EXCHANGE PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES OF THE -ATA TYPE IN THE ROMANCE LANGUAGES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FRENCH BY LUTHER HERBERT ALEXANDER Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Faculty of Philosophy, Columbia University NEW YORK 1912 Columbia Zftnu>ersit STUDIES IN ROMANCE PHILOLOGY AND LITERATURE PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES OF -ATA TYPE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS SALES AGENTS NEW YORK : LEMCKE & BUECHNER 30-32 WEST 27 STREET LONDON : HENRY FROWDE AMEN CORNER, E.G. TORONTO : HENRY FROWDE 25 RICHMOND STREET, W. PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES OF THE -ATA TYPE IN THE ROMANCE LANGUAGES 7?r WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FRENCH BY LUTHER HERBERT ALEXANDER Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Faculty of Philosophy, Columbia University NEW YORK IQI2 Copyright, 1912 BY THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS Printed from type February, 1913 PRESS OP THE NEW ERA PRINTINS COMPART LANCASTER. PA. To MY WIFE NOTE The following dissertation was examined by the Depart- ment of Romance Languages and Literatures of Columbia University, and was accounted a valuable contribution toi Romance philology, deserving to be accepted in partial ful- filment of the requirement for the degree of doctor of philosophy. HENRY ALFRED TODD. February, 1912. PREFACE This dissertation forms the first of a series of studies which the author hopes to make of the -ata and -atu substantives in Romance; its special purpose has been to probe the origin of the -ata group and the development of these words over the French field. The other Romance languages and the Popular Latin itself remain for closer investigation in the future. The only similar work, of which I have cognizance, is that of Karl Rannow, published in Kiel in 1903 : " Die im Franzo- sischen substantivierten Participia Perfekti Passivi lateinischer starker Verba;" it evidently had the supervision of Gustav Koerting and is a solid contribution to Romance philology. Rannow accepts without question the theory of derivation from perfect participles and concerns himself with determining and recording the limited list of the substantives from strong verbs as well as tracing the main facts of their morphological history from the Latin through modern French. For the suggestion of this subject I am indebted to Professor Henry Alfred Todd, whose invaluable aid and wise counsel I have been so freely given from the outset. What I owe of inspiration to him since my initiation into Romance Philology I can only hope to repay as he would doubtless have it by willing service in this field of scholarship. To Professor Ray- mond Weeks, who to his numerous duties added the task of reading the proof-sheets of this work, my sincere thanks are due. IX TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PAGE 1. The subject proposed I 2. Extent of the subject 2 3. Scantiness of Latin data 3 4. Substantive use of adjectives and participles 3 5. Preliminary remarks 6 PART I FORMATION AND CLASSIFICATION CHAPTER I HISTORICAL SURVEY 6. Diez , 9 7. Meyer-Liibke 10 8. Collin 13 CHAPTER II ORIGIN 9. Discussion of theories 20 10. Conclusions 24 CHAPTER III CLASSIFICATION A. According to Form 11. I. Native ending: -ee 28 1 . Confusion with -eie < -eta 28 2. Reduction of -iata to -iee, -ie 29 (a) Confusion with -ie < -ita 30 (b) Confusion with -ee < -itatem 31 (c) Confusion with -ie < -ia 31 (d) Collectives in -ie < -iata, < -itatem, < -ia 32 3. Discrimination from -ee < -ea 32 4. Other sources of -ee substantives 33 II. Borrowed ending : -ade 33 xi Xll CONTENTS B. According to Meaning 12. Principles involved 34 13. Classification 36 PART II THE SUBSTANTIVES CHAPTER I Substantives in -ee 39 CHAPTER II Substantives in -ade 143 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . 162 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN THE ROMANCE LANGUAGES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FRENCH * INTRODUCTION i. Romance Philology establishes the fact that e.g>, the French substantive armee (Ital. armata, Sp. armada), O. Fr. armee, action de s'armer, has come from the Latin armata, and is able to trace the stages of the morphological change, which may be represented by the series armata, armede, armee, armee. But what is this Latin armata? Is it the perfect participle passive of the transitive verb armare as is usually thought? Does the French owe also to the same source such words as epaulee, O. Fr. espaulee, coup d'epaule, charge de bois qu'on porte sur Fepaule; O. Fr. estree, chemin, route, voyage, etc.; O. Fr. mesniee, menage, etc., etc. ? If so, by what ways, direct or devious, have their various verbal abstract and concrete meanings been evolved? And what is to be said of such words as entree (Ital. intrata, Sp. entrada), arrivee, allee, etc., where the past participle would belong to an intransitive verb? Further, are the etyma of such nouns as bouchee (Ital. boccata, Sp. bocada), journee (Ital. giornata, Sp. Jornada), O. Fr. avespree, vespree, gaulee (O. Fr. gaulee), O. Fr. soldee, O. Fr. testee, etc., verb or noun forms and what relation do the various examples of the formation bear to one another in origin? What has been the semantic development? Queries of this order do not admit of such ready and definite answers as those of a morphological nature, and yet it is evident that the history of such substantives is not fully pre- sented, until satisfactory answers to these inquiries have been given. 2 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 2. A lexical examination of the Modern French vocabulary yields a list of over 300 substantives of the -ee type, and this large number indicates fairly well the status of this class of nouns in the literary tongue of to-day. New examples are reluctantly admitted by the lexicographers. Darmesteter 1 cites champlevee, grondee, rayee, donnee, flambee, retombee as be- longing to the langue commune, but only the last three are found in the Dictionary of Hatzfield, Darmesteter and Thomas. One looks there in vain, also, for such words as bolee, corbeillee, cordee, pressee, although these are freely used, especially in certain localities. But how many others of this active formation might be added if those were gathered which live in the mouths of the people or are formed spontaneously in imaginative moments ! They may be unnoted or ignored by the lexicographer, but they are significant for the students of the life of language. Some examples may be found in Darmesteter : brossee, degelee, floppee, peignee, raclee, rincee, rossee, roulee, saucee, tapee, trempee, tripotee. In the earlier period of French, as is true of languages in general, the vigor of youth created very freely indeed, unmind- ful of the existence of numerous synonyms, which usage at the outset seems to have differentiated but vaguely. Not only pens, pense, pense, pensee, pensier, pensiere, pensacion, pense- ment, but also porpens, porpense, songee, cuidie, etc., lived on side by side for a certain part of this exuberant but undiscrimi- nating period. Under such circumstances we are scarcely sur- prised to find some 990 nouns of the -ee type in the Old French, independent of those which have survived to modern times. And here again it is safe to infer that some have not been yet recorded, not to speak of those whose fate it was never to have been given literary currency. Further, the Southern European forms remind us of the kindred substantives in French with the ending -ade, of which there are c. 340 in the language, 290 of them being in use at the present time. These found their way into French mainly 1 Darm., Great. Nouv., pp. 58, 59. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 3 through the Provengal and the Spanish, but the Italian had also its part in the invasion. Few were introduced before the sixteenth century. Finally, there are some learned words that may have been modelled on the -ata ending, namely, those masculines in -ate, such as carbonate, sulfate, etc., used in the nomenclature of chemistry. These have an added interest because, as Darme- steter 2 points out, they have a tendency to be changed by the people into feminines in -ade. 3. These -ata substantives, then, were numerous not only in French but also in other Romance languages, and we naturally turn to the Latin for an explanation of this wide-spread forma- tion. But the data are scanty indeed and these so perplexing that quite diverse theories of the origin of the Romance sub- stantives have been plausibly advanced. For the verbal ab- stracts or nomina actionis, the Classical Latin had the favorite endings -tio, -sio and -tus and the popular speech long showed a similar propensity. Only in Late Latin do we find a few participial forms such as expensa, collecta, remissa, which take on the verbal abstract idea ; here, -ata does not seem to be rep- resented. A few examples of words in -ata, mostly with con- crete signification, are found, especially in those literary works which reflect the popular speech; inscriptional forms extend the number slightly; mediaeval Latinity, aided by the few relevant Glosses that have come down to us, indicates more clearly the rising tide. It is not until the leading Romance tongues have clearly got the upper hand of their jealous mother (if it may be permitted to speak even figuratively of a "mother" tongue) and have heralded greater victories still in literatures of rich promise, that we perceive the extent of the centuries' silent work. 4. As the name particeps was meant by the early grammarians to signify, participles partake of the nature of both verbs and adjectives. Some participles in Latin continue to be used only 3 Darm., Great. Nouv., p. 204. 4 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE as participles, verbal in function and adjectival in form, whilst others under favoring conditions 3 become pure adjec- tives. With special reference now to past participles in Latin and French, the question arises : " Do words of both these classes pass over at times into use as substantives, and, if so, in what ways?" A few preliminary considerations concern us here. In treating, first, those participles which have become real adjectives, the principle is doubtless sound which would con- nect them as a class with transitive verbs. And such parti- cipial adjectives will then become substantives under the condi- tions which prevail with regard to all adjectives. Any word may be used substantively. Its first use in such a function is exceptional. Then this use may be repeated until the usage is fixed; but the word must assume the distinctive features of a substantive 4 before it is one in reality. In French even now, new substantives are occasionally formed from adjectives, like the word "bonbon," but the general cause at all times for the use of adjectives as nouns has been the tendency to brevity. An adjective used substantively always refers originally to a substantive expressed or under- stood. All adjectives do not become substantives with equal readi- ness. u Le substantif individualise, Tadjectif generalise." 