-NRLF 
 
XENOPHON'S 
 
 \ v 
 
 AGESILAUS 
 
 WITH SYNTAX RULES AND REFERENCES 
 NOTES AND INDICES 
 
 BY 
 
 R. W. TAYLOR, M.A. 
 
 HEAD-MASTER OF KELLY COLLEGE, TAVISTOCK 
 AND FORMERLY FELLOW OF ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE 
 
 RIVINGTONS 
 
 WATERLOO PLACE, LONDON 
 
 xforii an 
 
 MDCCCLXXX 
 
[c. 76] 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PACK 
 
 TEXT, . . . . . .5 
 
 SYNTAX RULES, . . . . . . .41 
 
 NOTES, ........ 57 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, ...... 90 
 
 INDICES, . . . . . . . .92 
 
SENOQfiNTOS 
 
 * # * The numbers above the line refer to the Rules of Syntax which 
 follow the text, and apply to the words that precede them. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 AGESILAUS IN ASIA. 
 Noble descent of Agesilaus, the noblest of the noblest city in Greece. 
 
 1. Ol&a /jiV on* 3 TTJS AryrjaiXaov aperrjs re KOI &dr)$ 
 ov paBiov a^Lov eiraivov 7pa-v|rat, 29a ofjb&s 8' ey^Lprjreov. 
 
 J \ ,\ ,. y 53fc ' </ A / s \ ; /j\ 5 / 
 
 ov yap av Kakw<$ e^ot ei, on TeXect)9 avrjp a<yauo$ 676- 
 
 51 ^ v '^ x / A / 54b ' / 23 
 
 V6TO, Old TOVTO OVO [JiiOV(JL)V aV TVy^CiVOL TTCilV(jOV. 
 
 2. Trepl jJiev ovv ewyeveias avrov TL av TLS /nel^ov KCLL tca\- 
 
 d<f) e 
 KCLL TOVTOLS ov/c ISicoTais aX\' IK /Bao~i\ea)v 
 
 n ^ *- K > v v 5 c^ N / > v 
 
 paaiXevcriv ; o. aXXa ^v ovoe ravrr) 7 av T 
 
 / , /i 29a >Vf /o -v / / 43b 
 
 Karafjie/jLYacrUaL avrovs 039 paaL\evov<jL fjiev, 
 Se T?79 67riTV%ovo'r)S' ttXX coairep TO 76^09 avrcov 
 i/jLorarov, ovrco KOI r) 7roX^9 Z^ 
 
 f/ ' c^ / 25 / 'A ^ > f 
 
 ware ov cevrepcov Trpoorevovcnv, aXX ^76- 
 
 The worth of the kingly race is shown by the permanence of the 
 monarchy in Sparta. 
 
 4. T'rjSe 76 fir)v Kal Koivy afyov eTraivecrai rr]v re 
 irarptSa KOL 70 761/09 avrov' rf re 7ap TroXis ov^enrwrroTe 
 rou 23 TrpOTeTifArjcrOai avrovs eTre^e^p^cre Kara- 
 
 N J^ r/ /-) -\ " '^ ' 
 
 7 ?^ avTcov, OL re pacr4A69 ovoe7ro)7TOT 
 ) e<f> olcnrep ef p%^9 TT?Z/ ftacn- 
 
AGESILAUS CROSSES INTO ASIA. 
 
 \eiav 7rape\a/3ov, roiyapovv a\\7j fjbev ovSe/jaa ap^rj 
 <f>avepd ear i Siayeryevrj/jievr} 5 aSiacnraaros ovre SIJ/AO- 
 icparia ovre o\iyap%ia ovre rvpavvls ovre ftacriXela' avrr/ 
 Se jiovr SiaJievei, awes ftacriXeia. 
 
 The personal merit which gained him the kingdom. 
 
 5r//-> N v v v <* 52a v. * 
 
 . J29 76 fjiriv Kai irpiv apgcu afw rr]$ 
 
 elvai '^ly^cr/Xao? rdSe ra 5a> o-Tjfjiea. eTre jap 
 cov eTeXevrtjcrev, epiaavrwv 
 viov, 
 
 to? Apxi&/jiov, Kpivacra r) TroXis ve7ruc\r)TOTepov 
 'A<yr)ai\aov KOL TO> yevei a KCU ry apery TOVTOV 
 ^acr^Xea. 581 Kairoi TO ev TTJ Kpariarrj 7rd\ei 
 VTTO ro)v dpiaToov KpiBevra rov Ka\\t(TTOv 7e/)ft)9 28a 
 aia)6r}vai TTOICOV en reK/jiTjplcop 2 a TrpoaSelrai, TT)S 76 
 Trpiv ap%ai avrov ap 
 
 Soon after his accession he volunteers to cross over into Asia, and 
 to assume the offensive against the Persian forces, so as to 
 secure Greece from invasion. 
 
 6. f/ Oaa 76 p/!]v ev TTJ /3aaL\ia SieTrpdgaro** vvv T^TI 
 airo yap TWV ep<ya)v teal TOU9 rpoTrov? avrov 
 ecrecrdai. A<yrjcri\ 
 
 -\ / .23 V rsV V 
 
 a(Ti\ia<$ apTi be OV 
 
 avrov ev rrj ap^y, e^rjyjeXdrj y8acr^X6U9 o Tlepawv ddpol- 
 f&)z^ 43c KOL vavriKov /cal rre^oi) Tro\v arpdrev/jia 0)9 eirl 
 rov 9 EXXrjva^' 7. flovXevo/uLevcov Se rrepi rovrwv Aa/ceSai- 
 KOL rwv avfji/jLaxcov, 'A<yrjo-i\ao$ vrrecrrrj, edv 
 avro) rpidicovra fjuev ^rrapriarwv, $i(T'%i\iov<$ Se 
 t9, et9 e%aKio-'xi\iovs 8e TO avvrayua rwv CTV/A- 
 V, Bia/3r]crGrOai 43a ' 6^9 TIJV *Aaiav Kal rreipdcreaOai 
 av 7ro\/jLeiv PovXyrai o / 
 
HIS DEALINGS WITH TISSAPHERNES. 
 
 da")(p\iav avTw irape^eiv o-TpaTeveiv* ejri rou? ff 
 8. ev9v<$ fjuev ovv 7ro\\ol TTOLVV ^ydcrOrjaav avro TOVTO TO 
 eTridvfji'fja-ai,, eTrei&r) 6 Ilepcrrjs Trpdadev e7rl TTJV ( E\\dSa 
 SiejSi), avTi&ia$r\va>i eV CLVTOV, TO re alpelcrdai eTnovra 1 
 /ua\\ov rj VTrofjievovra (Jid^ecr6aL avr&>, fcal TO Ta/cewov 
 SaTravwvTa fiov\ecr9ai paXXov 77 TCU TWV ^EXkjv&v TroXe- 
 pelv, KoXkicrTov Se TTCLVTWV e/cptvTO fjurj irepl rtj? 
 d\\a Trepl r^? 'Acrlas TOV dywva 
 
 
 Tissaphernef treachery and Agesilaus* good faith. 
 
 9> T7i v v 'v r>^ 581) v / 
 
 . EiTTCL ye jjbriv \apcov TO <TTpaTV/jia 
 
 av Tfc? crafyecTTepov 7rt,8eit;etv 5 c o>9 ecrTpaTriyrjo'ev rj el 
 $Lrjyrio'ai,To a eirpa^ev ; 10. ev TOLVVV TYJ ' ACT la ^fSe 
 7rpai$ 5 eyeveTO* Tio-aa^epvr]^ fjuev &fjuocrev 'Ayrj- 
 
 ^ / 16 ' - / / ^ /I 52 A / 48 v 
 
 (7i\aa), 66 (nreKTCiiTO ea>? e\voiev of? Tre/ji^jreie Trpos 
 ftaaiXea dyye^ovs, SiaTTpd^ecrdaL avT&) dfadfjvat, 29 * avTO- 
 vd/jiovs 5 ra9 ev Trj 'Aria ird\ei? e E\\7jvt$as, 
 8e dvToo/jLoae crTTOi/Sa? a^Az/ 43a aSoXo)?, opicr/jievos 
 Trpdgecos r/0669 /Arjvas. 11. o /jbevSr} Tia-aafyepvi]? a wjji 
 evOvs e^evcraTO. dwri yap TOV elprivrjv irpaTTeiv crTpd- 
 TTO\V Trapd /3a<nXea>9 irpos co 4a TrpdcrOev el^e /xere- 
 'Ayr}cri\ao$ Se tcaiirep aio-Odfjievos 58 * Tavra 
 
 VfJUW T-CLIS (TTTOV^al^^ 12. e/Jiol OVV TOVTO TTpWTOV 
 
 KaKov Sofcel SiaTrpd^acrOat, 290 OTL Ticrcrafyepwriv jjbev e/jL<pa- 
 VLcra^ ejriopKOv aTTicrTov Traaiv eiroirjo-ev, eavTov S CLVT- 
 e7TioeL%a<$ Trpo&Tov fiiev opfcov? e/xTreSoO^ra, 430 eireiTa crvvOrj- 
 Kas n/r\ tyevSofjuevov, TravTas eTroirjcre /cai, E\\r]vas tcai 
 /3ap/3apov<$ dappovvTas crvvTiOeaOaL eavTtp, ei TL /3ov\oi,TO. 
 
 Tissaphernes declares war. 
 
 13. 'Eml Se fjbe'ya ^>/5o^cra9 58a " f o Twcra<f>epviis eirl TW 
 icaTa/3dvTi aTpaTevjJLari irpoelTrev 'AyrjcriKdw 1 * 
 
TISSAPHERNES OUTWITTED. 
 
 } \ > / 53 e ' * ' A / fXi/ A-v ' v 
 
 66 yU-?7 WTTiOl 6K T^9 A(TiaS, OL /jiGV aX\Ol O"V/Ji/iia^OL Kai 
 
 AaKeSaifjiovlcw ol Trapovres fjiaKa a^OeaOevres <j)avepol 
 eyevovro, vojJii^ovre^^ /jueiova TTJV Trapov&av Svva/juiv 5 
 ' } A.<yi]G i,\aq> T?79 /3a(TL\ecos TrapacrKevrjs elvai* AyrjcriXaos 
 
 ry\ /'/rv^^ / 5a' ^-v m 
 
 06 fjici\a (paiopo) TO> TTpocrwTrq) aTrayyeiKau TO) 1 LCT- 
 
 V 43b f/ 3 / 58f 3 N v -v / v /I v ' 
 OT6 67T6Op/C7]Cra9 ttUT09 yU/eZ/ 7TO\/JLLOV^ TOL>9 C76OU9 
 
 , TO69 
 
 Tissaphernes is put on a false scent and outwitted. 
 14. e/c Be TOVTOV evOvs 70^9 
 
 > A *. . / 9'i ^/l /58b'^rr/ 
 
 669 9 avcvy/crj r\v cKpiKveiauai (7Tparevofjiei>ti) ejri, Kapi,a 
 
 a<yopav 
 
 avrov 
 
 ''E(f)(rOV TOU9 CTVO'TpaTVO-OlJieVOVS. 50a ' 15. O 
 
 (Ta<pepvr)$, Kal on ITTTTIKOV ov/c el%V 5 6 A<yrjcrt\ao$, r) 8e 
 Kapia acJHTTTros TJV, Kal on yyeiro avrov opy^eaOa^' 1 
 avra> i6 &ia T7]v aTrdTTjv, rat ovn vo^iaa^ 7rl rov avrov 
 ol/cov 6^9 Kapiav opiJir^creLV avrov, TO fjuev Trefoz/ ajrav 5 
 St,e/3i(3ao'v e/celcre, TO 8e ITTTTLKOV 669 TO MacdvSpov 
 Trepiriyaye, vofjui^wv l/cavo? 9 elvai KaraTrarrjcraL rr) 
 TOU9 f EXkrjvas TTpuv 6^9 Ta SvaiTTTra afyiKeaBai. 16. o 
 dvn rov 7rl Kapiav levai 30 evdvs dv 
 
 67T6 tfrpwyias CTropevero' KOL rs re ev rrj Trope a aTrav- 
 
 rjye /cat, Ta9 7ro\669 /car- 
 
 CTTp(f)TO Kai 
 
 Xprujuara e\a/3e. 17. orrpaTTjytfcbv ovv Kal TOVTO 
 Si,a7rpdt~ao-0ai, on 7rel 7rd\e/jios 7Tpoeppri07j 52 Kal TO ef- 
 aTrarav ocriov re Kai BiKaiov e eKeivov eyevero, TralSa 
 aTreSei^e rov Ticro-acfrepvrjv ry d r rrdr r r]^ Q ' (frpovljuays 8e Kal 
 TOU9 $l\ov$ evravda eSoe 
 
AGESILAUS' LIBERALITY AND CLEMENCY. 
 
 Agesilaus looks to his friend^ interest in the sale of the spoil. 
 
 18. '.ETret yap Sea TO TroXXa ^pru^ara l\,r)<f)9cu 30 
 dvTiTTpotfca TO, TravTa eTrcoXerro, a Tol$ fjikv </>/Xo9 TrpoeliTev 
 
 ' ~ /i 44 ' v </ n / 43b ' v /i /-v 
 
 (aveicruai, eiTrcav OTL KaTapr](Tot,TO CTTI, uaKarrav ev 
 
 / v ' ' .58f v C^ x <v i /^ 
 
 Ta^ei TO crrparev/jia /caraycov TOU? oe \a<pvpo7ra)\a<; 
 
 /ce\evcr ypacfro/jievovs oTrocrov 253 " n Trpiaivro irpoteadai ra 
 
 / </ ' C> N -\ / 58f I /^. >r> 
 
 Xprifjuara. eocrre ovoev TrporeKecravTes 01, <pi\oi avrov 
 ovSe TO Srj/jLocriov /3Xai/raz/T69 Traz/re? 7ra/jL7f\7jd7j ypTy^ara 
 
 v-v/-)49a ir^ v o. v f / 5 '-v f ' v v 
 
 e\apov. iy. er^ oe ovrore avTopoXoi, co? 6^^:09 TT^OO? 
 pacriXea IOVTZS ^prj/jiaTa e9e\oiev ' b vcfrriyeicrOai,, Koi 
 
 5 A < c> v A. t^. / 50 e </ c/ 
 
 TavTa 7T/^e\TO co? ota TCL>Z^ <pi\,cov akicncoiTO, OTTO)? ayu,a 
 , ctfjia Se evBo^oTepoi ^/L^VOLVTO. Sia 
 
 His clemency towards his enemies, and dislike of harsh measures. 
 
 20. TuyvtoO'icwv 8' OTL TI /jiev TropOov/jLevrj 32 ' KOL eprj- 
 ov/c av $vvaiTO 5Zc TroKvv *)(povov u * <7Tpa- 
 
 (pepetv, rj 8' oifcov/jLevr] /juev (TTreLpo/^evTj Se devaov av 
 Tyv Tpo(j>r)v 5 irape^ot,, eire/jueXeTO ov JJLOVOV TOV /3la ^ei- 
 pov(70ai Z3 TOU9 evavTiovs, d\\a KOL TOV 
 TrpocrayecrOai. 21. tccu TrdXKaias yu-ez/ Trporjyopeve 
 TOU9 d\iorKO^vov^ /Jirj a 609 
 
 i, aXX' co9 av6 pwtrovs OV 
 
 oiTO, el aicr9oiTO KaTa\\6t,/j(,/jLeva 
 rrapa e^'jropdov, a vroXXoi eiroi^ovv Sid TO vop,l%ew 
 fjurj SwacrOai av (pepeiv avTa /eat, Tpefaw, eTreyLteXero Kai 
 
 ' ff tcf /50e OO * & 5 1 (\ v 
 
 TOVTCOV O7Tft)9 (7VyKO/Jii^OiVTO 7TOI. <4<4. T069 O OV OLa 
 
 
 
 /jLe\eio-9ai avT&v, co9 yi67]Te VTTO KVVWV n^f\0 VTTO \VKCOV 
 ov JJLOVOV ot 8a 7rvv9avojuivoL 
 B 9 
 
HOW TO GET TOGETHER A CAVALRY FORCE. 
 
 a\\d Kal avrol 01 aXidKo^voi evfjuevels avT<x> eyiyvovTO. 
 O7rocra.9 Se TroXet? Trpoo-dyoiTO,^ d(f>aip)v aurcov oo~a 
 
 vTrrjperovcri Trpoo-erarTev oaa e\ev0epoi 
 TreiOovrau' Kal TWV Kara tcpdro^ dva\u>TQ)v 
 
 / 21 b ^ -\ 
 
 rrj (p/JXavupcoTria VTTO 
 
 How Agesilaus provided himself with cavalry. 
 
 23. 'Ewei /jievToi, ova ra TreS^a ovSe. ev TTJ $pvyia 
 eSvvaro crrpareveo-Oai, Sia rr)v <&apvaj3dov iTnreiav, e&oj;ev 
 avru) ITTTTLKOV Karao-Kevao-reov^ elvai, co? pfj SpaTrerevovra 
 7ro\/Jieiv Seot avrov. rovs /jiev ovv irXova-iwrdrovs e/c 
 iracrwv rcov eicel TroXecaz^ 2 iTnroTpofyelv 2 **' fcare\^e. 24. 
 Be, oar^ Trape^oiro^ 'LTTTTOV /col O7r\a KOI avbpa 
 
 fJc-/ 43b'^ v 62 ' /l v 
 
 ov, ft)? egecroiTO avro) /JUT] arparevecruaC K,ai 
 
 ovrcos eicaa-rov 7rpo9vjj,a)$ ravra Trparreiv 
 wcnrep av rt9 TOV vrrep avrov aTroOavovfjievov 
 
 54b >/ $- ^ N ^ /A 5 - ? ^ / 48 N 
 
 era^e oe Kau 7roXe9 ef w^ oeot T0t>9 
 iv, vo^i^v e/c ro)^ (,7r7roTpo(f)(*)v TroXewz/ ev0vs 
 KOI (j)pov7]/JiaTia$ fjbd\Krra av eirl rrj iinrucfg yevecrdai 
 Kai TOUT OL'^ ayacrrco^ eSo^e Trpa^ai OTL Kareo-fcevaaro TO 
 ITTTTLKOV avrco KOI evOij? eppwfjuevov r\v /cat evepyov. 
 
 Gathering and training of the army at Ephesus. How Agesilans 
 stirred the enthusiasm of his soldiers. 
 
 OC'^ V ^ VJ '' f ft 52 / v ' 
 
 <&O. eireicr) oe ea^ VTrecpawe, crvvrjyaye Trav TO crTpa- 
 revjjua et9 Efiecrov' aaKricrai Se avTO /3ov\ojj,evo$ a6\a 
 7rpov9rjfce Kdi Tat9 nnrucals Ta^earuv, rjTi,? 
 
 40b V ^ f N n. f/ 3f 
 
 i, KOLI TCLIS OTr\iTLKa^ y r/T^9 api&Ta 
 /cat Tre\Ta(TTal<$ Se /cal TOOT<W a9\a TrpovOrjtcev, 
 KpaTia-Toi Ta 7TpO(rr)fcovTa epya 13 <f>atvot,VTO. e/c 
 TOVTOV Se Traprjv opav 293 " TO, jjukv yu/j,vd(Ti,a 5 I^GCT 
 v, TOV Se i7nroSpo/ji,ov l7nrea)v iT 
 
PREPARATIONS FOR THE ADVANCE. 
 /juevcov, TOVS Be dicovTicrras /col TOU? ro%oras eirl 
 
 < ' r>/3 '*' N v rf -\ N f^ > $ 9 
 
 ievra$. <&O. a^iav oe KCLU 0X771; TJ}V iroKiv ev rj i]v 
 
 f/ \ 5 V N/5 *~ V 
 
 rj re jap ayopa fjuecrrri rjv TravTooaTrwv KCLI, 
 a /cal ITTTTCOV wvlcov, ol re %d\fcoru7roi Koi ol re/c- 
 teal ol criSrjpeis Kal (T/cvrels fcal ypafals Trdvre? 
 v' wcrre rr) 
 
 epyacrrrjpiov 
 
 S av r^9 Karcelvo tSw^ 580 'Ayr]arl\aov p\v irpwrov, 
 8e Kal row aXXou? o-rpanwras ea-r^avw^evov^ re OTTOI; 
 
 5 \ ^ / V 40b VI /] / v 
 
 a?ro ruv yv/jLVCKTicov uoiev, tcai avanvevras rou? 
 ^ 'AprefJbibi. OTTOV yap avSpe? Oeovs fjukv c 
 
 a Be acr/coiev, ireiOap^iav Se fjie\er<pev, 
 evravOa Travra u,ecrra e\7rlScov a ayaOoov elvai 
 
 He makes them feel contempt for their foes by a strange device. 
 
 28. f Hyov/j,evos Se fcal TO Karafypovelv rcov Tro 
 riva e/jL/3a\e2v rrpos TO /ma^eaOa^ irpoeiire 
 TOU9 VTTO rcov \r)(Tr)V d\icricoijbvov$ 
 yv/j,vov<$ 5 ircoXeiv. opwvre? ovv ol crrpancorai \ev/cov$ IJL\V 
 a TO /mrjSeTTore e/cSuecrOcu* TT 'iovas Se KCLI CLTTOVOVS Sia 
 TO del eTT o^rjfjbarcop elvai, evojjuarav itri&ev Sioio-eiv rov 
 
 /, ,\ 5 j.\ PX / 55, 37 a / / " ^ v x 
 
 7ro\e/juov T) et yvvaify beoi, p^a^ecruai. irpoeiTre oe KCLI 
 rovro T069 <rrpart,(t)rai<$ 0)9 6^1)9 ^r\(TOiTo ryv (rvvrofjLco- 
 rdrqv 10 eTrl ra Kpdncrra T^9 ^copo-9, 25 OTTCOS avrodev avru) 
 ra orwfjuara /ecu rr]v yvai/JLrjv rrapao'Keva^oivro o>9 aywvuov- 
 
 /Jievoi. 50 * 
 
 The advance upon Sardis. 
 
 29. '0 fjbzvroi Ticrcrafyepvris ravra fj^ev evofjuicre 
 
 7rd\w /3ov\o/juevov egaTrarfjcrai,, ek Kapiav Se vvv 
 TGO oz^Tt e/JL/3a\eiv. rd re ovv Tre^ov a /cadajrep TO rrpo(rdev 
 et9 Kapiav 8te/3/ySao-e, /cat TO ITTTTLKOV 669 TO MaiavSpov 
 TreS/oz; Karecrrrjcrev. 6 Se 'Ayrja-iXaos ov/c e^evcraro, a\\ 
 
THE BATTLE OF SARDIS. 
 
 wcrirep Trpoeiirev evdvs Girl rov ^ap$iavbv TOTTOV e^c^prjore, 
 Kal rpels fikv ^/xe^a9 14a Si epTj/julas 7roXe/^W 26a iropevo- 
 
 TToXXa ra t'mrri'oeia rr) crrpana Trapefye* rrj Se 
 rerdpry qpepa*** %KOV ol rwv 7roXe/uW iTTTret?. 30. Kai 
 Tft) /Jiev ap'XpvTi rcov cr/cevotpopcov eiTrev 6 r^efjuwv biaftavTi** 
 rov IlaKrcoXov Trora^oz/ orraroTre^eveaOa^ avrol $e 
 
 /ca0 dpiraffflv vroXXovs avr&v aTre/creLvav. 
 
 Finding the enemy unprepared, he gives them battle, and takes 
 their camp. He then marches on Sardis. 
 
 AicrOo/jievos Se 6 'Ayqcr /Xaos fioqOeiv** e/ce^evo-e rov$ 
 iiTTreas. ol tf av Tllpaai ft>9 elSov rrjv ftoriOeiav, qdpoicr- 
 Orjcrav K&l avrtTrapera^avro TrafJLTrXtfOzo'l rwv iiriretov 
 Ttt'ecw. 19a 31. v6a Srj o 'Ayrjo-iXaos yiyvtoo-Kwv on TOL? 
 
 \ ^ / V / 43lJ v <* / > ~i7 ^ 1^ 
 
 eV 7TO\ [ALOIS OV7TCO TTapeiV) TO TTG^OV, dUTO) O OVOGV 
 
 TWV irapecncevacr^vwv, Kdipov rjyricraTo /jid%rjv 
 ai^ et, &VVCLITO. o-fya<yia<rap,evo<$ ovv rrjv /JLCV 
 <f>d\ayya evOvs riyev eirl rovs dvnrera^fjbevov^ ivrTrea?, etc 
 Se TWV o7r\LTct)v Ke\Vcr TO, &e/ca a(f) r//3?79 Oelv o/jiocre 
 auro69, 16 T069 Se 7reXra(7Ta"69 elvre Spo/mto v$ri<yei(jQai' 
 TraprtyyeiXe Se /col ro?9 iTTTrevcnv efj,ftd\\eiv, 9 avrov re 
 Kal TravTos rov a-TparevfJiaros eVo/^eVou. 2 32. rou9 f^ev 
 Brj iTTTreas eBe^avro ol aryaOoi rcov Heoff&v eireiS?] Se 
 afjLa Trdvra ra Setz^a vraprjv eir avrovs, eveic\ivav 3 KOL ol 
 IJLZV avratv ev6v$ ev Tea TrorafJiU) eirscrov, OL Se a\\oi 
 efavyov. ol Se f/ E\\rjv$ eTTOftevoi aipovat, Kal TO crrparo- 
 TreSoz^ avrwv. KOL ol fjiev Trehracrrai, oycnrep t,/co$ ecj) 
 dpTrayrjv erplirovro^ o Se 'Ayrjcrfaaos e%a)v /cv/c\o) 
 Trdvra Kal fyiKia Kal TroXe/^ta Trepteo-rparoTreSevo-aro. 
 33. W9 Se j^Kovae rovs 7ro\6fjuov<$ raparrecrOac Sta TO 
 alriao-dac d\\ri\ov<; rov yeyewrj/jievov, 26 * evdvs rjyev ejrl 
 
 12 
 
SUCCESS OF AGESILAU& POLICY. 
 
 He gives liberty to the Asiatic Greeks. 
 Kdtcei afjia jmev e/caie KOL eiropGet, rd Trepl TO a<rri;, 8a 
 
 ^ x v ' 19a >?> A. x v '-x /i / 26a 
 
 oe KCLI Krjpvy/jiaTi eorfXov Tot>9 p.ev e\evvepias 
 
 &>9 77/009 av jjbp.a^ov avrbv Trapelvai** el Se rtz/69 
 ' ' Aa Lav eavroov 21 TTOIOVVTCU, 77/009 TOU9 eXevOepovvras 
 ev OTf\ot,s nrapelvai. 34. eirei parrot 
 TO CITTO TOVTOV a ecrTpareveTO, 
 
 nrpoaOev Trpovtcvvelv ^EXX^^pa^ dvay/cao/jievovs 
 opaiv Tifjiw/jLevovs vcf) &v vftpi^ovTo, TOV$ S' a^iovvra^ fcal 
 Ta9 TWV 0cov T^a9 fcapTTOVo-Oat,? 9 * TOVTOV? 
 dvTi/3\7riv 22d TO 69 r/ E\\r](7L SvvaaOcu, KCLI TJ]V 
 <f)iXc0v X^pav dSrjwrov 12 irape^wv, rr)v Be rwv 
 ovro) KapTTov/jievos ware ev Bvoiv erolv ifXeov TWV 
 rdXavrcov TCO Oecp ev AeX^ol? SeKairiv dnrodvaai. 
 
 Execution of Tissaphernes. Effect of Agesilaus* conciliatory 
 policy. His patriotism. 
 
 35. *O fJievroi Tlepawv /SacriXevs, vo/jilo-a 
 elvat, rov /ca/ca)$ (fre'peo-OaL 21 ra eavrov, 
 
 aTrerefJiev avrov rr^v K(f)d\rii>. pera Se 
 TCL jjiev TWV fiappdpwv en dOvfjbOTepa e^/evero^ rd 
 $e 'A<yrj(7iXdov TroXu eppfD^evearepa. airo Trdvrwv yap 
 TWV eOvwv eTTpeo-fievovro Trepl <pi\tas, 7ro\\ol Se /cal 
 d^Lcrrapro 77/009 CLVTOV, opeydfAevoi T^9 e\ev9epia<s? ware 
 ov/ceri * EXXrjvcDv 25 povov d\\d KCU /3ap/3dpcov 7ro\\a)v 
 
 49 
 
 rjv o 
 
 36. A%idv ye ILI^V KCU ewrevOev vTrep/SaXXovrcos ayacrOai, 
 avrov, 23 ocm? ap^oyv fjuev irajJLTroKkwv^ ev ry rjireipu* 
 iroXecov, ap^wv Se KOL vr\<jwv, eirel /cdl TO vavntcov 
 Trpoari^rev avrd) 16 rj 7ro\t9, avl;avofJivos Be KCLL evicKeiq 
 KOL Svvdjjbei, Trapov 61 8' avra> 7roXXot9 KCLI arya6ol<$ 
 o,Ti 13 e{3ov\ero, 77/009 Be TOVTOIS TO ^ey 
 
AGES I LA US IS RECALLED. 
 
 fcal eX7r/ft>z/ KaraKvcreiv^ 3 ' rr)v eirl TT^V 
 arparevaao-ap Trporepov apyr\vf OffcO)? UTr' 41 ovSevo? 
 TOVTCOV e/cparrid'rjj aXX ? eTreiSr) rjXBev avru) CLTTO TWV Oifcoi 
 T\a)v 8 /Borjffeiv rfi TrarplSi, eTreiOero ry TroXet ovSev &ia- 
 
 i / A ' ' ' / v '54b f v / 
 
 (pepovTcos 7] i ev TQ> efyopeiu* eTV^ev ecrrrj/co)^ [Jiovos 
 Trapa rov$ Trevre, /jia\a i>$r]\ov TTOIWV o>9 ovre av Traaav 
 Tr]v <yr\v Se^airo 67a avri TTJS Trarp/So? ovre TOU? 7riKT7)Tovs 
 avrl TWV ap%air*)v <$>L\WV ovre aiayjpa KCLI aKiv^vva /cepSrj 
 p,a\\ov rj /jLera KIV&VVWV Ta KaKa KCLL bc/cata. 37. bcrov 
 
 ye fjurjv ^povov eiri TT apXV e /^^^z/ 7rco9 ov/c 
 
 /3acrL\ec*)s Kal TOVT p<yov eVeSe/^aro, oaris 51 7rapa\a/3a)v 
 
 TO Ta? TToX^rea? K,wr\r)VQ,l> } ee 
 e\7]%av, eTroirjcrev war avev (frvyrjs /col Oavarwv ew 
 7rapr)v 52c O/JLOVOWS Tro'Kirevop.eva^ /cal evBai/Jiovas ra? 5 
 $LaT\ecrai ; 38. roiyapovv 01 ev ry Aaiq 
 v% 9 ap^ovro^ JJLOVOV aXXa m ft>9 Trarpos Kal 
 eraipov CLTTLOVTOS avrov 21 \VTTOVVTO. Kal TeXo9 eSriXcocrav 
 QTL ov TrXacrT^ a TTJV <j)L\iav Trapei^ovro. edeXovcrioi <yovv 
 afTcS avveftoridrjorav Ty AaKe^aijjLovh, Kal ravra 
 GTI ov xelpoffW** eawrwv SerfO-oL fia^ecrOaL. TWV p<\ 
 ev rrj 'Aaiq Trpd^ecov 8 rovro re\os eyevero. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 AGES I LA US IN EUROPE. 
 
 The homeward march ; he is attacked by the Thessalians. 
 
