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A COMPAEATIYE YOCABULAEY

FOETY-EiaHT LANGUAaES,

COMPRISING

ONE HUNDEED AND FOETY-SIX

COMMON ENGLISH WORDS,

WITH

THEIE COGNATES IN THE OTHEE LANGUAGES,

SHOWING

THEIE AFFINITIES WITH THE EMLISH AND HEBEEW.

BY THE

EEV. J. TOMLIN, B.A.,

Author of " Missionary Journals and Letters during Eleven Years Eesidence in the East ; "

" Shin v. Shangte, or Inquiry respecting the proper term in Chinese for rendering

Elohim and 0eo9;" and "Critical Eemarks on Dr. Mbdhurst's Chinese

Translation op the E'ew Testament;" &c.

LIVEEPOOL:

AETHUE NEWLING, 2 7, BOLD STEEET.

1865.

Note. — The German or Continental pronunciation of the Vowels is adopted
in this Vocabulary^ or^ at least^ as far as practicable. Change or Mutation is
indicated by '-^.

?2(>l

T(,i

PEELIMINAEY OBSERVATIONS.

The English words, forming the basis of this Comparative Vocabulary, were
selected as most suitable for the purpose from the pure Anglo-Saxon part of our
language; they relate to the most familiar and important objects, and such as were
most likely to be found in the various languages of the earth, and range over
fourteen distinct departments of human knowledge. Their simple and pure Saxon
character is obvious from the fact of there being no less than one hundred and
nineteen Saxon words placed opposite to them as their natural correlatives. And
their suitableness for an extensive comparison is also obvious from the fact that in
nearly all the other languages, corresponding and indigenous words are found.
There are, indeed, a few exceptions ; for instance, in the Tahitian and Esquimaux,
where the want of native terms is supplied either from the English language or
from the Hebrew or Greek, the foreign substitutes being modified so as to suit the
genius of the language into which they are introduced ; these foreign words are
indicated by a + annexed to each. Of course such words are neglected in
our comparison.

The affinities which the several languages bear to the Hebrew and English
respectively are indicated by the letters H and E, prefixed to the words, and the
number of such affinities is summed up at the bottom of each column ; and, finally,
the total for each is given at the end of the Vocabulary, followed by a Table of
Affinities, exhibiting the approximate ratio which each language bears to the
Hebrew and English.

In tracing out and ascertaining the affinities subsisting amongst the various
languages, the Author has conscientiously endeavoured to maintain an impartial and
equitable judgment, guided by the established principles of sound and comprehensive
philology. These principles regard the various mutations and modifications which
any given word may undergo by transfusion into different languages. The
mutations arise from interchange of letters and syllables, according to the genius of
the language. Elision of consonants also frequently occurs, especially in such
languages as the Chinese and Polynesian tongues, which abound in vowels, and
with which they usually terminate their words. Some, however, as the Esquimaux,
are partial to harsh guttural sounds, and modify new and foreign words accordingly.

I have frequently been struck with the similarity of the changes and
mutations of letters, &c., running through almost all the languages that have come
under my notice; resulting evidently from corresponding changes made in the

354

iv. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

organs of speecli by the divine power and wisdom at the dispersion of Babel. Thus

Jehovah, by very simple means, brings about great changes, as He is wont, by His

infinite power and wisdom. By slightly changing their tongues He divides them

into separate families or nations, and scatters them abroad over the face of the

earth. I will give some illustrations in proof of this, and begin with ourselves.

The hard prounciation of th^ initial and medial, is a remarkable peculiarity of the

English, and is as great a stumbling block to our continental neighbours as Shiboleih

was to the Ephraimites, who could not frame to pronounce it aright, although their

lives depended upon it, but instead thereof called it Siboleth. Thus, take for

instance the word Father^ and observe the orthography of its cognates through the

whole Saxon, or Teutonic family :

Saxon, Dutch, German, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic,

Fader. Vader. Vater. Fader. Fader.

Either cZ or Hs substituted for the English th throughout these languages. And

the same is observable in the Persian, Hindostani, and Turkish, which retain the

same word :

' Persian, Hindostani, Turkish,

Pader. Pedur. Peder.

Also, in the Greek and Latin Family we have a similar orthography of the same

word :

Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, French,

Pater. Pater. Padre. Padre. P^re.

The Irish and Gaelic, however, seem to retain the English pronunciation, or, at

least, the orthography of the word :

Irish, Gaelic,

Aithair. Aithair.

The initial F being dropped in these languages. The Gothic also, I think, has

the same sound : thus in Atta, Father, we have the double t corresponding to th.

The double d in the Welsh language, especially when final, has the hard sound of

th., as in nefoedd, heaven ; bedd, a grave. The kindred words. Mother and Brother,

undergo precisely similar changes in the above languages. The Saxon, Gothic, Irish,

and Gaelic retain the English sound of ^A, or at least the orthography. The

French are prone to shorten their words ; thus we have P^re, mere, fr^re, in the

above instances.

The Dutch usually change s to z, thus son becomes zoon ; sun, zon ; sister,

zuster ; sea, zee. They also lengthen their vowels, or give them an open, broad sounds

DIALECT OF DALECAPLIA.

" The Dalcarls are Swedish Highlanders, and have preserved comparatively
unchanged the manners, customs, and language of their Gothic forefathers ; they
are the only remains of the Ancient Gothic stock that aspirate the letters 1 and w ;
an infallible characteristic of the Meso-Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, and Icelandic.

" Also these peculiarities prevail in Western Dalecarlia, viz. : 1, prefixing v to

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS, V.

all monosyllables, beginning with a vowel, as, vom, for; om, if; (Hebrew Di^ id.)
vord for ord, a word. 2, Transposition of syllables: as jasel for selja, to sell; lata
for tala, to speak. Thus they say, ' kan du lata tse korba, so kimi du lavi ? Kan
du tala tse baka, so miki du vila ? ' Canst thou speak backwards, as much as thou
wilt ? The affinity of this dialect to the English is proved by the fact of ' a boy
from Dalecarlia who was taken by a Swedish Ambassador to England, and who
easily understood the language of the peasants of the Northern Counties.' "

The above peculiarity of the Dalecarlians, in transposing syllables, may
account for similar transpositions in many English words in passing from the
original Hebrew into the English tongue.

EEMAEKS ON THE DANISH.

a, e, i = j, o, u, like the German.

e"' sometimes pronounced like i, and i sometimes like e.

o frequently like the German o.

a a, e e, like a, e. I initial like Y.

The consonants have generally an easy, soft pronunciation.

b often like p, and p sometimes as b.

d "^ t and is often written B.

g initial and final often -- y.

gh usually softened down and lost as in English.

r is usually faintly heard and often - — n.

ou and ow like oo in poor.

ON THE GAELIC.

The Gaelic language is peculiar in its orthography, and is difficult of
acquisition to strangers. The letter k is not used in it, its place is supplied by c,
which always has the hard sound as in cearc^ a hen ; g is always hard as in gealach^
moon ; geadh^ goose. A principal difficulty arises from the number of consonants
in combination, many of which are silent in the pronunciation, as Breitheamh^ a
judge, pronounced Breho. The double consonant th is never sounded, it merely
indicates a sudden aspiration, as Reth^ a Eam. fJi in the beginning of words is
never sounded as awpheasgar^ the evening ; anfhion, the wine, pronounced an esgar^
an een. hh and mJi sound like v in English, as craohh, a tree ; freumJi, a root,
pronounced craov^ freuv. ch is guttural, like the Greek %, as lochran^ lamp, oidche^
night, pronounced lo%ran^ 01%.

ao is supposed to be peculiar to this language; having no corresponding
sound in English, it nearly resembles the sound emitted by a young calf, as in
aodaun^ face ; aodach^ cloth ; caora^ a sheep ; aon^ one.

dh and gh are very faintly audible, if at all heard as in sUghe^ a way ; tighe,
a house, pronounced slie^ ti. did may be expressed nearly by joining the Greek x

* e final is usually silent as in English, and merely lengthens the preceding vowel.

VI.

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

and h as in hoclid^ poor, pronounced ho'xJc^ cruicthneacTid^ wheat, pronounced
cruinayk^ drucM^ dew, pronounced dru'xk.

Gaelic scholars divide the vowels into broad and slender ; a, o, u, being broad,
and i, e, slender vowels. And the rule they give for the formation of syllables is,
when a broad vowel ends a syllable, a broad vowel must' begin the next syllable ;
and when a slender vowel concludes a syllable, a slender vowel must begin the
next. This accounts for the number of silent vowels, which, with the peculiar
combination of consonants, make many words appear uncouth ; as coimhearsnach^
neighbour, pronounced coiersnax-, gaincamJi^ sand, pronounced ganiv^ deasgain^
yeast, pronounced desgin^ ceileiridh^ to chirp, pronoimced ceZm, saigJiead^ pronounced
said^ an arrow.

ON THE WELSH.

Mutations and permutations of consonants abound more in this language than
any other I am acquainted with. Changes of single and double consonants for others,
according to their varied position, are constantly occurring, and are made, not at
random, but in a most systematic manner, and according to strict grammatical
rules. Many derivatives are thus formed from a single root, which Welsh scholars
consider as giving peculiar beauty, richness, and regularity to their language, and
as affording strong proofs of its purity and originality. Although this we willingly
concede, but when some go further, and lay claim to its being the primitive language
spoken in Paradise, we at once demur, knowing, on the best evidence, that it, as
well as all other languages, must yield the palm to the Hebrew, for purity, integrity,
and originality.

The following are examples of the mutations of initial consonants in Welsh,
according to their varied position. Thus c is susceptible of three mutations :

Eadical.

Light.

Aspirate.

Soft.

As c. car

g. gar —

ngh. nghar —

ch. ch^r.

p. priod --

B. briod -^

mh. mhriod '-^

ph. phriod

T. tad

D. dad -^^

nh. nhad -^

Th. thad

B. brawd -— -

F. frawd -^

M. mrawd

D. dyn -^

Dd. ddyn -^

N. nyn

Gr. gwr ^-

wr --

ng. ngwr

Ll. Haw -^

L. law

M. mab ^-

F. fab

Rh. rhan ^^

R. ran

The word priod (English, bride) gives rise to the following derivatives :
Priod, proper, peculiar, one's own, a married person, man or woman.
Priodi, to marry.
Priodas, marriage.
Priod vab, bridegroom.
verch, bride.

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. vii.

Priodal, proper, one's own, married, &c.

Priodawr, a proprietor, especially of land.

Priodoldeb, property.

Priodoledd, (Armorica,) wedlock.

Priodor, a native, Ex. xii. 49.

qu. English : Brother,

Brodorion, natives, those who have been born and bred in the same country.

The sound of ch corresponding to % in Greek, properly pronounced, and being
radical, is ever attended with w.

Dd as th in the English tJiis^ thou^ though; but never as in theme^ thought.
LI has a sound probably peculiar to the Welsh, which a stranger to the language
can only acquire from a native Cambrian : the Spanish II approaches it, but the
Italian gl comes much nearer.

ON THE SYRIAC, ARAMAIC, or CHALDEE.

The Syriac (as will be apparent in this Vocabulary) is more closely allied
to the Hebrew than any other language. There are, however, several mutations and
transpositions of letters, which constitute a marked dialectical difference. These
mutations, or interchanges of letters, transpositions, &c., are similar to those
occurring in almost all other languages, and are accounted for on the principles
before adverted to, relating to the organs of speech.

1. A marked peculiarity in the Syriac is, that a great many words, which
end in a consonant in Hebrew, terminate in a or 6.

Thus Hebrew nun.^ a fish, becomes nuno in Syriac.
„ esA, fire, „ eshtho „

„ zahah, gold, „ dahho „

2. z and d are interchangeable in Hebrew and Syriac, as in the last instance,
zahah becomes dahho in Syriac.

3. h in Hebrew is changed into p ; as Hebrew, harzel^ iron ; Syriac, parzel.

4. :i '— ir, as aretz., earth, becomes aro. The reader may find other
mutations of letters in a Chaldee or Syriac Grammar.

ON THE CHINESE AND HOKKEEN (usually written Fokien) DIALECT.

The Chinese language is very limited in words and vocal sounds ; the Court
or Manderin dialect not having above 600 or 700 distinct words. They generally
terminate in vowels or dipthongs ; many of their sounds are peculiar and difficult
of enunciation, and of expression in writing, by Europeans. For instance, a child,
or philosopher, is, according to Dr. Morrison's orthography, tsze. The Hokkeen
dialect is more energetic, and, although it abounds in gutturals, is more easily
attainable by an European. Thus tsze^ a son, or child, is pronounced choo in
Hokkeen. This dialect has been denominated the Yorkshire of China, and differs
indeed as much, or even more, from the Court dialect than that of Yorkshire from

viii. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

the Cockney. It is also subdivided into tlie reading and colloquial dialects. These
differences may be observed in this Comparative Vocabulary, where I have given
both the written and colloquial sounds in many of the words in Hokkeen, as well
as in the Court language.

The following are some of the principal mutations of letters, &c., which occur
in the Hokkeen :

1. Manderin ch initial is changed in Hokkeen to s, t^ or ^, as

chan^ produce -^w san.
chang^ long ^- tiang.
che^ a wheel "^ ki.
cM^ to know -^ ti.

2. Manderin words ending in h almost invariably end in ^ or i in the
Hokkeen :

Thus cJiih^ a cubit, ~ cheh.
choh^ a table, '•^ tok.

3. /is usually changed to ^, as

/oo, father, ^- hoo.

fdh^ a rule or law, -><- hwat.

4. m is frequently changed to 5, as

mo6^ mother, --- b6.

?w/, rice, -- bi.
n sometimes to ?, as

ndn^ south, -- lam.

5. The vowels also undergo frequent changes, thus,

Fih King (the Capital City) -— pek keng.
Nan King (the City) -— lam keng.

N.B. — The former signifies Northern Capital, the latter, Southern Capital.

ON THE JAPANESE.
Powers.

a' in father.

e in they.

ai in high.

i in machine.

in so (never as in Lord).

ni in rule.

dj in judge.

j in jamais (French).

5 is a very lengthened minim of o ; nothing like it in any language I have
ever known ; it is not a drawl, but more like the difference between the o in not
and note, yet a longer sound than the last, though otherwise just like it. The o

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. ix.

must never be sounded short : otto (husband) is nothing like otto of roses^ but like
oat-to.

g as in guinea.

The above remarks are by Dr. Williams, of Canton, an American Missionary,
who kindly procured this language for me.

ON THE POLYNESIAN or SOUTH SEA ISLAND DIALECTS.

The Sandwich Islanders make the following changes from the Tahitian :

t (Tahitian) ~ k, r ~ 1, h --^ f.

The Austral Islanders, including several islands 400 miles south of Tahiti,
read fluently the Tahitian Scriptures, but reject / and ^, without supplying a
substitute, which makes an amazing difference in their pronunciation.

Harvey and Earotonga Islanders often insert k between two vowels of the
Tahitian, and put gu before a vowel. With the Samoas h --^ s.

The Samoan dialect is the only one in which the sibilant is used.

The Tonga alone uses J. .- —

The South Sea island dialects have the dual number.

That a language spoken by Savages should be supposed to be defective, in
many respects, could not create surprise, but the fact is contrary to all we might
have anticipated, that the Polynesian dialects are remarkably rich, admit of a great
variety of phraseology, abound in terms of peculiar nicety, and are spoken with
strict conformity to the most precise grammatical principles. Of this we shall
furnish a few examples. In the first place the Polynesians employ three numbers,
the singular, the dual, and the plural, with which the inflections of their verbs agree.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

To speak, paran, pararan, paraparan.

To do, rave, rarave, raverave.

There are but 14 or 15 letters in any of the dialects of this language; and
as we spell the word precisely as it is pronounced, no difficulty is experienced in
teaching the children spelling. All we have to do is to instruct them in the sounds
of the letters, and when these are acquired they spell the longest words with ease.
As the natives are never at a loss to express their thoughts or emotions, we have
been obliged, in effecting our translations, to introduce but few terms. These are
principally religious terms, or relate to articles and ideas unknown prior to their
intercourse with Europeans. Before admitting a new word we have generally
considered whether it could be Polynesianized ; that is, whether vowels could be
inserted between every two consonants without destroying its identity ; and, secondly,
whether any terms exist in the native tongue with which it was likely to be
confounded. When we could adopt English words we preferred doing so; but
these cannot be accommodated to the South Sea dialects so easily as words from
the Greek. Of this the term horse may afford an illustration. This, by the
introduction of vowels, so entirely loses its identity that horse would become horete.

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

But as the omission of one ^ and tlie s from tlie Greek word liijp]gos gives ns Mi^o^
we adopt that word because it harmonizes witli the language, can easily be
pronounced by the natives, and retains a sufficient resemblance to the original to
preserve its identity.

The following are specimens of the changes made in European names by the
New Zealanders :

Apollos is pronounced ... ... ... Aporo

John Fisher ,,
George Morley „
Mr. Whiteley „
Mr. Waterhouse „
Love to you ! ,,

Hoani Pika.
Hori Mori.
Mr. Whi-te-ley.
Wa-te-hou-si.
Jio loo fu.

The above remarks on the languages of the South Sea Islanders were made
by the Eev. W. Ellis, formerly a Missionary at Tahiti, and Hawaii, and more
recently in Madagascar, and the author of several excellent works. He also kindly
furnished me with the Tahitian dialect for this Vocabulary.

This work has cost the Author many years of laborious research, and corres-
pondence with Missionary Brethren in various parts of the world, and has been
carefully written out and re-written from the autographs of his friends. Few,
indeed, except such as have engaged in similar investigations, can conceive the
labour of research required in accumulating the materials, arranging them, and
then carefully observing and tracing out the affinities of all the languages to the
Hebrew and English. The latter process, especially, demanded much patient
thought and the exercise of a sound and impartial judgment, guided by the
ascertained principles of philology. Besides cost of time and mental labour, he
has willingly borne considerable expense in remmierating some of his coadjutors
for their trouble and expenditure in obtaining the assistance of competent native
teachers for filling up the Vocabulary correctly in various languages, and transcribing
fair copies for him.

