'tRANSVLVANIA UNIVERSITV STUDIES IN ENGLISH THE THATCLl\{JSE IN THE AUTHORIZED VERSION OF THE BIBLE BV HUBERT G. SHEARIN, A.M., Ph.D. PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH PHILOLOQV IN TRANSVLVANIA UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, KENTUCKV 1910 11 THE GIFT OF WILLIAM G. KERCKHOFF TO THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES THE LIBRARY OF FRIEDRICH KLUGE iiiiiiiiiiill 1^^ !!i!!!i ifJM i TRANSVLVANfA UNlVe'K^it^-SftjbrES IN ENGLIS'K ' THE Zff^r-CLAUSE IN THE AUTHORIZED VERSION OF THE BIBLE BY HUBERT G. SHEARIN, A.M., Ph.D. PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH PHILOLOGY IN TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY ^/^ ^ LEXINGTON, KENTUCKV 1910 I • • • . • < .' • .• ' « » # • • • < . • • • •• • « . . * B A * * ••• • WEIMAR: PRINTED BY R. WAGNER SOHN. PREFACE In order to substantiate certain generalizations in- cident to the preparation of a forthcoming volume on Old English syntax, I have found it necessary to take somewhat detailed notes upon texts later than those immediately under survey. Encouraged by the sug- gestion of my friend and master, Professor Albert S. Cook, of Yale University, I am publishing a few of these for whatever value they may have for others working in this field. A few months ago an earlier study, mentioned on the following page, appeared in Herrig's Archiv. The present brochure, containing a larger group of phenomena, arranged in topical order, is likewise offered as a mere bit of rubble in the foundation-wall of English syntax, which a stronger and more skilful hand than mine may some day build. It is a pleasant duty to thank my colleagues, Pro- fessor Thomas B. Macartney and Professor Charles B. Newcomer, for valued help in reading the proof-sheets ; and to acknowledge gratefully the assistance of my wife throughout the preparation of this paper. H. G. S. Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky, November 15, 1 909. CONTENTS Chapter I. The Substantive Clause The Subject-Clause . 2 The Object-Clause 7 The Clause of Specification 14 The Clause as Predicate 28 The Clause in Apposition 29 The Clause Absohite 31 The Omission of That in the Substantive Clause . 31 Clauses introduced by How That .... 35 Chapter II. The Adjective Clause That as Object of a Preposition 41 That as an Adverbial Accusative .... 42 That as a Compound Relative Pronoun ... 45 The Consecutive Adjective Clause .... 47 The Final Adjective Clause ...... 48 The Omission of That in the Adjective Clause . . 49 Chapter III. The Adverbial Clause The Consecutive Clause 50 The Final Clause ........ 54 The Causal Clause 56 The Temporal Clause ....... 60 The Conditional Clause ...... 63 Clauses of Specification ...... 64 That as a Pro-Conjunction ...... 66 The Omission of That in the Adverbial Clause . . 68 APPENDICES IV 69-8 J THE THAT-CLAVSE IN THE AUTHORIZED VERSION OF THE BIBLE This paper, it is hoped, will contribute something toward a basis for further study of this remarkable prose monument, which not only embodied the syn- tactical development of the centuries before the year 1611, but which exerted a powerful influence over the tendencies of the centuries that followed. Each of the categories below purports to contain every in- stance of the phenomenon in question : parallels either from the original, or from other notable translations, especially the Septuagint and the Vulgate, are adduced wherever they seem to elucidate the problem in hand. In arranging the material, stress has been laid on form rather than on function : the introductory con- junctional formulae of the various ^Aa^-clauses have for practical reasons been made the basis of the sub- divisions, so as to group like with like. However, any discrepancy between the form of the clause and its meaning is mitigated by the cross-references. The main divisions, on the other hand, are functional, and follow the accepted order. That final and its kind (see below, page 54) for the sake of brevity are here merely outlined, since I have recently treated else- where ^ the 'Expression of Purpose ' in this text. ^ Herrig's Archiv filr das Studium der Neueren Spracheii^ Vol. 121, pp. 296-315. A 2 The Substantive Clause I THE SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSE I. The Subject-Clause 1. Without Expletive. Here belong the following : Hab. 2. 18 what pro- fiteth the graven image that the maker thereof hath graven it [rC (oifeXsl yXvnzov, xi eyXvipav avzo : quid prodest sculptile, quia sculpsit illud fictor suus) ; Acts 4. 16 that indeed a notable miracle hath been done by them is manifest {on fxev ya^) yvcoarov arj/nHov ytyove (pavsQov : quidem notum signum factum est . . . manifestum est) ; Rev. 19. 8 and to her was granted that she should be arrayed in fine linen (xal adodr^ ai'rg Xva neQi^dXrjTac §iaGLvov: et datum illi ut cooperiat se byssino splen- denti). More frequent is a subject ^/m^-clause in the formula if so be (that) ; if it so be (that) does not occur : Josh. 14. 12 if so be the Lord will be with me (ear oiv xvQiog fiE%^ ifiov ») : si forte sit Dominus mecum) ; 2 Sam. 11. 20 and if so be that the king's wrath arise (xai eaiat iav dva^Tj 6 d^vfiog tov ^aaiXtwg : si eum videris indignari); Isa. 47. 12 if so be thou shalt be able to profit (eav Jrv/^V/; : si forte quid prosit tibi) ; Jer. 21. 2 if so be that the Lord will deal (el noii^asL: si forte faciat Dominus) ; 26. 3 if so be they will hearken (tawc axovaovtai : si forte audiunt) ; 51. 8 if so be she may be healed (no syntactical parallel in Septuagint : si forte sanetur) ; Lam. 3. 29 if so be there may be hope (Sept. fails ; si forte sit spes) ; Hos. 8. 7 if so be it yield {eav de noiifixi: quod etsi fecerit) ; Jonah 1. 6 if so be that God will think (Sept. fails : si forte recogitet Dominus) ; Matt. 18. 13 if so be that he find it {eav ykvrixai eiqelv: et si contigerit ut inveniat) : Rom. 8.9 if so be that the Spirit (jf God dwell in you {einEQ The Subject-Clause 3 nvevfxa ^eov olxsT sv vfilv : si tamen spiritus Dei habitat in vobis) ; 8. 17 if so be that we suffer {elneq avfina- axofisv : si tamen compatimur) ; 1 Cor. 15. 15 if so be that the dead rise not {etJiSQ uqa vsxqol ovx eyei^ovrat : si mortui non resurgunt) ; 2 Cor. 5. 3 if so be that being clothed we shall not be found naked (ely^ xal svdvaauBvoi^ ov yvfxvol evQed^fja6in€i)a : si tamen vestiti, non nudi inveniamur) ; Eph. 4. 21 if so be that ye have heard him (ecye avrov rixovaare : si tamen ilium audistis) ; 1 Pet. 2. 3 if so be ye have tasted {eonsQ tyavaaa^e : si tamen gustastis). See below, page 34. 2. With Expletive. This is the regular usage with the subject-clause. In almost every instance the order is, expletive it (rarely tJiat) + main verb +^//a^-clause ; as in Gen. 16. 2. it may be that I ma}' obtain children. Very common is the formula it came {shall come^ etc.) to pass that; see page 31, and Appendix I. Three times, however, the clause stands first in the series : Gen. 18. 25 that the righteous should be as the wicked, that be far from thee (Jana 6 SCxaiog wg b dae^iig^ firiSafXMg : ut . . . fiat justiis sicut impiis, non est hoc tuum) ; Prov. 19. 2 that the soul be without knowledge, it is not good (Sept. fails : ubi non est scientia animae, non est bonum) ; Gal. 3. 1 1 but that no man is justified by the law in the sight of God, it is evident (on ds . . . ovSelg Sixaiovrm, . . . SijXov : quoniam . . . nemo justificatur . . . manifestum est). Three times in a subject-clause containing an ad- verbial clause itself complex, a second that resumptive is found : Num. 5. 27 then it shall come to pass, that, if she be defiled, and have done trespass against her husband, that the water . . . shall enter into her (xul Edrai^ eav fi fxefxiaOfitvri xal Xtjd^rj Za^i^ tov ccvSqu arjTfi. A 2 4 The Substantive Clause xa'i eiaf/.fva€Tai . . . to 'iSwq: Vulg. fails); Judges 12. 5 and it was so, that when those Ephraimites which were escaj^ed said, Let me go over ; that the men of Gilead said (xal ftnov avroTg ol SiacrcoCofxevoi ^EifgaCfi ' 6ia- ^(Z/iiev xal Btnov avroig ol avSgeg; Vulg. fails); Eph. 2. 11 wherefore remember, that (on, quod) ye being in time past Gentiles in the flesh, who are called uncircum- cision by that which is called the circumcision in the flesh made by hands : that (oTt, quia) at that time ye were without Christ. This, though an object-clause, is placed here for convenience ; see below, page 7 : The Object Clause, 1, first paragraph. Four times a personal pronoun drawn proleptically from the that-c\a.use seems to pla}^ the part of an ex- pletive : Jer. 28. 9 then shall the prophet be known that the Lord hath truly sent him (yvcoaovTai rov nqo- (friTTiv ov dneffceiXev: scietur propheta, quem misit Do- minus) ; Luke 16. 1 the same was accused unto him that he had wasted his goods (ovrog 6LS^Xrjd^ri avrtp wg SiaaxoQTiC^wv ra imd^xovra avrov : hie diff"amatus est apud ilium quasi dissipasset bona ipsius : Gothic, ei : O. E., swilce ; Wycliffe, as: Tindale, that): 1 Cor. 15. 12 now if Christ be preached that he rose from the dead (si 6i XQiaiog xrjQvoGezai on ix vsxqwv iyTqysQxai : si autem Christus praedicatur quod resurrexit) ; 1 John 2. 19 they went out, that they might be made manifest that they were not all of us (Iva (favsQwd^coniv on ovx iial ndvteg i^ fiftwv : ut manifest! sint quoniam non sunt omnes ex nobis). For another classification of these and similar clauses, see below, page 25. See also pages 11, 13, 25, 37. The following ^Aa^-clauses, though grammatically adjectival, may perhaps be considered as logical sub- jects : Gen. 45. 8 so now it was not you that sent me hither (vvv ovv ovx vfJ^^ii fis dneataXxars (Lde : non vestro consilio . . . hue missus sum); 45. 12 it is my mouth The Subject- Clause 5 that speaketh (to orof-ia (.lov to XaXovv : os meum lo- quatur) ; Lev. 17. 11 it is the blood that maketh an atonement (to ya^ alf.ia avrov dvrl ifjv%riq i^iXdasTai : sanguis pro animas piaculo est) ; Num. 8. 24 this it is that belongeth unto the Levites (rovro sort to neql ruiv Aemxm' : haec est lex Levitarum) ; 1 Sam. 12. 6 it is the Lord that advanced Moses (xvQiog 6 nonqaag rov Moavariv : Dominus qui fecit Moysen). So Lev. 10. 3 ; 2 Sam. 22.48, 49; 1 Chron. 21. 17; Ps. 18. 32, 47; 108. 13 ; 144. 10 ; Isa. 40. 22, 23 ; Obad. 9. 6 ; John 6. 63 ; 8. 54. See below, page 40. In the following, the that-c\a.use verges upon the consecutive : Gen. 27. 20 how is it that thou hast found it so quickly (tc tovzo, o ta^v evqeq : quo modo, inquit, tarn cito invenire potuisti) ; 32. 29 wherefore is it that thou dost ask {IvaTv xovxo sQcoiqg : cur quaeris) ; Exod. 2. 18 how is it that ye are come so soon away (6iaTi . . . Tov naqaysvEoi^ai : cur velocius venisistis) ; 2. 20 why is it that ye have left the man {IvarC xaraleXoinaxe tov avd^QcoTcov : quare dimistis hominem) ; 5. 22 why is it that thou hast sent me {Ivari dniGxalxag (is : quare misisti me) ; 2 Sam. 3. 24 why is it that thou hast sent him away {Ivaxi dntaiaXxag amov : quare dimisisti eum). See below, page 51. Similar are these: Acts 21.35 so it was that he was borne {avvi^ri §aaTdL,Eaiyai : con- tigit ut portaretur) ; the same phrase occurs in Judges 12. 5 ; 19. 30 ; Job 1. 5. Cf. so that consecutive, page 52. So, after than, the substantive clause is closely allied in function to the consecutive : Gen. 29. 19 it is better that I give her to thee, than that I should give her to another man (^tXnov dovval /^le avxiiv ffoc f] SovvaC fie avTi]v dv6qi STtqw : melius est ut tibi eam dem quam alteri viro) ; Exod. 14. 12 it had been better for us to serve the Egyptians than that we should die in the wilderness (^ dnoiycvelv : quam mori) ; 1 Sam. 27. 1 6 The Substantive Clause there is nothing better for me than that I should speedily escape {ovx Ban /not aya^ov iav firj (Jcoi^ai : nonne melius est ut fugiam) : Prov. 25. 7 better it is that it be said to thee, come up hither, than that thou should- est be put lower (r] raneivwacd 08 : quam ut humilieris) : Eccles. 2. 24 there is nothing better for a man than that he should eat and drink {ovx eanv ayai^ov av^qdonb^, o (foyerai : nonne melius est comedere et bibere) ; 3. 22 there is nothing better than that a man should rejoice {el fii) o eiqqavi^i\asta( : quam laetari hominem) ; 5. 5 better is it that thou shouldest not vow, than that thou shouldest vow and not pay (Sept. and Vulg. fail) ; Luke 17. 2 it were better than that he should offend (?j Xva (TxavdaXiarj : quam ut scandalizet) ; 1 Cor. 9. 15 it were better for me to die than that any man should make (r . . . I'va : quam ut). In two instances, the clause after than is entirely adverbial : Gen. 36. 7 for their riches were more than that they might dwell together (jiv y«(> avToHv ra vnaqxavxa noXXa^ rov olxelv I'i^a : divites enim erant valde, et simul habitare non poterant) ; Isa. 28. 20 for the bed is shorter than that a man can stretch himself on it (Sept. fails : coangustum est enim stratum, ita ut alter decidat). In such cases, that is usually omitted, as in Ps. 40. 5, they are more than can be numbered; see also Prov. 11.24; Dan. 3. 19. For than that = than that ivhich (1 Cor. 3. 11), see below, page 46; see also page 51. The subject-clause is in coordination with the in- finitive phrase in Judges 18. 