in some cases the mold so formed is twenty-five feet deep, and of inexhaustible richness. The yield of Indian corn in these valley lands is enormous ; amounting often to a hundred bushels per acre. In dairy products Illinois is surpassed by but three States in the Union New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio. In corn and wheat she has steadily held her position as the leading State, for the last fifteen years ; while in all her other staples she is constantly increasing. Her prairies are the grandest,' richest, most extensive and beautiful in the United States. Her 176 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND lake trade is immense, and her river trade is very considerable. Manufactures, as compared with agriculture, holds a secondary place, yet in this she is not far behind her sister States. Bitu minous coal is found in all parts of the State, lead in the western and copper in the northern part, while iron is plentiful. Of her railroads it might well be said that they are "legion," crossing the State in every possible direction ; there are now 3990 miles, with many more in course of construction. In addition to this she has direct communication with the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico by water, through a canal which unites Lake Michigan to the Illinois River. This canal, formerly only capable of carrying the common tow boat, is now being deepened and enlarged to accommodate steamers, and when com- pleted will be one of the finest ship canals in the United States. The educational advantages of the State are in proportion to the wealth and advancement of the State. It was settled by the French, about the year 1693. The principal city, from a commercial point of view, is Chicago, and though its rapid growth and great wealth had given it a reputation world wide, the destruction of the city by fire Oct. 9, 1871, rousing as it did all the sympathy of individuals and nations, gave it a place through this in every heart. The harbor is one of the best on the lakes, and is being much improved. It is the largest grain market in the world, and although Cincinnati was formerly christened, in an irreverent way, "Porkopolis," Chicago long since surpassed it in pork packing and shipping. In every respect Illinois is one of the first States in the Union. Her population is 2,598,400. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 179 In 851,470. MICHIGAN !>AS admitted into the Union January 26th, 1837. It had the requisite population (60,000) before this, but there were some difficulties in the way of its admission. 1837 it contained 200,000; in 1840, 212,267, and in 1850, The territory, when first discovered by the whites, con- tained a tribe of Indians called Hurons by the French, and Iroquois by the Indians themselves. Many of them were converted to Christianity, by the untiring labors of Catholic missionaries, as early as 1648. It was not, however, till 1670 that the French took possession of the territory. It was a portion of the extensive tract explored by the assiduous, daring La Salle. Its progress, while it belonged to the French, was very slow. It was not until 1763, when, by treaty, it was ceded to Great Britain, that much was done in the way of civilizing and improving it. Compara- tively little, in fact, was done until 1783, when the territory was ceded by England to the United States. Until 1800 it was, for purposes of Government, considered a part of the Great North- western Territory. After Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois had been severally detached, the remainder, in 1805, became a distinct ter- ritory, the first Governor of which was General Hull, by appoint- ment of President Jefferson. Michigan suffered much froni the war of 1812. For about two years nearly the whole territory was the theater of sanguinary conflicts. It was exposed to the bar- barity of the enemy and their Indian allies. Since then, how- ever, its enterprising inhabitants have brought it up to a degree of improvement which few States of its age can boast. i8o MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND The minerals of this State are copper, silver, iron and slate. Her copper mines are the richest in the world, lying in an unbro- ken belt of 1 20 miles in length, and from] three to six in width. Michigan's contribution to the material for the Washington monu- ment at the National Capital was a magnificent block of pure cop- per ore. A number of such blocks have been uncovered weighing from one to two hundred tons each. The salt springs of the State are very good, yielding a large per centage of salt of the first-class. The northern part of the State is heavily wooded, and millions of feet of lumber are shipped annu- ally. The soil in the southern part is rich and productive. Grain, flour, lumber, copper, wool and pork are exported, and owing to her excellent harbors which lie along the northern shore, and the wealth and enterprise of the State, her commerce must be con- siderable. The principal towns have railroad communication with all parts of the Union. Her system of education is good, and the liberal- ity of the State is very encouraging. The population, rapidly increasing for the last ten years, numbers 1,184,059. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 181 WISCONSIN 5 AS admitted into the Union May zgth, 1848. It was a part of the extensive territory ceded by France to Great Britain in the treaty of 1763. At the close of the Revolution it was given up by Great Britain to the United States. It was erected into a territory in 1836, the portion now forming the State of Iowa being detached in 1838. Its natural resources are extraordinary, the climate being very healthful, and the soil unsurpassed in fertility. It was settled in the year 1669, at Green Bay, by the French. Wisconsin has a large commerce which, with its rich soil, vast lumber fields, extensive mines of copper and lead, and its unsur- passed harbors and railroads, must necessarily increase. Its ex- cellent water power iS of great advantage to manufacturers and though yet in their infancy, the day is not far distant when they will be developed and be a source of wealth to the State. Her internal improvements consist of about 1500 miles of completed railroad, and the Portage Canal, which connects the Wisconsin with Lake Winnebago, and was constructed by appropriations from the Government. Education receives more attention than in many older States, and its colleges, seven in number, are all in a fine condition. The population of the State is 1,055,133. 1 82 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE AGE, AND MINNESOTA IES north of Iowa, and extends to the Canadian boundary. On the north-east it touches Lake Superior, and, to the west, is bounded by Dakota Territory. It comprises the head waters of the Mississippi, and abounds in rivers and lakes, teeming with fish. Its soil is highly prolific, and its forests are among the finest in the world. Its name is derived from Minnis- otah, the name of St. Peter's River. Primarily discovered by La Salle, it, for some years, belonged to the French, and at a very early period was traversed by their traders and soldiers. It was ceded to Great Britain by the treaty of 1763, and to the United States at the peace of 1783. It received a territorial government in 1849, and was admitted into the Union in May, 1858. The minerals of the State are not valuable, except its iron and coal. Timber is abundant, and the water-power equal to that in the best manufacturing States of the East. Lake Superior, on the eastern shore, has some fine harbors and affords unexceled ship- ping facilities. Its climate is remarkably healthy, its soil rich and productive, and its educational advantages very superior. She has a permanent school fund of near $3,000,000, and land enough donated by the Government to increase the fund to $15,000,000. St. Paul is the capital of the State, and a beautiful and rapidly growing city. The bluff upon which it is built is terraced; and the streets are wide and clean. The population of the State at the last census was 439.706. CHICAGO WATER WORKS. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 185 IOWA. State derives its name from the Indians. It was inclu- ded in the Louisiana purchase. It was first settled at Dubuque, by the French, in tfce year 1686. This settle- ment, however, does not seem to have been permanent, nor pro- ductive of any real good to the territory. In 1833 Burlington was settled by emigrants from the Eastern States. It formed a part of Missouri from 1804 to 1821, when it was included in Michigan Territory; subsequently belonged to Wisconsin Territory, and was admitted into the Union March 3d, 1845. ^ ^ s a highly pros- perous State, having a vast extent of rich soil and excellent pas- turage. The climate is mild and healthy, and the surface of the country mostly a fine, rolling prairie. It possesses valuable and extensive lead mines, and an excellent quality of coal underlies almost the entire State, so near the surface as to be easy of access. Building stone is abundant, corn, wheat, oats, hay, rye, barley and buck- wheat are grown in all parts of the State, but corn is the staple agricultural product, and in 1869 it produced nearly 80,000,000 of bushels. But little, comparatively, is yet being done in manu- factures. Iowa has already 1350 miles of railroad, and Council Bluffs is the terminus of all the lines connecting with the Pacific Railroad. Like all prairie States, the building of these roads re- quires so little outlay of capital that almost every section of the State is accommodated. Education is receiving a fair share of attention, and the school fund and tax are adequate to meet the wants of the schools, and now exceeds two million of dollars. The emigration to that State has been great, especially within the last few years. It is a large and every way flourishing State. The population is 1,191,725. 1 86 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND MISSOURI. great, though crippled State, was admitted into the Union on the loth of August, 1821. It, with all the terri- tory then belonging to the United States, west of the Mis- sissippi, was included in the purchase of Louisiana, made in 1803. Louisiana afterward was divided into Orleans Territory, Lou- isiana proper, and Missouri Territory. In 1817, Missouri Terri- tory was divided into Arkansas, on the south, and Missouri on the north ; and it was about this time that the latter took the requi- site steps toward forming a State Constitution. It will be remem- bered that this is the State, the discussion of the propriety of the admission of which raised such a storm in Congress in 1820. The soil and climate of Missouri are varied, resembling both the North and the South. There are rich valleys, and poor up- lands, prairie and timber, marshes and dry sandy tracts. It is rich in mineral wealth, which as yet has received little or no attention, except its iron, which is already a source of wealth to the State. Sandstone and marble are abundant. A very large river trade is carried on by the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, which constitute their entire means of communication by water. The principal manufactures of the State are located in St. Louis, which is one of the most important commercial cities in the Union. It has railroads which reach all the principal towns in the West, and it is also connected by the railroads of Illinois with the cities of the East. The State is making abundant provision for its schools, and St. Louis is far ahead of other cities in this respect. Her schools have an enviable, reputation, and are sup- ported independent of the State. Its population is 1,721,295. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 187 ARKANSAS. State lies south of Missouri, and was once attached to it. It has a fine climate and prolific soil. The first settle- ment of whites within its limits was made at Arkansas Post, in the year 1685. The earlier inhabitants were French. Its progress, for many years, was very slow. It was not till about the year 1826 that the tide of emigration began to flow from the At- lantic States in that direction. Little Rock, the early seat of government and the present capital, was laid out in the year 1820, during which year the first steamboat ascended the Arkansas River. The boat was eight days in going from New Orleans to the village of Arkansas a distance of scarcely one hundred miles above the mouth of the Arkansas River. The State once con- tained the remnants of several powerful tribes of Indians. By a treaty made between the Cherokees and the United States, the former agreed to give up all their lands east of the Mississippi River, and to retire to a region guaranteed to them in the present State of Arkansas. The present Constitution of Arkansas was adopted in 1868, since which time she can be said to be in a flourishing con- dition. With a good soil, so rich as to yield abundantly with small outlay of money or labor, with a climate that was all that could be asked, it has yet never made rapid progress. It has no manu- factures, but will some day rank high amongst our mining States. Coal, lead, zinc, iron, manganese, salt and marble are found in great quantities ; indeed, in manganese it exceeds every other State, 1 88 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE AGE, AND and in zinc is exceeded only by New Jersey. Gold and silver have been found in several counties, and silver is found in the lead mines in considerable quantities. It has quarries of the finest oil-stone in the world, and an inexhaustible supply of the most exquisitely white alabaster. Its hot springs possess medicinal qualities which will, when understood, render them a very popular resort for invalids. The new Constitution makes ample provision for schools, and education is receiving considerable attention. The population, of the State is about 600,000. JEFFERSON DAVIIS, AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. KANSAS. BOUT the development of this young State cluster some of the most important events of American history. Its territorial organization, by the passage of the Kansas- Nebraska Bill, in 1854, re-opened the agitation of the slavery question, which, seeming to have acquired fresh vigor and viru- lence from the sleep it had enjoyed under the Missouri Compro- mise, thoroughly aroused the old animosities between the pro-and anti-slavery elements of our national politics. From 1854 to 1857 it was the theater of political tragedies, the bare mention of which may well put the blush of shame upon even the most fool-hardy partisan. The Territory made application to Congress, in 185 7, for a place in the Union, but the Constitution under which it asked admission (the one framed at Lecompton) was known to be a fraudulent affair, and hence Kansas was rejected. The discussion of this Constitution caused a permanent division of the Democratic party. The Constitution was rejected by the people of Kansas by a ma- jority of 10,000. Kansas was, however, received into the Union, in 1 86 1, under a free State Constitution, formed at Topeka. The surface of the country is uniform, with no mountains, sloughs, swamps, marsh lands or lakes. The soil is rich and pro- ductive, the climate mild and healthy. For all agricultural products it is one of the finest States west of the Mississippi. Corn and all small grains yield abundantly. It promises also to be a great fruit State when older. Rapid progress is being made in internal improve- 192 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND ments, and besides nearly a thousand miles of completed railroad, others are being pushed forward to completion with great energy. In consideration of her means, age and population, Kansas has done a great deal for education. There is a school fund, public lands have been donated, and taxes are levied for the support of the public schools. Coal, sandstone, limestone and marble are found in all parts of the State, and in some sections timber of fine quality is abundant. There are a large number of salt springs and sulphur springs also abound. Topeka is the capital of the State and signifies " Pota- to," great quantities of which grow wild in the vicinity. The last census gives its population at 364,477. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 193 NEBRASKA. was organized into a territory in 1850. The first settlers were Americans. In the last few years it has increased in wealth and population more rapidly than any of the adjoining States or Territories. Probably the chief cause of this has been occasioned by the Pacific Railroad passing directly through the State from east to west. It is impossible, at the present time, to estimate the advantage it will be to the State in developing its resources. The value of its minerals in the western portion of the State is incalculable. It has fair prospects of becoming one of the richest mineral and agricultural States in the Union. Omaha, the capital, is a city of considerable com- mercial importance, being located at the junction of the Missouri River and the Pacific Railroad. In 1866 the Territory applied for admission into the Union, but, on account of the word "white" being used in its Constitution, it was rejected. The word was then stricken out, after which it was admitted, February, 1867, the bill for admission having been passed over the Presi- dent's veto. Every thing indicates that stock raising and dairy farming will be the leading feature in agriculture, the state being better adapted to growing grass than grains, yet producing these well, especially in the eastern part, where the soil is very fertile. The State has no public debt to retard its growth. A generous pro- vision has been made for schools, and one-sixteenth of the public land of the State, 2,500,000 acres, set apart to be sold for securing a school fund. Ninety thousand acres were given to endow a State Agricultural College, and a State University was also en- dowed with 46,081 acres. According to the last census, the pop- ulation is 122,993. MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND NEVADA. Territory having formed a State Constitution, under an enabling act previously passed by Congress, was admit- ted as a member of the Federal Union, on an equal footing with the original States. The State convention was held at so late a period of the year that it was necessary to telegraph the Constitution, in order that it might be received there in time to secure the admission of the State previous to the Presidential election. Immediately upon its reception, President Lincoln issued a proclamation, dated October jist, A. D. 1864, in which he " declared and proclaimed that the said State of Nevada is admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original States," etc. The vote of the State at the Presidential election, in 1864, was 16,420. Nevada possesses some of the most magnificent scenery in the world and some natural curiosities worthy of mention ; amongst these is Lake Mono, with water so sharply acid and bitter that it can not be swallowed, and cloth fabrics or leather immersed in its waters are destroyed in an incredibly short space of time. No fish or animal can exist in its motionless depth no water-fowl .ever leaves its bosom or dips its wing, or skims lightly over the sur- fac that is never lashed into fury by the storms, and that only the strongest winds can ruffle. It is a very Marah of bitterness a Dead Sea of isolation locked in by towering crags, surrounded by shadow and gloom. The silver mines of Nevada are the richest in the world. For the year 1867 it is estimated that Nevada yielded 20,000,000 of dollars, of which the Comstock lode yielded 17,500,000. The product of this mine for five years amounts to $60,000,000. Salt and alkali are abundant. The climate is healthy, divided, as in California, into a wet and a dry season. The soil is poor, and agri- culture receives little attention. Education has been almost entirely neglected, but measures are being taken to establish them on the same plan as in the other States. Population last census 42,491. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 197 CALIFORNIA 5 AS admitted into the Union on the yth of September, 1850. The alarming discussion which occurred upon the question of admission was what gave rise to the compromise measures of 1850, popularly styled the Omnibus BilL General Fremont, with a small but dauntless band of rangers, conquered California in 1846, having defeated, on frequent occa- sions, vastly superior forces of Mexicans. Its resources as a farming country early attracted attention. But when, in February,. 1848, it was published that gold in quantities had been found on a branch of the Sacramento, the swarm of emigrants which rushed in, comprising representatives from every State in the Union, and from nearly all the nations of Europe, was almost incalculable. From a small village, San Francisco was rapidly inflated to a large city In many places towns sprang up like mushrooms. Owing to the fact that its population has been thrown hastily together, from so many places, and in consequence of the want of a government, California was, for some time, the scene of many dark crimes and hideous outrages. Never was the want of whole- some legal restraint more keenly felt than here. The Constitution of California was framed by a convention of delegates in 1849. It is a wild and broken country, mountainous and rugged, traversed by both the Sierra Nevadas and the coast range. The valleys, long neglected for the mines, are again being cultivated and brought to a high degree of fertility and productiveness. The gold mines are too well known to need any description. They furnish annually to the Government seventy to eighty million dollars in gold. The climate of California varies greatly 198 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE AGE, AND from extreme cold .n the north, and at great elevations, to tropical warmth and softness in the south. There are heavy rains in November and December, which deluge and saturate the land. Winter they have none; and at all seasons of the year tropical plants grow and blossom in the open air, attaining a size that seems incredible. Grape culture is rapidly assuming an im- portance which may well warn Europeans to " look to their laurels," since the flavor of California wine is pronounced equal to that of their best brands. Thousands of tons are now being shipped east annually, and their pears, luscious and rich as none others in the world are found in the market of almost every city in the Union. Almost every known fruit grows here, and it bids fair to be the greatest fruit State in America. The commerce of California is immense ; and extends to all parts of the globe. In the matter of gold alone, from 1858 to 1868, $826,873,738.11 were exported, and in the last named year, nearly a million barrels of flour. In 1870 there were 800 miles of railroad in operation, and many new roads not yet completed. In the matter of education, she has been generous and energetic, and, aware of its importance, has made ample provision. The school fund is $725,000, and in 1867 the State expended for educational purposes $1,168,000. The last census reports the population 500,223. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSF OREGON included Washington Territory, and, with the latter, comprised the extensive tract lying between the British Possessions on the north and California on the south ; the Rocky Mountains on the east, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. The coasts of this region were discovered by the Spaniards in the i6th century. In 1792, Captain Grey, of Boston, discovered and entered Columbia River, and thus the United States acquired the right of sovereignty over the territory. The exploration of the country from the Missouri to the Columbia, by Lewis and Clark, government appointees, in 1804-5-6, strength- ened this claim. The British, however, laid claim to the northern part of the territory, which gave rise to a threatening dispute between Great Britain and the United States. But the difficulty was adjusted by a treaty in 1846, establishing the boundary of 49 deg. north latitude. It was admitted into the Union in the year 1859. The State still contains the Flathead, Pend Oreille, Spo- kane, Shoshane, and other tribes of Indians, Avho are, for the most part, in the savage state, though the Christian missionaries have done much in the way of civilizing a portion of them. The furs of this region, those of the badger, beaver, bear, fisher-fox, lynx, martin, mink, muskrat, etc., have long been a great source of revenue. The American fur companies established trading posts in Ore- gon at an early period, that of Astoria being founded in 1810, under the auspices of the late John Jacob Astor, of New York. It was settled, at Astoria, by emigrants from the Eastern States, in the year 1811. 200 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND The mineral resources of Oregon may properly be limited to coal and copper, but the quantity of these is to be left unlimited, since it is estimated that they are inexhaustible. Gold is also found, but not extensively. The climate in the eastern part of the State is cold and damp indeed, one might safely go farther and say wet, since rain falls four days out of seven in the summer, and the winter is one long rain, known as the "wet season ;" yet notwith- standing this, the valleys are the most fertile in the world, and large crops of grain are raised, in which wheat takes the first place. Manufactures have scarce an existence yet, and the commerce of the State is almost entirely confined to San Francisco, to which place most of her exports are sent. These consist of agricul- tural products and lumber. In internal improvements also she is still deficient, little or nothing having been done for the railroads of the country, except to plan one or two lines. The construction of them, however, is in the "dim distance." One has been finished from Portland to Salem, and it is designed to continue it down through the State and to connect it with some road running into San Francisco. The common school system is the same as in the Eastern States, and a school fund already established and profitably invested, which will in a short time support them without resort to taxation The population in 1870 was 90,923. MX. VERNON, THE HOME OF WASHINGTON. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 203 NEW MEXICO. large territory as defined by Spanish or American au- thorities, extended from 32 deg. 30 min. to 42 deg. north latitude, and from 23 deg. to about 30 deg. longitude west of the city of Washington. It was early settled by Spaniards, and formed a territory of the Republic of Mexico until 1848, when it was ceded to the United States. In September, 1850, this terri- tory was defined by act of Congress, and provision made for its organization. Right of Suffrage. Every free white male inhabitant, above the age of twenty-one years, who shall have been a resident of said territory at the time of the passage of this act, shall be enti- tled to vote at the first election, and snail be eligible to any office within the said territory ; but the qualifications of voters and of holding office, at all subsequent elections, shall be such as shall be prescribed by the Legislative Assembly. Within the bounds of this territory and Arizona, are residing large tribes of Indians, many of a warlike character, roaming over this region and west- ern Texas, as well as the northern part of Mexico. The high table-lands, of which most of the territory consists, are broken by mountain ranges. The Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Madres pass through the central portion from east to west. The soil is dry, and much of it, owing to its great elevation above the sea, is sterile, and agriculture almost entirely neglected. It is, however, a fine grazing country, and stock raising will no doubt be one of its principal sources of wealth, though its mines are very rich, and when properly developed, will command much attention and pay abundantly. Gold and silver is especially abundant, and it only needs capital to bring the mines into more favorable and general notice. The country is settled by a wild and lawless people Spaniards, Mexicans, Indians and half breeds of every nationality and, of course, order is but partially observed ; laws can not be enforced ; civilization makes but little progress, and society does not improve. 2O4 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE AGE, AND The climate is mild and healthful, and but a small portion of the country wooded. There are several fine salt lakes in the terri- tory where the rapid evaporation of the water causes the crystali- zation of the salt so rapidly that it falls to the bottom ; as the water is shallow, it is taken out almost pure, and quke a business is done in supplying the inhabitants with the article. A public school has been established by the Governor of the Territory, but is productive of little good. A Territorial Govern- ment exists, but as yet, the inhabitants are " a law unto them- selves," and every man metes out justice as the case seems to him to require. The capital is Santa Fe, and it certainly bears the worst reputation of any of the western cities, which is saying a great deal. It is wretchedly built, and the inhabitants are igno- rant and degraded, many of them belonging to the roving banditti who infest the country in swarms. Population in 1870 was 91,878. The Roman Catholic is the prevailing religion. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 205 UTAH, ^RGANIZED by act of Congress, passed September gih, 1850, comprises a' large extent of country lying in the "Great Basin of North America," west of the Rocky Mountains. It originally included a portion of the new territo- ries of Colorado on the east, and Nevada on the west. Altitude of Great Salt Lake City, the capital, 4,300 feet above the level of the sea, being in the valley of the Great Salt Lake. The Wasatch Mountains cross the territory from northeast to southwest, and in the mountains gold, silver and quicksilver found, but no mines of very great value. The Great Lake has apparently no outlet for its waters, and is the largest inland sea in America. It is subject to sudden squalls, which render navigation dangerous. Schools have been established in Salt Lake City under the con- trol of the Mormon Church. The Government is Territorial, but as a rule, little attention is paid to any law but that of Brigham Young and the Twelve Apostles or Elders of the Church. Its domestic arrangements are sometimes considered a little " pecu- liar," and in a land where they exist as they do here, in direct and positive opposition to law, might well be considered so. The Pa- cific Railroad passes through the northern part of the territory. The soil is much of it sterile, but where cultivated, is very rich. The population, last census, was 86,786. 206 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND ' WASHINGTON TERRITORY. v RGANIZED by act of Congress, passed March 2d, 1853, settled by emigrants from the Northern and Western States. It was taken from the northern part of Oregon, " being all that portion of territory lying and being south of the 47th degree of north latitude, and north of the middle of the main channel of the Columbia River, from its mouth to where the 46th degree of north latitude crosses said river, near Fort Wallah Wallah, thence east to Snake River ; thence north to the 49th par- allel of latitude, being bounded on the east by the Territory of Idaho, and on the north by the British Possessions. Lying on Puget's Sound, in north latitude 47, deg., west longitude from Greenwich 120 deg. 25 min., having a mean annual temperature of 50 deg. Fahrenheit. The climate of Washington Territory is much milder than in the same parallels of latitude east of the Rocky Mountains, while the soil is mostly rich and very fertile, producing a large growth of forest trees. Gold and other valua- ble minerals also abound in many parts of the territory. With the exception of the land around Puget's Sound, the soil is rich and productive, and though corn does not grow well here, no better wheat is produced in the world, and barley, oats and potatoes yield immensely. It is a fine grazing country, and prom- ises, in its horses, cattle and wool raising interests, to be of great value. It has immense forests, and produces, it is said, the finest masts and spars in the world. Its mineral resources have not yet been sufficiently tested to give a definite idea of their value. Gold and silver are known to exist in large quantities, and coal in inexhaustible quantities ; enough, it is believed, to supply the Pacific coast for generations to come. The capital is Olympia, and lies on the east side of Tenalquets River, in Thurston county. The population is 23,925. ROBERT L. ORR. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 209 DAKOTA TERRITORY, RGANIZED by act of Congress, passed March 2d, 1861, ;jgj? comprised a large extent of country, being bounded on the east by Minnesota, south by Nebraska, west by the 27th degree of longitude west of Washington, separating it from the Territory of Idaho, and on the norrth by the British Possess- ions, running along the 49th parallel of latitude. It is drained "by the Missouri River on the south, and by the Red River of the North, emptying into Hudson Bay. Unquestionably Dakota is one of the very finest of our territo- ries, and is unexcelled either in its agricultural, mining, or stock- raising facilities and qualifications. Its soil is as rich as that of Illinois ; its climate is as fine as that of any of the Middle States, its mineral resources are as great as those of any Western Terri- tory, while its inhabitants are mostly emigrants from New England and the East, thus giving the young territory advantages superior to those enjoyed by many other sections of the West. Water is everywhere pure and plenty, and timber of the best quality skirts all the streams. The wild grasses are pronounced far superior to the cultivated grass of the east ; richer, more nutritious, and with a far heavier yield per acre ; while left growing, it cures into good winter feed, and cattle not only live but fatten upon it. There are about twenty-five free schools in the territory, and ample means have been appropriated to increase them as fast as needed and to encourage their growth and prosperity. Several railroads are projected and some in process of construction. The population, according to the last census report, was 14,181. The capital, Yankton, is a flourishing city. 210 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND COLORADO TERRITORY !> AS organized March 2d, 1861. It is included within the following limits, viz. : " Commencing on the 37th parallel of north latitude where the 25th meridian of longitude west from Washington crosses the same ; thence north on said meridian to the 41 st parallel of north latitude; thence along said parallel west to the 32d meridian of longitude west from Washington ; thence south on said meridian to the northern line of New Mexico ; thence along the 37th parallel of north lati- tude to the place of beginning," embracing " Pike's Peak and the gold region in the vicinity of the Rocky Mountains." The cli- mate of this elevated country is remarkably healthy and invigo- rating, while " the soil is rich and productive, being capable of producing corn, wheat, barley, potatoes, oats, turnips, and every kind of vegetable in profusion, and of most superior quality. The climate of the South Platte Valley, and of the mountain region, is mild and regular, and from its altitude very dry and of sur- prising purity. Denver is the capital a wild, rough muddle of buildings, with wild, rough surroundings, and wilder, rougher inhabitants. Back of it rise the mountains, dark and stern, the clouds lying low around them and the snows of six thousand years upon their heads. Awful peaks and towering crags frown down into calm, clear lakes and pools, and the blue sky is mirrored in their still, motionless depths. The canons and mountain waterfalls are surpassingly grand and beautiful. In spite of the many drawbacks and impediments in her way, civilization is advancing with rapid strides ; the church and school-house are silent but mighty wit- nesses of her presence. Rich as is this young territory in every- thing which is required to make the wealth of a people, her progress must be rapid. The population in 1870 was 39,864. AMERICAN CITIZENS TREASURE HOUSE. 211 ARIZONA TERRITORY. act of Congress, approved February 24, 1863, Arizona was or g an i ze d, embracing " all that part of the present territory of New Mexico situate west of a line running due south from the point where the southwest corner of the Ter- ritory of Colorado joins the northern boundary of the Territory of New Mexico, to the southern boundary of said Territory," con- taining an estimated area of 131,000 square miles. It is thinly settled by natives of Mexico and emigrants from different States of the Union, besides containing a large number of Indians of a warlike character. The right of suffrage and territorial organiza- tion similar to those of New Mexico, with the provision, " that there shall neither be slaves nor involuntary servitude in said Ter- ritory." This Territory is rich in gold, silver, copper and other minerals, while the soil is mostly sterile except in the few valleys susceptible of irrigation. Arizona, proper, was acquired by treaty with Mexico known as the " Gadsden Treaty," and ratified i June, 1864. Few marks of civilization are found here, and neither Christ- ianity nor education has smoothed away the rough, half-savage characteristics of the inhabitants, who are Spanish, half-breeds, Indians and miners, gathered from the refuse of all States, many, or most of them, desperadoes and outcasts, with here and there, in the agricultural districts, an American settler. Their towns are closely like the Mexican, with miserable, unburnt brick huts, where filth and squalor reign supreme. Scattered through the Territory are ruins of fortifications and castles and ancient churches whose ruins give everywhere proof of their having been devoted to idol worship, while here and there, half covered with mould, and almost hidden by rank vegetation and tangled vines, which creep over them as if in pity for their hideous ugliness, lie the shattered gods of the people who once dwelt here, a lordly but barbarous race, of whom not a vestige remains. Arizona was formerly a part of Mexico, until purchased by the United States. Population 9,658. MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND IDAHO TERRITORY. new Territory, lying on the west side of the Rocky Mountains, was organized by act of Congress, approved March 3, 1863. Its boundary is as follows : "Beginning at a point in the middle channel of Snake River where the north- ern boundary of Oregon intersects the same ; then follow down the said channel of Snake River to a point opposite the mouth of the Kooskooskia, or Clearwater River; thence due north to the 49th parallel of latitude ; thence east to the new Territory of Mon- tana ; thence west along the 42d parallel of latitude to the east- ern boundary of the State of Oregon ; thence north along said boundary to the place of beginning." The surface is rough and broken, and the entire eastern, north- eastern, and northern parts are mountainous. The Rocky Mountains and the Bitter Root Mountains cover fully half of the Territory Avith either broken or continuous ranges, affording magnificent scenery, that in the vicinity of Salmon River being exceedingly fine. The gold and silver mines are partially worked, and though the yield is good, the want of transportation, either by water or railway, is a serious drawback and greatly retards the develop- ment of the mineral resources of the Territory. Several thousand claims are taken up and worked to some extent, but the enormous expense attendant upon it prevents successful efforts to work them extensively. There are three beautiful lakes of considerable size in Idaho; the Coeur d' Aline, the Pen d'Oreille, and the Boatman, each are about 30 miles long and about 6 to 10 wide, and navigable for steamers. The soil of the central, southern and western parts is fertile, and produces small grain and vegetables, but corn does not do well there. Grass grows abundantly, and grazing will be the most popular branch of agriculture. The Northern Pacific Railroad will cross the State from east to west, but at present the Territory has no railroad. The system of education is the same as in the other Territories, but is very limited in its operations. Boise City is the capital. Population 14,978. POCAHONTAS, AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 215 MONTANA TERRITORY. new Territory, lying between the 45th and 49th de- grees of north latitude and the ayth and 39th degrees of longitude west from Washington, was organized by act of Congress, approved May 26, 1864, It may be said to form the northern half of the Territory of Idaho, as organized March 3, 1863. This extensive territory embraces the head sources of the Missouri River, lying east of the Rocky Mountains, and the head sources 'of the north branch of the Columbia River, lying west of the above mountains and north of the Bitter Root Mountains. It is one of the finest countries for grazing purposes west of the Mississippi. Small .grain and small fruits grow, almost sponta- neously and produce abundantly. It will no doubt be the " Gar- den of the West." The important vegetable crops also yield well. Timber for mining, agricultural and domestic purposes is abund- ant. Gold, silver, iron, lead and copper are abundant in the moun- tains, and some of the lodes, both of gold and silver, are as large and rich as have yet been discovered in any State or Territory. Montana must some day rank among our richest States, for, no matter how great her mining population may be, her agricultural resources will be amply sufficient to meet every want. Virginia City is the capital, and is connected by stage routes with all the principal towns in the Territory. Population of the Territory in 1870 was 20,594. 2l6 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE AGE, AND INDIAN TERRITORY, ITUATED west of the States of Arkansas and Missouri, and south of the 37th degree of north latitude, is bounded on the south and west by the State of Texas. This is a fruitful region, inhabited by many tribes of civilized Indians, mostly Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws and Seminoles, amounting to 60,000 or 70,000 souls. The extent of Territory is about 70,000 square miles, and with the exception of a sand tract in the northeastern portion, is fer- tile and fruitful. This Territory is set apart for the permanent home of the Indian tribes, and no authority is exercised over them by the Government, except for crimes committed by them against the whites in the border States. Some of the tribes are highly intelligent, and as each tribe has its own lands secured to them by the United States, and is protected in it's domestic insti- tutions and customs, they are free to cultivate habits of industry and to have their schools, churches and factories, and improve in civilization, art and science. The Cherokees avail themselves most readily of these advantages, and have highly cultivated farms- with good buildings and fruit in abundance ; churches and thriv- ing schools, while other tribes are fast decreasing in numbers and wealth, and will soon become extinct. Their capital is Tah-le- Quah, and their population 70,000. m.i$ VS^^s AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. WYOMING TERRITORY, one of the youngest of the Western Territories, lies between the parallels of 41 and 45 deg. north latitude, and between the meridian of 27 and 34 deg. west longitude from Washington. It was organized by act of Congress, approved July 25th, 1868. It has on the north, Montana; on the east, Da- kota and Nebraska, and on the south, Colorado and a small portion of Utah, and on the west, Idaho and the northern part of Utah. The Pacific Railroad passes through it, and Cheyenne and Lar- amie are already very considerable towns. The surface is broken by several mountain ranges, outlying spurs of the Rocky Moun- tains, such as the Bighorn, Rattlesnake and Wind River Mountains, as well as by the main chain of the Rocky Mountains themselves, which cross the Territory from northwest to southeast. Most of it is an elevated and rolling plateau, but the greater part is fertile and arable land, though needing irrigation in most sections. The valley of Bitter Creek and the vicinity of Bridger's Pass are ex- ceptions to the general fertility, being desolate and desert in the extreme. The valley of the Sweetwater and the foothills 01 the Wind River Mountains are known to be largely auriferous, and some hundreds of lodes have been located. There are also extensive beds of coal and iron in the vicinity of the Pacific Railroad, and the supplies of coal for that road are drawn from this source. There are also large quantities of lime, gypsum, lead and copper ores, and oil and salt springs. The climate is mild and remarkably salubrious. The winters are mild and open, and stock fattens without requiring to be housed. The passage of the Pacific Railroad and some of its. branches through the Territory insure its speedy settlement and. prosperity. Population 9,118. 2l8 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE' WORLD, AND ALASKA TERRITORY. vast region, formerly known as Russian America, was purchased by the United States from the Russian Govern- ment, March 3oth, 1867, the actual transfer taking place in October of the same year. Its boundaries are as follows : Com- mencing at 54 deg. 40 min. north latitude, ascending Portland channel to the mountains, following their summits to 141 deg. west longitude from Greenwich ; thence north on this line to the Arctic Ocean, forming the eastern boundary. Starting from the Arctic Ocean west, this line descends Behring's Strait, between the two islands of Krusenstern and Ratmanoff, to the parallel of 35 deg. 30 min., and proceeds due north without limitation, into the same Arctic Ocean. Beginning again at the same initial point, on the parallel of 65 deg. 30 min., thence in a course southwest through Behring's Strait, between the island of St. Lawrence and Cape Chenkotski to the 172 deg. of west longitude (from Green- wich) ; and thence southwesterly, through Behring's Sea, between the islands of Attou and Copper, to the meridian of 193 deg. west longitude; leaving the prolonged group of the Aleutian Islands in the possessions now transferred to the United States and making the western boundary of our country the dividing line between Asia and America. The surface of this vast region, comprising 577,390 square miles, is varied. The northern part of the main- land is compact and nearly level, comprising a tract nearly square and about 600 miles in length and breadth. From this a narrow belt extends along the coast to latitude 54 deg. 40 min., broken and mountainous with a few fertile valleys. There are in this region several large rivers, the principal of which is the Yuken or Kwichpak, 2000 miles or more in length, of which nearly 1500 are navigable. The Peninsula of Alaska is mountainous and its sum- mits are among the most elevated in North America, Mt. St. Elias and Mt. Fairweather are between 15,000 and 18,000 feet in height. The islands of the Aleutian group are volcanic, and form a remark- able range. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 221 WHAT CONSTITUTES A STATE? WHAT constitutes a State ? Not high-raised battlements or labored mound, Thick wall, or moated gate ; Not bays and broad-armed ports, Where, laughing at the storm, rich navies ride ; Not starred and spangled courts, Where low-bound baseness wafts perfume to pride. No : men, high-minded men, W T ith powers as far above dull brutes endued In forest, brake, or den. As beasts excel cold rocks and brambles rude : Men, who their duties know, But know their rights, and knowing, dare maintain, Prevent the long-aimed blow, And crush the tyrant while they rend the chain : These constitute a State ; And sovereign law, that State's collected will, O'er thrones and globes elate, Sits empress, crowning good, repressing ill. 222 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND MOTTOES OF THE UNITED STATES INDIVIDUAL STATES. UNITED STATES. E Pluribus Unum. One of many. ALABAMA [No motto.] ARKANSAS Regnant Populi. The people rule. CALIFORNIA Eureka. I have found it. CONNECTICUT. \Qi transmit sustintt. He who brought us hither will preserve us. DELAWARE Liberty and independence. FLORIDA In God is our trust. GEORGIA Wisdom, justice and moderation. ILLINOIS State sovereignty and national union. INDIANA [No motto.] , j Our liberties we prize, and our rights we will ( maintain. KENTUCKY United we stand, divided we fall. LOUISIANA Union and confidence. MAINE Dirigo. I take the lead. ( Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem. MASSACHUSETTS < By her swonj she seeks the calm repose of ( liberty. MARYLAND Industry the means, and plenty the result. ( Si quaeris peninsulam am&nam drcumspice. MICHIGAN < If thou seekest a beautiful peninsula, behold ( it here. ( Salus populi suprema lex esto. MISSOURI \ , r i e ( The welfare of the people is the first great law. MISSISSIPPI [No motto.] N. CAROLINA. ..