Notwithstanding all this labour and constant vigilance in this work, many
imperfections mar it ; and errors, which may have escaped his notice, will doubtless
be detected by able Philologists. And, while he would accept their candid and
judicious criticisms in a grateful spirit, he must doubtless be prepared to encounter
severe and, perhaps, unjust strictures from less judicious and candid critics. How-
ever, since the Author's simple and conscientious aim has been, by fair and patient
investigation, to ascertain the evidence of the affinity of languages, and so to illus-
trate and confirm the sure testimony of the Divine Record on the subject, he can
patiently bear man's severe and partial judgment, being fully satisfied with the
reward of God's approval, and blessing upon his humble work, throughout which
he has conscientiously sought His glory.

The importance of these philological enquiries, when prosecuted in a right
spirit, and with a single eye to the glory of God, is rightly appreciated and well
stated in the following quotation from the Church Missionary Intelligencer.

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. xi.

''ON THE VALUE OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY."

" This study may appear to be remote from practical results. We are persuaded
that it is not so. Its successful prosecution lies at the root of many great questions,
involving the foundations of our faith ; it is the real key, too, to the understanding
of a nation's history, and a valuable auxiliary to systematic Missionary work." —
Church Missionary Intelligencer^ Vol. X.,p. 11.

It only now remains for the Author, before concluding this preliminary notice,
to present his grateful acknowledgments to his various friends and brother
Missionaries, who have kindly aided him in procuring many of the languages
comprised in this Vocabulary.

1. The Hebrew part was supplied by his friend the Rev. M. Margoliouth,
an eminent Hebraist and Rabbinical scholar.

2. The Syriac by the Rev. Dr. Etheridge, the author of an excellent
translation of the Syriac N. T. from the Peschito ; and Horse Aramaicse 5 &c.

3. The Arabic, Persian, Modern Greek, and Turkish (in part) were
promptly and kindly sent me by the well known Assaad y Kayat, the British
Consul at Jaffa.

4. The Gothic and Anglo Saxon were gathered by me from the celebrated
" Codex Argenteus," edited by the learned F. Junius, and accompanied with the
four Gospels in Anglo Saxon, and a Glossary or Dictionary to the whole : in two
vols, vellum, published at Amsterdam.

5. The German by my friend and teacher, Mr. Bernstein, an accurate
German and Hebrew scholar.

6. The Swedish,* Danish, and Dutch were procured through a friend in
London, from competent persons well acquainted with those languages.

7. The Icelandic has been kindly supplied by a Native of Iceland, J. C.
Hansen, Esq., of Liverpool.

8. The Italian, Portuquese, Spanish, and French were supplied me,
through a friend, by well qualified teachers in these several languages.

9. The Welsh I wrote down from the dictation of my Welsh teacher, Mr.
Fowkes, of Bangor, North Wales.

10. The Irish. I regret that I cannot now recollect the friend who kindly
procured me this Celtic language, but it was evidently supplied by a well qualified
Irish linguist, and written out in the native character in a beautiful hand. I think
the friend who procured it for me was Col. Lewis, of Dublin, the well known
founder and patron of Irish schools for the poor.

11. The Manx was very kindly supplied me by Archdeacon Drury, Isle of Man.

12. The Gaelic was got through my friend the Rev. Mr. Leechman, formerly
Missionary at Serampore, and written out carefully by a learned native of the
Highlands. I have already quoted his remarks on the language.

* In revising and completing the Swedish I was kindly and ably assisted by Professor Georgii, of London.

xii. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

13. Hungarian and Bohemian, by the late Eev. Dr. Pinkerton, tlie well known
and HgUy esteemed Agent of tlie B. and F. Bible Society, for many years in
Russia and Germany.

14. The EussiAN and Polish were supplied by two of my friends, Christian
Jews, natives of Russia and Poland, and well acquainted with the languages. The
former was the late Mr. J. G. Lazarus, Superintendent of the Liverpool Institution
for inquiring Jews ; the latter was Mr. Epstein, who passed through the same
Institution.

15. The Sanscrit and Bengalli by the late Rev. A. F. Lacroix, an eminent
and well known Missionary of the London Missionary Society, in Bengal, above
thirty years. He had few equals in his knowledge of Bengalli and Sanscrit.

16. The Malay by my friend the Rev. Mr. Werth, a German Missionary
at Malacca.

17. The Siamese by my friend the Rev. J. T. Jones, American Baptist
Missionary, at Bankok, the Capital of Siam. He succeeded Dr. Gutzlaff and myself
at that station.

18. The Chinese was supplied by my friend the late Dr. Bridgman,
American Missionary at Canton, and editor of " The Chinese Repository, in 20 vols."
The Hokkeen dialect was filled up by myself.

19. The Japanese by my friend Dr. Williams, American Missionary at
Canton, (author of several works on the Chuiese language,) through the help of a
native of Japan.

20. The Tahitian by the Rev. W. Ellis, as previously stated, whose
interesting remarks on the South Sea Island dialects I have already quoted.

21. The SIX African Languages I took in part from a Vocabulary of Six
East African languages, by Dr. J. L. Krapf, Missionary of the Church Missionary
Society; and also from "Polyglotta Africana," by the Rev. S. W. Koelle,
Missionary of the same Society.

22. The Esquimaux was procured for me by the Rev. Mr. Mallalieu, of
Fairfield, from a Moravian Missionary, amongst the Esquimaux.

23. The Choctaw was furnished by an American Missionary to the Choctaw
Indians, through the kindness of a friend.

While this work was passing through the press the Author was promptly
and efficiently assisted by Mr. Salter, of the " Asiatic Strangers' Home," London,
in filling up several of the languages, particularly the Turkish, Russian, Coptic,
and Hindostani.

I. -GOTHIC AND SAXON FAMILY.

English.

Saxon.

GrotMc.

Dutch.

Grerman.

Swedish.

Dajiish.

Iceland.

God
Angel

eGo^

E angel

BGoth
E angilus

EGod
E engel

EGott
E engel

EGud
E engel

Devil

sdiavol

daimon

E duivel

Eteufel

Edievful

Ediavel

H Satan
H Heaven

£] saxanas
Eheafen

fsatanas
Ehimins

ghemelen

fsatan
fhimmel

fhimmel

nHell

shell, helle

ihalje

fhel

ghoUe

ghelvete

fhelvede

II.— Domestic
Relations.

Man

Eman

E manna

Eman

Emann

Eman

Emand

Emann

Woman
H Child
Father
Mother
Son

Daughter
Brother
Sister

cwino, wif
fcild
E feeder
Emoder
ESunu
B politer
E brother
Esweoster

cwino

barn
Batta
E aithei
E sunus
Edauhter
Bbrothar
E swistar

Evader

Emoeder

Ezoon

Edogter

Ebroeder

Bzuster

frau
Ekind
Bvater
E mutter
Esohn
Etochter
Bbruder
E Schwester

bean

leanabh
E fader
Emoder
Eson
Edotter
Ebroder
B syster

kone

barn
E fader
Emoder
ESon
Edotter
Ebroder
B soster

B fader

m.-Govemment,
Law, &c.

King

Ecyng,cynig

Thudans

Bkoning

Bkonig

B konung

Ekonge

Judge
H Law
Pen
Paper

dema
|laza, lah
Epinn

stana

Epen
E papier

richtcr
gesetz
feder
B papier

domare
flag

dommer
flov

rv.— Heavenly
Bodies.

H Sun

fsunna

Esunno

Ezon

f Sonne

BSOl

ESOl

Moon
Star
Cloud
Wind

Emona
B Steorra

Bwind

Bmena
B staimo
niilhma
Evinds

Emaan
EStar

Ewind

Emond
E stern
wolke
Ewind

Emeina
E Stierna

Evind

Emaane
E stierna

Evind

Eain

Ersegen, ren

Erign

Eregen

Eregn

Ehregg,rign

Thunder

E thunder

B donder

B donner

Edunder

E dundren

Lightning

Light

Darkness

Bliht^leoht

Elinath
riquizein

Eligt

E blitz
Bleicht
finsternistz

bHusz

eHoos

v.— Earth and
its Productions.

HThe Earth
A Hill
Sea
Eiver
Water
Fish

f eard, eorth

EhiU

ESse

Ewseter
eAsc

fairtha
bairg
marei
aguo

Ewato

Efisk

faarde

Bhenvel

Ezee

Brivier

B water

Evisch

ferde
E hugel
Esee

Ewasser
Efisch

fiord

Esio

Evatten
Efisk

fiorden
bjerg

Esoe
flod

Bvand

sfisk

H7. 1

H 7. E29.H5. E 21.

H3. E28.

H5. E29.

H4. E24.

HO. E4.

II.-SHEMITIC FAMILY.

Hebrew.

Arabic.

Syriac.

Coptic.

Persian.

HindostaTii.

Turkish.

El,Eloliini

nAllah

nAloho

Nout

E Khuda

nAUah

malach

Hmulak

nmaloko

frashta

firishtu

peri

sbeid

Eiblis

akelkorzOjl
doyovo

djin

satan

Esheitan

fsotono

gsheitan

sbemaim

fsama

Eshemayo

Ephe

gasman

goglar

gehenem, )
sheol J

HJehanem

Hshiul

HJehanen

adam

rajul

E enush, ]
barnosho J

rem

Emard

nadmi

er, nadam

isha

amrah

anattho

Hshime

zan

owrut

ovreit

yeled

sabi Hwalad

nyaldo

pacha

butchcha

tchordjut

abh

Eab

Eabba

eiot

spader

Epedur

Epedkr

eim

fam

nemma

Bman

Emader

Emadar

nana

ben

nabn

nbar

schere

passer

bita

oghlan

bath

H abnat

nbartho

E dakhter

nb^ti

keez

ach

nakh

nacho

son

Ebrader

Bbrddur

kardash

achouth

nakht

nachotho

sone

nkhaher

biihin

kigkardah

melech

nmalek

nmilk, |
nmalko j

phouro

padishah, |
shah J

badshah

padishah

shophet

kadi

dayono

kadi

munsif

mula

torah

shariat

wroitho

shariat

eit

kalam

kanio

kalam

kulum

kal6m

naiar

warak

kartiso

kaghed

kaghur

kiaghad

shemesh

E shams

gshemesho

aftab

sshums

gunesh

yereiach

kamar

saharo

oh, nyah

Emah

chand

kokobh

najmi

nkokab

E satarah

E sitara

yeldis

anan

ghaim

nenono

migh, abr

ubr

jaham

ruach

nreeh

nrucho

bad

nhuwa

ruzghiar

matar

nmattar

H metro

Ebaran

menh

yagmur

ram

nraad

regish, j
nraamo J

nraad, ]
Bthonder j

guruj

barak

nbark

nbarco

nbark

bijli

our

nnur

nnuharo

riishni

ujala

aidenlik

choshekh

zulmat

Hcheshuk

E tarichie

uridh^ra

karanlik

aretz

iard

E ara

pekahi

zamin

mitti

Ejar

har

jabal

tm',ramtho

dagh

Duhar, giri

dagh

yam

baher

nyammo

nyom

daria

DJihar

deiiiz

nahar

nnahr

nnaharo

iero

rud,Hnahar

duriya

tchai

maim

nma

nmoou

pani

dag

samac

nuno

mahi

mutchli

baluk

r»

H21. E 7.

H24. E6.

H5. E2.

H5. E12.

H5. E7.

H4. E3.

Ill.-GREEK AND LATIN FAMILY.

Englisli.

Hebrew.

G-reek (anct.)

G-reek (mod.)

latin.

Italian.

Portuguese.

God

El,Elohim

Theos

Deus

Dio

Deos

Angel

malach

E angelos

E angelus

E angelo

Eanjo

Devil

sheid

E diabolos

E diabolus

E diavolo

B diabo

Satan

satan

f satan

j; saxanas

satana

Heaven

shemaim

ouranos

uranos

coelum

cielo

ceo

Hell

gehenem,
sheol

Hg^enna

kolasis

tartarus

inferno

11.— Domestic

Relations.

Man

adam

Eanthropos

Eanthropus

homo

uomo

homem

Woman

isha

gune

gincha

B femina

donna

mulher

Cliild

yeled

pais

pedi

infans

fanciullo

menino

Father

abh

E pater

E patir

pater

padre

pai

Mother

eim

E mater

E mitera

E mater

Emadre

f mai

Son

ben

liuios

jos

filius

figlio

filho

Daughter

bath

E thygater

Ethegatera

filia

figlia

filha

Brother

ach

adelphos

adelfos

E frater

fratello

irmao

Sister

achouth

adelphe

adelfi

soror

sorella

irmaa

m. -Government,

Law, &;c.

King

melech

basileus

vasileos

rex

r^ . .

rey

Judge

shophet

dikastes

critis

E judex

E giuidice

BJuiz

Law

torah

nomos

slex

Elegge

Eley

Pen

eit

kalamos

calamos

E penna

penna

Paper

naiar

Epapyros, ]
^ihartes J

carti

E papyrus, )
charta J

E papiro 1
carta J

Epapel

'•i

IV.— Heavenly

Bodies.

Sun

shemesh

helios

ilion

ESOl

Esole

ESOl

Moon

yereiach

selene

fenghari

luna

lua

Star

kokobh

E aster

E asteron

E Stella, 1
asterus J
nubes

E Stella

E estrella

Cloud

anan

nephele

nuvolo

nuvem

Wind

ruach

anemos

E ventus

Evento

E vento

Eain

matar

brokhe

vroshi

pluvia

pioggia

chuva

Thunder

ram

bronte

vronti

E tonitru

E tuono

trovao

Lightning

barak

astrape

astrapi

fulgur

lampo

relampago

Light

our

f5s

phos

bIux

eIucc

eIuz

Darkness

choshekh

skotos

scotos

tenebra

tenebre

escuridade

v.— Earth and

its Productions.

The Earth

aretz

Iterra

f la terra

gaterra

A Hill

har

bounos, 1
oros J

bouno, 1
oros J

mons

coUina

montanha

Sea

yam

thalassa

thalasan

mare

mar

River

nahar

Dotamos

potami

E rivus

fiume

Erio

Water

maim

Ehydor

nero

aqua

acqua

agua

Fish

dag

ikthus

psari

Episcis

Epesce

Epeisce

H2. ElO.

E 7.

H2. E18.

H 1. E 13.

H2. E.13.

IV.-CELTIC FAMILY.

Spanisli.

Trencli.

Cornisli.

Welsh.

Irish.

Manx.

Graelic.

Dios

Dieu

Deu, Tbu

Diiw

Dia

Jee

Dia

B angel

Eange

ail, el

B angel

E aingeal

E ainle

Eaingel

E diablo

E diable

E diaul

Ediafol

E diabhail

jouyl

B diabbul

satanas

Esatan

jj saxan

j; sacan

drogb-
spiryd
niau

fsatan

gielo

Qiel

nef,nefoedd

nneamb

infierno

enfer

iiffern

ifrionb

nurim

ifrinn

hombre

bomme

ndyn, gwr

fear

dooinney

duine

mujer

E femme

dynes, }
gwraig )

bean

ben

bean

mucliaclio

enfant

beam

plentyn

leanb

Ibiannoo

lianabh

E padre

p^re

tad

E aitbair

ayr

E aitbair

EHiadre

Emere

nmam

Ematbair

Emoir

Ematbair

bijo

fils

mab

ceile-fir

mac

hija

fille

mercb

ceile-mna

inneen

nigbean

bermano

E frere

Ebrawd

Ebratbair

B braar

Ebraitbair

bermana

soeur

chwaer

sbuyr

piutbar

rey

roi

brenbin

rigb

ree

rigb

EJuez

EJuge

barnwr

breitheamb

briw

breitbeamb

Eley

eIoIs

cyfraith

dligeadb

fleigb

alagb

pluma

plume

Epin

Bpeanb

Epean

Epapel

E papier

Epapar

^ papyr

cairt, 1
Epapeir J

Bpaipeir

ESOl

E soleil

houl, syl

baul

grian

luna

lune

luir

lleuad

Hgealacb

eayst

Hgealacb

E estrella

etoile

E steren

E seren

realt

rollage

reult

nube

nuage

nuibren

cwmmwl

neull

bodjal

neul

Eviento

Event

E gwynt

gaotb

geay

gaotb

unvia

plui

gwlaw

feartham

fliagbey

uisge

E trueno

Btonnerre

ntaran

Htaran

toirneach

taarnagb

tairneanacb

relampago

eclaire

melltennu

tinteacb

tendril

dealanacb

eIuz

Inmiere

gelou

goleuni

solus

soilsliey

solus

obscuridad

tenebre

tulgu

tywyllwcb

sdorcbadus

E dorraghy s

E dorcbadas

f la tierra

fla terre

gaor, tir

sddaear

andtallamb

yn, fooir

amtalamb

montana

montagne

menit, ban

bryn

cnoc

croiik

cnok, 1
beinn J

mar

mer

mor

muir

clieayn

fairge, muir

Erio

E riviere

avon

afon

awin

ambainn

agua

eau

dour

dwfr

usige

uslitey

usige

Epez

Epoisson

Episk

Epysgod

Eiasg

east

Eiasg

H 1. E 15.

H2. E15.

H2. E5.

H5. E9.

PI 3. E 10.

H2. E6.

H4. Ell.

V-SCLAVONIC FAMILY.

English.

Hebrew.

Eussian.

Polish.

Huiigariaii.

Bohemian.

