Mr. Morr5.s C. James 
 
GREEK INFLECTION; 
 
 OR. 
 
 Object-Lessons in Greek Philology. 
 
 BY 
 
 B. F. HABDING, M. A., 
 
 Teacher of Greek at St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H. 
 
 > ' 5 3 J J 
 
 ,15 o> I ■) ■> y i ■> ■> 
 
 ,5,3) . J 5 > 5 
 
 Tuv ttSvccu TTCoKovcTiv rjfxtv TTOLPTa rayaS' ol 0€oi. 
 
 Epicharmus. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY. 
 1886. 
 
GIFT OF 
 
 y^yv^ yi^ 
 
 (2 L4u''>''U^i--^ 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the j'ear 1885, by 
 
 B. F. HARDING, 
 in the OtHce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 J. S. CusuiNo & Co., Pkintkks, Boston. 
 

 
 Cf-^-M^t^^t^^^^ 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 
 ' ■ : \ 
 
 The object of this work is to economize time for the 
 teacher by furnishing a large number of words for ready use, 
 as paradigms, in the class-room, and at the same time to 
 suggest- a systematic and scientific treatment of the noun 
 and verb, which will expedite work and assist in gaining a 
 larger comprehension of the inflected parts of speech. 
 
 Explanations of the Case-endings and Terminations of the 
 noun are given chiefly to establish the system of inflection 
 herein set forth, and to collect in small compass the latest 
 developments of philology on these subjects. And here it 
 should he home in mind that philology oversteps herself occa- 
 sionally in her enthusiasm^ and designates as facts what in 
 recdity are scientific hypotheses} 
 
 As this work is designed in part to form a stepping-stone * 
 between the school and the comparative grammars, it is 
 sufficient to show the system of inflection applied to the 
 verb, without going at length into an explanation of the 
 whole subject of its formation. Explanations, however, are 
 given of a few common verbal forms which are sometimes 
 misunderstood. Pronouns for the same reason have been 
 omitted. Although in the case of pronouns with gender 
 
 ^ See Introduction, p. 3. 
 
 2 This book is intended also for jjarallel work with the grammar, and 
 with this object in view to be used by the hecjinner as well as by the 
 more advanced scholar or teacher. 
 
 M105244 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 {e.g., iK€Lvo<;) the " Explanations " are applicable, still in pro- 
 nouns without gender (e.g., iyo)), we are brought face to face 
 with the same pronominal elements as are found in the 
 Personal Endings of the verb. For all such the student is 
 referred to the comparative grammar. 
 
 The system of separating the so-called Stem from the End- 
 ing is well known to all. In the system before us, however, 
 " Lines of Separation " are employed with the idea of empha- 
 sizing or of illustrating the separate elements of a Greek 
 word as plainly as possible. These lines ^ (see 7, 14, and 159) 
 are guides to a consistent method of inflection of both noun 
 and verb. Although sufficient for a practical knowledge of 
 Greek to divide a word into ''Apparent Stem and Termina- 
 tion'' {e.g., X6y-o<i), yet it is held of the highest importance, 
 as a foundation for accurate scholarship, to show the forma- 
 tion of such a word more minutely by dividing it into 
 ''Real Stem and Ending'' {e.g., Aoyo-s ; cf. iXm^S)-^) ; and 
 further, that the application of this system to every form of 
 inflected part of speech will arouse an interest in the subject 
 of inflection,^ without increasing work, and in many object- 
 lessons suggest facts previously unappreciated or ignored. 
 This analysis of Stem and Ending besides inculcating accu- 
 racy in the pupil is of the greatest importance in the prep- 
 aration for the translation of " Greek at sight." 
 
 The classified lists of words are arranged to follow those 
 
 * The consideration of contracted forms gave rise to certain "General 
 Rules " (7), designed to show, in their application to the inflection of a 
 word, the original elements of the contraction. 
 
 '^ And, it is hoped, infuse a desire for more advanced work in Greek 
 Philology. 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 in either Goodwin's or Hadley and Allen's grammar; occa- 
 sionally additions have been made in their proper places. 
 Much care has been taken to select enough words for con- 
 tinuous and varied practice, and, at the same time, by an 
 approximate statement in regard to the number ^ of the words 
 of each class, to afford some guide as to its relative impor- 
 tance. Therefore, anomalous or defective forms {e.g., irregu- 
 lar nouns of the Consonant declension) are generally left for 
 the grammar ; not with the view of neglecting forms of 
 frequent occurrence {e.g., Sopv), but of avoiding useless repe- 
 titions. It is recommended to recite and w^ite the declen- 
 sions w^ith the cases arranged in the order of Nominative, 
 Vocative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, for the sake of uni- 
 formity of arrangement, and of showing the similarity of 
 formation of the N. Y. A. in the three numbers. 
 
 The declensions are called the Vowel and Consonant. The 
 Vowel includes Stems ending in d, the A (or First) declension, 
 and in o (originally a), the (or Second) declension. The Con- 
 sonant includes Slems ending in a consonant, and some ending 
 in t or V, which are in reality Stevis of a double nature, the 
 final letter of the 8tevi having disappeared in most of the cases. 
 
 Unless otherwise specified, all references are to sections in 
 this book. 
 
 Suggestions from teachers who may make trial of this work 
 are particularly invited. 
 
 Concord. N. H., July, 1885. 
 
 ^ Words given in the grammar are generally omitted in these lists. 
 Proper names are excluded from the lists in estimating the number of 
 the words of each class, since the Lexicon does not include many of 
 them in its vocabulary. 
 
LIST OF AUTHORITIES CONSULTED IN THE 
 PREPARATION OF THIS WORK. 
 
 CURTIUS, 
 
 " The Greek Verb." London, John Murray. 
 
 "Greek Grammar." (Published in English as "The 
 
 Student's Greek Grammar.") 
 " Greek Grammar Explained, or Elucidations." 
 (All the above in translations.) 
 
 GusTAv Meyer, 
 
 " Grieschische Grammatik." 
 
 Papillon, 
 
 " Comparative Philology applied to Greek and Latin 
 Inflections." (Oxford, Clarendon Press Series, 1882.) 
 
 Peile, 
 
 " Introduction to Greek and Latin Etymology." 
 
 Schleicher. 
 
 " Comparative Grammar." Translated by Plerbert Ben- 
 dall, M. A. 
 
 The grammars of Goodwin, Hadley and Allen, Ktihner, 
 and others, and the last edition of Liddell and Scott's Greek- 
 English Lexicon. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Introduction 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1 
 
 PART I. NOUN INFLECTION. 
 
 Preliminary Work 5 
 
 Definitions ........... 5 
 
 Comparative Table of Case-endings 7 
 
 General Rules for Written Inflection .... 7 
 
 Application of the General Rules to Nouns ... 9 
 
 Explanations of Terminations and Case-endings ... 10 
 
 of the a Declension 10 
 
 OF the Declension 13 
 
 of the Consonant Declension .... 15 
 
 Explanations of Certain Consonant Stems . . . . 17 
 
 Classified Lists of Nouns of the A Declension ... 22 
 
 OF the Declension ... 23 
 
 OF THE Consonant Declension . 25 
 
 Classified Lists of Adjectives of the Vowel Declension . 31 
 
 of Adjectives of the Consonant Declension 32 
 
 OF Adjectives of the Consonant and Vowel 
 
 Declensions .33 
 
 PART II. VERB INFLECTION. 
 
 Preliminary Work 
 
 Definitions ........ 
 
 Application of the General Rules to Verbs 
 Explanations of Certain Forms of the Verb 
 Appendix 
 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 37 
 44 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1. In proposing this system of inflection the author would 
 not seem to suggest to the experienced teacher that which 
 would doubtless prove inferior to his own well-established 
 method. His aim is to assist, if possible, that other rapidly 
 increasing class of young teachers whose methods, however 
 good they may be, have not yet undergone the test of experi- 
 ence. To these latter, in the words of Curtius : "It is alto- 
 gether monstrous that a number of our schoolmasters should 
 proceed to this task of teaching languages (what I say holds 
 good of Latin no less than Greek) without ever studying the 
 structure of the language they have to teach. That this 
 defect operates beneficially on the delight of the teacher in 
 undertaking his task is what no one will believe. 
 
 " On the contrary, as we ahvays find most pleasure in teach- 
 ing subjects which we love because we have labored upon 
 them, and admire because we apprehend their internal organ- 
 ization, we may suppose that those will teach languages — 
 and Greek especially — with more enthusiasm, and therefore 
 with better results, to whom the forms are something differ- 
 ent from a motley multitude of unintelligible structures, and 
 something more than an unavoidable task to be learned 
 mechanically. Changes of sounds, forms of inflection, are 
 no longer what they were in the eyes of one who has learnt 
 to combine them into a whole, and to recognize even in the 
 smallest details the web woven by the genius of language. 
 To him, even elementary teaching offers many of the charms 
 
Z INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of science. But not merely the j^leasure of teaching, that of 
 learning also will be increased, if instruction in language is 
 not cut off from contact w'th science. For in this way some- 
 thing of the delight which every glimpse of order and law 
 ensures, will come even to the jiupil's aid. If when the 
 forms have been impressed on the memory the pupil is taught 
 by correct analysis to see how they have arisen, and to per- 
 ceive the special causes of apparent irregularities, there is no 
 doubt that by such a course the attention is sharpened and 
 the memory rendered more tenacious. And who would refuse 
 to recognize the exercise of the understanding, also, called 
 into play by such a process? Nay, more than exercise of the 
 understanding. For the habit of combining complicated de- 
 tails into a whole, of seeking for analogies, the rejection of 
 the shallow admission of mere caprice and exception, carries 
 with it a higher element of culture. And this caji he brought 
 to the help of the youthful pupil luithout in the least increasing 
 the material amount of his studies.'' And again : " The con- 
 sistent carrying out of the stem-theory is sometimes opposed 
 on the ground that it has to deal with pure abstractions. 
 This seems a serious objection. But where is the Greek gram- 
 mar that does not take refuge in forms the existence of which 
 can no longer be proved from actual usage ? Were the end- 
 ings -/xt, -(Tt, -Tt, or these false stems, Xoy, ycre, rt/x-, ever uttered 
 as separate words? Yet, for the last hundred years no gram- 
 marian has appeared without such abstractions. Besides, 
 where do we find Aeovr-o-t written, from which every one very 
 properly derives keova-L? In a word, we are not dealing with 
 an absolute innovation, but only with the consistent carrying 
 out of a principle universally recognized as correct. Indeed, 
 in many cases the question is wdiether we are to introduce 
 hypothetical forms the existence of which can be proved by 
 the severest method of linguistic inquiry, or forms like Xoy, 
 y€V€, TLfi, which can be proved never to have had any existence 
 
INTRODUCTION. 3 
 
 at all. It is noticeable that the opponents of innovation are 
 the chief supporters of the latter forms." 
 
 " Besides, the stems are by no means mere abstractions. 
 There was a period in the life of language — a very early 
 one, it is true, and long antecedent to the existence of Greek 
 as a separate language, because antecedent to the inflection 
 common to all the Indo-Germanic languages — in which in 
 all probability those forms which we now call roots and stems 
 were actual words, although for the most part they had not 
 as yet received the phonetic form peculiar to Greek." 
 
 The above refers to a period antedating the existence of 
 all languages as distinct formations. J5iU this is not the pre- 
 Greek period to which reference is made in this iuorl\ Bv this 
 name is designated that embryonic stage in the development 
 of the Greek language, the existence of which is so well 
 established by philology as to be regarded by some as an 
 actual fact. During this early period the influence of Sanskrit 
 on Greek formation was strongly felt, — a fact clearly de- 
 monstrated by a comparative study of the two languages. 
 
Part I. 
 
 XOUX IXFLECTIOX. 
 
 2. Preliminary Work. — In writing the inflection of the 
 A and declensions, separate the Termination from the rest 
 of the word by a dotted line ^ (called the Apparent Line), 
 and ditto the unchangeable portion of the word (or the Ap)par- 
 ent Stem) in all the cases except in the Nominative Singular, 
 where it must be written in full. The accent must never he 
 omitted, as the ditto-marks apply only to the spelling, in 
 which the "breathings" are necessarily included. 
 
 Note that in the above method we are dealing with the 
 Apparent, not the Beal Stem. While this method at first is 
 recommended until perfect familiarity tvith the Terminations 
 of the A and declensions he acquired, let careful attention 
 then be called to their Heal Stems and Case-endings, before 
 proceeding to the Case-endings and Real Stems of the Con- 
 sonant declension, each pupil finally writing out a Compara- 
 tive Table of Case-endings of the Three Greek Declensions. 
 
 Defixitioxs. See cdso 14. 
 
 3. (a) A Case-ending is an addition of a letter or letters to 
 the Heal Stem of a word to designate a case : e.g., X6yo-<i, 
 7roAtTd-[v]s, cfivXaK-OLV. 
 
 (h) A Case-ending is often wanting: e.g., o-co^a-, Aoyc-, 
 
 1 i^ 
 
 ee <. 
 
6 NOUN INFLECTION. 
 
 4. (a) A Termination is the union or contraction of the 
 final vowel of the Real Stem with the Case-ending: e.g., 
 7roA-t9, 7roAtT-a[v]?, \6y-io, ^wp-cov, Xvofxev-os. 
 
 (b) Or the union or contraction of the final consonant of 
 the Meal 8te7n \\\i\\ the Case-ending : e.r/., AeW-Tos, crw/xa-ros, 
 
 cjivka-^, (f>X€-\j/L. 
 
 (c) Or the fijial vowel of the Real 8tem (often modified ^) 
 in the A and declensions: e.g., A.oy-€, Soi/a-a, yecfivp-a^ Mova-a, 
 oIkl-u. Here, of course, there is no Case-ending. 
 
 (d) Or the final letter (vowel or consonant) of the Real 
 Stem in the Consonant declension : e.g., yeVo-?, irar-q-p, ttoX-l, 
 ^acrtXe-v, Here, of course, there is no Case-ending. 
 
 (e) Or the Case-ending alone : e.g., StSou-s, oSov-?, Tpirjpe-a-L. 
 
 (/) Or, finally, the Termination may be wanting: e.g., 
 (Tixifxa-, XeoiV-. 
 
 5. Modification is the raising or lowering of the final vowel 
 of the Real Stem ; this has no reference to Contraction: e.g., 
 Xoye (Aoyo), rt/xry (tl/jlo). In the declension wherever we 
 find o), a, and c, and in the A declension, a or r), this process 
 has taken place. 
 
 6. Compare the Teiininations of the Vowel declension as 
 given in the grammar, with the following list of Case-endings 
 of the Vowel and Consonant declensions. 
 
 Note. No list of Terminations of the Consonant declension 
 is practicable, as the Steins are too various to admit of any 
 classification similar to that of the A and declensions. 
 
 See 
 
NOUN INFLECTION. 
 
 Comparative Table of Case-Endings. 
 
