Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/comparativevocabOOtomlrich A COMPAEATIYE YOCABULAEY OP FOETY-EiaHT LANGUAaES, COMPRISING ONE HUNDEED AND FOETY-SIX COMMON ENGLISH WORDS, WITH THEIE COGNATES IN THE OTHEE LANGUAGES, SHOWING THEIE AFFINITIES WITH THE EMLISH AND HEBEEW. BY THE EEV. J. TOMLIN, B.A., If Author of " Missionary Journals and Letters during Eleven Years Eesidence in the East ; " " Shin v. Shangte, or Inquiry respecting the proper term in Chinese for rendering Elohim and 0eo9;" and "Critical Eemarks on Dr. Mbdhurst's Chinese Translation op the E'ew Testament;" &c. LIVEEPOOL: AETHUE NEWLING, 2 7, BOLD STEEET. 1865. Note. — The German or Continental pronunciation of the Vowels is adopted in this Vocabulary^ or^ at least^ as far as practicable. Change or Mutation is indicated by '-^. ?2(>l T(,i PEELIMINAEY OBSERVATIONS. The English words, forming the basis of this Comparative Vocabulary, were selected as most suitable for the purpose from the pure Anglo-Saxon part of our language; they relate to the most familiar and important objects, and such as were most likely to be found in the various languages of the earth, and range over fourteen distinct departments of human knowledge. Their simple and pure Saxon character is obvious from the fact of there being no less than one hundred and nineteen Saxon words placed opposite to them as their natural correlatives. And their suitableness for an extensive comparison is also obvious from the fact that in nearly all the other languages, corresponding and indigenous words are found. There are, indeed, a few exceptions ; for instance, in the Tahitian and Esquimaux, where the want of native terms is supplied either from the English language or from the Hebrew or Greek, the foreign substitutes being modified so as to suit the genius of the language into which they are introduced ; these foreign words are indicated by a + annexed to each. Of course such words are neglected in our comparison. The affinities which the several languages bear to the Hebrew and English respectively are indicated by the letters H and E, prefixed to the words, and the number of such affinities is summed up at the bottom of each column ; and, finally, the total for each is given at the end of the Vocabulary, followed by a Table of Affinities, exhibiting the approximate ratio which each language bears to the Hebrew and English. In tracing out and ascertaining the affinities subsisting amongst the various languages, the Author has conscientiously endeavoured to maintain an impartial and equitable judgment, guided by the established principles of sound and comprehensive philology. These principles regard the various mutations and modifications which any given word may undergo by transfusion into different languages. The mutations arise from interchange of letters and syllables, according to the genius of the language. Elision of consonants also frequently occurs, especially in such languages as the Chinese and Polynesian tongues, which abound in vowels, and with which they usually terminate their words. Some, however, as the Esquimaux, are partial to harsh guttural sounds, and modify new and foreign words accordingly. I have frequently been struck with the similarity of the changes and mutations of letters, &c., running through almost all the languages that have come under my notice; resulting evidently from corresponding changes made in the 354 iv. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. organs of speecli by the divine power and wisdom at the dispersion of Babel. Thus Jehovah, by very simple means, brings about great changes, as He is wont, by His infinite power and wisdom. By slightly changing their tongues He divides them into separate families or nations, and scatters them abroad over the face of the earth. I will give some illustrations in proof of this, and begin with ourselves. The hard prounciation of th^ initial and medial, is a remarkable peculiarity of the English, and is as great a stumbling block to our continental neighbours as Shiboleih was to the Ephraimites, who could not frame to pronounce it aright, although their lives depended upon it, but instead thereof called it Siboleth. Thus, take for instance the word Father^ and observe the orthography of its cognates through the whole Saxon, or Teutonic family : Saxon, Dutch, German, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic, Fader. Vader. Vater. Fader. Fader. Either cZ or Hs substituted for the English th throughout these languages. And the same is observable in the Persian, Hindostani, and Turkish, which retain the same word : ' Persian, Hindostani, Turkish, Pader. Pedur. Peder. Also, in the Greek and Latin Family we have a similar orthography of the same word : Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, French, Pater. Pater. Padre. Padre. P^re. The Irish and Gaelic, however, seem to retain the English pronunciation, or, at least, the orthography of the word : Irish, Gaelic, Aithair. Aithair. The initial F being dropped in these languages. The Gothic also, I think, has the same sound : thus in Atta, Father, we have the double t corresponding to th. The double d in the Welsh language, especially when final, has the hard sound of th., as in nefoedd, heaven ; bedd, a grave. The kindred words. Mother and Brother, undergo precisely similar changes in the above languages. The Saxon, Gothic, Irish, and Gaelic retain the English sound of ^A, or at least the orthography. The French are prone to shorten their words ; thus we have P^re, mere, fr^re, in the above instances. The Dutch usually change s to z, thus son becomes zoon ; sun, zon ; sister, zuster ; sea, zee. They also lengthen their vowels, or give them an open, broad sounds DIALECT OF DALECAPLIA. " The Dalcarls are Swedish Highlanders, and have preserved comparatively unchanged the manners, customs, and language of their Gothic forefathers ; they are the only remains of the Ancient Gothic stock that aspirate the letters 1 and w ; an infallible characteristic of the Meso-Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, and Icelandic. " Also these peculiarities prevail in Western Dalecarlia, viz. : 1, prefixing v to PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS, V. all monosyllables, beginning with a vowel, as, vom, for; om, if; (Hebrew Di^ id.) vord for ord, a word. 2, Transposition of syllables: as jasel for selja, to sell; lata for tala, to speak. Thus they say, ' kan du lata tse korba, so kimi du lavi ? Kan du tala tse baka, so miki du vila ? ' Canst thou speak backwards, as much as thou wilt ? The affinity of this dialect to the English is proved by the fact of ' a boy from Dalecarlia who was taken by a Swedish Ambassador to England, and who easily understood the language of the peasants of the Northern Counties.' " The above peculiarity of the Dalecarlians, in transposing syllables, may account for similar transpositions in many English words in passing from the original Hebrew into the English tongue. EEMAEKS ON THE DANISH. a, e, i = j, o, u, like the German. e"' sometimes pronounced like i, and i sometimes like e. o frequently like the German o. a a, e e, like a, e. I initial like Y. The consonants have generally an easy, soft pronunciation. b often like p, and p sometimes as b. d "^ t and is often written B. g initial and final often -- y. gh usually softened down and lost as in English. r is usually faintly heard and often - — n. ou and ow like oo in poor. ON THE GAELIC. The Gaelic language is peculiar in its orthography, and is difficult of acquisition to strangers. The letter k is not used in it, its place is supplied by c, which always has the hard sound as in cearc^ a hen ; g is always hard as in gealach^ moon ; geadh^ goose. A principal difficulty arises from the number of consonants in combination, many of which are silent in the pronunciation, as Breitheamh^ a judge, pronounced Breho. The double consonant th is never sounded, it merely indicates a sudden aspiration, as Reth^ a Eam. fJi in the beginning of words is never sounded as awpheasgar^ the evening ; anfhion, the wine, pronounced an esgar^ an een. hh and mJi sound like v in English, as craohh, a tree ; freumJi, a root, pronounced craov^ freuv. ch is guttural, like the Greek %, as lochran^ lamp, oidche^ night, pronounced lo%ran^ 01%. ao is supposed to be peculiar to this language; having no corresponding sound in English, it nearly resembles the sound emitted by a young calf, as in aodaun^ face ; aodach^ cloth ; caora^ a sheep ; aon^ one. dh and gh are very faintly audible, if at all heard as in sUghe^ a way ; tighe, a house, pronounced slie^ ti. did may be expressed nearly by joining the Greek x * e final is usually silent as in English, and merely lengthens the preceding vowel. VI. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. and h as in hoclid^ poor, pronounced ho'xJc^ cruicthneacTid^ wheat, pronounced cruinayk^ drucM^ dew, pronounced dru'xk. Gaelic scholars divide the vowels into broad and slender ; a, o, u, being broad, and i, e, slender vowels. And the rule they give for the formation of syllables is, when a broad vowel ends a syllable, a broad vowel must' begin the next syllable ; and when a slender vowel concludes a syllable, a slender vowel must begin the next. This accounts for the number of silent vowels, which, with the peculiar combination of consonants, make many words appear uncouth ; as coimhearsnach^ neighbour, pronounced coiersnax-, gaincamJi^ sand, pronounced ganiv^ deasgain^ yeast, pronounced desgin^ ceileiridh^ to chirp, pronoimced ceZm, saigJiead^ pronounced said^ an arrow. ON THE WELSH. Mutations and permutations of consonants abound more in this language than any other I am acquainted with. Changes of single and double consonants for others, according to their varied position, are constantly occurring, and are made, not at random, but in a most systematic manner, and according to strict grammatical rules. Many derivatives are thus formed from a single root, which Welsh scholars consider as giving peculiar beauty, richness, and regularity to their language, and as affording strong proofs of its purity and originality. Although this we willingly concede, but when some go further, and lay claim to its being the primitive language spoken in Paradise, we at once demur, knowing, on the best evidence, that it, as well as all other languages, must yield the palm to the Hebrew, for purity, integrity, and originality. The following are examples of the mutations of initial consonants in Welsh, according to their varied position. Thus c is susceptible of three mutations : Eadical. Light. Aspirate. Soft. As c. car g. gar — ngh. nghar — ch. ch^r. p. priod -- B. briod -^ mh. mhriod '-^ ph. phriod T. tad D. dad -^^ nh. nhad -^ Th. thad B. brawd -— - F. frawd -^ M. mrawd D. dyn -^ Dd. ddyn -^ N. nyn Gr. gwr ^- wr -- ng. ngwr Ll. Haw -^ L. law M. mab ^- F. fab Rh. rhan ^^ R. ran The word priod (English, bride) gives rise to the following derivatives : Priod, proper, peculiar, one's own, a married person, man or woman. Priodi, to marry. Priodas, marriage. Priod vab, bridegroom. verch, bride. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. vii. Priodal, proper, one's own, married, &c. Priodawr, a proprietor, especially of land. Priodoldeb, property. Priodoledd, (Armorica,) wedlock. Priodor, a native, Ex. xii. 49. qu. English : Brother, Brodorion, natives, those who have been born and bred in the same country. The sound of ch corresponding to % in Greek, properly pronounced, and being radical, is ever attended with w. Dd as th in the English tJiis^ thou^ though; but never as in theme^ thought. LI has a sound probably peculiar to the Welsh, which a stranger to the language can only acquire from a native Cambrian : the Spanish II approaches it, but the Italian gl comes much nearer. ON THE SYRIAC, ARAMAIC, or CHALDEE. The Syriac (as will be apparent in this Vocabulary) is more closely allied to the Hebrew than any other language. There are, however, several mutations and transpositions of letters, which constitute a marked dialectical difference. These mutations, or interchanges of letters, transpositions, &c., are similar to those occurring in almost all other languages, and are accounted for on the principles before adverted to, relating to the organs of speech. 1. A marked peculiarity in the Syriac is, that a great many words, which end in a consonant in Hebrew, terminate in a or 6. Thus Hebrew nun.^ a fish, becomes nuno in Syriac. „ esA, fire, „ eshtho „ „ zahah, gold, „ dahho „ 2. z and d are interchangeable in Hebrew and Syriac, as in the last instance, zahah becomes dahho in Syriac. 3. h in Hebrew is changed into p ; as Hebrew, harzel^ iron ; Syriac, parzel. 4. :i '— ir, as aretz., earth, becomes aro. The reader may find other mutations of letters in a Chaldee or Syriac Grammar. ON THE CHINESE AND HOKKEEN (usually written Fokien) DIALECT. The Chinese language is very limited in words and vocal sounds ; the Court or Manderin dialect not having above 600 or 700 distinct words. They generally terminate in vowels or dipthongs ; many of their sounds are peculiar and difficult of enunciation, and of expression in writing, by Europeans. For instance, a child, or philosopher, is, according to Dr. Morrison's orthography, tsze. The Hokkeen dialect is more energetic, and, although it abounds in gutturals, is more easily attainable by an European. Thus tsze^ a son, or child, is pronounced choo in Hokkeen. This dialect has been denominated the Yorkshire of China, and differs indeed as much, or even more, from the Court dialect than that of Yorkshire from viii. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. the Cockney. It is also subdivided into tlie reading and colloquial dialects. These differences may be observed in this Comparative Vocabulary, where I have given both the written and colloquial sounds in many of the words in Hokkeen, as well as in the Court language. The following are some of the principal mutations of letters, &c., which occur in the Hokkeen : 1. Manderin ch initial is changed in Hokkeen to s, t^ or ^, as chan^ produce -^w san. chang^ long ^- tiang. che^ a wheel "^ ki. cM^ to know -^ ti. 2. Manderin words ending in h almost invariably end in ^ or i in the Hokkeen : Thus cJiih^ a cubit, ~ cheh. choh^ a table, '•^ tok. 3. /is usually changed to ^, as /oo, father, ^- hoo. fdh^ a rule or law, -><- hwat. 4. m is frequently changed to 5, as mo6^ mother, --- b6. ?w/, rice, -- bi. n sometimes to ?, as ndn^ south, -- lam. 5. The vowels also undergo frequent changes, thus, Fih King (the Capital City) -— pek keng. Nan King (the City) -— lam keng. N.B. — The former signifies Northern Capital, the latter, Southern Capital. ON THE JAPANESE. Powers. a' in father. e in they. ai in high. i in machine. in so (never as in Lord). ni in rule. dj in judge. j in jamais (French). 5 is a very lengthened minim of o ; nothing like it in any language I have ever known ; it is not a drawl, but more like the difference between the o in not and note, yet a longer sound than the last, though otherwise just like it. The o PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. ix. must never be sounded short : otto (husband) is nothing like otto of roses^ but like oat-to. g as in guinea. The above remarks are by Dr. Williams, of Canton, an American Missionary, who kindly procured this language for me. ON THE POLYNESIAN or SOUTH SEA ISLAND DIALECTS. The Sandwich Islanders make the following changes from the Tahitian : t (Tahitian) ~ k, r ~ 1, h --^ f. The Austral Islanders, including several islands 400 miles south of Tahiti, read fluently the Tahitian Scriptures, but reject / and ^, without supplying a substitute, which makes an amazing difference in their pronunciation. Harvey and Earotonga Islanders often insert k between two vowels of the Tahitian, and put gu before a vowel. With the Samoas h --^ s. The Samoan dialect is the only one in which the sibilant is used. The Tonga alone uses J. .- — The South Sea island dialects have the dual number. That a language spoken by Savages should be supposed to be defective, in many respects, could not create surprise, but the fact is contrary to all we might have anticipated, that the Polynesian dialects are remarkably rich, admit of a great variety of phraseology, abound in terms of peculiar nicety, and are spoken with strict conformity to the most precise grammatical principles. Of this we shall furnish a few examples. In the first place the Polynesians employ three numbers, the singular, the dual, and the plural, with which the inflections of their verbs agree. Singular. Dual. Plural. To speak, paran, pararan, paraparan. To do, rave, rarave, raverave. There are but 14 or 15 letters in any of the dialects of this language; and as we spell the word precisely as it is pronounced, no difficulty is experienced in teaching the children spelling. All we have to do is to instruct them in the sounds of the letters, and when these are acquired they spell the longest words with ease. As the natives are never at a loss to express their thoughts or emotions, we have been obliged, in effecting our translations, to introduce but few terms. These are principally religious terms, or relate to articles and ideas unknown prior to their intercourse with Europeans. Before admitting a new word we have generally considered whether it could be Polynesianized ; that is, whether vowels could be inserted between every two consonants without destroying its identity ; and, secondly, whether any terms exist in the native tongue with which it was likely to be confounded. When we could adopt English words we preferred doing so; but these cannot be accommodated to the South Sea dialects so easily as words from the Greek. Of this the term horse may afford an illustration. This, by the introduction of vowels, so entirely loses its identity that horse would become horete. 2 X. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. But as the omission of one ^ and tlie s from tlie Greek word liijp]gos gives ns Mi^o^ we adopt that word because it harmonizes witli the language, can easily be pronounced by the natives, and retains a sufficient resemblance to the original to preserve its identity. The following are specimens of the changes made in European names by the New Zealanders : Apollos is pronounced ... ... ... Aporo John Fisher ,, George Morley „ Mr. Whiteley „ Mr. Waterhouse „ Love to you ! ,, Hoani Pika. Hori Mori. Mr. Whi-te-ley. Wa-te-hou-si. Jio loo fu. The above remarks on the languages of the South Sea Islanders were made by the Eev. W. Ellis, formerly a Missionary at Tahiti, and Hawaii, and more recently in Madagascar, and the author of several excellent works. He also kindly furnished me with the Tahitian dialect for this Vocabulary. This work has cost the Author many years of laborious research, and corres- pondence with Missionary Brethren in various parts of the world, and has been carefully written out and re-written from the autographs of his friends. Few, indeed, except such as have engaged in similar investigations, can conceive the labour of research required in accumulating the materials, arranging them, and then carefully observing and tracing out the affinities of all the languages to the Hebrew and English. The latter process, especially, demanded much patient thought and the exercise of a sound and impartial judgment, guided by the ascertained principles of philology. Besides cost of time and mental labour, he has willingly borne considerable expense in remmierating some of his coadjutors for their trouble and expenditure in obtaining the assistance of competent native teachers for filling up the Vocabulary correctly in various languages, and transcribing fair copies for him. Notwithstanding all this labour and constant vigilance in this work, many imperfections mar it ; and errors, which may have escaped his notice, will doubtless be detected by able Philologists. And, while he would accept their candid and judicious criticisms in a grateful spirit, he must doubtless be prepared to encounter severe and, perhaps, unjust strictures from less judicious and candid critics. How- ever, since the Author's simple and conscientious aim has been, by fair and patient investigation, to ascertain the evidence of the affinity of languages, and so to illus- trate and confirm the sure testimony of the Divine Record on the subject, he can patiently bear man's severe and partial judgment, being fully satisfied with the reward of God's approval, and blessing upon his humble work, throughout which he has conscientiously sought His glory. The importance of these philological enquiries, when prosecuted in a right spirit, and with a single eye to the glory of God, is rightly appreciated and well stated in the following quotation from the Church Missionary Intelligencer. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. xi. ''ON THE VALUE OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY." " This study may appear to be remote from practical results. We are persuaded that it is not so. Its successful prosecution lies at the root of many great questions, involving the foundations of our faith ; it is the real key, too, to the understanding of a nation's history, and a valuable auxiliary to systematic Missionary work." — Church Missionary Intelligencer^ Vol. X.,p. 11. It only now remains for the Author, before concluding this preliminary notice, to present his grateful acknowledgments to his various friends and brother Missionaries, who have kindly aided him in procuring many of the languages comprised in this Vocabulary. 1. The Hebrew part was supplied by his friend the Rev. M. Margoliouth, an eminent Hebraist and Rabbinical scholar. 2. The Syriac by the Rev. Dr. Etheridge, the author of an excellent translation of the Syriac N. T. from the Peschito ; and Horse Aramaicse 5 &c. 3. The Arabic, Persian, Modern Greek, and Turkish (in part) were promptly and kindly sent me by the well known Assaad y Kayat, the British Consul at Jaffa. 4. The Gothic and Anglo Saxon were gathered by me from the celebrated " Codex Argenteus," edited by the learned F. Junius, and accompanied with the four Gospels in Anglo Saxon, and a Glossary or Dictionary to the whole : in two vols, vellum, published at Amsterdam. 5. The German by my friend and teacher, Mr. Bernstein, an accurate German and Hebrew scholar. 6. The Swedish,* Danish, and Dutch were procured through a friend in London, from competent persons well acquainted with those languages. 7. The Icelandic has been kindly supplied by a Native of Iceland, J. C. Hansen, Esq., of Liverpool. 8. The Italian, Portuquese, Spanish, and French were supplied me, through a friend, by well qualified teachers in these several languages. 9. The Welsh I wrote down from the dictation of my Welsh teacher, Mr. Fowkes, of Bangor, North Wales. 10. The Irish. I regret that I cannot now recollect the friend who kindly procured me this Celtic language, but it was evidently supplied by a well qualified Irish linguist, and written out in the native character in a beautiful hand. I think the friend who procured it for me was Col. Lewis, of Dublin, the well known founder and patron of Irish schools for the poor. 11. The Manx was very kindly supplied me by Archdeacon Drury, Isle of Man. 12. The Gaelic was got through my friend the Rev. Mr. Leechman, formerly Missionary at Serampore, and written out carefully by a learned native of the Highlands. I have already quoted his remarks on the language. * In revising and completing the Swedish I was kindly and ably assisted by Professor Georgii, of London. xii. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 13. Hungarian and Bohemian, by the late Eev. Dr. Pinkerton, tlie well known and HgUy esteemed Agent of tlie B. and F. Bible Society, for many years in Russia and Germany. 14. The EussiAN and Polish were supplied by two of my friends, Christian Jews, natives of Russia and Poland, and well acquainted with the languages. The former was the late Mr. J. G. Lazarus, Superintendent of the Liverpool Institution for inquiring Jews ; the latter was Mr. Epstein, who passed through the same Institution. 15. The Sanscrit and Bengalli by the late Rev. A. F. Lacroix, an eminent and well known Missionary of the London Missionary Society, in Bengal, above thirty years. He had few equals in his knowledge of Bengalli and Sanscrit. 16. The Malay by my friend the Rev. Mr. Werth, a German Missionary at Malacca. 17. The Siamese by my friend the Rev. J. T. Jones, American Baptist Missionary, at Bankok, the Capital of Siam. He succeeded Dr. Gutzlaff and myself at that station. 18. The Chinese was supplied by my friend the late Dr. Bridgman, American Missionary at Canton, and editor of " The Chinese Repository, in 20 vols." The Hokkeen dialect was filled up by myself. 19. The Japanese by my friend Dr. Williams, American Missionary at Canton, (author of several works on the Chuiese language,) through the help of a native of Japan. 20. The Tahitian by the Rev. W. Ellis, as previously stated, whose interesting remarks on the South Sea Island dialects I have already quoted. 21. The SIX African Languages I took in part from a Vocabulary of Six East African languages, by Dr. J. L. Krapf, Missionary of the Church Missionary Society; and also from "Polyglotta Africana," by the Rev. S. W. Koelle, Missionary of the same Society. 22. The Esquimaux was procured for me by the Rev. Mr. Mallalieu, of Fairfield, from a Moravian Missionary, amongst the Esquimaux. 23. The Choctaw was furnished by an American Missionary to the Choctaw Indians, through the kindness of a friend. While this work was passing through the press the Author was promptly and efficiently assisted by Mr. Salter, of the " Asiatic Strangers' Home," London, in filling up several of the languages, particularly the Turkish, Russian, Coptic, and Hindostani. I. -GOTHIC AND SAXON FAMILY. English. Saxon. GrotMc. Dutch. Grerman. Swedish. Dajiish. Iceland. God Angel eGo^ E angel BGoth E angilus EGod E engel EGott E engel EGud E engel EGud E engel Devil sdiavol daimon E duivel Eteufel Edievful Ediavel H Satan H Heaven £] saxanas Eheafen fsatanas Ehimins ghemelen fsatan fhimmel fhimmel fhimmel nHell shell, helle ihalje fhel ghoUe ghelvete fhelvede II.— Domestic Relations. Man Eman E manna Eman Emann Eman Emand Emann Woman H Child Father Mother Son Daughter Brother Sister cwino, wif fcild E feeder Emoder ESunu B politer E brother Esweoster cwino barn Batta E aithei E sunus Edauhter Bbrothar E swistar Evader Emoeder Ezoon Edogter Ebroeder Bzuster frau Ekind Bvater E mutter Esohn Etochter Bbruder E Schwester bean leanabh E fader Emoder Eson Edotter Ebroder B syster kone barn E fader Emoder ESon Edotter Ebroder B soster B fader m.-Govemment, Law, &c. King Ecyng,cynig Thudans Bkoning Bkonig B konung Ekonge Judge H Law Pen Paper dema |laza, lah Epinn stana Epen E papier richtcr gesetz feder B papier domare flag dommer flov rv.— Heavenly Bodies. H Sun fsunna Esunno Ezon f Sonne BSOl ESOl Moon Star Cloud Wind Emona B Steorra Bwind Bmena B staimo niilhma Evinds Emaan EStar Ewind Emond E stern wolke Ewind Emeina E Stierna Evind Emaane E stierna Evind Eain Ersegen, ren Erign Eregen Eregen Eregn Ehregg,rign Thunder E thunder B donder B donner Edunder E dundren Lightning Light Darkness Bliht^leoht Elinath riquizein Eligt E blitz Bleicht finsternistz bHusz eHoos v.— Earth and its Productions. HThe Earth A Hill Sea Eiver Water Fish f eard, eorth EhiU ESse Ewseter eAsc fairtha bairg marei aguo Ewato Efisk faarde Bhenvel Ezee Brivier B water Evisch ferde E hugel Esee Ewasser Efisch fiord Esio Evatten Efisk fiorden bjerg Esoe flod Bvand sfisk H7. 1 H 7. E29.H5. E 21. H3. E28. H5. E29. H4. E24. H4. E24. HO. E4. II.