19 is it better for thee to be a priest unto the house of one man, or that thou be a priest unto a tribe (jir^ dyad^ov elvaC ae le^ea . . . /'/ yevtai^ui ae UqCa : quid tibi melius est, ut sis sacerdos in domo unius viri, an in una tribu). See pages 7 and 22. The remaining subjects of this group follow the The Object-Clause 7 regular form, it + main predicate + that. They are listed in full in Appendix I. For like clauses with that omitted, see page 31. II. The Object-Clause 1. Without Expletive. Here belong the great majority of object-clauses, following without expletive the leading verb ; as in : Num. 21. 1 when king Arod . . . heard tell that Israel came by way of the spies ; 1 Sam. 13. 4 all Israel heard sa}^ that Saul had smitten. Perhaps noteworthy is Lev. 13. 8 and if the priest see that., behold., the scab spreadeth in the skin ; so Judges 3. 24. For the clause after a preposition, see the various examples under III, below, pages 60 ff. For that repeated, see above, Subject-Clause, 2, third paragraph. The clause is in coordination with the infinitive phrase in Acts 14. 22, exhorting them to continue in the faith, and that we must . . . enter (naQaxaXovvreg efifitveiv . . . xai on . . . Set rifiag eloeld^elv : exhortantesque ut permaneret in fide : et quoniam . . . oportet nos intrare). See above, pages 6 and 22. For the remaining clauses, see Ap- pendix II. After the following verbs the object-clause tends toward final function, and becomes the familiar com- plementary final clause (see page 55) : adjure : Mk. 5. 7 I adjure thee that thou torment me not ({.ir fie ^aaavzia^g : ne me torqueas ; 1 Kings 22. 16. advise : 1 Kings 12. 6 how do ye advise that I may answer (Sept. fails : ut). beckon : John 13. 24 Simon Peter therefore beckoned to him, that he should ask {vevet ovv rovrcp Stficov nixqoq nvi^tai^^at : innuit . . . et dixit . . . Quis est). 8 The Substantive Clause beseech : Mk. 5. 10 he besought him much that (tVa, ut) he would not send them away ; John 4. 40 they besought him that he would tarry (^wVwv avrov f.ieivai : rogaverunt eum ut ibi maneret) ; Mk.6.56 ; 7.26. beware : Gen. 24. 6 beware that thou bring not my son thither again {nqoGexe amvxM /x*) dnoazQeiprig : cave nequando reducas) ; Deut. 8. 11 ; 15. 9; 2 Sam. 18. 12. charge : Ruth 2. 9 have I not charged the young men that they shall not touch thee? (rod fiy) aipaa^ai: ut nemo molestus sit); Esther 2. 10 for Mordecai had charged her that she should not shew it; Song of Sol. 2. 7 I charge you . . . that ye stir not up ; so id. 3. 5 ; 5. 8 : Matt. 16. 20 he charged his disciples that they should tell no man ; Mk. 5. 43 ; 7. 36 ; 8. 30 ; 9. 9 ; 10. 48 ; Luke 8. 56 ; 1 Thess. 2. 12 ; 5. 27 ; 1 Tim. 1.3; 5. 21 ; 6. 14, 17, 18 ; 2 Tim. 2. 14. command : Lev. 24. 2 command the children of Israel, that (ut) they bring unto thee pure oil ; Exod. 27. 20 ; 35. 1 ; Lev. 13. 54 ; 14. 5 ; 36. 40 ; Num. 5. 2 ; 35. 2 ; Deut. 4. 5; Josh. 4. 16; 8. 29, 33; 2 Chron. 29. 24. devise : 2 Sam. 21. 5 that devised against us that we should be destroyed {naqeXoyCaaio tloloiyqevaat : ut ne unus quidem residuus sit). endeavour: 2 Pet. 1. 15 I will endeavour that ye may be able ... to have these things always in re- membrance {onovdaaio . , . Tr)v tovxwv ixvrirrjv noislad^ai : dabo autem operam . . . ut horum memoriam faci- alis). entreat : Exod. 8. 8 entreat the Lord that he may take away the frogs (Sept. fails : ut auferat) ; id. 8. 29 ; 9. 28; 10. 17. exhort : 2 Cor. 9. 5 to exhort the brethren, that they would go before (tva nQotXifcoaiv : ut praeveniant) ; Acts 11. 23; 1 Tim. 2. 1 ; Jude 1. 3. forbid : Gen. 44. 7 God forbid that my servants should The Object-Clause 9 do according to this thing (jin) yivoixo nobr^i^at: ut . . . commiserint) ; Gen. 44. 17; Josh. 22, 29; 24. 16; 1 Sam. 12. 23; 24. 6; 26. 11 ; 1 Kings 21. 3 (it); Job 27. 5 ; Gal. 6. 14. persuade : Matt. 27. 20 the chief priests and elders persuaded the multitude that they should ask Bar- abbas (Xva ahtjacovvat : ut peterent) ; 1 Kings 22. 20. pray : Luke 22. 40 pray that ye enter not into temp- tation {7iqoaev%ead^e firj elaeXiyeTv: orate ne intretis) ; Acts 8. 24 pray . . . that none of these things . . . come (oTicog f.i7j6ev eneld^rj : ut nihil veniat) : Num. 21.7; Judges 16. 28; 1 Kings 13.6; Matt. 24.20; 26. 41 ; Mk. 5. 18 ; 13. 18 ; 14. 35 ; Luke 5. 3 ; 6. 27 ; 21. 36; 22. 32; Acts 8. 15 ; 24. 4 ; 1 Cor. 14. 13; 2 Cor. 13. 7 ; Phil. 1. 9 this . . . that ; 2 Thess. 1.11; 3. 1, 2; 2 Tim. 4. 16 ; James 5. 16, 17. proclaim : Lev. 23. 21 and ye shall proclaim on the selfsame day, that it may be an holy convocation unto you [xal xaXicsTS xamriv ri^v rifisQav xXr^r^jv ayCa eorai vfilv : et vocabitis hunc diem celeberrimum at- que sanctissimum). put (in heart) : Exod. 35. 34 and he hath put in his heart that he may teach (Sept. and Vulg. fail). see : Gen. 45. 24 see that ye fall not out by the way {liv dqyCL,sai^E : ne irascamini) ; Exod. 4. 21 see that thou do all these wonders (oqa . . . noiiqaeig : vide ut . . . facias) ; 2 Chron. 25. 5 see that ye hasten the matter {ojievaare : festinatoque hoc facite) ; Matt. 8. 4 see thou tell no man (oQa /.irjdevi emrig : vide, nemini dixeris) ; 9. 30 see that no man know it (oQare [xridelg yiyvcocfxeTO) : videte ne quis sciat) ; 24. 6 see that ye be not troubled (oQare //r) ^goelod^s : videte ne turbemini) ; Mk. 1. 44 see thou say nothing {oga (lYldevl . . . eXnrig : vide nemini dixeris) ; Acts 23. 22 see thou tell no man {naQayysClag liirjSevl exXaX^iOai : 10 The Substantive Clause praecipiens ne cui loqueretur) ; 1 Cor. 16. 10 see that he may be with you {^Xtnexe iva . . . yevrirav : videte iit . . . sit) ; 2 Cor. 8. 7 see that ye abound (Xva . . . TT£Qioa£vriT€ : ut . . . abundetis) ; Eph. 5. 33 the wife see that she reverence her husband (Yva: Vulg. fails); 1 Thess. 5. 15 see that none render evil (cQCCTS fiij . . . dnoSc^ : videte ne . . . reddat) ; Heb. 8. 5 see . . . that thou make (oqu . . . jioirjarig : videte . . . facito) ; 12. 25 see that ye refuse not him {^XmETE firi TraQaiTTqad^rja^s : videte ne recusetis) ; 1 Pet. 1. 22 see that ye love one another {«y«7r>j(Tar€ : diligite). A variant with look occurs in Exod. 25. 40, look that thou make them after their pattern (oQa rtoii]a8tg: inspice, et fac). speak: Exod. 6. 11 speak unto Pharaoh . . . that (tVa, ut) he let the children of Israel go ; Lev. 16. 2 speak to Aaron thy brother that (ne) he come not ; 1 Sam. 19. 1 Saul spake ... to all his servants, that (ut) they should kill David; 1 Kings 2. 17 speak . . . unto Solomon . . . that (bVt, ut) he give me Abishag ; Exod. 7. 2 {wars, ut) ; 14. 2, 15 (ut) ; 25. 2 (ut) ; Lev. 22. 2 ; 24. 23 ; Num. 9. 4 (ut) : 16. 37 (ut) ; 19. 2 (ut) ; Dan. 1. 3 (ut). warn : Ezek. 3. 21 if thou warn the righteous man, that the righteous sin not {eav diaaxsiXn loj Sixaia^ rov inif ufxaQrelv: si . . . annuntiaveris justo, ut non peccet Justus ; 2 Chron. 19. 10 ye shall even warn them that (ut) they trespass not. Worthy of note are those object-clauses which occur as an integral part within the relative adjective clause, as : Deut. 20. 20 only the trees which thou knowest that they be not trees for meat, thou shalt destroy (aXka ^I'/.ov o eniaiaaai on ov xaqno^QWTOV eazi, tovto (]).o{^q£vasig : si qua autem ligna non sunt pomifera, sed agrestia, et in cseteros apta usus, succide). This con- The Object-Clause 11 struction is occasionally met with in Old English ; e. g., yElfric's Homilien und Heiligenlehen 203. 268, for dy haemede, de wit wendon dast wit hseman sceoldon. Perhaps originally that (dcet) was demonstrative in a parenthetical clause, thus : for dy haemede de (wit wendon daet) wit haeman sceoldon ; only the trees which (thou knowest that) be not trees for meat. The remaining examples are : Lev. 9. 6 this is the thing which the Lord commanded that ye should do (rovxo to ^rjfia, o sine xvqioc, noiTiaaxe : isto est sermo, quem praecepit Dominus : facite) ; 2 Sam. 11. 16 he assigned Uriah unto a place where he knew that valiant men were (e^r^xer tov 'O. elg rov ronov ov fi^Si on avSqeg r^]? noXecog : posuit Uriam in loco ubi sciebat viros esse fortissimos) ; Acts 21. 29 an Ephesian, whom they sup- posed that Paul had brought (tov 'Eqsaiov . . . ov hom^ov on . . . slariyayev 6 navlm; : Ephesium . . . quem existi- maverunt quoniam . . . introduxisset Paulus). Nor- mally that is omitted, as in Jer. 18. 10. Not infrequently, by a species of prolepsis (see pages 4, 13, 25, 37), the logical subject of the object- clause is for emphasis brought forward into the main clause as object of the leading verb: — Gen. 1.4 and God saw the light, that it was good (xai 8l6ev 6 d^sog TO (fwg^ oTt xaXov : et vidit Deus lucem quod esset bona) ; 6. 2 the sons of God saw the daughters of men that thev were fair (idovTeg ot vtoi tov d^eov Tag S^vyaTt^ag . . . (Ti xaXat elaiv : videntes filii Dei filias hominum, quod essent pulchrae) ; 12. 14 the Egyptians beheld the wo- man that she was very fair (IdovTsg ot AlyvuTioi tijv yvvaixa avToi\ otl xa?Jj ip aqodqa : viderunt ^gyptii mulierem quod esset pulchra nimis) ; 18. 19 fori know him, that he will command his children (rjdeiv yuQ otc awid^ei Tolg vlolg avTov : scio enim quod praecepturus sit filiis suis); 31.5 I see your father's countenance, 12 The Substantive Clause that it is not toward me {oqw syoi to nQoffamov tov naiQog l}iwv, oil ovx ecfri irQog ifxov : video faciem pa- tris quod non sit erga me) ; Exod. 2. 2 she saw him, that he was a goodly child (Idovrsg 6e avxb aaislov: videns eum elegantem) ; 32. 22 thou knowest the people, that they are set on mischief {oldag %o 6Q(.irj[.ia TOV Xaov Tovrov : nosti populum istum, quod promus sit ad malum) ; 34. 35 the children of Israel saw the face of Moses, that the skin of Moses' face shone {ei6ov ... TO TiQoawnov . . . on df^do^aaxai : videbant faciem . . . esse cornutam) ; Num. 32. 1 they saw the land of Jazer, and the land of Gilead, that, behold, the place was a place for cattle (xal r^v o ronog xonog xTrivsav: cumque vidissent J. et G., aptas animalibus alendis terras) ; Josh. 4. 24 that all the people of the earth miofht know the hand of the Lord, that it is mighty (onwg yvibai ndvxa xa ei^vtj xffi y^c, oxt . . . Igxvqo. tGiL : ut discant . . . fortissimam Domini manum) ; Judges 16. 26 suffer me that I may feel {acpeg {.is, xai ipriXacfriaoj : dimitte me, ut tangam) ; 1 Sam. 10. 24 see ye him whom the Lord hath chosen, that there is none like him iacoQaxaxe ov ex?.E?.€xxai . . . oxi ovx eaxiv ofxoiog avT(^ : certe videtis quem elegit Dominus, quoniam non sit similis illi) ; 2 Sam. 3. 25 thou knowest Abner . . ., that he came [oiSag ttiv xaxiav A . . . ., oxt anaxT^aai as nuQpybv^xo : ignoras A. . . . quoniam adhuc venit) ; 14. 11 let the king remember the Lord thy God, that thou wouldest not suffer the revenge of blood to destroy any more [fivrjiJ,ov8V(!dx(o Ji^ o ^afftXeig tov xvqlov i^sov avxov nXr^iyin'iyr^vai dyxiaria . . , : recordetur rex Domini Dei sui, ut non multiplicentur proximi san- guinis ad ulciscendum) ; 17.18 thou knowest thy father and his men, that they be mighty men {oidag TOV naxiqa aov xai xoig drdqag avxov, otl dvvaioC hoi: tu nosti patrem tuum, et viros, qui cum eo sunt, esse The Object-Clause 13 fortissimos) ; 1 Kings 11. 28 Solomon seeing the young man, that he was industrious (ftJe ^. %o nmSaqtov on avi]Q BQfdiv emi: vidensque S. adolescentem bonae in- doHs et industrium) ; 20. 41 the king of Israel discern- ed him, that he was of the prophets {J-n^yvon aviov b §aaiXevg ""/., otl rcov riQocpriTwv omog : cognovit eum rex Israel, quod esset de prophetis) ; Job 36. 9 he showeth them . . . their transgressions that they have exceeded (avayyeAe? avrolg ra eqya on lay^vdovcJiv : indicabit eis opera eorum . . . quia violenti fuerunt) ; Ps. 22. 31 they . . . shall declare his righteousness . . ., that he hath done this (ov inoiriaev b xvqiog: quem fecit Do- minus) ; Mk. 12. 26 and as touching the dead, that they rise, have ye not read (neqi de rouv vsxqmv, on eyeiQovTai, ovx dveyvoors : de mortuis autem quod resur- gant, non legistis) ; 2 Kings 14. 26 ; Esther 5. 9 ; Job 1. 8 ; 2. 3 ; 39. 12 ; Ps. 94. 11 ; Eccles. 4. 4 ; 8. 17 ; Isa. 22. 9 ; Jer. 24. 7 ; 28. 9 ; Jonah 3. 10 ; Mat. 25. 24 ; Mk. 11.32; Luke 4.3; 7.36; 24.39?; John 9. 8 ; 11.31; Acts 8. 31 ; Rom. 3. 9 ; 13. 11 ; 16. 2 ; 1 Cor. 3. 20 ; 16. 15 ; 2 Cor. 1. 14 ; 1 Thes. 2. 1 ; Rev. 3. 1, 15. See page 37. 2. With Expletive. Occasionally the object-clause follows an expletive it (once, this), with a rhetorical effect not unlike that of the proleptical object just noted : — Gen. 47. 26 Joseph made it a law over the land . . . that Pharaoh should have the fifth part (Sept. and Vulg. fail); 1 Sam. 22. 22 I knew it that day, when Doeg the Edo- mite was there, that he would surely tell Saul {ijdeLV . . . on . . . anayyelel : sciebam . . . quod . . . annunciaverit) ; 1 Kings 21. 3 the Lord forbid it me, that I should give the inheritance (Sept. fails: propitius sit mihi Dominus ne dem hereditatem) ; 2 Kings 19. 25 now have I brought it to pass, that thou shouldest be 14 The Substantive Clause (Sept. and Vulg. fail); 1 Chron. 11. 19 my God forbid it me, that I should do this thing (XXewq fioi 6 ^eoe roil noiraai : absit ut in conspectu Dei mei hoc faciam) ; Jer. 48. 20 tell ye it in Amon, that Moab is spoiled (Sept. fails: annunciate in A., quoniam vastata est M.) ; 1 Pet. 4. 4 they think it strange that ye run not i'^8vi^ovTai fii) cyvr^exovrfdv vf.i(av : admirantur non con- currentibus vobis) : add 1 Sam, 12. 23: 1 Kings 18.36. This, instead of it, is found in Philip. 1. 