 
 Vowel Declension. 
 
 Consonant Declension. 
 
 
 
 M. & V. X. 
 
 M. & F. N. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 s or — V 
 
 s or — (s) — 
 
 
 V. 
 
 — V 
 
 S or — (s) — 
 
 
 A. 
 
 V V 
 
 v or a — 
 
 
 G. 
 
 S (a.s) (lo) o (to) 
 
 OS or ft)s (os) 
 
 
 D. 
 
 t (ei) I (ei) 
 
 I 
 
 X. 
 
 V. A. 
 
 -{e) 
 
 € 
 
 
 G. D. 
 
 IV 
 
 OIV 
 
 
 N. 
 
 I — 
 
 €s a 
 
 
 V. 
 
 I — 
 
 €S a 
 
 
 A. 
 
 vs — 
 
 vs '^•r as a 
 
 
 G. 
 
 «v 
 
 wv 
 
 
 D. 
 
 IS (eis) 
 
 o-i 
 
 Older formu are bracketed in the above. 
 
 General Rules for Written Inflection. 
 
 7. The dotted line is called the Apparent Line to distin- 
 guish it from that at its right, the Meal Line of Separation. 
 All letters of the word to the left of the Meal Line form the 
 Meal Stem ; ^ all to the left of the Apparent Line, the Appar- 
 ent Stem} 
 
 8. Wherever a contraction^ occurs of the final letter of the 
 Meal Stem^ with the initial letter of the Ending, the result ^'"^ 
 is always written on the Meal Line. 
 
 ^ Two vowels that unite to form a diphthong are treated according to 
 8 and 9. Wherever contraction occurs, the form must be analyzed to find 
 the Real and the Apparent Stem. The Real Stem is found by dropping 
 the Ending; the Apparent Stem, by dropping the Termination. The 
 Real always includes the Apparent Stem, and the Termination, the Und- 
 ing. The Real Stem may also be called the Stem ; the Real Line, the Line. 
 
 "^ Sometimes the Real and the Apparent Stem are the same, and, in 
 like manner, the Termination and the Ending: e.g., in certain forms of 
 the Consonant declension which have lost the original final letter of the 
 Stem, and in all forms of the verb which lack a Variable vowel. Con- 
 
NOUlC INFLECTION. 
 
 9. Wherever a contraction ^ occurs of the final letter of the 
 Apparent Stem"^ with the initial letter of the Termination, 
 the result ^ is always written on the Apparent Line. 
 
 10. Letters that are dropped by the laws of changes and 
 Endings that have disappeared in the development of the 
 language, must appear in their original places bracketed. 
 
 11. Wherever an element {letter or Ending) is wanting, a 
 dash must mark the omission. 
 
 12. Put II after all forms with exceptional accent. 
 
 13. (c/) Put * over the Mode sign of the Subjunctive and 
 Optative, and in noun inflection, after the Genitive and 
 Dative of both oxytones of the A and 0, and monosyllables 
 of the Consonant declension. 
 
 (b) Always ditto the Ap)parent Stem*' and write the Termi- 
 nation in full. 
 
 14. Remark. In this system of written inflection we 
 must be guided often by the pre-Greeh^ nature of the End- 
 ing : e.g., x^P"-^^ ^- ^•' ■^oyo), N. D., below. The formation of 
 the cases was too old to influence the Greek accent, although 
 in some cases the accent agrees with a consideration of the 
 older or uncontracted form: e.g., x^P^^ (x^P"-^^)' ^^^^^ Aoycai/ 
 (Aoyocov), x'^P"-'^ (xw/aaf/s). In the table below, the letters at 
 the sides refer to Case and Number respectively ; the num- 
 bers, to sections. 
 
 traction is always retroactive : e.g., i(pi\ov not i^iK^^oro for i<pi\€€<To. 
 Therefore the contraction, if any occur, is written according to 9 when 
 the Real and the Apparent Stem are the same. 
 
 2 Final v or s of the Ending preceded by a vowel always remains in 
 its regular place. When a proper diphthong is written on either line, 
 the two vowels are joined together. 
 
 * In the Accusative Singular and Dative Plural of the Consonant de- 
 clension the final vowel of the Apparent Stem often varies from that in 
 the Nominative Singular. This change of vowel must be shown in its 
 proper place. Here the ditto marks apply to the last form written. 
 
 ^ See Introduction, p. 3. 
 
 Vv 
 
NOUN INFLECTION. 
 
 Application of the General Rules. 
 
 
 
 Real Stem. 
 
 End- 
 ing. 
 
 Eeal Stem. 
 
 End- 
 ing. 
 
 <» a 
 
 oeTS 
 
 O a 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 Theme. 
 
 + 
 
 
 1 
 
 Theme. 1 + 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 N.S. 
 
 4(c), 11, 
 15. 
 
 X«p 
 
 a 
 
 — 
 
 ■yt'vo 1 s 
 
 ! 
 
 — 
 
 3(6),4(ri), 
 11,50. 
 
 N.S. 
 
 G.S. 
 
 4 (a), 8, 
 23. 
 
 X«P 
 
 ( 
 
 LS 
 
 ■ye'vov (cr) 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 4(a), 8n.l, 
 9 n. 2,10, 60. 
 
 G.S. 
 
 N.P. 
 
 4 (a), 8, 
 
 18. 
 
 X"P 
 
 a 
 
 I 
 
 ^ncpiKXtji s 
 
 1 
 
 [s] 
 
 i{dl 10, 
 49, 72. 
 
 N.S. 
 
 A. P. 
 
 3(o),4(a), 
 10. 22. 
 
 X"P 
 
 a 
 
 [v]s 
 [v]s 
 
 > 
 
 iro\ ] t 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 4 (a), 49, 
 66. 
 
 N.S. 
 
 V.S. 
 
 4(c), 11, 
 35. 
 
 Xo'y 
 
 € 
 
 iro'Xct ij) 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 4(e), 9 n. 2, 
 10.52.66.70 
 
 N.P. 
 
 A. P. 
 
 4 (a), 5, ^ \o"Y 
 10, 41. 1 
 
 ov 
 
 iro'Xe ! (j) 
 
 1 
 
 ori 
 
 4 (e), 10, 
 6.5,66,70. 
 
 D.P. 
 
 N.D. 
 
 4 (a), 8, \o'v 
 32. 
 
 c 
 
 ixev] (F) 
 
 1 
 
 OS 
 
 4 (c), 10, 
 60,66,70. 
 
 G.S. 
 
 N.P. 
 
 4(c), 11, 8J5p 
 34. 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 1X0 1 V 
 
 1 
 
 cri 
 
 4 (a), 60, 
 66. 
 
 D.P. 
 
 N.S. 
 
 4 (6), 8, ' 4>v\a 
 49. 
 
 Pao-iXe'j (f) 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 4 (c), 10, 
 55, 66. 
 
 A.S. 
 
 N.S. 
 
 4 (c?), 10, Saiuft) 
 49, 72. 
 
 V 
 
 PcuriXcv 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 <ri 
 
 3 (a), 9, 
 65. 
 
 D.P. 
 
 N.S. 
 
 4 (/), 10, 2\v«v 
 49, 72. 
 
 [r] 
 
 [s] 
 
 va 
 
 V 
 
 [v> 
 
 3 (a), 9, 
 58. 
 
 A. P. 
 
 N.S. 
 
 4(e),10,12. StSovIv 
 
 49, 72. 
 
 t] 
 
 s;i 
 
 Po 
 
 (F) 
 P 
 
 «v* 
 
 4 (e), 10, 
 13 (a), 62. 
 
 G.P. 
 
 N.S. 
 
 4 (C?), 10, TplTJpTl 
 
 49, 72. 
 
 s 
 
 [5] 
 
 iraT[€] 
 
 OS 
 
 4 (a), 10, 
 60. 
 
 G.S. 
 
 D.P. 
 
 4 (e), 10, 1 rpiTipc 
 
 65. j 
 
 >] 
 
 o-i 
 
 irarp 
 
 a 
 
 <ri 
 
 4 (a), 65, 
 69. 
 
 D.P. 
 
 
 Appar- 
 enl 
 
 ; Stem. 
 
 Termina- 
 tion. 
 
 Apparent 
 Stem. 
 
 Termina- 
 tion, 
 
 
 
 ^ Observe that the ou of Koyovs is not written on the Beal Line as it is 
 a modification of the final vowel of the Heal Stem, and not a contraction. 
 
 ^ Each letter is bracketed to mark a separate operation. But cf. 
 5i5ov[vt]s, below. 
 
 ^ In UcpiKXTJs the contraction is written before the Apparent Line, as 
 both vowels belong to the Apparent Stem. The only class of this description. 
 
10 noun inflection. 
 
 Explanations of Terminations and Case-Endings. 
 The A Declension. 
 
 15. Nominative Singular. (F.) 
 
 The Terminations a, -q are modifications^ of the original 
 final d of the Real 8tem ; e.g., Tifirj, Stem rt/xd, original d 
 modified to -q ; ye<^vpa, Stem y€(f>vpd, original d modified to d. 
 In words like x^P^t, otKta, the original final d of the Beat Stem 
 has been retained without any modification. The Case-ending 
 is wanting. 
 
 16. Nominative Singular. (M.) 
 
 The Termination q^ is a modification of the final d of the 
 Real Stem, to which the Case-ending ? is added : e.g., 7ro\tTr}<s 
 = TToXtrry + s = TToXtrd + s ; the Termination d? is formed by 
 adding the Case-ending 9 directly to the final vowel of the 
 Real Stem with no modification : e.g., ra/xtd? — ra/xtd -|- 9. 
 
 17. Nominative Dual. 
 
 The Termination d arises from a pre-Greelc'^ contraction of 
 the final d of the Real Stem with the Case-ending e\ e.g., 
 Xwpd = x<*^P«^ + ^- "^^^^ 6 remains in the Consonant declension : 
 e.g., (l>vXaK-€. 
 
 18. Nominative Plural. 
 
 The Termination at, arising from the union of the final 
 vowel of the Real Stem with the Case-ending t, shows no trace 
 of final s (c/. c? in <^uAaK-c9), although on the analogy of the 
 Latin we should infer that it once existed. Possibly this 
 formation is analogous to that of rat, the old form of the 
 Article. 
 
 See 5. ^ See Introduction, p. 3. 
 
NOUN INFLECTION. 11 
 
 19. Vocative. 
 
 The Vocative is like the Nominative in all numbers of the 
 A declension, except in the Singular of nouns in as and r)<i. 
 Nouns in as drop s of the Nominative to form the Vocative : 
 i.e., have the Vocative the same as the Heal Stem. Nouns in 
 ■q<; drop s and form the Vocative in >;, except those ending in 
 -TT^s, national appellatives (like ncpo-^ys, a Persian), and com- 
 pounds with -fMirprj?, -TrtTriys, -ttojAt^s, -Tpi^rjq,^ all of which 
 have a in the Vocative Singular. 
 
 20. Accusative Singular. 
 
 The Terminations av, av, -qv, arise from the addition of v, the 
 Case-ending to the final vowel of the Real Stem. The Real 
 Stem is treated as in 15. 
 
 21. Accusative Dual. See 17. 
 
 22. Accusative Plural. 
 
 The Terminatioji as arises from an addition of the Case- 
 ending vs to the final vowel of the Real Stem: e.g., ;(ojpas = 
 Xwpa + vs, the V disappearing in Attic Greek. No compensa- 
 tory lengthening has taken place, as the v% was added directly 
 to the long vowel of the R^eal Stem. The Case-ending vs = v, 
 the Case-ending of the Accusative Singular, plus s, which is 
 added to form the Plural. CJ. (fivXaK-a<s. 
 
 23. Genitive Singular. (F.) 
 
 The Termination as arises from a pre-Greeh contraction of 
 the final vowel of the Real Stem with the Case-ending as 
 (jas) : e.g., ^^P"^ "^ X^P"- + ^ ^^ X^P^ H~ ^'^■^' ^^^^ Termination 
 rys is merely a modification of a to t; : e.g., Ttfxrj<;^=TLfjLa<;. See 
 14, Remark. 
 
 ^ Possibly a few other compounds occur. 
 
12 NOUN INFLECTION, 
 
 24. Genitive Singular. (M.) 
 
 The Termination ov arises from a contraction of the final 
 vowel of the Beal jSie?n with o [0-2/0, to], the Case-ending. The 
 Attic Genitive in ov is a contraction on the analogy of that 
 of ov in the declension, the influence of the Ionic Genitive 
 in -CO) without doubt having some weight : e.g.^ ttoXltov = 
 ttoXltu -\~ o. See 14, Remark. 
 
 25. Genitive Dual. 
 
 The Termination aiv arises from the union of the final 
 vowel of the Real 8tem. with the Case-endiyig lv (0tv) : e.g., 
 
 26. Genitive Plural. 
 
 The Termination wv arises from a contraction of the final 
 vowel of the Real Stem with the Case-ending mv ; e.g., ^wptui/ 
 — X'^P^ + ^i^« See 14, Remark. 
 
 27. Dative Singular. 
 
 The Termination a arises from a pre-Greeh contraction of 
 final tt of the Real Stem with the Case-ending ei: e.g., ;>(oapa = 
 ;^a)/3a -f- 1 = ;>^copa + ei. But at, as in x^-fxaL, forms a true Loca- 
 tive.^ Compare as follows, x^P^- '■ X"-!^^'- • • '^'^'^V '• ^'-''^^ot. The Ter- 
 'iuination rj is only a modification of a. See 14, Remark. 
 
 28. Dative Dual. See 25. 
 
 29. Dative Plural. 
 
 The Terminaiio7i ats arises from a pre-GrecJc contraction 
 of final a of the Real Stem with the Case-ending eis ; or is 
 formed as the Dative Singular, with s added to form the Plu- 
 ral. The Locative^ Plural is formed by adding at to the 
 Locative Singular: e.g., )(Oipai ~\- at ^= x^paim ; but 'x.tjypai'i = 
 X^pfji- + I? = x^P^ "^ ^^^- S*-'^^ -^^^ Remark. 
 
 ^ The original force of the ancient Locative has disappeared to such 
 a degree that in Greek Syntax the Locative is treated like the Dative. 
 A few survive : x^^A"*'' ^"' '^"' grdund ; oXkoi, at home. See also Hadley 
 & Allen, § 220. Tlie formation of those Locatives is analogous. 
 
NOUN INFLECTION. Id 
 
 The Declension. 
 
 30. Nominative Singular. (M. and F.) 
 
 The Tennination os arises from an addition of the Case- 
 ending s to the final vowel of the Real Stein : e.g., X6yo<i = 
 Xoyo -f- 9. 
 
 31. Nominative Singular. (N.) 
 
 Tlie Termination ov arises from an addition of the Case- 
 ending V to the final vowel of the Real 8teni : e.g., 6wpov = 
 Swpo -[- V. 
 