5 Therefore, a substantive of general meaning is more easily replaced by an adjective or an adjective of restricted meaning more easily becomes a substantive. This is as true of those adjectives that refer to living beings as it is of those that refer to ideas or things. The adjective is fixed in its use as a sub- stantive by the operation of the principles of repetition, anal- ogy and restriction of sense. These facts help now to make it clearer why in Latin, ad- jectives and participles, as the grammarians point out, 6 are 3 See Traite, p. 40, 44. * See definition in Hammarberg, p. 16. 5 Hammarberg, p. 25. *Draeger, p. 46 sq. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 5 more commonly used as nouns in the plural than in the singu- lar. The plural expresses that generalization of sense favor- able to the use of adjectives for substantives. As concerns participles, in particular, there are for the mas- culine and feminine singular such examples as candidatus, praefectus, togatus, togata, sponsus, sponsa, amatus, amata, natus, nata and a few others. Examples for these genders in the plural are more common, such as docti, conscripti, natae, damnati, missi, armati, electi, occisi, pacati, etc. Feminine participial adjectives referring to things are men- tioned in the lists of grammarians in connection with the ellip- sis of a substantive, as for example: fabula with togata, pal- liata, praetexta, trabeata ; frena with lupata ; litterae with lau- reatae; res with privata; vestis with palmata, etc. Significant also for the purposes of this study is the fact, so often attested, that adjectives of the neuter plural are freely used as substantives. Among other examples are those where relations of place are concerned, in which case loca is under- stood, e. g., abrupta, desolata, etc. 7 The neuter singular is less used than the plural, but, in that specially interesting class of participles of the verba sentiendi et declarandi, such as cogitatum, auditum, etc., 8 we have the general, abstract signification which, as we have seen, is a pre-requisite for the transformation of an adjective into a substantive. But with this class of abstract neuter singulars we are already dealing with those participles that are usually spoken of as having become substantives directly, i. e., without the intervention or the ellipsis of a substantive. Once such a process is accepted, the past participles of intransitive verbs naturally range themselves alongside, and then, for the seman- tic explanation, there follow those abstract involutions which some have felt too intangible to be readily credited. The intricate reasoning is not necessarily more scientific than the uninvolved; and it is only too natural for a later and more 7 Draeger, p. 50. 8 List of 27 in Draeger, p. 53. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE artificial age to insist on grammatical or logical distinctions which have become an integral part of its own thinking. The Old French, continuing probably the use of the popular Latin, did not hesitate to use any intransitive verb reflexively, result- ing in such grammatical anomalies to-day as s'en aller and s'enfuir. At the outset, then, of this study, the question may be raised whether all past participles, on becoming substan- tives, were not more or less clearly felt to proceed through the stage of the adjective. In the fundamental question of the origin of the -ata sub- stantives, all past participial forms are concerned or have to be considered. Nay more; as regards the nomina actionis, it will be necessary even to weigh the claims of the nouns in -tus of the Latin Fourth Declension, for the verbal abstracts among our substantives are at least partial inheritors of the functions of such Latin nouns. There results a very compli- cated situation, certain aspects of which are certainly not the more easily soluble by the fact of the paucity of early examples. 5. The three chapters of Part I present a rapid survey of the views of Diez, Meyer-Liibke and Collin as to the origin of the formation; the discussion of their opinions with a sur- vey of the present situation of the problem ; and the classifica- tion of the substantives from the standpoints of form and meaning. In Part II the substantives in -ee and -ade are treated apart, each class being arranged alphabetically. The lists have been made as complete as possible in order to show the extent of the formation at three stages of the language : before the sixteenth century as reflected in the Dictionary of Godefroy; at the beginning of the seventeenth, where the guide is Cotgrave; and since that time, as seen in the Dictionary of Hatzfeld, Darmesteter and Thomas. Reference is made occasionally to other sources, prominent among which is naturally Littre. It is unnecessary to characterize the dictionaries of Gode- froy and of Hatzfeld, Darmesteter and Thomas, but a few remarks are called for concerning that of Handle Cotgrave -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 7 (London, 1611). The high purpose of the author, his con- scientiousness, his industry over a period of many years, are attested not only in his dedication "To the Right Honorable, and my very good Lord and Maister, Sir William Cecil" who had freed him from service that his days might be expended on "this verball creature," but also in the address " Au favor- able Lecteur Frangois" in which a French admirer recom- mends Cotgrave's work to the consideration of his fellow- countrymen. Cotgrave, " apres avoir peniblement veille & travaille par plusieurs ans sur cet oeuvre" publishes it now with reluctance ; he would prefer to be still searching the mean- ing of those words which probably "ne seront jamais plus ouyz en ce monde (quoy que luz) & dont, je croy, il n'y a personne qui ait ouy parler depuis cent ans, que luy; tant sa curiosite a etc grande & exacte a lire toute sorte de livres, vieuz & nouveauz, & de tous noz dialectes. ... II pouvoit bien citer le nom, le livre, la page, & le passage; mais ce n'eut plus icy ete un Dictionaire, ains un Labirinte. ..." Such a work, then, as that of our later authority in the closing years of the nineteenth century was a possible actuality in the opening years of the seventeenth; it would be very acceptable now in spite of the serious faults which would have characterized it. For Cotgrave's choice and arrangement of meanings is capricious; 9 his treatment often partial and con- fined evidently to those applications which appealed to him; 10 worst of all, he confuses words of different origin in one article. 11 He apparently wrote for the practical man: variant forms of the same word are given without cross-references; 12 local color abounds; 13 the salacious tone of the age is discernible even in the work of this "gentilhomme anglais." Standing as he does at the parting of the ways, his work is important and has not received due attention. 9 See articles on bee, chaussee, vegade. 10 Brouee, couree, cotee, bourrade, bourree, etc. 11 Sallade, etc. 12 Mesnie, magnie, etc. 18 Souffee, sourbee. 8 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE Certain collateral topics, such as the relation of the French -ata substantives in their origin to infinitives (e. g., dine, dmee, diner) , the discussion of synonymous -atu and -ata substantives (e. g. t pense, pensee), might very well have found a place in this work; the material collected will be published elsewhere. It is obvious that the field is a very extensive one ; the diffi- culties have been serious. MSS. and even certain texts have been inaccessible to the author; many substantives are extant in isolated examples, and these passages too are often of doubt- ful interpretation. The general aim has been to confine the remarks under the individual substantives as far as possible to new aspects of their history. Finality is out of the question. PART I FORMATION AND CLASSIFICATION CHAPTER I ACCOUNTS OF*DIEZ, MEYER-LUBKE AND COLLIN 6. Diez first conveys to us his ideas on the origin of the -ata substantives when he is treating of -atus. 1 This suffix forms substantives denoting offices or dignities, e. g., comitatus, ducatus, episcopatus; Fren. comte, duche, eveche all three noteworthy in Old French as being feminine with masculine ending. 2 Along with -itus and -utus, the ending -atus forms adjectives of participial form denoting possession. These adjectives come from substantives, e. g., apiatus, barbatus, cordatus. French examples are: endiable, forcene, orange, perle, insense. Diez then proceeds to say that there are feminine substan- tives of this participial adjective formation in great numbers, with this peculiarity, however, that they imitate only the parti- cipial form of the first conjugation. They denote particularly ( i ) a number or fulness, but rise at times scarcely above the meaning of the radical. Examples in French are, brouee, denree, fielee, guilee, nuee, risee. They denote also (2) what is comprised by the object denoted by the radical, e.g., French borsee, bouchee, brassee, charretee, chaudronnee, poignee. Here also belong those that denote a period of time, as Fr. annee, matinee, soiree. (3) What is effected by the agent indicated by the radical, e.g. Fr. araignee. Therefore, in particular, the effect produced by an implement, as O. Fr. arbalestee, Mod. Fr. dentee. (4) Inversely, they can also 3 P. 663 sq. See footnote 7 on page 32 of this book. 9 10 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE express an effect produced on the object indicated by the radi- cal, thus: O. Fr. jouee, colee. Under -tus and -sus, as endings of substantives originating in perfect participles passive, Diez mentions, first, those mas- culines in Romance corresponding to Latin neuters, as fossa- turn, judicatum. More numerous, however, are the feminines and in them, he says, we must recognize a valuable acquisition of the later languages; the Latin possesses only a few traces of them, as perhaps strata (sc. via) or fossa, which are not sufficient to lead the way as examples inviting imitation. The verbalia of this kind express, when they come from transitives, in some cases a passive, and in others an active sense, going over in the latter case especially from their abstract meaning into a concrete one. Some examples are: Sp. albergada (Be- herbergung, Herberge), It. armata, Fr. armee (Heer-bewaff- netes Volk), It. cinta (Giirtel-Gurtendes), It. gelata, Fr. gelee (Frost-Gefrorenes). Intransitives needed to take no other liberty but to step out of the past into the present, thus : It. andata (das Gehen), Fr. issue (das Herausgehen), venue (das Kommen). Among those which have taken on a con- crete meaning are mentioned entree and allee. 