God

El,Elohim

Boh

Bog

Isten

Buh

Angel

malach

E anhel

E angel

Eangyal

E angel

Devil

sheid

E diavol

Edjabel

ordog

c'ert, d'abl

Satan

satan

fshatan

E satan

J] satan

jj saxan

Heaven

shemaim

niebo

niebie

nebe

Hell

gehenem, 1
sheol )

pekla

pickla

pokol

peklo

II.— Domestic
Relations.

Man

adam

tchelovick

czlowick

ember

czlowek

Woman

isha

zentshine

kobieta

asrszony

zjena

- Child
Father

yeled
abh

batchka

oitse

gyermek
atya

djte
otec

Mother

eim

Einatha

E matka

anya

B matka

Son

Daughter

Brother

ben

bach

ach

Bsyn
E dotch
Ebrat

Esin

zurba
Ebrat

leany
ferjfitestver

Esyn

dcera
Ebrater

Sister

achouth

Esestra

E siostra

notestver

E sestra

III.— Government
Law, &c.

King

melech

karrol

krul

kiraly

kral

Judge
Law

shophet
torah

Esudya
zakon

sonje
zakon

diro
Htorveny

Esaudce
zakon

Pen

eit

toll^

Epero

Paper

naiar

Epapiros

Epapje

IV.— Heavenly-
Bodies.

Sun

shemesh

slontsa

E suntsa

nap

E slunce

Moon

yereiach

meshets

hold

mesyc

Star

kokobh

h'viesda

giviesda

csillag

hwezda

Cloud

anan

oblok

felho

oblok

Wind

ruach

vietchr

viater

szel

EWJtZ

Rain

matar

dozj

dozdj

eso

dest

Thunder
Lightning

ram
barak

^hrom
yashni

gerzjom
gashnits

egdorges
villain

blyzeanj

Light

our

slegkei

suiabza

villagosoag

swezto

Darkness

choshekh

tchomna

setetseg

tma

v.— Earth and
its Productions.

TheEarth

aretz

zjemla

zemla

fold

swet

A Hill

har

^horka

^gurka

domb

pahrbek

Sea
River

yam
nahar

mora
rekah

morzje
ozjera

to
folyo

gezero
reka

Water

maim

Evada

Ewoda

viz

E woda

Fish

dag

ribah

hal

ryba

H3. EIL

H2. E9.

H2. E3.

HI. E12.

VI.-SANSCRIT, INDO-CHINESE, & POLYNESIAN FAMILY. 6

Pali.

Sanscrit,

Bengalli,

Malay.

SiBiTTiese.

ClilTiese.

Corean.

Devo

Isbwarah

Isbwar

^ Allah

Prdb

Sbin

dutali

dut

^malaikat

tbewadd

sbinshi

bliutali

but
Esbaytan

ssbeitan

kwei
mo kw^i

swargah

swarga

sburga

sawan

tien

hanar

narakang

narak

naraka

naruk

ti yob

puriso

purusliali

purush

orang

kliun

jin, lang

sa ram

vanitd

stri

perampuan

^buying

fujm

key tsip

apatyang

E cbheliya

anak

luk

tsr , cnu

a to-or

Epita

spitd

^bap

^bapa

pb6

Efu, bu pe

^a pi

Einatu

Emata

ima

im6

Emu, bo

^omi

putto

;3utrali

putra

anak laki

luk phuchai

nan tsr'

a to-or sa

.^anyd

^anya

atiak perumpuaii

luk phuying

nil tsr'

nyo sik

Ebhrdtd

bbdi

sudara

phinong phuchai

bing ti

mat byong (elder) )

a a tey (younger) J

mat nu ui tsa

(elder)
a a, nu si mai
(younger)

bhagini

bbagini

phinong phuying

tsr'mei

raja

bbupatiL.

raja

rajab

pliyd mu-j
onofok j

wang, ong

Enim kum

prarbibakab

bickarkarka

bakim

talakan

kwan ti

kwan won

bidhib^

byabastbd

undang

lai kbwam

Hub fab

pop

lekbani

kalam

pakai

Epib

poot

patrang

kagaj

kagas

kaddt

cbi

tsyo bui

ravi

rabib

E surjya

mata bari

praatbit

ji^5 jit

nar ir

somab

cbandra

bulan

prachan

°yueb, ]
guib, gvvatj

tar wor

osadlii

nakbya- \
trang: )

Etdrd

bintang

dau

sing

pyor

jaladharab

megb

mek

yun, yin

ku rum

vayam

bdyu

batas

angin

lum

fung, bong

param

vutti

barsba

brisbti

bujan

fon

yii, hou

pi u

asani

garjitang

meg garjam

guruh

fa lann

lui

u loi

bidyuta

bidyullatd

khilat

lep

tien

-1 .

ponkai

publia

diptih

dlo

cbbeiya

rat sa mi

kwang, ]
konff J

pyot

timi

timirang

andliakar

glap

ym, am

a tukar

bhumi

f dharani

prithibi

bumi

p'bendin

ti, te

tta, ti

pabbata

girih

parbbat

bukit

p'bukau

^shan, san

mois, san

jalamidH

sagarali

samudra

laut

t'hal6

Ebai

pata, bai

nadi

apagd

nadi

sungi

meinam

kiang, kang

moor, kang

udakam

panuyang

jal

Eaier

°nam

sbui, sui

moor, sya

minab

matsya

ikan

yii, gi, hi

koki,

'MP*

E2.

HI. E4.

H3. E5.

H 5. E. 3.

H 2. El.

H3. E4.

H 2. El.

7 VI.-POLYNESIAN FAMILY.-

(Continued.)

VII

.-AFRICAN

"Flnglisli.

Hebrew.

Japanese.

Tahetian.

Kisuaheli.

Kiliiau.

God

Angel

El,Elohim
malach

Atua
melahi "j*

Mungu

Molungu

Devil

sheid

oni

diabolo "j"

Satan

satan

satani 1

Esetdni

fsetani

Heaven

shemaim

gokuraku

uwingu

mulungu

Hell

gehenem, sheol

djikoku

II. — Domestic
Relations.

Man

adam

shto

^taata

mtu

E mundu

Woman

isha

onna

vahine

mtumke

Ennmduyunam 1
kongua J

Child
Father

yeled
abh

ko
chichi

tama
meduatane

mdna
^baba

manaje
dade

Mother

eim

haha

E meduavahine

smdma

f amdo

Son

ben

musko

tamaidi

mtoto miune

manaje yuama- 1
hime

Daughter

bach

musme

tamahine

mtoto manamke

manaje yuan-
congue J

Brother
Sister

ach
achouth

aniki (elder) \
oto-uto (younger) j
ane (elder) )
imo uto (younger) )

teina, tuane
tuahine

ndiigu

ndugu manamke

mlongo

mlongo yuan- 1
kongue J

III.-Govemment,
Law, &c.

King

melech

tenka

arli

mfdlmi

ajimu^ne

Judge

shophet

shensa kuyaku- 1
nin J

^haava

mudmsi

Law

torah

hatto

ture '"

hakki

Pen

eit

fade

peni "1*

Paper

naiar

kami

pepa "1"

waraka

walaka

IV.— Heavenly-
Bodies.

Sun

shemesh

nichirin

ra, mahana

Moon

yereiach

tski

marama

mesi

Star

kokobh

hoshi

fetia

niota

Cloud

anan

kumu

Hata

kiwingo

lihonde

Wind

ruach

kaje

matai

pepo

mb6bo

Eain

matar

ame

mfda

mfdlu

Thunder

ram

kaminari

patiri

^ngurumu

mahonde

Lightning

barak

inabikari

uira

urn erne

Light

our

hikari

marama- ]
rama j

muanga

mlangasa

Darkness

choshekh

kurasa

pouri

°kisa

jiro

v.— Earth and
its Productions.

TheEarth

aretz

chi

fenua

nti

jirambo

A Hill

har

yama

Emona

mlima )
mdogo 1

lihundu
linandibi

Sea

yam

riada

miti, tai

bahari

mboani

River

nahar

kawa

anavai

mto

lusiila

Water

maim

midzu

pape

^maji

messi

Fish

dag

nwo

sdmaki

somba

H3. E2.

H6, E2.

H 2. E 3.

, fawiii^y:

Vlll.-N. AMERICAN FAMILY. 8

Mendeiigl.

Toruba.

Kabenda.

Tumbuctu.

EsquiTTiaiLK.

Choctaw.

^Alla
sintana
aridslienne

Hdsbahanania

Oloru

elegba

orure
oru

Nzambi

kalem pemba

yilu

ktingkalem 1
pemba i

Yarkui

Eibilis

aldsbenne
^dshahanna

Gud t
engelinsk"
deifel t
satanus "
killak

kappijanivik

Chitokaka
vba hatak

shilombish ok- 1

Mo ;
seton

ai okpuloka

ke
muso

sfa

akore
obere

^baba

ibakala
ndsbento

tata

bar
harkaina

^baba

angut
angnak
sorufek
atatak

hatak
ohoyo
^vlla
iki

deou

dem-muso

lya

omakuri

omabere

fmama

moani bakala
mana ndshento

nya

isaliar

isawoi

^annana
enngnek
pamia
kattangut
kattangut

iski

ushi, iso
oshetik
iti bapishi
intek

mansa

oba

fumozi

ameri

angajokak

merkoaluk

angglau- \
tik-seimikj

nmiko
chveh
anumpa-
vch pisa
isht holi-

sochi
holisso
tohbi

tele
karo

sanclii

oru
odsu

odso

ntangu
ngonda

mfula

weine
handu

bana

likhanek

tithek

uvboriak

nivujik

anore

sillalik

kalluk

kaumalak

keumajak

tartak

nunna
kakkak

hoshi

hoshninakaya

fochik

hoshouti

mahti

umba

hiloha

mvltubha

towikeli

okhliU

yakni
nonih

chi
dere

^omi '
edsa

mazea
mfu

hari
baribam

immaksaak
kok
^immek
halisak

okhvta
bok
oka
noni

•

H2. El.

H2.

HI. El.

H 2. El.

H 2. . E 0.

H2. EO.

I.-GOTHIC AND SAXON FAMILY.

English.

Saxon.

G-otMc.

Dutch.

Gferman.

Swedish.

Danish.

Icelandic,

Fire

Efyr

liuhad

Evuur

E feuer

Efyr

eldur

Gold

Bgold

Egoud

Egold

E guld

Eguld

Egull

Silver

Eseolfer

E silubr

E zilver

E silber

E silfer

Esolv

E silfur

Iron

Eiren, iserii

E eisarn

Eiser

siar

Eiern

siarn

Tree

E treo

E triu

baum

Etra

Etree

Etrie

Root

wurzel

Erot

Erod

wedur

^Fruit

akran

Evrught

ffrucht

ffrugt

avoxtur

Grass

Egraes, )
gaers )

Egras

Egraes

Egras

Flower

bloma

blume

blomma

blomst

blomstur

^Seed

gsaed

fraiu

fzaad

fsaat

fsad

fsaed

frag

^Garden

H geard-yard, ort- ]
B geard J

H gards-yard,
E aurtigards

tun

Egarten

E ortegdrd

Eurtegard

Egardur

Town, '
or City J

Etun

baurgs

stadt

stad

stadur, birg

Bread

Ebreod

"hlaibs,
hlaifs i

E brood

Ebrot

sbrod

Ebrod

E brand

Cake

Ekoek

Ekuchen

skaka

ikage

gkaka

Oil

Eael

E alewa

Eoly

Eoel

Rolja

Eolie

Eolia

^Wine

fwin

gwein

fwyn

gwein

gvin

Evin

uliin

Milk

E melee

Emelk

E milch

Emiolk

E maelk

Emjolk

Honey

E hunig

milith

Ehonig,
honing
E suiker

Ehonig

E haning

Ehonning

E hundng

Sugar

E zucker

E socker

E sukker

Esikur

VI.— Animals.

Horse

Ehors

Eros

E.ross

shast

Ehest

hestur

Cow

ECU

Ekoe

Ekuh

Eko

Ekli

^BuU

^buU

Ebola

ftyr

naut

^ Sheep

Esceap, seep

lamb

^schaap

Eschaf

far

faar

kind

Dog

Edog

hund

hundur

^ Camel

Egamela

ulband

"kameel

Ikamel

fkamel

fkameel

ulfaldi

Lion

eIowc

E ley on

eIovc

Eljon

Tiger

E tiger

«Cat

fkat

fkatze

E Jtax L

fkat

fkottur

^Horn, 1
Horns J

ghom

fhaum

ehoorn

fhom,
horner

fhorn

fhorn, I
horn )

fhom

Wool

EWul

EWOl

Ewolle

EUll

Euld

EUll

Bird,
Fowl

Ebird, )
bridd,
fugl

faglo

vogel

fogel

fugl

fugll

°Crow

fcrawe

skraai

^krahe

fkraka

fkrage

fhrafn

Eagle

adler

orn

E6rn

orn

Bat

fledermaus

fladermus

flagermuus
EUgle

floedermiis

Owl

Eula

Euil

Ecule

Eugla

EUgla

Egg

Eaeg

Eei

Eeg

Eagg

Eaeg, leg

ECg

Nest

Euest

Enest

Euaste

rede

hrichur

Winffs

E gehwing

fliigel

Evinge

Evingen, pi.

E woengir

fenake ]
Serpent

fsnako

sclange, ]
schnake j

orm

E snog
slange

slange

Hll.

H8. E27.

H4. E8.

H7. E25.

H 10. E 29.

H8. E31.

H9. E32.

H4. E21.

II.-SHEMITIC FAMILY.

Eel)rew.

AraMc.

Syriac.

Coptic.

Persian.

HindGsta,Tii.

Turkish.

esli

nar

^eshtho

chrom

^atash

ag, atesh

^atesh

zahabh

"dahab

^dahbo

poub

^zar

sona

E altun

keseph

fedah

^keseph

zat

nukrah

chandi

tumish

barzel

hadid

^pharzello

benigi

E ahon

loha, ahun

lemir

eits

sbajrat

ilono

schen

durkht

durukht

^aghatch .

slioresh

^sbirsli

ekoro

pouni

bikh

jur, bekh

kiokh

peri

tamar

ebo

outah

mirvah

phul, men

gemish

deshe, ]
eisev j

hashish

Ecah

Eghas

tsits

tahin

habobo |

sliushantho j

hreri

darmek

phUl

^tchitchek

zera

°bazr

dgipsiti

takhm

bij

^bezir

gan

bustan

Egantho

^ghom

bustan

bagh

baghtche

ir, or gnir

madinat

keritho

baki

^chahr

H sheher, pAra

sheher

lechem

kobz

^lechem

oik

nan

Eroti, nan

ekmek

matsa, ug

E caak

geritztho

calicheh

Ekak

borek

sliemen

zait

mescho

peh

raughan

tel, roughan

yagh

yain

khamr

chemaro

erp, elp

sliarab

mj, med

sharab

chalav

^halib

^chelab

erote, erot

shir

dUdh

sut

devash

assal

^debash

ebio

anghaheem

shehd

bal

E seckar

busimo

E shackar

cMni, shekker

E shekier

sus

fhussan

pharosho

htho

E assp

ghora, esp

para

bakrat

Dakro

bahsi

EgOW

Egau, gae

oghuz

par

tawr

taaro

ehe

nargow

nergau

tor

se, tsoun

ghanam

emar, nekio

esoou

mish

bher

kuyun

kelebli

°kalb

^kalbo

ouhor

Esag

kutta, saff

kiopek

gamal

EJemal

Igamelo

fdgamoul

A ' O

unt

deveh

ari

sabeh

^ario

oumoui

sheer

sher, singh

arslan

kaphir

fahd

nemaro

pulang

bagh

pelenk

chthul

^kitta, kut

gumerro

shau

gurbah

billa, f billa

fketi

q^ren, qar-|
naim, pl.j

^karn

tan

shakh

sing, kurn

tsemr

amro

sort

Eoon

Eyiin

tsipur, ouf

takmih

porcho

halet

shagunah

chiriya

kiish

qora, orebh

kak

nabo

abok

zagh

kawa, kag

qagah

nesher

^nissr

^neshro

akhom

okab, nissr

ugab

karah,kush

atalepb

K watwatt

^atalpha

gallon

shuprah

shub-pur

yarsah

kous

bumeh

churbo

boom

Eiilu, abiim

li kiish

beitsa

^bidat

sooubi

murgh

^byza, unda

yemur tali

qein

ush

matlo

manouoh

nisim

ghonsla

yuvah

kanapL.

^kaneph

tepeh

pur

kanadler

nachasli, ]
sarapli j

chevio, 1
tanino j

hof

samp

ilan

HU. E7.

H 14. E 2.

HI. El.

H4. E6.

H 2. E 6.

H5. E5.

III. -GREEK AND LATIN FAMILY.

English.

Hebrew.

G-reek (anct.)

Grreek (mod.)

Latin.

Italian.

Portuguese.

Fire

esh

Epur

fatia

ignis

fuoco

fogo

Gold

zahabli

khrusion

malama

aurum

oro

ouro

Silver

kftsepli

argurion

assimi

argentum

argento

prata

Iron

barzel

sideros

sideron

ferrum

ferro

Tree

eits

diendron

dendron

arbor

albero

arvore

Eoot

shoresli

hriza

riza

radix

radice

raiz;

Fruit

peri

karpos

ffrutta

ffructus

f frutto ^ '

ifruto

Grass

deslie, \
eisev j

kbortos

korton

srramen

erba

herva

Flower

tsits

antbos

anthos, '

E flos

sfiore .