[No motto.] N. HAMPSHIRE. .[No motto.] AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 223 NEW JERSEY Liberty and independence. NEW YORK Excelsior. Higher. OHIO -. Imperium in imperio. An empire within an empire. PENNSYLVANIA. Virtue, liberty and independence. RHODE ISLAND. In God we hope. f~, ( Animus Opibusque Parati. S. CAROLINA < ( Ever ready with our lives and property. TENNESSEE [No motto.] TEXAS [No motto.] VERMONT Liberty and Independence. VIRGINIA Sic semper tyrannis. So be it ever to tyrants. MINNESOTA L'Etoile du Nord. The Star of the North. WISCONSIN \ ^ v ^ tas successit barbarum. ( Civilized life takes place of savage. v \ Ad astra per asp era. JS.ANSAS \ . . ( By rugged ways (we ascend) to the stars. OREGON Alls volat propriis. She sails with her own wings, WEST VIRGINIA \ Montani sem P er liberL ( The mountains are always free. NEBRASKA Popular Sovereignty. NEVADA Volens et potens. Willing and able. COLORADO Nil sine Numine. Nothing without Divine aid. 224 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND THE DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF VOTERS. - a Republican torm of Government, every act and feature of our laws is traceable directly to those who by their votes enacted them, or indirectly to those who by their neglect to vote suffered the passage of a bad or injudicious bill and allowed it to become a statute, and thus wronged thousands, and disgraced the country. We say, boastingly, that the " right of suffrage" is extended to every citizen of the United States, but the term, as applied to the citizens of a Republic, is a contradiction, meaning as it does, permission from the ruling power thus to do when the very significance of our form of government is proof that it is as much the birthright of every citizen as is the air he breathes. The declaration that " all men are created free and equal," gives no man an inherited supremacy over another, either social or politi- cal, and imposes certain duties upon every one, duties that are inseparable from his citizenship. A republican government is a contract or compact between the people for mutual protection, defense and security, and since every citizen derives actual and positive benefit from this protec- tion it is impossible but that he has duties to perform and obliga- tions to meet. It is not practicable, of course, for the people to assemble in masses and give instructions to the Chief Executive personally ; hence, conventions are called, at which some one who is known to be honest and faithful to the interests of the common- wealth, and especially of the district he represents, is nominated, and afterwards elected to meet the general assembly of represent- atives, at which the wants, wishes or demands of the people are made known, and such measures adopted as shall most easily and speedily carry them out. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 227 It is at the polls that our republican principles are most clearly shown, and that every man is the peer of his fellows. His vote is the expression of his views, and the strongest manner in which he can declare his approval or disapproval of men or measures. A selfish consideration of party interests, or a reckless strife for power at the cost of principle, or a narrow personal prejudice indulged to the extent of the sacrifice of the interests of the coun- try, is unworthy of men to whom so much has been entrusted. The candid citizen will hold himself aloof from and above all unworthy motives, and, not narrowing his vision to the things of to-day, will act with wise reference to the good of his country, and the safety and prosperity of generations to come. He will study well and carefully the principles of both or all the political parties of the times study and understand thoroughly the platform of his own party, to be sure it is right, and be able in every possible way to aid it and secure its success, and he will be equally familiar with the platform of the party he opposes, to know if it is wrong, where it is wrong, in what way injurious to the country, and how he can best work to defeat it. No man has a moral right to give his vote to advance a measure that he knows is wrong, or that he does not surely know is right. It is a lamentable fact that men rush to the ballot box and deposit their votes by thousands, when a large majority are so ignorant of the first elements of their duty as scarcely to .know to which party the man for whom they have voted belongs, and to know nothing absolutely nothing, of what his life has been, or whether he has any real claim upon them for support or merit which qualifies him for the office he is being elected to. This can not be justified in a country like our own, and is little, if any, less than guilt. We are far from asking that every man be a professional politi- cian, but that, knowing from his boyhood that he will one day be called upon to take this position, and that he cannot avoid a citi- zen's responsibilities, however he may neglect a citizen's duties, he prepare himself to discharge them honorably, conscientiously, and in the fear of God, rather than man. In voting, a man can not confine the consequences of his act to himself, but it extends to all who come under the influence of those whom he helps to elect. It is no proof that a man should be placed in office because he asks it, and no proof that he is qualified to discharge its duties 228 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE AGE, AND because he assures you, with his hand upon his heart, that he will do so. Be guided by candor in this matter rather than impulse ; remember that you hold the motive power and wield it for good or evil. All political statements should be made with a just and careful regard to the influence they will exert, and honor, no less than Christianity, demands courtesy from party to party, as from man to man. Keep your manhood unsullied and your soul unspot- ted with the low, base, treasonable designs of those who will build up on the ruins of patriotism and principle a fictitious glory for themselves or their cause. It may shine for a season, but it will end in darkness. It may triumph to-day but will be cut down to- morrow, and the disgrace and dishonor will fall upon all who were engaged in its upbuilding.. No ranker, baser crime is known in civil society than treason, and a political traitor, whether im- pelled to the act by cowardice or love of gain, is a criminal of the most contemptible sort. There is nothing that prepares a man more thoroughly for the active duties of life than a careful study of human nature and a close observation of the relative position of facts as presented by all parties, and the more one reflects and reasons the better he is prepared to act. No people can remain free who are ignorant. Knowledge as surely constitutes power as light constitutes day ; a community in ignorance is a community in degradation. A man who allows himself to remain uninformed upon political subjects and matters of interest to voters and citizens, must needs expect to be the dupe and tool of those who are stronger and more designing than themselves. A man may be honest, but if he is far behind the age in which he lives, his very honesty will subject him to imposition, and with his tin sword rusty in its scabbard, he is no match for the man whose sword of Damascus steel is bright and keen from constant use. If it were only for your own inter- est if the welfare of none others had been entrusted to you, it would still be best that you cultivate your knowledge, both gen- eral and special, upon everything which concerns you as a citizen and a voter. Another point of vital interest is, that you have no right to be careless or indifferent upon these matters. You have no right to sit down and fold your hands while the battle between right and wrong wages around you, and say it matters not who is victorious. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 229 You have no right to close your eyes to danger that threatens your country and say you are neutral ; for be sure neutrality is either cowardice, treason, or ignorance ; and society, both social, religious, and political, has far more to dread from an army of neutrals than from an army who throw their colors to the breeze and declare the ground on which they have taken their stand. Never forget for one moment, whether you be leader or private in the army, that the majority rule, and that if the majority is on the side of wrong, wrong will triumph. Study not only to throw the weight of your vote on the side of right, but throw your influence there, with all the strength and force you can gather. The people have it in their power to rule for good. Woe to that nation where ignorance has covered the land with mourning and her sons have sold their birthright of liberty for a dish of pottage, and see an usurper wear the glory that was their heritage, without a sigh or pang of regret. To the voters of America is entrusted the holiest treasure that man was ever enjoined to guard the liberty of our country and the protection of our republican principles and institutions. How well it has been preserved in the past, the proud position which she holds in the rank of nations tells more eloquently than writ- ten or spoken words. Whether we shall go on from victory to victory, crowned more and still more royally with the luster of great deeds, until she shall be a light to the nations who sit in darkness, depends upon you who hold in your hands the power to make her what you will, and whose votes must decide her destiny. MASTER SPIRITS OF THE AGE, AND PENSION LAWS. ^ENSIGNS for officers, soldiers and sailors disabled in the service, and for the widows and children of officers, sol- diers and sailors who have died in the service, have been liberally and carefully provided by Congress. The proper officials to whom all applications should be made, by letter or petition, in Washington, are, by a soldier having his dis- charge, to the Paymaster General ; when the discharge paper is lost, to the second Auditor of the Treasury ; when by those who represent a deceased person, to the second Auditor of the Treas- ury ; when for commutation of rations, to the same officer ; when for pensions, or any matter connected with pensions, to the Com- missioner of Pensions. Instructions have been prepared for all applicants, by the Com- missioner of Pensions for the purpose of preventing fraud or misunderstanding. They are, in substance : INSTRUCTIONS. By the act of Congress approved July i4th, 1862, and amenda- tory acts, pensions are granted as follows : 1. Invalids, disabled in the military or naval service of the United States, in the line of duty 2. Widows of persons who have been killed or have died in the military or naval service of the United States. 3. Children under sixteen, of the classes of persons on account of whose death widows are entitled ; provided said widows have died, or have remarried. 4. Mothers of all classes of persons on account of whose death widows are entitled, provided said mothers were dependent on the deceased for support and no minor child survived. 5. Fathers, the same as mothers, in case of the death of the latter. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 233 6. Brothers and sisters, under sixteen, provided they were de- pendent for support upon the person on account of whose decease they claim. The First Section of the Act of July i4th, 1862, showing the rates of pension to the several classes and grades, is as follows : Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That if any officer, non-commissioned officer, musician, or private of the army, includ- ing regulars, volunteers, militia, or any officer, warrant, or petty officer, musician, seaman, ordinary seaman, flotillaman, marine, clerk, landsman, pilot, or other person in the navy or marine corps, has been, since the fourth day of March, eighteen hundred and sixty-one, or shall hereafter be, disabled by reason of any wound received or disease contracted while in the service of the United States, and in the line of duty, he shall, upon making due proof of the fact according to such forms and regulations as are or may be provided by, or in pursuance of law, be placed upon the list of invalid pensions of the United States, and be entitled to receive, for the highest rate of disability, such pension as is hereinafter pro- vided in such cases, and for an inferior disability an amount proportionate to the highest disability, to commence as hereinafter provided, and continue during the existence of such disability. The pension for a total disability for officers, non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates employed in the military service of the United States, whether regulars, volunteers, or militia, and in the marine corps, shall be as follows, viz. : lieutenant-colonel and all officers of a higher rank, thirty dollars per month ; major, twenty-five dollars per month ; captain twenty dollars per month ; first lieutenant, seventeen dollars per month; second lieutenant, fifteen dollars per month ; and non-commissioned officers, musi- cians and privates, eight dollars per month. The pension for total disability for officers, warrant, or petty officers, and others employed in the naval service of the United States, shall be as follows, viz. : captain, commander, surgeon, paymaster, and chief engineer, respectively, ranking with commander by law, lieutenant commanding, and master commanding, thirty dollars per month; lieutenant, surgeon, paymaster, and chief engineer, respectively, ranking with lieutenant by law, and passed assistant surgeon, twenty-five dollars per month ; professor of mathematics, 234 master, assistant .surgeon, assistant paymaster, and chaplain, twenty dollars per month ; first assistant engineer and pilots, fifteen dollars per month ; passed midshipman, midshipman, cap- tain's paymaster's clerk, second and third assistant engineers, master's mate, and all warrant officers, ten dollars per month ; all petty officers, and all other persons before named employed in the naval service, eight dollars per month ; and all commissioned offi- cers, of either service, shall receive such and only such pension as is herein provided for the rank in which they hold commis- sions. ACT OF JULY 4, 1864. Various Supplementary Acts have been passed by the' Act of July 14, 1862, modifying in some particulars the provisions of pre- vious legislation. By the Act of July 4, 1864, it is provided that biennial exami- nations will hereafter be made by one surgeon only, if he is regu- larly appointed, or holds a surgeon's commission in the army. Examinations by unappointed civil surgeons will not be accepted, unless it can be shown that an examination by a commissioned or duly appointed surgeon is impracticable. Increased Pensions in Certain Cases. A pension of twenty-five dollars per month is granted to those having lost both hands or both eyes in the military service of the United States, in the line of duty, and twenty dollars per month to those who, under the same conditions, shall have lost both feet, if such parties were entitled to a lower rate of pension under the act of 1862. This higher pension will date only from the 4th day of July, 1864, in case of pensioners already enrolled, or of applicants discharged prior to that date. Evidence of Muster-in. In accordance with the nth Section of the Act of July 4, 1864, evidence of the muster-in of the sol- dier will not be required in any case, but there must be positive record evidence of service. Evidence of muster-in in the case of commissioned officers is still required. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 235 ACT OF JUNE 6, 1866. The Supplementary Pension Act, approved June six, eighteen hundred and sixty-six, provides increased rates of pensions over those granted by the Act of July fourteen, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, in the following cases, viz. : 1. Twenty-five dollars per month to all those invalids entitled, under the Act of July fourteen, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, to a lower rate of pension, on account of service rendered since March four, eighteen hundred and sixty-one, " who shall have lost the sight of both eyes, or who shall have lost both hands, or been permanently and totally disabled in the same, or otherwise so per- manently and totally disabled as to render them utterly helpless, or so nearly so as to require the constant personal aid and attend- ance of another person." 2. Twenty dollars per month to those invalids who, being enti- tled under like conditions to a lower rate of pension, " shall have lost both feet, or one hand and one foot, or been totally and per- manently disabled in the same, or otherwise so disabled as to be incapacitated for performing any manual labor, but not so much so as to require constant personal aid and attention." 3. Fifteen dollars per month to those invalids who, under like conditions, " shall have lost one hand or one foot, or been totally and permanently disabled in the same, or otherwise so disabled as to render their inability to perform manual labor equivalent to the loss of a hand or a foot." In order to obtain the benefits of the foregoing provisions, pen- sioners already enrolled will file an application in accordance with form F, appended hereto. Proof in addition to that on file with the previous application need not be forwarded, except as shall be specially required in each case, after the application is received. The applicant need only be examined by a pension surgeon when expressly required, on due notice from this office. Applicants not already pensioned, who believe themselves entitled to the benefit of the foregoing provisions, will specifically set forth such claim in their declarations, carefully stating the nature of the disability on account of which such higher rate of pension is claimed. The declaration must be made before some officer of a court of record, or before a pension notary designated by this office, as provided by the third section of the act of July four, eighteen hundred and sixty-four. 236 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND The above specified increased rates of pension will be allowed only to th'ose disabled since the fourth day of March, eighteen hundred and sixty-one, and will date only from the sixth day of June, eighteen hundred and sixty-six. Teamsters, Artificers, and other Enlisted Men, not embraced in the terms of the Act of Julj fourteen, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, or of Acts supplementary thereto, are, by the tenth section of the Act of June six, eighteen hundred and sixty-six, included in the administration of the pension laws, in the class of non-commissioned officers and privates. Minor Children to be Pensioned, in Certain Cases, instead of the Widow. The eleventh section provides that when any widow, entitled to a pension under previous Acts, has abandoned the care of a child or children of her deceased husband, under sixteen years of age, " or is an unsuitable person, by reason of immoral conduct, to have the custody of the same," the pension shall be paid to the duly authorized guardian of such child or children, while under the age of sixteen years, and not to the widow. The proper proof in such case, as provided by this section, is the certificate of the judge of any court having probate jurisdiction, " that satisfactory evidence has been produced before such court " to the effect above indicated. In presenting an application under this section, the guardians of the minor child or children will make a declaration in accordance with the appended form G. Pensions Granted to Dependent Fathers and to Dependent OrpJian Brothers. By the twelfth section the provisions of the Act of July fourteen, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, are extended so as to include the dependent brother or brothers of a deceased officer, soldier or seaman, and the dependent father of such deceased persons, under like limitations as apply in the case of dependent sisters and mothers ; but not more than one pension is granted on account of the same person, or to more than one of said classes. The forms prescribed for the latter cases may be used, with obvious variations, in applications made by dependent fathers or on behalf of dependent brothers. Limitations as to Number and Date of Pensions. The thirteenth section declares that but one pension shall be granted to any person at the same time ; and that when application is not made within three years after the death or discharge of the party on AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 239 whose account a pension is claimed, such pension, if allowed, " shall commence from the date of filing the last paper in said case by the party prosecuting the same." This limitation applies to all classes of pensions. Evidence of Marriage of Colored Applicants. The fourteenth section provides that habitual recognition of the marriage relation between colored parties that is, in the absence of the usually required proof when shown by " proof satisfactory to the Com- missioner of Pensions," shall be accepted as evidence of marriage and the children of such parties shall be regarded as if born in lawful wedlock. When the usual proof of marriage can be fur- nished, it will be required as heretofore. When only evidence of cohabitation and mutual recognition can be adduced, as provided in this section, the testimony of two credible and disinterested witnesses will be required, who must state how long they have been personally acquainted with the parties, and for how long a period the latter are known to have recognized each other as man and wife. If such acquaintance is deemed to be of too recent date to warrant the acceptance of this testimony, or if there is reason to doubt, in any instance, that the marriage relation existed in good faith, more specific instructions will be issued, adapted to the circumstances of the particular case. ACT OF JULY 25, 1866. Provost Marshals, Enrolling Officers, and others Entitled to the Benefits of the Pension Laws. The first section of the Act of July twenty-five, eighteen hundred and sixty-six, extends the benefits conferred by the pension laws to provost marshals, deputy provost marshals, and enrolling officers disabled in the line of their official duty as such, and to the widows or dependents of such officers in like manner. Declarations will be made in accordance with the instructions issued under the Pension Act of July fourteen, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and supplementary Acts. The grade of such officers, for the purpose of determining the rates of pensions un- der this section, is fixed as follows : Provost marshals will rank as captains ; their deputies as first lieutenants ; and enrolling officers as second lieutenants. 240 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND Increased Pensions to Widou>s, and Orphan Children Under Six- teen Years of Age. The second section of this act allows to those who are or shall be pensioned as widows of soldiers or sailors two dollars per month additional pension for each child (under sixteen years of age) of the deceased soldier or sailor by the widow thus pensioned. On the death or remarriage of such widow, or on the deriial of a pension to her, in accordance with the provisions of section eleven of the Act of June six, eighteen hundred and sixty-six, the same amount to which she would otherwise be entitled, under this and previous provisions, is allowed to the minor children. The number and names of the children, with their ages, must be proved by the affidavits of two credible and disinterested wit- nesses. The provisions of this section only include the children of the widow, and not those of her deceased husband by a previous marriage. The widows of minor children of officers are not enti- tled to this increase. Declarations for an increase under this section, if for the widow, will be made in accordance with form H, appended hereto ; and if for minor children, according to form I. The pension certificate must be sent with all applica- tions filed subsequently to September four, eighteen hundred and sixty-six. Increase of Pensions under Acts prior to July 4, 1862. All pen- sioners under Acts approved prior to July fourteen, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, are, by the third section of the present act, granted the same rights as those pensioned under acts ap- proved at or since that date, so far as said Acts may be applicable, with the exception of soldiers of the Revolution or their widows. This section applies only to pensioners who were such at the date of the approval of this Act. Declaration of claimants under this section will be made in accordance with the forms previously issued under Act of July fourteen, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and subsequent pension acts, with the necessary modifications, and the pension certificates will be returned. Invalid Pensions of Claimants Dying while their Applications art- Pending^ the Evidence being Completed. The fourth section of this act is construed in connection with the tenth section of the Act of July four, eighteen hundred and sixty-four, and the sixth sec- AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 241 tion of the Act of June six, eighteen hundred and sixty-six, to which it is supplementary. If an applicant for invalid pension dies while his claim is pending, the evidence having been com- pleted, the pension, under the provisions of this section and of those sections of previous acts above referred to, is disposed of as follows : 1. If he left a widow, or minor child, or children under sixteen years of age, or other dependent relatives, and died of wounds received or of disease contracted in the service or in the line of duty, no invalid pension certificate will issue, but such widow or dependent relatives will receive a pension, in their own right, taking precedence in the order prescribed by law in other cases. 2. If the claimant left a widow or dependent relatives, but did not die of wounds received, or disease contracted in the service and in the line of duty, so that neither widow nor dependent rela- tives would be entitled to a pension on his account, then the cer- tificate will be issued in his name, and the pension paid to the widow or to the dependent relatives, as the case may be, in the same order in which they would have been pensioned, if entitled, as set forth in the preceding paragraph. 3. If the claimant left no widow or dependent relatives, the certificate will issue in his name, and the pension will be drawn by his executor or administrator. Certain Accrued Rights Reserved under Repealed Enactments. The fifth section reserves all rights that may have accrued under the fifth section of the pension Act of July four, eighteen hun- dred and sixty-four, and the third section of the pension Act of March three, eighteen hundred and sixty-five, though repealed by the first section of the Act of June six, eighteen hundred and sixty-six. Widou'S Remarrying while their Claims are Pending, Are en- titled, under the sixth section, if their claims are otherwise valid, to receive pensions to the date of remarriage, if the deceased officer, soldier or sailor, on whose account they claim, left no legitimate child under sixteen years of age. JOSEPH H. BARRETT, Commissioner of Pensions. PENSION OFFICE, August 4, 1866. 242 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND ACT OF JULY 27, 1868. SECTION i. Dependent Relatives. In this section precedence is given to the dependent relatives hereinafter mentioned, in the fol- lowing order, to wit : First, mothers ; secondly, fathers ; thirdly, orphan brothers and sisters under sixteen, who shall be pensioned jointly ; and the persons enumerated shall each be entitled in their order, after the death of the one preceding. SECT. 2. Invalids disabled Subsequent to Passage of this Act. This section specifies as to pensions by reason of disabilities incurred subsequent to the passage of this Act, and enumerates the circumstances under which said disabilities must have been contracted. SECT. 3. Unclaimed Pensions. This section provides that pen- sions remaining unclaimed for fourteen months after the same have become due, shall be adjusted at the Pension Agency instead of at the Office of the Third Auditor ; and the failure of any pen- sioner to claim his or her pension for three years, shall be deemed presumptive evidence that the same has legally terminated. On a new application, with evidence satisfactorily accounting for such failure, the pensioner may be restored to the rolls. SECT. 4. Increase of Pensions of Widows and of Children by a Former Wife. This section gives an increase of two dollars per month for each minor child of a deceased soldier, to commence from the death of their father, and continue until they severally attain the age of sixteen years ; and provides that the children of a former marriage shall be " entitled to receive two dollars per month, to commence from the death of their father, and continue until they severally attain the age of sixteen years, to be paid to the guardian of such child or children for their use and benefit : Provided, however, That in all cases where such widow is charged with the care, custody, and maintenance of such child or children, the said sum of two dollars per month for each of said children shall be paid to her for and during the time she is or may have been so charged with the care, custody, and maintenance of such child or children, subject to the same conditions, provisions and limitations as if they were her own children by her said deceased husband. SECT. 5. Widouis and Minors not Debarred, etc. By this sec- tion no widow or guardian to whom an increase of pension has AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 245 been or may hereafter be granted on account of minor children, shall be deprived thereof by reason of their being maintained or educated at the expense of the State or of the public. SECT. 6. Extension of Limitation. This section provides that all pensions applied for within five years after the right thereto shall have accrued, and which have been or may be granted under the Act of July 14, 1862, or Acts supplementary thereto, shall commence from the discharge or death of the person on whose account the pension has been or shall be granted ; and in cases of insane persons and minors, who were without guardians or other proper legal representatives previous to said limitation, applica- tions may be filed in their behalf after its expiration. This section applies solely to cases in which the title to pension has accrued subsequent to March 4, 1861. SECT. 7. Arrears. In which notification of title to arrears of pension, under the foregoing section is provided for ; and also that no claim agent or other person shall be entitled to compensation for services in making application for such arrears. SECT. 8. Widow's Pension to Children, etc. In which the re- quirement of the certificate of the court that satisfactory evidence has been adduced of the abandonment of the care of the minor child or children of a deceased soldier by his widow, or of her unsuitableness to have custody of them is dispensed with. The furnishing of satisfactory evidence thereof to the commissioner shall be sufficient to cause the suspension of said widow's pension. SECT. 9. Pending Claim may be Completed by Heirs. In which if any person entitled to a pension has died since March 4, 1861, his heirs or legal representatives shall be entitled to receive the accrued pension : provided no widow or minor child survives the applicant. SECT. 10. Remarriage. This section provides for pension to the widow or dependent mother, from the death of soldier to the date of claimant's remarriage, (provided no children under six- teen survive.) SECT. ii. Extension of Time. This section provides for the continuance in force of the Act of July 4, 1864, from the 4th July, 1867, for five years. SECT. 12. Loss of an Eye. This section allows twenty-five dollars as a pension for total loss of sight from wounds received or 246 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND disease contracted in the service, though the pensioner may have had only one eye when entering the service. SECT. 13. Pensions by Reason of Right Accrued since Revolu- tion. By this section all persons pensioned by reason of services rendered since the war of the Revolution, and prior to March 4, 1 86 1, are placed on the same footing with those pensioned under Acts passed since that time ; and grants eight dollars per month to the widows of revolutionary soldiers and sailors now pensioned at less than that amount. SECT. 14. Limbs to Officers. By this section captains in the army and lieutenants in the navy, and those of less rank, who have lost a leg or an arm in such service, shall be entitled to receive an artificial limb upon the same terms as privates in the army. SECT. 15. Special Acts. By this section all pensions granted by special Acts shall be subject to be varied in amount, according to the provisions and limitations of the pension laws. SECT. 1 6. Repealing Clause. By this section all Acts and parts of Acts inconsistent with the foregoing provisions of this Act be and the same are hereby repealed. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 247 INTERNAL REVENUE LAWS. mfri (HE taxes laid by the various acts providing for the raising revenue by taxation, in which are included the Direct Tax Act of August 6, 1 86 1 ; the Excise Tax of July 14, 1862 ; the Amendatory Acts of March 3, 1863; the Acts of June, 1864; March, 1865; the Amended Acts of July 20, 1866, and March, 1867, are intended to have specific action on several different classes. These may be divided, properly, into two general classes, viz. : I. The Annual Lists which are subdivided into Licenses, Arti- cles in Schedule A, (embracing Carriages, Yachts, Billiard Tables and Plate) and Annual Income; and II. The Quarterly and Monthly Lists which include returns of Auction Sales; Receipts of Railroads, Steamboats, etc., for Transportation, etc.; Passports, Theatres, Operas, Circuses and Museums ; Lotteries, Dividends, Advertisements, Legacies, Canal and Turnpike Companies, Receipts of Ferryboats, Gross Receipts of Express and Telegraph Companies, Banks and Insurance Com- panies, Proprietary Articles, Stamps under Schedule B, Manufac- turers' Returns, Distillers' and Brewers' Returns, and Returns of Coal Oil Distillation. For each of these returns under the second general class there are specific forms and instructions furnished by the government, and if will therefore be unnecessary for us to give instructions and directions which are furnished already to the parties inter- ested. , But in regard to the first general class, some explanations and instructions are desirable to enable them to act understandingly in the payment of their taxes, and these we give from the highest official authority. 748 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND I. Licenses Must be taken out by claim agents and agents for procuring patents ; insurance agents, domestic and foreign, real estate agents, apothecaries, architects and civil engineers, assayers,. auctioneers, banks and bankers, bowling alleys and billiard rooms, brewers, barges, boats and flats, brokers, commercial brokers, cus- tom-house brokers, cattle brokers, pawnbrokers, land warrant brokers, produce brokers, butchers, builders and contractors, cir- cuses, coal-oil distillers, coffee roasters, confectioners, convey- ancers, concert halls, wholesale and retail dealers in liquors, dealers in other merchandise and wholesale dealers in the same, horse dealers, lottery ticket dealers, patent right dealers, dentists, distillers, eating-houses, express agents and carriers, exhibitions or shows for money, gas-fitters, gift enterprises, grinders of coffee or spices, hotels, inns or taverns, intelligence offices, jacks, jug- glers, lawyers, livery stable keepers, manufacturers, miners, muse- ums, passenger steamers and vessels, peddlers, photographers, physicians, plumbers, rectifiers, stallions, surgeons, theatres, tobac- conists, and by any person, firm, or corporation engaged in any business, trade or profession whatever having an income exceed- ing one thousand dollars per annum, for which no other license is required. SPECIAL PROVISIONS'. I. That in every case where more than one of the pursuits, em- ployments, or occupations, hereinafter described, shall be pursued or carried on in the same place by the same person at the same time, except as hereinafter provided, the tax shall be paid for each according to the rates severally prescribed : Provided, That in cities and towns having a less population than six thousand persons, according to the last preceding census, one special tax shall be held to embrace thebusiness of land-warrant brokers, claim agents, and real estate agents, upon payment of the highest rate of tax applicable to either one of said pursuits. \_Sec. 76.] II. That any number of persons, except lawyers, conveyancers, claim agents, patent agents, physicians, surgeons, dentists, cattle- brokers, horse dealers and peddlers, doing business in copartner- ship at any one place, shall be required to pay but one special tax for such copartnership. [Sec. 78.] OCEAN IRON STEAMER. CLIPPER SHIP. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 251 III. That the special tax shall not be imposed upon apotheca- ries, confectioners, butchers, keepers of eating houses, hotels, inns or taverns, or retail dealers, except retail dealers in spiritous and malt liquors, when their annual gross receipts shall not exceed the sum of one thousand dollars, any provision of law to the contrary notwithstanding. IV. That nothing contained in the preceding sections of this act shall be construed to impose a special tax upon vintners who sell wine of their own growth at the place where the same is made ; nor upon apothecaries, as to wines or spiritous liquors which they use exclusively in the preparation or making up of medicines ; nor shall physicians be taxed for keeping on hand medicines solely for making up their own prescriptions for their own patients ; nor shall farmers be taxed as manufacturers or producers for making butter or cheese with milk from their own cows, or for any other farm products. [Clause of Sec. 80.] The following is the form of application for a license. If the license is for a firm, the name of the firm, and the name and resi- dence of each member of the firm, must be given in full. FORM OF APPLICATION FOR. A LICENSE. Application is hereby made by Dennis Donnelly, of Philadel- phia, in the county of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, for a license as a Coal Oil Distiller, under the Excise Laws of the United States, said business or occupation to be carried on at No. Butcher street, in the city of Philadelphia, county of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania. Signed, DENNIS DONNELLY. Dated at Philadelphia, this 2ist day of June, A. D. 1869. To SIDNEY STOKLEY, Assessor of the Second District of the State of Pennsylvania. All licenses expire on the ist of May, and hence when a license, is taken out at any other time in the year, it is necessary only to pay the proportion of the license which will be due to the suc- ceeding May. If a license is not taken out or renewed by the person whose duty it is to have a license, the assessor or assistant assessor must enter his name for a license on the assessment book, and he will be liable to pay three times the amount of his license 252 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND under Section 59 of the Excise Tax Act, or a fine of $100 under Section 1 1 of the same Act. II. Articles under Schedule A. These comprise, as above stated, carriages, yachts, gold watches, pianos, organs, melodeons, or other parlor musical instruments, billiard-tables kept for private use, and gold and silver plate. The list of these must be furnished to the assessor in ten days after the service of the notice with the blank form for the return. The penalty of furnishing a false or fraudulent list is $500, and a neglect or refusal to furnish the list incurs the penalty of an addi- tion of 50 per cent, to the tax, and a fine of $io ^- ^ *; Cts. Cts. AUSTRIA Via North German Union, direct *6_. 3 do closed mail, via England *6__ 4 AUSTRALIA Victoria, (Port Philip,) Brit. Mail via Southampton f!7-_ 6 do via Marseilles. * 22- A% do via San Francisco J10- . 2 ASPINWALL TO.. 2 BELGIUM and the NETHERLANDS f 10- . 4 BRAZIL via England. 28- . 4 do via Am. packet, monthly from N. Y '. . 15-- 2 CANADA Dominion of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island, [letters, if unpaid, 10 cts] 6_. 2 CHINA American packet, via San Francisco 10.. 2 do French mail- _. do British mail (except Hong Kong) via Southampton 28-. 6 do (except Hong Kong) via Marseilles _. |86_. 3 do via North German Union direct 24- -12 do closed mail via England 27__13 CHILI British mail via Panama 22-. 6 CUBA 10-. 2 CONSTANTINOPLE via N. German Union direct *12- - 7 do closed mail via England *15.. 8 do via England. 28-46 DENMARK via N. German Union direct (if prepaid, 9 cts.) *13-_ 6 do closed mail via England, (prepaid, 10 cts.) *13-_ 7 EAST INDIES British mail via Southampton 22-- $6 do via Marseilles _ 28..10 do N. German Union direct 24- -12 do closed mail via England 27 do via San Francisco * 10.. 2 EGYPT (Lower, excluding Alexandria,) via N. German Union direct. *17._ 9 do (Lower, excluding Alexandria,) via England *20..10 FRANCE Direct mail 10..12 do via England 4 FRANKFORT via North German Union, direct .! - *7-_ 3 do via N. German Union, closed mail via Eng *10 4 GERMAN STATES via North German Union direct f6-- 3 do via N. Ger. Un., closed mail via England, including Baden, Hanover, Hamburg, Bremen, Brunswick, Saxe Allenburg, Saxe Coburg, Gotha, Meinengen, Weimar, Saxony, Schles- wig, Holstein, Mecklenburg, Wurtemburg, Cuxhaven, Bavaria, Lubec, Luxemburg. *7. . 4 GREAT BRITAIN including England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland *6_. 2 t^F'For every newspaper not exceeding 4 oz. in weight, 2 cts. HOLLAND . *15_. 4 do via Bremen or Hamburg *10. _ HONDURAS Belize, British Honduras, American packet, via New Orleans *12-- 2 HONG KONG via Southampton 28. - 6 do via Marseilles 36. - 8 American packet, via San Francisco 10-- 2 278 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND HUNGARY see Austria. ITALY via N. German Union, direct *11. - 7 do closed mail, via England *14_. 8 do closed mail. . *10-_ 4 JAPAN British mail, via Southampton 28- - 6 do British mail, via Marseilles 34.-10 MEXICO Direct from New York ._ 10-. 2 NASSAU N. P. steamers direct from N. Y 3-- 2 NORWAY via N. Ger. Un. direct, if paid, 11 cents '.. 14. . 8 do closed mail via England, 12 cts 15-- 9 NOTE Small newspapers under 2 oz. 6 cts. each by direct mail, 7 cts. by closed mail via England. NETHERLANDS *10- . 4 NEWFOUNDLAND 10.. 2 PRUSSIA via N. German Union direct 6_. 3 do do closed mail via England 7_. 4 SWEDEN via N. Ger. Un. direct, if prepaid, lOc. 13- _ 8 do do closed mail via England, prep'd lie. 16-- 9 NOTE Small newspapers under 2 oz., 6 cts. each by direct mail, and 7 cts. by closed mail via England. * Indicates that in cases where it is prefixed, unless the letter be registered, prepayment is optional ; in all other cases prepayment is required, f Double the prepaid rates must be collected on all unpaid letters. i Prepayment compulsory. ( The book and pattern post to Egypt via British mail extends only to Alex, andria, Cairo and Suez. POST-OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Post-Offices States June 30, '71. Alabama 5(53 Alaska .. 4 Arizona t 26 Arkansas 506 California 576 Colorado 110 Connecticut 403 Dakota. 49 Delaware -. 96 District Columbia 5 Florida 139 Georgia 499 Idaho 33 Illinois 1674 Indiana 1370 Iowa 1240 Kansas . 657 Kentucky 924 Louisiana 231 Maine 814 Maryland 537 Massachusetts 694 Michigan _-. ..1 1031 Minnesota 672 Mississippi . 407 State. June 30, V- Missouri 1332 Montana 76 Nebraska 271 Nevada 58 New Hampshire 410 New Jersey 564 New Mexico 46 New York 2690 North Carolina 777 Ohio 2054 Oregon 175 Pennsylvania 2893 Rhode Island 100 South Carolina 336 Tennessee 874 Texas 596 Utah 136 Vermont 467 Virginia. 1115 Washington 92 West Virginia 614 Wisconsin.. 1085 Wyoming 24 Total.. ..30045 AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. NATURALIZATION LAWS. ATURALIZATION is the act by which an alien, or for- e ig ner > becomes invested with the rights and privileges of a native-born subject or citizen. In the United States, a person duly naturalized is entitled to all the privileges and im- munities of a native-born citizen, except that he must have been a resident of the United States for seven years, to enable him to occupy a seat in Congress, and that he is not eligible to the office of President or Vice-President, or, under the Constitution of some of the States, to that of Governor. Congress having the power, under the Constitution of the United States, to establish a uniform rule of naturalization, has provided by various enactments, as follows, viz. : Any alien, hav- ing arrived in the United States after the age of eighteen years, may be admitted to the rights of citizenship, after a declaration, upon his part, or oath or affirmation, before the Supreme, Supe- rior, District, or Circuit Court of, or any court of record having common law jurisdiction in, any of the United States, or of the territories thereto belonging, or before a Circuit or District Court of the United States, or the Clerk or Prothonotary of any of the aforesaid courts, two years at least before his admission, that it is his bona fide intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, State, or sovereignty whatever, and particularly by name, the prince, potentate, State, or sovereignty, whereof such alien may at any time have been a citizen or subject ; if such alien has borne any hereditary title, or been of any of the orders of nobility in the kingdom or State from which he came, he must, moreover, expressly renounce his title or order of nobility, in the court in which his application is made, which renunciation is to be recorded in such county ; and the court admitting such alien 282 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND must also be satisfied that he has continuously resided in the United States for five years, at least, immediately preceding his naturalization, and also within the State or Territory wherein such court is at the time held, at least one year immediately previous to such naturalization ; and that during such five years, he has been of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same ; the oath of at least two citizens of the United States, is requisite to prove the fact of such residence ; and, at the time of his application to be admitted to citizenship, he must make, upon oath or affirmation, the same declaration of renunciation and abjuration of allegiance to any foreign power, and also, make oath or affirmation to support the Constitution of the United States ; all of which proceedings are to be recorded by the Clerk or Prothonotary of the proper court. If any alien, having legally filed his declaration of intention to become a citizen and taken the necessary oath or affirmation, die before he is actually naturalized, his widow and children are enti- tled to all the rights and privileges of citizens, upon taking the . , , required oaths or affirmations. Any alien, arriving in the United States under the age of eight- een years, and continuously residing therein until the time of his application for citizenship, may, after reaching the age of twenty- one years, and having been a resident within the United States for five years, including the three years of his minority, be admit- ted a citizen, without making the formal declaration of intention required in other cases ; but at the time of his admission, he must make such declaration, and further satisfy the court, upon oath or affirmation, that, for the three years immediately preceding, it had been his bona fide intention to become such citizen, and in all other respects must comply with the naturalization laws of the United States. Severe penalties for counterfeiting any evidence of citizenship, or disposing of a certificate of naturalization to any person other than the one for whom it was issued, are imposed by act of Con- gress. It is to be observed, in this connection, that as the various States have the right under the Constitution of the United States, of de- fining and fixing the qualifications of their respective citizens, AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 283 persons who are aliens and not citizens of the United States may yet be citizens of a particular State, under its enactments, entitled to right of suffrage and other privileges and immunities enjoyed by and belonging to the citizens of such particular State. Some of the States have also interfered, by legislative enact- ment, to require a naturalized citizen to reside in such State a certain length of time after his naturalization, before he can enjoy the right of suffrage therein. It has been held, that, if a subject of a foreign power, at the time of leaving the dominion of such power, actually owed mili- tary duty or service to such power, by formal enactment or con- scription, he is not protected, in the event of his return within the dominion of such power, by his certificate of naturalization within the United States, from the discharge of such duty or service, but is bound to render the same, upon demand therefor made after such return. It is but just, however, to add, that this opinion is strongly com- bated, and can by no means, at present at least, be considered as embodying the settled opinion of the proper authorities, or of the people of the United States. 