 1. Aiaftas e TOP f .EXX?]cr7roz'Toz' eTropevero 8ta raw 
 avrwv eOvwv wvTrep 6 Hepari<$ TW Tra/jLTrXijOel crroXftr Kai 
 eviavcnav o$ov o {3ap/3apo$ e7roir\o'a r ro i 
 
 
HE BEATS THE THESSALIAN CAVALRY. 
 
 vl Karr)vvo-v o AyrjaiXaos. ov jap &>9 
 irarpiSos TTpoeOvuelro. 2. 7Tfi Se e^a/jiei'^ras Mcuce- 
 Soviav et9 OerrdXlav a<piKro, Aapiaaloi fjiev icai Kpav- 
 Kai SKorovacraioi Kai <frapcra\ioi ava/jLa^oi ovres 
 Kai Travres 8e erraXot 7r\r)v bcroi avrwv 
 
 / V 59 ' / > / "? > i 
 
 rore ovres ^rv^yavov^ e/ca/covpyovv ovroi 
 
 o Se reco? fjiev r)<yev ev 7r\aiai(p TO arpdrevfj.a, 
 
 e TT ovpav 
 
 ^ f / 5 V <N? 5 /^ ^ / 24 ' ^ t 
 
 ro)v iTrTrecov eirei o eicwXvov T^S iropeias avrov 01 
 OerraXol l.'niTiQ^evoi rois OTTiaOev, 15 TrapaTre/jiTrei ITT 
 ovpav Kai TO anro TOV TTpo^yov/JLevov 
 
 LTTTTLKOV 7T\r)V TO)V 1& 7Tpl aVTOV. 3. ft>9 
 
 aXX^Ao^v, OL IJLCV OerraXo^ vo^iaavTe^ OVK ev Ka\a> 
 
 9 V V ' -. / ' r> 29C 
 
 eivai Trpos TOU9 07rA^Ta9 iTrTroaa^eiVy 
 /3d$r]v aTre^ajpovv' ol 8e fjiaXa aoHppovais e 
 
 Agesilaus sees his advantage, and by a brisk charge puts them to 
 flight. His delight at beating the best cavalry in Greece. 
 
 e o ' AryrjaiXaos a e/cdrepoi Tj^apravov Trapa- 
 TOU9 aacj) avrov yLtaX' evpcocrrovs iTTTreas, Kai 
 vei T069 re aXXo^9 TrapayyeXXeiv** Kai avrovs ^iwKeiv 
 Kara KpaTo? Kai u7]Ken 62& Sovvai avTol? dvao-Tpofav. 
 ol Se 0TTd\ol 9 elbov irapa &o%av eXavvovras, c oi uev 
 avroov ouS' dvecrrpeiffav, ol Be Kai avaarpe<f)iv Treipa)- 
 Xa7/ou9 5 eypvres 701)9 67T7TOU9 rj\MrKOVTO. 4. IIoXv- 
 uevroi 6 <f>apcrd\io<$ iTTTrap^cov avearpetye re Kai 
 avv TO69 dacj) avrov* & aTroOvr^Kei. 0)9 Se 
 TOUTO eryevero, <j)v<yr) <yi<yveTXi e^aicna* &a6 oi uev aTre- 
 6vr]o~Kov a ' avrctiv, ol Se Kai ^covres faicrKOVTO. earrjaav o 
 ovv ov Trpoadev Trplv 7rl T<V opei ra> NapOaKtq* eyevovro. 
 5. Kai rore fjiV 8^ 6 'AyyaiXaos rpoTraiov re 
 Upavrb^ Kai NapGaKiow Ktii aurov 
 
PREPARING FOR BATTLE. 
 
 fjia\a rfio/Jievos TCO epyco, 19 *' on, rou9 
 
 6(f) LTTTTLKy VVlK7]Kl, (TVV CO * ttfTO? 
 
 TTJ S' vaTpata 9c vTrep/BdXXcov ra * AyalKa rrjs <&6ias opij 
 Tr]V \oL7rrjv r/Brj Traaav* 3 $ta (friXias eiropevOri ei<$ ra Boiw- 
 TWV opia. 
 
 How he prepared for the battle of Coronea. 
 
 6. 'Evravda Srj avTiTeray/jievovs evpcov @r]/3atov$, 
 AOrjvawvs, Apyeiovs, KopivOiovs, Aivicuvas, Evftoeas /cat 
 AoKpovs ajmtyorepovs, ov^ev e/^eA-X^crei/, aXX ; e/c rov 
 * dvTnrape.TaTTe, AaKe^ai^ovioDV fjuev e^cov fjuopav 
 v, TWV S avroOev ov^a^wv <f>a)/ceas KCU Op'Xp- 
 fjiovov?, TO T aXXo arparev/jia OTrep rjyayero auro?. 
 
 7v > -N /$- 50a *' < -N v v '-N / 
 
 . KCLI, ov TOVTO \e!~(x)v ep^ojJbai o)9 TTO\V jjuev ekarrovs 
 
 eipovas e^tov O/JLCO^ (Tvveftahev et jap ravra 
 A<yr)cri\aov r av uoi, SOKCO cuppova aTr 
 Kal ejJLawrov jjbtopov, ei eTraivoirjv TOV Trepl TCOV 
 elKTj KivSvvevovTa* d\\a /Jia\\ov ratf avrov aya/uai OTL 
 o? T ovSev peiov rj TO T&V 7ro\ejjiio)v^ TrapecrKevd- 
 
 re ouro)9 &>9 airavTa [Jbkv ^dX/cov, 
 Se (froiviKa (fiaivecrOai' 8. 67re/A\r)6'rj S 6770)9 ol 
 
 eve f jr\ f r]0'e Se KOL 
 /cavol elez/ 50 77/509 
 
 Seoi, ^a^ecrdaL' Ti Se fyiKoveiKiav eve/3a\e 7rpo9 
 TOL<$ /ACT avTOv OTTCOS e/cao-TOi avTcov apicrToi 
 . \7rl$c0v 76 fjuriv irdvTas eveirK^crev ft>9 Tracn 
 
 > /5 Vj/ 43b'v<> 5 /l v / / 
 
 /cajaua eaoLTO, i avope? ajauoi ryi^voiVTO, VO/JLI- 
 
 K TCOV TOLOVTCOV avOpGOTTOVS TTpoOvfJLOTaTa 
 
 Q. KCLI ^noi OVK eevaOr}. 
 
 Battle of Coronea; the first engagement. 
 
 Se Kal TTJV /jLafflv tcai <ydp eyevero 
 OVK, aAX?7 TCOV e<f) rj/Acov. crvvrjeaav fiev <ydp ei9 
 
 16 
 
THE BA TTLE OF CORONEA. 
 
 Kopwveiav ireBiov* ol aev o~vv ) Ayr]o-/,\d(D 8a ' diro TOV 
 KIJ^LCTOV, ol Be avv TOIS Qrj/3atois avro TOV ' 
 ecopcov Be rd$ re (f>a\ayya$ a\\rj\cov ud\a l 
 o"%e$ov Be Kal ol liTTrels rjcrav eKarepwv iao7r\r)9eis. 
 Be 6 'AyrjcriXaos uev TO Segibv TOV ^0 eavTOv, 
 jjuevtoi Se ecr^aToi rjcrav avTO) TOV evaivv/uov. ol S' av 
 07]/3a1ot, avTol jjiev Sefyol rjcrav, ' Apyeloi $ aVTols TO evd)- 
 WfJiov etyov. 10. (jvviovTWV Se Tea)? l^zv ai<yr) 7ro\\r) 
 j]V aTC djiji<f)OT6pa)v rjvifca Be airel'xpv aXkrjkwv 2 * ocrov 
 (TTabiov, d\a\d%avTes ol 0rj/3a1oi Spo/^a) a OfjLoae etyepovTo. 
 W9 Be Tpiaiv TL 7r\edpcov ev peaa) OVTCOV dvTe^eSpa/Aov dirb 
 T^? A<yrjcri\aov <j)a\a<y<yo$ wv c HpiTCTTi&as e^eva^ei. 
 11. rjuav S' ovTOi TCOV T e OLKOV avTO) avaTpaTevcra- 
 /jLeva)v Sa> KCLL TWV Kvpeiwv rives, /cal Jo)^9 Be Kal Alo\el$ 
 Kai EXXricTTrovTtoi e^ofjuepoi. KCLL iravTes OVTOI 
 ' Te eyevovTO /cal e^9 Bopv d^iKo/ 
 TO tcaff eavTovs. 8a> 'Apyeloi, JJLZVTOI ov/c eBe^ 
 TOU9 d/jL(j> 'AyrjcrLXaov, dX\! e^vyov eTrl TOV c E\Lfca)va. 
 
 The battle renewed. Bravery ofAgesilaus. 
 
 KdvTavda ol fjuev Tives TCOV %evcov ecrTefydvovv r^Brj TOP 
 'AyTja iXaov, ayyeXXei Be T^9 CLVTCO OTI &7]/Baloi TOVS 'Opy^o- 
 
 'i ' ^ t ( 5 /43b ^ < 
 
 aKO"yravTe<$ ev TO69 o~Kevo<popoi$ eiai. Kai o 
 
 '--x/-58f v i S-o. 9 J > ' / f ^ 
 
 eg eXtfa9 Tr\v <pa\a r yya rjyev eir avTovs* OL o 
 0)9 elBov TOU9 o-vaad^ov^ Trpos TCO ( E\iKcovL 
 * BiaTreorelv /3ov\ouevoi, Trpos TOVS eavTcov 
 e^copovv eppco/Jievw 12. evTavOa Brj 'AyyaiXaov avBpelov 
 e^eo~Tiv eljrelv dva/A^ihoycos, ov uevToi, ei\To ye Ta 
 XecTTaTa' 83 ' e^ov 61 yap avTM TrapevTi 1 T0f9 ^laTcinr- 
 eTroaevq) ^eipovo-Bai TOV$ oTTicrdev OVK eTroirfae 
 TOVTO, d\\' dvTiaeTcoTTOS avveppa^e To?9 @ f r]/3aioi,$. Kal 
 
 eco0ovvTO 9 e 
 
DEFEAT OF THE THEBANS. 
 
 aireOvrjaKov. KCU Kpavyri /jiev ovSe/jua rraprjv, ov ^v ovBe 
 aiyrj, (fxovrj Be T9 ?jv roLavrrj oiav opyrj re KCU fid^T] 
 
 f > v 54 b \ ^ ~ r\ a ' %L f ^ <z 
 
 rrapaa'xpir av. TeXo9 oe rcov (y^paiwv 01 fiev bia- 
 
 TTpOS TOV ^E^KCOVa, TTOXXoi 8' d7 
 
 His respect for the rights of sanctuary. 
 
 13. eTreiBrj Be r) jjiev VLKT) aw *A<yr]o-LXdq) eyevero, 
 TeTpco/jievos S' auro5 Trpoarjve^Gr} Trpos ir^v ifyaKa^a, 
 TrpoaeXaaavres Tives TMV LTTTTCCOV "Xeyovo-iv aimS &ft 
 TWV TroXejjiiwv oyBo-rjKovTa aw TOIS OTT\OIS VTTO TGO vaa> 
 
 ' 43 b N > / / v ^ 45, 47 f cv x / > ^. v 
 
 eiai, KCLL r/pcuTG)V TL %p?) Troieiv. o oe KaiTrep TroXXa 
 
 ' V 58d / v / c/ -v </ 
 
 rpavfjiara zywv iravToae KCLI TTCLVTOIOIS OTTAO^? OyLtft)9 
 
 3 ' ^ //) /l / 23 '-v ^ ^ 3 44 ' / r/ 
 
 OUA: 7reAttC7eTo TOV ueiov, aXK cap re airizvai OTTOL 
 /3ov\oivTO e/ceXeve KCU d^Ltcelv OVK eia^ KCLL 
 
 rou9 a^> avrov iTTTrels eare ev TM 
 
 The battle-field. Defeat of the Thebans. 
 
 14. Eirei ye /JLTJP eki)%V r) /JLa^y Traprjv* 1 Br] 6ed- 
 aaaOai ev6a awtTreaov aXX?]Xot9 16 TIJV p^ev fyrjv aifian 
 vexpovs Be Kt,/jivov<; $>i\iov$ KOI TroXe- 
 per aXX7]Xcoz^, ao"7r/8a9 Se SiareOpv/ji/jLevas, ooparA 
 eva, ey%i,pt8ia yvfjuvd /coXeciov, 2 * rd jmev %a/jLal, 
 rd S ? ev awpaai, rd &' en /jierd yelpas. 15. rore /jiev 
 ow, KOL yap r]V 77877 o^e', awe\Kvaavre<$ TOU9 rwv rro\e- 
 IJiLwv ve/cpovs elaco <f)d\a<yyos 25 eSeirrvorroiriaavro KCLL 
 ?Koi/jL7]6'r)aav t Trpwi Be TV\LV rev rroKe^ap^ov rrapa- 
 rd^au re eiceKevae TO arpdrevfia KCU rporraiov "araaOai 
 KCLI are<pavova6ai rrdvras ru> 6e) 17 KCU Tot9 av\r)rds 
 rravras av\elv. 16. KCU ol fjiev ravr erroiow" ol Be 
 ^av /cr t pvKa, viroarrovSovs rov$ 
 
 18 
 
CAPTURE OF PEIRAEUM. 
 
 Oatyai. Kal OVTCO &r) al re aTcov^al <ylyvovrat, 
 Kal 6 Ayr]ai\aos oitca& aTreywpei, eXouevos avri TOV 
 ue<yio-TOS* elvai ev TT; 'Aaia OLKOI TCL vdptfia** /jJev apyew, 
 Ta vo/jLi/jia Se 
 
 The Corinthian campaign. He takes the Long Walls, and by 
 stratagem obtains possession of Peiraeum. 
 
 17. EK e TOVTOV KaTavor^oa^ rot'9 'Ap<yelov$ ra 
 OIKOI KapTTOVjuLevov??* KopwOov 8e 7rpocrei\' 
 
 Se TW TroXeyuw 16 arparevei ITT airovs. Kal 
 
 iraaav avrwv Tr}v av 7 ? e/ceev vTreaXav Kara 
 
 ra areva el$ Kopiv6ov alpel ra eVi TO Aeyaiov 
 Tei^rj' Kal ay ajr 7 do as rrj^ TleKoirovvriaov ra? 
 OVTCO? oiKa^e aTreXOatv ek Ta 'Ta/ewOta OTTOV erd^drj VTTO 
 TOV %op07roi.ov T-QV nraiava TO) ^ea> 16 avveirereKei. 18. CK 
 TOVTOV Se alcrOavofjievos TOU? Kopwffiov? irdvTa uev Ta 
 KTr\vrj ev TO) Ileipaito o-a)byLteVou9/ 3c iray Se TO Heipaiov 
 GTreipovTas Kal KapTrov/jievovs, fjie<yiaTov Se 77777 cra/iez^, 
 OTL BoicoTot, TavTy K Kpevcrios opfJiw^evoi ewjreTws TO?? 
 KopivOiois TrapeytyvovTO, 51 aTpaTevei eVi TO Heipaiov. 
 l&wv 8e VTTO TToXXco^ <f)v\aTToaevov, W9 evSi&ofJLevrjs r?;9 
 7ro / Xeft)9 27 et; dpiarov uTeaTpaTOTreo*evaaTo 7ryoo9 TO aoTW 
 19. aiaOouevos Se VTTO vvtcTa /3/3o7]dr]KOTas c e/c TOV 
 Heipaiov 6t9 TT)V iroKiv iracrav^ia, vTroaTpe^ra^ apa Ty 
 w/jiepa alpel TO Heipaiov, eprjuov evpcov tyv'XaK'rjs, Kal TCI 
 T6 aXXa Ta evovTa \afjLJ3avei Kai Ta Tei^ij a 
 TavTa Se 7ro^cra9 58b oiKa&e aTce 
 
 Agesilaus as defender of the friends of Sparta. The Theban 
 campaigns. 
 
 20. IkfeTa 8e TavTa nrpodv^wv QVTWV TWV 
 9 Tr\v avfjiua'yiav Kal Seofjievoiv o~vo~TpaTeveiv avTOis 
 
 19 
 
EXPEDITION INTO ACARNANIA. 
 69 'AKapvaviav, Kai eTTiOeaevcov ev crrevoi? rcov 'AKap- 
 
 / A/O X ^-v^l9a VfN i -\ * ' 
 
 vavwv, Kara\apo)v roi$ 'yrihois ra vrrep A;e<paXr/9 avrwv 
 
 / / v -\^\ v> f > ^ / 
 
 /jLa^rjv (jvvarrrei Kai, 7roAAou9 arroKreivas avrcov rporcatov 
 
 ecrrTjcraro, Kal ov rrporepov e\r)%e rrplv 'A^aiol? fjuev <j)l\ov$ 
 eTTOirj&ev 52 ' * AKapvavas KOI Alroj\ov$ Kal 'Apyetovs, 
 
 c P^\ A / /-\1 > <xv PV\ 5 / 23 ' 
 
 eavrcp be Kai crv^a^ov^. ZL. erreiOT] be eiprjvrjs em- 
 ivres ol rro\efjbioi err peer jBevovro, 'AyrjcriXaos avrelrce 
 privy?* 1 eW TOU9 Bia AaKeSaiuoviovs <pvyovra<; 16 Kopiv- 
 
 ^/^/O/2l5/ 52 v /-x V & 
 
 Kai (yrjpaicov r/vayKaae ra<? rro\i$ oiKaoe Kara- 
 v6ai* varepov 8' av Kal <f>\iao'itov TOU9 $i,a AaKe- 
 
 el g e ' 
 
 ovv $>i\eraipia 76 rrpa^Oevra 59 <J>avepd eari. 22. Kal 
 yap errei, rovs ev Orj/Scu? rcov AaKe^ai^oviwv KareKavov 
 ol evavrioi, fiorjOcov av rovroi? 16 arparevei errl ra9 Qriftas. 
 evpwv 8e arrorera^pevfjueva Kal arrecrravpcoaeva arravra, 
 a9 Kvvos Ke&akas ebwov rrtv yoopav ueypi rov 
 
 acrreo9, a rrape^wv Kai ev TreS^o) KOLL ava ra oprj 
 &?]/3aiois, eu /3ov\otvro. earpdrevae Se Kal roo emovri 
 ereu c rraKiv em, Grj/Bas' Kai V7rep/3as ra Kara SKO)\OV 
 Kal rd(f>pov$ eSyaxre ra Xoiira rrjs Boico- 
 
 Ifis services to his country in her extremity. He avenges her 
 friends, and makes the most of her remaining resources. 
 
 23. Ta uev 87] fJie^pi TOVTOV Koivr) avros re Kau rj TTO\ 
 evrv^er baa ye yJr]V uera TOVTO <T(j)d\aaTa eyevowro 
 
 'csvv ">! 54b' > A -^ / f / 27' ' n 
 
 Of0e^9 av eiTTOi 0)9 AyrjaiX.aov r/ryov/Aevov 7rpa%urj. 
 eirei 8 av TTJ? ev AevKTpow crvacfiopas ^e^evrf^evr]^ Kara- 
 Kawovcn TOU9 ev Te<yeq ^>/Xou9 Kal %evov<$ avrov ol 
 avTiTraXot, crvv Mavnvevai, crvveo-rrjKOTO)^ rjSr/ Boicorwv 
 
 ' 27, 58b v 7 A f^ v > TT-\ ' ' 
 
 re iravrwv Kai ApKabcov Kac HKeiwv, arpareveu 
 
AGESILAUS SAVES SPARTA. 
 
 aw fJiovrj TTJ AaKeSaiuovtcov Swafjuei, TroXXow voui^dvrcov 
 ov$ av %e\6e2v AaK6$aifJioviov<$ TTO\\OV ^povov 6/c rrjs 
 avroov. S^cocra? Be TV)V %c!)pav rcov Karate avovrwv rou? 
 (/>/Xou9 o{;ra)9 av o'l/ca&e aTre^Mprjcrev. 24. drco 76 
 rovrov e?T6 ryv AaKe&atuova crryoareucra/xe 
 re Trdvrwv Kal 'Apyeloiv fcal 'HXeiwv Kal Botwrwv, Kal avv 
 avTois $a)fC6G)v Kal Ao/cpu>v d/ji<f)OTepa)v Kal 3erra\a)v Kal 
 Alvidvwv Kal 'AKapvdvcov KOI Evftoewv, TT/DO? Se 
 d<peo-T7] KOTOW fjikv TCOV SouXct)^, 7ToX\,o0v Se 
 7rd\(0v, Kal avrwv ^TTapTiarwv ov [jbeiovwv 
 ev rrj ev AevKTpoi? pd^r} r] "XenroiJievQyv, o/*a)S 
 
 ^ A. \ * f f 9 58d r/ 
 
 T?]v TTO\IV, Kai ravra arei^iarov ovcrav, OTTOV ^ 
 
 \ ^ r< ,\ 7 54b < -^ ' 5 5c- / > TTII "'" 
 
 Travn 7r\iov av G^OV OL TroXe^tot, OVK egayow evravua, 
 OTTOV Se ot TToXlrat, TrXeW e|e^z/ efJuebXov, evpcocrrco^ Trapa- 
 reray/jiGvo^, vopitpv et? uev TO 7r\arv %n)v ' 7rdvro6ev 
 av ^repie^eo-dai) ev Se ro6<? arevol^ Kal vTrepSeglois TOTTO^ 
 
 f / ' <-> ^19b * */ 
 
 viro/jLeva)v TOO nravru Kparecv av. 
 
 When past military service, he serves his country in other 'Ways. 
 25. 'jETre/ ye i*X}V direxcopTjae TO arpdreviJia, TTW? o^/t 
 
 avrv ^v^/vw^ovo)^ rjcrai eavrw 
 
 ^ / S\ 24s * ^ ^ <s* \ 5 . > f/ 5 ^ 
 
 TOI; arparevecruaL avrov Kai Tre^y Kac e<p LTTTTCOV aireip- 
 yGvrjSr} TO yrjpas, %prj[jidrtov* 6 *' Se etepa rj\viro\iv Seouewrjv, 
 el /^ / XXo^ 37a avajjia^ov riva e^etV) eirl TO Tropl^etv ravra 
 eavrov era^e. Kal ocra uev eSvvaro OLKOL p,evwv e^r]^a- 
 Oj a Se Kaipos rjv OVK WKVSL fterievai,, ovB rjo-^yvero, ei 
 
 avn arpar^jjov. 
 
 His achievements in diplomacy. 
 
 26, 6/^0)9 Se Kal ev ry rrpeo-^eia /jLeyd\ov 
 epya Sie7rpd!~aro* Avro^paSdr^ re yap 7ro\iopK(Dv ev 
 
A GESILA US IN EG YP T. 
 
 "Acraw ' 'Apioftap^dvrjv (jv^a^ov ovra Se/tf-a? 58 * *Ayrjcri\aov 
 (frevycov co^ero" Korvs 8' av, ^rjo"rov rco\t,optcwv Apio- 
 
 f\ Cf / ' 21 v "5 1 58b^v/ v 1 ? ^ -v / 
 
 pap^avov en ovcrav, \vcras KCLL ouro? TTJV iroXioptaav 
 drrrfKkdyr) 9 oy&r ov/c aXoya>? /cal arco TT/? 7rpecr[Bei,a<; 
 Tpdiraiov ra>v iroXe/juicov ecrT^/cei avra). MavacoXos <ye 
 fjiriv Kara 6d\arrav e/carov vavdl 7ro\i,opKwv duty ore pa 
 rd ywpla ravra ovfceri Se/cra? aXXa TreicrOels 5 * 3 ' a7T67r\ev- 
 crev o'i/caSe. 27. Kavrav9a ovv afya davaaro? 2 a Siejrpa- 
 aro' ol re yap ev rceTTovBevat, voui^ovres vir aurov Kai 
 ol (pevyovre? avrov ^prjaara aa^orepoi eSocrav. Ta%a>s 
 ye JJ/TIV Kol MaucrwXo?, Sid rj]v rrpoadev 'Ayri&iKaov 
 %eviav (rvptfiaKopevos* 1 * KOI oSro? %priuara ry Aa/ce&ai- 
 , drcerce^^rav avrov oi,Ka6 rcpoTTo^rr^v Soz/T9 ueya- 
 
 His last campaign in Egypt- The Egyptians throw off their king, 
 and the monarchy is divided. Agesilaus' choice between them. 
 
 or> *TI ^ v ' J/ ^ v 3 / y I4a ' v v 
 
 28. EtK oe rovrov rjor] uev eyeyovei, erij auqti, ra 
 oySorjfcovra* KaravevorjKco? Se rov AiyvTrnwv /3a<rt,\ea 
 roS Hepcry TroXe/z-e^, 290 /cal TroAAou? fjuev 
 vs, TTO\\OVS Se tTTTrea?, TroXXa Se xprjuara e^ovra, 
 
 icovcrev OTL uereTTeaTrero avrov, tea ravra 
 V7rio"xvovuvos. 29. evofAi^e yap rfj avry 
 op/Jiff 19 Tfti fjiev AiyvTrriG) %apiv arroSaxTew avO wz^ 4a evep- 
 yerrj/cei, rr]v AaKeSaluova, rov$ 8' ev rrj ' Acriq f/ EX\7jva^ s 
 rrd\iv ehevdepcocreiv, ra> Se Hepcrrf 5 Slfcrjv em9r]creLV /cal 
 
 * f /) 26b v c/ ^ l ' 9 ? j / 
 
 rcov rrpocruev /cat, on vvv (Tv^fJba^p^ euvai (pacncayv 
 errerarre Mecrcn]vrjv afyitvai. 30. ejret, /uuevrot, 6 fjbera- 
 Tre/jutyd/Jievos ov/c direo'to'ov rrjv yyeuovlav avrw, o /uev 'Ayrj- 
 cr/Xo-09 w? TO fjkeyuTTov e^rjrcarrj^vo^ efypovri^e ri SeZ 47 
 rroielv. etc rovrov Se rrpcorov /uuev ol St%a crrparevouevoi rwv 
 AlyvTrrlcov a&icrravrai rov /3<zc76A<ea>?, 24 eireira Se /cal ol 
 
 22 
 
AGESILAUS* GOOD FAITH. 
 
 a\\oi iravres aTrzKnrov avrov. /cat, auro? fitv Seicras dire- 
 
 01 
 
 , 
 
 s SLTTOVS @ao-i,\ea$ aipovvrai. 31. evravOa 
 Brj * A<yr](TL\ao<$ yvovs on et, p,ev fJirjSerepa) 6 crv\\7]\froi,To ) 
 fjbicrdov ofSere/009 \vcrei rot? EXX^rjcTLV, ayopav Se o^Se- 
 re/DO? TTape^eLj oirorepos r av Kparricrrj, ovro? e%9po<? 
 ecnai' el Se rq> ere pay cryXX^-v^rafcro, owro? 76 ev Tradcov 
 
 f ^ ' ^ i \ V 43 br/ C^ v / ?/ 
 
 0)9 TO 66/C09 9^X09 ecroiTo, ovrco or] Kpivas, oTTorepos 
 
 " 
 
 / .X * \ ''v'v / f * V C>' 
 
 TOVTOV TOV fj,is fj,i(re\w)vcL f^a^ri viK7]cra^ veLpovTCLi, TOP 6 
 erepov crvyfcadicrTrjcri,* Kai <$>i\ov Troirjcras rrj AaK&aipovi 
 KCLI ^prifjuara iroXXa 7rpocr\a/3a)v OVTGOS airoTrKel o(,/caSe 
 Kaiirep uecrov ^e^w^09 6z/T09, ' cnrevScov o>9 p/q dpyo? 
 
 r / }\>\/j/ \ \ _/ 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Agesilatis* religious observance of good faith. 
 1. 
 
 euprirau ocra TWV etcevov 
 a TrXeicrrwv /juapTVpwv 7Tpa^9rj. ra jap roiavra ov 
 
 Tfc/j,r}ptc0v a ' nrpo^elrai, a\\* dva/juvrjcrai 29 * povov dp/eel 
 
 KCLI 6v9v$ TTKTTeverai,. vvv Se rrjv ev rfj tyu%rj avrov 
 aperrjv Tret,pacrop,ai 8rj\ovv, Si rjv ravra eirparre Kal 
 TTavrcov Twv /ca\a)V 23 fipa /cal iravra ra alcr^pa e^eSlcoKev. 
 
 2> A '-* ^ V^/l^f/ >'n f ~4.3Ob<; V 
 
 Ayrjcn\ao^ yap ra p,ev ueia ovrcos ecrepeTo 0)9 ' KCLI, 
 
 Ol 7TO\6/bLiOL TOL>9 
 
 
 TTicrTOTepa? evopi^ov r) TTJV eavrwv </)i,\iav 9 oi, jjuev 
 6i9 TCUVTQV levai, J Ayrf(jL\dw Se avrov? eve^elpi^op. 
 Se fjir] T^9 airicrTr) KOL ovopacrai, ^ov\oi^ai TOVS 7rt,<pa- 
 
 23 
 
 avrcov. 
 
HOW HE WAS TRUSTED. 
 
 Examples of the confidence that it won for him* Instances 
 of its success. 
 
 3. STTLOptSdrrjs /*ev ye o Uep<r??<? eiScos oW $apvd/3aos 
 yrjfjiai f^ev rrjv ftacriXeays eirparre dvyarepa, rr\v S* 
 avrov itvev yd/juov \aftelv e/3ov\ero, vfBpiV vo picas rovro 
 eavrbv Kai rrjv yvval/ca Kai ra rercva KOL rr^v 
 4. Kdrvs Se o rwv 
 
 16 $ f* ^ 
 
 * oj*i,a 
 
 i,ai> 
 
 58d 
 
 v ^ i / v 4 / -\ >k v 5 / 43d 
 
 /AT] hTjtpueis r] %p7]fjiara TroAAa " 
 Kai diroOdvoi, 'AyycrLXdov Se Kal ovros 
 
 els TO arparoTTeSov re rj\0e Kal 
 
 ec\ero <rvv 'Ayr)cri\d(p crrparevecrBai?'**' 
 
 5. cufttrcero Se /cdi $apvd/3a%o<$ ^AyrjaiXao) 15 els \oyovs 
 Kai SicD/jLoXoyrjcrev, el jjurj avrbs Trdar^s TTJS arpaTLas 
 o-rpaTrjyos Karao-raOe^, dirodT^e.dQai 5 f3acn\ew? rjv 
 
 / ) ^ / t v. A / 53 b 9 
 
 /JL6VTOI eyco ryevco/jiai, arpar^os^ <pr], TToMfirjcra) aot, %> 
 5 Ayrjcr i\ae, cos GUV eyco Svvco/jiai K par terra. 1 Kai ravra 
 eTTicrreve /jurjSev 62 av TrapdcrTrovBov iraOelv* ovrw 
 Kai KO\OV KTrj/jia rols re O\\OLS dnracrL Kai dvSpl ST) 
 TO *bcnbv re Kai TTLCTTOV eivai re Kai, ovra 43 ' 
 Kai Trepl jjuev evcrefietas ravra. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 ffts uprightness and strict honesty, (I) in private relations; 
 1. lie pi ye p/qv rrfs els %pr)/Jiara iKaiOG"uwr]s* Troia av 
 
 V 54b ^ c> f ^ ^ ^ A ^ ' 
 
 e^pu rwvbe ; VTTO yap AyyjcrtA.aov 
 crrGpeo-dat, 29 * fjuev ovBels ovtiev ircoTrore eveKd^eaev, ev Be 
 r jre r nov6evai 7ro\\ol TroXXa 13 top,o\dyovv. orw Se rjSv ra 
 
HIS UPRIGHTNESS AND HONESTY. 
 
 avTov SiSovai eir axpeXeia avdpcvTr&v, TTOOS av OVTOS e6e\oi 
 TCL aXXoTpia aTToaTepeiv e<fi a> KaKoo%o<$* elvai ; el jap 
 %pr}uaTO)v eTridv/jLOirj, TTO\V aTTpayuove'crTepov TCL avTov 
 <j)v\dTTeiv rj TCL ///*? 62b Trpoar\KOVTa \a/&/3 } dveiv. 2. 09 Se 
 
 rv\\/ J ^ N >/) '-X 40b *? ' V Ps / 
 
 brj KCLL yapiias euro are pew j*r] eue\oi, o>v ov/c euri, bi/cat, 
 7T/309 TOV /AT) aTroS^SoWa, TTco? a je KOI v6jjLO$ KcoXvei eOeXot, 
 
 A * ) A \ ^ v ' ' ' v v 62 b > 
 
 av anroarepeiv ; A<yr]o-i\ao<$ be ov JJLOVOV TO fir] CLTTO- 
 xdpiTas O&LKOV etcpwev, aXXa /cal TO p/r] TTO\V 
 TOV p,ei,a) 
 
 (2) fo the administration of public funds. 
 