9, and this I pray, that your love may abound (xal tovto nQoaei'xo- fiai tva . . . TiEQiaaevri : et hoc oro ut . . . abundet). See others among the complementary final clauses, pages 7ff, III, The Clause of Specification. The substantive clause is frequent after (1) nouns, (2) adjectives, (3) verbs, and even (4) interjections, as a complementary element of specification, limitation, definition, function, or extent or basis of application (compare page 64, VI.) : 1, After Nouns. cause: 1 Kings 11. 27 this was the cause that he lift- ed up his hand (tovto to nQixy/na cog tJn^Qaxo xelgag : et hsec est causa rebellionis) ; Ephes. 3, 14-16 for this cause I bow my knees unto the Father , . , that he would grant you {tovtov x^9^^' ^cc/htttm ra yovara . . . Xva Jwjj : hujus rei gratia flecto genua mea . . . ut det vobis). commandment: John 11.57 the Pharisees had given commandment, that, if any man knew where he were, he should shew it {SeScaxeiaav . . . evToXr(v, tva . . . fiifVvaQ : dederant . . . mandatum ut . . . indicet) ; Ezra 4. 21 : Esther 3. 14; 8. 13; Jer. 32. 40; 33. 21 ; Nahum 1. 14. The Clause of Specification 15 confidence : 2 Cor. 2. 3 having confidence in you all, that my joy is the joy of you all {nenoiif^iog inl Tiavrag vfiag, oxt ij sfxrj /«(>«, nclvxtov v/iiun' iariv : con- fidens in omnibus vobis, quia meum gaudium, om- nium vestrum est) ; Gal, 5. 10 I have confidence in you . . . that ye will be none otherwise minded (nsnoid^a ... ort; confido . . . quod) ; 2 Thess. 3. 4 we have confidence . , . that ye ... do (nenoii^afx^v ... ozi ... noielTe : confidimur . . . quoniam . . . fa- citis). See page 20. covenant : Gen. 26. 29 let us make a covenant with thee ; that thou wilt do us no hurt (diad^riao/ne^a . . . dia^iqxrjv fi,ij noiriaat : ineamus foedus, ut non facias) ; 2 Kings 11. 17; 2 Chron. ^5. 13. decree: Ezra 6. 11 I have made a decree that who- soever shall alter this word, let timber be pulled down from his house (Sept. and Vulg. fail) ; id. 7. 13, 21 ; Dan. 2. 13 ; 3. 10, 29 ; 4. 25 ; 6. 7, 8, 12, 26. hand : Gen. 14. 23 I have lift up my hand unto the Lord . . . that I will not take from a thread even to a shoelatchet (sxzevu) Tr^v %elqa . . . el . . . Xrjyjofiai : levo manum meam . . . quod . . . non accipiam) ; Ezra 10. 19 they gave their hands that they would put away (Sept. and Vulg. fail) ; Ezek. 20. 15 I lifted up my hand to them in the wilderness, that I would not bring them (e^JlQct rrjv %elQa . . . rov firi elaayayelv avTovg : ego igitur levavi manum meam super eos in deserto, ne inducerem) ; id. 20. 23. heed: Gen. 31, 24 take heed that thou speak not ((fvXa^at (JeavTov, fxrinore XaXrJGQ : cave ne . . . lo- quaris) : 31. 29 is identical; Exod. 19. 12 take heed to yourselves, that ye go not up {nqoaexsre iavxolg tov dva^rivac: cavete ne ascendatis) ; Deut. 11, 16 take heed to yourselves, that your heart be not de- ceived {nQoaexe aeainiig /xij TiXatwi^T] : cavete, ne forte 16 The Substantive Clause decipiatur) : 12. 13 take heed to thyself, that thou offer not {nQoG£%e aeavxu^^ fii) dveveyxfjg : cave ne of- feras): 12, 19 take heed to thyself that thou forsake not (nQooexs GfavvoL /nr eyxaraXCnr^c : cave ne derelin- quas); 12. 30 take heed to thyself, that thou be not snared (nqoaexe oeaina fiij exCpqxyjar^g : cave ne imiteris eas) ; 24. 8 take heed . . . that thou observe (q^vXa^n . . . TtoisTv : observa . . . ne incurras, sed facies) ; Josh. 23. 11 take good heed therefore unto your- selves, that ye love ((pvXd'^aad^e ... to? dycmqv: prae- cavete, ut diligatis) ; 1 Kings 8.25 so that thy children take heed that they walk ((fvld^covTat . . . rov ttoq- eveoi^ai : si custodierint . . . viam) : Ezra 4. 22 take heed now that ye fail not to do this (necpvXayfikvoL . . . noiilaai : videte, ne negligenter hoc impleatis) ; Matt. 18. 10 take heed that ye despise not {oQare fiij xara- ^Qovr^ffYite : videte ne contemnatis). hope : Job 14. 7 for there is hope of a tree, if it be cut down, that it will sprout again (eart . . . eXmg . . . Etc s7iavd^rjo€t : lignum habet spem . . . rursum virescit) ; Jer. 31. 17 there is hope . . . that thy children shall come again (Sept. fails : est spes, . . . et revertentur filii) ; Acts 27.20 all hope that we should be saved was then taken away {neqinQBtro naaa eXnig rov aooCead^ai : ablata est spes omnis salutis nostrae) ; 2 Cor. 10. 15 but having hope . . . that we shall be enlarged by you (iXnida Se exovvsg . . . ev vfiuJv ixeyaXvvi)^i\vaL : spem autem habentes ... in vobis magnificari). intercession : Jer. 36. 25 had made intercession to the king that he should not burn the roll {vniiievro t^ §aaiXel riQog r( xaraxavaai to xaQilov : contradixerunt regi, ne combureret librum). joy : John 16. 21 she remembereth no more the anguish, for joy that a man is born (ovx hi fivrifioveiki . . . The Clause of Specification 17 6ia. rijr "fjaqav^ mi B.yBvvipri : jam non meminit . . . propter gaudium : quia natus est). knowledge : Acts 17. 13 the Jews . . . had knowledge that the word of God was preached (eyvoiaav . . . oTt xarrjyyfArj : cognovissent . . . quia praedicatum est). leave : 1 Sam. 20. 6 David earnestly asked leave of me, that he might run to Bethlehem (Tra^grijcaro . . . SQaf^ielv : rogavit . . . ut iret). letters : 2 Chron. 30. 1 wrote letters . . . that they should come {enLaroXag syqaipev . . . ikd&Tv : scripsit epistolas . . . ut venirent) ; Esther 1. 22 he sent letters unto all the king's provinces . . . that every man should bear rule (ankarsiXev . . . ware elvm (fo^ov : misit epistolas . . . esse viros principes). need : 1 Thess. 5. 1 ye have no need that I write (ov XQelav exsre vfxtv y^acfead^m : non indigetis ut scri- bamus). oath: Exod. 22. 11 then shall an oath of the Lord go between them both, that he hath not put his hand unto his neighbor's goods (oQxog earat . . ., ri fiiiv firi avTov jTSTiovTjQelai^ai : jusjurandum erit . . . quod non extenderit) ; 1 Kings 18. 10 he took an oath . . . that they found them not (svsTXQips . . ., oto 01% 8v- Qrjxs Cf : adjuravit . . ., eo quod minim.e reperireris) ; Neh. 5. 12 I . . . took, an oath of them that they should do (loQxiaa aviovg noirjaai : adjuravi eos ut facerent) : 10.29-31 entered into an oath . . . that we would not give (elaijld^otTav . . . ev oqxw . . . tov fi7) 6ovvai : veniebant ad . . . jurandum, ut ambula- rent) ; Acts 23. 21 which have bound themselves with an oath, that they will neither eat nor drink dvs^Eliaxiaav . . . fxr]re qayeZv^ fxrjre nielv : qui se de- voverunt non manducare, neque bibere). Add Gen. 26. 29. pleasure : Ezek. 18. 23 have I any pleasure at all that B 18 The Stibstantive Clause the wicked should die ijii] i)^sXrja£L ^sh\a(xi rov ii^dvarov Tov dv6/.iov : numquid voluntates meae est mors impii). proclamation : 2 Chron. 30. 5 to make proclamation . . . that they should come (sGrriaav loyov SieXd^Hv : de- creverunt . . . ut venirent) ; Ezra 10. 7 they made proclamation . . . that they should gather themselves together {naqriveyxav (fwviiv . . . rov avvai^qoiai^i^vai : missa est vox . . . ut congregarentur) ; Dan. 5. 29 they . . . made a proclamation concerning him, that he should be the third ruler {axr^Qv'^e . . . SLvat, avrov dqiovxa tqCiov : prsedicatum est . . . quod haberet). record : Deut. 30. 19 I call heaven and earth to record this day against you, that I have set before you life and death {6ia}.iaQ[vqo(jai vfxlv aiqf.ieQov tov xe ovqavov xtti rr^v yijv, rvv Cfoiiv xal rov if^dvatov dtSooxa : testes invoco . . . quod proposuerim) ; John 1. 34 I bare record that this is the son of God {ixefiaqTVQrixa itl oiTog EdTiv b vlog rov d^eov : testimonium perhibui quia hie est Filius Dei) ; Acts 20. 26 I take you to record this day, that I am pure from the blood of all men {f.iaQTVQO[.ua . . . on xai^aqog eyo) : contestor vos . . . quia mundus sum) ; Rom. 10. 2 for I bear them re- cord, that they have a zeal of God (i^iaQTVQO) . . . ctt . . . 8xovaiv : testimonium enim perhibeo illis quod . . . habent) ; 2 Cor. 1. 23 I call God for a record . . . that ... I came not (/naQrvQU . . . on . . . ovxtn riX^ov : ego autem testem Deum invoco . . . quod . . . non veni) ; Gal. 4. 15 I bear you record that ... ye would have plucked out your own eyes (nciQTVQt7j . . . on . . . dv sdwxaxe : testimonium enim perhibeo vobis, quia . . . eruissetis) ; Col. 4. 13 I bear him record that he hath a great zeal (/t«^iy(>t5 . . . on EXff : illi perhibeo, quod habet). sentence : Luke 23. 24 Pilate gave sentence that it should be as they required {drcbXQirf: yntaifat to ai- Trif.ia : adjudicavit fieri petitionem eorum). The Clause of Specification 19 sign: Judges 6. 17 show me a sign that thou talkest (noiriGHg ^oi or,usQov nav o rt eXaXrjaag : da mihi signum quod tu sis qui loqueris) ; 20. 38 now there was an appointed sign . . . that they should make a great flame with smoke rise up (xal ar^f^ielov r^v . . . drsvsyxai aviovg avao'ijf.iov xanvov : signum autem dederant . . . ut . . . accenderent) ; 2 Kings 20. 8 what shall be the sign that the Lord will heal me {tC to arif.alov ... oTL iaatrtti : quod erat signum, quia . . . sanabit) ; 20. 9 this sign shalt thou have of the Lord, that the Lord will do the thing that he hath spoken [tovto i6 GiqueTov . . . on noiifif^i : hoc erit signum . . . quod facturus sit); Isa. 38. 7 this shall be a sign unto thee . . . that the Lord will do this thing (tovto . . . TO arif,iHov . . . oT/ TToi/tjaei : hoc . . . erit signum . . . quia faciet) ; 38. 22 what is the sign that I shall go up (tovto GTifxsTor . . , oTi dva^riaoiLim : quod erit signum, quia ascendam) ; Jer. 44. 29 this shall be a sign unto you, . . ., that (or/, quod) I will punish you. tidings: Acts 2L 31 tidings came . . . that all Jerusa- lem was in an uproar (dve^n] cpaGig . . , otl . . . ovy- xe^vTat : nunciatum est . . . quia toto confunditur J.) ; 1 Thess. 3. 6 brought . . . tidings . . . that ye have good remembrance of us (svayyeXiaaixizVov . . . otl e/ere : annunciante . . . quia . . . habetis). See page 38. token: Exod. 3. 12 this shall be a token unto thee, that I have sent thee (tovto aot to ar^f^ieTov otl syat oe s^anoCtTeXw : hoc habebis signum, quod miserim te). witness: Gen. 21. 30 they may be a witness unto me that I have digged this well (woi fj.ot fxaqTVQLOv, rci syco (ijQv^a TO (fQi-aq tovto : sint mihi in testimonium, quoniam ego fodi) ; 31. 52 this pillar be witness, that I will not pass over (/naQTvg rj arvXrj (wtti edv Tf yctQ eyo) /m) Jm/Jw : tumulus . . . [sit] ... in test'- B2 20 The Substantive Clause moniiim, si . . . ^^Q> transiero) ; Deut. 4. 26 I call heaven and earth to witness this day . . . that ye shall utterly perish {diaf.iaQtvQof.iai . . . otl . . . : testes invoco hodie coelum et terram, cito perituros vos esse) ; Josh. 24. 22 ye are witnesses , . . that ye have chosen (fiaQivQsg vfiflg . . . on . . . &'^eXt'§aod-€ : testes . . . vos estis, quia ipsi elegeritis) : 1 Sam. 12. 5 the Lord is witness that ye have not found (fiaQivc xvQiog . . . on ovx evQ^xatF : testis est Do- minus . . . quia non inveneritis) ; Matt. 23. 31 ye be witnesses . . . that ye are the children (jiaQtv- Qslrf ... on ... : testimonio estis . . . quia filii estis) ; Luke IL 48 ye bear witness that ye allow {fiaQivQHTf, xal ovvsvdoxelTe roTg eQyoig : testificamini quod consentis). Add John 3. 28; 5. 36; Rom. 1. 9; 8. 16; 9.1-2; Heb. 11.4. words : Dan. 9. 2 the word . . . came . . . that he would accomplish (eyerr/^ij ^jyog elg avfinlvQcodiV : factus est sermo . . . ut complerentur). See page 38. 2. After Adjectives. angry : Gen. 45. 5 be not . . . angry with yourselves, that ye sold me hither (firid's axXr^Qov tfiXv (favtiroo, on dTC8doai)^F : neque vobis durum esse videatur, quod vendidistis). ashamed : Job 19. 3 ye are not ashamed that ye make yourselves strange unto me {ovx alaxvofxevoC fxe hni- xfiaO^E fioi : non erubescitis opprimentes me). blessed : 2 Sam. 2. 5 blessed be ye of the Lord, that ye have showed this kindness {on s/roiraaTS to hXeog TovTo : benedicti . . . qui fecistis), confident: Rom. 2. 19 and art confident that thou thyself art a guide {ntTioi^ag re aeavrov bSrjyov elvat : confidis teipsum esse ducem). See page 15. The Clause of Specification 21 grieved : Gen. 45. 5 be not grieved . . ., that ye sold me (/^i^ XvTielad^e . . . on antdoai)^e : nolite pavere . . . quod vendidistis) ; Acts 4. 2 being grieved that they taught the people (6tanovov[.i€voi 6i(t to didaoxeiv : dolentes quod docerent), ignorant: Rom. 1. 13 I would not have you ignorant . . . that oftentimes I purposed to come (ov b^sAco Ss vfxag dyvoelv, . . . oti . . . : nolo autem vos ignorare . . . : quia . . .). See page 36. ready : Dan. 3. 15 if ye be ready that ... ye fall down (Sept. and Vulg. fail). sure : Exod. 3. 19 I am sure that the king of Egypt will not let you go (ol6a, (Tt ov nqoriaerai vfxag : scio quod non dimittet); Deut. 12.23 be sure that thou eat not (tiqoosx^ • • • "fov ' fxri (payelv : cave ne . . . co- medas) ; 1 Sam. 20. 7 be sure that evil is determined {yv(Joi)^i OTL avvreTtXeoiai : scito quia completa est) ; 2 Sam. 1. 10 I was sure that he could not live (jldsLv on ov C'^a&rat : sciebam enim quod vivere non potest) ; John 6. 69 we are sure that thou art that Christ (iyv(6xafi€v on ai> ei: cognovimus quia tu es) ; 16. 30 we are sure that thou knowest (ol'dafiev on, oUag : scimus quia scio) ; Rom. 2. 2 we are sure that the judgment of God is according to truth (oidaf-isv 6e on : scimus enim quoniam) ; 15. 29 I am sure that ... I shall come (ol6a . . . art . . . iXevaoixat : scio . . . quoniam . . . veniam). willing : 2 Pet. 3. 