284 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND PRE-EMPTION LAWS. PRE-EMPTION right is the right of a squatter upon the lands of the United States to purchase, in preference to 'others, when the land is sold. Such right is granted to the following persons : Any citizen of the United States ; any person who has filed his declaration of intention to become a citizen ; any head of a family ; any widow ; any single woman of the age of twenty-one years or over , and any person who has made a settlement, erected a dwelling-house upon, and is an inhabitant of the tract sought to be entered -provided such settlement was made since June i, 1840, and previously to the time of application for the land, which land must, at the date of the settlement, have had the Indian title extinguished, and been surveyed by the United States. A person bringing himself within the above requirements by proof satisfactory to the Register and Receiver of the land district in which the land may lie, taken pursuant to the rules hereafter prescribed, will, after having taken the affidavit required by the Act, be entitled to enter, by legal subdivisions, any number of acres, not exceeding one hundred and sixty, or a quarter-section, to in- clude his residence ; and he may avail himself of the same at any time prior to the day of the commencement of the public sale, including said tract, where the land has not yet been proclaimed. Where the land was subject to private entry, June i, 1840, and a settlement shall thereafter be made upon such land, or where the land shall become hereafter subject to private entry, and after that period a settlement shall be made, which the settler is desir- ous of securing, notice of such intention must be given within thirty days after such settlement ; and, in all such cases, the proof, affidavit and payment must be made within twelve months after such settlement. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 287 The tracts liable to entry are embraced under the following de- signations : first, A regular quarter-section, notwithstanding the quantity may vary a few acres from one hundred and sixty ; or a quarter-section, which, though fractional in quantity by the pas- sage of a navigable stream through the same, is still bounded by regular sectional and quarter-sectional lines; second, a fractional section containing not over one hundred and sixty acres, or any tract being a detached or a nomalous survey made pursuant to law, and not exceeding such quantity ; third, two adjoining half- quarter sections (in all cases to be separated by a north and south line, except on the north side of township, where the surveys are so made as to throw the excess or deficiency on the north and west sides of the township), of the regular quarters mentioned in the first designation ; fourth, two half-quarter or eighty-acre sub- divisions of a fractional or broken section, adjoining each other, the aggregate quantity not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres ; fifth, a regular half-quarter and an adjoining fractional section, or an adjoining half-quarter subdivision of a fractional section, the aggregate quantity not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres ; sixth, if the pre-emptor do not wish to enter one hundred and sixty acres, he may enter a single half-quarter section (made by a north and south line), or an eighty-acre subdivision of a fractional sec- tion ; seventh, one or more adjoining forty-acre lots may be entered, the aggregate not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres ; and, eighth, a regular half-quarter, a half-quarter subdivision, or a frac- tional section, may each be taken, with one or more forty-acre subdivisions lying adjoining, the aggregate not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres. Forty-acre tracts, or quartef-quarter sections, may be entered in the same manner that eighty-acre, or half-quarter sections, have been. Only one person upon a quarter-section is protected, and he the one who made the first settlement, provided he conform to the other provisions of the law. A person who has once availed himself of the provisions of the Pre-emption Act, cannot, at any future period, or at any other land-office, acquire any other right under it. No person, who is the proprietor of three hundred and twenty acres of land in any State or Territory of the United States, or who quits or abandons his residence on his own land to reside on 288 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND the public land in the same State or Territory, is entitled to the benefit of the Pre-emption Acts. The approval of the tracts by the local land-office is the evi- dence of the survey ; but the land is to be construed as surveyed, when the requisite lines are run 0*1 the field, and the corners es- tablished by the deputy-surveyor. No assignments or transfers of pre-emption rights are recognized at the land-office ; the patents issuing to the claimants, in whose names alone the entries are made. The following description of lands are not liable to entry : first, lands included in any reservation by any treaty, law or proclama- tion of the President of the United States, and lands reserved for salines and for other purposes ; sec&nd, lands reserved for the sup- port of schools ; third, lands acquired by either of the last two treaties with the Miami Indians in Indiana, or which may be acquired of the Wyandot Indians in Ohio, or any other Indian reservation, to which the title has been, or may be extinguished at any time during the operation of the Pre-emption Acts, by the United States ; fourth, sections of lands reserved to the United States, alternate to other sections granted to any State for the con- struction of any canal, railroad, or other public improvement ; fifth, sections or fractions of sections included within the limits of any incorporated town ; sixth, every portion of the public lands which has been selected as a site for a city or town ; seventh, every parcel or lot of land actually settled and occupied for the pur- poses of trade, and agriculture ; and eighth, all lands in which are situated any known salines or mines. Persons claiming the benefit of the Pre-emption Acts are required to file duplicate affidavits, such as are specified by law, and to furnish proof, by one or more disinterested witnesses, of the facts necessary to establish the requisites mentioned in the first paragraph of this article ; such witnesses having first been duly sworn or affirmed by some competent authority. If adverse claims are made to the same tract, each claimant is to be notified of the time and place of taking testimony, and allowed to cross-examine the opposite witnesses, and to furnish counter-proof, itself subject to cross-examination. If, by reason of distance, sickness, or infirmity, the witnesses cannot personally appear before the register of the land-office, their depositions, AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 289 taken in conformity with the following regulations, may be received. The notice to adverse claimants must be in writing, and served in time to allow at least one day for every twenty miles which the party may have to travel in going to the place of taking evidence. The proof, in all cases, should consist of a simple detail of facts merely, and not of broad and general statements. If the pre- emptor be " the head of a family," the witnesses must state the facts constituting him such ; whether he be a husband having a wife and children, or a widower, or an unmarried person under twenty-one years of age, having a family, either of relatives or others, dependent upon him, or hired persons. All the facts rel- ative to the settlement in person, inhabitancy, or personal resi- dence, the time of its commencement, the manner and extent of its continuance, as also those sharing the apparent objects, must be stated. It must be stated that the claimant made the settle- ment on the land in person; that he has erected a dwelling upon the land ; that he lived in the same, and made it his home, etc. In the event of a decision by the land-officer against the claimant, he may appeal to the Commissioner of the Land-Office at Washing- ton. No entry will be permitted until the affidavit required of the claimant is taken. Duplicates thereof must be signed by the claimant, and the fact of the oath being taken must be certified by the register or receiver administering the same ; one copy to be filed in the Register s office, and the other to be sent to the Land-Office at Washington. A purchaser of public land is only required to make written application to the Register of the local land-office for the tract de- sired to be entered, and to pay to the Receiver the purchase- money therefor. Blank forms of such application are furnished gratuitously at the Land-Office where the tract is desired to be entered. 290 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND SOLDIERS' HOMESTEAD LAW OF 1872. following is the full text of the Amendatory Soldiers' Homestead Bill, approved by the President on the jd of April, 1872. Be it enacted by the Se?iate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That every pri- vate soldier and officer who has served in the army of the United States during the recent rebellion for ninety days or more, and who was honorably discharged, and has remained loyal to the government, including the troops mustered into the service of the United States by virtue of the third section of an act entitled "An act making appropriations for completing the defenses of Washington, and for other purposes," approved February i3th, 1862, and every seaman, marine and officer who has served in the navy of the United States, or in the marine corps, during the re- bellion for ninety days, and who was honorably discharged, and has remained loyal to the government, shall, on compliance with the provisions of an act entitled, " An act to secure homesteads to actual settlers on the public domain, and the acts amendatory thereof, as hereinafter modified, be entitled to enter upon and. receive patents for a quantity of public lands (not mineral) not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres, or one quarter section, to be taken in compact form according to legal subdivision, including the alternate reserved section of public lands along the line of any railroad or other public work not otherwise reserved or ap- propriated, and other lands subject to entry under the homestead laws of the United States : Prmided, the said homestead settler shall be allowed six months after locating his homestead within which to commence his settlement and improvements : And pro- vided also, the time which the homestead settler shall have served in the army, navy or marine corps aforesaid shall be deducted CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS, AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 293 from the time heretofore required to perfect title, or if discharged on account of wounds received, or disability incurred in the line of duty, then the term of enlistment shall be deducted from the time heretofore required to perfect title, without reference to the length of time he may have served : Provided, however, that no patent shall issue to any homestead settler who has not resided upon, improved and cultivated his said homestead for a period of at least one year after he shall commence his improvements as aforesaid. SECTION 2. That any person entitled under the provisions of the foregoing section to enter a homestead, who may have hereto- fore entered under the Homestead law a quantity of land less than one hundred and sixty acres, shall be permitted to enter un- der the provisions of this act so much land as, when added to the quantity previously entered, shall not exceed one hundred and sixty acres. SECTION 3. That in the case of the death of any person who would be entitled' to a homestead under the provisions of the first section of this act, his widow, if unmarried, or in case of her death or marriage, then his minor orphan children, by a guardian duly approved and officially accredited at the Department of the Interior, shall be entitled to all the benefits enumerated in this act, subject to all the provisions as to settlement and improve- ments therein contained : Provided, that if such person died during his term of enlistment, the whole term of his enlistment shall be deducted from the time heretofore required to perfect the title. SECTION 4. That where a party, at the date of his entry of a tract of land under the Homestead laws, or subsequently thereto, was actually enlisted and employed in the army or navy of the United States, his services therein shall, in the administration of said Homestead laws, be construed to be equivalent, to all intents and purposes, to a residence for the same length of time upon the tract so entered : Provided, that if his entry has been canceled by reason of his absence from said tract while in the military or naval service of the United States, and such tract has not been disposed of, his entry shall be restored and confirmed : And pro- vided further, that if such tract has been disposed of, said party may enter another tract subject to the entry under said laws, and 294 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND his right to a patent therefor shall be determined by the proofs touching his residence and cultivation by the first tract and his absence therefrom in such service. SECTION 5. That any soldier, sailor, marine, officer or other per- son coming within the provisions of this act may,. as well BY AN AGENT as in person, enter upon said homestead : Provided, that the said claimant in person shall, within the time prescribed [six MONTHS FROM DATE OF ENTRY] commence settlement and improve- ments on the same, and thereafter fulfill all the requirements of this act. SECTION 6. That the commissioner of the General Land Office shall have authority to make all needful rules and regulations to carry into effect the provisions of this act." AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 295 HOW TO ACQUIRE TITLE TO GOVERN- MENT LANDS. are two classes of public lands subject to entry; one at $1.25 P er acre, known as minimum, and one at $2.50, known as double minimum, the latter being the alternate sections along the lines of railroads. Title may be acquired by purchase at public sale, or by " private entry," and in virtue of the Pre-emption and Homestead Laws. At Public Sale. Lands are offered at auction to the highest bidder, pursuant to proclamation or public notice. Private Entry. Lands subject to private entry, are those which have been once offered at public sale without finding purchasers. In order to acquire title to these lands, a written application must be made to the Land Register of the District in which the land is located, describing the tract desired. The Register certifies the fact to the Receiver, stating price, and the applicant then pays the money and takes a receipt, and at the close of the month the Register and Receiver make return of the sale to the General Land Office, when a patent or full title issues on due surrender of the receipt, and will be delivered at the option of the purchaser, at the General Land Office in Washington, or by the Register at the District Land Office. Land Warrants. When lands are to be located with land war- rants, application must be made as in cash cases, accompanied by an assigned warrant. When the tract is $2.50 per acre, $1.25 per acre must be paid in addition to the warrant. Receipts are given and patents deli.ered, as in the preceding case. At the time of location, a fee of 50 cents for a 40 acre warrant, and a correspond- ing amount for larger ones, must be paid to the Register, and a like sum to the Receiver. 296 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND Agricultural College Scrip. This may be used in the location oflands at private entry, but is only applicable to lands subject to entry at $1.25 per acre, and is restricted tj a technical "quarter section," and to three sections in eaen township of land. The proceeding to acquire title is the same as in cash and warrant cases, the fees being the same as on warrants. This scrip may be used in payment of pre-emption claims. Pre-emptions. Any person being the head of a family, or widow, or single man over 21 years of age, and a citizen of the United States, or a person who has filed his declaration to become such, by settling upon and improving any of the "offered," " unoffered," or unsurveyed lands of the United States, may obtain a pre-emp- tion right to purchase 160 acres so occupied, at the regular gov- ernment price, whether it be $1.25 or $2.50 per acre. Where the tract is " offered " land, the settler must file with the District Land Office his statement as to the fact of settlement, within thirty days thereafter, and within one year must make proof to the Land Office, of his actual residence and cultivation, and secure the land by payment in cash or Land Warrant. Where the land has been surveyed and not offered at public sale, the statement must be filed within three months after settlement, and payment made within 21 months. Where settlement is made upon unsurveyed lands, the settler is required to file a statement within three months after the survey, and pay within eighteen months thereafter. No person is entitled to more than one pre-emption right. The Homestead Privilege. The Homestead laws give to every citizen the right to a Homestead of 160 acres' minimum, or eighty acres double minimum. To obtain Homestead, applicant must swear that he is the head of a family, or over the age of twenty- one, a citizen, or has declared his intention to become such ; and that the entry is for his exclusive use and benefit, and for actual settlement and cultivation. When an applicant has made actual settlement upon the land he desires, he must make affidavit of the fact before the Land Register, and pay fees amounting on 160 acres of minimum land to $18, or an equal sum for eighty acres of double minimum, for which he gets a receipt ; and after five years' occupation and cultivation of the land, he is entitled upon proof of such cultivation to a patent or full title to the Home- stead. Any loyal person in the naval or military service of the HON. DAN'IKI, \VKB?TKH. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 299 United States, may acquire a Homestead by reason of his family occupying land and making the application in his stead. All offi- cers, soldiers and sailors, who have served in the army or navy for ninety days and remained loyal, may enter 160 instead of 80 acres of double minimum lands. The fees above for entering Home- stead apply to surveyed lands in Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Mis- souri, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska, Dakota, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Florida, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. In Cal- ifornia, Nevada, Oregon, Colorado, New Mexico, Washington Ter- ritory, Arizona, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming and Montana, the fees are $22 instead of $18. A settler having filed a pre-emption declara- tion, may change his filing into Homestead, and receive the benefit of the Homestead laws. If a Homestead settler does not wish to remain five years on his land before obtaining title, he may pay for it in cash or Land Warrants. Lands obtained under the Homestead laws are exempt from liability for debts contracted prior to the issuing of the patent. United States Land Offices are located at Fort Des Moines, Council Bluffs, Fort Dodge and Sioux City, Iowa ; Menasha, Falls of St: Croix, Stevens' Point, La Crosse, Bayfield and Eau Claire, Wisconsin ; San Francisco, Marysville, Humboldt, Stockton, Vi- salia, Sacramento and Los Angeles, California; West Point, Beat- rice, Lincoln, Dakota City and Grand Island, Nebraska; Taylor's Falls, St. Cloud, Du Luth, Alexandria, Jackson, New Ulm and Litchfield, Minnesota; Oregon City, Roseburg and Le Grand, Or- egon; Topeka, Junction City, Humboldt and Augusta, Kansas; Carson City, Austin, Belmont and Aurora, Nevada; Vermilion, Springfield and Pembina, Dakota; Denver City, Fair Play and Central City, Colorado ; Boonville, Ironton and Springfield, Mis- souri; Mobile, Huntsville and Montgomery, Alabama ; New Or- leans, Monroe and Natchiloches, Louisiana; Detroit, East Sagi- naw, Ionia, Marquette and Traverse City, Michigan ; Little Rock, Washington and Clarksville, Arkansas ; Boise City and Lewiston, Idaho ; Chillicothe, Ohio ; Indianapolis, Indiana ; Springfield, Illinois; Jackson, Mississippi; Tallahassee, Florida; Olympia and Vancouver, Washington Territory; Helena, Montana; Prescott, Arizona; Salt Lake City, Utah. ' " r *i 300 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND NATIONAL SECURITIES. "Seven-thirties" represent a currency" fc&n havifcg" three* years to run, and then convertible into ? gold interest six per cent, stock having twenty years to run,- bujt witn &e right reserved to the government of paying off the foan* in go^, at any time after five years. The tetffi- " Smen-thirties " & derived from the rate of interest which these three-years' converfifeU- notes bear, to wit : two cents per day on each $100, or for thi r t-- hun- dred and sixty-five days, seven dollars and' thirty cents on i ^ ac " $100. 2. The term " Five-tii>enties " is applied to the 6 per cent, gold- bearing bonds of the United States, to which twefity years' half- yearly coupons are attached, but which may be paid 1 off, in gold, by the government, on due notice to the holders, at any time after five years. 3. The term " Ten-forties " is applied to the 5 per cent, gold- bearing bonds of the United States, to which half-yearly coupons are attached for forty years, but which may be paid off in gold, On notice to the holders, at any time after ten years. 4. The long or unconditional 6 per cent, gold-bearing loan, known as the 6 per cent, of 1881, cannot be redeemed by the government at all, except by purchase. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 301 THE PUBLIC DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES, December i, 1871. Debt Bearing Interest in Com. Title of Loan. | of i*^. When Redeemable or payable. Amt.Outstand'g. Accrued Inter't to Date. Loan of 1858 Loan of February 1861, 5 per ct. Payable Jan. i, 1874 $20,000,000 JJM'6,666 67 ('Si's) 6 per ct. Oregon War Debt 16 per ct. Loan of July and August; Payable Dec. 31, 1880 Payable July i, 1881 18,415,000 945,000 460,375 oo 23,625 oo 1861, ('Si's) 6 per ct. Payable Tune 30, i88t 189,321,200 4,733,030 00 Five-twenties of 1862 Loan of 1863, OSi's) 6 per ct. 6 per ct. j Red'ableaft. May i, 1867, ) and pay'le May i, 1882. Payable June 30, 1881 455,815,200 75,000,000 2,279,076 oo 1,875,000 oo Ten-forties of 1864 Five-twenties of March, 5 per ct. J Red'le aft. March i, '74; 1 pay'le March i, 1904. _. j Red'le aft. Nov. i, 1869; 194,567,3 2,432,091 25 1864 I pay'le Nov. i, 1884 12 462 N the line of march, whether progressive or retrogressive, we have been led through all ages by men who, by the strength of their intellect or the force of their will, or by a subtle power, inexpressible by words, but to which we yield almost insensibly, have proved themselves masters of the masses. If his instincts are pure, and his aims and tendencies elevated, his influ- ence upon the world will be beneficial ; if they are corrupt and degraded, while he grovels in the filth and slime of the dregs of social or national vices, he turns backward the wheel of the car of progress ; its motion is reversed, and the jar and shock is felt, it may be, to the ends of the earth, causing disastrous results to the generations following, even greater than to the present. A thousand men in the quiet walks of private life might practice the vices that are common to this age or sphere, and they would pass comparatively unnoticed ; but once a man stepps out from the masses and takes a position above them, the influence of his lightest act is a power for good or evil. With a desire to present, in a condensed form, sketches of the . lives of those who may serve, by their virtues and admirable qual- ities of mind and habit, as models for our imitation, or whose vices, though brilliant, are repulsive enough to make them a warn- ing to him who reads even while he runs, we have chosen a few from almost every rank and profession of those whose names are bright on history's page, and whose services render it a pleas- ure to record their acts, while their virtues, far more than the 306 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND historian's skill, lend interest to the subject. It is meet that those who have been Chief Executives of our Nation should have a place ; that those who have so generally been an honor to the people should be remembered at this time'. The veneration which we feel for Washington, and the rever- ence and respect which is the involuntary tribute of the world to his memory, make it most fitting that we give him the first place on the pages of the book which we dedicate to his countrymen, as they have given him already the first place in their hearts. An enthusiastic writer has declared Washington to be the most perfect character that has adorned any era of history. While it was grand and majestic, I believe there were not wanting, then or since, those who were just as pure, unselfish, and honest as he, who loved our country well, and labored, and suffered, and died, if need be, to defend its rights, its liberty, and its honor. At that early day, when despotism stood with bated breath, waiting till the first weak cry should proclaim that even in a manger in the New World the young babe Freedom had been born, that it might send forth and slay it ; when devotion to the new power was treason to the old ; when devotion to the Union that was being christened with the baptismal drops that flowed from the brave hearts of those that stood to guard it, with one hand upon the sword and the other grasping the banner whose stars should lead them to victory, their eyes turned to the hills from whence their help must come, appealing to Him who was, and is, and will forever be, Lord of Lords and King of Kings, was counted a crime against the "powers that be," of sufficient magnitude to cost a man his life ; he was indeed a hero who dare lead the feeble enterprise to a grand success a success so magnificent that crowned heads trembled on their thrones as they beheld it. Of this type of men was he who is enshrined in the hearts of this nation as the "Father of his Country." He was born February 22d, 1732, in the county of Westmoreland, Virginia. His education was domestic and scanty, but his principles were such as should underlie a character that is strong enough to wrestle with the forces that were brought to bear against it. He was by profession a civil engineer, and in that wild, new country, there must have been ample need for his services. He also directed much of his attention to the science of arms, in the AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 307 use of which it was necessary every young man should be a pro- ficient, since they were liable to be called at any moment to repel the Indians, who were led on by skillful Frenchmen. At the age of nineteen he was appointed one of the adjutant-generals of Vir- ginia, which gave him the rank of major. So exemplary was his conduct, so cool his judgment, and so faithful, even to the minutest duty, that he was advanced to a colonelcy and sent by Gov- ernor Dinwiddie to the Ohio, with dispatches to the French com- mander, who was erecting fortifications from Canada to New Orleans, in violation of existing treaties. His conduct proved him worthy of the highest confidence, while the delicacy, yet shrewdness with which the rather dangerous and difficult matter was managed, proved him at once a statesman and a diplomatist. In the spring of 1755, Washington accompanied General Brad- dock as an aid, in that disastrous and disgraceful expedition against Fort Du Quesne, and had his advice been followed, suc- cess, and not defeat, must have followed it. Three years later Washington commanded the Virginians in another expedition against the fort, which gave him a splendid victory. At the close of this campaign he withdrew from the army and married Mrs. Martha Custis, the widow of Colonel Daniel P. Custis. The lady was older than her husband and the mother of two children, but was as charming as she was sensible, and as fascinating as she was wise, and though it is even more than hinted that Madame Wash- ington was slightly strong-minded, and had a will of her own, gave impromptu curtain lectures, and said " my dear" to her hus- band with a sharpness of tone which contrasted oddly with that affectionate and loving title, we have reason to believe that his do- mestic life was very happy, and her intelligent and patriotic con- duct, both as the wife and widow of America's best-loved hero, will ever be remembered with gratitude and admiration. In 1759 he was elected to the House of Burgesses, and contin- ued to be returned to that body, with the exception of short inter- vals of rest, until 1774, when he was elected to represent Virginia in the Continental Congress. His well-tempered zeal, and his military skill, which enabled him to suggest the wisest and safest national defences when the young country was in extremity, soon drew all eyes and hearts to him as one qualified to disect and lead in that hour of extreme peril. Even after the lapse of nearly a 308 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND hundred years, our pulse beats quicker, and tears spring unbidden, as we recall to mind those years of struggle and suffering that bought us the liberty we prize so highly and hold as a sacred birthright, guarding it as we guard no other thing this side of Heaven. Thank God for the firm hand and the strong heart and the lion courage of our Washington ! We can almost see him now as he knelt amid the snows of Valley Forge and, gathering together the band of heroes whose sufferings were almost past human endurance, but whose faith was also almost superhuman, prayed for the guidance and protection which was so much needed, and which alone could save the cause for which they were sacrificing their lives. Immediately after the opening scene of the revolutionary drama, at Lexington and Concord, when an army had concentrated at Cambridge, he was unanimously elected Commander-in-Chief of the American Army. The purity of purpose, the self-sacrificing spirit, the conscientiousness and honor with which 'he discharged every duty relating to that trying position, are too well known to require any pen so weak as ours to linger in the detail. After bringing the war to a triumphant close, while the green laurels whose leaves, wet with the grateful tears of his countrymen as their fingers wrought them together, were yet fresh upon his brow, he hastened to Annapolis, where Congress was then in session, and on the 23d of December formally tendered the resignation of his commission. In May, 1787, he was elected to the convention which met at Philadelphia for the purpose of forming the Constitution, and presided over its deliberations; and it was here, while their proud, free spirits, which the armed legions of tyranny and despotism could not subdue or force to yield, yet smarted under the wrongs they had resented, that they framed the Constitution that has made ours pre-eminently the first nation upon God's footstool. Its leading clause should be graven in every heart, over erery hearth- stone, altar, and pulpit in the land, and be our national watchword in war and our motto in peace, as also the rule of our lives : " Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or of the right of the people to assemble, ana petition the government for a redress of grievances." After the Con- AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 309 stitution was adopted by the people, Washington was elected first President of the United States for four years, at the end of which time he was re-elected for a second term. There is scarcely a school boy or girl in America who is not familiar with his farewell address, and looking over his life, we can see how like himself was that tender and humble sentence in which was the sentiment of a Christian, a philosopher and a patriot. " I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last act of my offi- cial life by commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, and those who have the superin- tendence of them, to His holy keeping." Washington died December i4th, 1799, at the age of 68 years. 310 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND JOHN ADAMS, second President of the United States was John Adams, whose fame as a statesman and patriot is imperish- able. He was born at Braintree, Massachusetts, October 17, 1735. He ear ly displayed fine talents, and graduated from Cambridge with great credit. He studied law, and was admitted to practice, and rapidly attained that high distinction which his superior capacity entitled him to. From the very outbreak of our troubles with Great Britian, he took a prominent part in all the war measures that were originated and himself suggested the appointment of Washington as Commander-in-Chief of the army. He was one of the framers and signers of the Declaration of Inde- pendence ; and the next year he visited France to form a treaty of alliance and commerce with that^country. In 1.785 he was sent to England as the first minister from this country ; and on his return was elected Vice-President, in which office he served two terms, and in 1797 was elected to succeed Washington as Chief Executive of the nation. He was succeeded by Mr. Jeffer- son, in 1 80 1, after which he retired to his farm in Quincy, where liis declining years were passed in the gratification of his taste for reading and study. The fiftieth anniversary of our American Independence, July 4, 1826, was remarkable, not alone for the event it commemorated, but for the decease of two of the most active participants in the measures by which it was secured to us. On that day Adams and Jefferson were both gathered to their fathers. JOHN ADAMS. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 315 THOMAS JEFFERSON. JEFFERSON was born at Shadwell, Albemarle county, Virginia, April 13, 1743. He was educated at William and Mary, and was a great student, having a fond- ness for natural history quite remarkable. He studied law with the renowned George Wythe, and was a celebrated pupil, but never became a distinguished lawyer. Soon after his admission to the bar, he was elected to the House of Representatives, and there had abundant opportunity to exercise his fine business abilities. British oppression roused him to perfect frenzy, and with his pen he gave to his country the fiery thoughts that his indignation kin- dled. In June, 1775, he took his seat in the Continental Congress, from Virginia, and here soon became conspicuous as one of the most ardent friends of American freedom. He was chairman of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence ; in- deed, this instrument is conceded to have been mainly his own work. He succeeded Patrick Henry in 1779 as Governor of Vir- ginia. In 1783 he was sent to France to join the ministers of our country Mr. Adams and Dr. Franklin. In 1785 he succeeded Dr. Franklin as ambassador, and performed that duty for two years, when he returned home. He was Secretary of State under Washington, in which position he gave the highest satisfaction. In 1795 he was elected Vice-President of the United States, and took his seat the 4th of the following March. In 1801 he was elected President of the United States, a position which he held for eight years. At the close of the last term, he retired from active life, and died July 4, 1826, just fifty years after his pen traced the words " We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created free and equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights ; amongst which are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." He was a man of strong mind, strong will and strong prejudices, and no man ever labored harder to convert every one with whom he came in contact, to his own mode of thinking ; yet he was honest and patriotic, and his loss was deeply felt. 316 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND JAMES MADISON. fourth President of the United States, was born in Orange County, Virginia, March 16, 1751. His studies were far advanced under the care of a most accomplished preceptor, and he graduated with the highest honors. He turned his attention to political life, and in 1776 was elected to the gen- eral assembly of Virginia, and for more than forty years was constantly in office and served his State faithfully, in small as well as in great things, from legislator to President. While he was a member of the Executive Council of the State of Virginia, he won the highest regard and respect of his associates, by his honest and faithful discharge of duty, and in the year 1780, he took his seat in the Continental Congress, and became immediately an active and leading member. In 1787 he became a member of the Convention held in Philadelphia for the purpose of drafting a constitution for the new government, whose national existence was but an experiment, the success of which the world doubted. He was one of the joint authors of " The Federalist ; " sharing the labor with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. He was a member of the State Convention of Virginia which met to adopt the Con- stitution, and was chosen a member of the first Congress which was organized under it. In 1 86 1 he was one of the presidential electors, and Jefferson at once offered him a place in his cabinet, where he entered upon the duties of Secretary of State; in 1809 he succeeded Jeffer- son to the Presidency, and served in that office two terms. After this, he returned to his home in Virginia, where he passed the re- mainder of his days in quiet content, until June, 1826, when the last survivor of the framers of the Constitution passed peacefully away. ^'^fe-JP?" ~ y- .1 hSOF^Tjiiertft rk JAMES MONROE. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 321 JAMES MONROE >AS the fifth President of the United States. He was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, April 28, 1728. He was a graduate at William and Mary, but anxious to aid in the struggle for independence, he joined the army under General Mercer, as cadet, and soon distinguished himself in sev- eral well-fought battles, and rapid promotions followed, until he reached the rank of captain. At Harlem Heights and White Plains he shared the defeat and sufferings of Washington, through New Jersey ; at Trenton he rejoiced in the triumph of our arms over the Hessians, and though severely wounded, carried the ntusket ball in his shoulder through the day and " fought out the fight." He was, afterwards, aid to Lord Sterling, with the rank of major, and if he earned for himself fame, it is very certain that he found no flowery path to tread. In the military service of those days, when the leaders of our battles and our national councils looked upon their country's peril with an anguish that words can never convey to this generation, and when their country's honor was something to them which we fear modern statesmen and sol- diers can not understand, men worked with an energy and self- sacrificing spirit that made each one a host. At the bloody bat- tles of Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth, Monroe is said to have particularly distinguished himself for his bravery and courage ; and by the coolness which he displayed. Ambitious to command a regiment of his own, he obtained a dismissal from the army, returned to Virginia, where he met so many discouraging obstacles that he gave it up, and resumed his law studies in the office of Mr. Jefferson. In 1794 he went as Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Ver- sailles, and after settling the cession of Louisiana to the United States, he went to England to succeed Mr. King as Minister at the 322 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND Court of St. James. The little difficulty between the two coun- tries in regard to the Chesapeake, placed him in so unpleasant a position that he returned home and was soon after chosen Gov- ernor of the State, in which office he remained until called by Mr. Madison to assume the duties of Secretary of State. In 1817 he was elected President of the United States, and in 1821 was unanimously re-elected, with the exception of a single vote in New Hampshire. His entire administration was marked by peace, quiet and prosperity. When the convention was called to revise the Constitution of the State of Virginia, he was chosen to preside over its action. Soon after he removed to New York City, where he remained until his death, which occurred July 4th, 1831, when amid the pealing of bells and the thundering of artillery that proclaimed the na- tion's jubilant rejoicing at the anniversary of independence, ihe angels whispered, "Come up higher." AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 325 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, IXTH President of the United States, was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, May nth, 1767, graduated at Harvard College, and became a law student in the office of Hon. Theophilus Parsons, for many years Chief Justice of Massachu- setts. His literary tastes gained him considerable attention, and some of his essays are commended as excellent. Under Washing- ton's administration he was appointed minister to the Netherlands, and afterwards to Portugal. He was, at different periods, minister to Prussia, Russia and England, and was one of the commission- ers who negotiated the treaty of peace with Great Britain, at Ghent. During Mr. Monroe's entire administration of eight years, he held the office of Secretary of State, after which he was elected President of the United States by the House of Representatives, the people failing to make a choice. Like his father, he met very strong opposition from the political party then coming into power, and his service ended with one term being defeated in re-election by Gen. Jackson. Soon after he was chosen representative in Congress, and was re-chosen at each successive election until his. death. Two days previous to his decease, while at his duties in the House, he received a paralytic stroke, from which he never recov- ered his consciousness. Mr. Adams was a man of fine intellect and great endowments ; his mind was cultivated and enriched to a high degree. The government lost, in him, one of its brightest ornaments. 326 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD AND ANDREW JACKSON 'EVENTH President of the United States. The fame of " Old Hickory " is too far spread to need that our feeble powers be exerted to add to it one ray of luster. He was born at Waxhaw, Lancaster county, South Carolina, 1767, and manifested, from childhood, something of the martial spirit which made him the hero of New Orleans. One author said of him, with a spice of malice, that a more tur- bulent, roaring, rollicking youngster never lived than this same soldier and statesman. In 1790 he fixed his residence at Nash- ville, and married. In 1795 he assisted in framing the Constitu- tion of Tennessee, and was sent to Congress as the first representative of the new State. Mr. Jackson studied law and practised it to a limited extent, but it is conceded, even by his warmest friends, that in this profession he was not " a success." In 1797 he was elected to the Senate of the United States, and upon the expiration of his term of office here, he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee. In 1804 he resigned that office and retired to the " Hermitage," near Nashville. When war was proclaimed with Great Britain, in 1812, he commanded the militia of his district, and in 1815 obtained the victory at New Orleans, which was the crowning glory of his military life. Three years later he made a successful campaign against the Indians in our Southern Territories and States. In 1812 he was appointed Governor of Florida, then a territory. In 1823 the appointment of Minister to Mexico was tendered to him, which he declined, but was elected as member of Congress from Tennessee. In 1824 he received many votes for President, but was not elected until 1828, and was re-elected by an immense majority in 1832. In the spring of 1837, weary and worn with his active life, he gave to younger hands and brains the cares of State, and retired again to his beloved home, the " Hermitage," where he spent the remainder of his days in the peace and quiet which he had so well earned. His death occurred here, June 8th, 1845. ANDREW JACKSON. AMERICAN CITIZENS TREASURE HOUSE. 331 MARTIN VAN BUREN, [IGHTH President of the United States, was a native of Kinderhook, New York. He was born September 5, 1782. Having prepared himself for the study of the law, he en- tered the office of Francis Sylvester, where he remained six years, meantime giving much thought to politics. His ambition pointed out to him that field as the one where he could earn most rapidly the fame he craved. Fully satisfied of this, he studied until he acquired much perfection in the art of pleasing, with a view to local popularity, and was so successful, that while yet a boy, be- fore his cheeks had lost their blushing roundness or girlish smoothness in his " teens " he was sent as delegate to a conven- tion in his native county, at which important political measures were to be taken. The first public office he ever held was that of Surrogate of Co- lumbia county, to which he was appointed in 1808. In 1812-16, he was elected to the State Senate and became a leader of the Madison party. In 1821 he was elected United States Senator, which position he held for eight years. In 1828 he was elected Governor of his native State, but filled the gubernatorial chair only a few weeks. When General Jackson was elected President, Mr. Van Buren was offered the post of Secretary of State, which he accepted. In 1836 he was put in nomination for the Chief Magistracy, to which he was elected by a large majority over General Harrison ; but at the next election the tide turned upon him, and he only received sixty votes out of two hundred and ninety-four. After his defeat he returned to Kinderhook, and subsequently visited Europe, whither he went hoping that a change of climate might restore to health one of his sons. Soon after his return to Amer- ica he accepted the nomination of the Free Soil party for the Presidency, but was unsuccessful. From this time forward he lived in retirement, and devoted most of his time to writing a' history of the political party with which he was identified, tn publication of which occurred after his death, July 24111, 1862, 332 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, 5INTH President of the United States, was born in Charles City county, Virginia, February gth, 1773. The Presi- dential line beginning with Washington, who was a civil engineer, is an unbroken succession of lawyers ; till now, by some freak or accident, we find a medical man who reached the high position of President of the first Republic of the world. He grad- uated at a time when our northwestern frontier was harrassed by the Indians, and feeling that his country, more than his profession, demanded his services, he accepted an ensign's Commission from President Washington, and joined the army. He was soon pro- moted to a lieutenancy, and was commended by General Wayne, under whose command he was engaged in several actions. After the bloody battle of Miami Rapids, he was promoted to the rank of Captain, for his brave and noble conduct during the engagement, and placed in command at Fort Washington. In 1797 he resigned his commission in the army, for the purpose of accepting the office of Secretary of the Northwestern Territory, from which he was sent to Congress in 1799. He was appointed first Governor of Indiana, while to his civil and military duties he added those of superintendent, and commissioner of Indian affairs. During his administration he completed thirteen treaties, and gained the important battle of Tippecanoe, the news of which was received with such wild enthusiasm. During the war of 1812 he was made Commander of the Army of the Northwest, remembered by the prominent part he bore in the defense of Fort Meigs, and also in the victory of the Thames. In 1814 he was appointed, with Governor Shelby and Gen. Cass, to treat with the Indians in general council at Greenville, and the following year led a commission to form treaties with other tribes? to the entire satisfaction of both parties. In 1816 he was appointed member of Congress from Ohio, and in 1828 was sent to the republic of Columbia as Minister Plenipotentiary. In 1837 as candidate for the Presidency, he was defeated ; but four years later, was elected by a large majority. He died April 4th, just one month after entering upon his duties. JOHN TYLER. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 337 JOHN TYLER. TYLER, who succeeded General Harrison as Presi- dent, was born at Williamsburg, Virginia, March 29th, 1790, and graduated from William and Mary's College, and was admitted to the bar ; when in his twenty-second year, was sent to the Virginia legislature, and in his twenty-sixth year to Congress. Eight years later, in 1825, he was elected Governor of Virginia, and in 1827 United States Senator frpm his native State, and while there, voted and labored strongly against the Tariff Bill of 1828, and against re-chartering the United States Bank ; and also ve- toed the bill for the establishment of the " Fiscal Bank," which was again resurrected, remodeled, rechristened and urged upon the people as the " Fiscal Corporation of the United States " passed both houses successfully, only to be again vetoed, at the last mo- ment, by the President. His, party were terribly disappointed in him, and every member of his cabinet, except Mr. Webster, resigned his place. The vacan- cies Ws.-re immediately filled with men who rallied around him and were staunch and true in that time of his utmost need. The charges and imputations brought were s.o intolerably bitter that he turned, with his heart sick and sore with abuse, and looking fonvard, exclaimed, " I appeal from the vituperations of the pres- ent day to the impartial pen of history, in confidence that neither my motives nor my acts will bear the interpretation which for sin- ister motives has been put upon them." In the winter of 1860-61, Mr. Tyler was an active agency in organizing the Peace Conference, and presided over its delibera- tions. This was, indeed, his last public work. He died in Vir- ginia in 1862. 338 JAMES K. POLK, [LEVENTH President, was born in Mechlenburg, N. C. r November 2, 1795. In 1809 his family removed to Nashville, Tennessee, where his education was completed, and where he studied law in the office of Hon. Felix Grundy, who proved a most able teacher and consistent friend. He was admitted to the bar in 1820, and already interested in the politics of the country, he now took an active part in it, studying it closely and deeply. In 182*3 ne was elected to the legislature, and while yet but twenty-nine years old, was chosen a member of Congress, which office he held for fourteen years ; was also for several sessions Speaker of the House. In 1844, he was unex- pectedly nominated for the Presidency, elected by a large majority over Mr. Clay and inaugurated March 4, 1845. War with Mexico, already impending, broke forth now, but was, as history shows, but a succession of easily won victories for the Americans, and the conquest of new territory. Mr Polk, though a wise and able manager and a shrewd diplomatist, was still not popular, and lost his reelection. His health was very delicate and failed rapidly under the severe labors of his office ; he did not long survive after reaching his home in Nashville, but died June 15 th, 1849. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 343 ZACHARY TAYLOR !>AS born in Orange county, Virginia, November 24th, 1790, and was the twelfth President of the United States. His boyhood was passed in the wild and ex- citing scenes of the frontier. In 1808 he received the appointment of lieutenant in the United States infantry, and afterwards was promoted to a captain for brave service against the Indians. In 1812 he was in command of Fort Harrison, which he defended against fearful odds. From long intimacy with the wily savage, he became so familiar with their mode of warfare and habits of life that his services were considered almost indispensable by the. government. He was promoted from rank to rank, until, in 1840, he held the rank of brigadier-general. In 1845 he was stationed on the American shore of the Rio Grande, simply to act on the defensive, unless attacked. OppositeMetamora he had built Fort Brown, and this being bombarded, gave him his first opportunity to display his valor. At Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, he fought against fearful odds, and gained in each a victory which crowned him with honor, after which conquests he returned home with laurels fresh and fair, and upon the treaty of peace was met with every demonstration of respect and admiration ; indeed, it seemed as if the people's enthusiasm was boundless, and of course there was but one appropriate way of testifying it. Since they could not offer him a crown and a throne, they must needs offer him the chief seat in the White House, which being accepted, he entered upon his duties March 4th, 1849. But already ad- vanced in years, and broken down with the hardships he had endured, he lived but a little more than a year to enjoy the hon- ors of his position. He died July 9th, 1850. 344 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND MILLARD FILLMORE. )ILLARD FILLMORE, the successor of General Tay- lor as President of the United States, was a native of Summer Hill, New York, and was born January 7th, 1800. His educational advantages were of the poorest class; indeed only such as were to be found in the common schools of the country at that early date, and ne was sent, while yet a mere boy, to Livingston county, then a new, almost unsettled wilder- ness, to learn a trade ; but attracted the notice of a gentleman who used his influence with a friend to receive the lad into his office to study for the legal profession. In 1827 he was admitted to prac- tice as an attorney, and soon after as Counselor of the Supreme Court. Establishing himself in Buffalo, he secured, by his energy, talents, and strict attention to business, a fine and extensive prac- tice In 1829 he took his seat in the Assembly, from Erie county, and made himself conspicuous for the energy with which he labored to annul the law granting or enforcing imprisonment for debt, which he considered an inhuman practice, unworthy of our age and of our government. In 1833 he was elected to the National House of Representatives, and was appointed to the position of Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means. He sustained every propo- sition which he brought forward with such fine ability that the government was relieved in a great measure from its financial em- barrassments ; indeed, as a financier, he had few, if any equals. In 1848 he was elected Vice-President under General Taylor. Upon the death of General Taylor, he, of course, filled the va- cancy in the Presidential chair and selected a cabinet distinguished for its ability, its unswerving integrity and its love for our Union. Few cabinets have given so general and extensive satisfaction as did this. On the expiration of his official term he returned to his home in Buffalo and resumed the practice of law. Mr. Fillmore is one of our finest specimens of self-made men. All that he is he owes to his own unaided exertions, and his popularity is una- bated still. MILLARD FILLMORE. I ; Xt, rf.V*. FRANKLIN PIERCE. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 349 FRANKLIN PIERCE. !>O brighter constellation of stars ever gathered in any sphere of life than the group of talented and patriotic men who have filled, from time to time, the position of Chief Ex- ecutive of the United States. True, envy may strive to darken their fair fame, and jealousy magnify or distort errors of judgment ; for until the mortal shall put on immortality we shall not be free from human weaknesses. But, taken together or^ingly, we are proud to compare them with the rulers of any or all nations of the earth. The fourteenth President, Franklin Pierce, was born at Hillsbo rough, New Hampshire, Nov. 23, 1804, and had every advantage afforded him for a fine education, which, with his active mind he was not slow to avail himself of. He graduated* with dis- tinguished honors, and studied law in the office of Judge Wood- bury, and afterwards in the law school of Northampton, where he remained two years, finishing his course with Judge Parker, at Amherst. He was slow and methodical neither brilliant nor rapid in thought or speech, but careful, accurate, pains-taking and studious ; and never lost an advantage when once it was gained. He attained a high rank as an advocate. In 1827 he was elected to represent his native town in the State Legislature, which office he held for four years, during the last two of which he was speaker, and gave the highest satisfaction. In 1846 he was tendered the office of States Attorney, which he declined, and when the Mexican war broke out, he took an active part in raising troops ; and, accepting the commission of Brigadier General, entered the army with the New England Regiment of Volunteers, and distinguished himself by his bravery and coolness in several hard-fought battles ; particularly at Cerro-Gordo and Chapultepec. In 1852 the Democratic Convention met at Balti- more, and after an almost hopeless disagreement as to a candidate, finally united on Franklin Pierce. He was elected President by an immense majority over General Scott, and was inaugurated March 4, 1857. Upon the expiration of his term, he returned to his home in New Hampshire, where he died October 8th, 1869. 350 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND. JAMES BUCHANAN. )R. BUCHANAN was of Irish parentage, born at Stony Batter, Pennsylvania, April 23, 1791. He entered Dick- inson College, from which he graduated in two years. He studied law in Lancaster, was admitted to the bar, and soon commanded an extensive practice. In 1814 he was sent to the Pennsylvania State Legislature; in 1820 to Congress, and in 1813 was appointed Minister to Russia by President Jackson, of whom he was a warm personal friend and great admirer. In 1834 he was elected United States Senator, where he held his seat until 1845, when 1 c was appointed Secretary of State in Mr. Folk's cabinet, and held the position until the expiration of Mr. Folk's term, when he retired to private life to recover from the fatigue and over -exertion which he had endured. When Mr. Pierce was nominated for President, in 1853, Mr. Bu- chanan was appointed Minister to England. Questions were then pending which required the greatest delicacy and tact, and hi& course there was so discreet and honorable, so courtly, yet firm, that he was a credit alike to himself and the government he rep- resented ; so highly was his conduct appreciated that he was received on his return with the greatest enthusiasm. In June, 1856, Mr. Buchanan was nominated by the Democratic Convention as a candidate for the Presidency ; and although the opposition was strong against him he was elected by a large ma- jority. At the close of his administration, which was a stormy and most unhappy one, when he was called upon to meet mighty issues, he returned to his home in Wheatland, where he died June ist, 1868. His position with reference to the rebellion destroyed the pop- ularity he had been a life-time in building up. JAMES BUCHANAN. ABRAHAM LINCOLN. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 355 ABRAHAM LINCOLN NE of the few names that are truly worthy to live on the pages of history, and to be handed down to posterity as a beacon light and a guide, is that of Abraham Lincoln. The heart leaps quick to its labor of love, and the pen yields ready and willing obedience to the mind, as it dwells tenderly and lovingly on the brave, strong character of this good man. He lived in a time when it was needed that in connection with rapidity of thought, must be deliberateness of action, and that the steady well balanced brain should be unbiased by sectional or personal prejudice. How well he did his duty ; how true he was, not to party or State, but to principle and honor ; how fully he discharged every obligation in that time that tried men's souls ; how earnest was his love for North and South alike, since North and South, East and West formed the Union he had sworn to defend; he proved in the strongest way possible, since he was willing to sacrifice ease and comfort, yea life itself, for his country. He was the sixteenth President of the United States, and was born in Hardin county, Ky., Feb. 12, 1809. His advantages for obtaining an education in his boy- hood, were very limited, and he was, in the fullest sense, one of America's self-made men. Nowhere in the world, and to none but the liberty loving children of the New World, can this have so strong a significance, since it speaks eloquently of trial, of self- denial, of struggle, of victory. All that he acquired was wrought out by patient study. All that he achieved was by sheer force of will and stubborn determination. While the favored sons of affluence lounged over their books in classic halls, he toiled un- weariedly at his by the dim light of a pine torch in the rough home of a pioneer ; and when he had reached the goal, strength- . ened by the race in which every thing was against him, he looked 356 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND back to see that they, with both wind and tide in their favor, had given it up. In 1832 he served in the Blackhawk war, and on his return was elected to the Illinois Legislature. In 1834 he was elected to the Legislature, and re-elected in 1836, '38 and '40. While in that position he gave evidence of the power and ability which made for him a reputation world wide. For many years Mr. Lincoln was a prominent leader of the Whig party in Illinois, and in 1844 he canvassed the entire State for Henry Clay, of whom he was* a sincere and enthusiastic admirer, and a warm personal friend, and exerted himself powerfully for the favorite of his party. In 1846 he was elected to Congress, and took his seat in 1847, the only Whig representative of his State not now a representative of his party, but of the people who trusted the honor of the man who never betrayed them. Though not a public man so long as many of his cotemporaries, all his acts were in accordance with his pro- fession, and he never swerved from the right, or compromised with wrong. No hope of advancement could tempt that honest soul to stoop to an unworthy deed, and no pleading of the ambi- tion within him could move him to gratify it at the expense of his country. In November, 1860, he was elected President of the United States by the Republican party, and took his seat on the 4th of March, 1861. For some time clouds had overhung the nation, dense and dark, and at length the threatening storm broke. The Confederates opened the war by firing on Fort Sumter, and seizing it and Charleston harbor. On the i5th of April, President Lincoln issued his first call for seventy-five thou- sand men for the defence of the government. This was followed by other calls for troops, and during his first administration an army of two million men was brought into the field by successive levies, nearly all of which was volunteer service. Three thousand million of dollars was expended in the maintenance of the gov- ernment and the support of the army. In 1864 Mr. Lincoln was again nominated, and, at the instance of the border States, Andrew Johnson, then military governor of Tennessee, was substituted for Mr. Hamlin for Vice-President, and after a fiercely contested election, when political excitement ran higher than ever before since our nation had a form and a name, Abraham Lincoln and AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. SST Andrew Johnson were elected President and Vice-President of the United States. They were inaugurated March 3d, 1865. For months the rebellion had been waning. The fierceness of the wrath of the contending parties was cooling down; the sacrifice of precious lives had been offered on a thousand hills, and a thousand valleys were furrowed with the graves of those who had fallen in combat, and the hearts of Northern and Southern men yearned for rest, and peace, and reconciliation. The war was virtually brought to a close when General Lee surrendered hi forces at Appomatox Court House. On the evening of April i4th, 1865, President Lincoln was assassinated at Ford's Theatre, by John Wilkes Booth, and died on the morning of the i5th. This tragic event caused great gloom to the nation, and other nations wept in sympathy at the loss of a man so eminent in qualities that had made him beloved wherever his name and character were known. By the death of President Lincoln, Vice-President Johnson succeeded him, and took the oath of office April 15, 1865. MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND ANDREW JOHNSON. seventeenth President, was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, and was apprenticed to a tailor when he was ten years of age, with whom he remained until he was seven- teen. He never attended school, and deserves the greatest credit for having obtained, unaided, the rudiments of a good common education by studying alone, without assistance from any one. He. removed to 'Greenville, Tennessee, where he was highly respected, and in 1830 was chosen Mayor of that place, and in 1835 was. elected to the State Legislature, to the State Senate in 1841 and was sent to Congress in 1843, where he remained but a year, being elected Governor of Tennessee during the term and re-elected in '53. He was chosen United States Senator in 1857 for the term ending 1863, after which he served on the Committee on Public Lands. In his politics he was a Democrat and a strong supporter of Breck- inridge and Lane for the Presidential offices ; but at the first note of war, his love for the dear old flag asset ted itself, and he declared himself in favor of the Union. He was appointed Military Governor of Tennessee by President Lincoln, and w^.s elected Vice-President at the second term of Lincoln. After' that sad calamity which shook the hearts, and almost 'the faith of the na- tion a calamity whose sudden darkening gave them not a moment of warning, but left them bereaved and desolate, Mr. Johnson was made President ; the war was virtually ended and the work of reconstructing the broken and shattered Union was begun. But the work of calling order out of chaos in the creation seemed a much more hopeful affair. The reduction of the military and naval forces was a subject of endless differ- ences between himself and his cabinet, and his views differed also from a majority of those in Congress, causing constant unpleas- ant and noisy scenes during his administration In the win- MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD. ter of 1868 articles of impeachment were drawn up against him, passed the House of Representatives, and being submitted to the Senate, that body became at once a committee of impeachment. The President was tried on these articles, but the failure of the committee to vote on the last seven articles, having been brought about by persons or parties who desired to save his reputation, the matter was indefinitely postponed. But the differences between himself and Congress continued and increased, becoming a source of endless bitterness and trouble ; and at the end of his official term he retired to his home in Tennessee, wel- coming peace and rest as joyfully as the storm-beaten dove welcomed the shelter of the ark when the waters covered the face of the earth and she had not where to rest her foot. ULYSSES S. GRANT. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 363 ULYSSES S. GRANT. IGHTEENTH President of the United States, the " Hero of a hundred battles," was born at Pleasant Point, Ohio, 23d of April, 1822. It is not satisfactorily proven that his ancestors came across the briny deep in the May Flower, but they most likely did in some other staunch ship, since they were among the first settlers in Massachusetts Bay, in the early part of the seventeenth century. The youth of Ulysses was spent at his native place, and he received a good English education at Georgetown, in Brown county. In 1839, being then seventeen years of age, he was admitted to the Military Academy at West Point, as a cadet, and graduated on the 3oth of June, 1843, stand- ing No. 21 in a class of 39. He is not spoken of as a young man of bright talents or brilliant promise, but that he acquired all he learned through hard work and close study. In July, 1843, he entered the army as brevet second lieutenant of infantry, and was attached to the fourth regiment. He served in the Mexican War, first under Taylor, then under Scott, and was a faithful soldier. He was promoted to first lieutenant, then to brevet captain, and in 1857 a full commission of captain, dating back to 1853. In July, 1854, Mr. Grant resigned his commission, engaged for a while in commercial pursuits, and afterwards removed to Galena, Illinois. When the Rebellion broke out his pulses stirred, and his eye lit up with martial fire as his ear caught the sound of bugle and drum, and the call of his country appealed to him as does the cry of a suffering child to its mother. He was at once appointed on the Governor's staff as mustering officer of volunteers ; but this was two tame a position for him then, for he had tasted the excite- ment of battle, and longed for it as impatiently as a war horse prances beneath the restraints of his master. His first command was Colonel of the 2ist Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, and his commission dated June 15, 1861. The fol- 3 6 4 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND lowing August he was appointed Brigadier General of United States Volunteers, with rank and commission dating back to May, 1 86 1. During the campaign in Tennessee he distinguished him- self by his valiant conduct, and after the surrender of Fort Donnelson, he was raised to the rank of Major General of Volun- teers. Upon the capture of Vicksburg, he was made a Brigadier, and soon after Major General in the regular army. His fine executive talents, his many and rapid victories, and the general success which attended his plans, naturally suggested him as the proper person for Commander-in-Chief of the Federal army. In accordance with the expressed wish of the Execu- tive, he repaired to Washington, and received his commission from President Lincoln's own hand ; assumed the command of the armies on the loth of March, and was away to the tented field, where, at the head of his legions he received the sword which Lee surrendered, and with it the main body of the Southern army. He was nominated for the Presidency at the Chicago Convention in May, 1868, and triumphantly elected receiving a magnificent majority. We will leave to other pens the work of eulogizing him, since he is known in every home, and in every hamlet, and at every hearthstone his name is as familiar as a household word. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 365 THE FUTURE OF OUR COUNTRY. history of America has not, like that of the Old World, the charm of classical or romantic associations ; but in useful instruction and moral dignity it has no equal. It is not yet a century since this fair and flourishing republic was a colony of England, scarcely commanding the means of existence without the aid of the mother country, who was herself oppressed by European wars. Our puritan forefathers began in the rough fields of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, on a broad, comprehensive principle, which has gone forth to fraternize the world. Our history, therefore, like that poetical temple of fame reared by the imagination of Chaucer, and decorated by the: taste of Pope, is almost exclusively dedicated to the memory of the truly great. Within, no idle ornament encumbers its bold simplicity. The pure light of Heaven enters from above, and sheds an equal and serene radiance around. As the eye wanders about its extent, it beholds the unadorned monuments of brave and good men, who have bled or toiled for their country ; or it rests on votive tablets inscribed with the names of the blessed benefactors of mankind. The puritans of England the resolute conquerors of the lakes and forests of the New World occupied, in the first period of their social existence, the depressed position of a European colony ; but the spirit of liberty which had led them to these wild regions, and the gifts of a magnificent and fertile nature, were sufficient to prepare them for their high des- tiny. This rude apprenticeship lasted more than one hundred and fifty years before the hour of change struck; and in the night of the i8th of April, 1775, the cannons of Lexington called a new-born nation to regenerate the world. The people rose as one man, and turning the ploughshares that tilled the soil into 366 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND swords to defend it, they threw themselves upon their unjust op- pressors, and proclaimed at Philadelphia the immortal principles of self-government, that made tyrants tremble and every generous heart palpitate with joyful hope. At that moment a new name was inscribed on the catalogue of great nations. If not great in national importance, it was great by the moral influence it imme- diately exercised on the world. The long and bloody but success- ful Revolutionary War broke the chains of the thirteen colonies, and offered to the astonished world the most sublime spectacle of ancient or modern times the fusion of all races, tongues and sects, in the one political religion of liberty. In our necessarily brief record of these wonderful events and their grand results, we have as historians tried to be faithful, and as chroniclers have endeavored to present facts unbiased by pre- judice, and with strict regard to truth. We view the Union from no sectional stand point, but looking over its broad area from east to west, from north to south, we say, with as fervent love as ever swelled the heart of patriot for country, // fs ours ! God bless America! God bless and preserve our Union ! and if too much of pride and exultation mingles with our emotions, we find in her glory and honor our only apology. We naturally ask what is to be the future of our country what its population how rapid its growth what of the generations to come, and for what length of time the present rate of increase can be maintained ? Some close their eyes to the brightness which surrounds them, and with retroverted vision, and gloomy forebodings, point to the ruin and -decay which cover the land where once flourished the mightiest kingdoms of the world ; while, passing to the opposite extreme, hopeful and sanguine men will tell you there are no limits to our growth and prosperity. In favor of our present ratio of increase it* may be urged, that with a population of only 40,000,000, we have sufficient territory to accommodate 1,000,000,000, and yet not be so densely populated as China, India, or Japan. An eminent mathematician has estimated that, starting at the present year, with a populat'o.t of 43,000,000, the same ratio of increase that has prevailed lor the last century, Avould give the United States, in the year 2000, a population of one and a quarter billion, or very nearly the present population of the entire globe. Startling as is the proposition, it is not improbable. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 367 We have abundant resources to support this, or even a greater number in comfort. To-day not one-half of our entire territory is settled, and not one-half of that settled is cultivated, while even this does not produce to exceed, on an average, more than one- half it is capable of producing under a higher system of agricul- ture, and with better machinery ; yet we have enough even now, to very nearly or quite sustain the population which we shall have ten centuries hence. Those who are living in dread of a famine in consequence of the great rush of emigration, would do well to consider the following facts. Most of the immigrants come from a hard, stern school, in which they have learned lessons of close economy, industry and patient perseverance, preparing them to win from our most sterile lands a richer harvest than rewarded their efforts on the best of their own acres. With simplicity of habit, they possess great power of endurance. Having in their hearts an irrepressible love of freedom, a hungering and thirsting after the liberty with which the generous Republic endows all her sons alike, whether hers by birth or adoption, they become at once the staunchest defenders and the most unbounded admirers of our institutions. If agriculture is in its infancy, so also is the development of our mineral resources, abundant and unlimited, even to the necessities of all the anticipated increase of population. Christ- ianity and education elevate the masses of the people, and give them the wisdom requisite for the duties of citizens and states- men, and it is only through the influence of those two agents that we shall escape the fate of Republics which rose and fell before our own had an existence, or its birth was foretold. So long as numberless church spires pierce the clouds in every city, town, vale and prairie throughout the land, and every- where are found institutions of learning from the classic halls that have been the literary alma mater of generations of philoso- phers to the log school-house on the far frontier, we have little to dread from political power. Neither civil nor religious oppres- sion can be brought to bear heavily upon a people thus guarded and protected. No Republic, except our own, ever attained such triumphs in the test of the great principles upon which it was founded, and perhaps no people ever possessed such advantages for perfecting an experiment that has so often proved a disastrous failure with other nations. 368 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND It is impossible for us to be too careful in guarding every source by which corruption can creep into our councils and obtain power in our midst. The contest with bigotry, prejudice and superstition, with the religious intolerance of other ages and other nations, will not only be sharp, but long. If " the price of liberty is eternal vigilance," it is still worth all it costs. It is not the inter- vention of foreign foes we have to dread so much as masked treason in our midst. The world looks on in silence. Freedom, crushed again and again by the hand of tyranny in the Old World, has found a place of refuge, a shelter, a home, an altar in the New. Her triumphant shouts reach the shores of distant king- doms, and the reverberating echo startles crowned heads from their fancied security. There is no standing still no folding of idle hands no loiter- ing in pleasant places by the way. " Onward ! " is the cry ; " On- ward!" is the motto onward the purpose. Millions of acres are yet to be brought under cultivation ; exhaustless wealth of iron, and coal, and. copper, and lead lie in the unexplored depths of the earth. Ophir ne'er possessed more abundant riches of gold and silver than await the persevering industry of the miner in this fair land. Our territories offer homesteads for all who will come. The ordinary mind is overwhelmed with the magnitude of the view thus presented and shrinks from the task of predicting the future of such a country, but dwells in ever-brightening hope of the glory thereof. NATHANIEL P. BANKS, AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 37 r THE LOVE OF COUNTRY AND OF HOME, THERE is a land, of every land the pride, Beloved by heaven o'er all the world beside ; Where brighter suns dispense serener light, And milder moons imparadise the night ; A land of beauty, virtue, valor, truth, Time-tutored age, and love-exalted youth. The wandering mariner, whose eye explores The wealthiest isles, the most enchanting shores, Views not a realm so bountiful and fair, Nor breathes the spirit of a purer air ; In every clime, the magnet of his soul, Touched by remembrance, trembles to that pole : For in this land of heaven's peculiar grace The heritage of nature's noblest race, There is a spot of earth supremely blest, A dearer, sweeter spot than all the rest, Where man, creation's tyrant, casts aside His sword and sceptre, pageantry and pride. While, in his softened looks benignly blend The sire, the son, the husband, father, friend, Here woman reigns ; the mother, daughter, wife, Strews with fresh flowers the narrow way of life ; In the clear heaven of her delightful eye, An angel-guard of loves and graces lie ; Around her knees domestic duties meet, And fireside pleasures gambol at her feet. Where shall that land, that spot of earth be found? Art thou a man ? a patriot ? look around ; Oh ! thou shalt find, howe'er thy footsteps roam, That land THY COUNTRY, and that spot THY HOME. 372 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND FORMATION OF THE ORIGINAL UNION. N Monday, the 5th September, 1774, there were assembled at Carpenter's Hall, in the city of Philadelphia, a number of men who had been chosen and appointed by the sev- eral colonies in North America to hold a Congress for the purpose of discussing certain grievances imputed against the mother-coun- try. This Congress resolved, on the next day, that each colony should have one vote only. On Tuesday, the 2d July, 1776, the Congress resolved, " That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, Free and Independent States," etc., etc. ; and on Thursday, the 4th July, the whole Declaration of Independence having been agreed upon, it was publicly read to the people. Shortly after, on the pth September, it was resolved that the words '" United Colonies" should be no longer used, and that the " UNITED STATES OF AMERICA " should thenceforward be the style and title of the Union. On Saturday, the i5th November, 1777, "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union of the United States of America " were agreed to by the State delegates, subject to the ratification of the State legislatures severally. Eight of the States ratified these articles on the gih July, 1778 ; one on the 2ist July; one on the 24th July; one on the 26th November of the same year; one on the 22d February, 1779; and the last one on the ist of March, 1781. Here was a bond of union between thirteen independent States, whose delegates in Congress legislated for the general welfare, and executed certain powers, so far as they were permitted by the articles aforesaid. The following are the names of the Presidents of the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1788 : Peyton Randolph, Virginia 5th Sept. 1774 Henry Middleton, South Carolina _22d Oct. 1774 Peyton Randolph, Virginia i oth May, 1775 John Hancock, Massachusetts 24th May, 1776 AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE 373 Henry Laurens, South Carolina ist Nov. 1777 John Jay, New York loth Dec. 1778 Samuel Huntingdon, Connecticut 28th Sept. 1779 Thomas McKean, Delaware loth July, 1781 John Hanson, Maryland _Sth Nov. 1781 Elias Boudinot, New Jersey _. 4th Nov. 1782 Thomas Mifflin, Pennsylvania 3d Nov. 1783 Richard Henry Lee, Virginia -3oth Nov. 1784 Nathaniel Gorham, Massachusetts 6th Jan. 1786 Arthur St. Clair, Pennsylvania 2d Feb. 1787 Cyrus Griffin, Virginia 22d Jan. 1788 The seat of government was established as follows : at Philadel- phia, Pennsylvania, commencing September 5, 1774, and May 10, 1775; at Baltimore, Maryland, December 20, 1776; at Philadel- phia, Pennsylvania, March 4, 1777 ; at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, September 27, 1777; at York, Pennsylvania, September 30, 1777 ; at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, July 2, 1778; at Princeton, New Jersey, June 30, 1783; at Annapolis, Maryland, November 26, 1783; at Trenton, New Jersey, November 1,1784; and at New York City, New York, January n, 1785. On the 4th March, 1789, the present Constitution, which had been adopted by a convention and ratified by the requisite num- ber of States, went into operation 374 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND STATISTICS OF THE GLOBE. /HE earth is inhabited by about 1300 millions of inhabit- ants, viz : 360,000,000 of the Caucassian race ; 550,000,000 of the Mongolian; 190,000,000 of the Ethiopian; 200,000,000 of the Malay races, and 1,000,000 of the American Indian. All these respectively speak 3,064 languages and possess 1,000 different religions. The amount of deaths per annum is 33,333,333, or 91,954 per day; 3,730 per hour; 60 per minute, or one per second. This loss is compensated by an equal number of births. The average duration of life throughout the globe is thirty- three years. One-fourth of its population dies before the seventh year, and one-half before the seventeenth. Out of 10,000 per- sons only one reaches his hundredth year; only one in 500 his eightieth ; and only one in 100 his sixty-fifth. Married people live longer than unmarried ones, and a tall man is likely to live longer than a short one. Until the fiftieth year, women have a better chance of life than men ; but beyond that period the chances are equal. Sixty-five persons out of one thousand, marry. The months of June and December are those in which marriages are most frequent. Children born in spring are generally stronger than those born in other seasons. Births and deaths chiefly occur in the night. The number of men able to bear arms is but one-eighth of the population. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 377 ESTIMATED POPULATION OF THE OLD AND NEW WORLD. Europe - 280,000,000- Asia, including Islands 750,000,000 Africa, estimated from. 100 to 200,000,000 America 69,000,000 Australia and Islands 2,000,000 Polynesia, estimate 1,500,000 NEGROES IN AMERICA. It is estimated that there are some 14,000,000 persons of African descent on this continent. In the United States they number 4,500,000; Brazil 4,000,000; Cuba and Porto Rico, 1,500,000; South and Central American Republics, 1,200,000; Hayti, 1,350,000; British Possessions, 800,000 ; French, 250,000; Dutch and Mexican, 400,000. MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND THE TREATY OF WASHINGTON. HIS Treaty with Great Britain, signed at Washington, May 8, 1871, ratified on the i7th of June, and proclaimed by President Grant on the 4th of July, provides for the ami- cable settlement of all points of difference between the United States and Great Britain, more especially in the matters of the "Alabama claims " and the Canadian fisheries. We give all that is necessary to a clear understanding of the intent of the treaty. THE ALABAMA CLAIMS. " Whereas, differences have arisen between the government of the United States and the government of Her Britannic Majesty, and still exist, growing out of the acts committed by the several vessels which have given rise to the claims generally known as the x Alabama claims '; And whereas Her Britannic Majesty has author- ized her High Commissioners and Plenipotentiaries to express, in a friendly spirit, the regret felt by Her Majesty's government for the escape, under whatever circumstances, of the Alabama and other vessels from British ports, and for the depredations com- mitted by those vessels. " Now, in order to remove and adjust all complaints and claims on the part of the United States, and to provide for the speedy settlement of such claims, which are not admitted by Her Britannic Majesty's government, the High Contracting Parties agree that all the said claims, growing out of acts committed by the afore- said vessels and generally known as the 'Alabama claims,' shall be jeferred to a Tribunal of Arbitration to be composed of five Arbitrators, to be appointed in the following manner, that is to say : One shall be named by the President of the United States; one shall be named by Her Britannic Majesty; His Majesty the King of Italy shall be requested to name one ; the President of the Swiss Confederation shall be requested to name one; and His Majesty the Emperor of Brazil shall be requested to name one." AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 379 Provision is made for filling vacancies in the Board of Arbitra- tors, who are to meet at Geneva, Switzerland, at a convenient and early day, " and shall proceed impartially and carefully to examine and decide all questions that shall be laid before them on the part of the governments of the United States and Her Britannic Majesty respectively. All questions considered by the Tribunal, including the final award, shall be decided by a majority of all the Arbitrators. Each of the High Contracting Parties shall also name one person to attend the Tribunal as its agent, to represent it generally in all matters connected with the arbitration." Each side is to have access to all documents referring to claims and ample regulations are made for the times and forms of pro- cedure. "In deciding the matters submitted to the Arbitrators, they shall be governed by the following three rules, which are agreed upon by the High Contracting Parties as rules to be taken as ap- plicable to the case, and by such principles of International Law not inconsistent therewith as the Arbitrators shall determine to have been applicable to the case. A neutral Government is bound " ' First, to use due diligence to prevent the fitting out, arming, or equipping, within its jurisdiction, of any vessel which it has reasonable ground to believe is intended to cruise or to carry on war against a power with which it is at peace ; and also to use like diligence to prevent the departure from its jurisdiction of any vessel intended to cruise or carry on war as above such vessel having been specially adapted, in whole or in part, within such jurisdiction, to warlike use. " ' Secondly, not to permit or suffer either belligerent to make use of its ports or waters as the base of naval operations against the other, or for the purpose of the renewal or augmentation of .military supplies or arms, or the recruitment of men. " ' Thirdly, to exercise due diligence in its own ports and waters, and, as to all persons within its jurisdiction, to prevent any viola- tion of the foregoing obligations and duties.' " Her Britannic Majesty has commanded her High Commission- ers and Plenipotentiaries to declare that Her Majesty's government cannot assent to the foregoing rules as a statement of principles of International Law which were in force at the time when the claims mentioned in Article I arose, but that Her Majesty's gov- 380 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND ernment, in order to evince its desire of strengthening the friendly relation between the two countries and of making satisfactory provisions for the future, agrees that in deciding the questions be- tween the two countries arising out of those claims, the Arbitra- tors should assume that Her Majesty's government had undertaken to act upon the principles set forth in these rules. And the High Contracting Parties agree to observe these rules as between them- selves in future, and to bring them to the knowledge of other mari- time powers, and to invite them to accede to them. " The decision of the Tribunal shall, if possible, be made within three months from the close of the argument on both sides. It shall be made in writing and dated, and shall be signed by the Arbitrators who may assent to it. The said tribunal shall first determine as to each vessel, separately, whether Great Britain has, by any act or omission, failed to fulfill any of the duties set forth in the foregoing three rules, or recognized by the principles of International Law not inconsistent with such rules, and shall certify such fact as to each of the said vessels. In case the Tri- bunal find that Great Britain has failed to fulfill any duty or duties as aforesaid, it may, if it think proper, proceed to award a sum in gross to be paid by Great Britain to the United States for all the claims referred to it ; and in such case the gross sum so awarded shall be paid in coin by the government of Great Britain to the government of the United States, at Washington, within twelve months after the date of the award." Each party pays its own commissioners and their expenses. Record of all proceedings is to be kept. In case the Tribunal finds that Great Britain has failed to fulfill any duty as aforesaid, and does not award a sum in gross, the Contracting Parties agree that a Board of Assessors shall be ap- pointed to determine what claims are valid, and what amount shall be paid by Great Britain to the United States on account of the liability arising from such failure, as to each vessel, according to the extent of such liability as decided by the Arbitrators. The Board of Assessors shall be constituted as follows : One member thereof shall be named by the President of the United States, one member thereof shall be* named by Her Britannic Majesty and one member thereof shall be named by the Representative at Wash- ington of the King of Italy ; and in case of a vacancy it shall be AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 383 filled in the same manner. As soon as possible after such nomi- nations the Board of Assessors shall be organized in Washington. The members shall be bound to hear on each separate claim, if required, one person on behalf of each government, as counsel or agent. A majority of the Assessors in each case shall be suffi- cient for a decision. Every claim shall be presented to the Assessors within six months from the day of their first meet- ing, but they may, for good cause shown, extend the time for the 'presentation of any claim to a further period not exceeding three months. The Assessors shall report to each govern- ment, at or before the expiration of one year from the date of their first meeting, the amount of claims decided by them up to the date of such report. All awards are payable in coin, at Washington, within twelve months. " The High Contracting Parties engage to consider the result of the proceedings of the Tribunal of Arbitration and of the Board of Assessors, should each Board be appointed, as a full, perfect and final settlement of all the claims hereinbefore referred to ; and further engage that every such claim, whether the same may or may not have been presented to the notice of, made, preferred, or laid before the Tribunal or Board, shall, from and after the conclusion of the proceedings of the Tribunal or Board, be con- sidered and treated as finally settled, barred, and thenceforth inadmissible." ALL OTHER CLAIMS. The High Contracting Parties agree that all claims on the part of corporations, companies, or private individuals, citizens of the United States, upon the government of Her Britannic Majesty, arising out of acts committed against the persons or property of citizens of the United States during the period between the thir- teenth of April, 1861, and the ninth of April, 1865, inclusive, not being claims growing out of the acts of the vessels referred to in Article I of this Treaty, and all claims with the like exception, on the part of corporations, companies, or private individuals, subjects of Her Britannic Majesty, upon the government of the United States, arising out of acts committed against the persons or property of subjects of Her Britannic Majesty during the same, period, which may have been presented to either government for 384 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND its interposition with the other, and which yet remain unsettled, as well as any other such claims which may be presented within the time specified in this Treaty, shall be referred to three Com- missioners, to be appointed One shall be named by the President of the United States, one by Her Britannic Majesty, and a third by the President of the United States and Her Britannic Majesty, conjointly. The Commissioners shall meet at Washington at the earliest convenient period; and shall forthwith proceed to the investigation of the claims which shall be presented. They shall investigate and decide such claims in such order and such man- ner as they may think proper, but upon such evidence or informa- tion only as shall be furnished by or on behalf of the respective governments. They shall be bound to receive and consider all written documents or statements which may be presented to them by or on behalf of the respective governments in support of, or in answer to, any claim, and to hear, if required, one person on each side, on behalf of each government as counsel or agent for such government, on each and every separate claim. A majority of the Commissioners shall be sufficient for an award in each case. The High Contracting Parties hereby engage to consider the decision of the Commissioners as absolutely final and conclusive upon each claim decided upon by them, and to give full effect to such decis- ions without any objection, evasion, or delay whatsoever. Claims are to be presented within six months unless for satisfac- tory reasons, and are to be decided within two years ; payment ot awards to be made within a year, without interest. THE FISHERIES. It is agreed by the High Contracting Parties that British sub- jects shall have, in common with the citizens of the United States, the liberty, for the term of ten years, to take fish of every kind, except shell-fish, on the eastern sea-coasts and shores of the United States north of the thirty-ninth parallel of north latitude, and on the shores of the several islands thereunto adjacent, and in the bays, harbors and creeks of the said sea-coasts and shores of the United States and of the said islands, without being restricted to any distance from the shore, with permission to land upon the said coasts of the United States and of the islands aforesaid, for the purpose of drying their nets and curing their fish ; provided AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 385 that, in so doing, they do not interfere with the rights of private property, or with the fishermen of the United States in the peace- able use of any part of the said coasts in their occupancy for the same purpose. It is understood that the above-mentioned liberty applies solely to the sea fishery, and that salmon and shad fisheries, and all other fisheries in rivers and mouths of rivers, are hereby reserved exclusively for fishermen of the United States. Fish-oil and fish of all kinds (except fish of the inland lakes, and of the rivers falling into them, and except fish preserved in oil), being the produce of the fisheries of the United States, or of the Do- minion of Canada, or of Prince Edward's Island, shall be admitted into each country, respectively, free of duty. The Treaty provides for commissions to settle any disputed points in the matter of the fisheries, and prescribes rules for their proceedings. RIVER NAVIGATION. The navigation of the river St. Lawrence, from the forty-fifth parallel of north latitude, where it ceases to form the boundary between the two countries, from, to, and into the sea, shall forever remain free and open for the purposes of commerce to the citi- zens of the United States, subject to any laws and regulations of Great Britain, or of the Dominion of Canada, not inconsistent with such privilege of free navigation. The navigation of the rivers Yukon, Porcupine and Stikine, from, to, and into the sea, shall forever remain free and open for the purposes of commerce to the subjects of Her Britannic Majesty and to the citizens of the United States, subject to any laws and regulations of either coun- try within its own territory, not inconsistent with such privilege of free navigation. It is provided that efforts shall be made to procure mutual privi- leges in navigating canals and lakes upon or contiguous to the Canadian boundaries ; also that Lake Michigan shall be free to British vessels. Goods from Great Britain for Canada may be carried through United States territory without paying duty, and the same as to goods through Canada for the United States. The government of the United States may suspend the right of carry- ing granted in favor of the subjects of Her Britannic Majesty under this article, in case the Dominion of Canada should at any time deprive the citizens of the United States of the use of the 3 86 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND canals in the said Dominion on terms of equality with the inhab- itants of the Dominion. NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY. The unsettled boundary between Washington Territory and British Columbia, in which " the government of Her Britannic Majesty claims that such boundary line should, under the terms of the Treaty of June 15, 1846, be run through the Rosario Straits, and the government of the United States claims that it should be run through the Canal de Haro, it is agreed that the respective claims shall be submitted to the arbitration of the Emperor of Germany, who, having regard to the above-mentioned article of the said Treaty, shall decide thereupon, finally and without appeal, which claim is most in accordance with the true interpretation of said Treaty." His decision is to be a full settlement of the mat- ter. Due provision is made for presenting evidence, etc., to the Emperor. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 389 THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE. The electoral vote for President in 1872 will be considerably greater than it was in 1868, under the previous apportionment. Many States have increased their respective votes, and several States which did not vote at all in 1868 will now take part in the election. The following table will show the electoral vote ii 1868, with the popular majority in each State for Grant or Seymour, and aLo the number of votes to which each State will be entitled in 1872 : Grant. Seymour. Alabama 8 Arkansas 5 California 5 Connecticut 6 Delaware -- 3 *Florida 3 Georgia . . . 9 Illinois.. - - 16 Indiana 13 Iowa , 8 Kansas 3 Kentucky -. -- 11 Louisiana 7 Maine -- 7 Maryland . .. 7 Massachusetts 12 Michigan 8 Minnesota 4 Mississippi Missouri 11 Nebraska . - 3 Nevada 3 New Hampshire 5 New Jersey 7 New York. 33 North Carolina 9 Ohio.... 21 Oregon 3 Pennsylvania 26 Rhode Island 4 South Carolina 6 Tennessee 10 *Texas Vermont 5 *Virginia West Virginia 5 Wisconsin 8 Whole number 221 78 317 366 Majority 159 184 Votes necessary to a choice, 179. Grant's majority on popular vote, 309,568. The whole number of electors has been increased 49, and three States, which had 23 votes, did not vote in 1868, making 72 additional electoral votes. * Not voting, 23. Electoral vote of Majority. '68. '72. 4280 8 10 3074 5 6 514 5 6 3045 6 6 3357 3 3 . 3 4 45688 9 11 51150 16 21 9572 13 15 46962 8 11 170SO 3 5 76323 11 12 46962 7 8 28030 7 7 31919 7 8 77069 12 13 31481 8 11 15470 4 5 7 8 25883 11 15 4290 3 3 1262 3 3 6967 5 5 2880 7 9 10000 33 35 12136 9 10 41428 21 22 164 3 3 28398 26 29 6445 4 4 17064 6 7 30446 10 12 6 8 82122 5 5 10 11 8719 5 5 24447 8 10 390 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND THE LAW OF NATIONS. CATIONS, like individuals, are bound by certain laws which govern and control their relation and conduct to each other. It is, or should be, based upon the divine precept, " Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them." No other rule is just, and nations are as strongly bound to obey it as an individual. This, however, is not enough ; and sad as is the commentary, in other and more human laws they find a stronger protection. There is no tribunal but that of public opinion to enforce upon nations an observance of the courtesy due each other, but, in this age ; there is not a civilized government on earth that does not stand sufficiently in awe of this to openly respect its compact with other nations. There can, of course, be no court for the adjustment of national misunderstandings ; and each nation is therefore a law unto itself, and the chief judge of its own wrongs and grievances; hence, when difficulties and disputes arise between them, and neither reason nor charity will lead to a peaceful settlement of their troubles, war is resorted to, and by force of arms, or supe- riority of numbers, one is forced to yield its claims to the other, and often to relinquish justice. A nation's strength is not always a nation's glory, since it may have been acquired by the most dis- honorable means ; and a nation's greatness is not always a nation's honor, since it may have been reached in such a way as to be its shame. In the ages when the most bloody and cruel war begat heroes, and the most treacherous and cowardly acts often crowned them with laurels, it was enough that a nation was victorious ; it mattered little whether that victory, or the terms dictated to the conquered, were honorable or otherwise, and some of the most noted of the ancient Roman and Grecian warriors were distinguished for cruelty, tyranny and treachery. To violate a treaty was, with AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 391 Rome, but to proclaim that it was more to her interest to break than to keep it or that she was strong enough to-day to with- draw what she conceded through weakness yesterday* Every nation has, as much as every family, the right to regulate its own domestic or internal affairs ; and no other nation has a right to interfere, no matter what its laws or customs may be, or how bar- barous or inhuman ; and they may alter or abolish them, in part or altogether, as they chose, but it must be done with proper con- sideration for the rights of others, and care that it does not inter- fere with or injure them. All political divisions are protected under and by the law of nations, as the States of a confederacy or union are protected by the constitution that is binding upon all alike ; and any nation or kingdom guilty of wilfully violating treaties, or resorting to dis- simulation to free itself from honest obligations, or wantonly making unprovoked war upon a neighbor would forfeit its claim to the protection of the law of nations, and all governments would be bound to see that justice was done to the wronged party. Every government is free to act as it sees fit in making treaties, and in using its discretion and judgment as to what is best for itself. Every nation has an exclusive right to the use, for navigation, or other purposes, of the rivers flowing through its own territony, to sea, lake or inland bay, and to its own sea coast for three miles from shore ; and all her vessels, of whatever description, going be- yond that line, are considered in foreign waters, and must be pro- vided with passports from their government, which is neither more nor less than an official certificate that the ship is from the country under whose flag she sails, and gives permission to visit certain ports or countries, and to navigate certain waters without molestation. It gives a minute and truthful description of the vessel, her officers, crew, lading, capacity, guns, etc., and asks of all powers that the vessel be allowed to pass on her journey with- out disturbance ; and any molestation or insult to her is an insult to the nation whose flag she bears, and one requiring the fullest apology and the most ample amendment, according to the law of nations. Every nation has its agent or representative at the national capital, at the court, or legislative assemblage of each other ; and 392 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AXD the failure of a nation to send a minister to a court, or assembly of national interest, is often a sign of non-recognition of that power. -These officers are divided into four classes : ist, Am- bassadors or Papal Legates ; 2d, Envoys Extraordinary and Min- isters Plenipotentiary; 3d, Resident Minister, accredited to sovereigns or independent nations; 4th, Charge ' (F Affaires, ac- credited to the minister of foreign affairs. An ambassador holds the highest rank, and acts in the place of the sovereign who em- ploys him, and his word is absolute, so far as his government is concerned ; and is entitled to all the honors which would be paid to the ruler he represents personally ; and he is not answerable or held accountable to the country he visits for any crime or atrocity, but it can be exacted of his own government that he be re-called and punished. In times of peace, special agents sent out in case of an emer- gency, or for a special purpose, is styled an envoy. A plenipo- tentiary is a minister who is authorized to act for his sovereign in any negotiations, and to arrange terms and treaties at the close of war. The ministers of the United States are required to keep their government notified of everything which is of interest or im- portance to it, to see that justice is done to their countrymen, that they are not oppressed or wronged, and to encourage every move- ment which tends to the enlightenment of the race, and to improve their condition. A charge cT affaires ranks lowest in the class of foreign ministers is, indeed, a deputy simply, and intrusted by the ambassador to take charge of the business with which he in- trusts him. A consul is a commercial agent, who is sent by his government to reside abroad, and his business lies usually in seaport towns. The consul must carry with him a certificate of his appointment, must be publicly recognized and receive from the government under which he proposes to reside a written per- mission to perform his special duties. He is not entitled to the immunities of a minister and may be discharged at the will of the government to whom he is sent ; but an ambassador can only be withdrawn at the will of the sovereign he represents. The refusal to receive a consul is never considered a breach of eti- quette, but a refusal to receive a minister would be an open insult to his government, and denote great dissatisfaction, if not actual hostility. It is not customary, nor admissible, to open war upon AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 395 any nation without a certain preliminary course. It is preceded by setting forth the wrongs and grievances upon which it is based, and asking peaceful redress and not until every other means have been tried, and every other measure resorted to without success, is war justified by the law of nations. In the United States the power to declare war is intrusted to the national legislature. When once war has been declared, every subject is considered or treated as if responsible for the acts of his government, and en- mity and hostility exists, not only between the active armies, but between the individuals who comprise the nations, and indirectly they support the war, since the taxes levied upon them, paid, it may be reluctantly, yet paid, are the only means by which the armies could be sustained or war carried on. A blockade is the surrounding of a place with hostile troops or ships in such a manner as to prevent escape and hinder supplies of ammunition and provision from entering, with a view to com- pelling a surrender by hunger and want, without regular attacks. No neutral nation is permitted to afford aid or relief to the inhabi- tants, and all supplies in a state of transmission for such relief, are subject to confiscation. A mere declaration of blockade is not sufficient, nor is it binding upon neutral powers, unless they have first been notified, and the port or country surrounded in such a manner as to prevent ingress or egress. A truce is a temporary suspension of hostilities by the mutual agreement of the two armies, and at the close of it, war may be at once resumed, and it maybe generator only partial. A partial truce suspends hostilities only at one point, while a general truce extends over all the dominion of the hostile nations. A declaration of war is a total prohibition of commercial inter- course between the citizens of the two opposing powers, and any contracts made between them are null and void ; neither is it lawful to insure the property of, or remit money to, a citizen of the other country. An embargo is an injunction to vessels not to leave port, and can only be issued by the supreme rulers of a country, and im- plies that there is threatening and immediate danger. Letters of marque and reprisal are sealed commissions granted by a government to its citizens, licensing the seizure of an enemy's property, or of the person of those who belong to a government 39 6 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND which has refused to do justice to the country granting it; and war-vessels owned by private individuals, and thus licensed, are privateers. A treaty is a solemn compact between nations, made by com- missioners who represent the sovereign or chief magistrate, and the country which they represent pledges its national honor and truth before the world to keep sacred the stipulations of such treaty . and this is as closely binding upon the respective gov- ernments as are contracts upon private citizens. In this age a nation would be irredeemably disgraced who would wilfully out- rage or violate a treaty. It is the tendency and design of the law of nations to cul- tivate the principles of justice and humanity, and to unite in the encouragement of the rational usages of the Christian world. PART II. NAPOLEON III. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSK. 399 LOUIS NAPOLEON BOUNAPARTE. the first time since the heart-broken captive emperor gave his last look at the land he loved, we may safely say that the Napoleonic dynasty is ended. It is true that the exiled monarch may, and most likely will be replaced on the throne of " La Belle France," but it will be through the tolerance of the powers who have humbled him or rather, perhaps, they may replace him because he will serve better the ends of despot- ism on the throne than off it. The French people have loved and reverenced the name of Napoleon ; because it was inseparably connected with the palmy days of the empire, and they yielded to the name the homage which they never would have given to Napoleon III. At the best he was an usurper and a robber; at the worst, he was not only an usurper and robber, but a degraded man, whose depraved nature was a hot bed in whose nursing care every vice, both native and exotic, had flourished and grown rank and strong. If he had one redeeming trait of character, the world is not clear-sighted enough, or sufficiently charitable, to look for it, and it is not prominent enough to be like a light that is set on a hill and can not be hid. If the career of the Napoleonic dynasty is without parallel it certainly owes but little of its glory to Napo- leon III. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte is the son of Louis Napoleon, King of Holland, and Hortense, daughter of the Em- press Josephine, by her first marriage, with the Viscounr de Beauharnois. He resided with his mother in Paris, until 1814. When the first great disaster of Napoleon occurred after the Rus- sian expedition, when defeat and disgrace had overwhelmed him, Hortense, with a faith as strong as was his own in the star of his destiny, watched and waited for his return, and when the glad day came, exulted in the brilliant success that rewarded the hero 400 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND of a hundred battles. Again the clouds darkened over France again her blue lilies were drenched with the life-blood of her bravest sons again the wild storm burst over that devoted land, and on the ensanguined plain of Waterloo, the star of Napoleon I. set to rise no more. Under the rule of the Bourbons France drooped and languished, praying, in stealthy ways, for deliverance from the accursed yoke of a race it hated. The revolution of 1830 in France rekindled the fierce flames of discontent in Italy, and for the first time in his life we find Louis Napoleon, whom the jealous watchfulness of Louis Philippe prevented from taking an active part in the politics of his country, turning his attention to that distracted province,, and as he became an object of attention to the progressive party r he became, in an even greater measure, an object of dread and suspicion to the Papal government, and was ordered to withdraw from Rome. The request, pointed and significant, was not com- plied with. A guard was then sent to remove him, but he eluded them and fled to Florence ; and the insurrection of the Romagna so long suppressed, burst forth, and the tri-colored flags waved defiance from the battlement of every stronghold in Italy; but the fingers of the Austrian despot were upon her throat, and the fierce and beautiful, but weak and helpless, queen of the Old World lay disarmed and powerless at his feet. It was not until 1832 that the eyes of Europe were centered upon Louis Napoleon as the probable head of the Napoleonic dynasty, and Louis Philippe, under the restless motion of the. people whom he lacked the power to control, trembled as he read the hand-writing upon his palace walls, and knew that his king- dom was passing into other hands. The far-seeing wisdom and shrewd foresight of the " coming man," convinced him that the French must have not only a change of power, but a change of government, and though every nerve leaped and thrilled at the lightest thought of the old glory of France, he foresaw that a throne was a thing of the past, and that too much of the wild, free air of America had fluttered over the briny deep, and that the passionate hearts of the people whom he aspired to lead, must at least be humored in the idea that they might establish a repub- lic as fair and strong as our own. He circulated pamphlets amongst the laboring classes, in which he talked of the " rights of AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 40! the people," of course, in a guarded way, he talked to them of freedom and of national existence that should be un trammeled by tyranny, of a day when no despot's foot should be upon their neck, and they believed him, and longed for the coming of the day he had pictured to their imagination. Thus far his life had been without political reproach, and without shame, and no im- prudence had shaken the faith of the people in his ability or his honesty. The reasonable and honorable had predominated. The state of France at this time was peculiar, and the irrepres- sible turbulence, and the disappointment which they felt in Louis Philippe, whose selfishness, avarice and perfidy merited their con- tempt, presented a temptation which a stronger mind than Na- poleon might have yielded to. Every attempt which the reigning monarch took to render himself popular seemed to act against him, and the conspiracy of Strasbourg was to him as a funeral knell. Though it was a failure, and Napoleon a prisoner, he knew that the days of his reign were numbered ; although, when he had banished the aspiring young prince from the soil of France, and pronounced a sentence of perpetual exile, no doubt he breathed more freely; and when an ocean rolled between him and the rival he feared and hated, he hoped against hope for the perpetuation of his own reign. His arrival in New York is still well remembered, and while it is asserted that his life became that of an abandoned debauchee, that he was overwhelmed with want, that he was arrested for debt, and that he acted in every manner unworthy of his name, his rank and his hopes, it is probable that these stories are highly exaggerated, or untrue in the main. He was recalled from America by a letter from his mother, who was lying in a very critical condition, and braving the wrath, and defying the hatred of Louis Philippe, he embarked for Europe, and reached Arnumburg in time to render the last offices of affection to his dying mother. After her death he resided for some time in London, and was, at more than one period of his life there, so impoverished as to be dependent upon his mistress, the* beautiful and fascinating Mrs. Howard. His destitution, his misfortunes, and the glory which attached to his name, attracted her to this penniless aspirant to the throne of the Bourbons. But though he lived in forced exile enduring it because he could not avoid it his busy brain still toiled and wrought away at the tan- 402 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND gled knot of destiny ; and though the thread led out into dark- ness, he believed it was to lead him to honor, or at least to glory. But alas, at Boulogne he again suffered the defeat which his rash, immature plans seemed only to court; and again he was a prisoner. Arraigned for trial before the Chamber of Peers, he was con- victed upon the evidence of his own proclamations to the people, as well as the fact of his having been taken while fighting against the Crown. He was condemned to imprisonment for life in the fortress ot Ham. For six long years he was kept in close con- finement, and at last, when the vigilance of the guard was some- what relaxed, found means of escape through the adroit and faithful management of his physician, Dr. Conneau ; and he again found an asylum in London. He seemed now to believe that the downfall of Louis Philippe would soon take place, and he be- lieved rightly. He founded his opinion upon the observation that the ruling powers had held the throne but sixteen or seventeen years. Seventeen years Napoleon I. reigned. Seventeen years the restored Bourbons were in supremacy. Seventeen years Louis Philippe occupied the throne; and, predicted Schmucker, we may safely prophesy that seventeen years will be about the time allotted by the hand of destiny for the reign of the restored Bou- napartes. Maddened by wrong and oppression, and hating bit- terly the man who ruled them, the people at length forced Louis Philippe to abdicate the throne, and declared they would have a republican form of government. Accordingly, upon the loth of December, 1848, an election was held which resulted in Napo- leon's being proclaimed President of the French Republic, for the term of four years. At last, after weary years waiting and hoping, he stood at the head of the French government, and if his position was not what he had fondly hoped and aspired to if it was but as Dead Sea apples, where he had looked for Pomegranates or a stone where he had asked for bread or Marah water to thirst that longed to quench itself in the free, sweet mountain springs at least it was something, and he could bide his time, and await the moment when he could spring into the position he craved. For four years he never lost sight of this for one instant, and at the end of that time was elected for ten years. We use the term " elected," but AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 403 it was carried at the bayonet's point, and Paris was guarded with a hundred thousand armed soldiers, who had been rendered savage with brandy. There were true hearts there in the doomed city, who had determined to give their lives before they would relinquish their liberties. There was a sharp conflict of a few hours; Napoleon's minions were triumphant and the Parisians yielded to the power they were helpless to withstand. At the end of a week tranquility was restored, and order again reigned throughout France; the Assembly was obliterated, and Louis Na- poleon had realized the darling, life-long aspirations of his heart ; the dying prayer of Hortense was fulfilled, and at length her son, the heir of the Great Napoleon, was absolute Monarch of France. When he was elevated to the imperial throne, he dispatched to the Emperor Nicholas, in common with the other sovereigns of Europe, a messenger, informing him of his new dignity. Nicholas returned, after an insulting delay, an answer so cold, so ambigu- ous, and so destitute of all courtesy even the hollow and worth- less courtesy which usually characterizes the intercourse of sov- ereigns not actually engaged in war, that Louis Napoleon was compelled to resent it. He was not in a position to grapple with the Russian Bear, but I have said before that his was one of those natures whe bide their time, and know the moment when it is safe to strike ; and that moment did not come to him until, allied with England, he dictated, with his hereditary enemy, terms to Russia. Sevastopol fell, after a siege of twelve months, and a hundred thousand men had fallen around* and within her walls ; and there, France and her hated ally, dictated terms to the haughty and imperious Czar, who had no choice but to accept them. It was the proudest day in Napoleon's life, before its triumph the glory of his coronation day dwindled into insignifi- cance, since he not only humbled Russia, but England was forced to meet as an equal a monarch whom she looked upon, as did the rest of the world, as an upstart and an usurper. The years rolled on ; Napoleon waxed mighty, in his own con- ceit, at least, and wearying of inactivity, and sighing for fresh conquests, he bethought him to add to the luster of a somewhat unenviable reputation, by subduing his ancient enemy, Prussia. The war has been denounced as wanton and unprovoked, and no doubt was so, with but one motive which can be urged. Apart 404 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND from his passion for the perpetuation of his dynasty, he had, of course, some feeling for France, as one of the great powers of Europe. The position of Prussia, so late her inferior, now men- aced her with humiliation. There was no choice for France ; she must relinquish her prestige to a nation she despised, even while she feared it, or she must subdue it before it had grown too proud and strong to be subdued. Having decided upon war, nothing but a pretext was wanting, and this was easily found in the refusal of the King of Prussia to prohibit, absolutely, the candidature of the Prince Leopold, or of any other Prussian prince, then or ever, for the throne of Spain. The indignant refusal of Prussia, who was in a better position to dictate terms than was France, was seized upon. Such was the insignificant origin of a war which cost the nations a quarter of a million lives, and France alone the enormous sum of $2,500,000,000. Her capital is in ruins, her high places were laid waste her villages were depopulated, and the country impoverished. At Sedan came the last fell blow which covered him with defeat and disgrace, and accomplished the overthrow of the Napoleonic dynasty; and there, in the even- ing of that bleak, dark day, September i, 1870, Napoleon surren- dered his sword, his army and himself into the hands of the Emperor Wilhelm. His name and his glory is a thing of the past, and this " eldest son of the Church " (Jesuit), as Dr. Brocket sig- nificantly styles him, has retired from public life to obscurity as deep as it is deserved. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 405 BISMARCK. INCE 1862, Count Karl Otto von Bismark-Schonhausen, has really stood at the head of the Prussian nation. His spirit has been felt in peace and war, and his counsels have been more potent then the word of the crowned head who seemed to dictate yet only seemed since he was but the means of executing the will of the prime minister. Perhaps his greatest ability has been shown in his skill and tact in leading, and con- trolling, and influencing King William I. to adopt measures which were in direct opposition to his views and prejudices, more 406 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND even than in any of his official acts. The King was, both by edu- cation and nature, a firm believer in the " divine right of Kings," an absolutist of the most rigid form, willful, stubborn, opinionated and bigoted, and the most skillful and delicate tact was needed, together with a strong magnetic power, to lead him in any but the direction in which he had determined to go. But this stern, hard, positive, willful old man has so fully come under the control and K so subject to the voice of Von Bismarck, as to be moulded into a different being ; yet he is wholly unconscious of the fact, and com- placently gives the orders that are the suggestions of Bismark, securing, at last, the love and respect of those who, a few years ago, were bitterly hostile to every measure he advanced or advo- cated. The man who could accomplish such results, and, while preserving peace between the King and the people, lead both for- ward in harmony to a higher position, deserves the credit of being one of, if not the first statesman in Europe. Bismark was born at Schonhausen, in the province of Saxony, April i, 1814. His family belonged to the ancient nobility, and had long served the Saxon and Prussian rulers. He was educated for the legal profession, but entered the army soon after obtaining his degree of Doctor of Philosophy, serving first in the light in- fantry, and afterwards as an officer of the reserves. He did not enter upon public life, or take any part in politics until he was thirty years of age, when he was elected to the Diet of Saxony, and afterwards to the United Diet, in 1847. In the latter he soon became leader of the conservative party, and distinguished him- self for eloquence and logical ability. He opposed the adoption of the constitution which was offered to Prussia, fought furiously against the prevailing democracy of the period, and it is said de- clared vehemently that the great cities of Europe ought to be razed to the ground because they were hot-beds of democracy and constitutionalism. Since that time he has grown wiser, and looks to a constitutional form of government as something which might, under some circumstances be warranted. His course at the Diet attracted the attention of King Frederick William IV., and in 1851 he assigned him the difficult and important post of Privy Counselor to the Prussian Embassy at Frankfort. In this posi- tion he laid down the principle that Prussia could not fulfill her mission to Germany until Austria should be driven from the AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 407 confederation. In 1852 he was sent on a special mission to Vienna, and there as at Frankfort showed himself the vigilant and untiring adversary of Count Rochberg, the Austrian Premier. A pamphlet, written with great ability, appeared in 1858, entitled " Prussia on the Italian Question," and was very generally attrib- uted to him no doubt with truth for he never lost an opportu- nity to wield tongue or pen in behalf of what he believed to be the best interests of his government. In 1856 he was minister to St. Petersburg, and in 1860 he visited Paris. In May, 1862, he was transferred by the present King to the French Embassy, but remained in Paris only till September, when he was summoned to Berlin as premier of the new Cabinet, with the double duty of governor of the King's household and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He had already attained high distinction as a diplomatist and a parliamentarian, but his new position was one requiring greater talents, and those of a higher order than any yet displayed, and he soon proved himself quite equal to the emergency. He inherited from the Ministry a chronic quarrel with the House of Deputies of the Prussian Legislature. The King and his cabinet had deemed it indispensable to reorganize the army, and substitute for the militia a system of military training which would make every able-bodied man in the realm an educated soldier, owing and giving to the nation three years of military service ; forming a reserve force liable to be called upon in actual war. Connected with this were changes, promoting greater efficiency amongst the officers, and making the nation a nation of soldiers every man an adept in the use of arms. The necessity of this grew out of the position of Prussia in relation to Germany. Either she, a nearly pure German power, or Austria, whose population was mostly made up of non-German nationalities, must lead Germany. If Prussia was to take this place she must be prepared for it ; if she yielded the position that was rightfully her own if she accepted at the hands of Austria the humiliating alternative of war, she must do it in silence and forever after hold her peace. In that case she sank to a second-rate power, and might never hope to rise, at least without war war it might be probably must be if she sustained herself, since Austria would not relinquish her position without fighting. And Prussia must be prepared for it, since she would have to contend with superior power, so far as 408 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND numbers and resources were concerned, yet to give any hint to the world of her object was to court defeat. The King, therefore, under Bismark's advice, though himself opposed to a war with Austria for any cause, went forward and reorganized the army, expending large sums of money and doing the work thoroughly, and then calling upon the Diet for an appropriation to meet it. This was persistently refused, and when the House of Nobles voted it the Diet impeached the action as illegal, and long and bitter was the struggle between the two Houses ; but when the crisis came, and Prussia, having formed an alliance with Italy, declared war with Austria, and defeated her in seven weeks, the wisdom of Bismark's course was obvious, and those who had de- nounced him most unreservedly were then willing to acknowl- edge their obligations to him. The German Confederacy was reorganized with Prussia at its head, and all the German States, except Austria, bound by treaties either offensive or defensive ; and it was to the wisdom and prudence of the Prime Minister that this was due. Gifted with a remarkable insight into the motives of men, and especially of monarchs and political leaders, Count von Bismark has measured his strength with the ablest diplomatists in Europe, but has never met his equal ; indeed, we do not believe that for far-seeing judgment, for concentration and strength of purpose, for rare discrimination, and cool, calm, rea- soning powers, there is a living statesman in Europe who is his peer. He was aware, after the battle of Sadowa, that Napoleon would make a war between France and Prussia as soon as he could find a pretext for doing it, and he foresaw, better than any one else did, what the pretext would be. While carefully avoiding any provocation, he was urging on, with quiet force, every means to be ready to meet it, and when Napoleon declared war, Prussia was ready to meet it, but France was not. Proud, haughty and imperious, depending too much upon the glory of the Napoleonic Dynasty to intimidate the world, or, perhaps, he really believed the arms of France were invincible, yet he has had abundant opportunity, in his forced seclusion, to meditate upon the fallacy of measuring swords with a man like Bismark. In person the Count is a portly but intellectual looking man, with a quick, nervous manner, partly the result of ill-health, yet with an air of great self-command, while his keen, brilliant eyes have a AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 409 most pleasing expression. He is a fine scholar, thoroughly acquainted with most of the languages of Europe, speaking them fluently. His herculean labors within the last five years have permanently impaired his health, and it is not likely he will ever regain it. While Germany is a nation, and vrhjle her people glory in the triumph of her cause, they will never forget how much is due to Bismarck's diplomatic and parliamentary powers for their reorganization and safe establishment as an independent and honorable kingdom, and the first power in Europe, CARL SCHURZ. )N 1848, when the present formidable German Empire was divided into some thirty-seven duchies, principalities and other monarchial governments, which drained the substance from the people that held them in bonds of almost penal servitude, a few brave men called the masses to arms, and sought to establish a great republic. Among the prominent agitators of the move- ment was Carl Schurz, now Senator from Missouri. It is but a matter of history that the uprising was unsuccessful, and a large number of the leaders were executed, others imprisoned, and many banished. Among the latter was Carl Schurz. Upon tak- ing his forced departure, he exclaimed : " To-day I leave you, an exile ; but I shall return, and when I do you shall respect me as much as you now despise me ! " and if any man had the power to make good the words that to the old world despots were both a threat and a prophesy, it is he who flung them back as a parting souvenir to a power he hated. Physically he is tall, sinewy and lean. His physiognomy is pure Teutonic. A fair forehead, under dark-brown, carelessly- combed hair , sallow cheeks ; a sharply-cut nose, and deep inden- tations above flaring nostrils ; a reddish moustache and a reddish CARL SCHURZ. AMERICAN CITIZENS TREASURE HOUSE. 411 beard, pretty closely trimmed ; a strong jaw, lips that can smile sweetly or curl into a sneer like Mephistopheles' own, and eyes singularly expressive and piercing : these are the features of Carl Schurz. Between n and 12 every forenoon he walks up the avenue to the capitol with a heavy overcoat wrapped around him, his left hand holding the folds together over his chest, and his right hand swinging a Malacca cane. In the Senate, divested of his overcoat his figure appears the more lithe and slender. His movements are in striking contrast with the slow, formal, and studied movements of many of the elder Senators, being full of nervous vivacity and grace. His manner is courtesy itself. Generally, his first business after taking his seat appears to be the wiping of his spectacles with a spotless handkerchief. By the time this little thing is done, the Senator has in a series of swift glances surveyed the Chamber, galleries and all ; and many are the imperceptible signs of personal recogni- tion which flash from his keen eyes. In the time of debate he is a careful listener. He never insults an adversary while that ad- versary is speaking by a mean pretense of being engaged in letter- writing or the examination of papers ; on the contrary, it seems natural to Senator Schurz to preserve the demeanor of a gentle- man toward all his associates at all times. This politeness on his part doubtless has its influence, in conjunction with the fascina- tion of his abilities, to secure for him, whenever he arises to address the Senate, an attentive audience on the floor. He is always charged with something to say on every important question ; but he has the sense and tact to reserve himself for occasions when his voice and influence could not well be spared. He is never trivial ; never makes much of small topics. Therefore when Carl Schurz gets on his feet, there is generally a reason for it, and he does not often sit down without vindicating some principle worthy of such an advocate. In an important debate fitted to calHnto exercise all his powers, he makes a magnificent figure. His firm yet elastic posture ; his gestures, commanding, graceful, vehement ; his voice, now ringing loud, now subdued to impressive monotones ; his irresistible Ger- man accent ; the close reasoning, cumulative logic, sarcasm and eloquence of his speech ; its fine, nervous English ; and above and beyond all, the manly earnestness and fervor with which he is 412 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND evidently defending a principle dear to his heart, make him a great orator. * * * What is chiefly edifying to a student of the current debates is the dominion of such a mind as his over the bombast, the quibbles, the stump oratory, and the rickety logic of Senatorial quacks. It suggests the poise of an eagle in the " blue serene " above a flock of clacking wild geese. The lovable side of Carl Schurz's character is, the sociable and domestic side. He has a noble wife and one child, and a quiet home in Washington. There, on Saturday evenings, his friends are entertained with conversation and music. There is certainly no difficulty in conversing with the Senator, because he talks flu- ently in three languages, and we don't know how many more. He has a true German fondness for music, and is said to be a fine amateur pianist. LYMAN TRUMBULL. !>N speaking of this man, no introduction is needed. His name is familiar to every voter, his speeches have been read at every fireside, and his acts have been before the public for many years. He was born in Colchester, Conn., in 1813. In his sixteenth year he became a teacher in his native town, and upon reaching his majority went to Georgia, where he was engaged in teaching for several years, devoting all his spare time to the study of law, and was admitted to the bar while he was still a resident of that State. In 1837 he removed to Illinois, and in 1840 represented St. Clair county in the State Legislature; and in 1841 was made Secretary of the State of Illinois. In 1848 he was elected one of the Chief Justices of the State Supreme Court, an office which he held for thirteen years. In 1855 the Legislature elected him to AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 413 the Senate of the United States, and in 1861-67 he was re-elected. In connection with other leading men, and in accordance with the known wishes of the people, he advocated earnestly the nom- ination of President Lincoln, both for his first and second terms of office. Senator Trumbull is one of our strong men. He is emi- nently practical, and very firm ; while rarely, if ever, acting upon impulse, he rarely, if ever, changes an opinion. He is an earnest, thoughtful, conscientious man, not one of those, perhaps, to whom our hearts go out involuntarily with their freight and offering of love, but one of those whom we honor and trust, and to whom we could safely commit the keeping of our party or national honor. SCHUYLER COLFAX. &ON. SCHUYLER COLFAX was born in the city of New York, March 23, 1823. He early learned to depend upon himself, and prepare to meet life's stern realities, and to breast the tide of human affairs with what strength and forces were at his command. His father died before his babe was born, leaving the young widow with exceedingly limited resources When he was ten years old, Schuyler went into a store, where he remained three years, and then, with his mother and stepfather, removed to the West, and settled in Indiana, where he again found employment as a dry goods clerk, for four years more. He must "have given promise already of ability, for before he was eighteen he was 'appointed deputy auditor, and moved to South Bend. He possessed some literary taste, and wrote fluently and correctly, and attracted some attention by articles in the country papers of the day. In 1845 he began the publication of the St. Joseph Val- ley Register. His speculation seems not to have been imme- diately successful, for it is said that the young editor found HON. SCHUYLER COLFAX. AMERICAN. CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 415 himself deeply in debt almost any one but him would have said, hopelessly so and when, by the closest attention to business, he had placed his paper on a safe footing, he had the misfortune to lose his office by fire. Having no insurance on it, of course the loss was total. It is pleasant to be able to say that the courage of the young man was equal to the emergency, and that his energy made it a popular and profitable paper. The beginning of his political career was his appointment as delegate and secretary to the Whig National Convention. In 1849 he was a member of the Convention to revise the Constitution of Indiana. In 1851 he received his first nomination to Congress, but lost the election. In 1855 he was re-nominated, and elected by a majority of two thousand ; and has been returned to each suc- ceeding Congress. He approved of the nomination of Mr. Lin- coln, as one of the best and safest measures of the period, warmly seconded every effort for the election, and during his entire ad- ministration was a wise and faithful friend, a discreet and judicious counselor. He was Speaker of the House of Representatives during the sessions of the Thirty-eighth Congress, and subse- quently twice filled the office. The National Republican Con- vention which met in Chicago in May, 1868, nominated Mr. Colfax for the Vice-Presidency under Grant ; and the measure gave great satisfaction to the people. Mr. Colfax had for many years been a widower, having been married while very young to a sweet, frail girl, who drooped and faded and died, as the blos- soms die when wild rude winds sweep round them. A few days after his nomination to the office of Vice President, he was mar- ried to Miss Ella M. Wade, a niece of Hon. B. F. Wade, of Ohio, a most amiable and accomplished woman. Mr. Colfax is a man whose many virtues, pleasing manners and address have made him popular, while his firm adherence to principle has won him the respect of the nation. MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND CHARLES SUMNER. R forty years the name of Charles Stunner has been before the American people, and for more than thirty years he has been a leading statesman. His ancestors for several generations had been legal men indeed, one may safely say that it is a family trait to incline to the profession of the law. Charles Sumner was born in Boston, January 6th, 1811 ; grad- uated from Harvard College in 1830 and was admitted to the bar in 1836. In 1837 he visited Europe and spent three years on the Continent, when he returned to America and resumed the prac- tice of law in Boston. Mr. Sumner, though not at this time an active politician, was claimed by the Whigs as belonging to their party, and most likely he did. He strongly opposed the Mexican War, and wrote a letter to Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, who then was the Member of Congress from Boston, filled with the most scathing rebuke, for having voted in favor of that war in direct AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 417 contradiction to the known wishes of his constituents. When Mr. Webster was withdrawn from the Senate by Mr. Fillmore to a place in his cabinet, Charles Sumner was chosen to fill the vacancy, and, already ahead of all parties on some of the great questions of the day, he now took a more decided stand. He dissolved his con- nection with the Whigs, broke with a firm hand all old political ties that bound him, and became a leader in the new Free Soil party. Mr. Sumner's public life has been so prominent that it is well known. Upon the Missouri Compromise and Kansas Bill he was particularly earnest and enthusiastic, determined to do all in his power to hand down to posterity laws that should not dis- grace America. His speech which was published under the title of " The Crime Against Kansas," occupied two entire days in its delivery. It created intense excitement and indignation amongst those who were opposed to his views, and arguments which could not be defeated by words were met by blows. Preston S. Brooks, a Representative from South Carolina, attacked Mr. Sumner two days afterwards, while he sat at his desk unarmed, engaged in writing, and beat him over his head with a heavy cane until he fell insensible. In the following January, while still suffering from his injuries, he was re-elected to Congress, but his health was so poor, and his suffering so great, that he went to Europe by the advice of his physician, to see if he might not be benefited by change of air. Still very feeble, he returned in the fall, but the next May again went abroad to submit to a course of medical treatment which had the desired effect, and afte-r an absence of eighteen months he again resumed his official duties. Mr. Sumner took an active part in the election of Mr. Lincoln to the presidential chair, and considered the triumph not one of party but of principle. In 1861, he was made Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations, and at that time the position was one requiring the greatest discretion as well as delicacy. He entered his third senatorial term in March, 1863. He was deeply pained by President Johnson's course ; indeed, so widely different were their views it was impossible to reconcile them, and from the first to the last he was a bitter and constant opponent of " My Policy." Mr. Sumner is one of the finest scholars in America, and as a literary worker has no equal in public life ; and though his many theories have sometimes been urged with a persistence 41 8 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND which subjected them to the epithet of " hobbies," they have come in more than one instance to be the grand principles of our na- tional government, and the source of our strength. JOHN W. CHANLER. >OHN WINTHROP CHANLER was born in the city of New York, in 1826. He graduated in Columbia College in 1847, and, like most of our political men, made law the profession of his choice. In 1859 he was a member of the New York State Assembly and gave the greatest satisfaction, as well as high promise for the future. In 1860 he declined the nomination which was tendered him for the State Senate. For two years we hear little of him, but that he practiced his profession with great success, and was popular as a lawyer ; but evidently the desire of the people was toward him, for he was elected to the Thirty-eighth Congress, and again to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth. Perhaps Mr. Chanler has never done anything in all his public life by which he distinguished himself so much as by his powerful speech in answer to Thaddeus Stevens, in reply to his Confiscation Bill. We wish it were possible to give it here eloquent, impetuous, strong and overflowing with unmeasured indignation and fiery denuncia- tion of a measure which he considered and characterized as the basest robbery. We pass no criticism upon the principle he advo- cated ; we leave that to each reader, supposing him competent to form his own opinion, and only ask him to remember that it was at a time when party strife and bitterness ran high, and when it was necessary to set aside the courtesy and dainty politeness de- manded. and tendered on ordinary occasions and act quickly and decisively. We doubt if ever a senator delivered a more powerful speech upon any subject. His speech upon the rights of American citizens abroad is also spoken of as one of his best efforts, and one in which are some fine ideas most ably expressed. In looking at his life, and at his abilities, we prophesy for him a greater work than he has yet done. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 419 JOHN A. LOGAN. A. LOGAN was born in Illinois in 1826. His father,, one of the first settlers of the Prairie State, was born in Ireland. His mother was from the State of Tennessee, and is spoken of as a lovely woman ; and it is from this daughter of the South that he inherits his warm, glowing temperament and his impulsive disposition. His father was a man of fine tal- ents, and a good scholar. In those days school houses were not by any means as plenty as now, so he took the education of his boy into his own hands, and I have never heard but that he did credit to his teacher. As had been foreseen and prophesied by prominent statesmen and prophetic lookers-on, the Mexican war followed the annexation of Texas ; the call for volunteers rang through the land, and bright swords leaped from the scabbard at the touch of willing hands, as from the North and the South her ruddy sons went out to defend the dear old flag. With the fore- most of these young Logan marched to the fray, and on those dis- tant western battle-fields won his first laurels. From that day to> this no year has passed but fresh leaves have been added, of deeper, more fadeless green. At the first he was chosen lieutenant in a company of the first Illinois volunteers, and the records of that war contain evidence that he was a good and faithful soldier. In the fall of 1848, hav- ing returned home, he commenced the study of law, and in No- vember, 1841, was elected clerk of Jackson county. He was admitted to the bar in 1851, and commenced practice with his uncle, A. M. Jenkins, Esq., who had once been Lieutenant-Gov- ernor of Illinois, and in 1852 he was elected prosecuting attorney of the third judicial district. In the autumn of the same year he was elected to the State legislature, and was three times re- elected. In 1856 he was chosen presidential elector, and was the successful democratic candidate for representative in Congress, being re-elected by the same party in 1860. He was one of the JOHN A. LOGAN. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 421 strongest supporters of Stephen A. Douglas for the presidency ; yet so strong was his love for peace and order, and so far did his love for his country exceed his love of party, that he proved a stanch friend of Mr. Lincoln, after his election. During the rebellion Mr. Logan's record was one of which, either as an honest man, an officer, or a patriot, no one need be ashamed. In 1862 he was urged to again take part in political life, by allowing his name to be used as candidate for Congressman-at- large, but he declined, believing that he had higher duties to ful- fil, and that there were many who could fill that position as well as he. In 1868 he was offered the position of Minister to Mexico, but declined it, and was then elected a Representative to the For- tieth Congress, was re-elected to the Forty-first, and appointed chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, for which he was eminently qualified. In Congress, as on the battle-field, he is im- petuous, fiery, out-spoken, frank sometimes rash. He was styled the " Murat of the Army," and deserves, better than any living orator and statesman, the title of the Calhoun of the age. REVERDY JOHNSON. are the links that are left to bind us to an age that seems so far in the past, and one of that few is Reverdy Johnson, Senator from Maryland, who was born in Annap- olis in that State, May 26, 1796. His father was an eminent law- yer and held the offices of Attorney General, Judge of Appeals, and Chancellor of the State of Maryland. Reverdy was sent to the primary department of St. John's College when but six years old, and remained in that institution until, having pursued a thorough classical and mathematical course, he left the school without graduating, and studied law in his father's office. One day, as the boy sat delving deep in the musty old tomes, it was told him that the British were about to attack Washington. The en- V EEVERDY JOHNSON. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 423 thusiastic young student, seeing a regiment of hastily recruited volunteers marching past, caught his cap and joined them in such haste that his slippers, in which he sat to study, were not changed for more substantial shoes, and before half the distance was passed, he was barefooted ; but his company were in time to take part in the battle of Bladensburg, August 24, 1815. Two years after he removed to Baltimore, where he had an extensive practice and held the position of Chief Commissioner of Insolvent Debtors. In 1812 he was elected State Senator of Maryland for a term of five years, and re-elected at its expiration, but resigned his seat at the end of the second year, and returned to his profession, to which he gave his undivided attention. In legal learning Mr. Johnson is said to stand at the head of the profession in America, and in all parts of the United States, and in Europe his services have been sought. In California he has seve- ral times tried cases requiring great skill and nice judgment, and in England he tried successfully a case involving a heavy sum against our government. In politics Mr. Johnson has been a whig, and was a warm per- sonal friend of Clay ; yet believing that the interests of the country would be advanced thereby he used all his influence to secure the election of Jackson over Adams. When General Taylor was elected President Mr. Johnson was appointed Attorney General, but upon the death of his friend he resigned the office. When the policy of southern leaders made war inevitable, Mr. Johnson threw the full force of his influence against it, and declared that secession was heresy and madness ; and in 1860, before the Su- preme Court, he pronounced one of the most glowing and eloquent eulogies upon union, picturing in the strongest terms the condition of the several States, and the'disgraceful position of our republic before the world, should secession be successful. At Balti- more, while Maryland wavered between loyalty and rebellion, he labored almost frantically for the Union. A speech which he made before thousands of her citizens, is conceded to be one of the most powerful ever delivered upon the subject, and gave him a most honorable reputation. In 1862 he was elected to the United States Senate, and in 1864 gave his vote for the uncondi- tional abolishment of slavery ; also in the Thirty-ninth Congress he favored the immediate readmission of the seceded States. When 424 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND the Military Reconstruction Bill was before the Senate he op- posed it, but when even this seemed likely to be lost, and nothing gained in its stead, eager that any measure which should re-admit the South to her old rights under the government should be adopted, he urged its passage. Mr. Johnson has been one of the most industrious men of the Senate, or in public life, and his record is a grand one, an honor to himself and the State he rep- resents. SIMON CAMERON. 'IMON CAMERON, better known as Secretary Cameron, was born in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, March 8th, 1799, and educated himself while following his trade, which was that of a printer. He edited and published a paper called the Pennsylvania Intelligencer, and before he reached the age of twenty-two was editor of a paper in Harrisburg. He was active in promoting the welfare of the State, urging forward every inter- nal improvement which could add to her wealth and prosperity. In 1832 he established the Middleton Bank, and was president of two railroad companies. He was appointed by Governor Shultze Adjutant-General of Pennsylvania, and in 1845 was elected United States Senator for four years. His term of office expired, he again devoted himself to internal improvements and finances. 1857 found him again in the Senate, for six years, but he resigned to become Secretary of War under President Lincoln.- but his views were so widely different from those entertained by the ad- ministration, that he withdrew from the cabinet and was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Russia. He found the Czar freeing the serfs, and his heart went out in rejoicing that this nation had so soon recognized the great principles of right and justice, SIMON CAMERON. 426 . MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND and he congratulated him for taking a position demanded of him by the age. He had been eager, from the first outbreak of the war between the North and South, that the services of the negroes should be accepted by the government for soldiers, and now he resigned his position abroad and hastened home to aid his coun- try in her struggle. When at last his long cherished wish was carried out and the negroes armed, he offered to raise a regiment and lead them into the field, but his services were more needed elsewhere. He continued to devote himself to the interests of the Union, and in 1866 was again elected to the United States Senate for the term ending 1873, and was at once placed on the Committee on Foreign Affairs. He was bitterly opposed to the administration of Johnson, feeling that it must be disastrous to the country, hence voted for his impeachment. In 1860 he was a candidate for the nomination for the presidency. As a states- man, a politician and a financier, he is shrewd, but ever honest and fair. JAMES A. GARFIELD. CRITIC in the Northwestern Review, who was wise enough to withhold his name, says that " a man's success is the gage of his ability." I admire the excellent taste of the author in remaining anonymous. Every living being is, more or less, the victim of circumstances. He may be the favor- ite of fortune, or the target of misfortune, and a vast deal of en- ergy and persistence would be needed, a vast deal of tact and ingenuity, too, to enable one to turn his disadvantages to advan- tage, and out-wit even fate by turning her weapons against herself. I believe a man can be almost anything he will dare to be, but there are far too many who will not dare to be anything. There is little question but there is an up-hill path for every man, if he JAMES A. GABFUfilD. 428 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND will not waste the first and best years of life in loitering in the pleasant valleys later, it is hidden by weeds and tangled vines that have sprung up and covered it It is a pleasant task to trace with mind and pen the career of the strong, brave men, who, struggling with poverty, friendless and alone, make for themselves a place on the pages of history. Perhaps there are few, if any, of those who have risen by their own efforts who deserve more credit than James A. Garfield. He was born in Cuyahoga county, Ohio, in 1831. His father died when he was but a child the youngest of four, of whom all were so young as to be entirely dependent upon their widowed mother. James attended the district school a few months in winter, and aided his mother, as soon as he was old enough, by working at the carpenter's trade ; but not liking the employment, he went as teamster or boatman on the canal. He loved the water, and the free life of a sailor had for him pecu- liar attractions, and he looked with fond longings to the time when he should be able to go upon the lakes or the ocean, and some day be owner of a gallant boat that would be able to outride storm and gale. A severe fit of sickness prevented him from im- mediately carrying out his darling project, and health returning but slowly, he began to attend the " Geauga Academy." He was too poor to pay his board, but took a room in a dreary little farm house and cooked his own simple meals. Subsequently he taught school and attended the academy alternately until his twenty- second year, when he entered Williams College, in Massachusetts. Here, after two years of study he graduated with high honors, when he returned to his home in Ohio, where he was made teacher of Latin and Greek in the Eclectic Institute, and soon after presi- dent of the institution. While he held this position he studied law, and also began to look into politics with something of the interest natural to a "rising young lawyer." In 1859 he repre- sented Portage and Summit counties in the Ohio Legislature, where he soon took a high position, both as a well-read politician, an eloquent and witty debater. When the war broke out, Mr. Garfield at once identified him- self with the interests of the North, and held almost every posi- tion in the army, from lieutenant to general. While still on the battle-field he was elected to the Thirty-eighth Congress from Ohio, and after three years of hard service the brave soldier AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 429 resigned his commission to serve his country in another capacity. His sterling good sense and fine abilities made him justly popular* and he was re-elected for the Thirty-ninth Congress by a major- ity of twelve thousand. His thorough information on all financial questions and matters, recommended him for the position of Chairman on the Committee of Ways and Means, in which capa- city he gave the utmost satisfaction, being considered one of the best of financiers. He was re-elected to the Forty-first Congress and was made chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs. He is a fine looking man, still young, and very popular. We have few, if any, better specimens of the " self-made man " than Mr. Garfield. BENJAMIN F. WADE. XgD)ENJAMIN F. WADE, of Ohio, is a character well worth stu dying, and a man who will not suffer in public opinion by a careful analysis of his history. He was born in Feeding Hill Parish, Mass., on the 2/th of October, 1800, and was the youngest of ten children. His father was a soldier in the revolutionary war, and fought in every battle from Bunker Hill to Yorktown. His mother was a woman of rare worth and intellect, the daughter of a Presbyterian minister. The family were very poor indeed, among the poorest in New England, and Beniamin was educated by his mother, never having attended school. The boy worked on a farm a few years, but his labors were re- warded by meagre wages, and at length he turned to the broad west for a field where wealth and honor might repay his efforts. When eighteen years old he started for Illinois on foot, with his wardrobe in a handkerchief on his shoulder, and five dollars in BENJAMIN F. WADE AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 431 money in his pocket. He walked as far as Ohio, when the deep snow and bitter cold rendered it difficult for him to proceed, and he remained in Ashtabula county and chopped wood until spring for fifty cents per cord. His evenings and all spare moments were given to study ; in the summer he cleared land and worked with his might at anything which his hands found to do. In the winter he taught a district school, and then for two years was engaged in buying and selling cattle. When about twenty-three years old he began to study law, and was admitted to the bar in two years, and made rapid progress in his profession, though he had to wait twelve weary months for his first case ; but the ability he displayed in managing it procured his election to the office of Prosecuting Attorney of Ashtabula county. He was soon after sent to the State Senate where he took an important part in securing the abolition of the law for imprisonment for debt, and also against the admission of Texas as a slave State. The latter act gave offense to his friends, and lost him his office for the next two terms. In 1841 Mr. Wade was elected Judge of the Third Judicial Circuit, and retained the position four years, when he was elected United States Senator from Ohio. He was not an aspirant for the office had never asked or sought it in any way, and in his first speech on the Senate floor declared that, since he must act in that capacity, he should act, not with a view to gaining popu- larity, but that humanity might be benefited by his labors. In those days republicans were few in Congress, and had but little influence or power, but Mr. Wade at once avowed his sentiments to be in sympathy with that party. He met the members from the southern States friendly and fearlessly. Tombs, of Georgia, who admired him much, once said of him to the Senators from the northern States, " He is always honest, outspoken and straight- forward I wish to God the rest of you were like him." There was a time when Mr. Wade came so near being our President that, as one historian says, "He barely missed it." Near the close of the Thirty-ninth Congress, when it seemed likely that the impeachment of Mr. Johnson would remove him from office, Mr. Wade was elected President of the Senate for the bal- ance of the term, and the same author adds, " The narrowness of 'Mr. Johnson's escape and the nearness of Mr. Wade to being 43 2 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND President, are among the curiosities of history." The oratorical powers of Senator Wade are not remarkable or brilliant, but he is forcible and fiery, and has a way of presenting a subject when he has worked it out in his own mind, which impresses his hearers deeply. He is plain and unaffected in manners, and the usual stern look on his face softens sometimes into sweetness and tenderness, or grows radiant with lofty thoughts and noble aspirations. FREDERICK SAWYER. FREDERICK SAWYER was born in Bolton, Mass., and graduated at Harvard in 1844. He made teaching a pro- fession, and in 1859 accepted the position of principal in a young ladies' normal school in Charleston, S. C., and remained there until 1864, when he yielded to the persistent entreaties of his friends on the Board of Commissioners of the normal school, then removed north. Mr. Sawyer possessed those qualities that endeared him to his pupils and friends, and though too honest and fearless to conceal his loyal sentiments, those who differed from him in opinion were still steadfast friends and admirers. Beyond the fact that himself and family were in the center of the theater of war, he was unmolested ; and when hostilities ceased he returned to Charleston, where he was cordially welcomed. The first civil appointment made in the State after the war, was that of Mr. Sawyer as collector of internal revenue for the second district of South Carolina. The appointment gave satisfaction to the people, and he was elected a member of the convention that formed the new constitution for the State. He was elected to represent the State in the national Senate, and so great was his popularity that all political parties gave him their support, and he AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 433 received a large majority of votes. Mr. Sawyer was as much a favorite in the Senate as he had been in private life, and as a de- bater, soon took high rank. He is easy and graceful in manners, a fluent and pleasant speaker, witty, and even brilliant ; but never bitter, sarcastic, or regardless of the feelings of any one, not even his political opponents. He is no slight antagonist, yet so thor- oughly courteous that though they may be defeated in argument and measures, no adversary will speak unkindly of him or im- peach his honor or integrity. WHITMAN T. WILLEY. WHITMAN T. WILLEY, one of Virginia's ablest and noblest representatives, was born in Mongalia, in the "Old Dominion," October i8th, 1811, and his first home was a log-cabin, but just twenty feet square. According to the custom of the day, the child was early taught to do such work as he was able to, and until he was sixteen years old worked upon the farm, attending the country school occasionally a few weeks at a time, and once, for two months was sent to a gram- mar school. At sixteen he was sent to Madison College, where, after four years study he graduated with the highest honors. He studied law at Weilsburg, Virginia, and was admitted to the bar in 1833, and soon secured a good practice. In 1850 he was elected a member of the convention for reforming the Constitu- tion of Virginia, and here he sustained the high reputation which he bore, and took a prominent part. As a speaker, he was highly complimented ; as a statesman he bid fair to rise high. In 1865 Mr. Willey was nominated as candidate for Lieutenant-Governor. Commenting on the nomination, the Richmond Whig pronounced him one of the ablest and most eloquent men in Virginia. In ad- 434 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND dition to his position as a distinguished lawyer, his private and public character was without a single stain, and he was a most consistent Christian. The ticket however, was not popular, and though Mr. Willey's name went far to save it, was not carried in the election. In 1860 he tooK the ground he might naturally have been ex- pected to chose, and exerted his influence to the utmost for the Union. In the winter of 1 860-61, he was elected to a seat in the Richmond Convention. The works of that body are well known. The act of secession was passed, and West Virginia refusing to be governed by it, the State was divided against itself, and a new capital was located at Wheeling. The legislature organized there sent Mr. Willey to represent it in the Senate of the United States. His position was most trying and critical, but he bore the trial nobly, as became a Christian and a patriot. Some of his speeches of that date have few if any equals. His great heart throbbed in sympathy with his country as if the suffering were inflicted upon himself, and the hot blood flushed his cheek as he thought of the disgrace which disunion of the States must bring upon the nation. He exclaimed, " Sir, this Union can not be dissolved. Nature and Providence forbid it. Our rivers, lakes, mountains, and the whole geographical conformation of the country rebuke the hand that would sever them. We are one in language, in law in religion, and in destiny. ' Whom God hath joined together, let not man put asunder.' The past has been glorious, but the future shall be "sublime." He labored earnestly and unwearily, and it was mainly through his exertions that West Virginia was admitted at once into the Union as a State. He was elected Senator from the new State for two years, and before the expiration of the term was re-elected for the term ending 1871. There is much in the character of this gentleman which it would be pleasant to dwell upon, but no pen can do him justice which does not bring before the world as brightly as possible the sterling worth and integrity the incorruptible honor of the man. He is comparatively poor has at some periods of his public life been in straightened circumstances, and has in a great measure always sacrificed his prospects financially for principle, and to an earnest desire to servejthe country. Referring to this he once said, " Pov- erty is more desirable than ill-gotten gains. I will live honest, if AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 435 I die poor. I will live an honorable man, if I die in obscurity^ I would not exchange the approbation of a good conscience for the hoards of Croesus, and the crown of an emperor would not tempt me to barter my integrity." Mr. Willey is a member of the Methodist Church, and his simple, unaffected piety impresses one with its sincerity and gen- uine truthfulness. He has been foremost in every good work_ The Sabbath School and the temperance cause have found in him a steadfast friend and an able and eloquent advocate. JUSTIN S. MORRILL. AUSTIN S. MORRILL was born in Stafford, Vermont, i8ro>, At fifteen years of age he was taken from school, to whicru he never returned, and placed in a country store. In 1848 he turned his attention from mercantile to agricultural pursuits, in 1854 was elected a representative from Vermont to the Thirty- fourth Congress, and was re-elected until he had filled the office twelve years. During the Thirty-ninth Congress he was Chair- man of the House. In 1856 he opposed the admission of Kan- sas, also the Lecompton Constitution. February 6th, 1857, he delivered a powerful speech on tariff in opposition to the bill of Campbell, of Ohio. He also opposed making paper currency legal tender on account of the difficulty which would be expe- rienced by the government in resuming specie payment. In 1866 he was elected Senator in Congress from Vermont for six years- His speeches have always been characterized by their ability and honesty. The labor of preparing the Internal Revenue Tax Bill was largely borne by him, and has been pronounced the most perfect system ever devised by any nation. OLIVER P. MORTON. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 437 OLIVER P. MORTON. LIVER P. MORTON was born in Wayne county, Indi- ana, August 4th, 1823. His parents died while he was a child, and he was committed to the care of his grand- mother, and apprenticed to learn the trade of a hatter. This was not, however, to the boy's taste. At the age of fourteen he entered the Wayne County Seminary, and afterwards graduated at the Miami University. He was admitted to the bar in 1846. Six years later, having taken rank among the most able lawyers of the State, he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court. In 1854 Mr. Morton aided in forming the Republican party. Until this time he had been a stanch democrat. He was nominated, in 1856, for governor of Indiana, but lost the election ; but his campaign speeches did much to aid the party of which he was a member, and in 1860 it triumphantly elected Henry S. Lane governor and Oliver P. Morton lieuteuant-governor. On the i6th January, 1861, Governor Lane was sent to the United States Senate, and Mr. Morton thus became governor of the State. It was in the midst of gathering and threatening danger to the Union that he was inaugurated. Indiana stood divided on the great questio* before the public, and the seceding States were given to under- stand that they would have more than the sympathies of Indiana. To see that she remained true to the Union was the work of the new governor. Soon came the call for men, and the startled na- tion rose to answer. To the earnest appeal of Mr. Morton, the response came in the shape of forty thousand volunteers for the federal army. For four years he was actively engaged in study- ing and promoting the welfare and comfort of the soldiers. In ferreting out and defeating the secret organization known as the " Knights of the Golden Circle," he employed secret detectives, placed agents at every point in the State, and thus prevented their triumph in well laid plans. The exposure of the organization 438 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND showed that it numbered eighty thousand men, well-drilled, well- armed and disciplined, ready at any time to obey orders, and bound together by the most solemn oaths. The discovery of their plans alone prevented Indiana from being the scene of the most terrible outbreak. When the war was ended, there came a day -when the great strain so long kept upon nerve and brain might relax, and the overtaxed body could rest, but it was near coming too late to save the life that had been so freely and unselfishly used for others. In the summer of 1865 he suffered a stroke of paralysis, and every effort to bring him relief proved vain. His physicians recommended change of air, and he sailed for Europe. After an absence of a year he returned, only partially recovered, however, and resumed his official labors. In January, 1867, he was elected to the United States Senate and resigned the governorship for this office. He is so feeble as often to sit while addressing the House, but his mind is as strong and active as ever, and his speeches are among the most able and eloquent ; and in all that pertains to a noble and unsullied man- hood, patriotism above reproach, and honor above suspicion, he .stands high among American statesmen. WILLARD SAULSBURY. ^ILLARD SAULSBURY was born in Kent county, Del- aware, June 2, 1820. He was educated with great care, attending both Delaware and Dickinson colleges ) from the latter of which he graduated. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1845 ; rose rapidly in his profession, and was appointed attorney general of his native State, holding the office five years. In 1859 he was elected Senator in Congress from Delaware, and was re-elected for the term ending 1871. He AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 439 was a member of the Chicago Convention in 1864, and has been, during his entire political career, a consistent democrat, true to his party whether it was in sunshine or clouds, in majority or minority in triumph or defeat ; true, not to party, but to party principles, and faithful to the Union. From the first moment that the idea of secession had a tangible form, he opposed it. When the message of Buchanan, December, 1860, gave them for the first time something to grasp, he met the arguments of Wigfall and Ivison unflinchingly, and declared that Delaware could not fail to be loyal to the Union ; and when, later, Jefferson Davis produced his celebrated resolutions in favor of the disunion of the States, Mr. Saulsbury rose and moved that parts of Washington's farewell address be substituted ; and was the only democratic member who did not vote for them when passed. He voted in favor of the act which authorized President Lincoln to use mili- tary force for the collection of revenues from the port of Charles- ton, and giving him the authority of commander-in-chief. During the war, and after, he steadily opposed the republican majority- in the Senate, and voted against the civil rights bill and the freed- men's bureau. His opposition was fearless and honest never shrinking from a duty because unpleasant or unpopular, never hesitating to denounce what he believed to be wrong because the majority favored it, and never courting popularity at the expense of his honor. EDWIN D. MORGAN. [DWIN D. MORGAN was born in the town of Washington, Massachusetts, 1811. He attended the common schools until he was twelve years old, when his family removed to Windsor. While yet a young man, he engaged in mercantile busi- ness, and by honesty and industry succeeded in establishing a fine EDWIN D. MORGAN. AMERICAN CITIZENS TREASURE HOUSE. 44! wholesal^ business. In 1836 he removed to New York city and entered business there. Mr. Morgan was a Whig, and when the party, defeated in its attempts to elect Henry Clay, who was its idol, rallied and reor- ganized, and became the Republican party, he was one of its stanchest friends and supporters. In 1856 he was Vice-President of the Republican National Convention, and was there made Chairman of the National Committee. In 1855 he was ap- pointed Commissioner of Emigration, which office he held until he was made governor in 1838, and he was re-elected to the same office at the close of the first term by the largest majority ever given to a Governor in New York. He entered upon his duties at a time when it required calm decision, good judgment, freedom from party prejudice and great firmness. All these traits of char- acter he possessed. The treasury of the State was literally empty, its credit overtaxed, and a strong party were craftily working to get possession of her canals, while her harbor defenses were so poor as actually to invite invasion. The canal finances were his first care, and with that energy and perseverance for which he was marked, he took grounds against their sale, urged their immediate completion, and before the close of his last term, had the satis- faction of seeing this carried out, and knowing that they were adding materially to the revenues of the State. Harbor defenses did not progress so rapidly, and it was not until 1863 that the de- fenseless condition of the State was forced upon their attention by the prospect of a possible war with England and France, and danger of ravages of privateers, that the legislature made an appro- priation of $1,000,000 for the necessary improvements. Every- thing was done that was necessary, and in the best order, but the alarm, magnified by the imagination of the people, subsided, the money was placed in the treasury, subject to the order of the proper authorities, and with the exception of $5000 consumed in the purchase of material, wood, iron and stone, remains untouched. In 1 86 1 when the first shot struck the flag that Washington fol- lowed to victory the stripes and stars that every nation on earth paid homage to the ensign of freedom that had been many a soldier-hero's shroud and pall, the people uprose to shield it, Mr. Morgan was one of the first to answer the call, and the quota of New York for men and money was about one-fifth of all that 442 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND was asked. The legislature appropriated three and a half million dollars, and authorized the raising of 30,000 men.- When the President's call came for 25,000 men from New York, 120,600 were waiting, and no call was ever made on that State that was not filled at once. In February, 1862, he was elected to the United States Senate for a term of six years, and he served on committees on almost every subject that comes under the supervision of the Senate. On the retirement of Mr. Fessenden from the position of Secretary of the 'Treasury, Mr. Morgan was solicited by Mr. Lincoln, to accept the position, but declined. Notwithstanding this, he was nominated without his knowledge, and only upon the most deter- mined refusal on his part, was he allowed to withdraw his name. In 1867 Williams College, Massachusetts, conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Laws. CHARLES D. DRAKE. CHARLES D. DRAKE was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, April nth, 1811; received his education in the common schools of the West, and afterwards was sent to Partridge's Mili- tary School in Connecticut, where he became a midshipman in the navy, in which he served until January, 1830, when he withdrew, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1833, and settled in St. Louis, then a town of only a few thousand inhabitants. In 1859 he was elected to fill a vacancy in the House of Representa- tives in Missouri, but took no part in public life until 1869, labor- ing night and day for the election of Stephen A. Douglas to the Presidency. During the rebellion he took a most earnest stand for the Union the " Constitution and the Union unconditionally." In AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 443 1863 Mr. Drake was elected a member of the Missouri State Con- vention, which was called by the governor to consult upon the slave question, and there he took the ground of immediate action, and advocated immediate emancipation. This was overruled, however, and the convention originated and adopted a scheme of gradual emancipation, so slow in its working as to scarcely termi- nate slavery by the year 1900. Mr. Drake was chairman of the committee from Missouri who waited upon President Lincoln to lay before him the statement of the condition of the State, people, and finances. In 1867 he was elected to the United States Senate, and in his steadfast adherence to radicalism as opposed to the conservatism of that day, no one, not even his most bitter enemy, can charge him with a sentiment dishonorable to himself or his constituents. WILLIAM P. FESSENDEN. fORTY years of political life and faithful service of devo- tion to State and Union on which lie no spot or blemish years of unsullied patriotism, solicitude and care pa- tiently and unselfishly borne ; years of unstained political honor make up the public life of this good man. He was born in Bos- cawen, New Hampshire, in 1806, graduated at Bowdoin College in 1823, and was admitted to the Portland bar in 1827. In 1831, when but twenty-five years of age, he was elected to the State Legislature, and though he was the youngest member of the House a boy in years and experience compared with his associates, he distinguished himself for his clear judgment, his unbiased opin- ions, his independence of character, and his spirit and ability in debate. As a lawyer he rose rapidly in his profession. In 1839 he represented the city of Portland in the State Legislature. At this time the House was Democratic, and Mr. Fessenden was a 444 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND Whig, remarkable then, as always, for his unswerving constancy to principle. So great was the respect he commanded for his hon- esty and ability, that he was placed on the Judiciary Committee, and made chairman of the committee for revising the statutes of the State. In 1840 he was nominated for Congress by the Whig party, and by an immense majority. In 1843 he declined re-elec- tion, and in 1845 was returned to the State Legislature. On being ren'ominated the following year he declined to again accept the office, and confined himself to the practice of his profession, in which he now stood as high as any man in his State. He was a member of the national convention which elected General Har- rison President in 1840, again of the convention which nomi- nated General Taylor in 1848, and also of the convention which nominated General Scott in 1852. In 1853 he was a member of the legislature, also the following year ; and although a stanch Whig, and both branches, Democratic, he was elected United States Senator. This was the result of a breach caused by the Kansas-Nebraska question ; and may, indeed, be said to have been the origin of the Republican party in Maine, since the union of the Whigs and Free Soil Democrats must needs result in the birth of a new party. Mr. Fessenden, opposed with all his strength, the Nebraska bill, and upon its passage delivered one of the most powerful speeches ever made in the halls of the Maine Legisla- ture, and which at once decided his position as one of the ablest men of the day ; and through all the changes of time, and the ups and downs of party life, he has steadily held that position. In 1839, without nomination, so decided was public opinion on the point, he was sent to the United States Senate for six years, and appointed by President Lincoln Secretary of the Treasury, to fill the vacancy caused by Salmon P. Chase's being appointed Judge of the Supreme Court. He was chairman of the Committee on Finance in the Senate, and here his excellent abilities as a finan- cier were invaluable to the country ; especially as it required the most rigid economy and the finest judgment to enable the govern- ment to meet the heavy expenses of the war. We doubt if any man in the Senate was better calculated to do the work which he did ; for his great discretion and fine powers of estimating the practicability of a measure were almost perfect. His informa- tion is general, enabling him to speak without preparation upon all AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE I?USE. 445 the ordinary topics of the day ; and his remarks, though brief, are always the word in season. He is polite and courteous in debate, never forgetting to yield to his opponent as much as he asks for himself ; arid though his principles and views are unchange- able, he never misrepresents nor wrongs those who believe differ- ently from himself. When President Johnson was impeached Mr. Fessenden voted for his acquittal, not for the sake of the individual, but the office he held, preferring rather that he go unpunished, if guilty, than have a precedent of this kind, weakening as it must, the authority and dignity of the chief executive, and placing him, as the repre- sentative of our national honor, in a disgraceful position before the world. Although many of his friends regreted this step on his part, and others censured it, there remains not a question of the purity of his motive, or even of the wisdom of his decision. JAMES HARLAN. ?)AMES HARLAN was born in Illinois, and like a large ma- jority of those who have risen to distinction, was a farm boy, who literally " earned his bread by the sweat of his brow." Habits of industry, economy and temperance prepared him for the great work which lay before him. Without time or money to give to his education, it was mostly acquired by study during evenings and stormy days, when his agricultural labors were temporarily suspended, and in 1841 he was ready to enter the preparatory department of Asbury College, then under the presidency of Bishop Simpson. With no means except what he earned by teaching winters, and during vacations, he struggled o i most manfully, and graduated with honor in 1845, and the folio- v- ing winter was elected Professor of Languages in Iowa College. 446 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND Without friends or influence, a stranger and unaided, he at- tained to an enviable position, and when he had been there but two years was elected Superintendent of Education for the State of Iowa. In 1848 he was succeeded by the Hon. Thomas H. Benton, Jr., on what was afterwards proven to be fraudulent election returns. He now commenced the practice of law, and continued it until 1853, when, by the Annual Conference of the Methodist Church he was elected President of the Mt. Pleasant Collegiate Institute. In 1850 he had been nominated by the people for Governor, but as he was not at that time old enough to be elected constitution- ally, they were reluctantly compelled to wait for time to remedy this defect in their favorite. In 1855 he was elected to the United States Senate, resigned the Presidency of the University, and was elected Professor of Political Economy and International Law. He met, in the Senate, some of the most able and some of the most unprincipled of our politicians, even those who had been for many years familiar with chicanery and diplomacy, who cared far more to carry a point, be it by right or wrong means, than they did for the honor of the Constitution and the preservation of the Union. They soon learned that, though young in years, it would be no light work to corrupt his principles or to win him over to be a party tool for their own or his advancement. For two years he held his seat unquestioned, when the Democratic members of the House finding him in the way of the prosecution of some of their schemes, knowing that the resolute will and un- bending spirit of the man threatened exposure and defeat for them, declared that he was not entitled to his seat that he had not been fairly elected, and he was no longer a member of the Senate. Mr. Harlan was not prepared to accept the situation, to quietly permit what he believed to be wrong to triumph in that manner; neither were the people disposed to have their voice stifled, and their choice set aside in this manner. The legislature was in session, and he hastened to Iowa City, was immediately re-elected, returned to Washington, was resworn, and at once pro- ceeded with his duties as if no Democratic party had been in existence. In 1861 he was elected for his second term, and com- manded the respect of his opponents by his fearless defense of whatever he believed was right and demanded by the best inter- AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 447 ests of the people, and his honesty and truthfulness secured the friendship of political opponents. He .long and ably opposed secession, assuring the southern members that though the people of the South were earnest, and many of them conscientious, yet any effort on their part to sever the Union must result in disas- trous failure, since the will of the majority would be, " preserve the Union at any cost." He was a member of the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, on which he was thoroughly informed, and was also a member of the Committee on Agriculture and a member of the Peace Congress. He was also a member of the Union Congressional Committee for the presidential campaign for 1864, having been chosen by the union members for the office, and on the isth May he became a member of President Johnson's cabinet, but the course of the President was so at variance with his views that he resigned his position and left the office, with the approval of his friends and the regret of the President. His speech, as Senator from Iowa, on the impeachment trial of President Johnson, is said to be the most powerful effort of his life. He has always been identified with the anti-slavery party, and his strongest labors in that direction have been so tempered with love, good will and the charity which " thinketh no evil, "that even those whom he met in that bitterly waged war gave him their respect and confidence. He is still in the prime of life, a noble Christian gentleman and a patriot of unquestioned honor. JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE. OHN C. BRECKINRIDGE was born at Lexington, Ken- tucky, January 2ist, 1821. He was educated at Center College, and studied law at Transylvania Institute and removed to Iowa, designing in the new far west to build up a rep- utation as enduring as the institutions of the State whose interests and advancement should be identical with his own. But his love 448 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND for the South, and especially for Kentucky, was so strong that his heart longed for a resting-place in his native State, and he returned to Lexington, which he ever after made his home. During the Mexican war he entered the military service and was elected Major of the Third Kentucky Regiment Volunteers, but was so late in the field he saw little actual service. Returning home at the close of the war he was elected to the House of Rep- resentatives in Kentucky, and all the brilliant qualities of the man were called out in debate. In 1851 he was elected to the Federal House of Representatives after a rather exciting contest, over General Leslie Coombs. In 1853 he was renominated and ran against Governor Robert Letcher, and met in him the strongest opposition he ever faced ; for at that time party spirit ran high and fierce. After the death of Henry Clay he was chosen to de- liver an eulogy upon his character, and , though widely differing from him in views of national polity, his admiration of the fine qualities of the man, his talents and his patriotism, made the task a pleasant one, and he united with the nation in its grief for its loss of the great statesman. The tribute which he paid to the memory of the departed was touchingly eloquent and beautiful. When Franklin Pierce was elected to the Presidency, Mr. Breck- inridge was offered the appointment of Minister to Spain, but declined it, when it was accepted by Mr. Soule. In 1856 he was elected Vice-President under Buchanan, and though the youngest man who had ever held the office, his native dignity, good sense and impartial judgment enabled him to discharge all his duties to the satisfaction of the country. FREDERICK T. FRELINGHUYSEN. f FRELINGHUYSEN was born at Mill- county, New Jersey, August 4th, 1817. & w , Frederick Frelinghuysen, was a member of the Continental Congress, and resigned his commission to go out and bear arms in defense of his country, and during the Revo- FREDERICK T. FRELINGHUYSEN. 