 3m ' v ^ f-\ 8-y/ 29a * V ' v 
 
 . a <ye ^v Trjs TroAeo)? K\e7rTiv Try av TI$ avTov 
 
 el/coTCos aiTiacraiTQ, 09 Kai ra9 avTqi %apiTa$ o<pei\ofjLe'va$ 
 TTJ TraTpi&i /capTrovcrGai TrapeSiSov ; TO o' OTTOTC f3ov\oiTo 
 ev TTOielv 77 TrdX/*' r] <f)L\ovs yjprmaai, SvvacrOai Trap eTe'pcov 
 \a/ji/3avovTa oxfieXelv, ov /cat, TOVTO fjieya T/c/jL7]piov e<y/cpa- 
 ^pTjfjLaTcov ; 4. ei yap eTra)\ei ra9 %dpiTa$ ^ 
 v*' evepyeTei, ovSels av ovSev ofyeiXeiv avTa> evo- 
 
 SSdSib'-w'vJ' ^ 9 f\ I Sa 1 ? 5> < 
 
 aXX OL Trpoi/ca ev TreTrovvoTes, OVTOL aei, 
 Seft)9 VTT^peTOVcn TW evepryeTr), fcai BLOTL ev enraOov Kai 
 LOTI, TrpoeTTLo-TevOrjo-av afyoi elvai TraoaKaTaOrj/crjv ^<^> 
 <t>v\drrei,v. 
 
 UNIVERSITY! 
 
 He was not only just^ oyt liberal, 
 
 R *n .-- ^ ^ 
 
 5. OcrTis b ipeiTO Kai aw TO, 
 
 TOO aS/tfo) nr\eov eveuv, 1 7TW9 oSro9 OLVC az/ TroXi) T^ 
 
 > ./ Bib 5 '" / /l vrv 
 
 aTro<pev<yoi ; eKeuvos TOIVVV Kpiueis VTTO 
 
 7roXe&)9 41a aTravTa seiv TCL ' e 
 
 avTO) ofjioryovois ueTe'Sco/cev, OTL Trevouevovs 
 ewpa. 9 8e TavTa aXyOrj iraaa fjidpTvs i] TWV 
 7roX^9. 6. StSoz/TO? S ? 
 
HIS TEMPERANCE AND HARDINESS. 
 
 Scopa TiOpavcrrovJ 11 el a7re\0oi 63 etc rrjs ^wpo-9, direicpivaTo 
 6 'A<yr]cr /Xao9, '/2 TiOpavo-ra, vofJ,l%TOl Trap' r)/mLV Tft> 
 apyovTi KaXkiov elvai rrjv crrpariav rj eavTov 7rXoime6z/, 
 /ecu Trapa TWV 7roXe/u&)z> \a(f)vpa jjioXkov Treipacrdai, \rj 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 His temperance, and readiness to bear hardships. He gave up his 
 privileges as a commander ^ to share the labour and the fare of 
 the private soldier. 
 
 1. 'A\\ci /jLr)v KCU oaai ye rjSovai, TroXXwz' 25 /cparovcnv 
 dv6pa)7r(t)v, Tro/a? olSe res 'Ayrjo-iXaov ^TT^^eWo- ; 43c o? 
 
 v > / /) / >/ v / 
 
 jLtv aTTOo-^ecrt/aL 0/^0^0)9 coero ^prjvai KCU, pavias, 
 vjrep Kaipov ofjioicos KCU ap<yla$. Sijmoipiav 76 
 
 58 b ' ^ /i ' >c/ 5 
 
 ft)^ ez^ rat? uoivais ov% OTTW? ajj 
 d\\a SiaTre/jiTraiv ov&erepav avra) 
 /5acr/,Xe6 TOVTO SiTrXaaiaaOrivai ov 
 
 evefca, 7a aXX' oVw? e^o// /fai TOVT<D ri/jiav el Tiva {3ov\oiro. 
 
 2. ou fjirjv iiTTVG) 76 SecrTTOT?; aXX ? ap'xpfjievto LTTO 
 
 Ka .vv7\v 76 6t T<i/ 
 
 i^ovfjievo^ ov/c ci$r/\o$ rfv* r)<yiro jap 
 TrpocrriKeiv ov yu,aXa/aa 19a aXXa Kaprepia rwv ISico- 
 irepieivaL. 3. rdSe fjiewroi irXeoveKTwv ov/c 
 ev /lev T<O Oepei TOV ?]X/ou, 21a ev Se TW ^eifjiwvi rov 
 
 KCLl fJLTJV 66 7TOT6 /jLO%Uy](7ai CTTpCLTLCl aVfjipCU'T], KCOV 
 
 eirovet, Trapa row aXXoi;v, vopi^wv iravra ra roiavra 
 Trapa fjuvO lav elvai TO 69 crTpaTiwrais. o>9 Se crvve\ovTL 
 
 eiTTeiV) e '^7?7<7/Xao9 Trovcov 69 tiev ^aXXeTO, pacrrcDvrjv Se 
 / / 
 
 OV ' 
 
HIS QUALITIES AS GENERAL. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 His bravery. His victories were not stolen by chance, but 
 fairly won in hard-fought fight* 
 
 1. 'AvBpelas ye ^v ovic a<f>avrj reKfjirjpid JJLOI Bofcel 
 7rapao"%eff0ai, vcfriffrafjuevos fiev aei 7ro\e/jLew rrpos rov? 
 lo^vpordrov^ ru>v e^Opwv a ry re 7ro\ei KOI rrj '.EXXaS^, 
 zv Be T069 7rp09 rourof9 a<yuxn, 'rrpcorov eavrov TCITTCOV. 
 2. ev6a 76 fjLr]V r)9e\r]crav avro) ol TrdXefjaoi fjid^rjv crvvdtyai, 
 ov <po/3q) Tpetya/Jievos vi/crjs eTW^eis, aXXa ^a^y CLVTL- 
 TU7Tft) 19a KpaTT]cra<> TpoTraiov ecrTTycraro, dOdvara fjukv rrj<; 
 eavrov apeT?79 fjbvrjiJiela /caTa\i7ra>v, o-acf)rj Se KCU, avros 
 
 ' 
 
 41 b ^/3^ ' /I 30 ' 
 
 aTrevey/ca/jievos TOV UVJJL^) p^a^ava^ OXTT ovtc 
 
 aXX' opwvras e^rjv a avrov TT^V tyvfflv &OKI,- 
 3. TpoiTaia JJL^V ' AyrjcriXaov ov% oaa earrfcraTo 
 aXX' ocra/ 13 earparevaaro SIKCLIOV vojju^eiv. fjuelov fjikv yap 
 ovBev efcparei ore OVK r)6e\ov avra> OL 7ro\fJHOL jjia^ecrdai) 
 dfcivSworepov Se fcai o-vp,(})opa)Tpov ry re iroXei KOL ro?9 
 crvyL6/ia^o(-9* KOL ev rois aycocri Be ovSev r\TTOV rou9 a/coi/m 
 77 rov 9 Sia ^^779 vucwvras 
 
 He won the obedience of his men by winning their love. 
 
 4. Tr\v ye /JLT]V cro(j)i,av avrov nrolai rcov e/ceivov vrpa^ 
 OVK eTrisSeiKvvovo-iv ; 09 rfj ^ev irarpi^i ouT&>9 e^prjro coo 
 /jid\Lo-ra Treidofjievos [avry rcoielv o /3ov\o(,ro\, eralpois 1 * 
 Se TrpoOv/jios wv drrpo^ao'io'rov^ rovs <f)i,\ov$ e/ce/cr^jro* 
 Toi/9 Se 7 ye crrparicdras ajjua nreiOo^evov^ Kal <f)i\ovvra$ 
 avTov Trapeze* /cairoi 7TW9 av i>(T^(Vporepa yevoiro (f)d\ay^ 
 TI Bid TO pev rrei6eo-8ai evraicros ovaa, 880 Bid Be TO 
 rov ap^ovra nrio-r&s rrapovo-a ; 
 
 27 
 
HE WAS SKILFUL AND CAUTIOUS. 
 
 His bravery was combined with skilful strategy, 
 
 5. Toi/9 76 fjiTJv 7roXeyLt/of9 el^e tyeyew /JLV ov 
 fievov?,* /JiLo-elv Be dva<yKaouevovs. TOT)? <yap o-Vfji 
 del TrXeW c^eiv avr&v 25 eyu/^az'aTo, e^aTrarwv p,ev OTTOV 
 Kaipo? e77, 40b fyOdvav Se 6Vot> Ta^ow Sebfc, \r\6u>v Se OTTOV 
 rovro crvfjifapoi, Travra Se ravavria Trpos TOU? TroXe/x^ou? 
 77 TT/JO? Tou? (f)l\ovs 67riTr)$V(0v. 6. *m 70/0 VVKTL fJbev 
 oaaTrep 1 * y/Aepa e^p^ro, ^epa 8e oaarrep VVKTL, TroXXa/ct? 
 ^877X09 <yi<yvoiJLevos OTTOV re eirf /ecu, OTTOL \oi /ecu b,Tt, 
 Troirjcroi. ware Kal ra e^ypa a avco^vpa T069 
 
 ra pev TrapLwv, ra Se vTrepftaivtov, ra 
 
 //M remarkable caution. 
 
 7</-\/ N / ^rsVc/'j./ 43b ^ 
 
 . C/7TOT6 76 )U/7]Z/ rCOpeVOirO 600)9 OTt 6^6677 T069 
 
 7ro\efjuoi? fjid^eaOaL, ei ySofXo^z/ro, 0-vvrera^/fJie.vov fiev 
 ovrws 7^76 TO crrpdrev/jia co9 az^ errucovpeiv ^aKiara eavrw 
 Svvatro,*** rjav^co^ e tocnrep av rrapOwos rj 
 rcpoftaivoi, VQfJLityw ev ra> roiovrw TO re drpefjue? ' 
 dvK7r\ f r)Krorarov Kal dOo pv/3rjr or arov KCU d 
 rarov Kal &vcr6 ( 7ri/3ov\evrorarov elvai. 8. 
 
 * * 58f r>\ - / ^ ^ 9 r> 
 
 roiavra rroiwy row pzv 7roXe/u<H9 beivos i]V, T069 
 o69 16 ddpaos /cal ptofjirjv everrolei. toare a 
 
 VTTO rwv 
 
 wv, aufji7rro$ &' VTTO roov <f)l\toV, rrdkvepacrroraros 
 
 8e ai rroKverraivertoraros VTTO 
 
 28 
 
HIS EXAMPLE AS A PATRIOT. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 His patriotism. He shrank from no toil, or hardship, or sacrifice, 
 where the interests of his coiintry were at stake. 
 
 1. f/ /2? 76 urjv <f)i\o7ro\is rp> /caO' ev [lev eicacrrov 
 
 A V 54 b 'i V v >o v ? 
 
 av at] <ypa(peiv oio^ai yap ovoev eivau TCOV 
 avra) c O,TL OVK i<? TOVTO 
 
 ev ppayeu enreiv, aTravTes eiricrTauLeua OTL 
 
 1 I /V ' 
 
 tf V 48 ^ ' ^ i -\ f ' / 24 t i / 
 
 OTTOV O)TO T7]V TfaTpLOa TI COCpeA/T/CTefcl', OV TTOVtoV V(f)ieTO, 
 
 5 f\ / 5 j / ' / ' I /<> 5^ 
 
 of KLVOVVCOV a<pL(7TaTOy ov ^prj/naTcov ecpeioeTO, ov o~w/jia ) 
 ov <yr)pa<? 7rpov<pacri,eTo, aXXa /cat, /3acr^Xea)9 aya0ov TOVTO 
 
 V >/o^ ^ > / r n 
 
 epyov evoui%e TO TOVS ap^pfjievovs 9 TTAeto-ra 
 Trote^z/. 
 
 He set to all an example of submission to law, and 
 was as a father to his people. 
 
 2. 'Ev rot? fJieyio-Tois Se w^eKrifjiacn r^9 TraTpiSos real 
 ToBe eyco TlOrj/ju, avTov, OTI Suz/aTcoraTO? a>^ 58d ev Trj TroXet 
 <f)avepo$ r)v fiuXiaTa TO?? VO^OL^ XaTpevcov. T/? yap av 
 direiOeiv 6pa)v S8c TOV /3ao-i\ea 
 
 r/9 8 ? az^ riyov/Aevos peiove/CTelv vewTepov TI 
 
 ei,Ba)$ TOV f$a<Tl\a vofjui/jio)? /cdi TO KpaTelaOai 
 
 3 A v v v ^j' >^/^ 
 
 . 09 ^at 7rpo9 TOU9 oiacpopovs ev TTJ iro/^ei 
 
 wcnrep 7raTr}p 7rp09 TTalBas Trpocrefa'peTO. e\oiBopelTO fjuev 
 
 V5\^r / '/C^V >y v / 
 
 ^ap 67r^ T069 afjLapTrjfjbacriVy eTiyjua o eu TI fcakov TrpaT- 
 TOiev^ TraplcrTaTo B' el TIS crv^opa crvp,(3aivoi, e%0pov 
 fjbkv ovBe'va riyov/jievos TTOX/TT;^, eTraivelv Be TrdvTas e0e\a)v, 
 o~w%e<T0ai Be irdvTas tcepBo? vo/utfov, ^rffjaav Be TiOeus ei 
 
 v? V < 25 a ' /-x '>>' * / 
 
 Kai O fJLLKpOV afi09 a7TO\OLTO' i O ev T069 VOUOIS 
 
 Bia/Jievoiev, Brj\os r}v evBal/Jiova p^ev aei eo-eaOai 
 TraTplBa \oyio/jievos, 59 la^ypav Be rore oTav 01 
 craxfipovojo-w* 1 
 
 29 
 
HIS DEVOTION TO THE INTERESTS OF GREECE. 
 
 But more than this, he was a true Greek. He would not allow 
 Greeks to be enslaved by Greeks, and did all that he could to 
 protect and deliver them from the Persian power. 
 
 r/ 
 
 4. E't <ye fjurjv av /ca\ov r/ E\\rjva ovra c^Xe'XX^z'a elvai, 
 
 elSev aXXoz> aTparrj^bv 77 7ro\iv ov/c e9e\bvra 
 aipeiv, orav oiTjrai 39 7rop6r\creiv, 77 
 
 TO VLKCLV ev Tft) TTyOO? ' EXhrjVa? 7TO\/JiG) ,' 5. 
 
 TOIVVV, a^^yeX/a? fjikv \0ovcr7]^ avra> &>9 ev TTJ ev Kopivdq* 
 OKTCO /jiev AafceSai/JioviGW, lyyvs Se fjbvpioi TCOV 
 iicov redvaiev^ OVK e(f>rjcrdei$ 5g (pavepos eyevero, d\\ 
 eiTrev apa, $ev, & e E\\d$, OTTOTC ol vvv reOv^Kore^ utavoi 
 rjcrav fo)^T69 58c VIKOLV fjia^dfjievoi, 58 * Trdvras TOV$ /3ap/3apov$. 
 6. KopwOicov rye pr^v rcov (pewydvrcov ~\eyovTa)v OIL ev- 
 
 Pvr,^43^jr<r/. \ \9(N / "? 
 
 OLOOLTO CLVTOLS T] 7ToA,fc9, Kdi jJi^^CLVa^ . r mOeiKVVVT(t)V O-t? 
 
 ^ov \IV TO, TGir], OVK, 
 
 Seoi c 
 
 50c 
 
 on OVK 
 a <ra)<f>povieiv. ei Se TOU9 djAapTavovras, etpT], r^ 
 
 J r. 5 . f \ \ y ^5 r/c. 43d rf <f 
 
 avTG)v (Kpaviovfjuev, opav %pri j^r) ovo e^o^ev fJieu orov 
 /Sap/Sdpcov KpaTTido^ev. 7. 66 S av KaXov KCU ^icro- 
 p elvai, on KOL o 7rd\ai e^ecrrpdrevcrev W9 SovXaxro- 
 50a T7)v c E\\dSa KCLL o vvv av jjifjua^el fjuev TOVTOLS 
 oTTorepcov av OIVJTCM pt,% {3\d'fyeiv, Saypelrai 8' 
 Kelvoi$ ov$ av vOfAifa \aj3dvr a<$ r n"\eicrra /catca rovs 
 E\\r)vas TToiricreiv, eip^v^v Se crvfjbTrparrei e% ^9 av 
 rjjrjrai /jLaXicrra rjfjias dX\,rj\ois 16 TroXe/^T/cre^' opcocrc pev 
 ovv airavres ravra* etre/JieXridr} Be r9 ct\Xo9 TrcoTrore 7r\r)v 
 'Aryrjo-iXaos 77 oVo>9 (j)v\dv TI diroo-rrjo-erai 506 rov Tlepcrov 
 7) O7TOJ9 TO aTTocrrav p/f] d7rd\rjrai rj TO TrapaTrav 0)9 Kau 
 
 TO69 f 
 
 7rape%ei,v ; 09 KOL r rrd\efJiovcrr]^ rrjs 
 
 TOU Koivov dya0ov 23 ry 'EXXaSi OVK 77/^6X77 crez^ aXX' 
 O^TI SvvaiTO xafcov Trotrjarcov rov ftap 
 
HIS MODESTY AND HIGH PRINCIPLE. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 His modesty and affable demeanour won him many friends. 
 
 1. 'A\\a /Jirjv a%iov 76 avrov KOI TO v%api 8a> //,?} 
 a) ye V7rap%ovcrr]$ jjukv rifjifjs, 21 Trapovar}? Be 
 s, 7rpo9 Be TOVTOI? ftacn\ias, Kal Tavrvj? OVK 
 7ri/3ov\vo/jiev7]s aXX' ayaTrco/jievrjs, TO jjuev fjueyakav^pv 
 
 J ->\ 95- /54b v 5 v i ^ f v /I v 
 
 OVK av eioe Tf-9, TO o (pikocrTop^ov Kdi uepaTTevTitcov 
 
 * i \ 22 v v 62 c * / V r> ^ v C^ v v 
 
 TWV (pi\(0v Kdi fir] LflTwv Karevor)crev av. <4. oia oe TO 
 fcal evdvjjios /cal ael i\apb<? eivai 7roXXou9 eiroiei 
 Toi) 67a SiaTTpd^aaOai, re p,ovov eve/ca r jr\i(](jiaC ) eiv^ d\\a 
 
 Kal rov TI&IOV StrjiJbepeveiv. ^fCicrra 8' wz/ 0^09 
 <yopeiv* 9s " OfMO? Tu>v eTraivovvTcov 23 avrovs ov /3apea)<? 
 r^Kovev, rjyov/jievos /3\a7TTeiv ovBev avrovs, vTria^yelaOai 
 Be avSpa? ayaOovs eo-ecr0ai>. 
 
 His high principle. He was inaccessible to bribes or to personal 
 offers, and judged men not by what they could give, but by 
 what they could do. 
 
 3. 'A\\a fjwp Kal rr) fjLeya\oyvco/jiocrvvr) ye 
 
 ov irapakeLTTTeov^ eicelvos yap or rj\6ev avra> 
 r) irapa /3acri\ea)$, rjv o per a Kd\\ea rov Aatce- 
 Hepai)?* tfveytce, Trepl %evla<$ re /cal <f)i\ia$ 
 avTov, Tavrrjv fjuev OVK eSe^aro, TW Se fyepovn euTrev 
 fSacrLKel W9 ISia fjbev Trpos avrov ovSev 
 67TfccrToXa9 Tre/jiTreiv, rjv Se 0/Xo9 Tr) Aafceoai/Aovi Kau 
 evvovs cov (fiatvrjrai, cm Kal avro? (f)i\o$ ava 
 
 ' " v 43b A ' 3/ / ' O -v / 
 
 avra) eaoiro' rp fjievroi, e<prj, ejripovKevwv 
 LTJO^ av Trdvv ?roXXa9 eTricrrdXas Be^co/^at^ 
 (>l\ov e^e^ 55 ' 531 ' fjie olecrOa). 4. eyco ovv Kal rovro 
 'AyrjcriXtdov TO 77^09 TO apeaKeiv rois 
 
SIMPLICITY AND ABSENCE OF DISPLAY. 
 
 virepiSeiv rrjv /3acri\ec0s %eviav. aya/jucu Se /cdrceivo on 
 oVepo? vrXe/ca re %prnjiara ^X 01 ' Kai 7 ^ ^ vmi ' 
 TOUTft) 3131 ri^rjcraro fiei^ov (frpovijreov elvai, a\\' 
 avro? re cifjueivtov eirj feat, afjueivovutv yyolro. 
 5. eTTaivo) Se Ka/celvo rrj? TTpovoias a avrov OTL VO/JLI^COV 
 ayaffov rrj *E\\dSi, d^LaraaOai 2931 rov /3aori\ecos w? 
 TrXe/cTTOU? aarpaTra^, ov/c e/cparr]drj ov9 VTTO $a)pa>v ovO 
 VTTO rrj? jBacrCKetoS pco/JLrjs e9e\Ti(Tai ^evcoOfjvai avroj, 
 d\\' e<f)v\dt;aTO /XT/ 65 aTTtcrro? ^eveaOai rot? dtytcrTacrOat, 
 j3ov\o/jievoi,s. 
 
 His carelessness of personal aggrandisement and absence of display 
 shown by his modest style of living. 
 
 / N > / >A 5 s\ f 541o t *> 
 
 o ye fjuriv avrov r^9 ov/c av ayacrueir) ; o /&ev 
 yap JlepcrT;?, vofjbifav, rjv ^pr]fjbara r jr\elcrra e^rj, 7rav9 
 
 c .? f ~ / /i 53b,55 <> v ^ \ 4 v > 
 
 vtp eavro) Troirideo-uai, OLCL rovro nrav pev TO ev 
 dvdpcoTTOw ^pucriov, rrav Se TO dpyvpiov, iravra Se rd 
 r jro\vre\e(TTaTa eTreiparo TTpos eavTov aOpoifytv. 6 Se 
 
 OVTCOS dvT6a-Kvd<JCLTO TOV olfCOV 0)(7T TOVTCOV yLt^Se^O? 
 
 i,. 7. ei Se TI$ ravra aTnareu, iSero) fjuev ola 
 rjpfcei avrq), Oeaaao-Oco Se TO-? Ovpas avrov* eiKacreie 
 <ydp av Tf-9 6TL ravras eiceiva? eivai aajrep 'ApicrToo'rjjAos o 
 *HpaK\eovs ore Karrj\0 52 \afta>v eTrecnricraTo' Treipdcrda) 
 Se OeacraaOai TTJV evbov Karao-Keurjv, evvorjo-arco Se &)? 
 eOoiva^ev ev ral<$ Ovcriais, dtcovadrfd Se co? eiri 7ro\irncov 
 KavdOpov Harriet eis A/JLV/c\a$ rj dvyarrjp avrov. 8. 
 roiyapovv ourcos ecfrap/jiocras Ta? SaTraz^a? rals TrpocroSois 
 ovSev r/vayxd^ero ^prj/jidrcov evefca d$i,/cov TTparreiv. 
 Kairoi KO\OV /juev oo/cel elvai rei^rj dvd\cora KraaOai 
 VTTO TToXe/JiisCov' TTO\V fievroi ejcoye Ka\\iov Kpiva* TO 
 rrjv avrov ^v^r]v dvd\u>rov /caracnceuacrat, KCLL VTTO 
 Kai VTTO rjo'ovwv KOL VTTO (poftov. 
 
SPARTAN SIMPLICITY AND PERSIAN LUXUR Y. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 This last feature becomes more marked, if his Spartan simplicity 
 is contrasted with the luxury of the Persian Court. 
 
 1. 'A\\a fjurjv epa* <ye &>9 tcai rov Tpoirov uTrecrrrjcraTO 
 Trj rov Ilepcrov dKa^oveia. TrpcoTOV aev yap 6 fjuev TO> 
 cnraviws opaorOai ecre^vvveTO, AyrjcriXaos Be rcS aet, 
 jui<pavr)s eivai rfya\\TO, vofjufyov aicr%povpyia aev TO 
 afyavi^ecrOai irpeTreiv, rcS Se 669 /cd\\os ^8 /ft) 16 TO c 
 Kocr/jiov Trape^eiv. 2. eireiTa Se o fjuev rw 
 elvai 1 a ecre^vvverOy o Se rcS iracnv evTrpocroSos eivai 
 /cal o fjbev r)/3pvveTO r&> /3pa8ea)$ SiaTrpdrTew^ o Se rare 
 fjbd\i<na e^aipev oirore rd^Lcrra rv^ovra^ wv Seoivro 
 ajroTre/jLTTOL. 3. a\\a fjuj]v KCLL Tr\v eviraOeiav ocr&) paova 
 Kai eviTopwrepav AyrjcnXaos eTrerrjSevcrev a^uov /cara- 
 vor](Tai. TO) fiev yap Ilepcrrj 11 Tracrav yrjv Trepuep^ovTai 
 
 / / ->\ f / / 54b / c> v / 
 
 fjuacrTevovres TL av rjoecos TTLOI, jjbvpioi oe rexycovrai, TL 
 
 * f * ' ' f ' N * ' A BQ >& * >' 
 
 av r]bea)$ (payoi* OTTO)? ye arjv Karaoapuoi ovo av enrol 
 r^9 ocra TTpayfJLarevovTai,. 'Ayrj(TiX,ao$ Se Sia TO <f)i\o- 
 7roz>o9 eivai Trav fiev TO Trapov 17860)9 einve, nrav Se TO 
 avvTV^ov 37860)9 rjcrdiev et9 6 TO dcrue'vcos /coiurjOrjvai 
 
 TTCLS T07T09 IKaVOS TjV aVTO). 4. K,ai TaVTa OV /jLOVOV 
 
 TTpdTTwv m e^aipev^ a\\d /cal evdvuovaevos r/ya\\TO OTL 
 auTO9 aev ev /jbecrais TOLS evfypocrvvais avacrTpecfroiTO TOV 
 8e /3dp/3apov ewpa, ei ue\Xoi a\V7TQ)5 ftiwcrecrOai, crvve\- 
 tcvcrTeov afTft) 31 avro TTepaTtov Tr)$ 7779 TOL TeptyovTa. 5. 
 evfypaive Se avTOV /cal TciSe OTL avTO<$ uev ySet, TTJ TCOV Qewv 
 KaTacrtcevrj Svvduevos aXu7T&>9 %prj<r0ai,, TOV Se ea)pa 
 <pevyovTa uev 0d\7rrj, (pevyovTa Se ^v^rj, Bi acrQeveiav 
 
 , OVK dvSpcov dyadwv d\\d Orjpicov TGOV aaOevecr- 
 
 fiiov 
 
HIS IDEA OF DISTINCTION. 
 
 The distinctions in games and the like, that most of the Greeks 
 coveted, he set no store upon, preferring to be honoured for 
 his deeds and his life. 
 
 6. 'E/celvo 76 fiirjv TTGO? ov /ca\ov /cal ^eya\oyvco/jiov f 
 TO avTov fjuev dvSpos epyoLS /cal KT^CLCTI^^ /cocr/jielv TOV 
 eavTov ol/cov, Kvvas re TroXXou? Orjpevras /caL LTTTTOVS 
 7ro\/jiLcrTripiov$ TpefovTa, KwlvKCLV Se dSe\<f>r)v ovcrav 
 Treicrai dp/juaTOTpo<p6iv /cal eTTiSei^ai VIKUHTTI^ avrrjs 21 OTL TO 
 pep/Ad TOVTO ov/c avSpayaOias a\\a TT\OVTOV eTriSeiy/Jia 
 (TTI. 7. roSe ye pr\v TTM^ ov crac^w? 7rpo$ TO yevvalov 
 eyvco OTL apjjiaTi fj,ev viKricras TOU? i$LO)Tas ovSev ovofjuacr- 
 roT6p09 av yevoiTO, ei Se c^iXr/if fjiev TTCIVTCOV ^aKidTa TTJV 
 TTO\IV ^XOL, TrXe/crrou? Be (f)i\ovs /cal dpicrTOVs ova Trdaav 
 T7]v yrjv /ce/CTyTO, vacant] Be TTJV fjuev TraTplSa /cal ro^5 
 evepyeTcov, TOVS 8e avTL7ra\ovs Ti/jiGipov/jievos, OTL 
 av eLT) vL/CTj(f)opo<; TCOV /ca\\LcrTO)v /caL fjieya\o7rpe- 
 aycovLa/jiaTCOv icac ovofjuaaTOTaTO? /cal %cov /cal 
 
 58b / 5V 
 
 yevoLT av ; 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Value of such an example, as inciting others to the same life of 
 justice, and temperance and self-control. 
 
 1. 'Eyco /jiev ovv TCL Toiavrd^ eiraLVco 'Ayrj&LXaov. 
 TauTa yap ov% wcrvreyo el 07jcravpa) 1Q TL$ evTu^oL, vrXou- 
 crLaiTepos fjuev av eir], oifcovo/jmcwTepos S' ovBev av, /caL eu 
 vocrov 8e TroXe/i/069 e/^TrecroiJcr??? 583 ' KpaTricreieVy evTv^ea- 
 reyoo? fjiev av ar}, (TTpaTTjyLfco^Tepo^ Be ovSev av' 6 Be 
 /capTepLa fjuev TrpcoTevwv ev0a Troveiv /caLpos, a\/crj Se OTTOV 
 avSpaa? aycov, yvco/j,7j fie OTTOV /3ov\rjs epyov, o5ro9 
 
VALUE OF SUCH AN EXAMPLE. 
 
 So/eel Sifcala)? dvrip a<yaffo<$ Traz/reXw? av 
 aOai. 55 2. eu Se tca\ov evprj/jia dvOpwTroL? ardd/jLT] KOL 
 /cavoav 7T/909 TO ayaOd epjd^ea6ai ) /ca\ov av JJLOI Bo/cel rj 
 'AyrjcriXaov apeTT] TrapaSeiyaa <yevecr6ai TOLS dv8pa<ya9lav 
 acrKelv f3ov\op,evoi$. TL$ <ydp av T) OeocrejSri fju/uovfjievos 5 ** 
 avocnos ryevoiro rj Si/caiov d$ifco$ rj (raxppova vfipLcrrr)? rj 
 a/cpar?]? ; | /cac <ydp Srj ov% OVTCOS evri T&> 
 
 &>9 GTTL TO> eavrov ap^eiv 
 
 7T Tft) 
 
 aperrjv ^elaOai TO l<$ 7ro\iTai<$. 3. d\\a yap /jurj on 
 T6TeXefn//<;&>9 eTraivelrai TOVTOV eve/ca 0prjvov ns 
 TOVTOV rov \o<yov vofjLicraTa), a\\a TTO\V /jua\\ov ey/cw/jiiov. 
 TTpwrov fjuev yap a,7Tp %)v rj/cove, ravra tcai vvv \eyerai 
 Trepi avTov. 7TLTa Se TL Kau 7r\eov 9p7}vov aTrecmv 
 rj /3io$ re ev/c\6r)s K.CLL Oavaros copalo? ; e^KfOfjawv a Se TL 
 a^iwrepov rj vi/cai re ai /ca\\(,crTai, /cat, epya ra TrXeiarov 
 
 V<. ^t ^ / & ->\ > * / /o 54 b t\ '/i^ 
 
 af la ; *. bitcaiws o av eKeuvos <ye /JLa/capi^oiTo 09 vuu$ 
 
 fjiv etc TraiBos epacr0ei$ rov evK\r)$ yevecrOai, TW%e TOVTOV 
 
 /jid\i(TTa TCOV Ka0* eavTov' >! ' (piXoTi/jiOTaTOs Se 
 
 ar]TT7]TOS S^ereXecre^, vnei j3acri\ev<$ eyeveT 
 
 Se eTrl TO /jLTjKLcrTov dv0pco7TLVov aicovo? 
 
 T\VTrjcr Kai irepi TOVTOV^ d)v rjyeiTO Kai Trpos e/ceivov? 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 General recapitulation. Agesilaus* regard for holy 
 places and things. 
 