7. Meyer-Liibke's 3 treatment begins with the " Abstrakta " (Nomina Actionis). The use of -tus and -sus, the favorite suffix in Latin for the formation of these " Verbalabstrakta," is in Romance much restricted, because it blended with the participles which were more used in the Romance tongues. Only the Rumanian and the Spanish present corresponding formations in considerable numbers; in Italian such forms are rare; and in French, concerning the abstracts in -e and -i, it cannot be determined whether the original forms were sub- stantives or infinitives used as substantives. After adducing examples of these masculine words, especially from the Span- ish, he goes on to say that even if the transfer of meaning from the original abstract function of the suffix can be ex- plained, the question still remains whether (with regard to the 8 Meyer-Liibke, Vol. II, p. 523 sq. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 1 1 Spanish, in particular) the almost synonymous -ada has not had some influence. Especially difficult is it, nay, partially Impossible to mark the boundary line between these originally abstract formations and the various kinds of original parti- cipial nouns; the Latin has indeed many such a double forma- tion as inventus (das Erfinden) inventum (das Erfundene), auditus (das Gehor, Geriicht), auditum (das Geriicht), actus (die Handlung), actum (das Geschehene), cogitatus (der Gedanke), cogitatum (das Gedachte) and others. -Ta has for the most part taken the place of the former -tus. Already in the Church writers are found collecta (Samm- lung), defensa (Vertheidigung), expensa (Ausgabe), remissa (Verzeihung) and others, words whose origin in the past participle cannot be doubted, but with regard to which we may still ask whether they are to be explained as neuter plurals or feminine singulars. If they constitute the point of departure for further formations, the latter should probably be pre- ferred, since pecunia can easily be supplied for collecta and expensa, causa in the legal language for defensa, poena or multa for remissa. A double shift has occurred in the mean- ing. First of all, the idea of the past, which lies in expensa (das Ausgegebene) has been replaced by that of the present: " that which is given out or which is being given out." If one can see in this a generalization by which, in place of the single past occurrence, there enters the recurring present, we have in the second shift a still farther remove from a definite and consequently limited conception : that is, the idea of the passive recedes before that of the doing in general; expensa (das Ausgeben) is thus used with reference to the subject that gives out, not the object that is given out. He then cites examples showing that these formations are now in special favor in Romance; the Rumanian alone knows little of them. There can be formed from almost any verb an " Abstraktum " which agrees in form with the feminine of the participle: Ital. andata, entrata, sortita, venuta, veduta, pro- messa, offerta, etc.; Fr. allee, entree, sortie, venue, promesse, offerte, etc.; Span, andada, entrada, sortida, venida, etc. 12 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE -Ata, the type of the -a verbs, now becomes of special im- portance through the fact that it is separated from the verb and is attached to substantives to indicate what is comprised or concerned: 4 Ital. annata, the space of time comprised in a year, boccata, that which is contained in the mouth, bite, coltel- lata, that which is subject to the knife, cut by the knife, and so also giornata, serata, bracciata, fornata, falciata, stoccata, frecciata, etc. ; Fren. annee, journee, nuee, risee, bouchee, bras- see, charretee, soiree, dentee; Span, afiada, bacinada, bocada, ivernada, cepillada, aceitunada, candelada, azotada, brochada, alada, campanada, arcada, aquada, etc. The French knows, besides, the kindred form -ade, which originates partially in Northern Italy and Southern France, partially in Spain. But it is in his treatment of the Verbal Abstracts in the Italian 5 that we see more definitely what Meyer-Liibke's views are as to the origin and character of this formation. Its be- ginnings reach back into the popular Latin and are to be sought in the feminine singular or neuter plural of the parti- ciple, perhaps more frequently in the former with the ellipsis of res or causa. The meaning is accordingly purely passive : veduta (das Gesehene) . With intransitive verbs, in which the idea of the passive is lacking, the perfect participle and there- fore the substantive in -ta denotes the completed action : venuta (gekommen, im Sinne von "gekommen sein"). Through a transference of time, not unknown in participles, " veduta n can also mean, "das was gesehen wird" where the time idea gives way before the idea of " the thing seen." As the result of a further transference of the conception, the real passive, objective sense is lost sight of and is replaced by the subjective, active one : veduta does not mean " das Aussicht " (the view) r i. e. y " that which is seen " but " das Gesicht," " the sight," i. e., first of all, the manner in which one sees and finally the activity of the seeing. This last step is accomplished in the intransitive verbs much more quickly; it consists solely in transferring to the present an action originally thought of as past or com- 4 Cf. Grober: Grundrisz: Vol. I., Zweite Auflage, p. 486. 8 Ital. Gramra., p. 285 sq. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 13 pleted: venuta, "die Ankunft," "the arriving," "the arrival." Meyer-Liibke concludes that as this suffix did not form verbal abstracts directly but only after a rather long evolution of meaning, that is probably the reason for its functions being so varied. Especially does it serve to form substantival abstracts in varied senses. He illustrates with " ferrata." From " ferro " was formed a verb "ferrare" (=mit Eisen beschlagen) and from this is obtained "ferrata" (der Eisenbeschlag) . The passive idea is still dominant and it persists also when " fer- rata " is referred to " ferro " instead of to " ferrare " : in this latter connection, " ferrata " means " das vom Eisen um- fasste." Through this fundamental idea the somewhat diver- gent meanings of substantival abstracts in -ata are united. The number of examples in Italian is very large. 8. The foregoing account of the origin of the -ata substan- tives was the occasion of Collin's article on the Nomina Actionis in Romance. 6 Though Meyer-Liibke's explanation of the origin of the Romance substantives in -ta, -sa, -ata seems to be generally accepted it is not satisfactory to Collin ( i ) because it does not take sufficient account of the Latin Nomina Actionis in -tus and -sus in the explanation of the signification of the Romance words, and (2) because it leaves open somewhat the choice between the neuter plural and the feminine singular, giving a vague preference to the latter. Mussafia, in tracing the Rumanian forms in -at, -it, -ut to past participles evidently yields to the desire of giving the masculines and feminines, so similar in meaning and in func- tion, a common Latin basis; in this, however, he is inconsis- tent. Meyer-Liibke is still more so when he attributes the masculines to the Latin Fourth Declension but adduces a parti- cipial origin for the feminines. Collin will admit only some participial influence, to be explained in the sequel. 6 Zur Geschichte der Nomina Actionis im Roraanischen, Archiv fur Lateinische Lexicographic, April, 1904: Carl Collin, Lund (Schweden). 14 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE Meyer-Liibke's story of the evolution of the meaning from original participles appears far-fetched and too complicated to be probable ; also it is more common for abstracts to become concrete than the reverse. Besides, it is not such an easy thing to explain the intransitives. Now, the Latin nouns in -tus and -sus completely satisfy the sense, but raise considerations of form. The change of gender the author will attempt to explain. As a preliminary, he challenges the assumption of the ellip- sis of a feminine singular noun with the participles. Remissa (to take one example) often appears in Tertullian and Cyprian as feminine, but with the latter is just as often a plural, remissa, -orum. In support of his objection, he ventures to question Korting's etymologies of Fr. fete ( < f esta, sc. dies) and of geste ( < gesta, sc. res) , preferring to look upon them as examples of Latin plurals. Since it will be found that in many cases, alongside the feminine there stands a neuter plur. or sing., as consulta, f., and consultum, a, offensa, f., and offen- sum, a, the supposition of an ellipsis in most cases is distinctly to be rejected. Also, in all Romance languages, even in the Rumanian, both masculine and feminine forms occur, the func- tions of the different endings often running into each other. The explanation of these concomitant forms is to be sought therefore in another direction. Coming now to the argument proper, Collin's first concern is naturally to show that popular Latin continued to use the nouns in -tus as nomina actionis, contrary to the apparent evidence of literature; for later authors made almost no use of that ending, whilst the use of -tio and -sio increased. Recent studies in the field of popular Latin works and inscriptions by Cooper, Schalze and Olcott go to show however that the end- ing was not given up by the people ; this suffix was still active and popular in the vulgar speech and Collin believes that prob- ably everyone who has studied the inscriptions will agree with this view. The second stage of the argument is concerned with the blending and interaction of the Fourth Declension nouns in -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 15 -tus and the Participialia in -turn. By the latter he means in particular those substantives formed from the participles of the u verba sentiendi et declarandi." Latin did not always keep these two classes distinct. In the Fourth Declension, especially amongst the nomina actionis, there was a constant tendency towards the Second Declension, so that many a word, even in the best authors, went over in one case or another, and this irregularity, which increased toward the end of good Latinity, ended with the complete downfall of the Fourth Decln. Here follow ex- amples of the Gen. Sing, (exerciti, senati, etc.) and of the Abl. Sing, (consulate, episcopate, etc.) ; Olcott declares that the later inscriptions show a noticeable increase of ablative forms in -o. Noteworthy is the use of the Participialia in Gen., Dat. and Abl. Plur. (-is) replacing forms in -uum and -ibus. It is probable but not certain that the above nouns are considered neuter; the neuter was to be expected because of the common accusative ending of the masculines and the neuters, as well as of the silencing in the nominative of the final consonant. Collin's chief argument for the neuter, however, lies in the concurrent existence of the Participialia in -turn, with little and sometimes no distinction in meaning. The nomina actionis could take on a perfect signification and denote the result of an action; 7 and the future or present signification was not entirely foreign to the participial substantives. Although the latter still retained much of their verbal nature, inasmuch as they took with them not only adjectives but also adverbs (e. g., fortiter or fortia facta), yet often their verbal character dis- appears so much that they can denote actions without relation to the past. They were also originally not circumscribed as to time but were pure nomina actionis; and it was perhaps only in Classical Latin that they were brought into such close union with the perfect participle passive. Nagelsbach in his Stilistik 8 gives examples of the Participia- 7 E.g. cogitatus and -um; oratus and -um; peccatus and -um; cf. Meyer- Liibke's list on p. n of this book. 8 Pp. 97 and 170. 