-SHEMITIC FAMILY. Hebrew. Arabic. Syriac. Coptic. Persian. HindostaTii. Turkish. / El,Eloliini nAllah nAloho Nout E Khuda E Khuda nAUah malach Hmulak nmaloko frashta firishtu peri sbeid Eiblis akelkorzOjl doyovo djin satan Esheitan fsotono gsheitan sbemaim fsama Eshemayo Ephe gasman gasman goglar gehenem, ) sheol J HJehanem Hshiul HJehanen adam rajul E enush, ] barnosho J rem Emard nadmi er, nadam isha amrah anattho Hshime zan owrut ovreit yeled sabi Hwalad nyaldo pacha butchcha tchordjut abh Eab Eabba eiot spader Epedur Epedkr ^ eim fam nemma Bman Emader Emadar nana ben nabn nbar schere passer bita oghlan bath H abnat nbartho E dakhter nb^ti keez ach nakh nacho son Ebrader Bbrddur kardash achouth nakht nachotho sone nkhaher biihin kigkardah melech nmalek nmilk, | nmalko j phouro padishah, | shah J badshah padishah shophet kadi dayono kadi munsif mula torah shariat wroitho shariat eit kalam kanio kalam kulum kal6m naiar warak kartiso kaghed kaghur kiaghad shemesh E shams gshemesho re aftab sshums gunesh yereiach kamar saharo oh, nyah Emah chand ai kokobh najmi nkokab E satarah E sitara yeldis anan ghaim nenono migh, abr ubr jaham ruach nreeh nrucho bad nhuwa ruzghiar matar nmattar H metro Ebaran menh yagmur ram nraad regish, j nraamo J nraad, ] Bthonder j guruj barak nbark nbarco nbark bijli our nnur nnuharo riishni ujala aidenlik choshekh zulmat Hcheshuk E tarichie uridh^ra karanlik aretz iard E ara pekahi zamin mitti Ejar har jabal tm',ramtho dagh Duhar, giri dagh yam baher nyammo nyom daria DJihar deiiiz nahar nnahr nnaharo iero rud,Hnahar duriya tchai maim nma nmoou ab pani su dag samac nuno mahi mutchli baluk r» H21. E 7. H24. E6. H5. E2. H5. E12. H5. E7. H4. E3. Ill.-GREEK AND LATIN FAMILY. Englisli. Hebrew. G-reek (anct.) G-reek (mod.) latin. Italian. Portuguese. God El,Elohim Theos Deus Dio Deos Angel malach E angelos E angelos E angelus E angelo Eanjo Devil sheid E diabolos E diabolos E diabolus E diavolo B diabo Satan satan f satan j; saxanas satana Heaven shemaim ouranos uranos coelum cielo ceo Hell gehenem, sheol Hg^enna kolasis tartarus inferno inferno 11.— Domestic Relations. Man adam Eanthropos Eanthropus homo uomo homem Woman isha gune gincha B femina donna mulher Cliild yeled pais pedi infans fanciullo menino Father abh E pater E patir pater padre pai Mother eim E mater E mitera E mater Emadre f mai Son ben liuios jos filius figlio filho Daughter bath E thygater Ethegatera filia figlia filha Brother ach adelphos adelfos E frater fratello irmao Sister achouth adelphe adelfi soror sorella irmaa m. -Government, Law, &;c. King melech basileus vasileos rex r^ . . rey Judge shophet dikastes critis E judex E giuidice BJuiz Law torah nomos nomos slex Elegge Eley Pen eit kalamos calamos E penna penna Paper naiar Epapyros, ] ^ihartes J carti E papyrus, ) charta J E papiro 1 carta J Epapel '•i IV.— Heavenly Bodies. Sun shemesh helios ilion ESOl Esole ESOl Moon yereiach selene fenghari luna luna lua Star kokobh E aster E asteron E Stella, 1 asterus J nubes E Stella E estrella Cloud anan nephele nuvolo nuvem Wind ruach anemos anemos E ventus Evento E vento Eain matar brokhe vroshi pluvia pioggia chuva Thunder ram bronte vronti E tonitru E tuono trovao Lightning barak astrape astrapi fulgur lampo relampago Light our f5s phos bIux eIucc eIuz Darkness choshekh skotos scotos tenebra tenebre escuridade v.— Earth and its Productions. The Earth aretz ge gi Iterra f la terra gaterra A Hill har bounos, 1 oros J bouno, 1 oros J mons coUina montanha Sea yam thalassa thalasan mare mare mar River nahar Dotamos potami E rivus fiume Erio Water maim Ehydor nero aqua acqua agua Fish dag ikthus psari Episcis Epesce Epeisce H2. ElO. E 7. H2. E18. H 1. E 13. H2. E.13. IV.-CELTIC FAMILY. 4 Spanisli. Trencli. Cornisli. Welsh. Irish. Manx. Graelic. Dios Dieu Deu, Tbu Diiw Dia Jee Dia B angel Eange ail, el B angel E aingeal E ainle Eaingel E diablo E diable E diaul Ediafol E diabhail jouyl B diabbul satanas Esatan jj saxan j; sacan drogb- spiryd niau fsatan gielo Qiel nef,nefoedd nneamb nneamb infierno enfer iiffern ifrionb nurim ifrinn hombre bomme ndyn, gwr fear dooinney duine mujer E femme dynes, } gwraig ) bean ben bean mucliaclio enfant beam plentyn leanb Ibiannoo lianabh E padre p^re tad E aitbair ayr E aitbair EHiadre Emere nmam Ematbair Emoir Ematbair bijo fils mab ceile-fir mac mac hija fille mercb ceile-mna inneen nigbean bermano E frere Ebrawd Ebratbair B braar Ebraitbair bermana soeur chwaer sbuyr piutbar rey roi brenbin rigb ree rigb EJuez EJuge barnwr breitheamb briw breitbeamb Eley eIoIs cyfraith dligeadb fleigb alagb pluma plume Epin Bpeanb Epean Epapel E papier Epapar ^ papyr cairt, 1 Epapeir J Bpaipeir ESOl E soleil houl, syl baul grian grian grian luna lune luir lleuad Hgealacb eayst Hgealacb E estrella etoile E steren E seren realt rollage reult nube nuage nuibren cwmmwl neull bodjal neul Eviento Event E gwynt gaotb geay gaotb unvia plui gwlaw feartham fliagbey uisge E trueno Btonnerre ntaran Htaran toirneach taarnagb tairneanacb relampago eclaire melltennu tinteacb tendril dealanacb eIuz Inmiere gelou goleuni solus soilsliey solus obscuridad tenebre tulgu tywyllwcb sdorcbadus E dorraghy s E dorcbadas f la tierra fla terre gaor, tir sddaear andtallamb yn, fooir amtalamb montana montagne menit, ban bryn cnoc croiik cnok, 1 beinn J mar mer mor mor muir clieayn fairge, muir Erio E riviere avon afon awin ambainn agua eau dour dwfr usige uslitey usige Epez Epoisson Episk Epysgod Eiasg east Eiasg H 1. E 15. H2. E15. H2. E5. H5. E9. PI 3. E 10. H2. E6. H4. Ell. 5 V-SCLAVONIC FAMILY. English. Hebrew. Eussian. Polish. Huiigariaii. Bohemian. God El,Elohim Boh Bog Isten Buh Angel malach E anhel E angel Eangyal E angel Devil sheid E diavol Edjabel ordog c'ert, d'abl Satan satan fshatan E satan J] satan jj saxan Heaven shemaim niebo niebie eg nebe Hell gehenem, 1 sheol ) pekla pickla pokol peklo II.— Domestic Relations. Man adam tchelovick czlowick ember czlowek Woman isha zentshine kobieta asrszony zjena - Child Father yeled abh batchka oitse gyermek atya djte otec Mother eim Einatha E matka anya B matka Son Daughter Brother ben bach ach Bsyn E dotch Ebrat Esin zurba Ebrat leany ferjfitestver Esyn dcera Ebrater Sister achouth Esestra E siostra notestver E sestra III.— Government Law, &c. King melech karrol krul kiraly kral Judge Law shophet torah Esudya zakon sonje zakon diro Htorveny Esaudce zakon , Pen eit toll^ Epero Paper naiar Epapiros Epapje IV.— Heavenly- Bodies. Sun shemesh slontsa E suntsa nap E slunce Moon yereiach meshets hold mesyc Star kokobh h'viesda giviesda csillag hwezda Cloud anan oblok oblok felho oblok Wind ruach vietchr viater szel EWJtZ Rain matar dozj dozdj eso dest Thunder Lightning ram barak ^hrom yashni gerzjom gashnits egdorges villain blyzeanj Light our slegkei suiabza villagosoag swezto Darkness choshekh tchomna setetseg tma v.— Earth and its Productions. TheEarth aretz zjemla zemla fold swet A Hill har ^horka ^gurka domb pahrbek Sea River yam nahar mora rekah morzje ozjera to folyo gezero reka Water maim Evada Ewoda viz E woda Fish dag ribah ribah hal ryba H3. EIL H2. E9. H2. E3. HI. E12. VI.-SANSCRIT, INDO-CHINESE, & POLYNESIAN FAMILY. 6 Pali. Sanscrit, Bengalli, Malay. SiBiTTiese. ClilTiese. Corean. Devo Isbwarah Isbwar ^ Allah Prdb Sbin dutali dut ^malaikat tbewadd sbinshi bliutali but Esbaytan ssbeitan kwei mo kw^i swargah swarga sburga sawan tien hanar narakang narak naraka naruk ti yob puriso purusliali purush orang kliun jin, lang sa ram vanitd stri stri perampuan ^buying fujm key tsip apatyang E cbheliya anak luk tsr , cnu a to-or Epita spitd ^bap ^bapa pb6 Efu, bu pe ^a pi Einatu Emata ima ima im6 Emu, bo ^omi putto ;3utrali putra anak laki luk phuchai nan tsr' a to-or sa .^anyd ^anya atiak perumpuaii luk phuying nil tsr' nyo sik Ebhrdtd bbdi sudara phinong phuchai bing ti mat byong (elder) ) a a tey (younger) J mat nu ui tsa (elder) a a, nu si mai (younger) bhagini bbagini phinong phuying tsr'mei raja bbupatiL. raja rajab pliyd mu-j onofok j wang, ong Enim kum prarbibakab bickarkarka bakim talakan kwan ti kwan won bidhib^ byabastbd undang lai kbwam Hub fab pop lekbani kalam pakai Epib poot patrang kagaj kagas kaddt cbi tsyo bui ravi rabib E surjya mata bari praatbit ji^5 jit nar ir somab cbandra bulan prachan °yueb, ] guib, gvvatj tar wor osadlii nakbya- \ trang: ) Etdrd bintang dau sing pyor jaladharab megb mek yun, yin ku rum vayam bdyu batas angin lum fung, bong param vutti barsba brisbti bujan fon yii, hou pi u asani garjitang meg garjam guruh fa lann lui u loi bidyuta bidyullatd khilat lep tien -1 . ponkai publia diptih dlo cbbeiya rat sa mi kwang, ] konff J pyot timi timirang andliakar glap ym, am a tukar bhumi f dharani prithibi bumi p'bendin ti, te tta, ti pabbata girih parbbat bukit p'bukau ^shan, san mois, san jalamidH sagarali samudra laut t'hal6 Ebai pata, bai nadi apagd nadi sungi meinam kiang, kang moor, kang udakam panuyang jal Eaier °nam sbui, sui moor, sya minab matsya ikan pM yii, gi, hi koki, 'MP* E2. HI. E4. H3. E5. H 5. E. 3. H 2. El. H3. E4. H 2. El. 7 VI.-POLYNESIAN FAMILY.- (Continued.) VII .-AFRICAN "Flnglisli. Hebrew. Japanese. Tahetian. Kisuaheli. Kiliiau. God Angel El,Elohim malach Atua melahi "j* Mungu Molungu Devil sheid oni diabolo "j" Satan satan satani 1 Esetdni fsetani Heaven shemaim gokuraku ao uwingu mulungu Hell gehenem, sheol djikoku po II. — Domestic Relations. Man adam shto ^taata mtu E mundu Woman isha onna vahine # mtumke Ennmduyunam 1 kongua J Child Father yeled abh ko chichi tama meduatane mdna ^baba manaje dade Mother eim haha E meduavahine smdma f amdo Son ben musko tamaidi mtoto miune manaje yuama- 1 hime Daughter bach musme tamahine mtoto manamke manaje yuan- congue J Brother Sister ach achouth aniki (elder) \ oto-uto (younger) j ane (elder) ) imo uto (younger) ) teina, tuane tuahine ndiigu ndugu manamke mlongo mlongo yuan- 1 kongue J III.-Govemment, Law, &c. King melech tenka arli mfdlmi ajimu^ne Judge shophet shensa kuyaku- 1 nin J ^haava mudmsi Law torah hatto ture '" hakki Pen eit fade peni "1* Paper naiar kami pepa "1" waraka walaka IV.— Heavenly- Bodies. Sun shemesh nichirin ra, mahana Moon yereiach tski marama mesi mesi Star kokobh hoshi fetia niota niota Cloud anan kumu Hata kiwingo lihonde Wind ruach kaje matai pepo mb6bo Eain matar ame ua mfda mfdlu Thunder ram kaminari patiri ^ngurumu mahonde Lightning barak inabikari uira urn erne Light our hikari marama- ] rama j muanga mlangasa Darkness choshekh kurasa pouri °kisa jiro v.— Earth and its Productions. TheEarth aretz chi fenua nti jirambo A Hill har yama Emona mlima ) mdogo 1 lihundu linandibi Sea yam riada miti, tai bahari mboani River nahar kawa anavai mto lusiila Water maim midzu pape ^maji messi Fish dag nwo ja sdmaki somba H3. E2. H6, E2. H 2. E 3. , fawiii^y: Vlll.-N. AMERICAN FAMILY. 8 Mendeiigl. Toruba. Kabenda. Tumbuctu. EsquiTTiaiLK. Choctaw. ^Alla sintana aridslienne Hdsbahanania Oloru elegba orure oru Nzambi kalem pemba yilu ktingkalem 1 pemba i Yarkui Eibilis aldsbenne ^dshahanna Gud t engelinsk" deifel t satanus " killak kappijanivik Chitokaka vba hatak shilombish ok- 1 Mo ; seton ai okpuloka ke muso sfa akore obere ^baba ibakala ndsbento tata bar harkaina ^baba angut angnak sorufek atatak hatak ohoyo ^vlla iki na deou dem-muso lya omakuri omabere fmama moani bakala mana ndshento nya isaliar isawoi « ^annana enngnek pamia kattangut kattangut iski ushi, iso oshetik iti bapishi intek mansa oba * fumozi ameri angajokak merkoaluk angglau- \ tik-seimikj nmiko chveh anumpa- vch pisa isht holi- sochi holisso tohbi tele karo sanclii oru odsu odso ntangu ngonda mfula weine handu bana likhanek tithek uvboriak nivujik anore sillalik kalluk kaumalak keumajak tartak nunna kakkak hoshi hoshninakaya fochik hoshouti mahti umba hiloha mvltubha towikeli okhliU yakni nonih , chi dere ^omi ' edsa mazea mfu hari baribam immaksaak kok ^immek halisak okhvta bok oka noni • H2. El. H2. HI. El. H 2. El. H 2. . E 0. H2. EO. I.-GOTHIC AND SAXON FAMILY. English. Saxon. G-otMc. Dutch. Gferman. Swedish. Danish. Icelandic, Fire Efyr liuhad Evuur E feuer Efyr Efyr eldur Gold Bgold Egoud Egold E guld Eguld Egull Silver Eseolfer E silubr E zilver E silber E silfer Esolv E silfur Iron Eiren, iserii E eisarn Eiser siar Eiern siarn Tree E treo E triu baum Etra Etree Etrie Root wurzel Erot Erod wedur ^Fruit akran Evrught ffrucht ffrucht ffrugt avoxtur Grass Egraes, ) gaers ) Egras Egras Egras Egras Egraes Egras Flower bloma blume blomma blomst blomstur ^Seed gsaed fraiu fzaad fsaat fsad fsaed frag ^Garden H geard-yard, ort- ] B geard J H gards-yard, E aurtigards tun Egarten E ortegdrd Eurtegard Egardur Town, ' or City J Etun baurgs stadt stad hf stadur, birg Bread Ebreod "hlaibs, hlaifs i E brood Ebrot sbrod Ebrod E brand Cake Ekoek Ekuchen skaka ikage gkaka Oil Eael E alewa Eoly Eoel Rolja Eolie Eolia ^Wine fwin gwein fwyn gwein gvin Evin uliin Milk E melee Emelk E milch Emiolk E maelk Emjolk Honey E hunig milith Ehonig, honing E suiker Ehonig E haning Ehonning E hundng Sugar E zucker E socker E sukker Esikur VI.— Animals. Horse Ehors Eros E.ross shast Ehest hestur Cow ECU Ekoe Ekuh Eko Eko Ekli ^BuU ^buU Ebola ftyr naut ^ Sheep Esceap, seep lamb ^schaap Eschaf far faar kind Dog Edog hund hund hund hundur ^ Camel Egamela ulband "kameel Ikamel fkamel fkameel ulfaldi Lion eIowc E ley on eIovc Eljon Tiger E tiger E tiger E tiger «Cat fkat fkatze E Jtax L fkat fkottur ^Horn, 1 Horns J ghom fhaum ehoorn fhom, horner fhorn fhorn, I horn ) fhom Wool EWul EWOl Ewolle EUll Euld EUll Bird, Fowl Ebird, ) bridd, fugl faglo vogel vogel fogel fugl fugll °Crow fcrawe skraai ^krahe fkraka fkrage fhrafn Eagle adler orn E6rn orn Bat fledermaus fladermus flagermuus EUgle floedermiis Owl Eula Euil Ecule Eugla EUgla Egg Eaeg Eei Eeg Eagg Eaeg, leg ECg Nest Euest Euest Enest Euaste rede hrichur Winffs E gehwing fliigel Evinge Evingen, pi. E woengir fenake ] Serpent fsnako sclange, ] schnake j orm E snog slange slange Hll. H8. E27. H4. E8. H7. E25. H 10. E 29. H8. E31. H9. E32. H4. E21. II.-SHEMITIC FAMILY. 