UU-NRLF B 4 S15 S4b ,f HE, nBSFfinri. Q» Vrl^inF, ; =te,*iit.u^!^i.r r^ University of California. < . 1 II . ) 1- Alexander Del Mar. Arcpssions Nu^^^f^/^ Shelf Nu. I-'-' -'.^l ''^'mm-'- t^w ? <^^, *^^■t^'':'•- i FIRE INSURANCE: J^ BOOK OF INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE USE OP THE AGENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. C. C. HINE TENTH THOUSAJn), ENLARGED AND REVISED. 1. i B K A it V UNIVEKSITY OF !, PUBLISHED N^ T^ THE OJFICE OF THE INSDItANCE MONITOR. 1870. cClO" ho_^6 " Eul«re(J acconliiij: to Act of ConRre??, in the year 1S7(), by AMfXANORH Stodpart, in the ClerkV Otiice of the Uistrirt Court of the United States for the Southern Uistriit ..f Nrw Yorl< HIS BOOK is Intended for a working hand- book, devoted to the daily practice and duties of the Agency, rather than to labored details or scientific nnethods. Every paragraph is in- tended to contain some valuable, practical suggestion; and the entire work is connmended to the careful read- ing of every Agent, in the hope that he will reduce to practice the rules here laid down, for the mutual good of his companies and himself. The Book, when adopted and sent out by a company, is as binding upon the Agent who receives it as the WRITTEN will of the company would be; and it is im- portant that Agents be familiar with these rules and regulations, as they define and limit their authority, and are to be faithfully adhered to. Any wilful violation of them, in making contracts of insurance, would render the policies liable to cancelment. In this connection, agents are recommended to acquaint themselves with the Law of Agency, that they may understand their liability in case of loss through disobedience of instructions. Familiarity with the Instruction Book will also save much correspondence and delay, as Agents will find here- in, answers to most of their questions and solutions of most of their difficulties. (I'oIilFn j^nl PS. A Condensed Manual for Daily Pi^actice in Fire Insurance. (See Extended Remarks on these topics in other portions of the Book.) rbinarg I^a^arbs. 1. IS THE RISK A DESIRABLE ONE? Determine this from its con- struction, occupancy, ownership, moral hazard, exposures, value, other insur- ance, and the rate to be obtained. If it is desirable, then 2. TAKE AN APPLICATION. WRITE THE POLICY IN THE RECORD BOOK FIRST. WRITE THE POLICY ITSELF. SEND "DAILY REPORT" THE SAME DAY. DELIVER THE POLICY AND COLLECT THE PR 3. 4. 5. 6. jSpprial j^afariis* MIUM. ^^ '» (> 1. SEE No. 1, ABOVE. 2. TAKE AN APPLICATION ON THE PROPER BLANK, full and complete, Diagram included, and send it to head-quarters, with your own views of the risk. 3. DO NOTHING MORE UNTIL YOU GET AN ANSWER. The com panies are always willing to lose Special Hazards that cannot await this treatment. 4. If a favorable answer is returned, see Nos. 3, 4, 5 and 6, above. Thousands of Dollars are lost every month by the omission to take Appli- cations; other thousands are lost because Applications are carelessly written. Objections to Applications arise from one of four causes: ignorance, un founded prejudice, laziness or incipient fraud; the first two can usually be overcome by a few words of courteous explanation ; the last two give warning of an undesirable customer ! UNIVERSITY OK ^i^tt-s, I CALIFOK^NIA. III almost every business transaction the first question is, "What do you ask?" There are other matters of great interest, hut thi chief concern of a purelmsar is to hiioio the 'prlee. Hence, the consideration of Kates is of primary importance, and cannot receive too early or too careful attention. There are two approved modes of treating the sul)ject. One is to divide risks into classes and fix " hasis rates^'' to which various additions are made for designated defects, occupancies, etc. The other is to call each risk by name and fix a specific tariff thereon. As most in harmony with our pur])ose, we select the latter; thereby avoiding generalization and meeting directly the demands of agents (specially those to whom the business is new) for specific instructions about particular things — our aim being to reach residts rather than processes. Our plan, then, will be to treat of Dwklmng, Mercantile, and Special iiisks and Rates, each by name, and in detail, in its order. If you* wish the rate on a brick or frame Dwelling, isolated or exj)osed, for one to five years, turn to pages 8, 9, &c., and you have, in the concrete, all that seems necessary to be said on that particular topic. So of Mercantile Iiisks, Mills and Manufactories under their appr(»|)riat(' headings. This plan is adopted, not because it is necessarily better than any otlier, but because it is most concise, simple, and practical. Particular attention is invited to the division on Special, Mameac- TURiNG and Miscellaneous Hazards. This is the most extended and complete treatment, in its way, that these risks have yet received ; and, it is hoped, will ade([uately meet the every-day wants of agents. It will be found very full and explicit — every available source of information having been laid under contribution, and all that could be ascertained of each particular hazard compiled. It has thus been our aim to study your convenience, and furnish, ready-made to your hand, figures and suggestions fitted to each sort of risk. Study them well and you will be furnished with the needed practical information for a correct transaction of the business. * Personal Pronouns will be freely need in these familiar commnnications to Agents. Jlircllinj iliiih^. Dwelliiiiis have proved, by experience, to be most desirable and profitable risks wlien obtained at reasonable figures. This has induced an immense com})etition for them, and a great reduction in rates, not warranted by actual results. [The jrrcat Troy fire of 1862 burned over 50 acres, destroyinpr 600 buildings, worth $3,000,000, and exhausting $1,363,770 of insurance, almost exclusively ripon dwellings; swallowing, in an hour, the profits of five years on that class of risks, for the companies involved. This experience was repeated to a considerable extent in the great Portland fire of July, 1866.] The following tariffs are constructed with a view to the true interests of both insurer and insured : Isolated dwellings occupied by owners, C ce from all -| exposures, / beyond burning distance Per Annum. Class^ B,. . .»5 ClaMs i^, . . . .45 Cla»i!$ »,. . .50 For rented houses, charge extra .05. On fences and out-houses, increase the rate one-half. For exposures, charge according to danger. ONE TO FIVE YEARS. Occupied by owners, and detached at least 100 feet from all exposures. [Dwellings situated less than 100 feet from Mills, Manufactories, or other bad exposures, must not be taken for terms longer than a year.] Brick or Stone— Hoof of Metal, Slate or Tile Hrirk or Stone — Hoof of Composition or Sliingles... Hrick or Stone, with Frame Rear or Achlition Wood — Roof of Metal, Slate or Tile Wood — Roof of Composition or Shingles ' 50 1 Year 2 Years' 8 Years 1 4 Years 1 10 6 Years 1 35 65 85 1 25 f 45 75 95 1 20 1 40 50 80 1 00 1 30 1 50 45 75 95 1 20 1 40 50 80 1 00 1 30 1 50 • See " Claesea of Buildings" on last page. FARM HAKNS, OUIIIOUSES, AND CONTENTS. (When insvred in connection with the dvfUirxj are taken by some companies at the mme Rate. Afcertain tfiej^racUce of your companies on thui point tjefore adopting this or any otlier questionable rule.) Brick. . Frame 65 75 1 10 1 20 1 20 1 50 1 80 1 95 2 10 2 25 Will be taken at the following rates : Corn in Cribs — detached, ,75, Barns must be well closed, and no ITay, Grain or Straw stacked near them ; otherwise .'^5 must be added to Barn Rates both for the IStacks and the Barns they expose. Barns, or their contents, or Stacks on uncultivated Prairies, are not insurable. Separate Aaiounts must be named on Hay, Grain, Implements, Wagons, Carriages, and on Live Stock at so much per heat I ; naming an agreed amount. Ligutning. — Agents must ascertain the practice of their Companies in regard to loss by Lightning, and act accordingly ; remend)ering that in no case are they authorized to alter or wame the 'printed conditions of the policy. On T3arns in the country, without lightning rods, charge .1© addi- tional. For Hay-barns, with presses, Livery-stables, Hotel-barns, etc., see Special Rates and Remarks. Brick Dwellings, in blocks, free from frames j Class B, , , .50 and rear exposures, | ^<|.|^^ ^ ^ ^ ^55 Frame Dwellings, in ranges, are worth ,50 for each ; i. e.: on or in two, charge 1.00; on or in a row of three, 1.50; a row of four. 2.00, and so on. Risks at either end of a row are a shade better than in tlie middle. 10 TnK Chikf Causes of Loss in Dwellings are: 1. Defective flues, stoves, pipes, furnaces, and heating apparatus generally. 2. Bad Kerosene and its careless use. 3. Ashes. 4. Careless servants. 5. Lamps, candles, matches. Always take Applications for dwellings as well as tor other risks ; to he flllcd and signed hy tlie a})])lic*ant in all cases. In Jiiaking the survey, give special attention to the heating and cooking arrangements, and the use and manner of keeping kerosene, for from these arise the great bulk of fires in dwellings. Brick Flues, huilt from the ceiling, are first-class incendiaries ! Tlie pipe usually passes close to the wood ; the slender joists art; frequently inadequate to the weight ; the slightest yielding of the supi)ort causes the bricks to crack or separate, and creates an aperture through which sparks or flame may pass. The flue usually goes through a garret, out of sight and inaccessible. As the building settles or shrinks, and the wood becomes dry, cobw(;bs and dust accumulate, and the material for a fire is prepared, which the first spark — driven through tht; cracked tlue by any gust of wind — may generate. An aggravation of this style of architecture is, where the pipe, instead of entering the bottom of the flue, ])asses through the ceiling into the garret, and there, with an dhow, enters its side ; this arrangement is so objectionable as almost hopelessly to condemn any risk in the eyes of a prudent underwriter. Another desperate feature is, where these flues are partially suj)ported where they pass the roof If the bottom settles, a crack occurs just underneath the sheathing, in the worst possible place for flame or sparks to l)ass out. If flues must be built from the upj^-r stories, they should be in sight their whole length ; they should have a firm and adecjuate support, and be built from a st(me or iron slab having a hole where the i)ii)e may pass directly into the bottom, and the whole \\\\iy'. should be in sight. They should be free where they jjass the roof, and rise high enough to discharge sjjarks clear of the shingles. A very good method is to start them a few inches below the ceiling, and support them by iron straps or stirrups. Another is, to build them from a post resting on the ground. Tht^se keep the point of connection between flue and pii)e always in sight, which is a very important consideration. But even the best arrangement for entering the flue perpendicularly is dangerous when the chimney takes fire, as the burning soot may fall out at the bottom and fire the building. Decline Risks, where stove-pi})es, flues, etc., are not in satisfactory condition, until all vital defects are remedied. 11 Kitchen chimneys should always be built solid from the ground. [And so should all otheks ! ] Stoves should not be placed nearer to wooden or latlied i)artitions than eighteen or twenty inches, and should have zinc or brick under- neath, to protect the floor from falling coals and aslies. A small crack in a stove may start a fire — see that all is secure. Hot Aib Fuknaces have originated many fires, through defective constrnction or improper arrangement of flues, and hot-aii- pipes. Ample room should l)e had in which to erect a furnace ; when the space is cramped, either in height or area, an imperfect and unsal'e heater is the necessary result. Flues for smoke or hot air should be several inches from wood, and one 7'eijister — the main one, if j>racticable — should be so constructed that it cannot be shut at any time. Registers should always be laid in soapstone. Much careless mechanism is indulged in the erection of '' Heaters ; " they should be i)ut up only by careful and experienced men. Plenty of head-room must be secured so as to relieve the floor above from all possible danger. The cold air chand)cr or feeder, should always be of brick or metal, and never of wood. Reverse currents of air., sometimes created by unusual winds blowing through open doors or window's, while certain registers are open and others shut, will set wood on fire in a very few minutes. If hot air-pipes pass up in plastered partitions, tlic face of the studding should be tinned and the laths made of sheet iron, otherwise the utmost danger is imminent. Stove Pipes must have careful attention. They must l»c i>roperly supported by wires, or they will sag open and let the sparks out. Long jnpes should be riveted at the joints. AVhere they pass partitions ^'07ninent incendiary of the i^resent hour! and " Lamp Explosions" are the daily results of the adulterated stuff that is sold for illuminating purposes. Let agents everywhere unite to give informa- tion, and s])read precautions that may save valuable life and property. Caution. — Clean and fill lamps by daylight only. Caution Extra. — Tender no circumstances permit a lani}) to be filled while it is burning. This book could be crowded with the history of maimings and deaths caused by foolhardy disregard of this caution. Caution XX. — Keep your oil where it cannot be reached and upset by children ; nor wasted, and worse than wasted, by careless servants. Better keep it under lock and key. Lamp Explosions are often caused by blowing down the chimney to extinguish the light ! Jointed Gas Burners in doorways, windows, etc., are frequently turned against the vwod^ setting it on fire. Gas Metres. — Never approach a disordered gas metre with a lighted candle. Unless you understand precisely what the metre needs you had better send for the plumber, and endure the inconvenience and delay, rather than risk your life and property. ^LvTcHEs should be kc])t in metal or earthen safes, away from children and mice — they are ready incendiaries. The contact of Curtains and Bedding with lights and fires, stands prominent among the " causes of fires," and the accidents from this source are numbered by thousands. 13 Secure furniture risks along with the dwellings of owners, and also from the better class of renters. ]>e careful about values, however, as the cash price of old furniture and wearing apparel is somewhat uncertain. Recommend the long terra rates to owners of isolated dwellings, and write on desirable ones freely for three and five years. See remarks elsewhere in regard to Values, Moral Hazard, Specifica- tions, Other Insurance, etc. Under this heading we include Stores and Warehouses generally ; but Grain Elevators and Wholesale Drugs are separately considered, as well as Pork Houses and various other occupations that enter largely into the great mercantile transactions of the country. In this branch of the business lie the immense values on which the bulk of insurance is dt»ne, and it is therefore worthy of close study and intimate acquaintance. In writing store risks, a little systeia will familiarize the agent with the main points to be observed, which are as follows : 1. Is the risk within the limits of your agency ? 2. What other risks have you in adjoining or exposing buildings ? 3. Is it in a frarne range or omnibus hlock, or exposed by sucli 'i 4. What is the valuation of the property, aside from the ground, and how much insurance is there now on it ? 5. Is it a branch store, or an unsaleable, unfasliionable, or damaged stock ? 6. Is the property on a bad lease, or in litigation, or dispute ? 7. Is it productive and profitable, or otherwise ? 8. Have there been any former fires, and are there any jealousies, rivalries, or threats bearing upon it ? 9. What are the character, standing and circumstances of the i)arty ? Is he a stranger or itinerant ? Is he relialde ^ Has he been in tlie habit of insuring heretofore ; if not, ascertain very distinctly wliy he makes 14 this application ? Has he ever been burned out — when, where, liow ? Was lie insured ? AVas that loss satisfactory to his underwriters ? Is he easy or embarrassed, systematic or careless ? Does he keep books and make an inventory once a year ? Is his trade profitable, or otherwise ? Is he steady, or erratic and experimental ? 10. And Jinally^ in the light of these interrogatories, is it, on the whole, a desirable risk ? Exercise your soundest judgment in determin- ing yea or nay, remembering that a loss on one had risk will eat up the irreiniuins on a hundred good ones. If your convictions are adverse, reject it promptly ; if favorable, secure it just as promptly. Take an Application hy all means. Let the assured answer each question fully, and furnish a diagram of the i)roperty and its exposures. Let the whole be written plainly, with ink, and signed. Also make a personal survey of the premises so as to act intelligently and be able to give your views of the risk in your daily report of it. By some agents applications are dispensed with on ordinary risks. This is wrong and should be reformed by tstaljlishing the custom of obtaining one for each risk taken. Let every question be answered fully, and the Survey and Diagram pro])aied on the spot. Values must be criticised closely and put upon a true cash basis. This is one of the most important, as well as most difficult duties, that you will be called upon to perform. There is a universal tendency among owners to over-value their property, which must be guarded against. Cost of ground must not be included in valuation of buiklings, nor store furniture and fixtures with merchandise. Cost is not always " value." Property may be actually worth much less, or more, than it cost. Present value is the figure sought. Never Insert a Valuation in the Poijcv. Gross over-valuations usually indicate fraud, and should arouse suspicion. Re finn in your own judgment in regard to values. Limit the amount of insurance to three-fourths the actual cash value. The character, l)oth of appli(rant and ])roperty, may induce liberality on this point for the best parties, on sta[)le })roduce, stored ; but the safe rule is never to insure enough to tempt any man to burn out. The owner nmst be interested in the preservation of his propei'ty by a sufficient amount of value left at his own risk. 15 In no case issue a policy to a person of doubtful or suspicious character at any rate of premium, and avoid risks endaui^ered by tlie neighborhood of such. Account of stock should be taken at least once a year and an intel- lio;ible set of books kept. As a rule, decline risks on merchandise where this is not done. It is impossible for any accui'ate showing to be made, in case of loss, without books and invoices. See remarkfi on Surveys, and Policy, for important instructions, especially applicable to Mercantile Insurance ; as Other Insurance, Specifications, Endorsements, Express Warranties, Open Policies and other matters of interest. Are influenced by a variety of circumstances in different localities — as the Fire Dei)artment, Supply of water. Width of streets, General con- struction of Buildings, Police regulations, Frequency of special hazards, etc. In naming Hates look well, both to the internal hazard and the external exposure, of the risks under consideration. Wherever a L()<;al IJoAKD exists, a copy of its tariff must be sent to the company. In good ordinary brick blocks charge If rear or side exposure of frame, additional . Brick, metal-roof stores, with fire-walls, ])ay . AVhere the fire department is superior, and there are no frame exposures, A and BB clu»ice store risks are accepted at ... . Frame stores pay 1 .S5 and upwards. This is for the better classes of merchandise, hardware, etc., pay .23 additional. l.OO to 1.35 .35 to .50 .90 to 1.00 .75 Drugs, glass, toys, Isolated Stores. — One tenant ; fires, lights and general arrangements first-class in ' every resi)ect, €laH)4 C'laMM D. .75 .OO l.OO 1.35 * See " ClasBBB of Bnildings " on the last page. 16 Drugs, crockery, liardware, millinery and fancy goods pay higher. See table rates. Brick Stokes in Blocks. — Fire-walls, no frame exjjosm'es, single tenant, good occupancy, risk every way first-class, Class A, . . .80 CUiyis BB, . . .90 €la!^!^ B, .90 to l.OO Class C, 1.00 to l.!25 For stocks in third and fourth stories, add .10. Charge additional for 7'ear exposures according to hazard. For Public Hall charge, addi- tional, .S5 to .50 — same for Printing Office or Photograph Gallery. For communications between brick buildings, occupied by different parties, add from .10 to .50 according to circumstances. Omnibus Blocks, or those tenanted by numerous occupants, with a variety of pursuits, have an internal hazard, for which no adequate rate of premium is ever obtained. For example ; a first-class brick, metal-roofed store, in a block, with fire-walls and no rear exposures, occupied by one tenant for staple dry goods, is a good risk at .90. Now take the same building with staple dry goods on the main floor, a meat shop and oyster saloon in the cellar, four offices, three sleeping rooms and a plater and seal cutter in the second story, a steam ])rinting office and shooting gallery in the third, and two society and lodge rooms in the fourth, and what should the rate be ? Under the prevalent competition you could get perhaps 1.25. " It is a first-class metal-roofed building, with a good many occupants it is true ; but 1.25 is regarded a very full rate on such." Let us see : The rate was 90 The additional hazard of the meat shop is low at . . . .05 " " " " saloon, 15 " " " " four offices at 5c. each, . . .20 " " " " three sleeping rooms, . . .10 " " " " plating shop, 15 " " " " steam printing office, . . .40 " " " " shooting gallery, . . . .15 " " " " two club rooms at 10c. each, . .20 2.30 This is for internal fuizard alone — " on(^ burn all burn" here ; and the lowest adequate rate upon the building would be, say 2.00. Staple dry goods on lower floor would i)ass at 1.50; while the jjrinting office in the third story, and the upper lofts, with no possible salvage, should not be taken less than 2.50. But these rates, you say, cannot be obtained. Then it in hist to decline the risk f Insurance below these figures is simply selling your wares btdow cost — an act that cannot l)e justified on business princij)le8. It is the duty of agents to combine against such risks, instead of competing in their favor. 17 Building. Stock. 1.S5 l.So 1.50 1.25 '2.00 1.75 ».00 2.50 4.00 ».50 5.00 4.50 Frames in rows, or closely exposing, contribute one per cent, eucli to tlie aggi'egate hazard, and must he charged accordingly. One frame store, isolated, Same, between brick stores in block, . . Two frames adjoining, otherwise detached. Three " " " " . Four " " " " . Five '' " " " . And so on. But when the number readies live, the risk is so bad the companies will not take it, and the rate so higli tliat parties will not pay it ; therefore avoid frame ranges of live or more altogether, except upon special authority from the companies. One frame building, with two or more distinct store or saloon occu- pancies, counts two or more, as the case may be. For Printing Office, or Public Hall, or Photograph Gallery, in upper stories add, for each, .25 — see remarks on Omnibus blocks. To constitute a " frame range," it is not necessary that the buildings stand in a row. If they adjoin around the corner, or hy the rears, tlie " range" is complete. Clusters of frames, two or three in a group, sometimes stand thirty or forty feet a})art, in which there may be acceptable risks while tliey stand thus separated. But huilding up the intermniiKj xpaces tlii'ows them at once into ranges, and places them on the prohibited list from tiienceforth. Look out for this sort of trap on renewal of all risks in frames. Moral Aspect of Frame Ranges. " Birds of a feather," says the old adapfe, with frrcat truthfulness, " flock tofjether." The iMJSt merchants are not found in the worst buildinj^s. There is usually a fair degree of harmony between the building and the occupant ; and while in some new towns there are nothing but frames in which to do business, making an exception to the rule, it is a safe general maxim that the average moral hazard of frame ranges is much greater than that of brick blocks ! Even the same men are safer to insure in good B buildings than in poor Ds. 2 18 At cross roads or small villages, re- I j^ ' ' ' **-»- moved irom the ae;eney, . . ^,, «: < ^mv ^ •^' [Class D, . . . 