1 6 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE lia supplying defective cases of nouns in -tus and -tio. Speci- ally to be noted is the example from Cicero: De Oratore 2: 15, 64: "in eodem silentio multa alia oratorum officia iacue- runt: cohortationes, consolationes, praecepta, admonita," where the last two words stand on an equal footing with the preceding nomina actionis. Collin feels sure that a careful search would reveal many similar examples. In such examples in Modern French as "le tribunal a du remettre a quinzaine le prononce de son jugement," Collin sees real nomina actionis, to some extent only a continuation of Latin speech usage. Finally, he feels justified in assuming a blending of the two word-groups inasmuch as Pokrowski 9 verifies this development of meaning especially in the nomina actionis of the verbs of speaking, seeing, thinking and hearing, which verbs constitute the main portion of the substantives from participles. That such inorganic neuters, those from Fourth Decln. nouns, were quite popular in later Latin is confirmed by numerous examples in the later literature, in inscriptions and in medi- aeval Latin. 10 His second conclusion, then, from such examples is that it was no sporadic thing for the nouns of the Fourth Declension to become neuter on going over into the second Decln. In the third place, these secondary neuter nouns of the Second Decln. led to neuter plurals. As a general thing in Classical Latin, where there were synonyms in -us and -um, the neuter plural almost entirely superseded the masculine, e. g. y ausa, cogitata, conata, consulta, eventa, missa, permissa. But what concerns this question in particular is the use of neuter plurals with singular signification, and there were in Latin two categories of words, especially, which were fre- quently used thus, 11 one of which was that of the Participialia. Many such are extant as feminine in late Latin or they appear in this form in the Romance languages, which is not surprising, "Pp. 13 and elsewhere. 10 Archiv fur Lat. Lex., I, 74 f., VIII. 528. "Schmidt: Pluralbildungen der Indogerra. Neutra. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE I/ since so many neuters, particularly of the collective and ab- stract kind went over through a plural in -a into the feminine gender and the First Deem. 12 Secondary neuters could have the same fate as regular neuters, and Collin believes himself justified in assuming that the nomina actionis, so influenced by the Participialia, could share the same fate. Examples of the process are, it is true, the more rarely extant as such forms were felt to be vulgarisms and so were avoided, on which account examples occur as a rule only at a late period and singly. Collin puts together a list for which, however, to his great regret, the Thesaurus was not at his disposal. If, as may sometimes be the case, some of his substantives may be traced to original Participialia, he contends that the meaning at least was probably influenced by the nomina actionis. The list is as follows : Consulta: " consulta (=auf dem Rat) Valeriani fratrissui." Collecta: (collectio) Paucker: "cum celebraretur collecta in ecclesia villae." Deducta: (=deductio) Cic. Caesa: "Hieb" cf. Lat. caesus "Hauen." Puncta: "Stich." Tincta: " Federzug." Cf. Lat. tinctus IV. i) "Ein- tauchen." 2 ) Konkret : " Tunke." Accessa: (=accessum maris, Cic.) " Fluvius Garumna, per quern facit mare Oceanum accessa et recessa per leugas plus minus centum." Recessa : Ascensa: (=ascensio) "in ascensa domini," "ante ascensa." Defensa: (=defensio) "a deo exspectare defensam" etc. Offensa: (=offensio). Deprensa: (=deprehensio). Expensa: ( expensio). Impensa: (=impensio) cf. pensum and pensa. "There are cited: debita (Fr. dette) ; declamata (= declamatio) Paucker; dicta (dictum) ; facta (factum) ; merita (raeritum) ; peccata (peccatura) Appel 63: minuta quod est peccata; placita (placitum) ; praecepta (praeceptura) ; promissa (promissum) cf. Fr. proraesse; responsum, cf. Fr. reponse; scripta (scriptum) ; statuta (statutum). 3 1 8 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE Censa: (=censio). Missa : (= missio ) . Abremissa: as N. PL and Fern. Sg. Remissa: Monita: (=monitio) . Depulsa: (=depulsio) cf. Forcellini: s.v. depulsum, i, n. ceremonies pour conjurer un malheur. Impulsa: (=impulsio) (?) impulsu. Repulsa: (=repulsio). Terraemota: ( terraemotus) cf. O. Fr. terremuete = terra movita (G. P. Chans, de Rol.). Collin questions. He would trace the French word through *terraemovitus, *terraemo- vita. 13 The concluding paragraphs of the study are taken up with certain words or groups of words over the Romance field which go to support his argument in general and the final stage in particular. He discusses the significance of the Italian double plurals, the strong tendency of the Postverbalia (verbal substantives) to the feminine gender, in which he sees ana- logical influence of the nomina actionis, and those verbal abstracts in Rumanian which have in the plural the feminine ending -e. Finally he protests that too great significance must not be attached to the fact that such words as consulta, collecta, etc., have a strong " past passive " (passivisch-prateritaler) mean- ing. Such a meaning pertains in a high degree to the whole class of nomina actionis in -tus, -tio, etc. It lies in their very nature and forms an essential part of the extraordinary ten- dency of such words to shift of meaning. Moreover, the whole history of the words in -ta, -sa impresses the fact of the long and close connection with the Perf. Partic. Passive, and this was too much felt for their meaning not to have been influenced thereby. The Participialia in -turn and their plurals form, then, the 13 Cf. Ital. terremuoto, better from *terrae movitus than as in Korting, from terrae motus. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 19 bridge between the Latin nouns in -tus and the Romance for- mations in -ta. That their meaning presents no difficulty is easily seen from such examples from the Corpus Gloss. Lat. Grace. II 547 and 548 : defensum e/cSifct'a et defensio; notum 77 (jLrjwa-is et notio ; hoc vindictum exSucia. Cf. L. vindicta. CHAPTER II DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 9. The -ata substantives, then, area distinctively Romance formation. The Latin beginnings are obscure but this consti- tutes not the least inviting aspect of the study. If we cannot definitely and easily trace the origin, we are at least sure that in the Vulgar Latin speech there lay hidden the possibilities of this later development of the Romance tongues; at what periods the tendencies asserted themselves and whether, in- deed, new causes did not enter later tending to deepen and expand the formation are questions which may be well worth the inquiry. In the meantime, some considerations grow out of the accounts in the preceding chapter. (i) We have seen that Diez (p. 10) considers those Latin examples that occur to him (e. g., strata, fossa) as entirely insufficient to account for the genesis of the formation, whilst Meyer-Liibke would fain believe that collecta, remissa, expensa and the like 1 have given the initiative. Diligent search reveals a few words in -ata, most of which are not represented in Romance, however. Classical and Popular (ante-class, and post-class.) Latin furnish us some examples, particularly of the participial adjective type, such as amata, capitulata, des- tinata (sponsa), educata, lupata, nata, palliata, palmata, privata, sperata, strata, togata, trabeata ; from inscriptions we get absidata, delicata, granata, hastata, sterata and stolata. 2 Certain words, probably original neuter plurals, corrogata (Fr. corvee), declamata, destinata (Fr. destinee), narrata, peccata, may be classed here. For the mediaeval period, the Glosses contain articulata, contrata, gelata, granata, infirmata, keminada, lampada, perpetrata, tricamerata; Diez 3 gives 1 Cf. Collin's list on pp. 17-18. 2 See Olcott, 34. 'P. 666. 20 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 21 references for casalata, castata, circata, parrata, and quar- rada. 4 Such a list is clearly not representative enough to form the basis for much deduction. The almost total lack of verbal abstracts must not be insisted upon too much, for concrete words, considering the character of the sources, were more to be expected ; and yet we must not forget that the theory of the origin which has been generally accepted finds in the nomina actionis the virtual starting-point of the formation. In some of the mediaeval examples just cited the Romance form is already emerging. For the French, the number of extant examples continues but few down to the twelfth cen- tury. Fiee (foiee) < *vicata is the only example in Les Plus Anciens Monuments (ed. Koschwitz) ; it is found also in the Lois de Guillaume. Contree and maisniee appear in La Vie de St. Alexis and in the Chanson de Roland ; the Pelerinage de Charlemagne also contains maisniee along with fee. In the Chans, de Rol. are also found ajurnee, jurnee, ajustee, cuignee, gelee, linee, mellee, menee, rosee, valee and vespree. It is noticeable that most of these fifteen nouns have been retained to the present day and that this is pre-eminently true of those from the national epic. There could be no better proof, if any were seriously needed, that by that time at least the for- mation was thoroughly established and familiar. Mediaeval Latin enables us to date the origin vaguely much earlier, for the seventh and eighth centuries have some tell-tale examples; the post-classical sources, on the other hand, seem to know so little of the use that we are constrained to look for its actual adoption and extension somewhere between these two latter periods, i. e. } in the early Middle Ages. (2) Both Diez and Meyer-Liibke ascribe the origin of the ata substantives to past participial forms; the uncertain char- acter of the data is reflected in their expressions " they imitate " or " agree with" the feminine past participles of the first con- jugation. Diez evidently would seek a two-fold source, 4 A comparison of the Romance tongues yields the following as probably existent during at least the late mediaeval period: ablata, ambactiata, armata, calciata, cuniata, collata, coriata, cruciata, intrata, vicata, fusata, gabata, diur- nata, mansionata, navata, pensata, porrata, ramata, risata, rosata, serata. 