 32. Nominative Dual. 
 
 The Termination w arises from a prc-Greck contraction of 
 the modified final vowel of the Real Stem with the Case- 
 ending e: e.g., TTrTro) = ittttw -{- e. See 14, Remark. 
 
 33. Nominative Plural. (M. and F.) 
 
 The Termination ot, arising from the union of the final 
 vowel of the Real Stem with the Case-ending t, shows no trace 
 of final s (cf. €s in ^vAa/c-es), although on the analogy of the 
 Latin we should infer that it once existed. Possibly this for- 
 mation is analogous to that of tol, the old form of the Article. 
 See 18. 
 
 34. Nominative Plural. (N.) 
 
 The Termination a^ arises from a modification of the final 
 vowel of the Real Stem : e.g., Scupa-, = Scopo-. Here there is 
 no Case-ending. 
 
 35. Vocative Singular. (M. and F.) 
 
 The Termination e is a modification of the final vowel of 
 the Real Stem : e.g., Ao'yc- = Xoyo-. Here, of course, there is 
 no Case-ending. But note the Vocatives ^eo5, </)t/\o9, ovto<;. 
 
 1 " The o of the Neuter Plural like the e of the Vocative is obviously 
 not to be regarded as a peculiar ending, but as the final letter of the 
 Stem." — Curtius. As food for reflection, moreover, the following mor- 
 sel in the form of comparison is offered : cu^aToiv : dwpoii/ : : dwpa ; au>/xara. 
 
14 NOUN INFLECTIOiN, 
 
 36. Vocative Singular. (N.) Sec 31. 
 
 37. Vocative Dual. Sec 32. 
 
 38. Vocative Plural. See 33. 
 
 39. Accusative Singular. 
 
 The Termination ov arises from an addition of v, the Case- 
 ending, to the final vowel of the Beal Stem: e.g., Xoyov, hoipov 
 = Xoyo -J- v, Scopo -\~ V. 
 
 40. Accusative Dual.^ See 32. 
 
 41. Accusative Plural. (M: and F.) 
 
 The Ter7ni7iation ovs arises from the addition of the Case- 
 ending I/? to the final vowel of the Beal Stem. When " v " 
 disappeared, the final o was raised^ to ov in compensation: e.g., 
 Xoyou?= Aoyo-[- V9. CJ. \vov(Ti for Xvovfri. 
 
 42. Accusative Plural. (N.) See 34. 
 
 43. Genitive Singular. 
 
 The Termination ov arises from a contraction of the final 
 vowel of the Real Stem, with the Case-ending o (a-go, to, o) : 
 e.g. , Xoyov = Xoyo -\~ o ; 6o)pov = Swpo -j- o. 
 
 44. Genitive Dual. 
 
 The Termination otv arises from the union of the final 
 vowel of the Becd Stem with the Case-ending iv (<^tv) : e.g., 
 Xoyoiv = Xoyo -\- iv. 
 
 45. Genitive Plural. 
 
 The Termination wv arises from a contraction of final oof the 
 Real Stem with the Case-ending wi/ : e.g., X6y(iiv'= Xoyo -{-mv. 
 (See 14, Remark.) This contraction is older than that of -awv 
 but hiter than that of x<^V^5, G-. S. and snch. 
 
 1 See 5. 
 
NOUN INFLECTION. 15 
 
 46. Dative Singular, 
 
 The Termination w arises from a pre-Greeh contraction of 
 the modified final vowel of the Real Stevi with the Case-ending 
 ei : e.g., Ao'ya)^= Aoyw -f <• = Aoyto-f- 1'^- This modification dis- 
 tinguishes the Dative from the Locative.^ Cf. olkol, oIkoj. 
 See 14, Remark. 
 
 47. Dative Dual. Sec 44. 
 
 48. Dative Plural. 
 
 The Termination ois arises from a jve-G-rcek contraction of 
 the final vowel of the Heal Stem with the Case-ending cis : 
 e.g., Aoyots = Aoyo + <■? = -^oyo + ^i-^- Compare 46 and 2^ See 
 14, Remark. 
 
 The Consonant Declension. See 6. 
 
 49. Nominative Singular. (M. and F.) 
 
 The Case-ending s is inherited directly from the Sanskrit, 
 and is generally regarded as representing a pronominal root, 
 sa = 6 ; sa = y : e.g., (^vXa^ := <^uXaK-s. Cf. Aoyo-?, TToXiTrj-s. 
 
 50. Nominative Singular. (X.) 
 
 There is no Case-ending in Neuters, the Nominative being 
 the same as the Real Stem: e.g., o-a>/i,a = o-w/Aar. Sometimes 
 the last vowel in the Real Stem is modified,^ as yeVos = y€ve?. 
 
 51. Nominative Dual. 
 
 The Case-ending is inherited through the Sanskrit e: e.g., 
 <pvXaK-€. 
 
 52. Nominative Plural. (M. and F.) 
 
 The Case-ending cs is from the Sanskrit as: e.g., cf>vXaK-eq. 
 
 53. Nominative Plural. (X.) 
 
 The Case-ending a, like the Sanskrit I, is added directly to 
 the Reed Stem : e.g., o-cu/xar-a. 
 
 1 See 27 note. - See 5. 
 
16 NOUN INFLECTION. 
 
 54. Vocative. 
 
 The Vocative Singular is eitlier the same as the Nom- 
 inative or like the Real Sie7n. (See the Grammar.) The 
 Vocative Dual and Plural are each like the Nominative 
 respectively. 
 
 55. Accusative Singular. (M. and F.) 
 
 Original form, am for consonant, m for vowel Stems. In 
 Greek, av — the final v being dropped ; but vowel Stems assume 
 the V. Some words of this declension form the Accusative on 
 the basis of both a consonant and a vowel Stejn: e.g., 6pvi<s, 
 opviOa or opvLv. 
 
 56. Accusative Singular. (N.) See 50. 
 
 57. Accusative Dual. See 51. 
 
 58. Accusative Plural. (M. and F.) 
 
 The Case-ending as or i/s is equivalent to a or i/, the Case- 
 ending of the Accusative Singular with s added to form the 
 Plural : e.g., cfivXaK-as, /So{}-[v]s. 
 
 59. Accusative Plural. (N.) See 53. 
 
 60. Genitive Singular. 
 
 The Case-ending os, sometimes raised^ to ws, represents the 
 original Sanskrit as: e.g., (f>vXaK-o<i, ^aa-iXi-oys (jj-os). 
 
 61. Genitive Dual. 
 
 The Case-ending olv is formed by analogy from the Termi- 
 nation oLv of o Stems of the declension : e.g., Trarep-oLv. 
 
 62. Genitive Plural. 
 
 The Case-ending wv, the «??^ of Sanskrit, is added directly 
 to the Ileal Stem: e.g., cfjvXoLK-uiv. 
 
 63. Dative Singular. 
 
 Strictly a Locative. The Case-ending t is added to the 
 Real Stem : e.g. , (fivkaK-t, cf. olkol. 
 
 1 See 5. 
 
NOUN INFLECTION. 17 
 
 64. Dative Dual. So: 61. 
 
 65. Dative Plural. 
 
 The Case-ending at corresponding to the Sanskrit su is 
 merely a Locative Plural : e.g., (fivXa^t^ <f>vXaK-cn, of. ^uipaL-cri. 
 
 Explanations of Certain Consonant Stems. 
 
 66. " At the end of the diphthongs, the soft vowels pass 
 into the corresponding spirant : thus vavos becomes vaf-6<; ; 
 but when they stand alone, they develop a spirant after them 
 which adapts itself to the rules of the Consonant declension. 
 Thus, in Sanskrit, from the stem bh'CL (Nominative bhUs, 
 Earth) we have the Genitive hhuvas. By analogy we should 
 expect in Greek avfo^,^ from which crvos afterwards arose. In 
 other stems in v, and still more in those in t, the formation is 
 very variable. With some, e.g., stem kl, Nominative Kt-s, we 
 must suppose a Genitive kl-j-os,' in which the spirant developed 
 out of t corresponds exactly to the f in the case previously 
 mentioned. In other stems 8 takes the place of Jod,^ Ipi-tpi- 
 8-os. But that this 8 must be regarded as a sound arising out 
 of Jod in accordance with certain distinct analogies, I believe 
 has been proved in ' Grundziige,' 583 if. Other stems, again, 
 in t and v undergo extension. The u arising out of t passes 
 
 ^ " The Greek language had in the most ancient times another letter, 
 f, which was called Digamma (8170/1^10 = "double gamma") from its 
 form and Vau {pav) from its pronunciation. It was pronounced like the 
 Latin v. fo7vos, wine = Lat. vinum. At a later time it was written only 
 by the Aeolians and Dorians, This is the labial spirant. 
 
 ^ " The spirant Jod, produced by breathing over the palate (the 
 palatal spirant) has not come down to us in any Greek dialect, but the 
 existence of the sound at one time, as inferred from the comparison of 
 kindred languages, is one of the most important facts in the history of 
 the language, by which a number of apparently quite different processes 
 receive a very simple explanation [cf. Grundziige, 511 flf.)." 
 
18 NOUN INFLECTION. 
 
 before vowels into ej, e.g., ttoXcj-os. A trace of this Jod, 
 which must be dropped in obedience to the phonetic laws of 
 later Greek, is retained in the Homeric Genitive ttoAt^o? and 
 Attic TToAeo)?. For Ebel lias shown that the long vowel in 
 both forms is due to compensatory lengthening for the lost 
 spirant. In the same way acrrcaj? points to acrrep-o^. Else- 
 where it is true Jod and Vau^ dropped out without any 
 compensation, and hence arose the apparent but deceptive 
 existence of c beside t or v as the final letter of the stem. In 
 reality e is always for an original ej or e/T, and thus these stems 
 are shown to belong to the Consonant declension. On the 
 other hand, in the formation of the Accusative of masculine 
 and feminine, the true vowel nature of the stems declares 
 itself, TToXiv, and the Vocative Singular also, v/here it exists as 
 a separate form, contains the pure vowel stem. The double 
 nature of these stems is therefore now clear." 
 
 67. " The Nominative of stems (like ■r]x^)^ i^i inscriptions 
 and according to the evidence of grammarians had secondary 
 forms in -o), — Ktjtw, %aTr(^'Jo, AVithout question this form is 
 the oldest, and at the first glance we see that ^a-rrcfuo is the 
 regular Nominative to Vocative Sa7r</)ot, to which it bears 
 exactly the same relation as Sat/xtui/ to Sat/xoi/. Ahrens assumes 
 OL as the primary ending of these stems : we shall have to go 
 a step farther. From evidence of certain Mss. of Herodotus, 
 it will not be too rash to refer our feminines in -o to -oft, as 
 we know that masculines in -w sprang from -of." 
 
 Here Trarpw? = Trarpof-?. The Genitive is written thus : 
 7raTpto-[/^]-o5. 
 
 " In this Nominative in -w two remarkable facts are to be 
 noticed : (1) the want of s as the sign of the Nominative, and 
 (2) the lengthening of the vowel from o to a>. . . . The length- 
 ening, it is true, cannot be explained, as I used to think, by 
 
 ^ See Note i on previous page. 
 
NOUN INFLECTION. 19 
 
 the analogy of 8at/xwi/ and Salfxov, for 8ttt/xa)v stands for Sat/tovs. 
 But the analogy of such forms may have been influential in 
 causing the lengthening due to the dropped f to be adopted 
 in the Nominative but rejected in the Vocative." 
 
 " Between two vowels the i, like v, passed in the diphthong 
 stems primarily into the corresponding spirant until at length 
 it also became utterly lost. In these, as in other similar 
 changes, we must assume that they did not all take place at 
 once, but gradually, one after another." See 66. 
 
 Thus, G. S. -^x^^^ = w'[f][0"[.7]"O^- ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ss only, the 
 uncontracted is written beneath the contracted form, to avoid 
 confusion of lines. 
 
 68. yepas, Neuters. 
 
 " The stems with movable r, few in number, are best ex- 
 plained on the hypothesis that language has here been led to 
 waver between two stems, one short and the other lengthened 
 by the addition of r. Accurately speaking, there has been 
 no rejection of r. But there w^ere two stems, e.(/., /cepas and 
 Kepar, standing side by side, and each having the same sound 
 in the Nominative. From each cases were formed which 
 continued to remain in use side by side." 
 
 69. iraTpacn. For Trarpeai, metathesized form for Trare/jo-t. 
 
 70. Compared with 66, we find here one of the cases 
 referred to in the words, " Elsewhere it is true Jod and Vau 
 dropped out without any compensation." 
 
 71. 'Several Neuter stems in apr, as (fyprnpr, reject r in N. 
 A. V. Singular, and p in the other cases.' Compare the San- 
 skrit jakri with jakart synonymous with the Greek rjirap. 
 Compare further, Homeric irorl with irporL 
 
 72. y-Stems and Hard Combinations, 
 
 In v-Stems sometimes the -v, sometimes -5 (of the Nomina- 
 tive Singular), is lost, the final vowel of Stem when originally 
 
20 NOUN INFLECTION. 
 
 short being lengthened in compensation: e.(j., TdXd<s (raXav-), 
 aiiov (atcoj/-), <f>pr]v (cjip€v-), kt€ls (^kt€v-) ; sometimes both forms 
 are found, that in -s being the older: e.g., SeA^t? or -^tV; 
 rarely the old form is retained in full : c.<j., eX/juvs, Wptv?. 
 
 " The intention of language was everywhere the same: viz., 
 to add -s to the stem. Only in cases where the addition gives 
 rise to too hard a combination of sounds, this intention gives 
 way to euphony. Even then, language was intent upon dis- 
 tinguishing the Nominative from the stem. The lengthening 
 which takes place in the formation without sigma (e.g., from 
 Trarep to Trarrjp, from Sat/xov to haCfxwv) is manifestly due to the 
 desire for compensation. Comparative grammarians therefore 
 very properly assume as the original forms, Trarep-s, Sat/xov-s, 
 o-a06cr-s. But for Greek school-grammar the two methods of 
 forming the Nominative — ttoljxtJv from stem irotjjiev-, and el-s 
 
 from stem iv must be carefully distinguished. In cases 
 
 where the addition of the sigma causes difficulties, there are 
 evidently before us two periods in the history of language 
 which must be chronologically distinguished. At a very early 
 period in the life of language the combinations rs and ss were 
 felt to be distasteful. It is possible that at a time anterior to 
 the separate existence of Greek, the older termination -ais 
 became -dr, -ass became -As, while in the other case-forms the 
 short vowel remained unaltered. From this ancient condition 
 of language the Greek borrowed the long vowel in TraTrjp, 
 p^Twp, o-a</)7/?, atSws (stem, aiSoa-). In the same way the com- 
 bination ns began at a very early period to be objectionable, 
 and therefore the sibilant was dropped in many cases, espe- 
 cially when the stem ended in -7i only. Thus -cms became 
 -an, and the Greek -01/9, -wi/. On the other hand, other com- 
 binations of sounds were retained much longer, especially ns, 
 when a t had fallen out after the n. For the same reason, 
 forms like TiOiv-<s were long retained in Greek ground ; from 
 this at a comparatively recent date came rt^ets by the usual 
 
NOUN INFLECTION. 21 
 
 compensatory lengthening, from oSovrs, oSov's. It cannot be 
 denied language was inconsistent. In the formation of par- 
 ticiples we must assume an early variation, by which, in the 
 conjugation with the connecting vowel, ^ the lengthening of 
 the stem-vowel replaced the sigma. In the conjugation with- 
 out the connecting vowel, on the other hand, the form with 
 the sigma remained." 
 