10 Eel)rew. AraMc. Syriac. Coptic. Persian. HindGsta,Tii. Turkish. esli nar ^eshtho chrom ^atash ag, atesh ^atesh zahabh "dahab ^dahbo poub ^zar sona E altun keseph fedah ^keseph zat nukrah chandi tumish barzel hadid ^pharzello benigi E ahon loha, ahun lemir eits sbajrat ilono schen durkht durukht ^aghatch . slioresh ^sbirsli ekoro pouni bikh jur, bekh kiokh peri tamar ebo outah mirvah phul, men gemish deshe, ] eisev j hashish Ecah Eghas 6t tsits tahin habobo | sliushantho j hreri darmek phUl ^tchitchek zera °bazr dgipsiti takhm bij ^bezir gan bustan Egantho ^ghom bustan bagh baghtche ir, or gnir madinat keritho baki ^chahr H sheher, pAra sheher lechem kobz ^lechem oik nan Eroti, nan ekmek matsa, ug E caak geritztho calicheh Ekak borek sliemen zait mescho peh raughan tel, roughan yagh yain khamr chemaro erp, elp sliarab mj, med sharab chalav ^halib ^chelab erote, erot shir dUdh sut devash assal ^debash ebio anghaheem shehd bal - E seckar busimo E shackar cMni, shekker E shekier sus fhussan pharosho htho E assp ghora, esp at para bakrat Dakro bahsi EgOW Egau, gae oghuz par tawr taaro ehe nargow nergau tor se, tsoun ghanam emar, nekio esoou mish bher kuyun kelebli °kalb ^kalbo ouhor Esag kutta, saff kiopek gamal EJemal Igamelo fdgamoul A ' O unt deveh ari sabeh ^ario oumoui sheer sher, singh arslan kaphir fahd nemaro pulang bagh pelenk chthul ^kitta, kut gumerro shau gurbah billa, f billa fketi q^ren, qar-| naim, pl.j ^karn tan shakh sing, kurn tsemr amro sort Eoon Eyiin tsipur, ouf takmih porcho halet shagunah chiriya kiish qora, orebh kak nabo abok zagh kawa, kag qagah nesher ^nissr ^neshro akhom okab, nissr ugab karah,kush atalepb K watwatt ^atalpha gallon shuprah shub-pur yarsah kous bumeh churbo boom Eiilu, abiim li kiish beitsa ^bidat sooubi murgh ^byza, unda yemur tali qein ush matlo manouoh nisim ghonsla yuvah kanapL. ^kaneph tepeh pur kanadler nachasli, ] sarapli j chevio, 1 tanino j hof samp ilan HU. E7. H 14. E 2. HI. El. H4. E6. H 2. E 6. H5. E5. 11 III. -GREEK AND LATIN FAMILY. English. Hebrew. G-reek (anct.) Grreek (mod.) Latin. Italian. Portuguese. Fire esh Epur fatia ignis fuoco fogo Gold zahabli khrusion malama aurum oro ouro Silver kftsepli argurion assimi argentum argento prata Iron barzel sideros sideron ferrum ferro ferro Tree eits diendron dendron arbor albero arvore Eoot shoresli hriza riza radix radice raiz; Fruit peri karpos ffrutta ffructus f frutto ^ ' ifruto Grass deslie, \ eisev j kbortos korton srramen erba herva O Flower tsits antbos anthos, ' E flos sfiore . Eflor Seed zera . sporos .. sporos semen semente semente Garden gan kepos kip OS hortus fgiardino ijardim Town, 1 . or City , ir,' or gnir polls politian oppidum E citta E cidade Bread lechem artos promi panis pane pao Cake matsa, ug engkru- \ pbias j pita placenta torta bolo Oil shemen elaion ladi E oleum solio azeite Wine yain foinos krasi fvinum fvino fvinho Milk chalav Egala ^ghalas lac latte leite Honey devasli meli meli mel miele mel Sugar Ezakari Ezakari E saccharum Bzucchero E azucar VI.— Animals. Horse sus hippos aloghos, 1 ipos j equus cavallo cavallo Cow para 'boe agelas vacca vacca vaca Bull par tauros stauros taurus toro touro Sheep se, tsoun probaton provaton ovis pecora ovelha Dog kelebh keuon skilos canis cane cao Camel 2:amal fkamelos fcamelus fcamello fcamelo Lion o ari Eleon Eleonidis eIco Eleone Eleao Tiger kapbir Etigris E tigris Etigre Etigre Cat chthul Egatos igata fcatus Egatto igato Horn, 1 Horns, pi. J q6ren, qar-] naim, pi. j fkeras, ) kerata j gkerata Ecomu . scoma fcornos Wool tsemr ercos lana lana Bird, \ Fowl j tsipur, ouf peteinon petinos, | pouli J avis uccello passaro Crow qora, orebh ekorax A. fkorax fcorvus fcorvo fcorvo Eagle nesher aetos aetos E aquila E acquila Eaguia Bat atalepli nicterix nicterix vespertilio pipistrello morcego Owl kous nuktikorax glaux E ulula gufo "^SS beitsa oos E augho ovum novo ovo Nest qein Enossia folia E nidus snido ninho Wings kanapb pterux ala ala Snake, ] Serpent j nachash, ) saraph J ophis E serpens aserpente H6. ElO. H5. E8. H 8. E 15. H 8. E 15. H7. E13. IV.-CELTIC FAMILY. 12 Spanisli. Frencli. Comisli. Welsh. Irish. Manx. Graelic. fuego Efeu t^n teimidh aile teinne oro or our aur or airb or plata argent arghans arian airgiod argid airgiod EHerro fer hoarn E baiarn E iarunn E yiarn E iarunn arbol arbre bren pren crann billey craobb raiz racine ach gwreiddyn freumb fraue freumb Efruto ffruit frecli fffrwytb toradh mess torradh yerba herbe lousaouen porfa ' feur fayr feur Eflor Efleur eAos blawd bladh blaa blatb semilla sentence bad por, siol ^rass "siol f jar din f jar din erberau, pi. Egardd lubgoirt 1*1 \ "garcy Egaradb E ciudad ville °caer dinas baile, ] catliair j balle bailie, | caitbair J pan pain Ebara Ebara aran arran aran torta gateau teisen bairin berreen breacag aceite E huile Eoleu Eolew Eola Eooil Eola fvino fvin E gwin, win Egwin ffion gfeeyn Ifion leclie lait lait llaetli bainne bainney bainne miel miel mel mel mil mill mil E azucar E Sucre E sawgr E siucra E sugar E sugair caballo cbeval kefiyl, 1 march cefFyl capul cdbbyl each vaca vacbe biuh buwb bo boa b5 toro taureau taro tarw tarbb tarroo tarbb OYeja mouton dafod caoradli keyrrey caora perro chien kei, ki ci madasli moddey cu, pi. coin Ecamello fcbameau cawr fil Ecammull fcamhal Eleon eHou eIcu eIIcw E leomhan eHou E leomban Etigre Etigre dywalgi fiocmairg E tiger Eti6gair igato Ecbat Ecatb Ecat feat ^ catt, pi. coitt fcuemo E comes Ecym aaharca feairkyn adhaircean lana laine glawn E gwlan E oluim EoUan E ollum, olan polio oiseau aderyn ean usbag eun, pi. coin feuervo Ecomeille vran bran preacban feannag E aguila E aigle er eryr iolar • 1 i 1 urley jolair murcielago crosse hishomet ystlum laltog-le- ) thair j craitnag jaltag lecliuza hibou dylluan tulcbabb-j cban j Ebullad cailleacb-| oidbclie J huevo oeuf oi, Eoye wy EUgh E{lb ubb Enido Enid Eueid Enytb Euead idd Euead alas ailes esgyll sciatbain skianyn sgiathaib culebon E serpent bref, gsarf gsarf biorbbvaf natbair H 7. E 15. H 8. E 16. H 3. E 8. H 6. E 13. H 3. E 10. H5. Ell. H5. Ell. D 13 V.-SCLAVOIMIC FAMILY. English. Hebrew. Eussian. PoUsh. Hungarian. Bohemian. Fire esh abon tcbeplab tiiz oben Gold zahabli E zolta z'lota arang zlato Silver kesepli E sirebra E s'rebra eziist strjbro - Iron barzel zalozali z'liazab vas zelezo Tree eits tdereva drejevah fa Strom Root shoresh koren korzjen gyoker koren Fruit peri ifrukt gyiinmoles owoce Grass deslie, \ eisev J trava trovab fii trawa Flower tsits ^tswiet ^tswiat virdg kwet Seed zera mag ^semeno, | zrno J Garden gan bar6d grodje Ekert zabrbacla Town, 1 or City J ir, or gnir horod miasta varos mesto Bread lechem ^hli^b ^cblibia kenyer ^cbl^b Cake matsa, ug piroh ' kalacs kolac Oil sliemen Bolie Eolaj Eoley Wine yain fvina dor fwjno Milk chalav Bmalaka Emileko tej Eml^ko Honey devash miodh medh m^z med Sugar Ecukor E cukor VI.— Animals. ' Horse sus loshed kona lo kun Cow para karova krova tcben krawa Bull par bubai bik dika byk Sheep se, tsoun ovtsa ovyets tub owce Dog kelebh sabaka pi^s kutya pes Camel gamal tcve welsland Lion ari Elevb orozlam Blew Tiger kaphir E tirah E tigra Etigris Etigris Cat chthul kosbka koska maebska koika Horn, 1 Horns, J qeren, qar-| naim, pl.J szarvak roby Wool tsemr Evolna gyapju Eulna Bird, \ Fowl J tsipur, ouf madar ptak Crow q6ra, orebh varju gurana Eagle neslier sas oxel Bat atalepb denever netophyr Owl kous dagoly sowa ■ '^gg beitsa tojas ^wegce Nest qein E gnizdo fezek bujzdo Wings kanaph szarnyak krjdla Snake, ] Serpent J nachasli, ) saraph J csiga slimak H 4. E 10. H 2. E 3. E4. H5. E8. VI. SANSCRIT FAMILY. VII. CHINESE FAMILY M Pali. Sanscrit. Bengalli. Siamese. CMnese. Corean. Japanese. aggi agnib dgun Efdi U Epur, bwa bi suvannam swarnang sond t'bong kin, kim soi kin raupyang riipd ngun yin, gin Tin gin Bayam laubab loba lek tieb, tiet soi tetsu rukkho B tarub brikbya ton sbu, si na mo ki mulam miilang sbikar rdk kan, kin purbui ne phalam pbalang pbal liik mai kwo, ko kwa sir mi trinang gbas tsau, cbau p'bflr kusa ambrijam pubpang Epbul dok bwa kot, bwa bana andam bijang bij met-nai cbung Essi tane ^udgdnang ^bagdn siian fyuen tong san batake ^nagarang sbabar muong cbing, seng syong kobori pisbtakang ^misbtan- T nano^ ) Eruti ^mitbdi k'bau- 1 buom j mien pau, ] bin pau j ping, peng mantu stok mucbi kwasbi telam tailang tel °ndm man Eyiu ki rum abura drdkbya- | rasab J madird tsiu, cbiii sur budosbi payam dugdbang dudb ndm nom ju,ju,leng t'bulak cbicbi madhu madbu mau mih-tang, bit ) hong J skur bacbi mitsu E sakbard sita cbini ndm-oi tang satang sato Basso fasbwab gbonrd m^ ma, h6 mar 'mma Egob Egaru niii, gH syo me usbi brisbab enriyd niu, Eku usbi mesbab garar ^k^ yang yang bitsuji kuk kurab kukur bmd kiuen, kdu kai ino ottbo usbtrab ut ut'b lobto yaktai ak da ^kesbari singb rdja si sz' satsai sbi sbi vyaggbo byagbra bdgb sua bu, bou pom tora mdrjarab birdl mew midu koi neko sbringang sbing k'baw kiob, kiok spur tsuno um^ mesblom mien sakuno, pi. pakbyi, | murag J pdkbi 'I murag 3 nok nidu sai, tarke tori 7 s: ^kdkab ^kak U wuya kamakoi gkarasu utkrosbab domcbil ying suri ^wasbi cbamcbikd kang-kbau fisbu )'byon pok ko muri pecbakab penclid H k'haw-meaw miau ur tau ying lyu, otpa fukurou dimbang dim kbai tan ar tamago Enitang bdsd rang cb'au kit tu rir su pakbyab pdkbd pik yib nar kai bane . abi fsarpab isdp ngii sbe pai yam HI. E3. H 7. E 5. H4. E4. H3. El. HI. E 3. E2. H2. El. 15 VIII.-POLYNESIAN F. IX.- -AFRICAN Englisli. Hetirew. Malay. TaMian. Kisualieli. Kihiau. Fire esh api aualii m6tto motto Gold zaliabh amds, mas auro t Edaliabu ^daliabu Silver keseph Derek ario f fida Iron barzel 31S1 auri f juma juma Tree eits pobun Eraau mti Emt^ra Eoot sliOresh akliar aa Fruit peri buab maa tiinda tiinda Grass deshe ) eisev j rumput matie janni ^miassi Flower tsits bunga tiare lia sliia Seed zera bini huero mb6u mbeu Garden gan kobung Town ] or City j ir, or gnir ^negri oire "}■ mji muji • Bread lechem Eroti farawa f mukdte Cake matsa, ug farawa ] momona J Oil shemen minyak mari mfuda mabiida Wine yain angur wina I Milk chalav susu u massiwa likdma Honey- devash gula meli t dsaliyani] oki-; 1 Sugar gulaleba to Es6kari VI.— Animals. Horse sus kuda buaa lia- ) rofenua J buaa-taro ferasi ferasi Cow para lumbu gnombe rake gnombe Bull par lumbujan-tan ^pae gnombe fabaii gnombe-mulnme Sheep se, tsoun domba mamoe kond6 kondolo Dog kelebli anjing uri jiboa mbua Camel gamal onta Lion ari singa liona "1" simba simba Tiger kapliir harimu tigera f Cat chthul kuching uri piifare pdka j6me Horn, \ Horns, | q6ren, qar-| naim, pl.J tanduk tara pembe mbembe Wool tsemr Ebulu laika lit6rje Bird, 1 Fowl tsipur, ouf burung > aiam ) manu, | moa j nuini, ) kuku j jiuni, ngiigu Crow q6ra, orebli ^gagak Eagle neslier raja wala aeto "f Bat ataleph burungtikus Owl kous pongok '^gg beitsa teliir liuero-moa i liy^re Nest qein sarang ofaa-raa Wings kanaph saip saiap mbdwa, pi. mokono yanimii 8 Snake, | Serpent ) nachasli, ] saraph j ular fni6ka 21i6ka , H2. E2. HI. El. H2. E2. H3. E2. FAMILY. X.-N. AMERICAN FAMILY. 16 Mandenga. Toruba. Kabenda. Tumbuctu. EsqulTnaux. Choctaw. ta ino mbazu nune ikkomamik luak sani wola wura goldenik | toliholis-) so lakna J nere Eiri lukanda gurbibi silberemik"" kikkik toli hota toll mantobu koloma Higi nti bimdu nappartok °ite sila egbogi lunganzi lindsi mimmek paunganek perovinb rosemik 1 penonsejek-sak perorscoik iggluka ) seksuit j kakojamik orsuk weinemik " " itak sbish oni butbuk na pakanli nibi osap usbi to maba poska poska cbampuli . Evila oka hauvsko nono woara cb'siali wa immuk pishnkkcH li Eonyi nose yA igubsanb sugar mikf foe bila hopi champuli ^so ezi kavalu bari kiogak isuba nishi malu nkombe eIiou cowamik | wagtek tura ako malu nkombe mbakola hou bar bullemik f saugak wak nakne chukveh poa ulu adsa mboa bansbi kingmek ofi dsada keneou dsingumboa gun koi cbito koi nyari ese waya musbi puse nuvujet skoto tvfisb c E sisi, ^rono Eadie, °eye Enzuzu, ^nuni E gorongo ) ^chirou J ting mijak nerforalik busbi fola osi balambisba kill enyi ^idso gungurie mannek iglo opa oshi lobunshi vcb, pi^bik sanacbi isa edso gnyoka ganda- | karfu J HI. El. HI. E 2. H2. El. El. HO. EO. H2. E2. 17 I. -GOTHIC AND SAXON FAMILY. TlTiglish. Saxon. GrotMc. Dutch. Grerman. Swedish. Danish. Icelandic. Frog Bee (honey) B froga Ebeo Ebye E frosch Ebiene groda Ebij E frosse Ebie E fr^ya billluga VII.— Weapons, Bow Arrow Ebugan Earewa Eboogen Ebogen pfeil Ebage pil Ebue pil sbogi Eorf Sword E sword ~ Ezwaard E schwert E svard sabelE svard E sverd Shield E scyld • E schild E schild Eskold Eskjold Eskjoldur VIII.— Agricultu- ral Implements. Plough Knife Eploge Ecnif Eploeg Bpfliig messer Eplog Eknif Eplov,ploug Ekniv Eplog Ehnifur Axe Eaex, eax E aqizi Eaxt, beil Byxe Eoxe Eoxi Saw Cart Esaga Ecraet, crat Ezaag Esage skarre Esaga Ekarra Esaug Ekarre ESOg wagn "Wheel Ehweol, 1 hweogl J Ewiel rad Ehiul eIijuI Ehjol IX.— Members of the Body, &c. Head ^Eye, eyes Mouth Eheafod, hefed j feag, s., eah Einuth haubith fauga Einunths Ehoofd EOOg Einond Ehaupt, ) kopf J ^ auge, augen Einund shufoud EOga Emun shoved foine Emund EhofPud EUiunnur ^Face andauleiz,] ulits j gesicht ansigte ansigt ^Hair ghaer ^hair fhaar fhar fhaar fhar Ear E ear, eare, auso, 1 ausona, pi. J °auso Eoor Eohr Eora Eore E eyra Tongue Btung EtUggO Etong E zunge Etunga Etunge E tunga Nose Enose, nase Eueus Enase Enase Euaese Euef Lip, lips ^Hand, 1 Hands j Elippa,lippe Bhand,hond fhandus Elip ghand Elippe fhand, | hcende, pl.j Elapp ihand Elippe fhaand, | hgender,pl.j warir fhond Foot, feet efot Efotus, 1 fotuns J E fustz, 1 fiistze, pl.j Efot, fotter E fod, fodder E fotur Flesh Eflaec,flaesc leik E vleisch Efleisch kott E flesk, kjod kj6t Blood EbM Ebloth Ebloed Eblut Eblod Eblod Ebl6d Bone Eban Ebeen knochen Eben Ebeen Ebein X.— Dwellings, Furniture, &c. House Bhus gards, hus Ehuis Ehaus Ehus Ehuus Ehus Door Edora, dur Edaur Edeur E thiir Edor Edor Edyr Chair stuhl stol stol stoll ^Bed ^Cup Ibed 5 cop, cupp |bad, ligr fbed skop gbett beher sang gkopp seng, Ebed |kop soeng bikari XI.— Time, &c. Year Egear ] EJaar EJahr Ear Eaar Ear Month E monath E menath i Einaund Emonat E manad ] E maaned E manudur Week Bweoc : Bweek Ewoche Evecka EUge ulika H6. H5. E32. H 4. E 10. H 5. E 26. H 4. E 27. H4. E28. H4. E3L H2. E24. II.