22 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE participial adjectives expressing possession and past participles proper; whilst Meyer-Liibke would call all the substantives in virtual origin " abstracts," verbal or substantival, and trace them to participles proper. In his opinion, the great diversity in the meaning of the substantives at different stages in the development of the formation is best explained by the latent possibilities in this participial origin. From the latter standpoint, then, the essential thing as re- gards the original use is " the action/' the verbal abstract idea, and this brings into consideration as kindred in meaning and similar in form and as possibly illuminating factors a) the nomina actionis of the Fourth Declension in Latin and b) many substantives in Spanish, Italian, etc., in -ado, -ato, etc. Meyer-Liibke believes that the latter have strong claims to be considered as direct descendants of the former in both form and meaning, he is inclined to reject their derivation from past participles, although some influence of the feminines on the masculines is probable. If the basal idea then is the verbal abstract one, and if the verbal Romance masculines may possibly descend from the Latin Fourth Declension nouns, might it not be possible to discover for the feminines a similar descent which would thus satisfy both form and meaning? (3) This is the problem which, as we have seen, preoccu- pies Collin in his article ; and his conclusion is that a more con- sistent case may be made out for this origin. The successive steps of his argument will now be discussed. That the speech of the people retained the use of the ab- stracts in -tus to a greater degree than Meyer-Liibke assumes is probable. Cooper's conclusion is cautions: "The popular character of substantives in -tus, -sus, as far as they were popu- lar at all, lay in the use of special cases or was confined to par- ticular periods or localities, as is instanced on the one hand by the writers from Pliny to Tertullian, on the other hand by the absence of this suffix from the Romance languages except the Rumanian where it is still frequent." 5 Olcott, however, con- 8 P. 19. But the existence of the substantives in Rumanian has been ques- tioned. See p. 13 of this book. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 23 eludes from the inscriptions : " It is quite safe to assume that -tus was an active and favorite suffix in the popular speech." Then he gives a list of 57 substantives; their use shows a great preponderance of examples in the ablative case, probably because of its analogy to the second supine. Collin's argument stands or falls with this query of the continued use in the popu- lar speech of abstracts in -tus and many scholars do not yet consider the point proven. 6 Then, in the second place, these substantives of hypothetical existence change from the masculine to the neuter, mainly through the influence of the Participialia, and thus pass over into the Second Declension. Isolated examples can be given of Fourth Decln. nouns, and of nomina actionis amongst them, going over into the second Decln., at least in certain cases, but it is not so clear that they were not often felt to be masculine. There was a strong tendency to become neuter, and the Par- ticipialia, so akin in function, were neuter. It is regrettable that none of these neuter nomina actionis can be cited in the singular. For it is only when the third stage is reached, and the plu- rals of these secondary neuters, looked upon as feminine singu- lars of the First Declension, are discussed that the list already quoted 7 is given. And then, as Collin feared, it is too easy to suggest other plausible interpretations, for his list of twenty- four words to be entirely convincing. It is difficult perhaps to be even open-minded when one remembers the time-worn explanations of the ellipsis of pecunia with collecta, expensa, and impensa and of petitio with repulsa. In Cic. Leg. 2 : 20, 50, deductio, we are told, and not deducta is the true reading; monita is a plural with singular force. Latin scholarship has long seen participles in most or all of these words and it is very difficult with such examples only, to show that it is not justified in doing so. Further investigation of a most exhaustive character over the whole Popular Latin and Romance field is necessary to 8 See compte-rendu by Pirson in Kritischer Jahresbericht VIII, I. pp. 73-74. 7 Pp. 17-18. 24 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE establish or disprove a theory so radical but attractive. 8 In the meantime, it has brought into relief certain aspects which are distinctly instructive. 10. The foregoing accounts agree at least in attributing all or much of the initiative to past participles; even in Collin's theory, the neuter abstracts or Participialia gave the impetus needed to divert the nomina actionis from their original form. The supposition of a single origin in past participles, used as verbal abstracts, which from their inherent possibilities of development, radiated into the varying classes now found in the Romance languages, will probably, in spite of objections, be considered by most scholars to be quite tenable from the standpoint of the meaning. Language often takes strange turns in its semantic development and logical consistency is by no means always maintained. There is sufficient reason in this account to commend it. 'Ti,s true it finds its basis in participles used as adjectives and thus begins with a concrete fact, " a remitted punishment," " an expended sum," etc. These words, and a few others that may be added, then take on an abstract sense, as has been described, and come to mean " the action of remitting," "the action of expending," etc., which must be admitted as quite in keeping with the fondness of popular Latin for abstracts. From this small beginning we are to be- lieve that, as the variety and number of the words extend, new concrete meanings are taken on, according to the inherent adaptability of each word, until the formation displays a subtle complexity which almost defies classification and even expla- nation. On the whole, the theory is plausible and after all has been said it may still prove to many the best offered. That it has serious weaknesses, however, can scarcely be denied, and these invite us to a closer examination with a view to possible modi- fication of the account. Feminine singular participles, used adjectively and in a con- crete sense, begin the formation. Even in the later Latin,. "Accepted with reserve by Grandgent, Vulg. Latin, p. 21. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 25 especially in the Church writers, these are however met with in the abstract sense, so that the Latin literature at least does not afford us the ground for the assertion that a long evolution was needed for these abstracts. That assumption may be necessary to explain the substantival abstracts, if their origin is considered as an evolution from the verbal abstracts instead of being attributed to another source nearer at hand. But of that we shall treat presently. From such words as " collecta," " expensa," " remissa," we are immediately taken to other participles " from almost any verb," wh'ch often by implication are used as substantives directly. Many of them are participles of intransitive verbs. The leap is a great one and is evidently felt to be so by the author since he presents it hesitatingly "if these ('collecta,' etc.) constitute the point of departure for further formations." Indeed, one may well be pardoned for doubting this formation of substantives " directly" at all; it might be argued that with the participles from transitives, such as "promessa," the feel- ing of an ellipsis suffices without the necessity of supplying a definite substantive ; whilst the intransitives either followed the lead of such words as " intrata," which were used transitively in Latin as well as intransitively, or, as their form indicates, were late analogical formations in contravention of grammat- ical rules. But this is not the only leap to be taken. For it seems that -ata in some inexplicable way is selected for unique honor, and is used so widely that, with its verbal force still immanent, it can be appended to nouns, resulting in such words as bouchee, annee and the like. But does the concurrent formation of par- ticipial adjectives in -atu, -ata, with its enormous following, play no part here? How better explain the great vogue of the substantival abstracts? Olcott tells us that "all scholars are agreed in assigning to the sermo vulgaris an unlimited power of forming participial adjectives at will, without the concur- rence of the corresponding verb " ! 9 Possibly it was the diffi- culty of explaining why the feminine form in particular should 9 34- 26 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE be used that this significant class of words was ignored; it was perhaps thought preferable to limit the inception of the whole formation to those participles already assumed to be feminines, seeing that the force of the ending could at least be satisfac- torily explained in this way. If we could lay any stress on the evidence of the few extant substantives such as absidata 10 and caminata, we should be inclined to trace some influence to the participial adjectives; whilst the modern French, with its fondness for this class, 11 makes us wonder how else they can consistently be explained. As we have seen, the feminines of this group were used as nouns through the ellipsis of a substantive, just as well as remissa, expensa and the like, and this use was certainly extensive. Such words could be lost sight of only through too great insistence on a system of orderly evolution, in which the verbal force of participles and their direct substantive use are the controlling factors. The question is still further complicated when we are obliged to admit the possibility of such words as collecta 12 not being feminines at all but neuter plurals. Nay, it seems very likely indeed, that, though some may have been feminines, with a substantive omitted, others were plurals, and then there would belong here such words as declamata, narrata, des- tinata, etc. It looks as if it will be impossible ever to quite settle these questions and so there is no room to dogmatize. If we grant that such neuter plurals did exist, we can scarcely deny them the possibility of becoming feminine singulars 13 to swell the. list of those which gave the Romance languages the verbal abstracts. These diverse sources would to some degree explain the extent and popularity of the abstracts and concretes of the -ata 10 Cf. Reculade. 