Eflor

Seed

zera .

sporos ..

sporos

semen

semente

Garden

gan

kepos

kip OS

hortus

fgiardino

ijardim

Town, 1
. or City ,

ir,' or gnir

polls

politian

oppidum

E citta

E cidade

Bread

lechem

artos

promi

panis

pane

pao

Cake

matsa, ug

engkru- \
pbias j

pita

placenta

torta

bolo

Oil

shemen

elaion

ladi

E oleum

solio

azeite

Wine

yain

foinos

krasi

fvinum

fvino

fvinho

Milk

chalav

Egala

^ghalas

lac

latte

leite

Honey

devasli

meli

mel

miele

mel

Sugar

Ezakari

E saccharum

Bzucchero

E azucar

VI.— Animals.

Horse

sus

hippos

aloghos, 1
ipos j

equus

cavallo

Cow

para

'boe

agelas

vacca

vaca

Bull

par

tauros

stauros

taurus

toro

touro

Sheep

se, tsoun

probaton

provaton

ovis

pecora

ovelha

Dog

kelebh

keuon

skilos

canis

cane

cao

Camel

2:amal

fkamelos

fcamelus

fcamello

fcamelo

Lion

ari

Eleon

Eleonidis

eIco

Eleone

Eleao

Tiger

kapbir

Etigris

E tigris

Etigre

Cat

chthul

Egatos

igata

fcatus

Egatto

igato

Horn, 1
Horns, pi. J

q6ren, qar-]
naim, pi. j

fkeras, )
kerata j

gkerata

Ecomu .

scoma

fcornos

Wool

tsemr

ercos

lana

Bird, \
Fowl j

tsipur, ouf

peteinon

petinos, |
pouli J

avis

uccello

passaro

Crow

qora, orebh

ekorax

fkorax

fcorvus

fcorvo

Eagle

nesher

aetos

E aquila

E acquila

Eaguia

Bat

atalepli

nicterix

vespertilio

pipistrello

morcego

Owl

kous

nuktikorax

glaux

E ulula

gufo

"^SS

beitsa

oos

E augho

ovum

novo

ovo

Nest

qein

Enossia

folia

E nidus

snido

ninho

Wings

kanapb

pterux

ala

Snake, ]
Serpent j

nachash, )
saraph J

ophis

E serpens

aserpente

H6. ElO.

H5. E8.

H 8. E 15.

H7. E13.

IV.-CELTIC FAMILY.

Spanisli.

Frencli.

Comisli.

Welsh.

Irish.

Manx.

Graelic.

fuego

Efeu

t^n

teimidh

aile

teinne

oro

our

aur

airb

plata

argent

arghans

arian

airgiod

argid

airgiod

EHerro

fer

hoarn

E baiarn

E iarunn

E yiarn

E iarunn

arbol

arbre

bren

pren

crann

billey

craobb

raiz

racine

ach

gwreiddyn

freumb

fraue

freumb

Efruto

ffruit

frecli

fffrwytb

toradh

mess

torradh

yerba

herbe

lousaouen

porfa '

feur

fayr

feur

Eflor

Efleur

eAos

blawd

bladh

blaa

blatb

semilla

sentence

bad

por, siol

^rass

"siol

f jar din

erberau, pi.

Egardd

lubgoirt

1*1 \

"garcy

Egaradb

E ciudad

ville

°caer

dinas

baile, ]
catliair j

balle

bailie, |
caitbair J

pan

pain

Ebara

aran

arran

aran

torta

gateau

teisen

bairin

berreen

breacag

aceite

E huile

Eoleu

Eolew

Eola

Eooil

Eola

fvino

fvin

E gwin, win

Egwin

ffion

gfeeyn

Ifion

leclie

lait

llaetli

bainne

bainney

bainne

miel

mel

mil

mill

mil

E azucar

E Sucre

E sawgr

E siucra

E sugar

E sugair

caballo

cbeval

kefiyl, 1
march

cefFyl

capul

cdbbyl

each

vaca

vacbe

biuh

buwb

boa

toro

taureau

taro

tarw

tarbb

tarroo

tarbb

OYeja

mouton

dafod

caoradli

keyrrey

caora

perro

chien

kei, ki

madasli

moddey

cu, pi. coin

Ecamello

fcbameau

cawr fil

Ecammull

fcamhal

Eleon

eHou

eIcu

eIIcw

E leomhan

eHou

E leomban

Etigre

dywalgi

fiocmairg

E tiger

Eti6gair

igato

Ecbat

Ecatb

Ecat

feat

^ catt, pi. coitt

fcuemo

E comes

Ecym

aaharca

feairkyn

adhaircean

lana

laine

glawn

E gwlan

E oluim

EoUan

E ollum, olan

polio

oiseau

aderyn

ean

usbag

eun, pi. coin

feuervo

Ecomeille

vran

bran

preacban

feannag

E aguila

E aigle

eryr

iolar

• 1 i 1

urley

jolair

murcielago

crosse

hishomet

ystlum

laltog-le- )
thair j

craitnag

jaltag

lecliuza

hibou

dylluan

tulcbabb-j
cban j

Ebullad

cailleacb-|
oidbclie J

huevo

oeuf

oi, Eoye

EUgh

E{lb

ubb

Enido

Enid

Eueid

Enytb

Euead

idd

Euead

alas

ailes

esgyll

sciatbain

skianyn

sgiathaib

culebon

E serpent

bref, gsarf

gsarf

biorbbvaf

natbair

H 7. E 15.

H 8. E 16.

H 3. E 8.

H 6. E 13.

H 3. E 10.

H5. Ell.

V.-SCLAVOIMIC FAMILY.

English.

Hebrew.

Eussian.

PoUsh.

Hungarian.

Bohemian.

Fire

esh

abon

tcbeplab

tiiz

oben

Gold

zahabli

E zolta

z'lota

arang

zlato

Silver

kesepli

E sirebra

E s'rebra

eziist

strjbro

Iron

barzel

zalozali

z'liazab

vas

zelezo

Tree

eits

tdereva

drejevah

Strom

Root

shoresh

koren

korzjen

gyoker

koren

Fruit

peri

ifrukt

gyiinmoles

owoce

Grass

deslie, \
eisev J

trava

trovab

fii

trawa

Flower

tsits

^tswiet

^tswiat

virdg

kwet

Seed

zera

mag

^semeno, |
zrno J

Garden

gan

bar6d

grodje

Ekert

zabrbacla

Town, 1
or City J

ir, or gnir

horod

miasta

varos

mesto

Bread

lechem

^hli^b

^cblibia

kenyer

^cbl^b

Cake

matsa, ug

piroh

kalacs

kolac

Oil

sliemen

Bolie

Eolaj

Eoley

Wine

yain

fvina

dor

fwjno

Milk

chalav

Bmalaka

Emileko

tej

Eml^ko

Honey

devash

miodh

medh

m^z

med

Sugar

Ecukor

E cukor

VI.— Animals.

Horse

sus

loshed

kona

kun

Cow

para

karova

krova

tcben

krawa

Bull

par

bubai

bik

dika

byk

Sheep

se, tsoun

ovtsa

ovyets

tub

owce

Dog

kelebh

sabaka

pi^s

kutya

pes

Camel

gamal

tcve

welsland

Lion

ari

Elevb

orozlam

Blew

Tiger

kaphir

E tirah

E tigra

Etigris

Cat

chthul

kosbka

koska

maebska

koika

Horn, 1
Horns, J

qeren, qar-|
naim, pl.J

szarvak

roby

Wool

tsemr

Evolna

gyapju

Eulna

Bird, \
Fowl J

tsipur, ouf

madar

ptak

Crow

q6ra, orebh

varju

gurana

Eagle

neslier

sas

oxel

Bat

atalepb

denever

netophyr

Owl

kous

dagoly

sowa

■

'^gg

beitsa

tojas

^wegce

Nest

qein

E gnizdo

fezek

bujzdo

Wings

kanaph

szarnyak

krjdla

Snake, ]
Serpent J

nachasli, )
saraph J

csiga

slimak

H 4. E 10.

H 2. E 3.

E4.

H5. E8.

VI. SANSCRIT FAMILY.

VII. CHINESE

FAMILY

Pali.

Sanscrit.

Bengalli.

Siamese.

CMnese.

Corean.

Japanese.

aggi

agnib

dgun

Efdi

Epur, bwa

suvannam

swarnang

sond

t'bong

kin, kim

soi

kin

raupyang

riipd

ngun

yin, gin

Tin

gin

Bayam

laubab

loba

lek

tieb, tiet

soi

tetsu

rukkho

B tarub

brikbya

ton

sbu, si

na mo

mulam

miilang

sbikar

rdk

kan, kin

purbui

phalam

pbalang

pbal

liik mai

kwo, ko

kwa sir

trinang

gbas

tsau, cbau

p'bflr

kusa

ambrijam

pubpang

Epbul

dok

bwa

kot, bwa

bana

andam

bijang

bij

met-nai

cbung

Essi

tane

^udgdnang

^bagdn

siian

fyuen

tong san

batake

^nagarang

sbabar

muong

cbing, seng

syong

kobori

pisbtakang

^misbtan- T

nano^ )

Eruti
^mitbdi

k'bau- 1
buom j

mien pau, ]
bin pau j
ping, peng

mantu
stok

mucbi
kwasbi

telam

tailang

tel

°ndm man

Eyiu

ki rum

abura

drdkbya- |
rasab J

madird

tsiu, cbiii

sur

budosbi

payam

dugdbang

dudb

ndm nom

ju,ju,leng

t'bulak

cbicbi

madhu

madbu

mau

mih-tang, bit )
hong J

skur

bacbi mitsu

E sakbard

sita

cbini

ndm-oi

tang

satang

sato

Basso

fasbwab

gbonrd

ma, h6

mar

'mma

Egob

Egaru

niii, gH

syo

me usbi

brisbab

enriyd

niu, Eku

usbi

mesbab

garar

^k^

yang

bitsuji

kuk kurab

kukur

bmd

kiuen, kdu

kai

ino

ottbo

usbtrab

ut'b

lobto

yaktai

ak da

^kesbari

singb

rdja si

sz'

satsai

sbi sbi

vyaggbo

byagbra

bdgb

sua

bu, bou

pom

tora

mdrjarab

birdl

mew

midu

koi

neko

sbringang

sbing

k'baw

kiob, kiok

spur

tsuno

um^

mesblom

mien

sakuno, pi.

pakbyi, |
murag J

pdkbi 'I
murag 3

nok

nidu

sai, tarke

tori

7 s:

^kdkab

^kak

wuya

kamakoi

gkarasu

utkrosbab

domcbil

ying

suri

^wasbi

cbamcbikd

kang-kbau

fisbu

)'byon pok

ko muri

pecbakab

penclid

H k'haw-meaw

miau ur tau ying

lyu, otpa

fukurou

dimbang

dim

kbai

tan

tamago

Enitang

bdsd

rang

cb'au

kit tu rir

pakbyab

pdkbd

pik

yib

nar kai

bane

abi

fsarpab

isdp

ngii

sbe

pai yam

HI. E3.

H 7. E 5.

H4. E4.

H3. El.

HI. E 3.

E2.

H2. El.

VIII.-POLYNESIAN F.

IX.-

-AFRICAN

Englisli.

Hetirew.

Malay.

TaMian.

Kisualieli.

Kihiau.

Fire

esh

api

aualii

m6tto

motto

Gold

zaliabh

amds, mas

auro t

Edaliabu

^daliabu

Silver

keseph

Derek

ario f

fida

Iron

barzel

31S1

auri f

juma

Tree

eits

pobun

Eraau

mti

Emt^ra

Eoot

sliOresh

akliar

Fruit

peri

buab

maa

tiinda

Grass

deshe )
eisev j

rumput

matie

janni

^miassi

Flower

tsits

bunga

tiare

lia

sliia

Seed

zera

bini

huero

mb6u

mbeu

Garden

gan

kobung

Town ]
or City j

ir, or gnir

^negri

oire "}■

mji

muji

•

Bread

lechem

Eroti

farawa f

mukdte

Cake

matsa, ug

farawa ]
momona J

Oil

shemen

minyak

mari

mfuda

mabiida

Wine

yain

angur

wina I

Milk

chalav

susu

massiwa

likdma

Honey-

devash

gula

meli t

dsaliyani]

oki-; 1

Sugar

gulaleba

Es6kari

VI.— Animals.

Horse

sus

kuda

buaa lia- )
rofenua J
buaa-taro

ferasi

Cow

para

lumbu

gnombe rake

gnombe

Bull

par

lumbujan-tan

^pae

gnombe fabaii

gnombe-mulnme

Sheep

se, tsoun

domba

mamoe

kond6

kondolo

Dog

kelebli

anjing

uri

jiboa

mbua

Camel

gamal

onta

Lion

ari

singa

liona "1"

simba

Tiger

kapliir

harimu

tigera f

Cat

chthul

kuching

uri piifare

pdka

j6me

Horn, \
Horns, |

q6ren, qar-|
naim, pl.J

tanduk

tara

pembe

mbembe

Wool

tsemr

Ebulu

laika

lit6rje

Bird, 1
Fowl

tsipur, ouf

burung >
aiam )

manu, |
moa j

nuini, )
kuku j

jiuni,
ngiigu

Crow

q6ra, orebli

^gagak

Eagle

neslier

raja wala

aeto "f

Bat

ataleph

burungtikus

Owl

kous

pongok

'^gg

beitsa

teliir

liuero-moa

liy^re

Nest

qein

sarang

ofaa-raa

Wings

kanaph

saip saiap

mbdwa, pi.

mokono yanimii 8

Snake, |
Serpent )

nachasli, ]
saraph j

ular

fni6ka

21i6ka

H2. E2.

HI. El.

H2. E2.

H3. E2.

FAMILY.

X.-N. AMERICAN FAMILY. 16

Mandenga.

Toruba.

Kabenda.

Tumbuctu.

EsqulTnaux.

Choctaw.

ino

mbazu

nune

ikkomamik

luak

sani

wola

wura

goldenik |

toliholis-)
so lakna J

nere

Eiri

lukanda

gurbibi

silberemik""
kikkik

toli hota

toll mantobu

koloma

Higi

nti

bimdu

nappartok

°ite

sila

egbogi

lunganzi

lindsi

mimmek
paunganek

perovinb

rosemik 1

penonsejek-sak

perorscoik
iggluka )
seksuit j
kakojamik

orsuk
weinemik " "

itak sbish
oni

butbuk

na pakanli
nibi
osap usbi

to maba

poska
poska
cbampuli .
Evila

oka hauvsko

nono

woara

cb'siali

immuk

pishnkkcH

Eonyi

nose

igubsanb
sugar mikf

foe bila

hopi champuli

^so

ezi

kavalu

bari

kiogak

isuba

nishi

malu

nkombe

eIiou

cowamik |

wagtek

tura

ako malu

nkombe mbakola

hou bar

bullemik f
saugak

wak nakne

chukveh poa

ulu

adsa

mboa

bansbi

kingmek

ofi

dsada

keneou

dsingumboa

gun

koi cbito
koi

nyari

ese

waya

musbi

puse
nuvujet

skoto
tvfisb

E sisi, ^rono

Eadie, °eye

Enzuzu,
^nuni

E gorongo )
^chirou J

ting mijak
nerforalik

busbi

fola
osi
balambisba

kill

enyi

^idso

gungurie

mannek
iglo

opa

oshi lobunshi

vcb, pi^bik
sanacbi

isa

edso

gnyoka

ganda- |
karfu J

HI. El.

HI. E 2.

H2. El.

El.

HO. EO.

H2. E2.

I. -GOTHIC AND SAXON FAMILY.

TlTiglish.

Saxon.

GrotMc.

Dutch.

Grerman.

Swedish.

Danish.

Icelandic.

Frog

Bee (honey)

B froga
Ebeo

Ebye

E frosch
Ebiene

groda
Ebij

E frosse
Ebie

E fr^ya
billluga

VII.— Weapons,

Bow
Arrow

Ebugan
Earewa

Eboogen

Ebogen
pfeil

Ebage
pil

Ebue
pil

sbogi
Eorf

Sword

E sword

Ezwaard

E schwert

E svard

sabelE svard

E sverd

Shield

E scyld

•

E schild

Eskold

Eskjold

Eskjoldur

VIII.— Agricultu-
ral Implements.

Plough
Knife

Eploge
Ecnif

Eploeg

Bpfliig

messer

Eplog
Eknif

Eplov,ploug
Ekniv

Eplog
Ehnifur

Axe

Eaex, eax

E aqizi

Eaxt, beil

Byxe

Eoxe

Eoxi

Saw
Cart

Esaga
Ecraet, crat

Ezaag

Esage
skarre

Esaga
Ekarra

Esaug
Ekarre

ESOg

wagn

"Wheel

Ehweol, 1
hweogl J

Ewiel

rad

Ehiul

eIijuI

Ehjol

IX.— Members of
the Body, &c.

Head

^Eye, eyes
Mouth

Eheafod,

hefed j
feag, s., eah
Einuth

haubith

fauga
Einunths

Ehoofd

EOOg

Einond

Ehaupt, )
kopf J

^ auge, augen

Einund

shufoud

EOga
Emun

shoved

foine
Emund

EhofPud
EUiunnur

^Face

andauleiz,]
ulits j

gesicht

ansigte

ansigt

^Hair

ghaer

^hair

fhaar

fhar

fhaar

fhar

Ear

E ear, eare, auso, 1
ausona, pi. J

°auso

Eoor

Eohr

Eora

Eore

E eyra

Tongue

Btung

EtUggO

Etong

E zunge

Etunga

Etunge

E tunga

Nose

Enose, nase

Eueus

Enase

Euaese

Euef

Lip, lips

^Hand, 1

Hands j

Elippa,lippe
Bhand,hond

fhandus

Elip
ghand

Elippe
fhand, |
hcende, pl.j

Elapp
ihand

Elippe
fhaand, |
hgender,pl.j

warir
fhond

Foot, feet

efot

Efotus, 1
fotuns J

E fustz, 1
fiistze, pl.j

Efot, fotter

E fod, fodder

E fotur

Flesh

Eflaec,flaesc

leik

E vleisch

Efleisch

kott

E flesk, kjod

kj6t

Blood

EbM

Ebloth

Ebloed

Eblut

Eblod

Ebl6d

Bone

Eban

Ebeen

knochen

Eben

Ebeen

Ebein

X.— Dwellings,
Furniture, &c.