1.50 If adjoining, charge Frame Range, or Block rates, as the case may be. Take a full application without fail. Remote country stores — Branch stores particularly — are usually filled with hard stocks — remnants, shopkeepers or unfashionable goods — and free insurance on them is a desperate business. Be fully satisfied on three points, or decline the risk. 1st. Of the applicant's good character, unembarrassed circumstances and business habits. 2d. That he has no diffi- culties with his neighbors, and there are no threats against him. 3d. Of the actual cash value of the stock, ascertained through an annual inventory. Cover but half the valua- tion ; and if these rules are not satisfactory, yield the risk to competitors cheerfully. Remote Country Stoue Risks are prolific of losses and imsatisfactory adjustments. If owner's dwelling be not in the same building, or if no one sleeps regularly in the store, decline the risk. Are very important, as great values are here concentrated, demanding large amounts of insurance. Seek risks on grain, or other contents, for short terms at short rates ; and where it is possible to secure these, save your lines for them, and touch the buildings lightly, or not at all. This property is generally out of the owner's control, and in the hands of warehouse- men, whose interest it is to preserve it. When this is the case, and full insurance is needed for collateral or banking purposes, it will sometimes be prudent to cover the whole value where you deem parties worthy of the fullest confidence. Never volunteer this, however, as it is a safe conservative rule to limit the line to three-fourths the value. Short risks are most desirable, as the rate is full and the hazard more quickly ended. Always give them the preference over annual risks on the buildings. Whiskey in Bonded Warehouses is a marked exception to the rule of profit. Rates have been too low, and Frauds frequent and extensive. (See page 47, for rules in regard to whiskey.) Fraud is a very danger- ous element in warehouse insurance. Men yield to strong temptations ; I 19 and false entries, false invoices, false values, and false oaths, are, by wicked collusions, put upon under\\Titers, after the evidence of guilt has been put forever out of sight by the torch. These transactions frequently involve men of high standing, and they call for great firmness on the part of the faithful agent who would avoid them or defeat them. Detached huildings, without eleva- tors or power of any kind ; for grain and produce only. Detached Warehouses, For General Storage, excepting liquors, cotton, petroleum, and other extra inflammables, with- out elevators or power, r Class* A, . . . .75 Class B, .80 Class C, . . 1.00 Class D, . 1.25 r Class A, . .90 Class B, . . 1.00 Class c, . . 1.35 Class D, . 1.50 SEE SPECIAL, MANUFACTURING, AND MISCELLANEOUS HAZARDS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER. 2 ' 30 3 ' 40 4 ' 50 5 ' 60 Insukance FOR Periods Less than a Year will be CiiAnoED as follows : For 1 montli 20 per cent, of the annual rate. For G months 70 per cent, of the annual rate. " 7 " 75 " " 8 " 80 " " 9 " 85 " " 10 " 90 " For eleven months, 95 per cent, of the annual rate. And for Terms Less than One Month, ciiahoe For 2 days, or less, 1-6 of rate for 1 month. I For 10 days, 1-2 of rate for 1 montli. " 5 " 1-3 " " I " 15 " 2-3 " For twenty days, 5-6 of rate for one month. For convenience of calculation, see the Table of Short Rates on page 21. * See "ClasBCB of BulldingB," ou last page. 20 " Long Term Policies " are those that are issued for a longer period than one year : — as three and five year contracts on dwellings, churches, etc. To find the amount of premium to be retained on cancellation of a long term policy, before expiration, use the following RULE. Ascertain how many twelfths of the whole term have expired at date of cancelment, and apply the usual short rate scale, as above given. That is, if one twelfth of the whole term has expired, retain 20 per cent, of the whole premium, and refund the balance ; if two twelfths, 30 per cent. ; if three twelfths, 40 per cent., and so on. If the Policy lias run less than one year, it is not a " long term " insurance, and must be treated according to the Short Rate scale, on the basis of an annual rate. For exam- ple : A rate is ,50 for one year ; 1.00 for three years ; 1.50 for five years. A three or five year policy is to be cancelled when it has run six months. The rate would be .35 — (seventy per cent, of ,50 the one year rate,) as per ordinary short rate scale. The Short Rate Scale is intrinsically right, and must not he waived. For periods longer than a year we diminish the tariff propor- tionally, and for terms shorter we must increase it ; both are correct. It is just as nmch labor to make, report and audit a five day policy, as one for five years, and it is an admitted principle that retail trade cannot be done at wholesale prices ; this applies in full force to the system of sliort rates. As a rule, grant no short risks on buildings. Buildings have, or should have, a per- manent, lasting value, calling for annual policies ; and applications for short insurances on them should arouse inquiry. If the applicant is a permanent owner, why does he want transient insurance — if his interest is merely temporary, ought he to have it ? Is the 1)uilding unoccupied or unproductive — has it a doubtful tenant — has it just been mortgaged or levied upon — is some new, experimental or dangerous business to be started in it — is the policy to be assigned by an embarrassed debtor — is the ajiplicant a lessee with a contingency of some sort V Be very sure that all is right before you give a short policy on a building. Short rates are retained where a policy is cancelled at the request of assured. 21 CQ CQ Hi CQ w H O P4 w P^ P^ O W m O pq m O 1 " O U U3 1 t- g? o £ s 8 s g s 8 g 8 eo g eo 12 eo 8 3 •»»l O la 'J' i2 O -si 1 i SI O CO 1 TO IN o uj CO S O s g s 8 IN g 8 eo g CO 5 eo 8 eo SO S{ 'H o 2 to O eo 5 g S O a* eo to IN in "5" 8 eo 8 "S' 03 eo Iff g CO lO eo O) IN CO eo g eo ■§ 00 4J lO O CO O CO 1 O cq o 00 S s § JS g s § o 1-H s o CD m a-. 8 g 0» c* as O ■" O O CSI c- eo g SJ g § s g lO 8 8 o s o i o 8 o 8 CO g CO CO CO OI 00 gs ^ ^ ^ eo lO 18 ? § lO o >o s §? g 5 « CO g P g s eo g ^co^ ai lO 53 ■* 00 eo t- s ^ S5 S ^ s § g $ O rH TC t- " la §{ o eo s ■* 5 lO g ^ s S 05 s s Cts.Cts. 90 100 CO t- o CO t- § ^ g § o g 8 g g 8 S 8 § eo o o> s< »o 00 ^ s ^ g ■"Jl S s s ?J r: S g » lO O 00 CO « a tH rji t- S s § s 5 S s s S g P s eo lO 00 ^ CO to gj s g g s « g 8 CO S « g p CO lO 00 o CO >o (N s s g ^ ■* s to 8 s 00 CO 5 ^ at lO t- 05 ot •<1< s c« s g 3 « § s CO lO g 00 CO £ m to o» ■<1< t- Oi ^ eo 00 g ^ § ?s g CO § s iS g s CE O a< to 00 o o § lO s CD lO 5 lo « ■* « t- OS tH to e« s ss g ■«! 3 ^ g a o 5 "o 0« CO lO f 00 O TJI >o a g Si g 3 ss s § Jgt !^ 5 -* 0< CO lO CO 00 OI OJ •* f 00 Si s s; s g a ■* CO 2 <=> 1H CO •* ■o t- 00 ^ e« to CO g ^ g ^ ^ CO * 6 " '^ ei TJl la ffl l- o tH eo « 3 s ^ g 3 g m o '"' et CO TJI la tD 00 a> ^ C« !S 00 e« Si s; Si s; si; Annual Premium. m o i- R eq >> a P aa >> P O P rH P o cq d o a rH P m J3 a o cq P •2 o a 00 o a •5 a o a o a CO .fa 1 a 5 c a 00 .2 a o a (3> a O rH 1 a iH O ^ a o c a a a o J3 o o a w >-. CJ fe •^ 2 §i 22 .It is customary — where the length of time cannot be determined — to issue a policy for twelve months, on grain, produce or merchandise, with a verbal agreement to cancel and refund when sold or shipped, retaining short rates for the time expired, and charging for fractions of months as for whole ones, except when the foregoing table provides a rate for the fraction. TIME TABLE, For coDTenience in asMrtaining (he expired time on Policies to be cancelled ; and for other purposes. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. .'JfiS 31 3.34 3e5 3()(i 337 275 30f. 245 276 214 245 1.S4 215 15.3 184 122 153 92 123 61 92 31 62 Mar. 59 28 .365 .3.34 304 273 243 212 181 151 120 90 April. May. 90 120 59 89 31 01 .365 .30 :«5 365 304 3;J4 274 304 243 273 212 iM2 182 212 151 181 121 151 June. July. Aug Sep. 151 120 92 61 31 365 335 304 273 243 212 182 181 I 212 150 I 181 122 91 61 30 365 334 303 273 242 212 153 122 92 61 31 365 *« 303 273 243 212 184 153 123 92 62 31 365 335 274 Oct. 273 242 214 183 153 122 92 61 30 365 334 304 Nov. 304 273 245 214 184 153 128 92 61 31 365 Dec. 334 303 275 244 214 183 153 122 91 61 30 365 Example.— Insurance is wanted for 120 days from June 14. On what day will it expire ? Find June in the left-hand column and run across to the number nearest 120— to wit, 122, which is under October. From June 14 to October 14 would be 122 days. Deduct 2 from 14, and write the policy to expire 12th October. Example— A Policy issued on the 0th of February is cancelled on the 23d of May. Find February in the left column, and under May of the top row is 89 days— that is from 9th February to 9th May. Add the difference between 9 and 23 (14 days) to 89, and the time from the 9th February to the 23d May is seen to be 108 days. Grade the limit of Insurance to the quality of risks, and correspond freely with each Company to ascertain its views on particular classes of hazards. As a general rule, heavier lines will be carried on Wool, drains. Meats and other staples iu "Warehouse, than upon ordinary Merchandise or Manufacturing Risks. Aim to distribute the writings so that no sweeping fire will involve a Company in undue losses. To this end, become familiar with the details of construction in all the important blocks of your place ; knt)W where the unsafe walls are, the frame rears, the wooden cornices, the continuous roofs, the sky-lights and other means by which fire will communicate ; and exercise due care to protect the Company from excessive loss. 23 In Brick Stores and Blocks, write as you may be advised ])y a Company, and confine your lines within the maximum it i^ives you. In Frame Buildings reduce the lines about one-half — i. e., if you would place $10,000 on a certain stock, for a particular individual, in a choice brick store or warehouse, gwe, but $3,000 to $5,(»00 on the same in a frame. Exceptions will be made in favor of fine Grain elevators and first-class Storage Risks. In Frame Ranges tone down the amount still more, and confine risks to stocks, in amounts not exceeding $2,500. See remarks on Frame Ranges, page 17. The rate also has a legitimate influence upon the line. A thin rate is not so great an inducement for accepting heavy risks as a liberal one — a principal to be borne in mind where rates are depressed. The limit of insurance should be contracted in due proportion. Competition, as conducted at the present day, is destructive, not only of a Com- pany's vitals, but of the policy holder's security ; and finally of the Agent's income. If the Agent will but realize the facts in a broad light, he will see that his own interests are identical with his Company's in sustaining rates, moderating lines, and in fostering orthodox practice generally. But whether he will realize it or no, the best Companies positively decline to enter the arena where concessions in rates, concessions in lines, con- cessions in privileges, concessions in everything that tends towards the abandonment of all the old land-marks are the order of the day. The final results of indiscriminate compe- tition are not difficult to foresee ; time only is needed to develop from it certain di.saster, and Agents must not expect the most worthy Companies to yield vital j>oint8 "because other good companies do so." Companies that " icill take risks cheaper," wUl some day he compelled to find the cheapest method of avoiding the payment of losses. The liquids used for producing gas in portable machines are known as Gasoline, Naptha, Benzine, Licpiid Gas, Auroral Oil and by various other names. They are, without exception, highly volatile and, of ne- cessity, inflammable and explosive, and therefore dangerous to the last degree. 7/^ t/iei/ loere not they loould not malx'e gaa. Under no circumstances may these liquids be stored, handled or emptied, on or near, premises that are insured. 24 The house or vault for the reception of the generator, receiver, car- huretter, or otlier apparatus containing the liquid, must be of brick or stone, and placed at least fifty feet distant from the insured property, or any other building exposing it ; and the pipes laid under ground, on an up grade from the vault to the pi^emises to he lighted^ so as to return all condensation or drip to the generator. A stop cock should also be ydaced in the i)ipes, outside the building, so the gas may be turned otf if emergency should require. Drainage should also be provided, so that in no case the liquid can run towards any building, but be conveyed to a sewer, or well, or trap, or gravelly soil. Where the above conditions are faithfully complied with, and the gas introduced through tight service pipes, the same as city gas, there is no material increase of hazard, and buildings so lighted may be insured without extra charge. Special permission must, however, according to the terms of most policies, be granted for the use of gasoline gas, under any circumstances. iaiiiiiffiig For the purpose of super-carburetting or carbonizing common street gas, are small reservoirs of Benzole, Gasoline, etc., through which the common gas is passed, to enrich it. They must be frequently filled, and the extreme danger attending the handling of these volatile hydro-carbons is such that the New York Board of Fire Underwriters, afrer extended examination and experiment, give deliberate expression to the o])inic)n that no such apparatus has yet been constructed as can with safety be used by the general public ; and they prohibit the use of carburetters except under one of two conditions. First, as it is deeirablc to place the same near the ^as meter, it must be enclosed in substantial brick work made jjerfectly tijjht, having an outlet by means of an iron pipe from the bottom, to carry off any overflow or leakage to the sewer, or other ])roiH'r place, and to lie filled from outside the building by means of an iron i)ipe ; this ])ipe, as well as that connecting the a])paratu8 with the meter and the service ]>ii)e, to be securely and closely masoned in the; brick work, which should be suflSciently substantial to resist any accidental force that can be applied to it. Second, it may be admitted without the brick work, provided the apparatus be not sold to customers but remain the property of a reliable firm or corporation, which shall carry 25 071 the business; and that it he filled by daylirjht only, through air-tifjht conneetions and tubes, and only by, or in, the presence of an expert, specially employed by the corporation for that duty. Under ordinary circumstances agents may adopt one standing answer to all inquiries respecting carburetters, that they are inadmissible, and that property where they arc introduced is not insurable; that existing policies are voided by their presence, while surrounding property is greatly endangered by their contiguity. These disguised incendiaries have been somewhat extensively intro- duced in various parts of the country. When they burn the liquid gasoline, which may be contained in them or brought to them in pipes, they are not admissible on any terms whatever. Vigorous suppression of these infernal machines is the bounden duty of every man who values the life or the property of his neighbor or himself. An almost devilish ingenuity has been exercised to conceal, under innocent nomen- clature, the various liquids that have been brought before the public in one or another of tlie above connections. Such names have been employed as Liijuid Safety Gas, Auroral Oil, Najithaline, Cymogene ; these, as well as Naptha, Benzole, Benzine, (>asolinc, Bigo- line. Phosgene, Carboline, or any other ine, mean essentially one thing : — to wit, a highly volatile and inflammable substance, whose only value for the proposed purpose lies in those very qualities that make it dangerous. If Gunj)owder were not explosive it would be good for nothing. If Gasoline et al. were not volatile they would he, in like manner, valueless ! It is the explosiveness of the one and the volatileness of the other that made them alike valuable and dangerous. Special, ijilunufactuving and ijiUsscdUuuouiJi ^uuardjsi* Rememher that Special Hazards are unprofitahle to Unclei'writcrs^ and only tlie best of their kind, for the best men, at full rates, and under the most favorable circumstances, are to be entertained. 1. A special apphcation and survey, on the blank form furnished for the particular sort of risk. Let every question he answered infull^ and the signature of the applicant aflixed. 2. A plain, full diagram ; showing as clearly as possible, the shape, arrangement, position and bearings of the risk, and all exposures within ten rods. Give the points of Compass correctly. 3. Your private report on a se])arate letter sheet, made from a personal inspection of the risk, and giving your opinion of it, with any details that may not have been brought out by the aj)plication and survey. All to be referred to headquarters before binding a Company. This rule must be observed in all cases. Before entertaining a Special Hazard, consult the remarks on the following pages that ])ertain to the particular kind of risk nnder con- sideration, and also give special heed to the following 1. Values must be looked t(> with great care, and every circumstance noted that affects them in any way. About half a strict cash 'valuation is the safe limit of iiisurance on Special Hazards. 27 2. OwNEKS. — Are they reliable, careful, practical — are they attempt- ing an uncertain speculation — are they respected and popular, or feared and hated — are they embarrassed, litigious — is there anything about them, or their circumstances, likely to develop loss to an insurer? 3. Incendiary Tiikeats, jealousies, rivalries, drunkenness, litigations, disputes, bad management, dissatisfied or unpaid liands ; will any of these elements probably bear upon the risk to a company's hurt — is the property profitable or un]>rofi table to applicant, and what are the pros- pects for the future ? 4. Conglomerate Hazards. — Have several different manufactories clustered about one power, so as to expose each other ; largely increasing the general peril ? 5. Watchman ! what of the night ? Are there any police regulations ? Some facilities for extinguishing fires should exist. Casks of water and buckets should be placed in each story, and there should be a force pump with hose sufiicient to command all parts of the building. 6. Lightning Rods should be well set on all exposed points of the building. 7. Exposures should be examined critically, and their bearings on the risk well considered. This is a most important item, and refers as well to the different buildings of one large establishment — their position to one another — as to other exposures. 8. "Wooden Boxes, and rapid^ heating journals, should be sought out and reformed. 9. Open Lights should not be permitted for night work where shavings or lint are made, or wherever else improper. Kekosknk Lamps, also, are bad things in a factory, owing to the infiammable natm-e of the oil, and the ease with which they can be overturned, broken, ex- ploded, etc. When permitted, they must positively be filled and trimmed by day-light, by a man specially ai)pointed to attend to them. 10. Spontaneous Combustion, from greasy rags, dirty waste, or other sources, should be well guarded against. 11. Former Fires. — If the property has ever been on fire from any cause whatever ; probe for full details, and do not be put off* without them. 28 12. Defective Flues, stoves, pipes ; cracking, settling, sagging walls ot wood w^ork, should be noted and remedied at once. 1'^. Specifications. — Write a definite amount, each, on building, machinery, stock, and every other subject insured. Never cover two general items in one sum. 14. Otuer Insvrance. — If there are other policies on the same property, see that they and yours are all worded alike. 15. Amount to Insure. — This must be governed by the values, and the peculiar characteristics of each risk, and wall be determined by correspondence with headquarters. IT). Always name the heat rate you can obtain on a Hsk., when the application is submitted , it may save correspondence to I'noio the local views on rates. Mal'e no concessions for ^'■proposed'''' improvements. IT. Give good heed to all these suggestions. There is no danger OK your being too particular, for, witu all your care, the proba- bilities are that you will lose money for the Companies on Special Hazards. ^BABSiajSS. ©DLi?*"^*^ ,i^\jii)£«jg ►EJillWARliESc, S©M©©L-ljilo3JS2§ For Dormitories and Board- f ing, add .25. 1 j.,^^^* ^ For "Wooden Steeples on < Class B, add .35 if ex- posed within 100 feet. One Year. Three Y« Class Class D, .80 1.60 ;!S.40 1.00 s.oo ».oo 1.S5 3.50 S.75 Country school houses are often used for public meetings, for wdiich an extra charge should be made. Private institutions and Female seminaries are preferred to Male schools and Colleges. Theological seminaries a shade better than either. Many "School House losses" have arisen from defective stoves and furnaces ; others from the mischief of careless and evil-minded students. As a class, they have not been very profitable. Cheaply built '' Juvenile Hotels " gotten up by sub- scription, and placed in the care of hired teachers, are undesirable. ♦ See " ClaeeeB of Buildings," on last page. 29 • Y I- o STEAM. Furnace outside in Brick, metal-roofed f^^a** ^: • • ^••>^ "'^* boiler house, i ^***** ^'' * ' **-^^^^ [Class D, . . 5.00 Chute for shavings must be of the best construction, and closed with iron doors if communicating direct with the furnace room. Shavings must be cleaned out every day. Water casks and buckets required in each story. Preference is given to hard wood manufactories ; if fanning mills, threshers and other manufactm-es creating large quantities of soft wood shamngs, are made, the risk has some elements of a planing mill, and is worth ,50 to 1.50 additional. For furnace inside the huilding, well arched and securely protected, add .50, but if poorly constructed and insecure, decline the risk. For water power, deduct 1 .00, Special manufacturing application and survey, diagram and private report to be submitted before accepting. STEAM. (Class B, . . 4.00 For water power, deduct 1 .00. ] Class C, . . 5.00 ( Class D, . . 6.00 Open lights not permitted. "Water casks and buckets required in each room. Stacks not permitted within fifty feet of the mill. Submit manufacturing application, survey, diagram and private report before accepting. Bagf^ing in bales, when removed from the factory, may be insured the same as other similar baled merchandise, but the stock from which bagging is made, when in buildings not exposed by the factory hazard, will pay as follows : r Cla»i!i B, .. . . 1.50. Bagging Stock, } Claims €,.... 1.75. (class D, . . . . 2.00. 30 For Steam, add .25 in Brick, and .50 j ^^i* € ' ' 1 'sO i» ^^'^'^^' I Class D, ". '. 2*.00 Examine closely the construction of the oven, and flues leading from it — no wood work should be near. Floor in front of oven should be of earth or brick ; if of wood, and not securely covered with metal, beware ! See that ashes are properly disposed of. See that wood and kindlings are not put in dangerous places to season ; also, that lumber is not piled over the oven for the same purpose. If the oven is outside the building, and entir'ely separated fifteen feet, deduct .25 5 if forty feet, deduct .50. For water power, deduct 1.00. Water casks and buckets in each room. If a new enterprise, beware of jealousy and incendiary danger from " hand-work" neighbors. Remote risks of this class (specially in the oil regions) and all rough, open sheds decline, as well as all that have wooden furnace rooms and iron cliimnies. Stave factories for putting up sliooks solely, a shade better ; deduct .50. Submit manufacturing application, survey, diagram and private report before accepting. Stave Yards : — See Lumber Yards. IBss? IF^'esyM® lji]©(jjsiEs. Same as Pork Houses, which see. For wooden floor, add .50. T C*1a!4!4 B, . . 1.25 For plow making, in a small way, add ^ Clai^!^ C', . . 1.50 .25 to .50. ( Class D, . . 2.25 The old-fashioned bellows nozzle is very dangerous ; see that the " patent nozzle" is used in every forge. 4j>©©^(EK q ^30©f>S, Class B, . . 4.00 Class C, . . 5.00 Class D, . . 6.00 31 For pattern shop, add .50.* BK]'iriaw?33A ir*Ae?®B][Es. €la§iii B, . . 2.00 Class C, . . 2.50 Class D, . 3.00 See tbat all furnaces, crucibles and melting kettles are in good condition. Small, neat shops, working three or four hands only, are taken .50 less than above rates. Submit manufacturing application, survey, diagram and private report before accepting. Small quantities of liquid thrown upon melted copper will produce violent explosions, scattering the hot metal. Like consequences result from pouring melted metal into moist sand. (B®^Ti„ SiriassanaSt, ^ggiia,© m GP^^f.