 1. Bov\oaaL Se Koi ev /ce(f)a\aioi<> e7rave\9elv 
 apeT7]v avTov, 9 av 6 eiraivos evfjb 
 
 f\\ \V> r< -V ' ' f Q " 
 
 9 iepa fjiev KOLL TGL ev TO69 TToKe^Lioi^ ecrepero, 
 TOV 9 Oeovs ov% rjTTOv ev TTJ 
 
 
HIS HATRED OF MEANNESS AND SLANDER. 
 
 77 ev rrj fyi\lq avfjujjid^pv^ Troielo-Qai. ifceras Be Oecov 22 
 ovBe %0pov<; efiia&TO, vofjiL^wv a\oyov elvcu TOVS fiels et; 
 iepcov /c\7TTovTas iepo(TV\ovs Ka\eiv, roi/9 Be ftwfjuwv^ 
 ifce'ras diroaTTcovTa^ evcrefBels r^yelaOai. 2. e/eeZzw 76 
 rjv v/jivcov 59 OVTTOT e\r)yev w? rou? Oeovs OLOLTO ovSev 
 ocrlois epyois 77 dyvois iepols tfSecrOai,. d\\a yjr]v 
 
 f / ' / 40b ' '/l^ f i I } -X-N N 
 
 OTTore evTV^oir}, OVK avupMTrcov virepefypovei, a\\a 
 iv jjSei,. /cal Oappcov irXeiova edvev 77 otcvatv 
 elOidTo Se fyojBovjjbevos* fizv l\apo$ 
 cDv Se Trpao? elvai. 
 
 His love for all that is noble and upright, and detestation of 
 ingratitude and meanness. 
 
 3. TWV ye /JLTJV </Xft)z/ 21a ov rou9 BvvaTcoTaTov? d\\a 
 Toz>9 TTpoOvfjLOTaTovs fjia\i(TTa TjcrTra^eTO. efJUGei Be OVK eu 
 
 * . / / 'A "x ' J ' ' ' 
 
 CL\,\ eu 
 
 e^aipe Be TOV$ fjuev 
 9 op&v, TOU9 Be BiKalovs 7rXoucr/ou9 TTOLCOV, /3ov\o- 
 
 Trjv $itcat,oa'vvriv T7?9 dBiKias 25 KepBaXtecoTe'pav KaQicr- 
 
 i ~A v~~ rv\ 5$, ;^ ~ r ^ * 
 
 Tavai. 4. rjcricei be e^o/jbiXeiv fjuev TravTooairois, 
 
 Pv\ * "> /) f / Pv\ 
 
 oe TO69 a r yac/o69. OTTOTG oe 
 
 Tivds aKovoi, ov% rfTTOV WSTO 
 
 \eyovTwv TpoTrovs TJ nrepl wv \eyoiev. Kal TOV$ fjuev VTTO 
 
 8a ' v , v oA r v 
 
 OVK e-yreye, TOV 9 oe y?ro 
 
 /Ca6 TO yLte^ aTTHTTOVVTaS ( 
 
 aofyov eKpive, TO Be Tria-Tevovras avocriov. 
 
 His love of open criticism, and hatred of slander, and stern view 
 of the responsibilities of men in power. 
 
 5' / \V rv^ v . / >/)A> 
 
 . eTraivovfjbevos oe e-^aipev VTTO TCOV KCLI yreysiv eue\ov- 
 
 vv 62b 5 / v . ** o / ' ^ ^ 
 
 TWV ra ^77 apecrTa, tcai TWV Trapprjcna^o/JLevcov ovoeva 
 e, rof9 Se Kpvtyivovs wcnrep eveBpas e(f>v\aTTTo. 
 
HIS NOTIONS OF DUTY. 
 
 rye 
 
 /t, c* / ( / i A. A 
 
 fj,ico fy/jiiav riyovfjievos <ptkwv rj 
 6ai. 6. Kai Ttt9 /^ez; TCW &ft)T<wz> dfiapTia? TTpacos efyepe, 
 Ta9 Se rcoz^ ap%dvTG)v /jLeyaXas yye Kpivatv TOVS /JLV oX/ya, 
 W Se TroiXXa /caK&><; SiaTiffevai. rrj Se fiacn\eiq 
 ov paSiovpylav a 
 
 His modesty, liberality, and religiousness. 
 
 7. Kal rov fji^v cra)/zaro9 t,/cova arricraadcu, 
 
 avro) TOVTO Swpelo'Oai 0\dvr&y, TT}? Se 
 
 eiravero fjivrj/Jieia ^iaTrovov^evo^;^ 97701/^6^09 TO 
 /iz^ av$piavT07Toiu>v, TO Se avrov ep<yov elvai,, KCU TO />te^ 
 TrKovcriwv, TO Se TWZ^ aryaOwv. 8. ^pru^acrl 76 yit??z> ou 
 fjidvov S'v 7/o)9 a\\a Kal eXevOeplo)^ e%pf)TO, TW /-fceV 
 Sitcaiqy dpiceiv rjiyov/juevo? TO eaz^ 30 Ta aXXoVp^a, Tfti Se 
 e\ev6epi(d KOI TGOV eavrov 21 Trpocrco^eX^Teoz/ 31 elvai. del 
 Se SeKriSatfjicov rjv, i>o/ua>Z' Toi)9 yu/ez/ ^aXft>9 ^covras OVTTCO 
 
 s. 9. fjiei^o) 8e x (7v/ji(f)opav eicpive TO <yi<yvwcrKOVTa rj 
 dyvoovvra 9 a//,eXe^ TWI/ dyaOcov 80^9 Se ovSe/juas rjpa 
 379 oi?/c e^enrovei ra iSia. fter o\i<ywv $e JJLOL eSd/cei, av- 
 0pa)7ro)v ov fcaprepiav rr]v aperrjv aXX eviraOeiav vofjateiv* 
 7ra/^ouyL6ei/09 59 701}^ e^aipe fjiaXkov T) ^p'^p.ara /crto/Jievos. 
 aXXa. yLCT^z/ av^peuav 76 TO irKeov f^er evftovKias rj fjiera 
 /cat, GQICLV epyco jjioXKov r\ 
 
 -ze/^zj ^ kindly friend, and a formidable Joe, though ever lenient 
 in victory; a helper to the needy, affectionate to his kinsmen, 
 grateful for service. 
 
 10. npadrards 76 
 v Kal TTOVOIS paKiGTa dvri^v eratpot,? rjSicrTa V7rei/ce, 
 
 37 
 
A SPECIMEN OF VIGOROUS OLD AGE. 
 
 KCL\WV epywv 23 p,a\\ov r) r&v KaXwv o-cofjLarcov e 
 ev 76 jji7]v Tal$ evTTpa^iais awfypovelv eTTLcrrafAevos ev 
 Seivdis evdapa-ys eftvvaro elvai. 11. /cat TO ev^apt ov 
 o-Kw/uifAacnv a\\d rpoTra) eTrerrjSeve, tcai ra) fA<ya\o<ppovi 
 ov crvv v/3pC aXka avv jvcd/ay e^prjro* rcov yovv vTrepav- 
 /caracfrpovcov rwv fjierptcov TcnretvoTepos r^v. Kal jap 
 o ry fjuev dfjucfi, TO awfjba (j)av\orrjn^ r<x> 8' 
 TO o-rpdrevfjia KoorfJiw* TO> 8 O-VTO? /JLV 9 eXa^lcrrcov 
 ai, TOU? Se <jb/Xof9 &>9 TrKeicrra w^eXe^z/. 12. TT/JO? 
 
 Be 
 
 V7rapa r rreicnora f ro^ ael Se nOel? rd TWV <f)t,\a)v ao-(j)a\a)$ 
 del djjiavpovv rd rcov irdXe/Jiicov epjov el^eis. 13. e/celvov 
 ol fj^ev crwyyeveis (>L\OKrj$e/jiova e/cd\ovv, ol Se ftpcojjievoi, 
 d-jr ponder t(7TOV, ol S' V7rovpyr](ravTe$ TL fjivrujbova^ ol $ 
 dSifcovfjievoi 7rifcovpov, ol 76 fwp> avyKivSwevovres perd 
 Oeovs a cor rj pa. 
 
 He was a noble specimen of a vigorous old age, for even when past 
 military service, his activity in other ways made him respected 
 and/eared. 
 
 14. AoKel 8' efjbviye KCLL To'Se /AOZ/O? dvOputTrav eTriSetgai 
 ori r) fjiev rov o-co/uLaros lo-ftus lyr/pacr/cei, v\ Be T^? -^V^TJ^ 
 pco/jirj rwv ayaOcov av$pu>v ayriparo? eariv. e/ceu>05 yovv 
 OVK aTretTre fjie<yd\ff)v /cdl Ka\r)v e^^e/^evo? ^o^av, ei /cdi 
 p/Y) TO o~w^a (frepetv rjSvvaro Tir\v TTJS 1^^779 avrov pwfji^v^ 
 15. roiyapovv 7rota9 ov veorrjros tcpelrrov TO e/ceivov 
 7^/00-9 ecfrdvr/ ; T/9 fJikv yap Tot9 e^poi? dtc/Jid&v ovrco 
 
 TO fjLrjfacrTov rov aiwvos e^cov ; 
 
 8' eKTroo'&v ^evo^evov paXkov rjaBrjcrav 01 7ro\efJLiOL 
 r) 'A<yrf(T{,\dov ttaiTrep yrjpaiov reXevTrjcravTOS ; T/9 8e 
 Odpcro? Trapea^ev ocrov 'AyrjaLXaos, /caiTrep r^Sr) 
 
HIS DEATH. 
 
 / '- r> / V 68d / C^ N / f/-x 
 
 Tft) arofiari rov piov wv ; TWO, oe j/eoz; 01 <p>iJ\ot, 
 TrXe'ov eTrdOrjcrav 77 'AyrjatXaov <yj]paiov anroQavovra ; 
 
 i r> t f ^ -\ / t ) \ ~ /^ ? A \ eg 
 
 lo. OL>TO) oe reXecos o avr]p rr) TrarptOi a)<p\ifjio$ u>v 
 Sieyevero w? /ecu TerehevTrj/ccos tf&r] en fie^a\eiw^ 
 
 ^ ^ "> ^ './,^ V / 49 Obs 
 
 rr]V TToXiv et9 T^ ctioiov OLKijo'iv KarrjjajeTOy ' ' 
 fj,ev TTJS eavrov aperr)? ava Tracrav TTJV <yr\v 
 ri}9 Se /3aa-t,\Lfcr]S racf)^ 23 ev TTJ 
 
 39 
 
RULES OF GREEK SYNTAX. 
 
 Observation. The rules that follow are written, as far as differences 
 of idiom will allow, on the lines of the First Memorial Syntax 
 in the Public School Latin Primer, which it is supposed that 
 the pupil will have learnt. Some few rules, such as those on 
 the Composite Subject, have consequently been omitted. 
 
 On Agreement. 
 
 1. A Finite Verb agrees with its Subject in Number and Person. 
 Exceptions. (a) A Plural Subject of the neuter gender is followed 
 
 by a verb in the singular ; #/3ard e<m rot 6prj, * the moun- 
 tains are impassable/ 
 
 (b) A Dual Subject of the masculine or feminine gender may be fol- 
 
 lowed by a verb in the plural, ws eiderrjv dXX^Xous TJ yvvj) Kal 
 6 'Appaddrys, yffTrdeavTO d\\r)\ovs. XEN. 
 
 (c) A Singular Subject, implying multitude, may be followed by a 
 
 plural verb, when the act is done by the individuals and 
 not by the body as a whole, rb TrXijOos titovrai (Tnuc. i. 20), 
 * the multitude think. ' The following is a good example of the 
 two constructions : rb <rrpdrevfjui eiropL^ero alrov, KOTTTOVTCS 
 rovs (3ovs (XEN. Anab. ii. I. 6), where the army provided itself 
 with meat, but individual soldiers were the butchers. 
 (d) The verb is sometimes attracted to the number of the complement. 
 
 2. An Adjective or Participle agrees with that to which it is in 
 attribution in number, gender, and case. 
 
 Exc. (a) A neuter adjective may be added as predicate to a mascu- 
 line or feminine noun, when it denotes an essential quality, e.g. 
 dcrOev^ffrepov ywy dvdp6s, 'a woman is a weaker (creature) than 
 a man/ 
 
 (b) The adjective belonging to the subject is sometimes attracted to 
 the gender of the complement, as ?)<rav 8 ravra duo reLxtj 
 (XEN. Anab. i. 4. 4), where raOra = at TrtfXcu. 
 
 3. A Substantive agrees in case with that to which it is in apposition. 
 
 D 
 
RULES. VP GREEK SYNTAX. [4-6 
 
 4. A Relative agrees with its antecedent in number, gender, and 
 person, but in case follows its own clause. 
 
 (a) When a Relative would naturally be in the Accusative case, 
 
 and the Antecedent in the Genitive or Dative, the Relative 
 frequently takes the case of the Antecedent. This is called 
 the Relative Attraction. It is only used when the Relative 
 Sentence is purely adjectival, i.e. when it simply defines its 
 Antecedent. If the Antecedent is a demonstrative pronoun 
 or adjective, it is in this case often omitted ; abv oZs ( = <rbv 
 e/ceiVots otis) pd\iffTa (piXels. XEN. Anab. i. 9. 25. 
 
 (b) A Neuter Relative frequently refers to a sentence as its Ante- 
 
 cedent. 
 
 (c) The Antecedent is often drawn into the Relative Clause, and 
 
 takes the case of the Relative ; KaraffKevd^ovra $$ ap%ot %w/>as, 
 * developing the resources of the province which he governed ' 
 (z=.T7}v xdpav ^s &PXOI). XEN. Anab. i. 9- *9- 
 
 The Use of the Article. 
 
 5. The Article, 6, 17, r6, marks the Substantive to which it is prefixed 
 as a definite or known object. 
 
 (a] Hence, if an adjective be attached as an attributive epithet to define 
 a noun with the Article, it must immediately follow the article, 
 or have the article repeated with it ; otherwise it becomes an 
 attributive complement ; 6 /^eyas /3a<rtAetfs or 6 /3a<rtAet)s 6 //,yas, 
 ' the great king ; ' fttyas 6 paaiXetis, ' the king is great/ 
 So the Article distinguishes the Subject from the Predicate ; /caX6s earns 
 6 TTCUS, 'the lad is handsome,' /cctAos ecm TTCUS, 'he is a handsome lad.' 
 
 (b} By this use of the Article a simple sentence may be made to 
 contain two predications, one concerning the subject, the other 
 concerning the Object, or some other noun in an oblique case. 
 Such a sentence may often best be translated by the use of a 
 relative claus, e.g. TOVOVTOV el%e TO (rrpdrev^a 6 Kvpos, ' so great 
 was the army* which Cyrus had. ' A predicate which thus refers 
 to an oblique case is called a tertiary predicate. 
 
 (c] The Adjectives //,ecros, ci/c/jos, TJ/JLLVVS, and others, are thus used 
 predicatively, where we should use a substantive, e.g. &Kpa TJ 
 %efy>, ' the tip of the hand.' Compare the Latin use of summus, 
 meditis, etc., L. P. p. 139. 
 
 6. The Article distinguishes individuals, as different from others of the 
 same class, or as having been before mentioned, or by their qualities or 
 belongings ; hence it may frequently be translated by the Possessive Pro- 
 noun, as rds x e ?P a * avtrcive, * he held up his hands. ' 
 
 (a) Hence it is always added to ofrros, ode, and e/ce/os. 
 
7-13] RULES OF GREEK SYNTA 
 
 RE 
 >/ 
 
 
 
 7. The Article generalises, or, in other words, puts the individual forwavd 
 as the representative of its class, 6 (rofaarrjs, 6 didaaKui>, 'the teacher.' It 
 may often be translated by the English indefinite article, e.g. oet rbv orpa- 
 TIUTTJV irddeaOat. r$ apxovn, ' a soldier must obey his officer.' 
 
 8. All words which come between the Article and the noun to which 
 it belongs are epithets, and describe the noun. 
 
 (a. ) Hence the Article is put with adjectives, participles, adverbs, and 
 oblique cases of nouns with or without prepositions, to denote 
 persons and things whose qualities or relations they express, the 
 noun to be supplied being easily understood : e.g. oi <ro<j)oc, l the 
 'wise (class of men),' r6 a.t<rxpb v > ' meanness,' oi TroXtrevo/xej/ot, 
 ' statesmen,' oi vvv, ' the present generation,' oi d/x.0i rbv KOpo/>, 
 ' Cyrus' company.' 
 A Participle with the Article is generally best translated by a Relative 
 
 Clause, as 6 \vuv, ' the man who is loosing,' rbv pa<rt\evoi>Ta 'Apraj-ep&v, 
 
 1 Artaxerxes, who was king. ' 
 
 The Cases. 
 
 9. The Subject and the Complement of a Finite Verb are put in the 
 Nominative case ; the Subject and the Complement to an Infinitive are 
 generally put in the Accusative (cf. 18). 
 
 But where the infinitive and the principal verb have the same subject, 
 the Nominative is retained throughout ; as OVK %<f>r) avros dXXo, Nt/cta^ 
 <rr parity civ, l he said that not he, but Nicias was general. ' 
 
 The Accusative. 
 
 10. The Accusative denotes the limit towards which, or the space over 
 which, a thing moves, or an action is directed, or describes the action 
 that is done. It is the case of the nearer object. 
 
 11. Transitive Verbs govern an Accusative of the object. 
 
 12. Factitive Verbs, as of making, calling, thinking, have a second 
 Accusative of the Complement. See 5 (). Aapeios Kvpov ffarpdirr]!/ 
 e7roi?ya-e, 'Darius made Cyrus satrap.' XEN. Anab. i. I. 2. 
 
 13. In Greek any Verb, transitive or intransitive, with the exception 
 of Substantive verbs, can take an Accusative of its own contents, which is 
 sometimes called an Accusative of kindred meaning, or an Accusative of the 
 action of the verb. In the case of transitive verbs, this Accusative is 
 retained in the passive, e.g. TCLVTCL ve TIOLKTJKCL, ' I have done you this wrong; ' 
 passive, ravra (ri> ydi/tyo-ai. With intransitive verbs, it sometimes becomes 
 the subject to a passive form, TroXXa cn> ^d/3r77/ca?, 'you have committed 
 many blunders ; ' passive, TroXXa ^dpTrjrat <rot, or UTTO aoO. 
 
RULES OF GREEK SYNTAX. [14-18 
 
 (a) Hence many verbs of asking, teaching, concealing, clothing, depriv- 
 ing, etc., take two Accusatives, one of the person, the other 
 of the thing ; afiaipe'ccrOai TOVS OIKOVVTCLS "EAA?7i>as TTJV yfy, ' to 
 take away the land from the Greeks who were inhabiting it. ' 
 XEN. A nab. i. 3. 4. 
 
 14. The Accusative of Extent is used after verbs, participles, and 
 adjectives, to express 
 
 (a) Measure of space and time, answering to the questions, How far? 
 
 How long ? dielxov ctAA^Awj/ cos rpidKovra crrdSia. XEN. 
 
 Anab. i. 2. 4. ^jmeivev r^pas Tr^j/re, i. 2. 6. 
 (b} The object in respect of which what is stated about the subject is 
 
 true, i.e. how far it extends (Accusative of Respect), a\y& rj]i> 
 
 Ke<j>a\ijv, f I have an aching in the head, a headache.' 
 
 The Dative. 
 
 15. The fundamental notion of the Dative case is that of nearness and 
 contact. It is the case of the Recipient, and also expresses some relations 
 which are expressed by the Latin Ablative. 
 
 16. The Dative of the Recipient follows all words which imply actual 
 nearness, or the bringing of a thing near to body or mind. Such are words 
 which express likeness or unlikeness, agreement and disagreement, friend- 
 liness and hostility, advantage and disadvantage, pleasing and displeasing ; 
 and verbs of giving, showing, telling, and obeying, and their contraries. 
 
 17. The Dative may be added anywhere to mark the person con- 
 cerned in the doing of an action, or the existence of a quality, or for whose 
 interest the action takes place or the quality exists, e.g. ZoAwp rots 'A0?;- 
 vaiois v6fjLovs ZQrjKe, 'Solon made laws for the Athenians;' redv^Ka i>fjuv, 
 f l am dead as far as your interest in me goes.' To this head belong 
 
 (a) The Dative of the Personal Pronoun, which refers to the whole 
 
 sentence rather than to any particular word in it, and is called 
 the Ethic Dative ; ri <roi /xa^cro/Acu, ' what would you have 
 me learn?' 
 
 (b) The Dative with tart., yiyverai, which implies possession or gain. 
 
 (c) The Dative, used for the case of the Agent after Verbal Adjectives 
 
 in -reos and -ros, and after Passive verbs, especially in the 
 Perfect and Pluperfect ; the doer of the action being most 
 concerned in the action necessary or possible to be done, and 
 in the fruit of it when completed. a)0eA?7T<?a crot rj ?r6Ats e'cmV, 
 'you must help your country,' XEN. ; rl Tr^Trpa/crat rots &\\ois ; 
 ' what has been done, as far as the others are concerned ? ' 
 
 18. ^ A Dative is sometimes used by Attraction as Complement to an 
 Infinitive which is referred to a word in the sentence, that is in the Dative, 
 
19-25] RULES OF GREEK SYNTAX. 
 
 as its subject ; as evdaifj,o<nv vjuuv ecm ylyvecrdai, * it is open to you to 
 become prosperous.' 
 
 19. The Dative takes the place of the Latin Ablative in expressing 
 (a) The instrument, cause, or manner of an action : rois fj.r)Ke<ri TU>V 
 
 65w*> aadevf)?, ' weak because of the great distances. ' 
 (b} The measure of excess or defect : TroXXy v*ciov, * much greater ; ' 
 (c) The place where (rarely in prose), or the time when, an action 
 
 occurs : Ma/jaflwi/c, * at Marathon ' (really Locative), rerdpry 
 
 2ret, ' in the fourth year. 
 
 The Genitive. 
 
 20. The idea that underlies the Genitive case is that of detachment or 
 separation. It is the classifying case, or the case of predication, and is in 
 many instances equivalent to an adjective, or to the first member of an 
 English compound noun, as \6yuv dyuv, ' a word-contest ;' /c/>o>os xaX/cou, 
 ' a brazen helmet. ' 
 
 21. The Subjective Genitive denotes the Author or Possessor, or that 
 to which an action or quality belongs, or is natural. 
 
 (a) A Genitive of Partition, or of the thing measured or distributed, 
 is added to numerals and superlatives, and to words of quantity, 
 and also to words which imply sharing. irdvruv A/KOTOS, 
 * bravest of all.' /uereSt&xrcu/ &v elxov ZKCUTTOI. XEN. Anab. 
 iv. 5. 6. 
 
 (b} A Partitive Genitive is not unfrequently used in Greek without 
 any governing word (compare the French use of du, des). 
 
 22. The Objective Genitive is added to Substantives and Adjectives, 
 derived from transitive verbs, or containing a transitive idea, and corre- 
 sponds to the object which the verb itself would govern ; TOVTWV tdpis, 
 'acquainted with these things.' 
 
 23. The same Genitive is added to all words which imply a physical 
 or mental aim, and to express the object of a sensation or a desire ; T^a/rre 
 TOV O-KOTTOV, ' he missed the mark ;' CTTL Kprjrrjs, ' in the direction of Crete.' 
 
 Obs. Verbs of hearing and learning often take a genitive of the person 
 and an accusative of the thing heard ; ravrd vov ijicovaa, * I heard this 
 from you.' 
 
 24. The Genitive of Ablation is joined to words which imply origin, 
 separation, hindering, depriving, and differing : dLefyov dXX^Xw?/, ' they 
 were distant from each other ; ' Aapetou /cat Ilapuffdrtdos yiyvovrai vaides 
 dvo, 'of Darius and Parysatis two sons were born.' XEN. Anab. i. I. I. 
 
 25. The Genitive of Relation or Reference is added to comparatives and 
 to words implying superiority or inferiority, dominion and submission : 
 dfjLeivuv TOV irarpos, 'better than his father;' TTJS %c6/?as <fy>%ew, ' to rule 
 over the province.' Also to some adverbs of relative position, as efrrw TTJS 
 
 within the trench.' 
 
 45 
 
RULES OF GREEK SYNTAX. [26-30 
 
 (a) To this head belong the Genitives of Price and Measure : TroXAoO 
 &tos, ' of great value ; ' iroTajmbs e&pos 7r\t6pov, * a river one 
 hundred feet wide.' 
 
 26. The same Genitive is added to many adjectives and adverbs and 
 interjections, to point out the person or thing to which they refer. It may 
 often be translated by 'in' or 'in respect of,' e.g. rAetos TTJS dperijs, 
 'perfect in virtue,' ofyioc TTJS rtixw, ' woe is me for my fortune.' 
 
 (a) It is also added to verbs and adjectives which imply fulness and 
 
 plenty or their opposites (sometimes called the Genitive of 
 Material) : TrX^pTjs t'xfluco*', ' full of fish.' 
 
 (b) And to words of accusing, condemning, and acquitting, and of 
 
 praise and blame, to denote the matter of the charge or com- 
 mendation : <J>6vov di^KeiVj ' to prosecute for murder.' 
 
 27. The Genitive case with the participle (the Genitive Absolute) is 
 used to indicate the circumstances under which an action takes place, or 
 which limit it, and may therefore be classed under this head. 
 
 28. Time, and sometimes space, within which, is put in the Genitive 
 case, as TTJS eTriotfcr^s wttrbs, ' at some point in the following night ; ' TTJV 
 tTTiov<rav VVKTCL, l for the whole of the following night. ' 
 
 The Verb Infinite. 
 
 29. The Infinitive is the noun-form of the verb, and is inflected by pre- 
 fixing to it the different cases of the neuter article r6. Its oblique cases, 
 when thus inflected, may be governed by prepositions, and may follow 
 most of the constructions which belong to the case. It governs the same 
 sases as the verb finite. 
 
 It is used 
 
 (a) As Subject or Object to another verb, or as Predicate with a copu- 
 
 lative verb : tfffiv imevecv, * it was in their power to stay ; ' 
 aipovvrai TroAe/xea/, ' they choose war.' 
 
 (b) Obliquely, with an accusative of its subject (43). 
 
 (c) Prolatively, in order to define more completely the words to 
 
 which it is joined. In this sense it corresponds to the use of the 
 Accusative ( 13) : Setvbs \eyeiv, 'skilled in speaking.' 
 
 (d) Explanatorily, as tTrtrpe^e rty xupav dtapirdtrai, ' he gave up the 
 
 country to them to plunder.' This is really consecutive ( 49). 
 (<?) In a limiting sense in a few idiomatic expressions, as ws elireTv, 
 1 so to speak ; ' CKWV eTj/cu, ' if one can help it. ' 
 
 30. Not only the Infinitive, but the Infinitive with its subject, object, 
 and all its limiting words or phrases, may be preceded by the article TO, 
 and the whole treated as a single noun : TO oV Tjfias He\oirowir)(rlovs avrols 
 fj.r\ fioriOfjcrai irapeff^v vfjuv Sa/xiwi' K6\a<Tiv } ' the fact that we prevented 
 the Peloponnesians from coming to their aid left you free to chastise the 
 Samians.' THUC. i. 41. 
 
 4(5 
 
3I-35J RULES OF GREEK SYNTAX. 
 
 31. The place of the Latin Gerundive is supplied by the verbal adjec- 
 tive in -rtos, which is followed by a Dative of the agent. 
 
 (a) The Gerundive of intransitive verbs is only used impersonally, and 
 is followed by the genitive or dative, when the verb requires 
 
 those cases : Iirixciprrr4ov r tpy Vl 'one must attempt the task.' 
 (/;) Similarly the Gerundive of transitive verbs is used impersonally 
 
 and followed by the accusative : oiareov rty rtxw, ' one must 
 
 bear one's lot.* 
 
 The Tenses. 
 
 32. The Present Tense- Stem denotes continuous or repeated action. 
 Hence the Present and Imperfect tenses of the Indicative are used when 
 
 an action is or was going on, or incomplete, or habitual : ypd<f>et, ' he is 
 writing ; ' ZKTEIVOV ^e, * they were killing me,' or 'they tried to kill me.' 
 
 In the other moods it denotes that the action is continued and not 
 momentary. 
 
 (a) In the Indicative, the Present is used as in Latin, as a graphic 
 historic tense, and has historic sequences (37 a). 
 
 33. The Aorist-Stem denotes the simple action of the verb. In the 
 Indicative mood it is only used of definite actions in past time ; in the 
 other moods it denotes the action as a single whole, without reference to 
 its continuance. So vocreTv is * to be sick,' voo-rjaaL 'to fall sick ;' dvyvKeLv 
 ' to be on one's deathbed,' Oaveiv l to die.' 
 
 But where the Optative or Infinitive, or the Participle of the Aorist, 
 in indirect discourse, or the Participle as the equivalent of a Causal or 
 Temporal Clause ( 58), represents an original Indicative, it denotes the 
 simple occurrence of an action which is past relatively to the leading verb, 
 as dTTTJXdev drtjuao-tfets, ' he went away after being disgraced. ' 
 
 (a) A single instance of a repeated action is taken as a specimen of 
 
 what has happened and may happen again, and so the Aorist 
 is used to express that which past experience shows to happen 
 frequently (the Frequentative Aorist). In this case it may be 
 translated by the English present or by 'is wont to be.' 
 
 (b] The Imperative of the Aorist is not used in prohibitions in the 
 
 second person, its place being supplied by the Subjunctive. 
 
 34. The Perfect-stem denotes the completed action, or, more strictly, 
 the state resulting from the completed action, e.g. KT&O[JLCLI, ' I earn ;' K^KTTJ- 
 AUU, ' I possess ; ' pov\evojj,ai, ' 1 deliberate ; ' /3e/3otf Aeuyucu, * I have made 
 up my mind.' 
 
 35. The Future implies not only future time, but also purpose and 
 intention. There is no Future tense in the Subjunctive Mood, which itself 
 implies a reference to the future, and the Future Optative is only used to 
 represent the Future Indicative in sentences actually or virtually oblique. 
 
 47 
 
RULES OF GREEK SYNTAX. [36-40 
 
 (a) There are in the passive voice two Futures. 
 
 (i) The Future of the single act formed from the Aorist stem 
 
 (2) The Future of the completed act, formed from the Perfect 
 stem (XeXtfo-o/icu) ; which is used sometimes to denote a sudden 
 or immediate result. Cf. XEN. Anab. i. 5. 16, vojudfere v 
 rfie rrf fjfttpQ e/x^ KCLTaKK6\f/ff0ai, ' I shall be cut down, my 
 fate will be settled, that very day.' This Future is formed in 
 the active voice by the perfect participle with &TO/ACU. 
 
 The Moods. 
 
 36. There are in Greek four moods, the Indicative, the Imperative, the 
 Subjunctive, and the Optative. 
 
 The Indicative states a thing as plain fact; the Imperative expresses 
 direct commands ; the Subjunctive and Optative are mostly used in Sub- 
 ordinate Clauses to express a state or action which is contingent or 
 dependent upon some other state or action. 
 
 37. The Subjunctive refers to present or future time ; the Optative 
 is based upon circumstances either past or merely imagined as possible. 
 (a) Hence the Subjunctive follows those tenses which refer to present 
 time (called principal or primary tenses). The Optative fol- 
 lows those which refer to the past time, or historic tenses. 
 (Note that the Subjunctive has primary -, the Optative historic 
 endings, and that the Imperative always implies primary 
 . time. What is sequence of tenses in Latin is sequence of moods 
 in Greek.) 
 
 38. Hence also, in suppositions the Subjunctive denotes that which is 
 practical, and will soon be settled one way or another : eow %w, ' if I have, 
 which I shall soon know ; ' the Optative that which is merely possible or 
 conceivable : d x ot A"> ' were I to have, as I may possibly. ' 
 
 39. The Subjunctive is used 
 
 (a) Independently in simple questions to express doubt or delibera- 
 tion, TTOV ffru ; * where am I to stand ? ' and in the first person 
 in exhortations and commands. This Subjunctive is retained in 
 a dependent clause in primary sequence, but is changed into the 
 Optative when the question becomes dependent upon a past 
 tense, as OVK rjdeiv irov <rTair)v, 'I did not know where to stand.' 
 () Dependently, with relative and conditional particles, generally 
 followed by &i/, to put a general case, after primary time : 6s 
 SLV ravra Troif}, ' whoever does this ; ' tav raOra ytvrp-ai, ' if ever 
 this happens.' 
 