House

Bhus

gards, hus

Ehuis

Ehaus

Ehus

Ehuus

Ehus

Door

Edora, dur

Edaur

Edeur

E thiir

Edor

Edyr

Chair

stuhl

stol

stoll

^Bed
^Cup

Ibed

5 cop, cupp

|bad, ligr

fbed
skop

gbett
beher

sang
gkopp

seng, Ebed
|kop

soeng
bikari

XI.— Time, &c.

Year

Egear

]

EJaar

EJahr

Ear

Eaar

Ear

Month

E monath

E menath i

Einaund

Emonat

E manad ]

E maaned

E manudur

Week

Bweoc

Bweek

Ewoche

Evecka

EUge

ulika

H6.

H5. E32.

H 4. E 10.

H 5. E 26.

H 4. E 27.

H4. E28.

H4. E3L

H2. E24.

II.-SHEMITIC FAMILY.

Hebrew.

Arabic.

Syriac.

Coptic.

Persian.

KindostaTiJ.

Turkish.

tsepbarda
debora

ghok

^urdeeo
^deburtha

chrour

ghuk
^zanbur

menduk

qurbaghah
ari

qesbetb
cbeits
cberebb
magein

^kawss
nishab
sif
tarss

^keshtho
mashdo

^chareb
sakar

sothpef

sefi

shebshi

caman
tir

shamshir
supur

sulam
tir

tulwar, shuiiiBhir
dhal, sipur

yai

shish

qalkan

cbarasb

sakim

qardom

massur

agala

sikat
^sikin
fass

minshar
arabach

korubo

norag
nosero
marchabtho

hobi

kelebip
^bashour

ghabazeh

card

tarber

arra

arabeh

hul
chhuri
knlhari
ara

igari

sapan

bichaq

baltah

desterah

arabah

aufen

ajleh

B gigallo

charkh

pichiya

tekarlek

rasb

^ras

°rish

ape

sar

sir

^bash

oiyen, oinion

finein
fim

f ainin, pi.
pum

bal

chashem
oahan »

°ankh

munh, mukh

guz
aghz

panim

wajeh

Eaphe

rui

mun, 1
mukh j

yuz

sear

azen,im,pl.

lashon

sapha, tiin, pi.

fshaar

^eden

^lissan

anf
^shife

Bsaro
^edno
^leshon
nechiro

pum, sepheth

mashgd
aspi
shai
^sephotou

mawie

gush

zaban

bini

bal, mu
kan, gosh

jibh, zuban

Enak

slub

sach

quUaq

dil

burun

dudaqler

yad, ^ 1
yadaim J

fyaden

fyad

toot, tot

dast

ghath, dust

regel, im

^rejil

^ regel

let, rat

pah

paon

ayaq

basar
dam

etsem

lahem
^dam
^adm

^basar
°dem
gerem

spof
kas

ghust
khun
astakhnan

gosht, luhm
B luhA, khto
huddi, ustukhwan

lahm

qan

kemuk

baith

deleth

kise

mitte

kous

^bait

bab
^kersi

parshat
°cass

^baitho
t'ra

mautab
ganuno

Ikos

ei
ro

ghlogd
aphot

khaneh

sdar

^chuchie
pulangh
pialeh

ghur

sdur

^kursi
bichouna
piala, kasu

qapu

iskemle

dushek

qadah

shana

chodesh

shevua

^sinat
shahr
jemhat

^shano
yarach
^shabo

rompi
abot

sal
Emah
^haftah

bums. saJ, Bun
B muMna, mas

^hufta

°sinet
ai
"haftah

H 16. E 3.

H 18. E 6.

H2.

H3. E2.

H5. E8.

H3.

III.

GREEK AND

LATIN FAMILY.

"FiTiglisli.

Hebrew.

G-reek (anct.)

Grreek (mod,)

Latin.

Italian.

Portuguese.

Frog

Bee (honey)

tsepharda
debora

batrakos
melissa

rana
apis

grillo
pecchia

VII.— Weapons,
&c.

Bow
Arrow
Sword
Shield

qesheth
cheits
cherebh
magein

toxon
belos
^machaira
thureon

tozon
velos
spathi
aspis

arcus
sagitta
gladius
clypeus

arco
freccia
spada
scudo

arco
frecha
espada
escudo

vni.— AgTiciatu-

ral Implements.

Plough

Knife

Axe

charash

sakim

qardom

^arotron

machairon
E axine

E arotron
masheri
E azimos

^aratrum

culter
E ascia

^aratro

coltello
Eazza

^arado
faca
machado

Saw
Cart
Wheel

massur

agala

aufen

prion

amaxa

trochos

pirgioni

amaxa

trokos

^serra
E carrus
rota

Esega
E carretta
ruota

^serra

^galera

roda

IX.— Members of
the Body, &c.

Head

rash

kephale

k^falos

caput

testa

cabe§a

Eye, eyes

oiyen, )
oinion J

opthalmos

matin

oculus,i,pl.

occhi, pi.

olhos

Mouth

Face

Hair

Ear

Tongue

Nose

pe ^
panim
sear

azen,im,pl.
lashon

stoma
prosopon
thrix
ous otes
^glossa

stoma
prosopon
mali
oti
Eglossa
miti

ffacies
coma

E auris
lingua

Enasus

b6cca
ffaccia

capelli
E orecchia

lingua
Enaso

boca
cara
cabello
E orelhas
lingua
nariz

Lip, lips

Hand, ]
Hands j

sapha, 1
tim, pi. j
yad, ^ 1
yadaim j

kheite, pi.
kheir

shilos
sheri

E labium
manus

E labbro

mano, ]
mani j

beigo,
bei§os
mao, 1
maos, pi. i

Foot, feet

Flesh
Blood
Bone

regel, im

basar

dam

etsem

EpOUS, ]

podes, pi. j
°sarx
^aima
^osteon

Epodari

krias
Ecma
cokalon

Epes, 1
pedes, pi. j
carnis
sanguis

Epiede,piedi

came

sangue

osso

Epe, pes

carne
sangue

osso

X.— Dwellings,
Furniture, &c.

House

Door

Chair

Bed

Cup

baith

deleth

kise

mitte

kous

doma
E thura
kathedra
krabaton
poterion

spiti
porta
kathedra
krevate
fkuppa

domus

ostium

cathedra

lectus

poculum

Ecasa
porta

^sedia
letto

fcoppa

Ecasa
porta
cadeira
leito
ta^a

XI.— Time, &c.

Year
Month

Week

shana

chodesh

shevua

eniautos
Emen
hebdomas

kronos
Emini
evdomada

^annus
E mensis
hebdomada

^^nno
mese
settimana

°anno
mes
somana

H6. E4.

H4. E4.

H4. E8.

H 5. E 10.

H4. E3.

IV.-CELTIC FAMILY.

Spanisli.

Frencli.

Cornish.

Walsh.

Irisli.

Ma.nx.

Gaelic.

rana

grenouille

kranag, gailkm

llyfFant

cnadan

losgaim

abeja

abeille

gwenyn

E beach

sbellan

Ebeachan

arco

arc

Ebwa

Ebogbtli

Evhow

Ebogba

fleclia

fl^che

Earv

^saeth

soighead

side

saigbead

espada

6p6e

cledha, gledh

cleddyf

cloideamb

cluve

klaidbamh

escudo

^cu

tarian

sgiath

scape

sciatli

^arado

^cbarrue

^ardar

^aradr

ceachda

kiaght

crann-araidli

cucliillo

couteau

cyllell

^sgiam

°skyn

^skian

E bacha

cogn^e

buyall

tuagb

teigb

tuadb

^sierra

Escie

ilif

toiriosg

E saaue

Esabb

Ecarro

E cbarrette

trol

E cairt

rueda

roue

roz

olwyn

roithlean

E queeyl

roth, cuidhle

cabeza

t'ete

ben

pen

ceann

kione

ceann

ojos

Eoeil, \
yeux, pi. )

llygaid

svlibb

suillyii

suilean

boca

boucbe

ganou

ceg

beul

beeal

beul

f faz, baz

E face, visage

ffas

guyneb

eadon

eddin

aodann

cabello

cbeveu

gwalt

gruag

folt

fait

Eorejas, pi.

EoreiUes,pl.

clustian

cluasa

cleayshyn

cluas, cluasaibh, 1
pi. /

lengua

langue

tavas

tafod

E teanga

cbengay

E teanga

nariz

Enez

frigau

trwyn

sron

stroin

sr6n

E labio, 1
labios, pi. J

E l^vre, ]
levres J

gwefl, 1
gweflau J

prisin

meil, 1
meillyn J

bil, bilean

mano, ]

Haw, 1
dwyllaw J

lamb, 1

lane, )

laimh,

manos j

mam

lamba J

laneyn J

Idmban

Epie, pi^s

Epied

Epaw

troedjtraed

cos, cosa

cass,cassyn

cos,
cosaibli

carne

cbair

eig

feoil

fein

feoil

sangue

sang

gwaed

foil

fuiU

fuil

bueso

^asgam

^ysgyrn

craimh

craue

cnamb

Ecasa

maison

^bod, trev

tigb

tbie

tigh

puerta

porte

jannues,pl.

E drws

Edorus

E dorrys

E dorus

silla

^cbaise

E cadar

E cader

E catbaoir

E catliar

cama

lit

gwely

leaba

Ibiabbu

leaba

taza

tasse

anneth

gcwpan

sgala, cupan

fcappan

^cupan, c6m

^ano

°an

bledban

blwydd3Ti

bliaghain

blein

bliana

; ■

mes

mois

mis

mee

mios

semana

semaine

wytbnos

seachdmuin

sbiaghtin

siacbdiun

H 4. E 7.

H 6. E 8.

H4. E4.

HI. E6.

H 2. E 5.

H2. E8.

V-SCLAVONIC FAMILY.

English,

Hebrew.

Russian.

Polish.

zaba
pszezota

Hungarian.

Bohemian.

Frog

Bee (honey)

tsepharda
deb6ra

liagushka
pcheld

deka
meh

zeba
ucela

VII.— Weapons,

Bow

qesheth

paklon

proca

lucistse

Arrow
Sword
Shield

cheits

cherebh

magein

straita

mech

zashtzita

strzata
patasz
tarcza

nyil
Ekard
paizs

strjlka

mec

stjt

VIII.— Agricultu-
ral Implements.

Plough

Knife

Axe

Saw

Cart

charash

sakim

qardom

massur

agala

Eplug

nosj

sikera

pita
^kalosi

Eplug
noza
tapor
pita

^kolosi

ekevas

kes

fejsze

fiiresz

targonca

krogidlo
nuz
serera
pjlka
fkara

Wheel

aufen

kol

koles

kerek

kolo, 1
koleso j

IX. -Members of
the Body, &c.

Head

rash

holova

gloya

stlawa

Eye, eyes

oiyen, |
oinion

otchi

otsi

szemek

oci

Mouth
Face
Hair
Ear

Tongue

Nose

panim

sear

azen,im,pl.

lashon

roth

litsa

volosa

uxi

yezik

EUOS

rotshe

tvarjz

v'losi

wxo

yenzik

EUOS

szdj

ari, abzarat
Ehaj
fiilek
nyelr
orr «

usta
twdr
ulas
usi

garyk
Enos

Lip, lips

sapha, 1
tim, pi. J

huba, hubi

gemba

ajak, ajkak

pisk, pisky

Hand, )
Hands j
Foot, feet
Flesh
Blood
Bone

yad,_

yadaim

regel, im

basar

dam

etsem

ruka, i.

noha, i.
miaso
kroff
kost

renka, i.

noga, i.
skora
krew
kosc

kez, kezek

lab, labak
hus
ver
esont

ruka, ruky

noha, nohy
^maso
kxew
koss

X.— Dwellings,
Furniture, &c.

House

Door

Chair

Bed

Cup

baith

deleth

kise

mitte

kous

dom
dvel
still

pashetia
^chdsha

dom

drzwi

krzesto

lozna

filizanka

Ehaz
kapu
szek

dillikom

dum

E dwere

pawlac

postel

Ekoffljk

XL -Time, &c.

Year

Month

Week

shanah

chodesh

shevua

hod

meshets

nidyela

rok

mishents

tidjen

esztendo

honap

het

rok

mesye

tyden

H 2. E 2.

HI. E2.

E 3.

H2. E4.

VI. SANSCRIT FAMILY,

VII. CHINESE

FAMILY

Pali.

Sanscrit.

Bengalli.

Sia,Tnese.

Chinese.

Corean.

Japanese.

bhekah
saraghd

beng

mau, mdchU

k'hang-k'hok

p'hung

koh na
miehfung

kai kuri
por

ka eyr'
ha tsi

asi

shardsa- |
nang J
E sharah
khargah
phalakang

dhanuk

bdn

katari

dhdl

t'hami

son

lap

Esil6

kung, 1
kiung J
tsien, si
kien
tiang pai

hwar

sar
hwanto

yumi

katana
tate

hinarukho

^halah
shastri
kutkarah
krakachah
shakatang

langul
chhuri
km-ali
karat
Egari

t'hdi

k'hwan fa

luei

kian

lipa

siau tau, to

fu tau

kti

niu che, ki

po sip
k'hur
to ts'hai
lop
sur roi

^karasuki
kogatana
nata
noko
kuruma

shakrang

chaka

lo, chak

lun

pak hoi

kuruma

siram

shirah

matha

locunam

netrang

chakhyu

fyen

%un

tundam
mukliam

sotam
jiwha
Enasa

tundang
anana
keshah
shrotrang
^rasana
nasika
radanach-)
chhada j

Emukh
mukh
chul
karna
jihwa

Enak

thont

hnd

p'hom

hii

lin

tamuk

rim pak

kau

mien, bien
mau, mo
E urh, ji
sheh, siet
pi, pit

shin

nat

t'ho rok
kui
hyo
k'ho

ip si ur

kuchi
kao

kami noke
mimi, pi.
shta
hane

kachi, )
biru, pi. j

hastah

ihat

umu

shau, sill

son

prapadang
pishitang
shonitang
asthi

Epad, or pa
mangs
rakta
har

tin
niia
Eliiat
kaduk

kioh, kiok
jau,jiok
hiueh, hiet
kuh, kut

£oki

p'hi

spyo

ashi
niku
chi
Ehone

gharam

Edwdram

pitham

sayana

°bdti

E dwarang
asanang
khatwa

bar!
sdwar
kedera
khat

ruan
patii
kawi
tidng
t'hu wei

Euh, ok
mun, bun
kau i.
chwang
pei

tsip ka
mun
kyo ui
sang
tsi wan

iye

kiokoroko

nedokoro

wan

E2.

abdah
masah
saptahah

batsar

mas

saptah

diian

at'hit

nien

yueh, guih
yihko lipai

han heis
tar wor

nen
tskl
shtonanuka

H3. E3.

H 2. E 6.

E2.

HI. E 3.

HI.

HI. El.

VIII.-POLYIMESIAIM FAMILY.

IX.-AFRICAIM

Englisli.

Hebre-w,

Malay.

Tahetian.

Kisuaheli.

Kihiau.

Frog

tsepharda

kudoh

tjiia

jiila

Bee (toney)

debora

lebah

nioki

muji

VII — Weapons,

Sua.

Bow

qesheth

pana

fana

Arrow

cheits

anak pana

ohe

mpamba

Sword

cherebh

padang

Eoe

upanga

lipanga

Shield

magein

prise

paruru

ngao

VIII.— Agricultu-

ral Implements.

Plough

charash

bajah

Knife

sakim

pisu

tibi

kissu

kimdje

Axe

qardom

kapa

opahi

soka

liwdgo

Saw

massur

gragadje

^msum^no

^msom^no

Cart

agala

Ekreta
kurbo

Wheel

aufen

roda

parotata

IX.— Members of

tlie Body, &o.

Head

rash

kapala

upu

Eye, eyes

oiyen, |
oinion J

mata

mato, pi.

messo, pi.

Mouth

pe ^

Einulut

vaha

kanoa

Face

panim

muka

mata

usso

ussio

Hair

sear

rambut

roura

unuelle

luhiimbo

Ear

azen,im,pl.

talinga

Etaria

sikio

libinkka-niro

Tongue

lashon

lida

arero

ulimi

lulimi

Nose

hidung

ihu

Lip, lips

sapha, 1
tim, pi. J

biber

utu

mu6mo, s.

mlomo, s.

Hand, )
Hands J

yad ^ 1
yadaim J

tangan

rim a

Foot, feet

regel, im

kaki

avae

niagii, pl.J

likongolo,)

makongolo, pi. J

Flesh

basar

daging

niama

Blood

dam

°dara

toto

^damu

miassi

Bone

etsein

tulang

ivi

mfupa

mfupu

X.— Dwelllngs,-

Fumlture, &e.

House

baith

ruma

fare

niumba

Door

deleth

Dintu

opani

mlango

Chair

kise

^krusi

parahi raa

Bed

mitte

katil

roi

^matandiko

ugono

Cup

kous

mangkoh

^aua

kata, kopo

^mgao

XI.— Time, &c.

Year

shana

tahun

matahiti .

mudka

muaka

Month

chodesh

bulan

Emarama

mesi

Week

shevua

jumat

hebedoma f

jummamoja

H2. E2.

HI. E3.

H4.

H2. i

AMERICAN FAMILY. 24

Mandenga.

Toruba.

Kabenda.

Tiiinbuctu.

Esquimaux.