-^IFaKS l^isf Use Fire Policy. On vessel or cargo lying up, for winter or summer risk, not exposed by other boats or from the shore, watchmen always on board ; per month, ........ .40 If undergoing repairs, or on the stocks, per month, . . . .50 If exposed from the shore, or by other boats, within one hundred feet ; charge, in either case, for each exposure, per month, additional^ .......... .20 Decline all boats laid up because trade does not pay ; also, boats that are hired by competing lines to lay up. SEASON FIKE RISK ON BOATS RUNNING. On Lake Steamers and Propellers, from April 1 to Dec. 1, 2.50 to 3.50 On Lake Tow-boats and Tugs, " " " 2.50 '• 3.50 On Steam Ferry-boats on Western rivers, per annum, 3.50 '' 5.00 On Western river Steamboats " 4.00 '' 6.00 On Dredge-boats, 3.50 ^' 5.00 32 Accept none but the better class of each. Do not entertain any worn-out or wortliless craft, and refer all risks to the Company. Western river boats are uninsurable at and after six years old. Lake craft, being more staunch, are good for a couple of years longer. [B'©®3i (B]W©SK](EO, Bookbinders are usually in the upper stories ; stock seldom saved, and easily damaged by water. Great danger exists from the paper shavings, the use of glue pots with lire, and the employment of large numbers of careless girls and boys. On lower floor, deduct .25. €la§s A, . 1.25 €laM§ B, . 1.50 €las^ €, . 1.75 €lsi!^§ D, . . 2.00 See Planing Mills. (BaSWiKOSi aiM© KAaI,^ Ijilt)!i3 1^1^ i^a For " Malt House" exclusively (no f Cla§§ B Brewery), deduct .50, or Brewery, ^ 01a§!ii C, without Malt kiln, deduct .50. Clas!^ D, 2.00 2.50 3.00 With stable attached, add .25 For grinding by steam power, add .50 to 1 .00. If distilling is done to any considerable extent, decline the risk. Give critical attention to the construction of malt kilns ; these are the chief causes of brewery fires. Decline all risks where the malt kiln has any wood-work exj)Osed in the cavity over the fire. Brick walls, iron joists and iron floors are essential to safety. Submit brewery application, diagram and ])rivate report before accepting. 33 (BB3[D®Si Ml© [PlSKi, Wooden Bridges, foot and carriage, open, . . . 1.S5 Same, covered, ........ 1.50 R. R. Bridges covered with metal, and cars passing ovek, 1.75 Ordinary covered bridges, cars passing thkough, S.OO to S.50 Do not insnre a particular Bridge for a Railroad Company that does not insnre all ; and avoid all Bridges, about which there are any litiga- tions or local jealousies. Insure no old, sagging or dilapidated Bridges. On Bridges over navigable streams — draw or stationary — add ,25 to .50 for exposure of steamboats. R. R. Bridges should have a watchman, barrels of water and buckets ; and, at the best, are not very desirable. Repairs, Alterations, Slc, The usual rate on buildings erecting or repairing, is a cent a day per $100, for a month or more. For 15 days or less, charge .20. For 2 months or less, charge .55. " 1 month " " .»0. " 3 " " " ,75. And for longer periods, at the short rates of 2.00. Take builders' risks, at above rates, on houses erecting, only for oioners I and in anticipation of securing the regular insurance when finished. Charge Johhers and Contractors Carpenter-shop rates — which see. As a rule, decline, unless you know the contract to be a profitable and satisfactory one. Doors and windows to be closed up at night, or a watchman provided ; otherwise, decline. The hazards from tobacco pipes, glue pot fires, soldering fires, careless men and apprentices and Sunday loafers make these risks undesirable except under the most favorable circumstances. For privileges of alterations, repairs or additions to property already insur^ed, charge the above rates in addition to the annual premium. Parties hiiilding, repairing^ etc.^ on insured i^roperty^ vitiate their policies^ unless they obtain an endorsed permission and pay the extra rate. See "Endorsements." 34 STEAM. Bedstead Factories 1 S" ( Cla§S B, . . 6.00 Zr " : : : : : : li Jcia^sc, . . r.oo Large Turning Establishments . . . J ^ ( ClasS D, . . 1 0.00 For watei- power, deduct 3.00. Seldom taken by careful companies. The best of the kind may be submitted, with manufacturing application, diagram and private report. Water casks and buckets required in each room ; shavings to be removed daily. Arrangements for keeping or using Yarnish, Benzine, etc., must be examined critically and made satisfactory. Furnace outside of main building, and the chute for shavings to be of best construction and " fire proof." If Drying kilns, by fire heat, are within fifty feet, decline unconditionally. Ordinary hand work only, . . f Class B, • . S.50 Stair Builders and Ship Cai-pentersK Class C, . . 3.00 same rates. ( Class D, . . 4.00 Shavings to be cleaned out daily, and water casks and buckets to be kept. If exposed by lumber yards, add .50 to 1 .OO. ©^ If in connection with a bakery, add .25 ( ^I**** ?' ' ' ?'f? . -rt *^ i Class C, . . 1.75 to .50. i ^, ' ^\.^ ( Class D, . ■ *J.*^5 Examine closely the Table Furnaces / the pipes from them frequently pass out at a window, endangering the wood work. Confectioners' Stocks, sales only, no bakery or manufactory, .50 less than above figures. FiKEwoRKS, either on steady or temporary sale, make a risk undesirable. See page 48, 35 (B-aKfigT IFi\©T®K](E©, See Woolen Mills. (B HSo Detached. Add for exposures : [ ^. For school in basement, add ,25. J ^| ^' For wooden spire on Class B, unless | |^i„^^ n | |m absolutely isolated, add .25. B, . . .50 . .75 Charge .25 additional on Organs, Melodeons, Paintings, Draperies, Ornaments, Fixtures, Furniture and Memorial Windows and Tablets, and insure a specific amount on each. If heated by furnaces, the registers should be fastened open. Furnaces are great church burners ! The fires are intermittent ; great heat is wanted suddenly; chimneys as well as the heaters themselves crack from such unsteady and spasmodic use ; the church is often closed and left alone, with the furnace full of fire. These and kindred causes conspire to destroy many churches. Wooden spires and large projecting cornices catch the flames in sweeping conflagra- tions. One fire in London thus destroyed eighty-seven ! In Charleston five, and in Troy ten churches, asylums and public edifices were burned in single fires ! Churches have not been profitable risks to Underwriters, and, desirable as they may seem, present no inducements for competition. ©©ASM, (Bi\KK3i\(ig9 Wia©®ra im^ lp2.©jj©so S)o®^i, Ordinary hand work only, . . . . ( *^'«*** *? ' ' ^'^^ See remarks on Conglomerate Hazard. ) r^, ** Z^ ' ' Z.'!^ ^ ( Class D, . . 3.50 Shavings to be removed daily. Water to be kept handy. Cla§»i B, 75.^ Carriages ON Wheels, in depositories or sales- Class C, . . . . 1.00. ^ rooms, mercantile risk only — no manufactory Class !>,.... 1.25. ) exposing. 36 (D©A©50, (Di\KK]i\©l AMD Wj^'Bm] (Fi^rfOSlSS. STEAM. Inciudins Ca?' and Om7iihus Factories. ] ^,-* ^,' m\i,^ ^ J 1 . * A^ i Class €, . . 4.00 J'or water power deduct l.OO. | Class D 5 00 If Blacksmithing, Plating, Painting and Trimming, as well as Wood work, are done in the same or contiguous buildings, making a Conglom- erate Hazard, add .50 to 1.50. Shavings to be removed daily. Water casks in each department. Yarnish, Benzine, Turpentine, Oils, etc., used in the Paint shop, must be kept in metal and securely placed. No night work allowed among these articles. Submit manufacturing application, diagram, and private report before accepting. Ordinary hand work only, . . . . ( ^*^** *5 ' • p'J?^ See page 30 for steam Barrel factories. 1 ^J^** ^ ' ' ^'^JJ ^ ^ \ Class D, . . 3.00 Shavings to be cleaned out daily, and water to be kept handy. [New England Mills have local rates and rules of their own — these figures do not apply.] Water. Steam. Picker outside in fire-proof room, and ( ^^l"*'* ?,' 'Z'^^ *^*!!'^ ,^.n . ^ . 1 \ Class C, "Z.aO 3.00 Mill m every way first-class, . . ] ^^^^^ ^^ .^^^^ ^^^ If picker inside in ordinary close room, add ..10. Lights absolutely pr()hil)ited in ])ickcr room. Waste to be removed daily. A reliable watchman should always be on duty. Force pump and hose of best construction should command every part of building, or water casks and buckets placed in every room. ^ 37 Insurance limited to two-thirds actual cash value. Machinery not in use insured only when applicants furnish schedule, and only half actual cash value covered. Encumbered, untidy or unprofitable mills not taken. Batting and wadding mills double rates ; usually not taken. Submit cotton-mill application, diagram and private report before accepting. See " Gasoline," page 2-1:, for advice if the mill is lighted by port- able gas machine. When running day and night charge double rates. New Orleans Tariff. •iStEl Brick, Slated. Brick, tin or wood. Wood, slated. All wood. 15 days or less, .38 .50 .63 .75 1 month u .63 .75 .88 1.00 2 " ii 1.13 1.25 1.38 1.75 3 " u 1.63 1.75 1.88 2.50 4: " u 2.00 2.13 2.38 3.25 5 •' a 2.25 2.38 2.63 3.50 6 " u 2.50 2.75 3.00 4.00 New Orleans Tariff. TsQlEBi 5Q[EBi]M. Brick. Frame. Saw Mill attached, additional. 15 days. .40 .50 .20 Animal or water power only, taken. Steam, rejected unconditionally. 1 month, 2 " 3 " 4: " 5 " .60 1.00 1.50 1.75 2.25 .75 1.25 1.75 2.00 2.50 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 6 '^ 2.75 3.00 1.50 Steam has proved so very destructive and unprofitable, as to be excluded from cotton-gin insurance. Any improved steam gins of 38 superior construction, and for the best parties, may be submitted for consideration witli manufacturing^ application, diaf^ram and private report Mitli full details. Particular attention is directed to the incendiary danger surrounding cotton gins. They are usually remote and unwatched. Hands burn them for revenge, or spite, or on account of un}>aid wages. A match, a pebble, a nail, or a bit of steel thrust into a bunch of cotton, does the work by striking fire as it passes through the gin. Be sure everything is right before accepting these risks. Planters sometimes insure, merely because they have reason to fear incendiarism. It is often impossible to ascertain the amount of cotton burned, and unsatisfactory adjustments are not infrequent. Water should always be kept handy. New Orleans Tariff. Brick, slated. Brick, tin or wood. All wood. 15 days, .38 .38 .50 1 month, .75 .88 100 2 " 1.38 1.63 1.75 3 " 1.88 3.38 3.50 4 " 3.50 3.13 3.35 5 " 3.63 3.38 350 6 " 3.00 3.88 4.00 Without Jail, and used Solely for County Purposes. If County offices are in the Court House, add ,35, If used for Public Meetings, Exhibi- tions, &c., add .50, Cla^M B, . .75 €laM!!i €, . . 1 . ClatiM D, . 1.50 Record books and papers are not to be covered. 39 Incendiary danger arises from the revenge of desperate criminals who liave been punished, from unprincipled land-sharks who wish to destroy records, and from jealous and rival towns that want the county seat. County buildings have proved to be unprofitable to underwriters as a class. ( Class B, . 1.50 j)^](Li, ] Class €, . . 3.00 ( Class D, . . decline. But those of modern construction, with iron cells or cages, and every way first class, may be taken ,35 less. (0©(135^]TK^/ S'^f©KS^ ^M© Sir©©5i§.-See Page ,8. Decline to insure Drug stocks, except upon special written authority in each case. They are undesirable almost without exception. Retail Prescription Stores. Wholesale Drug Stores. Class A, 1.00 U^j. ^j^^^„^^f^^t„^j -ti/ Class A, 1.50 Class B, 1.35 ^^.^ ^ ^^^ j^^^ Class B, 1 75 Class C, 1.50 aiM» ^ Class C, 3.00 Class D, 3.00 J ^^^ ^•""- [ Class D, 3.50 The experience of insurers on Drug Risks has been so very disastrous, that they are now classed among the Special Hazards ; and some compa- nies have discarded them altogether. There is in a Drug stock a complete magazine of latent combustion, merely w^aiting for the touch of a careless employe to burst into flame — turpentine, varnish, oils, benzine, naphtha, coal-oil, acids, phosphorus, cobalt, camphene, alcohol, etc., etc. Chemical combinations are daily called for, which, in preparation by an ignorant hand, may turn to instant incendiaries. When the above rates can be obtained on good establishments some good Companies accept the risks, but they cannot consent to any abate- ment of standard figures on a losing class of hazards. 40 Decline, as a rule. ( <^*»** «5 ' ' ^^^ " French process " specially danirerous. ) ^I"** ii' " * ^/!!^ ^ r J .^ ( Class D, . . 10.00 Those of the best grade, profitable, well regulated and for sterling men, may be submitted with special manufacturing application, diagram and private report. Alcohol stills, fine city establishments, best arrangements ; half the above rates. Whiskey frauds on the Government and extensive rascality in bonded whiskey have resulted disastrously to underwriters, and placed these risks under ban. Too great care cannot be exercised in regard to them. The rates and rules for /Standard Mercantile Jiisl's, on pages 13 to 16, have the regular Dry Goods and Grocery trade for a basis. See those pages. Steam Power. DETACHED RATES Horse Power. Class B, See National "1 (,!,..,.,,_ -p...„„ f_ f ClaSS B, . 1.75 Class C ^"''f '^^T; p '^'\r^ ""-^'"'^ '•'^ Class C, . 2.00 J.- w^' ^^^^^ **" ^°^' 1 i^xposure. I ^^, ' -^ _„ Class D, lowing pages. J [ ClaSS D, • S.rtO Woodi-n elevators, sheathed in brick, and roofed with shite or metal, class as B. Add .25 to .50 for exposures of locomotives, steamboats and propellers. At standard {rruin marts like Buffalo, Toledo, Chicaect them personally are undesirable. Special flour-mill application, diagram and private report are required in all cases before accepting, and a re- inspection should be made every few months. Examine every portion of the machinery ; you cannot be too particular. Flour mills are generally total losses. The elevators and spouts, like flues, give rapid circulation to the flames, and the mill burns down quickly. Steam mills have been heavily unprofitable to underw^riters, insomuch that some reject them unconditionally ; but they are so prominent among the industrial enterprises of the country as to demand protection at the hands of insurers, if it can possibly be afforded. Under the above rules and rates, the Companies generally will continue to cover the better class of flour mills. The cost of a mill is no criterion of its value. If it is not frofitahle it is not insurable. So the main question of an underwriter should be " What money does the mill make '{ " rather than what money did it cost to erect it. CALIFoi^Vj 46 STEAM. For pattern shop, add .50 ( ^}^** *? • * ^'^^ ^--— •- '( ^!a^:: S; : : •^:^:: Patterns not in use are uninsurable. Those in use covered for only one-half the actual cash value, and the insurance on them must be apportioned amon<^ the Companies writing other j)ortions of the risk. Flasks must not be piled inside the foundry, nor against a frame building or fence just after being used. Chimney of cupola must rise at least twelve feet above wooden roof Casks of water and buckets required. Submit manufacturing application, diagram and ])rivate report before accepting. (F^JKWT ifdJBd. VlasH B, . . 1.00 Class C, . . l.*J.^ Class D, . . 1.50 Furniture on sale, no varnishing, i repairing, or other work done — "j Mercantile risk. ' Furniture in Dwellings, Hotels, and other buildings, same rates as the buildings. Furniture, Fixtures and Organs in Churches. — See Church rates. FuKNtTURE Factories. — See Cabinet Works. ©i.^iS W©KKi. Class B, . . d.*15 Class C, . . 2.50 Class D, . . 3.00 See that the furnace and annealing ovens are well built, the general arrange- ments tidy, and the premises properly cared for at night. Box making and straw packing, and the storage of straw and hay, present special features of danger in these establishments, and call for carpenter shop rates in many cases. Submit manufacturing application, diagram and private report before accej>ting. 47 Wooden buildings detached, .... 1.50. Steam Power, Dec^line. When exposed by Railroad Locomotives, decline. This figure is for small farming establishments, and no night work. Add .50 for more than one press, or for night work. Close lanterns must be a written condition of the policy — no other lights permitted. Large hay-pressing and shipping warehouses or barns will be considei-ed, each on its separate application, and a rate fixed according to the particular hazard submitted. Give dimensions and exposures of such. Yards or lots for stacking, rotting and breaking hemp by hand, with the old-fashioned brake — no power, no exposures, and no fires on the place — Insurance on stacks and sheds, S.OO. Hemp to be removed as fast as broken and baled. Insure so much on each stack. liefer application before accepting. For Steam Hem]) Works, see Bagging Factories, Eope Factories, and Flax and Hemp Mills. Detached. Brick or stone, six weeks drying privilege, used as farm buildings balance of year, 1.50. Frame, do. do., same privilege, . . . 1.75. Contents during drying season, per month, ..... .50. do. for the " " of six weeks, . . . .1 .00. See that the hop stove and pipe are in good condition, and that buildings have good brick flues, also that the canvas on which Hops are 48 spread does not come within five feet of pipes. Examine the cowl, or ventilator, and see that the draft is sufiicient. Stove Room shonld be plastered. Stove pipes, passing through partitions, must be secured, and must be at safe distances from joists or wood work. In consequence of the necessary intense heat during the "drying season," it is essential that barrels of water, with buckets, be at hand. Agents will please insist on this. Also, that none but covered lights be used at night. Candles and open lamps are prohibited. Wood should not be piled too near the stove. Hops fluctuate in value, and it will be advisable for agents to carefully criticise the amount of insurance requested. A policy for one-half the cash value will generally be sufficient. Detached. Decline to insure all large Hotels, except upon special written authority in each case. Charge extra for exposures. i €la*«is B, . . 1.50 Private boarding-houses of the best class, ■] Class C, • . 2.00 .50 ofi' Hotel rates. ( Class D, . . 2.50 Hotels containing more than thirty apartments should pay at the rate of 4 cents per room, for CIa§s B. 5 " Class C. 6 " " " " Class ». /. f. The nite on a 50 room, Class C Hotel, should be 2.50. A GO room, D, should be 3.60, and so on. Give heed to this rule in rating large hotels, and count all the rooms. Great care should be taken in the examination of all stoves, flues, and pi])es, particularly in the kitchen. Stove pipes ])assing througli floors or i)artitions must be secured by crocks or double tin thimbles. Jointed gas burners that can be turned against the wall or wood work are very dangerous. Give special attention to the L.vundry, as many Hotel fires originate there. 40 On small country Inns, with light travel, deduct .25 to .»50 from preceding rates. Insurance on Hotel furniture should always be upon a schedule furnished by the applicant, and at the same rate as the building. Tavern and Omnibus Barns, not iised as Livery j Brick, 2.50 Stahles, I Frame, 3.00 Hotels are graded as Special Hazards^ and^ as a class, are very iLnprofitahle to underwriters. Only the best are desired at the figures named ; they give no margin for competition. The burning of the Louisville Hotel and the Qalt House at Louisville — the Neal House, at Columbus — the Collins and American, at Toledo — the Read House, at Erie — the Monongahela, at Pittsburgh — the New England, at Cleveland — the Lindell, at St. Louis — the Continental, at Long Branch — Congress Hall, at Saratoga — the International, at St. Paul — the wholesale attempts upon the New York Hotels during the war, and dozens of other notable cases that could be cited; all illustrate the terrible inflammability, the easy accessibility, and the enormous values that may be destroyed in Hotels and in blocks exposed by them. In the one city of St. Paul, Minn., no less than seventeen Hotels have burned in the eighteen years ending with 1869 ! If, for the comiufj ten years, rates on Hotels should be tripled, the probabilities arc that they would still be beldnd with the Insurance Companies. OflfOra (Fraraa'SiS. see RoHms MiHs. J) A31*i» See County Buildings, page 38. Do not cultivate this class of business without special authority from your company. Lease policies are to indemnify lessees for money they are compelled to pay the landlord, while leased property is untenantable from fire. They are the converse of lieiit policies. The property must be repaired without delay, and the insurer pays only for the time the building was untenantabh; ; but if the whole amount of the rental is not insured, the lessee must bear his pro rata of loss, unless (as in the New York form of policy) the 4 Class A, • . .90 Class B, . . 1.00 Class C, . . 1.25 Class D, . . 1.75 50 agreement is to pay only in case of total loss, and in that case to pay the whole amount of the policy. The " interest " covered must ho limited to the actual amount of rent which the lessee would have to pay, and not extended to cover the value of his business, prospective profits, or any other "interest." Tliese are too indefinite and intangible to be made the subjects of insurance. And it should be well ascertained that a lease is profitable before any insurance is granted ujwn it. For correct forms of Lease policies consult Hine's " Book of Forms." (LAITIr) IF^e'irOBJlEi, See Saw Mills. ILu^DOK ^w© W]wg Stokes, Wholesale. These rates are for Stocks iu casks and packages. For Drinking Saloons, add .50 to 1 .OOj according to grade. For Rectifying, add .25. Do not seek this class of risks. The values of liquors are so uncertaitj and fictitious, and the demands for loss or damage so extravagant and irregu- lar, that some underwriters have questioned whetlier a really satisfactory adjustment has ever been had upon a miscellaneous liquor stock ! These remarks should not apply in sections where Whisky is a large sta])le product, and has a recognized commercial value ; but even there the moral hazard growing out of the Government tax and the illegal meas- ures taken to avoid it warn us against free insurance on Whisky. Wliisky in bond must be insured only by the Government numbei*s on barrels : No. to No. , inclusive. As a rule, decline Drinking Saloons, and also treat them as bad exposures to other risks. (Li^Esv Sirj\©3,eg, Detached. Get additional for exposures. i Class B, . . !3.50 If Farrier and i^lacksmith adjoin or ] Class C, . . *2.7ii expose, get 1.00 to 2.00 additional. ( Class D, . • 3.50 Open lights prohibited, and all lights should be stationary : Beware of Coal oil. Smoking expressly forbidden. Water sliould be handy. 51 Greasy rags, from the oiling of harness, induce spontaneous combustion, and shoukl be looked after. Insure a specific amount on each item covered, as $50 each on twenty horses; $10 each on forty sets of harness; $100 each on ten carriages; $75 each on eight buggies; $500 on hay, grain and feed — ($8,500). Never write a general policy ; if some horses are so valuable that an average amount would not be satisfactory, let the owner fnrnish a schedule, and insure each horse by name and description, putting an agreed amount on each. ^^ Blanket Policies^'' on Livery Stables^ will he canceled as soon as reported ! For Private Barns and Stables, see page 9. lLi5!a©S'^ l^a^E)^— W®©© ^^mm. Detached and secured by a good wall or fence, . 2.00 " " without fence, 2.50 s If within eighty feet of a steam saw or planing mill, add l.»50 to 3.00. If within fifty feet, get mill rates or decline, and, in either case, submit survey and diagram before binding. Get proper additional pre- mium for exposures of stables, carpenter shops, etc., and (if on docks) for steamers and locomotives. Office in yard same rate as lumber. Small yards are preferred. If on two sides of a street, put a specific amount on each part ; this is imperative / two yards inust not he covered in one sum. Wood yards and stave yards — no pine or soft lumber — may be taken .25 less than above rates, and a like discrimination may be made in favor of green lumber. STEAM. For water power, deduct .50. j ^^^^^ ^i ' ' *^-^^ IfFoundry adjoins, see Foundry Kates. 1 ^I**** i{' " ' 2'*^'^ •^ •• ( €las^ D, . . 3.00 See same, for rules in regard to Patterns and Pa'itern Shops. If wood work is done, see Agrkuiltural Implement Rates. Submit manu- facturing application, diagram and private I'eport before accepting. 