P' \ A -V >v .:y ^\ ^;^o '\ \ jrli> i!^ -A. THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE '^rf^-i ''7^ .«:^ Wi AFGHAN POETRY SEYENTEENTII CENTURY SELECTIONS FROM THE POEMS OF KIIUSII HAL KHAN KHATAK. TEANSLATIONS AND GEAMMATICAL INTEODUCTIOX. EDITED AND COliriLED I!Y C. E. BIDDULPH, M.A., TRINITY COLL , C'AMBRIDfiE. LONDON : KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Limited, 57 and 59, LUDGATE HILL, E.C. LS90. HERTFORD : I'UINTED BY STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS. DEDICATED TO GEORGE ANDERSON, ESQ., FORMERLY OF KUMTOFL INDIGO FACTORY, DURBANGAII, TIRHOOT : IN GRATEFUL RECOLLECTION OF KINDNESS RECEIVED ON MY ARRIVAL IN INDIA. INTRODUCTION. It is with some diffidence tliat I venture to approacli a subject which lias already met with such able handling at the hands of others far more masters of the language and literature of wliich they were treating than myself, and I do not imagine that the present work will be found to cont;iin anything that is not already known to the Pushtoo scholar. My only object in compiling it has been to facilitate a further study of the language on the part of such as may have only as yet commenced it, and to enlist generally the interest of- those as yet unacquainted with it, whether in England or India, by a rendering^ however bald and inadequate, of some of the more interesting pieces which its literature contains. It is indeed strange to observe the apathy with which the study of the Pushtoo language is taken up even now-a-days, and that in spite of the daily increasing importance for professional purposes of a thorough acquaintance with this language to so many of our Anglo-Indian officials, whether of the Military or Civil Services, independently of the interest attaching to the study of this language, which is that of one of the most peculiar of the populations with which, in the course of the extension of our Oriental territories, we have ever been brought in contact, and of the fact of the length of our acquaintance and connection with the land of their homes and the stirring episodes in our national history which have occurred and may yet occur in the course of our intercourse with tliis country and its inhabitants ; and if this is true as regards the language itself, still more is it the case with regard to its literature, which could under any circumstances only be expected to come under the notice of such as had pursued their studies in Pushtoo to such an extent as to be able to appreciate the interest attaching to those of its pro- ductions which are still extant and available for their perusal ; there are indeed but comparatively few that appear to be acquainted hardly further than by name with the works of its most famous authors, such as whose names are household words in every Pathan home, and whose compositions are in the mouths of countless numbers of the Pathan population, many of them subjects b vi INTRODUCIIOX. of our Government. That this neglect has been redeemed by brilliant ex- ceptions in the case of those capable of an appreciation of the interest attaching to these works, and the beauties to be found in them, has been amply- demonstrated by the valuable works of Dr. Bellew, Mr. Ilughes and others, and lastly but by no means leastly those of Major Eaverty. The latter may indeed be styled the Father of the study of the Afghan language and literature, for more than thirty years ago he devoted himself to placing at the disposal of the public the unique stores of information which he had in the course of years of study acquired upon the subject, and it is mainly owing to the facilities which he was thus able to afford that his successors in the task and the ordinary student of the present day is indebted for any proficiency which he may attain in his pursuit. " Eaverty's Grammar," "Eaverty's Dictionary," " Eaverty's Gulshan-i-Eoh " or Selections of the most interesting, characteristic and beautiful extracts from Pushtoo literature, will ever be lasting memorials of the conscientious and disinterested labour which this pioneer of the study of the Pushtoo language and its literature bestowed upon a subject the interest and importance of which was even less adequately undei'stood at the time that he wrote than at the present time. However much these works may be improved upon by a more extended acquaintance with this population and its language, they will ever remain the original foundation of whatever our further acquisitions in this respect may be. As regards the present work it is only to be regarded as being supplementary to them, and specially compiled for the benefit of tlie beginner in Pushtoo. With this reservation the only merits which I claim for its production are that as regards the vernacular portion of the work the system of spelling adopted has been as far as possible based upon the latest devised rules of orthography and grammatical construction, such as a candidate for examination in Pushtoo would now-a-days be required to pay attention to in the composition of his theme. It must be remembered tliat tlie Pushtoo can hardly be called a written language to any appreciable extent ; as in the case of Scotland, to which country its characteristics of population and national traits afford a remarkable analogy, its sole literature may almost be said to be such as has taken a poetical form more or less of the cliaracter of ballads ; these poems moreover have been mostly handed down by oral tradition, and but in few cases committed to writing. Even where the latter has been the case, as might be expected amongst a rough and uneducated people who scorn such, as they consider them, effeminate accomplishments as reading and writing, but little attention has been paid by the various transcribers to any uniform system of spelling or of grammatical construction, the equivalents of the words recited having been probably as often as not committed to paper upon phonetic rather than upon any otlier princii)les. INTRODUCTION. vii It is only liitoly, since the introduction of the printing-press into Peshawar, that a demand for printed copies of these poems has arisen. This demand has of course been almost exclusively confined to the natives of the country, and the nature and quality of the article supplied has been such as would meet with their expectation and requirements, but to any European, except such as have made the reading of vernacular literature their special study, it must often have been a matter of experience how discouraging to the ordinary reader is the spectacle presented upon opening a book of this character in tlie usual type ; so much so that in spite of his desire to penetrate its contents and make himself acquainted with the matters of interest which it contains, a perseverance in his object involves a hard struggle, the moi-e so that, as is the case with most Anglo-Indians, his more immediate object in this study is the agreeable and profitable employment of such leisure as he is able to snatch from the more serious business of life upon which his maintenance depends, and this leads me to the only other merit which I claim for this work, which is that the printing is legible; there is no running of one word into another, or placing one portion of a word upon tlie line with the remainder in the interval above it, as is the distracting custom in most of the productions of the Vernacidar Press. I should add that the brief Grammatical Introduction which I have prefixed to the accompanying Selections is a mere compilation of notes taken by myself whilst studying for examinations from the mouth of vernacular teachers and from the works of Major Eaverty and Professor Trumpp. With this apology for the appearance of the work at all, I will proceed to add a few remarks for the benefit of the English reader or of such Europeans in India as have not been brought much in contact with a Pathan population. Afghanistan has always been a country abounding in rustic poets, and amongst a people absolutely devoid of any other form of literature the poetic has, as amongst most free and mountain races, been ever the favourite mode of recording any forcible impression whether of a sentimental, historical or moralistic description which may have occurred to the composer ; down to the present time there is no form of enjoyment more appreciated by even the most wild and barbarous of the tribes inhabiting these regions than that afforded by the recitation of their favourite ballads, or indeed of any such as relate in a sufficiently impressive manner any forcible incident of national or individual interest. Amongst all these productions of local talent the poems of Khush-hal Khan Zhatak, the famous chief and warrior, and Abd-ul-Eahman, the philosopher and moralist, have ever held the foremost place in the affections of their fellow countrymen, so much so that many even of the most ignorant amongst them have in the course of listening to repeated recitations of them by professional bards acquired an acquaintance by rote with the best known of them, and there is no surer or readier mode of appealing to tbeii- sympathies or enlisting their A-IU IXTRODUCTXOX. confidence than by the quotation of a few stanzas from the compositions of the one or the other poet. This is but natural, for these poems breathe of tlie subjects in which every Pathan delights ; they remind him of days of former grandeur and prowess and they talk to him alike of love and warfare, which are the themes which must ever appeal most readily to the untutored instincts of a brave though savage and independent people. As they tell of raid and foray and contest between clan and clan his eyes flash and his nostrils quiver with the passions they arouse ; as they describe the softer emotions of love and sentiment his breast heaves with gentle sighs, for in spite of rugged and brutal bearing there is no people in which exists a deeper fund of latent tenderness and gallantry ; again, little as he may probably care to carry into practice the moral teaching of the didactic portions, he can still fully appreciate the loftiness of the sentiments which they contain, and in this he is not singular amongst mankind. The poems, as would be expected, bear throughout the impress of the natural influences by which the composers were surrounded. Afghanistan is a country where nature ever exhibits herself in the most conflicting aspects; it is a country of lofty mountains and deep ravines, of arid plains and fertile valleys, of bitter cold and scorching heat, for the seasons too share of the extremes visible in the physical characteristics of the country ; in winter biting frost and heavy snow in parts, in summer scorching winds and fiery sunshine. The only period of the year on wliich the Afghan poet delights to dwell is that intervening between the freezing blasts of winter and the burning heats of tlie hot season, while the general barrenness and sterility of his native land is amply brought home by his repeated recurrence to the simile — as typical of everything that is charming and delightful, and which is one that he invariably makes use of when he wishes to bring in a comparison which shall touch the heart of his reader — of a " garden," to walk in which on a hot summer's day is the supremest of his delights. What wonder then that, born and bred amongst these scenes of sterility and savage grandeur, the Pathan should breathe of the instincts with which his constant intercourse with them would inspire his nature. In the deadly struggle for existence which the barrenness of his native land involves, the strong hand has ever been the only law recognised or to which an appeal would be made, and " Thou slialt want ere I do " lias been as much the motto of every Pathan tribe as it ever was of the border clans of Scotland in the good old days of yore. But deeply as in the case of the true Pathan the fiercer instincts of human nature seem aff'cctcd by the scenes which Nature herself has sj)read around liim, tlieso are accompanied by a simple and poetical appreciation of the more beautiful and softer features of the landscape, and a healthy manli- ness of tone in his expression of tho soutimcnlal emotions, which aftbrd a INTRODUCTION. IX refreshing contrast to the maudlin or voluptuous treatment which such subjecta meet at the hands of most Oriental poets. It is this manliness of tone inherent in his nature which must on one point always appeal to the chivalrous feelings instinctive in every European and make the latter feel disposed to deal kindly with his other failings, objectionable and contemptible as they may appear in our eyes; and that is his treatment of the weaker sex, so different from the habits and customs of other Eastern nations with whom we have been brought in contact. It must, however, be understood that throughout these remarks I am speaking of the higher classes of Pathans ; amongst the populace their women-kind probably meet with no better treatment than they do amongst the lower classes of Europeans. To Englishmen of all nations must this redeeming trait ever appeal with peculiar force, for from what other Asiatic people with whom we have been brought in contact could we have hoped for the treatment, rough as it was, which our fellow countrywomen met with at the hands of the savage and vindictive Pathans when they fell into their hands as prisoners at the time of the disastrous evacuation of Cabul in 1842, and that too at a time when the passions of their victors were at their fiercest pitch and they were flushed with victory and success; far different were the experiences of such as some years later fell into the hands of our own Sepoys and others, our only mistake in dealing with whom had been that we had treated them with too great confidence and generosity. Startling contrasts are, however, as much the characteristics of the nature of the Patban as they are those of his country and its climate ; he is capable of the most unexpected outbursts of generosity and sentiment as of the most cold-blooded and calculating acts of treachery and sordid greed and duplicity ; of the deepest self-devotion to those to whom he is attached or whom he considers to have a claim upon his gratitude, in comparison to which life, or what perhaps is dearer to him than life, money, presents no value in his eyes ; as of the most implacable resentment towards those at whose hands he imagines himself to have received any injury, more particularly it would almost seem if such should in any way be connected with him by blood. It is with the expression of such manly sentiments as were exemplified on the occasion to which I have above referred that the Pathan love-songs are replete ; portions indeed of the sentimental poetry are of that type so peculiar to Mahommedan compositions of this nature, in which the expression of the sentiments of human love and passion are so inextricably mingled with those of devotion to the Deity that in many cases it is almost impossible to dis- tinguish the one from the other, or separate the outpourings of the love-sick poet from the mystic yearnings of the devout mind for absorption in or union with the Divine Being. The special distinction of the Pathan poetrj^ in tliis respect, as contrasted with the ciirrent poetry of the East, is that — intermingled as are the expressions of these sentiments in the poems of this description — X INTEODUCTIOX. there is nothing about them that need shock the ear of the refined lover or offend the sense of propriety of the devout reader, as is too frequently the case with the gross and material allusions commonly indulged in by most Oriental poets. If the sonnets are read as simple love -songs tliey are full of beautiful and picturesque comparisons such as would naturally occur to the rustic poet pouring forth his feelings of sentiment towards his mistress amidst the recesses of his native mountains; if they be regarded as the expression of the cravings of the devout soul for a closer union with its Creator, there is nothing in them that need prevent their perusal by a reverent mind. The similes introduced in these love-songs are in many cases as wild and fanciful as the scenes which must have met tlie eyes of the composer. The lover is compared to the breeze which is fancifully supposed to be distractedly wandering about in pursuit of the perfume of the rose ; he is drawn towards his mistress as the sun in its mid-day heat draws up the dew ; again, like the dew which, glittering in the rays of the sun, is fancifully compared to countless eyes, he is all eyes for the approach of his mistress; as the sun derives its light from some super- natural source, so the refulgence of her beauty is reflected upon him ; the snow upon the mountain tops melts upon the approach of spring into sympathetic torrents of tears over the woes of separated lovers; the mountain slopes covered with the smoke of burning prairies are typical of the sighs and lamentations of the same ; again, the wounded heron, separated from and left behind by its companions in their flight, lends itself by its distress and the agitation which it exhibits to the same purpose ; his mistress is compared to a cypress, to a pine, in her stateliness of figure and graceful carriage, her face to a tulip, in which the red and white are cunningly mingled, her locks are like hyacinth, etc., etc. The appreciation of scenery and the beauties of nature which finds such a frequent expression in these poems is a sentiment with which we Europeans must sympathize most strongly, all the more so that a capacity for such iBsthetic enjoyment is not by any means widely spread amongst Asiatics. To understand appropriately the spirit and character of the patriotic and historical portions of this poetry it would be necessary to review briefly tlie special characteristics of the people amongst which their authors took their origin and the scenes and conditions of society amongst which they were born and brought up. As has been before remarked the country of Afghanistan affords in its social aspects a remarkable analogy to that of Scotland, particularly as regards its political condition and the national traits of its inhabitants; that is, if regard be had to the Scotland of the Middle Ages. As in Scotland the Highland portion of the population is found divided into various clans, distinguislied by patronymics denoting the ancestors from which they respectively claim their origin, each of which, in former ages, under the feudal authority of its own tribal chief, whoso INTRODUCTION. XI personal influence was the only rule that its members recognized for their guid- ance, led a distinct and semi-independent political existence, neitlier recognizing nor deferring to any claims on the part of otlier clans of a collateral origin, or indeed of any supreme