9 the Lord is . . . not willing that any should perish (|Ur} ^ovX6f.iev6g xivag anoXsod^at : nolens aliquos perire). worthy : Matt. 8. 8 I am not worthy that thou shouldest come (ovx eifxl Ixavog cva . . . eloiXi^r^g : non sum dignus ut intres) ; identical is Luke 7. 6. 22 ^//^ Substantive Clause 3. After Verbs. These are words of emotion, of subjective intent, excepting perhaps do^ cited below. care : Mk. 4. 38 carest thou not that we perish (ov lie?.£t doi on ttTio'AXvfieiya : non ad te pertinet, quia perimus) ; Luke 10. 40 dost thou not care that my sister hath left me (ov (.itXei ooi on . . . xarehne : non est tibi curae quod . . . rehquit), do : 1 Kings 8. 18 thou didst well that it was in thy heart (itaXwg eTToitjOag oit iyevrjd^rj inl n]v xaqSiav : quod cogitasti in corde tuo , . . bene fecisti) ; Ps, 50. 16 what hast thou to do. to declare my statutes, or that thou shouldest take my covenant (IraTt r>v Sirjylj . . . xai Aaf.i^dv£ic rrv Siaifi\xr^v : quare tu enarras justi- tias meas, et assumis testamentum meum) : note coordination of phrase and clause, and see pages 6 and 7 ; Acts 10, 33 thou hast done well that thou art come (x«Awg errolrjOag naqayevofievog : bene fecisti veniendo) ; Philip. 4. 14 ye have done well that ye did communicate (ovyxoivon'rioavceg : communicantes) ; 2 Peter 1. 19 ye do well that ye take heed (xaXeog TioieiTS TiQoC)b%ovveg : benefacitis attendentes). marvel: Luke 9. 21 the people marvelled that he tar- ried (ii^avfia^ov ev rw xQovt'Csov avTOv : mirabantur quod) ; 11. 38 marvelled that he had not first washed (id^av- fiaaev on : coepit intra se reputans dicere, quare) ; John 3. 7 marvel not that I said (jU^} d^avfxdang on ainov : non mireris quia dixi) ; 4. 27 marvelled that he talked (ii)^avf.iaoav on: mirabantur quia); Gal. 1. 6 I marvel that ye are so soon removed (^«ei//at« oti . . . fiSTarld^eods : miror quod . . . transferimini). mean : Ezek. 18. 2 what mean ye, that ye use this proverb (ri viluv 1) naQa^oX)] : quid est quod inter vos parabolam vertitis). The Clause of Specification 23 praise: i Cor. 11. 2 I praise you . . . that ye re- member {sTiaivM . . . oTt . . . f.i^ivr^o^ti : laudo . . . quod . . . memores estis) ; 11. 17 I praise you not, that ye come together {ovx eiraivw, on . . . r>vv(Q%eod^e : non laudans quod . . . convenitis). rejoice : 2 Chron. 29. 36 Hezekiah rejoiced . . . that God had prepared the people (jivcfqav^t] . . . dia to rj[coi{xaxBvm : laetatus . . . eo quod . , . esset expletum) ; Acts 5, 41 rejoicing that they were counted worthy (XdiQovTsg . . . on xatiq'^icod^rjOav: gaudentes . . . quo- niam digni habiti sunt) ; 2 Cor. 7. 16 I rejoice, there- fore, that I have confidence (xaiQw on, . . . -^a^^w : gaudeo quod . . . confido) ; Phil. 4. 10 I rejoiced . . . that . . . your care of me hath flourished again {exaQKiv ... OTL ... avei^aXsTE : gavisus sum . . . quoniam . . . refloruistis) ; 2 John 1. 4 I rejoiced greatly that I found (exdgyjv Xiav on evQrixa : gavisus sum valde, quoniam inveni) ; 2 Cor. 7. 9 now I rejoice, not that ye were made sorry, but that ye sorrowed to repentance {%aiqw^ ov% on . . . aXV on : gaudeo : non quia . . ., sed quia) ; Phil. 2. 16 I may rejoice . . . that (on, quia) I have not run in vain. thank : Luke 10. 21 I thank thee . . . that thou hast hid {e^of.iolov/.iat ... ozi : confiteor . . . quod); 18. 11 1 thank thee that . . . [evxaQiCxM ooi, on : gratias ago tibi quia) ; identical are Rom. 1. 8; 1 Cor. 1.5; John 11. 41 I thank thee that thou hast heard me {svxa- qtGTM aoi OTc ijxovGdc f.iov : gratias ago tibi quoniam audisti me); Rom. 6. 17 but God be thanked, that ye were the servants of sin (%dQig 6s r^ ^e<^, on: gratias autem Deo quod); 1 Cor, 1. 14 I thank God that I baptized none of you (EvxaQiCnw . . . on . . . s^dnnoa : gratias ago Deo, quod . . . baptizavi) ; 2 Tim. 1.3 1 thank God . . . that, ... I have re- 24 The Substantive Clause membrance of thee {tdqiv £%(» . . . wg . . . e/w : gra- tias ago Deo, . . . quod . . . habeam). wonder : Isa. 63. 5 I wondered that there was none to uphold ijiqoaevorioa, xal ovdelg dvvela^^aveto : qusesivi et non fuit qui adjuvaret) ; 59. 16. Perhaps to be classed here is John 9. 22, the Jews had agreed already, that ... he should be put out of the synagogue {avvertd^eiVTo . . . I'va . . . anoavva- yooyog yt\^xaL : conspiraverunt J., ut . . . extra syna- gogam fieret). Here belong also those clauses after passive verbs, which, if active, would govern the that-clause as direct object, preceded by a personal dative or a second accusative. This dative or accusative, it will be noted, become the subject of the passive : and the object- clause becomes practically one of specification : — inform: Acts 21.21 they are informed of thee that thou teachest (xaTrixi^rjaav de . . . otl . . . 6i6dax€ig: audierunt . . . quia . . . doceas). persuade : Luke 20. 6 they be persuaded that John was a prophet {jieneiaiiBvog ydq aaviv 'i. jiQo^rrrjv €ivai : certi sunt enim, J. prophetam esse) ; Acts 26. 26 I am persuaded that none of these things are hidden (Xavi)^dy£iv . . . ov neC^oiiat : latere . . . nihil . . . arbitror) ; Rom. 4. 21 being fully persuaded that . . . he was able {nXriqo(fOQrii^elg oci . . . Svvarog iari : sciens . . . quia . . . potens est); 8. 38 for I am persuaded that . . . (neneiafiai ydq on : certus sum enim quia) ; 14. 14 I ... am persuaded . . . that there is nothing unclean (narrEiafiai . . . on ovdev xoivov : confido . . . quia nihil commune) ; 15. 14 I ... am persuaded . . . that ye also are full of goodness (ntneiaiJiaL . . . on . . . e(St€ : certus sum . . . quoniam . . . pleni estis) ; 2 Tim. 1.5 which dwelt The Clause of Specification 25 first in thy grandmother Lois . . . : and I am per- suaded that in thee also (nkneiafiai Se on xai iv Got: certus sum autem quod et in te) : 1. 12 I am per- suaded that he is able (nineiaixai on dvvatoq ean : certus sum quia potens est). teach : Eph. 4. 21 ye . . . have been taught . . . : that ye put off {e6tddxiyfiTf . . . dnodsaif^ai : edocti estis . . . deponere). warn : Matt. 2. 12 and being warned . . . that they should not return {y^qrif^iariGd^ivTeq fjir] xdf.npai : response accepto . . . ne redirent). Occasionally a proleptical object of the active stands as subject with the passive ; as in 1 Cor. 15. 12, if Christ be preached that he rose. So Luke 16. 1 ; 1 John 2. 19: see pages 4, 11, 13, 37. Related to these is 1 Kings 3. 10, and the speech pleased the Lord that Solomon had asked this thing {xai rJQ€G8v evioTiiov xvqcov^ on ^TijGazo ^. to ^r^.ta lomo : placuit ergo sermo coram Domino, quod Salomon postulasset). See above, page 22, 3. 4. After Interjections. Four times the ^Aa^-clause occurs after the inter- jections woe and alas to define the basis of the emo- tion : — 2 Kings 3. 10 Alas ! that the Lord hath called these three kings together (w, on xexXTjxe xvQioq rovg TQSlg ^aGiXelq : heu heu, congregavit hos Dominus tres reges) ; Ps. 120. 5 woe is me, that I sojourn in Mesech (oXpioi on i] TiaQoixCa fxov s}iaxQvvii^ri : heu mihi, quia in- colatus mens prolongatus est) ; Jer. 25. 10 woe is me . . . that thou hast born me (oifj,ot . . . wg nvd fie erexeg : vae mihi . . . quare genuisti me) ; Lam. 5. 16 woe unto us that we have sinned (oval Se ri/iTv, on i^(xdQTOi.iev : vae nobis quia peccavimus). Much more frequent is its occurrence after an op- 26 The Substantive Clause tative 0(/j), and other expressions of optativity, to denote the object of the imphed wish : — (1) after Oh: — 2 Sam, 15. 4 Oh that I were made judge {rCg us xaraGrrjaet xQitriv : quis me constituat judicem) ; 23. 15 Oh that one would give me drink (rig noTisT fie vSojq : O si quis mihi daret) ; so 1 Chron. 11. 17 : 1 Chron. 4. 10 Oh that thou wouldest bless me indeed {aav evXoyMV evloyr\cir^i; : si benedicens bene- dixeris mihi) ; Job 6. 8-9 Oh that I might have my request (d yaq 6m] : quis det, ut veniat petitio) ; 10. 18 Oh that I had given up the ghost (Sept. fails : utinam consumtus essem) ; 11. 5 Oh that God would speak (ttwc av . . . 'Aa'/.raca : utinam loqueretur) : 19. 23-24 Oh that my words were now written (tic ya^ av doLTf] yqa- (f)i]vai : quis mihi tribuat, ut scribantur) ; 23. 3 Oh that I knew (zig d\'(Qa yvoit] : quis mihi tribuat, ut cognos- cam) : 31.31 Oh that we had of his flesh (rig av no i:^o(>v^cii , . . : in hoc feriam vobiscum foedus, ut eruam) ; 1 Kings 3. 6 thou hast kept for him this great kindness, that thou hast given him a son (^l/ on TovxariQariq i:<6Qay.{:v: non quia Patrem vidit quisquam) : 12. 6 this he said, not that he cared for the poor ; but because he was a thief {ovx on . . . «AA' on : dixit . . . non quia . . ., sed quia) ; Acts 28. 19 I was constrained to appeal unto Caesar ; not that I had ought to accuse my nation of {ovx co^ . . . e/wv : non quasi habens aliquid accusare) ; 2 Cor. 3. 5 not that we are sufficient (ovx on ixavoi toiav : non quod sufficientes simus) ; 2 Cor. 13.7; Phil. 4. 11 not that I speak in respect of want (ovx ^r< xa&' vrtriQijOiv Xiyco : non quasi propter penuriam dico) ; Heb. 9. 25 nor yet that he should offer himself often (ovrf' 'iva jtoXXaxiq jiqoo -' v^^ V 9^4 38 The Adjective Clause that (oVt, quoniam) the Lord . . . destroyed. Also as complement to tidings (see above, page 19) : 2 Sam. 18. 19 let me . . . bear the king tidings, how that (on, quia) the Lord hath avenged him ; Acts 13. 32 we declare unto you glad tidings, how that (bVt, Vulg. fails) the promise . . . God hath fulfilled : and to word : Acts 11. 16 then remembered I the word of the Lord, how that he said («? ekeyev: sicut dicebat) : Jude 1. 18 remember ye the words of the apostles . . . how that (oVt, quae) they told you. See page 20. Unique is 1 Cor. 1. 26, for ye see your calling, brethren, how that not many wise men after the flesh . . . are called {^linfre yaq rijv x'Ariaiv v/xiov, . . . on ov noXXoi ao(foi: videte enim vocationem vestram fratres, quia non multi sapientes . . .). One is tempted to consider calling a sort of proleptical cognate object, and to place the sentence under 2 above. 4. The how-that Clause Appositional. Luke 7. 22 tell John what things ye have seen and heard ; how that (or/, quia) the blind see ; Acts 20. 35 I have shewed you all things, how that {on, quoniam) so labouring ye ought to support the weak. It is possible to con- ceive as appositional certain of the clauses under 3 above ; see also, page 30. II THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Naturally, the most frequent of all ^Aai-clauses is the relative adjective clause. It is usually restrictive — about four times out of five — uncertainty of classifica- tion rendering exact data useless. The relation of that to which and ivho^ save when occurring within the same sentence, lies outside the The Adjective Clause 39 scope of this paper. Grainger^ has recently given this problem consideration, arriving at conclusions among which are these: (1) ' That occurs oftener than wMch and who both together ' ; (2) ' That is used re- strictively so much oftener than which and ivho^ that it may be considered the usual restrictive relative ' : (3) ' WJiich has greater power [than that] to bridge over words intervening between the antecedent and itself.' In support of (3) are the following, most of which Grainger cites ; Deut. 30. 7 on them that hate thee, which persecute thee ; Lev. 15. 7 the vessel of earth that he toucheth which hath an issue shall be broken ; Josh. 5. 6 all the people that were men of war, which came out of Egypt, were consumed ; 24. 33 in a hill that pertained to Phinehas his son, which was given him in mount Ephraim ; Eccles. 8. 12 it shall be well with them that fear God, which fear before him. Perhaps the following also bear upon the problem : 2 Cor. 10. 18, for not he that commendeth himself is approved, but whom the Lord commendeth; and Josh. 17. 16, all the Canaanites that dwell in the land of the valley have chariots of iron, both they who are of Bethshear and her towers and they who are of the valley of Jesreel. In the following, the order of which and that is re- versed : Gen. 24. 7 the Lord God of heaven, which took me from my father's house . . ., and tvhich spake unto me, and that sware unto me ; Deut. 18. 20 but the prophet which shall presume to speak a word in my name, which I have not commanded him to speak, or that shall speak in the name of other gods, . . . shall die ; 1 Kings 10. 8 servants, which stand con- ^ Studies in the Syntax of the King James Version^ James M. Grrainger. University of North Carolina Press, 1907. See Chapter V for the various quotations above. 40 The Adjective Clause tinually before thee, and that hear thy wisdom : 2 Cor. 12. 6 above that which he seeth me to be, or that he heareth of me. Cf. Num. 14. 36-37 the men which Moses set to search out the land, who returned and made the congregation to murmur, . . . even those men that did bring up the evil report ; also Lev. 4. 18 ; Isa. 51. 10; Jer. 27. 8. Thus it appears that, in general, that does tend to stand near to its antecedent, and which appears to predominate in positions where a greater carrying power is demanded. However, another statement in Grainger's suggestive essay must not be omitted : ' No marked regularity appears in the use of these pronouns ' [p. 28], considerations of euphony and variety playing no doubt an important part in the choice of the rel- ative pronoun. Compare, for instance. Gen. 37. 6 hear, I pray you, this dream which I have dreamed ; and id. 10 what is this dream that thou hast dreamed ; see 1 Kings 16. 