52 Do not cultivate this class ofhusiness without special permission from your company, except to issue i)olicies on desirable buildings to tue OWNER : Luss, if any^ payahle to John Doe, Mortgagee. Mortgage insurance, proper, is simply debt innurance. The policy issues to the mort- gagee to protect Ilia interest. If any loss is paid, the mortgagee assigns to the insurance comj)any an interest in the mortgage equal to the sum so paid, and the company collects from the debtor. A policy issued to a mortgagee on his interest is of no benefit to the owner of the property. It is a collateral, obtained by tin; mortgagee, at his own expense, for his own benefit, and, although the niortgaget^ thus (when loss is paid) gets payment of his claim, the debtor is not discharged, but must ])uy to the company, to whom assign- ment has been made. For proi)er forms of Mortgage policies, see Hine's " Book of Forms." See Rolling Mills. Water Power, A 1 w G. . o • 1 ^-, ( Class B, . . 2.00 Add tor bteara, in crick, .oO. 1 r'l«i«« f *»•»'% " " Fra,„e, 1.0«. ) ,,,„„, „; . . 3.30 Lard Oil making exclusively, no fire heat and no steam, .'35 oft' above rates. For Lard Oil making in connection with soaj) and candles, see Soap ANi» Candle P'actories. These estal)li8lini('Mts, owing to the introducti(»n of Petroleum, are not ])rofitable as formerly, and call for good judgment on the part of insurers. Press cloths in ;ill nil mills are specially liable to heat and produce 8p(»ntan(M)Uft combustion when left in heaps. Unless systematically cleaned and s])read, or iiung, decline the I'isk. Submit maiHifacturing application, diagram and private report before accepting. 53 o.oO to Only the best of these will be taken i Class B, . upon full correspondence, application, ^ C'lass C, . . lO.OO diagram and private report. ' Class D, • . decline. Still Houses generally uninsurable; rate from lO.OO ii])war(ls. Agitating Houses, Receiving and Barreling Houses, worth from St.OO to 6.00, according to arrangement and nearness to stills. " Oil Yards," for storage of crude petroleum in tanks, cisterns and otherwise, pay from 4.00 to 6.00 (and short rates of same) according to arrangement. Crude petroleum at Oil City, or elsewhere in the oil regions, is uninsurable. Competition on these risks, in connection with a " run of luck," has reduced the rates below a safe standard. The extreme inflammability of the material is notorious, and has been the cause of some very destructive fires. ( Class B, . . *3.50 For relined Petroleum, in barrels, . . < Class C, . . 2.75 ' Class D, . . dec-line. Some warehouses have been constructed at Pittsburgh and elsewhere, for refined oil, with ventilators and appliances specially adapted to the trade. In such as these, the tariff may be abated .25. defined Oil stored in cellars and elseivhere among mercantile risks adds .50 to the rate. It is folly for parties to compare refined oil in barrels, w^ith whisky and other tight packages on storage. Its great penetrative- ness defies the tightest barrels and mocks at glue and paint. It icill ooze out, and offer food for the accidental flame that else had done no harm. Petroleum, in all its stages, is a dangerous article, and should always pay full figures for insurance. Storage of " Coal Oil," even in the smallest quantities, among other merchandise, should be discouraged. Retail dealers, who ])urchase two or three barrels, should not l)e permitted to expose their other insured property by bringing it upon the premises. 54 ©3L iiWD ^ABP S'-rOKS^. The danger arises from storage of Petro- leum, the mixing and vending of Cam- |)hene, and having these intlamniable fluids on drauglit at all hours. *ii^ Class C, . . 1.75 Class D, . . *2.00 If these rates cannot be obtained, decline the risk. A lam^) stock, being mainly of glass, is difficult to remove, and is not a choice risk, aside from the Oil and Camphene hazard. As a rule, do not solicit these risks ; criticise them closely when oftered, and reject firmly any that do not commend themselves to your judgment after rigid inspection. Small, well arranged stocks will pass at .25 below this tarifl'. Attention is invited to what is said of Gasoline and its kindred, on pages 23, 24, and 25. The so-called "Non-explosive Oils" have Naphtha, Gasoline, or Benzine for their hase, and are danjrerous in the extreme. The itinerant venders of these murderous fluids are either very ignorant or very reckless ; their " tests " are delusive, and their wares jeopardise all who touch them. Have nothing to do with any of the patent compounds that will not stand the ordinary Fire Test ; Which is simply to heat a little of the liquid ; if it flashes below 100 degrees, or burns below 120, refuse it unconditionally. This may be done — with coal oil or any other illuminator — by pouring a few spoonsfull in a saucer and floating the saucer on a vessel of ^*a^n water ; put a thennonieter in the water and as the heat rises hold a lighted match close over the oil and note the temperature at which it flashes and burns. The " non-explosive" oils will not bear this test at all, many of them will inflame at freezing point ! ©mmmz ■ (Blocxd. See Page i6. IF ^4\feK ll^JiiLS, These rates are for Mills that are every l Class B, . . •l.»J5 way tirst-class as to construction and '\ Class C, • • 3.50 management — paper dried by steam-^ ' Class D, • • Jl.OO neither bleaching nor sizing i)repared in the building — rags neither 55 stored nor sorted in the mill — cotton waste not permitted to be stored in or near tlie mill ; this last is very danji^erous, and should he well looked to. For storing or sorting rags, or for preparing bleaching or sizing, add ,•50, Submit paper-mill application, diagram and private report before accepting. If straw and straw stock are used charge Wkapping-Papek Mill rates. If the paper is manufactured, charge Paper-Mill rates. If only the printing, coloring and pre- i da§§ B, • • 1,50 paring of hangings are done, charge "( Class C, • • 1,75 for ... .' ( Class D, . . 2,00 Stacks of Straw and Flax should not ( ^^^^ 5' * * iJ'^JJ 1 .1 Kn +• ^ \ Class C, . . 3.50 be nearer than 50 leet. i ^- wJ - ^^ I Class D, ■ . 4,00 Submit paper-mill application, diagram and private report before accepting. Only the very best will be accepted ; they are desperate risks. Hand Wokk only. j Class B, . . 55.75 For steam power, charge Cabinet Fac- { Class C, . . 3,00 TORY rates. ' Class D, . . 3.50 Shavings to be removed daily and water kept handy. Notice particularly the glue-heating arrangement and the drying boxes ; they must be of the best construction, or they condemn the risk. Small shops, working three or four hands, will be accepted .50 below these figures. Moulding Factories, Sash and Blind Factories, Tib and Bucket Factories, Packing Box Makeks, Wooden Trunk Makers, Frame Makers, and AVoRKERS IN Soft Wood generally. 56 STEAM, Water power, 1.00 to !j.OO less. Planing Mills, Flooring Mills, ■( €la»is €, . . 8.00 I ClaHH D, . . lO.OO _ The whole list is undesirable, and will I- be deelined as a rule. p' Those of the better grades may be sub- mitted with special manufacturing application, diagram and ])rivatc re- port, and those approved will be ac- cepted at the fullest rates only. The furnace must be of the best construction, and the chute for shavings fireproof. Water casks and buckets required in each room. Drying Kilns not permitted within 50 feet. These risks are usually exposed by lumber yards, stables, etc. Give full descrip- tion of all surroundings. For Hand Work onl}', see CARrENTER-SHOP rates. Including Daguerreotype, Ambrotype, i *^'*>** "^ • • ■.•>0 and all Sun-picture works, . . . ] ^:'*** ^'> ' * ^•"" ^ ' ( Class D, . . •i.oO Being usually in the upper stories, and composed largely of delicate materials, salvage is difficult, and they make bad losses. Valttes are, in a great degree, profess ional, Qiot mercantile, and should be closely scanned ; insure only half the valuation. See that all chemicals are in projjer order. Look out for gun-cotton. If there is a solar lens, see that it has an arranoement for shuttinjj out the sun when not in use; it will iire a ])ine board in a few seconds when in focus. Insurance in Photograph Galleries should be ui)()n a schedule fur- nished by the owner, and having satisfactory valuations annexed. Insure no Travelling Photograph Cars or contents. 57 Annual Warehouse rates, with the privileges of j Brick, 1.50 cutting, salting, bulking and packing only, . ( Frame, 3.00 Annual rates, including above, and the additional \ Brick, 3.3*) privilege of smoking only, ( Frame, 3.7«> Fire. Steam. „ ■., ■ ; t , ■ 1 ) Bek-k, a.oo a..>o Same, with privilege of rendering only | ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ Fire. Steam, Same, with privileges both of smoking j Brick, 3.*>0 4.00 and rendering, ( Frame, 4.00 4.50 For the privilege of slaughtering, add to either j Brick, .75 of the above, ( Frame, l.OO [But annual risks on slaughter houses that are not in connection with, or used for other branches of the business, are not desired.] SHORT RATES, INCLUDING WAREHOUSE RISKS. Warehouse Risk. With Smoking Only. With Rendering only. Fire. 1 Steam. With Slaughtering With With Smoking and i Smoking and Rendering. , Slaughtering. With Rendering and Slaughtering. With Smoking, Rendering & Slaughtering. Brick. Fr'me. Brick. Fr'me. Brick. Fr'me.' Brick. 1 Fr'me. Brick. Fr'me. Brick. Fr'me. Brick. Fr'me. Brick. Fr'me. Brick. Fr'me. .30 .40 .90 1.00 .50 .60 .70 .80 .60 .80 .95 1.05 1.05 1.20 .80 1.00 1.20 1.40 2 " .45 .60 1.50 1.65 .75 .90 1.05 1.20 .90 1.20 1.55 1.70 ! 1.70 1.80 1.20 1.70 1.80 2.10 3 " .CO .80 1.85 2.05 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.20 1.60 ; 2.05 2.25 2.25 2.40 1.60 2.10 2.40 2.H0 4 " .75 1.00 i».20 2.45 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 1.50 2.00 2.45 2.70 ; 2.70 3.00 2.00 2.50 3.00 3..')fl 5 " .9U 1.2U 2.50 2.80 1.50 1.80 2.0U 2.30 l.KO 2.30 2.75 3.05 3.05 3.60 2.30 2.75 3.G0 4.00 6 " 1.05 1.40 2.80 3.15 1.75 2.10 2.25 2.50 2.00 2.50 3.05 3.40 : 3.40 3.90 2.50 3.00 3.90 4..')0 12 " 1.50 2.00 3.25 3.75 2.00 2.50 2.50 3.00 2.25 3.00 3.50 1.00 1 4.00 4.50 3.00 3.75 4.50 5.50 As a rule, however, decline all establishments having a frame smoke HOUSE. Cutting and Packing are not, of themselves, very hazardous ; but they are usually done in a hurried manner, and often at night. See that all lights are well secured with good lanterns or sconces, and that careless hands are not allowed to use pieces of meat for candlesticks. Lard Bendering is dangerous at the best, and should be done only by experienced and trusty hands. The Kettles should be well set, and the top of the furnace covered with an iron plate, having a flange at 58 least one inch high around the edges. An Extinguisher should be hung on a pully that can be let down over the Kettle instantly if the lard takes fire. Water will not quench hiirning grease, it can only he done hy smothering. Fires should be put out at night, and the floor of the lard room should be brick or earth. Steam Rendeking is extremely hazardous from the generation of explosive gas that takes fire from a lighted candle. No lights of any Icind — 02)en or closed — should ever he permitted about Steam Lard Taiiks. Smoking is the great peril of the business, and the arrangements should be of the best character. A slatted floor, ten feet above the fire, to prevent the meat from falling into it, is indispensable. If the fire is in a stove, or under a brick or metal arch, it will be all the better. After every precaution and every care have been taken, the risk is worth the fullest rate ; no inferior risks of this class are wanted at any price. Slaugutering and Slaughter Houses are always nuisances ! not only during the season of killing, but particularly in the summer ; and are often burned by those living adjacent. Do not carry annual risks on Slaughter Houses, specially in thickly inhabited neighborhoods. If short risks are taken in such property, let them expire before warm weather. City establishments have great advantages over those in the country, in the superior fire department, the extra care of the general police in addition to private watchmen, and the better average experience of hands working in large concerns over those in small. It is a great error to suppose that country pork houses are better risks than those in the city, where they have these advantages ; and if, with all the experience, care and security to be had at Cincinnati, Chicago and the other great Pork Centres, the above rates have been found to be barely adequate, there is certainly no margin for reduction in smaller places. Great speculations characterize the Pork business, and great moral hazardsr to underwriters are the inevitable result. Agents must consider this fact and guard well the interests of their companies, never suftering them to be used by unworthy men. If the annual rate (from exposure, occupancy or otherwise) is higher than the Warehouse rates above given, charge short rates, as per table 59 on page 21, and then add for prwileges as per following table; or, on an annual risk at Warehouse rates, charge by this table for privileges for the time wanted, additional. Smoking only. Rendering only. Smoking and Rendering. Fire. steam. 1 Month, 2 " 3 " 4 " 5 " 6 " .60 1.05 1.25 1.45 1.60 1.75 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .40 .60 .§0 l.OO 1.20 1.40 .65 1.10 1.45 1.70 l.§5 2.00 Insure a specific amount on or in each separate building, shed or yard ; if this cannot he done, the " a/verage clause " must he inserted. Be very particular to see tliat all the policies on the same property read alike. Sec remarks on Policy and Policy writing. Submit surveys and have full correspondence with your Companies about Pork House risks, in advance of the season, so as to be ready when business commences. PoTTiKigi imm TTekka ©'©^ta Wojjks, For steam power, add .50 to l.OO. ( (la§»i B, . . 2.00 See that the drying rooms and ovens { Class C, • • '^..lO are well made and safely arranged. ^ Class D, • . 3.00 Wood piles should not be too near. Ovens should be to leeward of the buildings, according to the prevailing winds of the region. Submit survey and diagram. Powder Mills are unconditionally rejected as uninsurable ; so also gunpowder on storage in quantities of 100 lbs, or over, and all property immediately endangered by it. Permission is usually printed in the Policy to keep 25 lbs. of powder in close metal canisters, for day sales only. Clai^M A, . . 1.00 €la!^M B, . l.-JS Class c, . . 1..10 Class D, . '^.OO 60 tpKIIIKIVIJIM® ©IFPl^lES For iSteam, add .50. For Book Biiiderv, add .H^. For Office entirely on ground floor, deduct, .25, Printing; establishments are almost invariably in the upper stories, where salvage is impossible, and are generally total losses. They have been an unprofitable class of risks to underwriters, newspaper offices especially. See that arrangements for drying paper, if any, are safe and not endangered by stove pipes, lamps, etc. Give caution in regard to greasy rags, used on presses or copperplates, which, thrown in a corner, may produce sjxjntaneous combustion. Tidiness and good order should pre- vail to make the risk desirable. If camphene or benzine is used for cleaning rollers, or any other purpose, see that the arrangements are of the best kind and remote from all lights and fire. The great printing house of Harpei-s', in New York, was burned from this cause. Coi'i'ERPr-ATE Printers exclusively, well situated and otherwise desir- able, may be taken .25 below this taritt". See remarks on Reinsurance under the head of Policies and Policy Wkitin(;, further on. Do not cultivate this sort of business, and never issue a rent policy without previous consent of your company. Insurance of rents is to indemnify a landlord for actual loss of rent reHultiiifj: dinrtly from a fire that renders a building untenantable. It is tin; converse of Lease insurance. The assured must agree to rebuild or repair in as short a time as the nature of the case will injrniit, s'.nd the loss is ascertained by the time required to repair, being pro rata to the annual rental of the building or the damaged portion of it. Kent insurance is entirely aside from insurance on the building. It has nothing to do with (laniarje to property, l)ut relates solely to Ions of rents, therefore the actual loss of rents, and not a specified sum (which may be less or more than such actual loss) is the true measure of a company's lialiility. For proper fonu of policy consult Hine'e " Book of Forms." 61 If unprofitable or in litisjation, or if I Clasps B, . • 3.^5 unpaid or disaffected hands threaten, -j ClaNM C, . . ^.50 decline the risk. ( Class I>, • • 3.00 Submit manufacturing application, diagram and full details of the risk, by letter, before accepting. (^AJJafifQ^D IPfi©!FEK?^, Class B. Class C. Class i.as 1.50 9.00 1.50 9.00 9.50 . 2.00 S.25 :t.oo 3.00 2.95 3.00 . 2.00 9.50 3.50 1.50 9.00 9.50 . 1.95 1.50 9.00 . 3.50 4.00 5.00 9.00 1.00 1.95 1.75 D. Passenger depots, detached, . Freight " " Locomotive works — see page 51, Machine shops, excluding car shops, Car-wheel works— see page 46, . . 9.00 9.50 3.50 (^ Round houses, . Bridges — see Bridges, page 33. Eating houses, detached, .... Car shops — see page 36, ... Wood sheds — no steam sawing, . . Water tanks, without steam power, Charge additional for exposures, and the highest rate of either for a confflo?nerate of two or more of the above hazards. The above tariff is only for first-class structures. Application, diagram and private report should be submitted in all cases, and great care exercised in regard to the risk. Some of the most disastrous fires of the present century have been among or occasioned by railroads. If the risk includes a great number of buildings, depots, bridges, etc., call each by name and specify an amount on or in each, as the case may be. Policies have been written, " On property of every description belonging to said com- pany, or for which they may be liable, situated on the line of their road," etc. This in- cludes road, bridges, wood, buildings and machinery of every sort, cars, engines, freights, and every other item in one sum! Kate of premium is from twelve to twenty per cent., and losses of $500 or less are not to be paid. There is plausibility in the plan, and some com- C.2 panics have statistics that seem to show a profit. But the proportion of insurance to the whole value is very small, being usually $50,000 to $100,000 insurance on five to ten millions of valne— just enough to catch all tfie losses, and makinfj the rate, in reality, one tenth to one fifth of one per cent. — about one quarter of the rate on choice detached dwellings ! The plan is deceptive, and you will decline all such insurances unconditionally, unless specially authorized by the company. STEAM. C la§s B, . . 3.50 Class C, . . 4.00 €las§ D, . . S.OO For water power, deduct 1 .00. If Flax or Hemp is broken and picked, chari^e Bagging-fa(;tory rates. Stacks should not be nearer than fifty feet, and water should be kept in every room. For TwESTE Factories, neatly arranged, free from breakino;, picking, baling and other coarse operations ; stacks remote, and the establisli- ment every way first-class, deduct 1.00 to l.»50 from tlie above tarifi'. Old-fashioned Rope Walks, hand work only — Brick, 3.50 ; Frame, 4.00. ©atlT W©KKg, These are usually rough wooden sheds, l ^^xck 2.00 in remote places, and the buildings are generally of no insurable value. Frame, . . . :i.OO Macliinery, kettles, pumps, engines and stocks of salt may sometimes be covered, however. Submit application, diagram and private report. It is an error to suppose that the salt impregnates the buildings over the kettles, and thus renders them impervious to fire ; it is the ivater that evaporates^ not the salt: steam from fresh water would be about as efficacious. 63 Isolated, Saw Mills running but a portion of the time, from lack of employ- ment, or scant water, are not insurable ; as also mills in places where timber has become scarce, or where the cost of transportation is excessive, or where any circumstances render the business unprofitable. Beware of small mills with large encumbrances ; of over-stocked markets ; of poor lumber; of unscrupulous competition, and all other elements of moral hazard. Rates foe ordinary Country Mills, (see below for Merchant Mills.) Water Mills, one or two saws, 3.00 Same with gangs of saws, 3.50 to 4.00 Steam Saw Mills, 7.00 to 10.00 A rickety stove, with pipe through side, or roof — fires in kettles, or on a rock just outside, as sometimes seen in backwoods settlements, condemn the risk. SniNGLE, Lath, or Stave Factory attached, adds half to the rate ; and a Sash and Blind Factory doubles it. Limit of insurance, in all cases, one-half the valuation. Steam Mills are not desirable as a class, and are but rarely accepted. Submit manufacturing application, diagram and private report before issuing policy. On brick buildings deduct l.OO, and on frames that are inclosed throughout, and can be locked up at night, deduct .50. National Board Rates on Steam Saw Mills. No external exposure ; lumber to be sawed wet ; boiler house of brick or stone (and shut off from mill by iron door) ; roof of same of metal, slate or gravel; chimney, brick (with spark arrester); casks or tanks of water on roof; buckets in mill; force pump and at least 100 feet of hose; ladders or other convenient means of access to roof; roof 64 of boiler room not witliin four feet of boiler ; iron flue connecting furnace with smoke stack as much as two feet from roof or wood work. Rate on such a mill, 4.^0. ADDrrroNS for deficiencies. Frame boiler house, .50 to l.OO, according to circumstances ; boiler in mill, l.OO to !8.00 5 iron smoke stack, .50 5 no casks or tanks on roof, .50 5 no force pump and hose, .50 5 shingle mill, where shingles are sawed, .50 5 where shaved, 1.00 5 sawing dry lumber principally, 1.00 to 2.00 ; no watchman during nights of working season, .25. See Carpenter Shops. Clas^ C *{ 00 Class D, . • 3.0O Submit soap and candle application, diagram and private report before accepting. On the best of these establishments limited amounts will be enter- tained at the above rates, but the companies do not seek the business. A most persistent fatality has followed these establishments since the discovery of Petroleum, and they have, as a class, cost double the whole amount of premiums received from them ! If Lard Oil is made, see that the ci-otiis are well cared for, and not suffered to lie in heaps, — See Oil Mills. Examine furnaces, see that Kettles are well set, that no wood work ap])roaches the fires, and that the general arrangement is tidy and syste- matic ; if dirty or disorderly, decline. These establishments often become nuisances, and are secretly fired to rid a neighborhood of the stench. 6$ '9 STEAM. s Examine all Furnaces and Roasters; if ff^i^^ in the upper stories the greatest care ) ^,|^ must have been used in their con- ) tf /1 1 44 struction to render them insurable. B. . 2.75 €, . . 3.00 D, . a.50 Submit manufacturing application, diagram and ])rivate re})ort before accepting. When roasting is done in a separate building, deduct .50. The hazard of coffee roasting, however, is not in the process alone ; over- burned coffee, already charred, confined in a heated mass, develops lire. Many establishments, it is believed, have burned from this cause. See Carpenter Shops. I J"^ -k ^ I I! *^ A / V'j^;/» Being generally at remote points in the mining regioiVs^among^^ vod^li.* V i population, freouentlv of doubtful valne as pxiipvimpnt^ sn^n'pr'f +n ^-». population, frequently of doubtful value as experiments, subject to violence from jealousies and other causes, will be entertained only by resident agents, who can give them personal inspection ; and they will submit manufacturing a})plication, diagram and private rei)ort, and await instructions before making any agreement for risks. Buildings, if rough sheds, decline. Risks on machinery at five to ten per cent, for Water and Steam may be considered. If a mine is idle or unprofitable, decline all risks, either on buildings or machinery, without terms. See that all the Heating and Drying I Class B, . . 2.50 Apparatus is well constructed and \ Class C, . . 2.75 in perfect order. ( Class D, . . 3.50 The Kiln is the great incendiary, and must receive particular attention. There have been some heavy losses on these risks. Submit manu- facturing application, diagram and private report before accepting. ■y 66 See Barrel Factories. ST©aE§. See Mercantile Risks, Page 13. Values are very lieavy, and tlie hazard ( t^'a*!* "5 • • — .'jO from steam and fire heat consider- ) l^Iass ly, . . %*.7o ^l^le. ( Class D, . . ».50 See that the entire establishment is of the best construction, and that every safet^uard against accident is provided, such as force pumj), hose, buckets, water casks, watchmen, etc. Submit manufacturing a])plication, diagram and private report before accepting. See Soap and Candle Factories. Bark Mill outside. BincK Frame. With Heaters and Steam Power (Brick Stack.) 