 73. The difference between -xapUo-t and nOeia-i is explained 
 by the fact that the adjectives from an early period had forms 
 in -€T, i.e., in -ftr, existing side by side with the Stems in -€vt, 
 originally -p^vr. For the same reason the feminine of xapUi<i 
 is ;(ap6Wcra, that is, )(apL-f€T2/a (Skt. -vail = -vatya), in dis- 
 tinction from TtOeLaa (for TiOevT-i/a, TtBevT-aa). Compare this 
 with XeXvKvla (for XeXvK-vcri/cL, Skt. -vasyd) ; also in the Perfect 
 Active Participle two Stems existed side by side, -or (-vat) ; 
 -V (-va, -vds). See 146. 
 
 74. ^eXriova ySeArto). This class contains scarcely any other 
 than the comparative Stems in which the -lov has arisen out 
 of the Sanskrit -ians. Probably in Greek certain case-forms 
 in -? remaining current (e.g., yScArtovo-a), afterwards lost their 
 V, giving jS^Xrioaa. Such forms, at a somewhat later period of 
 the language, naturally rejected s: compare atSocra, ai8o-a, 
 ai8^. See 143. 
 
 Comparatives in -toiv admit the shorter form in the Accusa- 
 tive Singular Masculine and in the Nominative, Vocative, and 
 Accusative Plural. Positives in -(ov do not. 
 
 ^ Or Variable vowel. 
 
22 noun inflection. 
 
 Classified Lists. 
 
 The A Declension. 
 
 Note, All .Real Slevis end in a, and are classified Ly the 
 Terviinafion of the Nominative Singular. 
 
 75. Termination -a. 
 
 ^ K^XdfBeia, a<yeveia, ayKvpa, a'yvoLa, dyptfJieXLcrcra, aeXXa, 
 Klfylva, akrjOeia, dfJueXeia, dpfidfJia^a, ^orjOeta, ydyypacva, 
 yelraiva, yeviratpa, yecpvpa, yXcocrcra, Siacra, So^a, iyKpd- 
 T6ia, evvoLa, evae/Beta, Oepdiraiva, fjud^acpa, /jLepifiva, Me- 
 (TTTtXa, WrjSeta, Trelva, irpovoia, pc^a, a^alpa, rpdire^a^ 
 ^(^ifiaipa, — and many others. 
 
 76. Termination -a. 
 
 ^Ayopd, ciypa, dSiKLa, /Sa/crijpia, /Sea, yeoDpyia, BovXeia, 
 Svarv^ia, eKKXrjo-La, iXevOepca, eiriOvjjLLa, liriopKia, epya- 
 ala, iprjfiLa, ecrirepa, evSatfiovLa, evfcocr/iiLa, e-^Opa, ^rj/jLta, 
 7)/jL€pa, r)au'^La, 6ed, Oupa, Ovala, ^Icovla, KaKia, Kaphia, 
 K^iXtKia, KOLvwvla, XaXia, Xela, XrjcrreLa, AvSia, Xvpa, 
 fiavreia, fiiadoipopd, vevpd^ ovpd, iraiSeia, iravovpyla^ 
 TrapoLfjbLa, irXevpd^ ll^LKeXla, cf)iXofi7]Xa, ')(^apdSpa, oypa^ — 
 and many others. 
 
 77. Termination -77. 
 
 ^KyiXri, dheX^rj^ alcr^vvr}, ^Avrcyovy], /SXd^T}, /Sorj, /3ov- 
 Xt], yvco/XT], hairdvrj, BeiXr), SLa/3oX7], BiKaioavvrj, Slkt}, 
 hvcrpbr]^ elpy^vT), elcr^oX^], ivToXi], iiri^ovXi], eV^o'T^/Lfc?;, ^co- 
 VTj, rjBov7], %pcLKrj, IXrj, /cdpcf)?], Kopvcpyj, Kpavyi], KpiO)], 
 Xrjdr), Ac/BiiT], Xi/jLV7], X6y)(^y], Xvttt], /jueXivr], vdirrj, vecpiXr], 
 Nco^T], vo/jL)], opy/], 6p/jb7], STrdprrf, — and many others. 
 
 78. Termination -rj<?. 
 
 AOXrjTr]!^, dKLvdKr]<i, uKpodrr]'^, WpTa^ep^7}<^, W.praird- 
 T7]<;, yvp,v7]T7]<;, htKaaTi]<^, edeXovTr]^;, epaarrjfi, evepyerrji;, 
 
NOUN INFLECTION. 23 
 
 €up€T7]<;, 0€aT7j<;, 6r)p6UTr]<;, ISlcot7]<;, //cer?/?, fcpirr]<;, Kv/Bep- 
 vr)Tri<;, KCOfidp'^T]'^, /cft)/x?;T?7?, XTjart]'^, yiiOpiSdrTji;, ^liXrid- 
 S779, vavT7]<^, olKerrj^, 'O/aecrr?/?, 6p^7]aT)]<^, iraihorpi^r)^, 
 irapacrd'yyT]'^, 7roL7]Trj<^, 7rpoB6rr)<^, (raXTrcy/CTrji;, ao<pi(TTr]<;, 
 r€^vtrr)(;, VTrrjperr]^;, '^opevrrji;, -y^evarrj^i, — and many others. 
 
 79. Termination -a?. 
 
 Alvelai;^ dirapKrla^;, dpTVva<^, d(Tr€pLa<^, ^va<^, hpofjbla^, 
 6KV6^ia<^, iTTTTOcroa^, iipLria<;, A6a)VLBa<;, /JLrjrpaXoLa'^, 
 MiSa?, veavia^, OTria^, 6pviOLa<^, 'Opoz^ro.?, ITafcraz/ta?, 
 
 irvppiaf;, — and others. 
 
 Compared with those in -77?, common nouns in -a? are rare 
 in Attic Greek. There are about ninety (90) in the Lexicon, 
 inchiding several poetic and Doric forms and many from 
 post-classical writers. Proper ^ nouns in -a? present a fair 
 proportion to those in -rj<;. 
 
 80. Contracts in -f/.- 
 
 'ASeX</)tS>}, aKTYj, d/jLvySaXf], dveylriaSr], dvOpwrrrj^ dpKrrj, 
 SlttXT], i-^iVTj, OvyarpoSi], l^aXf], Kvvrj, kcoXP]^ XeovTrj, Xvkti, 
 fivyaXi], ve^prj^ rraphaXr), poSf], aTjcrafirj, (j^aKi}, yaXicr}, — 
 and a few others. 
 
 81. Contracts in -a?, -^9.^ 
 
 ^h.TTaya<i (?), Bop/aa?, 0aX?]9, — and possibly a few 
 others. 
 
 The Declension. 
 Classified by the Termination of the Nominative Singular. 
 
 82. Termination -09.^ 
 
 \ypo<;, dero^i, dOXo^;, alvo<^, dfJL'TreXo<;, dvefio^;, doi,So<;, 
 dpyvpo<;, dptd/jLO<;, dpKro<;, dpTO<^, dcTKo*^, ci(7(f>aXro<;, ^dXa- 
 
 ^ See Preface, p. v. foot-note. ^ See 8, foot-note. 
 
 ^ There are about seventy (70) varieties of Stems of common nouns 
 of the Feminine Gender. 
 
24 NOUN INFLECTION. 
 
 vo^, pdcravo^, ^l^Xo^;, ^lko<;, /3io<;, <ydfJLo<;, yipavof;, Sapec- 
 k6<;, 8ecryLt09, Srj/JL0<;, 8tSacr/coXo9, eXac^o?, ivtavTOf;, iiriaLTL- 
 afJbo^, eTaLpo<^, 6<f)oBo<y, 77X^09, r)vioxo<if ^%o*>> Orjaavpo^;, 
 06pv^o<;, 6v/jl6<;, Kapiro^;, Kary^yopo^;, Kovtopro^, /cpoKoBecXof;, 
 Mt]So<;, MtX?7T09, fjb6\v^Bo<;, Mi^cro?, NetXo?, ''OyLtT/po?, 
 TrXoOro?, %dfio^, ^drupof;, — and many others. 
 
 83. Termination -ov. 
 
 'A/<:poaT7]pLop, dvrpov, ^A^irielovy Apdreiov, dpLcrrov, 
 dporpov, dcrrpov, ^l^Xlov, <yeppov, hdKpvov, helirvovy Bev- 
 Bpov, eXaiov, epyop, epfiaiov, ^(pov, rj/jLL-SapeiKov, Oearpov, 
 Ojjplov, K€voTd<f)Lov, /jLETaXXov, puerpov, OpOoTrayov, opLov, 
 iraXrov, irXeOpov, irpo/Sarov, irrepov, poBov, aKijirrpov, 
 (T/cvXov, cnrdprov, o-rdBiov (Plural also -ot), aripvov, a<pd- 
 yiov, Tep/xeptov, — and others. 
 
 84. Termination -ojg. 
 
 "A^ft)?, dXco<;,^ ^A/x(f)tdpe(o<;, Bptapeoj?, ydXco<;,^ KdXax;, 
 KavOdpewq, XayoL><=;, Xedi^, MtW?,^ TpLfiv(o<;, Tvv8dp6co<i, 
 TV(j)(t)(;, Tv(j)(o<;,^ (/)t/5ttXe&)9, </)Xea)9, — and a few others. 
 Neuters are very rare : ^pecov. 
 
 The Attic declension has the same Case-endings (except 
 Vocative Singular, M. and F.) as the declension, but with 
 final o of the Heal Stem raised to w throughout. " The pecu- 
 liar accentuation of the Attic declension is evidently owing 
 to the fact that these Ste7ns originally ended in -do. From 
 that time onwards, in spite of the change of quantity, the 
 acute continued frequently to be placed on the antepenult : 
 e.g., Meve'Aaos, McveAco)?. Compare also the Attic ttoAcw? with 
 the Homeric ttoAt/o?." 
 
 ^ Also of the Consonant declension. 
 '^ Contraction lias taken place here. 
 ^ See 8, foot-note. 
 
NOLN INFLECTION. 25 
 
 85. Contracts in -oC?.^ 
 
 The following occur chiefly in compounds : 'XBeXcfyiSoix;, 
 avdirXovfi, avdppov^, dvey^iahov'^, rj/jbc^pvaov^;, dpov^, 6uya- 
 TpLBov<;, Kvov<;, fivov'^, TT/ao^ou? (D. P. Trpo-^oiai), pov^, 
 croO?, vlSov^, <f>\ov<;, ^d\Kov<i^ ')(\ov<iy 'xyov^, ^oO?, — and 
 a few others. Neuters are very rare : Kavoitv. 
 
 The Consonant Declension. 
 Classified by the Termination of the Genitive Singular. 
 
 87. Termination -ko^, like ^vXa^. 
 
 "AXo^, dvOepi^, yXav^, eVtre^, ^pa^, KTjpv^, }s.lXi^, 
 KoXa^, Kopa^, Xvy^, /jLvpfir]^, TripBi^, crdp^, — and many 
 others. 
 
 88. Termination -/8os, like c^Xi^. 
 
 'AXoTpt^lr, "Apayjr, d'^vporpL^, XljSa,'^ XLyjr,^ olKorpi'^y 
 ^dy\r, XaXf-v/r, '^epviy^r, — and possibly a few others. 
 
 89. Termination -tto?, Hke yv^. 
 
 TXavfCcoyjr, ypvy^, Spvo^jr, eTrc^, rjXL-y^, ^plyjr, OvjidXcoy^r, 
 Ody-^j i'-v/r, KXdyyjr, KdiXrjy^, XaLXayjr, — and many others. 
 
 90. Termination -yo?, like adX-Tnyi. 
 
 Ataacpd^, eTrrfXv^, Odyfitj^, ^Idirv^, IXiy^, kokkv^, oprv^, 
 (TTpdy^, (pdXay^, (jiopfity^, ^pv^, — and many others. 
 
 91. Termination -TO?, like AeW. 
 
 ' Akcov, dp^cov, A-^epcov, SpdKcov, Oepdircov, Kvd)Scov^ /xe- 
 S(t)v, UvpKpXeyeOcov, revcov, (f)€vya)v, — and some others. 
 
 ^ See 8, foot-note. ^ See the Lexicon. ^ warTjA^ has -(pos. 
 
26 NOUN INFLECTION. 
 
 92. Termination -To<i, like ytyas. 
 
 'ASayLta?, aWa?, dvBpidi;, eXe^a?, ///-a?, KaX^a?, kiWl- 
 /3ci9, Kopu/Sdi;, MiyLta?, Tapa?, — and some others. 
 
 93. Termination -So?, like XajXTraq. 
 
 ^ApKci^;, <yv/jivd(;, hetpd<^, EXXa?, jjLvpLd<;, vo/xd^, payd^;, 
 G-Ktd^, cnri\d<;, cm/Sdi;, cjyvyd'^, — and many others. 
 
 94. Termination -So?, like eATrt?. 
 
 "Apreyu-t?, daiTL<;, epc'^, KprjirU, irayl'^, Trar/a/?, 7rvpapd<;, 
 arXeyyi^, ^daL<;, (f)povTL<i, — and many others. 
 
 95. Termination -0o<5, like opvis-. 
 
 "AyK\c^ (oi^ly ii^ Plural), dyvvOe^ (only in Plural), 
 dypiopviOe^ (Plural), yeXyt^ (Plural ^yeX^ei?), eX/xt^'?, Kara- 
 KkoiOe'^ (Plural), KXw^e? (Plural), Kopv^, k(o/jlv<^, iMepfit^f 
 Hdpvr)^, Trecptv^, — and possibly a few others. 
 
 96. Termination -vo?, like Troi/xrjj/. 
 
 ^ABrjv or 'AStJz;, dparjv, dTfJLrjv, dvTfiTjv, av'^rfv, elprjv or 
 Iprjv, XifJirjv, 7rv6fit]v, 'Tfirji/, v/jL7]v, ^p^jp, — and some 
 others. 
 
 97. Termination -vos, like aituv. 
 
 ^Ayctiv, d/jL7r€\(ov, dvhpoov, ^a^vXayv, Xetficov, M.€i^a)v, 
 MtXwv, Haaiojv, p^et/xwz^, x'^'^^^> — ^^^^ many others. 
 