 40. The Optative is used 
 
 (a) Independently, to express a wish that may be realised. 
 
41-431 RULES OF GREEK SYNTAX. 
 
 (b) Dependency, to express frequency, and to generalise after past 
 time, and so especially after the imperfect : el ptv evrii^o^v ri<ri 
 Kpeivtrovs 8vTes T&V Tro\fj,lct)v dityevyov ai)roi5s, 'if (= whenever) 
 they met any of the enemy, though they were stronger than 
 they, they constantly fled from them.' THUG. vii. 44. 
 
 TTie Voices. 
 
 41. There are three Voices in Greek, the Active, the Middle, and the 
 Passive. 
 
 (a) The Active and Passive are used much as in Latin, the Greek equi- 
 
 valent of a or ab with the ablative of the agent being virb with 
 the genitive. 
 
 (b] The Middle Voice, which was probably the earliest form of the 
 
 Passive, is used of reflexive action ; i.e. of action which comes 
 back to the agent, either (i) as interested in the action, i.e. 
 as recipient, or (2) as getting the action done, or (3) as having 
 it reciprocated by another. 
 
 Exx. (i) fjLTa7rtfj,Tre(r0aL TWO., * to send for a person' (to come to 
 one) ; (2) dtddaKeadai rbv vifo, ' to have one's son taught ; ' 
 (3) diaXijeffOaL irb\efj*ov, ' to put an end to a war by mutual 
 treaty ; ' dtdXtyecrOai (which consequently is only used in the 
 middle) ' to converse. ' 
 
 Obs. The same remark applies to those words which take a middle 
 form for the future, the agent's will being more involved in the 
 future than in the other tenses ; as d/cotftrojucu, ' 1 will hear.' 
 
 The Compound Sentence. 
 
 42. A Compound Sentence consists of two or more Simple Sentences 
 connected together, of which one is the principal, the others are subordi- 
 nate. 
 
 Subordinate Sentences are of three kinds, corresponding to the parts 01 
 speech whose place they fill in the principal sentence, viz., Substantival, 
 Adjectival, and Adverbial. 
 
 Substantival Clauses (Z. P. p. 141). 
 
 43. Oblique enuntiation is expressed 
 
 (a) By the Infinitive, with the accusative of the subject, when it is 
 different from the subject of the principal sentence, but with 
 the nominative when it is the same (see Rule 9), the Future 
 being used after words of promising : tyi) Nt/c/aj/ (TTpaTr]yeiJ> t 
 1 he said that Nicias was general.' 49 
 
RULES OF GREEK SYNTAX [44-43 
 
 By this construction it is possible at any moment to show that the words 
 or thoughts are not the writer's own, without the use of any introductory 
 phrases such as ' he said,' ' he replied.' 
 
 Obs. But with words like Xeyercu, 5o/cet, etc., the personal construc- 
 tion is preferred, e.g. Xeyercu 'ATroXXwi/ e/c5etpcu ~M.ap(rvcu>, 'it 
 is said that Apollo flayed Marsyas. ' 
 
 (b] By ws or 6'rt, with the Indicative after primary tenses, and with the 
 
 Optative after historic tenses, after verbs of saying and know- 
 ing, tin generally introduces an actual fact, cos the speaker's 
 impression or representation of it. N.B. Note that the Sub- 
 junctive is never used in oblique narration or interrogation unless 
 it represents in primary sequence a Subjunctive in the direct. 
 
 (c] By a Participle agreeing with the object, after verbs of knowledge 
 
 and perception. The nominative is preserved if the participle 
 is predicated of the subject of the principal verb, oi "EXX^es 
 OVK rjdeaav Kvpov TedvyKbra, ' the Greeks did not know that 
 Cyrus was dead ; ' "ladt. dvdrjros &v, ' be sure that you lack 
 common sense. ' 
 
 (d] By the Indicative of past or present time, or the Subjunctive or 
 
 Optative, according to the tense of the principal verb, of 
 future time, with ^77, after verbs of fearing : (po^ov^ai ^ TOVTO 
 yeyove, ' I fear that this has happened;' /JLTJ ye^rcu, 'that it 
 may happen;' efofiov/Airjv ^77 ytvoiro. (This is partly final.) 
 
 44. Oblique Petition is expressed by the Accusative and Infinitive, 
 
 or the Infinitive alone. 
 
 45. Oblique Interrogation is expressed by the Indicative after primary, 
 and the Optative after historic tenses, following an interrogative pronoun 
 or particle, direct or oblique (e.g. TIS or 6Vris) or the conjunction ei, depen- 
 dent on a verb of asking, doubting, telling, etc. 
 
 46. The Indicative, and the Subjunctive, with or without to, of Sub- 
 ordinate clauses, are preserved in oratio obliqua after primary tenses, but 
 are changed into the Optative without to after historic tenses. 
 
 47. In oblique enuntiation and interrogation the moods and tenses of 
 the original direct sentence are often retained, in order to approach more 
 closely to the words of the speaker. (Graphic Sequence. ) 
 
 Adjectival Clauses. 
 
 48. Adjectival Clauses are introduced by the Relative 6s or one of 
 its particles, which is followed by the Indicative when it defines an indi- 
 vidual by definite actions or qualities ; by the Subjunctive with to after 
 Primary, or by the Optative without to after Historic tenses, when it 
 defines a class, or implies a condition. 
 
 The relative 6s, like the Latin qui (L. P. 150), but more rarely, 
 expresses purpose, consequence, or cause. See 49, 50 c t 51. 
 50 
 
49-50] RULES OF GREEK SYNTAX. 
 
 Adverbial Clauses. (L. P., p. 143.) 
 
 49. Consecutive Clauses denote the result of an action, and are intro- 
 duced 
 
 (a) By wo-re, which is followed by the Accusative and Infinitive, or 
 
 the simple Infinitive if the subject is unchanged, when the result 
 is indicated as natural, whether it really follows or not ; by the 
 Indicative when attention is called to the fact that it does 
 actually follow ; as, fj\avvov eVi roi>s Mlpcwo?, ware CKCIVOVS 
 e/C7re7rX?7X0cu (XEN. Anab. i. 5. 13), 'they charged Menon's 
 soldiers, so that they were thrown into a panic,' where the 
 result follows, but no special attention is called to the fact ; the 
 charge was sufficient to scare them : ovx tficev 6 TLacra^epvrjs, oxrre 
 (pp6i>Ti,foj> (Ibid. ii. 3. 25), where Tissaphernes' absence was not 
 only enough to make them think, but did make them think, etc. 
 In the same way olos, oaos, are followed by the Infinitive, as o#/c eon? 
 olos ravra Troieiv, ' he is not the man to do this. ' 
 
 ticrre is also used (as well as e0' $, e<' yre) with the Infinitive, to denote 
 the condition or understanding on which a thing is done, as <7u j u/zaxi'az> 
 eTroLTjcravTo, t^are /-IT; ffTpareveiv, ' on condition that they should not be re- 
 quired to serve.' (See 30.) 
 
 (b] by the Relative 6's, or 6Vrts, or one of its particles, as ris OVTUS 
 
 evTjdTjs 6'o-ris dyvoe'i, i who is so simple as not to know ? ' 
 Obs. In the former case Xenophon often uses the simple cus for #crre. 
 The negatives are ov with the Indicative, /AT; with the Infinitive. 
 
 50. Final Clauses denote purpose, and are introduced by IVa, ws, OTTWS, 
 /*/), iVa /x^, ws ^ 6'7rws ^, followed by the Subjunctive or the Optative, 
 according as the verb on which they depend is in primary or historic time. 
 
 (a) Purpose is also expressed as in Latin by the Future Participle, 
 
 and by the Accusative of the Gerund with the preposition. 
 
 (b) Also by the simple Infinitive after verbs of giving, going, and the 
 
 like, as olvov 5w/ca mew, M gave him wine to drink.' 
 
 (c) The Relative 6s or 6'<ms, when it expresses purpose, is followed by 
 
 the Future Indicative, never by the Subjunctive : ijyefjtAva. 
 cu'retV, o<ms d7rde, 'to lead them back.' XEN. Anab. i. 3. 14. 
 
 (d) A purpose which is beyond attainment because some necessary 
 
 condition is unfulfilled (Eng. 'that I might have been'), is 
 expressed by a past tense of the Indicative with IVa, ws, or STTWS. 
 
 (e) Verbs of precaution and consideration are followed by OTTWS or 
 
 #TTWS fj,ri with the Future Indicative after primary, or the 
 Optative after historic tenses ; eVi^eAoOrcu O'TTWS /-IT; TOLOVTOI 
 ZaovrcLi. XEN. Cyr. i. 2. 3. 
 
 By the omission of Spa or <nc67ret this becomes hortative : SITUS facade 
 fodpes, 'see ye be men.' XEN. Anab. i. 7. 3. 
 
RULES OF GREEK SYNTAX. [51-53 
 
 51. Causzl Clauses are introduced by on and dibrt, sometimes by &s, 
 eVei, or &n.:5i;, /ollowed by the Indicative, the former explaining a fact, 
 the latter connecting cause and effect, or by 6's, 6s ye, 6'<rris, with the In- 
 dicative: eVei vfjie'is efjiol ov deXere ireideaOai., ^70? avv vfuv e^o/xcu, * since you 
 will not obey me, I will accompany you' (XEN. Anab. i. 3. 6). ~K\eapxov 
 TrapeKdXea-e <n5jU/3oyXo>, 8s ye edoKet TrporifM-rjOrlvat fjui\L<rra rCov ' E\\r}vuv, * he 
 called Clearchus to his counsel, since he seemed to be the most distin- 
 guished of the Greeks.' (Negative ov.) 
 
 52. Temporal Clauses are introduced by ore, birkre, ijviKa, ws (when), 
 &os, &rre, ev (whilst, as long as), irplv (before), e'ws, eVre, ftexpis ov (until), 
 eVet', eTreiSr? (after), followed by the Indicative to express a certain known 
 and definite time, past, present, or future ; by to with the Subjunctive, after 
 Primary tenses to express present or future time of uncertain or repeated 
 acts (whenever) ; and by the Optative after Historic tenses of uncertain or 
 repeated acts. 
 
 (a) Trplv, irpiv ?}, and irpbrepov i) are generally followed by the Infini- 
 tive after affirmations, unless it is wished to denote that the 
 fact took place, when the Indicative is used. 
 
 (ft) irpiv civ and sometimes Trplv \vith the Subjunctive, and irplv with 
 the Optative, are used only in sentences actually or virtually 
 negative, ov xptf f^ direXOe'cv, Trplv civ d& diicrjv, f you must not 
 let me go, till I have suffered for it' (XEN. Anab. v. 7. 5) ; 
 ov8a/j,60v a(j>ie(rav, irpiv TrapadeTev &pto~Tov, * they would not let 
 them go, till they had served them with breakfast* (iv. 5. 30). 
 
 (c) &or with the Aorist = until, Math the Present = as long as. 
 
 53. Conditional Clauses (L. P., p. 144), are introduced by et, eav, 
 et-jrep, followed by /JLTJ if the sentence be negative. Four classes are dis- 
 tinguished : 
 
 (a) Pure condition : where the question is one of fact and the conse- 
 
 quence follows if the fact be granted (sumptio Dati) ; the 
 Indicative is used in both Protasis and Apodosis ; el' TL 
 ajmapTaveLS aXyels, si quid peccas, doles. 
 
 (b) Practical supposition : where the condition is a supposition, but 
 
 one which has a speedy prospect of decision, and the conse- 
 quence is certain to follow on the fulfilment of the condition 
 (sumptio Dandi) ; by eav or i}v with the Subjunctive in the 
 Protasis, with the Future of the Indicative in the Apodosis, edv 
 ri ajjidpTTjs a\yr)o-et, si quid peccaveris, dolebis. eav is often used 
 in a frequentative sense = if ever. 
 
 (c) Possible Supposition : where the condition and consequence are both 
 
 hypothetical without any suggestion of their being more than 
 possible and conceivable (sumptio Ficti) ; the Optative is used 
 with el in the Protasis, and the Optative with to (which con- 
 nects it with its conditions) in the Apodosis, as el TI 
 d\yoif]s civ, si quid pecces, doleas. 
 
54-571 RULES OF GREEK SYNTAX. 
 
 Note. In (b] and (c) the place of the Protasis is often filled by a relative 
 clause where 6s or Sans = d TIS. 
 
 (d) Impossible Supposition : where the condition, being a stipposition 
 
 contrary to actual fact, can no longer be fulfilled, and the con- 
 sequence is therefore impossible ; a past tense of the Indicative 
 in the Protasis followed by a past tense of the Indicative with 
 &v, the imperfect denoting continuance, the aorist the single 
 act, ef TL y/JLapraves -fj\yis &v, si quid peccares, doleres. 
 
 (e) Conditional sentences of various shades of meaning are formed by 
 
 combining the Protasis of one of these principal forms with the 
 Apodosis of another; e.g. et yap oCroi 6p#cDs aTr&rrTjo'cu', V/JLCLS 
 av ov "xpe&v #pxotre. The real condition is contained in 6p0u)s, 
 * if it should turn out that they were right in their revolt, then 
 you will be holding an unjustifiable rule.' The particular case 
 carries a principle which proves a general conclusion. 
 Obs. In particular, an indefinite case in past time (e/ with Optative= 
 if ever) is followed by a past tense of the Indicative with ay 
 to denote what actually followed in each case (&v, where the 
 condition is fulfilled). 
 
 54. From classes (c) (d) of Conditional sentences arise some abbre- 
 viated forms : 
 
 (a) The Apodosis being suppressed, the Protasis alone expresses a 
 
 strong wish, like our 'if only,' or the Latin O si; d x OL I JLi > 
 ' if only I might have ' (a wish possible to be realised) ; el 
 i)dwr)6r]i>, ' I wish I had been able ' (impossible). 
 
 (b) The suppression of the Protasis in (c) leaves the Apodosis to 
 
 express a contingent futurity ; iroiolTjv av, 1 1 will do if the 
 
 necessary circumstances ever arise.' In the second person it is 
 used to express a courteous request, dfyoio to, l please accept it,' 
 i.e. l you will accept it if you wish to oblige.' 
 
 55. In oratio obliqua, the Indicative or Optative of the Apodosis is 
 represented by the Infinitive or the Participle ( 43 c), the fa being re- 
 tained. 
 
 (a) The Apodosis can also be put, if necessary, into a participial form, 
 generally with ws. 
 
 56. Concessive or Limitative Clauses are formed by d Kal or Ka.1 d with 
 the indicative or optative, or by eav Kal with the subjunctive, after Primary 
 tenses (negative /^) but more generally by participles with the particle 
 Kal-jrep prefixed (negative otf). 
 
 57. Comparative Clauses, comparing with actual fact, are expressed by 
 (is with the indicative, except in the oblique ; comparing with a supposi- 
 tion (Latin quasi], by wad with the construction of the Conditional Sen- 
 tence. A noticeable form of the first is ws ydtvaTO, ' to his power ;' with 
 the superlative ydtvaTo is often omitted : as, w$ TrXetcn-oi, ' the greatest 
 number possible.' 
 
RULES OF GREEK SYNTAX. [58-62 
 
 The Participle. 
 
 5 8. Several of the above clauses may be represented by participles, as : 
 
 (a) Causa!, sometimes with are or ws, as, *>o/xtwj> a^eivovas clvai VJULCLS 
 
 irpo<T\a,fiov, ' I took you with me, because I thought you to be 
 better than they were. ' 
 
 (b) Temporal, the present participle expressing simultaneous time, the 
 
 aorist prior time, and the future future, as compared with the 
 leading verb, as T?5i> eudevra jj,fj,vrjcrdcu irbvuv where ffudtvra, = 
 
 TTLda.V (TUdfj TIS. 
 
 (c) Conditional, as a/jLaprdvuv dXyeis, aXyrjaei, aXyoiys civ, -fjXyeis &v ; 
 
 in negative sentences the use of /AT? marks the participle as con- 
 ditional. 
 
 (d) Concessive, with or without /cat or Kalirep, Sfjiws being often added 
 
 in the Apodosis ; Kaiirep eidores, * although they know.' 
 
 (e) Comparative, with ws. 
 
 (/) The Participle is also used instead of another verb to express the 
 means or the circumstances which lead up to or attend the 
 verb, raura Troojcras airuiKeae rty dpxrjv, ' by doing this he lost 
 his empire/ This is called the Modal use. (Cp. 27.) 
 
 59. The Participle is used in Greek with several verbs expressing 
 existence, as, rvyxdveiv, &pxe<r0at (to begin), \avdcLveiv, QaiveaOai, or joy 
 or sorrow, as %a/>a', \vireiadai., and with (f>6dveiv, to be beforehand, iraveiv, 
 to stop, and with the adjectives 5^Xos and (pavepds. 
 
 Note. 4>alvofj.a.i. &v = I plainly am ; (j>aii>o/j,at eZVcu = I appear to be. 
 
 60. The Participle is used predicatively with the definite noun (5), 
 where we use a verbal substantive, as a/xa ry ciry dK^d^ovn, ' with the 
 ripening of the corn.' 
 
 61. The Accusative of the Participle of impersonal verbs, or verbs 
 used impersonally, is used absolutely, as Sov, since it is necessary, doav, 
 when it had been resolved. 
 
 The Negatives. 
 
 62. There are two Negatives, 01) and ^77 ; ov appears in negative state- 
 ments, fify in negative conceptions, such as purpose, condition, consequence. 
 
 (a) ny is consequently used in prohibitions, direct and oblique, in oblique 
 sentences after verbs of swearing and pledging, in conditions, 
 and in deliberative, final, and consecutive clauses where the 
 result is not represented as actually achieved. 
 
 (b) /AT) is used with the relative and also with adjectives and participles 
 with the article, when the relative or article denotes a class, as 
 6 fjfy ddLK&v, or 6's ^ Aducet, * whoever is not dishonest.' d hv 
 UTJ dpdo-ys, ( whatever you do not do. ' 
 54 
 
63-69] RULES OF GREEK SYNTAX. 
 
 63. The Negative in oblique enuntiation is often attached to the 
 introductory verb, as o# 077/u='nego;' OVK eu>, * I forbid;' so OVK dtw rovro 
 iroLtiv, ' I think I ought not to do this. ' 
 
 64. The Negative in Greek is repeated with each thing denied, as ovirore 
 ovdels ovda/j,ov ravra eiroiyo-e, 'no one ever did this under any circumstances. ' 
 If the verb comes at the beginning it has its own negative, as OVK eTroiyffe 
 TCLVTCL ovdels, ' no one did this.' Otherwise, two negatives make an affirma- 
 tive, as ovdels ov ravra eTroifjae = ' everybody did this.' 
 
 65. The Negative yur? is inserted before the infinitive after verbs of 
 denying, hindering, forbidding, to make the subordinate clause carry its 
 own full meaning : KU>\VW o~ JJLT) ravra dpav, ' I prevent you from doing this.' 
 
 (a) An infinitive which for any reason has /XT), takes the double nega- 
 tive /AT] ov, when it follows an actual or virtual negative, as, ov 
 Ki*)\v(*) o~e fj.7) ov ravTCL dpcLv. So ddvvara fy /ULT] ov /jieydXa. 
 pXdirreiv, THUG. ; wore alax^v elvai, ^ ov o-vo~Trov8deu>, XEN. 
 Anab. ii. 3.11. 
 
 The Prepositions* 
 
 66. The meaning of Prepositions in Greek is modified by the use of 
 the cases to which they are attached, the Genitive implying separation, or 
 motion from, or aim ; the Dative, attachment to, or rest at ; the Accu- 
 sative, motion along or towards; e.g. irapa (= alongside) with the Geni- 
 tive means ' from (the side of),' with the Dative 'at the side of,' with 
 the Accusative 'along' or 'to the side of;' /j,era (our 'mid') with the 
 Genitive is ' from the middle of ' and so in company ' with ; ' with the 
 Dative, 'among,' and with the Accusative, 'along the middle of,' or 'to 
 the midst of,' and so, as one who goes to join a party follows it, 'after,' 
 ' in pursuit of. ' 
 
 67. The following prepositions take one case only : 
 
 (a) The Genitive, 7rp6, dird, e/c or e, dvrl, irXfy, &vev, irtpav, /Aerai/, 
 
 eveKa (which is sometimes put after its case). 
 
 (b) The Dative, ev and ffvv. 
 
 (c) The Accusative, els, us (with persons only), and dvd. 
 
 68. The following take two cases, the Genitive and Accusative : 5id, 
 Kara, and virep. 
 
 69. The following take the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative : dy 
 Trepi, Trapd, Trp6s, eiri, vw6, perd. 
 
THE USES OF THE 
 SUBJUNCTIVE AND OPTATIVE. 
 
 I. 
 
 In Principal Clauses. 
 1. WISH or COMMAND. | 1. WISH. The pure Optative to 
 
 (a) First person plural, faftev, 
 
 * let us go. ' 
 
 (b) Aorist with fjiTj in prohibi- 
 
 tions, TOUTO JULTJ dpdffys, 
 'do not do this.' 
 
 2. DELIBERATIVE, in direct ques- 
 tions (or indirect in primary 
 sequence). 
 
 Trot twfjiev ; ' Whither are we to 
 
 gO?' (OVK ^XOWl 7T04 t(i)ffl.) 
 
 3. With ov pi) (with the aorist) 
 a strong DENIAL (probably an ellip- 
 tical case of II. i). 
 
 ov JUT? A077, * there is no chance of 
 his coming. ' 
 
 express a wish of possible fulfilment. 
 s, ' may you prosper. ' 
 (Negative JUT?.) 
 
 2. POTENTIAL or CONDITIONAL. 
 
 With &v, especially in the apodosis 
 of conditional sentences, with el and 
 the optative in the protasis. 
 
 (Negative ov.) 
 
 II. 
 
 In Governed Clauses. 
 
 1. FINAL, in primary sequence, 
 to express purpose, or after verbs 
 of precaution and fear. 
 
 (Negative JUT?.) 
 
 2. INDEFINITE, after relative pro- 
 nouns and particles, and hypotheti- 
 cal conjunctions, generally with &v, 
 to express indefiniteness in primary 
 time. (Negative JUT?. ) 
 
 Note. The subjunctive is never j 
 used to make a statement, except in I 
 I. 3.; and never represents any other I 
 mood than its own in oblique state- 
 ments or questions. 
 
 1. FINAL, in historic sequence. 
 
 (Negative ^.) 
 
 2. INDEFINITE, after relative pro- 
 nouns, and in historic time, without 
 &>. (Negative ^.) 
 
 3. INDIRECT QUESTIONS, in his- 
 toric sequence. (Negative ov. ) 
 
 4. INDIRECT STATEMENT, after 
 ws and 6'rt in historic sequence. 
 
 (Negative ov.) 
 
 5. CONDITIONAL, With d to 
 express possible but unpractical 
 hypotheses. (Negative yurj.) 
 
 6. INDIRECT DELIBERATIVE (owe 
 
 L toLev). (Negative /XT;.) 
 
NOTES. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 1. 'on . . . 8ia TOVTO.] This inversion makes the reason more emphatic. 
 ov8 |ii6vwv &v rvyx&voi eira^vwv] It were unjust that a man should 
 
 not receive any praise, even though it came short of his deserts. 
 The dv, which some editors omit, seems necessary to explain oi>5, 
 after el. The protasis to OVK &v /caXws <?x ot itself contains another 
 condition. 
 
 2. TO is irpo-ydvois 6vo|xa^ojxvois] When his ancestors are enumerated, 
 
 or, in the recounting of his pedigree ; a kind of instrumental or 
 modal dative. Compare XENOPHON'S Anabasis, vi. I. 10 : Jej/o- 
 (pwvTi. 5 dia TTJS fJieaoyaLas iropvo^v^( = during Xenophon's progress) 
 01 iinre'is irpOKardd^ovTes VTvy%dvov(Ti Trpea^evroLS TropevofjLevois Trot. 
 
 STTOO-TOS K.T.X.] How many generations he was removed from Hera- 
 kles. The Spartan kings traced their pedigree up to Aristodemus, 
 one of the great-grandsons of Hyllus, the son of Herakles, who 
 with his brothers Temenus and Kresphontes led the migration of 
 the Dorians into the Peloponnesus, known in legendary history as 
 the 'return of the Heracleidae.' Aristodemus was killed before the 
 expedition started, and left twin sons Eurysthenes and Prokles, who 
 in the final distribution of the conquered land received by lot their 
 father's portion, Sparta. In this way the legend accounts for the 
 fact that there were always two kings at Sparta. 
 
 TOVTOIS] In apposition with TOIS trpoyovoLS. 
 
 3. ravTT]] On this count. 
 
 pao-iXevovo-i JJL^V K.r.X] Although they are kings, it is only of an 
 ordinary city, eTTLTvxoticnrjs, such as you come across every day, and 
 so, unimportant. 
 
 Second-rate. 
 
 ] At the time when Xenophon wrote (about 360 B.C.) the 
 death of Epaminondas had practically left the supremacy (riye^ovio.} 
 to Sparta once more. In the early times and during the Persian 
 E 57 
 
NOTES TO XENOPHOWS [i. 4-6 
 
 wars, and again for a time after the downfall of Athens at the end 
 of the Peloponnesian war, it had been the leading state in Greece. 
 
 4. It was their great merit that they never used their power so as to stir 
 
 the jealousy of the people, and never grasped at greater power 
 than the terms of their original investiture allowed them. 
 
 &\\T] ykv aflTT] 81] Whereas . . . this. 
 
 Tvpavvfe] Absolute monarchy won by force ; /3acriXea, in the later 
 times, constitutional monarchy. The kings of Sparta were kept 
 under considerable checks, and their political power had before 
 this become insignificant, save where, as in Agesilaus, personal 
 strength of character asserted it. They had, however, many im- 
 portant privileges, and were always looked up to with great 
 respect, as the representatives of the founder's house, and the 
 religious heads of the nation. (Compare the &px wv j8acriXei)s at 
 Athens, and the * rex sacrificulus ' at Rome. ) 
 
 <ruvex^s Paori\ta] An uninterrupted monarchy. 
 
 5. ws 6Vros] Claiming to be. 
 dvciriKXTjTOTepov] More unimpeachable. 
 
 Kpi0vra] Translate * when a man has been judged . . . what further 
 proof is needed ? ' Mark the literal construction : TO . . . &ui)0fyai 
 is the subject. 
 
 King Agis died in 399 B.C. Lysander, who had been commander 
 of the fleet, and conqueror of Athens, puffed up by his success, 
 and urged on by the flatteries of his friends, had intrigued to get 
 himself made king, and to make the royal office not hereditary, but 
 elective. Having failed in his attempt, he thought to advance 
 himself in another way by getting his friend Agesilaus, who was a 
 younger half-brother of the late king, put on the throne in the 
 place of Agis' son. At his prompting Agesilaus contested the 
 legitimacy of Leotychides and claimed the sceptre for himself. 
 Some doubts had been expressed as to Leotychides' birth, but, 
 doubtless, what decided the question in his uncle's favour was that 
 he was but a lad of fifteen, while Agesilaus was a mature man of 
 forty. Objection was taken to him because he was lame, but 
 Lysander, by an ingenious interpretation of an oracle, managed to 
 carry the day in his favour. [XEN. Hellen. iii. 3. 3 : cos OVK ofotro, 
 rbv Oebv TOVTO KeXeveiv 0uXda<70cu, /JLTJ TrpoaTrTataas TL<$ xwXe&rfl 
 (physical lameness), dXXa /JLCL\\OV ^ OVK &v TOV ytvovs /3a<nXe 1*777. ] 
 
 6. frri v&>s a>v] He was over forty, so the expression seems hardly suit- 
 
 able. 
 58 
 
1.6-10] AGESILAUS. 
 
 K.T.X.] The Persians had not forgiven the Spartans for the 
 help they had given to the younger Cyrus. At the beginning of 
 398 B.C. Derkyllidas, being appointed commander of the Greeks, 
 had made a truce with Tissaphernes in order to attack Pharnabazus. 
 In the following year he was commanded by the Ephors to attack 
 Tissaphernes in Caria, and the fleet under Pharax was ordered to 
 co-operate with him. The two satraps joined their forces, so that 
 Derkyllidas could effect but little, and an armistice was concluded 
 (397 B.C.). Pharnabazus availed himself of it to make extensive 
 preparations for a fresh war. He got down Persian troops, and 
 began to raise a fleet of 300 sail in Phoenicia and Cilicia to be 
 placed under the command of the Athenian admiral Conon. 
 
 7. dv Swtriv] The graphic sequence, the original mood being pre- 
 
 served. Syntax, 47. 
 
 2-irapTLaTwv] As a sort of council of officers (rjyefjLovas Kal 
 i's, PLUTARCH, c. vi. ). Spartan citizens did not, as a rule, 
 go as soldiers on foreign service. 
 veoSajxwSeis] Enfranchised Helots, who had received their freedom 
 
 as a reward for their bravery in war. <n/j>ra7/xa, a corps. 
 POV\TJT(U] Is bent upon. 
 dcr\oXCav irape'j-eiv] He would keep him too busy to invade Greece. 
 
 8. avrb TOVTO] The mere fact of desiring. The accusative of the thing 
 
 alone with dya/mai. is rare, but is used by Xeriophon, Cyrop. ii. 
 
 3- 19- 
 
 irp6<r6v] Under Darius and Xerxes. 
 4-iriovTtt K.T.X.] To carry on an offensive rather than a defensive 
 
 warfare. Some word like TLVCL is understood as the subject of the 
 
 infinitive. Similarly with dajrav^vra (ace. sing.), and iroKe^elv. 
 
 SenravwvTa] By obtaining his supplies from the people among whom 
 he was. Trans. * at his expense, and not at that of the Greeks.' 
 
 H?) irepl rf]s 'EXXclSos] To let the stake be the possession, not of Greece, 
 but of Asia. 
 
 9. s ccrrpaT^Yrjcrev] What sort of a general he was. 
 
 10. TJ8e irpwTT] irpctjjis] This was his first performance. TT/DWTT; irpais is 
 
 predicate, or it would have the article. 
 
 Twro-a<|>pvT]s wjxocrev] The armistice was renewed for three months, 
 in order to allow time for communication wtth the Persian court. 
 Derkyllidas had demanded the independence of the Greek cities 
 
 in Asia, and envoys had been sent to negotiate these terms. 
 
 59 
 
NOTES TO XENOPHOWS [i. 10-15 
 
 Tissaphernes told Agesilaus that he hoped that they would be 
 
 granted, and with this understanding swore to the armistice, Hellen. 
 
 iii. 4. 5, 6. 
 
 oils TT[Ju|/6i] Whom he had sent. 
 iroXcis 'EXX-qvCSas] Treated apparently as one word : generally rds 
 
 'EAA^Sas 7r6Xets, or, rds 7r6Xets rds 'EXXijvtdas. 
 6purd|J.yos rpits jAfjvas] Having limited the time allowed for the 
 
 negotiations to three months. 
 
 11. elpTJvqv -irpdrmv] Promoting a peace: so Hellen. iv. 4. 7. &r/mrre 
 
 Tty efoodov, he was trying to get an entrance. 
 
 12. eiriopKov belongs to fj.<f>avlcras, tiirLcrTov to eirolycrev. 
 
 ji-f| \|/v8djxvov] jif|, with the participle, represents it as depending 
 on the mind of the subject of the leading verb. Translate 'not 
 one to break compacts. ' 
 
 TroiT]o- <ruvT(0<r9ai] Often explained as a consecutive infinitive 
 without wore, but it seems better to take irdvras (rvvriOeaOai as 
 object to ^Trofycre. * He made them enter into compacts with 
 him without hesitation. ' 
 
 jxe-ya <|>pov^|<ras irl] Presuming upon. The whole of this passage is 
 repeated in the Hellen. iii. 4. II. 
 
 13. KarapavTi] It had come down from the inland provinces. So com- 
 
 pounds of ava are used of persons going inland (cf. d*>d/3ao-ts), 
 and both dva and /caret are similarly used of motion from or to 
 the coast line from the sea-side ; /carctTrAeo', to sail into harbour, 
 avdyeo-dai, to put out to sea. 
 
 irpoiirv irdX.cfjLOv] This was before the three months of the armistice 
 had expired. 
 