3.50 4.00 Without" " '• " '1.50 :i.oo If Bark Mill is in the Tannery building, add .50. If over the furnace room, decline. For metal roof, deduct .'35. V'or iron chimney, add .25 to .50. No liglits, fires, or smoking permitted about the Bark Mill. On stock while in the vats, deduct .50 ; but be very sure to confine that por- tion of the insurance hj/ specifi'cdtioii^ strictly to the vats, anS IFtD(OW©SK]li, Examine closely all the furnaces ; there is a multitude of them ; in the casting room — the stereotyping room — the - electrotyping room — and fire pots for soldering in the finishing room. L Look to the " backing " and wooden-rule department ; see that shavings are properly disposed of. If additional wood work is done, for stands, cases, galleys, quoins, etc., charge .50 to 1.00 additional. For steam power, add .50 to 1.50. Eefer manufacturing application, diagram and private report. (lDyi)®(B(Sl!3!P!lg© IB'i3]iL©]5>J©S, Unoccupied buildings, property on leased ground with lease nearly expired, houses out of repair or shortly to be torn down or removed, and unproductive property (jeneraUy, should be steadily avoided. Where the character of parties is unexceptionable, and all attendant circum- stances warrant an occasional departure from this rule, cover half the actual cash value. Charge warehouse rates (see page 19), and additional for exposm*es. (U)?!}3©l.i7SK!ERi, lBs©©]5US AN© fflAITTRSSS fflA3i(EfJ3, No wood-work. No open liglits allowed, j Class B, . . 2.25 See that shucks, cotton and other j Class C, . . 2.50 litter are not permitted near stoves. ' Class D, • • 3.00 Smoking positively prohibited. If the establishment is untidy decline the risk. In large establishments, where bleaching and drying of material is done, extra precautions must be observed, and extra rates secured. 70 See pages 18 and 19. For Furnace outside, in a separate fire- I proof stone or brick linilding, deduct j .50 troni steam rates, AV^itli " pa- tent steam dryer," decline. Water. Steam. Class B, '^.O© 3.75 Class C, ^.•25 :t.oo Class D, :t.00 4.00 Force pump and hose should be provided to command every portion of the buildini;: ; and water casks and buckets must be placed on each floor. A careful watchman should be employed, and good watch clock provided. Waste must be i-emoved daily. Machinery not in use will only be insured upon a schedule furnished by the owner, and but half the cash value of each item covered. See that cleanliness and order prevail. If untidy or disorderly, decline the risk. Beware of " patent oils" and petroleum mixtures. Decline small mills where inadequate capital impedes successful management. Submit woolen mill application, diagram and private report before accepting. APPROXIMATE ANNUAL RATES. Add for Exposures accordinfr to tlioir miniber, extent and hazard. Also for addi- tional orcupanciee. For Class A deduct .10 from B rate. These rates icill apply in good brick blocks tdthfire walls, hut not in frame ranffe^. Those marked "refer" and "see page" must be submitted to the companies Iwlore accepting. A. Academiop, pee pa;;c 28 Acids in Store AyriciiJtural Implement Stocks.. " " Manufac- tories, Hce pa;,'c 2'.), refer Alcohol in Store " Stills, see page 40, refer. Ale, Beer in Store Ale Houses Ambrotypc! Galleries, sec page 56 " Material stock Anchors, Anvils, heavy iron stocks Apothecaries, see pa5 Coffee in Store " Houses and Saloons Colleges & Seminaries, boarding " (see page) 28 " day-school only Colormen's Stocks (no oils, var- nish, benzine, or turpentine). . Commission Merchants Composition Rooting Works, de- cline ". Composition Roofing in Store.. . Confectionery Makers, see p. 34. Stocks " " with Are works Comb Makers, hand work " Stocks Cooper Shops, see page 36 Copperplate Printers, see page 60 Coppersmiths, see page 67 Cotton Brokers, with samples. . . •' Mills, water, see page 36. " " steam, " 36. | " Presses, " 37. j " Sheds & Warehouses, see paKe38 , Cotton Gins, see page 37 ] Battiugand Wadding, in Store, bales Cordage and Rope Stocks Costuiners' Stocks Country Stores, see page 18 Court Houses, see page 38 Crockery Stores, retail " wholesale, in j)kgs. Curled Hair and Hair-Cloth Man- ufactory Curied Hair & Hair-Cloth Stocks Curriers and Leather Uressers, no tanning or bark mill, sec p. 67. Cutlery Manufacture " Stocks D. Daguerrotype Galleries, see p. 56| " " Stocks in Store, .j Dental Stocks in Store i " Itoonis, Manufactory ... Depots. Railroads, see page 61 . .! Dessicated Meat, Fruit Canning Dioramas, Panoramas and otherj traveling e.xiiibitions, decline DistillericH, see imge 40 Dress Making and Millinery Drinking Saloons, see paire 50.. Dry Goods and Groceries, see page 15 2.25 1.00 CISM c. 2.50 1.25 3.00 I 3.00 1 2.75 .75 1.25 1.00 .75 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.00 i.a5 1.25 1.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.25 2.25 2.75 Dry Docks, refer application . Drying Kilns, decline Druf; 39. stores, wholesale, see page 7.00 1.25 1.25 3.00 1.00 I. .50 1.25 1.00 1.25 1.25 1.50 1.75 1.25 1..50 1.50 1.25 2.50 1.25 1.25 1.50 2.50 3.00 1.00 1.35 1..50 l.(X) 1.25 1.50 1.25 1..50 1.75 1.00 1.25 1..50 .75 l.(K) 1.50 l.(K) 1.25 1.50 .90 1.00 1.40 1.25 1.50 2.00 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.00 1.25 1.75 1.75 2.00 2..5() 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.25 1.50 2.00 .!«) 1.10 1.40 .!K) 1.10 1.40 1.00 1.25 1.75 8.00 1.50 1.50 Clati 8.50 1.50 1.50 3.50 1.25 2.00 1.50 1.25 1.50 1.50 1.75 2.25 1..50 1.75 2.00 1.50 3.00 1.75 1.75 2.00 3.00 4.00 .90 : 1.00 1.75 10.00 1.75 2.00 1.26 Add for Exposures.— Those rates do not apply in Ranges. Y3 Drug Storep, retail, see pa<;e 39 . Drug Mills, see page 65 D\vellingf>, see page 8 Dye Houses Eating Houses and Kcstaii rants Earthenware, wholesale, in i)kg; " unpacked Edge Tool Makers, hand work or water power Edge Tool Makers, steam power Electro Plating Elevators, see page 40 Embroidery, Lace Stocks .... Enameling Works, decline.. . Engine Builders, see [)age 4G. . . .| '• Houses, Fire Co. 's, with halls Engine Houses, Fire Co.'e, with- out halls Engravers' Stock and Tools Envelope Manufactory Express Offices Cln«« CIms Class B. €. D. F. Fair Ground Buildings, see p. 42 Fancy Stores & Stocks, Notions,' Soap & Perfumery, not Drugs, or Apothecary Feathers in Store Feed Stores, no Hay and Straw. " with " Fences and Outhouses File Manufactory Fire-proof Safe Mannfac'y, hand " Stocks I Fire Works Manufactory, decline! " Stocks, sales only . . . j Flax and Hemp Mills, see p. 43 " Bales, storage. .[ " unpacked, decline Flooring Mills, see page 56 ' Floor Cloth Factories,' refer 1 Florists' Stocks, decline i Flour Mills, water, see page 44. . " " steam, " 44..] " Stores " on Storage Foundries, see page 46 1 Frame & Sash Makers, see p. 56 Frame, Picture and Glass Stocks Fringe and Trimming Stocks. . ,1 Fruiterers Fruit Canning Establishments. . Fulling Mills (steam 1, 00 extra) Furniture, see page 46 " Factories, see p. 34. . " Stocks, no work Furnishing Stores, House " •• Gents' Fur and Hat Stocks Furs and Peltries on Storage Furnaces, see page 61 o. 2.75 .75 1.50 1.25 .35 1.00 1.75 2.00 1.25 2.00 1.00 .75 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.75 1.25 .75 1.25 3..W 1.50 7.00 3.25 2.25 3.25 .75 .75 2.00 7.00 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.25 2.00 6.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.25 1.00 Gas Fittings " and Lamp Stocks, no woik I .90 3.00 .40 1.75 1.50 l.(X) 1.25 2.00 2.50 1.50 2.F0 1.25 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 1.50 4.00 1.75 8.00 3.50 2.50 4.00 1.00 1.00 2.50 S.OO 1..50 1.50 1.25 1.50 2.50 7.00 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 2.50 1.25 1.10 3.50 .50 2.25 2.00 1.25 1.50 2.50 3.00 2.00 1.75 3.50 1.75 1..50 1.50 2.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 2.00 1.25 2.50 2.00 1.2.5 2.00 5.(X) 2.00 10.00 4.00 3.00 5.00 1.25 1.25 3.50 10.00 2,00 1.75 1.50 1.75 3.00 10.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 8.00 1.50 1.40 Gas Fittings and Lamp Manuf'y Gas Works, decline Gentlemen's Furnishing Stores. . Gilders, no Frame Making Glassware and Crockery, whole- sale . . Glassware and Crockery, retail.. Glassworks, see page 46 Glove Makers Glue Manufactories Gold Beaters Grain Dealers, no Hay or Feed. . " on Storage " in Stacks 25 i)er month.. . . Grate and Railin<; Makers, hand. Grist Mills, see Flour Mills Grocery Stocks Glim Slirllac, (!opal Gunpowder and Powder Mills, see page ,5".t, decline Gun and Hardware Stocks Gunsmiths Gutta Percha Factories, decline " Unmanufactured.. '• Ware Stocks Gymnasiums Cla.» B. 1.50 1.00 1.35 .75 1.00 2.25 1.00 1.75 1.00 .75 .75 1.75 Clasn C. 2.00 1.25 1.50 1.00 1.25 2.50 1.25 2.50 1.25 1.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.25 1.25 1.50 H. Hair Cloth Manufactory Hair, Human— Manufactory Halls, no Theatre, or Scenery. . . Hardware Manufactory Stocks Harness and Sadlery Hat Factories Hat Stocks, Caps. Furs, no fire. . Hat Finishers, fire for Irons only Hay in bales. Stored Hay Barns and Presses, see p. 47 Hay— Farm risk, see j)age il Hemp in bales. Stored " loose, unpacked, decline " Houses " Yards, stacks and sheds, see page 47 Hemp Mills, see page 43 ... Hides and Leather, in store.. Hop Houses and contents, sec page 47 Hops, baled, in store Hose and Belting Factories, hand work, leather Hosiery Stocks Hospitals Hotels and Taverns, see page 4S. Household Furniture, Dwelling rate House Furnishing Stores H(rases Building or Kepairing, see page 33 Houses unoccupied, see page 69. Hub and Spoke Factory, hand. . . For Steam add 1.00 to 3.00. . . I. 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.25 1.75 1.00 1.WI 1.25 1.(10 1.00 1.26 1.50 1.75 3.50 .75 Ice Houses and contents India Rubber Factories, decline. India Rubber Stocks Clasfi D. 1.50 2.00 1.25 1.50 3.00 1.50 3.00 1.50 1.25 1.25 2.50 1.25 1.50 1..50 2.00 1.25 1.50 1.25 1.50 1.50 2.00 1.50 1.25 1.50 2.00 1.25 1.25 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.50 2.00 4.00 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.25 1.25 1..50 1.00 1.25 2.00 2.50 1.50 1.75 1.00 1.25 2.00 1..50 2.00 2.50 1.50 1.50 2.00 1.50 1.75 2.00 1.50 2.50 3.00 2.00 5.00 1.25 1.50 1.50 1.50 2.00 1.50 3.50 2.25 1.50 Add for Exposures.— These rates do not apply in Ranges. 74 India Rnbhcr, unnianufacfiired Ink and Blacking' Factories Iron Stockn, lieavv poodn Plate, Sheet, Wire, Hoop Iron FoundricK, pec paire 46 .. . .J 2.00 CIsu B. 1.00 1.25 .75 1.00 liailinij and Grate Manafac'y " Safe ^faniifactorv " ■' Stock!* ....■ Ivory -black Mannfactorv J. JailB, Pee pajite 39 JapannericH, decline Jewelers' Slockn " '• in Fire-proof Safes " Maunfactoricp Joiner ShopK, pee page 34 Jiiiik and Rag Stores, decline. . . L.. LaboratorieB— Chemical, refer. . . Lace and Embroidery Stocke Lamp and Oas Fitters' Stocks. . Sales of f'ainphene and Coal Oil, see page .54 Lamp-black Manufactory Lard in bbls. in Store " Oil in bbls. in store " " Factories, see page 52. . . Last Makers, hand work Lath Factories, sec Saw Mille, pace 03 Laundries Lead Sheet and Pipe Manufactu- rers, refer Lead— White and Ucd— Manu- tiirers, refer Lead in Store " Smelting EstablishmentH, refer Leather Stores Libraries, Private, Dwelling Rates Libraries, public, on lower floor " " in 2d or 8d et'ye Lightning Rod Makers " " Stocks Lime and Cement, Stored Linseed Oil, Stored " " Mills, see page 52 Liquor Stores, wholesale, i piVJf .".() Li(|iior Drinking Saloons .... Litnographcrs, npjier stories '• on ground floor, .25 off Livery Stables, see page 50 Lock Factories, reler Locksmiths, Gunsmiths Locomotive Works, sec page 51 Locomotives in Round House, see page til Looking-Glassand Frame Stocks " " Frame Manufac- torj', see page 5(( Lumber Yards, see page 51 1.75 1.75 .75 2.25 1.60 1.00 .75 1.00 2.50 2.75 1.25 .90 1.25 2.25 .75 .75 1.75 1.75 1.25 2.75 2.00 .75 1.00 1.25 1.75 .75 1.00 .75 2.00 1.00 1.25 1.25 2.m 1.75 1.25 2.00 1..50 1.25 7.00 Class c. 1.25 1..50 1.00 1.25 2..W 2.00 2.00 1.00 2.f0 2.00 1.25 1.00 1.25 3.00 3.00 1.50 1.10 1.50 2.50 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 1.50 3.00 2.50 1.00 CIlIM D. 1.50 2.00 1.25 L.-iO 3..50 2.50 2..50 1.25 3.50 1.50 1.^5 L.M) 4.00 4.00 1.75 1.40 2.00 3.60 1.25 1.25 2.25 2.50 2.00 3..50 3.00 1.25 1.00 1.25 1.25 1.50 2.00 1.00 1.25 1.00 2.25 1.25 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.75 2..50 1.25 1.50 1.25 2.50 1.75 2.(H) 2.00 2.75 3..'i0 2.110 I 2..50 1.50 : 2.00 2.25 ; 3.00 3.00 1.50 2.50 1.76 8.00 '10.00 1 2.00 Machine Shops, see page 51 . . . Mahogany Yards, 1.75 to 2.00 Malt Houses, see Breweries, imge .32 Manilla and Sisal Grass, baled. . Map Makers, Marble Shops, Yards and Stock. Masonic llalls and contents, upper stories Mast Yards, 1.75 to 2.25 Match Manufactory decline " Stocks on sale Mathematical Instrument M'krs' Mattress Manufactory, see p. 69. Meat Stores Medicines, Patent, Manufactory. " " in Store. . ." . Metal in Pig?;, Plates, Rods, Bars Military and Coach Laco Slocks. Millinery Slock Mills of "all kinds, refer Morocco Factories " Dressers " Stocks, Leather Moulding Factories, see page 56. Museums and Exhibitions, de- cline Music Stocks " Instrument Makers, not Piano Factory, baud work. . nr. Nail WorkSj see page (il " Stock in Store Naval Stores News and Periodical Depots, Notion and Variety Stocks . . o. Oakum in bales, storage Odd Fellows Halls and contents, upper stories Oil Mills, see page 62 " in bbls. in Store " Cake, Stored " Coal and Petroleum, see p. 53 " Cloth Factories " " Stocks Omnibus Factories, see page 36. Stables " 49. Blocks " 16. Opera Houses, decline Optical Instrument Makers Organ and Piano Factories, 8ce page 55 Orga.iis, sec Churches, page 35 Oyster Cellars P. Packing Houses, see page 57. Paint, Oil and Drug Stocks, see page 39 Paint Works " Shops Paintings and Panoramas, travel iiig, decline B. 2.00 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.25 1.26 1.00 2.25 1.00 1.25 1.10 .75 1.00 1,25 2.75 1.25 .75 7.00 1.00 1.75 2.25 .75 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.25 1.25 2.00 .75 .75 .75 3.60 1.00 2.75 1.25 C1.V8 c. 2.25 1.60 1.50 1.25 1.50 1.50 1.25 2.50 1.25 1.50 1.40 1.00 1.25 1.50 3.00 1.50 1.00 8.00 1.25 2.00 CIU3 D. 3.00 2.00 2.00 l.-OO 2.00 2.00 1.50 3.00 1.75 2.00 1.75 1.25 \.m 1.75 3.00 2.00 1.25 10,00 1.50 2.50 2..'H) 3.00 1.00 i 1.2.5 1.25 1..50 1..50 2.IHI 1.25 1.50 1.50 1.50 2.25 1.00 1.00 3.60 1.00 4.00 9.00 1.35 3.00 1.50 9.75 3.00 3.50 1.75 2.00 I 2.50 2.00 2.00 2.50 1.25 1.25 4.00 1.25 5.00 2.50 1.60 8.50 2.00 Add for Exposures.— These rates do not apply in ranges. 75 Pail & Bucket Factories, see p. 56 Panoramas, Dioramas, decline Paper Mills, Bee page 54 " Stores Hanging Manufactory, sec page 55 Paper Hanging Stocks " Box 'Makers Patent Leather Manufactory, ilecline Patent Medicines Manufactory. " " Stocks Pattern Shops Patterns, see page It! Parasol and Umbrella Factories '• " Stocks.. Pawnbrokers Penitentiary Workshops, decline Perfumery Manufactory " Stocks Periodical and News Depots.. . Petroleum and Products, sec page 53 Photograph Galleries, see p. 5(1. . " Slocks, in Store Piano and Organ Factories, see page 55 Piano Stocks Picture and Lookiug-GlassSt'ks. " Frame Manufactory, page 56 Pickling, Fruit Canning... Plane Makers Planing Mills, see page 56. . , Plaster Paris Works, steam Plating Shops, Britannia Ware Manufactory Plating Ware, Britannia Ware Stocks Plow Makers, hand, see page 35. Plumbing, Pewtering, Qas Fit- ting Manufactory Plumbing, Pewtering, Gas Fit- ting Stocks ^ Pocket Book Makers " " Stocks Pork Houses, see page 57 Porter and Beer Houses Potash Makers, decline Potteries see page 5!) Powder Mills, decline, sec p. 69 Preserve and Pickling Shops. . . Precious .Stones, Jewelry .Stocks Printing Offices, see pape 60. Printing, Dyeing and BleacI ' Print Works, Calico, refer. Prisons, Jails, see page 39 Provision and Prouuce Stores. . Pump and Block Maker Pyrotechnic Works, decline . . . " Stocks Queensware Stocks. R. Rags, baled, in Store Rag and Junk Stores, decline. Class Class Class B. c. D. 7.0<) 8.00 10.00 2.25 1.00 2..50 1.25 .3.00 1.50 1.50 1.00 1..50 1.7.-) 1.25 1.75 2.00 1.50 2.25 ; 1.25 1.10 2.00 1.50 1.-40 2.25 1 2.00 1.75 .3.00 1.2") 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.25 1.50 2.00 L.-^O 2.00 1.25 1.10 1.25 1..^.0 1.40 1.50 2.00 1.75 2.(K) .90 1.10 140 2.75 1.00 1.25 3.00 1.25 l.,50 3..50 1..50 1.75 7.00 1.25 1.75 7.00 2.75 8.00 1.50 2.00 8 00 3.00 10.00 1.75 2..50 10.00 4.00 2.00 2.25 2.75 .no 2.25 1.10 2.50 1.40 3.50 1..50 2.00 2..50 .90 1.25 1.00 1.10 1..50 1.25 1.40 2.00 1.50 1.25 1.50 2.00 2.00 2.25 3.00 1.25 1.00 1.25 2.75 1..50 1.25 1.50 3.00 1.75 1.50 2.00 3.50 1.00 1.75 1.25 2.00 1..50 2.50 1.25 1.50 2.00 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.25 1.50 2.00 Railroad Property, sec page 61 Rectifying Liquors 1 1.25 Rendering Lard, see patrc .57. . . . Refrigerator Manufactory, hand. 2.00 Stocks , 1.00 Regalia, Masons, I. O. O. F.. etc.j 1.25 Restaurants, Kating Houses i 1.25 Rice and Grain Stored .. .75 Kigging Lofts | 1.25 Roofing (com p.) Makers, decline. I " " Materials, Storcdi 1.25 Holling Millg, see page 61 2.25 Rope and Cordage, Stored. " Manufactory, Steam " Walks Rosin Oil Distilleries, decline. " in Storage S. Saddlery HHrdware, Stocks .... Saddletree Makers, hand Saddle and Harness Shops Safe (Iron~) Stocks " " Manufactory Sail and Awning Makers Saloons, Drinking Salt Works, sec page 02 " Stored Saltpetre Kefinery, decline " Stored in (juantity, decline Sash and Blind Factory, sec p. 56 Saw Mills, sec page ().3 School Houses, see page 28 Second-lland Stores (decline Stocks) .'^egars, see Cigars Seed Stores Seminaries, see page 2S Sewing Machine Stocks Sheet Iron Shops, see page 67. . . Ship Carpenters, " 34... " Chandlers Ships in Port, see page 31 Shoddy, Stored Shoe Makers " Stock, wholesale Shuttle and Loom Makers Show Case Makers " " Stocks Silver Platers " Ware Manufacturers " " and Jewelry Stocks. Sisal Grass and Manilla, Stored. Slaughter Houses, see page 57. . . Smoke " " 57... Snutt" Mills Soap & Candle Factory, see p. 64 Soap and Candle Stocks Spice and Drug Mills, see page 65 " Stocks Spirit Gas and Camptiene Manu- factory, decline Spirit Gas and Camphene Sales — Drug Rates, see page 39 Spirits Turpentine, Rosin— Naval Stores Spoke and Hub F.ictory, steam add 1.00 to 2. 00 1.00 3..50 3.25 1.00 1.00 1.75 1.00 .75 1.75 1.25 1.25 .75 1.00 Loi) 1.00 2.50 1.00 1.25 1.00 75 L75 1.75 1.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.25 2.25 2..50 .75 2.75 1.00 1.00 2.00 C1.1S5 c. 1.50 2.50 1.25 1.50 1.50 1.00 1.50 1..50 2..50 1.25 4.00 3.50 1.25 1.25 2.(M) 1.25 1.00 2.00 1.50 1..50 2.00 1.00 7.00 8.00 .75 1.00 D. 2.00 3.50 1..50 2.00 2.00 1.25 2.00 2.00 3.00 1.50 5.00 4.00 1.50 1.50 2.50 1..50 1.25 2..50 2.00 2.(M) 3.0(1 1.25 10.00 1.25 1.25 1.50 2.00 1.25 1.00 1.25 1.25 3.00 1.25 1..50 1.25 1.00 2.00 2.09 1.25 2.25 2.25 1.25 1.50 2.60 3.00 1.00 3.00 1.25 1.25 2.50 1.50 1.25 1..50 1.75 4.00 1..50 2.00 1.50 1 .25 2.50 2.50 1..50 2.75 2.75 1..50 2.00 3.00 3..50 1.25 3..50 1..50 1.50 3.50 Add for Exposures.— These rates do not apply in Ranges. 76 stair Buildern, see pa^e 34 Stamp and CJuartz Mills, i 1.00 1.25 1..50 1.25 1.50 2.00 .90 110 1.40 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.25 1.50 2.00 2.00 2.25 3.00 .75 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.25 1.70 1.00 1.25 1.50 1 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.50 2.00 1.75 2.00 2.50 4.00 5.00 1.75 2.00 2.50 1.50 1.75 2.. 50 1.25 1.50 1.75 1.25 \M 1.75 1.00 1.25 1..50 2.50 3.(K) 4.00 1.00 1.25 1..50 7.00 8.00 10.00 1 Turners in Wood, by hand. " " steam... Type Founders, see page 69 Umbrella & Parasol Manufactory. " " Stocks Undertakers' Stocks, no work.. . Upholstery Manufactory, see p. 69; 2.25 " Stocks V. Variety Store Varnish Factories, decline " Stores Veneer Makers, hand Venetian Blind Makers, hand Vessels and Sfeamboits in Port or R<'i)airing, see page 31 Victualling Shops. Vinegar Factories w. Wadding and Batting Factory, see page 31 Wagon Maker.^, sec page 35 Warehouses, sec page 19 Washini; Machine Makers, hand. Watili .Maki'rs,.)owelry Shops... Walcii .Manufactories Wliali'lioiic Stored Wh(il\vriL,'hts, hand work Wheel, Hub and Spoke Factory, hand. For steam, add 1.00 to 3.00 Whip Manufactory " and Cane Stocks Whisky, stored White "Lead Works Window Shade Makers, no wood " Glass in boxes Wine & Liquor Stores, see p. 50. " '^ in Warehouses, no sales Wine & Liquor Saloons, see p. 50 Wig Makers Willow Ware Makers " " Stocks Wire Factories *' Working Shops Wooden Ware Factories, steam " " Stocks Wood Yards, see page 51 Wood Baled, storage Woolen Mills, see page 70 Clui Clois B. c. 2.25 2..50 4.00 5.00 2.00 2.25 1.25 1.50 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.25 2.25 2.50 1.25 1.50 1.00 1.25 1..50 2.00 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 1.25 1.50 1.50 1.75 2.25 2..50 2.25 2.50 l.(K» 1.25 1.25 L.'iO .75 1.00 2.00 2.25 2.00 2.25 1.25 1.50 l.(H) 1.25 .75 1.00 : 2.75 3.00 1.50 1.75 l.(K) 1.25 1.00 1.25 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.00 1.25 1.25 1.50 1.00 1.25 1.75 2.00 1.25 1.50 4.00 5.00 t 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.25 2.75 3.00 Clau D. 3.00 6.00 2.75 2.00 1..50 1.50 3.00 1.75 1.50 3.00 2..50 9.00 2.00 3.50 .3.50 1..50 1.75 1.25 3.00 3.00 2.00 1.50 1.25 .3..50 2.25 1.50 1.75 1.25 2.00 1.50 2.00 1.50 2..50 2.00 8.00 1.60 2.00 1.50 4.00 Add for Exposures.— These rates do not .ipply in Ranges. 77 ®liij gipplication and ^mvvcjj. This is tlie first stej) in eft'ecting an insurance. Never issue a Policy without first securing a regular application and survey. This is habitu- ally neglected hy some agents ! it is of prime importance, however, and should not be omitted in any case. Parties sometimes object to filling and signing an application ; this is invariably from one of four causes : ignorance, laziness, unfounded prejudice, or incipient fraud : either of which, instead of justifying the omission, should make the rule imperative. Let it be filled carefully and completely, written in ink, and signed })y the applicant. Each question is asked to be answered ; therefore let it be answered, omitting none. Where practicable, the applicant himself should make it out. If he desires it, however, you can write it for him, but in doing so you are his agent for the time being. Make no entry or remark of your own on the application, unless there is some blank prepared especially for the agent to fill. It is the a[)])li- cant's document, filled over his signature ; and entries thereon by another party are inappropriate. Give your own views and statements on a letter-sheet separately ; always do this freely, as a Company always desires particularly to know how its agent regards the risk ; making a private report on all its essential points of great value. Number the application the same as the Policy, and refer to it therein, making it ])art thereof in the following words : " Special reference heing had to the asstireWs application^ No. , which is his [her or their] warranty and a part hereof.''