11 See remarks on Classification, p. 35 sq. 12 Cf. 6. Fr. presbiteree. 13 Pree: du plur. prata pris pour un fern, sing., disparu a la fin du XVF. s. Quant a la formation, pree est a pre ce que graine (grana) est a grain ^granum)', ou ce que file (fila) est a fil (filum) Cf. encore fata, fee. (Darm., Vie des Mots, p. 195, footnote.) Cf. also properata, s. Peuree. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 2/ formation, with the constant reminder that even in the most concrete example it is not hard to see the inherent verbal force of the suffix, a fact which still further explains the fertility of the class, as the different divisions could so freely act and re-act on one another. The other serious difficulty the choice of the feminine gen- der can hardly be considered as adequately explained. One can scarcely help feeling that some popular tendency in the language, an expression possibly of its well-known imagina- tive character, is'imposing itself here as well as in the case of the verbal substantives (Postverbalia), which incline so strongly to this gender. Witness the very large number of substantives in French like O. Fr. achetee, adoptee, pensee (it is pense that is found in the Oldest Monuments) of passive signification which range themselves as f eminines alongside of the earlier neuter .abstracts dictum, factum, cogitatum, the Romance masculhies, expressing in their feminine guise an exact counterpart. These may possibly be explained as later formations directly from past participles, but is it not signifi- cant that the function of the earlier neuters should be so largely conveyed in French by f eminines as well as by masculines? In conclusion, it is safe to assume, in the present state of our knowledge, that the -ata substantives were derived from past participles; but that they had their sole origin in verbal ab- stracts from feminine singular participles, feasible as this is from the side of the semantics, is open to question. At the time when the formation began to have its vogue there seem rather to have been two classes of words : First, these feminine singulars with their concrete and their abstract meanings, sup- plemented by neuter plurals passing over into f eminines ; and second, the participial adjectives, formed often on noun stems, extremely numerous and preserving in their ending a certain procreative verbal force. These two classes had had originally a common origin, and they retained throughout their concur- rent history an inherent power of free interaction which goes far to explain the wonderful versatility and popularity of the resulting substantives. CHAPTER III CLASSES A. According to Form ii. The Latin participial suffix -ata is represented in French, as we have seen, mainly by two endings, of which the pri- mary one, -ee, is the direct descendant, whilst the other, -ade, came through the Romance tongues of southern Europe. I. The native modern French ending, -ee, from -ata, is not always easily discernible in the older stage of the language. It is a question not only of the unsettled condition of the orthog- raphy but also of admixture of dialectal forms and of real confusion of originally distinct endings. ( i ) In the first place, some nouns appear as -ee which are clearly from Latin, -eta (Mod. French -aie) . The connecting links between the two classes in French are the similarity in sound of the endings (evidenced particularly by the common form -eie, Walloon form of -ata as well as identical with -oie, -aie < -eta), and the agreement in the collective idea. An- other sign of their interchange is the occasional synonymous use of the form in -ade, as in auberee, auberade; buissonaie, buis- sonade. In Godefroy, arbree, dervee, espinee, genauree (Lexique, genevree), sauchinee, zornee 1 have examples in -ee only ; auberee, coldree, f resnee have synonymous forms in -aie ; whilst feutelee, genestee, pinee and sapee are found as variants under feutelaie, genestoie, pinoie and sapoie. These forms indicate at least a strong tendency to consider those nouns that expressed "groves of trees" as identical with the -ata nouns expressing collectivity; and therefore, although these words, if they had persisted, would probably have been given the dis- tinctive -aie in Modern French, they have been included in the list of -ata substantives treated below. 1 Cf. also Visee (O. Fr. vizee = piece de vigne). 28 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 29 (2) Many Old French nouns in -ie present especial diffi- culty. Apparently the French -iee from Latin -iata was re- duced to -ie and as the meaning was often akin to that of other words in -ie < Lat. -la and -ee < Lat. -itatem, a serious con- fusion resulted. The -ie from -iee is not yet fully explained. G. Paris, in his Vie de St. Alexis (pp. 267-8), ascribes the reduction to the difficulty of pronouncing the -iee, although he recognized the objection of the disappearance of the accented vowel. As to the locality, he says " c'est dans Ie dialecte picard que ce phe- nomene parait s'etre manifeste Ie plus anciennement et nulle part il ne semble anterieur au troisieme tiers du XIP. siecle." In Vol. I of Romania, p. 205, P. Meyer refers to this latter statement, admitting that in the question of the time of appear- ance of the reduction to -ie he would go farther still. " II se peut que 1'affaiblissement dont il s'agit se soit produit au XII 6 . siecle, mais je ne crois pas que les textes en donnent la preuve. . . . Quant a la question de lieu, je ferai remarquer qu'un poete, assurement picard, Gui de Cambrai, qui composa son poeme de Barlaam et Josaphat dans Ie second quart du XIIP. siecle environ, (foot-note: apres 1212 en tout cas), distingue tres soigneusement dans ses rimes (bien qu'en general il rime avec assez de negligence) les finales en -iee de celles en -ie." Meyer-Liibke discusses the origin in his Grammatik der Romanischen Sprachen, Vol. I, 267, and his conclusions are criticized by Horning in the Z.R.Ph., Vol. 14, p. 383; "Meyer-Liibke bespricht den ost-franzosischen Wandel von -iee zu -ie; -iee sei infolge einer Zuriickziehung des Tones zu- nachst zu -iee, dann zu -ie geworden, * dies scheint die einzig mogliche Erklarung zu sein.' ' Horning draws attention, however, to the fact that elsewhere (436) Meyer-Liibke shows that " wenigstens in einem Theil des Gebietes -iata zu -ieie werden miisste. . . . Der Meyer'schen Auffassung ge- geniiber halte ich an der Uberzeugung fest, dasz -ie in ganz Ostfrankreich auf einer Reduktion des Triphthongs -iei(e) beruht, die ich mir so denke, dasz unter der Einwirkung der beiden i, das geschlossene e selbst zu i wurde (aus iii entstand 30 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE i)." And G. Paris, in his compte-rendu of this (Rom., Vol. XX, p. 326) says, " c'est une question fort difficile, qui de- manderait un examen special, et qui tient a la question generale de la valeur ancienne de la diphthongue -ie." In Old French the -ee and -ie forms were used at the will of the writer. In the " Dit," given by Raynaud in Rom., Vol. XII, p. 224, we find, "Lors en apele la mesnie, Cortoisement 1'a aresnie Et dit qu'il se veut marier" . . . (11. 23 sq.), and "Iluec fusent de sei esteins S'il n'eiisent Seine trovee. Dant Hellequin et sa mesnee Vin troverent de Seint-Yon S'en burent, qu'i lor sembla bon " . . . (11. 108 sq.) . In the -ie form this word (replaced to some extent by maisonnee in Mod. French) , lived on in English through Chaucer and down to Shakspeare, 2 where in King Lear, Act II, Scene IV Kent says (11. 33 sq.) : " Delivered letters, spite of intermission, Which presently they read: on whose contents They summon'd up their meiny, straight took horse. ..." In "oublie" for "oublee," Lat. oblata, the same ending persists; 3 otherwise, as in bouchie, brachie, chaucie, corgie, croisie, cruchie, dragie, fueillie, mares- cauchie, poignie, seneschalcie, serie, ramie, risie, the nouns have been levelled under the ending -ee. (a) When once the reduction of -iee to -ie was in general use, some confusion in the popular mind with the participial nouns in -ie ( <-ita), such as bandie, banie (cf. banee), finie (cf. finee), plevie (= fiancee), was inevitable. The existence of synonymous verbs in -ier and -ir intensified and confirmed the confusion ; and when there are but few examples extant of any such verbs, it is sometimes a matter of conjecture to which of the endings to attribute the influence which determined the participial substantive. The criterion should doubtless be the Latin origin when determinable ; 4 and in the case of diverse usage in the older language of words which have not per- 2 For " many " in English cf. American Journal of Philol., XXVIII, pp. 457- 458. 3 Cf. galie, poulie. 4 The assonance is naturally an aid at times, e. g., La comenchierent les cauchies Qui en tant lieu sont souschaucies. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 31 sisted, the principle will be followed of including those which the modern tongue would probably have felt to be -ee nouns because of their linguistic relations. Some of these would be acointie (Palsgrave has a word accointee), adjugie, bouteillie, brandonie, carrie, charie, cruchie, dehachie, deraisnie, drecie, escalengie, eschampie, espanchie, etc. Others, such as amen- die, commandie, engeignie, escarrie, esclaircie, which might conceivably have assumed later the ending -ee have such inti- mate relations with word groups, the vowel of whose endings is -i, that they must be considered very doubtful and probably be rejected. (b) Another ending, that of -ee from Latin -itatem, came in also to increase the confusion. That it was often pro- nounced similarly to -ee, -ie is seen from such Old French words as deintie (< dignitatem), plaintie (< plenitatem), and from the prevailing sound of their English analogues to this day. Such words should be included amongst the -ata substantives only when such anomalous forms as deintiee, fein- tiee, hautee, lastee, loignee, meiteiee, plentee, amistiee are seen to have had wide acceptance. Here again, it was probably not alone the similarity of sound to the -ie endings of genuine -ata nouns that led to these formations, but also the fact that the -ee ending frequently indicated a strengthening (or expanding) of the root idea, such as is felt in the nouns just mentioned. (c) The Old French duchete, duchee 5 (< * ducitatem) illustrates well another line of influence of the termination -itatem, affecting the -ata substantives through those in -atu. The associated ideas of " the territory ruled over," " the ruler- ship," u the characteristic qualities of a ruler" and of "the assemblage of the rulers" are seen combined under such words as ainsnee, barne (fern, barnee?) ; baillie, bailliee; hoyrie; 6 Diez (see p. 9 of this book) refers to duche, eveche, comte as being feminine in Old French, though masculine in form as if derived from forms in -atu. Eveche and comte are both found as early as the Lois de Guillaume, and duche is met with in the twelfth century (see Littre), but the forms are by no means clearly masculine. Reference to the examples will show that the forms used are probably the feminines mentioned in our text. 32 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE sousbaillie; mesnie; eveschiee; senechalcie; seneschalie; senes- chaussee; and it is clear why -itatem, an ending of abstract nouns expressing "a quality" and -ia (-ia), an ending also expressing "domain" and "quality or temper of mind," should blend in their usage. The line of demarcation is neither easy nor safe to draw ; but such words as advoirie, des- potic, femenie, marquisie, pastorie, prevostie, primatie, satenie, seignie, servantie, seroignie, vavassourie, vaudoisie, pairie should doubtless be classed with substantives like baronnie, etc., from nouns in -la (-Ia) . (d) A discrimination must also be made in the case of col- lectives, whose idea can etymologically be expressed by either of the endings -ata, -ia (we have already seen the use of -eta in this sense) . Some of the words of the preceding paragraph are concerned here also (mesnie, etc.), and the list should be extended to include such Old French words as risie, jonchie, navie. It is assumed that the substantives moinie, serpillie and the like would be felt to belong rather to the nouns in -ia. Outside of the classes of nouns just mentioned, there are many substantives in -ie which present great difficulty and some have been included for divers reasons. Manchie, for example, has a synonym manchise and might therefore have kept the ending -ie; but, as brachie, of similar meaning, is represented to-day by brassee, manchie might easily have become manchee and has been so entered. Other doubtful examples, offering room for discussion, will be found in the lists. (3) Nouns in Old French from Latin -ea, such as galee, liparee, taforee, and particularly botanical names, such as sadree, saturee form a puzzling field. Such words as lancelee and chenilee seem undoubtedly to derive from forms in -ata and logically it would be a most natural thing for descriptive names of plants to spring from participial adjectives of that termination. But alongside of this popular ending there are the learned ones of -ea and -ia, and who shall say in the case of obsolete words of few examples where the line shall be firmly drawn? It may be said, as in H.D.T., that the modern cimolee should be referred to cimolia but what about the older -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 33 word chimolee? It is perhaps safe to include in our lists most of such words as seem to have had a wide popular usage. (4) Finally, it has seemed necessary to include nouns such as epee, gree, fee, ree, which are really not of the class but whose subsequent history must have popularly been felt to coincide with that of the participial substantives in -ata. Along with these may be grouped also those words which have been thrust into the family through mistake or misconception of some form. Such nouns were often perhaps but variants of other words, such as sieuee of soie, ruee of rue, tallee of taille, force of foret, oreillee of oreiller. At least one of this class, bouee, variant of boie, has persisted. II. The ending -ade is the French form for the -ada of the Provencal, the N. Italian, the Spanish and the Portuguese and for the Jtalian and Med. Lat. -ata. To the Spanish 6 has been attributed, for the most part, the influence which brought about the unification of these endings under -ade, but the facts do not seem to justify this. Of the total number of these sub- stantives in the language (c. 340), only about 20 are of Span- ish origin and very few of these, if any, antedate the sixteenth century. On the other hand, almost all of the 50 substantives found in French before that time are of Provencal or Italian origin or are French formations by analogy. Of these 50, about one-half are Provengal, e. g. y i. aiguillade, aissade, aubade, esgarrade, estrade, flagerade, flassade, muscade, pail- lade, passade, plommade, prade, i. salade, sivade, somade, etc. Nearly as many are Italian, viz. : ambassade, bourgade, gambade, brigade, cavalcade, ballade, 2. salade, sonade, etc.; whilst, for French derivatives we have: i. grillade (XHIth c.),recelade (1331), enforgade (1389), ostade (1395), bou- lade (1409), langade (1460), benade (1461), lievrade (1471), rade (1483), journade, ruade, palissade. Grenade, of Latin origin, is the earliest reported occurrence and dates from the twelfth century. Particularly noticeable are ostade from the English woosted, and rade from the O. Eng. rade, 8 Darm., Great. Nouv., p. 81 and Kohlmann, p. 83. 34 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE M. Eng. road. Clearly the substantives in -ade were formed in French long before the sixteenth century and the predomi- nant sources were Provencal and Italian. It is not difficult to see therefore why the ending should be -ade, especially when we remember that the native tendency of the French was to prefer the sonant * d ' to the surd ' 1 ' between vowel sounds. Further, these substantives reflect such various stages in their derivation from the S. European tongues that it is by no means easy at times to definitely assign the origin. 7 Compare chamade, O. Fr. chiamade (Ital. chiamata) with retirade (It. ritirata), embuscade (It. imboscata), annonciade (It. annun- ziata) or serenade, which might be from either the Spanish or the Italian. To what extent are they loan-words and in how far are they French formations? In the subsequent list, there have been included some nouns which were probably looked upon as belonging to the class though etymologically distinct. Stade, for example, in its former use as a feminine, belongs here ; lievrade was probably a corruption of lievart and was incorporated in the class after the analogy of such words as merindade, pugnerade, mezel- lade. Finally, in the case of such a word as ogdoade, it is easy to see how thin the wall of partition is sometimes between the participial substantives and the Greek derivatives in -ade, such as menade, thyade, etc. B. According to Meaning 12. The only classifications of the -ata substantives that have been given hitherto are intended to signalize certain prominent groups of the noun derivatives. A reference to the classes mentioned by Diez (see page 9 of this book) will show that his examples belong to the substantival derivatives and from that standpoint they consistently come under the head of the derivatives from the participial adjectives in -ata which he is there treating. But his two examples of the fourth class, jouee and colee are verbal abstracts in use, and these, with risee and dentee at least, differ materially from his other ex- 7 See Kohlmann, passim. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 35 amples, such as denree, nuee, bouchee, annee. Logically, such substantives of action fall in rather with his examples from real past participles. Another and similar classification is found in the Traite to the Diet. General of Hatzfeld, Darmesteter and Thomas, p. 62 : u -Ata, comme -atus, mais en roman seulement, a depouille sa valeur participiale pour devenir un suffixe de substantifs feminins et s'adjoindre avec ce role a des radicaux de noms. Les derives de ce genre sont nombreux, tantot ajoutant a 1'idee du radical: gerbee, 'jonchee, tablee; tantot designant ce que contient ou porte le primitif : anee, annee, assiettee, bouchee, brassee, charretee, chaudronnee, journee, nichee, nuitee, pane- ree, peignee; tantot ce que produit le primitif: araignee (toile d'araigne), arbaletee, archee, dentee, etc.; tantot enfin une action exercee sur le primitif: fessee, jouee (coup sur la joue en anc. frang.)." The foregoing classes will be found em- bodied in the more comprehensive classification attempted below. Not only the study of the origins of the-ata substantives but still more a careful inquiry into the semantics of the Romance derivatives impresses upon one the evident division into those substantives that express action and those that do not. It matters not whether the writer believes in a single or a two- fold origin, this distinction, essentially one of verbal or of noun (and adjective) derivatives, suggests itself as inherent in the nature of the subject and finds expression in his treat- ment. The latent verbal force in the ending preserves not only the kinship of these two classes but also the possibility of free interaction even with resulting mutual loss and gain. We find original verbal abstracts, for example, taking on through metonymy significations so concrete that the idea of action is not apparent. On the other hand, such verbal abstracts are themselves formed on noun stems; that is, no verb exists or seems to have existed. And, finally, between these two ex- tremes of pure abstracts and simple concretes, there is a very large and important class of concretes, involving for the most part verb forms as their basis, as for example O. Fr. achetee, -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE adoptee. The absence of any collateral verbal abstracts and particularly their correspondence to such Latin neuters as cogitatum, pensatum, justify their classification apart. 