power except in so far as the head of the clan found it expedient or necessary to do so, — in the same way each Afghan tribe constitutes a separate political unit bound to its individual chief by strictly feudal ties, and recognizing no authority beyond him except under compulsion by superior force. The tribes, however, of Afghan origin, by no means form the exclusive population of these regions; for, intermingled amongst them, is found a con- siderable sprinkling of tribes of Persian and Moghal descent, introduced into the country in the train of various Moghal and Persian invaders, their relations with whom are, as it may be imagined, none of the most cordial; for the latter are evidently a comparatively recent accession to the population, and the tribes of Afghan origin, who are the oldest inhabitants of the country of whom we have any record, could thus hardly be expected to look on them with other than feelings of jealousy and dislike as intruders and interlopers. There is strong reason to believe that the Afghans themselves are a tribe of Western origin, who have taken refuge in the regions in which they are now found from the successful invasions of their own homes ; but their descent is lost in obscurity, and it is difficult even to make a suggestion as to the immediate cause of their immigration into these regions. Curiously enough, they themselves claim to be of Jewish extraction, and there is no doubt that this strange traditionary belief in their descent is firmly implanted in their breasts ; it is no weaker now than it was more than two centuries ago, the poetry of which period abounds in allusions to the same. Certain of the words, moreover, found in their lancuafre, are by some supposed to be remotely connected with the Hebrew, and thus to give some shadow of reason to the advancement of this strange claim on their part ; all, however, that is certain about them is, that at present they constitute the majority of the inhabitants and speak a variety of dialects of a common language. This similarity of language, however, appears to constitute locally no bond of union between the members of the various tribes into which this population is divided, which each exist apart with entirely distinct customs and interests, and on terms of mutual distrust and suspicion, if not of actual open hostility. Following out, then, the analogy that has been suggested to the condition of Scotland in the Middle Ages, we must endeavour to imagine the Highland and Lowland sections of the population inextricably intermingled as regards their local position in adjacent counties, as it were, instead of inhabiting perfectly distinct tracts of countrj', though equally distinct from one another in all their social relations. The Afghan would thus suihciently and adequately represent the Highlanders, or the more ancient inhabitants of the country, while the Low- landers, or the mixed and alien races, comprised of the relics of successive XU INTRODUCTION. invading elements from the South, would be represented by the various races of a distinct extraction from the Afghans, which are found scattered amongst them, but the difference of whose origin is immediately proclaimed by their ajjpearance, language, and manners. As tlien in Scotland the Highland portion of the population, whilst living on terms of perpetual hostility with its Lowland neighbours, was itself divided into clans constituting different communities which, though regarding one another with a jealous distrust, were bound internally with the closest tics, — so in the case of the tribes of Afghan origin are their respective members equally jealous of their tribal rights and privileges, while at the same time living collectively upon terms of the bitterest hostility with the races of a different extraction residing in their midst. If this latter be the case now-a-days, after years and years of intercourse, or at any rate of contact, how much more must it have been so two centuries ago, when the Moghals were supreme in Hindustan and the dominant race in Afghanistan itself, and that in spite of the most determined and obstinate resistance on the part of its Afghan inhabitants ! Of the bitterness of the feeling towards them on the part of the latter there is abundant evidence in their poetry of that period, which abounds with descriptions of sanguinary conflicts between the rival races and bloodthirsty pa3ans over hecatombs of slaughtered Moghals. Sucli portions of this poetry are full of peculiar interest to us in the present state of our relations with the country as denoting the terms upon which our predecessors in the sovereignty of Hindustan were upon with these savage and determined opposers to their rule, and the means which they eventually adopted to overcome this opposition and introduce distrust and disunion among the confederate tribes. It must be remembered that at the time these poems were written no such a personage as an Amir of Cabul existed, neither had Cabul itself ever been the seat of a national or other dynasty ; up till then, and indeed for many years subsequently, it never formed more than the headquarters of the Government of a local Satrapy, according as the province of which it was the chief town happened to constitute for the time being a dependency of some Central Asian Dynasty or of the throne of Delhi. Tiiough under these circumstances this province nominally stretched as far as Ghazni on the south and to the confines of the present district of Peshawar on the east, tlio actual rule of the Governor of Cabul does not appear to have extended beyond the Cabul valley itself and those immediately accessible froui it. In the same way the district of Peshawar was a remote dependency of the throne of Delhi, and its chief town the headquarters of another provincial Governor, whose nomiiuil sway extended over all the tribes scattered throughout the surrounding country. The degree of recognition, however, accorded to the rule of these respective governors by the tribes inhabiting the mountains extending from Jellalabad to the neighbourhood of Peshawar, such as the Afridis, Mobnuuids, Shinwaris, INTRODUCTION. XIU Kliataks, etc., etc., appears to have been of almost as vague and shadowy a description as tliat now accorded by these same tribes to tlie Amir of Cabul. The Moghal Emperors appear to have tried every expedient that coukl possibly occur to them, whether through the medium of force or diplomacy, to reduce these tribes to a position of subordination to their rule, but equally witliout success. They remained a set of incorrigible and uncompromising robbers and banditti, only to be won over to an inoffensive attitude by a lavish expenditure of gold, whenever their neutrality or good services were required. Many years later the strength and independence of their position was demonstrated by the fact that Nadir Shah, the great conqueror, on his return from Ilindustan, was com- pelled to submit to pay a heavy black mail to these predatory tribes to secure a safe passage through the Xhaibar Pass for the treasure which he brought with him. The poems of one of the authors of whom I am speaking date from the middle to the end of tlie seventeenth century, and so extend through the period during ■which the Emperor Aurangzeb — reversing the tolerant and temporizing policy initiated by his predecessor Akbar, and carried out by the latter's im- mediate successors Jehangir and Shah Jehan, which had done so much to extend and solidify the Moghal supremacy throughout the continent of Hindustan — was endeavouring, by a resort to violent and oppressive measures, to reduce the heterogeneous races comprised within his empire, over many of whom he held little but a nominal sway, to a condition of abject subjugation to his rule; an enterprise in which, after years and years of warfare, he not only failed himself most signally, but by his failure and the feelings of dissatisfaction and opposition ■which he aroused laid the seeds of the subsequent downfall of his dynasty. Against no people did he make more strenuous and futile efforts than against the Afghan tribes inhabiting the regions adjoining the North-Western frontier of the Punjaub. The importance of keeping open a free current of communication between Hindustan and Central Asia had always been recognized by every Moghal Emperor of Delhi as being the only means by which fresh influxes of reinforce- ments of their countrymen could be obtained, and it was to the failure of this supply of fresh and renovating national material, in consequence of the closing of this means of access, that the gradually increasing weakness of the Moghal rule was subsequently due ; but whereas previous Emperors had been content to secure the freedom of this means of communication with the homes of their race from the wild and warlike tribes, in whose hands the route by Cabul lay, by a mixture of force and cajolery and to purchase the immunity they required at the cheap expense of an occasional expedition against an individual offender and a few bribes and honorary titles bestowed upon such as submitted to their wishes, without, however, for a moment dreaming of any attempt upon the freedom XIV INTRODUCTIOX. of the mass, it was one of Aiirangzeb's ambitious schemes to reduce the entire inhabitants of these regions to a position of absolute submission to his rule. In this enterprise, however, he failed as signally as he did in his later under- takings against the Malirattas. For two j'ears were his armies encamped amongst these mountain fastnesses, and countless were the lives lost and treasures expended in the guerilla warfare with the fierce and hardy Afghans which ensued, the leader amongst whom was the famous chief, warrior and poet, Khushhal Khan Khatak, of Avliom Elphinstone in his History of India appro- priately remarks, " This war derives additional interest from the picture of it preserved by one of the principal actors, Khushhal Khan, the Khan of the Khataks, Mho was a voluminous author and has left several poems written at this time for the purpose of exciting the national enthusiasm of his countrymen. They are remarkable for their high and ardent tone, and for their spirit of patriotism and independence, so unlike the usual character of Asiatics." It is from these amongst others that I now give a few selections, and feeble as will be my translations as compared with the fire and spirit and vigour of the originals, they may yet be of some interest to the general reader unable to peruse them in the original, if only on account of the matter which they contain. Khushhal Khan was, as has been before remarked, the chief of the Khataks, a powerful and warlike tribe inhabiting the neighbourhood of the Khaibar Pass, He was born in the early part of the seventeenth century, and died in a ripe old age towards its close ; he was thus the contemporary of Charles the First, Charles the Second and James the Second amongst our Sovereigns, and lived through a portion of the reign of the Emperor Jehangir, the whole of that of Shah Jehan, and the greater part of that of Aurangzeb, amongst the Moghal Emperors of Delhi. It was during the reign of the Emperor Shah Jehan that he arrived at the age of manhood, and his abilities and influence appear to have been fully recognized by this Sovereign, who, with the diplomacy which was then the policy of the Moghal Emperors, supported him in every way, and en- trusted him with various responsible duties connect (k1 with the protection of the line of communication between Hindustan and Cabul. Wherever this Emperor's name is mentioned in his poems, he is spoken of by Khushhal Khan tliroughout in terms of the greatest esteem and respect, very diff(;rent in tlieir tone from those in which he refers to his successor Aurangzeb, who, as has been described, reversed the temporizing policy whicli hud been tliat of liis predecessors in tlieir relations with these mountain tribes, and made a bitter enemy of Khushlial Khan by treacherously imprisoning him in Hindustan for many years in con- sequence of some supposed contempt of his authority. He escaped, however, from this imprisonment to his native country, where, as may be imagined, he became the rallying-point of the opposition offered by his fellow-countrymen INTRODUCTION. XV to the attempted aggressions of the Mugliiils. As is known from history, this opposition on the part of the Afghan tribes was of so determined a character that, though the Emperor Aurangzeb himself took command of the forces, lie was unable to accomplisli his object, and obliged, after several years of a disastrous and desultory warfare, carried on at the expense of many lives and much treasure, to Avithdraw his troops to Hindustan. Later on he succeeded in effecting by cajolery a great part of that which he had failed to do by force, and by a liberal expenditure in the way of bribes and douceurs to the leaders of other tribes, succeeded in detaching these from their confederation with the Ivhataks, a subject to which many are the bitter and contemptuous allusions made by Khushhal Khan, who appears never to have abated from the hostility of his demeanour towards the Moghals till, worn out and broken-spirited, betrayed into the hands of his enemies by his own sou, he seems in his old age to have felt at times the hopelessness of contending against such influences, or of inducing the other tribes in the face of it to combine with him in the defence of the national in- dependence. His feelings towards Aurangzeb, however, never changed, and he never alludes to hira except in terms of the bitterest hatred and contempt, and never loses an opportunity of covering him with derision and obloquy. The poems of Ivhushhal Khan are of the most heterogeneous description as regards the subjects of which they treat, they deal with those of a patriotic nature, contests with the Moghals and tribal feuds, sports of various descriptions, especially that of hawking, Avhich appears to have been the ftwourite amusement of this accomplished and versatile chief, conviviality, religion, morality, and sentiment. He appears to have been indeed a man of the most extraordinary vigour of mind and exceptional versatility of talent; there is no subject which could ordinarily occur to a human being, not a specialist, which he does not discuss. Such a development of intellect and power of observation and appre- ciation of the gravity and profoundness of the problems affecting human life as are exhibited in his works are all the more astonishing to us when we consider his career, the age he lived in, and the almost utter state of barbarism of the social surroundings amidst which he spent the best part of his life. It is true that the greater portion of his poems appears to have been written after he had passed the prime of his manhood, and subsequently to the period of his im- prisonment in India by Aurangzeb, to which frequent references are made, though some of them were evidently written during the time of this confinement, fur they contain the most pathetic lamentations over the restraint he was subjected to, and expressions of home-sickness and pinings after the free life and the mountains and streams of his native country. It is probable that it was in the course of this confinement, and in that of his previous intercourse with the Emperor Shah Jehan, with whom he appears to have been on the most friendly and confidential terms, that he acquired and developed the taste for refined XYl INTRODUCTION. and literary pursuits and philosophical enquiries and reflections which was then the characteristic of the Moghal court, to which all the Oriental literati of the age had, since the time of the Emperor Akbar, been encouraged to resort. There is no question that he was a man of exceptional talents and energy both of mind and body, nor that, had his lot been placed in a wider field and in a more civilized sphere, he would have risen to a position of considerable celebrit}'. As it was, being only the chief of a comparatively insignificant mountain tribe of Afghanistan, his existence depended throughout on the most precarious circumstances, and he died in an obscure old age unnoticed and unconsidered by his fellow-countrymen and contemporaries. His poems are characteristic of the national character and the circumstances of his life ; they contain the most extraordinary mixture of warlike, not to say bloodthirsty sentiments, and those of a pliilosophical, religious, or sentimental nature. In the same poems almost one may find the simple and most charming expressions of his appreciation of the beauties of nature and the benefits of the Creator, the most sanguinary rejoicings over the discomfiture of his foes, even when these are of his own countrymen, and reflections of a moralizing description which show the amount of thought he had bestowed upon such subjects. Such of these poems as relate to patriotic subjects, tribal encounters, the struggles between the Afghans and the Moghals, are those the recitation of which is most popular amongst his fellow-countrymen of the present day, as they are those of more special interest to ourselves ; they are collectively far too numerous for reproduction in the present work, but it is hoped that the samples produced may be indicative of the interest attaching to the remainder. It should be noted that though, in speaking of this section of the population of Afghanistan, I have done so under the modern and conventional designation of Afghans, this term is rarely used in these works, in which Ivhushhal Khan almost invariably refers to his fellow countrymen of the various tribes under their common national designation in the East as Pathans. The term Afghan is, however, used occa- sionally, but then only as evidently synonymous with Pathan. Some of the poems written during the period of Khushhal Khan's im- prisonment in India are, as has been said, most touching in their nature and in the terms in which he gives vent to his pinings after his native country and the scenes amongst which his life had been spent. Their expression also is strikingly characteristic of the strange patriotism of the Afghan, which appears to attach itself to the inanimate surroundings of his home with feelings of the deepest devotion, such as resent, witli sentiments of utter abhorrence and almost in the light of sacrilege, the ind'usion amongst these of the stranger and infidel, while at the same lime completely devoid apparently of any sonfiinental regard or even interest in his fellow-countrymen and neighbours harboured amongst these scenes beyond the narrow circle of his immediate relations and friends. INTRODUCTION. XVll It will of course bo remarked that many of the local references are to places in what is now the British district of Peshawar, within tlic limits of which