-SHEMITIC FAMILY. 18 Hebrew. Arabic. Syriac. Coptic. Persian. KindostaTiJ. Turkish. tsepbarda debora ghok ^urdeeo ^deburtha chrour ghuk ^zanbur menduk qurbaghah ari qesbetb cbeits cberebb magein ^kawss nishab sif tarss ^keshtho mashdo ^chareb sakar sothpef sefi shebshi caman tir shamshir supur sulam tir tulwar, shuiiiBhir dhal, sipur yai ok shish qalkan cbarasb sakim qardom massur agala sikat ^sikin fass minshar arabach korubo norag nosero marchabtho hobi kelebip ^bashour ghabazeh card tarber arra arabeh hul chhuri knlhari ara igari sapan bichaq baltah desterah arabah aufen ajleh B gigallo charkh pichiya tekarlek rasb ^ras °rish ape sar sir ^bash oiyen, oinion pe finein fim f ainin, pi. pum bal ro chashem oahan » °ankh munh, mukh guz aghz panim wajeh Eaphe ho rui mun, 1 mukh j yuz sear azen,im,pl. lashon sapha, tiin, pi. fshaar ^eden ^lissan anf ^shife Bsaro ^edno ^leshon nechiro pum, sepheth mashgd aspi shai ^sephotou mawie gush zaban bini bini bal, mu kan, gosh jibh, zuban Enak slub sach quUaq dil burun dudaqler yad, ^ 1 yadaim J fyaden fyad toot, tot dast ghath, dust al regel, im ^rejil ^ regel let, rat pah paon ayaq basar dam etsem lahem ^dam ^adm ^basar °dem gerem spof kas ghust khun astakhnan gosht, luhm B luhA, khto huddi, ustukhwan lahm qan kemuk baith deleth kise mitte kous ^bait bab ^kersi parshat °cass ^baitho t'ra mautab ganuno Ikos ei ro ghlogd aphot khaneh sdar ^chuchie pulangh pialeh ghur sdur ^kursi bichouna piala, kasu ev qapu iskemle dushek qadah shana chodesh shevua ^sinat shahr jemhat ^shano yarach ^shabo rompi abot sal Emah ^haftah bums. saJ, Bun B muMna, mas ^hufta °sinet ai "haftah H 16. E 3. H 18. E 6. H2. H3. E2. H5. E8. H3. 19 III. GREEK AND LATIN FAMILY. "FiTiglisli. Hebrew. G-reek (anct.) Grreek (mod,) Latin. Italian. Portuguese. Frog Bee (honey) tsepharda debora batrakos melissa rana apis grillo pecchia VII.— Weapons, &c. Bow Arrow Sword Shield qesheth cheits cherebh magein toxon belos ^machaira thureon tozon velos spathi aspis arcus sagitta gladius clypeus arco freccia spada scudo arco frecha espada escudo vni.— AgTiciatu- ral Implements. Plough Knife Axe charash sakim qardom ^arotron machairon E axine E arotron masheri E azimos ^aratrum culter E ascia ^aratro coltello Eazza ^arado faca machado Saw Cart Wheel massur agala aufen prion amaxa trochos pirgioni amaxa trokos ^serra E carrus rota Esega E carretta ruota ^serra ^galera roda IX.— Members of the Body, &c. Head rash kephale k^falos caput testa cabe§a Eye, eyes oiyen, ) oinion J opthalmos matin oculus,i,pl. occhi, pi. olhos Mouth Face Hair Ear Tongue Nose pe ^ panim sear azen,im,pl. lashon stoma prosopon thrix ous otes ^glossa stoma prosopon mali oti Eglossa miti OS ffacies coma E auris lingua Enasus b6cca ffaccia capelli E orecchia lingua Enaso boca cara cabello E orelhas lingua nariz Lip, lips Hand, ] Hands j sapha, 1 tim, pi. j yad, ^ 1 yadaim j kheite, pi. kheir shilos sheri E labium manus E labbro mano, ] mani j beigo, bei§os mao, 1 maos, pi. i Foot, feet Flesh Blood Bone regel, im basar dam etsem EpOUS, ] podes, pi. j °sarx ^aima ^osteon Epodari krias Ecma cokalon Epes, 1 pedes, pi. j carnis sanguis OS Epiede,piedi came sangue osso Epe, pes carne sangue osso X.— Dwellings, Furniture, &c. House Door Chair Bed Cup baith deleth kise mitte kous doma E thura kathedra krabaton poterion spiti porta kathedra krevate fkuppa domus ostium cathedra lectus poculum Ecasa porta ^sedia letto fcoppa Ecasa porta cadeira leito ta^a XI.— Time, &c. Year Month Week shana chodesh shevua eniautos Emen hebdomas kronos Emini evdomada ^annus E mensis hebdomada ^^nno mese settimana °anno mes somana H6. E4. H4. E4. H4. E8. H 5. E 10. H4. E3. IV.-CELTIC FAMILY. 20 Spanisli. Frencli. Cornish. Walsh. Irisli. Ma.nx. Gaelic. rana grenouille kranag, gailkm llyfFant cnadan losgaim abeja abeille gwenyn E beach sbellan Ebeachan arco arc Ebwa Ebogbtli Evhow Ebogba fleclia fl^che Earv ^saeth soighead side saigbead espada 6p6e cledha, gledh cleddyf cloideamb cluve klaidbamh escudo ^cu tarian sgiath scape sciatli i ^arado ^cbarrue ^ardar ^aradr ceachda kiaght crann-araidli \ cucliillo couteau cyllell ^sgiam °skyn ^skian E bacha cogn^e buyall tuagb teigb tuadb ^sierra Escie ilif toiriosg E saaue Esabb Ecarro E cbarrette trol E cairt E cairt rueda roue roz olwyn roithlean E queeyl i roth, cuidhle cabeza t'ete ben pen ceann 1 kione ceann ojos Eoeil, \ yeux, pi. ) llygaid svlibb suillyii suilean boca boucbe ganou ceg beul beeal beul f faz, baz E face, visage ffas guyneb eadon eddin aodann cabello cbeveu gwalt gruag folt fait Eorejas, pi. EoreiUes,pl. clustian cluasa cleayshyn cluas, cluasaibh, 1 pi. / lengua langue tavas tafod E teanga cbengay E teanga nariz Enez frigau trwyn sron stroin sr6n E labio, 1 labios, pi. J E l^vre, ] levres J gwefl, 1 gweflau J prisin meil, 1 meillyn J bil, bilean j mano, ] . Haw, 1 dwyllaw J lamb, 1 lane, ) laimh, manos j mam lamba J laneyn J Idmban Epie, pi^s Epied Epaw troedjtraed cos, cosa cass,cassyn cos, cosaibli carne cbair Mg eig feoil fein feoil sangue sang gwaed foil fuiU fuil bueso OS ^asgam ^ysgyrn craimh craue cnamb Ecasa maison ^bod, trev tj tigb tbie tigh puerta porte jannues,pl. E drws Edorus E dorrys E dorus silla ^cbaise E cadar E cader E catbaoir E catliar cama lit gwely leaba Ibiabbu leaba taza tasse anneth gcwpan sgala, cupan fcappan ^cupan, c6m ^ano °an bledban blwydd3Ti bliaghain blein bliana ; ■ mes mois mis mis mi mee mios semana semaine wytbnos seachdmuin sbiaghtin siacbdiun H 4. E 7. H 6. E 8. H4. E4. H4. E4. HI. E6. H 2. E 5. H2. E8. 21 V-SCLAVONIC FAMILY. English, Hebrew. Russian. Polish. zaba pszezota Hungarian. Bohemian. Frog Bee (honey) tsepharda deb6ra liagushka pcheld deka meh zeba ucela VII.— Weapons, Bow qesheth paklon proca iv lucistse Arrow Sword Shield cheits cherebh magein straita mech zashtzita strzata patasz tarcza nyil Ekard paizs strjlka mec stjt VIII.— Agricultu- ral Implements. Plough Knife Axe Saw Cart charash sakim qardom massur agala Eplug nosj sikera pita ^kalosi Eplug noza tapor pita ^kolosi ekevas kes fejsze fiiresz targonca krogidlo nuz serera pjlka fkara Wheel aufen kol koles kerek kolo, 1 koleso j IX. -Members of the Body, &c. Head rash holova gloya fo stlawa Eye, eyes oiyen, | oinion otchi otsi szemek oci Mouth Face Hair Ear Tongue Nose pe panim sear azen,im,pl. lashon roth litsa volosa uxi yezik EUOS rotshe tvarjz v'losi wxo yenzik EUOS szdj ari, abzarat Ehaj fiilek nyelr orr « usta twdr ulas usi garyk Enos Lip, lips sapha, 1 tim, pi. J huba, hubi gemba ajak, ajkak pisk, pisky Hand, ) Hands j Foot, feet Flesh Blood Bone yad,_ yadaim regel, im basar dam etsem ruka, i. noha, i. miaso kroff kost renka, i. noga, i. skora krew kosc kez, kezek lab, labak hus ver esont ruka, ruky noha, nohy ^maso kxew koss X.— Dwellings, Furniture, &c. House Door Chair Bed Cup baith deleth kise mitte kous dom dvel still pashetia ^chdsha dom drzwi krzesto lozna filizanka Ehaz kapu szek dillikom dum E dwere pawlac postel Ekoffljk XL -Time, &c. Year Month Week shanah chodesh shevua hod meshets nidyela rok mishents tidjen esztendo honap het rok mesye tyden H 2. E 2. HI. E2. E 3. H2. E4. VI. SANSCRIT FAMILY, VII. CHINESE FAMILY 22 Pali. Sanscrit. Bengalli. Sia,Tnese. Chinese. Corean. Japanese. bhekah saraghd beng mau, mdchU k'hang-k'hok p'hung koh na miehfung kai kuri por ka eyr' ha tsi asi shardsa- | nang J E sharah khargah phalakang dhanuk bdn katari dhdl t'hami son lap Esil6 kung, 1 kiung J tsien, si kien tiang pai hwar sar hwanto yumi ya katana tate hinarukho ^halah shastri kutkarah krakachah shakatang langul chhuri km-ali karat Egari t'hdi k'hwan fa luei kian lipa siau tau, to fu tau kti niu che, ki po sip k'hur to ts'hai lop sur roi ^karasuki kogatana nata noko kuruma shakrang chaka lo, chak lun pak hoi kuruma siram shirah matha locunam netrang chakhyu ta fyen %un me tundam mukliam sotam jiwha Enasa tundang anana keshah shrotrang ^rasana nasika radanach-) chhada j Emukh mukh chul karna jihwa Enak thont hnd p'hom hii lin tamuk rim pak kau mien, bien mau, mo E urh, ji sheh, siet pi, pit shin nat t'ho rok kui hyo k'ho ip si ur kuchi kao kami noke mimi, pi. shta hane kachi, ) biru, pi. j hastah ihat umu shau, sill son te prapadang pishitang shonitang asthi Epad, or pa mangs rakta har tin niia Eliiat kaduk kioh, kiok jau,jiok hiueh, hiet kuh, kut mr £oki p'hi spyo ashi niku chi Ehone ^ gharam Edwdram pitham sayana °bdti E dwarang asanang khatwa bar! sdwar kedera khat ruan patii kawi tidng t'hu wei Euh, ok mun, bun kau i. chwang pei tsip ka mun kyo ui sang tsi wan iye to kiokoroko nedokoro wan E2. abdah masah saptahah batsar mas saptah pi diian at'hit nien yueh, guih yihko lipai han heis tar wor nen tskl shtonanuka H3. E3. H 2. E 6. E2. HI. E 3. HI. HI. El. 23 VIII.-POLYIMESIAIM FAMILY. IX.-AFRICAIM Englisli. Hebre-w, Malay. Tahetian. Kisuaheli. Kihiau. Frog tsepharda kudoh tjiia jiila Bee (toney) debora lebah nioki muji ' VII — Weapons, Sua. Bow qesheth pana fana Arrow cheits anak pana ohe %a mpamba Sword cherebh padang Eoe upanga lipanga Shield magein prise paruru ngao VIII.— Agricultu- ral Implements. Plough charash bajah Knife sakim pisu tibi kissu kimdje Axe qardom kapa opahi soka liwdgo Saw massur gragadje ee ^msum^no ^msom^no Cart agala Ekreta kurbo Wheel aufen roda parotata IX.— Members of tlie Body, &o. Head rash kapala upu Eye, eyes oiyen, | oinion J mata mata mato, pi. messo, pi. Mouth pe ^ Einulut vaha kanoa Face panim muka mata usso ussio Hair sear rambut roura unuelle luhiimbo Ear azen,im,pl. talinga Etaria sikio libinkka-niro Tongue lashon lida arero ulimi lulimi Nose hidung ihu Lip, lips sapha, 1 tim, pi. J biber utu 1 mu6mo, s. mlomo, s. Hand, ) Hands J yad ^ 1 yadaim J tangan rim a Foot, feet regel, im kaki avae niagii, pl.J likongolo,) makongolo, pi. J Flesh basar daging io niama niama Blood dam °dara toto ^damu miassi Bone etsein tulang ivi mfupa mfupu X.— Dwelllngs,- Fumlture, &e. House baith ruma fare niumba niumba Door deleth Dintu opani mlango mlango Chair kise ^krusi parahi raa Bed mitte katil roi ^matandiko ugono Cup kous mangkoh ^aua kata, kopo ^mgao XI.— Time, &c. Year shana tahun matahiti . mudka muaka Month chodesh bulan Emarama mesi mesi Week shevua jumat hebedoma f jummamoja H2. E2. HI. E3. H4. H2. i AMERICAN FAMILY. 24 Mandenga. Toruba. Kabenda. Tiiinbuctu. Esquimaux. Chocta-w. todi ogbolo dsula korobata ligise onyi nose yonya kala binye fang oru ofa ida lubao mta tanzi kara bangou takuba pittiksit karjut saviksoak tasbivata uski naki usbpo falaia tilihpa muro tegerang obe Eage mbele tale huri dasi ^savik ullimuut kiblut gaiviok niako yakvi isht patafa bosbpo iskifa ist wsba iti charrolU achva iti chvnalia nusbkobo Enya da nya ^ kunsi tulo neou Enu odsbu eno odshu firo eti awo imu liezu Emunua psu mbulendse kutu lulumi yilu mo Eine ngini hamber hanga dene nine > Else, isik ) (dual)j kannek kenek nutset sijut okkuk kingak kanneb nisbkin itih wasbuka pasbi haksobisb ^isonlvsp ibi sbakni iti vlbi buloko enyowo mbusakoko kamba- ] banda aggak ibbuk seumfada dseli kolo enyese edshe egu monget- | ambe J menga mbze kebanda kuri biri Eitti, itte- 1 ket (dual) J nerkemik auk saunek syi nipi issisb Efoni bong kong s^rifeou gbengbe ile eko agwoti busu uzo dsavulu kundu dsika Ehu gambu fkursi dari iglo upkoa aumit ermgmviBi-arsuk EJabre tachek Ewaobe cbuka okisa aioasba topa isbt isbko afummi ^husbi nitakbulo HI. E2. HI. E2. El. H2. E3. HI. E4. H2. El. Q 25 I. -SAXON AND GOTHIC FAMILY. Englisli. Saxon. GrotMo. Dutch. Grerman. Swedish. Da,Tiish. Icelandic. Day Night ^daeg, dag Eniht Bdags Bnahts Edag Enagt Etag Buacht Edag Enatt Edag snat E dagur Enoot To-day °To-mor- row Eto-daeg fmorgen himmadaga gistra dags heute fmorgen si dag f i margon ^i-dag fi-morgen E i-dag fa-morgain Yester- day Egyrstan- ) daeg ; ^gestem igar i-gaar Spring frehling var foraar vor Summer E sumer asa ^zomer E sommer Esommar E sommer Esumar Autumn ^herbst hast efteraar haust Winter B winter E wintrus B winter ^vinter E vinter Bwetur XII.— Numerals. 1 ^One fan, aen fains, aina feen f eins, ein fen feen fein Two E twa, ] twegen J stwai, twa Etwee Ezwei Btva EtO EtVO ^Three E threo, thry fthrins fdrie fdrei ftre ftre fthrir Four E feowr Efidwor Evier Bvier Bfyra Efire E fiorir Five Efif Efinf Evyf Bfiinf Bfem Efem Efim =^Six fsix fsaihs fzes fsechs fsex fsex fsex ^Seven sseofen fsibun fzeven fsieben siu fsyv sio Eight E eahta E ahtan Eacht Eacht Eotta E aatte E atta » Nine E nigun E nihun Enegen Eneiin Bnijo Eni Eniu Ten Etyn E taihun E tien Ezehn Etio Etin Etien Xlll.-Colours. Black E blac, ] sweart J ^swart ^swart ^Schwartz H swart ^sort Ebleika White Ehwit E queit Ewit Eweiss Ehvit Ehvid, huit Ehvit Eed E red, read, reod Erood Eroth Erod Erod Braudt XIV.— Adjectives, Prepositions, and Pronouns. 1 Blind E blind E blinda B blind B blind E blind E blind Eblindur Deaf Edeaf bauths Edoof taub Edof Edov heimalaus Before E before, \ beforan J Efaur Evor framfor, ) innan j sforan fyrirfram Behind Ebehindan Ehindar, ] aftero J Ehintan efterat, ] bakom J bagved deptir I ^Thou ^He Eic E^U fhe Eik ithu jains, is Eik idu Eich fdu er EJag fdu han fdu han Bjeg •3li (thli) lann ^She fseo isi fzy fsie hon, henne hiin We ^ims Ewir Bwi Evi Ye Ege EJUS ihr de de They E thgege B thai, thaim Esie Bde ^dem East Beast urruns E oost, oosten E osten Eost, osten EOSt E austur West Bwest saitwa Ewest Bwesten E vester Evest ulistur North B north Enoord Enorden E nord E:nord Enordur South E south Ezuid E siiden E soder Esyd Esudur H8. H8. E34. H8. E22. H7. E24. H9. E29. H6. E27. H8. E28. H 4. E 23. n.