 T-fjv -rrapovo-av Svvajxtv 'AyqcriXacj)] Agesilaus' existing force. 
 
 4>cu8pu> TW irpo<rw'irip] With cheerfulness in his face. 
 
 emopK-fjO-as] By his perjury. 
 
 14. <TTpaTvo|JLVw] On his march. 
 
 ofyopdv TrapacrKvd^tv] To provide a market, i.e. he would pay for 
 
 the provisions that they brought. 
 irpbs ainrbv cis "E<|><rov] We should say, * to him at Ephesus.' 
 
 15. d<t>wnros] Impracticable for cavalry. It was rough and mountainous. 
 
 Agesilaus' message to the Carians was simply meant to put 
 Tissaphernes off the scent, and it was successful. He thought 
 that Agesilaus had a personal grudge against him for his deceit, 
 and so prepared to meet the attack by stationing his cavalry in 
 the great plain of Lydia, through which the Greek troops would 
 
 have to pass to reach the Carian hills. 
 60 
 
i. 15-20] AGESILAUS. 
 
 - 
 
 A> 
 
 Ttp OVTI] sc. opjuLrjo-eiv. His real destination w\aj*, 
 
 >** 
 
 lomicilia i 
 
 w^ N\ 
 
 O!KOV] NEPOS, Agesil. 3: Quod ipsius erant\tilu^rima dornfjcilkv in , 
 Caria. Caria had been his satrapy when Cyn^i^NLydia. f fo 
 
 MdtdvSpov] A river that rises near Celaenaein Phrygia (XEN. Anab. 
 i. 2. 7). It flows in a S.W. direction towards CatrTa,! .&\d 
 empties itself into the sea opposite to Miletus. In the plain its 
 course is very winding, and its name has thus become proverbial. 
 
 16. lirl ^pvylds] Phrygia was the province of Pharnabazus. He had 
 
 made no preparation for the attack, and Tissaphernes brought him 
 no help, so that Agesilaus met with little or no resistance, and 
 took abundance of plunder and of slaves. So PLUTARCH, ch. 9. 
 
 TOLS dTTdVTwo-ds 8wap.is] Probably small bands that roamed the 
 country. They were too small to offer resistance. This will account 
 for the number of captives mentioned later. 
 
 Xapc] Note the change of tense ; this is a summary of the fruits of 
 the whole expedition. 
 
 17. tfcriov T Kal SlKdiov] Right and fair. 
 
 4| licetvov] From that time forward, all being fair in war. 
 irdiSd] A mere child. 
 
 18. dvTtirpotKd] For a mere song ; all but given away. 
 irpoeiirev] Gave a hint. 
 
 4m OdXdTTdv] Where there would be a better market for them. 
 
 ypd<|>ofjivovs] They were to make an entry of the price of each thing 
 purchased, and let them have the goods ; not requiring them to 
 pay, that is, till they had sold them again, which they were able 
 to do in the seaports at a considerable profit. The original sale 
 was held on the spot by the Xa</>u/>67rwXcu, whose business it was 
 to receive the proceeds, and to account for them to the public 
 treasury. 
 
 ov8v irpOTeXecrdVTCs] Without advancing anything. 
 
 pXd\|/dVT6s] The rule was that the spoil should be sold on the spot, 
 so the treasury would not suffer. 
 
 19. irpbs pdo-tXe'd] i.e. directly to the king, with whom they would most 
 
 wish to gain favour ; so ws ei/c6s. 
 
 {xfttj-ycicrSdi.] To give information ; put him in the way of treasure. 
 TdVTd] Join this with dXcV/coiro. 
 XpT]|jidTCoivTo] They might be the gainers. 
 
 20. iropOov^evT] K.T.X.] Note the present participles used of that which is 
 
 going on. 
 d^vdov] Never-failing. 
 
 K.T.X.] If they joined him willingly the land would be 
 
NOTES TO XENOPHON'S [i. 21-24 
 
 vr], but if he conquered them by force it would be iropdov- 
 
 21. TOVS aXurKO}Avovs] The captives taken from time to time. 
 
 cj>pLV = to carry, transport. The children had been sold by their 
 captors to slave-merchants, who abandoned them in their haste 
 to get away from the enemy. 
 
 crvyKOfAioiVTo] Plural, because Traidapia, though neuter in form, is 
 masculine in sense. 
 
 22. TOIS 8' aS Kara "ynpas] Some of the prisoners were left behind, as 
 
 being less vigorous than the others, and so not likely to fetch a 
 
 great price, and the children were put under their care. 
 ot aXurKO|JiVoi] The old men and the children, who were grateful 
 
 for their release. 
 d4>cupoov] Relieving them from the services which are only due from 
 
 a slave to his master, he enjoined upon them the obedience which 
 
 free men pay to their rulers. 
 Kdl TWV Kara Kpdros] And fortresses that were impregnable to 
 
 assault he brought into his power by kindness. The genitive is 
 
 partitive some fortresses. 
 
 23. ov8 Iv TTJ ^pvyCa] Not even in Phrygia. He had nearly reached 
 
 Daskylium, the residence of Pharnabazus, when his small force of 
 cavalry encountered an equal detachment of Persian horse, and 
 was defeated by them. After this defeat, the omens showed 
 themselves unfavourable for any further advance, and he turned 
 off to the sea. Hellen. iii. 4. 13-15. 
 
 KO,TX|] He put on the list. It is followed by the infinitive, because 
 it implies a command. 
 
 24. Sorts] The class mentioned is brought into prominence by this trans- 
 
 posing of the relative clause and its grammatical antecedent. 
 
 irape'xoiTo] PLUT. Ages. ix. : 'Aj/axw/^cras es*E0e0w LTTTTLKOV ffwr^ye, 
 rots evjrdpois irpoeiir&v, el JJLT) fioTL>\ovr(u crrpareveaOai, irapa<rx,iv 
 eKaarov LTTTTOV ai>0' eavTov Kdl tivdpa. The middle here implies 
 that he does it for his own relief. 
 
 SoKtjxov] One who could pass the inspection (doKL/macria}. 
 
 TavTa] phir. because several things are to be provided. 
 
 wo-TTp dv TIS K.T.X.] As a man would naturally seek out with eager- 
 ness some one to die in his stead, /xacrretfw is a poetical word. 
 
 viz. those that were specially known for the breeding of 
 horses. 
 
 Those who were to be accepted as substitutes, the ttvdpes 
 56KifjLoi of the last clause. 
 
1.24-30] AGESILAUS. 
 
 v6vs K.T.X.] Would as a matter of course be on their mettle on the 
 score of horsemanship. 
 
 KdTco-Kcvacrro] The tense denotes the rapidity with which an effective 
 force was got together. 
 
 ap] The spring of 395 B.C. 
 
 fJTis] A condensed sentence. For the cavalry squadrons for the 
 one that showed the best horsemanship. ijrts with optative 
 represents the TJTLS &v of the subjunctive of the proclamation. 
 
 crwjJKXTwv] Genitive of reference after dptora x L > cf. Hellen. iv. 5. 
 15, ws T&XOVS /caoros elxe, according to each man's achievements 
 in speed. Translate, ' the one that was most in condition. ' 
 
 TO. irpoo-rJKOVTa] Explained by eTri ard^ov terras below, as marksman- 
 ship. 
 
 26. Order eiroL^aev 5 6\-rjv rrjv ir&Kiv ev rj fy a^lav 6eas. 
 
 <TKVTis, -ypa<]>is] The former to cover the shields with leather, the 
 latter to ornament them. They were present in smaller numbers 
 than the smiths and braziers ; hence the absence of the article. 
 
 iroX^fiov Ip-yatmripiov] A workshop of war, an arsenal-yard. 
 
 27. TTppw<r0T) dv] Would have felt in good spirits, would have been 
 
 confident of success. The work was so serious and earnest. 
 'ApTcjuSi] The 'great' Diana of the Ephesians. 
 
 28. XTJCTTWV] Plundering parties. The captives were brought to Ephesus 
 
 to be sold as slaves ; and Agesilaus directed that when they were 
 put up to auction, they should be exhibited in a state of nudity. 
 
 XVKOVS] The Greeks in their gymnastic exercises were always naked, 
 and so by exposure to the sun were brown and tanned ; and in the 
 same way their constant hard training made them tough and 
 muscular ; so they looked on these white-skinned and fleshy bar- 
 barians as little better than women for their effeminacy. So Plato 
 contrasts rbv ev r/Xiy Kadapy redpa/jL^vov with him that is reared 
 vTrb (Tv/mfjuyel cr/aci, unversed in manly toils and the sweat of labour. 
 Phaedr. p. 239. 
 
 jiT]8h> 8toi(Ttv ^] Would be just the same as. 
 
 KpaTicrra] According to PLUT. Ages, x., Lydia is meant. 
 
 6-Trws avToOcv K.T.\.] In order that they might at once begin training 
 themselves in body and mind for the conflict. 6Vws refers to 
 TrpoetTre, not to Tjy^aoLTo. 
 
 avToOcv] Lit. from the spot, and so, immediately, at once. 
 
 29. TW 6vn] Really. 
 
 8t J pTj|j.ias iroXejJLCwv] Through a country where he met no opposition. 
 
 30. o-Kvo<|>opttv] The baggage- train. 
 
NOTES TO XENOPHON'S [i. 31-34 
 
 The leader of the Persian horse. 
 The cavalry themselves. 
 31. otf-rrco irapctTj TO irc^dv] It was still in Caria, 29. 
 
 TO, 8Kd dcj>' ^P^s = roi)s ra 5^/ca dfi tfpys ^TTJ yeyovbras, i.e. the 
 younger hoplites, the men first called out on service, from twenty 
 to thirty years of age. The article rot refers to this classification. 
 They from their youth could reach the enemy sooner. 
 Note the change of tense in e/cAeucre. ^yev covers the whole opera- 
 tion ; the aorists mark the details. 
 cos CLVTOV re K.T.\.] As he was following with the whole army. 
 
 32. irdvTa TO, Scivd] viz., cavalry and light-armed and hoplites. 
 girecrov . . . ^4>vyov] Note again the changed tense : the fall was 
 
 instantaneous, the flight continuous. 
 
 6 8 'A^Tjo-iXaos K.T.\.] While Agesilaus put all his stores together, 
 both what belonged to his friends and what had been taken from 
 the enemy, and enclosed them within his lines. 
 
 33. S 8c fjicovo-] In thus fortifying his camp, he had anticipated a fresh 
 
 attack, but now that he finds the enemy disunited, he presses on 
 
 for the capital. 
 
 jrapclvcu] Infinitive of oblique command, implied in K^pty/mari edrjXov. 
 cos irpbs crvfJi|i.axov avrdv] Condensed for irpbs avrbv us ?rp6s aij/j,/jLaxov. 
 el 8e TIVCS K.r.X.] And if any claim Asia for their own, they should 
 
 come to decide the matter by an appeal to arms with those who 
 
 are ready to set it free. 
 
 34. TO curb TOVTOV] From that time forward. 
 
 TOVS \&v rrpdo-8v K.T.\.] Seeing that those who, although they were 
 Greeks, were compelled to do homage, were now honoured by 
 those who had once treated them constantly with insult and out- 
 rage. Note the position of "EXA^as, the article not belonging to 
 it, but to dvayKa^o^vovs. Note also the tense of v^pl^ovro. 
 
 V<|>' <Sv = L'7r' KLVWV V(f>' &V. 
 
 Kal rets TCOV 0ccov Tt(xds] irpovKweiv implies an abject prostration on 
 the ground, such as is paid to the gods only. The claim to this 
 form of homage has been in modern times, in such countries as 
 China and Burmah, a bar to all diplomatic intercourse with 
 Western nations. 
 
 TOVTOVS heightens the contrast. 
 
 dSijcoTOv irape^cov] Guaranteeing it from ravage. 
 
 Ttj> Beep 4v A\CJ>OIS] Delphi was not only the habitation that defined 
 the god, but was also the place of the offering : hence no second 
 article. 
 
 4v Svotv irolv] Within two years. 
 
 64 
 
1.35-36] AGESILAUS. 
 
 35. KaK<os <f>p<r0cu] Prospered ill. 
 KaTcnr^pAl/as] Down from Susa. 
 
 dirTjJiv] i.e. had it cut off on the legal principle, 'qui facit per 
 alium facit per se.' The people in Sardis complained that Tissa- 
 phernes had made no provision for their defence, in his anxiety to 
 protect his own estate in Caria, and the king now knew that he 
 had achieved nothing with the large reinforcements that had been 
 sent to him. But there was another and a stronger reason for his 
 fall. Parysatis, the queen-mother, had never forgiven nor for- 
 gotten the part that he had taken against her favourite son Cyrus. 
 This was her opportunity. Making the most of these disasters, 
 she induced Artaxerxes to order his death. He was seized in a 
 bath at Colossae, and beheaded. 
 
 TO, jJLev TWV Pappdpwv K.T.X.] The position of the Asiatics became 
 much more hopeless, and that of Agesilaus more secure, tppu- 
 fjLve(TTpa is an irregular comparative of the participle eppu/j.tvos. 
 
 irpo-pvovTo] There came ambassadors. 
 
 TJ-y H' < * ) v fjv] Was at the head of. 
 
 36. TO vavriKov] Pharax, the Lacedaemonian admiral, with 120 ships, 
 
 had blockaded Conon, the Athenian, with the Persian fleet, forty 
 in number, in the harbour of Caunus, on the borders of Caria and 
 Lycia. But the Persians sent a relief of forty more sail, and 
 Pharax retired to Rhodes. The Rhodians, however, revolted 
 from Sparta and drove Pharax out of their harbour, which became 
 Conon's main station. Pharax was recalled, and Agesilaus was 
 appointed commander on sea as well as land, so as to secure the 
 co-operation of the two forces. These two functions had hitherto 
 been kept separate : that they were now joined together shows 
 the Spartans' sense of the danger. 
 
 TO fie'-yuTTov] What is chiefest of all. In apposition with the parti- 
 cipial clause that follows. 
 
 o-TpaTvovorav] Present, with the idea of still existing hostility. 
 
 fjX.06v avTw poT]9eiv] When the orders, or the message, came to him 
 to go to his country's aid. Infinitive of oblique command. 
 
 8ta<j>p6vTws] Just as if he had been standing in the ephor's 
 court by himself. 
 
 IKT^TOVS] Newly acquired, adscititious. After the events last 
 mentioned, Agesilaus had again invaded the territory of Pharna- 
 bazus, and laid waste his residence. This led to an interview in 
 which the two became personal friends, and Agesilaus promised 
 not to war against Pharnabazus as long as there were other 
 
NOTES TO XENOPHOWS [i. 37, 38 
 
 Persians to attack. He had laid his plans accordingly for a 
 great expedition into the interior during the summer of 394 B.C., 
 when he suddenly received a summons home. Tithraustes, the 
 successor of Tissaphernes, after concluding an armistice with 
 Agesilaus, set to work to foment a quarrel in Greece which should 
 lead to the Spartan king's recall. The revolt of Rhodes and the 
 admission of Conon, who was in command of the Persian fleet, 
 was the first spark. Judicious bribes made through a Rhodian 
 named Timocrates brought to a flame the long smouldering 
 jealousy of Sparta which existed already in Thebes and Corinth 
 and Argos. The first consequence was a war between Sparta 
 and Thebes that arose from a border feud of the Phocians and 
 Locrians. The Thebans, being hard pressed by Lysander from 
 the north and Pausanias from the south, appealed to Athens for 
 help. Lysander was slain in a battle before Haliartus, and 
 Pausanias, on receiving for burial the dead bodies of Lysander and 
 the others, evacuated Boeotia. At this the Spartans were very 
 angry, and Pausanias, to escape their anger, went into voluntary 
 exile. Encouraged by their success, the enemies of Sparta formed 
 a league against her. Thebes, Corinth, Argos, Euboea, joined 
 the alliance, and Sparta was in danger of losing all her empire 
 outside the Peloponnesus. Under these circumstances the Ephors 
 decided to recall Agesilaus. 
 
 37. irS OVK ;] Surely. 
 
 (TOVT' gp-yov) #<TTIS] Namely, that he ... 
 
 Join TrapaXajSuv (rra.(na$oij<Tas : having found them distracted by 
 factions, because of the changes of constitution which had taken 
 place, after the Athenians were deposed from their supremacy. 
 
 &os avrbs imp^y] While he was on the spot. 
 
 8taT\<rai] With participle, = they continued to be. 
 
 38. ov\ os K.T.X.] A condensed sentence: were grieved at his depar- 
 
 ture, feeling that it was not a governor only that they were losing, 
 but a father and a friend. 
 
 irXao-TTJv] Predicate. They showed that it was no feigned friendship 
 that they showed ; at any rate they came with him of their own 
 free will to the help of Sparta. Of the two datives, aura; belongs 
 to the preposition, AafceSafytopt to the verb, in o-vi>e(3or)6r)<Tav. 
 
 ov x.tpo<riv iavTwv] Men as brave as themselves. 
 
II. i-3] AGESILAUS. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 1. While Agesilaus was on his homeward march, the battle of Corinth 
 was fought, July 394. The Lacedaemonians were victorious in 
 their part of the battle, but as their allies were worsted with con- 
 siderable loss, the victory could hardly be called decisive. At the 
 same time it secured for the time their ascendancy in the Pelopon- 
 nesus. The allies went home in disgust, and so the confederates 
 on the other side were free to go against Agesilaus. 
 
 <SvTTp] i.e. 5t' fovirep. 6 Repays, Xerxes. 
 
 TU TrajA'ir\T)0i a-ToXw] The immense army, for there had been none 
 like it. The army is a kind of instrument, so <rtiv is omitted. 
 
 Vicu5(riov] With e7roi?7<7aro, predicate : spent a year over. 
 
 |j.eiov Iv fATjvl = tv /JLetovt, T) v fJLTjvi So in Oeconomic. xxi. 3 : 
 
 ov ydp ws] Apparently oi>' Trpoedv^elro is used much as oft (py/M, OVK edw. 
 He was anxious not to incur the blame of coming too late for his 
 country's needs. The thought in Xenophon's mind implied some 
 charge or statement, and so he uses the form of oblique statement. 
 
 2. 4a|ih|/as] Having quitted Macedonia for Thessaly. 
 
 6<roi (fnryd&s tfvres 6Ti>Yxavov] Probably the result of the attempt of 
 Lycophron of Pherae to establish himself as ruler of all Thessaly. 
 XEN. Hellen. ii. 3. 4. 
 
 CKaKovp-yow] Note the tense : kept constantly harassing them. 
 
 4v irXcucHa)] In a marching square. The baggage, etc. , was put in 
 the centre, and the troops were arranged on the four sides, so that 
 by simply facing round they could meet an attack from any direc- 
 tion. 
 
 Join TOI)S rj/uLicreLS T&V i-jnrtwv. 
 
 TOV jrpOTj-yo-un.e'vov crTparcvifxaTOs] The van of the army. The tactics 
 here adopted had done good service in the Retreat of the 10,000, 
 and may possibly have been suggested by Xenophon. 
 
 3. -rrpbs TOVIS oirXtTas i-n-rrojiaxetv] To fight a cavalry fight in face of the 
 
 hoplites. That is, they declined the challenge of Agesilaus' 
 
 cavalry, because the hoplites were there to support them ; and they 
 
 had no hoplites on their own side. 
 pcLStiv] At a walk, slowly. 
 d cKa,Tpoi Tjp.dpTavov] The blunders that both were making, the 
 
 Thessalians in not getting away, and his own men in not giving 
 
 chase. 
 
 67 
 
NOTES TO XENOPHON'S [ii. 4-7 
 
 irapa-yye'XXeiv] sc. cuw/caj/. To tell the rest to ^iye, chase, and them- 
 selves to join in it. 
 dvacTTpo<f>TJv] Time to wheel round. 
 irXa-yfovs] Taken in flank. 
 
 4. a<ria] Headlong. 
 
 Nap9aKio>] Just south of Pharsalus. 
 
 5. npavrds] A town close to Narthacium, position doubtful. 
 
 p-dXa T|8o|Avos] Much gratified by his success in that, with the 
 cavalry force which he himself had organised, he had beaten men 
 who took a national pride in their horsemanship. 
 
 TO. 'AXCUKOL TTJS ^>0tas 8pi]] The mountains of Achaean Phthiotis. 
 
 T^JV Xoiir?|v] i.e. 6d6j>. So PLUTARCH, Ages. c. 17, diodevaas ri)v 
 Quidda <f)i\r)i> ovvav. 
 
 6. AoKpovs dfx<()OTpovs] i.e. (i.) The Locri Opuntii, or Epicnemidii, who 
 
 occupied the narrow slip on the eastern coast of Greece from the 
 pass of Thermopylae to the mouth of the Cephissus. Their terri- 
 tory was broken by a narrow strip of Phocian land that stretched 
 down to the Euboean Sea, and contained a seaport, Daphnus. 
 The Locrians north of this were called Epicnemidii, those south 
 of it Opuntii. (2.) The Locri Ozolae, who occupied a district on 
 the Corinthian gulf between Phocis and Aetolia. The two are 
 mentioned separately in the account given in Hellen. iv. 2. 17. 
 
 fidpav] The citizen army of Sparta was divided into six morae. This 
 mora had come across from Corinth, and the half-mora was from 
 Orchomenus. Plutarch speaks of two morae having joined Agesi- 
 laus from Corinth, c. 17. 
 
 avToOev] From the neighbourhood, on the spot. A fuller account of 
 these forces is given in Hellen. iv. 3. 15. They consisted of the 
 enfranchised Helots, who had been with him in Asia, Herippidas' 
 band of mercenaries, troops from the Greek cities in Asia, and 
 along his route in Europe. 
 
 7. Xe'fjwv gpxojiai] I am going to say,=X^etj/ ^XXw. So in Anab. vii. 
 
 7. 17, and Hellen. iii. 2. 6. 
 eXciTTOvs] Cf. Hellen. iv. 3. 15 : TreXracrTat ye (JLTJV TroXi) TrXtoves ol 
 
 Her' 'A.yr}(ri\dov' i-jnre'cs 5 ad irapaTr\r}<noi dfjL<por^poLS rb Tr\ijdos. 
 cl -yap ravTCi] For if I were to say this, I should feel that I was 
 
 making out Agesilaus to be wanting in common sense, and myself 
 
 to be a fool for praising a man who with such great interests at 
 
 stake could make such a rash venture. 
 
II. 7-11] AGESILAUS. 
 
 ovSev jxctov] This is hardly consistent with the passage from the 
 
 Hellenica, quoted above. 
 s] Xenophon frequently uses this word for WOTC. 
 
 8. Swfjcroivro] The past sequence for the future indicative with verbs of 
 
 caution. Syntax, 50, e. 
 
 Sloi] sc. fJidxevQai, which is repeated from iKavol ftdxecrOai. 
 <j>t\oviKiav] Emulation, rivalry. 
 &TOITO] The direct form would be TroXXa KdyaOa v/juv tarac, tav 
 
 dvdpes dyaOoi yiyvrjade. 
 IK TWV TOIOVTWV] With such inducements. 
 
 9. Kal ji4vTot] And, to be sure. 
 
 Agesilaus, on reaching the Boeotian frontier, had heard of the 
 defeat of the Lacedaemonian fleet at Cnidus (end of July 394 B.C.) 
 and of the death of Pisander, his brother-in-law. (GROTE, ch. 73 
 end.) Feeling that it was necessary to make the best of the 
 time before his soldiers heard the full details of this disaster, and 
 knowing that, if they believed that Sparta was no longer in the 
 ascendant, they would fall away from him, he determined to 
 hasten the engagement. The enemy were only a day's march from 
 him, so he pushed on with vigour. 
 
 Kopo>viav] Coroneia is situated to the west of Lake Copais in a plain 
 bounded by the river Cephissus on the north, by Mount Helicon 
 on the south, and by Mount Nysaion on the west. 
 
 iwpcav] Xenophon' himself was present at this battle. Anab. v. 3. 6: 
 ore aTTTJet <rvi> 'AyrjaiXdy K TTJS A<rias rr\v els Botcorous 656v. 
 PLUTARCH, Ages. 18 : /cat iraprjv avrbs (Zcvo^wv) r($ 'AyyaiXdy 
 <rvvaywi>i.6/ijLei>os e 'Aalas dtajSe^Kws. It was probably in con- 
 sequence of this that he was banished from Athens. 
 
 &rxaT<H -?j<rav avrw TOV VWVV|JLOV] Were on his (ai/ry) extreme left. 
 
 ol 8' a Tjpatoi] They were the leaders, and took the right, the 
 most honourable position, themselves (avrol). 
 
 10. o-vvidvTwv] gen. absol. On their coming together. 
 8po|j.(p 6(j.d(T <j>'povTo] Charged at the double. 
 
 TpuSv irXeOpwv] i.e. half the distance. The ir\tdpov was loo, the 
 
 arddLov 600, Greek feet. 
 
 11. TWV Kvpeiwv rives] The Greek forces which had returned from Cyrus' 
 expedition. Some of them appear to have taken service under 
 Herippidas, but we may fairly suppose that Xenophon was in 
 command of most of them. 
 
NOTES TO XENOPHOWS [n. 11-14 
 
 Next to them. 
 
 els 8opv d<|>iKofAevoi] Having crossed spears. 
 
 OVK eSe'JavTo] Gave way before. 
 
 TWV evv] i.e. of Herippidas' force. 
 
 <TT<j>dvovv] Were preparing to crown Agesilaus. Their congratula- 
 tions were premature, for the Thebans had proved superior to the 
 troops opposed to them. Agesilaus had as yet had no experience 
 of the Thebans' bravery, and wishing to prevent the army from 
 rallying, and uniting with those who had already fled, turned to 
 attack them directly. 
 
 egeXtgas] Having extended his line by bringing up the rear-rank men. 
 
 irpbs TW 'EXiKwvi] The dative implies that they had fled thither, and 
 halted there. 
 
 SwxirecreCv] To force their way through. 
 
 12. dva(JL<(>i\oYa)s] Past gainsaying. 
 
 ov jievTot K.T.X.] But, brave as he was, he did not choose the safest 
 course : he might have let them pass, and then, keeping up the 
 pursuit, have overpowered their rear ; but instead of doing this, 
 he charged them front to front. 
 
 Xenophon fails to see that he could not have pursued them far, with 
 their comrades posted on Helicon. 
 
 ewOovvro] They had thought that their weight would carry back the 
 Thebans, but at first it was themselves that were thrust back by 
 the deep phalanx of the Thebans, and they had a hard hand-to- 
 hand fight. Longinus justly praises this passage, which occurs 
 verbatim in Hellen. iv. 3. 19, as a piece of sublime description. 
 The verbs piled on each other are very expressive. 
 
 Kpavy^] There was no regular war-cry, but such exclamations as the 
 fury of battle naturally gave rise to. 
 
 13. TJ H V VIKT]] It could hardly be called a decisive victory, seeing that 
 
 the Thebans had made good their retreat, though with con- 
 siderable loss from attacks on their rear. 
 
 TW vaw] The shrine of the Itonian Athena which was close to Coronea. 
 PLUTARCH, Ages. 19. 7r6 denotes that they were seeking the 
 protection of the sanctuary. 
 
 OVK eta] Forbade. 
 
 e-ye'vovro] Note the mood : till they actually were in safety. 
 
 14. A ghastly picture of the closeness of the fight. 
 
 Soaked; cf. HOM. Odyss. ix. 396, 
 avrap 6 
 
ii. 14-16] A G ESI LA US. 
 
 TO, jxiv \a.pa\ K.T.X.] Some lying on the ground, some plunged in 
 an enemy's body, some still in the owner's hands. Cf. THUG. 
 i. 138. & fjiera xetpas %ot, whatever he had in hand. 
 
 15. TWV -iroXcjjitav] Rejected by Schneider and Dindorf, and hardly neces- 
 
 sary to the sense. Plutarch (c. 19) says that though Agesilaus 
 was severely wounded, he did not return to his tent, till he had 
 seen the dead collected within the lines. This would seem to 
 imply that they were his own dead. The Thebans asked on the 
 following day for a truce to bury their dead, but that would be 
 accounted for by the fact that the Spartans were masters of the 
 battle-field. Mr. Grote, however, thinks that the words are to be 
 retained, and that Agesilaus, feeling that the victory was far from 
 decisive, brought the enemy's dead into his own camp, in order to 
 extort from the Thebans what was ordinarily looked upon as a 
 confession of defeat. This he considers to be borne out by the 
 somewhat ostentatious assertion of victory that was made on the 
 following day : irpu't 8e K. r. X. 
 
 TW 0w] To Apollo, to whom the song of victory was addressed. 
 The temple of Delphi was not far off, and Plutarch tells us that 
 immediately after the confirmation of his victory, Agesilaus went 
 to Delphi, at the time of the Pythian games, and consecrated 
 there the tithe of his Asiatic spoils, to the amount of 100 talents. 
 So also XENOPHON, Hellen. iv. 3. 21. 
 
 16. vTroo-irdvSovs] Syntax, 5 d. This was equivalent to a confession of 
 
 defeat. 
 
 oiKctSe dirx<&pi] He went home, but the issue of the battle had 
 shown him that he was not equal to forcing his way through 
 Boeotia. The army turned aside into Phocis, and then into 
 Locris, but the Locrians attacked them, and, though beaten back, 
 kept up a hill warfare against them, in which Gylis, who was in 
 command, was slain. When they joined Agesilaus, he dismissed 
 them to their homes, and himself crossed the Corinthian gulf into 
 the Peloponnesus. Meanwhile Sparta, while reaping no fruit 
 from the two victories of Corinth and Coroneia, had felt fully the 
 consequences of the defeat at Cnidus. Their fleet was gone, and 
 Pharnabazus and Conon sailed from one island to another, and 
 from one seaport to another, in the Aegean, to put down the 
 Spartan power. The Spartans had not won for themselves any 
 popularity, and in the time of their reverses, their allies readily 
 fell away from them, and seized the offers of Pharnabazus, 
 guaranteeing to each city its independence under Persian protec- 
 
A'OTES TO XENOPHOWS [n. 16-17 
 
 tion. Abydos alone held firm, under the judicious government 
 of Derkyllidas, who from it held for Sparta the Chersonesus 
 opposite, in spite of all the efforts of Pharnabazus. In the next 
 spring (393 B.C.) the latter, with Conon, sailed across to the Pelo- 
 ponnesus, and ravaged the coasts of Laconia and Messenia, and 
 captured the island of Cythera. Thence they sailed to the 
 Isthmus of Corinth, where they found the old allies still carrying 
 on the war, from Corinth as their base, against the Lacedae- 
 monians at Sicyon. They held the lines across the Isthmus con- 
 necting the two ports of Corinth, Lechaeum and Cenchreae, and 
 were thus able to keep the Spartans within Peloponnesus. The 
 common feeling of hostility to Sparta overpowered the old dis- 
 like of Persian influence, and Pharnabazus, at his departure, left 
 with them a considerable sum of money to aid them in their 
 defence. Pharnabazus returned home, but Conon remained, and 
 with him the Persian fleet. With the consent of Pharnabazus, to 
 whom he had pointed out that there could be no severer blow to 
 Sparta than the restoration of Athens, he set to work to rebuild 
 the Long Walls that connected that city with the Piraeus, and the 
 very enemies who had danced with joy eleven years before, when 
 the former walls were destroyed, volunteered their aid. ' If the 
 Spartans had been able to force the lines at the Isthmus, or if 
 Conon had not been there to repel any attack by sea, such a 
 restoration would have been impossible ; but it was not till the 
 following year that they ventured to attempt the former of these 
 operations. In the meantime a desultory warfare \vas going on 
 in the Corinthian territory, and the farmers were anxious to renew 
 the old alliance with Sparta. The government, suspecting this, 
 introduced a body of Argives into the city, and with great cruelty 
 massacred most of their opponents. After this they formed a 
 close alliance with Argos, and removed even the boundary marks 
 between the two States. The aristocratic party at Corinth, dis- 
 satisfied with this, admitted the Lacedaemonians inside the long 
 walls that led from Corinth to Lechaeum. A battle took place 
 within these walls, in which the Lacedaemonian force was 
 victorious, and Praxitas, their commander, destroyed a great part 
 of the wall (392 B.C.). Later the Athenians came to their help, 
 and the walls were rebuilt ; but the step was rendered useless by 
 Agesilaus taking the field (391). 
 