a great part of the territories of the Khatak tribe lay. At that time, however, this district was merely a remote dependency of the throne of JJelhi, whose rule was recognized but little more than in name by the presence of a Moghal Governor at Peshawar. The translations are almost literal, and give but a very feeble idea of the fineness of conception and the spirit contained in the originals. Were the mode of expression of the latter ruder than is the case (and in many instances it is very far from being anything of the kind, thougli the metre is not of course such as would commend itself to or be appreciated by European readers unaccustomed to its rhythm), still the sentiments contained in these productions are thoroughly poetical. Whether War or the Emotions, Ecligion or Philosophy, be the subject treated of, its mode of handling is true poetry, and that of a simple and natural character, far different from tlie forced and artificial effusions of most Oriental poets when dealing with the same themes. As regards the constitution of the language in which the poetry is written, it abounds, as might be expected, with Persian and Arabic words, the former language being considered amongst the Mahommedan populations of the East the special medium for the expression of the more refined sentiments, as the latter is that of terms of devotion and those relating to the arts and sciences. The framework, however, is pure Puslitoo, and its mode of expression is identical with that of the Pushtoo spoken in the present day. It may be of interest to remark that out of 2000 words taken consecutively from the pages of these poems there were found to be 500 whose origin could not apparently be traced to any Persian or Arabic source, and these, as might be expected, consisted, besides verbs, pronouns, particles, etc., principally of words expressive of primitive ideas, such as in every language form the most lasting traces of the original source from which it is derived ; amongst these were many evidently of Sanskrit origin. A number of the following poems have already been far more ably translated by Major Eaverty in his " Selections from the Poetry of the Afghans," and are merely reproduced in their present form in this work for the assistance of the student. C. E. B. *„* A great portion of this Introduction has been reproduced from the Jan., IS90, Xuniber of tlie "Asiatic Quarterly Review, " by the kind permission of the proprietors. I !:rrata. PAGE LINE FOR BEAD e 6 C^l^j -^y. n 8 LS^ ^^ Fi S j^:-^ ji^ pi 12 iJyS* ^)_j,«7r« 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Omit " termmation " at top of first columns. GRAMMATICAL INTEODUCTION. The Pushtoo Language is written in the Persian character, but contains, in addition to the letters comprised in the Persian Alpliabet, several denoting sounds peculiar to itself or derived from the Sanscrit. \ u z J u= ^ J A J J' ^ j w \, c J A ^ i r Letters peculiar to Pushtoo. ^= ts. ^= dz. J- gey or zhey. ^— khey or shey. j> — run nasal n. Letters derived from Sanscrit. ^;j=ci>= ta. s> = -^= da. j=j= ''^• There are two principal Dialects in Pushtoo, viz. the Northern and the Southern. The former, which is spoken in the regions extending from Cabul to Ghuznee and Peshawar, is a rough and a harsh one ; the latter, which is spoken in the districts of Herat, Candahar, and Quetta, is a soft one ; this is probably owing to the proximity of these latter districts 1 2 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE ITth CENTURY. to Persia, wliich lias liad the effect of softening tlie sounds, for tlie Piislitoo language is naturally a harsh and guttural one, for example, the letters , and (^ are pronounced liard in Northern Afghanistan, as "gey"' and " khey," while in Southern Afghanistan they are pronounced as "zhey" and " shey." Though the sounds conveyed by the letter i are both represented by the same letter they must be carefully distinguished in practice. It will be noted that in such words as are incorporated in Pushtoo from Persian the sound "ts" represents the Persian _ and "dz" the Persian _, as: Push. i,lA= tsrira= Pers. j.ls-. Push. ,..'^= dzan = Pers. ,.,U-. There are three sounds of • : 1. "w" as ijJj = wawra=Snow. 2. "u" as ,^ = lilr= Daughter. 3. "o" as ,j,j = wror= Brother. This latter sound is distinguished by the sign -^— placed over the vowel. THE PARTS OF SPEECH. The Article does not exist in Pushtoo, it is either expressed by the indefinite Numeral one" or by the Demonstrative Pronouns. " „ . " The Noun is of two Numbers, Singular and Plural, and of two Genders, Masculine and Feminine. The Cases are formed by the pre- or post-position to tlie Noun in its inflected slate of the following particles : Gen. "of" 3. Dat. "to" <>.], ij, iJ . . . ., ^. Abl. "from" ^ . . . aI . The Accus. and Agent are simply the inflected form of the Noun ; beyond this in- flection there is no alteration in the termination of the Noun from that of the Nominative Case Singular or Plural as the case may be. Adjectives always precede their Nouns and agree with them in Gender, Number, and Person. The Genders and Inflexions of the Noun can only be learnt by a careful study of the termination of the Nominative Case Singular. Feminine Nouns arc formed from Masculine Nouns on the same principles as the Feminine of the Adjective is formed. GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION. GENDERS AND INFLECTIONS OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH EXAMPLES OF EACH. I. — Masculine Terminations. TKKMINATION. I, Consonant. (a) (6) NOM. SINO. (C) INFLECT. SINO. unchanged lEM. .VOM. .SINO. adds ^, <0j (j1;^« adds a adds i witli vowel cliange vowel lengthened ^if9 Jj J^ adds i aj^U. 'J- V Crooked J ./ .> ^/ Deaf ^i ■ v^ V^ ^r^ Damp jj^ iSA j^j^ ijj Sated jTr ^j^ .>, V Small A ^^ ^^'. ii/ Sweet -^3^ ij^i^ ^,1^ i^^X Adjectives Irregular in Formation. Red i V i,-. Green * Ai^ Li Dead r* ■t -1. 'r GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION. Tall ^/J /jP hP *i5J Bitter ^y Uy ^J Sour Joined J- Conquered ji i /ji Jji V, Hot oji- ijij hp jjjj 2. Nouns termint iting in ^^. TERMINATION NOJI. SING. INFLECT. .SINO. NOM. PLUR. FKM. NOM. SINO, Star Cat Summer Winter Dish ^s^. Slave Wood Youth Stone "J) Adjectives. Alive 4^ij ^/4 ^/'v j^i; Strange 4'A ^.^A ^^A 4^A First Fast 4^J ^^^ ^^'J Former ^^f^.. ^'^^^ ^^^ ^^yK Recent >^ ^^ "^i' ^\ Last ^v. sT-^' ^^'^ ^j} Truthful ii^-«t) ^r^-' Jrl'-i-j ^•^J Irregular Adjectives forming Fern, in .. Alone On foot Thirsty 'i/ ^/ ^■f s?/ Hungry 4ji ^.J} ^^^ ^J> New 4y ^J ^i' ^^ Crazy ^}=^ ^^^ ^^^ ^r^ 3. Kou7is terminating in i. Heat A.«^U A,.^\l AFGHAN POETRY OF THE IVth CExnTURY. Handsome So also — O^AM-J VaI) Adjectives, Nouns. cKJ^j Grass Villainy jtiJ Marriage ijl^ Apparent i^lCs. Loose Masculine Abstract Suffixes. TERMINATIOX. ROOT. ABSTRACT NOUN'. TERJII.VATION. ROOT. LZJ great t_fJ greatness ^^:.)' ^-'^' 'ii^'i iJi-' ABSTRACT NODlf. manliness -i^j-' ^'p separate J^ separation 1^,1^^ ^J-!^_5 red j_ylj redness i/^^ijy-' II.— Feminine Terminations. TERMINATION. 1. Consonant 3. J 4. i 5. T 6. o- 7. ^3 Eoad Day Maid-servant Girl Word Weeping Bride Brar SING. NO 51. V' u^ NFLECT. STNG. PLUR. NOM. adds lJ 0;^ ^? ^h^ cliang 'V into ,_^- ■ c^rrt- ^J^ unchanged throughout 'j- l^ . ^5 .. . changes s into ^- unchanged throughout 1. Consonant Coverlet Doorway Skin 1 * Examples. unchanged adds (jl , ^'i' uV.j^^ imchanged adds ^Jl^ L^^^* Montli Work Regiment GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION. TERMINATION. 1- Consonant (a) House ^y^' Purse J\^ Poverty ^J^J"^ Cold 'l5^ Stumble ^jSj Treachery J^^' Defeat -^■^- Feud ^Si Bread 4^:^ Boat 4^- Milk ^, Tail ^ Storm s^ Mound ^Jl^ Fireplace ^/•^ House Or^f Valley " ^? Branch '.^U. Water jli. Canal Earth bi^ Fort ti Religious war ^^ Loins L. Side ^^- Light Ir^ Stair Uu^Kb Back li Speech H, Feminine Abstract SuJJixcs. TERMISATION. ROOT. ABSTKACT NOUN. h ^ Pleasant L/^5^ Pleasure (_s*^3^ 2. ^\ Light J6 Lightness "av. 3. s Knowing 'y.. Knowledge .lijj 4. w Avaricious Ci^ Avarice 5. J^ Tribe r Tribeship "jr"^ 6. sO Own J.^ Ownership .oi^ 7. ^/ Good C\ii3 Goodness t,s^ 8. J Knowing Acquaintance ^ „^-^>i Declination of Masculine Nouns. N. G. ^^1 a horse >) -j^ a word words 0. T Infl. a cow ¥ M cows 6. ^ N. Infl. a bride brides GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION. Declination of Adjectives. 3. 4, 5. G. 7. Consonant MASC. SING. PEJI, SING, (a) N. ^ 1 Infl. Djl ^jP" lJ N- Sy «0j! Infl, ^^ ^"ji 1 MASC. I'l.UR. r KKM. PLUR. J 4/ indeclinable tlirouffliont. Declination of Substantives with Adjectives. MASCCLINE. FEMININE, SINGULAR. Nom. ^^r a straight stick J ^^.. a straight road Infl. L^r°' TLUEAL. h?J ^ Nom. ^^r straight sticks ^J^- straight roads Infl. "^}y^ SINGnLAR. i?y^ Nom. a fat horse l_^ a fat cow Infl. (jygl "Ojl^ PLURAL. ^L?^ Nom. fat cows Infl. yr'''^> SINGULAR. s^y-i'-A Nom. j?~'^i^ Personal Pronouns. SINGULAR. PLURAL Nom. > I />* we Gen. of me of us Dat. to me ^Jr* i to us i; ,y* 1 Ace. u me j'y^ us Abl. aj l« a] from me ^jr aJ from us Agent. L, by me Jy* by us Nom. aj thou ,.b- ye Gen. U-: of thee ,-1.. of you Dat. 01 tc. u b' J to thee etc. ij _j_l:' _j to you Ace. \j thee ,.b you Abl. aj b' a1 from thee <0 ^\j al from you Agent. U by tlieo ^•b by you Nom. Aki> he, it ijt.il tliey Gen. ^Jcb .3 of him of them Dat. etc . ij ajtfc . to him etc. ij ^K& ^ to thein Ace. ajtA liim y^ them Abl. i.j aiib al from liim them Nom. Infl. 1 i declined tlirougbout as <«.*>. Abbreviated Forms of the Personal Pronouns. No. 1. * = Ui. li — U-) ^_ = ii> J yt = r'}-*^ 811<1 j-il:;-) ^_) = .iji ^ These forms also indicate the Agent and are equivalent respectively to L«, U, as A,l) = jL Ui = my father ji) I:;.-: = thy father jh = he saw i\^J j^\j jjyt = we saw isJj ^xA = they saw. No. 2. ^j,j^, J} are inflected forms of ij , ^J , tUi and are equivalent to l«, L", but are used only with prepositions signifying " to" " from " " upon" ^.vJ'b \j = i/Ailj U a.1 = upon me "U ^j = iO' U =: to me ij \j = jlj \j i.)^ or i-'J^j J or aj 1. and ^J are frequently substituted respectively, the former is only used in the Nom. Sing.; the inflected form Sing, of the latter is ij. The Plural of both forms is |_>^J intlectedjjjJ. There is also a form (Jj used rarely as the inflected form of Lv When it is intended to place special emphasis upon the Agent the forms L», \j, ij or more rarely iJct are used instead of *, J, ^_. Pronouns. Nom. Masc. J->:^ Fern. il^~^ ) etc. etc. as *-j Intl. l)?^ lJ"?^ ' ~ ovm, self ^la. is also used for " self" and frequently combined with J-ri- for emphasis, as i^U. J^ = his or my, etc., own self. From J-s^- is derived the Adv. , "^ } for both genders — some ones or certam ones Inflect, y^ ) ia. -is. = some others This form must not be confounded with the preposition ^a. = "from" or "from, her, it," as i.i, (i.:.:^^ j.^ = ask him, her, them Nom. ^'ji Fem. Plur. ^^i Fem, ^^ Inflect.,.^ ^.'^ y4 \4 The Auxiliary Verb. 1. Infinitive Obsolete. PRESENT. SINGULAR. PLURAL. *.> ij I am i-.-Jy ^^^ ''^^^ • i.'} Thou art ^_j-; ^l^' Ye are ic^l> tijj tU> lie or it is ( -tij) . „, . '^■i.L.s-^ . They are ii-i ,.o Jt = \\e (certainly) is. PAST TENSE. ^^ ) Li^ Ax>, ij, ij ^ = were I, thou, he, etc. cy will be *j <«j i-. I would be ^J ^"^ { iJdh FUTURE. ^{^ ^}^. *J I will be AORIST. ^, ij I may hi i ^.^ He !, they may be IMPERFECT. rr^ *J :r^Jy 4i^ ) ^]xS ijt.i, <)Ja-$' ) J^rr^^** *j^ ij i\ I used to become i^xS aj' j: ij.^ Were I to become ,w\->S ^^y^ ^j^j jk-^ becoming or one who becomes J4 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE ITth CENTURY. PAST PARTICIPLE. ■ijl having been ^JyJ ^sJ having become The following tenses are wanting in Jj-^ PERFECT. ffj^ ^yL ij = I have been SUBJUNCTIVE PERFECT. »j ij = I may or sliall have been or become PLUPERFECT. M ij^^ ^') — ^ ^'^"^ hecn or become SUBJUNCTIVE PLUPERFECT. C; ^ iJj-^ ^\ — I should have been or become CONDITIONAL PLUPERFECT. ij^i ij.^ (0 ij ^i = Had I, tliou, etc., been or become IMPERATIVE. ij would mean either (I) 1 am tied or (2) I can tie. The Verb Jw\-^ conveys the meaning of a more continuing state of things than Jji which means simply " to be." 4. Infnitive. Jjwjl = to be or to exist, to remain. PRESENT. IMPERFECT FUTURE. HABITUAL IMPERFECT. *-.j\ V-J^ ''^ *J I i^'sed to bo IMPERATIVE. CONDITIONAL IMPERFECT. lUjl t-jl 'IAa <0' 4j .1$^ Were I, thou, lie, , , ( lOia does not exist He beat you / the meaning is rendered by He was beaten by me \ I was beaten by you > etc., etc. You were beaten by him 1 in which the Verb agrees with the Subject in Number and Person, while the Agent is put in tlie Instrumental Case, the above sentences being rendered thus : i.ii\^ J tU J* i^kSi = He by me was beaten *1a_; J jb tJ jj = I by thee was beaten Jjij ^ fi-ict (^_ iki =Thou by him wast beaten According to all analogy those sentences should mean respectively. He me beat I thou beat Tliou him beat. 18 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. PAST. C^' ii ij-Js-" ^'J ;^^ ixn FUTURE. AORIST. ryJi^-J <0 a; etc. IMPERFECT. '=^ li** HABITUAL IMPERFECT. *jij ;^ri- -i-l) = to rise Imperat. i^^i } Pres. *ilj etc. etc. J^j.^,:^' = to flee ^~^^ j *:i4»j etc. etc. Obseuvatioss on the Yekb. The Verb in Pushtoo is very irregular in its construction, so much so that it is almost impossible to lay down any general rules for its conjugation beyond those regulating the actual terminations of the different tenses and persons; a knowledge of the various forms which the Eoot of the Verb may assume throughout its conjugation can only be acquired by practice or by an effort of memory ; a few general observations are all that can be offered here. (a) The Root. Tlie Infinitive always ends in J ; by dropping this tlie Pioot of the Verb is found ; any variation from this which may occur in the course of its conjugation will be found only in the Present and its derivative tenses, viz. Imperative, Future and Aorist ; the Past Tenses almost invariably adhere througliout to the original form of the Verb, as shown in the Infinitive, witli the e.KCeption of tlie 3rd Pers. Sing. Masc. of tlie Past Tense itself, which is very irregular in the form wliich it takes. N.B. Tlie 3rd Pors. Plur. Masc. of the Imperfect is identical in form with the Infinitive. The Imperfect. A J {]>) The Tc. rminations. These ■ vary only in three Tenses. The Present. The Imperative. r i t/ S> uf i_y ^ ^ UKAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION. 21 (c) The Distinctions of the Tenses. (1) The Present and its Berivatioe Tenses. The Aorist is formed from the Pres. by adding the prefix^ to all persons of the Sing, and Plur. preceded by the particle j in the case of the 3rJ Pers. Sing, and Plur. The Future is formed from tlie Present by adding the pi'cfix ^ preceded throughout by the particle ' 'j I may pass Future *.ij io j^ ij I will pass Imperative ij^j^ Pass thou Past Transitive. I passed Infinitive d^ = J/.:^' To cause to pass Present C";}^ b = ^fj^ *J I cause to pass Imperf, fj^' = ^'fj^ I was being caused to pass Aorist cJij^ *J I maj' cause to pass Future r/j ^.j^ 'j I will cause to pass Imperat. 'Jj^ Cause thou to pass Past r/>- I was caused to pass It will be noted that in the case of the Intransitive Form the prefix ^ which in Regular forms is the characteristic of the Future, Aorist, Imperative, and Past Tenses, is in these dissolved forms invariably dropped, and that in the case of the Transitive Verb in the dissolved form the prefix , and the particle j but one could not say ^^ j^ ^ 'U i; . The Adjectice in tlic dissolved form agrees in Number, Gender and Person with the Subject, as Ji^ rp' c r-j ij^ = those men passed. ■" ■ yY^^ cSji? ij^'*' ^_s** = those women passed. PARAmGll or THE CoiIPOUND OR DERIVATIVE VeRB. Intransitive. Transitive. INFIKITIVE. J s^j^ = to pass Jj^' = to cause to pass PRESENT. FUTUKE. AORIST. (V^ *j I*—' "^ r:-' * ! C-i' 'J GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION. 23 Jiifratisi/ive. Transitive. IMPEEFECr. r^^^' »j fij^ '■kJ.^'^ *j HABITUAL IMPERFECT. PAST. (*i>" "^ «^5" ' '^ ^j PERFECT. ri;^" V"' ' 'J PLUPERFECT. ;iig)^- IMPERATIVE. ;£}^-^ ^J^ ^J^ ^i^' li^;^' ^ ^^'" J'^^I^j^ CONDITIONAL IMPERFECT. 4r'jr^ <0- ij <^ ^jj^, L« .^ CONDITIONAL PAST. ,♦5-^' '' ii fj ^^ S/i>' L?".' ^ 'j SUBJUNCTIVE PLUPERFECT. C) ^. '^y^j^ li ^i^.^^j^ L/"'-*^ CONDITIONAL PLUPERFECT. \^i iS}^ j^ /^-y ^', L» '<.^ PRESENT PARTICIPLE. 4^i^..J^ J^ifj^ 4^iij^ PAST PARTICIPLE. 4Jj^ Jj}^ On the Compound or Derivative Verb. One of the chief peculiarities of the Puslitoo language is the facility with wliich it forms Verbs from various Roots such as Nouns, whether Substantive or Adjective, Pronouns and Particles. There is some analogy to this in English, for from the Noun Substantive "water " is derived a Verb " to water," and from the Noun Adjective " dry " is derived a Verb " to dry "; but the Verbs thus formed in English have mostly a Transitive or Causal meaning, whereas in Puslitoo the Verbs formed in a corresponding manner have alike a Transitive or Intransitive meaning as the case may be. In English, however, we may, though it is not strictly gram- matical, use either of the words "to water," "to dry," above mentioned as examples in an 24 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE ITth CENTURY. Intransitive as well as a Transitive sense ; as, for instance, we may say of an Engine that " it is watering," — as we may also in the same way say of a Steamer that " it is coaling," — and of clothes that " they are drying " ; and this is a form precisely similar to that so prevalent in Pushtoo, the following are instances : Substantive x-.>-j = to dry, i.e. to become dry Transitive Verb Jj-f-j = to (^ns i-^- to make dry. Adjective i_?^ = full Intransitive Verb JsJ^ — to fill, i.e. to become full Transitive Verb J'^^ = to fill, i.e. to make full. Preposition j^ = down Intransitive Verb ,]^j\^ — to descend Transitive Verb Jjj^= to cause to descend. Ox THE Use of the Prefix j. (1) The following Verbs do not take this Prefix in the Future, Aorist, Imperative, or Past Tenses. (a) Verbs already compounded with a Prefix such as ^J j , ^c^^, ij> • (i) All Compound or Derivative Verbs, (c) The following Verbs ; J-'i:'. J^J iS^'^. J^ J^.V This rule applies equally to the Auxiliary Verb J^ when used with any Noun, etc., which might form the basis of a Verb, as Jii = he will be angry : though such a Verb as J J-jo- = to be angry does not actually exist, — still ^ is here omitted, as though .i (Uri. were the dissolved form of such a Verb. (2) When the prohibitory (L« is used with the Imperative, the Prefix j is dropped, except the Verb be in the Passive Voice, when it may sometimes precede the Participle, it» immediately preceding the Auxiliary Verb ; in the dissolved form of tlie Compound Verb = lie will not be beaten »*^-o — To place - ^ *M,>^^M^ — • a**M">»oUj '' •< ^r^^ — cJ^i"***^ A J24*-*i A0i.w.