-SHEMITIC FAMILY. Hebrew. Arabic, Syriac. Coptic. Persian. Hindostani. Turkish. youm ^yaum °yum ^ehoou raz din, roz, youm «glin laila ^lilat ^laila shab rat, shub gijeh ha youm ^al yanm ^yaumono mphoou amruz aj, imroz kul, fur- I dah J bu guro ' « machar ghada fmechar rasti fardah yarin etmoul amss ^ethmol nesaf diruz kul, pich-] ladin j buhar dUn abib rabih ^abiba he, pshom bahar bahar qaitz sief ^kaito maie tabistaa, Bief gunni, tabistan ^yaz chorepb ^kharif alul maheijan, karif khizan son bahar sathav shita ^sathvo phro zamistan jar a qish acbad fwached fchad fouot yek ek bir sh'naim ^athnein treen ^snau fidu Edo eki sb'losli fthatlatha ^toltho schoment seh tin jitch arba ^arbaaha ^arbho E ftoow chehar char dord chmesh ^khamsat ^chamsho tow banj ^pansh Hbesh shesh setat ^shetho soou f shish °cheh alti sheba fsabaat fshabho sasehf haft sdt yedi^ sh'mone thamanyat ^temonyo ^schemoun Ehasht . Hth sechis ; tisba ^tasaahat ^tesho psit Eno ^no doghus ' eser ^aashat °esro met dah das on schur aswad ukomo kams siah kala, siyah qarah laban abiad chevor subash sapid sufed biyaz adorn ahmar sumoko lal qizil iver amah samio belle cur undha, kor kur • cheresh ^attrash ^charesh ^ kauri caj baihra saghir liphnei kidam le-ein, ) kedom J khadgo peesh peshtur evvel I'achour khalf chartho mepepso pass pichle sonrah ani ^ana ^eno ^anok man main bin ata °ant fat ^entok |tu gtu, tain sen hH fhu fhau entof |o f wuh, usne ol hi^ fhi _ fhoi entas 0, or °hi wuh ol anu nahin ^anon ma ham biz atem ^autum entoten shuma "tum siz heima ^hum ^honeen entoou ^onha we anler mizrah shark madnicho mapshai wartghap purub gun toghusi erebh ^gharb ^maharbo maphotep ^gharb puchchhum bati ts'phoun shimal garboyo pemhit tarapi, shimal uttur yildiz daroum kubli taimono res jauoob H 5. E 6. dukhun kibleh H20. E5. H 24. E 7. H 8. E 2. H5. E5. H. 3. V 27/> III.- GREEK ANC 1 LATIN FAMILY. English. Hebrew. Grreek (anct.) (jreek (mod.) Latin. Italian. Portuguese. 5^^ youm hemera imera Edies ^giomo Edia Night laila Enux Euikta Enox En6tte E noite To-day ha youm semeron simeron Ehodie oggi hoje To-mor-] row J machar epaurion aorion eras domani ^a manhaa Yester- | day ] etmoul k'thes ekthes heri jeri onte Spring abib anixin ver primavera primevera Summer qaitz theros kalokeri ^aestas state verao Autumn choreph fthinoperon E autumnus E autiinno E outono Winter sathav ear shimona hiems invemo inviemo XIL— Numerals. One achad eis, en Eena Eunus Eiino Eum Two shnaim Eduo Edio Eduo Edue Edois Three sh'losh ftreis Etria ftres Etre ftres Four arba tessares tessara quatuor . quattro quatro Five chmesh pente pende quinque cinque cinco Six shesh ehex fexi gsex fsei Eseis Seven sheba fhepta fepta Eseptem E sette Esete Eight sh'mone Eokto Eokto EOCtO E6tto Eoito Nine tisha E ennea ekea Euovem Euove Euove Ten eser Edeka Edeca E decern di6ci Edez XIII.— Colours. Black schur melan marron ^ater, niger nero 3reto White laban leukos aspron albus biiinco "branco Eed adorn E eruthros cokmo E ruber, | rubeus j r6sso vermelho xrv.— Adjectives, Prepositions, and Pronouns. Blind iver tuphlos tiflos coecus cieco cego Deaf cheresh kophos kafos surdus sordo surdo Before liphnei Epro empros ante davante diante Behind Tachour opiso opison post, atergo dietro detraz I ani ego ego Eio ECU Thou ata esu ftu ftu ftu He hu autos ille egli elle She hi ante ilia ella ella We anu hemeis ^nos %oi ^nos Ye atem E humeis vos voi vos They heima spheis illi eglino elles East mizrah anatole anatali oriens oriente oriente West erebh dusmai diris occidens occidente poente North ts'phoun borras vorras septentrio tramontana E norte South daroum notos notos meridies mezzogi- | orno j meysdia H 3. E 12. H2. E8. H 7. E 14. H3. Ell. H 6. E 14. IV.-CELTIC FAMILY. 28 Spa>Tiisli. rrench. Cornisli. Welsh. Irish. Ma,Tix. Graelic. Edia °jour ^journa diurnod la^ laa latha Enoche Enuit snei Enos aoidhche oie oidhche hoy *^aujourdliui ^heddyw a mugh Jin ^an diuth ^manana demain avorou ^yfory Ea marach fmeiragh ^am meir- ) each J ayer hier doe a n6 jea an d6 primavera verano printemps et6 han, ephan gwanwyn haf earrach E seamhradh arragh sourey earrach E samhruidh E otono E automne cynhauaf fog mhar ouyr faoghradh invierno hiver guav gauaf geim readh geurey geamhradh Euno Eun - fun faon nane ^aon Edos Edeux Edeau Edau Edo jees Bda ftres Etrois Etri ftri E three ftri cuatro quatre pedwar ceathar kiare ceithir cinco fseis cinq fsix Epemp Epimp j^chwech cuig fse queig fshey cuig eSC E siete fsept saith seacht shiaght seachd Eocho sliuit swyth Bocht Ehoght Eochd E nueve Eneuf Enaw Enaoi Enuy Enaoi Ediez Edix Edig Edeg deich jeih E deich negro ^noir du da dubh ^bianco °blanc Egwyn ^bane geal encarnado rouge coch coch sruadh parg dearg cigo ^aveugle dall caech doal dall sordo delanti sourd avant aege byddar oflaen boghar roimme bouyr kiongoyrh boghar air thoiseach detras derriere tu 61 diaigh cheu-chooyloo air dearadh yo EJe ^mi ^m6 mish mi ftu ftu fti ftii ^ uss fthu^ el il ^eve se^ E^ eshyn E e^ eis ella elle fhi ish "i, ish, isha nosotros vosotros °nous BVOUS fmyni E chychwi sinn sibh shinyn shinish sinn sibh ellos ils, elles shwuy siad adsyn iad oriente Best dwyrain soir niar an ear poniente E norte E ouest Enord gogleth gorllewin gogledd siar twaigh neiar twoaie an iar antuath medio dia midi ^dehou de deas jiass an deas H5. E13. HIO. E16. H3. E4. HIO. E15. H8. E12. H4. E5. H8. Ell. H 29 V.-SCLAVONIC FAMILY. English. Hebrew. Eussian. Polish. Hungarian. Bohemian. Day Night youm laila djen Enotsh dyen Enots nap ejszaka den EUOS To-day ha youm sye, ho- 1 dnia J djise ma dnes To-mor-| row j machar zavtri yutro holnap zytra 1 Yester- | day J etmoul urtsberas utsora tegnap wsera Spring abib v'esna visna tarasz garo Summer Autumn Winter qaitz chorepli sathav letta wosen zjima liato wosen zjima nyar osz t^l 16to pedzym zyma XII.— Numerals. One Two Three Four achad sh'naim sh'losh arba raz Edeva f tri tshetiri yedna sd've ^tshi s'tiri egy ketto harom negy geden Edwa ftry styxy 1 Five chmesh piath pjinsb ot pet Six shesh fshesht fshist 'hat E sesi Seven Eight Nine Ten sheba sh'mone tisha eser Esiedem woshim deviath desit Bsiem osyem devitt desit het nyolo kilene Etiz Esedm osm dewet deset XIII. -Colours. Black White Bed schur laban adorn Hcherniyee bailiyee krasniyee Hczarny Ebiaty czersrony teketi fejer piros sema bjla cerwena • XIV.— Adjectives, Prepositions, and Pronouns. Blind Deaf Before Behind iver cheresh liphnei I'achour slaipsee gliikoee prejde paslatee slepy gtuchy przed po ^vak siket elott muett slepy hluchy pxed za I Thou He She ani ata hu hi EJa Etee on ona EJa ^ty on ona en gte o (ferjfi) 6 (as rse- ) . ong) J mi ti ok kelet nyngott ejszak del ga fty on ona We Ye They East West North South anu atem heima mizrah erebh ts'phoun daroum Emee vee onee Evastok zapal saivev rjuff Emy wy oni E wschor zachor potnoc poldnic my wy oni wychod zapad pulnos poledne H 5. E 9. H 5. E 10. H2. E2. H4. E6. VI.-SAI\ISCRIT FAMILY. VII.-CHINESE FAMILY. SO Pali. divasam ajja sve hiyyo eko Edwi Eti catu panca clia satta Eatlia Enava ^dasa seto puhabi ^apara aliam tnmha eso esa pub bo uttaro dakkhino H2. E4. Sanscrit. dibasah nisha sadya kalyang kaljang pusbpasa mayab niddaghah ^sara ^sbitang ekah Edwau E trayah cbatasroh pancba sbat j^ saDiia E asbtav Enava "dasba krisbna sbuklab lobitah andbab ^badbirab pubab bascbat abang twang sab sd bayang juyang Ete piirbbab pasbcbimab uttarab dakbyinab H 5. E 7. Bengalli. Siamese. din rdtri dji kali gatakali basanta grisbma ^sarat sbit ek Edui Etin cbari pancb cbbay sdt ;dt Enay "dasb kdla E sbwet Ml kand kala agre picble ^dmi tumi tini tini dmrd tomrd tdbdra piirbba pascbim uttar dakbyin H 3. E 6. wdn ratri wdn ni pruk ni Chinese. Enung "^song sdm si «ba bok cbet p6t kaw sip hht nuak k'bangna k'banglang ku miing nan ran su kbbau arai H 2. El. jih, jit kin' jib, kin a jit, ming jib, beng jit tsob jib cbun bea tsiu tung yib, it, cbit 'rb, ji, no san, sam sz', si wu, gno, gou lub, link, lak tsib, cb'it pah, pat, peh kiu, kiu, kau Hshih, sip, chap Hhih, hek, ou pell, pek hung, hong, ang mangjin lung tsien ^bau ngo 'rb i, ta ta Corean. nar ir paui kum ir myong ir tsak ir pom nyo rum ka ar kyo u fban, ir Etu, i sok, sam nok, sa tas^t, o yo sut, liuk nir, kop, tshir yo tarp, p'har a bop, kou yor, sip Japanese. ni ta mun tung si peb nan H3. syo kyong kui mokur arp tui ^na no,yo tsyo atung ^yotong ku tong nyok syos nyok puk nyok nam nyok H E. 2. icbi nicbi yoru kon nicbi meyo nicbi saku jitsu baru natsu aki fuyu icbi ni san sbi go roku bicbi naclii ku jiyu kuro sbiro akai mekura tsumbo maye ota ware ^anata anosbto anunna wasbi duno omaiye tachi aaoshto tachi bigasbi nisbi kita minami HI. 81 VIII.-POLYIMESIAN F. IX.-AFRICAN English. Hehrew. Malay. Tahetian. Kisuaheli. Kihiau. Day youm hari mahana siku siku Night laila malam rui usfku jiro To-day ha youm ini hari tei enai mahana leo rero To-mor-) row j machar besok ananahi keso Emalawi Tester- "1 day j etmoul samalam nanahi jdna lisso Spring abib musim turn- 1 buhum buan J Summer qaitz musim panas auhuni majira ya-jua Autumn choreph musim memun- ) gut bua buan j f Winter sathav musim sejah poai majira yarmasika XII.— Numerals. One achad satu tahi memoja yumpepe Two shnaim Edua piti mbili siwiri Three sh'losh stiga Ej'aru tatu sitatu Four arba ^ampat maha nne jeje Five chmesh lima Epae tano sano Six shesh anam ono Seven sheba tuju hitu isabaa tanonasiwiri Eight sh'mone delapan varu Nine tisha sambilang iva Ten eser sapulu hoe ahuru . XIII. -Colours. Black ■ schur hitam White laban putih , meauppe Eed adorn merah muekundu XIV,— Adjectives, Prepositions, and Pronouns. Blind iver butah matapo mtofu wam&to mtotomeso Deaf cheresh tuli turia turi kisiwi rbuibui Before liphnei adap na mua mbelle mberre Behind I'achour b'lakang na muri niuma mgongo ani aku ovahu mimi Hune Thou ata ankau Eooe wewe uwe He M diya oia yee ayu She hi^ diya oia We anu kami matou suisui ^uhue Ye atem kamu ^outou nuinui umue They heima diya orang ratou wao ao East mizrah timor hitia ote ra mao ya jua jirambo West erebh barat tua otera Hmagribi liuyalihuire North ts'phoun utara apatoa South daroum salatan apotoerau B suheli HI. E 2. H2. E3. H2. E2. HI. E2. FAMILY. X -AMERICAN F. 32 Mandenga. teledo Torul)a. Kal)eiida. Tiimbuctu. EsquiTnaux. Choctaw. OSO bmnuidsha chari uvlok nitak su Holu nbuilu kigi Eunnuok Eninak bi oni lumbuads ho uvlume hunaknitak sini ola dsalubiyono suba kaupet onnaha kunu ano dsebeliyono bi ikpekjak aujalerpet aujak okkiolerpet okkiok pilashash toffassi toffa Ehushtolopi hushtolo Ule Eeni dshos afo atteeusok achuffa fila edshi koale ahingka majok Etuklo sdwa eta tatu ahindsa pinjasut tuchina nani Beri nna ataki sittamat ushta lolu aro tanu igu tellimat taklapi woro efa psambanu idu The Esquimaux do not count further hannali woronglo edsi psamboale iye than 5; for 6 they show 6 fingers, so on untuklo segi edslio inana ydha to 10; for 11 both feet and 1 finger, &c., up untuchina konondo Heso ivoa ydga to 20 ; then they say "a man's limbs at chakhali Etang eroa kumi awoi an end." But the Christian Esqui- maux are taught the higher numbers. pokoli fima dudu cH nombe ibibi kernek lusa gbele o fufu cha mpemba korci s kacliuktak aukpaluk tohbi HhuTnma El. H2. E2. HI. H 1. E 1. H 1. E 2. TABLE OF AFFINITIES. The following table exhibits tlie approximate ratio of affinity whicli each language bears to the Hebrew and English, as indicated in the preceding Com- parative Vocabulary : the whole number of 146 words being taken as a common standard. All the languages are arranged in ten "' distinct classes/'viz. : — I. Gothic and Saxon family. II. Shemitic family. III. Greek and Larfin family. IV. Celtic family. V. Sclavonic family. VI. Sanscrit family. VII. Chinese family. VIII. Polynesian family. IX. African family. X. North American family : — I. V. Hebrew Affinity. English Affinity. Manx English 32 Gaelic Saxon 34 142 Gothic 32 82 Eussian Dutch 31 142 Polish German 31 120 Hungarian Swedish 28 132 Bohemian Danish 29 136 Icelandic 15 108 Pali ] [I. Sanscrit Hebrew Bengalli Arabic 70 22 Syriac Coptic 79 24 22 8 Siamese Chinese Persian 17 28 Corean Hindostani . . . 16 26 Turkish 16 9 Japanese I II. Malay Greek (Ancient) 16 37 Tahetian Greek (Modem) 12 30 Latin 20 55 Kisuaheli Italian 16 50 Kihiau Portuguese ... 20 45 Mendenga Spanish 17 48 Yoruba French 25 54 Kabenda I V. Tumbuctu Cornish 21 42 Welsh 25 41 Esquimaux Irish 15 35 Choctaw VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. Hebrew Affinity. 14 English Affinity. 29 18 39 16 40 13 28 3 11 11 29 6 22 16 19 12 21 8 5 7 10 7 6 4 2 10 9 7 9 17 7 10 8 8- 10 12 12 8 6 8 10 5 6 8 6 * This classification into ten families of languages was adopted after the first eight pages of the tables were printed off, being thought preferable to that of eight families. \ •y V t/ CONCLUDING EEMAEKS. I. — All the languages of this Vocabulary are evidently related to the Hebrew and English, as appears by inspection of it, and of the Table of Affinities. And, while the several languages of each of the ten classes, or families, are specially related to each other, there is an obvious mutual relation subsisting amongst all the languages composing the ten classes. II. — These important languages, selected from Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, may be considered as the representatives of all the languages and dialects of the earth. Therefore we may, by fair induction, founded on the facts just stated, conclude that a mutual relationship subsists amongst all the languages of the world, and that all are derived from one common stock. We have assumed the Hebrew to be the original parent stock — 1st, because of its simplicity and purity ; 2ndly, because all its derivatives can be traced to native roots which have their appro- priate meaning in the language; 3rdly, because it is the most ancient written language we have any authentic record of; and, 4thly, because it is the language which God Himself chose for communicating His will to man. The faithful and intelligent Christian will readily admit the supreme authority of the Bible in determining all questions in which its voice is clear and distinct. And therein we find it plainly recorded that all the nations, scattered over the earth, are of " one blood," and are all descended from Adam, the first man who was cheated. We also find it clearly stated that all his descendents had one language, not only before the Deluge but down to the time of the building of Babel, when Jehovah frustrated the designs of the proud and impious builders, by confounding their language and dispersing them abroad upon the earth. Thus we have an authentic and divine record of the original unity of nations and of language. And the conclusion to which we have been led in the preceding inquiry, by tracing out the affinities which manifestly exist amongst the present languages spoken by man, harmonises with the infallible testimony of God. Therefore we consider all the speculations of men, which wilfully ignore and contradict this sure testimony, as idle and impious.'