 98. Termination -i/os, like r/ye/xwr. 
 
 ' AXyrjScov, dXcKrpvojv, haLrvfJiMV, 'Hi'ooz^, Ovpcov, kupcov, 
 Kap^TjScov, KrjSefMcov, ^ddyv, — and many others. 
 
 99. Termination -vo?, like Sat/xwv. 
 
 TeiTCov, yvdijjiwv, SiSv/xdcov, t)t(Dv, i^fKou, t-^vev/Kov, ' Icov, 
 KaSfxelcov, Kauacov, M.€/jlv(op, reKTCov, — and others. 
 
NOUN INFLECTION. 'Z I 
 
 100. Termination -po<i, like fWjTiop. 
 
 *'AKTCop, BcKicop, htcLKTwp, Sopi/jL7]arcop, Sov7r7]T(op, eira- 
 /jLVPTcop, iiripr]Twp, €7ri^(OT(op, evpr)Twp, — and many others. 
 
 101. Termination -To<i, like ^/;?. 
 
 To?;?, <yv/jivt]<;, i/JLjSXj]^, iaOtj^;, Kpyj^, XafiTrporrj^;, veorrj^, 
 irev-q^;, Trio-roTTji;, Tlyprji;, — and many others. 
 
 102. Termination -Aos, like aXs. 
 
 This stands alone : (6) aX?, salt ; (rj) aX?, sea. 
 
 103. Termination -po^, like O^p. 
 
 Tvcoarijp, yofi(j)0)T)]p, ypaTrrijp, h6KTi]p, SrjXrjryjp, StoTrrijpf 
 S/i7jT7]p, SoT7]p, hp7](TTi]p, KpaT7]p, — and many others. 
 
 104. Termination -ro?, like pU. Sec 72. 
 
 ^AktU, yXco^U, SeXcjiU, epfiU, 6U, U, irTjpiv or TTTjpU, 
 Xa\a/iU, TeX'xtv, (o8U, — and a few others. The form in 
 -9 is older than that in -v. Most of the above have two 
 forms in the Nominative : e.g., yXco-^U or -tv. 
 
 105. Termination -tos, like aQ)fxa. 
 
 'A/j,dpT7]fia, ypafjifia, Sepfia, Bpa/xa, 6v6v/ii]/j,a, Oavfjia, 
 KT7]/jLa, 6vo/ia, 7roL7}fj,a, aravpco/ia, ')(^aKK(o/jLa, — and many 
 others. 
 
 106. Termination -to<;, like -epa?. See 68. 
 
 "AXa? (rarely), 8epa9, oireaq, repa^;, — and possil)ly a 
 few others. 
 
 107. Termination -to<;, like y-ap. See 71. 
 
 "AXeicfyap, BeXeap, elhap, rjfj.ap, oveiap, ovOap, irelpap, 
 irvap, aKO)p} areap, vhcop} vcfyeap, cf)peap, — and a few 
 others. 
 
 But Bci/jiap (?;), Kvap (6). 
 
 ^ See the Lexicon. 
 
28 NOUN INFLECTION. 
 
 108. Termination -[o-Jo?, like Tpu'ipr]^. 
 
 A few adjectives in -rjpv^y sometimes used substantively 
 like the above : e.g., SujpT]^. Substantives in -779 of this 
 class are chiefly proper names : e.g., A?;/^ocr^6V^9. 
 
 109. Termination -[o-]os, like yeVo?. 
 
 AI(T^09, /Sdpo^i, Wvo^, eT09, ^€vyo<;, 6aXiTo<^, t'^vo<i, kXco^, 
 Kparot;, \d'^o<;, TreXayoi;, — and many others. 
 
 A few neuter substantives are formed in -69, of which 
 the following are declinable : e.g., 'H/xe/)o/caXXe9, Itttto- 
 <^ae^ (also -6(^9), ^^vvoaapfye^, 6i>o^€iXe^, irevTaTrerei;. 
 Others occur, indeclinable. 
 
 110. Termination -[or]o9, like liepiKXrjq. 
 
 'Et60/cX7}9, ^vpvKKri<^, 'mpaKkT]'^, @e/jLtcrT0KX7]<i, So(f)o- 
 a:X^9, — and other proper names. 
 
 111. Termination -[^;]oj?, like ttoAi?. See 66. 
 'Am/3<x<rt9, 3t&)^fc9, 3ucrt9, KpicrL<^, KTrjai<^, /Jbavrtf;, oacfypr)- 
 
 crt9, 0(/)i9, %dp86t<^ (Plural), raf t9, vj3pi^, (f)vai<;, — and 
 many others. 
 
 112. Termination -[;;]to?, like Trrjxvi' See 66. 
 7re\6Kv<i, TTpea-jSv^i,^ — and possibly a few others. 
 
 113. Termination -[fjws, like aa-Tv. See 66. 
 
 TTWf, and a few^ adjectives used substantively : e.g., Saav. 
 
 114. Termination -[f]os, like lxOu<i. See 66. 
 
 BoT/3L'9, ypaiTTVi;, 6prjvv<^, t^u9, /Xu9, l^v^, icr')(y<^, trv<i, 
 Aiy8L'9, /jLvptoarv'i, /xu9, — and many others. 
 
 ' Ser tli(; Lexicon. 
 
NOUN INFLECTION. 29 
 
 115. Termination -[fjw?, like ^ao-tAeu's. See 66. 
 
 Vovev<^, YpayLt/Ltareu?, 7/?a^ei/?, ^piire\}<^^ h€Ka8ev<;, Bova- 
 /ceu?, Spofiev^, €p/jL7jv€v<;, Srjaeu^, iTTirev'^, — and many others. 
 
 116. Termination -[;]o9, like 7jx<^). See 67. 
 
 Apyo), Kparco, lv(o, I&), KepBo), kvvco, Xtjkco, Atjt(o, 
 UeLOo), irevOo}, ^air<^(£>, cnvSco, (fyeiSoo, — and others. 
 
 117. Termination -[f]os, like ypux;. Ser 67. 
 
 A/XW9, ereoS/jLco^;, 6(o<;, /jLijrpco^,^ MtVft)?,^ irdrpwi;,^ Tpco^, 
 
 — and a few others. For alSco^, 77^9, Termination -[crjo?, 
 see the Lexicon. 
 
 118. Termination -[(t]o^ ; -[rjos, like yepas. See 68. 
 
 — and possibly a few others. The long form is sometimes 
 retained in other cases. 
 
 119. For Syncopated nouns, see the Grammar. 
 
 120. For the more common irregular nouns, see the 
 Grammar. 
 
 121. Termination -vo^, hke Tirav. 
 
 'ASetyaz/e? (Plural), Bpaxp^dv, 'lap, fM€yio-rdve<; (Plural), 
 vedu, Haidv, Udp, Trap, TreXeKdv, — and a few others. 
 
 122. Termination -ro^, like "EWrjv. 
 
 Aodc7]v, K6(j)aX\y]v, Xec^^vv, Trvpyjv, pi)v, Seipt'jv, cnrXTjv, 
 (T(f)y]v, (tcoXtjv, ^rjv (;)^eW9, A. P.), t/t^/i/, — and many others. 
 
 123. Termination -pos, hke paKap. 
 
 'A?7p,2 al6y)pr' apxccfxt^p, Oeopiaprv^,'^ Kalaap, Kdp, 
 ^VP in)* P'dpTVi;,^ dap (?;), yjrdp, — and others. Also, 
 aiTOcfycop, KeXcop, cf)d}p. 
 
 ^ In Singular also of the Attic declension ; only of Consonant 
 declension in Plural. 2 See the Lexicon. 
 
30 NOUN INFLECTION, 
 
 124. Termination -ro'i, like cpojs. 
 
 ^AvTep(o<^, eiXo)?, evpoi'^, ISpcoi;, Kparv^poi^, irXca^, (f)(t)^, 
 XP^'^y — '^^^*-^ '^ i'^w others. 
 
 125. Termination -So?, like Sayi)?. 
 
 'E/xi;? or 'Eyu-i;?, TryXa/jLv^i, xXa/jiv<;, — and a few others. 
 
 126. Termination -xo?, like Scwpv^. 
 
 rXft>;^e9 (Plural), Opi^ (for rpl^), art^, yjrl^, — and a 
 
 few others. 
 
 127. Mixed Terminations. 
 
 ava^-KTO<i, 68ov<;-6vTO<;, vv^-kto^;, 
 
 KarrjXi'y^-^O'^, 7rov<^, ttoSov, ^opKVv-vo'^, 
 fioacrvv-vvo^y cr/jLcoSL^-L'yyoi;, 
 
 o-?79, aeo<; (rarely) ; Plural (T))r€<i. 
 
 128. Termination, -[ ;]o9 like S^pts. Sec 66. 
 
 "AXTt9, ^'^^9, yvL's, Ka\d(TTpL<^, KL'i, op^L<i, adyapi^;, 
 ^vivv€cn<i, Tvpat^, — and others. 
 
 129. Termination -[ ;]o9, like a-ivdin (1) ; Termination -[jjws, 
 
 like ireTrepL (2). 
 
 "A/jL/jLi (2), jBeppepi (1), Ktvvd^apc (2), kvcj^o (1 and 2), 
 arifjL/jLt or o-rt/xt (1, 2, and -So?), — and a few others. 
 
 A. MeXt has -to<;. 
 
 B. Indeclinable are aKapi, d\(j)i, (SXlrvpi, KopLfii^ kovkl, 
 Kpl, rdyvpt. 
 
 C. A few adjectives in -l are used substantively : e.g., 
 eveXTTi, -So?, eV/^apf, -to<;. 
 
 130. Termination -[f]o?, like (SpaOu. 
 
 MeOv, /jLLcrv [also -[f]*^?], i^aTrf, — and a few others. 
 
NOUN INFLECTION. 31 
 
 131. Termination -pos, like viKxap. 
 
 ElXap, oTTLcrdevapy crKivap, r/p,^ fcijp,^ — and a few 
 others. 
 
 A. Indeclinable are deXKap, \M(f)ap, irlap, crv(f)ap, cfydp. 
 
 B. Indeclinable are XeVa?, cre/3a9. 
 
 C.^ "Aop for aop, -po<^), ^pera'^, yrop, /cwas% ov8a<^, ol*?, 
 7re\a<;, jreXcop, (TTal<i, (f)do<;. 
 
 Adjectives of the Vowel Declensio7i. 
 Classified by the Termination of the is ominative Singular. 
 
 132. Termination -os, -rj, -or, Like (Tocf)6<;. 
 
 WyaTnjTO^;, dyv6<;, evSoLaaro^i, epij/xos, depfio^;, Oripevn- 
 k6<^, OpvTTTLKo^;, 6jjl6<;, cr6[jbv6<=;, (Tirep')(y6(;, — and many 
 others. 
 
 133. Termination -09, -u, -ov, like a^to?. 
 
 "A^Xto?, dKpo<=;, e\€v6epo<;, evavTio<;, ipvOpo^^ eT€po<;, 
 Lep6<^, Kaprepo'^, fiLvvp6<;, — and many others. 
 
 134. Termination -os, -ov, like dSr}Xo<i. 
 
 "Az/Ttro?, dvTL(f)ovo<i, dvTLyln](f)o<;, dopvo<^, €KKaLpo<;, eKKpt- 
 T0(;, ivhvixa')(o^, Oijpto/jid^o^, Ldcn/jLo<;, — and many others.^ 
 
 135. Termination -cos, -mv, like lAcoj?. 
 
 "E/c7rXeQJ9, evveto^, /jLecr6j€co<^, other compounds of the 
 same, — and a few others. 
 
 ^ See the Lexicon. 
 
 '^ Numerically the largest class, although not so frequently used in 
 Attic Greek as adjectives of three Terminations. 
 
32 KOUN INFLECTION. 
 
 136. Termination -o$, -a, -ov, like xpv(Tov<;^ -rj, -ovv.^ 
 ^^piveo^i Kvdv€o<^, Xiveo^, vaXeo'^;, (f)otvLfC€0'i, ^aX/ceo?, — 
 
 and a few others. Those in -Xeo? remain iincontracted 
 except vdXeo^ above. 
 
 137. Termination -os, -a, -ov, like dpyupou?, -a, -ovv.^ 
 'Epeeo?, Kepa/ji€ou<>, irop^vpeo<^, aihr'jpeo'^;, ravpeo^;, — and 
 
 a few others. 
 
 138. Termination -05, ->?, -ov, like d7rAoi)s, -rj, -ovv} 
 'E^airXoo'^, iroXkaifKoo^, chiefly compounds of -irXoo^, 
 
 — and possibly a few others. 
 
 139. Termination -09, -ov, like aTrXous, -ow.^ 
 
 "Atti'OO?, cLTToppoo'^, dpriOpoo<^, ^a6v^poo<;, Sopv^oo<^, 
 €V)(Xoo^, — many compounds of these Stems, and possibly 
 a few others. 
 
 140. Termination -ws, -mv, like dyT^pois, -mv. 
 'Ae/i^o)?, €v<y7]pco'^, 6V'^p(o<;, — and a few others. 
 
 141. Adjectives of one Termiyiatmi sometimes occur. See 
 the Lexicon. 
 
 Remark. The following violate rules : — 
 'A^auo?, dy\a6<;, "Adcoo<;, dtSco^;, /SorjOoo^;, ^ft)©?, ^Xeo?, 
 6Xgo<;, Ta\a6<;, ravao^;, rerpdopo<^. See the Lexicon. 
 
 Adjectives of the Consonant Declension. 
 Classified by the Termination of the Genitive Singular. 
 
 142. Termination -[o-]o5, like aXr)Oi]<;. 
 
 EuTT/oeTTT;?, 67]\v/jL€\y]<=;, KaTaSer]^;, fi€\av6r]<^, /jL€\7}Sy]<^, 
 IJLovo€iht]<^, o^v(joirr}<;, TroXvKarj^;, 7roXvB6VK7]<;, TToXvepyij^i, 
 iToXvaivr)'^, — and many others. 
 
 ^ See 8, foot-note. 
 
NOUN INFLECTION. 33 
 
 143. Termination -109, like evSaifxoiv. 
 
 HoXvKTtjfAcop, aihrip6(^po)v, crKrjTrToffdfKov, avv^jfJiWVy 
 avvofiaLficov, avvrepficov, — and many others. See 74. 
 
 144. Termination -[f ]o9, like yAvKvs, omitting the Feminine. 
 
 'Aficfitjevv';, avixOv^, ^por6y7]pv<i, e7ro^v<;, evwrj^v^, 
 rjfii/Spaxv^, Kvav6(^pv^, rap^v^y raxvSaKpv(;, TerpaTrrjxv^, 
 — and others. 
 
 Adjectives of the Consonant and Vowel Declensions. 
 
 Classified by the Termination of tlie Genitive and Nominative Singular 
 
 respectively. 
 