-O — i ^^j r'^ r'j^i ..J — j i^-^-A ■ — C-^'A To leave 1 r'M r-^/Aj ^'V, ("^i^A (•^>H/. To take away j J^. — — M ^.',1 y (ofinanimate objects ) I J^}:'. r'i-'' f^}-''} iUjIj 3rd Sing.^. ) jij^. ) ^?j> To take away J^ (»:!^^ — A-iLj r"*- j (of animals) Ij^}^. rf^ rji"} 'ji^ 3rd S. i^ j ,ljjj 3rd Sing. cl:^ ( ^ — ^j r^^i G^ To see jy rJ r.'^ ^j/^ 3rdS. iJ^) ^i^J J^:J r^^^l ^^^, j C^^^ V J-:!, r'j ^■;} ^:-;; 3rd S. i^J ijj^ ) To eject (J-: r-n J^: 1 J^b r^ r>'> A^U 3rd S. c^--3.. ) 4 26 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. INFINITIVE. PRESENT. AORIST. IMPERATIVE. IMPERFECT. PAST. PAST PART. To show J^4> jJ;««' I ^)'i'} I .1 U™?" ^ilu) |*r^^! ''r^J OTu. bing. _} l«i ) -i}^} ' To lie down ( J^h>.L j»::-j1^ | ^ht^^ Cs^'^^^^ \ jUi *i-vi A-*^} ^^^*^} SrdSing.c:,— ;L«A ) To roll lip J^'4^ j»b,>*»*j I *b..i.ij_j ^^4iM J.liJ *^UJ ajUJ'^ iJJuj 3rd Sing. t::^4.ij ) To run J-v4i (*^i (»^.'; '^J.J (♦'^^J (♦•^;?4;.5 i^-^J j_Jiu>lc) j»^^^j f^^^j} ^,^-^^j To draw or J4>> A-^ | (*^'H.5 iV4»^ to write ^}J^ ^J^ ^J^i ij^j 3rd Sing. ^ j To rub l)'4*'* j*^* a4^*j t^-^* To burn (Intrans.) Jj^ *a..-j (»^3-^j ^y^i fi^ ^"i^i ^i" To burn (Trans.) ^}J^ ^\f^ (*J^J i/^i (O^i To bring Jjj,\j j^^f^j ^j}^j Hj^^j ^jj^j ^j;^j 4v^j (of inanimate tbings) To bring (of animals) J}:^^j ^}^j jJj^j ^j^j f^;^j f^i^j Cs^i^J To put on clotbes Ji-i_ji^ ^•^'^} ij^^-^^ ^}x>^\ |«^>il C'^i^S '>-^yS c^y"^! — — Compounds of J::--^'. To overthrow To thrust in To throw back INFINITIVE. FUTURE. PAST. PAST PART. OM/, rH/, ^'-^ J-^/, r^^j", J-4^ r" ■•• c;^ J-:L:J ^Lj J^J^ c'^-i.^ cH-}^ J.b> r^> Co: MrOUNDS OF Jj, 1 • To fall cP-j.^, ^;5^^. ^^y.A\ Q^y..A 3rd Sing. cl?3;j^^ To Ciller Jj'yJ aj^^ j^j^ GRAiMMATlCAL INTRODUCTION. 27 INI'INITIVK. I'-UTUKE. PAST. PAST PAllT. To turn back Jjj;^=r (*ji>'^ f^i;^=^ is^ij^ To fall into Jj'3~^ (Tii^^ ^"j^ Cs^'r-^ To fly JJjJl ^jpl ^-jJl "Ji-Jl N.B.— There is another and irregular form of the 3rd Pers. I'lur. of the Compounds of JjJ, which is formed from the 3rd Sing, as though the latter were an Adj. as '^i^^, = 'le fell Ai'l^^j = they fell, cf. i^j^j^ = fallen XJ\y^ - fallen (plur.). There is also a Verbal Noun of the same form, derived in a similar manner, as c-^^xi = he entered 63\yj = entrance. Paradigm of some of the Pushtoo Verbs of Most Frequent Occurrence. I. Intransitive. INFINITIVE. PRESENT. PAST. (1) To be or exist jA^j\ r^ C-^iS To rise J^^, r-k r-^^. To flee J Ji-.X4«,j ^■^■J ^-^rwiJj To run J^-J ^j 1 To leap J^J> CJr r^jA) To turn J^J/ rJ/ C^j/} To ask J-^ ^ f*"***^ r^j To graze J^> r> c^iAi To tremble ^^.^j^j r^j C^.'^Jj) (2) To ascend J^ c^ 3rd Sing. To divide J^jJ ri3^ 3rd Sing. To split J'-^V Cif 3rd Sing. To sit (Ji~!U;«46 A-lw^i 3rd Sing. To be entangled J-^ *L^j 3rd Sing. To dig j^^i^ f^ C-'r^i (3) Almost all other Intransitive Verbs arc Regular and follow Jj>.;;^ in their Conjugation. 28 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. II. Transitive. (1) Regular Form. (a) To throw To send To lio-lit To raise To dress To throw To put to flight INFINITIVE. PRESENT. PAST. J^l n^' Ci^^j Ji^l ^ i:h\ S^. r^ Ci^.j Si'j^ rf^ rj^i ^i^ y ^ 7 dijj^ rjj^ C'Jj~ i Ji^ j^4J Cr^} N.B. — This form corresponds to the e.^ample J^;^, and may be formed from any Intransitive Verb in the same way, it is generally derived from the form taken by the Present and Derivative Tenses if any deviation from the form of its Eoot occurs in tlie course of the Conjugation of the Verb, as Intrans. J:i:>- = to rise. Pres. ^]^ whence. Trans. J^r^ = to cause to rise = to raise. Intrans. ^y^ — to be entangled. Pres. J.4J. Trans. JjJ..v(J = to entangle. (2) Tlie 3rd Pers. Sing, of the Past Tense of this form always ends in i,\, as Inf. J_^\ 3rd Sing. Past = j^UL {h) To drink To bite To reap To wash (c) To cultivate To gain To possess To lick ■\ ijlu_:l_j. >- )> *jb^=^r INFINITIVE. PRESENT. PAST. ck^ ^ r^i ^^^^ r^^ r^^-j J-. r^^ ^ji J-^, ^i. r^.. INFINITIVE, PRESENT. PAST. J> r/ r/. 3rd Sing. .ji, 0^ ■f^ r^^ 3rd Sing. ij^i j; c) r)^ 8rd Sing. ^jh j^ r^ ^} 3rd Sing. '^^j GRAMMATICAL INTRODTTOTION. 29 INFINITIVE. env.sr.nv. I'Asr. To drive CL^ CJ^ 3rd Sing. r^.- ^}^i To stuflf J>i^ (♦fc>^-« 8rd Sing. To sew ^^ (>>^ 3rd Sing. To bear J-^J r^j 3rd Sing. (2) Irregular Forms. (a) To take J;^^l ,U1 3rd Sing. ^1^1, To read J-P ^^' 3rd Sing. To scatter J-P r^^^ 3rd Sing. To find Jaj^ rr* 3rd Sing. To call JJ- ^^ 3rd Sing. To open ^U r-J-^Vv 3rd Sing. Adverbs. . 0/ Place. Here Jj.dj There ^••,!,> Up "■h}". Down ^cS^ Before ^^'^j,^ Behind r-'ji Upon ^Jub Beneath ^jj^ This side ( ^y^4^ That side ( \y>. ' 'k 4^ ( ib Ax2> On this side &iM^J On that side - VT 30 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE ITih CENTURY. Everywhere "^j^j^ Elsewhere ^jT <^. Wherever ) So far ^ji'; ^^ y All round *^> Shut SrS'^v Open ^) Back again W^c'^^^J 2. Of Time. Now uri^ Then ^la When aS^ Sometimes ^iSi Always 1 .^J. Eepeatedly j^i h}> Whenever ) Continually ^ Instantly Ulii ^ Successively ^.h Before \^ A J After u-i Slowly hi Jj} Quickly -JJj) IIow often Ali^ Once y I In the midst t^^ '"^ GRAMMATICAL INTIlODUt'TION. 31 Until 1 '^ So far as ) ^Ji". ■ ■ ■ -J Of 5 r ij . . ■j-,^ To Lj . . . , ; 0 ^ijj . . ■ i ' } Like From '■i^y^ ^. er^« Dog- 4-^ Cock ^-^ Cat r^. Calf ^i^'sT"' Builalo-calf 4-^ Chicken 4j/jf~ ENGLISH. PUSHTOO. Mother j'y Plur. i^X.^ Daughter .jJPlur. '^^y Sister jjs^ Plur. ^Jiij^ Aunt jjy Plur. ^x^^ Brother's daughter 'Aj! Sister's daughter ^jji^ Grandmother UPlur. .^WLj Mother-in-law Daughter-in-law ^^ Plur, ^j>i^ Sister-in-law jijjj Plur. ijrJJ^Jj Names of Animals. Cow Mare Filly She-camel Ewe She-goat Buffalo-cow Bitch Hen Camel-calf Kid Lamb V L5 t's^-i Drove of cattle Herd of horses Flock of sheep or goats Any entire animal Any gelded animal Any animal used as a beast of burden 'V ^iJ \L GRAMMATK.'AL INTHOUUCTION. A licrd of calllo General name for sliccp Fat-tailed sheep Tliin-tailed sheep Any animal in foal Any animal that has just given birth /i4 •e Wild. Tiger 4j-v Stag jV'^ Bear lX^-1 Deer Ls^i^ Wolf ^^ ' U^j-^ Fawn "^^ Leopard ^U Musk-deer Lfr^j Boar i^jJL^jS- . S5j/r- Wild Sheep i^^ Jackal ,-^/ Fox !ir-j! Monkey ,.b, Hawk LT'X^ Vulture L^/ Owl ^^/ Crow- (ti^li Starling i^iM Sparrow tr?-^^ French Partrid !ge "^^j Grey Partridge S5J>^' Wild Duck d^- Snipe ^:b^-^^ Quail fiy ' h- Fly Rat Y Bee ■jf Mouse ^Jr* Mosquito ^u Scorpion rJ Rock-snake iUt^> Lizard Parts of the Worm Human Body. ^i^- Ilair ^'^.i Nose 'jy. Tooth ui-^ Eye i^j:^ Nostril jjv Lip i>;.-i Eyebrow aA. ,^ Ear /f- Tongue ^J Eyelash itjlj Cheek J.A Palate ^/ Forehead ^Jjcj' Mouth i»J^:i- Throat ui^r- 34 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. Moustache ^^^ Beard 'J.^ Brows 4^^^ Tear i^y\ Neck ^P Nape A Shoulder ^J Chest J^ Bosom J^ Armpit C^ Arm ^^J Nipple L^ Elbow J^i Wrist Ajji-* Hand LT^ Finger iJ^ Waist L, Back li Belly i^- Dry bed of torrent ^ Iri. Mountain-pcali ; d_jl Steel J^y^ Load aiLwj Silver jJ vir?-= Branch <^ili Stem '>^-y Roots J^ _^la5 East Jrr^- West Metals, ETC. Gold Jj v- Brass r'\ J:-J Quicksilvers, I) ; i__jL*--) Saltpetre Leaf Stump Gravel V)"- ^'Ls. ..♦J
    '■"* Pillar tiT-' Court ^^^^^ Handmill cJfV* Waterskin J^ Pitcher i_:>^< OUSEHOLD Terms, etc Oil-press J,3l^ Jar Ls^--* Dishes "^•^^ Light *i::^ Spark ^A'- Ember ^^jj-^ Matting ^j}i Bedding Vj^ Quilt J^J Blanket £ 4 Articles of dress , JK Clothes j_<._jj-^,U- Trousers ^yA Cloak AJiU. Purse ^^ Staff l*u<*A Eope 4j^,-^j String 4j^ Thread P Needle cr-' Yarn ^i-j^ Shoe 'ri Peg ^jy* Leather ^A Eoad Field Ploughing Plough Ploughshare Goad Irrigation ridges Ear of corn Furrow Bridle Eeins Wheat Barley J" >y. Agricultdhal Terms, etc Millet Ll^U^ji Mustard 4^^" Cotton -J"^* Rice ^hi - Ji^ Wool ^J} Fur r^. Coarse clo th UU- Muslin uu Felt ^ Headstall 4j-'J Traces ^/j^Vy- Bit * Curds i'i-iUt Buttermilk ^r-'^'^-- Vermicelli ir?V* Cooked peas juj Dry bread J,^o ^j^ Egg ^U Honey uul-l GRAM^fATTCAL TNTKODUCTION. 37 Well cooked Satisfied jr* Tasteless Food 'jh=^ Hungry 4j>3 G rain Ai Drink U\..A. Thirsty ^i Salt A^l. Flavour ^' ^'4' Thirst iXJ Mouthful of food (J^y Chewing Hunger of H ^ater ,j^^ Fasting J^i^ Sour Colours. ^J Slinking U- White CT?- Yellow x'-j Spotted ^^ Black j9 Red 9 Pie-bald ^j^jP Green ^ Grey Qualities irr- Skew-bald ^y.jr' Hard cJ3J Wet jjjj Lame J Soft Cl^j.^ Damp ^fri> Toothless Uw'*>^ Rough jrij Luke-warm ri One-eyed ^' Smooth jV Blind ^;^ Blear-eyed ^ Hot J3; .Dumb cJJ Lazy ^J> Cold ji- Deaf i/ Unclean J.-^ Dry r:3 Extremes or Opposite Qualities. Elder A Awake U^:J Fine 4y Tall /i^ Long ^J Broad J^, Heavy si.jj Fat i-S^^ Straight r Standing V^ Full ^^ Ripe ti", Much y..^ Sharp b^ Younger Asleep .^\ Coarse ^;-^ Short J-!} Short ^ Narrow ^^y Light -^- Thin M Crooked /y^ Fallen "^'iy.. Empty ij^ Raw r^ Little J Blunt ^' 38 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. Fresh .j^ Sweet -^3- Right Jy^ Inhabited ul^j Liberal ^r-^" Successful Dense ^ Compact (tir ;-ht) i^-^} Enclosed ) Protected ) tJ-i-J)^ Upper ij^k Tame Ji} Coagulated 1^- Light J'V Clean ^\^ Stale i^^jjj Sour ^y Left r^ Watered ^j^ Deserted Jj, Miserly 9 t. Unsuccessful J. Scanty J^J Loose LS-'^i'^ Open 1 Unprotected ) Cs^i^ Lower ^S:i Wild ■■^v. Melted J^, Dark j9 Dirty ^:j^ Military Terms. Sword t'? Battery ^jr Flank t^^ Scabbard ST^^' Trencli ■i.\:<. Engagement iUjl A wound >A Cannon vy" Rear-guard j;>^ Arclicr -^^yJu-'j ^X^ Battle-axe j;-^ Main body ^^^^ OKAMMATICAL INTRODU(rriON. 39 Tribe ^jl Family Jr^ District ^ Neigbboiir CS'^^^ Terms up^kd in Civil Administration. Headman Ijc>-j.^_(_xL« Wandering tribe »J>J5-i i_;f"3^ Disturbance Insurrection Prisoner Fetter Fine AiU Bribe i>j Tax LL^ii „ (on cattle) ^;^ ,. ^on pro^jorty ) yu Swindling J^j^ Idiojiatio To conquer a country. To pacify a country. To muster an army. To join battle. To form into line. To retreat. To wheel round. To start out of an am buscade. To draw sword. To fire a shot. To be seized with panic. To fire a volley. To cross a river. To shy (of a horse). To stumble (of a horse). To trot (of a horse). To buy on credit. To borrow money. To lend money. To give gratis. To select. To pawn. To take in pledge. To stretch out one's hand. To imitate a person. To laugh at a person. *^ " y JiJ— (^^ Expressions. To say in jest. To swim. To be delayed. To launch a boat. To track a deer. I go at once. That man will not re- iJ ,sj,^:>- ^ ^J.^ JJa cover. ijj We do not think that : what he says is not ^j-j^j "^ "i^fc a^:^ true, ^0 <0 Lj«4,__, Your trouble is in vain. Ai i-i-->i j , .-jU-j This man is taller than j^ jo--j iJdt, Common Sentences.— Greetings. It is a long way off and you could not go there. Is your village on tliis side of the river or on the further side? Can one cross the river by^ a ford or bj^ a ferry ? It has been raining for some days, I expect that the river will be very full and there is no boat. ajla i.: dj ij .i! ^j] )S3 0-' ij Is tlierc any news fioiu tlic mountains ? I licar tliiit in tlic border country tliere are great disturbances. How far is your home from here ? <1>L t_Ji.J y Ls'- } 'J- Aj What time is it? It has just struck si.N. Arc you married or no ? I was married but my wife is dead. My fatlicr is alive but he is now an old man - >>V ^ V H " y ■ O * " y V GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION. 41 Are there any places in the road for pitcliing tents or encamping an army ? I wish my tent to be pitched under those trees in the shade. Choose an open space and level the ground. I will do all I can to please you, Sir. Boil some water and cook some meat. Unroll my bedding and spread it on the ground. Fold up ray trousers and hang my clothes on a peg, I shall stop here all night, and if the rain lessens go on to- morrow. The clouds are very thick and there is a strong wind, I think there will be a hurricane, There is no use in light rain, the ground is not wetted by it. I see smoke rising from the valley; there must be a village near. j\ ij Hjyi. ^^U. CJjl A_=- r c/i iu a i^Ui-)= 'J ■yy. r iS i^ \^ j,^ ij^ ij t_CJ iS~^] i^J ^ The fog is dense and -i^ jJi^l ^j ^r^ "i there is a thick liaze. ^ j I am tired and cold and ji-)^ tj^y^ ^2"^ "] hungry and thirsty, ^^ ^^^ ^ ^j, j let us go there, ^ ^^ J y i.-ljb ^_ Collect wood and light a Jj jj^ j^ sj J .j jfA fire that we may warm - iJ ourselves. ^ i' iij)j\j Now snow is felling and j >^)Hj^ "ji^i U^>^ the water is frozen, ^^ ^ bow shall I melt it? If you had not come to vicious? ^J.a>l fS U That horse kicks, I will ^jy Jij ^J ^ Ij not ride him. * j ,li and spread some bed- iJJ ji^ . J _j\ ding. Have you seen any snipe ^-o.^ ^^^ ^^ y2 U^ iJ , il^ take my gun and fol- ^j^.. !i^\. j\ aLs^Ij low me, perhaps we ~ jl W but once tliou receive kindness from any one, For tliat once pnt twenty injuries of his behind tliy back. A traitor yet deserves no pardon, Though forgiveness is becoming towards the true. The fault of a brotiier is no fault at all, Mercy is befitting to the mistakes of one's friends. If from thy friend thou receivest bitter words, Do thou give him smiling a sweet and pleasant answer. Make no acquaintance or friendship with a mean man, From such wilt thou never obtain real friendship. From the disturber of thy country do thou never stay thy hand. However much the priests may entreat in his favour. A true man will keep his faith as long as he is alive. The word of the unmanly to-day is, to-morrow is not. They are counted as beasts, no men are they, The herdsmen and sliepherds, who lead tlocks and herds. He who tells thee thy faults, a true friend is he, And talks not to others of the faults that are thine. What though men and fiends would slay thee? Tliou wilt not die Until the day of thy fate has arrived. There is not one that is dependent on my will. With words of friendship in their mouths all do their own wish. They who desired my death have all died themselves ; I, behold ! am yet alive and remain in this world. The warrior thinks not of his own deeds of valour, Yet the blind man is convinced of his own beauty. Discernment, respect, and modesty become a man — It is these three qualities that distinguish him from a beast. He who is born of noble nature from his father and his mother. In him will no real baseness be seen. If one bring up a kid on the milk of a dog. Like a dog in the end will his bleat become a bark. Tell thou every one this saying of mine. However sweet the grass, sweet soup it will not make. However much one may counsel and advise him, it is no use, Who is born so from his parents, ill-advised will he remain. I J, AFGHAN rOETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. The wise man conceals many faults by his wisdom, The fool by his folly shows his few to the world. He that lays not his own burden on others, but bears theii's, Such is the man that is deserving of praise. He in whose heart the torch of wisdom is lighted, To him day and night are both alike bright. Eepentant am I of my sins, God ! Ashamed of all I have committed. Disgrace me not now that my beard is white, Tiiough when my hair was black sinful was my nature. Give me now the power and grace for prayer. No hope have I but in thy mercy and compassion ; From thee ever proceedelh favour and pity, Tortured am I now at the tliought of my offences. The world is not acquainted with the nature of my actions. It is I alone tliat know what my deeds have been. No Jew or Infidel is there whose behaviour is so vile As I know myself to have been in word and deed. Tiie Hindoo even rises at midnight for adoration, Yet feebler am I than he in the practice of devotion. With a thousand other thoughts in my heart I bend my knee in prayer All through my life it is thus my devotions have been said. Naught have I gained by worship, nor yet by pious actions ; In those I could not avoid how listless have I been. I have never cared for riglit or wrong so that it pleased me. Wiien have I had concern for the lawfulness of my food? Many are they whom I have consigned to the grave. Even now am I eager to slay yet more. My passions make right wrong and wrong right to me, I remain ever helpless against their promptings. My nature is as that of the seventy-two heresies from the Faith, Though in my professions I am of the band of the True Believers. In the torrents of my lusts I plunge myself, In the fortress of desire have I myself secured. If in observance of rites consist true Muhammadanism, Happy for me, for then perchance I am a good Mussulman. X^-: TRANSLATION OF POEMS. Satan and niy j)a9sioiis are in ambush at every breath, Till my last breatli shall I ever remain in len-or of them. My virtues scarce as gold, my vices are like pebbles ; Black dust upon my head, what tliough some gold is mine? The faith of his own cliosen has God bestowed upon me. However much in practice of my deeds I am ashamed. Whatever messengers or books have come from Heaven, With all the prophets I agree to them. He who produced botli worlds is without associate, Firm is my faith in that article of belief. Convinced am I there will be a Day of Judgment, I know well that from Tiiee comes good and bad. After death comes life for human creatures ; On all these points from heresy I am free. My prophet is Mahomed, son of Abdullah, Devoted am I to his Companions and four friends. The Imams of the desert all were in their rights Uutil the Mahdi comes, of all I am the servant. They who are the enemies of his Companions and offspring, Root and branch am I prepared to destroy them with the sword. The masters of the religion are four, they are not five. A Hanafi of the Suni faith I am in my belief, I cannot bear Thy punishments, pardon me ! To Thy threshold have I come, and there I wait. What though I am full of sin and swollen with pride? Of Him whose attribute is mercy am I, Khush-hal the slave. 