-'' * The following letter on a new society which has just sprung up in London, called " The Anthro- pological Society," addressed to the editor of the Record, of June 20, 1864, may be here appropriately quoted, in illustration of my remarks above : — " Sir, — Among the cunning devices of our spiritual adversary, one which threatens to exert consi- derable influence among a large and important class, especially medical and chemical students, is the CONCLUDINa REMARKS. XV. These anthropological gentlemen seem anxious to claim an affinity with the - brute creation, and, like Darwin and Lord Monboddo, their leaders, are probably- desirous of tracing their pedigree to the ape, or orang hutan — the wild man of the forest. Most people have an honourable ambition to rise in the social scale, and usually claim an affinity with some honourable or noble family, but these gentlemen have a strange grovelling propensity, and would gladly find themselves associated with monkeys or donkeys in their origin, and perhaps regret the want of a tail to prove conclusively their connexion with the former, or of long ears to show their brotherhood with the latter. These wise philosophers having rejected the sure testimony of God, they follow the ignis fatuus of their own foolish hearts and blinded understandings, and will be led into the quagmire of atheism and all its filthy abominations. Let me sound an alarm in the ears of Christian young men of this generation, and earnestly exhort them, as they value the favour and blessing of God, and their own eternal salvation, to beware of this vain philosophy, falsely so called : Lord Monboddo and Darwin, with their associates, are blind leaders of the blind, and both they and their deluded followers will assuredly fall into the ditch. (See the 1st chapter of Eomans.) III. — By inspection of the "Table of Affinities," it is apparent that the Anglo-Saxon and Gothic family of languages stands in close relationship to the Hebrew ; the Syriac and Arabic alone, of the whole 48 languages compared, taking precedence of them. The Saxon stands first in this class, rising to No. 34 in the Scale of Affinity with the Hebrew, b^ing 2 degrees above the Gothic. The English and German also rise to an honourable position, being nearly upon an equality at formation of an organised association, known as the Anthropological Society of London, including among its members names of eminence in literature and science. The professed object of this society is, 'the study of Anthropology in a strictly scientific manner. It proposes to study man in all his leading aspects, ^ physical, mental, and historical ; to investigate the laws of his origin and progress ; to ascertain his place in nature, and his relations to the inferior forms of life ; and to attain these objects by patient investigation, careful induction, and the encouragement of all researches tending to establish a de facto science of man.'* To all purely scientific research, conducted with a becoming reverence for God's Word, whenever the subject-matter approaches that on which we have a Divine revelation, I would say, let every encourage- ment be afforded. But' the circumstance that the subjects here proposed for investigation are those on i which we have an unmistakable revelation from God, while this is entirely ignored in papers published and circulated by the Society j-j- of necessity compels us to conclude that the objects proposed are virtually, though not ostensibly, in direct opposition to the Word of God. Such effort must, therefore, sooner or later, defeat its own purpose, and become an instrument of illustrating that very truth it would undermine. " But, meantime, many unstable minds, not unaccustomed to a deceitful handling of God's Word, may be beguiled by the subtlety, and an incalculable amount of mischief may be accomplished. " Although I am personally unknown to the secretaries and each member of the council of this Society, yet they have sent me a written invitation to unite with them and further their objects. It is therefore probable that many others have received a similar invitation. That Christian pastors, and others who love the truth, may be alive to this source of danger, is my object in addressing you. — I am, &c., «E. A. P." * "Circular published by the Society." f "For example, the President's Anniversary Address." XVI. CONCLUDING REMARKS. Nos. 32 and 31. From this scale it also appears tliat about one-fourth part of the words in our own Saxon tongue bears an affinity with the Hebrew, either in a primary or secondary degree. This, of course, can only be inferred with regard to the pure Anglo-Saxon part of our language, for such words alone have been selected for this Vocabulary. And not only in words does this close affinity exist between our original mother tongue and the Hebrew, but in the arrangement of ideas and the simple structure of sentences it has also a near agreement. And for this reason it is comparatively easy to translate the Hebrew Scriptures into English. This similarity between the two languages was noticed by Tyndal, the first translator of the Hebrew Bible and Greek New Testament into English. He said, " The Greke tongue agreeth more with the Englyshe than with the Latyne ; and the properties of the Hebrue tongue agreeth a thousande tymes more with y® Englyshe than with the Latyne." Other collateral evidences of our alliance with Israel have been observed and pointed out by different writers, and by none more carefully, amply, and minutely than by Mr. John Wilson, the author of '' Our Israelitish Origin." The Gothic and Saxon nations which crossed the Danube in vast numbers, and made irruptions into the Eoman Empire in the fourth and fifth centuries, gradually settled within its boundaries, and formed the ten Gothic and Saxon kingdoms, which still exist, and were distinctly foretold by the Prophet Daniel, and also by St. John in the Eeve- lation, under the symbol of the ten-horned wild beast. Mr. Wilson has traced up historically these nations to the same locality to which the ten tribes were taken by the King of Assyria, viz., on the borders of the Caspian and Black Sea. He then adduces various points of resemblance or identity between the Saxon laws, govern- ment, constitution, municipal and domestic institutions, customs, manners, spirit, and character of the Anglo-Saxons and those of Ancient Israel. Israel was to be "the Lord's measuring line," or the means through which the other nations of the earth were to be evangelised, and finally united under the righteous and peaceful government of "the Prince of Peace." The Anglo-Saxon race, including our brethren in the United States of America, and the northern nations of Europe which are Protestant, now occupy the place of Israel in fulfilling this purpose of the Divine mercy. And upon England especially this high honour has been conferred, of taking the lead to send ambassadors of peace to the remotest nations upon the earth. The vast extent of England's dominion, and the number and variety of nations subject to the sceptre of her Queen, are unexampled in ancient or modem times. And for what purpose has all this power and dominion been given to our small island, except for that of becoming a blessing to the nations, by making known His truth and salvation to all. The obligations and duties of England must be corre- spondent to her superior blessings and privileges enjoyed from the Sovereign Euler of nations. But, like Israel of old, she has sadly failed in fulfilling the gracious purposes of Jehovah. Ambition, and thirst of worldly gain, have been the ruling motives of vast multitudes of our countrymen who have gone abroad. A few only CONCLUDING REMARKS. Xvii. are found faithful in the land to their gracious Lord and Saviour, who unite heart and hand in sending the Gospel to the heathen. Thus, philological and ethnological evidence concur in proving the close connection of the English and Hebrew nation. The English language has also a remarkable affinity with the Persian. In the " Table of Affinities," the latter, it will be observed, ranks No. 28 in its relation to the English, and 17 to the Hebrew. The Hindostani also, which is the Hindo- Persian spoken in Upper India, comes pretty near it, being 26. Many words in these two languages are almost the same as in English, and particularly those relating to family kindred : as Fader, Moder or Mudar, Brudar. I have noticed some English words and phrases, which are evidently from the Persian : for instance, Reynard signifies fox in Persian ; and quach (an irregular medical practitioner) is an appellative for doctor in Persian. Many national customs, laws, manners, &c., of the Persians, seem to assimi- late them with ourselves. This coincidence is a further corroborative evidence of our Oriental origin. IV. — The Celtic nations — viz., the Welsh, Irish, and Gaels, especially the former — in their most ancient traditions and annals, preserved in the Triads^ point to the East, or Summer Country (Taprobani), as the original seat of their ancestors. But their languages stand much lower in the Scale of Affinity to the Hebrew than the English and other Saxon and Teutonic languages. The Cornish and Manx also take the same rank with them ; and the Welsh of Armorica in Normandy probably sustains the same inferior relation to the Hebrew. Our learned Cambrian brethren may differ from me on this subject, and, with some of their predecessors, men of eminent learning and research, may still claim for their ancient and refined language a closer affinity with the Hebrew than I have assigned to it in the " Table of Affinities." I can only say that I have endeavoured to maintain an equitable judgment in the matter."' V. — As a general rule, then, we may observe that the languages here com- pared bear a corresponding relation to the Hebrew and English, e.e., a language that ranks high in its affinity to the Hebrew, also stands proportion ably liigh in relation to the English ; there are, however, some exceptions to the rule. VI. — My researches have not been sufficiently extensive to enable me to class properly the Turkish and Hungarian. They are probably of Tartarian origin. The Hungarians and Bohemians being near neighbours, under the Austrian rule, and their' languages having both been furnished by Dr. Pinkerton, they were there- fore included in the same class ; although they differ widely in their affinity with the Hebrew and English. While the Hungarian stands low in both respects, the Bohemian takes a third or fourth class rank with the Hebrew, and stands high in affinity with the English. * Extracts from correspondence bearing upon the Welsh language and its afl^ty to the Hebrew will be found below. XVIU. CONCLUDING REMAEKS. VII. — As an evident and striking proof of the affinity of nations as well as of languages, we may adduce the Chinese. In population and antiquity they rank higher than any other known nation ; comprising one-third of the human family, and having authentic history extending back 4,000 years, showing that they have been settled in China from a very early period, probably soon after the general division of tongues and dispersion at Babel. Although from their comparative seclusion for many ages, they have preserved their distinct nationality — in language, laws, customs, &c. — yet there are sufficient proofs of their having been members of the family of Noah, from the affinity of language, ancient tradition of the deluge, (nearly agreeing in time with that of the Mosaic record,) their patriarchal form of government, priesthood, and sacrifices, &c. Eleven words have been marked out in the Chinese part of this Vocabulary, as having an affinity with the Hebrew and English : and in some instances the same word is evidently related to both these languages. Thus — I. CHINESE WORDS RELATED BOTH TO THE HEBREW AND ENGLISH. Chinese. Hebrew. English. yen (eye). eyen. eyes, een (North of England) yuen (garden). gan. garden. mu (mother), eim (ema), mother. II. OTHERS RELATED TO THE HEBREW. Chinese. Hebrew. yue (the moon), -yeriah, id. shan (a hill). har, id. III.