27. The majority of the ^/m^-clauses offer nothing note- worthy, and are relegated to Appendix III. Matters of peculiar interest are treated in the paragraphs which follow. As stated above, page 5, the adjective clause is sometimes hard to differentiate from the postpositive subject-clause ; as in : — Gen. 45. 8 so now it was not you that sent me hither; Lev. 17. 11 it is the blood that maketh an atonement. See also Gen. 45. 12 ; Num. 8. 24 ; 1 Sam. 12. 6, etc., quoted above, loc. cit. The clause is in coordination with a participle in Exod. 34. 7, the Lord God . . . forgiving iniquity . . ., and that will by no means clear the guilty (xi^giog 6 y^eog CufitiQUtv droi^iiag^ xal aStxiag^ xal ctfiaqxiag^ xai ov xa- ^aqisl Tov ivoxov : Vulg. fails). The antecedent of that may be either person, place^ The Adjective Clause 41 or thing, or even a general idea inherent in the con- text. However, ' because of its predilection for re- strictive usage, that naturally assumes the position of relative after such generic and indefinite antecedents as a//, every ^ any (tiling)^ sonie^ none^ the day, the time, the while, etc' ' Likewise, when the antecedent is a demonstrative or a personal pronoun, the relative usually is that, unless some special reason intervenes to give the place to which or who.'' ^ Possessive an- tecedents occur in Gen. 24. 32, water to wash his feet and the men's feet that were with him ; Lev. 7. 9, 14 ; 27. 8; Deut. 21. 15; Prov. 27. 13; 2 Cor. 7. 12. The relative agrees with its antecedent in person. Two variations in congruence have been noted : 1 Chron. Thou wast he that leddest out and broughtest in Israel ; Neh. 1.5 1 beseech thee, O Lord God of heaven, the great and terrible God, that keepeth covenant and mercy for them. The case of that is usually either subject nominative or direct objective ; abundant examples can be found in Appendix III, to which only such instances are relegated. Others, of more particular interest, are discussed in the paragraphs following. 1. That the Object of a Preposition. The preposition never precedes that, but is always placed just after the predicate of the clause, as in Gen. 32. 13, all this land that I have spoken of will I give ; Lev. 5. 3 whatsoever uncleanness it be that a man shall be defiled withal ; 14. 47 the garment also that the plague of leprosy is in : Num. 13. 19 what the land is that they dwell in ; Deut. 4. 7 all things that we call upon him for; Judges 20. 48 the cities that they came to ; Lev. 15. 20, 22 ; 25. 51 ; Deut, IL 25 ; 1 0J>. cit., pp. 30 ff. 42 The Adjective Clause 12.7; 15.10; 23.20: 28. 8, 20 ; Josh. 1. 3 : 2 Sam. 11.22 1 Kings 2. 44; 8. 43, 52 ; 20. 9 : 2 Kings 12. 4: 21. 21 Neh. 2. 8, 12, 17; Esther 6. 8 : Job 6. 8; Lam. 2. 16 Zech. 11. 13 ; Matt. 3. 3 ; 20. 22. 23 : 24. 50 ; Mk. 10. 38 39 ; Luke 6. 38 ; John 4. 32 : 13. 29 : Acts 23. 24 : Rev 18. 14. 2. That as an Adverbial Accusative. When neither subject nor object (of verb or pre- position), the case of the relative pronoun within its clause is an adverbial one. Once it seems to be in- strumental : Acts 24. 21 except it be for this one voice, that I cried (rj neQi fxiag ratkrjg ywr^je, rig exQa^a: nisi de una hac solummodo voce, qua clamavi). Else- where that denotes either point or duration of time or place after one of the following antecedents : day, hour, season, time, while, year, and way; see page 51. For the sake of a more distinctive grouping, and in order to emphasize the stereotyped character of this usage, these antecedents are made the basis of the classi- fication below : day: (1) as subject: Gen. 5.5 all the days that Adam lived were 930 years (ff'g e^riae : quod vixit) ; Deut. 31. 14 the days approach that thou must die {r^fxtQai xov ^avdrov aov : dies mortis tuae) : 1 Kings 2.11 the days that David reigned . . . were forty years (ag e^aatlevae: quibus regnavit) ; Mk. 6. 21 and when a convenient day was come, that Herod on his birth- day made a supper . . . the king said unto the damsel (yevofxtvrjg rpitQag evxaCQOv, on 'E . . . Selnvov inoCei : et cum dies opportunus accidisset, H. . . . coenam fecit). Frequent is the phrase the days come that: Jer. 51. 47 the days come, that I will do judg- ment ; 1 Sam. 2. 31 ; 2 Kings 20. 17 ; Isa. 39. 6 ; Jer. 7. 32 ; 9. 25 ; 16. 14 ; 19. 6 ; 23. 5, 7 ; 30. 3 ; 31. 6, The Adjective Clause 43 27, 31, 38 ; 33. 14 ; 48. 12 ; 51. 52 ; Amos 4. 2 ; 8. 11 ; 9. 13; Luke 2. 6 ; 19. 43. So Jer. 31. 6, there shall be a day that the watchmen shall cry ; 1 Kings 2, 1 the days of David drew nigh that he should die. Add 2 Kings 20. 17; Isa. 39. 6; Jer. 49.2. Some of these it is possible to construe as consecutive. (2) as predicate : Acts 27. 33 this day is the four- teenth day that ye have tarried. (3) as object : Deut. 4. 10 teach . . . specially the day that (Jjr, in quo) thou stoodest before the Lord. (4) expressing point of time; Gen. 21. 8 Abraham made a great feast the same day that (;/ riixtQc^) Isaac was weaned ; 2 Sam. 19, 19 thy servant did perversely the day that (er t]] ri^iigq. fj : in die qua) my lord the king went out; Lev. 7. 15, 16; Ezek. 39. 13; Luke 17. 29. (5) expressing duration of time: Deut. 12. 1 all the days that ye live (ag, quibus) ; 1 Kings 8. 40, identical. In the remaining examples of this group, day is governed by a preposition: — (1) according to : Deut. 1. 46 so ye abode in Kadesh many days, according unto the days that (oaccg) ye abode there ; Ezek. 4.4,9. (2) at: Dan. 1. 18 at the end of the days that (post quos) the king had said he should bring them in. (3) from : Lev. 23. 15 from the day that ye brought the sheaf (djio ir-^c r^^itQctg q : ab die, in quo); Num. 15. 23 from the day that (a/ro rfjs ii/nsQag fi : a die qua) the Lord had commanded Moses ; Deut. 9. 7, 24 ; 2 Sam. 13. 32 ; 19. 24 ; Jer. 32. 31 ; Ezek. 28. 15 ; Dan. 10. 12 ; Hag, 2. 18 ; Acts 20. 18, (4) in : Gen. 2, 4 in the day that (;} r^fia^q : in die quo) the Lord God made the earth ; 2. 17 in the day that (y J"ar >if(8Qq : in quocunque die) thou eatest ; 5. 1, 2 ; Lev. 7. 36, 38 ; Num, 3. 1 ; 7. 10 ; 30. 5, 7, 14 ; Josh. 14. 11; 2 Sam. 22. 1; Ps. 18, heading; Isa. 11.16: Jer. 7. 22; 11.4,7: 34.13: Lam. 3. 57 ; Ezek. 44 The Adjective Clause 16.5; 20.6; 22.14; 28.13; 33.12; 34.12; 36.33; 44. 27 ; Amos 3. 14. (5) on is similar : Deut. 4. 15 ; Num. 3. 13: 7. 1 ; 8. 17; 9. 15; 30. 8; 1 Kings 2. 37, 42. (6) since : Exod. 10. 6 since the day that {difng filisQag: ex quo) they were upon the earth; Deut. 4. 32 ; 1 Sam. 8. 8 ; 1 Kings 8. 16 ; 1 Chron. 17. 5, 10 ; 2 Chron. 6. 5 ; Jer. 7. 25. (7) till, until : Exod. 40. 37 till the day that {iwg tjfisQag tig) it was taken up ; Lev. 23. 14 until the selfsame day that {ecog elg aihiiv Ti]v i\ntQav . . . icog dv: usque ad diem qua) ye have brought an offering; 1 Kings 17. 14; Jer. 27. 22 ; 38. 28 ; Mk. 14. 25 ; Luke 1. 20 ; 17. 27. (8) unto is similar: Acts 1. 22. hour. Most probably consecutive are: John 12. 23 the hour is come, that (IVa, ut) the Son of man should be glorified ; 13. 1 ; 16. 32. From that hour that occurs in 19. 27. season : at : Deut. 16. 6 at the season that {iv r^ xaiqih <^, quando) thou camest forth. time: (1) as subject: Gen. 29. 7 neither is it time that the cattle should be gathered together (ovTtco wqa avvaxi^rivcu : nee est tempus ut) ; 47. 29: 1 Sam. 1. 4 27. 7; 2 Sam. 2. 11 ; 1 Kings 11. 42 ; Jer. 50. 31 Dan. 7. 22 : Luke 1. 57 ; 9. 51 ; John 16. 2 ; 21. 14 1 Pet. 4. 17. As above (see day), some of these may be consecutive. (2) as object : Jer. 49. 8 I will bring the calamity of Esau upon him, the time that (Sept. fails : tempus visitationis) I will visit him, (3) expressing duration : Judges 18. 31 they set up Micah's graven image . . ., all the time that the house of God was in Shiloh {ndaag tag i^^iqag ag : omni tempore quo); Acts 1.21. In the remaining examples, time is governed by a preposition, differing in no essential detail from day, above : — (1) after : 2 Chron. 25. 27. See page The Adjective Clause 45 60,1. (2) at: Gen. 24.11; 31. 10; Jer. 6. 15. (3) by: 1 Sam. 11. 9 to morrow, by that time the sun be hot, ye shall have help (SiaiyequavavTog xov rjXCov : cum incaluerit). See pages 49, 62 and 68. (4) from : Gen. 39. 5; Neh. 5. 14; Isa. 28. 19; 48.8, 16; Dan. 12. 11. (5) in: Ps. 4. 7; Jer. 11. 14; Ezek. 35. 5; Zeph. 3. 20. (5) since : 2 Sam. 6. 11 ; 7.6; 1 Chron. 17. 10. (6) until : Ps. 105. 19 ; Micah 5. 3. way : (1) by : 1 Kings 13. 9 nor turn again by the same way that thou camest (iv rij oScp l : per viam qua); 13. 10, 17; 2 Kings 19.33; 2 Chron. 6. 34; Isa. 37. 34 ; 41. 3 ; 48. 17. (2) in : Gen. 28. 20 in this way that I go (iv rrj oSco ravry rj : in via, per quam) ; Deut. 1. 31. while : Lev. 14. 46 he that goeth into the house all the while that it is shut up shall be unclean {ndaag tag r^MSQccg ag : quando). See page 62, 5. year: (1) from: Lev. 25. 50 from the year that he was sold (duo Toi I'rovg ov : Vulg. fails). (2) in : 2 Kings 25. 27 in the year that ... it came to pass (Sept. and Vulg. fail); Isa. 6. 1. Add the examples with that omitted, page 49. 3. That as a Compound Relative Pronoun. A single that frequently represents both antecedent and relative, and may be regarded as a contraction for that that as seen in Num. 6. 21, besides that that his hand shall get ; Jonah 2. 9 I will pay that that I have vowed. This contraction is confined to the neuter gender, save in the idiomatic personal con- struction noted below under (2). (1) That neuter = that which : — Gen. 32. 23 sent over that he had [Sie^i^aae xavra rd avrov : traductisque om- nibus quae ad se pertinebant) ; 33. 9 keep that thou hast (eot-ft) rot rd ad: sint tua tibi) ; Exod. 16. 23 bake 46 The Adjective Clause that which ye will bake to-day, and seethe that (oGa^ quae) ye will seethe ; Judges 14. 15 have ye called us to take that we have (Sept. and Vulg. fail) ; Ruth 2. 17 beat out that (a, quae) she had gleaned ; 2. 18 gave to her that (a, Vulg. fails) she had reserved ; 1 Sam. 24. 19 the Lord reward thee good for that (Sept. fails : quae) thou hast done unto me ; 2 Sam. 24. 10 I have sinned greatly in that (o. Vulg. fails) I have done ; 1 Kings 8. 25 keep . . . that (a, quae) thou promisedst ; 10. 15 beside that (Sept. fails : excepto eo, quod) he had of the merchantmen; 11. 38 do that (Sept. fails: quod) is right : Ps. 104. 28 that thou givest them they gather {Sovrog gov ccvrolg, Gvl'Ae^ovGcv : dante te illis, col- ligent) : Ezek. 2. 8 eat that (o, quaecumque) I give thee ; 3. 1 eat that thou find (Sept. fails : quod- cumque) ; 33. 15 if the wicked . . . give again that he had robbed (Sept. and Vulg. fail) : Matt. 13. 12 from him shall be taken even that (o, quod) he hath ; 18.28 pay me that (o, quod) thou owest: 19.21 sell that (Sept. fails : quae) thou hast : 20. 14 take that is thine {a^or to gov : tolle quod tuum est) ; 25. 25 thou hast that is thine {e'x^ig r6 gov : habes quod tuum est) ; Luke 12. 33 sell that ye have (Sept. fails: quae); 19. 21-22 thou . . . reapest that (o, quod) thou didst not sow ; John 16. 19 do ye inquire among yourselves of that I said (ttsqI tovtov C^frflre f.isr'' aAA»]Awv, on emov: de hoc quaeritis inter vos quia dixi^ ; Rom. 7. 20 if I do that (?', quod) I would not. After than (see pages 6 and 51): 1 Cor. 3. 11 other foundation can no man lay than that is laid {S^bheIlov yuq aXlov ovdelg dvvarat i^stvcu nciQu Tov xsi,u€vov : fundamentum enim aliud nemo potest ponere praeter id, quod positum est) ; 10. 13 who will not suffer you to be tempted above that ye are able (og ovx eciGSi v/tag TieiQaG&J^vat vtxeq o dvvaG&e : qui non patitur vos tentari supra id, quod potestis) ; 2 Cor. The Adjective Clause 47 5. 10 according to that (a, prout) he hath done ; 8. 12 according to that he hath not (xa^o om sxso : secundum id, quod non habet) ; 12. 6 lest any man should think of me above that which he seeth me to be, or that he heareth of me (ynsQ 6 ^Xinei //e, ^' axovei, ri €§ 6/iiov : supra id, quod vidit in me, aut ahquid audit ex me). The remaining examples have that (o, quod) : 1 Kings 8. 24; 11. 38: Job. 42. 3; John 3. 11; 13. 27; Acts 23. 19 ; Rom. 8. 25. (2) That personal = he who, those who : Exod. 3. 14 I am that I am (eyoo sifit o wv : ego sum qui sum) ; Neh. 5. 2 for there were that said {xal ^crar tlvec Xeyovreg : et erant qui dicerent) ; Prov. 11. 24 there is that scat- tereth (slalv o% to. Idea cneiQovreg : Vulg. fails) ; 12, 18 there is that speaketh (elalv di Xeyovrsg xiTqwaxovat : est qui promittit) ; 13. 7 there is that maketh himself rich (slalv ol nXovri^ovTeg : est quasi dives) ; 13. 23 there is that is destroyed {aSixoi Ss mioXovvrai : Vulg. fails) ; Hab. 1. 3 there are that raise up strife (Sept. and Vulg. fail); Luke 17. 18 there are not found that returned (oi'x £vQ8&riaav vnodTQEipavTeq : non est inventus qui re- diret) ; 1 Cor. 8. 5 for though there be that are called gods {xai ya.Q stneQ slai Xeyofievoi &£oC : nam etsi sunt qui dicantur) ; add Eccles. 8. 16. Note the stereotyped character of these clauses, and compare with the group immediately following. 4. The Consecutive Adjective Clause. Frequent, especially after a negative or an inter- rogative main verb, is an adjective clause ' of char- acteristic,"' with consecutive tendency. It is impos- sible to fix with certainty the boundaries of this group ; however, the following are perhaps the surest examples : Deut. 4. 8 what nation is there so great that hath statutes ... so righteous as all this law (^xcd iroTov 48 The Adjective Clause Sr^vog fitya^ oj eariv uvtco Sixaiioiiara : quae est enim alia gens sic inclyta, lit habeat) ; 5. 