73 God, do Thou not rend the curtain from my soul. Display not Thou my faults before the eyes of all the world. On the path that is that of virtue and good name. On that path do Thou lead me straight. Whatever actions are for the good of the world and of the Faith, On such actions do Thou ever keep my mind intent. In this world may my heart ever contented remain, May all trouble abide far from it. My passions and the Devil are ever at my side, 10 74 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. Show Thou to me clearly these two traitors. However great the faults my hands commit, When I repent, do Thou remove it from me. Grant unto me such sincerity of repentance That never may I go back again from it. May mortal sin be forbidden me as tlie tlesh of swine, And venial as that of mouse or rat. My evil dispositions do thou take from out my heart, For such it is that drain my heart of blood. Grant me Th}' power and Thy guidance for devotion, I am Thy slave, of earth am I and helpless. In my account with Thee no claim is mine for freedom. Yet do Thou resign me for one moment to Thine own mercy. Wlien parts my soul from forth my body. Do Thou bear me away to the sight of Paradise. Such tliat botli the heavenly writers may be satisfied with me. To such a grave do Tliou consign me. Keep Tliou ever ruddy my face with the spirit of independence, Let not my cheek be ever pale in expectation from any one. The walls of my faith surround me on all sides, Guard Thou in safety its fortresses and towers. Keep me in Thy favour ever while in this world. Give me no family or descendants void of honour. Time for Tiiee is ending, be no more careless, Khush-hal, Few are tlie days and niglits that now remain to tiiy account. Of Thee I seek for aid, single and undivided God! Be but Tiiou my lie] per, then will all my work succeed. Tiiy helpless slave am I, yet Thy mercies I will praise, Ever will I repeat Thy praises while remains with me the power. Tiiy praises are without number, more numerous than tlie sand of the desert, Who is thei'e tliat can count the sand or reckon its number? Neither Age is Tiiinc nor Youth, as Thou wast so Thou remainest, As Thou wast, Thou wilt abide tlirougii all Eternity. The eartli, tiie seven heavens, tlie two worlds, human creatures, All hast Tiiou alone created without any help from others; TRANSLATION OF POEMS. 75 All tlie worlds hast Thou created by Tliy simple order ; Tlie Creator of all these worlds art Tlion, yet has none created Thee. Whether white or black all is witness to Tiiy unity, For Thou cnconipassoth all, whether white or black. All thy works are lovel}', in beauty and goodness are they fashioned, Whilst such as are wrought by us are sometimes good and sometimes bad. Our misfortimes are our own fault, for hard is to us right conduct, Yet art Thou not such as closest Thy door to mercj% Thou askest of my conduct, does it agree with my speech ? Ah no! but Billal's stammering confession of faith was more acceptable than that of others. Untutored is my speech, unfit medium for Tliy praises, By Thy grace will it become fitter, Eternal Single God. When from Libra moves the Sun, Winter then displays his banner; See his flag the Star Canopus Which now stands forth in the skies. Weakened by the summer's heat. Fresh and strong becomes the world ; Keen desire for food returns, Sweet the taste that water gives. Side by side with arms entwining. Lip by lip, the lovers sit. Welcome now is heavy clothing, The prancing steed the saddle takes ; Yet the youth feels not his armour. Nor the steed his trapping's weight. He whose heart is for the chase, Glad is he this time has come. From the north the wild-fowl trooping, Tc the south their way are making. From Swat now returns the Falcon, Like travelled Jogis coming home. By the radiant moonlight marching, Scream the Herons in the skies. Geese and ducks are all around us. Countless are the water-birds. Leaves his hills now the rock- partridge. On the peasant's grain to feed. Is it falcon, hawk, or kestrel? On each the sportsman lays his hand. Some are forth in search of hunting, Others seek the garden's show. The Cent-foil opens wide its blossoms. Brighter than Saffron's tints are they. Many are the colours of tlie Abasi, Wliite and yellow the Arghawan. The flowers of the Champa spread their scent To the top of every bush. Bright as is their show of verdure. Still greater that of the sweet Basil. AVith its young and tender branches, Mottled show each tree presents. The Bulbul now and Parrot too, Call with joy from every side. Than this season's joys wilt thou Greater hardly find in Heaven ; AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. To me in truth I say this season Welcome art thou to Khush-hal, Takes the prize from that of springtide. Yaman's star, I live by thee. Before me now for months lies freedom, When thou showest forth thyself, Beyond spring nothing but restraint. Tlien my happiness is full. Two things are there that I love most in this world and in myself; In myself my two eyes, and in this world all fair creatures. From the perfume of their tresses I am as one distracted ; Ever will he that has been snake-bitten be thus beside himself. Looking at the beauty of fair women I have found my God, Short is the distance between metaphor and fact. When I gaze at a lovely face my ej^es are never sated, Every hair upon my head becomes as though an eye with looking. Those of evil nature know nothing of love's troubles ; What knows the fly of the torments of the moth ? Hope not to escape from the slaughter of her sword, Hers is no more compassion even for those that she has slain. The punishments of God are, each one, charges brought against us. Many are the sufferings this world has brought on me from love. A lovely face is as a rose, my heart forthwith becomes a bulbul, The bulbul in distraction hurries wherever tiie rose may be. Give me tears of blood, ! my heart, when I would weep, Such have been my sorrows that no other tears are mine. If thou consider poetry in its nature is no harm. The only fault in it is that some make foolish verses. He who makes verses without riiythm and without measure. No poet is he, his are bowlings of tlie dogs. Persian poetry have I learnt, I have the taste for all ; Pushtoo poetry I prefer, each one tliinks his own the best. In measure, in meaning, in nicety, in metaphor. Have 1 the Pushtoo language made to rival with the Persian. The Pushtoo tongue is difficult, its measures hard to find; Few are they that have come to me, though great has been my labour. Tliere is no one that has taught me tlie art of Pushtoo poetry. The Mirza who wrote verses, it is long since he was dead ; TRANSLATION OF POEMS. 77 The book of Akliuud Darwoza I liave read Crom end to end. In this tliere is no measure, nor are verses to be found; The wise know well tlieir value, what shouM tlie fool know of them? Pearls of speech are tlie^' whicii I, Kiiusk-lial, Ijave strung together; Liars are all who say tliat sucii as I Iiave written in Pushtoo, Tliere are any other such verses, or ever have been bel'ore. I am not always pleased at my own verses, yet what can I do ? My heart drives me against my will, at times 1 am impelled to it. For twenty years past the cauldron of my poetry has been seething, Not till now is it fit for use, that my life has past sixty years. If my rival on my verses place his finger in criticism. Whatever faults he finds I forgive him for them all. In poetry any purport if there be, it is this. That under cover of it, tiie poet may tell of noble actions, Plain may be the overcoat tliat hides the brightest dresses, Like gold-washers have I brought gold from simple earth. Two stanzas and two measures have these vei-ses if you see, In the month of Safar, one thousand and eighty-one it was I wrote them. Are there two hearts that are united, they will part in two a mountain, To the union of two natures how many joys succumb ? Black must be her tresses, dimples she must have and jewels; The face that is a fair one all men love to gaze upon it. They who sincerely in this world love one another. Trouble and good fortune to them are all alike. People curse the Devil as the source of every evil, Yet it is their own passions that rule all in their actions. A hundred troubles round, the result of our own passions. Two hundred our cupidity prepares before our face. He who portions sugar, many those that flock around him. Each one as he takes his share puts tiie other to one side. Blest indeed is concord, where hearts and wills are joined together; Where there are disputes two-fold troubles will be theirs. Let each mortal's prayer be, " May I need nought from another ! " Yet is there no Monarch that has not his times of need. 78 AFGHAN rOETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. Give a man a rose and a simple flower will please iiim, What cares the bullock or ass if iiis load be made of flowers ? Khush-lial's follies have become thus conspicuous in the world As the call of the Muazzin from the lofty steeple's summit. Surely those are not thy cheeks which thy raven tresses cover ! Eather these are fresh shoots of the hiacynth lying amongst roses ; Long has been my search for thee, at last fortune has favoured me, Such a mistress have I found that all men's tongues are in her praise. Was it Kais or Wamak ? Was it Farhad or Khusru ? All who knew love's troubles, a thousand blessings on each. Mortals are but fleeting, there are none but those remaining Whose names amidst this passing world are told in future stories. Tales of others ! What are they ? To thyself they warning give. Look thou at the candle, how it weeps at its own laughter ! See then, wheresoe'er I be, in whatever part I wander, Cut from thy dark tresses lie these locks upon my heart. He who in his old age longeth after youth, Say to him, " What dost thou that thou mockest at thy shame? " He whose years are many and joins youth and age together, Better than his case is that of tiie wild rue. Now so gorged at table that bis power is gone of eating, Yet insatiable he turns his eyes on the food that is before him. In their designs, in their behaviour, in their deeds. Suspicious are all men of one another. Now my beard is white, why should I fear death? Gone have all my friends, though their hair was black, before me. They whose orders the whole earlh lay under. Come and look at them now beneath the earth ! Man is but shifting sand if thou look well at him, Thus it ever changes, rolling round and round. Fate's furnace many times have I with my own eyes witnessed, I, Khush hal, ktiow well tluxt it burns both green and dry. TRANSLATION OF POEMS. 79 I was going on my way, wlicn a lovely being met me, Coquettish were lier glances, and her smiles were bright as day. Sure her form was of a woman, but her nature of a fairy, Like silver was her body, but her heart was hard as stone. To the town we entered, hand in hand with one another, Then from me she parted, now I seek her to Bokhara, Many are the tokens of the beauty of her person, IIow can 1 tell you by what signs she may be known. Tall and bright-complexioned, in her stature like the Cypress, Brighter than the roses is the colour on her cheeks ; Her teeth are pearls and diamonds, her lips sugar, arched her eyebrows; Her dark eyes are as javelins striking death from both her eyes ; Iler nose is like a rosebud, as the jasmine white her chin. Like musk are the moles on the sweet face of my fair one. Of jewels she wore a necklace and a double string of pearls. Raven were her locks, and her liair's perfume like Ambergris; Rose-coloured, gold-embroidered, is the raiment that she wears. Like a light her beauty shineth ; has no one seen her? Tell me, pray. Favour me, my good fortune, as thou didst when she came with me. Show me now the footsteps of my loved one that is lost. I said, " If I come to thee, wilt thou greet me with a kiss?" Said she, " Hast thou a thousand heads that thou askest this of me? " I said, "Thy raven tresses are like so many black cobras." Said she, " Wliy trust thyself within the cobi'a's reach ? " I said, " In what fashion then shall I approach thee?" Said she, " Without sword can head parted be from body ? " I said, " I ever wander in distraction in tliy search ! " Said she, " Wise art thou, why then thus disgrace thyself?" I said, " But for a moment let us two be happy together." Said she, " Where are those others in whose company thou wast pleased?" I said, " Proud as thou art, know that there is God that sees thee." Said she, " If I am proud, what to thee ? Why talk so loudly ? " I said, " I am the lover of that lovely face of thine." Said she, " For God's sake why thus thrust thy love on me?" 80 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. I said, " If I die at tliy door it is thy doing." Said she, "Would that thou diedstso my dogs would cease from barking." I said, " It is naught thou knowest of the love that I bear to thee." Said she, " What care for love the men of the Khatak tribe ? " Like thee is there no other fair one in this world. Thy gait is of the partridge, thy eyes are like the peacock's. Now is the time of early spring, all the meadowsare in bloom, It is the Creator's unseen power that lias all these flowers produced. Thou art like a falcon, go not forth to prey my heart on, As drinks the hawk its victim's heart-blood, thus dost thou, or as the Leopard. Other men are free from trouble, I am ever plunged in grief, No love is tliat, but torment, yet I feed on it by stealth. AVine there is, the harp and pipe, bring hither, too, the tankard. Spring lasts not much longer when is passed the sign of Taurus. Here I sit beside the stream and watch the running waters, Like life's tide they flow so quickly, these are now my thoughts. If thy mistress keep her own faith, what matters that to thee ? It is the test of true affection, take thou her faith for thine. The love of Majuan increased far more for Leila In proportion as the people hated him on her account. The hope of Khush-hal Khan is as from the gardener in bis garden, Who gives to each one quickly the flower which he has chosen. Come listen, thou hast heard it, famous is that saying, That which has gone from the eyes has gone from forth the heart. I die when thou art from me, my life thou art, didst thou but know it. Go thou not then from ine, stay thou ever by my side, Lost is my good fortune when thou lookest upon others. Found again is it when on me thy glances light. Thy beauties without rival, greater each than tliose of Leila, Me have they made like Majnun by their sight, thou enchantress! Many are the fair ones with eyes like deer and forms like fairies, Yet is there none like thee, so coy and yet so sprightly ; Thy lips they are like rubies, thy teeth pearls, on iicarts thou fecdest, That little mouth of tliine is as a casket of fine jewels. TRANSLATION OF POEMS. 81 " L " and " p " tlien lisper, that my lips may print it on thee, Happy times we spend together, let us thankfully enjoy them. Many monarcha are there who arc slaves of their beloved ones. Thou it is, God ! that this power hast granted to the fair. Ever with how much thought dost thou ridicule Khush-hal, Now thou makest peace, then war, now kind thou art, then angry ! Both her lips has she now parted, I am waiting for our meeting. Pearls she pours upon her lover. Whether faithful they or false, When I look upon thy face, Breathe not once upon my rivals ; No wish is mine for flowers or garden ; Take one glance but in thy mirror The Rose from shame forgets to blossom If the choicest flower thou'dst see. When it looks upon thy cheeks. To whom complainest thou, Khush-hal ? May good fortune now betide me. Who is there that hears thy plaints? Since my sight fell on those dark eyes of thine, Never can I forget those lovely eyes of thine. Of the hawk's are they ? The peacock's or the falcon's ? Or of the soft-eyed antelope ? the glances of thine eyes ? As the lambs crouch hidden in the pasture, From the shade of those loose tresses look those gentle eyes of thine. As the armed trooper stands, his lance in hand beside him. Thus are standing the long lashes round those warring eyes of thine. As one who has drunk vpine, thus intoxicated my being When I gaze upon those languishing eyes of thine. Whether they be Priests, or Devotees, or even Recluses, On each one's heart they feed, those cruel eyes of thine. Whatever thou wouldst gaze on, look thou well upon it, Khush-hal ! while there is power of seeing in thine eyes. I am a drinker of wine, why does the Priest quarrel with me? Our natures are made by Fate, would that I could make his like mine ! Well dost thou say, my adviser, blessings upon thy speech ; Well dost thou mean, but by words hast thou ever yet turned the torrent? 11 82 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. Those have gone to Ileaven who had neitlier knowledge nor sense, Others have gone to Hell whose excellence was their boast. Of what profit to Abujahal the words of the Prophet Mahommed? Who will polish the mirror that God has covered with rust? The Monk who sits in his cell, tell me what thereby is his gain? Why dost thou thus straiten this spacious world for thyself? I would have love's troubles whatever may be my religion. They are but thine own words that thou tellest thus to me. Hither come quickly, minstrel, and raise the New Year's song, Sweet heart-soothing strains bring from the lute, the pipe, and the harp. On every side are flowers, the Anemone, Narcissus, and Hyacinth. Foolish in his design who would go elsewhere than to the garden. Some there are who with ample provision set out in search of Thee. Others are they who seek Thee with but a cloth girt round their loins. In Judgment mayest Thou, God, test severely each man's practice. For now Thou art kind to my foes, but to me Thou art hard as stone. All the armies of Delhi have come intent upon my death, Yet art Thou not yet resolved on Khush-hal's death : Thou hast compunction. The minstrel now attunes his lute afresh, New tales he tells us with each chord he strikes. Let the Monk stay in his cloister, I will wander through the garden ; See the flowers of Spring are calling loud to me. The beggar's mind is full of thought to stay his hunger. On the Monarch weigh the troubles of his State. W^hat will be her kindness when she once comes to love me, Now that in her coyness such gentleness is hers ? AVhcn with her I am Khush-hal, yet am I saddened As one who is grateful to yet injured by another. If this be no sign of my good fortune, what else is it? That to my rivals she shows such dislike. If delight in gazing on the fair ones be a fault, Then is Khush-hal a criminal throughout his life. TRANSLATION OF POEMS. 