^ This is for Mercantile and Dwelling Risks. It should be filled by the applicant — answering each and every question fully, and signing the same. Let a diagram be made in the blank prepared for it : see directions, in regard to Diagrams, further on. 78 For tliese there are ai)plicatioiis of various tbrnis adapted to each occupation, as Flour Mill, Papek Mill, Cotton Mill, Woolen Mill, Tannery, Brewery, Pork House, Saw Mill, Soap and Candle Factory, and also a General Manufacturing Application. Each special hazard must he surveyed ujpmi its own inirticular hlanJc, as none of the others will hring out the particular information desired ^ please reinemher this. Applications should always be written in ink, and never in pencil mark. They should invariably receive the signature of the Applicant. A survey is simply a critical examination of the risk in all its In- surance aspects, and a notation of the same on the printed blank. Its importance is dwelt ui)on by all underwriters, and cannot well be over- estimated. It should clearly develop five vital points, namely. Con- struction^ Occupancy, External Exposure, Internal Danger and Moral Hazard. Be familiar with the Cr.AssiFuuTioN of Buildings on the last page of the book, it will greatly aid you. Fire- Walls. — A fire-ioall is, briefly, one that will turn fire. To do this it must be at least twelve inches thick, without ojienings, rising well above the roof, having the joists resting on ledges, or beveled and so inserted that the falling of a floor will not pull the wall dowiu If any walls arc represented as Jire-walls, see that they come up to these requirements. llooFS. — Metal, slate, tile, or shingles laid in mortar, are the only safe materials with which to cover buildings in blocks or that are exposed. "Composition," ''gravel," " mastic " and other "Patent" prejtarations, Y9 are vanity ! Some of them will resist sparks rather better than shingles ; but the dripping, burning tar from mi inside fire, lohich prevents the removal of goods ; and the iierceness witli wliich it burns from outside flames, when once ignited, overbalance its good points, and grade it with or below common shingle roofing. The Brooklyn Fire Marshal says : In fifteen years' experience, I have seen only one [composition] roof where it stood the test, but a great many where it ran oft" on the approach of fire and burnt very readily. If I wished to burn a house down, I do not know of anything better to assist me in the undertaking than some of these preparations for cheap roofing. It is very easy to make samples which will resist fire, but I have never seen the same preparation on roofs. I am fully persuaded that tin, sheet-iron, slate, or even shingles, make a better roof than any of the preparations, and, in the long run, a cheaper one." It is safe to say that fire-proof tar is as scarce as non-explosive gun- powder or incombustible kerosene ! Continuous roofs, over a block without fire-walls, are a bad feature, and add to the rate .2»5 to .50. Wooden Coenioes are dangerous ornaments. In the great Troy fire " hundreds of valuable buildings, in all parts of the burnt district, were set on fire on their wa)oden cornices from the surrounding heat alone. Our authorities could do no greater service than by prohibiting this de- scription of ornament on any building which may hereafter be erected." Scuttles and Stairs to the roof are an important convenience in protecting the building from neighboring fires. Skyliguts and Oijservatokies are easily broken in, and add to the dangers of a sweeping fire. If badly constructed, or peculiarly exposed, they should add .10 to .25 to the rate. CuTMNEYs, flues, stovcs, pipcs, furnaces, ashes, etc., have had atten- tion on pages 10, 11, and 12, which see. Communications. — Two buildings communicating by doors, and oc- cupied by one tenant, are generally regarded as one, and stocks therein are so insured ; it is much better, how^ever, to put a specific amount on or in each, where practicable. If such buildings are occupied by more than one tenant, all must pay the rate charged for the most hazardous. Iron Doors and Shutters, of adequate thickness, well made and well hung, compensate in a great measure for openings : if regularly closed at night, you may rate the wall as whole. 80 Plate Glass, three feet square or more, in windows and doors, mnst be separately insured, and a specific sum placed on each plate at an ad- vance of 1 .00 over the rate on building ; their great liability to crack from heat or be broken at a fire makes this only just. C».)RNEK Buildings with doors opening into two streets are a shade better for insurance of merchandise, from the facility with which goods may be saved. FuAME Buildings in ranges are treated on page 17, which see. Buildings or Contents are priferable according to construction and other circumstances. In cities and large towns with good fii'e depart- ments, buildings, as a rule, are best. So of detached risks generally and standard warehouses and stores (short risks on contents always ex- cepted). But in frame ranges, or in blocks under continuous roofs, or in omnibus blocks, stocks are the best, specially those on the ground floor, ])ut stocks in the third and fourth stories are not so good as the building. Experience, only, will give correct discrimination on this point. • Occupations have long been grouped in four classes, called Nmi- Hazardous^ such as Dwellings, Staple Dry Goods ; Hazardmis^ such as Crockery, Hardware ; Extra Hazardous^ such as Drugs, Books ; and Specially Ilazai'dous, such as Mills and Manufactories. While this system has its merits, and is still i-etained in many policies, some companies have dropped it altogether as being too vague and general. The general drift of this book looks to its abandonment, but need not in any wise conflict with those companies that retain it. Instead of grouping flfty or more occupations under one tariff" figure, we have prepared rates and rules for each on the foregoing pages. Ascertain and note the si)ecific occupancy or occupancies of the risk, turn to those rates for detailed advice, and then give attention rather to the character of the occupant^ as suggested by queries on pages 1.'' and 14, and also under the head of Moral Hazard. All these (pu'stions have theii- bearings, and siiould be well considered as of vital importance. If on any of these points you reach an unfavorable conclusion, beware of the risk ! 81 The bearings and importance of external exposures are not generally appreciated by agents who have not given the subject careful study, and yet it is no more true that " a man may be known by the company he keeps," than that a risk must be rated according to its surroundings. It is, however, next to impf)ssible to give rules on this topic that shall meet every case, because the situation and ex^josures of no two risks are precisely alike ; but the following remarks will be of value : Buildiiifrs Class A arc refjardtsd as unexposed when standing 20 feet from brick, mercantile or dwelling risks, or 40 feet from frame. If the exposures are special hazards, no general rule can be (riven ; each must be determined upon the individual facts. B and C buildings are unexposed at double the above distances (unless a fire- wall intervene, then 30 to 60 feet). D buildings are safe at 100 feet, unless the exposure is very heavy. The direction of the wind has considerable to do with the importance of an exposure^ Wherever the prevailing winds are W., S. W. and N. W., a westerly exposure is more formidable than an easterly one, and should stiffen up the rate accordingly. Narrow streets and alleys, with bad exposures opposit(v, have an important bearing, and must not be overlooked. Exposures diminisli in force, as the distance increases, much more rapidly in regard to brick buildings than in regard to frames. A few examples will illustrate : I. A frame dwelling adjoining a frame black8mi*,h's shop is worth blacksmith rates (2.25) ; at 5 feet distance the hazard would be practically the same ; at 10 feet it would be worth its own rate and half the blacksmith rate in addition (1.62) ; at 20 feet, its own and one-fourth the blacksmith rate additional (1.06); at 40 feet one-eighth the blacksmith rate additional (.78), and would not get well rid of the exposure short of 100 feet. A class B dwelling adjoining the same shop would partake of about half the blacksmith hazard in addition to its own (1.47) ; at 5 feet it would be relieved of one- eighth of that exposure (1.3S) ; at ten feet, one-fourth (1.19) ; at 20 feet, one-half (.91) ; and at 40 feet it would almost cease to be exposed. II. Brick stores with fire-walls and iron shutters standing on opposite sides of a 20 foot alley would make hardly an appreciable exposure to each other ; while frames similarly situated would each impart one-half or more — according to height and size — its own hazard to the other, and if worth 1.25 detached, would now be wortli 2.00 to 2.50. III. A frame warehouse adjoining a frame steam mill would be worth mill rates, but the force of the exposures would not diminish so rapidly as in the blacksmith illustra- tion above, because the greater height and size of the mill would, in the event of a fire, extend its burning power much further, and at 10 feet the warehouse would be about as certain to burn as if adjoining, and, at 30 or 40 feet at least one-half the mill rate should be charged in addition to its own. A discrimination of .25 to .50 could be made, how- ever, in favor of contents of warehouse, for the probabilities of removal. 8^ ISTothing sets forth the true insurance merits of a locality, and the bearings of buildings upon each other, like a good diagram. The examples given on the following pages are on a scale of fifty feet to an inch, and are commended to your careful study and imitation. So much difficulty is encountered, and such a mass of detail is involved in stating rules and examples for rating exposures^ that we believe no good practical result would be reached by the attempt ; and you are referred to the accompanying Model Diagram, as aft'ording a better illustration of risks than any amount of mere printed explanation. now TO MAKE A DIAGRAM. Survey the premises thoroughly and make a rough sketch with all the distances marked correctly, and such memoranda as you may need ; then copy it carefully at your desk, drawing it to a scale ; (50 feet to an inch is the scale most generally in use.) Use RED ink for hrick or stone buildings, and black for frames. Designate fire-trails by a heavy red mark. Put the distances in feet in red ink, and the number of stories in black. Write in the whole occupancy of the risk and all its exposures ; also the materials of the roof, but shingles may be indicated by a cross (x), composition by a dot (.), and metal, slate or tile, by a star (*). Always give the points of compass. On the backs of applications are ruled faint lines, about five to an inch. Rate tliese little squares as ten feet, and you have a most convenient scale on which to draw an accurate Diagram, by means of which you can get the sizes of buildings, and tlieir distances from and bearings upon (^ach other, with considerable precision. A little practice will make this familiar and render the work easy and rapid. Number tin; buildings, as in the plat on the following page, for convenient reference in regard to details tMt cannot go in the limited space of the Diagram itself, and state freely any information bearing u|K)n the sev+^ral risks. For example (see next page), " Nob. 15 and IG, well arranged and occupied, choice risks." " Nos. 13 and 14, good buildings, omnibus occupancy, untidy." " Nos. 10, 11 and 13, neat and orderly, best class of frames, chimneys all built from the ground." " Nos. 3 and 6, fair of their sort, well ke]>t, but rather wooden." " Nos. 21 to 29 inclusive, very dangerous, flues imperfect, occupation miscellaneous, not insurable.'' " No. 20, new and well built, smutter in base- ment, tidy, good of its kind." " No. 19, small, neat shop." " No. 17, dangerous stove pipe, bad risk and bad exposure," and so on, as the merits of each may demand. 1 Crib. yoj. Shed. Tjiven'^' Hotel StaNe N| /fardwarr. Xa/O. CrrarcTies. Xo.H. 12 C/iurrJi. Aa.9. S///frS/um iiniMi Oemm/ Store. Ma/o. OcnlS'tore. treneral Store one oeeiipant. Af'a/S. \^. o A'ot6 Ware louse. C/YKs:s Street. 10 1 1 TH) fSWtd/et Shop. Xo.Q/. SheA •- {rr(frrne,s\ 'o Xa2S. StaNelj IS iS'fuvShm trr///s7//tltfy. Ptoeiuee/^NeetSton'. StaMf. Xo.27. Fter/iititre Store. Ao.es. ■ ^ Carpe/iter Shop. Ah/Z A U \\ BlacKsmitJi S/wp. nv (»K CALIF()(.'\IA.i '^ U ,Vo.20 Steam ^ Model I)ia^raiu rahJTier S7?op. !^ Ser//r ,*t//tJru/t///uh 3 2 1 mre. lO JcfmSfShrf. Durffmg. 15 WB. PorA'n/r/tv//r/ in f/irM'/n(a: Ititdien. Diagram of l*roperly at Jones laiuliiiQ on Ohio Kiver. Diagram of Wilsons Mills onO>\i Crook. 85 8V. (lnit©iri;iall Pattg^ps atidl SeQiaplt^es. In addition to what is said in regard to construction, occupancy and moral hazard, your attention is invited to several other points of internal arrangement, such as ]. Sleepiiuj rooms for clerks or others; these are frecpiently care- lessly kept, and they demand consideration. 2. Hatchways, Shyl'ujhts and Well-holes f these make great flues to spread a fire quickly through- aut a huilding, and, where it is possible, they should be closed when not in use. 3. Deadened floors / these, if entire, without hatchways, retard the progress of flames and make the hazard in upper stories much lighter. 4. The Heating ai)j>aratus, whether fireplaces, grates, stoves, furnace or steam, must receive critical attention and be sound and safe in every respect ; as also the mode and means of lighting — see extended remarks on these subjects on pages 10, 11 and 12. 5. The Imsiness system of the concern^ whether neat and orderly, or dirty and loose, whether books are systematically kept. G. Careless or intejnjperate employes and sleepy watchmen should be noted. 7. Night work — as in manufactories and printing ofiices ; late hours, as in hotels, stables and saloons, all have their elements of danger and should be taken into the account. 8. /Spontaneous eo?nJncstion may be lurking unsuspected ; greasy rags, camphene, painted or oiled canvas, lime, lamp-black and oil, matclies, benzine and various other latent incendiaries often " take fire of them- selves " and must be looked after. yi/„ Moml Mlasairdlo This arises from the motive, intention, design, desire, will or ]tiirpose of owners or others to burn property ; and is directly the germ of fraud and a fire. Guard against it above all other things, and if any taint of it be developed in tlie course of your examination, reluse the risk uncon- ditionally. It is more difficult to discover than all else, because hidden from view in the breast of the intended incendiary, who may be of accepted respectability and standing. Jfere is a field for the exercise of yoirr own judgment and firmness. You need not (indeed, you cannot, witliout oflence) proclaim your motive for declining the risk, but if any reason whatever appears why the insurance money might be better to 86 the party than the property itself, or if threats, litigation, disputes or an embarrassed business appear, decline it without terms. Never take a ri.sl\ under the ^pressure of iiupartunity^ arjainat the verdict of your letter judgraent^ %oith a linger'lng feeling of uneasiness about something that may afterward lead you sceretly to wish it had not heen accepted. Never allow yourself to be talked out of a just conviction. The character and standing of the applicant furnish tho index to his moral hazard. If he is honorable, systematic, and businesslike, he will be less likely to have enemies, within or witiiout, than a dishonest, careless, or litigious person. Satisfy your mind fully on the following points ; they have been noticed before, but are regarded as sufficiently imi>ortant to warrant the repetition. 1. Is the party unpopular, grasping, overbearing, litigious, tricky, dishonest? 2. Is he losing money — is he embarrassed and desjterate? 3. Has he never insured before, but suddenly become convinced of its imi)ortance '? 4. Has he been threatened, or is he a man hated and feared in the neighborhood, and abounding in enemies? 5. Has he a bad lease? 6. Is the property in dispute or litigation — is it unjiroductive and unprofitable — is it a stock of remnants or a branch store — an unsalable, unfashionable, depreciated, or damaged stock ? 7. Is it in the hands of the sheriff or assignees — in the fonner case, it is undoubtedly the subject of threats and revenge? 8. Have there been any former fires under suspicious circumstances, and was there any in- surance? 9. Is the business a new experiment in manufactures or merchandise — sonu; patent clap-trap of questionable value ? 10. Is the management careless, improvident or unsystematic? 11. Is an excessive amount of insurance asked for, or an over-valuation stated ? — this is a sure sign of something wrong. If any question arises in your mind in regard to any of the above matters, do not grant a jiolicy until it is cleared up in the most satisfactory manner. MoKAii Hazarp of Watchmen.— Many guardians of proi)erty who watch at night are trustwfjrthy and diligent ; we would not cast a word of suspicion on those men who are faithful, but it is a notorious fact that watchmen have been hired to burn property, or to connive at its destruction. They are peculiarly exposed to approaches of this nature from designing men, and underwriters must not overlook this iM)int of danger. Be posted in regard to the individual watchmen. Insurance op Contingent Interests. — A great deal of property is owned " in the name of the wife." A great deal is held or occui)ied by jjarties having a life estate, or a right that terminates when some minor comes of age, or when some relative dies, or marries. These, and similar cases, i>re8ent frequent conundrums for solution by under- writers, and should receive the needed attention as they come up. They may be all right, find they may he all irrong ; see to it that no profit is made out of the ('om])anies on risks of this sort, as, for exanqdi', on a building held for years by a party insured, who is to lose ])os8e88ion when some other party comes of age who is now in the last year of his minority. 87 f olicirs antt f oliqt ^itinfl. The Poli(^j is based upon the application, and sliould conform to it; it should always refer to the application, and make it a part of itself in the following words : " special reference beinui; had to the assured's application, No. , which is his [her or their] warranty and a part hereof." p].\ercise i^reat care in makinj^ the Policy plain and explicit. Write it as carefnlly as yon would a note of hand, or a deed for the same amount. If you intend to cover such and such items, say so; if the assured intends to have such and such covered, ascertain the fact, Hifrea upon the details, and say so. Let the writing express the exact contract in its true intent and meaning, as clearly as plain words will do it. Nothing will make an agent feel more chagrined and nu^rtified than to find a policy defective a/ier ajlre, and he compelled to say, " I intended it to cover so and so .'" He not only makes himself personally liable for the results (see the law of agency) and severely blames himself, but lie o;ets blame from others. The assured censures him for giving him an imperfect contract; those who hear of it censure him, and perhaps with- draw tlieir business rather than run similar risks ; ami he hazards the imputation from his companies of turning against them, in the time of disaster, to pettifog an uncertain construction in tavor of a dissatisfied claimant! Appreciating these and similar considerations, you will pardon the emphasis and plainness with which we urge the importance of irettinii the Policy just kkjiit before it leaves your hands. Avoid abbreviations in policy writing ; never make use of the terms " ditto" or " do.," " etc." or " &c." — they signify nothing, and may make mischief. If you use the words " stock" or " merchandise," be particular to define what sokt of stock or merchandise you refer to. Never say " personal property," without defining it clearly, and in all cases avoid general terms ami such language as is ambiguous or susceptible of mis- construction. 88 It is well first to make a ])encil sketch of the written portion of the contract — especially if the matter is at all extended or complicated — always to write it first in the record book, and then copy it neatly on the i)olicy. The ])rinted form of policy must never be mutilated or changed. Valuations of property are never to be inserted in tlie policy. Othek Insurance. — Always ascertain if any, and note it on tlie policy, naming the amount and the companies. If there is a great number of policies, a notation of " Other insurances permitted to the amount of % ," or " not to exceed three-fourths the cash value," is sufficient. See that all policies on the same property attach alike ; this is very important. If your policy is on a "stock of hides, leather and findings," do not, on any consideration, give consent to another policy " on leather" alone. Or, if you cover in the " store room and rear warehouse adjoining" in one sum, do not give consent to another policy covering in the " store room" alone. Neglect of this may lead to the most un- satisfactory results in case of a loss. " Non-concurrent" policies, where tliey exist, are the banc of all adjustments. Specifications. — Specify a separate amount on each building or kind of merchandise, on store furniture and fixtures, or other property covered ; and never write in one sum on several separate subjects, as on " Stock and Fixtures," " Building and Contents," " House and T3arn !" This is a fundamental rule, and may never be departed from. Sec extended remarks on this topic under head of Ui.anket Policies. Describe in tue Policy the building insured or containing the ])rop- erty insured, as to construction, occupancy and location — for example: " his two-story brick, shingle-roofed dwelling and shoe-shop, with frame addition, occupied by two tenants, and situated on Lot 9, of Block 54, of the town of" — or, "contained in the three-story brick, metal-roofed building. No. 127 Main Street, occupied as dry goods store and offices " — or, " the one-story frame dwelling occupied by the assured as a family residence, located on the N. E. corner of Scott and Fourth Streets." ExriiESS Warranties, specially in Mill and Manufacturing Insurance, should be written in full in tlie Policy — as, " warranted by the assured to be worked by daylight only" — '' no smoking or lights permitted in any of the buildings" — "a cask of water and fire-buckets to be con- 89 stantly kept in tlie picker room " — " a reliable and vigilant watchman to l>o regularly employed, and the premises never to be left alone l)y day or iiioiit'' — or any other matter expressly agreed ui)on in regard to pro- viding, removing, remedying or avoiding anything specially bearing n])on the risk. Trust but little to the printed conditions ; make the written portion of the contract include all its important provisions. Endousements on the Policy, of additional insurances,* removals, rc])airR, transfers or other matters, must be noted at once on the record book, and reported to the company immediately. All endorsements that vary the contract or amount to a new agree- ment, require five-cent revenue stamps. Assignments, Transfers. — Policies can be assigned only with the consent of the company, because the contract is a personal one, and a new party of unknown or doubtful safety cannot be substituted without its consent. It is the man^ not the house, that is insured ; and the moment another owner arises the contract ceases. If the new owner is satisfactory to the agent, consent may be given to the assignment, if not it must be withheld. Exercise firmness and good judgment on this point. Assignments require the same U. S. revenue stamp as the original policy, to he furnished hy the assured^ and never ly the Agent. Transfers of insurance from one locality to another, on the removal of property, may be consented to at your option, but will call tor sound judgment. If the removal is to a worse locality, collect the additional rate or withhold consent; be firm in this. If to a better locality, and a reduction is demanded to which you accede, extend the insurance, hut do not refund the premium — for exami)le: if an annual policy, half expired is transferred from Class D paying 1,50 to class B worth l.OO, the six months' unearned premium at 1.50 would pay for nine months at l.OO, and you can extend the insurance three months over its present expiration by endorsement; thus, '-Permission is hereby granted to remove the insured property to the three-story brick, metal-roofed store, * It is the practhce wth some companies to make no endorsements of increased insur- ance on a policy, but to issue a new policy for any new amount granted ; and the method is commended to your attention. As a matter of expediency, to save the multiplication of documents, endorsements of additional insurance are usually tolerated, however. 