 TO, vo(Ufia 8 dtpxcr0ai] In his submission to public discipline, and to 
 the commands of the Ephors. 
 
 17. TO, uh> ol'tcoi] They were unmolested at home, and had added 
 
 72 
 
ii. 17-20] A GESILA US. 
 
 Corinth to their empire. Xenophon implies that Corinth had 
 become a dependency of Argos (Hellen. iv. 4. 6, "Apyos dvrl 
 KoptvOov Tijv irarplda avroTs dvofJidfecrBai). 
 
 avTtov] sc. r&v 'Apyelwv. 
 
 TO, <TTvd] Hellen. iv. 4. 19, Kara Tevtav. Pausanias calls the pass 
 TTTuKrjv TeveaTLKrjV. 
 
 dvcnreTao-as] Having thrown open. 
 
 'YaKCvOia] The Hyacinthia was a great national festival, celebrated 
 every year at Amyclae, by the Amyclaeans and Spartans jointly. 
 It was held in honour of the Amyclaean Apollo, and of the hero 
 Hyacinthus, on the longest day of the month Hecatombeus, when 
 the sun was hottest. On the first and third days sacrifices were 
 offered to the dead, accompanied by dirges and funereal laments. 
 On the second day, however, the chief day of the feast, there was 
 nothing but rejoicing and amusements. There was a horse-race, 
 followed by a singing of the paean and of national songs, and by 
 a procession of maidens riding in chariots of wicker- work. 
 
 tfirov Ta\0T]] Another instance of his submission to discipline. 
 18. Ilipa<i>] A fortified town on the peninsula, which juts out between 
 Lechaeum and the Alcyonian gulf, N.E. of Corinth. Opposite it 
 was the Boeotian port of Creusis, so that the Boeotians could 
 easily cross the gulf to come to the help of Corinth. The penin- 
 sula itself is sometimes called by the same name. 
 
 virb iroXXwv] Including Iphicrates the Athenian, and his peltasts. 
 Finding the place thus strongly defended, Agesilaus returned 
 suddenly to Corinth in the hope of surprising it, while the 
 defenders were so few, and the citizens were keeping the 
 Isthmian games. The Corinthians, in their alarm, sent for 
 Iphicrates from Peiraeum ; and Agesilaus, learning that these 
 troops had passed, marched back again thither secretly (viro- 
 (rrptyas), and, attacking the place on two sides, got possession 
 of it (B.C. 390). 
 
 ws v8i8ojxvt]S TTJS irrfXcws] sc. Kopiv&ov, ' as if Corinth was on the 
 point of surrendering, after the morning meal he moved his camp 
 up to the city.' 
 
 19. pT]}fcov c|)vXaKf)s] The garrison and the people had fled to the 
 
 Heraeum, or sacred enclosure of Hera, near the west end of the 
 peninsula. 
 
 20. (ATol 8 Tdvra] This was at the end of the same summer, or at the 
 
 beginning of 389. Agesilaus had left Corinth in humiliation. 
 When the Amyclaeans went home to keep the Hyacinthia, a mora 
 of 600 Lacedaemonian hoplites and a small detachment of cavalry 
 
 73 
 
NOTES TO XENOPHOWS [n. 20-21 
 
 were sent with them as an escort. The hoplites returned, leaving 
 the Amyclaeans near Sicyon, and without any suspicion of danger 
 to themselves on the way back. But when Tphicrates saw that 
 they were unsupported by any cavalry, he sallied out from 
 Corinth with his peltasts to waylay them, and was so successful 
 in repeated attacks, that all but a very few were slain ; and their 
 commander sued for a truce to bury the dead. That a regiment 
 of heavy-armed Spartan troops should thus be beaten by a light- 
 armed force was a blow to Spartan prestige which was very 
 keenly felt, and Agesilaus retired to Sparta, hurrying his march 
 to the uttermost, and not halting at any city for fear of insult. 
 
 irpo0vi|J,<ov tfvrwv] So eager were they for it, that they threatened to 
 desert it altogether if the Lacedaemonians did not assist them to 
 secure Kalydon, a dependency of theirs in Aetolia, against the 
 neighbouring Acarnanians. 
 
 7rt6|A^vcov] This was in the return march. The Acarnanians 
 gathered in their cities, and sent off their cattle and their goods 
 to the hill- country far inland. Agesilaus by a forced march sur- 
 prised the place where they had been stored. On his return he 
 met with constant opposition in the narrow passes of the hill- 
 country, which he was able to defeat ; but he could not conquer 
 their cities, and gave up a war which was but of little profit. 
 Still, as the event proved, it was not fruitless, for the Acarnanians 
 sent to Sparta to ask for peace, and agreed to cease from 
 hostilities against the Achaeans. The tactics that he pursued in 
 this mountain warfare recall the account that Xenophon gives in 
 the fourth book of the Anabasis of the march of the Ten 
 Thousand through Kurdistan. 
 
 'Ap-yeiovs] The people of Argos Amphilochicum, to the north of 
 Ajetolia. The words that follow cannot refer to Argos in the 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 21. TTJ elp-fjvT)] The (well-known) peace of Antalkidas or possibly the 
 article may only refer back to dpfyys. 
 
 In the three last years that followed this last named exploit of 
 Agesilaus, a change had come over the position of affairs in the 
 east. The Athenian fleet under Thrasybulus had become masters 
 of the Hellespont, and had re-established the old tolls in favour 
 of Athens. The Spartans in their annoyance at this sent out 
 Anaxibius to take the place of Derkyllidas, who, they thought, 
 might have checked the progress of Thrasybulus. Anaxibius 
 failed however, and Antalkidas was sent out (B.C. 388) as Lace- 
 
II. 21-22] AGESILAUS. 
 
 daemonian admiral to Asia to enter into negotiation with Tiribazus 
 the Persian satrap. In the following year he went up to the 
 Persian Court at Susa, and, aided by Tiribazus' influence, won 
 over the king Artaxerxes to his side. He returned bearing the 
 king's proclamation of the terms of peace, which claimed for 
 himself all the cities in Asia and in Cyprus, all other Hellenic 
 cities to remain independent, with the exception of Lemnos, 
 Imbros, and Skyros, restored to Athens. The Spartans were to 
 be responsible for the execution of this treaty. The Thebans 
 tried to override the independence clause by claiming to take the 
 oath on behalf of the Boeotian cities. It was this that Agesilaus 
 so strongly opposed, and he appears to have added also a com- 
 pulsory clause, restoring those exiles who had been fighting with 
 him on the side of the Lacedaemonians against their own people. 
 
 <iXia<rfo>v] These exiles had been recalled at the bidding of Sparta, 
 but on their return the promises that had been made of the resti- 
 tution of their property were not kept, and the exiles appealed to 
 Sparta. This only aggravated the feeling against them as un- 
 patriotic, and they were fined for the act. Agesilaus took up their 
 cause, and, refusing all overtures on the way, blockaded the town. 
 The people held out for more than a year, but famine at last com- 
 pelled them to yield. A new government was imposed on them, 
 taken equally from the exiles and from those in the city, and a 
 garrison left for six months, to secure the execution of these terms. 
 Phlius is in Argolis, south-west of Corinth. 
 
 dXX* oSv <f>i\T(upa i Y ] Xenophon, fond as he is of praising Agesilaus, 
 feels that these harsh measures can hardly be justified 'but at 
 any rate it follows (ovv) that they were due to his attachment to 
 his partisans.' 
 
 22. TOVIS iv Grfjpais] About the year 392 B.C. the Chalkidian city of 
 Olynthus became the head of a confederacy of the neighbouring 
 Greek towns for mutual defence against the Illyrians. The people 
 of Acanthus and Apollonia refused to join this confederacy, and 
 on the Olynthians threatening them with war, they sent envoys to 
 Sparta to ask for help (B.C. 383). The Spartans voted an army 
 of 10,000 men, but, as they could not all be got ready at once, 
 Phoebidas, the brother of Eudamidas the general, waited behind 
 to collect the rest of the troops, and marched north through 
 Boeotia. He halted not far from Thebes, and was met, probably 
 by previous arrangement, by the leaders of the Laconian party in 
 
 Thebes. With their aid he treacherously seized the Cadmea, the 
 
 75 
 
NOTES TO XENOPHOWS -{ii. 22-23 
 
 acropolis of Thebes (382 B.C.). The Spartans censured and dis- 
 missed him for the act, but did not remove their garrison from the 
 Cadmea. For three years Thebes was a dependency of Sparta. 
 Three hundred of the leaders of the patriotic party fled to Athens. 
 Among these was Pelopidas, and he opened a secret correspond- 
 ence with his friends in Thebes, which ended in a plot for the 
 assassination of the two polemarchs and for the restoration of 
 liberty to Thebes. The plot was successful : Epaminondas and 
 the other exiles returned. The Lacedaemonian garrison was 
 allowed to withdraw, but some of the citizens of the Laconian 
 party were put to death. An army was sent out against the city 
 from Sparta under king Cleombrotus in the winter, but it did 
 nothing. Again in 379 Agesilaus invaded Boeotia with the full 
 force of the Spartan confederacy, but after a month spent in 
 ravaging the country round Thebes he withdrew* to Thespiae, not 
 venturing upon an open battle. In the following year he made 
 a second expedition, but it was equally indecisive, and indeed its 
 only effect was to train the Thebans in military practice and to 
 give them confidence in facing the Spartans. An accident in this 
 campaign incapacitated him for active service for some time. 
 
 Kvvbs K<j>tt\ds] A range of hills between Thebes and Thespiae. 
 
 SKW\OV] A small town on the river Asopus under Mount Cithaeron. 
 The palisade probably extended from the mountain to the river. 
 
 23. 4-y^vovro] The plural marks the number ; cp. XEN. Anab. i. 7. 17, 
 fjcrai' ^x vr ) ToXXti. 
 
 ^yovjjievov] Under Agesilaus' leadership. He was laid aside by the 
 accident above named, which had become serious from bad 
 medical treatment. 
 
 rfjs V Acvicrpois crv(jw(>opas] In the year 371 a peace was made 
 between Sparta and Athens and their allies, called the peace 
 of Callias, but Agesilaus excluded the Thebans from it be- 
 cause they once more claimed the headship of Boeotia. In 
 consequence of this Cleombrotus, who was in Phocis with a 
 Lacedaemonian army, invaded Boeotia. Epaminondas and 
 Pelopidas stirred up the Thebans to a vigorous resistance. A 
 battle was fought on the plain of Leuctra three weeks after the 
 exclusion of the Thebans from the peace, and the Thebans 
 were victors. The battle was made memorable by the intro- 
 duction of the manoeuvre, so much used in our own day by 
 Napoleon, of concentrating his troops on one point of the enemy's 
 line, and carrying one part of the position by sheer weight. This 
 76 
 
ii. 23-24] A GESILA US. 
 
 defeat was truly a ' disaster' for Sparta. Its prestige was gone, 
 and Thebes became for a time supreme. The Peloponnesian 
 cities at once threw off their old mistress, and a new Peloponnesian 
 confederacy was formed, with Athens for its head. The Arca- 
 dians were especially affected by the change. Mantinea had been 
 dismantled by the Spartans, and now decided to rebuild its walls. 
 The other cities aimed at an Arcadian confederacy, but Tegea 
 and Orchomenus opposed it, the former being ruled by an oligarchy 
 in the Spartan interest. A good many, however, of the Tegean 
 people were keen for the Pan- Arcadian league, and appealed to 
 an armed public assembly. The oligarchical party got the better 
 of it, till assistance came to the other side from Mantinea, which 
 made them the stronger party. The leaders of the Spartan faction 
 were obliged to surrender, and being put on their trial were con- 
 demned and put to death. The Spartans resolved, in spite of 
 their weakness, to make an effort to stay the revolutionary move- 
 ment, and Agesilaus went out with a Lacedaemonian force, hoping 
 to be joined by a mercenary force from Orchomenus (370 B.C.). 
 The latter, however, had been attacked and defeated by the 
 Mantineans, and he had to advance alone. He encamped within 
 . two miles from Mantinea, where his allies from Orchomenus joined 
 him, but where he also found the whole Arcadian force united. 
 He remained there for three days, being at one time in a somewhat 
 critical position, but as the enemy did not leave their walls he fell 
 back to Tegea, and then to Sparta. And Xenophon thinks this 
 a matter to boast of. 
 
 24. Epaminondas had resolved to support the Arcadian union, and to 
 restore the exiled Messenians, and accordingly marched into 
 Arcadia late in the autumn of 370, shortly after Agesilaus had 
 left it. There he was joined by the Argives and the Eleans, who 
 urged him to invade .Laconia, backing up their entreaty by an 
 invitation from some of the Perioeci. 
 
 TWV SovXwv] The Helots. 
 
 irpioiic8a>v] The Perioeci were the .descendants of the original 
 Achaean inhabitants of the land, who formed the Spartan heavy- 
 armed force. They were politically subject to the Spartans, but 
 personally free. They were distributed into 100 townships, and 
 had all the trade and commerce of Laconia in their hands. 
 
 Kal TavTa dTix i<rT v o3<rav] And that, though it had no walls. 
 The passes leading into the valley of the Eurotas were so easily 
 defensible, that Sparta was always an open -town. 
 
NOTES TO XENOPHOWS [n. 24-29 
 
 6-irov jj^v K.T.X.] Wherever the enemy would have had the best of it 
 in every way, he refused to lead out his men, but wherever his 
 own people were likely to have the advantage, he confidently 
 offered battle, thinking that if he went out into the open he would 
 be surrounded on all sides, whereas, if he awaited their attack in 
 the more confined and rugged ground, he would have every advan- 
 tage over them. 
 
 Tcj> iravrL] Dative of measure. Syntax, 19 b. 
 
 25. dTT)(wpT]<r] Agesilaus' efforts were successful. Epaminondas' 
 
 cavalry were repulsed, and he abandoned all further attempt 
 
 on the city, and returned to Arcadia, after devastating the whole 
 
 valley of the Eurotas down to the sea. 
 ctryvwfiovws XP 1 *! " 011 cum3] He behaved with good judgment. Pres. 
 
 infin. relatively to <f>aL-rj. 
 XpTjIictTcov 8fc K.T.X.] And saw that the city must have money, if it 
 
 was to have any allies. 
 
 KCUpOS *?jv] SC. fJLCTL^Vai. 
 
 dvri oTparrjyov] Instead of as a general. 
 
 26. Autophradates was satrap of Lydia, who, acting upon the king's in- 
 
 structions, was trying to subdue those who had revolted (about 
 
 366 B.C.). Ariobarzanes was satrap of Phrygia, Cotys of Paphla- 
 
 gonia, Mausolus of Caria. Little is known of the particulars. 
 CORN. NEPOS (Timotheus, c. I.) confirms Agesilaus'' help to 
 
 Ariobarzanes ; saying of Timotheus, ' Ariobarzani simul cum 
 
 Agesilao auxilio profectus est. ' 
 rpd-iraiov TWV iro\[j.fo>v] A trophy of victory over enemies. T/^TTW, 
 
 to rout ; a memorial of the rout of the enemy. 
 ovKTi Seicras, dXXd ircurdcls] Not in his case through fear, but 
 
 through persuasion. 
 
 27. $ irTrov6vai -uir' avrov] That they had received good services from 
 
 him. 01 fatyovTes, they who fled from him. 
 irp07ro|JL'n"f|v] Escorting, escort. 
 
 28. rfcv AlyinrTCtov pcuriX&x] The Tachos just mentioned. He had 
 
 intended to help the other princes, but their combination had 
 been broken by the Persian court. 
 
 29. dvO 1 wv vp-yT^Ki] They had applied to a former Egyptian king for 
 
 help in the naval war, and had received 100 triremes and 600,000 
 bushels of corn. 
 
 IXevGepcocmv] The same peace of Antalkidas which placed the Greek 
 cities in Asia in the Persian power, by its other clause freed 
 Messene from its allegiance to Sparta. 
 
ii. 30-32; in. 1-2] AGESTLAUS. 
 
 30. O^K direSiSov] The Egyptians were disgusted when they found that 
 
 the hero whom they had invited was a mean-looking, lame, old 
 man, who kept up no apparent dignity. !So Agesilaus, instead of 
 being commander-in-chief, as had been promised, was only made 
 commander of the mercenary troops. 
 
 ot 8\ a <rTpaT6\)djjLVot] Nectanebis, the cousin of Tachos, had been 
 left in charge at home, when the latter, with Agesilaus, started 
 on an expedition against the Persians in Phoenicia. He pro- 
 claimed himself king, and the rest of the Egyptians also who were 
 with him abandoned. Tachos. He applied to Agesilaus, through 
 Chabrias the Athenian, for help, but he refused to change till he 
 had consulted the government at home. The two rival kings 
 applied to the Lacedaemonians, who left the matter in Agesilaus' 
 hands, directing him secretly to do what should appear most 
 advantageous for Sparta. PLUT. Ages. 37. 
 
 SITTOVS] Another competitor for the attacked throne appeared in the 
 Mendesian division of Egypt. 
 
 31. d'yopdv 8 ovSe'repos irap|i] And so his troops would not only lose 
 
 their pay, but be in danger of starving. 
 
 32. cl 8e TW Tpu> K.T.X.] But that if he should side with one of the two, 
 
 he at any rate, in return for his help, would naturally be his 
 friend ; so having made up his mind which of the two seemed 
 more likely to favour the Greeks, he vanquished and subdued the 
 Greek-hater, and helped to set the other on the throne, rbv 
 %Tpov, Nectanebis. 
 dp-yes] Idle, for lack of supplies. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 1. n-erd irXcCo-Tcov (laprvpwv] In the .company, or in the sight, of very 
 
 many witnesses. For such things require no confirmatory evidence ; 
 
 the mere recalling of them is sufficient to secure their immediate 
 
 acceptance. 
 
 dpT-fj = Lat. virtus ', manly character. 
 8t' i^v TavTa &rrpaTT] Which led him habitually to act (imperfect) 
 
 thus, and to love all that is noble, and to scout all that is mean 
 
 and degrading. 
 
 2. s means more than wore. The proof or the measure of his piety is 
 
 seen in the trust reposed in him by his enemies. 
 Tf|v lavTwv <J>i\Cav] Their friendship among themselves. 
 <rt fxv WKVOVV] There seems to be something missing here. Schneider 
 
 inserts vvvridtuevoi a\\r)\ois ra TTO\\CL uv &K.VOVV. Still the words 
 
 79 
 
NOTES TO XENOPHOWS [m. 3-5; iv. 1-3 
 
 make sense. For they shrank in the one case from a personal 
 meeting (fearing, that is, that they might be made prisoners or 
 hostages, as the Greek officers with Cyrus were by Tissaphernes), 
 but they fearlessly put themselves in the hands of Agesilaus. 
 
 3. YHK- ' 1 fcirpo-TTf] Was negotiating a marriage with. 
 
 ri\v 8fc avrov] By Agesilaus' advice, she was married to the Cotys of 
 sect. 4, who is in the Hellen. (iv. I. 3) called Otys. 
 
 4. 8djidv ircjiirovTi] Though he sent him a pledge of friendship. Cp. 
 
 Anab. ii. 4. I, ei<h irapa /Sao-tX^ws fapovres. TACITUS, Hist. ii. 8, 
 Dextras, concordiae insignia, exercitus nomine ferre. 
 irA.TO<|>opovs = TreXraoTas. 
 
 5. Kal ^>apvdpatos] The story is told in Hellen. iv. I. 29 foil. After 
 
 Agesilaus had overrun Pharnabazus' territory and his residences 
 (see ch. I.) a man of Cyzicus, named Apollophanes, brought them 
 together, and after a conference they parted as friends. 
 
 8f|] In particular. 
 
 tva T Kal tfvra eyvw<r6<u] To be, and to be recognised as being. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 1. <rr^p<T0ai] Being kept out of his own. 
 
 VKa\<rv] Laid a claim, made it the ground of a claim at law. 
 
 dirooTcpetv] Technically used of keeping back from a man what you 
 hold in trust for him. * When a man finds pleasure in giving away 
 what is his own to benefit others, how could he at the same time 
 bring himself to defraud others, with infamy for his only reward ? 
 if he were ruled by lust of gold, it were a far easier plan to keep 
 what he had, than to take what does not belong to him.' 
 
 (>' u> KdKoSo^os lvcu=ita ut infamis esset. Syntax, 49, a. 
 
 2. <Sv OVK curl SLKCU] For which no action can lie. This keeps up the 
 
 allusion to the legal sense of airoffrepelv, for which a man could be 
 sued in the law-courts, as Demosthenes sued his guardian Aphobus. 
 KXvi] sc. cnroffTepeiv . 
 
 rb jJL-fj iroXv fii'oi>s K.T.X.] That a man who had greater resources 
 should not repay the favours done to him with considerable interest ; 
 lit. should not repay much greater favours. 
 
 3. TcLs 6<j>iXo[A'vas] What was due as a debt of personal gratitude to him- 
 
 self. The general expression is attracted into the gender of X&PLTO.S. 
 fryxpaTCLas xpTjjxaTwv] Of self-control in the matter of money. The 
 
 expression is closely condensed. The fact that he was able to get 
 80 
 
iv. 4-6 ; v. 1-3] A G ESI LA US. 
 
 money from others proves that he must have been very liberal, 
 and that they must have been making a return for previous gifts 
 from him. 
 
 4. ei -yap errwXet] For if he had been in the habit of selling. 
 irapaKdTaO^KTjv] To guard a kindness, as a deposit, to be returned 
 
 when required. The word is used of a deposit in a bank, of which 
 an account has to be rendered. It is one of the things to which 
 the word cbroo-Tepeti' applies. 
 
 5. <ruv TW ycvvafco pLiovKTiv] To preserve his honour, though at some 
 
 sacrifice ; lit. to lose with honour. 
 TOIWV] In proof of it. 
 
 6. TiOpavcrrov] The man who was sent down to put Tissaphernes out 
 
 of the way. He called on Agesilaus, promising him large sums 
 (XpTrj/LLCLTa didotis, PLUTARCH, Ages. 10) to quit Asia Minor, since 
 his great foe Tissaphernes was dead. When Agesilaus replied 
 that he must wait for instructions from home, he got him to cross 
 over into Pharnabazus' satrapy, and gave him thirty talents for 
 his commissariat -(Hell. iii. 4. 26. There is no mention there of 
 any personal bribe to Agesilaus). 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 1. <TTG>V 8' inrkp Kcupbv K.T.X.] And of excessive eating or too long con- 
 
 tinued idleness. 
 ov\ 6ira>s] So far from using both, he sent them about, and did not 
 
 leave himself either share, ovx #?rws is a condensed expression 
 
 with epu> omitted, like the Latin non dicam, ne dicam. 
 rr\T]<rjxovT]S 2vKa] For his own satisfaction . 
 flirts ^x l ] That he might have the means of honouring therewith any 
 
 one that he would. 
 
 2. dpxofxevo) inrb irpalc'cov] Regulated by business. 
 
 TWV O-VVOVTWV <f>avXoTdTT]v] Meaner than his suite had. The construc- 
 tion is the same as the Latin. 
 
 3. TctSc] The neut. accusative is often used as an accusative of the con- 
 
 tents of the verb (Syntax 13) where the expression is general, 
 though in a particular reference another case is used, as here the 
 genitive. 
 irapa TOVS fiXXovs] In excess of the rest. 
 
 irpo<rtTo] As we say did not affect ease. 
 
 81 
 
NOTES TO XENOPHONS [vi. 1-7 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 1. rfj -iroXci] In the interests of his country. 
 
 2. ov <j>op<p Tpt|/afi.vos] Not routing them by mere fear, i.e. by supe- 
 
 riority of numbers, or overwhelming force. 
 dvTiTvirw jJLd\T|] Fair, equally matched, fight. For a victory of this 
 
 kind he could erect a trophy ; the former was merely gaining a 
 
 chance victory (vlicr)S Zrvxev). 
 |i.VT)|&ia] In the trophies erected, and in the fruits of his victory; 
 
 <r?7,ue?a, in the honourable scars which he himself had won, which 
 
 spoke to men's eyes (op&vras) more plainly than any narrative of 
 
 his exploits (a/coiWras). 
 
 3. Tpoiraia p^v] And yet not merely his actual victories, but all his 
 
 campaigns may be counted as his trophies. Many a bloodless 
 victory he gained by the enemy's unwillingness to face him. 
 
 Kdl ev rots d-ywcri 8] Just as in the public games. 
 
 aKoviTt] Without raising the dust, without competition ; as we should 
 say, ' he who walks over the course receives the prize. ' 
 
 4. [CIVTTJ iroiciv 8 povXoiro] It is evident that some words have dropt 
 
 out after ireidd/JLevos. I have supplied the words in brackets from a 
 
 passage in Plutarch which appears to refer to this passage, (Ages. 
 
 iv. ) 6 d (pyffLV 6 Eevocfr&v, 6'rt irdvra rfj TrciTpldi Trecdd/Aevos &r%ue 
 
 TrXaarcw, &are iroieiv 6 /3otfAoiro, TOLOVTOV can. 
 dirpo<|)acrCcrTOvs] Hearty, never making excuses to shirk duty. 
 irws &v K.T.X.] The two elements of success for an army are good 
 
 discipline, which respect for their leader enforces, and the hearty 
 
 confidence which affection for him inspires. 
 
 5. ^yeiv] Depreciate. 
 
 TOVS "yap <rv|i[idxovs] The subject to TT\{OV %etv, the whole clause 
 
 being the object to e/^xctparo. 
 X-rjOcov] Poetic form of \av6avw, doing things unobserved. 
 
 6. #811X09 yi < yv6|JLvos] Keeping secret, not betraying. 
 
 TO, }iV irapiwv] Passing some by, i.e. boldly leaving them in his rear : 
 virepfiaivuv, passing over them ; of mountain passes or barriers of 
 that kind ; /CA^TTTWJ/, occupying by stealth, as Xenophon did the 
 pass of the Kiretschli Dagh, Anabasis, iv. 6. II. 
 
 7. |^ rots TroXejJifois] It was in the enemy's power. 
 
 TO* T dTp(Jis] The re is a difficulty. It seems better to adopt 
 
 82 
 
VI. 7-8; vii. 1-6.] AGESILAUS. 
 
 Weiske's suggestion r6 re arpe^s xai rb aveKir\^Krov. Thinking 
 that in such a case calmness and freedom from panic causes least 
 confusion, and least blundering, and least liability to secret attack. 
 8. Odpcros KCU pwjjL-qv Iveirofei] Inspired them with boldness and vigour. 
 
 wore K.T.X.] And so his enemies could not despise him, his country- 
 men could not inflict any penalties upon him. 
 
 8iTeX<rv] sc. &v. He continued to be. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 1. Ka9' 5-v JA^V ^KCKTTOV] If one were to write every single detail, it would 
 
 be a tedious task. 
 ets TOVTO oruvreCvci] Has this for its ultimate aim, lit. converges to 
 
 this end. v 
 
 oil TTOVWV V<|HTO] Did not shirk any labour. 
 . o-wjAa] He was lame, but never alleged that as a reason for evading 
 
 duty. 
 
 2. SwaTc&TCLTos wv K.T.X.] Though he was the most powerful man in 
 
 the state, he was conspicuously the most submissive to law. 
 
 TIS 8' dv K.T.X.] 'Or who would have attempted any revolution, 
 from the idea that his position was below his merits, when he saw 
 that even his king was content to submit to a legal superior ? ' The 
 ephors at Sparta were able in many cases to control the king. 
 
 TTpo<r<|>pTo] He bore himself as a father to his children. 
 
 3. IXoiSopeiro] Used to chide them, take them to task. 
 irapicTTaTo] Used to stand by them. 
 
 iftfACav 8c ri0ls] Putting it to the account of loss. 
 
 tfrav oi "EXXi]VS <r<|>povo-iv] 'When the Greeks are in their 
 senses,' and cast aside their long-continued dissensions. The 
 graphic sequence implies that such a thing is possible. 
 
 4. $ irdXiv OVK 0eXovTa alpeiv] Either unwilling to capture a town when 
 
 he thinks he shall have to give it up to pillage, or thinking a 
 victory in a war with Greeks to be a dire calamity. 
 
 5. TTJ 4v KopivOw fxaxn] See Note on Chapter ii. I. 
 
 6. IvSiSolTo] Was ready to surrender. See Chapter ii. 18. 
 <r<|>povii.v] To bring to reason. 
 
 opctv XP^I K.T.X.] We must consider whether we shall not be depriving 
 ourselves of all means of overcoming the foreigner. 
 
NOTES TO XENOPHOWS [vn. 7; vni. 1-6 
 
 7. o irdXcu] sc. Hp(n)s, understood from fj.LO'OTrepo"rjs, Xerxes ; 6 vvv y 
 
 Artaxerxes II. 
 
 Xapovras] When they have received his presents. 
 lpTJv-qv] The peace of Antalkidas. See Note on Chapter ii. 21. 
 (Jt-fj airoX.TjTcu] The contingency, as dependent upon their first revolt- 
 ing, is more remote than that of the revolt : hence the subjunctive. 
 KciKa 2xv] Being occupied with troubles of his own. 
 When he went to Egypt. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 1. rb ^x a p l ] His urbanity. 
 
 <S -yc] Strictly dependent on V7rapxov<rris, but may be taken also 
 
 with elder &V, f in whom. ' 
 TWV <j>tXwv] Objective genitive, after the transitive idea of Oepa-jrcv- 
 
 TLKOV. 
 Kal jx-fj TJTWV] Even without looking for it. 
 
 2. jx^] Because TrX^o-id^eiv is consecutive. To consort with him, seek his 
 
 presence, not only for the sake of getting something out of him, 
 
 but to add pleasure to their daily life. 
 otos ji.e'yaXii'yopetv] Given to boasting. 
 {nri(r)(Vur9cu] Their self-commendation was a pledge that their 
 
 actions should not belie it. 
 
 3. ^yaXo'yvcojj.oo-vvT)] Loftiness of sentiment, high principle. 
 KaXXt'a] Elsewhere called KaXXtas. 
 
 tShj |JL^V] To him in his personal capacity. 
 
 8ri teal avrds] The 6'rt, like our 'he said,' reminds us that it is a 
 
 quotation. 
 dva Kpdros] To the utmost of his power. 
 
 4. irpbs] In comparison with. 
 
 TOVTW K.T.X.] That he should be more proud. 
 
 5. TTJS -rrpovofas] Gen. after eKewo. That feature of foresight in him : 
 
 that quality of his foresight. 
 
 (cvooOfjvai avrw] To enter into the tie of a guest-friend with him. 
 0eXfj<rcu is consecutive. He was not induced to consent. 
 
 6. IKCIVO] That other point, explained by what follows. 
 
 dvTo-Kvd<raTo] Furnished in contrast (to the Persian king). 
 84 
 
VITT. 7-8; ix. 1-5] AG&SILAUS. 
 
 7. TCIS Ovpas] Here, of the actual door. The Lacedaemonians ascribed the 
 
 origin of their monarchy to Aristodemus himself, not to his sons. 
 HEROD, vi. 52. 
 
 0oCva] Cf. v. i. 
 
 iroXtTiKov KavdOpov] Public conveyance. The K&va6pov was appar- 
 ently a carriage made of wicker-work. In Homer it is called 
 
 TTclplVS. 
 
 is ' AjxvKXas] To celebrate the Hyacinthia. 
 
 8. rats irpooroSois] His income. 
 
 KaXbv ji^v K.T.X.] Translate : If it is thought a noble thing to win 
 positions that are impregnable by an enemy, I, for my part, think 
 it a far nobler thing to make one's soul impregnable by any force 
 of bribery, or pleasure, or fear. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 1. TOV Tpoirov {nr(rr^j<raTo] Made his manner of living a contrast to the 
 
 haughty pomp of the Persian king. 
 TW o-iravkos 6pacr0at <rji.vvvTo] Piqued himself on being rarely 
 
 seen ; or; possibly, won for himself awe by rarely showing himself. 
 
 The former rendering makes the best contrast to i^ydXXero. 
 alcrxpovp-yCa] Men 'love darkness better than light, because their 
 
 deeds are evil.' 
 