Chocta-w.

todi

ogbolo

dsula

korobata

ligise

onyi

nose

yonya

kala

binye

fang

oru
ofa
ida

lubao

mta

tanzi

kara

bangou

takuba

pittiksit

karjut

saviksoak

tasbivata
uski naki
usbpo falaia
tilihpa

muro
tegerang

obe

Eage

mbele
tale

huri
dasi

^savik
ullimuut
kiblut

gaiviok
niako

yakvi isht patafa

bosbpo
iskifa
ist wsba

iti charrolU achva
iti chvnalia

nusbkobo

Enya

nya ^
kunsi
tulo
neou
Enu

odsbu

eno
odshu
firo
eti
awo
imu

liezu

Emunua
psu

mbulendse
kutu
lulumi
yilu

Eine
ngini
hamber
hanga
dene
nine

Else, isik )
(dual)j
kannek
kenek
nutset
sijut
okkuk
kingak

kanneb

nisbkin

itih

wasbuka
pasbi
haksobisb
^isonlvsp
ibi sbakni

iti vlbi

buloko

enyowo

mbusakoko

kamba- ]
banda

aggak

ibbuk

seumfada

dseli
kolo

enyese

edshe
egu

monget- |
ambe J
menga
mbze

kebanda

kuri
biri

Eitti, itte- 1
ket (dual) J
nerkemik
auk
saunek

syi

nipi
issisb
Efoni

bong
kong
s^rifeou
gbengbe

ile
eko

agwoti
busu

uzo

dsavulu
kundu
dsika

Ehu

gambu
fkursi

dari

iglo
upkoa

aumit

ermgmviBi-arsuk

EJabre
tachek
Ewaobe

cbuka
okisa
aioasba
topa
isbt isbko

afummi
^husbi
nitakbulo

HI. E2.

El.

H2. E3.

HI. E4.

H2. El.

I. -SAXON AND GOTHIC FAMILY.

Englisli.

Saxon.

GrotMo.

Dutch.

Grerman.

Swedish.

Da,Tiish.

Icelandic.

Day
Night

^daeg, dag
Eniht

Bdags
Bnahts

Edag
Enagt

Etag
Buacht

Edag
Enatt

Edag
snat

E dagur
Enoot

To-day
°To-mor-
row

Eto-daeg
fmorgen

himmadaga
gistra dags

heute
fmorgen

si dag
f i margon

^i-dag
fi-morgen

E i-dag
fa-morgain

Yester-
day

Egyrstan- )
daeg

;

^gestem

igar

i-gaar

Spring

frehling

var

foraar

vor

Summer

E sumer

asa

^zomer

E sommer

Esommar

E sommer

Esumar

Autumn

^herbst

hast

efteraar

haust

Winter

B winter

E wintrus

B winter

^vinter

E vinter

Bwetur

XII.— Numerals.

^One

fan, aen

fains, aina

feen

f eins, ein

fen

feen

fein

Two

E twa, ]
twegen J

stwai, twa

Etwee

Ezwei

Btva

EtO

EtVO

^Three

E threo, thry

fthrins

fdrie

fdrei

ftre

fthrir

Four

E feowr

Efidwor

Evier

Bvier

Bfyra

Efire

E fiorir

Five

Efif

Efinf

Evyf

Bfiinf

Bfem

Efem

Efim

=^Six

fsix

fsaihs

fzes

fsechs

fsex

^Seven

sseofen

fsibun

fzeven

fsieben

siu

fsyv

sio

Eight

E eahta

E ahtan

Eacht

Eotta

E aatte

E atta »

Nine

E nigun

E nihun

Enegen

Eneiin

Bnijo

Eni

Eniu

Ten

Etyn

E taihun

E tien

Ezehn

Etio

Etin

Etien

Xlll.-Colours.

Black

E blac, ]
sweart J

^swart

^Schwartz

H swart

^sort

Ebleika

White

Ehwit

E queit

Ewit

Eweiss

Ehvit

Ehvid, huit

Ehvit

Eed

E red, read, reod

Erood

Eroth

Erod

Braudt

XIV.— Adjectives,

Prepositions, and

Pronouns.

Blind

E blind

E blinda

B blind

E blind

Eblindur

Deaf

Edeaf

bauths

Edoof

taub

Edof

Edov

heimalaus

Before

E before, \
beforan J

Efaur

Evor

framfor, )
innan j

sforan

fyrirfram

Behind

Ebehindan

Ehindar, ]
aftero J

Ehintan

efterat, ]
bakom J

bagved

deptir

^Thou
^He

Eic

E^U

fhe

Eik
ithu
jains, is

Eik
idu

Eich

fdu

EJag
fdu
han

fdu
han

Bjeg

•3li (thli)

lann

^She

fseo

isi

fzy

fsie

hon, henne

hiin

^ims

Ewir

Bwi

Evi

Ege

EJUS

ihr

They

E thgege

B thai, thaim

Esie

Bde

^dem

East

Beast

urruns

E oost, oosten

E osten

Eost, osten

EOSt

E austur

West

Bwest

saitwa

Ewest

Bwesten

E vester

Evest

ulistur

North

B north

Enoord

Enorden

E nord

E:nord

Enordur

South

E south

Ezuid

E siiden

E soder

Esyd

Esudur

H8.

H8. E34.

H8. E22.

H7. E24.

H9. E29.

H6. E27.

H8. E28.

H 4. E 23.

n.-SHEMITIC FAMILY.

Hebrew.

Arabic,

Syriac.

Coptic.

Persian.

Hindostani.

Turkish.

youm

^yaum

°yum

^ehoou

raz

din, roz, youm

«glin

laila

^lilat

^laila

shab

rat, shub

gijeh

ha youm

^al yanm

^yaumono

mphoou

amruz

aj, imroz
kul, fur- I
dah J

bu guro

' «

machar

ghada

fmechar

rasti

fardah

yarin

etmoul

amss

^ethmol

nesaf

diruz

kul, pich-]
ladin j
buhar

dUn

abib

rabih

^abiba

he, pshom

bahar

qaitz

sief

^kaito

maie

tabistaa, Bief

gunni, tabistan

^yaz

chorepb

^kharif

alul

maheijan, karif

khizan

son bahar

sathav

shita

^sathvo

phro

zamistan

jar a

qish

acbad

fwached

fchad

fouot

yek

bir

sh'naim

^athnein

treen

^snau

fidu

Edo

eki

sb'losli

fthatlatha

^toltho

schoment

seh

tin

jitch

arba

^arbaaha

^arbho

E ftoow

chehar

char

dord

chmesh

^khamsat

^chamsho

tow

banj

^pansh

Hbesh

shesh

setat

^shetho

soou

f shish

°cheh

alti

sheba

fsabaat

fshabho

sasehf

haft

sdt

yedi^

sh'mone

thamanyat

^temonyo

^schemoun

Ehasht .

Hth

sechis

; tisba

^tasaahat

^tesho

psit

Eno

^no

doghus

' eser

^aashat

°esro

met

dah

das

schur

aswad

ukomo

kams

siah

kala, siyah

qarah

laban

abiad

chevor

subash

sapid

sufed

biyaz

adorn

ahmar

sumoko

lal

qizil

iver

amah

samio

belle

cur

undha, kor

kur

•

cheresh

^attrash

^charesh

^ kauri

caj

baihra

saghir

liphnei

kidam

le-ein, )
kedom J

khadgo

peesh

peshtur

evvel

I'achour

khalf

chartho

mepepso

pass

pichle

sonrah

ani

^ana

^eno

^anok

man

main

bin

ata

°ant

fat

^entok

|tu

gtu, tain

sen

fhu

fhau

entof

f wuh, usne

hi^

fhi _

fhoi

entas

0, or °hi

wuh

anu

nahin

^anon

ham

biz

atem

^autum

entoten

shuma

"tum

siz

heima

^hum

^honeen

entoou

^onha

anler

mizrah

shark

madnicho

mapshai

wartghap

purub

gun toghusi

erebh

^gharb

^maharbo

maphotep

^gharb

puchchhum

bati

ts'phoun

shimal

garboyo

pemhit

tarapi, shimal

uttur

yildiz

daroum

kubli

taimono

res

jauoob
H 5. E 6.

dukhun

kibleh

H20. E5.

H 24. E 7.

H 8. E 2.

H5. E5.

H. 3.

V 27/>

III.-

GREEK ANC

1 LATIN FAMILY.

English.

Hebrew.

Grreek (anct.)

(jreek (mod.)

Latin.

Italian.

Portuguese.

5^^

youm

hemera

imera

Edies

^giomo

Edia

Night

laila

Enux

Euikta

Enox

En6tte

E noite

To-day

ha youm

semeron

simeron

Ehodie

oggi

hoje

To-mor-]
row J

machar

epaurion

aorion

eras

domani

^a manhaa

Yester- |
day ]

etmoul

k'thes

ekthes

heri

jeri

onte

Spring

abib

anixin

ver

primavera

primevera

Summer

qaitz

theros

kalokeri

^aestas

state

verao

Autumn

choreph

fthinoperon

E autumnus

E autiinno

E outono

Winter

sathav

ear

shimona

hiems

invemo

inviemo

XIL— Numerals.

One

achad

eis, en

Eena

Eunus

Eiino

Eum

Two

shnaim

Eduo

Edio

Eduo

Edue

Edois

Three

sh'losh

ftreis

Etria

ftres

Etre

ftres

Four

arba

tessares

tessara

quatuor .

quattro

quatro

Five

chmesh

pente

pende

quinque

cinque

cinco

Six

shesh

ehex

fexi

gsex

fsei

Eseis

Seven

sheba

fhepta

fepta

Eseptem

E sette

Esete

Eight

sh'mone

Eokto

EOCtO

E6tto

Eoito

Nine

tisha

E ennea

ekea

Euovem

Euove

Ten

eser

Edeka

Edeca

E decern

di6ci

Edez

XIII.— Colours.

Black

schur

melan

marron

^ater, niger

nero

3reto

White

laban

leukos

aspron

albus

biiinco

"branco

Eed

adorn

E eruthros

cokmo

E ruber, |
rubeus j

r6sso

vermelho

xrv.— Adjectives,

Prepositions, and

Pronouns.

Blind

iver

tuphlos

tiflos

coecus

cieco

cego

Deaf

cheresh

kophos

kafos

surdus

sordo

surdo

Before

liphnei

Epro

empros

ante

davante

diante

Behind

Tachour

opiso

opison

post, atergo

dietro

detraz

ani

ego

Eio

ECU

Thou

ata

esu

ftu

autos

ille

egli

elle

She

ante

ilia

ella

anu

hemeis

^nos

%oi

^nos

atem

E humeis

vos

voi

vos

They

heima

spheis

illi

eglino

elles

East

mizrah

anatole

anatali

oriens

oriente

West

erebh

dusmai

diris

occidens

occidente

poente

North

ts'phoun

borras

vorras

septentrio

tramontana

E norte

South

daroum

notos

meridies

mezzogi- |
orno j

meysdia

H 3. E 12.

H2. E8.

H 7. E 14.

H3. Ell.

H 6. E 14.

IV.-CELTIC

FAMILY.

Spa>Tiisli.

rrench.

Cornisli.

Welsh.

Irish.

Ma,Tix.

Graelic.

Edia

°jour

^journa

diurnod

la^

laa

latha

Enoche

Enuit

snei

Enos

aoidhche

oie

oidhche

hoy

*^aujourdliui

^heddyw

a mugh

Jin

^an diuth

^manana

demain

avorou

^yfory

Ea marach

fmeiragh

^am meir- )
each J

ayer

hier

doe

a n6

jea

an d6

primavera
verano

printemps
et6

han, ephan

gwanwyn
haf

earrach

E seamhradh

arragh
sourey

earrach
E samhruidh

E otono

E automne

cynhauaf

fog mhar

ouyr

faoghradh

invierno

hiver

guav

gauaf

geim readh

geurey

geamhradh

Euno

Eun

fun

faon

nane

^aon

Edos

Edeux

Edeau

Edau

Edo

jees

Bda

ftres

Etrois

Etri

ftri

E three

ftri

cuatro

quatre

pedwar

ceathar

kiare

ceithir

cinco

fseis

cinq

fsix

Epemp

Epimp
j^chwech

cuig

fse

queig
fshey

cuig

eSC

E siete

fsept

saith

seacht

shiaght

seachd

Eocho

sliuit

swyth

Bocht

Ehoght

Eochd

E nueve

Eneuf

Enaw

Enaoi

Enuy

Enaoi

Ediez

Edix

Edig

Edeg

deich

jeih

E deich

negro

^noir

dubh

^bianco

°blanc

Egwyn

^bane

geal

encarnado

rouge

coch

sruadh

parg

dearg

cigo

^aveugle

dall

caech

doal

dall

sordo
delanti

sourd
avant

aege

byddar
oflaen

boghar
roimme

bouyr
kiongoyrh

boghar

air thoiseach

detras

derriere

tu 61

diaigh

cheu-chooyloo

air dearadh

EJe

^mi

^m6

mish

ftu

fti

ftii ^

uss

fthu^

^eve

se^ E^

eshyn

E e^ eis

ella

elle

fhi

ish

"i, ish, isha

nosotros
vosotros

°nous

BVOUS

fmyni
E chychwi

sinn
sibh

shinyn
shinish

sinn
sibh

ellos

ils, elles

shwuy

siad

adsyn

iad

oriente

Best

dwyrain

soir

niar

an ear

poniente
E norte

E ouest
Enord

gogleth

gorllewin
gogledd

siar
twaigh

neiar
twoaie

an iar
antuath

medio dia

midi

^dehou

deas

jiass

an deas

H5. E13.

HIO. E16.

H3. E4.

HIO. E15.

H8. E12.

H4. E5.

H8. Ell.

V.-SCLAVONIC FAMILY.

English.

Hebrew.

Eussian.

Polish.

Hungarian.

Bohemian.

Day

Night

youm
laila

djen
Enotsh

dyen
Enots

nap
ejszaka

den

EUOS

To-day

ha youm

sye, ho- 1
dnia J

djise

dnes

To-mor-|
row j

machar

zavtri

yutro

holnap

zytra

Yester- |

day J

etmoul

urtsberas

utsora

tegnap

wsera

Spring

abib

v'esna

visna

tarasz

garo

Summer
Autumn
Winter

qaitz

chorepli

sathav

letta

wosen

zjima

liato

wosen

zjima

nyar

osz

t^l

16to

pedzym

zyma

XII.— Numerals.

One
Two
Three
Four

achad
sh'naim
sh'losh
arba

raz
Edeva
f tri

tshetiri

yedna
sd've
^tshi

s'tiri

egy

ketto

harom

negy

geden
Edwa

ftry

styxy

Five

chmesh

piath

pjinsb

pet

Six

shesh

fshesht

fshist

'hat

E sesi

Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten

sheba
sh'mone
tisha
eser

Esiedem
woshim
deviath
desit

Bsiem
osyem
devitt
desit

het
nyolo
kilene
Etiz

Esedm
osm
dewet
deset

XIII. -Colours.

Black
White
Bed

schur
laban
adorn

Hcherniyee
bailiyee
krasniyee

Hczarny
Ebiaty
czersrony

teketi

fejer

piros

sema

bjla

cerwena

•

XIV.— Adjectives,

Prepositions, and

Pronouns.

Blind
Deaf
Before
Behind

iver
cheresh
liphnei
I'achour

slaipsee
gliikoee
prejde
paslatee

slepy
gtuchy
przed
po

^vak
siket
elott
muett

slepy
hluchy
pxed
za

Thou
He

She

ani
ata
hu

EJa
Etee
on

ona

EJa
^ty
on

ona

gte
o (ferjfi)
6 (as rse- )

. ong) J
mi

kelet

nyngott

ejszak

del

fty

ona

We
Ye

They

East

West

North

South

anu

atem

heima

mizrah

erebh

ts'phoun

daroum

Emee

vee

onee
Evastok

zapal

saivev

rjuff

Emy
wy
oni

E wschor
zachor
potnoc
poldnic

oni

wychod

zapad

pulnos

poledne

H 5. E 9.

H 5. E 10.

H2. E2.

H4. E6.

VI.-SAI\ISCRIT FAMILY.

VII.-CHINESE FAMILY.

Pali.

divasam

ajja

sve

hiyyo

eko
Edwi
Eti

catu

panca

clia

satta
Eatlia
Enava
^dasa

seto

puhabi
^apara
aliam
tnmha
eso

esa

pub bo

uttaro
dakkhino

H2. E4.

Sanscrit.

dibasah
nisha

sadya
kalyang

kaljang

pusbpasa
mayab
niddaghah
^sara
^sbitang

ekah
Edwau
E trayah

cbatasroh

pancba

sbat

j^ saDiia
E asbtav
Enava
"dasba

krisbna
sbuklab
lobitah

andbab
^badbirab
pubab
bascbat
abang
twang
sab

bayang

juyang
Ete

piirbbab
pasbcbimab

uttarab

dakbyinab

H 5. E 7.

Bengalli.

Siamese.

din
rdtri

dji

kali

gatakali

basanta

grisbma
^sarat
sbit

ek
Edui
Etin

cbari

pancb

cbbay

sdt

;dt

Enay
"dasb

kdla

E sbwet
Ml

kand
kala
agre
picble
^dmi
tumi
tini

tini

dmrd

tomrd

tdbdra

piirbba

pascbim

uttar

dakbyin

H 3. E 6.

wdn
ratri

wdn ni

pruk ni

Chinese.