90 No. 42 State Street, and the term of tliis Policy is extciKled to expire November 27tli, instead of August 27tli." Tlie Time Table on page 22 may be useful in this connection. jYever refund a preTiiluni except upon total ranceUation <>f 2>oli<'>/. Make tliese calculations of extension carefully, as tliey are sometimes a little intricate ; simplify by calculating on whole months^ counting expired fractions of montlis as whole ones. Do not yourself suggest a reduction of rate in the new locality, as the fraction in your favor will not, generally, more than overbalance the labor of writing up endorsements, noting on record, and reporting to the com])anies, which otherwise is extra and gratuitous labor. Do not permit the assignment or transfer of a policy having less than a month to run. He-Insurance. — Avoid re-insurances except upon the very best classes of property, and then grant it only when it is impracticable to deal directly with owners. Under no conditions will you issue a policy of re-insurance to a comj)any that does not, hona jidc^ retain a full line upon the risk. If after such issuance you should learn that the comi)any re-insured had covered or cancelled the line it assumed to retain when you gave your policy, cancel at once ^ and in all cases be certain that the company or agent applying is not putting off an undesirable risk upon you. Mortgage Insurance. — Policies for collateral security to mortgagees and others should be issued in the name of owner, with '' loss, if any, payable to A — B — ," written in the face. A mortgagee has an insurable interest, and can take out a policy in his own name, and, as the owner can at the same time insure, the property may become too heavily covered, and thus a motive for its destruction arise. Avoid this by careful in(pury, and even then insert the following clause in the policy. " If an aggregate amount of insur- ance exceeding three-fourths the actual cash value of said building shall be placed thereon by owner, or mortgagees, or both, then this policy shall be null and void in respect to one-fourth the true cash value." In all ])olicies issued to mortgagees insert the subrogation clause, viz. : " In case of loss under this policy, the assured shall assign to this company an interest in said mortgage equal to the amount of loss paid." A great deal of " Mortgage Insurance " is for banks and honorable 91 men, and is entirely legitimate and desirable. Another portion has a had moral aspect, being for ])arties "hard up" and des}»erate. Exercise a sound discrimination in this regard, and avoid all undesirable risks of this sort. See remarks on page 52 in regard to n.iortgage insurance. Policies ok Rknewat-s Lost. If an insured party losses his Policy and wants a duplicate issued, charge him the usual ])olicy-fee for your labor, and the amount of the stamjf. The loss was his, not yours or the Coni])any's. It is not really essential that he have a new policy, as full records of it exist at your agency and at the parent office, from which he could obtain copies if a loss made it necessary. If a new Policy is issued, write in a bokl hand across the face that it is a duplicate ol' number , Zotit or inislaid. Avoid Yekbai, Contracts. They have been the cause of great trouble in insurance as well as other matters. The essence of a contract is an agreement on the one hand, and a consideration on the other ; if these are admitted or proved, the contract is binding, though verbal. In Insurance, the Policy should l)e the only contract — in Renewals, the Peckipt the only evidence of a renewal or intention to renew. It is the practice of some Agents to "have an understanding" with customers that "everything shall be renewed anyhow ; " and if both customer and agent should forget the expiration for a week, or a month, or eleven months, or until a fire should remind them of it, the probabilities are that the Compaiiy would have to stand the outrage of a loss claim ! We most earnestly protest against this pernicious practice, and beseech all Agents to " have an understanding," clearly understood, that no policy is renewed until the receipt is delivered and the money i>^id. In 1852 the Trustees of the First Baptist Church of Brooklyn obtained judgment against the Brooklyn Fire Insurance Company for the full amount of a Policy, and interest to date, under the following circumstances : On July tst, 1845, an insurance of |5,000 was effected on the church, and on the 9th of August assigned as collateral security. July 2l8t, 1846, the policy was renewed for one year, but the certificate was not delivered, nor the premium paid, until some time 92 after; there being, as the plaintiffs alleged, rt/i undvrHtandvig that the policy should be reiuiced from time to time trithout further notice. July 2l8t, 1847, the policy was similarly "renewed," and no further negotiations ensued. On the 10th of September, 1848 (nearly two months after the expiration of i\\it last renewal), the church was burned, and certain conversations relative to the alleged understanding to renew being established, the decision was given against th(^ C"omi)any upon such verbal negotiation. The ruling was that " if the plaintiffs have jyroved an agreement to renew they are entitled to recover." A fn-e application of this doctrine, to the transactions of agents promiscuously, Avould be well nigh ruinous to the companies, and whether such decisions would be sustained in the higher courts or not, we believe prevention better than cure, and therefore instruct as above. Cancellation and Ivetukn of Premium. — The companies reserve tlie right to cancel, for any cause, at their option ; this right will be exercised with great moderation and discrimination where care is manifested in doing tlieh- husiness, but the necessity will sometimes arise. When the companies cancel at then- own instance, the premium is returned for the unexpired time ^>;v> rata / but when cancellation is at request of the assured, you will always retain short rates for the time expired. See page 20 for short rates, and also for rule for the cancellation of loiuj term policies. Give credit in your monthly account for the amount of commissions on all premiums returned. lieftmding premiums should be avoided, except in a total cancellation of the policy. In a partial cancelment to reduce the amount covered, extend the time (as in the example given, on page 89, of transfer to a better locality), but keep the money if you can. Yuu lose the com- missions, yje lose the premium, the entries Dr. and Or. of the transaction have to pass through the whole account, and the labor is not only for nothing, but for an actual loss. Paktial Cancellation to Reduce th];; Amount covered, may be resorted to at your own or the assured's instance, whenever reduced values demand it, either upon buildings or stocks. In making such cancellation, extend the insurance proportionally upon the amount remaining. For exam[)le, a stock of merchandise, valued at $15,000, and insured for $10,000 for twelve months, exj)iring April nth, is perma- n(Mitly reduced, by sales and shifting trade, to $8,000, when the policy has run eight months and a half, and you wish to reduce the insurance 93 to $5,000 from tluit date. The uneaniod premium on $10,000 for tlie remainiiii!,- three and a half montlis, Avould carry $5,000 seven montlis, and your endorsement would run as follows : " The amount insured is this day reduced to Five Thousand Dollars, to expire July 20th, instead of April 5th ;" addiuiij the date and jour signature. Blanket Policies. The importance of specifying a distinct amount upon each subject insured, has elsewhere been dwelt u})on ; but it is regarded as a matter so im})ortant that it cannot be too strongly emphasized. The practice of making an insurance cover an indefinite number of things in one sum without specifications, as " $5,000 on Building, Machinery and drain ;" or " On IJuilding and Contents ;" or " On Stock and Fixtures," is so great a wrong upon the underwriters that it cannot be tolerated. A single illustration will exhibit the principle involved. Five buildings — in a block or otherwise — worth $3,000 each, are insured for $3,000 on the five. If one burns, the whole amount of the })olicy must be paid ! The insurance was sicpposed to be equally on them all, but the result sliows that it was wholly on either one — the one that huvned j thus putting five risks upon the insurer for one premium. The unmitigated injustice of the transaction is seen at a glance. Such a case can be equitably disposed of in either one of four ways : 1. By specifications (so much on each building). 2. By five premiums. 3. )^yi the average clause. 4. By insuring the whole value of the five — $15,000. But the first is the best and only good general practice, and the last is not allowable. Blanket Insurance upon stock and fixtures, or any property in the same huilding^ is not so glaring as the above, ])ut has more or less of the same element, and is always unjust to the underwriter. The j)rineij)le is the same, whether the insurance floats an inch or a mile ; it must never be transferable from one subject to another. A Life Policy on five members for one ])remium would be a parallel absurdity, and the fact that they were " all in the same building" would not mitigate the 94 l>lnnder. A policy on "Husband and AV^ife," or " Parent and Child," for a sini^le premium, would be a ram avis in Life ])ractice that tinds its ridiculous counterpart in '" Blanket" Policies from the Fire offices. The Average Clause Reads thus : " It is understood and agreed that claims under this policy shall only be for such proportion of the whole loss as the amount of this insurance bears to the whole value of the property insured." This clause is chiefly for use in Floatin(; Policies. A Floating Policy is simply a "Blanket" as above described (or covering in a number of different warehouses, docks, etc.), with the alnwe clause added. It is extensively used in English practice, but hardly at all in this country. We do not favor its use, specially if there is other insurance on the same property ; as the most vexatit»us and unsatisfactory of all adjustments are those under NoN-CONCirRRENT POLICIES. These are divers policies, attaching differently to the same property. As where several policies cover a stock of dry goods, while one includes store furniture and fixtures, or another includes dry goods and leather without specifications, or where all cover on the main floor, while one covers also in the cellar or in the back warehouse without specitying a separate amount. The perplexity to all concerned arising from settle- ments under such policies is infinite, and it is better to decline a risk than to join in non-concurrent insurance. Adopt., as an invariable ruls, that Ai.i- roiJCiKS ON xirE same property must read ok attacu alike. Documents Dkfackd ok Si'oii-kd. Policies and Renewals defaced or spoiled must invariably be returned to the Company (with such explanations as may be necessary) with the monthly report. All documents — policies, renewals, certificates or others 95 — bearing official signatures are of importance, and must be treated with care and attention. NuM15KliIN(J OF THE IsSUES. Different plans have obtained favor among the companies, and you must be guided in this respect by instructions from each. One method is to have a separate series for each sort of issue ; the J-^olicies being nund)ered at the ])arent office before they are sent out, from number one onward, to be issued consecutively. Tlie lienewal Kecei])ts under this plan are similarly treated, so that lleceipt No. 1, when issued, wouhl be upon any policy numl)er that miglit be ready for renewal. And as either Policies or Renewals were issued, each would stand in its separate series of numbers without regard to the other, and each series - would be preserved intact. So of Certificates, Open Policy Endorse- ments, etc., each must have its own separate numbering. This plan has many advantages in preventing confusion and in keeping track of docu- ments that are already numbered. Where this plan is followed by a company, you will never change or deface the number of any document. If a Policy, or Renewal, or Certificate should be mutilated, return it to the couipany, and so report it, and use the next nutnber in rotation. Another method is, to have but one series for all issues. The Policies and Renewals are sent to the agencies without being nund)ered, and Policies ai-e issued, say up to number 50, when one comes around for renewal ; the Renewal is numbered 51 ; the next issues are two new Policies, they are numbered 52 and 53, then tliree more Renewals are wanted, they are numbered 54, 55, 50, then a new Policy 57, and so on. This plan is simjde, and is practiced by the greatest number of companies. Model Policies and EndorsementH have been prepared in a separate " Form Book," containing a great num]>er of difi'erent forms, and fully sup|)lying yom- wants in that line. The work is commended to your careful study and imitation ; it will be very generally introduced, and it is hoped will be instrumental in working a general concurrence in Agency Policies throughout the country. 96 ^'fkmn Skm mftmki m^mm mim^. Each Policy or Renewal (Fire, Inland or Marine), if the Premium is $10 or less, requires a stamp of .10 If the i)remiuin is over $10 and not over $50, 25 cts. ; if the premium is over $50, .50 Assignment of any Policy requires the same stamp as the original instrument, invariably to be paid by the assignor, and never by tfie Campany. Open Policies (Fire. Inland or Marine) require a stamp of ... . .50 Certilicalen of Insurance, issued upon a duly stamped Open Policy, .05 Endorsements, Permits, Agreements, by which the terms of a Policy are changed or varied in any respect, require stamps of .05 Proofs of I^oss. — Certificates, 5 cts. ; Appraisements, each sheet or piece of paper, 5 cts. ; Powers of Attorney, 50 cts. ; Agreeements, 5 cts. ; Protests, 25 cts. ; Receipcs for money paid, 2 cts. Parties submitting the papers must first stamp them. Do not attach and cancel any stamp until the Premium is paid, or you know it will be paid. If there is any delay between the issuance of Policy (or Renewal) and collection of Premium, pin the stamp on it and let it i-est, without canceling, until the contract is closed by the cash. If it is not taken, the stamp can be used for another Policy. Please do not return any Policies or Renewals marked " Canceled — not taken, '^ with canceled stamps attached. License. — " Any person who shall act as Aornt of any Fire, Marine, Life, Mutual or other Insurance Company or Comjiauies, shall pay a license of 10.00 Any i)er8on so acting for any Fokeion Company, shall i)ay 50.00 liiceii«C!* are an individual tax, and are not paid by the com]>a- nies. An established agent ]>iiying liis license can represent any number of companies under it. Agents of the comjjanies are not Brok(>r8 unless they negotiate insurance for parties and place it, for pay, in companies for which they are not agents. The internal revenue tax on Gross Ueceiits, on Dividends, etc., is arranged at headquarters, and paid by the Comi)any monthly, in one sum. Agents will in no case make any returns of their premiums to the U. S. Assessors. 97 f^ I n n A u V I '^'1 VKli.siTv o|. '' CALTF()i;xtA. Keep close watch of these, and give timely ncJfeea-tQ_customers of^ the expiration of their policies, so as to obtain their renewals. Business once secured sliould never be permitted to pass from your books, while it continues to be desirable, for want of diligent attention on your part. The commissions on renewed policies are just as good, and just as much, as upon new ones ? Renewal of Policy is made Iry regular Renewal Receipt^ and never hy Endorsement on the 2>olicy itself^ except a particular company specifi- cally so instruct. The renewal must be duly stamped, the same as a new policy. Make no memorandum, entry or endorsement on the Renewal, but if any changes are agreed upon, note them on the Policy and Record Book, and then renew the policy as changed, reporting such changes at the close of the month. Before renewing any policy satisfy yourself, by inquiry and inspec- tion, that the risk remains as when first taken, in regard to value, exposures, occupancy and moral hazard ; and if any material changes have occurred in any of these particulars, reduce the insurance, increase the rate, or decline the risk altogether, as the case may demand. The insurance is " continued under the original representation," and any change " either within itself or by adjacent buildings, not made known to the company by the assured at the time of renewal, the Policy and Renewal shall be void." If a policy liaa lapsed for a number of months, do not renew it, but issue a new one, and collect your fee for the same, unless some very satisfactory reason for the delay exists. If it has lapsed a few days or weeks, rencsw it for a year from tliat day, and do not date it back to the time of expiration ; give a full year's insurance for the year's premium. Be particular about this, even if the policy has expired but a single day. Cover nothing in the interim. The time lapsed would seem to be so much clear gain to the companies, but it might prove a very false economy, and a very disastrous nscujc to establish. There is no Fee for Renewals. The usual fee for Policy is $1. This is the agent's perquisite, and need not be brought into the account. It may be waived at discretion to humor a customer or secure a risk. 98 mmmmt. Issue no policy for a prcniiuiii less than one dollar. Premiums on lon»^-term policies (three or live jeai*s) are paid in one sum in advance, the same as on annual insurance, and not in yearly installments. Do a cash business. You will extend accommodations only on your own responsibility. The Companies keep no accounts with customers, and take no premium notes. But it may very often be expedient and pi'oper for you to advance a premium a few days to secure a good risk for some valued customer, and to close your month's business with a prompt and full remittance. Yoii run no ri«k in so doing. If the amount is not paid by the next monthly return, cancel and send in the policy, and charge the premium in your account. No business can prosper in the highest degree without so)ne investnient of capital, and the vocation of an Insurance Agent is no exception to the rule. Must contain a full and accurate transcript of the written portions of all policies issued, and all endorsements subsequently made thereon. Not a mere memorandum, but a literal, verbatim copy, so that if the Policy should be burned (a frequent occurrence), there \vould still exist a true and accurate copy of the contract in all its details. The importance of this is not appreciated by those agents who first write the Policy, and then enter a skeleton memorandum in the llecord. As heretofoi'e suggested, the Record should le first written up, and the Policy carefully coi'iKD from it word for xoord. Enter herein all endorsements of assignment, transfer, change of location, change of firm or ownership, extra charges, carpenter' risks, additional premium, increased or diminished insurance, cancelhiti(»ns, renewals, and other matters at the same time they are made on the Policy. In rogard to these endorsements- -short insurances, entries on 0]>en Ptjlicios, etc., it is (ihsolutely essential thai they he entered in the Register when made, and reported at once, as any delay, even of an hour, involves the liability of their being forgotten entirely. 00 The Daily Report is, with very uiany coin})anies, taking the phice of tlie Monthly Abstract of Risks. The Daily Report is simply a rei)ort in full of each risk, made on the blank furnished by the company, and fornuarded to headquarters the same day the risk is taken or renewed. It must include the name of the Agency and Agent, the number of the policy or renewal, certificate or open policy entry, assignment or endorsement, as the case may be, a complete copy of the written portion of the contract, the amount covered, the rate, the amount of premium, the term, the date of expiration, a diagram and statement of exposures, a statement of the occupancy, and such other matter as the printed blanks may call for. Each company has its own form of daily reports, and each lays much stress on the ])articular points brought out by its own form ; it is, therefore, necessary that the wishes of each company be respected in this particular, and that a full and careful answer be made to each question, and a faithful filling of each blank be made. On ordinary risks the daily report takes the place of api)lication and survey, and conveys to the company, in many cases, all it ever knows about the risk ; it should, therefore, have a conscientious and thorough treatment at the hands of the Agent. The Daily Report, fully and faithfully made, is a grc^at advautapro to the agent. It relievos him, in many cases, from much responsil)ility in ref^ard to important riHks, the facts beinjT all laid before the company for its decision. It distributes his labor throuf^h the month instead of crowding his reports into the last day ; each risk being reported as taken, the close of the month finds the agent with only his account current and remittance to forward. Some objections have been urged by agents against the Daily Kei)ort, l)ut in every case thus far, the objections only prove the value of the plan. Each risk written or re- newed should be reported at once, whether it be for five years or one day ; wliether the time, the rate or any otlier particular l)e oi)en or determined ; an agent lias no business to close a contract until it is sutficiently well defined to re[)ort. The hour a company becomes liable for a loss, it may reasonably require advice of its eiiyagemods. Where the monthly report is used by a company instead of the daily, it is simply a copy from the Record Book of the month's business entered therein. It should be made out on the last day of the month, 7 100 and written in a fair, ]»lain liand, giving all the details required by the printed headings. ExposFRKs. — We wish to invite particular attention to the necessity of repartin^ all the exposures of every risk in that portion of the Return sheet provided for that purpose, whether daily or montlily. Include everytliing within one hundred feet, not merely what adjoins, but all that exposes beyond the adjoining buildings. Without a full, clear and explicit statement of exposures, no company can pass upon risks intelli- gently. If the risk is out of burning distance from all exposures mark it Detached or Isolated. tut atiiiBlf itS^SI8lt ii@^. Such a book is issued by some companies for the convenience of agents in their daily transactions. It should contain entries of all moneys received from policies, renewals, certificates, additional premiums, endorsements on open policies ; for privileges, for short risks, or from any other source whatever ; and of all expenditures on behalf of the company. At the close of the month it can be balanced by the agent's commissions and the amount of remittance, thus giving the agent, in a permanent form, a copy of each account forwarded to the company. When so completed, the monthly account current will be simply a transcript therefrom. Must 1)0 filled up carefully and completely. Obtain vouchers for all moneys paid out, except postages, revenue stamps and exchange, and enclose therewith. Agency charges will consist of your commissions, postages, policy stamps, express charges on packages received, advertis- ing bills when authorized, telegraph charges, taxes, return premiums, exchange and such other Dr. items as may arise. REMriTANCES in full, to close monthly accounts, will be required in all cases. Make the draft payable to the order of tJie Company^ and enclose it with your account. Remit by Bank Draft, or Post-oftice 101 Money Order, charging exchange to tlie Company. When more con- venient, or the freight would be less than exchange, send funds by Express ; send only National Currency and Greenbacks, Some com- panies have contracts with the Express Companies and pay for all packages at headquarters ; ascertain the arrangements of each in this respect. Avoid sending money by mail, where any other mode can possibly be reached. When that is the only recourse, get the largest bills, cut them in two, and send the right halves by one mail and the left by another a day or two later. Will consist of the monthly Abstract, where used — the Account Current — the Remittance — Youcliers for money expended — Canceled Policies and Renewals — Mutilated Policies and Renewals — Applications for all outside and remote risks, and your own letters. These eight always, and such other matter as you may have to forward. The package should he in the mail in twenty-four hours after the month closes, and in no event should it he delayed more than three days. So imi)ortaiit to the agency method of business is a prompt and systematic report, that any deviation therefrom will be a serious blemish upon the agent indulging it. An occasional, unavoidable delay, from sickness or absence, can be overlooked, but an hahitual slackness in forwarding reports is a fault of such magnitude, tliat a resignation will be deemed the lesser of two evils ! This is not said in a captious spirit, but kindly, and from a deep sense of the importance of prompt reports. If no business has been done, notify each Coin|>any of that fact at the close of the month. They wish to hear from each Agency monthly, in any event. All the l)Ooks, papers and correspondence of your Agency are private, and are not to be exliibited to parties not specially connected witli the company to which they belong. mm %%mtmmim Will be fifteen per cent, commissions on the amount of premiums — less any returned premiums — also the policy ($1) and survey (50c.) fees, to 102 l)e collected from the assured. The fees, bcinp; perquisites, will not appear in jour account, and may be waived at discretion to conciliate a customer or secure a risk. Credit back full commissions, in your account, on the amount of all return premiums, of any kind. Will be done mainly by means of Cards, Circulars, Pamphlets, Calendars and other printed matter furnished by the Company. House plates, when furnished, should be conspicuously placed on the best risks. Calendars and Blotters, Lithographs and Pamphlets, should be judi- ciously distributed in offices, stores, counting-rooms, hotels, etc. JVeivspaj}er advertising will he done only tqjon specicd authm'ity from headquarters. Is expensive and should be done sparingly. Losses and other cases of emergency may be notified by telegraph, l)ut inquiries in regard to risks and rates — unless the matter has been the subject of full prior correspondence — is usually a waste of money and a failure to obtain satisfaction, and unless the risk is a very considerable one, the telegrams to and fro will consume a large percentage of the premium. Rely upon the mail for all ordinary transactions. Prepay all dispatches and charge in your account. 