83 IIow deftly lias she curled those two long tresses, Forthwith all men's affections are distraught. Her black locks are as a chain, her face the Kaaba, With both hands seize those locks if thou vvoiildst make the IIuj ; If but once it be that chain fall in thy grasp, Ever will it bind thy heart in happy state. Boast thou of the blessings of true affection. When from thy heart thou hast expelled all strange desires. My fame and honour I have squandered in thy cause, In return what wilt thou grant me for my pains ? If I speak of sweetmeats, this is my intention. That though with hard words thou shouldst give me yet some kissses. Now has Khush-hal's heart completed its desire. Since thy glance's sword has pierced it through and through. Praise be to God from me who from nothing brought me into being, Other of his creatures lie made made me not, of Adam's stock am I sprung. In descent from father to son a follower of Mahomet am I, In the mission of the Four Friends I am a firm believer. Full rightly do I know that there are four divisions of the Faith, On the sect of the Hanafis firmly my hopes I bind. Great is the regard in my heart which he has implanted for the learned. And but little heed has He granted me for the religious teachers of the day. No Drunkard or Gambler or Debauchee am I, Nor yet Judge or Lawyer, whose only thought is for gain. The lot of the sword He gave me, by birth a Pathan am I ; Of no lineage I, lacking wealth or following. Gory was the shroud in which my father went to his grave, and all my ancestors ; Many there were that died with them, spread o'er the world was their blood. My father Shahbaz Khan, liberal as Hatim was he ; His heart like that of a Tiger, more skilled in the sword than Rustam. Steadfast was he in the Law, and upright in every deed ; No reader or writer was he, yet wiser than they that are learned. How shall I praise my grandsire. Paradise is now his abode. Sound like Joseph was he from head to foot. Were another mounted, he on foot was level with him ; 84 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. Such was liis form and stature, and his valour was in proportion ; My other grandsire was Malik Ako, who in the land of the Khataks First gained for us the mighty place that is ours. Thirty years have passed that my father died a Martyr, Slain by the Eusofzaies, but with fire I harried their homes. Other Pathans there are many, but their chiefest warrior am I ; I seize, I grant, I bind, I loose, as my pleasure moves me. Many there are of the clans that with me have waged feuds, But not till their head before me they had bowed did they escape from mourning ; Alone amongst all it is the Yusufzaies that have put me under obligation, Still among the Akozaies dwells the true old Afghan spirit. When I in the year of Aghad fell into Aurangzeb's bonds, My family and household was left very helpless amongst them, For many years was I imprisoned in Hindustan, I reached my home uninjured and from the tyrant's oppression was I freed. All who sought my death in prison every one Have died or been ruined and impoverished, from ill have they not escaped ; Like Joseph freed from bondage, the ruler of all I became, Unalloyed gold did I prove, the fire did not lessen my value. Ashraf Kiian is my son, who collected my scattered household, For when I was led prisoner, my family was dispersed, Four-and-twenty others are mine, but the greatest of all is he. May they all prosper, God preserve them from every evil ! Already have I five grandsons, there is Afzal and Ashraf Khan, May God prosper them, great are my hopes from them. One real brother had 1, he has passed on his way to heaven ; Two other brothers are mine, one gallant, another a coward. My home is in Malikpur, which people call Surai, To Lakhi on hill and on plain are scattered my house and my clan, Twenty thousand warriors are mine, all of one blood. All with one accord with their backs bent in my service. What of Sliamslier Khan Turin whose following is only five thousand. No more is he to me than an unripened Turnip, How will he rival with me on tlie strength of only his title? What is the power of tlic Lainl) to rival llie iiiiglit of tlie Ijion ? iiad luck to Ibe Yusufzaies that a 'riiiiu liohls rule among tlieiii. Were tlie Teal now to harry the Hawk, what fault would be found witli him ? TRANSLATION OF POEMS. g5 Most trusted friend was I of the Emperor Sliali Jclian, Folly was it in Aurangzeb that he dealt so hardly with nie. I can scarcely draw my breath, yet there is none that can leissen my pain ; For a wound I have in my heart that no Doctor or Ointment can heal. How many thousand warriors have been idle for how many years, Had my heart not been ill at ease my purpose had never thus failed me ; Should twenty years yet pass, still that object will not be accomplished, As things are now going on, see what will result from this trouble. That which Shumshcr Khan in so many years brings about, I in as many months would have settled right firmly the matter. That treachery and deceit which Hayat Khan's art is. What is there manly in that ? the wiles of a woman are such. Where is there knowledge and discernment? blind is the world indeed, Since thus it honours a woman with the title of Chief. This writing and letters which Ilayat Khan calls the work of the Devil, Shall ever pour curses on him from tablet and from pen ; The honest truth speak I which is well known to all. If I am indeed no poet, what value in praise or in blame. From whence has to us this Spring-tide returned. Which on all sides has spread us a garden. See the Anemone, sweet Basil, the Lily, the Hyacinth, The Jasmine, Narcissus, Wild Kose, aud Pomegranate ; Many are Spring's flowers, of all kinds are they. But conspicuous amongst all is the Tulip. The maidens place bouquets of flowers in their bosoms, With bunches of flowers are the youths' turbans dressed. Come, Minstrel, draw the bow across the violin. Come, Cup-bearer, bring tankards brimming over, That with the joy of wine I may be filled. The Pathan youths again have dyed their hands, As dyes his claws the Hawk in the blood of his prey. Blushing are now their pale swords with red blood, In Summer how strangely the Tulip bed lias blossomed, Acmal Klian and Darya Khan from death God preserve them, Never have they failed me at the time of need. 86 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. Kliaibar's pass have they reddened with tlie blood of the foe, In Krappa is the roar of their cannon still heard, To Krappa to Bajore straight the mountains Have been seized with quakes and trembling time after time. Five years now are passed that in all these regions Of bright swords every day the flashing is seen ; The first fight was in the lofty ridge of Tahtar, When scattered were forty thousand Moghal foe. Their sisters and daughters became captives of the Pathan, Their horses, camels, elephants, and baggages. The second battle was with Mir Ilusseiu in Doabah, Where crushed was his head as of a snake. Again after that was the fight of Naushahr, When drunk with the slaughter of the Moghals was I ; Then came the fights with Jeswant, Singh and Shujaa Khan, On whom Acmal brought destruction in Gandab. The sixth fight was with Mukarram Khan and Shamsher Khan, Whom in Khapash Acmal scattered to the winds. These are the fights worthy of men that I remember, Of the contests of boys on all sides is no account ; Every victory has been ours up to now. For the future we must trust to the Omnipotent. Now is a year that Aurangzeb is camped against us. Haggard in his features and wounded in his heart ; Year after year it is that fall his nobles. Of his armies destroyed what account is there ? The Treasures of Hindustan have been scattered before us, Swallowed by the mountains has been his ruddy gold. Still of the Emperor's folly there is no lessening, It must be that from his father is this infatuation ; Between him and us there is no result apparent. Save that cither the Moghals be removed or else the Pathans ruined. The Pathan who holds any other idea, it is futile. Except from the sword no other relief is tlierc; Tiie Pathans are more skilled in the sword tlian the Moghah, Would only a little more understanding were theirs. Would the tribes but be of one mind amongst themselves. TRANSLATION OF POEMS. 87 Emperors would prefer to bow down before tliem ; I alone amongst tbera am concerned for my nation's honour. At ease are the Yusufzaies cultivating their fields The Afridis, Mohmunds, Shinwaris, what arc they about 1 Spread is tlie Moghal army in Nangrahar, With calls for succour to them am I wearied, Deaf are they, no attention is paid to my cries, While all the other Pathans from Candahar to Attock, Are openly or secretly combined in honour's cause. Sweeter to me far is death than such a life. As is passed from day to day without honour. Ever in this world will he not be living. But yet of Khush-hal Khan will the memory abide. Until his vengeance he has wrought upon his foe. Neither sleep, nor food, nor rest knows a true man. Who has no concern for his own honour, Little respect will be paid to such an one. If ability and honour and pride be in him. Consider even a slave better than his lord. Slowly his steps planting he mounts upwards ; With one bound no one mounts up to the roof. By careful search, if thou relax not, believe me, The water of life wilt thou find in thy pursuit. Every day is not quite like another. Sometimes time brings pain, sometimes its cure. Twist manliness and meanness is no sympathy, Distinct from one another are they in thought and action, What is within another's reach is his own ; A man himself holds the reins of his own fancy. Who by birth from his ancestors wields the sword, Well befits him the trade of the unbending glaive. My grief at Gunbut came from forth my heart, When at Doda God granted me my desire of victory. Abad Khan is one to whose face victory hastens. In every place his father's name has he renewed ; May God grant he rival his father in life and name and deeds. 88 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. May his hands over the enemy ever he victorious ; Let his enemies heware of him if they be wise, For his sword is a Dragon blood-drinking ; Since God has given them such a valiant brother, Let all his brothers make their boast of him. The work of armies is no such easy task, That by every man it can be ordered well ; He who has but a few lucky hairs on his head, Ever will victory hasten to his face. AVho truly spends all in gifts and feeding, Before him ever bow their heads mankind. The Tiger's share is the neck of the blue Bull, The Jackal, Fox, are feasted with the scraps. The deer of the plain by a single hound is captured, The yelping cur wanders through the village in search of food. The Fort of Doda he made all red with blood. In Doda was there slaughter of great and small. The Fort of Doda was no such easy task. That the thought of its conquest entered people's heads ; Right on the top of a mountain was it firmly planted, Stronger than those of Kohat were his fortifications. By God's order such a victory was his. That accomplished in two days was his object ; The work of seven forts was by God's order One after another completed in a week. From terror on the Heavens trembling fell, Wiien of Bahram's sword the clashing was heard, From the smoke of the slain by the rifles An eighth heaven there appeared grey in hue ; The spears of the Khataks thus pierced the chain-armour, As runs the Tailor's needle through the tent cloth. The lance-armed horsemen of the Khataks Overthrew the Bangash riders root and branch ; Many youths were twined in wrestling in that fight. No lack was there of swords and arrows ; Sadar Khan till then a fight had never seen. In tlint fight iiis spear lie dyed red wilii his foes. Of Gunbut all the grief went from my heart. TRANSLATION OF I'OKMS. 80 Were it of defeat, wounds or reproaches, Stinking was the earth witli the stench of the slain, Who were cut to pieces in J)otla by the sword. The lot of the Bangash is tlic Peaks of Pali; Now let them put their swords within their sheaths. He who leaves his own trade for that of others, Than him no greater fool will ever be. What though the stag is fierce in battle, he forgets to fight When from the Lion his head a blow receives. Had the Bangash had any honour, never would I have cut Out of their full garden a single almond. Of the dishonour of the Bangash this was the pimishment, That on their flesh are feasting the wild beasts. Every man who quarrels with his master Will at length meet the punishment of his deeds. Such grief and lamentation came upon them. That bright day to the people of Kohat became as night. In the fight of Doda again was filled with wine That goblet which in Gunbut had emptied been ; In that fight countless plunder became ours. Of lovely maidens, fine horses, and valuable treasures ; With their black armour, bows, and sheaves of arrows, Every man of us was fitted out with arms. There were six or seven thousand Kbataks in that fight, Every one of us was rejoiced with booty. The reports of this fight will spread through all the country. With its glory will every Pathan be rejoiced ; When of this victory the report reaches Hindustan, Loud will be the Emperor's plaint to great and small, That when Pathan honour is disgraced he is delighted — Such a King of Islam is Aurangzeb. In the change from the constellation of the Lion in the year 1091 , in the month of Rajab, On the third day after the fight, I began this poem : Words written on paper remain. That is why I have committed this story to writing. Mayest thou ever have such victory over thy enemies, As in that fight was mine, God be with you ! ' 12 90 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. Astounded am I with my view of human nature, What deeds tliey are capable of, for their passions such dogs are they ; Such actions proceed from their nature That the Devil himself would neither think nor mention. Ever the Koran spread before them are they reading, But little is their practice according to the Koran. Whichever way I go in search of them, Like the Elixir undiscoverable are the wise. A good man like a Ruby or Sapphire is not easily found ; Like other stones no lack is there of the worthless. It may be, in other nations good men are found ; But few and far between amongst Afghans are they. What good is it to say words of advice to one ? Even to his father's counsel he will scarcely hear. Every deed of the Pathans is better than that of the Moghals : Concord is what they lack, the pity of it ! From Bahlul and Sher Shah's words I hear That formerly the Pathans were Kings of Hind ; For six or seven generations was their Empire thus, That all the world was confounded at them. Either these Pathans are diflerent or something else has happened, Or else God's orders have been such as they are ; If only the Pathan could find the blessing of concord, Old Khush-hal would again a youth become. What greatest of all blessing is, No else can it be than sound health. He whose lot this blessing is, From head to foot is favoured he. If thou its value knowest not. The greatest fortune is good health. In thy frame thy life alone Than all the world more precious is. Hadst thou no life, but owncdst the world, Nonentity would be its meaning. This world is like a mystic phrase. The interpretation of which is thine existence. TRANSLATION OF POKMS. 91 Tliat they sliould be interpreted, Of mystic plirases is the purport. Of the happiness of thy body The pivot is all centred in health. He, whose body enjoys not health, To him his wealth as rubbish is. Illness in one's home's a trial, How much more in exile ! My foot pains me so severely. The moment that passes is as an hour. My horse is going slowly on the road, A fall from it is grievous luck. Since though my head's injury has fallen on my leg. In this some comfort is for me : Even for this must I be grateful. For than every evil there is a worse one. I said the worst is over, but now I see That worse ills yet remain for me. I said. Now indeed Fortune is kind, Yet on me its violence falls. Hindustan is now like Hell to me, Which to others Heaven is. A prisoner came I to this land, For some few months I cheerful was ; Hard for me as was imprisonment. Greater trouble than that came on me. Every day to be obliged to attend the court ; Consider what a hardship that ! Another's orders are torture to him, To whom his own will has been customary. No kindly kindly friends are here. Nor pleasant intercourse with others ; I can neither give nor seize. Nor exercise authority. No longing or desire have I for the chase, Nor can I interest myself in anything else. Here no one asks of other's welfare, So ill-dispositioncd tliis city is. 92 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. I reckon that there are only a few men AVho are well disposed towards me. Akbar was one shared in ray grief, But he is now engaged in his own pursuits. Whether it be Emperors or Nobles, Well know I what their condition is : No one wishes the other well ; So selfish they, it is like the confusion of the last day. I, that this poem composed, In Dehli was my stay ; The fourth of Rajab was the daj', Of the Hijra the 1077th year. Khush-hal ! grumble thou no longer : If thou say est more, disgraced art thou ! Saidst thou, " Grieve not, for I am thine, and thou art mine," Me in truth hast thou waked to life, whether thou treat me fair or foul. What a lovely torment art thou, without rival is my loved one — Hadst thou not that one defect, that thy heart is hard as stone ? Were the world made up of beauties, on every side were fair ones ; Still were it astounding such a lovely one as thou shouldst be born ! With so great slaughter art thou indeed not wearied ? What heeds the Executioner, if a thousand lives he takes? When of thee I beg a Rose, of thy garden of thy border. If thou grant me but a weed, still I prize it as a Rose. So long as I thy slave live on, a captive of those locks am I, In a single hair of which a thousand hearts entangled lie. Whether they be boys or men, all in search of thee are wandering : In the city is there no one wlio is not in love with thee. Look thou at the Cypress ; in a moment it despised is. When thou movest in the garden with that lovely form and stature. Happiness is the Paradise to be alike, of Priest and Hermit; Already from thy Aicc in Kiuish-hars grasp is Paradise! TRANSLATION OF POEMS. 93 Lo ! tlie early Spring lias come, I apart from my beloved one, Alas ! Alas ! Alas ! witliout my sweet-heart goes the Spring-tide : Weep the Peaks and Mountains o'er the lot of parted lovers, No snow-born torrents those which now dash from rocky heights. It is the fire of wounded hearts which now kindles mountain forests, See the deep brown clouds of smoke which arise from Pine and Fir. Wouldst thou know the lot of lovers whom separation has divided? See the Crane who from the flock bewildered wanders. No such sad complaints are heard as are those of separation ; Come, and list with me to the strains of bard and minstrel. No solace for my grief: far from that day each day adds to it; Quickly come, my healer, lest I die, for Ileaven's sake! The death of those that rival is fresh life to those that love : By God! I swear these two things take place at the time of meeting. What though yet my breath remain, I am counted midst the living; The illness that is incurable, what hope is there for the sick? Human beings none are round me, but the wild beasts of the forest; Thus no fear have they of the groans of the distressed. Such the grief and pain that I, Khush-hal, for thee have suffered, That whether friend or stranger, no one looks at me for scorn. Glad to me the time when I fly to my beloved one ; It is to me as though to Spring's gardens I betook me ; Her hair has she unbound, I am sprinkled with fragrant musk : How shall I now again to any perfumer ever betake me ? May God grant me in my home that peerless black-eyed beauty. Now that she has favoured me ; to Farkhar why should I betake me ? The plaints of wounded hearts grieve those at ease and happy ; My anxiety is in this, lest to my grief I now betake me. Wheresoe'er the thorn is, there's the place of blooming roses ; Therefore with this hope to the thorn-bush I betake me. What witchery has she wrought me by her wiles, I am astounded : To my death should she be minded, yet to that cruel one I betake me. Countless are the tyrannies which she hath wrought upon me, Natheless, will I nill I, to that tyrant I betake me. Sweet indeed the loved ones which my eyes have gazed on, Now with bitter tears to their tombs I pay my visits. 