 TuXovTas <Sv SCOIVTO] With their requests granted. 
 3. cviraOcCav] Comfort. 
 
 jjLao-TcvovTs] Seeking out a poetical word. 
 
 6<ra irpa-yjiaTCvovrai] How many devices they invent. 
 
 irav rb irapbv] All that came to hand. 
 
 4. kv jxcVttis rats v<|>po<rvv<us] In the midst of his delights ; they were 
 
 on the spot, because he could take contentedly just what came to 
 hand. 
 
 TOV 8 pdppapov] After a common Greek idiom, the word, which 
 belongs to the subordinate clause, becomes the object of the prin- 
 cipal, as oldd ere, rfc el, I know who thou art. 
 
 5. TTJ TWV 0wv KaTa<TKVfl] 'The gods' arrangement' of the seasons, as 
 
 appears from what follows, and from PLUT. Ages. 14, &<rirep pfoos 
 aei xpr?(70ai rats virb Ocov K Kpafj.fr ais wpcus 7T0u/cws. 
 
NOTES TO XENOPHOWS [ix. 6-7; x. i-4 
 
 6. Iiri8lai viKwoqs avTT]s] And showed by her victory. 
 
 TO 6pp.fxa TOVTO] As opposed to the war-horse. If women could train 
 them for the race, it was merely a sign of wealth. 
 
 7. irpbs TO yf.vva.iov] Nobly, by the standard of nobleness. 
 
 KCKTTJTO] A recognised form of the opt. of /c^/cny/mi ; cf. SOPH. Phil. 
 
 119. 
 
 viKwT] vp-yTo)v] Surpass every one in his good deeds to his country. 
 viKi]4>dpos d"yowo-|Ji<xTa>v] As compared with victors in the races. 
 ovofJiao-TOTaTos] This was the chief reward of the conquerors in 
 
 the games : it won for them great consideration at home. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 1. TavTa -yap] sc. tvrlv. For this is not a case like that of a man finding 
 
 a chance treasure, which makes him richer, but not necessarily a 
 better manager ; nor like that of a commander who gains an 
 advantage over an enemy smitten by some epidemic, who may 
 claim the credit of good fortune, but not that of improved general- 
 ship ; on the contrary (d), the man who shows the most endurance 
 where toil is required, and the most valour in a struggle of bravery, 
 and the most judgment where counsel is needed, he,, methinks, may 
 fairly be called a perfect man. 
 
 2. KoXbv vpT|[ia] A good find, a godsend. 
 
 o-Ta0n/?|] A standard and rule to measure brave deeds. 
 SIKCUOV] sc. fUfjioijfjLevos. So o-dxjjpova. 
 ydp] He was ey/cpcmfc, for, etc. 
 
 irpbs is used in slightly different senses : up to the enemy, i.e. against 
 them ; up to a perfect ideal, i.e. to a goal. 
 
 3. d\\d fi/fj K.T.X.] But let not any one think that because he is praised 
 
 now that he is dead, therefore this is a mere funeral elegy, but 
 rather that it is a eulogy. The former would merely recount 
 the virtues of the deceased without any reference to the survivors, 
 wpcuos] (from wpa) Timely, ripe, in good old age. 
 
 4. pa<r0ls TOV evK\Tjs yVo-0ai] Having set his affection on winning 
 
 distinction. 
 
 Tb |I^JKIO-TOV] The longest span allowed to human life. 
 
 dva|j.dpTT]Tos] The commentators are much exercised by this expres- 
 sion. Xenophon in his Hellenica criticises Agesilaus' mistakes 
 but here, holding him up as an example for imitation, he naturally 
 dwells upon the general perfection rather than the individual flaws. 
 
 86 
 
XL 1-8] AGESILAUS. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 1. ws &v] That so. The &v implies that 'in that case' the desired result 
 
 will follow. 
 LKeTas 8 K.T.X.] And he would use no force even to foes when they 
 
 had taken sanctuary. 
 fiXo-yov] It is the inconsistency between the two (/jih . . . de) which is 
 
 unreasonable. Translate, whilst you call ... to think. 
 
 2. -UJJLVWV] Saying over and over again. Lat. decantare. 
 
 OVK dvOpwirwv virepcc^povci] He did not look down upon other men 
 (as if it were by his own superiority that he had succeeded), but 
 gave thanks to the gods. 
 
 Oappwv K.T.X.] He offered more sacrifices (as thank-offerings) in time 
 of success than vows in time of fear. 
 
 3. alo-xpoKp8is] Greedy of base gain. 
 
 4. jojj,i\iv] To associate with ; xprjaOai, to make friends of. 
 
 ircpl &v \-yoiv] The character of those about whom they were 
 
 speaking. 
 <ro<j>bv] Good policy. His idea was that if a man plainly mistrusted 
 
 him, it was quite fair to take him in. 
 
 5. 7rcuvov{i.vos 8fc K.T.X.] He delighted in the praise of those who are 
 
 willing to find fault with what is unlovely, and never showed dislike 
 for any one who spoke out his mind but reserved people he watched 
 against, as he would an ambuscade. 
 TOVS "ye fJ^v SiapdXous] 
 
 * Who steals my purse steals trash ; . . . 
 But he who filches from me my good name 
 Robs me of that which not enriches him, 
 And makes me poor indeed.' Othello, Act. iii. Sc. 3, 1. 157. 
 
 6. ov paSiovp-yCav] Not facility (which implies recklessness), but noble- 
 
 ness and high principle. 
 
 7. 6iK<$va (TTTJ<rci<r0ai] To let any statue of himself be erected (note the 
 
 middle). PLUTARCH, Ages. 2, r^s d fJLOp<j>r)s elKova OVK exo/^ev. He 
 goes on to say that he was a little man, with no commanding 
 aspect. 
 
 8. TW (x^v SIKCXUO] Thinking that while it might be sufficient for a just 
 
 man to let his neighbour's goods alone, the liberal man was bound 
 to help him from what he had himself. 
 
NOTES TO XENOPHON'S [XL 8-16 
 
 TOVS y*v KdXws SWVTCIS] Cp. SOPH. Oed. Tyr. 1528 : 
 
 &(TT dVT]Tbv 8VT* K.dvt]V TT]V T\VTalaV t'5e?Z/ 
 
 7]fJi^pav eTTLffKOTTOvvra fjiydev' 6\fileLV irplv civ 
 rtpfjia TOV jSLov irepday /mydev a\yeivbv irad&v. 
 
 9. "fjs OVK J-irovi TO, 8ia] Of which he did not work out the details. 
 He did not care for any reputation which he had not properly won. 
 JJLT' evpouXCas] With soberness, rather than with rashness. 
 
 10. Kal TO v\api] And his urbanity he did not show in jests and jokes, 
 
 but in the whole character of his life. 
 
 TTJ \i\v d|J.<|>l TO crcofjia <J>avX.oTT]Ti] At the poverty or the meanness 
 of his own appearance : i.e. his dress and surroundings were poor 
 and mean. 
 
 11. papvTttTOS jjiev K.T.X.] He was a formidable opponent, but always 
 
 used his victory leniently. 
 cvirapaimo-TOTCiTOs] Easily influenced, 
 djjtavpovv K.T.X.] He made it his business to impair the interests of 
 
 his enemy, djmavpdo}, lit. to blind, obscure. 
 
 12. dirpo4>do-io-TOv] Ready, (a, 7iy>o0a<ri'o/-icu, making no excuses.) 
 jjiTd 6ovs] Next to the gods. 
 
 13. TWV d-yaOwv dvSpwv] In brave men. 
 
 jic-ydXi^v 86|av] As cfatfJLevos generally takes the genitive, and there 
 are lacunae in the MSS. , it would be better to read with Breiten- 
 bach, OVK dTreiTre jmeydXwv Kal KaX&v efatfjievos, ew? rb crco/xa /c.r.A. 
 He never gave up the pursuit of high and noble things as long 
 as his physical constitution was equal to the strain of his mental 
 vigour. 
 
 14. TO HTJKUTTOV] At his most advanced age. 
 
 crroji-aTi] The river's mouth is the river's end. Man's life is com- 
 pared to a river. We imply the same figure when we speak of 
 the ocean of eternity. 
 
 15. jxc-yaXcCws o><|>Xcov] By the treasure he was bringing when he died. 
 
 Cp. ii. 31. Nectanebis had given him 230 talents for the expenses 
 of the war in Greece. PLUTARCH, Ages. 40. 
 
 16. ls T-?JV d'CSiov o^KT]o-tv KaTt] - yd'yTo] He returned (KaTdyeaBai, to put 
 
 into port) to his last home. The expression seems to have been 
 an Egyptian one. His body was embalmed in wax and brought 
 home for burial, CORN. NEPOS, Ages. c. 8, and PLUTARCH, Ages. 40. 
 He died at the age of more than eighty, on the coast of Africa, at- 
 a place called Menelaus' Haven. 
 
AGESILAUS. 
 
 The picture that Xenophon gives in this memoir must be accepted with 
 some reservation. He is biassed here, as in the Hellenica, by his admira- 
 tion for the Lacedaemonian system, as well as by strong personal friendship 
 for their king, with whom, as we have seen, he served in one at least of 
 his Grecian campaigns. There is much to admire in Agesilaus* character. 
 He was a brave soldier, and an able commander ; one who by his strong 
 will and personal tact was able to maintain an influence over those with 
 whom he was brought in contact, and that too in spite of his insignificant 
 appearance, heightened by personal deformity. He had all the good 
 qualities of the Spartan courage, endurance, simple unluxurious habits. 
 He was true to his word, inaccessible to bribes, winning and hearty in 
 manner, virtues which were not Spartan. He was ambitious, but rather 
 as king of Sparta than as an individual. But on the other hand he was 
 not a statesman. He let himself be carried away by prejudices, and by 
 likes and dislikes, which the true statesman keeps under control. The 
 time of his Asiatic campaigns is the most satisfactory part of his career. A 
 genuine dislike to Persian government and a genuine Greek patriotism 
 were its inspiring motives. But even here he could not rise above the 
 Spartan model, and where the Persian government was abolished, he 
 would set up in its place the harmosts of Sparta, who seldom failed in a 
 few years to make themselves as much hated as the Persian governors had 
 been. When he returned to Europe, the hatred of Persia was succeeded 
 by a still bitterer hatred of Thebes. Plutarch implies that the treacherous 
 seizure of the Cadmea by Phoebidas was of his designing. At any rate, 
 when it had succeeded, he was foremost in persuading the Lacedaemonians 
 to keep what they had thus won, and in endeavouring to screen Phoebidas 
 from punishment. So far was the old feeling forgotten during this period, 
 that he did not hesitate to sacrifice the Asiatic Greeks, and to make 
 Persia the ally of Sparta in order to secure her empire in Greece. Till 
 the return of the exiles to Thebes, Sparta regained her power, but her 
 absoluteness and injustice paved the way for her speedy fall. In the 
 days of her depression, which followed the battle of Leuctra, he stands 
 out again as an energetic and yet cautious leader. Later, when obliged 
 to seek help from abroad, he did good service once more against the 
 Persians, and by establishing Nectanebis as king of Egypt, he freed it for 
 the time being from the Persian sway. 
 
 G 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 (Chiefly from GROTE, History of Greece. ) 
 
 B.C. 
 440? Agesilaus born. He died about 360 B.C., and is said to have then 
 
 been above eighty years of age. 
 
 404. Athens taken by the Lacedaemonians under Lysander. 
 401. Expedition of Cyrus the younger. The Greek mercenaries that 
 
 accompanied him returned in the following year. 
 399. Derkyllidas sent out in command of the Lacedaemonian forces to 
 
 assist the Greek cities in Asia against Tissaphernes and Pharna- 
 
 bazus. Agesilaus made king of Sparta. 
 396. Agesilaus supersedes Derkyllidas. His first campaign in Asia. 
 
 Winters at Ephesus. 
 395. Second campaign in Asia. He defeats Tissaphernes (battle of 
 
 Sardis), who is superseded and put to death by Tithraustes. The 
 
 latter stirs up the Greek States in Europe to make war upon 
 
 Lacedaemon. 
 394. Agesilaus is recalled. Battles of Corinth and of Coronea. Defeat of 
 
 the Spartans by sea at Cnidus. 
 393. Conon restores the Long Walls of Athens and the fortifications of the 
 
 Peiraeus. 
 392. The Lacedaemonians pull down the Long Walls between Corinth 
 
 and Lechaeum. 
 391. The Athenians restore these walls, which are retaken, and Lechaeum 
 
 captured by Agesilaus. 
 390. Agesilaus captures Peiraeum. The Spartan mora cut to pieces by 
 
 Iphicrates and his peltastes. 
 390-389. Expedition against Acarnania. 
 387. Peace of Antalkidas. 
 386. The Spartans restore Plataea. 
 
 385. The Lacedaemonians under Agesipolis destroy Mantinea. 
 9o 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 383. Sparta declares war upon Olynthus. 
 
 382. Phoebidas seizes the Cadmea, and sets up a Lacedaemonian govern- 
 ment in Thebes. Agesilaus defends him when impeached for 
 the act. 
 
 380. Agesilaus subdues Phlius. 
 
 379. Felopidas and his companions retake the Cadmea and drive out all 
 / the Lacedaemonians from Boeotia. 
 
 37#: Agesilaus marches against Thebes with the full force of the con- 
 / federacy, but retires after devastating the land. 
 
 37yC Second expedition of Agesilaus into Boeotia. 
 
 37 ir Peace of Callias, from which Thebes is excluded because it will not 
 acknowledge the independence of the Boeotian towns. Hence a 
 war arises between the Lacedaemonians and the Thebans, in 
 which the latter obtain a decisive victory under Epaminondas 
 at Leuctra. 
 
 370. Mantinea restored. Agesilaus marches against it. The Arcadians 
 apply to Thebes for help, and Epaminondas invades the Pelopon- 
 nesus and founds Megalopolis and Messene. Vigilant defence 
 of Laconia by Agesilaus. 
 
 362. Night march of Epaminondas to surprise Sparta. Agesilaus, who 
 had been sent from Sparta to join the forces gathered against the 
 Thebans at Mantinea, by his prompt return saves the city. After 
 this was fought the battle of Mantinea, in which Epaminondas 
 was killed. 
 
 362-361. Revolt of Persian satraps in Asia Minor. Tachos, king of 
 Egypt, joins it. Agesilaus goes to Egypt as commander. 
 
 360? Death of Agesilaus. 
 
 91 
 
INDICES. 
 
 I. GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL. 
 
 Acarnania, Agesilaus' campaign in, 
 
 ii. 20. 
 Achaei, in possession of Calydon, 
 
 ii. 20. 
 Achaean Mountains (Phthiotis), 
 
 ii. 5. 
 Aenianes, a Thessalian tribe on the 
 
 northern slope of Mount Oeta, 
 
 ii. 6. 
 Aeolia, a tract of land along the 
 
 Aegean from the Troad to the 
 
 river Hermus, i. 14. 
 Agesilaus, son of Archidamus, i. 5, 
 
 and passim. 
 
 Agis, son of Archidamus, and half- 
 brother of Agesilaus, i. 5. 
 Amyclae, a town of Laconia, on 
 
 the right bank of the Eurotas and 
 
 two and a half miles south of 
 
 Sparta, where the Hyacinthian 
 
 festival was held, ii. 7, viii. 7. 
 Antalkidas, the agent in a peace 
 
 between Sparta and Persia, called 
 
 by his name (B.C. 387), ii. 4. 19 ; 
 
 vii. 7. 
 Arcadia, the central district of 
 
 the Peloponnesus. 
 Archidamus, father of Agis and 
 
 Agesilaus, king of Sparta, 469- 
 
 427 B.C., i. 5. 
 Argos, an old city in Argolis, on 
 
 the east of Peloponnesus. 
 Ariobarzanes, Satrap of Phrygia, 
 
 ii. 26. 
 Aristodemus, one of the Hera- 
 
 clidae, father of Eurysthenes and 
 92 
 
 j Procles, and founder of the royal 
 house of Sparta, viii. 7. 
 
 Artemis, the goddess of the Ephe- 
 sians, a representation of the fruit- 
 fulness of nature, and so quite 
 distinct from the Greek goddess 
 of the same name, v. 27. 
 
 Assus, a town of Mysia, on the 
 bay of Adramyttium (Acts xx. 
 13), ii. 26. 
 
 Autophradates, Satrap of Lydia, 
 ii. 26. 
 
 Boeotia, a district of northern 
 Greece, between Attica and the 
 Opuntian mountains (south and 
 north) and between Helicon and 
 Parnassus and the Euboic Sea 
 (west and east). 
 
 Calleas, a Lacedaemonian, viii. 3. 
 
 Caria, the south-west corner of 
 Asia Minor, i. 14. 
 
 Cephisus, a river of Boeotia, that 
 rises in Phocis, and, fed by 
 numerous streams, falls into Lake 
 Copais. Thence it passes by a 
 subterranean outlet of four miles 
 to Larymna, and thence in one 
 and a half miles to the sea, ii. 9. 
 
 Corinth, on the isthmus that joins 
 the Peloponnesus to the main- 
 land, the scene of a war between 
 Sparta and the Theban confede- 
 ration, ii. 17. 
 
 Coronea, a town in Boeotia, on a 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL. 
 
 hill at the entrance of one of the 
 valleys leading up to Mt. Helicon. 
 The plain below was the scene of 
 a battle between the Athenians 
 and Boeotians in 447 B.C., of the 
 battle between Thebes and the 
 Spartans under Agesilaus, 394 
 B.C., and of one of the engage- 
 ments of the Sacred War under 
 Philip of Macedon, ii. 9. 
 
 Cotys, Satrap of Paphlagonia, ii. 
 26. 
 
 Crannon, a town of Pelasgiotis in 
 Thessaly, not far from Larissa, 
 ii. 2. 
 
 Creusis, the harbour of Thespiae, 
 at the east end of the Corinthian 
 gulf, ii. 8. 
 
 Cynisca, a sister of Agesilaus, ix. 6. 
 
 Cynoscephalae (the Dog's heads), 
 a mountain ridge between Thebes 
 and Thespiae, ii. 22. 
 
 Cyrei (Kvpetot), the Greek soldiers 
 who had accompanied Cyrus the 
 younger, and after their return 
 had remained with their officers 
 as condottieri, ii. II. 
 
 Delphi, a small town of Phocis, on 
 the south slope of Mount Par- 
 nassus, the seat of the oracle of 
 Apollo, i. 34. 
 
 Elis, the western district of Pelo- 
 ponnesus north of Messenia. 
 
 Ephesus, the chief of Ionian cities 
 on the coast of Asia Minor, south 
 of the Cayster river. 
 
 Helicon, a range of mountains in 
 Boeotia between the lake Copais 
 and the Corinthian gulf. 
 
 Helots, the serf class of Laconia. 
 They cultivated the lands of the 
 Spartan citizens, paying a large 
 percentage of the produce as a 
 rent. They had no political 
 privileges, and went out as light- 
 armed troops with their masters, 
 ii. 24. 
 
 Herippidas, a captain of mercenary 
 troops who served with Agesilaus. 
 ii. 10. 
 
 Hyacinthia, a festival held at 
 Amyclae by the Spartans and 
 Amyclaeans jointly. See note 
 on ii. 17. 
 
 Larissa, an important town in 
 Thessaly, on the Peneus, ii. 2. 
 
 Lechaeum, the port of Corinth on 
 the Corinthian gulf, as Cenchreae 
 was on the Saronic gulf, ii. 17. 
 
 Leotychides, the reputed son of 
 Agis, who, being a minor, was 
 rejected as king, owing to sus- 
 picions of his legitimacy, i. 5- 
 
 Leuctra, a small town of Boeotia, 
 on the road from Plataea to Thes- 
 piae, the scene of the battle that 
 transferred the supremacy from 
 Sparta to Thebes (371 B.C.), ii. 24. 
 
 LScri, the inhabitants of two dis- 
 tricts in continental Greece. 
 Those who dwelt on the east 
 coast opposite Euboea from Ther- 
 mopylae to the frontiers of Boeo- 
 tia were called Locri Opuntii, 
 and those who dwelt in Western 
 Locris, along the north side of 
 the Corinthian gulf, between 
 Aetolia and Phocis, were known 
 as Locri Ozolae, ii. 6. 24. 
 
 Maeander, a river that formed 
 the boundary between Lydia and 
 Caria, i. 15. 
 
 Mausolus, Satrap of Caria, ii. 26. 
 
 Messene, the capital of Messenia, 
 founded by Epaminondas in 369 
 B.C., after the battle of Leuctra, 
 to be a counterpoise to Sparta, 
 ii. 29. It lay at the foot of Mount 
 Ithome, which was its acropolis. 
 
 fa mountain and a, 
 Narthacius, J town in Thessaly, 
 Narthacium, 1 south- west of Phar- 
 
 L salus, ii. 4. 5. 
 93 
 
INDICES. 
 
 Nectanebis, a king of Egypt, who 
 supplanted Tachos, and threw off 
 the Persian yoke (361 B.C.). He 
 was the last native sovereign that 
 reigned over Egypt, ii. 30. 
 
 Orchomenus, an ancient and power- 
 ful city in Boeotia, on the Cephi- 
 sus, north-west of lake Copais ; 
 taken and destroyed by the The- 
 bans, 367 B.C. 
 
 Pactolus, a river of Lydia, that 
 flowed past Sardis. It was 
 famed for its golden sands, which 
 were a great source of wealth. 
 
 Pharnabazus, son of Pharnaces, 
 was satrap of the Persian pro- 
 vinces near the Hellespont. In 
 B.C. 411 and after, he helped the 
 Spartans against the Athenians 
 in the Peloponnesian war ; but 
 when, later, Derkyllidas and 
 Agesilaus went over to deliver 
 the Asiatic Greeks from the Per- 
 sian yoke, he sought the help of 
 Conon, the Athenian admiral, 
 against the Lacedaemonians, i. 
 23 ; iii. 5. 
 
 Pharsalus, a town in the southern 
 half of Thessaly, at the foot of 
 Mount Narthacius, famous later 
 as the scene of the battle between 
 Caesar and Pompey, 48 B.C. 
 
 Phlius, the chief town of a small 
 mountainous district between 
 Sicyon and Argolis in the Pelo- 
 ponnesus, ii. 21. 
 
 Peiraeum, a strong fortress of the 
 quadrangular peninsula, which 
 runs out into the Corinthian gulf, 
 north of the isthmus. It was 
 fortified as a protection against 
 the Megarians and the Athenians. 
 
 To the east of Peiraeum was the 
 fortress of Oenoe, and at the west 
 extremity of the peninsula was 
 that of Heraeum, ii. 1 8. 
 
 Polycharmus, a Pharsalian officer, 
 ii. 4. 
 
 Pras, a town of Thessaly on the 
 north-east slope of Mount Nar- 
 thacius, ii. 5. 
 
 Sardes, the chief town of Lydia, 
 and afterwards the seat of a 
 Persian satrap, at the foot of 
 Mount Tmolus. 
 
 Scolus, a small town in Boeotia, 
 on the north slope of Cithaeron, 
 ii. 23. 
 
 Scotussa, an ancient town of 
 Thessaly, in the district Pelas- 
 giotis, near the sources of the 
 river Onchestus, ii. I. 
 
 Sestus, a town in Thrace, on the 
 narrowest part of the Hellespont. 
 It remained faithful to Sparta 
 when the other States revolted, 
 ii. 25. 
 
 Tachos, an Egyptian king, who 
 threw off his allegiance to Persia. 
 He was helped 'by Agesilaus, but 
 so offended him as to lose his 
 support, and had to give way to 
 his nephew Nectanebis, ii. 27, 
 28. 
 
 Tegea, one of the chief towns of 
 Arcadia. 
 
 Tissaphernes, a Persian satrap, 
 the rival of the younger Cyrus, 
 who succeeded to his satrapy 
 after his death, i. 10, ii. 
 
 Tithraustes, Tissaphernes' execu- 
 tioner and successor, i. 35 ; iv. 6. 
 
 Xenophon, present at the battle of 
 Coronea, ii. 9. 
 
 94 
 
INDICES. 
 
 II. GREEK WORDS. 
 
 d-yopdv 
 i. 14. 
 
 aurxpoKepSVjs, ii. 3. 
 <XKOVIT, vi. 3. 
 dfiaupoo), xi. 12. 
 dvd Kpdros, vii. 3. 
 dvajjKJHXo'yws, ii. 12. 
 dva<TTpo<(>^, ii. 3. 
 dvTnrpoiKa, i. 18. 
 avrfrruiros, vi. 2. 
 dirocPTcpetv, iv. I. 
 dirpo^dcrurros, vi. 4, xi. 
 dpT"i*|, iii. I. 
 dcrxoXCa, i. 7. 
 avroOev, i. 28. 
 dcjuirrros, i. 15. 
 
 ypd<t>(r8cu, i. 1 8. 
 
 ypcuj>ei>s, i. 26. 
 
 13. 
 
 8e'Ka d<|>' -fjptis, ra, i. 31. 
 8ei.dv ire'fj.'imv, iii. 4. 
 SOKLJJLOS, i. 24. 
 
 i), iv. I. 
 
 W) ii. II. 
 irtKTT]Tos, i. 36. 
 
 epr||jua, i. 29. 
 vx,apts, xi. II. 
 
 KavaOpov, viii. 7- 
 Kard-yojiai, xi. 1 6. 
 
 ' i. 23. 
 , vi. 5. 
 
 fj, ii. 12. 
 
 HacrTva>, i. 24. 
 
 Y-YfjLocrvT, viii. 3. 
 
 |JllOVKT6tv, iv. 5. 
 
 |j.VT]jxia and cri^eta, vi. 2. 
 , ii. 6. 
 
 NoSa)j,(dSis, i. 7. 
 
 irapaKaTa0i]KT|, iv. 4. 
 rreX.TO(|)opos, iii. 3. 
 ircpioiKOi, ii. 24. 
 irXd-yios, ii. 3. 
 TrXattriov, ii. 2. 
 irXe'Opov, ii. lo. 
 irpdrTw, iii. 13. 
 nrpOTroix-rrq, ii. 27. 
 irpocTKvvew, i. 34. 
 
 p^Siovp-yfa, xi, 6. 
 
 <TKl)TVS, i. 26. 
 
 , xi. 15. 
 , vii. I. 
 
 rpoiraiov, ii. 26. 
 
 rupavvfe and pacriXeta, i. 3. 
 
 ii. 17. 
 xi. 2. 
 
 , i. 19. 
 
 4>iXraipCa, ii. 21. 
 4>iXoviKia, ii. 8. 
 
 (j)vpw ; ii. 14. 
 
 wpatos, x. 3. 
 
 III. GRAMMATICAL. 
 
 ACCUSATIVE of kindred meaning 
 (Syntax, 13), pa.xnv Mxf ^ 4 * 
 v. 5. ra v6/ju/uLa d/)%e<7^ai, ii. 16; 
 with pronouns, i. 22, 36 ; ii. 23 ; 
 v. 3; vi. 3, 6; viii. 7; x. I. 
 
 Accusative, of road over which (ex- 
 
 tent), rty XoiTTT/V CTTOpeijQT), il. 5 
 TTJV ffVVTOjULWTdTTrjl' T^y^fTOlTO^ i. 28. 
 
 Accusative absolute, 7ra/>5v, ^6^, i. 
 
 
INDICES. 
 
 Accusative in principal clause for 
 
 construction in subordinate, ix. 4. 
 
 rov (3dp(3apov o>/)a (rw\KV<rr^ov 
 
 aury, for ^c&pa ry papftdpy K.T.\. 
 Adjective following the noun with- 
 
 out repetition of the article, ras 
 
 TroXets 'EXX^f Idas, i. 10. 
 Aorist and Imperfect, i. 16, 31, 32; 
 
 ii. 3 ; iv. 4. 
 Aorist with &v (incomplete, con- 
 
 ditional, Syntax ', 54 ), i. 26 ; 
 
 viii. I. 
 Aorist infin. after verbs of hoping, 
 
 etc., i. 10 ; vii. 6. 
 Aorist participle in modal sense, 
 
 ii. 30. 
 
 Apposition to sentence, i. 36. 
 Article with noun, and not with 
 
 adjective (predicative use, Syntax, 
 
 5 b\ tf>ai5p$ r Trpocr&irq), i. 13. 
 
 Mvaov TTJV rpoiprjv, i. 2O. 
 Article with numerals, i. 31, 34; 
 
 ii. 28. 
 Article omitted, i. 10 ; ii. 5 ; i. 34. 
 
 See Notes. 
 Attraction of the Relative, wpbs $, 
 
 i. ii; crtiv $, ii. 5 ; &vtf &v, ii. 
 
 29 ; irepl &v, xi. 4 ; ws ZXOoiev 
 
 oi)s TrtfjL\f/eiev AyyiXovs, i. lo. 
 Attraction of complement to the 
 
 Infinitive (Syntax, 9), ii. 16 ; 
 
 iv. 6; viii. 2 ; ix. I ; x. 4; xi. 
 
 II ; (Syntax > 1 8) i. 30. 
 Attraction of gender, iv. 3, ras 
 
 Dative of manner, i. 13; ethical, i. 
 
 28 ; ii. 9 (&rxaroi f)<rav airry rou 
 
 evwvtijuLov) ; without ativ (r< ira/j.- 
 
 ir\i}8ei crr6\({)), ii. I. 
 Dative absolute (so-called : better 
 
 modal dative), i. 2. rots 717)076- 
 
 VOLS 6Vo/AaoyU&>6is. 
 Forms, brTrets, Accus. plur. ii. 13 ; 
 
 KeKTrJTO, ix. 7 ; ^o/w/xej^tf-repos, i. 
 
 35- 
 
 Future, with O'TTWS, after past tense, 
 vii. 7. 
 
 Future optative in historic sequence, 
 ii. 8. 
 
 Genitive, of price, iv. 4 : partitive 
 (as object), i. 22 ; xi. 8 : of time, 
 roG \OLTTOV, v. 5 j TroXXoO %p6^oi', 
 ii. 23 : objective (Synt. 22), ii. 
 26; viii. I ; of reference, ffw^arwv 
 &PKTTCL Zxew, i. 25. 
 
 Graphic sequence, i. 7, 33, 38 ; ii. 
 13 : vii. 3. 
 
 Imperfect, i. 31, 34 ; ii. 3; iv. 4 ; 
 v. i. 
 
 Infinitive of consequence, without 
 wore, i. 12 ; viii. 5 ; explanatory, 
 ii. 1 6 ; of oblique command Kara 
 fftivtffiv, i. 23 ; of purpose after 
 verbs of giving, ii. 22 ; iv. 3 ; 
 understood, ii. 3. 
 
 Participle after yt.yvucrKeiv and 
 i, iii. 5 ; ix. 5 ; after at(Txti- 
 i, ii. 25 ; concessive without 
 KdlTrep, ii. 7 ; absolute, irapbv, 
 6v, i. 36; ii. 12; transposed, 
 rot>s Trpbcrdev irpoo-Kvvew "EXX^i/as 
 &vayKa{ofj,vovs, i. 34 (see note), 
 r&s aury x^P tras o^eiXo/x^^as, iv. 
 3, ^ note. 
 
 Participle omitted, with SiareX^w, 
 vi. 8. 
 
 Plural verb with neuter plural sub- 
 ject, i. 21, (ircudapla) ; ii. 23, 
 
 Preposition not repeated with rela- 
 
 tive : 10, TUV OLVT&V 0i>&v favirep = 
 
 6Y fovrrep, ii. I. 
 
 7rp6s, x. 2 ; ix. 7 ; ix. 4. 
 
 Kara in composition, i. 13. 
 Transposition, ws TT/OOS ffvfj.fjLO.-xov 
 
 cLvrbv for Trpos a^rdz' ws irpbs (rffJi- 
 
 paxov, i. 33 ; 
 
 of relative, ffvv y airros fyvxav/j- 
 
 cra,ro iinriK$, ii. 5 ; 
 
 of the demonstrative, the relative, 
 
 or relative particle preceding it, 
 
 i. 2 ; ii. 31 ; ii. 24; vii. 7 ; 
 
 of the adverb, pelov ?) ev fj.yvl, 
 
 ii. I. 
 
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