26 who is there of all flesh that hath heard (rig yuQ gccq'^ ijrig ilxovas : quid est omnis caro, ut audiat) ; Judges 18. 7 there was no magistrate in the land that might put them to shame (Sept. and Vulg. fail) ; Job 9. 33 neither is there any daysman betwixt us that might lay his hand upon us both (Sept. fails : non est qui . . . valeat) ; 14. 5 thou hast appointed his bounds that he cannot pass (pv iiri imeQ^l] : qui praeteriri non poterunt) ; 41. 10 none is so fierce that dare stir him up (Sept. and Vulg. fail) ; Isa. 41. 28 there was no counsellor, that . . . could answer (Sept. fails : qui . . . responderet) : Dan. 8. 4 and 7, neither was there any that could deliver (Sept. and Vulg. fail); perhaps also Lev. 26. 25; Lam. 1. 16; Matt. 2. 6. 5. The Final Adjective Clause. This group, like the one above, is hard to limit with certainty. The following are perhaps the clearest instances of a ^Aa^-relative clause with purpose intent. (See the study, mentioned above on page 1.) 2 Chron. 20. 21 he appointed singers unto the Lord, and that should praise the beauty of holiness, as they went out before the army, and to say, Praise the Lord (€^ofio?My8la&ai^ xal e'lsyov : ut laudarent . . . dicerent) ; Matt. 2. 6 out of thee shall come a governor, that shall rule my people Israel (oang noinavsl: qui regat) ; perhaps also : Jer. 42. 3 that the Lord thy God may shew us . . . the thing that we may do (ov noi{](So(iEv : quod faciamus) ; Ezek. 22. 30 I sought for a man among them, that should make up the hedge [av^Qa dvaar^e- xpofievov oq&wg : virum qui interponeret sepem). See page 54, II. The Omission of That 49 The Omission of That in the Adjective Clause (cf. pages 31, 68). The relative pronoun that is omitted here much less freely than in the substantive clause, as shown above, page 31 ; cf. page 68. It occurs only in the sentences following, which, it will be noted, are chiefly the idiomatic expression of time discussed above, page 42 : — Gen. 3. 5 in the day ye eat thereof (?) av iiniga as ovtcov avr&v Iv KaQ- jiiijlcp : omni tempore quo fuerunt) ; 25. 16 they were a wall unto us . . . all the while we were with them (jtdaaq rag rjfisQccq dq i'jfiev JiaQ avroTg : omnibus diebus quibus); 27. 11 so will be his manner all the while he dwelleth in the country (^Jtdoag rag iiu'eQag dg sxd&iiro : omnibus diebus quibus). In 1 Sam. 11. 9, to morrow, by that time the sun be hot, ye shall have help (avQiov vfiiv fj acoTJjQia 6ca&eQ/[idvavTog tov i]Uov : eras erit vobis salus, cum incaluerit sol), the stressed demonstrative that^ which here supplants the usual weak the^ seems to have something of progressive relative force. D 50 The Adverbial Clause HI THE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE Here are found the following conjunctional formulae : that, so that, such that, insomuch that, but that, than that, to the (this) end that, for that, to the intent that, for that intent that, for this cause . . . that, lest that, because that, seeing that, if that, noiv that, after that, before that, by that, as concerning that, except that, in that, save (saving) that, till (until) that, ivhilst that. Out of this confusing multiplicity, order can perhaps best be gained by classifi- ing the adverbial clauses according to their function —consecutive, final, causal, temporal, etc. Cross- references will bring together for the reader those few formulse whose function varies, and which are therefore scattered under two or more of the cate- gories below. L The Consecutive Clause 1. That. This introduces the consecutive clause so frequently that only the more interesting cases are noted here ; a full list will be found in Appendix IV. Deut. 30. 12 it is not in heaven, that thou shouldest say (ovx iv To> ovgavM avoo iart, Xeyeov : ut possis dicere) ; so ib. 13 ; fudges 2L 22 ye did not give unto them at this time, that ye should be guilty (oix tV^*? idooxare avrolc, wg xl^Qoq nXi]ni.t£lriaar8 : non dedistis, et a vestra parte peccatum est) ; Ruth 2. 7 so she came, and hath con- tinued even from the morning until now, that she tarried a little in the house (ov xartnavaev : et ne . . . domum reversa est) ; Isa. 53. 2 when we shall see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him (y.ul The Consecutive Clause 51 dSofiev avTov, xal ovx eixsv eiSog ov6e xaXXog : et vidimus eum, et non erat aspectus, et desideravimus eum) ; Jer. 9. 12 the land ... is burned up like a wilderness, that none passeth through (»/ rv • • dvi^(fi^% wg egrj/jog na^a to y^ ^tadevGeaOca avt^v: exusta sit quasi desertum, eo quod non sit qui pertranseat) ; 2 Thess. 2. 6 and now ye know what withholdeth, that he might be revealed (xal vvv to xaTtyov otdaTe^ elg to aTToxaXvq^^vca : et nunc quid detineat scitis, ut reveletur); 2 Pet. 1. 8 they make you that ye shall neither be barren nor unfruitful (ovx dgyovg ov6s dxaqnovg xadidtriaiv : non va- cuos nee sine fructu vos constituent). Note also John 12. 23 the hour is come, that (n-a, ut) the Son of man should be glorified : similar are 13. 1 ; 16. 32. With these might be classed certain of the clauses of spe- cification in the idiomatic expression of time, discussed above (pages 42 ff".). An interesting consecutive clause after than occurs : Gen. 36. 7 for their riches were more than that they might dwell together (r/j' yuQ avTwv to. vndq%ovTa nolXd^ tov olxelv a[ia : divites enim erant valde, et simul habitare non poterant) ; Isa. 28. 20 for the bed is shorter than that a man can stretch himself on it (Sept. fails : co- angustatum est enim stratum, ita ut alter decidat). Usually that is omitted in such sentences ; e. g., Ps. 40. 5 they are more than can be numbered : Prov. 11. 24 withholdeth more than is meet; Dan. 3. 19 seven times more than it was wont. That in the first two sentences quoted is made necessary by the intro- duction of the new subject idea after than. See also pages 6 and 46. Closely related to the above is the frequent that- clause after interrogations : Gen. 20. 9 what have I ofi'ended thee that thou hast brought on me ... a great sin; 20. 10 what sawest thou, that thou hast D2 52 T^^^ Adverbial Clause done this thing (tl iviSm' inoiriaccg rovro : quid vidisti, ut hoc faceres) : 31. 26 what hast thou done, that (IvaTi, ut) thou hast stolen away: Num. 16. 11 what is Aaron that (ori^ ut) ye murmur; 1 Kings 18. 9 what have I sinned that (or/, quoniam) thou wouldest de- liver ; 2 Kings 18. 20 on whom dost thou trust, that thou rebellest (rm nenoii^wg r]^iTri(jag iv ifjot: in quo confidis, ut audeas rebellare) ; Ps. 111.5 what aileth thee, O sea, that (or*, quod) thou fleddest. So also Gen. 31. 36; Exod. 3. 11 ; 5. 2 : 16. 17; 32. 21 ; Num. 11. 11, 12; 22. 28; Judges 8. 1, 15; 9. 28,38; 11. 12 14.3; 18.23; Ruth 2. 10 ; 1 Sam. 11.5; 17.26,43 18. 18 ; 20. 1 ; 21. 15 ; 22. 8 : 29. 8 ; 2 Sam. 3. 8 ; 7. 18 9. 3, 8 ; 10. 3 ; 19. 22, 34, 43 ; 1 Kings 11. 22 ; 22. 7 2 Kings 8. 13; 14. 10; 1 Chron. 17. 16; 19.3; 29. 14 2 Chron. 2. 6 ; 25. 19; 32. 10, 14; Job 6. 1 ; 7. 12, 17, 18; 10. 6; 15. 14; 21. 15; 41. 11. 17; Ps. 8. 4; 104. 5 144. 3 ; Isa. 3. 15 ; 22. 1 ; 36. 5 ; 49. 15 ; 51. 12 ; 52. 5 57. 11 ; Jer. 2. 5 ; 37. 18 ; 40. 15 ; Matt. 8. 27 ; Mk. 6. 2 John 7.35; 9. 2 ; Acts 11. 17; Heb. 2. 6. See page 5. 2. So that. Slightly more formal and distinctive than the above is the combination of the demonstrative-modal so with that. This often is preferred in (1) long sentences (frequently after a colon or semicolon), as in Exod. 14. 25, and took off the chariot wheels, that they drave them heavily ; so that the Egyptians said ; Gen. 13. 16 ; 28. 21 ; Exod. 14. 20: 19. 16, etc.: (2) in involved sen- tences, to differentiate that consecutive from other neighboring that-c\a.uses, as in Gen. 49. 17, Dan shall be a serpent . . ., that biteth the horse [sic] heels, so that his rider shall fall: 21. 6; 27. 1 ; 49. 17; Exod. 21. 12, etc. Very frequently, however, no essential difference can be detected, as may be seen by con- The Consecutive Clause 53 suiting the complete list of so-that clauses in Appen- dix V. Lev. 26. 15 and Zeph. 3. 6 present the co- ordinating formula, so that . . ., that . . . A variant from the above is the occasional so + ad- jective + that: Heb. 12. 21 so terrible was the sight, that Moses said ; the remaining instances are : 1 Sam. 30. 10, 21 ; 1 Kings 17. 17; 21. 5 ; Job 41. 10, 16; Ps. 77. 4; 90. 12; Ezek. 1. 18; Acts 14. 1. Compare Gen. 13. 6, for their substance was great, so that they could not dwell together. Etymologically considered, here belongs such that: 1 Sam. 25. 17 he is such a son of Belial, that a man cannot speak to him ; 2 Kings 21. 12 I am bringing such evil . . . that . . . his ears shall tingle. Also insomuch that (— usually, ita ut ; ware) : Matt. 8. 24 there arose a great tempest inso- much that (w(yre, ita ut) the ship was covered ; 12. 22 he healed him, insomuch that (woTf, ita ut) the blind and dumb both spake and saw; Ps. 106. 40; Mai. 2. 13; Matt. 13. 54; 15. 31; 24. 24; 27. 14: Mk. 1. 27, 45 ; 2. 2, 12 ; 3. 10 ; 9. 26 ; Luke 12. 1 ; Acts 5. 15 ; 2 Cor. 1. 8; 8.6; Gal. 2. 13. 3. But that. Nine times, after a negative statement, formal or implied, hut that occurs introducing a negative con- secutive clause :— Gen. 23. 6 none of us shall withhold from thee his sepulchre, but that thou mayest bury thy dead {ov firj xoaXvoei to fjvrjfieTov avrov dno cov, rov d-aipai rov vsxqov : nullusque te prohibere poterit quin . . . sepelias) ; Exod. 21. 29 if , . . he hath not kept him in but that he hath killed a man (Sept. and Vulg. fail) ; Josh. 22. 17 is the iniquity of Peor too little for us, . . . but that ye must turn away (Sept. and Vulg. fail) ; 1 Sam. 20. 2 my father will do nothing either great or small, but that he will show it me (Sept. 54 The Adve^-bial Clause fails: neque enim faciet .... nisi prius indicaverit) ; Prov. 18, 2 a fool hath no delight in understanding, but that his heart may discover itself (Sept. fails : non recipit . . .: nisi ea dixeris) ; Ezek. 33. 11 I have no pleasure in the death of the wicked: but that the wicked turn (ak dnoaTQfipai: nolo mortem impii, sed ut convertatur) : Mk. 4. 22 neither was any thing kept secret, but that it should come abroad {ovSe tysvEro d/ToxQvqov, akV Xva dg (favsQov e%i)r] : nec factum est occultum, sed ut in palam veniat : Gothic, ak ei : O. E., ac daet : Wycliffe, the whiche : Tindale, butt that) ; Luke 17, 1 it is impossible but that offences will come (dvevSexTov tOTi inrj iXO-Elv ra axdvSaXa: impossibile est ut non veniant : O. E,, daet : Wycliffe, that : Tindale, it cannot be avoyded but that) ; Eph. 4, 9 now that he ascended, what is it but that he also descended (to Je, livi^tj^ Tfc tanv el firi on xal xara^y^: quod autem ascendit, quid est nisi quia et descendit). This last example is probably substantive. Others of the list may be classed as conditional or as specificatory. This variance will be easily understood, upon the as- sumption (see Abbott's Shakespearean Grammar, §§ 118ff.) that the clause is absolute in its origin, but (be + utan) that being the syntactical equivalent of excepto eo, quod. See page 64, 11. The Final Clause Of all adverbial ^/<«^-clauses, that final is by far the most frequent. Since this subject has recently had special treatment elsewhere,^ a brief outline must suffice here. The simple that occurs 1307 times ; for a full list see op. cit. Negative clauses show either ' See page 1. The Final Clause 55 that . . . not, or else lest. In 27 cases, the that- clause appears as a substantive element in apposition (v. p. 29) with end, intent, or cause after the prepositions to or for, as in the following : 1. To the end that: Ezek. 20. 26 that I mig-ht make them desolate, to the end that they might know ; Lev. 17. 5; Deut. 17. 16, 20; Ezek. 31. 14; Obad. 1.9; Ps, 30. 12. To this end that occurs : Luke 18. 1 ; John 18. 37 ; Rom. 14. 9 ; 2 Cor. 2. 9. That is omitted in five instances : see below, page 68. 2. To the intent that: Ephes. 3. 10 unto me is this grace given . . . that I should preach . . . and to make all men see ... to the intent that now . . . might be known by the church the manifold wisdom of God ; 2 Sam. 17. 14 ; 2 Kings 10. 19 ; 2 Chron. 16. 1 : Ezek. 40. 4; Dan. 4. 17. That is twice omitted; see below, page 68. For that intent that is found in Acts 9. 21. 3. For this cause . . . that: Tit. 1. 5 for this cause left I them in Crete, that thou shouldest set in order the things ; John 18. 37. These prepositional formulae are more distinctive than the shorter and more usual that. They tend to occur in involved sentences — e. g. Ezek. 20. 26— to differentiate the purpose-clause from other subordinate (that) clauses. Often, however, they cannot be dis- tinguished in function from the simple that : see Obad. 1.9: 2 Kings 10. 19; 2 Chron. 16. 1. For complementary final clauses of object, see page 7 ; for final adjective clauses, page 48. See also page 67, 5. 56 The Adverbial Clause III. The Causal Clause This has the following introductory formulae : 1. Because that. Etymologically considered, the ^/m^-clause is perhaps appositional to the second (substantive) element in the compound he + cause; historically, however, it is merely a survival of the added relative common after all adverbial conjunctions in the centuries preceding the year 1611. See other similar formulae in the head- ings below. As to function, because that is perhaps more strongly conjunctival than because^ standing fre- quently in long sentences after a colon or a semi- colon, or else in initial clauses out of their natural order. This will appear from the examples : — Gen. 2. 