— -OTHERS RELATED TO THE ENGLISH. Chinese. English. urh (ear). ear. uh (house). house. yiu (oil). oil. fu (father). father. pih (pencil). pen. hai (sea). sea. These words of the Chinese Vocabulary, it must be remembered, are entirely unde- signed and unsought-for coincidences with the Hebrew and English : as the Chinese teacher who wrote them out had no thought or intention of that sort. In the simplicity of its colloquial tongue, and also in its construction, it resembles the Hebrew and English. M. Eemusat, the eminent Parisian professor of Chinese, remarked that in the arrangement of their words, or syntax of a sentence, the Chinese observe a natural order of ideas. This is manifest to any one acquainted with their most popular works, such as the San Kwoh., or History of the Three Kingdoms. Their literary men indeed depart from this simple and natural style. CONCLUDING REMARKS. XIX. and abound with, inversions, which often render their books obscure and unintelli- gible to ordinary readers : difficulty and obscurity being esteemed as special excel- lencies by such learned pedants. The colloquial language of the people also agrees with what Eemusat terms the natural order of ideas. In dispersing abroad copies of my Prospectus, I have had occasion to corre- spond with a rather wide circle of friends and clerical brethren, known and unknown. And from not a few I have received cheering letters of encouragement, expressing confident anticipations of good resulting from the publication of this and two other small works in these last perilous times, when the truth of God's Word is daringly and recklessly assailed. From the late venerable and beloved Dr. Marsh I received, a few weeks before his death, a short characteristic note, written in a bold distinct hand, from which I venture to make an extract — " Dear Mr. Tomlin, — Though. I am overburdened at this time as to my purse, and my table with books, yet I must have some memorial of you — so will you put down my name as a subscriber for one copy of * Comparative Vocabulary.' I have heard of a war of words — what a warrior you have been — and what a conqueror you are ! " May your labours be greatly blessed, till the happy period arrive when our Lord shall turn to the people a pure language, and all shall serve Him with one consent." I also here gladly avail myself of the opportunity of recording my grateful acknowledgments of very substantial tokens afforded me by several kind friends liberally subscribing for two, seven, and ten copies of each work. I venture to give the name of one of these kind friends, much revered and honoured for his able, sound, and learned works in support of the truth, viz., the Rev. Canon Benson. His very kind and encouraging letter inclosed a cheque for £5, in prepayment for ten copies of each work, but with the stipulation that he would only take three or five copies at most from me. From some to whom the Prospectus was sent, and usually accompanied by an explanatory and friendly letter, I have received no reply. Several of these were old friends, and from such I looked for some token of encouragement. Perhaps they are waiting to see the works out before they venture to purchase. I cannot blame their prudence, though I hoped for their confidence and early favour. Two of my correspondents have thrown out useful hints and cautions, which have induced me to reconsider the conclusions I had come to in Philology, and to search afresh the foundations on which they rested. This reconsideration of impor- tant points, and general revision of arguments, have confirmed me in the belief of the stability of the ground on which I have rested. I regret that I am not at liberty to mention the name of one of these correspondents, or to publish his letter, in which he doubted the correctness of my main position, respecting Hebrew being the mother of all languages, and thought it unwise "to stickle" for the honour of the Hebrew in this respect. " Many," said he, " get upon their hobbies and ride them to death." The following was my letter in reply : — XX. CONCLUDING KEMAEKS. " Eev. and dear Sir, — I am glad to hear you are much, interested in Comparative Philology. I see you demur to my primary position, that the Hebrew must he considered as the parent stock of all languages. I am well aware that Philologists, generally, give a preference either to the Arahic or Sanscrit, hut without any satisfactory reason. The sure testimony of the Word of God is either ignored or slighted on this, as well as on many other subjects. It certainly appears to me a very obvious inference from the Inspired Eecord, that Hebrew was the only language spoken by men down to the period of the building of Babel, and was substantially preserved by one branch of Noah's family, viz., Shem, after that event. " The fact of God's having chosen this language, to record His will to man, from the beginning, is strong evidence in its favour. Its plainness and purity also add to this evidence : for, divested of the points, and with the vowels properly restored, which were removed by the writers of the Masora, it is an incomparably plain and expressive language, and bears the Royal stamp of its Divine origiu. " If this first position of mine be granted, then, I think, the obvious affinity subsisting amongst all languages, as exhibited in my Comparative Vocabulary, will establish their common relationship to each other, and to the Hebrew as their original source. It may be objected that my data are not sufficient to warrant such a general conclusion : the number of languages in my Vocabulary, perhaps, not being more than one-third of the known languages of the earth ; but yet, I think, they must be considered as beiug representatives of the whole family. And having proceeded, in my inquiry, into their relationship, by the safe and cautious method of induction, I think my conclusion is fully warranted, and established upon the most probable grounds. I do not say that it is mathematically demonstrated, although I have entered into numerical calculations. The result, however, is, I think, a near approximation to truth on the subject. " A considerable affinity has been traced, by German Philologists, between the Teutonic languages and the Sanscrit. But a still closer affinity subsists between the former and the Hebrew, as will be evident by an inspection of the Vocabulary. Por instance : the English has double the number of words affiliated with the Hebrew, compared with what it has with the Sanscrit. " The Sanscrit is much more remotely connected with the Hebrew and Arabic, than the Gothic and Saxon languages are with the same. " Yours, &c., J. T." I shall now make some extracts from a correspondence witli the Eev. Samuel Fenton, bearing upon tlie Welsh language. His intimate knowledge of the language and connexion with Wales give special value to his critical remarks. His zeal for the antiquity and honour of the language of the Cymrj will, I doubt not, be as readily excused by my readers as by myself. In his first letter he says : — " I am glad to hear that you know something of Welsh ; because it is evident from the circumstance of its idioms being so akin to those of the Hebrew, that it is a very ancient language. The languages, which have the shortest words, may be considered primitive languages; and this is a peculiarity of the Welsh, in which even letters are significant, of which the following is an example : Eve a a = Eve ^e, a will^ a go. Termen, a boundary, is not a Latin, but a purely Armorican Welsh word; while Terminus is a Latin word derived from it. In the Welsh language there are no such expressions as to go wp, come down^ and go out; but the expressions are, go to the mountain^ go to the ground^ go to the open field. The names of the four seasons are primitive. Gwanwyn^ the Spring, is literally Tender lambs. Haf, Summer, literally Fulness ; Hydrev, the Autumn, literally to home ; for then the fruits of the earth are led home. Ganaf (/ is sounded like v) the shutting of Summer = AVinter." Having intimated to Mr. F. that I found after a close scrutiny of my Vocabulary that the Welsh occupied an CONCLUDING REMARKS. XXI. inferior position in relation to the Hebrew compared with the English, which circumstance I feared would not be acceptable to the learned Cymry ; my zealous correspondent replied : — " I think that the Welsh Literati will indeed be dissatisfied with the position you have assigned the British language. I was told by the late learned Dr. Alexander Nicholl, Oxford Professor of Hebrew, who knew most of the Oriental languages, that he considered the Welsh language the nearest to the Hebrew, the idioms of which it expresses most exactly. He told me that the circumstance of its having the possessive and primitive pronoun, from which the possessive is derived, each side the noun substantive, was a sign of the Welsli being one of the most ancient languages of the world. In illustration, ' My Son ' would be thus in Welsh, vy mab i, literally My Son /. '' I cannot conceive how you contrive to place the language of the Cymru ' below that of our own language in relation to the Hebrew,' the idioms of which Dr. Davies, once rector of Mallwyd, a very learned Hebrew scholar, says, the Welsh language '' Exprimit ad vivumJ I trust that you will reconsider this subject." My readers will now expect something in my own defence. The following was my principal reply : — " My dear Sir, — I note what you say further in your last letter of August 31st, regarding the simi- larity of the "Welsh to the Hebrew in its structure and idioms, and the eminent authorities you adduce on the subject. But it was not my design to enter into the peculiar idioms or grammatical structure of the Welsh, or indeed of any other language. " My plan was simply this — 1st, to make out a list of about 150 English words, (pure Anglo-Saxon,) plain, simple, and important, relating to various branches of human knowledge, and such as were likely to have corresponding words in almost all other languages. 2ndly, I got friends in various parts of the world to furnish me with the languages they were familiar with, aided by native teachers ; and requested them to give me the simplest and plainest words in the several languages. " The Welsh I got myself from a competent native scholar, exactly in the same manner, without reference to any ultimate design of comparison. " 3rdly, I then carefully compared all the words in the various languages with the Hebrew, marking the degree of affinity wliich any word had to it by ISo. 1 or 2, the former figure indicating a near affinity, the latter a more remote one to the Hebrew. I then took the sum total of affinities of each language to the Hebrew, which determined its relative position to the Hebrew as the parent stock. In the same manner I ascertained the relation which aU the other languages (except the Hebrew) bore to the English. In this comparison I was guided principally by the weU ascertained mutations and interchanges of consonants, well known to philologists as being common to almost all languages. " I endeavoured to be strictly impartial. Yet my work is doubtless very imperfect, although I have often revised it. " I may just remark that the proof adduced by Dr. Mcoll, of the affinity of the Welsh to the Hebrew, does not strike me as being conclusive, viz. : in having the possessive pronoun prefixed and the primitive pronoun affixed to the noun substantive. For, "My Son" is in Hebrew, ^em, and not as in Welsh, vy mab i, so in like manner my Father, my Mother, ''i^i. ''OhJ. I now insert Mr, Fenton's last letter up to this time, dated September 29th, 1864, as it contains several interesting critical notices on the Welsh language, XXll. CONCLUDING REMARKS. which will, I think, gratify and interest most of my readers as much as they have gratified myself. " Sandown Pakk, Wavertree, 22th Sept., 1864. "My dear Sir, — In reply to your letter of the 27th, you are at perfect liberty to insert in your philological work my notions on the Welsh, if you think them worth notice. As I know scarcely anything of Hehrew, I am not competent to say anything ahout it, except that it contains very short words ; and I, therefore, consider the language comprising the shortest words, and whose single letters are significant as verbs and auxiliaries to verbs, and whose first uncompounded tense is the Future, to rank very near, if not the nearest one to the Hebrew, which I believe is the mother language of the world. " In addition to what I have herein and in a former letter said to you, with reference to the Welsh language, I will mention some particulars which may interest and perhaps surprise you. " 1. The Welsh is the easiest of all languages to be read with perfect accent when once the student is master of the alphabet ; as there is only one general rule and only one exception as to where the accent is to be laid. The rule is that the accent is to be laid on the antepenultima, except in the case of words ending in hau, which syllable is to be pronounced as if it were spelt hai, the ai sounded like ai in Kai. As in the words, ByruAV to shorten, Bi/wkax! to vivify, Arwyddockau to signify ; the double d in which is to be sounded like th soft, as in the English words inat, Tsere, ims, inence, inem. " 2. There were, tiU lately destroyed by fire, copies upwards of a thousand yealrs old, of MSS. which were very old ; yet, so Httle has the Welsh suffered from time and change, that the language of these MSS. is as intelligible as the language of the Welsh people at present, and the Orthography is that of the present day. " 3. There is no such thing as a patois of the Welsh language. The meanest and most illiterate peasant never violates the rules of grammar, but expresses himself in a correct and classical manner ; and if an Englishman has learnt the Welsh so as to speak it with tolerable fluency, and should, in conversing with a Welsh peasant, make a mistake in his grammar, however nice and delicate the point may be, a smile will be noticed on the peasant's countenance. " 4. I believe the exceptions to the rules of the Welsh grammar will be found fewer than those in any other language, lliere are certain consonants which undergo mutations, and in regard to these there is no exception. Eor instance : the consonant M is mutable. Ty mam is my mother. The initial m in this word is changed into V, after the possessive pronoun of the second person in the singular number ; as, dy Yam thy mother, and such mutation in every substantive in the language takes place, which commences with the letter M; and such is the case with all the other mutable consonants. T changes into D after the second person possessive pronoun Tad a father, Dy Dad thy father ; and such is the mutation, without exception, every word in the language undergoes, commencing with T after that possessive pronoun. "SAMUEL FENTON.'^ "EeV. J. TOMLIN." LIST OF SUBSCEIBEES. Allen, E. C, Esq., Hawes. Aldam, W., Esq., Frickley Hall, Doncaster. Armstrong, Eev. Dr., Eector of Burslem. Bathurst, Eev. W. H., Lydney Park. Brinton, G. S., Esq., Mayor of Southampton. Badenoch, Eev. G. E., Edinburgh. Benson, Eev. Canon, Eoss (5 copies). Blackwood, Eev. Dr. Stevenson, Middleton Tyas (2 copies). Clarke, Eev. 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