94 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. Did fear but reach tliy heart, how good it were ! Hadst thou but pity on poor me, how good it were ! I that for love of thee stand at the door lamentino-, D' Did thy ears but hear my pleading, how good it were! Were they who blame me for my love of thee But acquainted with thy beauty, how good it were! Whoever to-day of purity boasts in this world, Did he but see thy face, pure indeed would he be and chaste! After death, were my grave in such a place, That o'er it lay my loved one's path, how good it were ! At thy gateway many hounds and spaniels lie. Were I but one amongst them, how good it were ! In thoughts of thee with this short life will I never be sated ; Were Khush-hal's life but longer, how good it were ! If but once her face shows from forth her veil. Lost will be for ever all claim of radiance to the Sun, The Tulips will borrow colours from her face. Shamed will be the Hyacinth at the sight of her tresses. Why do people lay charges against Fortune ? It is she that with her eyes the world hath desolated. Is it with the effects of wine that her eyes are thus fluslied, Or has some one out of sleep awoke her too early ? The blood of hearts she quaffs in place of wine, Again for relish with it she takes broken hearts. The special fate of those slaughtered by my fair one Is that without question straight to Paradise they go. My heart is as a compass, fixed its bearing, It points ever to the Altar of thy eyebrows. Be not gladdened with her promises, Khush-hal : From the bubble what constancy does one expect ? My grief is ended, now has come the time of gladness ; What time the flowers of Spring arrived, my garden bloomed : Quickly let us prepare to wander tlirongh it ; Go, tell the Nightingale that Spring has come. TRANSLATION OF POEMS. gg Now too that of briylit flowers it is the very season, Let the Minstrel tune his strains to rejoice me. It is his regrets and fears of Autumn That to the Roses now the Parrot discourses. Heavy was the load of Separation, God has lightened it. For now I rejoice again that the delight of my eyes has returned. Others have indeed their various festivals ; For me my feast is then what time my mistress comes. All sorts of bright garments does Khush-bal put on, a merchant ho, When be enters the Bazar wherein is his mistress's face. What though with tongue strives with me my mistress. In her heart with many a kindness treats me my mistress : When she comes and throws her arms around my neck, Far from me all trouble dispels my mistress. No need to her of a sword, a cold look is enough, If on my death resolved be my mistress. When the light of her beauty she displays to me, Just like a moth do I become before my mistress. A Beggar I, a monarch she, therefore it befits That to my devotion respect should pay my mistress. With every one she jests with open heart, But to me her heart has closed my mistress. A studded nose-ring is all that adorns her face, Satisfied with a necklace of black cloves is my mistress. To my rivals is she softer far than wax, But to Khush-hal harder than stone is the heart of his mistress ! The sword that is sharpened for the blow, is it or not? The tresses that are curled for her own lover, is it or not ? Why sayest thou to me, " Look not on the fair ones ? " The eyes that are created for seeing, is it or not ? Let the Priest fast and pray, let the Gallant grasp filled goblets: Every man that is created for his own part, is it or not ? Saidst thou, " My lips' kiss is like a healing draught." 90 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. The draiiglit I seek from thee, for my heart's wound, is it or not? She drinks my very heart-blood, that is not for any other; My heart that was created for that cruel one, was it or not? Why dost thou bewail the black locks of thy mistress ? It is of thine own self thou sought that black snake, is it or not? Compared to thy face as weeds appear they. Both the Kose and Tulip, beside thy cheeks, is it or not ? Here is Wine, the Harp, and Flute, with thy mistress ; Thy tablets in th}'^ hand, it is to the garden thou hastest, is it or not ? Hard of heart, a cruel mistress thou, Tyrannical and heart-oppressing art thou ! What though I thus loudly cry. Pleased art thou with this my grief. It is thou that hast wounded me, to thee I complain ; Well dost thou know the effect of thy blow. It is to thee I look for ointment; Yet to my wounds as salt art thou. Ever to thee will I pour out my plaints. If it is that my wailing please thee. Let them their hearts for grief prepare, Who have fixed their hopes on thee. What can any one say against me. Since thou such a lovely idol art ? Who herself her lover slays, Then makes lamentation over him. What fault has the lover committed, That thou art eager to plunder liim ? Sometimes pain comes, sometimes pleasure ; Now art thou as a thorn, now as a Rose-garden. On Khush-hal hast thou brought distress. That by his rivals thou art seated. Tlic Tulip is unrightly compared to her beauty ; The Musk of Ciiina is ashamed at tlie fragrance of her tresses ; Her black eyebrows are a bow, tiieir lashes are arrows. Every shaft amongst tlicm has pierced tlic lover's heart. TRANSLATIONr;OF POEMS. Her two eyes in her body are as piercing swords, Ever are they warring witli the hearts of those that love lier. Then wouldst call it a Negro selling sweets, That mole of hers which is on the side of her lips. The radiancy of her beauty is of a brilliant light; The poor Lover as the moth tliat hovers round. It is the earring that alone has ever touched her ear; It is the clove that alone has ever touched her nose; In her beauty there is no single point wantino-, Except that one defect is hers, that of stone is her Iieart. Each one's struggles are after his particular object ; Khush-hal's design is on her beauty. 97 My mistress has become reconciled again to my rivals, Alas! Alas! To tiie words of my enemies does she listen, Alas! Alas! Just for a few days kindness took its place in her heart ; Now merciless and cruel has it become again, Alas ! Alas ! That Rose which I watered with my own heart's blood, Has become the companion of every weed and thorn, Alas ! Alas! "With design against me she looks towards my enemies, Assenting to my slaughter is she, Alas ! Alas ! Apart from thee my life's blood has been my food, Thus has my life passed, Alas ! Alas! Unhappy Khush-hal was in eager hopes of meeting : The captive of separation now is he, Alas ! Alas ! Though the maids of Cashmere are famous for their beauly. And those of China and Machin and Tartary, Yet the Pathan maidens whom with my own eyes I have o-azed on. They would put all such to shame. On score of beauty, this is the sum of all their praises — That of Jacob's lineage and descent are they ; No need have they of musk or of Rose-water; There is the fragrance itself of The Perfumer with their prayers five times a day. 13 9g AFGHAN POETRY OF THE ITth CENTURY. "What of Necklaces or Jewels or other ornaments ? All such beside their tresses are of no account. What of brocaded veils and robes of scarlet muslin ? Not to be compared are they to their white snoods. The beauty of their nature exceeds that of their appearance; Sweeter far are their secret charms than their external. All their time is spent in privacy and seclusion ; Never are they seen in public with persons half-exposed. From modesty they can scarce raise up their eyes. No experience ever theirs of hard word or blows. I, Khush-hal, have but little told of much, Prate no further on this matter which is boundless. The Adamkheyl Afridee maidens are red and white ; Many and varied are the charms that are theirs, Great large eyes, long eyelashes, broad eyebrows, Sugar-lipped, rosy-cheeked, moon-like foreheads, Tiny mouths like a Rose-bud, even teeth ; Their heads girt with dai-k tresses, fragrant as Amber, Their skins as smooth as ivory, bare of hair; Straight their figures, like Alif ; fair tlieir complexions. Like the Hawk has been my flight along the mountains, Many a partridge there has been my prey ; The Ilawk, whether young or old, seeks its quarry, But the swoop of the old Hawk is the most unerring. ! of Lundi's streams the water, and of Bari, Is sweeter to my mouth than any Sherbet. The Peaks of the Matari Pass rise straight up to the lieavens, In climbing, climbing upward, one's body is all melted. 1 came to the Adamkheyls in Tirah, Then I parted witli them at Khwarrah with sad heart. Love's troubles are like fire, Khush-hal, What thougli the flame be hidden, its smoke is seen. TRANSLATION OF POEMS. gg morning breeze, sliouldst thou pass by Kliairabad, Or should thy way lead thee by tlic side of Surai's stream, A thousand thousand greetings take from me : Thither from me countless good wishes bear To mighty Indus shout them out vvitli Fervour ; But to the Lundi stream in whispers softly tell them. Perchance again my lot may let mo quaff thee, I shall not ever dwell beside the Ganges and Jumna : If of Hind's climate I complain, what sliall I say? Still greater than on its climate is the curse upon its water; He who drinks its river water, it tears forth his bowels ; Not without danger is the water of the wells. Since no cold mountain torrents are in Ilind, Curses upon it ! though it be filled with dainties. Yet will no man remain always without hope in the world ; On the distressed will compassion at length be showed by the Merciful One. The wounded one is ever in expectation That of his wound the blood will staunched be, God grant that I again may meet my loved one. From whom apart from myself two-thirds are parted ! Yet the wise bear no rebellious lonn-inirs Anent the treatment which the Physician orders. Not for ever will Khush-hal remain in Hind : At last from Hell will find release the Sinner. Blessings on my Grandsire, who took up his abode at Sural : Well do I know it now ; no place like it, believe me. The dark mountains of Hodee stretch straight up to Tirah, The Nilab and Lundi have laid their heads below ; Along them lies the road to Hind and to Khurassan : It is the crossing of the Attock that makes both Prince and Beggar tremble. Every abundance that one can think of comes thither— No lack of rain ! Wliat a freshness ! Ah, indeed ! What of Swat, or Ashnuggar, or Pcsliawar, or other countries. They all have recourse to it ; in it are the delights of every clime. IQQ AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. On every side is the sport of the Ilawk, and every other sport— Wah ! Wah! Kalapani, what entrancing sport is thine? Stout and strong are its youths, active in every deed, Bright-eyed, red and white, tall in stature ; Whether my son, or grandson, my family, or tribe, "Whoever now abides there, may he live in God's protection. Fate has separated me from it. Whose power is above Fate's ? Never would Khush-hal Khan of his own will from Sural have been parted. Cup-bearer! give me wine — Several goblets in succession : Hard it is if you consider, That without wine the spring should pass. Where with flowers is found a comrade, What restraint does bind a man ? See what they say, listen to them : What says the music of Harp and Pipe ? Comes not back the passing moment ? Ah, how sad ! Alas ! Alas! Good, indeed, is this world's life: Would that it might last for aye ; Since for aye it lasteth not. Count it worthless and despised. Many lovers it hath turned away — Fate does no compassion feel. What though grief or joy increase ; As they quicken, so they cease: Their constitution can never be found — Of many kinds are Fortune's changes. Such as never entered the mind, Many such events will happen to you. TRANSLATION OF POEMS. 1 1 In separation it is tlie tliouglit of iny mistress, Which ever is around my heart. Whatever passes from tlic view At length will from the mind be rased : He who praises now Khusli-lial Perchance in time will be like him. He, whose heart is filled with good will towards his kind, A happy man is he ; lie has an Eii.pire in his heart. He, whose ears are open to the counsel of the wise, What a store of knowledge has he got in his heart ! On the ladder of manly actions never can he ascend Who possesses deficiency of corn-age in his heart. Blackened face has he, both in this world and hereafter. Who against his fellows has blackness in his heart ! Happy lots of those, in whose hearts are good intentions ! Ill the lot of those, who perverse are in their hearts ! By the warning of no teacher ever will he be improved. Every man who keeps corruption in his heart. Hold thou ever fast to those arts, Khusii-hal, Which a warrior holds dear within his heart. He who gains, and spends, and gives, a gallant is he ; He who is skilled with the sword, a cliieftain is he. A mine of Rubies, or Sapphires, or Jewels, what is that? He who is the source of kindnesses a mine is he. What thou eatest by thyself will never feed thee. What thou eatest in company a feast is that. Through day and night, through month and year. The time spent in God's service, time is that. Call no one else broken, Khush-hal ! He whose word and promise is broken, broke indeed is lie ! 202 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. A man, indeed, is lie, tliat is brave, yet full of kindness, Courteous to his fellows in bis life and conversation. His face his face, his word his word, his promise his promise, No lie or wile or changing his. Little in speech, great in action, but in silence Like a Rose-bud, his breast open to his mouth. When speech is being made of loftiness or lowness, In greatness like the Heavens, in humility like the Eartii. In dignified bearing like the Cypress, in generosity With boughs drooping on all sides like the Vine, Blooming his face like a fresh Eose in the garden, With the joyous clamour of Bulbuls around it. Since such discourse he makes, I am astonished ; From whom gained Khush-hal this comprehension ? In the excellence of youth, what doubt is there? The time of old age is full of defects. In my heart fresh fresh wounds have I, Well smeared in every wound is salt. If joy come upon thee, be not rejoiced at it ; For close upon joy follows ever sorrow. Make no complaints of other's wrongs or injuries, For the greatest wronger of all is Destiny. Not without design has trouble been created. For trouble is the touchstone between the manly and the mean. AVbat of numerous luxuries, delights, and hardships ? Happy is he that is satisfied with a single piece of bread. On some one else I bind my sword, and now turn Devotee : Enough for me if on my shoulder I bear a staff. If any one makes inquiry of wounded hearts. Ruined is Khush-hal at the hands of his own tribe. Perplexed am I, no knowledge mine, of what I am, or what shall be, From whence I came, and to what quarter I go. No news has any one brouglit Ijack of tliose departed. However much I inquire of what their slate may be. TRANSLATION OF POEMS. 103 To-day I see tlieiii stay llie niglit in this ilaiiilet ; But ever, each in liis turn, I count them as they quit it. The world is like a bowl, I, liivc an Ant inside it : Distraught I turn witiiin it, and struggle with all iny power. When I consider this world, and the circumstances ofinankiiiil, It is all the play of children, yet I too join in it. Art thou wrapt np in it? Hast thou wealth and lands? All these I look upon but as sleeping fancies. White has turned from black tliy hair, yet change not thou thy nature; Think not, Khush-hal, that without reason still I style thee a man. Worthless are the Patbans in reason and understanding, As the dogs in the courtyards of the butchers are they. They sold their Sovereignty to the Moghals for gold. For the titles of the Moghals is all their desire. The camel with its rich loads has come into their homes, Yet the only plunder they seek are the bells on the camel's neck. The very name of the Sarbunni is a title of contempt; First among the despicable they, the others in less degree. Of those that are shameless, what else but shame in their actions? Of those that regard their own honour, every brcatli is for honour's cause. From Candahar to Damghar stretch the lands of the Pathaus ; But through all that extent their abode is only in name. Evil disposed are all Pathans, From house to house they fighting go; If one but lift his head a bit. Another quickly lays it low. Thou of the Moghal's eye to-day, Khush-hal! art the piercing thorn. That the blood in my veins still courses, this even a grief I hold ; That in the grave are all my friends, I yet in my house I deem a wrong. Since so many noble faces have all in their tombs turned to dust, Could I but join them there, as Paradise were to me the grave ! 