3 and God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it; because that (fV*, quia) in it he had rested ; 26. 5 in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed ; because that {dvif m\ eo quod) Abraham obeyed: 38. 26 she hath been more righteous than I ; because that (or avexev, quia) I gave her not to Shelah ; 41. 57 and all countries came into Egypt to Joseph for to buy corn: because that (Sept. and Vulg. fail) the famine was so sore ; Num. 11. 20 until ... it be loathsome to you: be- cause that (oTi^ eo quod) ye have despised the Lord ; Deut. 15. 10 thine heart shall not be grieved . . . : because that (ori^ ut) . . . the Lord thy God shall bless thee ; Josh. 14. 14 Hebron therefore became the inheritance of Caleb . . ., because that (6ia ro airov inaxo'Aovd^^aai : quia) he wholly followed the Lord ; Judges 2. 20 Because that this people hath trans- gressed my covenant . . ., I will not henceforth drive out any (ai'^' wv iyxaxtXinov to k'ih^oc, tovto ti(v The Causal Clause 57 diad^rixriv fiov : quia irritum fecit . . .) ; 21. 15 the people repented them for Benjamin, because that (or* Vulg. fails) the Lord had made a breach ; 1 Kings 11. 33 [general context]: Because that (dvd^ c6v, eo quod) they have forsaken me ; similarly, Ps. 109, 16 Because that (dvi)^^ fev, pro eo, quod) he remembered not; Jer. 29. 31 Because that {tneiSri . . . Sih tovto, pro eo quod) Shemaiah hath prophesied . . ., there- fore thus saith the Lord; Ezek. 21. 24 Because, I say, that (dv^' tov, pro eo . . ., quod) ye are come to re- membrance, ye shall be taken : 25. 8 Because that (dv^^ wv, pro eo quod) Moab and Seir do say, . . . therefore, behold, I will open ; 25. 12 Because that (dv^' wv, pro eo quod) Edom hath dealt against the house of Judah , . ., therefore thus saith the Lord ; 26. 2 because that {dvd- ov, pro eo quod) Tyrus hath said . . ., therefore thus saith the Lord ; Mk. 5. 4 [general context] because that {did ro avrov . . . 6e- SsaO^ai, : quoniam) he had been often bound ; Luke 9. 7 they had no child, because that (xad^ori^ quod) Eliza- beth was barren ; 9. 7 he was perplexed, because that {6id TO iSysa^ai^ quod) it was said . . . Luke 13. 14; John 7. 39; 10.33; 12.11,39; Acts 2. 6 ; 8.11; 10.45; 18. 2 ; 25. 11 ; 28. 20; Rom. 1. 21 ; 3. 2 ; Phil. 2. 26 ; 1 Thess. 4. 6; 2 Thess. 1. 3; Heb. 10. 2; 1 John 2. 11 ; 4. 9; 3 John 1. 7. See page 66, 1. 2. For that. Like because that, this conjunction seems often to have greater ' agglutinative ' force than the simple for: — Gen. 6. 3 my spirit shall not always strive with man, for that (6id to ehm^ quia) he also is flesh ; 41. 32 and for that the dream was doubled unto Pharaoh twice: it is because the thing is established by God (neql 6e rov Sevreqwaat to ivvnviov (p. 6lg, on dXiqDkg 58 The Adverbial Clause tdTcu TO ^tj/ja: quod autem vidisti secundo ad eandem rem pertinens somnium) : Exod. 16. 7 then ye shall see the glory of the Lord ; for that (tv tw eiaaxovaai : Vulg. fails) he heareth your murmurings ; 16. 8 the Lord shall give you . . . bread to the full : for that {diu to daaxovaai : eo quod) the Lord heareth your murmur- ings ; 16. 29 for that (Sept. and Vulg. fail) the Lord hath given you the sabbath, therefore he giveth . . . : Ruth 2. 13 let me find favor in thy sight, my Lord ; for that (ort : Vulg. fails) thou hast comforted me, and for that (on) thou hast spoken ; 1 Chron. 15. 13 the Lord our God made a breach upon us, for that (cVi : Vulg. fails) we sought him not ; 29. 9 then the people rejoiced, for that (on^ quia) they offered willingly ; Ps. 75. 1 unto thee do we give thanks : for that thy name is near: Pro v. 1. 29 they shall not find me: For that (Sept. fails ; eo quod) they hated knowledge ; John 12. 18 for this cause the people also met him, for that they heard that he had done this miracle {dia tovto . . . oTt : propterea . . . quia) ; Rom, 5. 12 so death passed upon all men, for that (^V w, in quo) all have sinned; 2 Cor. 1. 24 to spare you, I came not as yet unto Corinth. Not for that (oti, quod) we have dominion over your faith, but are helpers of your joy ; 5. 4 for we ... do groan, being burdened : not for that (Sept. fails : eo quod) we would be unclothed but clothed upon; 1 Tim. 1. 12 I thank Jesus Christ our Lord, who hath enabled me, for that (or/, quia) he counted me faithful ; Heb. 7. 15 and it is far more evident : for that (el, si) after the similitude of Mel- chisedec there ariseth another priest. 3. Seeing (that). This participial formula is used repeatedly to in- dicate, perhaps more remotely and incidentally than The Causal Clause 59 the above, the ground of thought or action : — Gen. 18. 18 shall I hide from Abraham that thing which I do : seeing that Abraham shall surely become a great and mighty nation (Sept. fails : cum) ; 28. 8 and Esau seeing that the daughters of Canaan pleased not Isaac his father ; then went Esau unto Ishmael {idtov Je xal 'H(Sccv on novTqqaC acGiv al d^vyarsqeg ivdvnov V. Toif naxQog avrov^ eiroQev&iq 'fi. TiQog ^lafxa^X: probans quoque quod non libenter aspicerit filias Chanaan pater suus, ivit ad Ismaelem) ; 44. 30 seeing that (Sept. fails : cum) his life is bound up in the lad's life, it shall come to pass . . . that; Judges 19. 23 do not so wickedly, seeing that this man is come (fj/fj xaxo- 7ioir(JriT8 6t [iiera ro el(!eXi)€Tv rov avSoa tovtov : quia in- gressus est homo) ; 1 Sam. 18. 23 seemeth it a light thing to be a king's son in law, seeing that (Sept. and Vulg. fail) I am a poor man ; 2 Sam. 18. 22 where- fore wilt thou run, my son, seeing that (Sept. and Vulg. fail) thou hast no tidings ready ; Ezra 9. 13 see- ing that (6n^ quia) thou our God hast punished us . . ., should we again break thy commandments ; Ezek. 21.4 seeing then that (dv^ wv, pro eo autem quod) I will cut off from thee the righteous and the wicked, there- fore shall my sword go forth. Eccles. 2. 16; John 2. 18 ; Acts 17. 24 ; 19. 36 ; 24. 2 : 2 Cor. 3. 12 ; 11. 18 ; Col. 3. 9 : Heb. 4. 14 ; 8. 4 ; 2 Pet. 3. 1 1, 14. Knoiving that^ with like function, occurs : Ephes. 6. 8,9; Phil. 1. 17; Col. 3.24; 4. 1 ; 2 Tim. 2.23; Tit. 3. 11 ; Heb. 10. 34 : James 3. 1 ?; 1 Peter 3. 9; 2 Peter 1. 14. Seeing alone with that suppressed, is used as freely ; — Num. 15. 26 it shall be forgiven all the congregation . . . ; seeing (on^ quia) all the people were in igno- rance ; 16. 3 ye take too much upon you, seeing (on, quia) all the congregation are holy ; Ps. 22. 8 let him 60 The Adverbial Clause deliver him, seeing (ot* , quoniam) he deUghted in him ; Dan. 2, 47 your God is ... a revealer of secrets, see- ing (on, quoniam) thou couldest not reveal this secret ; 1 Cor. 14. 16 [general context] seeing (inei6^^ quo- niam) he understandeth not what thou sayest. The remaining examples are: Gen. 22.12; 24.56; 26.27; Exod. 21.8; 23.9; Lev. 10. 17; Josh. 17. 14: 22. 18; Judges 13.18; 21.7: 1 Sam. 16. 1; 17.36; 24.6; 25.26; 28.16; 2 Sam. 13.39: 15.20; 19.11; Job 21. 22 Eccles. 2. 16 (cf. 6. 11); Neh. 2. 2 ; Jer. 11. 15; 47. 7 Ezek. 16. 30; Luke 1. 34; 2 Cor. 4. 1 ; 2 Thess. 1. 6 Heb. 4. 6. See below, page 68. For other clauses of causal intent, see pages 65, 3 ; 66, 1. IV. The Temporal Clause 1. After that. This is used far more frequently than the remaining types following under 2, 3, and 4 : Gen. 13. 14 the Lord said unto Abram, after that Lot was separated from him (fiSTa to diaxo}Qta^^vcci : postquam divisus est) ; Exod. 7. 25 seven days were fulfilled after that (fierce. TO + infinitive : postquam) the Lord had smitten the river; Lev. 13.7 if the scab spread much abroad in the skin, after that (jjeTci to + infinitive : postquam) he hath been seen ; 25. 48 after that he is sold he may be redeemed (fi€Ta to nqa'j^vai : post venditionem) : 13. 55 the priest shall look on the plague, after that (fisra TO + infinitive ; Vulg. fails) it is washed ; 14. 43 and if the plague come again and break out in the house, after that he hath taken away the stone, and after he hath scraped the house, and after it is plaistered {fi£Ta TO + infinitive : postquam) : Num. 7. 88 this was the dedication of the altar after that {/JSTd to + in- The Temporal Clause 61 finitive : quando) it was anointed ; 30. 15 if he shall any ways make them void, after that (^[isra ttjv i^fjsQav ijv ^xovae : audiens) he hath heard them ; Deut. 9. 4 speak not thou . . ., after that the Lord thy God hath cast them out {fifj emfjg iv tw i'^avalojaat . . . ra tihfri : cum deleverit) : 12. 30 take heed to thyself, that thou be not snared by following them, after that {(lera xl + infinitive : postquam) they be destroyed ; 16. 13 thou shalt observe the feast of tabernacles seven days after that (ev TO) + infinitive : quando) thou hast gathered in thy corn ; 24. 4 her former husband . . . may not take her again to be his wife, after that (fiera to + infinitive : quia) she is defiled ; 24. 9 remember what the Lord did . . ., after that ye were come forth {ixnoQEvonivwv ^fjMv : cum egrederemini) ; Josh. 24. 20 he will . . . consume you, after that he hath done you good (dv^'' wv €v inoiriaev vfjdg : postquam vobis praestiterit bona) ; 2 Sam. 1. 10 I was sure that he could not live after that he was fallen (fxera to neaelv : post ruinam) ; 24. 10 David's heart smote him after that (fura ro + infinitive : postquam) he had numbered the people ; 1 Chron. 2. 24 ; 6. 31 ; 2 Chron. 23. 21 ; 25. 14 ; 26. 2 ; Ezra 5. 12 ; Esther 2. 12 ; Job 21. 3 ; Jer. 12. 15 ; 28. 12; 29. 2 ; 31. 19 ; 34. 8 ; 36. 27 ; 41. 16 ; Ezek. 39. 26 ; Dan. 4. 26 ; Matt. 18. 32; 27.31; Mk. 1. 14; 9. 31; 14. 28; John 6. 23 ; 21. 14 ; Acts 1. 2, 8 ; 9. 23 ; 24. 10 ; 28. 25 ; 1 Cor. 1.21; Gal. 3.25; 4.9; Eph. 1.13; 1 Thess. 2. 2 ; Tit. 3. 4 ; Heb. 10. 15, 26 ; 1 Petr. 5. 10. Compare after the time that, 2 Chron. 25. 27, page 44. 2. Before that. This is analogous to the above, and occurs as follows : Jer. 47. 1 the word of the Lord that came to Jeremiah the prophet against the Philistines, before that Pharaoh smote Gaza (Sept. fails : antequam per- (32 The Adverbial Clause cuteret) ; Luke 22. 34 the cock shall not crow this day b'efore that {nqiv tJ: donee) thou shalt thrice deny ; John 1. 48 before that (tiqo tov + infinitive : priusquam) Philip called thee, ... I saw thee ; Acts 25. 16 it is not the manner of the Romans to deliver any man to die, before that (nqiv ij: priusquam) he . . . have the accusers face to face ; Gal. 2. 12 before that {nqo TOV + infinitive : prius quam) certain came from James, he did eat with the Gentiles. 3. Bi/ that. This occurs once, Exod. 22. 26. thou shalt deliver it unto him by that the sun goeth down {ttqo 6va(X(Jov tjUov imodoGeig : ante solis occasum reddes ei). Com- pare by that time (that), 1 Sam. 11.9, pages 45,68. 4. Until (Till) that. Judges 5. 7 they ceased in Israel, until that I De- borah arose, that I arose a mother in Israel {t^thnov k'wg ov dvtarn] Js^^oooa^ emg ov avtarrj /.irtfjQ iv ^laQCtijX : cessaverunt fortes . . . donee surgeret Debbora) ; Ps. 123. 2 our eyes wait upon the Lord our God, until that (k'wg ov + infinitive : donee) he have mercy ; Dan. 2. 34 thou sawest till that (ewe, donee) a stone was cut out; Acts 21. 26 until that (k'cog ov, donee) an offering should be offered. Cf. page 68, 6. 5. While (Whilst) that. 1 Chron. 21. 12 three months to be destroyed be- fore thy foes, while that the sword of thine enemies overtaketh thee (roelg f^i^vag (fevysiv ae tx n^oadonov i%- :towv aov., xal fia^aiqa . . . tov i'^oXoO^QEvocu : tribus inensibus te fugere hostes tuos, at gladium eorum non posse evadere; Ps. 141. 10 let the wicked fall into their own nets, whilst that I withal escape (neaovvTat The Conditional Clause 63 ^v afini§XijaTq(a avxov ajjaQTcoXot, xarafxovag elfil eyto ewg ov av naQsXif^u) : cadent in retiaculo ejus peccatores ; singulariter sum ego donee transeam). See page 45. See also page 67, 4. V. The Conditional Clause 1. If that: Deut. 28. 13 thou shalt not be beneath; if that thou hearken (ovx tatj inoxdroi}, iav dxovarjg: et eris . , . non subter : si tamen audieris) ; Phil. 3. 12 I follow after, if that I may apprehend {Siwxco 6e ei xal xarcdd^o) : sequor autem si et comprehendam). See page 66, 2. 2. Except that : Mark 13. 20 and except that the Lord had shortened those days, no flesh should be saved {bI fiij xiqiog txolo^was . . . ovx av iawihiq : si non . . . contraxisset . . ., non serviretur : Gothic, ni . . ., ni dauh : O. E., gif . . , ne, , . . ne : Wycliffe, no but . . . hadde breigged, . . . hadde not be ; Tindale, ex- cepte that . . .)• See page &7^ 3. 3. Save {Saving) that : 2 Kings 15. 4 he did that which was right . . . save that the high places were not removed (sTtoiijce to sv^eg . . . nlrjv twv viprjXuiv ovx i^QSv. verumtamen excelsa non est demolitus ; Mk. 6. 5 he could there do no mighty work, save that he laid his hands upon a few sick folk (d }xr] : si non : Gothic, niba : O. E., buton : Wycliffe, no but : Tindale, but); Acts 20. 23 not knowing the things that shall befall me there : save that (nX'^v oti, : nisi quod) the Holy Ghost witnesseth . . . that afflictions abide me ; 21. 25 they observe no such thing, save only that (si fifj (fvXdaGsoi^ai : Vulg. fails) they keep themselves from things offered to idols; 21. 25. Saving that : Neh. 4. 23 none of us put off our clothes, saving that every one put them off for washing (Sept. 64 The Adverbial Clause and Vulg. fail) ; Amos 9. 