45 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND lutionary war served as captain. In 1793 he was a Senator in Congress. The subject of this sketch is nephew and adopted son of Honorable Theodore Frelinghuysen, who was United States Senator from 1829 to 1835, and was also the candidate of the Whig party for the Presidency in 1844. Frederick T. Freling- huysen graduated at Rutger College, where he had distinguished himself for brilliant scholarship and indefatigable industry. Upon leaving school he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1839. In 1 86 1 he was appointed Attorney General of his native State, and upon the expiration of his term was reappointed. The death of the well known and lamented Hon. William Wright occasioned a vacancy in Congress which Mr. Frelinghuysen was appointed by the governor to fill. Giving universal satisfaction by his honorable course, he was re-elected by the people. He served on the Committee on Judiciary, and also on the Committees on Naval Affairs and Claims, in all of which he was one of the leading spirits. He denounced the course of President Johnson in the most unqualified manner, and in the impeachment trial declared him guilty of high misdemeanor in " willful and defiant disregard of law," and in a long and powerful speech asserted that to permit such a proceeding on the part of the Executive was to suffer the destruction of the government. In reconstruc- tion, his generous and patriotic heart seconded every effort which could be honorably made to restore peace to the war-stricken country ; and his sympathies for the South were keen and active. His term in the Senate ended March 4th, 1869, and though short, was productive of good, alike creditable to himself and the State lie represented so ably and honorably. WILLIAM H. SEWARD. ILLIAM H. SEWARD was born in Florida, Orange county, New York, in 1820. His ancestors were Welch on his father's, and Irish on his mother's side, and set- tled in the New World at an early date in its history. At nine AMERICAN CITIZENS TREASURE HOUSE. 451 years of age he was sent to the academy at Goshen, and at fifteen to the Union College, from which he graduated ; afterwards he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1822, and the next year he entered into partnership with Judge Miller, of Auburn. In 1828 he was tendered the nomination to Congress but declined it, and two years later he was sent to the State Senate. In 1834 he was nominated for Governor of the State but lost the election, and in 1838 was renominated and elected by a very large major- ity. In 1849 Mr. Seward was sent to the United States Senate and remained in that body until Mr. Lincoln's election, when he was offered the position of Secretary of State in the cabinet, which he accepted and held during Mr. Lincoln's administration. Mr. Seward was looked upon as one of the most able men in Con- gress, though no orator, and not a man who wins friends as did a host of our statesmen indeed, pure, personal friends he had few, but admirers and supporters he had many, He lacked utterly that magnetic power which controlled the feelings and sympathies of the masses, yet he was for many years the representative man of his party. JOHN JAY CRITTENDEN. )R. CRITTENDEN was born in Woodford county, Kentucky. His mother was left a widow while he was a child, and with but scanty means for their support. He was, in a great measure, self-educated, and early chose the profession of law, which he commenced at Hopkinville, from whence he removed to Frankfort, where he soon won a reputation and a fine practice. In 1816 he was chosen representative in the State legislature, and was nominated Judge of the Supreme Court of the United / r MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND States by J. Q. Adams, then President. In 1835 he was chosen United States Senator, served a full term, was re-elected, but resigned in 1841 the post of Attorney-General under President Harrison. In the fall of the same year, with every member of the cabinet, except Webster, he withdrew, sending a kind, courteous, and respectful letter of resignation to President Tyler, and was at once chosen Senator in Mr. Clay's place, that gentleman hav- ing resigned after the passage of the tariff bill, and was re-elected in 1843 for another full term. In 1818 he was elected Governor of Kentucky, a measure which gave great satisfaction. He was in Mr. Fillmore's cabinet during his term of office, and was again nominated for the Senate for the term ending 1861. He has always favored the protective policy, voting for the tariff of 1842, and against that of 1846. In 1835 he opposed Mr. Cal- houn's bill empowering postmasters to take from the mails docu- ments hostile to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas as unwise, unnecessary and unconstitutional, and strove to bring our difficulties with Mexico to a peaceful termination. He also opposed the admission of Kansas under the Topeka Constitution, and in favor of it under Mr. Toombs' bill, and again against it under the Lecompton Constitution, which he pronounced a fraud and contrary to the wishes of a majority of the people. His speech on this subject carried great weight with it, not only from the high position he held, but from his age, and as being the rep- resentative of Kentucky. Throughout all the bitter debates, and the daily wrangles over Kansas, Mr. Crittenden never forgot his dignity as a Senator, or indulged, even in the hight of debate, in language unbecoming either his position or himself. He was highly esteemed, both in the councils of State and Senate, and was a fine extemporaneous debater. It is peculiarly pleasant to us now to refer to Mr. Crittenden 's course during the war of 1861. Having exhausted his ingenuity to propose or suggest some pacific measure which might heal the wounds and prevent the outbreak, the very thought of which brought pain to his loyal heart, he took his seat in the United States House of Representatives as a member from Kentucky, in the extra session of July, 1861, took part in the debates and work which came up, not as an avowed partisan of the administration, but as something more honorable as a firm adherent to the gov- AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 453 eminent, as one whose nobility of soul, strength and honesty of purpose, and unquestionable patriotism made him superior to party and above prejudice, a man who was so true to the consti- tution so true to the Union as to be ready to sacrifice personal feeling for their preservation. It was during this session that in one of his most eloquent speeches he exclaimed, " Party ! party ! ! PARTY ! ! ! in an hour like this. Party! when the government is being tossed at the mercy of the storm, and any moment may see the Union a wreck. Perish party forever from the green footstool of God, if for it a government like ours must be sacrificed, or for one moment its safety be jeopardized ! " And a few weeks before his death he reiterated his firm purpose in these words : " In defeat or victory, my intention is to stand by and maintain the govern- ment." He died at his home in Frankfort, Kentucky, July 26, 1863. ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS. LEXANDER H. STEPHENS was born February u, 1812, in Crawfordville, Ga., and losing both parents, one in his infancy, the other when ten years old, was reared and educated mostly by his uncle, Aaron Grier. At one time he was strongly inclined to study for the ministry, but later he chose law, and was admitted to the bar in 1834, when twenty-two years of age. He rapidly acquired a fine reputation; indeed, his first case, which he gained against the celebrated Mr. Jeffreys, gave him at once a firm position. His orphan boyhood, his pov- erty, his struggle for his education and profession, when want and physical suffering battled mightily with the strong will that was, as he said with a. grim bitterness, " about all there was of him," 454 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND have marked both the face and character of the man. You read the story in the wistful look of his large, sad eyes, in the sweet and patient mouth even in the listless, weary droop of the slender shoulders. His birthplace was sold, at his father's death, but he had a love for that spot of earth that has been well nigh the ruling passion of his life, and he set apart the first fruits of his profes- sional labor to redeem it from the hands of strangers. The young neophite had no paltry pettifoggers to oppose him, but those who had tempered their steel with practice, and whose talents, no less than their legal lore, made them able antagonists. At the very beginning of his career he came in contact with men whose social, political, financial and professional positions were already defined and secured ; men who are all gone now men of yesterday, but who made for their names a place in our memory. There were Sayre, and Thomas, and Dawson, and Tombs; these were the men amongst whom the friendless and penniless boy had to make his way the men amongst whom he did make his way right gal- lantly. In 1836 he was nominated for the General Assembly of his State, and had a most gratifying majority of votes against a bitter and vigorous opposition, arising from the fact of his well- known, openly expressed objection to the doctrine of nullifica- tion, then popular with the people, and his objection to the Vigil- ance Committees which had been appointed in many counties in the State, and proposed in his district, and which were clothed with unlimited and despotic power to arrest and punish, without trial, any persons who might be suspected of tampering with slaves, or circulating amongst them incendiary sentiments. He appealed to the people with an earnestness which he rarely sur- passed, " as they valued, prized, and cherished liberty, to stand by the supremacy of the law" The measure was defeated, but at a cost, for at once he was charged with being unsound upon the slavery question, and some of his most masterly speeches were made in self-defence. , The life and labors of Mr. Stephens have been presented to the public so often, and are so well known, so thoroughly appre- ciated and admired, it seems unnecessary to enter into details. In 1837, Mr. Stephens' health, always delicate, gave way com- pletely, and for the next ten years he was so feeble most of the time as to be unable to walk without support; yet he gave up AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 455 his work for but one year, when he was compelled to seek relief in travel. In 1839 he was sent to Charleston as delegate to the National Convention, and there met the most distinguished men of the nation. The subject under discussion when Mr. Stephens made his debut in the capitol of South Carolina was, the impor- tance to the South of direct communication and trade with Great Britain, and the best mode of calling public attention to it. It -may not be generally known that South Carolina and Georgia were always opposed to each other in everything, as much so as if it had been a settPed principle and policy for them to differ, and this point was no exception. They passed the first clause of the subject readily, but upon the second they failed most signally to agree. Mr. Stephens, then comparatively unknown in his own State, was a stranger here, and when the most eminent men of South Carolina had spoken upon the question, and the opposing party was requested to meet their arguments, the request was made in a manner which clearly denoted that they felt there was not a David on the floor who dare meet their Goliath. A mo- ment of silence followed the call, and then it was repeated, while the glow of triumph brightened on the faces of the prematurely complacent Carolinians. At length a stranger arose in one of the boxes, a man with a beardless, boyish face, with mournful, deep set eyes, around which pain had traced deep lines a man who was slender and stooping, who clung to the box as if for support, and whose general appearance, as he glanced over the assembly,, brought forth a smile of pitying contempt. But, says that mag- nificent writer, John Savage, " The hour and the man had come, and no one who heard that speech delivered, ever forgot it. His voice was soft and rich and penetrating, and scarcely had he commenced when every head was raised, and every eye was fixed in wonder. The contrast between his physical delicacy and his intellectual strength, between his masculine thoughts and melo- dious intonations, produced the greatest astonishment, and this in turn changed into intense admiration of his quick wit, his keen powers of analyzation, and his overwhelming replies. It was a bold proceeding in a stranger, to measure swords with such antag- onists as he met there, but it was a still more memorable exploit to obtain, as he did, the victory over them in argument. The speech, in which he snatched their laurels from the most brilliant states- 456 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND men present, was the wonder of the day, and the topic of eulogy ; and he, modest and quiet, was the observed of all observers." In 1843 he was nominated for Congress, and it was in this cam- paign that'he met and spoke in opposition to Judge Colquitt, the eminent candidate of the Whig party. He was elected, and then was compelled to contest for his seat in the Senate, on some tri- fling quibble, persistently brought forward by his opponent, and stoutly maintained for some time. Mr. Stephens opposed the Mexican war, believing it unwise, unconstitutional, and that it had been brought forward by President Polk to advance personal interests. In 1850 he threw all his strength against the secession movement made in the South on account of the admission of California. In the fall of that year he traveled over the land, everywhere making the most eloquent appeals successful ones, too to the people, to stand firm for the Union. In 1848 he gave the nomination of General Taylor his cordial support, but when the General's policy met his disapproval, he stated it frankly, as his country's friend should do. Mr. Buchanan's turn came, and though not his choice, and his heart misgave him, he voted for him. The quarrel of the President with Judge Douglas he considered most unwise, not only impolitic and unjust, but dangerous. He foresaw that if Mr. Buchanan persisted in his course, a disruption of the party at the Charleston Convention was almost certain, and that a national convulsion must follow. Mr. Stephens again re- tired from political life, for the reason, as he dryly remarked, that " if he sees that the engineer is reckless, and a smash up ahead, he gets off at the first station." In 1855 Mr. Stephens again stood before the public in the po- sition of antagonist to the most gigantic and unconstitutional piece of injustice ever attempted by Americans the Know- Nothing movement which seemed, so silent had been its opera- tions, to spring into life like Venus from the wave, full grown at birth. Henry A. Wise, of Virginia, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, rallying to the defence, flung out the stripes above the heads of the adopted children of our land, and pointed to the Constitution, which gives all our citizens equal rights. When the campaign of 1860 called the people again to choose a President, Mr. Stephens was very ill as himself and every one believed, ready to die but the great pulsation of the nation's AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 457 heart throbbed against his own, and the " impending crisis " roused him into new life, and he went out once more at the call of his country to battle for the Union. His speech in Columbus, Ga., was one of the grandest efforts of his life, and so far was his audience carried by the force of eloquence, that when he called upon them to stand by the Constitution in any or every event, the audience rose in a mass to their feet, and their enthusiasm was uncontrollable. He voted and labored for Stephen A. Douglas, and worked for him with a will and an energy worthy of the ob- ject, and when the final and dreadful ending came, he wrought, with an almost frantic desperation, for the cause so dear to him ; and through the terrible storm that swept over our land he was as loyal to the Union as ever was needle to the magnet ; through the darkness of the night, when the clouds hid the future from less discerning eyes than his own, he saw the rock where dimly burned, like evening vesper star, the light that would guide us safely through the storm, and by that light, " Aye, thrill, Ye pulses, standing still with shame," he read the words of the Constitution, on whose soundless depths, as on some land-locked harbor, rode safely our noble Union, late washed by waves of blood, torn by contending principles, wept over by Justice and Mercy, but now saved to her worshiping sons ; and turning from the vision which to his prophetic and longing soul was the very gate of Heaven, he waited till the whirl- wind passed by, then, like the Samaritan of old, gave himself to the work of healing the wounds that came of strife. It is not strange that Mr. Stephens accepted the position of Vice-President of the Southern Confederacy, for, though he long opposed secession, pronounced it a "wrong and an actual crime," he yielded at last to the demand of Georgia, and became the second officer of the new government, but was a most convincing proof of the truth of the old proverb, that " A man convinced against his will, Is of the same opinion still,"- and he declared, both then and after, that he filled the position only in the hope that he might be of use to the country, and that sometime his counsels might prevail. 458 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND His faith in the restoration policy of Mr. Lincoln he expressed in no equivocal terms, and he declared in all his speeches that " the whole United States is our country, to be cherished and defended as such by all our hearts and all our arms." Mr. Stephens' letters and speeches, so far as made public, are well worthy of perusal, and whether read for their literary or po- litical merits, are equally interesting to scholar or politician. His character is symmetrical, polished, beautiful, either as that of a statesman, a patriot, or a Christian gentleman. His biographer says of him, " At the first, he was a poor orphan ; then, successful lawyer ; champion of education ; advocate of a great railroad ; protector of the weak against the strong, righting wrong and securing jus- tice ; benefactor of the poor ; faithful ever to the home and graves of his sires ; laying aside the robes of office from choice, while in the noon of power ; an ardent defender of the Union, as well as (Jevotee of the doctrines of State rights of the school of Jefferson and Madison; ministering spirit at the hospitals and caring for captive enemies as for brethren. Then, a State prisoner, and af- terward a Senator elect, dedicating his matchless eloquence again to harmony, wisdom, peace, and Union ; hero of civil triumphs and bloodless battles; Christian gentleman and patriot states- man ; in a word Alexander Hamilton Stephens." HENRY CLAY. NB of the most distinguished of QUI southern statesmen was Henry Clay, who bore in youth the soubriquet of the "Mill Boy of the Slashes.** His father was a clergyman, but in so poor circumstances as only to allow a very meager edu- cation to his son, who, as soon as his attainments would permit^ AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 459 was put as a copyist in the office of the Court of Chancery in Richmond. With a strong desire for a better education, and with a dim, undefined consciousness of the power that would one day be developed in him, he commenced the study of law at the age of nineteen, and so rapidly did he progress that he was admitted to the bar in the course of the year. In 1797 he commenced the practice of law in Lexington, Kentucky, which was henceforth to be his home. He took a lively interest in politics, and when a convention was called for a revision of the Constitution of Ken- tucky, the youthful politician rendered himself remarkable for his efforts towards the election of such delegates as were in favor of emancipation of the slaves. Of course this could but be unpopu- lar, and he fearfully hazarded his position by it, but his after course, especially in regard to the alien laws, gave great satisfaction and soon made him a general political favorite. In 1803 he was elected a member of the legislature by a large majority, where his natural powers of eloquence and argumentative ability won him the high- est rank. He was chosen, in 1806, to fill the vacancy in the Senate caused by the resignation of General Adair. He was again ap- pointed to the Senate in 1839, when the character of the nation was undergoing a formative process. The problem, whether Fed- eral or Democratic principles should obtain the predominance, was hastening to a solution. The country was ready and waiting for the coming of the man who had the self-centered strength to mark out and fix its subsequent policy. Mr. Clay's term in the Senate lasted but two years, when he returned to Lexington, but already he had established himself in the hearts of the people, and Kentucky could not dispense with services so fitted for public life and legislation, and he was immediately elected to a seat in the House of Representatives; and so conspicuous had his talents already made him, SQ great was his popularity, that he was at once made Speaker of the House. This could b,ut have been a proud moment in the life of Clay. Owing nothing tp birth, nothing to education, nothing to, outward circumstances, or to the influence of friends, he was in a position to receive the willing homage of those who could boast of all, and the torrent of applause which greeted the announcement of his election revealed how strong was the love of the enthusiastic crowd of friends who would rally to his support, even as notf they had rallied to make his entrance 460 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, ANtf amongst them a triumph. Meantime arose the difficulty between the United States and England, in 1812, in which Clay took so active a part as to be charged by some historians with having been the principal instigator of it. The gloom which overspread the nation, however, soon passed away, and England, who had been so exultant, was made to lower her tone of insolent superiority, and Clay was chosen one of the negotiators of peace. He returned from Europe with his laurels undimmed, having proven himself as skillful a diplomatist as he was eloquent as an orator, or able as a debater. Upon his return he was elected to Congress, and took his seat in 1815, and was again chosen speaker. President Madison offered him the position of Minister to Russia ; again, upon a va- cancy in his cabinet, the Secretaryship of War. Honors poured in upon the rising statesman from every quarter, but believing he could serve his country best in her halls of legislation, he declined every offer. He identified himself with the tariff question in 1819-20, and became the acknowledged champion of domestic industry by his resolute advocacy of protective duties. He was also an active agent in the adjustment of the Missouri Compro- mise, and in other subjects of national interest. In 1834 President Jackson's characteristic rashness would have plunged us into a war with France. In the treaty of 1831 France had pledged herself to pay the United States twenty-five million of francs for aggressions made by that power upon our commerce during the wars in which she was engaged from 1800 to 1817. The money was not promptly paid, and Jackson recommended reprisals upon French property. A war would, of course, have been the result of so desperate a step, and in this extremity Mr. Clay stepped in to avert so great a calamity, for at that time we could ill afford it. As Chairman of the Committee on For- eign Relations, he reported a resolution to the effect that it was inexpedient, at that time, to pass any law vesting in the President authority for making reprisals upon French property, or upon the property of any foreign power, in the emergency of provision not being made for the payment to the United States of the indem- nity stipulated by the treaty of 1813. At that time, one like Clay, of indomitable courage and Roman firmness, was needed in the Senate to curb the headstrong rashness of the executive. Per- AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 461 haps the times demanded a President with the boldness and inflexible will of Jackson, at the same time that it brought upon us danger which we desired to avert, not by compromise of our nation's honor, but by diplomacy, not even by willful or feigned blindness to that which we could afford to see at another time. Mr. Clay was no less distinguished for his generosity and phi- lanthropy than for other noble qualities. The oppressed instinct- ively looked to him for redress, and he was the eloquent and impassioned advocate of the wronged and the down-trodden. His position for years was one of conflict, when identifying himself often with the weakest party, he was obliged to stand forever on the defensive. In 1834 the Senate had adopted measures of cen- sure against President Jackson, and in the following year Mr. Benton sought to have them expunged. The Senate refused, by an immense majority ; but two or three years after it was brought up, and time had made such changes that now there seemed to be a prospect of success ; but Mr. Clay came forward to battle against odds as bravely, and with the same undaunted spirit with which three years before he had hailed the assurance of victory. His speeches before the Senate at that time were full of the bitter- est sarcasm and most scathing irony, and the hot indignation of the man was poured out in a burning but eloquent and irre- sistible tide of invectives against what he denounced as the mean condescension, the groveling sycophancy, the self-degradation, and self-abasement of those who sought to expunge from the nation's archives by a few black lines that which he (the President) had not thought it worth his while to expunge from the nation's hearts by later acts. One paragraph, or portion of a speech will be a sample of the burning, impetuous, eloquent indignation which he felt and expressed so ably. It was after the wily stratagems of the other party had brought them the victory which he considered disgraceful to the Senate, that the defeated lion of the Whig party stood at bay and exclaimed, while his eyes flashed and his lips whitened with anger : " But why should I detain the Senate, or needlessly waste my breath in fruitless exertions ? The decree has gone forth, and it is one of urgency, too. The deed is to be done that foul deed, like the blood-stained hands of the guilty Macbeth, all ocean's waters will never wash out. Proceed then to the noble work that is before you, and like other executioners, do 462 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND it quickly ; and when you have perpetrated it, go home to the people and tell them what honors you have achieved for our com- mon country. Tell them you have extinguished one of the bright- est and purest lights that ever burned on the altar of civil liberty. Tell them that you have silenced one of the noblest bat- teries that ever thundered in defense of the constitution, and bravely spiked the guns. Tell them that, henceforth, no matter what daring or outrageous act any president may perform, you have forever hermetically sealed the mouth of the Senate. Tell them that he may fearlessly assume any power he chooses snatch from its custody the public purse, command a military detachment to enter the halls of the capitol, overawe Congress, trample down the constitution and raze every bulwark of freedom, and the Sen- ate must stand mute in silent submission and never, now or hereafter, dare to raise its opposing voice. That it must wait until a House of Representatives, humbled and saddened like itself, and a majority of it composed of partisans of the president,, shall prefer articles of impeachment then, not till then, may it dare to think, or act. Tell them, finally, that you have restored the glorious doctrine of passive obedience, and non-resistance, and if the people do not pour out their indignation and impreca- tions, I have yet to learn the character of the American freemen." Seldom has our country been the scene of such enthusiasm as that which characterized the presidential campaign of 1840. The: interests of the country, owing to the success of the banking and sub-treasury scheme, were at the lowest stage of depression, and in a change of policy the people fondly hoped to see business inter- ests revive. The twelve years of worship which they had given to the hero of New Orleans had not been productive of the desired effects, and the expected blessings had not come at the call of the anxiously awaiting people ; and now, weary with this state of affairs, they rose with a unanimous movement and demanded other laws and another policy. It was expected, when the con- vention met at Harrisburg, that Henry Clay would be their choice, but with a blind fanaticism they still desired to be ruled by a mili- tary chieftain, and General Harrison received the nomination. All that was noblest in the character of Henry Clay shone bright in this defeat, as, nobly putting aside every personal consideration, he hid, even from himself, his bitter disappointment, and devoted AMERICAN CITIZENS' TREASURE HOUSE. 463 all his strength and influence to the success of the rival candi- date. Harrison was borne into power with an overwhelming majority, but he did not live long to enjoy this crowning honor ; he died in one month from the time of his inauguration, and Vice President Tyler took his place at the head of the nation. In 1844 he was nominated for the Presidency in opposition to James K. Polk, the Democratic candidate, and again defeated, even when his party had not thought such a thing possible. The Kentucky electors, who not only with justifiable pride as a states- man and legislator, but with affection as a public benefactor and friend, immediately waited upon him to tender him their heartfelt regrets for his defeat. Mr. Clay was evidently deeply disap- pointed, but he bore his disappointment nobly. Again he put aside all thoughts of self, and in his anxiety for the welfare of the country he loved, as a mother loves her wayward child even more tenderly and with deeper solicitude for every pain he costs her, so he waited and worked, and prayed that all might be well. The annexation of Texas was followed, as he had predicted, by war with Mexico, which was soon subdued by American arms, and once more the people desired him for their ruler, and once more the eyes of the masses were dazzled by the epaulets and laurels of Taylor. Fresh from the fields which he had won, and with all the glory, half fictitious though it was, of having trod, as a con- queror, the " Halls of the Montezumas," he was chosen Chief Executive. Twenty years of reverses had not soured or embit- tered his disposition, neither had injustice, detraction, or blasted hopes made him a hater of his kind. He was the same ardent and unselfish patriot that he had ever been ; and when Kentucky,, believing that he was needed now, if ever, in the legislative coun- cils, offered him a seat in the United States Senate, though aged and toil-worn, he accepted the responsibility without one mo- ment's hesitation. It was indeed a time when the country had need of its truest son, for the question of slavery, always a dan- gerous and fearful one, presented itself with more than its usual terrors. Mr. Clay offered measures of compromise between the North and South, and as he appeared upon the Senate floor, he seemed to regain something of his youthful vigor. His wan cheek glowed again with the flush of excitement, and his eye flashed with the old light before which his adversaries had so often 464 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND quailed ; while his voice grew soft and mellow the same seduct- ive tones that had the power to disarm anger. To those who spurned the idea of compromise he exclaimed, "There are those who are very wise in their own esteem, and who will reject the idea of compromise, but that is no reason why compromise should not be attempted. I go for honorable compromise when occasion demands it. Life itself is but a compromise, until the great de- stroyer finally triumphs. All legislation all government all society is formed upon the principle of mutual compromise con- cession, politeness, courtesy upon these everything is based. Compromise is particularly appropriate between members of a republic, as of a common family. Compromises have this recom- mendation that if you concede anything, you have something conceded to you in return. Treaties are but compromises made with foreign powers, which is not a case like this. Here, if you concede anything, it is to your own family your own brethren. Let him who elevates himself above humanity, with its weaknesses, its wants, its necessities, say, if he will, that he never will compro- mise ; but let no one who is not above the frailties of our common nature, disdain compromises." The debate was continued through many months, and the ex- citement became intense, both in Congress and amongst the people, and Mr. Clay, disregarding the weakness of age, and the pains of disease, battered on to effect a reconciliation of the oppo- site principles of the North and the South. Mr. Foot, of Mis- sissippi, and Mr. Bell, of Tennessee, had aided him, presenting each a set of compromise resolutions, which were not favored by the executive, but during the continuance of the agitation, Mr. Taylor died, and Mr. Fillmore was understood to look upon the measure with more leniency, and when, on the thirty-first of July a bill passed entering Utah as a free territory, ignoring the existence, for a time, of any other bills, he felt that the day of his triumph was at hand for his far-seeing eye told him that the Senate did not come to this work without having made up their minds to carry out, separately, every one of the three bills. The irresisti- ble influence of Mr. Clay, so long and so well sustained, had suc- cessfully combatted faction in all its forms, and converted opposition into reluctant auxiliary. But the eloquent statesman had combatted error for the last time the great chieftain had AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 465 fought his last battle. He had passed the three-score and ten allotted to human life, and as spring advanced he sank rapidly. Yet even now, his sympathies were warm and quick. The people were running wild over Kossuth, and the greatest interest was felt in that oppressed country. The eloquent and fascinating Hunga- rian had nearly upset the neutrality policy of our government. The voice which had been lifted so often in behalf of South Ameri- can independence and the struggling Greeks, was now heard in friendly remonstrance. The dying statesman admitted the en- thusiastic Hungarian to an interview. He addressed him with his usual courtesy, and in terms of the highest compliment, but protested against the policy which had been recommended to our people, and demonstrated its impracticability. This was his last service to his country. After this he sank speedily, and intelli- gence was received daily with mournful interest. The calamity came at last. On the twenty-ninth of June, 185 2, it was announced in the Senate Chamber that Henry Clay was no more. ROBERT TOOMBS. OBERT TOOMBS was born in Washington county, Ga., J u ^ 2 ' I ^ I - received a partial education in Georgia, but completed his studies in Schenectady, N. Y., graduating there in 1828. His law course was taken at the University of Virginia, and he began his professional life in his native town. He served under General Scott as captain of a volunteer company in the Creek war, and was a dashing and gallant soldier, who feared nothing on earth always ready for a skirmish or a frolic. In 1837 he was elected to the State Legislature, and continued a member of the lower house until 1845. In that year he was elected to the Federal House of Representatives, remaining in AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 467 that body until 1853, and was then sent to the United States Senate and served his term, giving such satisfaction to his con- stituents, that he was renominated and returned. He served on a number of prominent committees, where his fine executive abili- ties won him the respect and admiration of his associates. He was from the first a member of the extreme Southern party, and strong in his political convictions. After Mr. Lincoln's election, he threw all his strength and influence with the party of his choice. He opposed Alexander Stephens, and at Milledgeville made, in answer to him, November 15, 1860, one of the most brilliant campaign speeches ever listened to. On January ipth, 1861, Georgia passed the secession ordinance, and Mr. Toombs withdrew from the United States Senate, and became a member of the Confederate Congress. When Jefferson Davis was elected President of the Southern Confederacy, he ap- pointed Mr. Toombs his Secretary of State, and in September of the same year he resigned his office, and it was filled by Robert Hunter, of Virginia. He was better known than many of our Soiithern statesmen, partly by his brilliant oratory, his impulsive, impetuous eloquence that flashed and blazed out like the swift lightning from the heaped up banks of inky clouds that lie against the horizon of the tropical skies ; and by the burning, scathing; words that rushed in resistless torrents, like molten lava from the bosom of Vesuvius, and won for this fervid son of the South the soubriquet of the " Georgia Fire Eater." Mr. Toombs belonged to the Whig party when first he entered political life, but after- wards became a Democrat. THOMAS A. HENDRICKS. AMERICAN CITIZENS' TREASURE HOUSE. 469 THOMAS A. HENDRICKS. ^HOMAS A. HENDRICKS was born in Muskingum county, Ohio, September yth, 1819. He studied law in PennsyL vania and was admitted to the bar in Chambersburg," after which he settled and practiced his profession in Indiana. In 1850- he was a member of the convention to amend the State Constitution, and in 1851 he was Representative from Indiana and served in Congress two years with marked ability. Mr. Hendricks was ap- pointed by President Pierce Commissioner of the General Land Office, and during the four years he held the position, eighty mil- lion acres were sold. In 1860 Mr. Hendricks was the Democratic candidate for Governor of Indiana, but was defeated, and two years later was elected by his party to the United States Senate. In 1868 his was prominent among the names in the New York Convention for the Presidency, and had the party decided upon him to lead in the ensuing campaign he would have been a leader worthy of them. His name was upon the ticket of this cam- paign for Governor of Indiana, and a second time he was defeated for the position. Mr. Hendricks is one of the most able and pop- ular men in the Democratic party. He is as much marked for the gracefulness of his oratory as for his eloquence, and his audience never weary of listening, while his politeness and good humor in debate make him a general favorite. His speech on the Supple- mentary Reconstruction Bill was one of his most masterly efforts. Said he, " What objection have you to the Constitutions of the. Southern States as amended by the people ? For two years you have kept those States out of the Union, so far as representation was concerned ; for two years trade, commerce, or business have been afraid to put out their hand, or capital to trust to any enter- prise, and the spirit of confidence and harmony have been passing away from both sections of the country because of the strife thus kept up. For what have you done it, and what end have you attained?" * * A republican form of government is one in 47 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND which the people make their own laws through legislators selected by themselves execute their laws through legislators chosen by themselves and administer law through their own courts. * * Yet what have you done under a constitution that guaran- tees to the State a republican form of government ?" There is no question but that his enthusiasm, beautiful as it was, and seductive as was the eloquence with which he urged the claims of the South, was the honest sentiment of a heart that bled over the misery that war had occasioned, and his ready sym- pathy had a counterpart in many a noble heart that put aside every consideration but loyalty to the Union and the future wel- fare of our beloved country. THIERS. ^RESIDENT THIERS was born at Marseilles on the i6tk of April, 1797, his father, who was a dealer in clothes, having been mined by the Revolution. From 1806 to 1814 he studied at the Seminary in that city, thanks to the aid of the Chenier family, relatives of his mother. From 1815 to i&ao he studied la\y at Aix, and went to Paris in 1821. Between 1822 and 1829 he wrote suecessivelyj Articles for the Constitutionnel^ an op- position paper then very sraccessful ; a volume of art-criticisms called "The Exhibition of 1822;** "Historical Tablets," written jointly with Jouffroy, Mignet, and Remusat, and his " History of the Revolution.? After the revolution of 1830 he became Counsellor of State, and Secretary General of the Department of Finances, under the celebrated Baron Louis, of whom Mr. Thiers always speaks as his teacher in financial matter*. In 1831 he defended the hereditary Peership, in. the Chamber of Peers; and, in 1832, having become AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 471 Minister of the Interior, he caused the arrest of the Duchess de Berry, during her famous insurrection in la Venaee. From 1832 to 1834, having left the Interior Department, he took charge of that of. Commerce and Public Works ; returning to the former in 1834, and marching personally against the barricades and rioters who appeared in Paris at that time. In 1836, he resigned ; but, a month later, he was President of the Council of Ministers and in charge of the Foreign Affairs Office, where he was succeeded by Count Mole in August, 1836. In 1837, he made a trip to Italy, where he created quite a sensation as a liberal patron of art and a liberal Minister. In 1840, as a result of the famous Thiers Guizot coalition, he became Minister of Foreign Affairs and President of the Council, and caused the construction of the fortifications of Paris. At the close of the year he resigned, and traveled in Italy, Spain, Germany and England, until 1845. In 1848, he was Minister for one day, on the eve of the Revolution ; and, at the close of the year was elected to the Constitutional Assembly by four Departments. At the coup d'etat of 1851 he was arrested -and sent to the frontier. In 1852 he returned to France. In 1863 he was elected by Paris to the Corps Legislatif, and was re-elected in 1869. He was chosen a member of the French Academy in 1833, in the place of Andrieux. In 1847 ne published his History of the Consulship and the Empire, which he finished during the reign of Napoleon th,e Third. His life from 1870 till now is well 472 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND GEORGE S. BOUTWELL. EORGE S. BOUTWELL was born in Brookline, Massa- chusetts, January 28th, 1818. When seventeen years or age he went to Groton and commenced business as clerk in a store. At nineteen he appeared first as a lecturer before the public in the Groton Lyceum. At the age of twenty-one he was nominated by the Democratic party for the legislature, but. lost the election. Three years later he was again candidate, and being elected, was continued in the office seven successive years. In 1851 he was elected Governor of Massachusetts and held the office two terms. In 1853 he separated from the Democratic party and became a leader of the Republicans in Massachusetts. In 1861 he was a member of the Peace Congress, was the first Com- missioner of Internal Revenue and organized the revenue system of the United States. He was elected a Representative in Congress and took his seat in March, 1863. He was appointed a member of the Judiciary Committee, and continued on it, and also on the Joint Committee on Reconstruction. At the close of the war he was one of the first advocates of negro suffrage. As a manager of the Impeach- ment Trial before the Senate, his honest sincerity and eloquence attracted the attention and admiration of the whole country. Mr. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 473 Boutwell had just taken his seat in the Forty-first Congress when he was called by President Grant to take a seat in his cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury. Mr. Boutwell entered upon his duties under many difficulties, and though he pursued a new policy, the practical results of which was doubted by some, the na- tional debt was reduced more than twenty million dollars during his first three months in office. There is no question of Mr. Bout- well's honesty, or of his integrity, while his ability, force of char- acter, vigorous powers and habits of thought, together with an attractive, kindly manner, make him a general favorite and a trusted statesman. ZACHARIAH CHANDLER. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 475 ZACHARIAH CHANDLER. ^ACHARIAH CHANDLER was born in Bedford, N. H., December 10, 1813. He received a good education, and at the age of twenty-two went to Detroit, Mich., engaged in mercantile business, and as the town, then small, increased in size, so also did his business, until he was one of the heaviest wholesale dry goods merchants in the State. He was a whig in politics, so far at least as he was a politician, which was not to any great extent, and he never sought political honors. He was elected Mayor of Detroit in 185 1, and in the following year was nominated for Governor of the State, but his fine sense of honor forbade his silence upon what seemed to him vital points of interest to the nation, and he gave his views so plainly and independently as to offend the party in power, and lost the election. In 1856 he was elected to the United States Senate for six years, and during that term was identified with all the leading movements of the day : for a general system of internal improvements, for pre- venting the further increase of slave territory, and for the sup- pression of the vices and corruption which disgraced the nation. One of our finest critics writes of him : " The country does not know how much it owes to his Roman firmness. The people have become too much accustomed to regard him as one of the fortresses of their liberties, which no artillery could breach, and whose parapet no storming column could ever reach, that they have never given themselves a thought as to the disastrous consequences which might have followed had he spoken or voted differently from what he did. When did he ever pander to position, or complain of being unappreciated by his party ? Yet no man ever did braver work for a party, and got less con- sideration than he." In the rebellion he advocated prompt and energetic measures, not half-way action. He was prompt and efficient in promoting the welfare of the soldiers, and in bringing about an honorable peace. JOHN C. CALHOUN. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 477 JOHN C. CALHOUN. subject of this sketch was born in Abbeville District, South Carolina, March i8th, 1782, and the luster of his name, which was never clouded or dimmed or disgraced, lent to the glory of the State that gave him birth, that he loved so well, and served so faithfully. His father was the first member elected to the Provincial legislature from the interior of the State, and of this body and the State legislature, he continued a member for thirty years, with the intermission of a single term, and held the office at the time of his death. At Yale College young Calhoun distinguished himself for breadth of intellect and for his precocious sagacity, and the learned Dr. Dwight, president of the College, with whom he had frequent dis- cussions, was astonished at his depth of thought and power of eloquence, and unequivocally predicted the -future of his pupil. He remarked to a friend, " That young man has talents enough to be President of the United States." A high compliment in that day, but which, with the experience that later years has brought us, we are justified in questioning, and we defend our own skepti- cism and turn wistful eyes backward over time as we cry, " Oh, for the days when men like Calhoun dared to ' Beard the lion in his lair. The Douglas in his halls ! ' ' When fame's fingers had already begun to weave laurels for his brow, as he stepped forth to meet a Randolph of Roanoke, and in answer to that powerful antagonist, threw back, with fiery impetuosity, concentrated bitterness, and scathing scorn, in the true spirit of the proud sons of the South, the taunts and sneers with which he had been met in the legislature by him. Those who knew Randolph, and knew how haughty and impe- rious was his nature, can perhaps imagine his astonishment and rage, when this stripling stepped forth, as confidently as did David to meet Goliath, and exclaimed, in answer to Randolph's pro- 47 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD. AND posal of conciliatory measures in regard to our " little unpleasant- ness " with England in 1811, " Sir, I here enter my solemn protest against this low and calculating avarice entering this hall of legis- lation. It is only fit for shops and counting houses ; and ought not to disgrace the seat of sovereignty by its squalid and vile ap- pearance. Whenever it touches sovereign power, the nation is ruined. It is too short-sighted to defend itself. It is an unprom- ising spirit, always ready to yield a part and save the balance. It is too timid to have in itself the power of self-preservation. It is only safe under the shield of honor. It is unworthy of our national government, unworthy of our nation." Loving the South with a passionate fervor, he was yet a man so clear-sighted as to refuse to gratify her at the expense of principle and honor, hence, when the embargo was greatly relied on in the troubles ot 1811, to which we before alluded, and the enthusiastic South ap-. plauded the scheme, the young statesman had the hardihood to oppose it in the most energetic manner. Said he, " I object to the restrictive system, because it does not suit the genius of our people or our government. To make the restrictive system effective,, requires the most arbitrary laws. England, with the most severe penal statutes, has not been able to exclude prohibited articles, and Napoleon, with all his power and vigilance, was obliged to resort to the most barbarous laws to enforce this continental sys- tem. It is unworthy of our principles alike insulting to them and our constitution." In 1817 Mr. Calhoun was appointed by Mr. Monroe to the office of Secretary of War. Entering upon his duties under the most adverse circumstances, but everything was forced to yield to his skill and sagacity. He found upward of forty million of dol- lars of unsettled accounts, which he speedily reduced to three million ; and by the economy and exactness of accountability which he introduced into every branch of expenditure under his control, he saved the government many million of dollars. He was twice elected Vice-President of the United States, on which office he conferred a dignity and character every way worthy of the station and of himself. On the occasion of his being chosen to fill Mr. Haines' seat in the Senate, he met with the most bitter opposition, and on account of his views favoring State Rights, was even threatened with AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 479 arrest, and it was at this time, when treason reared its head in the high places of the land, that some of his most able and eloquent speeches were made. We only wish it were possible to make room for them upon these pages, or even for lengthy extracts. He has been repeatedly pronounced to be the most profound metaphysi- cian of his age ; but in setting him at the head of American ora- tors we design to speak more of his clear-sighted wisdom, of his practical application of illustrations and of the purity and exalted nature of his thoughts, as expressed by his unsurpassed eloquence. He was incontestably superior to any of his cotemporaries in val- uable philosophical accomplishments. The condensing power of his mind, the manner in which he not only concentrated, but intensified thought, making a few well chosen words convey a vol- ume of meaning, was unsurpassed by any public man of any age. Said a writer, who was at a loss for words, as we now are, since language seems so incapable of conveying the true quality of a mind like this : " An indignant, fiery purity pervaded Calhoun's phraseology like heat and resistance in glowing steel." Awed and penetrated by his power, we are loth to deal with his character as with those of a more common stamp. No one could listen to him without feeling that his mightiest power is in clear analogies, sup- pressed emotion, and lofty earnestness. He was far in advance of his age, and his ardent devotion to the liberties of his country, and his jealous watchfulness of her honor and interests, have been mistaken by some for ambition. Ambition he had, but it was high and noble, and never could exist apart from his ambition for his country. His nullification, so much misunderstood and mis- represented, was, with him, a pure and almost holy devotion to the constitution and to the permanent good of the whole Union, ac- cording to his understanding of them. The genial goodness, native to his head and heart, is manifest in the spirit of his pub- lic conduct. Everywhere he was as full of thought as an ocean is of brine, but there is no bitterness in his written or living speech. His loftiest abstractions are embodied in that good sense, and keen, fine honor, which forbade him to stop in the dark ; while he never resorted to the paltry subterfuge of attempting to appa- rently enlarge an idea by clothing it in a misty, hazy, ambiguous cloud of words which really only bewilder the listener. 480 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND We feel the insufficiency of any mind or pen to present to you a correct analysis of this great man, who stood prominent among the men whose great thoughts possess us like a passion, through every limb and the whole heart ; whose words haunt us " as eagles haunt the mountain crags " thoughts which command all com- ing times and minds, as from a tower a warden. Carefully avoid- ing all discursiveness of the imagination, his speeches are characterized by a steady pressure to the point. In debate, a rapid, vehement outpouring of thought and sentiment that carried everything before its rushing tide. From 1831 until 1843 he was in the Senate, and was then ap- pointed Secretary of State ; he was again returned to the Senate in 1845, f which body he remained a member until his death, which occurred in 1850, at Washington, after nearly fifty years of steady labor and of unselfish patriotism. WILLIAM PITT. "ILLIAM PITT was the second born, but eldest living son of Lord Chatham. He was born May 28, 1759. At the age of fourteen he entered Cambridge, where he made rapid progress in his studies, and, as an English historian says of him, became " saturated with knowledge." He had been taught from his childhood, almost from his birth, that he was the hope of the country, and his ambition, naturally strong, was in- creased and cultivated in every possible way. He was haughty, reserved, cold and proud, a man while yet a boy ; indeed, the writer quoted says he never had a boyhood, but that at the age when others are blushing with boyish diffidence, he had the aus- terity and assurance of a man of the world, taking up its cares and duties as if he had known them a lifetime. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 481 In January, 1781, he was sent to Parliament from Appleby, and at once threw himself into politics with the spirit of an old de- bater. He advocated reforms, and all the popular measures of the day, and stood boldly and stoutly for representation of the people. In July, 1782, he was made chancellor of the exchequer, and this, following, as it did, Lord Shelburn's accession to the ad- ministration, was equivalent to an invitation to retire from a party who were considered mad to advance in England, or indeed in Europe, a theory so unlikely to succeed, idle as was the dream- er's wildest fancies. His ambition was stronger than his love of reform, and in December, 1783, King George placed young Pitt at the head of the cabinet, and for seventeen years he, more than any other man, ruled the United Kingdom. When first placed in power, it is probable that something of the rose tints with which he had clothed his first love, Reform, yet haunted his vision, for he still talked tenderly of free trade ; but the disastrous failure of the French Revolution, whose dedication page was written with the blood of her bravest sons, was a lesson that he was not slow to learn, and henceforth Pitt was the despot of the Parliament, -measuring his strength with a boldness that was characteristic of the man, with any or every political power, and his resources seemed inexhaustible. His readiness in debate, and promptness in action, as well as his business capacity, were truly wonderful. Unfortunately he gave himself up to dissipation of every sort, and died of a broken constitution and exhausted vigor, January 23d, 1806. DANIEL WEBSTER. birthplace of Daniel Webster was Salisbury, Mass., the year, 1782. His father was a farmer, and fought both in the French and Revolutionary wars. Daniel Webster was ;> school in the wilderness, and fed and grew strong 482 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND intellectually on a repast not equal to the crumbs which fall from modern tables. He studied and was admitted to the practice of law in Boston, in 1805 ; his first practice was in the village of Boscawen, and afterward he removed to Portsmouth, where he struggled awhile with poverty and adversity, was burned out and returned to Boston with the almost hopeless hope of bettering his condition. Now the tide turned, the stranded barque was again lifted to the crest of the wave, and scarcely would it be amiss to wind up with the novelist's oft repeated termination of his romance " he was prosperous and happy forever after." Poetic justice might be satisfied with this, but in the life of these " Master Spirits of the World," is a lesson too rich to be so easily conned. Mr. Webster's career in Boston was upward, but he drew him- self up the steeps with patient endeavor. For six or eight years he avoided politics, refused to accept office, and devoted himself closely to business. On the loth of March he made an appeal before the Supreme Court at Washington in behalf of Dartmouth College, and of his efforts it is said : " After his speech was finished there was a perceptible interval before any one seemed willing to break the silence, and not one in that vast crowd doubted that the man who had so moved, controlled, and astonished them had that day vindicated his right to a place at the side of the ablest jurists in the country." In 1822 he consented to accept a seat as Representative in Con gress, and 1826 was chosen to fill a vacancy in the Senate of the United States. It was not as a politician that Mr. Webster made his public life an honorable success, but as an orator, and as " one who loved his fellow men," one to whom humanity in any and every phase is dear, and whose whole object and purpose is to ele- vate it. His oration at the laying of the corner-stone of the Bunker Hill Monument, before the, assembled multitude who stood with un- covered heads, while their feet pressed the turf that had been reddened by the blood of the martyrs who" defended it, was one of the most thrilling utbursts of eloquence that ever fell from his lips, and its closing sentences awed the listeners into a silence as if it were a voice from the skies. There was always in his ora- tory a dignity that amounted to formality and stiffness, and a solemnity that would have been oppressive but for the purity and AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 483 beauty of his ideas, and their polish, which, if it made them seem cold, gave them a brilliancy never excelled. One object he had forever in view. It was never lost sight of, no matter how trivial the occasion that called him into action, and that was moral and intellectual greatness. It was this, adhered to so persistently, which seemed to lift him above the head of every one with whom he came in contact. It is doubtful if his eloquence lay in speech alone it was in manner, gesture, look. It was a part of him. He was a most careful speaker, never advancing what he could not substantiate, never raising a pyramid of argument without being sure that the base would support it. He had the power, without the heat of enthusiasm in himself, of arousing it to the highest pitch in others. He reminded one always of the Alpine moun- tains, " the mountains, Round whose snow-clad crest The clouds forever lie, the clouds From out whose breast the lightnings flash, and To whose breast the lightnings leap and hide." His audience might sun themselves in the warmth of the fruit- ful valley; he was towering above them in thought's sublimest realms, cold, strong, majestic, immovable. He died in Marshfield, Massachusetts, in the yist year of his age. DEMOSTHENES. ?HE father of Demosthenes was a cutler and cabinet- maker, and the great Greek orator was born B. C. 382. His father died when he was but seven years old, and his property, consisting of fifteen talents, was put into the hands of three guardians who were appointed by his father. Upon arriving at his majority he demanded his money, but could not get it, and 484 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WOPLD, AND at once instituted proceedings against those who held it, and not being able to employ an advocate, pleaded his own case, and obtained a verdict for the sum of ten talents against one of them. The speeches made by himself on the occasion were amongst the finest specimens of his oratory. They were the eloquent, fiery outpouring of his indignation and wrath, the hot, passionate, though almost boyish expression of his sense of the injustice done him, and his impetuous demand for justice from the Athenian court for one of her citizens. Encouraged by his success, and by the admiration he had excited, he now determined to devote him- self to lecturing, and at once commenced the work; but his second attempt ended in a failure as mortifying and humiliating as his first had been gratifying. Without the stimulant of that intense excitement which had nerved him then, his voice was weak and feeble, and the impediment in his speech was so great as to render it difficult for him to be understood at all ; and he met with only contemptuous ridicule. In no way discouraged by the ill-fated beginning of a public career which he had destined to be life-long, and with an unconquerable determination to suc- ceed, to make his way in the face of every obstacle, and to rise above those whose sneers stung him almost into frenzy, he ap- plied himself to study, going through the most vigorous course of practice, never wearying, and never doubting his ultimate victory. B. C. 355 he reappeared before the public, from which he had dis- appeared so entirely as to have been forgotten, and delivered two orations against Septimus and Androtion, which were exceedingly fine, especially the first, and these being rapidly followed by others, his fame as an orator spread far and wide, and, as one of those " whose resistless eloquence wielded and swayed that fierce Democrat, he became one of the leading statesmen of Athens, and took an active part in all public affairs. He strongly opposed the expedition to Euhoar, and endeavored, without success, to dissuade the people from taking up arms against the Persians. Thenceforth his life belonged to his coun- try, and in anything which could serve her interests, or promote her honor, or add to her fame, he was a zealous and untiring laborer, and any measure which threatened encroachment upon her liberty was watched with jealous and sleepless eyes. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 485 B. C. 358 Philip, of Macedonia, began his aggressive war upon the northern part of the Macedonian possessions, and as their encroachments were patiently borne, and no opposition brought to bear, but the territory quietly given up, there seemed na probability that they would withdraw, or retreat, or give back that which was not demanded of them. The proud and patriotic- spirit of Demosthenes could ill brook this insult to his nation,, and to rouse his countrymen to a sense of the degradation of their position he uttered his Philipics, probably the most eloquent series of orations ever delivered ; and they moved upon the hearts of the people as did the voice of Moses when he commanded the Israelites to submit no longer to the oppression of Pharaoh. The Olynthiacs are equally celebrated, and were delivered with a view to prevail upon the Athenians to aid the inhabitants of Olynthus, which had been besieged by Philip, and which, not- withstanding all the exertions of the orator, was taken the next spring. Demosthenes was now sent, with nine others, on an embassy to- treat with Philip, and concluded a superficial peace, which lasted ten years. At the end of that time hostilities again commenced,, and the disastrous battle of Chaeronea left Philip master of the destinies of Greece. Defeated and disgraced, the people yet rec- ognized the heroic efforts of Demosthenes, and his love for the Macedonians remained unabated ; but upon the accession of Alex-- ander to the throne, so strong was the power which seated and held him there, that all opposition was overawed; and soon there- was a revulsion of feeling, and Demosthenes, who had been the idol of the people, came under their condemnation. Harpacus, who. had been left at Babylon in charge of the immense treasure there,, absconded with it, and, arriving at Athens, by a judicious distri-. bution of part of it, secured his personal safety. Demosthenes; was suspected of being one of the recipients, and was tried for the offence. No proof was found, but he was declared guilty ; and; the suspicion, and the weight of shame attached to the unsus-- tained charge, almost broke the heart of the heroic old man, and' he retired to Trozene, where he remained until the death of Alex- ander, when he returned to Athens, but was not allowed to remain ; he fled again from his ungrateful country to Calauria, where he found refuge in the temple of Neptune. He died suddenly m 486 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND this lonely spot, an exile from the land of his birth, an exile from the country to which he had been so true a victim of " man's inhumanity to man." His orations are familiar to every reader, and are pronounced by Hume as being the most perfect of the kind ever given to the world. " His manner," says the author just quoted, " is rapid harmony, exactly adjusted to the sense; it is vehement reasoning without any appearance of art ; it is dis- dain, anger, boldness, freedom, involved in a constant stream of argument, and of all human productions, the nearest perfect." EDWARD EVERETT. [DWARD EVERETT, the fourth of a family of eight children, was born in Dorchester, Mass., in 1794. He was educated in the public schools of Boston, to which place his parents removed while he was quite young ; prepared for college at Exeter, N. H., entered Harvard August, 1807, and graduated, with the highest honors of his class, in 1811. He was induced to study theology, and in 1812 was appointed Latin tutor in the University. Before he was nineteen years of age he was settled over the Brattle Street Church, Boston, but being ap- pointed Professor of Greek Literature in Harvard, he resigned his pastorate in the third year ; and, to improve his health and mind, was assisted by the Corporation of the University to travel, and spent some time in Europe, visiting its old colleges. He was in London when the battle of Waterloo was fought, and remained nearly five years abroad, at the end of which time he returned to his duties. He accepted the editorial charge of the North Amer- ican Review, and under his care it became equal to any of the foreign Reviews. Mr. Everett's literary works are numerous, and familiar to every one. In 1824 he was chosen to fill a vacancy in AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 487 the Congressional district to which Cambridge belongs, and elected by a large majority. He was returned for five successive Congresses, and his legislative labors were able and effective. For ten years he was on the Committee of Foreign Affairs, much of the time as Chairman. In the spring of 1835 Re declined re-elec- tioa, and took leave of the House of Representatives. On the election of Gov. Davis to the United States Senate, Mr. Everett be- came his successor in the gubernatorial chair, and in 1836, and again in 1837, was re-elected to the position. He afterwards be- came resident Minister at the Court of St. James, where he re- mained several years. On his return he was made President of Harvard College. As an orator, it is almost needless to speak of Mr. Everett to the people of America. So lately he was in our midst so late our tears fell as they said, "He is dead!" that his gifts and his virtues are fresh as is the memory of our loss. He was calm and earnest in his manner, his words and his measure were like a soft, liquid flow, never wearying you with sameness, never startling you with sudden outbursts of passionate rhetoric. He was no eagle, that " Bared its bosom to the storm, And swept where darkest roll the clouds," but holding to the world of humanity with tender, clinging grasp, that placed no space between himself and them. While Mr. Everett's ideas combine in themselves every element of strength, they were so finely wrought, so daintily finished, so cunningly woven with sweet fancies, and broidered with all the poet's sweet devices, that in their beauty we forget their grandeur. In after times, the soft raiment with which he clothed them left our mind imperceptibly, as the dew is dried from the rose, nor seen as it exhales ; but after this, we saw how massive was the structure that " Autumn leaves distained with dusky gold, And clinging tendrils almost hid." His taste, his learning, and his education combined powers to enchant his hearers ; while his manner, like his matter, was studied, elaborate, but not so much so as to be degraded into a trifling bauble or a splendid fault. Edward Everett died in Boston, Mass. Jan. 15, 1865. m HENRY WARD BEECHER. AMERICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 489 HENRY WARD BEECHER. ('HIS distinguished clergyman and orator was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, June 24, 1813, and his father, Dr. Lyman Beecher, was quite a celebrated New England di- vine, who has the honor of being the father of some of our brightest literary lights. In every flock is some weak lamb, and Henry enjoyed the distinction, in childhood, at least, of being considered, both by his family and the neighbors, the "dunce of the Beecher family," a distinction which, we have heard, gave him no pain in those days, and but little since. Although he has taken so kindly to theology in later life, he has declared a never- failing distaste for the doses of catechism and ten command- ments which he was forced to take. His memory was very poor, and he had a slight impediment in his speech, and a thick, indis- tinct utterance, which, together with his aversion to study, ren- dered it up-hill work to learn anything. His mother died when he was three years old, and the lady who was chosen to fill her place appears to have been a most estima- ble person, though gloomy, stern and uncomfortably pious, with an ever-abiding, sense of her responsibility for the brood of little Beechers whose rearing she had assumed. The father's early choice was, for Henry to be a minister of the gospel. Henry promptly decided that he would be anything else first, and suggested the sea. The boy looked with indescrib- able longing at the wild, free waves. In other years he under- stood this now it is one of the mysteries of life to him; and stirs his soul with a joy that is yet a pain a vague, subtle charm that, though he loved it well, he could not grasp or hold. His father was too shrewd and too good a reader of human nature to openly oppose the boy's wish to be a sailor, and accord- ingly proposed an education that would fit him for the navy, trusting to time, but more to his repugnance to study, to wean 49 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND him from his fond fancy ; and he was sent to Mount Pleasant to perfect himself in mathematics, at that time his " favorite aversion." But, stimulated by his desire to be a sailor, he applied himself dil- igently, and did his teacher credit, not for his proficiency, but for his progress. He also took lessons in elocution of Professor J. E. Lovell, and obtained in this way a control over his voice and utterance, which had been so bad before. He had been a stu- dent at Mount Pleasant but a short time, when, at a protracted religious meeting then being held there, he was converted ; and now, with broader views of life and labor, he looked out upon the ocean again, and it was typical to him of life, and of his sphere of action. He remembered the fishermen of Galilee, and how the Master had said, " Follow me henceforth ye shall be fishers of men," and his soul and all that was within him leaped for joy as it recognized and answered the call. Mr. Beecher's first call was to Lawrenceburg, Indiana, and from thence to Indianapolis, where he remained eight years, when he received and accepted the call to Plymouth Church, Brooklyn. There are no questions of general or special interest, either to his people, the public, or himself, that he does not inform himself upon and preach about them if he chooses. His church is sup- ported by the sale of its' pews, and from a weak organization whose failure was popularly predicted, it has grown to be one of the strongest churches, both financially and numerically, in the East. No description of Plymouth Church is needed. Every- body knows there are grander and more pretentious edifices and yet from that plain red brick building goes out an influence that is felt all over the world. The unassuming simplicity of his dress, speech and manners might make it well worth while for some of our aspiring young clergymen to imitate an example every way good. His sermons are the very soul of eloquence warm, earnest and glowing with the love that fills his great soul love for God and love for man, love for the meanest creature that ever the power of Omnipotence kindled life in. He is a professional thinker, and a hard student, yet genial and sunny as sunshine itself. In the fullest sense of the term, without exaggeration or flattery, we can say of him, that he is one of the mightiest pulpit orators of the day and one of the Master Spirits of the times. AMERICAN CITIZENS' TREASURE HOUSE. 491 GEORGE WHITFIELD. was the son of an Inn-keeper, and born in Glou- cester, England. He, the Wesleys and others formed themselves into a praying band at Oxford University, where they received the sobriquet of " Methodists." Polemical controversy soon divided them into two parties, Calvanists and Arminians. Whitfield cast in his lot with the Countess of Hunt- ington, and became the most popular preacher in her ladyship's denomination. He ranged the entire length of the United King- dom, often crossed the Atlantic, traversed nearly every State, and was undoubtedly the greatest preacher that either continent ever produced. He had no family to enrich, no earthly care to distract him, and no wife to divide his time, for his marriage was short and late in life. He was the mere ambassador of God ; he carried with him a glowing love and a burning zeal, which frequently broke forth in the most thrilling, dazzling and electrifying elo- quence, such as swayed the mightiest masses, until like the awful deep they surged and swelled as though wrought up under the lash of the stormy Eurus. He became at length a living Gospel, full of nothing else but Heaven reconciled and man restored. He overleaped the ordinary bounds and preached at fairs, on commons, in fields, and by the road-side. He could be heard in the open air by twenty thousand people at once ; his charming voice being distinctly articulate in the softest strains of music or in rolling peals of thunder. He effected more than the civil magistrate, when he brought the whole rabble of Bartho- lomew's fair down in crouching submission, wringing every heart with grief and blanching every cheek with terror. By a single sen- tentious stroke he laid open alike the hidden arcana of every man's heart and the unseen realities of the eternal state. A glance would paralyze the hand of a skulking miscreant ready to hurl a brick bat at his head. While furrows on sooty faces 49 2 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND often told that poor colliers were weeping. The quivering of an ostrich plume bespoke its elegant wearer's deep emotion. People often said to him, " I came to break your head, but, through God, you have broken my heart." For years he received a thousand letters, on an average, weekly from such as were convinced under his preaching. The great secret of his strength was, he invariably preached in the full confidence of accepted prayer. He spoke as one having authority and not as the hired clergy. He addressed the people in the spirit of the old Hebrew prophets. His only argument was, "Thus saith the Lord." He stooped to neither please nor rationalize with the pretended sophist. He flattered no man's vanity and retreated before no amount of threatening. Many more ornate in language have preceded and followed him, but none had his power of electrically darting the truth directly into the conscience, until the whole man quivered and lowered, like a bird struck and rankling with the barbed arrow of the archer firm fastened within. He was strong in the singleness of his aim, the simplicity of his purpose, the directness of his effort and the sincerity of his actions. He was alone the herald of the cross, the ambassador of Christ, the preacher of righteousness, the min- ister of the New Testament, and the servant of God. Every second thought to him was foreign, an unknown tongue, a grand impertinence, a wicked fraud, and a cruel mockery. To his eye the invisible was more palpable than the visible, heaven and hell were far greater certanties than earth, and eternity was a fathom- less, boundless ocean, with which time could no more compare than a point to infinity. But however magnificent and great the character of the man, such he was by no other agency, not even through the least alliance or in the smallest part, than the glori- ous gospel of the blessed God. He had so adoringly and persist- ently gazed on the cross, that, as by the principle of induction or assimilation, he 'was changed into the same image. He frequently found an entire audience pretty much the trans- fusion and reflex of himself even as he himself was of the message he conveyed. His immense influence lives on, and can never, never die ! Countless millions through the cycles of time and the eons of eternity will stud, gem and radiate, like clustering and corruscating diamonds, the victors crown of rejoicing. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 493 REV. C. H. SPURGEON. is astonishing that, although we commonly believe the world to be six thousand years old, and Agassiz is rapidly convincing us that it is at least ten times that age, she has not yet wearied of producing an endless variety of human beings, among which some are pigmies in intellect and education, while others are grandly gigantic subjects of our unbounded ad- miration and wonder. In this latter mood was she when she gave to the nations that sit in darkness the subject of this sketch. When there came to us across the water the first notices of the " Boy Preacher," we smiled indulgently, and gave the matter not even attention enough to fix his name upon our memory ; until fame, with a thousand tongues and a clarion voice, demanded for her favorite the homage that was his due. Then, rousing our- selves to look, we realized that he had sprung, like Venus from the wave, full grown, into power ; and in an incredibly short space of time, he ranked with the first preachers of the day. Mr. Spurgeon was born in the village of Kelvedon, on the ipth of June, 1834, so that he is at present -38 years of age. In his infancy he was much in the company of his grandfather, pastor of an Independent church at Stonebourne, Essex. His precocious piety attracted much attention, and it is said that at six years of age he had read repeatedly the Pilgrim's Progress, Baxter's Saint's Rest, and others of the same class. At fifteen he was sent to school to Newmarket, and while here was sorely tempted to adopt the principles of a freethinker. About this time he heard a sermon preached by a Methodist from the text, " Look unto me, and be ye saved, all the ends of the earth, for I am' God, and none else." Said Mr. Spurgeon, " The command seemed to me as much a direct command to me as if there was not on all the face of the earth another sinner, and I made not one effort to C. U. SPURGEOX. AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 495 evade it, but I looked that moment, the grace of God was vouch- safed that instant ; and I shall never forget that hour while memory holds its place ; nor can I help repeating that text every day of my life." He preached his first sermon in a cottage at Teversham. From this time his labors as a preacher were incessant. His friends wished him to attend college, to which he aho inclined, and the cause of his failure upon this point may be best given in his own words. " I had agreed to go to college, the tutor had come to see me, and I had gone to see him. We were to meet at the house of a mutual friend. I was shown by the servant into one dark draw- ing room; he was shown into another. He sat and waited for me two hours, and I sat and waited for him two hours. He could wait no longer, and went away, thinking I had not treated him well ; and I went away thinking he had not treated me well. As I left the house, the text ' Seekest thou great things ? Seek them tu>t,' came to my mind, and I declined to go to school." In the autumn of 1853, he was invited to supply, temporarily, the pulpit of New Park Street Chapel, Southwork, which had in former times been occupied by such men as Rev. Benjamin Keach, the well known author of "Scripture Metaphors;" Dr. Gill, the celebrated commentator ; Dr. Rippon, of hymn book fame ; Dr. Angus, the present highly respected and able President of Regent's Park Baptist College ; the Rev. James Smith of Cheltenham, and Rev. R. Walters, now of Newcastle-on-Tyne. Notwithstanding the fact that so many eminent men had at one time or another labored there, the church had almost entirely lost all spiritual life and in- terest, and the congregation had declined until the young preacher found the chapel so empty as to be almost desolate. He created quite a sensation at once, and at the end of a probation of but six weeks the chapel was full. He was called to the pastorate, and entered upon the office when only nineteen years old. It is impossible to write of Mr. Spurgeon as we would write of common men. He has made for himself more friends and more enemies than any other preacher of his day ; and gained for himself an unparalleled notoriety. His congregation is the largest in the world, and hundreds of converts yearly assert the power of the gospel he preaches, while his discourses are regularly published, and circulate all over the world. Yet there are those who de- 496 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, nounce him bitterly, and deny his claim to confidence or respect. He is one of the most catholic though one of the most isolated divines of the age. He is a Baptist, and does not attempt to con- ceal his views, yet is never restricted by them in his Christian sym- pathies, or his manly genialities, or his religious charities. He is not the pampered idol of a sect or faction of the Church Uni- versal, and has never sacrificed his individuality to partisanship, neither has he submitted to 'narrow denominational bondage; his time, his talents, and his influence are at the service of those who are engaged in good works. Even in the most stormy weather, when drenching rains fall, or wild winds blow, the Tabernacle, an immense building, arranged so as to economize space, is filled from top to bottom ; leaving no doubt of his al- most unbounded popularity; and spacious as is the edifice, his magnificent voice fills it without taxing it in the least ; it is never husky never hoarse never weak, but clear as a bell and soft as a harp ; and he speaks as easily to his vast audiences, and reaches each one with as little effort as if he were speaking to a few friends in his own private drawing-room. There is no question but this gives him a very great advantage. No one who judges by msre outward signs, or who never looks below the surface, or has studied the intricate workings of the human heart, can say correctly that they know him. We believe the world generally does not understand him. He has sometimes been supposed to be a flippant egotist a grotesque humorist a low comedian in the pulpit, while nothing can be farther from the truth. It would, of course, be absurd to deny that he has a vein of comic humor in his nature, and that his quick appreciation of and relish for the humorous, or for that which may be said to verge upon the ridic- ulous, are not in accordance with the strictest rules of ministerial dignity ; but it is at least pardonable. He has said funny, auda- cious, and startling things, and provoked his auditors to laughter by the sharpness of the ready wit, that sprang, unpremeditated to his tongue ; indeed I doubt if he was aware that he had even been witty. The faults which he has been charged with are even vir- tues in his case, and lie at the foundation of his great success in the ministry. They are the fruits of a nature and temperament without which he could never have gone through one-half the work he has accomplished. He has an immense fund of animal AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSF. 497 spirits, a fecund mind and a racy tongue ; quick perceptions, thoughts that come to him, not always with regard to strict pro- priety, but with most perfect adaptability to circumstances ; hence he may be said to have ready wit. The strange sayings in which he indulges are not stock-in-trade, carefully accumulated, pre- served, assorted, arranged and labeled for ready use, but the ex- uberance of a strong, youthful, vigorous and prolific mind exu- berance which only a prude or a Pharisee would punish, but which a friend would seek at once to excuse and restrain ; for they are the fruits of superabundant energy, vivacitv fluency, verbal aptitude, and unstudied, Saxon simplicity of speech. In listening to Mr. Spurgeon,one is impressed with a peculiarity of his nature which goes far to account for what some people call his wonderful popularity and power as a preacher. Religious life is with him real life. His spiritual experiences are actual, vivid, living and practical. He speaks of his love for Christ as one speaks of a human love ; as if it were the most natural thing in the world indeed the only natural or proper thing. God is not a concealed being, but an actual, living presence, a Being who walks and talks with him ; not only at eventide in the garden, but everywhere in life ; and heaven is not afar off, but even in his- own heart; and he scarcely looks forward to the time when death must open the door and give him a glimpse into that land whose glories eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither hath it entered into the heart of man to conceive. The Songs of Solomon are not difficult of interpretation to him. Their tender and beautiful words of endearment are just what his own soul, with its strong emo- tional love would prompt him to lavish upon the Saviour. His church work is very extensive, and the Sabbath service, though important, is but a small part of it. Ordinary Christians will be surprised at the extent of Mr. Spurgeon's labors. The zeal to which he has trained his people has always been seconded by his own efforts and by his attractive and encouraging example, being literally first in all good words and works. In connection with Mr. Spurgeon's church is a college, of which he is himself president, numbering seventy students; and the evening classes number one hundred and eighty-two members. This institution is supported at a cost of 3,000 pounds per year. In addition to the very large Sunday schools, no less than eight 498 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND preaching places are regularly supplied. The church is kept in admirable discipline, and exhibits a strength of attachment for their pastor which is little less than idolatry. Though sneered at as a boyish upstart by a few, whose ignorance and prejudice on their only excuse, he is respected by all candid men as an earnest, eloquent, Christian minister of the gospel, full of energy, untiring in devotion, and practical in his godliness, hence triumphant over his enemies. A long and wide extended career of usefulness seems to lie before him. He labors in the fields that are white for the harvest, as one who feels that he was called by his Master, and many of the sheaves which he has gathered, are already gar- nered in the storehouse of the Lord ; and the souls of such as were ready to perish, those for whom no man cared, will shine brighter than the stars of the firmament in the crown of his re- joicing in the day of the Lord. JOHN WESLEY founder of the Arminian branch of Methodists, Johb Wesley, was born at Epworth, Lincolnshire, June 17, 1703. His father was rector of that place, and un- like many divines of that day, he was a rigid disciplinarian, and the strict enforcement of church rules and laws created so great a hostility against him that more than once the good man was driven almost to distraction. The education of his son was of an entirely religious character, and at the age of seventeen he became a student at Oxford, and while here formed, with fifteen other young men, a society which soon attracted attention by the austerity of their manners and the fervor of their piety. Their nightly meetings for social prayer and religious converse were held in Wesley's chamber, and from personal improvements they soon began to turn their eyes toward the poor, to whom, in these AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 499 days, the gospel was not especially preached, and they visited and Labored with them in a systematic way that was productive of much good. At the close of his university studies he was offered the position of assistant and successor of his father, but declined on conscien- tious principles, and returned to Oxford to labor amongst the students. In 1735 ^ e was sent to ^ e colonies of Georgia as mis- sionary. He embarked for America with his brother Charles and settled at Savannah. He soon rallied a large congregation, which increased and flourished several years, until his rigid and sudden enforcement of every measure of discipline, raised such a storm of indignant protest from the people that he resigned. He re- turned to England where he met Whitfield, and the two erected one banner and commenced an active career of field preaching. At Bristol, in 1739, the first Methodist Chapel was built, under the supervision of these two active laborers. Soon after this a rupture between them occurred on account of a difference which they could not reconcile Wesley being an Arminian, while Whit- field was a stubborn adherent to the creed of Calvin. Wesley, however, was as undaunted as he was indefatigable, and he preached all over the country, employing lay preachers, and pro- mulgated his doctrines far and near, and in the conversion of thousands of souls he met his rich reward. It is estimated that twelve million of the human race are taught weekly the lessons of religious experience wrought out in the active intellect of John Wesley ; that no part of the known world has been unvisited by his disciples ; that the tide of reform set in motion by his pure and lofty energy is still in the ascendant, is moving slowly onward with ceaseless vigor, and shows no traces of decay. Wherever the Anglo Saxon race penetrates it is pursued and softened by the influence of this unassuming saint. In Aus- tralia and South Africa, in America and the islands of the Pacific, the genius of Wesley is ever active. His schools and churches have belted the world with an illustrious chain. His writings have been translated into nearly all the languages of Europe, and are made familiar to the worshipers of Bramah and of Buddah. Since Luther, no other- man has exercised so wide, so benign an influence upon his race. Nor is it unjust to assert that but for his English successes the Reformation of the German Church 500 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND into an empty formalism, at least in England, amidst the corrupt- ing alliance of Church and State. It was the aim of Wesley to withdraw religion from the control of the great and the powerful, of statesmen or of bishops, to make it the light and the solace of the worship and the cottage, the almshouse and the jail ; to diffuse its sacred teachings among the people, and preach, with saintly earnestness, the gospel of the poor. As contrasted with all other successful teachers of a faith, whether true or false, it is a striking trait of Wesley's triumph that he was never aided by the civil power ; that his disciples have never wielded the sword of persecution, nor gained any victories but those of peace. History, indeed, has no record of any other great religious movement, except the founding of Christianity, that was not perfected in violence, and sealed with the blood of its opponents. The Greek Church was planted in Russia by the civil power; the Romish Church won its supremacy by bitter wars and endless cruelties. Bernard and Dominic enforced their teachings by the sword ; Luther and Calvin were often sustained by the arms of their adherents ; the dark and treacherous brother- hood of Loyola obtained its ascendency by arousing in every land the fiercest flames of religious persecution. But of the millions of devout believers who have lived and died in the simple faith of Wesley, not one has yielded to any sterner influence than the power of Divine love. As the vast wave of reform has swelled from the poor cottage at Epworth over England and America, over the Pacific and the Indian seas, it has never needed a Con- stantine or a royal protector ; has been governed in its holy victo- ries by no human hand. It is said that the domestic life of the noble reformer was any- thing but that foretaste of heaven which wedded bliss is supposed to be. At about the age of fifty he married a lady whose beauty of face and form, rather than of mind, attracted him, and she proved to be a shrew and a vixen, and poor Wesley learned to his sorrow that he had caught a Tartar. Her terrible temper embit- tered and destroyed the peace of his remaining years. He died March 2, 1791, in the eighty-eighth year of his age, and in the sixty-fifth year of his Christian ministry. AMKRICAN CITIZEN'S TREASURE HOUSE. 01 MAZZINI. JOSEPH MAZZINI was born in Genoa, in 1809. His pat- riotism was marked in boyhood. He died at Pisa in the early part of 1872, quietly in his bed, and on Italian soil; and it was given to him to hear before he died that the King of Italy had proclaimed the work of Italian independence and unity completed, from the steps of the Capitol at Rome. The most eager, restless spirit in Europe is quiet ; the most intense and lofty idealist of our times has passed into the world where " things not seen " may yield to him a satisfaction which he failed to find in any of the enterprises and achievements of life. His hei 1th had long been broken ; the ardent, enthusiastic spirit has woi n out at last the frame which he had never spared in the service of his country or of mankind, and which nothing but an indomi able will has kept alive so long. As student, as conspira- tor, as political chief of a great party, as Republican ruler of Rome, his life had been one of intense, restless activity. No liv- ing m:.n, probably, was so ubiquitous, had so many threads of policy in his head, or so many schemes of which he alone held the key. He was trusted with blind confidence by the daring and enthusiastic youth of the party of progress in Italy, in France, and in a measure in England ; and he wielded something like the power of a dictator in the revolutionary propagandas of which he was the acknowledged head. No man in Europe was so hated and haunted by established authorities ; no man had so many police agents on his tract. And yet no man moved about more freely wherever it pleased him, or escaped so constantly the most carefully arranged toils. He bore not a charmed life, but a charmed person. Years ago it was one of the wonders of the time how Mazzini, proscribed by every government in Europe except England, with a price set upon his head, and a host of police agents familiar with his person on his track, could travel through