 145. Termination -[f ]o9, -a, like yXv/cvs. 
 
 AtVu?, ayLt/3\u9, d/jL(f)L/3pa'xi>'^, d/KpiSacrvf;, ^apv<;, ffpi6v9, 
 fykvKv^y Ba(7V<;, Bpi/jLv<;, €v6v<;, evpv<^, rjSix;, rjfiiG-v^, 6rj\v<;y 
 off?, iraxy'^, 7r\arv<;, Tap(l)V'^, ra^v'^, rpa^ys, odkvq, — 
 and their compounds. 
 
 146. Termination -tos, -a, like xaptcts. 
 
 Mopoet?, wrepoeif;, paKoet^, pohoei^, pviroet^;, crfccoeK;, 
 a-KOToei';, (TTovoei^, T€t')(,i'0€L<^^ — and many others. See 73. 
 
 147. Compounds of Tras follow the accent of the Nomina- 
 tive, but are like ttSs in the Genitive and Dative Singular 
 (M. and N.). 
 
 148. Adjectives of one Termination sometimes occur. See 
 the Lexicon. 
 
Part II. 
 
 VERB IXFLECTION. 
 
 149. Preliminary Work. — In writing the inflection of 
 the verb in m, separate the Termination from the rest of the 
 verb (or the Apparent Stem) by the dotted or Appareiit Line, 
 and ditto the Apparent Stem in all the persons except in the 
 first, where it must be written in full. The accent must 
 never be omitted. 
 
 Note that in the above method we are dealing with the 
 Apparent, not the Real Stein. While this method at first is 
 recommended until perfect familiarity be acquired with the 
 Terminations of most of the forms of the verb in w, let care- 
 ful attention then be called to their Real Stems and Rcrsonal 
 Endings before proceeding to those of the Perfect Middle/ 
 the First ^ and Second^ Passive systems of verbs in w, and 
 also to those of the Present ^'"^ and Second^ Aorist systems of 
 verbs in /xt. 
 
 ^ The V. or Variable vowel is wanting throughout here, except in the 
 Subjunctive. The Personal Endings, therefore, are added directly to 
 the Real Stem. In the Optative the Eeal Stem, of course, includes the 
 Mode sign: e.<j., \vQci-n-v, Real Stem, Au06iTj.*'^ Although this sign is not 
 the Variable vowel {cf. \voi^),^ yet it occupies a similar position in rela- 
 tion to the rest of the verb. 
 
 2 Verbs in -j/y^i have a Variable vowel in the Optative also. 
 
 3 See 13 (o). 
 
verb inflection. 35 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 150. (a) A Personal Ending is an addition of a letter or 
 letters to the Real Stem -^ of a word to designate a person : 
 e.g., Xvo-jxev, eX.vo-v, i\v€-TO. 
 
 (b) A Personal Ending is often wanting: e.g., eXve-, iXvOr]-. 
 
 151. (a) A Termination is the union or contraction of the 
 V.^ with the Personal Ending : e.g., Xv-o/jiev, Xv-y (lov Xv-rj-o-ax) , 
 Xv-oiv, Xv-6fJi€vo<; , iXv-ov. 
 
 (b) Or the V. alone : e.g., eXv-e. Here, of course, there is 
 no Pej'sonal Eliding. 
 
 ((?) Or the Personal Ending alone : e.g., iXvOy-v, XvOy-n, 
 Lo-TTj-ixL. Here, of course, there is no V. Or the Ending 
 alone: e.g., tcrra-i/at 1 1 '^^ La-Td-iJLevo<i, X€XvK-ii)<;\\^, XvOet-<i\\^. 
 
 (d) Or the union of V., Mode sign, and Personal Ending : 
 e.g.,Xv-otfj.i^, Av-co/A£i/^. Or contraction of the same: e.g., Xv-r) 
 
 (for Xv-r]-(TaL). 
 
 ((?) Or the union of V, and Mode sign : e.g., Xv-ot, Xv(t-€L€, 
 Xvcr-at. Here, of course, there is no Personal Ending. 
 
 (/) Or the Mode sign and the Persorml Ending: e.g., 
 i-trjcrav*, XvOe-ii]v\ Here, of course, there is no Y. 
 
 (g) Or the Mode sign alone: e.g., XvOe-l-r]*, So-tr}.* 
 
 (h) Or, finally, the Termination may be wanting : e.g., 
 eXvOf)-, ioiSov-, ecrry]-. 
 
 ^ The Simple Stem of the Verb is the Theme on which the formative 
 elements of inflection are constructed. This is often the same as the 
 Apparent, less frequently the same as the Real Stem. In this sense also 
 the Simple Stem is often applicable to the Noun. In its application to a 
 Tense Stem the Theme is the same as tlie Apparent Stem without an aug- 
 ment, and in this sense it is generally applicable to the Noun. 
 
 2 " Here it may suffice to refer to the fact that the vowel, because it is 
 lengtliened in the Subjunctive and united with the modal sign in the 
 Optative, is proved to be tolerably fixed and immovable." This is called 
 the Variable vowel. 
 
 ^ Marked thus in accordance with 12 and 13. * See 8, note 1. 
 
36 
 
 VERB INFLECTION. 
 
 159. Application of the General Rules. 
 
 
 Real Stem. 
 
 Ending. 
 
 Real Stem. 
 
 Ending. 
 
 
 e 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 < 
 
 V. 
 Theme, i and 
 
 ' +. 
 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 Theme. 
 
 V. 
 
 and 
 
 + . 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 o -S 
 
 10,11,151 
 (a), 160. 
 
 — 
 
 \v 61 
 
 sN 
 
 \v 
 
 0) 
 
 v[t][s? 
 
 151 (a), 
 170. 
 
 10, 11, 12, 
 151 (c), 
 171. 
 
 151 (a), 
 172. 
 
 10, 11, 13, 
 
 151 {b), 
 161. 
 
 — 
 
 \v\ TT, 
 
 H[t]^ 
 
 — 
 
 SiSoti 
 
 — 
 
 [vt]s!|i 
 
 11,13,151 
 (d), 162. 
 
 — 
 
 Xv| 016 
 
 V 
 
 T 
 
 7V€XX 
 
 o 
 
 v^ 
 
 9, 11, 13, 
 
 151 (/), 
 163. 
 
 — 
 
 SiSoie — 
 
 V 
 
 — 
 
 TJ-y^eXK 
 
 a 
 
 — 
 
 11,151(&), 
 173,185. 
 
 9, 10, 11, 
 12, 
 
 151 (c), 
 164. 
 
 
 eci - 
 
 [F]vat|| 
 
 6 
 
 (err 
 
 
 H^e'vosjl 
 
 11, 12, 151 
 
 (c), 174. 
 9 note 1,10, 
 13,151(&V 
 
 11, 12, 
 
 151 (c), 
 165. 
 
 
 lOTTal — 
 
 vai|| 
 
 ^ 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 (iTJV 
 
 11, 151(c), 
 175. 
 
 12, 151 (a), 
 166. 
 
 ~ 
 
 XcXvkI e' 
 
 vaijl 
 
 € 
 
 Tl|X(0 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 (0-) 
 
 9 note 1,10, 
 151 (a), 
 176. 
 
 8,10, 11, 
 151 (a), 
 177. 
 
 8, 12, 
 151 {a), 
 167. 
 
 
 Xiirl € 
 
 ivjl 
 
 
 Xv'l , 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 t (0-) 
 
 8, 151 (a), 
 168. 
 
 
 
 XciTT € 
 
 LV 
 
 > 
 
 8i8ov 1 — 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 11, 151(c), 
 178. 
 
 9, 11, 13, 
 
 151 (/), 
 169. 
 
 — 
 
 \vQdr\— 
 
 V 
 
 SrjXo 
 
 U 
 
 V 
 
 9 note 1, 
 151 (a), 
 179. 
 
 11,151(6), 
 
 173,185. 
 
 — 
 
 € X-rjXaK 1 a 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 XcXvK 
 
 ws 1 
 
 Ill 12, 
 
 151 (c), 
 185. 
 
 Appar. Stem.i Termination. 
 
 1 
 
 Appar. Stem. [ Terminat'n. 
 
 ^ (/ompare witli the same on p. 10. 
 
 '^ The temporal augment is always written on the augment line, — the 
 dotted line at the extreme left. See also 172. 
 
 ^ So \v-w-[/j.Jt]. See note to Avwu, 14. * For tcr-u-fxi. 
 
VERB INFLECTION. 6i 
 
 Explanation of Certain Forms. 
 
 See "Application of the General Rules," p. 36. 
 
 160. Present Indicative x-Vctive of Avw. The augment is 
 wanting. Heal Stern, Xvet, lengthened for \ve. Between the 
 forms Xve&i, Xvert and Auets, Av'ct, we have the intermediate 
 A.v'eto-6, X.VUTL, in which the inserted t is an epenthesis or anti- 
 cipatory sound of the t of the Ending. After epenthesis had 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 36. 159- Read 
 
 56. 159- 
 
 I Xciir 
 
 I 
 
 XeXvK 
 
 61 IV 
 
 — w(t)s1 
 
 « 36. 159. ^'ute I. Read p. 9- 
 
 ^.^ ., , .^^^.^y, ,Kcu^Lu.y , 111 verus in -/at, ya appears 
 
 as try or t: e.g., SiSoirjv, SlSoIto. Here the t, representing an 
 original ya, does not unite with the final vowel of the S(e7n,^ 
 but is contracted^ with it. This explains the difference in accent 
 between X^lttolto and StSotro, but not the third plurals above : 
 
 1 See 8, note 1. 
 
 2 This contraction may he in compensation for the omitted V. and in 
 reminiscence of the original yO, retained in the Mode sign -t of verbs in -^t. 
 
36 
 
 VERB INFLECTION, 
 
 159. Application of the General Rules. 
 
 
 Real Stem. 
 
 Ending. 
 
 Eeal Stem. 
 
 Ending. 
 
 
 
 c 
 c 
 
 3 
 < 
 
 V. 
 
 Theme. : and 
 
 ' +. 
 
 It 
 
 c 1 
 
 1 1 Theme. 
 
 3 1 
 < 1 
 
 V. 
 
 and 
 
 + . 
 
 
 
 10.11.151 
 
 
 
 \v| Cl 
 
 sW 
 
 — \v 
 
 6) 
 
 v[t][s]^ 
 
 151 (a), 
 170. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9, 11, 13, 
 
 151 (/), 
 169. 
 
 -— 
 
 1 
 
 1 "r^ 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 > 
 
 8t]\o 
 
 M 
 
 V 
 
 9 note 1 , 
 151 (a), 
 179. 
 
 11,151(6), 
 173,185. 
 
 — 
 
 cXrjXaK 1 a 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 XeXvK 
 
 — 
 
 WS 1 
 
 11, 12, 
 
 151 (c), 
 185. 
 
 Appar. Stem. Termination, 
 
 Appar. Stem, 
 
 Terminat'n. 
 
 ^ Compare with the same on [>. 10. 
 
 ^ The temporal augment is always written on the augment line, — 
 dotted line at the extreme left. See also 172. 
 
 ^ So Kv-u}-[ix\[i\. See note to Kvwv, 14. * For ta-u-ixi. 
 
 the 
 
verb inflection. 37 
 
 Explanation of Certain Forms. 
 
 See "Application of the General Pades," p. 3G. 
 
 160. Present Indicative Active of Ai;oj. The augment is 
 wanting. Ileal Stem, Xvet, lengthened for Xve. Between the 
 forms \v(.(Ti, Avert and Xvwi, Xvu, we have the intermediate 
 Aueto-t, kvuTt, in which the inserted i is an epenthesis or anti- 
 cipatory sound of the t of the Ending. After epenthesis had 
 taken place (compare iOeXya-t), the t of the Ending disap- 
 peared. This explanation by Curtius accounts also for the 
 L in Xvi]<i, Am/, the series being as follows : — 
 
 \v6-aL \vr]-ai \ve-TL Xvrj-rc 
 
 J ,1 ,1 ,1 
 
 \vei-ai \vrj-ai Xvet-TC \vrj-TL 
 
 J J I ,'l 
 
 XveL-<; Xvr)-<; Xvet-r Xvy-r 
 
 ,1 ;i 
 
 Xvei Xvrj 
 
 161. Present Subjunctive Active of Avcu. >%e 160. 
 
 162. Present Optative Active of Avw. Beal Stevi Xvocc. 
 The sign of the Optative (t, u, lyj, la) is always marked * (see 
 13) to distinguish it from the V. or Variable vowel. 
 
 163. Present Optative Active of StSco/xt. Real Stem SlSou. 
 The V. is wanting. But why a difference in accent? The 
 suffix of the Optative is ga for verbs in -w, gd for verbs in -/xi. 
 In verbs in -o), ga appears as X, te, la, uniting with the Variable 
 vowel: e.g., Xvoi, Xvouv, XvcreLav ; in verbs in -fXL, yd appears 
 as it; or t : e.g., ^lSoltjv, SlSoIto. Here the i, representing an 
 original gd, does not unite with the final vowel of the Stem,^ 
 but is contracted^ with it. This explains the difference in accent 
 between Xuttolto and SiSoiro, but not the third plurals above : 
 
 ^ See 8, note 1. 
 
 ^ This contraction may be in compensation for the omitted V. and in 
 reminiscence of the original ya, retained in the Mode sign -t of verbs in -fii. 
 
38 VERB INFLECTION. 
 
 e.g., hihouv. Here " there is no difficulty in the assumption 
 that analogy was an essential source of the accent. Among 
 modern grammarians the view that the shorter forms are con- 
 tracted has been the prevalent one." But not that StSote:' has 
 been contracted from hLhot-qcrav any more than icjidvOev from 
 ecfidvOria-av. The difference in accent between Ae/Trotro and 
 SlSolto is also thus explained. 
 
 The retention of /xt in the First Person Singular of the 
 Active (a Primary Ending, the O^jtative elsewhere having the 
 Secondary Endings throughout) is a " relic of great antiquity," 
 pointing to a time when the Secondary were the same as the 
 Erimary Endings. The Primary were the original Endings. 
 
 164. Second or Strong Aorist Active Infinitive of tlOtjixl. 
 "In this way we arrive at a certain degree of probability that 
 all infinitives in -vai have originated in fevai. As Sowat came 
 from 8of€vaL, so Oetvat would have come from Oefei/ai, yvoivat 
 from yvoifevat. The JDOSt-Homeric forms SiSovai, cjidvat, elSevat, 
 would be later formations arising at a time in wliicli the 
 medial f was completely extinct. But at least in the accentu- 
 ation of the penultimate, there still remained a reminiscence 
 that it was once an ante]3enultimate." Further, " the vowel 
 before the v, which is always long, and which in all Greek 
 without exception is accented, always belongs to the Stem. 
 Hence we cannot talk of an ending evai, but only of vat." 
 