8 I will destroy it from off the face of the earth ; saving that I will not utterly destroy the house of Jacob (i^ccQca avrijv dno nQoaoonov rrig yijg • nXfjv on ovx . . . fijaocw . . . : conteram illud . . . : verumtamen conterens non conteram). In origin, except that and save (saving) that were probably absolute constructions ("^ salvo, salva), mean- ing excepto eo, quod (cf. but that^ above, page 53, 3). The ^/m^-clause would here be a substantive absolute ; or, after saving, perhaps an objective. See Abbott's Shakespearean Grammar, § 118. VI. Clauses of Specification In this, the last, category, are grouped certain pre- positional and absolute clause constructions, which, though adverbial, are yet vague enough of function to warrant the above heading. Compare page 14, III. 1. In that: Gen. 31. 20 Jacob stole away unawares to Laban the Syrian, in that he told him not that he had fled (t'xQvipe . . . tov fir/ dvayyeZXai, avtio, on dno- 6idQaax£i : noluitque J.confiteri socero suo quod fugeret) ; 42.21 we are verily guilty concerning our brother, in that we saw the anguish of his soul {iv afiaQriaig ydq iafjsv . . . ort vneqeido^sv rijv d^Xiipiv Trjg ipv^^g : videntes an- gustiam animae illius) ; Exod. 33. 16 is it not in that thou goest with us (Sept. and Vulg. fail); Deut. 31. 18 the evils which they shall have wrought, in that {on, quia) they are turned unto other gods; Judges 9. 16 if ye have done truly and sincerely in that ye have made Abimelech king (Sept. and Vulg. fail) ; 1 Sam. 14. 23 the people sin ... in that they eat {(payoav : comedens) ; 22. 13 why have ye conspired against me ... in that thou hast given (dovvai : et dedistis) ; 24. 11 in that I cut oflf the skirt of thy robe . . . know thou Clause of Specification 66 . . . (Sept. and Vulg. fail) ; 2 Chron. 19. 3 there are good things found in thee, in that (oVt, eo quod) thou hast taken away the groves ; Jer. 2. 17 hast thou not procured this unto thyself, in that thou hast forsaken (oi'X^ ravra inoirias Goi to xaraXmelv as ifis : quia dere- liquisti) ; Ezek. 16. 34 in that thou givest a reward . . ., therefore art thou contrary (iv tw nQoadidovai. : in eo enim quod dedisti) ; 44. 7 let it suffice you of all your abominations, in that ye have brought (IxavoM^co vfiZv - . . rov elaayayuv : eo quod inducitis) ; Matt. 27. 4 I have sinned, in that I have betrayed (^fiaQvov naga- 6ovq: peccavi, tradens) ; Acts 14.17 he left not him- self without witness, in that he did good {dyad^onoiwv : benefaciens) ; 13. 33 God hath fulfilled the same unto us, . . ., in that he hath raised up Jesus again {dvaar^aag: resuscitans) ; Rom. 6. 10 in that he liveth, he liveth unto God (o Je ^g, Cfj tm ^ew: quod autem vivit, vivit Deo) ; Heb. 2. 8 for in that he put all in subjection under him, he left nothing (iv yhq tw vno- xd'^ai avTcp ra ndvia^ ovSkv dg)^xi:v : in eo enim quod omnia ei subjecit, nihil dimisit) : also 2 Sam. 14. 13, 22; 1 Kings 18. 18; 2 Chron. 6. 8; Job 42. 8 ; Jer. 44. 3, 8 ; Ezek. 16. 31, 52, 54 ; 20. 26, 27 ; 21. 24 ; Matt. 26. 12 ; Acts 17. 11, 31 ; Rom. 5. 8 ; 8. 3 ; Heb. 2. 18 ; 5. 7; 6. 10; 8. 13; James 1.9. 2. As concerning that : Acts 13. 34 and as concern- ing that he raised him up from the dead, now no more to return to corruption, he said on this wise {on 6e dvsaiTiGev : quod autem resuscitavit). Compare 1 Chron. 26. 21 as concerning the sons of Laadan : the . . . : Acts 28. 22 as concerning this sect, we know that . . . 3. Now that : 2 Sam. 14. 15 now therefore that I am come to speak of this thing unto my lord the king, it is because the people have made me afraid E 66 The Adverbial Clause (xal vvv o fj^ov XaXijaai nqbg rbv ^aaiXia ... to qii^a Tovxo^ OTt oiperai fie 6 Xaog : nunc igitur veni, ut lo- quar); Ps. 41.8 now that he Heth, he shall rise no more (|U^ 6 xoiftcofxe^'og ovxl nQoad^fiCei rov dnoaxr^vat : qui dormit non adjiciet ut resurget) ; Ephes. 4. 9 now that he ascended, what is it but that he also descended (to rfe, !4vt/S^, xC ianv el fiij oTt xal xaxe^ij : quod autem ascendit, quid est si non quia et descendit). See page 60. That as a Pro- Conjunction That in nine instances supplants the conjunction in the second of two coordinate adverbial clauses of like function. It seems to be a compromise between the necessity for some conjunctival element, and a desire to avoid repetition. This will appear from the examples : — 1. That supplants because: Jer. 20. 17 because he slew me not from the womb : or that my mother might have been my grave (ort ovx dnexxeive . . . xal iyevexo : qui non . . . interfecit . . . ut fieret) : 1 John 2. 21 I have not written unto you because ye know not the truth, but because ye know it, and that no lie is of the truth (ovx I'yqa^a t'fjTv, oxt ovx oidaxe xijv dXi]^eoav^ «AA' oxi oXdaxe avxijv^ xal oxi nav tpevdog ex xijg dXi]^eiag ovx eaxi : non scripsi vobis quod non nostis veritatem, sed quod nostis eam, et quoniam omne mendacium ex veritate non est). See page 56. 2. That supplants if: Lev. 13. 31 if the priest look on the plague of the scall, and behold, it be not in sight deeper than the skin, and t?tat there is no black hair in it, then the priest shall shut him up (iav cdri o leqevg rrjv a(frp> . . . y.al XSov ovx V ^'A*? • • • ^'^^ ^?<^ . . . ovx taxiv Iv c(vxij, xal d(fOQiel 6 leQevg rijv atp^v : sin autem viderit locum maculae aequalem vicinae carni, That as a Pro-Conjunction 67 et capillum nigrum: recludet eum) ; Job 31.38 if my land cry against me, or that the furrows likewise thereof complain {d e/r' sfioi note ^ yij eareva^ev, el de xal ot avlaxeg avr^g exXavaav : si adversum me terra mea clamat, et cum ipsa sulci ejus deflent) : 1 Chron. 13. 2 if it seem good unto you, and that it be of the Lord our God, let us send abroad (si eg)' vf/Jv dyad^av y.al naqa xvqCov xov O^sov evodcoi^Q, unoaTeiXwusv : si placuit vobis : et a Domino Deo nostro egreditur sermo, queni loquor : mittamus) ; Jer. 33. 20 if ye can break my covenant of the day, and my covenant of the night, and that there should not be day and night in their season, then may also my covenant be broken with David (Sept. fails : si imtum potest fieri pactum meum cum die, et pactum meum cum nocte, ut non sit dies et nox in tempore suo : et pactum meum ir- ritum esse poterit cum David). See page 63, 1. 3. That supplants except : Esther 2. 14 she came in unto the king no more, except the king delighted in her, and that she were called by name (ovx s'rt elano- QSvsTCci TTQog Tov ^ccciXea^ iav fjiri xXijd^Jj dvofxari, : nee habe- bat potestatem ad regem ultra redeundi, nisi prius vo- luisset rex, et eam venire jussisset ex nomine). See page 63, 2. 4. That supplants ivhen : Num. 9. 21 and so it was, laheii the cloud abode from even unto the morning, and that the cloud was taken up in the evening, then they journeyed (y.cci eaccu ovav ysvijrat ^ vscpeXfj d(fj^ eanSQCcg ecog ngm. x«i dva^fj ij vecpeXij to ttqco'I^ xal dna- QovCtv ^fiSQCcg iJTvvxTog : si fuisset nubes a vespere usque mane, et statim diluculo tabernaculum reliquisset, pro- fiscebantur). See page 62, 5. 5. That supplants lest : 2 Cor. 12. 20 for I fear, lest, when I come, I shall not find you such as I would, and that I shall be found unto 3^ou such as ye would E2 (jg The Adverbial Clause not ((fo^ovfiai yuQ fiij nwg . . . evqoo i'fxag, xccyu) ti^'Qed^u) t'filv : timeo enim ne forte . . . inveniam vos : et ego inveniar a vobis). See page 54, II. 6. Note also until that . . . that, Judges 5. 7, quoted above, page 62, 4. That omitted in the Adverbial Clause This occurs only in the causal formula seeing (that) treated above, page 58, 3 ; in the final phrases to the end (that), to the intent (that) : see above, page 55, II : 1. To the end (5): Exod. 8, 22 I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there ; to the end thou mayest know that I am the Lord ; Acts 7. 19 ; Rom. 1. 11; 4. 16; 1 Thes. 3. 13. 2. To the intent (2): John 11. 15 I am glad for your sakes that I was not here, to the intent ye may be- lieve ; 1 Cor. 10. 6. Note also by that time [that), 1 Sam. 11. 9 ; see pages 45, and 62, 3. Cf. pages 31 and 49. 69 APPENDIX I. Subject-Clauses. See above, pages 7 and 31. In the list below, italics serve to distinguish all but the formula it came {shall come, etc.) to pass that, frequent in the historical portions of the text Gen. 4. 3, 8, 14; 6. 2,6,7; 7. 10; 8. 6; 9. 14; 11.2; 12. 11 12, 14; 14. 2; 15. 17; 16. 2; 19. 17, 29, 34; 20. 13; 21. 22 22. 1, 20 ; 23. 3^'^ 1^. 28, 36, 39 ; 11. 2, 3, 6, 12 ; 12. 40 ; 13. 7, 10, 14., 17, 23. Esther 1. 5, 16, 19; 2. 2, 15; 3. 2, 6, 9, 12 ; 4. 1, 7, 8, 16 ; 5. 2, /, 8, 12 ; 6. 3, 10, 13, 14 ; 7. 5, 10 ; 8. ^, 6, 9, 11, 14; 9. 5, 11, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20. Job 1. 1, 8, 70, 77; 2. 11 ; 3. 8, 12 ?, 15, 20 ; 4. 4, 8, 19 ; 5. 11 ; 6. 7, 26 ; 7. 8, 9 ; 8. 13, 22 ; 9. 26 ; 11. 16 ; 12. 5, 6 ; 13. 19, 28 ; 15. 7, 9, 31 ; 17. 3, 5, 9; 18. 20; 19. 15; 20. 26; 21. 18, 22, 29; 22. 2, 14; 23. 70, 14 ; 24. 1, 13, 21 ; 25. 4, 6 ; 26. 1, 3 ; 27. 7, 15, j8; 28. 11 ; 29. 12, 13, 25; 30. 1, 25; 31. 12, 15, 28; 32. 12; 34. 2, 17, 19; 36. 4, 32 ; 37. 2, 24 ; 38. 2 ; 39. 2 ; 40. 2, 11, 12, 19 ; 41. 26 ; 42. 3, 7, 11. Ps. 1.1,3; 2. 4, 12 ; 3. 1, 6 ; 4. 3 ; 5. 4, 6, 11 ; 7. 1, 4, 6, 8 ; 9. 10, 13, 7/ ; 10. 2 ; 11.5; 12. 3, 5 ; 14. 2 ; 15. 2, 3, 4, 5 ; 16.3,4; 17.1,7,9,12; 18.12,30,39,48; 21.8; 22.3,7,9, 23, 25, 26, 29, 31 ; 24. 1, 4, 6 ; 25. 3, 12, 14 ; 28. 1 ; 31. 4, 6, 11, 15, 19, 24; 32. 6, 10; 33. 18; 34. 1 .. 9, 10, 12, 18, 21, 22; 35. 1, 4, 8, 10, 77, 14, 19, 27 ; 36. 4, 10 ; 37. 9, 76, 22 ; 38. 12, 13, 14, 19, 20; 40. 4, 14, 15, 16; 41. 1, 7; 42. 4 ; 44. 5, 7, 13, 16; 50. 5, 23 ; 52. 7 ; 53. 1, 3, 5 ; 55. 12, 18, 19 ; 56. 2 ; 57. 2, 3, 4 ; 58. 4, 11 ; 59. 1 ; 60. 4, 12 ; 61. 2, 5 ; 63. 9, 11 ; 64. 8 ; 65. 5, 8 ; 68. 1, 11, 12, 20, 30, 33, 35; 69. 4, 6, 9, 12, 14, 31, 32, 34, 36; 70. 2, 4 ; 71. 6, 13, 18, 24 ; 72. 6, 9, 12 ; 73. .2/, 27 ; 74. j, 23 ; 76. 11 ; 77. 14 ; 78. 4, 8, 77, 65 ; 79. 4, 6, 11 ; 80. 1, 7/ ; 81. j" ; 83. 2 ; 84. 4, 11, 12 ; 85. 9 ; 86. 2 ; 88. 4, 5 ; 89. 10, 15, 19, 23, 34, 41,48; 90.9; 91.5,6; 92.13; 94.9; 95.10; 96. 12; 97.7, 10; 98. 7; 99. 6, 7: 101.3, 5, 7; 102.8, 11; 103.11, 17, 18, 20, Appendix III 79 21 ; 104. 15 ; 105. 3, / ; 106. 3, 4, 20, 41, 46 ; 107. 23 ; 109. //, 20; 111.2,5,10; 112.1; 115.8,11,13,17; 118.7,26; 119. 2, 20, 21, 42, 53, 63, 79, 84, 118, 132, Ij8, 150, 162; 121. 3, 4; 122.6; 123.1; 125.1,4; 126. 1, 5 ; 127. 1, 5 ; 128. 1, 4 ; 129. 5, 7 ; 130. 6 ; 131. 2 ; 133. 2, 3 ; 135. 18 ; 136. 5, 6, 7, 10 ; 137. 3, 8 ; 141. 4 ; 143. 3, 7, 12 ; 144. 15 ; 145. 14, 18, 20 ; 146. 5, 6, 8 ; 147. 11 ; 148. 4 ; 150. 6. Prov. 1. 12, 19; 2. 7, 12, 19; 3. 13, 18; 4.18,22; 5.13; 6.29,32; 8.9,11,17,21,34; 9.7, 16; 10. 9, 13, 17, 19, 26; 11. 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 ; 12. 1, 8, 9, 11, 15, 17, 20, 22 ; 13. 3, 6, 11, 13, 18, 20, 24 ; 14. 2, 6, 17, 21, 29, 31, 33, 35 ; 15. 5, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 21, 27, 31, 32 ; 16. 5, 17, 20, 22, 25, 26, 29, 32 ; 17. 2, 5, 8, 9, 15, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28; 18. 9, 13, 17, 21, 24; 19. 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 16, 17, 23, 25, 26, 27; 20. 8, 16, 19; 21. 5, 6, 16, 17; 22.5, 8, 11, 14, 16; 23. 6, 24, 25, 30, 34; 24.8,11,12, 21, 24, 25,26, 34; 25. 13, 18, 20, 28; 26. 8, 10, 16, 17, 19, 24, 27, 28; 27.8,10, 13, 14, 18 ; 28. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27 ; 29. 1, 3, 4, 5, 14, 18, 20, 27 ; 30. 5, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 23 ; 31. /, 6, 30. Eccles. 1. 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18; 2. 7, 9, //, 12, 17, 18, 21, 26; 3. 9, //, 21 ; 4. 1, 3, 10, 14, 15, 16; 5. 8, 10, 11, 16, 18; 6. 8, 10, 11 ; 7. 15, 18, 20, 21 ; 8. 8, 9, 12, 16, 17 ; 9. 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 ; 10. 1, 3, 8, 9 ; 11. 4, 5 ; 12. 3. Song of Sol. 2. 14, 15 ; 3. 4, 6 ; 4. 1, 2, 5 ; 5. 2, 7 ; 6. 5, 9 ; 7. 3, 9 ; 8. 5, 10, 12,13. Isa. 1. 4, 28, 29, 30 ; 2.12,14; 4.2,3; 5.^,8,11,14,16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22; 6. 4 ; 7. 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25; 8. 17, 19; 9. 2, 9, 13, 15, 16 ; 10. 1, 15 ; 13. 3, 8, 15 ; 14. 6, 16, 19, 26, 29 ; 16. 3, ij ; 17. 14 ; 18. 2 ; 19. 3, 8, 9, 10, 13, 17 ; 21. 14 ; 22. 2, 3, 11, 16, 25 ; 23. 2, 13, 16, 18 ; 24. 6, 8, 21 ; 25. 7, 11 ; 26. 5, 17, 19 ; 27. 1, 6, 7, 9, 11 ; 28. 1, 6, 9, 14 ; 29. 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 15, 16, 20, 21 ; 30. 1, 2, 5, 6, 16, 24 ; 31. 1, 2, 3 ; 32. 3, 9, 11, 20 ; 33. 1, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20; 34. 1 ; 35. 4 ; 36. 6, 11, 12, 20, 22; 37. 4, 6, 16, 31, 32 ; 38. 7, 18 ; 39. 2, 4, 6, 7 ; 40. 3, 9, 11, 20, 26, 29, 31 ; 41. 7, 11, 12; 42. 5, 7, 10, //, 16, 19; 43. 1, 7, 8, 13, 25; 44. 2, 7, 9, 10, 24, 25, 26, 27; 45. 9, 10, 15, 16, 18, 19, 24; 46. 10, 12; 47. 8, 13; 49. 5, 9, 10, 17, 19, 23, 25, 26; 50.4, 6, 8, 10, 11 ; 51. 1, 2, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, 22, 23 ; 52. 6, 7, 11 ; 54. 1, 16, 17 : 55. 1, 5, J, 11, 13 ; 56. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11 ; 57. 13, 15, 19 ; 58. /, (5, 7, 12 ; 59. 5, 15, 16, 21 ; 60. 12, 14 ; 61. 11 : 62. 1, 6, 9 ; 63^ so Appendix III 1, 2, 8, 11, 12, 13 ; 64. 5, 7 ; 65. 1, 2, 3, 5, 11 ; 66. /, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 17. Jer. 1. 1, 7, //; 2. 2, 3, 6, 8, 13, 24, 2^ V I.W 1.9^ *'. aA.' '« •ai.^A' 5S MAR1819G9 AUGl I- LB ^M 1 1 193^ Form L9-Serie8 444 ">.