Enung
"^song

sdm

«ba

bok

cbet
p6t
kaw
sip

hht
nuak
k'bangna
k'banglang
ku

miing
nan

ran

kbbau arai

H 2. El.

jih, jit

kin' jib,
kin a jit,
ming jib,
beng jit

tsob jib

cbun

bea
tsiu
tung

yib, it, cbit
'rb, ji, no
san, sam
sz', si
wu, gno,
gou

lub, link,
lak
tsib, cb'it

pah, pat, peh

kiu, kiu, kau

Hshih, sip, chap

Hhih, hek, ou

pell, pek

hung, hong, ang

mangjin
lung
tsien
^bau
ngo
'rb
i, ta

Corean.

nar ir
paui

kum ir
myong ir
tsak ir

pom

nyo rum
ka ar
kyo u

fban, ir
Etu, i

sok, sam

nok, sa

tas^t, o
yo sut, liuk

nir, kop, tshir
yo tarp, p'har

a bop, kou
yor, sip

Japanese.

ta mun

tung

peb

nan

H3.

syo kyong
kui mokur
arp
tui
^na

no,yo
tsyo

atung
^yotong
ku

tong nyok
syos nyok
puk nyok
nam nyok

E. 2.

icbi nicbi
yoru

kon nicbi
meyo nicbi
saku jitsu

baru

natsu

aki

fuyu

icbi
ni
san
sbi

roku

bicbi
naclii
ku

jiyu

kuro
sbiro
akai

mekura
tsumbo
maye
ota
ware
^anata
anosbto

anunna

wasbi duno

omaiye tachi
aaoshto tachi

bigasbi
nisbi
kita
minami

HI.

VIII.-POLYIMESIAN F.

IX.-AFRICAN

English.

Hehrew.

Malay.

Tahetian.

Kisuaheli.

Kihiau.

Day

youm

hari

mahana

siku

Night

laila

malam

rui

usfku

jiro

To-day

ha youm

ini hari

tei enai mahana

leo

rero

To-mor-)
row j

machar

besok

ananahi

keso

Emalawi

Tester- "1
day j

etmoul

samalam

nanahi

jdna

lisso

Spring

abib

musim turn- 1
buhum buan J

Summer

qaitz

musim panas

auhuni

majira ya-jua

Autumn

choreph

musim memun- )
gut bua buan j

Winter

sathav

musim sejah

poai

majira yarmasika

XII.— Numerals.

One

achad

satu

tahi

memoja

yumpepe

Two

shnaim

Edua

piti

mbili

siwiri

Three

sh'losh

stiga

Ej'aru

tatu

sitatu

Four

arba

^ampat

maha

nne

jeje

Five

chmesh

lima

Epae

tano

sano

Six

shesh

anam

ono

Seven

sheba

tuju

hitu

isabaa

tanonasiwiri

Eight

sh'mone

delapan

varu

Nine

tisha

sambilang

iva

Ten

eser

sapulu

hoe ahuru

XIII. -Colours.

Black

■

schur

hitam

White

laban

putih

meauppe

Eed

adorn

merah

muekundu

XIV,— Adjectives,

Prepositions, and

Pronouns.

Blind

iver

butah

matapo

mtofu wam&to

mtotomeso

Deaf

cheresh

tuli

turia turi

kisiwi

rbuibui

Before

liphnei

adap

na mua

mbelle

mberre

Behind

I'achour

b'lakang

na muri

niuma

mgongo

ani

aku

ovahu

mimi

Hune

Thou

ata

ankau

Eooe

wewe

uwe

diya

oia

yee

ayu

She

hi^

diya

oia

anu

kami

matou

suisui

^uhue

atem

kamu

^outou

nuinui

umue

They

heima

diya orang

ratou

wao

East

mizrah

timor

hitia ote ra

mao ya jua

jirambo

West

erebh

barat

tua otera

Hmagribi

liuyalihuire

North

ts'phoun

utara

apatoa

South

daroum

salatan

apotoerau

B suheli

HI. E 2.

H2. E3.

H2. E2.

HI. E2.

FAMILY.

X -AMERICAN F. 32

Mandenga.
teledo

Torul)a.

Kal)eiida.

Tiimbuctu.

EsquiTnaux.

Choctaw.

OSO

bmnuidsha

chari

uvlok

nitak

Holu

nbuilu

kigi

Eunnuok

Eninak

oni

lumbuads

uvlume

hunaknitak

sini

ola

dsalubiyono

suba

kaupet

onnaha

kunu

ano

dsebeliyono

ikpekjak

aujalerpet
aujak

okkiolerpet

okkiok

pilashash

toffassi
toffa
Ehushtolopi
hushtolo

Ule

Eeni

dshos

afo

atteeusok

achuffa

fila

edshi

koale

ahingka

majok

Etuklo

sdwa

eta

tatu

ahindsa

pinjasut

tuchina

nani

Beri

nna

ataki

sittamat

ushta

lolu

aro

tanu

igu

tellimat

taklapi

woro

efa

psambanu

idu

The Esquimaux do
not count further

hannali

woronglo

edsi

psamboale

iye

than 5; for 6 they
show 6 fingers, so on

untuklo

segi

edslio

inana

ydha

to 10; for 11 both feet
and 1 finger, &c., up

untuchina

konondo

Heso

ivoa

ydga

to 20 ; then they say
"a man's limbs at

chakhali

Etang

eroa

kumi

awoi

an end." But the
Christian Esqui-
maux are taught the
higher numbers.

pokoli

fima

dudu

cH nombe

ibibi

kernek

lusa

gbele

o fufu

cha mpemba

korci

kacliuktak
aukpaluk

tohbi
HhuTnma

El.

H2. E2.

HI.

H 1. E 1.

H 1. E 2.

TABLE OF AFFINITIES.

The following table exhibits tlie approximate ratio of affinity whicli each
language bears to the Hebrew and English, as indicated in the preceding Com-
parative Vocabulary : the whole number of 146 words being taken as a common
standard. All the languages are arranged in ten "' distinct classes/'viz. : —
I. Gothic and Saxon family. II. Shemitic family. III. Greek and Larfin family.
IV. Celtic family. V. Sclavonic family. VI. Sanscrit family. VII. Chinese family.
VIII. Polynesian family. IX. African family. X. North American family : —

Hebrew
Affinity.

English
Affinity.

Manx

English

Gaelic

Saxon

142

Gothic

Eussian

Dutch

142

Polish

German

120

Hungarian

Swedish

132

Bohemian

Danish

136

Icelandic

108

Pali

]

[I.

Sanscrit

Hebrew

Bengalli

Arabic

Syriac
Coptic

79
24

22
8

Siamese
Chinese

Persian

Corean

Hindostani . . .

Turkish

Japanese

II.

Malay

Greek (Ancient)

Tahetian

Greek (Modem)

Latin

Kisuaheli

Italian

Kihiau

Portuguese ...

Mendenga

Spanish

Yoruba

French

Kabenda

Tumbuctu

Cornish

Welsh

Esquimaux

Irish

Choctaw

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

Hebrew
Affinity.

English
Affinity.

* This classification into ten families of languages was adopted after the first eight pages of the

tables were printed off, being thought preferable to that of eight families. \

•y V

CONCLUDING EEMAEKS.

I. — All the languages of this Vocabulary are evidently related to the Hebrew
and English, as appears by inspection of it, and of the Table of Affinities. And,
while the several languages of each of the ten classes, or families, are specially
related to each other, there is an obvious mutual relation subsisting amongst all the
languages composing the ten classes.

II. — These important languages, selected from Europe, Asia, Africa, and
America, may be considered as the representatives of all the languages and dialects
of the earth. Therefore we may, by fair induction, founded on the facts just stated,
conclude that a mutual relationship subsists amongst all the languages of the world,
and that all are derived from one common stock. We have assumed the Hebrew
to be the original parent stock — 1st, because of its simplicity and purity ; 2ndly,
because all its derivatives can be traced to native roots which have their appro-
priate meaning in the language; 3rdly, because it is the most ancient written
language we have any authentic record of; and, 4thly, because it is the language
which God Himself chose for communicating His will to man.

The faithful and intelligent Christian will readily admit the supreme authority
of the Bible in determining all questions in which its voice is clear and distinct.
And therein we find it plainly recorded that all the nations, scattered over the earth,
are of " one blood," and are all descended from Adam, the first man who was
cheated. We also find it clearly stated that all his descendents had one language,
not only before the Deluge but down to the time of the building of Babel, when
Jehovah frustrated the designs of the proud and impious builders, by confounding
their language and dispersing them abroad upon the earth. Thus we have an
authentic and divine record of the original unity of nations and of language. And
the conclusion to which we have been led in the preceding inquiry, by tracing out
the affinities which manifestly exist amongst the present languages spoken by man,
harmonises with the infallible testimony of God. Therefore we consider all the
speculations of men, which wilfully ignore and contradict this sure testimony, as
idle and impious.'-''

* The following letter on a new society which has just sprung up in London, called " The Anthro-
pological Society," addressed to the editor of the Record, of June 20, 1864, may be here appropriately
quoted, in illustration of my remarks above : —

" Sir, — Among the cunning devices of our spiritual adversary, one which threatens to exert consi-
derable influence among a large and important class, especially medical and chemical students, is the

CONCLUDINa REMARKS. XV.

These anthropological gentlemen seem anxious to claim an affinity with the -
brute creation, and, like Darwin and Lord Monboddo, their leaders, are probably-
desirous of tracing their pedigree to the ape, or orang hutan — the wild man of the
forest. Most people have an honourable ambition to rise in the social scale, and
usually claim an affinity with some honourable or noble family, but these gentlemen
have a strange grovelling propensity, and would gladly find themselves associated
with monkeys or donkeys in their origin, and perhaps regret the want of a tail to
prove conclusively their connexion with the former, or of long ears to show their
brotherhood with the latter. These wise philosophers having rejected the sure
testimony of God, they follow the ignis fatuus of their own foolish hearts and
blinded understandings, and will be led into the quagmire of atheism and all its
filthy abominations. Let me sound an alarm in the ears of Christian young men of
this generation, and earnestly exhort them, as they value the favour and blessing
of God, and their own eternal salvation, to beware of this vain philosophy, falsely
so called : Lord Monboddo and Darwin, with their associates, are blind leaders
of the blind, and both they and their deluded followers will assuredly fall into the
ditch. (See the 1st chapter of Eomans.)

III. — By inspection of the "Table of Affinities," it is apparent that the
Anglo-Saxon and Gothic family of languages stands in close relationship to the
Hebrew ; the Syriac and Arabic alone, of the whole 48 languages compared, taking
precedence of them. The Saxon stands first in this class, rising to No. 34 in the
Scale of Affinity with the Hebrew, b^ing 2 degrees above the Gothic. The English
and German also rise to an honourable position, being nearly upon an equality at

formation of an organised association, known as the Anthropological Society of London, including among
its members names of eminence in literature and science. The professed object of this society is, 'the study
of Anthropology in a strictly scientific manner. It proposes to study man in all his leading aspects, ^
physical, mental, and historical ; to investigate the laws of his origin and progress ; to ascertain his place
in nature, and his relations to the inferior forms of life ; and to attain these objects by patient investigation,
careful induction, and the encouragement of all researches tending to establish a de facto science of man.'*
To all purely scientific research, conducted with a becoming reverence for God's Word, whenever the
subject-matter approaches that on which we have a Divine revelation, I would say, let every encourage-
ment be afforded. But' the circumstance that the subjects here proposed for investigation are those on i
which we have an unmistakable revelation from God, while this is entirely ignored in papers published
and circulated by the Society j-j- of necessity compels us to conclude that the objects proposed are virtually,
though not ostensibly, in direct opposition to the Word of God. Such effort must, therefore, sooner or
later, defeat its own purpose, and become an instrument of illustrating that very truth it would undermine.

" But, meantime, many unstable minds, not unaccustomed to a deceitful handling of God's Word,
may be beguiled by the subtlety, and an incalculable amount of mischief may be accomplished.

" Although I am personally unknown to the secretaries and each member of the council of this
Society, yet they have sent me a written invitation to unite with them and further their objects. It is
therefore probable that many others have received a similar invitation. That Christian pastors, and others
who love the truth, may be alive to this source of danger, is my object in addressing you. — I am, &c.,

«E. A. P."

* "Circular published by the Society."

f "For example, the President's Anniversary Address."

XVI. CONCLUDING REMARKS.

Nos. 32 and 31. From this scale it also appears tliat about one-fourth part of the
words in our own Saxon tongue bears an affinity with the Hebrew, either in a
primary or secondary degree. This, of course, can only be inferred with regard to
the pure Anglo-Saxon part of our language, for such words alone have been selected
for this Vocabulary. And not only in words does this close affinity exist between
our original mother tongue and the Hebrew, but in the arrangement of ideas and
the simple structure of sentences it has also a near agreement. And for this reason
it is comparatively easy to translate the Hebrew Scriptures into English. This
similarity between the two languages was noticed by Tyndal, the first translator of
the Hebrew Bible and Greek New Testament into English. He said, " The Greke
tongue agreeth more with the Englyshe than with the Latyne ; and the properties
of the Hebrue tongue agreeth a thousande tymes more with y® Englyshe than
with the Latyne."

Other collateral evidences of our alliance with Israel have been observed and
pointed out by different writers, and by none more carefully, amply, and minutely
than by Mr. John Wilson, the author of '' Our Israelitish Origin." The Gothic and
Saxon nations which crossed the Danube in vast numbers, and made irruptions into
the Eoman Empire in the fourth and fifth centuries, gradually settled within its
boundaries, and formed the ten Gothic and Saxon kingdoms, which still exist, and
were distinctly foretold by the Prophet Daniel, and also by St. John in the Eeve-
lation, under the symbol of the ten-horned wild beast. Mr. Wilson has traced up
historically these nations to the same locality to which the ten tribes were taken by
the King of Assyria, viz., on the borders of the Caspian and Black Sea. He then
adduces various points of resemblance or identity between the Saxon laws, govern-
ment, constitution, municipal and domestic institutions, customs, manners, spirit,
and character of the Anglo-Saxons and those of Ancient Israel. Israel was to be
"the Lord's measuring line," or the means through which the other nations of the
earth were to be evangelised, and finally united under the righteous and peaceful
government of "the Prince of Peace." The Anglo-Saxon race, including our
brethren in the United States of America, and the northern nations of Europe which
are Protestant, now occupy the place of Israel in fulfilling this purpose of the Divine
mercy. And upon England especially this high honour has been conferred, of
taking the lead to send ambassadors of peace to the remotest nations upon the earth.
The vast extent of England's dominion, and the number and variety of nations
subject to the sceptre of her Queen, are unexampled in ancient or modem times.
And for what purpose has all this power and dominion been given to our small
island, except for that of becoming a blessing to the nations, by making known His
truth and salvation to all. The obligations and duties of England must be corre-
spondent to her superior blessings and privileges enjoyed from the Sovereign Euler
of nations. But, like Israel of old, she has sadly failed in fulfilling the gracious
purposes of Jehovah. Ambition, and thirst of worldly gain, have been the ruling
motives of vast multitudes of our countrymen who have gone abroad. A few only

CONCLUDING REMARKS. Xvii.

are found faithful in the land to their gracious Lord and Saviour, who unite heart
and hand in sending the Gospel to the heathen.

Thus, philological and ethnological evidence concur in proving the close
connection of the English and Hebrew nation.

The English language has also a remarkable affinity with the Persian. In
the " Table of Affinities," the latter, it will be observed, ranks No. 28 in its relation
to the English, and 17 to the Hebrew. The Hindostani also, which is the Hindo-
Persian spoken in Upper India, comes pretty near it, being 26. Many words in
these two languages are almost the same as in English, and particularly those
relating to family kindred : as Fader, Moder or Mudar, Brudar. I have noticed
some English words and phrases, which are evidently from the Persian : for instance,
Reynard signifies fox in Persian ; and quach (an irregular medical practitioner) is
an appellative for doctor in Persian.

Many national customs, laws, manners, &c., of the Persians, seem to assimi-
late them with ourselves. This coincidence is a further corroborative evidence
of our Oriental origin.

IV. — The Celtic nations — viz., the Welsh, Irish, and Gaels, especially the
former — in their most ancient traditions and annals, preserved in the Triads^ point
to the East, or Summer Country (Taprobani), as the original seat of their ancestors.
But their languages stand much lower in the Scale of Affinity to the Hebrew than
the English and other Saxon and Teutonic languages.

The Cornish and Manx also take the same rank with them ; and the Welsh of
Armorica in Normandy probably sustains the same inferior relation to the Hebrew.
Our learned Cambrian brethren may differ from me on this subject, and, with
some of their predecessors, men of eminent learning and research, may still claim
for their ancient and refined language a closer affinity with the Hebrew than I have
assigned to it in the " Table of Affinities." I can only say that I have endeavoured
to maintain an equitable judgment in the matter."'

V. — As a general rule, then, we may observe that the languages here com-
pared bear a corresponding relation to the Hebrew and English, e.e., a language that
ranks high in its affinity to the Hebrew, also stands proportion ably liigh in relation
to the English ; there are, however, some exceptions to the rule.

VI. — My researches have not been sufficiently extensive to enable me to class
properly the Turkish and Hungarian. They are probably of Tartarian origin.
The Hungarians and Bohemians being near neighbours, under the Austrian rule,
and their' languages having both been furnished by Dr. Pinkerton, they were there-
fore included in the same class ; although they differ widely in their affinity with the
Hebrew and English. While the Hungarian stands low in both respects, the
Bohemian takes a third or fourth class rank with the Hebrew, and stands high in
affinity with the English.

* Extracts from correspondence bearing upon the Welsh language and its afl^ty to the Hebrew will
be found below.

XVIU. CONCLUDING REMAEKS.