 165. Present Infinitive Active of la-Trjixi. Sec 164. 
 
 166. Perfect Infinitive Active of At'co. Sec 164. 
 
 167. 168. Second or Strong Aorist Active Inllnitive of X^i-n-w. 
 Original Ending ev for this and for the Present Active Infini- 
 tive, A-ctTTctv. The difference in accent is due to the raising of 
 the last syllable of the Second or Strong Aorist in -cev, which 
 would give the Homeric Infinitive \\\ -Uiv ; this lengthening 
 does not occur in the case of the Present : e.g., XcTreev, XetTreev ; 
 Xtirietv, XfiTreev ] AtTretVj AeiTTfti'. 
 
VERB INFLECTION. 39 
 
 169. First Aorist Optative Passive of Avo). The V. is 
 wanting, and also the augment. A — shows this. 
 
 170, 171. Present Active Participle of Xvo) and 8t8a)/xt respec- 
 tively. Here the form is written as a verb. Compare these 
 forms under Noun Inflection. See 14. 
 
 172, 173. Imperfect and Perfect Indicative Active of ayyiX- 
 Aoj respectively. The treatment of the rj is here easily com- 
 pared as showing augment (172) and reduplication (173). The 
 temporal augment must always be written on the dotted line 
 between the augment and Theme — a hint as to its forma- 
 tion in being derived originally from the syllabic. The essen- 
 tial difference between temporal augment and reduplication in 
 the case of Stems beginning with a vowel (or diphthong when 
 changed) is that the former arose from a pre -Greek contrac- 
 tion of the syllabic augment with the initial vowel of the 
 Theme ; whereas in the -latter case the result came from a 
 doubling (also p)'!'^^- Greek) of the initial vowel of the Theme. 
 As regards omission of the augment, Curtius says : " The fact 
 that the living spoken language, as far as we can see, as good 
 as never neglected the augment in its completest form, is a 
 strong confutation of the view which represents the augment 
 as an unessential element in the word. The best expression 
 of the important difference between the omission of the .svHa- 
 bic augment and that of the temporal, is this : the former is 
 a poetical and archaic license ; the latter is a sacrifice to con- 
 venience of articulation, and was more or less common to all 
 periods. Both omissions fall under the head of weakening, 
 and at no time did the Greeks lose the sense that the aucr- 
 
 o 
 
 mented form was the complete and correct one." In regard 
 to reduplication in connection with augment, Curtius says, 
 " The augment serves, that is, to mark a past tense ; it is the 
 exponent of a grade of time ; while the reduplication charac- 
 terizes a tense-stem all through, attaching itself firmly to it ; 
 
40 VERB INFLECTION. 
 
 nor does it confine itself exclusively to the perfect stem, but 
 appears occasionally in the present and aorist as well. From 
 this it is clear that the reduplication was not originally a 
 mark of past time, and that the apparent substitution of the 
 reduplication for the augment in certain aorists is not what it 
 seems (for we have iK^Kkero), and further witness the every- 
 day Pluperfect." 
 
 " In other words, to call reduplication augment belongs to a 
 more backward stage of ' Science of Language ' than the pres- 
 ent." The reduplication often takes the form of the augment, 
 either temporal or syllabic. 
 
 " The Attic reduplication was so called because it here and 
 there had disappeared from the usage of the later Greeks, 
 and hence was to be recommended as a good and genuine 
 Attic formation. The Greek Perfect formation is separated 
 from that of the other reduplicating tenses by delicate dis- 
 tinctions. Here the distinction lies in the rhythm. The 
 Aorists leave the stem-syllable short : wpope ; the Perfects 
 bring it out vigorously by its length : o/awpc. ' And again, 
 " the Attic reduplication has a special interest in bearing on 
 the history of the language. It shows us what the Greeks 
 were capable of at a comparatively recent time, and may 
 serve as a warning not to go too far in explaining Greek forms 
 horn, pre- GreeJc models." 
 
 " The Homeric language, in which many at every step con- 
 jecture reminiscences from the grayest antiquity, evidently is 
 in the middle of this period of recent imitation. We may 
 here, as in other cases, cast our eyes back from Homer to a 
 still earlier poetry which was actually creative in moulding 
 characteristic forms of language." 
 
 174. Perfect Subjunctive Passive of ttXckw. As the V. is 
 wanting, final k of the ^Sle7)i appears to us as y before the 
 Ending /xcVo?. Here w (and d-qv) are written beneath the 
 Participle for the Subjunctive and Optative respectively. 
 
VERB iKt'LECTION. 41 
 
 175. Pluperfect Indicative Passive of <j>aLvu). "Stems in v 
 (unless they reject v, agreeing with the Perfect Active) change 
 it to o- before /x : <^atVa> (<f>av), 7r£<^ao--/Aat ; but sometimes to fx : 
 o^vi'OD (oivv), ui^v^ixai. The succession v-r remains ; v-ixd drops 
 o". The forms which would have v-a (Trc^av-o-at) are avoided 
 altogether ; for these it is likely that Trti^acr/xtVo? cT, yjaOa, "lo-Ol, 
 were used." — Hadley and Allen, 
 
 176. Imperfect Indicative Middle or Passive of rt/xaw. The 
 o- (of ao, the Ending) appears in brackets, since it is dropped 
 in Attic Greek. Observe further, that in contract-verbs the 
 contracted syllable is always accented except in the entire 
 Singular and Third Person Plural of the Imperfect Indicative 
 Active ; and in the Second Person Singular of the Imperative 
 Active: e.g., cSt^Aow, ri/xa. 
 
 177. Present Indicative Middle or Passive of Avw. The <r 
 (of o-at, the Endiyig) appears in brackets, since it is dropped 
 in Attic Greek. 
 
 178. 179. Imperfect Indicative Active of 8tSw/xt and hr^Xom 
 respectively. In 178 ov is a simple lengthening of the final 
 vowel of the Stem} In 179 ov, arising from a contraction of 
 the final vowel of the Aioparent Stem with the V., is written 
 on the Apparent Line. See General Rules. 
 
 180. Xv9r]^-TL. First Aorist Imperative Passive of Xvoj. 
 This Passive system is formed with Active Endings through- 
 out. Here XvOrj has the final vowel of the Stem lengthened ; ^ 
 the Variable vowel is wanting, and tl (for Ol) consequently is 
 not dropped, as in Xv-e-[^][i]. See also 11, 151 (c). 
 
 181. laTr).^ Present Imperative Active of lar-qfu. Here 
 la-T-q ^ has the final vowel of the Stem lengthened because the 
 Ending has been dropped. The V. is wanting. See also 11, 
 \b\{cy 
 
 1 Real and Apparent Stem are here the same. 
 
42 VERB INFLECTION. 
 
 182. (TTrj ^-Ot. Second, or Strong Aorist Imperative Active 
 of Lo-TTjixi. The final vowel of the Stem is here lengthened, 
 with the End'nuj retained. The final vowel of the Stem some- 
 times appeal's short and sometimes long. This orij^t is the 
 full form of Imperatives of this class. See also 11, 151 (c). 
 
 183. ^e'-?. Second or Strong Aorist Imperative Active of 
 TiOrffXi. For OiOu The t being dropped, is changed to s. 
 See also 11, 151 (c). 
 
 184. SeiKvvoLjXL. Verbs in -vu/xt form the Subjunctive and 
 Optative like verbs in -w. See also 11, 151 (d). 
 
 185. XeXvKa, XeXvKi. The Perfect Indicative Active, First 
 and Third Person Singular, never had any Personal Ending. 
 There seems to be no ground for the assumption that the 
 Variable vowel has been lost before -w? (formative element -or) 
 of the Perfect Participle Active. On the contrary, the evi- 
 dence goes to show that it never existed. See also 11, 151 (h), 
 151 (c). 
 
 186. l3ov\€V(Tov. First Aorist Imperative Active of jSov- 
 Xevii). The Terminaiion ov is the result of a nasal after-sound 
 dulling a into o : thus, jSovXeva-o-v. But nothing certain is 
 known about this form. See also 11, 151 (a). 
 
 187. ^ovXeva-au First Aorist Infinitive Active of jSovXevo). 
 
 Nothing satisfactory is known about this form. Curtius says 
 that it is probably for ^ovXevar-a-ai, the Ending o-at being added 
 directly to the Stein without a V., the first a disappearing as 
 in y€V€(cr)ort. Papillon says that at arose by analogy from the 
 old Ending fxevaL. This at would assert itself by analogy as 
 the right Termination. Curtius, however, says that this has 
 but little probability, although his own view is as far fetched 
 as any other, and not better established. As the treatment 
 
 ^ Real and Apparent Stem are here the same. 
 
VERB INFLECTION. 43 
 
 of Papillon seems on the whole the most satisfactory, it is 
 adopted here. In this connection it might be added that 
 nothing is known about the First Aorist Imperative Middle. 
 Let it be written, however, like the First Aorist Infinitive 
 Active, with a different accent where necessary. See also 
 11, 151 (a). 
 
 188. StSdttcri. Present Indicative Active of SlSih/xl. Here 
 the acrt arises from avn, a very old traditional formation. See 
 
 also 11, 151 (c). 
 
 189. No classified lists of verbs are given, as the grammars 
 contain an abundance of examples. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 (hadley and Allen's preface.) 
 
 " The paradigms have been pruned here and there in the 
 interest of a stricter Atticism. For instance, y in the Second 
 Person Singular Middle has been dropped, and forms like 
 Tifnor)fX€v, SvoLfXL, €(TTaL7]fji€v, cSiSwv, SiBov (Imperative Middle), 
 have disappeared. So Xvovrmv, XveaOw, have taken precedence 
 of kvirioaav, XvicrOoio-av ; Xucreta?, Xvcrete, of Xvaaiq, Xvcrai ; the 
 Pluperfect in -kt], of that in -kuv ; XvOcijjiev, StSot/xer, of XvOur]- 
 iiiv, SLSoLTjfxev ; (fitXoLTjv, of (j>LXo7fxL. Thc Pcrfcct Active Imper- 
 ative has been relegated to a note, and so has the Optative 
 form XiXvKOLTjv. The noun dvu>y€cov has been discarded as non- 
 existent. In the Feminine Dual of pronouns, toj, twSc, tovto} 
 have taken the place of ra, raSe, rtturu." 
 
> 1 ] > ] 
 
 111 ' 'jj JJ5J il 
 
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I02 
 
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 FROM GREEK PROFESSORS. 
 
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 The reason why we have lacked a suit- 
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 {March 18, 1880.) 
 
T03 
 
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 pleased with the arrangement of the 
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 of the Syntax, and, in fact, with the log- 
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I04 
 
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 cope with. It is characterized by a 
 candor that necessarily commands re- 
 spect. Though modestly styling itself 
 " elementary," it is better adapted than 
 any other in our language for the use 
 of the American college student. As 
 such I shall recommend it to my 
 classes. {July 17, 1880.) 
 
 John H. Hewitt, Prof of Greek, 
 Lake Forest Univ., III. : I have used 
 the Grammar for three years, with pre- 
 paratory classes, with great satisfaction. 
 {March 22, 1880.) 
 
 A. H. Buck, Prof of Greek, Bos- 
 ton Univ. : It was an excellent book 
 before it appeared in the revised and 
 enlarged edition recently published. It 
 is now much more complete and sym- 
 metrical, and shows everywhere the 
 tact, insight, and judgment of a learned 
 and experienced teacher, who is intent 
 alike on accuracy and elegance of 
 Statement. {March 25, i88o.) 
 
 Wilford Caulkins, Prof of Greek, 
 East Tenn. Wesleyan Univ. : The test 
 of class use convinces me of its superi- 
 ority. It is clear, terse, and compre- 
 hensive, giving what the student needs, 
 unencumbered by unnecessary ver- 
 biage. {A/arch 4, 1882.) 
 
 H. Peck, Aiigustana Coll., Rock 
 Island, III. : I am exceedingly well 
 pleased with it. 
 
 E. Alexander, Univ. of Tenn.: 
 No Greek Grammar which I have used 
 is equal to it, 
 
 John H. Wrig-ht, Associate Prof 
 of Greek, Dartmouth Coll. : The severe 
 proportion constantly observed in the 
 choice, arrangement, and treatment of 
 materials must give the treatise a per- 
 manent value, which only most de- 
 cided advances in grammatical science 
 will be able seriously to affect. 
 
 S. Waterhouse, Prof of Greek, 
 Wash. Univ., St. Louis : An excellent 
 book for academic and collegiate use. 
 Simple, but not superficial ; brief, but 
 not obscure ; it combines the latest re- 
 sults of Greek scholarship with the 
 best methods of presentation. It will 
 meet the expectations of those who 
 care less for lists of exceptions than 
 they do for the mastery of Greek litera- 
 ture and thought. {March 19, 1880.) 
 
 I. Schneider, Prof of Greek, 
 
 Tuffs Coll. : It is greatly improved and 
 enriched, and its usefulness thereby, 
 both for students and teachers, largely 
 enhanced. 
 
 I. Fletcher, Queen's Coll., Kings- 
 ton, Out. : I have long known it as 
 the best published. {March 9, 1882.) 
 
 D. J. W. Wilm, Prof of Greek, 
 Victoria Univ., Cobourg, Can. : I must 
 say I think it \s facile princeps as com- 
 pared with any I have hitherto met 
 with. {July 5, i88i.) 
 
lO: 
 
 FROM CLASSICAL AND HIGH SCHOOLS. 
 
 B. L. Cilley, i'rof. of Greek, Phil- 
 lips lixeter Acad., TV.//. / I began to 
 use it in 1870, wiiii the first edition, and 
 have used it constantly since. I con- 
 sider it decidedly the best working 
 Grammar that I know, I like the 
 changes made in it. {March 16, 1880.) 
 
 A. C. Perkins, Prin. 0/ Phillips 
 Exeter Acad.: In simplicity of expres- 
 sion, symmetry of arrangement, clear- 
 ness of statement, absence of all pedan- 
 try, and closeness of analysis, the work 
 is a model. The recent revision of the 
 book, and the addition of new matter, 
 have increased the value of it, and im- 
 proved a manual which a use of ten 
 years in our public schools had shown 
 to be excellently adapted to elementary 
 instruction. 
 
 C. P. P. Bancroft, Prin. of Phil- 
 lips Acad., Aiidover, Mass. : So far as I 
 can judge and can learn from competent 
 scholars, it has been greatly improved 
 by its extension and revision. 
 
 {April 3, 1880.) 
 
 Robert P. Keep, Prof, of Greek, 
 Williston Sent. : It seems to retain all 
 the conciseness and clearness of state- 
 ment which characterized the earlier 
 editions of the book, and to contain 
 all the matter which a student would 
 require up to the very end of his col- 
 lege course. It is eminently a practi- 
 cal book, and no teacher who uses it 
 with a class of beginners can fail to be 
 well satisfied with it. 
 
 F. "W. Tilton, Prin. of Rogers 
 High Sch., Newport, R.I. : It requires 
 no prophet to promise for the new 
 book a more general introduction and 
 a higher appreciation even than those 
 won by the old. {March 22, 1880.) 
 