103 A prompt, eipiitalde and liberal treatment of losses eliaracterizes the standard insurance coni])anies of this country. In cases of importance or intricacy, adjusters are usually sent to make the settlement, but small and plain cases may be adjusted through the agent by correspondence with headcpiarters. When a loss occurs notify the Company at once. If a case of importance telegraph the number of the policy and the probable amount of loss. Commit the companies to no particular line of action, but until advices are received, let your efforts be directed to ascertain the facts diwA protect the property. I. Or'ujin of the Fire. — Develop by every means all that can be ascertained in regard to the cause of the fire ; whether it was the result (.f accident, carelessness or design : whether any unusual circumstances or appearances ; any indications of spontaneous combustion ; when first discovered and by whom ; whether any threats had been made. II. The Character, Sta7hding and Circu7nstances of the Assured; whether involved, embarrassed, desperate ; whether making or losing money ; whether ever burned out before, and if so, whether then in- sured. III. The Property; whether over-valued, unprofitable, unoccupied, in litigation, leased, of mixed ownership ; whether any recent sale or otters to sell. If merchandise, whether a full or low stock. If any stealing at or after the fire — get particulars. IV. The l7isurance; whether any other; how much, and in what companies; whether books and papers were saved. Urder no circumstances whatever will you make any change or entry on a policy after a fire. Let the whole matter of insurance rest precisely as the fire finds it ; give no consent to other insurance, change of title or location, assignment or other matter whatever. D.V3IAOED Goods must be put in order at once, and the sound separated from them. This is the duty of the assured, but if he refuses to attend to it, and delay will increase the damage, have it attended to 104 yourself — you are entitled to free access to tlic goods for that puri)ose, and the owner cannot debar you — but if delay will do no harm, defer action for advice or the ai-rival of an adjuster. Damages on hardware, cutlery, stove, tin and iron stocks, from their liability to rust, should be made the subjects of immediate But dry goods, clotliing and similar stocks should be first handled, spread, dried and cleaned. Claimants frequently aim to make the worst possible showing ; while the companies want only exact justice, they are entitled to counteract this action by developing the good })oints in the salvage, and must rely upon their agents to protect their just rights and defend them from extortion. Never suffer wet goods to be piled up and neglected, to heat, mildew and stain, when spreading and handling will do them any good. If it becomes necessary to remove goods to another building, see that none are spirited aw^ay or subjected to further damage. In selecting appraisers, the assured chooses one and the company the other. Aim to get upright and intelligent men who are posted in regard to the particular property needing attention, and let the appraisement proceed in detail upon each piece or lot of damaged property, and never in a lumping, jumping manner. It may sometimes be necessary — if you observe a grasping and unfair spirit on the part of claimants and their appraiser — to put your man on his guard against imposition. All the companies demand is fair, square, straightforward dealing ; but that cannot always be secured without vigilance. Let the aj/jji'disers stick to the dmnages and not wander out of their jurisdiction. They are authorized to make an appraisement or estimate of the injury to the jyroperty hefore ihem^ saved in a damaged condition, and noihiny else. All such items as " cost of removal," " i>aid for watchman," " articles missing," and the like, are wholly inadmissible, and an Agent who understands himself and his duties will never accept an appraisement containing them. Once inserted, the claimant has a color of reason for their allowance " because the appraisers say so,^^ when the appraisers really had no right to say anything about them. 105 If the items are proper, tliey will be allowed by the adjuster, but the appraisers need not burden themselves with needless labor outside tlieir legitimate duties. An aj>2> raise /nent is not an arhitration. On such property as will be further damaged by delay, appraisement should be made immediately, and it is expected that agents will take the responsibility of determining and acting in such cases ; always remembering that the appraisemerit concerns only the damaijes to property, and is to effect no other questions whatever within, or relating to the insurance. Walls and other portions of damaged buildings should be looked after. Sometimes a few shingles, promptly applied, saves heavy damages from drenching rains ; or a prop, judiciously set, saves a wall from being blown down. If any insured goods have been totally destroyed, a complete invoice, at cost price, must be made of all that have been saved, sound or damaged (but if none are totally burned, as in water damage, removals, etc., only the damaged goods need be invoiced). This must be done before the adjustment can proceed, and parties can economize time by attending to it in the interim before the adjuster arrives. Improve this manipulation to have the goods well handled, straightened and put in the best possible order preparatory to the appraisement. Invoice the sound and damaged goods separately, each by themselves, for the greater convenience of appraisers. As soon as the sound goods are invoiced the owner may dispose of them as he sees proper ; pro\Tided you are satisfied the invoice is true and correct, and that no fraud has been practiced to make the amount of saved goods appear smaller than it really is. And as soon as the damaged are fully appraised they are likewise at his disposal, but the companies reserve the right to take the damaged articles at their appraised value : this will seldom be done, but may be resorted to as an offset to improper valuations, or excessive and unjust estimates of damage. There is no Abandonment in fire insurance. Except in the circum- stances just named the insurers have nothing to do with the ruins but to pay the damage thereon. The property is the assured's ; he has all the responsibilities as well as rights of ownership, and must give it proper care and attention at his peril ; insurers make good no loss or damage arising from his willful neglect or carelessness after the fire. 106 Never close a loss claiin witlioiit S])ef (t,n Agent indicates inexperience. All fair losses will he promptly paid, and the past record, no less than the ])resent proud standing of American Insurance Companies, is sufficient guarantee of their continued honorahle dealing. Always rememher that the good points in a loss case invariahly come out of themselves, while the objectionable features have a natural tendency to shun observation, and therefore need to be searched for. If a case is right, scrutiny will d(» it no harm; if it is not right, it needs it; therefore a proj)er investigation should always be insisted upon ; not for the pur- l)Ose of quibbling over the loss, but to arrive at exact facts and an ()i)en, intelligible settlement. Blank forms for proofs of loss will be furnished by the companies; but if a case excites your slightest suspicion, or is, for any reason, not entirely satisfactory, do not give them out. Every facility and assistance will be furnished to honest claimants, but companies must not help to make fraud upon themselves plain or easy. The difficulty encountered by a rogue in getting up his proofs has often furnislicd the means for thwartinir his fraudulent desiij:;ns. Ijicendiarism is, at once, the most devilish and the most secret of crimes. Usually the wretch who commits it destroys the evidence of his guilt at the very time he consummates it, making detection exceedingly difficult. The difficulties of the crime, however, have aroused those who have to deal with it to commensurate effi)rts for its punishment, and Agents are recommended to correspond freely with their Companies whenever their interests are affected by this atrocious felony. Frequently prompt rewards will lead to detection, and it is well for Agents to be advised, in advance, of the plans of their Companies in regard to this matter. 107 im ^mm'f m mmmMm. " Iiisiinince iiuiy justly l)e deemed one of the noblest creations of huniiiu genius. From a lofty lieii;lit it surveys and [>roteets the eoni- merce of the world. It scans the heavens; it conBults the seasons; it interroi^ates the ocean, and, regardless of its terrors or caprice, defines its perils and circumscribes its storms. It extends its cares to every part of the habitable globe; studies the usage of every nation; explores every coast; sounds every harbor. To the science of politics it directs a sleep- less attention ; it enters the council of monarchs — watches the delibera- tions of statesmen, weighs their motives, and penetrates their designs. Founding on these vast materials its skillfid calculations, secure of the result, it thus addresses the hesitating merchant, ' dismiss your anxiety and fears ; these are misfortunes that humanity may deplore, but cannot prevent or alleviate. Such are not the disasters you dread to encounter. Trust in me and they shall not reach you. Summon all your resources, put forth all your skill, and with unfaltering courage, pursue your adventures. Succeed, your riches are enlarged; fail, they shall not be dinunished. My wealth shall supply your loss. Kely on me, and, for your sake, at my bidding, the arm of your enemies shall be paralyzed, and the dangers of the ocean or the flaming pile cease to exist.' The merchant listens, obeys, and is rewarded. Thousands tempted by his success, follow his exam})le. Those whom it had long separated, the ocean now unites. The quarters of the world approach eacii other, and are bound by the permanent ties of mutual interests and inutual benefits. — Co?n. Law oj" the World. mmiw if iii^i. Agency Companies usually give each agency the l)cnefit of a visit, once or twice a year, by some one from head(juarters, and, to get the greatest good from these visits, agents should be prepared for them. Keep a memorandum of questions to be asked, of knotty points to be 108 solved, of particular risks to be talked al)out, of hard customers to he visited and converted, and of insurance conundrums generally, and get tlie most you can out of the Special Agent when he makes his appear- ance ! If books and records are up to date, and ])apers and files in order, the examination of risks will be expedited and your own good reputation gain additional strength. A thorough review of your risks occasionally will be of great benefit to yourself as well as the Company. There is more real injustice to insurers, under a more plausible guise, in this species of tribute than in almost any other extorted I'rom them ! The plea that Insurers are '' more interested " than others, and sliould ]iay by dh'ect contrihutum ^ is practically untrue. A good de- partment reduces the rates of insurance, and tJms the underwriters ]>ay their share. There would be the same propriety in subsidizing insurers for the fire-walls or slate roofs of citizens, upon the plea of preventing conflagrations in which underwriters might be interested. In one sense a department is not a benefit to the underwriters ; as when it reduces the rates, or so increases the sense of security in a com- munity as to induce many to insure less, and some to insure nothing. And yet we believe in a good fire department, and in keeping on the right side of it ; but, as toe ])ay our share in 7'educed rates, we must be chary of donations. The best that can be said of these donations is, that they advertise a company, or rather, that they prevent it from being " advertised " in a hurtful way ; for, " if they are net made, local antagonisms may be excited and enemies created ; " so that the question about resolves itself into the doubtful one of expediency, or possible black-mail ! The hardship of which insurers have a right to complain is this, that wlien, by reduced rates or diminished business, they have already paid indirectly to a department, they should be constantly called on for direct contribution to its support. The de})artment helongs to the town, is gotten u}) hy the town, and for the town, and should be sujyported by the town, and it will be so supported : there is no real necessity for a])plying to insurance companies. 109 Agents whose allegiance is stronger to their t(j\vn than to their com- panies will combat tliese ideas, and i)lead for the local Departments; bnt agents whose first love is to the companies that have conhded their interests to them, will appreciate and practice upon them, and so manage as to relieve their companies from these vexatious applications. Keep your companies posted on all the insurance legislation of your State, so they may note the changes. They are a law-abiding people, and althougii each State insists upon calling the companies of sister States "foreign," and exhibits great ingenuity in devising burdens grievous to be borne, yet they lio})e to work in harmony witli the local recpiirements at your agency as elsewhere. All the documents for the annual compliance are made up at headquarters and forwarded promptly as the several statutes require. Documents are always on hand for the supply of agents, and must be ordered when needed. Full hsts are usually furnished, on which you can make out orders for what are wanted. Before sending for supplies examine your stock on hand and order all you need for several months. Some agents have a way of ordering a few bhjtters, then a few cards, then some policies, and so on, making the trouble and expense of several packages instead of one. Bear in mind that undercutting is not underwriting. An active, manly competition is healthy, but underbidding in rates is a stab at the vitals of the business. If there is a local board in your town adhere to its rates; if there is none, use your best endeavors to have one organized. Decline insurance for transient persons, Sutlers, Pedlars, Traveling Auctioneers, Transient Clothing Merchants, whether Jews or others— and all persons in a temporary or moval)le business. This is a general rule of safety that is amply justified by large experience. 110 Mixed uwiicrsliips and interests often produce trouljle to insurers. A niortganc par- ticular risk. Small lines indicate ])rudence; large lines greater alulity or greater boldness. Fraud is an element that vitiates all contracts that partake of it. In no contra(;t is one party more completely at the mercy of another than the underwriter in insurance. He is necessarily ignorant of facts and circumstances that may be vital to the risk, and hence open to the fraud of designing men who may withhold or misrepresent " material facts." Do not insert this term in Fire Policies. You cannot afford to insure a half dozen parties for one premium, and — unlike marine — the property and parties are so situated that each can be protected by separate in- surances, or if they cannot be, that is their misfortune and not yours. Prove your faith in your companies l)y insuring your own property in them. As a delicacy is generally felt about writing a ])olicy on one's own ])roperty, the agent can send an application to the company and have his policy written at headquarters, remitting for the same — less his commissions — with his next monthly account. Ill (&hwt^ 0( §\[M\\\p, Tlie classification of buildings most commonly accepted among the companies, and probably the best for practical purposes, is designated by the first four letters of the alphabet : Cla§s A is fire-proof from the outside in every respect ; having no wood work exposed ; being of Brick or Stone, with heavy fire-walls ; metal, slate or tile roof; cornice, if any, of metal or stone ; and the doors and shutters over all openings^ front and rear, made of heavy iron. da§s It is the next best construction, being similar to Class A, except in the iron doors and shutters. It is cnstomary, however, to class ordinary brick, metal-'roofcd buildings as B, even if the fire-walls are not relial)le. (See BIl below.) Class C is the ordinary style of Brick or Stone building, with shingle or composition roof. Class D is a Wooden buildinsr. Besides these, DD, (X' and lU* may sometimes be used to advantage : DD is a wooden building, with metal, slate or tile roof. CC is a brick building, with roof partly metal, or the better sort of gravel roofing, good walls, and no wooden cornice — almost a B. BB is a B building, with some iron shutters, good fire-walls, and otherwise of superior construction — closely allied to Class A in regard to safety. INDEX. PXGB Abandonment 105 AbbreviationB, avoid 87 Academies ^ Account of Stock 15 Account Current Book 100 Advertising 102 Agents' Inquiries 13, 14 Agents' Own Property HO Agricultural Implement Works 29 Alcohol Stille 40 Alterations and Repairs 33 Applications Indispensable 10, 14, 77 Application and Survey 26, 77 Appraisements 104 Approximate Annual Rates 71 Ashes 12 Assignments S9 Average Clause ^4 Bagging Factories 29 " in Bales 29 Bakeries 30 Bark and Bark Mills <»<> Bams and Stables, Private 9 " " Tavern and Omnibus 49 " " Livery 50 Barrel Factories 30 Basis Rates 7 Bedding and Curtains 12 " Mattress Makers (39 Bell Foundries 31 Billiard Table Makers 55 Blacksmith Shops 30 Blanket Policies 93 Blank Loss Proofs 106 Blocks, Omnibus 16 " and Ranges — Stores 16, 17 " " Dwellings 9 Boats in Port and Repairing 31 Book Binderies 32 Box Makers 56 Brass Foundries 31 Breweries and Malthonses 32 Brick Flues, Chimneys, &c 10 Bridges and Piers 33 PAOS Bucket Factories 56 Builders' Risks 38 Buildings or Contents Preferable 80 Cabinet Factories (steam) 34 " Shops (hand) 34 Cancellation 92 Candle & Soap Factories W Candy Manufactories 34 Carburetters 24 Carpenters' Shops 84 " Risks 33 Carpet Factories 70 Carriages on Wheels 35 Cash Business 98 Causes of Loss 10 Chimneys, Flues, &c 10 Churches 35 Classiflcation of Buildings Ill Coach and Carriage Shops 35 " " and Car Factories (steam) 36 Coal Oil .. . 58 Coffee, Spice and Drug Mills 65 Colleges 28 Commissions 101 Communications 79 Competition 23, 109 Composition Roofs 79 Confectioners' Stocks 34 Conglomerate Hazards 27 Construction 78 Contingent Interests 86 Continuous Roofs 79 Cooper Shops (steam) 80 " " (handwork) 86 Copperplate Printers 60 Copper and Tin Shops 67 Com in Cribs 9 Corner Buildings 80 Cornices 79 Cotton Gins 87 " in Press 37 " Mills 36 " Warehouses and Sheds 38 Country Stores 18 114 Court HouBCB, County Buildings 38 Cnrricre and Leatlicr Drcssern 67 Curtains and Bedding 12 Daily Reports .99 Damaged Goods 103 Defective Flues, Stovepipes, &c 28 Diagrams 82,83,84 Distilling forbidden 32 Dietillerieg 40 Documents, Supplies 109 Doors and Shutters (Iron) 79 Dnig Stores 30 Drug, Spice and Coffee Mills 65 Dry Groods and Groceries 13 Drying Kilns, Drying Houses ... 34, 47, 55, 60, 65 Dwelling Risks 8 Dwellings in Blocks and Ranges 9 Elevators 40 Endorsements 89 Expirations 97 Explosions 19, 31 Exposures 27, 81, 100 Express Warranties 88 External Exposure 81 Fair Grounds 42 Farm Property 9 Fire Departments— Donations 108 " Test 54 " Walls 78 Firehoards 11 Firt-works 43 Five Year Rates 8 Flax and Hemp Mills 43 Floating Policies 94 Flour Mills 44 Flues, Chimneys, &c 10, 28 " For Whom it may Concern " 110 Former Fires 27 Foundries 46 Frame Makers 56 Frame Ranges 17 Fraud 110 Fraudulent Claims 106 Fnmitnrc Risks 13, 46 Gas Burners, Gas Meters 12 Gasoline Gas 88 Glossary 25 " Stoves 25 Glassworks 46 Globe Lamps 46 Golden Rules (Jrain Warehouses. PIOK .. 5 . 40 Hay Barns and Presses 47 Ileatintc Journals 27 Hemp mid Flux Mills 43 " Yards 47 Hop Houses 47 Hot Air Furnaces 11 Hotels and Taverns 48 " are Special Hazards 49 How to make a Diagram 82 Incendiary Threats 27, 38, 45 Insurable Interest 110 Internal Dangers and Securities 85 " Revenue Duties 96 Introduction 3 Iron Doors and Shutters 79 Iron Furnaces 61 Itinerants 109 Jails . 30 Kindlings 12 Kerosene 12 " Lamps 27 Lami) Explosions 12 Lard Oil 62 '' Rendering 57 Leases 49 Leather Dressers and Carriers 67 Licenses 96 Lightning 9 " Rods 2T Lines 22, 28, 110 Liquor Stores 50 Livery Stables. . .. 50 Locomotive Works 51 Losses 103 Lost Documents 91 Lumber Yards 61 Machine Shops 51 Malt Houses, and Breweries 32 Matches 12 " Material to the Risk " 110 Mattress Manufacturers 69 Mercantile Risks 18 Miscellaneous Items 107 Model l)iaj;riims 83, 81 Monthly Account Current 100 " Returns 99, 101 115 Moral Aspect of Frame Ranj^es 17 " Hazard 85 Mortgage Insurance 52, 90 Mutilated Docnmente 94 Nail Works 01 Non-Concurrent Policies 88, 94 " Non-Explosive Oils " 54 Numbering of Policies, Renewals, &c 95 ObscrvatoriciJ and Skj'lights 79 Occupancy 80 Oil Mills 52 " Refineries, Yards and Warehouses 53 " and I^mp Stores 54 Oils, " Non-Explosive " 54 Omniburt Blocks 16 Open Lights 27 Ordinary Application 77 Organ and Melodeon Makers 55 Origin of Fire 103 Other Insurance 28,88 Owners 87 Paper Hangings Factories 55 " Mills 54 Partial Cancellation 92 Patterns •. 46 Photograph Galleries 56 Piano and Organ Factories 55 Piers and Bridges , . 33 Pipeholes, Pipes, &c 11, 28 Planing Mills 56 Plate Glass 80 Plow and Wagon Shops 35 Policies and Policy Writing 87 Pork Houses 57 Potteries 59 Powder and Powder Mills 59 Premiums 98 Preservation of Property 105 Printed Conditions of Policy Inviolate 9 Printing Offices GO Private ReportB 26 Qnartz and Stamp MillB 65 Railroad Bridges 33 " Property 61 Rates 7, 15 Record Books 98 Re-Insurance 90 Remittances 100 Remote Store Riske 18 PAOK Renewals 97 Kent Insurance 60 Repairs and Alterations 33 Return Commissions 102 " of Premium 90, 92 Review of Risks 107 Rolling Mills 61 Roofs 78 Rope Factories 62 " Walks 62 Sagging 28, 44 Salt Works 62 Sash and Blind Factories 56 Saw Mills (>3 School Houses, Seminaries 28 Scuttles and Stairs 70 Settling Walls 28 Sheet Iron Shops 67 Short Rates 19,57 " " on Long Term Policies 20 " " Intrinsically Right 20 " Rate Table 21 " Risks on Buildings 20 Shutters and Doors (Iron) 79 Skylights and Observatories 79 Slaughter Houses 58 Smoking Meat 58 Smut Machines 44 Soap and Candle Factories 64 Soft-Wood Workers 86 Special Hazards Unprofitable 6, 28 " and Manufacturing Applications 78 " Manufacturing and Miscellaneous Hazards 26 Specifications 28, 51, 88 Spice, Coflee and Drug Mills 65 Spirit of Insurance 107 Spontaneous Combustion 27 Stables and Barns— Private 9 " " Tavern and Omnibus — 49 " " Livery 50 Stamp and Quartz Mills 65 Stamps and Internal Revenue % Standard Elevator 41 Starch Factories . • 65 State Laws, Compliance with 109 Stave Factories 30 Steamboat Rates 31 Steamers in Port and Repairing 31 Stercotypers 69 Storage and Warehouse Risks 18 Stores 13 " and StorehouBes 15 116 max Stores in Blocks 16 Stoves, Stovepipes 11,28 Sugar Refineries 66 Supplies, Documents 109 Surveys 78 Tanneries 66 Tnverns* and Hotels 48 TeloKraphing 102 Terra Cotta Works 59 Time Table 22 Tin Slu)ps 67 Tobacco Barns 67 " Factories 07 ' ' Stemmeries 68 Transfers 69 Troy Fire 8 Trunk Makers, Wood 66 Twine Factories # - - - ^^ T3pe Foundries 69 Unoccupied Buildings 69 Upholsterers 69 PAOI Values, Valuations 14, 26, 88 Verbal Contracts. Avoid 91 Vessels in Port and Repairing 31 Village Property 9 Wagon and Plow Shops 36 Wall Paper Factories 55 Warehouse and Storage Risks 18 " Rates 19 Warranties 88 Watchmen 27, 36 " Moral Hazard of 86 Water Casks 27 Whisky in Bond 18, 50 Frauds 18, CA) Wine and Liquor Stores 50 Wood and Stave Yards 51 Wooden Boxes 27, 44 " Cornices 79 " Fire-Boards 11 Woolen Mills 70 Wrapping-Paper Mills 55 •n 4 OM 'K'*'.SS '•^^O ,^ JiiWmf^ 'z- •^ij 4<. ■ '■■^■iff UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY ' THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW ■ 50c^p?r''vo?ule'l?t?r'?hrth''°/ ^^ '''^^''' *» « A-Je of to $1 00 per^olume aftr fh""*^ -^^^J: r^'^<^»«' increasing demand may be renewed if „ T^,^''^-. ^""'^s "»* *" expiration o^f can peHod ^PP^'^^t'^" i« ^lade before jCT l^-'fi^ JUL 8 1922 RECEIVED MAR 1970 -3 PM =*i >. «rO SEP * «81 l', ■,'.? -^v*,t..- if!.!^ '"'^H <« " ^u^^^^^BI^H 20m-ll,'20 j/KF 3 ^^^HRASift YD 09781 'iO. 3703 ./i5 /SSS?