104 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. Old age has come, a weakling I, in this the proof, That which I do succeeds not, thongh my people and land are the same. When I speak any one fair, to liis heart he takes it ill ; Either fortime is for the Moghals, or my reason is failing me now. No ! it is not the luck of the Moghals, nor is my reason less ; It is all the fault of old age, that my plans do not succeed. When I look at the Moghals, not as before are they : Past is the day of their fighting; now they cleave to the pen. With gold and fair promises it is now that they beguile the Pathans ; Yet such is the mercy of God from me have they naught yet attained. No Fly am I or Vulture, that over carrion should be my hover; As a Falcon or an Eagle in its own prey my heart rejoices. Were the others in this like me, right hearty would be my rejoicing; But since in this they have no part, in grief is my heart now plunged. Acmal and Darya Khan, both have passed away nobly in honour : Ever in grief and sorrow is Khush-hal at the loss of them both. A Khatak, when he mounts on horse-back, Binds his shield upon his back ; Lets loose the end of his turban Over his forehead long and broad ; Looks at the shadow of this end. As his horse goes prancing on ; Hopes to be a Chieftain bold, Seeking ever for the fray. Quarrelsomeness an evil is, It ruins a man's future ; No good is it to any one else. But spoils its owner's nature. Know thou well this world its state, what is, is ; what is not, is not : Whether Rake or Devotee, what is, is, etc. Whether much or little thine, count it all as passed away ; Be thou of the Prophet's nature, for what is, is, etc. TRANSLATION OF POEMS. jQr If for life thou grievest, wliat cause if thyself tiiou kiiowest; Alive to thy grave tliou gocst, vvliat is, is, etc. Of sea and land the Monarch tiiou, if wet and dry alike thou countest; Be thou then the Monarch of the ago, for what is, is, etc. Whether pearls or jewels, whether flowers or trees, Take no account of all, for what is, is, etc. Ill thy wishes, bad thy actions, causeless grief and envy thine ; In patience be thou wealthy, for what is, is, etc. Weep thou not, nor yet rejoice ; leave alike both grief and joy ; Be acquainted with this secret, what is, is, etc. Alas ! what though it collects, with no one does it here remain : Of gold and silver be thou free, for what is, is, etc. Of thy loved one seek for kindness, an thou find it not, then weep: Do thou as thy loved one wills thee, for what is, is, etc. Whether Union or Separation, to me they both are all alike: Be thou at ease as thou art, for what is, is, etc. Why dost thou strive and struggle, and day and night art full of concern? Be thou the same whatever betide, for what is, is, etc. Short is life, and many its troubles; why so anxious in your heart? Be thou satisfied with wet or dry, for what is, is, etc. Consider thou thy special talent, while alive make good use of it, Khush-hal ! a Lion be thou, for what is, is, etc. Jesus never in his life made a fool a wise man, Though by miracles he made many blind ones seeing. He whom God at his birth has not with wisdom gifted, Who can have the power to make such foolish wise? What though the fool learns lessons, what will be his state As though the dye upon his hair restored to age his youth What is that, if not Good Health, Which better than an Empire is ? If aught more precious is than wealth. Than wealth sure Honour dearer is. 14 XOG AFGHAN POETEY OF THE 17th CENTURY. What far better than indulgence, One Self-restraint, nest Sincerity ? "What does man from trouble free ? No other it is than Contentment. If thou dost make thy boast of piety, Purposeless is such Devotion. What possesses countless gain ? — Surely that Good Counsel is. He who grants only to the importunate, In this what Generosity is there ? If there be Hell upon Earth, It is the companionship of the fool. Keep ever thy Intentions pure, Kliush-hal : If there is any good at all it is in the intention. Tliou hast never learnt the Chieftain's art, Bahram ; Evil is the reproach which thou hast brought upon thy Cbiefship. A curse hast thou shown thyself to all thy tribe. Yet from their ruin thou slialt not escape. Foolish were thy counsels when thou slewest Tahir, Now how wilt thou avoid retribution for his death? Thou hast opened to thyself the way for thine own destruction. Distraught has been thy tribe by thy evil tempers. Evil as thou art, yet still is good fortune thine; Else long ago hadst thou, crushed to death by an Elephant, died a traitor's death. Thy elder brother liast thou imprisoned, thou boldest his sway ; Accursed be to thee the rule which thou thus wieldeat! When by means of gold thou aimedst at the Cbiefship, How full of doubts and terrors was thy treacherous heart. May thy name be erased from amongst my sons ! Such is the last prayer breathed by Khush-hal Khan. TRANSLATION OF POEMS. What though outwardly are bonds, IIow can siicli bind Iiearts together? Whether it he father or son, Far apart their purports lie, Hopes have they now none in coininon, Naught their confidence in oaths. Scathless go the evil-doers, Who dares lop the robber's hand ? By Aurang's evil rule are broken All the ties that Baber wrought : Now such times are come upon thee, Better death than life, Khush-hal ! 107 Until the Sovereign has cut off many heads, How will the plains and mountains of his land hecome quiet? Either others will at your own door mourn your death. Or they must weep for those slaughtered at your hand. He that finds fault with thy rule leave him not in thy country; Be thou quit of iiim, by gold, or treacliery, or by force of arms. Sucli as is accomplished by the sword, the arrow, or the spear, A hundred-fold is gained by skill and by strategy. Slain be thy son and brother, for the security of thy kingdom, And closely be thy rivals all guarded in thy jails. Beside the water of the sword, no other streams are there Which cool the fevered blood of those that seek for war. The tree of a Chiefs Sovereignty well watered By the blood of his enemies bears fair fruit. On the battle-field it is good that bleeding heads should be lying; Far better that, than that their hearts should be filled with ill-blood. Either like a man loosen the turban bravely o'er thy forehead, Or wear in its place a woman's veil. Ah God ! what use my writing? who will heed me? Yet every verse have I written in tliisbook. 108 AFGHAN POETRY OF THE 17th CENTURY. Strange are the pretensions tbat I Lave known in this world, As the cries for mercy of those who have urged them ! Strange, indeed, it is if you consider. That the Crow should dare to swoop upon the Falcon, Strange, again, it is if you consider, That the Moghal should engage in contest with the Afghan. Strange would it be, if you consider, Were the Jackal to be full of meat, the Lion liungry. Stranger yet is it, if you consider, That against Klmsh-hal Khan Bahram should send his armies. Still am I grateful for this to Heaven, That my view is o'er the Indus from Meer Kalan. From door to door I wandered in Tirah and in Swat, Now whither dost thou press me on my evil fate? As the ball flies before the mallet's bidding. All my body is wounded by the blows that drive me on. Written was this in my fate from all eternity ; Whom then can I blame for what tliey do ? Of old is the ignorance and obstinacy of the Pathans, Still stronger is this now shown in their lust of gold. It cannot be that Sher Shah was such as we. Who in these days are born amidst our rocks and mountains. Shameless are the deeds of the Pathans ; yet who cares for it ? To our graves must we now go grieving and dishonoured. Sad to me are the disagreements of the Khataks, Yet sadder still the troubles which I bear in my own home. Whom shall I tell of them ? To whom write tliem ? Not so few are tliey. That I could ever find their end in my narration. These wounds which Khush-lial Khan bears in his lieart, Thou alone canst heal tlicir scars. Almighty God ! 0, tliou saddened heart of mine ! many troubles hast lliou felt : All that was dear to thee is gone, thwarted tliou in all thy hopes. Gone tlic time of i-'priiig and Flowers, Winter's sliadcs have come upon tlicc ; Tliou, wlio erst was full of vigour, midst tlie aged now tliy place. TRANSLATION OF POEMS. In tliy garden, wlicro once were tlie songs of many niglitingalos, Now not a single one is heard— only cawing of the crows. The boat, that once with thy strength tliou forcedst over mountains, Sinking, wanders here and tlierc Iii^^ Jt*^ r*^ Jr^ ^'^j ^ ^ JIT *-j jj ^5^ ^ ^^/^^ ^JL-a^ Jl^ "'■ -^ " " " "'■ (_ci JC^ .VlT ^_.k ^ lii' ii^Jlj *V^:i- jy C'^-^ .^ W-^_j3 ^J^.j ^^J^,^ ^i^ i^s- 2;jj,. ^ y-i: iX> i (_53 jjjlT ^^ iSj-^—K-^ ^ \\ j*^'*— ' ij ^ j^ ^ vr ^5i^ <;t_Lj tJ^;--e^-3 >i ^ ^ J * 3 itj i/j>i;' o^^ (*^ ITllSc:^ j»ib (jjj^ ^_j3y^ J3 J^ J ^ Ji;' i^/ aJ ^jj-i' ^ by^ ^\j Uj:> -^o Li'^jJ ^ -"jj^ tL^ ^J *1J^ ^ICU ^^^ J .Jos- ^j-A^^ ^ ^i ^k\ j^ Jo jji Jj U 3\b JcJT -^i^-J" ^j-^-U ^ — 5^^ — \s 3 ^jj J^i-^ JO (^jsr^ «;^ liLv^U^ (Ji^T ^U (_Cjli- 3 j3jc<« ^liw ^^_^r^5-« ^IkT ''J^j^ "^ y^-ii' i J^ (J *y jjW--'»i^ JOU JOiC Jii i»j .^^-K.^c-'i li / v-^ i^jlCjj j^4i'jOiJ|_^_ow^_j;i Jo oU-;3JvS' v| 'JiJ UT U' J c b^.jjj^^jy 6 ^^ J^ "^^^-^^ Jj^t^^ hj>'^b^^ "ir* ^ '-^'^ ilL * 5^ t^X;.= ^J ^'tr '->,3 LS' -;r ^y <;u .\ i ^j c^^-^ J^^ t/jjl? y ^^ h J^-^'^ u^^ ^ fj 'Cii- V "J ^w C^xi ci'-^-^V JJJ^ ^ j^-^ ^ ^^ (_$.i. ^jli. ^_^) --.-e^ ^^ji ls^W ^ ^v-^ :> ^ I 'AT (_^^ it-e w ^^:^ j^^\lX^ tO *=^J, ^.J tS^ ^^j/e&J (Jji *jLj U-J^i' ^.^^Li^jV-^y ^r"--" tr' L$J ^r^ y^^ ^ y-rf-^' ^^ 5j ^\^J\ |^»U * LL^Ls- ^ \A J- ^ ^\ .A ,'g..J (Jl:L ^ .>«■ ■* ^ ...•>.-...< \ H. J- ^W Jpj le .0 ^W- (J'^:5 i t<^ i_3U J(0^ i (_C^ ^ J ^ (_j-J 11 ^ 1A ^ ^jL3L3\ i J J-*-^ '^ ^-^j ^ '^^ '^ (^i) (^^ ^^ ^ Jli b ^\^-^ IV iJ3 jU3\ ^. j-j^^ ij^^ ^jj c^ 'i 6^ c^ ^'^ Ls^j^j'^ t_r^ -W jr° -^^ " *• ••/ •* Jj^ ^>r^^jy^ &j^^^ a^ ^J^ U^ S'^^ 11 Sr • V c^ V ^.v-^ tj3 oljj ,^^CL)^5^jLl ^£,^i- Sjjj jjiii. ^ jj3 'O *ijj ji^J tij-K-^ ^ L^' ,.^ i Ifi ^/ aW o'^)^ a^)^ -S? l/- lt^j^ ^j~>^j\ ^_^^ ^jS'^/ j^A b^ ^Jl, b *So iJ>^j L^'^^ t;,v--c-i-3 ^J t_5j C-^ i iui^ic Jj^^^^-^oX. i Oi^ jj 2(.r ^Jb\j i ^^ JKi' b UA ajb NJ j:^^ ^:^ L5-=^ l5j1^ ,\ .5 iX^ W- "^^j ^ ^:i ,C^ c/)>^ r^ 2(tX_> ^'^^^ '^ LS^J^'* CJ ^jh^ ij-^j ^_s^ 'S?^^ Ls^^y' ^ ^_S3 «i- 3»j (Xj jW^ (c^^ L?***^ ij'^. «L) ir >'\? ^^ J^ ^j'^ ti>-^ ^rV-'*^ ^^^^ jiLb ^--1^ jjj^ ^_;-J j^_^_^ O*'^^ O"^ f^^\ '2SJ>lJ yj;^3 ^ '^:Vj ''^ ^\; '-r* r^-^^^ :xii ^— \; j^ ^ ^ tc Lii V • > V L£^ •^"-^ J^-^ J-^ ^ p^^ ^j [• [*^ ^^^ -^^ ir i, L_jU_i i ,<*f>- ^jr^ O*^^ 'J^v.-t) «!^LA-J ^j-J jr^ pj j-A_,^A_) y^^Lij jLi:i ^ i ao ?.Ij «L> yy^C^ iXj ijjT^ LS"'-?^ t^i^ ^>-^ ^Jjy^ ^ ci"^ V" ^ f*-^ L,*^ ^^^^ ^ JW^^ .ICJLJ .S^ LL^' i LL^ i ^-J«-.^.w— J j-^<«-^ ^ i_s^ L5~ -^ l* II •^ Vr-^^^'^ LS*^ '-^^'^---^ y-r'j-^ I^J-^:}J ^^'^ V ''*\SLZJ\ i^ ^Ur> i f^^JL, ZjVi i^j^^\ ''^\j^ ;Jj^ ^J^ «U &.J^ i ^_jjli^ b *-!; J -^ (^»*'>- >ib i Aj j^;>'i^ .)o^ /, i WiL ^v ■' ""^^ ^y >jy pUJ b .u U^_j CL5l;;is- JU -1>^ Oli 44> ^ cJji J tji «i^-4j ^^ cJj3 W-J^ ^ (ji cu>ji\LJJ (ji ^\A iJsJb IT ^_^\l-k. 'li- ^ iSy^ '^ ^53CUs^'«tji ^ .jJeji ^Uc-tj ^_j_> iJjJ '^•-V^ ^ (_$i '-^^^i <^ j^ LS^ "^ ^^ ^ OA ^ ^'^S' Jci ^<::^ -W (^ ■^'-^ Li^t^ **--c ^j^j ^^ cv 61 i>J^^ ^ Lifj^ i (_^\^^ ^jjj^ J^^j b '^^^L5y ^ lS JUc i Ai\j .^v^ ^U ^ 2> .- J^ piT "^^ <0 ^_^3 u/^ sj\j ^r l^ i (j'i !::>-<; <^^ ^ jo llSjIj 1 i (jj:,;i>^(_c^lj ^ >|.i^^ii^.^^_j Jlis^^iji t/,r^ (J^*-^-^ ,_c-:-:*-^ (^.^\? 'W '^ ^ iS;^ ^ J^ ijj ^ JJ^^ ^^ C^y- ^^ JJ^-^ ^"^ 'H^ (J^ '^ ^^ 1-k? '^ jJ^.^j:L ^j^ (J^os. ^_^_j\ A::^ jj3 ^ LLX*^ ^^ jj* ^_^ j\r ^ U^ ^^ NJ jj jjy-'^ jl3 A^«, i,« 2sJ iUw Jis jb R-*js b Aj t^k^ tijAi L_5^>^ (_s^ '*^-*^ (_?? j^ '■'^•?^ ^ )^ y^ n Ib-*^ ^yjXiyb lu ^jj) ij.-j J-^ (c^ (J^* ''^ (^ ^'^ y^j j^ ^ '^ ^^ ^^ ^ >^ fb 3^ , ^Ij ^-^ ^ CJwN^ ^,— ; l^ , err? ^-i cJ^^J 5-^ i-^ 1.0 ^ c^ tij cjWt- (i^ "^ u^ ^ '^ .^o .U5LJ,.A u^^-?- \3 C',Uj:- i_C'>i^ ^ Ji- -J • V V • ^ t Crr- ^^•^•-o ^ ^0>_3^ b«^ i ^jUi ^_^j ^^ j^ ^_j (_^^jj ^j; ^\L. &j j^J ^ ^ ^ ^_^_) tMj j\lj i t5-:^\; ^^;r^ '-''"-^-^ '^ ^-hj J-^j-^ ^ j^ ^_::_i._3 <^_: ^^Uj\ (^bl^ilj J J .xil. '^ c ;U_3^ ^2> . 15I Kf^jj (^^ — ^. Ji , ..J ;^,:-J ^j\ ijj^ jy ^^ I li Jf t "-^ ^ -""4*:^ '^"*-^ V g-^^'^O (LjI ;l, U^^^ ^^ ^J LS^ i'^J- 'V J^^^J^Jjj pr i l*l_.i>- i («'''JJ^ '^'C-::'^ *^^ ^-". ...i ^^->^ ^S-j ^ («-^ (T'**^ lS }-- ' ' '^ ^y— ^ — » »— '^ ^ (♦^-^ ei-^-?-' jjI— ^ '^ j-'S-'^- ^ ^ ^/^y ^j^j-^ ^j^ ^j-^-^ j-^^^-^ i i=r ^\s-^ 2j-:^jjj ^^«-^ ^^ ^ t/j-^ J^^r^LS^^^^^jjjjujjp^^^^^ t=l ^LCjj 3^ 'V ^ ijj^ iJ^'Oj'^^ ^^ *-j^ jlj i -'J-. j\.iijJLLJ:i iU i-^J/^ j-^-^ jUt^^ i ^s—jjj^—j:. i^^^-. <^-i t/'^ JlT j^sh^ c^iT^ "^i^ t/;^^ '^ '^ ^J X^ _« ) ;.rs ^ « ^liw C-^£.ls:~^ i i AiL jjj tVjs. 4\J <:> 'U;* ^'i*— > "S^ <^_>l_::_-iJ jLi_^ j_j -i? ^ ^\j ^ Ll5lj i pi- "Jo ^_j-rr .U 1^5 i(j \r c\>^ ^^,j/ j_£,\j_-i o^i^t-4''o (J"o>^i^ V Si-- l)^ ^^r^" ^ ^r^^Ar ^3^-? ^'^^ v^^^ ^^ '^-'^^ Sr^ '^^ ^^ -'-'-'-' '^'^^^^ - "l^'V ^ 'V ti^y ti^'^lril^U-l?^ ,^^ t^j^ i_py olr- c_5-:^ '^?- tj-3 j^-ClU^^ ^^liL. -j^ii ^ ^^^ ^ ^_5j^\^ ^^jio (j^\j JJ ^^_^^ ^^1-1^-1^ ^J:^ ^^ \U\ \3 ^. UJ>\ b "li J _0v/« iXj (Soy j%A ^ Ai ^_cUj ^^J^^. LS^^J::'^ ^J^J^-'^ 'i r^ ^ JJ^ ^ ^ "IjSi^ ^ ^ \j\^j_^ ij ^ j5_j :i^_^ iai^ "f'^-^ J J i y ,ii— ; O .r j^fl -J^i ^ iy hj^ ^ ^_^l* ^'^^r^ ^Jf '',»::^ w *^ (^t^ i^i- ^_j-r' W jiO^ *^1.' '' ^ J ?"^^-^ ^/-^^r ^i^ r^yj ^J^^> ^V ^ (_5^-t^s^ ^^L,;!.-^ LT^i^ '-^ *^ '-"'^v .5^^ -^r^l^ Jl— *-i_c i ^J ^ ^_j_j 'S.-l— _^ (^ J^ ^3 ^ ^*-:^ J^ iW? ^ |jJ\j\j_a^ O ^JL ^J\L CJ^LS^. 1^^-'**' ^^^ ^j^ V^ •l> L5- .^.. i- ^y \y\ jj-J^ 3j .S^-i-ji ^^ cJ^^j *S? rl^'^ LT^* 'I'' "^^^ ii'^ TA jjTjJ^ JsU. \i l5-^j L^l (J^ J^J ^, i^ ^ ij/^'^ ^,W Oj^ ,^_5-^ ^li. J^ <^j Jj - -^ LS*-:^-^^ L^? Jr*^ U*^ J:^^ ci^ J^«^^ t/jj^ ^ ^ ^jb CJ-^ l^ ^^ (_^ / il^li tj^ <0 0^, ^Jli. c/f^ <>o JW-^y^ S NJ ^ n 0-0 ^ ^ ^j^^ i> oo ^jJ LT-^ '^^ ^^^ V^^ J J^"" ^-iW X:i ^^ -^jj « *!0(_^-i \iXs^ t//-^ Vjj^j r: ^} W ^ ^-) ^5 <0^^ '^'^ ^J l5j a^ (J^ ^j ^ O ^yi */^ ^=^ ^ ^^ (J^^l3 ^ W ^^ijJ^oi ^^^^_*_i^ b ^ jj.^ ^'-r^J "^J*^ 'S? lXj^ i 'SCJ 'O Jos- ^ ^^ ^53 ^w^«i 15 ^ ^JW-^^ ^-l? LS^ '^^ ti^ -^ ti^ ^^' t>-^ L5-^^ ^ J ^J^ ^T* ^-:^^- ^j "(^ Lf* f^^^ J^ rr 0._xX-C *j.^ 4!U (JIjs:-~j^ lS^'W ubi jy ^ ^ lS,^ ^ji. tjj ^ u-V tXl?^ ^LS^^?- LS^JJ-^ a V Li v^^ ^^-^\> ijtxjL) ls^'^^ sfj-?'^ tr" iS'^^ (^ >^^ -- ^L_) ^k> (^Ool5 (^^_^ L^--' (c-r^ ^ '^?^ l3^~1?^ ^■^^ b^ (•j'l^ ^.--J ^jj,j V t// -S? Lr^/ ^^^^ 1 .1x3 nJii w^ ^' y-a) ^ , ^y ( cV^ '^ '^ U i U\ cij^ Ul J<__j ^5•^ i ^ .._^;^ tl^- rr ^j cU,^ .^ iS^ j\j:,L.\ ^ ^^ y^) ^ ^j ^L ^^ ^^ ^ ^^y^^^^^Lj - . .31 '«-::' ji-^i^ l5^ '*^-* J ''^ ^ (-^Jiv (<*'*•' ii'-^ ^ ^ji^-^c^ ^^^j-f jj4>^_f ^J^^j:^^2^\i t_^^fcN^ i C-^ \'J> "Jo ...V*-^-* ^ (M ' ? '^ CL'^ ri ^\^) \r -a t^ ^^Uc— <1 (Jo ^^ ,2(jlx^ ()i^ u-4^ b ^ -^oc5 U u L:L ^^_J «-^ *0 • V • ay b V^^ ^ -iW ijj-j u^jj b ' ^r" au,-^ ^_5-^r— J .L-i, iS3 CJ '*-~^^ ''^ ^J- :.(j \r V ^jU; ^jli j^ ^^ ^ ^L'>^ J^^-' '^ '^ Ls-^ ^y (jij ^tX->-J CjtXJ 4f*-^ i ^y^ .Yrt-^ ^ .T^^ i2(,i^ «>^_3»_i-j .10 ij^-^ ti i j\^ O ic^\; i^ lS>^ li (^,^ ^ljt±) l::,4,-o i L5~^ t/^J-^l; -^^3^ tji J,l> iJo" i^^ .J^^^li ^ J, l5j^ ^j^ '^ cj-'^ u ^3 ^A^> ^ J^ ^ r- i tx^ ^) jj^y ^ ij^ J, jL y> ^ ij->j^ (c-ij '^ '^'^^ (♦ "^y ^ ^S']) (-L-'^y^ t'jo^ (c—^ LS*^ ^y ^^ *• ' •^jWj ^^ a^j^^^ "^^j ;^5 — i ^_5^ lA?"^ ^vzs^V, e,v.rr^^^ U^ ^ LS^^ ^-^^ LJ^ . ^A'-c-i. <>--* (ji (jl'lj Li-?*-^ , .^i» '-i^ »--> TA ^ J^ iy jL j^ ^,jj ^jyS '!^j ^r * ^ j^^ ^_j»J '^AT ^_j-^ii5 i ^^3 .Jo ^ ^^= f~J U^- Lr= *j ,UJJ\ Xj ,J>\ y-^-^x.^ i^^^ ao \" ^ J V -/ ^ • ■• V V j».0^^ Hi c_)W-^^ ^j ^_s^jb .u^ \ , CUilL i , i-j C'^^^J-* u \y It) J o-i^ ik^y ^ by^ ^\j^ '^^ ci- J^^ ^ u ij^ Ji^ l3 li JLi- li Jk^ .Jo l« J (_^^-A3 i^yj ^j^jj^'^ cU^oi^ ^£^ LT-^i) ^Lcl-— -c cN-lio .L) ,»-j, .So ^ * (ji jQ_5^ tvc i wVt^s^ * ww Li^ Lh^j-^ iib -b^ ^ ^^ o>-^'-^ ^,L iNJO i ( J c\ rv ^y ^I ^ ^^ d^ <^~ ^J^ H V ^^ Ls'-^l?^ ^_/^ J-^ J--^ '^^ \.sii^ ^ tl^U i / 'SC^ \s~J U-v^ Li'-\? "H? JJL?"^ ^ ^^ (-S^ "^^ ^^ '^^J ^ ^ t-r^-^ ^^^— ' ''^ Ljs- ^ ^ ^\^i (jC5 ijl:x-;jjj y j:jy ijj^ ^Jl>^ Lij jJ>e^ ^ («-*^ (X-i^ Lij^:^ ''^ I* cb^ <>C-^ jJ Iwi^ ^ W:^ (XJ W- ^ LS^>b^ ^--^ LJ?-^ '^^ (S*yVJ ^y" ^ ^^ ^-' ^ LT?^ ^ ^ \fcXO ^o^ ^'^ i^jj/e ^ CL^^ t^3 . ^ij Aj <);^ aIXs^-* «!u jj.--i ^Jjj ^ n ^j^ aL>^ LT^ ^-^j 'V u^ ^^^^ 'S? ^-^ ^ l5j^ i_s-^^ ^^^^ 'H! Sr*^^^^^ 5^ '^ :blj AiTJ *Lii ^jj i-^j (ilj Aj l^,i JU ^^ i\::.-^\ ,^^ ^ L\-J .J.^ ^.'i aoU. JS Xj_^] y-^^ 3^o^ :>\j^3 il^ ^ >io i!i>^ (jij ^JeJ) ^ v-o i (j> ^w_3 jli tj— ^ J-" ^ J- .^.JL. ^ ^.:^_^« ^^^ J_^\ ^^^ c^::!; -^ c/?^ 'i^ '^ ^ J-h tX^. «L2»- L-^^J^ ^^^ ^ \lj ^ .U Ij i rp rr ^Jj-^w— jj li ^j^^ ^j }\> J ^^ 1^ i ^j^.3j f^'SX^ i ^^ i^i^ (_CyJ ^L , ^li >-^ yXj^ Lli. , l.^
  1. ^ ^ C>^ LS^rJ Jr^ <5o»<«3 r^ 'J ^j«r ^,j/ jj,v-^ Aj .J 3^$" *-^ J.. •Jo tXr^^ i .*o (^j^_}-^ A-> jj\.>_,-^ J O J\_) ^i_^ *j Jtii ^ , .^i ^IiLj ^ *j \i .J'; 'vi c\iL f^ LL5»iL ^i i • « <^-« »^ Jb ^ rr CJ- l^\ ^,L ,^J tJL? J" ^jn- > ~ V .ir -J J ci>~'j l5j^- -!y :> .X. .Xj .JOyeOJJ ;^ij v-J ^J I'C-^ ^(JtA (j-J^ j-jj-j (♦J-^ ^-Li^'O S ^^j Jo Ij L5***^V V ^ ^ (JJ^,'^^»4^ L)?^^f* ^ * *jS aoL-o j( ^ jA Jo J^j ^^■>? ^ U \)\ j\jJ> c/i ^«-5wO ^ u r <>J cV,;XJ\ i IT c. ,li ^ ^:^ 'j^ ^J^ L> ^^3b ■I lw>^ O ° • V V V JUli ^J ^^^j^\ ^, ^;> J^ ^f^ ^ L5-=^ l)-> j^^ ^^/ H Lsir (*-'l/^. .Ji^i l^^5\.^ i^ ^^ ^ ^j ao 3^^ ^ J3 ^ ^^J-'J? ^J),•v,^C-Jb ^O^ jO y. jb Aj r- /jU-iyjO i ^ c • ' .^ ,L. i c_Cj^^^ ^-^ ^jXij'i ^ j.^Z. ^j 3 .\j \A. i'JtJb \^ ,\»i^ C)WW-:> -*,»jb Aj L< r J C-'O jpojj\ i ,»rA-^ ^ ■J ^L-iJ i CL^i ^ ^■ L* t t-o \cs^ ^j3 (Jjj) *U J.Jt* i Uic "l-i- A_J »- k^^— !•_ L^ JLLs^ i ^ ^kJl; li lij L< f^ (Jj-jj lU (^^g-1^ .»i; 'j^ A_) ^^■ ^J ^_^\^ .^_i_^ u ,l3\^i c> _ij J(s«ijtj . •'•. N 1 ^ U^--. _^l_i ^,b,w\_3 ^'b r^ r t^ O**' 9 ^^ U^^ ;>:? -^ L^ji. ^* 'f^ J\^l^ l5 ■i !^ U:-A (^(L* J ^ jj LiciL --J- ^^W4^ ^J ^j i^_^ ^* Ij .,\o>_jl_aw «!^J <5wL3 a . , I , « ^ ^ — ) t''^ — ij jy ^_) J> ..\,^J\ ^ J ^IL j^ H ^ • •-> ,[• o-V jj^.,* h) b ciji^^ '^ u^ ^ ■•... ^ .. ^ JJ J-^^ l5-~^^ ^^' C-^tJ^ ^^ -^^ ^J- ^L j^j^ jjj ^ U-,-^^ ^^ jJjV ir^ '^ J-^ .v^ O-jsW ^i^»^ J^ ^^ ^j ^W ':^ ^^ ^> |A ^ (^^^ ^j_^ ^>^ j3\i ^Jj-J ^j_Li^ i *j c^-jW j^ ^ »x^ i^ <^« ,jL^.f ti'^ Li**" '^-^1; t_«— ^ Cij-^^T^ ^\? ^ U-" -^ "^ J -^ ^ CfAnc^v/* *-J>- Aj \-..— .-4^ (lo" (J-i ^J ojj ^ ^-^ r^^> ^i^ (C , , -^J '^ JJ .X^ *J LLiX<, (j-j^ ^C-li ijjto i U^v.i^l-/e «5v^ jOJJ W^ tji j^!i ^ vJ (fT*^-?^ "^ L^"^ j^-j Wji- ^l-Cij (_C^ j_CjJ 3 is' j_Cj-rjJ ^j_Li-^ i J^r^ i^!> ■^J-^ r-^ C^He i/c aJ J »^ l}*^ ^ f* U— -^->^-!*/« ^^'^ * ^ -iJ ^_^ ^C^ c^\^>-^ ^ cj^y ^ ,u r^ i j'^^j J i «^J J^ C^^^i (_^ ',^ w-j Jo Lo <0 Jo^ <)o ^jiX^Ji L o • . •■ V V ^-^ ^ 11 j^ ^Jjj ^ ^j,^ \:i *j5 ^W:-^^ ^ yy^ ^ Sj cj:^ i JIT ^j_^\j ^^ (_jL.^ <^ ^^^^ t/^y J>y W ir j> ^J ( . • . ^ ^J o^^ ^j\J^ oiW^ Jil> j\j j} ^ .u (^ « j \ 1^ dbD r^ '^^ L^ ^ ^ ] S\ ^1* V«CuwL9 I <^ u l5^- .;_^U LS^'^j ^^ <0 ^^ ^i) ^iliii (_53 ^j 15 y <:^ ^ t^J ^ A.i i^ • jb ji^by .d-^^ i ^^^t^ cl^ j iU ^i i ^^^ ^sli. )^b tJ,^ ^vs:^ ^3:^ iCJ ^^ ^ (^ULj ^v^ i <^ t:^^-^ (^ -^ '^i>V ;^ "^^ ^-r^O^jj^ ^J^ ^_;^.«^ i 1^4- 0 lis. ^=^ C^:ki^ ^4^ y '^^ tji ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^A^ L^hj^ ^?^ ^_^ ^^ ^v, ^i ^ ^ ^^3 ^^ ^}j^ ^.j ^ ^> ^^0 -^ ij^j <^y-o ^ ^« ^_s^ '^^ ti^ C>-^ J^ ^J^^ j^/ J-^ J^^ J-r-^ ^i^ ir^V '^.y l-^^^ LS^ ^^ '^ Lf^^ ^-^J^ ^_^^ ^ ^^ lS> C^-'jj- ^p ^^_^jjU:Jj i^^ ijjji ^_^^j c^jT <^ «J^ Lii^^ >*-^ ^ ciCjj .i>3 i JC. ^.\_3 bj^^ ^. j»^ ^- O^:^ ^_^ <^ J^^ J' ^^ J (^ uV^ 'V LT^Oi^'S? ^ri j^>^ ^>^^ *-^ 3ji .OlT l.^\ ^j, JS ci^ '^ '^j JjJt^ ^-^^j a^y'^ c'lri;-^ ^j-'a;j Jilj l^ (.1^ i ^ ^^ iiJtA ::> «so ^^ ^mj .u ^^i^L*^^ cl) fj\? i) J-f^ J^^j ^ ^Jli^ j^-c\ <^\:i ^^_ ^ ',li.T ^ ^j^' cuLi^ ^j <-^^' l3^^^ j], ^ ^jy^t-:L <^|^ ^^ 'C'^j ij^ ^ r/ ^-^^ '^-^ V Jb-^ J^^ J^ t/^ ^ f^b '^"Lj- 'V -^^^ jLj jj^ y^\j O^r l_l:ii^ LUi- iU *ji «!^_LA^ uV J^jjj ^j^ SjJ i^ ^p iX.'JjL\j ^ (^j\ J<^f b^^^ \^ ^^ 2j ^J j«Li_._J ji^ U u^^y.f t5^^ cJ^ 'S? J^^^/'^T^.r ^"^ "^^^ ^^-^^ ^-^ "^ ^^^-I* ^-'^ ^^^^-'^ Jl^ .U.J l^ljj ^r3 tjljL i ^ s>^:iL.3 .Jo Jj ^Ij J-.i^^(^_^ ^ i);^ ^ ili, ^-*-i.3 i^ ^ '^— -*— ^ f ■■■ >»- :t- ^ ^)pb ^f ^j>j^^ Jj:^ j^-^ 2(j^J^ 1 ^ • ^ ,JO i ^ ^j ^3 2(oJ .i ^ ^3 A^ y^y, (^^ (5—^ r—' W^ ^ ^s-^^ J^"^ <^5CJ i!*^ ^ * Aj ^^ ^t^^ S-^/e-^ ''^ _;:>^ J^ 'rr'V*^^ (JV^ Li^-^-r" '^ ^J f JJ ^^ LT^ '^^ 'O ^ -^ JU^_ >= ^.xi*^. tX-«.sr* jC*J»-^ i jJj "^^ J^W ^ ^f^^"-^^-^^ ^j^^ ^^- 3ju3^ji # :^ 'S^. ;v M m W:^ A- ^r^-T? w '^^^^ A^SV. JrOrfCT^ vsm^ \^^m^ n Library Burea I Cat, No, 1137 "^3 1^1 illiiii III III lilliiiJilliiilllliilllHi D 000 304 890 7 \o^ Ow^^^?^/:I^Il^ m * ■m % ^^» iw