 M. E. Gates, recent Prin. of Albany 
 Acad.: For daily recitations in a pre- 
 paratory school, we have found it de- 
 cidedly the best. It is compact, brief, 
 giving essentials and omitting non- 
 essentials. A bright boy of fifteen 
 may hope to know and apply every 
 page of it with two years' faithful study. 
 
 Moses Merrill, Head Master of 
 Boston Latin Sch. : It has been an au- 
 thorized text-book in the Latin School 
 since its first publication in 1870. It 
 has been most acceptable to all the 
 teachers of Greek since that time, and 
 there has been no desire for any other. 
 We believe that it is the best grammar 
 published for the elementary study of 
 the language. {March 26, 1880.) 
 
 Arthur I. Fiske, Teacher of 
 Greek, Boston Latin Sch.: At first I 
 looked with misgiving on the increased 
 bulk of the book, from a fear that it 
 would now inspire an abiding terror in 
 my youngest class ; but an examination 
 convinces me that the additions are 
 just so many helps. 
 
 John Tetlo"W, Head Master of 
 Girls Latin School, Boston : Teachers 
 of Greek in the Preparatory Schools 
 have, for several years, been under 
 great obligations to Professor Goodwin 
 for a series of text-books by which their 
 own labors have been lightened, at the 
 same time that the progress of their 
 pupils has been accelerated. The pub- 
 lication of this new grammar increases 
 their debt. {March 15, 1880.) 
 
 JohnW. Perkins, Prin. of Dum- 
 mer Acad., Byfield, Mass. : From the 
 first publication of the first edition, I 
 have considered it unequalled for prac- 
 tical work with a class fitting for col- 
 lege. {March 15, 1880.) 
 
io6 
 
 White's First Lessons in Greek. 
 
 Revised and Enlarged Edition. Prepared to accompany Goodwin's 
 (3reek Grammar, and designed as an Introduction either to his Greek 
 Reader or to his Selections from Xenophon and Herodotus, or to the 
 Anabasis of Xenophon. With a Companion Pamphlet of Parallel 
 References to Hadley's Greek Grammar. By John Williams 
 White, Ph.D., Professor of Greek in Harvard University. i2mo. 
 Half morocco. Mailing Price, ^1.30; Introduction, ;^ 1. 20; Allowance 
 for old book, 25 cents. 
 
 A series of eighty Lessons, with progressive Greek-English and 
 English-Greek Exercises, taken maiiily from the first four books of 
 Xenophon'' s Anabasis. The Exercises consist wholly of complete 
 sentences, followed by a series of Additional Exercises on Forms, 
 and complete Vocabularies. These Lessons are carefully graded, 
 and do not follow the order of arrangement of the Grammar, but 
 begin the study of the verb with the second Lesson, and then 
 pursue it alternately with that of the remaining parts of speech. 
 
 Adopted for use in Phillips Exeter Academy; Boston Latin 
 School ; Adams Academy, Quincy, etc. 
 
 An edition for the use of English schools is published by Mac- 
 millan & Co. of London. 
 
 Features of the First Lessons to which the attention 
 of Teachers is r^equested. 
 
 The verb is introduced at the outset, and is developed by moods 
 until Xvw has been fully presented, when a careful development of 
 the seven tense-stems is given. The exercises, taken mainly from 
 the first four books of Xenophon's Anabasis, and consisting of com- 
 plete sentences, are designed from the first as a drill not only on 
 forms but also in syntax ; twenty-five additional exercises are added 
 to the lessons proper to supply material for such further practice on 
 forms as the teacher shall deem necessary. Great care has been 
 given in the vocabularies to the derivation and composition of 
 words ; and two lessons, with exercises, are devoted to this subject. 
 A lesson is given to the treatment of prepositions ; and the exercises 
 of the first sixty lessons have been so graded and divided, that it is 
 confidently believed the book can be used equally well in schools of 
 the highest or lowest grade. 
 
107 
 
 OPINIONS OF GKEKK TKACHKKS. 
 
 W. S. Tyler, Prof, of Greek, Am- 
 herst Coil.: The plan is original and 
 ingenious. It seems also to be sensible 
 and judicious, founded in the nature of 
 language and of the mind. It is a sug- 
 gestive and stimulating book. 
 
 Alexander Kerr, Prof of Greek, 
 Univ. of Vi'iscotisin : The best book for 
 beginners which I have ever examined. 
 
 Edward North, Prof of Greek, 
 Hamilton Coll. : Its peculiar features 
 are points of excellence that will recom- 
 mend it to the favor of teachers. The 
 use of such a manual by a skilful 
 teacher will render the study of Greek 
 attractive at the outset, and in tlie final 
 result will lead to accurate scholarship 
 and breadth of culture. 
 
 Samuel Hart, Trinity Coll., 
 Hartford : It seems to me to be 
 admirably adapted to its purpose ; a 
 boy ought to be able to read his Ana- 
 basis almost at sight after a careful 
 study of this book. I like the order in 
 which the subjects are arranged, and 
 the thoroughness of treatment and care- 
 fulness of explanation which are seen 
 throughout. 
 
 James W. Reese, Prof of .Ancient 
 Lang., Western Maryland Coll. : I 
 find it better adapted for the use of 
 beginners than any similar work I have 
 met with. The plan of its construction 
 ensures rapid and accurate progress. 
 {Sept. 24, 1882.) 
 
 Wilford Caulkins, Prof of 
 Greek, East Tenn. Wesley an Univ.: 
 It is so perfectly adapted to the wants 
 of beginning classes, and so admirably 
 graded, that I do not see how it could 
 well be improved. 
 
 William R. Dimmock, late Mas- 
 ter of .Idams .Icade/ny, Qiiincy, Mass. : 
 To say that I am greatly pleased with 
 the book would by no means adequately 
 express my feelings in reference to it. 
 It is a school-book of very great and 
 unusual merit, and will be of great ser- 
 vice in education. // is both philosoph- 
 ical and practical. We have no book 
 published in America (and I know of 
 none in England) that is so excellent 
 an introduction to the study of Greek. 
 
 Robert P. Keep, Classical Mas- 
 ter, Williston Seminary, Easthampton : 
 It seems to me the most beautiful 
 Greek school-book yet published in our 
 country, and it is, as far as I have ob- 
 served, a marvel of accuracy. The 
 merit of its method will recommend it 
 strongly to classical teachers. 
 
 M. G. Daniell, Master in Roxbury 
 Latin School : I have had the book in 
 constant use in my classes for nearly 
 two years, and therefore I feel justified 
 in giving a decided opinion upon its 
 merits. No work of its class has ever 
 suited me so well as this. It is em- 
 phatically a first-rate text-book. 
 
 Samuel Unsworth, St. Mark's 
 School, Salt Lake City, Utah : I have 
 just finished it with my first class of 
 boys. I found it so stimulating to my- 
 self, and learned so much from it, that 
 I am sure these boys could have no 
 better book put into their hands. 
 
 Edinburg-h Review : The ex- 
 ercises are carefully graded. The ar- 
 rangement of the work is of the most 
 helpful kind. 
 
io8 
 
 Leighton's New Greek Lessons. 
 
 With references to Hadley's (jreek Grammar as well as to Goodwin's 
 New Greek Grammar. Intended as an introduction to Xenophon's 
 Anabasis or to Goodwin's Greek Reader. By R. ¥. Leighton, Ph.D. 
 (Lips.), Principal Brooklyn High School, N.\'. l2mo. Half morocco. 
 Mailing Price, $1.30; Introduction, $i.20; Allowance, 25 cent-s. 
 
 About seventy easy and well-graded lessons, both Greek and 
 Englisli, introduce the pupil to the first book of Xenophon's Anaba- 
 sis, from which the Exercises and Vocabularies are mainly selected. 
 
 Definite directions have been given in regard to the amount of 
 the Grammar to be learned. 
 
 The main aim has been, while introducing the simpler principles 
 of syntax, to have the pupil master the Inflections, and acquire a 
 Vocabulary. In furtherance of this purpose, the exercises on the 
 inflections have been increased, while those on syntax have been 
 decreased. 
 
 Vocabularies have been given under each lesson ; and, in order 
 to aid the pupil in memorizing them, some insight has been given 
 into the derivation and composition of words. 
 
 The Prepositions are introduced from the first; and the pupil is 
 taught the primary meanings, and how these meanings are modified 
 by the cases before which the Prepositions stand. 
 
 Questions for Review and Examination as in the first edition. 
 
 In rewriting the Lessons, considerable use has been made of 
 the excellent exercises, used in most of the German gymnasiums, 
 prepared by Dr. Wesener to accompany Curtius\s Greek Grammar. 
 
 The amount of matter to be translated into Greek is sufficient to 
 prepare a student in Greek composition for most American colleges. 
 
 M. W. Humphreys, Prof, of 
 Greek, Vanderbili Univ. : I have found 
 by actual trial that, for beginners, it 
 forms an excellent companion to the 
 Grammar, {March 6, 1882.) 
 
 A. H. Buck, Prof, of Greek, Bos- 
 ton Univ. : In its general plan, subject- 
 matter, and method, it is excellently 
 well adapted to the wants of the be- 
 ginner. I hope it will meet the favor 
 it so well deserves. {May 6, 1881.) 
 
 S. R. Winans, Instructor in Greek, 
 Princeton Colt., N.y. : I have just had 
 occasion to use the revised edition. 
 We completed the eighty lessons in 
 eight weeks, and the pupil is now read- 
 ing the Anabasis with remarkable facil- 
 ity and speed. I consider this a splen- 
 did test of the merits of the book, as 
 to plan, methods, gradation, etc. I am 
 so delighted with it that I cannot for- 
 bear commending it. It is ideally 
 good. 
 
109 
 
 First Four Books of Xenophon's Anabasis. 
 
 With an illustrated Vocabulary. Edited by Professors W. W. Goodwin 
 and John Williams White of Harvard University. i2mo. Half 
 morocco. 355 pages. Mailing Price, ^1.65; Introduction, ^1.50' 
 Allowance, 25 cents. 
 
 Without Vocabulary. Mailing Price, Si.io; Introduction, ^i.oo; 
 Allowance, 25 cents. 
 
 The Notes are copious, and much grammatical aid is given, 
 chiefly in the form of references to the revised and enlarged edition 
 of Goodwin's Greek Grammar. 
 
 A colored map is added, giving the route of the Ten Thousand. 
 
 The distinguishing features of the Vocabulary are its illustra- 
 tions, the fulness of its definitions, and its careful treatment of 
 etymologies. 
 
 Goodwin's Greek Reader. 
 
 Consisting of Selections from Xenophon, Plato, Herodotus, and 
 Thucydides; being the full amount of Greek Prose required for 
 admission to Harvard University. With Colored Maps, Notes, and 
 References to the revised and enlarged edition of Goodwin's Greek 
 Grammar. Edited by Professor W. W. Goodwin of Harvard Uni- 
 versity. i2mo. Half morocco. 384 pages. Mailing price, ^1.65; 
 Introduction, ^1.50; Allowance, 25 cents. 
 
 This edition of the Reader contains the first and second books 
 of the Anabasis, with copious notes, the greater part of the second 
 book and an extract from the seventh of the Hellenica, with the 
 first chapter of the Memorabilia, of Xenophon ; the last part of the 
 Apology, and the beginning and end of the Phaedo, of Plato ; and 
 .selections from the sixth, seventh, and eighth books of Herodotus, 
 and from the fourth book of Thucvdides. 
 
 B. L. Cilley, Pro/, of Greek, 
 Phillips Exeter Acad. : The selections 
 are good, the notes are well written, 
 and, what I think much of, the type is 
 clear and the book looks attractive. 
 The beginner gets as much good from 
 reading the two books of the Anabasis 
 as if he read the whole of it, and, in 
 addition, is made acquainted with the 
 closing scenes of his Peloponnesian 
 War. sees Socrates tried, condemned, 
 
 and executed, follows Xerxes in his 
 invasion of Greece, learns of Themis- 
 tocles and Miltiades, of Thermopylae 
 and Salamis, and is encouraged to 
 inform himself on the whole history 
 of Greece. 
 
 I shall feel that a long step in ad- 
 vance has been taken when I learn that 
 the Anabasis has been thrown aside for 
 as good a book as Goodwin's Greek 
 Reader. 
 
no 
 
 Goodwin's Greek Moods and Tenses. 
 
 By William W. Goodwin, Ph.D., Eliot Professor of Greek Literature 
 in Harvard University. Seventh Edition. Revised and Enlarged. 
 i2mo. Cloth. 279 pages. Mailing Price, $1.65 ; Introduction, $1.50. 
 
 The object of the work is to give a plain statement of the principles 
 which govern the construction of the Greek Moods and Tenses, — the 
 most important and the most difficult part of Greek Syntax. Schol- 
 ars are referred to the Preface for a fuller account of the principles 
 on which the work is based, and of its object and scope. The 
 index to the classic examples (more than twenty-three hundred in 
 number) by which the work is illustrated, arranged according to 
 authors, is of great value to teachers who use the book for reference 
 in their classes. 
 
 Since 1874 Goodwin's Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb has 
 been included in the list of works recommended by the Board of 
 Classical Studies of the University of Cambridge (England) to 
 candidates for honors in the Classical Tripos. In 1875 it was re- 
 published by Macmillan & Co. in London and Oxford. 
 
 The London Academy : The 
 
 syntax of Curtius's grammar, although 
 much improved in the last German edi- 
 tion revised by Dr. Gerth, cannot even 
 now challenge comparison with " Good- 
 win's Syntax of the Moods and Tenses." 
 It is incomparably the best, the clearest, 
 and most complete accoimt of the ex- 
 ceedingly complex construction of the 
 Greek sentence ; it is studied at Cam- 
 bridge by all those who aim at the at- 
 tainment of high classical honors, and 
 it is equally fitted for the highest forms 
 in public schools. It is not only a 
 treatise on Greek, but, by implication, 
 on logic and the science of language, 
 
 and it affords a far better training for j this country. After a thorough course 
 advanced boys than the brilliant and ' in it, a student feels as much at home 
 attractive, but rather inaccurate, work ' among the optatives as in our own 
 
 Arthur Sidg-wick, Lecturer at 
 Corpus Christi Coll., Oxford, and Fel- 
 low of Trinity Coll., Cambridge : The 
 best book on the subject that has been 
 published, either in Europe or America. 
 It is well known in England, at any rate 
 among the best Cambridge scholars ; 
 and those whose opinion is of most 
 value appreciate it most highly. 
 
 North American Revie-w : It is 
 
 the only important work on the subject 
 in the English language. 
 
 The Nation : Its publication be- 
 gan a new era in the study of Greek in 
 
 of Dr. Farrar. If the scholarship of 
 Harvard is really built on the founda- 
 tions of Dr. Goodwin, we may look for 
 great results in the future of American 
 philology. 
 
 mays and mights. After the acute in- 
 vestigations of German scholars, it was 
 reserved for the " practical American " 
 to give the clue to the protasis and 
 apodosis. 
 
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