VII. — As an evident and striking proof of the affinity of nations as well as of
languages, we may adduce the Chinese. In population and antiquity they rank
higher than any other known nation ; comprising one-third of the human family,
and having authentic history extending back 4,000 years, showing that they have
been settled in China from a very early period, probably soon after the general
division of tongues and dispersion at Babel. Although from their comparative
seclusion for many ages, they have preserved their distinct nationality — in language,
laws, customs, &c. — yet there are sufficient proofs of their having been members of
the family of Noah, from the affinity of language, ancient tradition of the deluge,
(nearly agreeing in time with that of the Mosaic record,) their patriarchal form
of government, priesthood, and sacrifices, &c.

Eleven words have been marked out in the Chinese part of this Vocabulary,
as having an affinity with the Hebrew and English : and in some instances the same
word is evidently related to both these languages. Thus —

I. CHINESE WORDS RELATED BOTH TO THE HEBREW AND ENGLISH.

Chinese.

Hebrew.

English.

yen (eye).

eyen.

eyes, een (North of England)

yuen (garden).

gan.

garden.

mu (mother),

eim (ema),

mother.

II. OTHERS RELATED TO THE HEBREW.

Chinese. Hebrew.

yue (the moon), -yeriah, id.

shan (a hill).

har, id.

III.—

-OTHERS RELATED TO THE ENGLISH.

Chinese.

English.

urh (ear).

ear.

uh (house).

house.

yiu (oil).

oil.

fu (father).

father.

pih (pencil).

pen.

hai (sea).

sea.

These words of the Chinese Vocabulary, it must be remembered, are entirely unde-
signed and unsought-for coincidences with the Hebrew and English : as the Chinese
teacher who wrote them out had no thought or intention of that sort.

In the simplicity of its colloquial tongue, and also in its construction, it
resembles the Hebrew and English. M. Eemusat, the eminent Parisian professor
of Chinese, remarked that in the arrangement of their words, or syntax of a sentence,
the Chinese observe a natural order of ideas. This is manifest to any one acquainted
with their most popular works, such as the San Kwoh., or History of the Three
Kingdoms. Their literary men indeed depart from this simple and natural style.

CONCLUDING REMARKS. XIX.

and abound with, inversions, which often render their books obscure and unintelli-
gible to ordinary readers : difficulty and obscurity being esteemed as special excel-
lencies by such learned pedants. The colloquial language of the people also agrees
with what Eemusat terms the natural order of ideas.

In dispersing abroad copies of my Prospectus, I have had occasion to corre-
spond with a rather wide circle of friends and clerical brethren, known and
unknown. And from not a few I have received cheering letters of encouragement,
expressing confident anticipations of good resulting from the publication of this and
two other small works in these last perilous times, when the truth of God's Word is
daringly and recklessly assailed. From the late venerable and beloved Dr. Marsh
I received, a few weeks before his death, a short characteristic note, written in a
bold distinct hand, from which I venture to make an extract —

" Dear Mr. Tomlin, — Though. I am overburdened at this time as to my purse, and my table with
books, yet I must have some memorial of you — so will you put down my name as a subscriber for one copy
of * Comparative Vocabulary.' I have heard of a war of words — what a warrior you have been — and what
a conqueror you are !

" May your labours be greatly blessed, till the happy period arrive when our Lord shall turn to the
people a pure language, and all shall serve Him with one consent."

I also here gladly avail myself of the opportunity of recording my grateful
acknowledgments of very substantial tokens afforded me by several kind friends
liberally subscribing for two, seven, and ten copies of each work. I venture to give
the name of one of these kind friends, much revered and honoured for his able,
sound, and learned works in support of the truth, viz., the Rev. Canon Benson.
His very kind and encouraging letter inclosed a cheque for £5, in prepayment for
ten copies of each work, but with the stipulation that he would only take three or
five copies at most from me.

From some to whom the Prospectus was sent, and usually accompanied by an
explanatory and friendly letter, I have received no reply. Several of these were old
friends, and from such I looked for some token of encouragement. Perhaps they
are waiting to see the works out before they venture to purchase. I cannot blame
their prudence, though I hoped for their confidence and early favour.

Two of my correspondents have thrown out useful hints and cautions, which
have induced me to reconsider the conclusions I had come to in Philology, and to
search afresh the foundations on which they rested. This reconsideration of impor-
tant points, and general revision of arguments, have confirmed me in the belief of
the stability of the ground on which I have rested. I regret that I am not at liberty
to mention the name of one of these correspondents, or to publish his letter, in
which he doubted the correctness of my main position, respecting Hebrew being the
mother of all languages, and thought it unwise "to stickle" for the honour of the
Hebrew in this respect. " Many," said he, " get upon their hobbies and ride them
to death." The following was my letter in reply : —

XX. CONCLUDING KEMAEKS.

" Eev. and dear Sir, — I am glad to hear you are much, interested in Comparative Philology. I
see you demur to my primary position, that the Hebrew must he considered as the parent stock of all
languages. I am well aware that Philologists, generally, give a preference either to the Arahic or Sanscrit,
hut without any satisfactory reason. The sure testimony of the Word of God is either ignored or slighted
on this, as well as on many other subjects. It certainly appears to me a very obvious inference from the
Inspired Eecord, that Hebrew was the only language spoken by men down to the period of the building
of Babel, and was substantially preserved by one branch of Noah's family, viz., Shem, after that event.

" The fact of God's having chosen this language, to record His will to man, from the beginning, is
strong evidence in its favour. Its plainness and purity also add to this evidence : for, divested of the
points, and with the vowels properly restored, which were removed by the writers of the Masora, it is an
incomparably plain and expressive language, and bears the Royal stamp of its Divine origiu.

" If this first position of mine be granted, then, I think, the obvious affinity subsisting amongst all
languages, as exhibited in my Comparative Vocabulary, will establish their common relationship to each
other, and to the Hebrew as their original source. It may be objected that my data are not sufficient to
warrant such a general conclusion : the number of languages in my Vocabulary, perhaps, not being more
than one-third of the known languages of the earth ; but yet, I think, they must be considered as beiug
representatives of the whole family. And having proceeded, in my inquiry, into their relationship, by the
safe and cautious method of induction, I think my conclusion is fully warranted, and established upon the
most probable grounds. I do not say that it is mathematically demonstrated, although I have entered into
numerical calculations. The result, however, is, I think, a near approximation to truth on the subject.

" A considerable affinity has been traced, by German Philologists, between the Teutonic languages
and the Sanscrit. But a still closer affinity subsists between the former and the Hebrew, as will be
evident by an inspection of the Vocabulary. Por instance : the English has double the number of words
affiliated with the Hebrew, compared with what it has with the Sanscrit.

" The Sanscrit is much more remotely connected with the Hebrew and Arabic, than the Gothic and
Saxon languages are with the same. " Yours, &c., J. T."

I shall now make some extracts from a correspondence witli the Eev. Samuel
Fenton, bearing upon tlie Welsh language. His intimate knowledge of the language
and connexion with Wales give special value to his critical remarks. His zeal for
the antiquity and honour of the language of the Cymrj will, I doubt not, be as
readily excused by my readers as by myself.

In his first letter he says : — " I am glad to hear that you know something of
Welsh ; because it is evident from the circumstance of its idioms being so akin to
those of the Hebrew, that it is a very ancient language. The languages, which
have the shortest words, may be considered primitive languages; and this is a
peculiarity of the Welsh, in which even letters are significant, of which the following
is an example : Eve a a = Eve ^e, a will^ a go. Termen, a boundary, is not a
Latin, but a purely Armorican Welsh word; while Terminus is a Latin word
derived from it. In the Welsh language there are no such expressions as to go
wp, come down^ and go out; but the expressions are, go to the mountain^ go to the
ground^ go to the open field. The names of the four seasons are primitive. Gwanwyn^
the Spring, is literally Tender lambs. Haf, Summer, literally Fulness ; Hydrev, the
Autumn, literally to home ; for then the fruits of the earth are led home. Ganaf (/
is sounded like v) the shutting of Summer = AVinter." Having intimated to Mr. F.
that I found after a close scrutiny of my Vocabulary that the Welsh occupied an

CONCLUDING REMARKS. XXI.

inferior position in relation to the Hebrew compared with the English, which
circumstance I feared would not be acceptable to the learned Cymry ; my zealous
correspondent replied : — " I think that the Welsh Literati will indeed be dissatisfied
with the position you have assigned the British language. I was told by the late
learned Dr. Alexander Nicholl, Oxford Professor of Hebrew, who knew most of
the Oriental languages, that he considered the Welsh language the nearest to the
Hebrew, the idioms of which it expresses most exactly. He told me that the
circumstance of its having the possessive and primitive pronoun, from which the
possessive is derived, each side the noun substantive, was a sign of the Welsli
being one of the most ancient languages of the world. In illustration, ' My Son '
would be thus in Welsh, vy mab i, literally My Son /.

'' I cannot conceive how you contrive to place the language of the Cymru
' below that of our own language in relation to the Hebrew,' the idioms of which
Dr. Davies, once rector of Mallwyd, a very learned Hebrew scholar, says, the
Welsh language '' Exprimit ad vivumJ I trust that you will reconsider this
subject."

My readers will now expect something in my own defence. The following
was my principal reply : —

" My dear Sir, — I note what you say further in your last letter of August 31st, regarding the simi-
larity of the "Welsh to the Hebrew in its structure and idioms, and the eminent authorities you adduce on
the subject. But it was not my design to enter into the peculiar idioms or grammatical structure of the
Welsh, or indeed of any other language.

" My plan was simply this — 1st, to make out a list of about 150 English words, (pure Anglo-Saxon,)
plain, simple, and important, relating to various branches of human knowledge, and such as were likely to
have corresponding words in almost all other languages. 2ndly, I got friends in various parts of the world
to furnish me with the languages they were familiar with, aided by native teachers ; and requested them to
give me the simplest and plainest words in the several languages.

" The Welsh I got myself from a competent native scholar, exactly in the same manner, without
reference to any ultimate design of comparison.

" 3rdly, I then carefully compared all the words in the various languages with the Hebrew, marking
the degree of affinity wliich any word had to it by ISo. 1 or 2, the former figure indicating a near affinity,
the latter a more remote one to the Hebrew. I then took the sum total of affinities of each language to the
Hebrew, which determined its relative position to the Hebrew as the parent stock. In the same manner I
ascertained the relation which aU the other languages (except the Hebrew) bore to the English. In this
comparison I was guided principally by the weU ascertained mutations and interchanges of consonants,
well known to philologists as being common to almost all languages.

" I endeavoured to be strictly impartial. Yet my work is doubtless very imperfect, although I have
often revised it.

" I may just remark that the proof adduced by Dr. Mcoll, of the affinity of the Welsh to the Hebrew,
does not strike me as being conclusive, viz. : in having the possessive pronoun prefixed and the primitive
pronoun affixed to the noun substantive. For, "My Son" is in Hebrew, ^em, and not as in Welsh,
vy mab i, so in like manner my Father, my Mother, ''i^i. ''OhJ.

I now insert Mr, Fenton's last letter up to this time, dated September 29th,
1864, as it contains several interesting critical notices on the Welsh language,

XXll. CONCLUDING REMARKS.

which will, I think, gratify and interest most of my readers as much as they have

gratified myself.

" Sandown Pakk, Wavertree, 22th Sept., 1864.

"My dear Sir, — In reply to your letter of the 27th, you are at perfect liberty to insert in your
philological work my notions on the Welsh, if you think them worth notice. As I know scarcely anything
of Hehrew, I am not competent to say anything ahout it, except that it contains very short words ; and
I, therefore, consider the language comprising the shortest words, and whose single letters are significant as
verbs and auxiliaries to verbs, and whose first uncompounded tense is the Future, to rank very near, if not
the nearest one to the Hebrew, which I believe is the mother language of the world.

" In addition to what I have herein and in a former letter said to you, with reference to the Welsh
language, I will mention some particulars which may interest and perhaps surprise you.

" 1. The Welsh is the easiest of all languages to be read with perfect accent when once the student is
master of the alphabet ; as there is only one general rule and only one exception as to where the accent is
to be laid. The rule is that the accent is to be laid on the antepenultima, except in the case of words ending
in hau, which syllable is to be pronounced as if it were spelt hai, the ai sounded like ai in Kai. As in the
words, ByruAV to shorten, Bi/wkax! to vivify, Arwyddockau to signify ; the double d in which is to be
sounded like th soft, as in the English words inat, Tsere, ims, inence, inem.

" 2. There were, tiU lately destroyed by fire, copies upwards of a thousand yealrs old, of MSS. which
were very old ; yet, so Httle has the Welsh suffered from time and change, that the language of these MSS.
is as intelligible as the language of the Welsh people at present, and the Orthography is that of the
present day.

" 3. There is no such thing as a patois of the Welsh language. The meanest and most illiterate
peasant never violates the rules of grammar, but expresses himself in a correct and classical manner ; and
if an Englishman has learnt the Welsh so as to speak it with tolerable fluency, and should, in conversing
with a Welsh peasant, make a mistake in his grammar, however nice and delicate the point may be, a
smile will be noticed on the peasant's countenance.

" 4. I believe the exceptions to the rules of the Welsh grammar will be found fewer than those in
any other language, lliere are certain consonants which undergo mutations, and in regard to these there
is no exception. Eor instance : the consonant M is mutable. Ty mam is my mother. The initial m in
this word is changed into V, after the possessive pronoun of the second person in the singular number ; as,
dy Yam thy mother, and such mutation in every substantive in the language takes place, which commences
with the letter M; and such is the case with all the other mutable consonants. T changes into D after
the second person possessive pronoun Tad a father, Dy Dad thy father ; and such is the mutation, without
exception, every word in the language undergoes, commencing with T after that possessive pronoun.

"SAMUEL FENTON.'^

"EeV. J. TOMLIN."

LIST OF SUBSCEIBEES.

Allen, E. C, Esq., Hawes.

Aldam, W., Esq., Frickley Hall, Doncaster.

Armstrong, Eev. Dr., Eector of Burslem.

Bathurst, Eev. W. H., Lydney Park.

Brinton, G. S., Esq., Mayor of Southampton.

Badenoch, Eev. G. E., Edinburgh.

Benson, Eev. Canon, Eoss (5 copies).

Blackwood, Eev. Dr. Stevenson, Middleton Tyas
(2 copies).

Clarke, Eev. T., Eector of Ormside.

Chapman, Dr., London.

Copeland, Mrs., Sydenham Hill.

Copeland, Mrs. H., Prince's Park, Liverpool.

Copeland, Miss H., Prince's Park, Liverpool.

Copeland, W., Esq., Cadnant, Bangor.

Collie, Miss, Blackheath, London.

Carter, Mrs. G., Liverpool.

Cams, Eev. Canon, Winchester.

Cowan, C, Esq., M.D., Eeading.

Cropper, J., Esq., Liverpool.

Croft, Eev. T., M.A., Incumbent of Holme.

Campbell, Eev. A., Eector, Liverpool.

Cooper, Eev. Canon, Kendal.

Clarke, Eev. B. S., Southport.

Edwards, G. T., Esq., "Windermere.

Elmy, B. H., Esq., Dallam Tower.

Evans, Ven. Archdeacon, Heversham.

Fenton, Eev. S., St. Mary's, Wavertree.

Georgii, Professor, London.

Garstang, J., Esq., Clitheroe.

Herschel, Sir J. F., Collingwood, Hawkhurst,
Kent.

Hildyard, Eev. J., Ingoldsby, Grantham.

Hodgson, Mrs., Houghton House, Carlisle.

Haigh, Mrs., Streatham, Surrey.

Harke, Eev. F. M., M.A., Edge Hill, Liverpool.

Inglis, Mrs. Col., Dublin.

Jenour, Eev. A., Blackpool

Jefferson, Eev. L., Yicar of Brough.

Kay, Samuel, Esq., Haverbrack (7 copies).

Lawrence, J., Esq., Liverpool.

La Trobe, Eev. Canon, Kendal.

Martin, John, Esq., Liverpool.

M'Conkey, Eev. A., Liverpool.

Marsh, Eev. Dr., Beddington.

Margoliouth, Eev. Dr.

Matthews, Eev. W., Incumbent of Hawes.

M'Keile, Eev. Canon, Liverpool.

Marshman, J. C, Esq., London.

Martindale, H., Esq., Underbarrow.

Mercer, Eev. W., Sheffield (2 copies).

Mayer, Jos., Esq., Bebington, Cheshire.

Il^ihill, Eev. D., Fitz-Eectory.

Nottingham, J., Esq., Liverpool.

Pollard, J. M., Esq., Ipswich.

Piatt, Eev. G., Sedbergh.

Pink, Eev. E., Hardrow, Hawes.

Eouth, Eev. J. 0., Windermere (2 copies).

Eouth, 0. F., Esq., Hawes.

Eobinson, Mr. James, Kendal.

Eogers, W., Esq., Southampton (2 copies).

Eenouard, Eev. G. C, Swanscombe.

Eadley, J., Esq., Denmark Hill, London (2 copies).

Eawsthome, H., Esq., Haslingden.

Eoberts, Eev. E. E., Eichmond, Yorkshire.

Eobinson, D., Esq., Clitheroe Castle.

Summers, Eev. W., Kendal.

Scott, Miss, Brent House, Penrith.

Sykes, A., Esq., Colthurst, Clitheroe.

Sedgwick, Eev. Professor, Cambridge.

Sale, Eev. Canon, Sheffield.

Titley, Eev. E., Liverpool.

Taylor, Miss J., LytL

Tidman, Eev. Dr., London.

Wharncliffe, Lord, Wortley Hall.

Whaley, 0. E., Esq., Hawes.

Webster, G., Esq., Liverpool (2 copies).

Winn, G., Esq., Askrigg.

Wolstenholme, Miss, Booths Town, Manchester.

Wilson, G. E., Esq., Dallam Tower (2 copies).

WiUiams, Monier, Esq., Sanscrit Professor, Oxford.

Wilson, Eev. Dr., Southampton.

Whewell, Eev. Dr., Trinity Lodge, Cambridge.

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