13. The substantives from Latin participial -ata may there- fore be classified as follows: VERB DERIVATIVES NOUN (or ADJECTIVE) DERIVATIVES A. Abstracts, or those in which the idea of action is paramount. (a) Those used only to express action: abatee, abordee, acolee, adentee, adouee, amenee, aprochiee, ares- tee, arrivee, atamee, avaluee, *coupee, etc., etc. assietee, auloffee, *baufree, 8 bortee, *brassee (O. Fr. braciee), brongnee, *O. Fr. brouee (Mod. Fr. brouee), buffee, *canee, colee, cruppee, etrem- plee, etc. (b) Those which not only express action but have concrete meanings as well: acompagnee, acordee, advolee, allee, amassee, armee, assemblee, aiinee, avalee, avironee, avisee, etc. B. Concretes Implying Action, or those in which some concrete idea is paramount; the action, though felt as the cause, is secondary. i. Those of passive signification: they represent the thing suffering, or resulting from, the action. (a) Passives of general application. The noun may be applied to any object that is spoken of as acted upon according to the root idea of the verb. acensiee, achetee, adoptee, agree, ajambee, araisonee, aree, asse- gnee, assoignantee, atelee, *ator- nee, atropee, avanciee, etc., etc. (b) Passives of particular application. The noun is applied only to a special object that is acted upon according to the root idea of the verb: abee, accouchee, adevanciee, adjugiee, adreciee, afichiee, aguillee, alumee, ambassee, amee, amouree, etc. (c) Passives expressing a state. assotee, glifoiree, rodomontade. The noun describes what may be re- garded as a state attained as the result of an action: ahanee, *ainsjornee, a'iriee, *ajor- diffamee nee, aligniee, *anuitiee, *apres dinee, *apres soupee, assiegee, *avespree, chomee, contree, en- contree, etc. 8 Words marked * illustrate diverse view-points of classification. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 37 2. Those of active signification: the noun is the name of the thing per- forming the action. When two objects are in juxtaposition or act mutually, that one which suffers the action may in turn be regarded as acting: aboutee, apoiee, crolee, enman- 1 baltee, ceinturee, culee, douetee, sa- telee. [ bree. C. Simple Concretes: those substantives that do not express action. In these the concrete idea alone is manifest; the feeling of an action is but obscurely latent. i. Those determined by the meaning of the radical ; they correspond to the passives of B. (a) The meaning .of the radical determines the characteristics or origin: pelade acutelee, affilee, ailliee, anglee, ansee, araignee, *atornee, *O. Fr. brouee (Mod. Fr. brouee). cognee, cominee, convalee, crocodillee, cuitiee, etc., etc. (b) The meaning of the radical determines the amount or the extent: "ajornee, *anuitiee, *apres dinee, *apres soupee, *avespree, *coupee, ruee, somee. acree, aigueree, aiguillee, airee, anee, annee, arbaletee, archee, arpentee, as- siettee, augee, *baufree, *brassee (O. Fr. braciee), *canee, etc., etc. ( 255). Et leur est defendu de vendre aucun poisson . . . ex- cepte de petits anguillous, anburs et asseez en les vendant a liasses. It -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 45 is barely possible that this is a figurative application of achees, con- sidered as bait for larger fish. Assegnee (Godef. ; Assignee, Lex.): but du tireur. Cellui qui mettroit la bile plus loing que 1'assegnee ou borne, il gagneroit pinte. O. Fr. assener. Assemblee (Godef. Assemblee; Supp. Asemblee) : action de reunir, etc. In Cout. de Beauv., I, p. 281, 1'assanllee du manage means the consummation of the marriage rather than the marriage as in Godef. See also Aiinee. Note the interesting applications given by Cotgrave. Of. Ensemblee. Assiegee (Godef.)': assise, assiette. L'assiegee des marches. O. Fr. assieger (Godef. and Supp. Assegier, Asegier). Assietee (Godef.) : evaluation. Coutume en Champaigne est que le septier de froment mesure de Troyes a prisee et assietee de terre vaut 20 s. tourn. de rente. O. Fr. assiete ; Mod. Fr. assiette. Assiettee (H.D.T.). Associe, -ee (H.D.T.). Assoignantee (Godef. s. assoignanter) : concubine. Cf. soignante, soignantiere. Sempres m'aront de lor terre jetee Puis m'en irai com autre asoignentee Tel honte arai, jamais n'iere houneree. O. Fr. assoignanter. Assotee (Cotgrave) : A mans Sweetheart, or Mistress on whom the foole dotes. Assure, -ee (H.D.T.). Atainee (Godef. Atinee) : provocation. Item, en tant que le siege fut devant le Pont de Remy, il cut atinees faites de six Doffinois contre six Bourguignons. O. Fr. atai'ner. Atelee (Godef.; Attelee, Litt.) : attelage. Atelee is used only in the sense of temps pendant lequel les animaux de tirage restent attelees. On conduit les boeufs dans les paturages le matin et quelquefois le soir apres 1'attelee (cit. in Larousse). O. Fr. ateler. Atornee (Godef.; Actournee, Cotg.) : A Warrant, or letter of Atturnie (Norm.). From O. Fr. atorner in the sense of attribution, assignation, transfert; referred to subst. atorne in its other meanings. [Atree (Godef.) : ? Not in Lexique. Se je puis mener hiau par atree, tu n'i puez edifier sanz ma volente. Is this aitriee ?] Atropee ( Godef. ) : troupe, assemblement. LX. mile sunt tous a une atropefe] Qui ont la grant chite trestoute avironnee. O. Fr. atroper. Auberee (Godef.) : lieu plante de peupliers blancs. For auberaie 46 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE < albareta (Du Cange). Variant, auberade (Godef.). Cotgravehas: Aubarede: f. A grove, small copse, or small wood. See page 28. Augee (Godef. Supp. Augee) : Ce que peut contenir une auge. Une demye augee. In Cotgrave: A trough-full, manger-full, or tray-full of. Auloffee (H.D.T.). Cf. Abatee. Aiinee (Godef.): reunion, assemblee, etc. Par lieus en font grans aiinees Et grans monciaux, grans asanlees. O. Fr. aiiner. [Auree (Godef.):? Not in Lexique. i). Li frans ne poent marier lor filles a moins de un denier se il ne s'en saillent, et ne poent vendre ne donner moins dou tiers ou dou quart de 1'auree fors que ez frans . . . 2 ) . Es bos frans ne ha que dis et huit aurees.] Avalee (Godef.) : descente; droit de peche. Onques nus horn plus n'en oi Et le montee et 1'avalee. O. Fr. avaler < *advallare. Avaluee (Godef.) : evaluation. Les quieus florins nous prometons a rendre par conte ou par poiz a 1'avaluee a mon seigneur le conte (1287). O. Fr. avaluer. Avance, -ee (H.D.T.). Avanciee (Godef. Avancie) : avantage, profit. Et le gentil baron Fa en gre recullie O les dons Femperiere a si grant avancie. O. Fr. avancier. [Avee (Godef.) : ? Not in Lexique. Toutes voyes se il est si fol, il doit avoir son espieu croisie bien agu et bien taillant et bonne avee et force et doit garder son coup qu'il ne faille.] Avespree ( Godef. ) : soir, crepuscule. A Wisant repaira ains que fust 1'avespree. O. Fr. avesprer. Avironee (Godef.) : action d'environner; environ. II 1'envahissent par moult grant airee, Tot entor lui ont fet 1'avironnee, Iluec regut li cuens mainte colee. O. Fr. avironner. Avisee (Godef.) : vision, songe, etc. In the Roman de la Rose v. 21409 it seems to mean action de reflechir: Ne nus ne les puet deviser Tant les sache bien aviser Ne si joindre par avisees Qu'il ne les truisse devisees. O. Fr. aviser. Bacees ( Godef. ) : T. de chasse, syn. de brisees. Quant aux brisees, elles se peuvent nommer bacees ou brisees, lequel qu'on voudra. See Cotgrave. As if from *basser < bas < *bassus. Badree (Godef.) : farine delayee dans de 1'eau. En lait doulz pour les flancs et badrees du couvent pour toute 1'annee .v. 1. .VI. s. .VI. d. Still used dialectically. Baillee (Godef.; Supp. i. Baillie.) : livraison, adjudication. Sans -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 47 solucion de denrees, de vencion et de bailee de vin bon et leal. Dialect, uses. O. Fr. baillier. Bailliee (Godef. Baillie, Bailliee; Supp. 2 Baillie) : pouvoir, puis- sance; bailliage. Laquele ordenance fu criee et publiee par toutes les seneschaucies et bailliees de nostre royaume. O. Fr. bailli. See Darrn., Vie des Mots, p. 92 and footnote. Balestree ( Godef. ) : portee d'arbalete. From balestre < ballista. Cf. Arbaletee. Ballinee (Godef.) : charge de foin renfermee dans un ballin. Une pointe de pre ou Ton peut recueillir une ou deux ballinees de foin. Apparently of same origin as I. Balle (H.D.T.). Balsamee (Godef.): baume. De vin, d'uille et de balsamee Sont chargiez. O. Fr. balsamer. Baltee (Godef.) : baudrier. Le prince Hector luy donna la colee et 1'ordre de la chevalerie et le seindant de la ceincture militaire qui s'appelle baltee. Cotgrave gives as masc. : Balthee : m. A belt, arming girdle, or sword girdle. Semi-learned < balteus ; cf. Irish and Gaelic bait and English belt. Banchee (H.D.T.). Banee ( Godef. ) : droit de ban ; territoire, circonscription. Li religieus disoient que a eus appartenoit la banee d'ichaus (molins) et que a leur molins devoient estre bannier leur dit homme (1321). Cotgrave: The circuit of countrey within which the inhabitants are bound to repaire unto one certaine mill, oven, wine-presse, etc., paying a fee for their several uses unto the Lord thereof; also, the Royaltie, or priviledge of having such a mill, etc.; also, the revenue, or benefit made by it. Cotgrave has bandee (Bourbonnois) for banie (< banir). O. Fr. ban. Baquetee (Godef. Bacquetee) : sorte de mesure. O. Fr. baquet (bacquet) < bac. 1. Bardee (H.D.T.). 2. Bardee (H.D.T.). Barillee (Godef.) : contenance d'un baril. Us auront tous les anz. .XX. barillees d'amendement pour la putie de leurs terres qu'il amenront. [Barnee (Godef.): qualite de baron. Not in Lexique. De lui tenez granz terres et granz fuis en barnee. O. Fr. barne.] Barochee (Godef.): sorte de mesure. (i) Item, sept boyrechees et demi de gardeches a paier en caresme chascun diemenche de caresme par esgaux parties. (2) Barochees de sablon. Dial. use. Boirochee. Probably from barre with the ending -oche, of uncertain origin. 48 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE Barotee (Lex.) : charge d'une barote. In Rom. XXIV, 310 (Mar- chot, tym. fr. et dialectales) Fr. barrot = tombereau : ce serait un derive de barre; la derivation est inusitee (G.P.). Barquee (Godef. Supp. Barquee) : la charge d'une barque. Though two examples are given in the Supp., H.D.T. registers barquee as a neologism. Baschoee (Godef. Bajoee) : sorte de panier de bois ou d'osier. Pains qui vient a cheval, quex pain que ce soit, ou a asne ou en bajoees, il doit. j. den. de halage. Cotgrave describes: A kind of flat-sided basket, of wicker, close woven, and pitched in th' inside: used in time of Vintage. O. Fr. baschoe (Godef. bachoe) < Celtic bascauda. See Bascholee. Bascholee (Godef. Bacholee) : contenance ou contenu d'une bas- chole. Variant, with suffix -ole < -olus, cf. baschoe (Godef. bachoe) < Celtic bascauda: Bascaudas, vasa ubi calices lavantur et caccabos (Juvenal), Rom. XXI, 400. La poaslee, qui vault la bacholee ou environ. Bassee (Godef. Bassie) : tablette ou pierre d'un evier de cuisine, etc. From bas < *bassus. Note dial, forms in Godef. and bassee in Rom. I, 89. Bassinee (Godef. Supp. Bacinee) : ce que contient un bassin, une bassine. II sort par le moyen de tels lavemens, des bassinees entieres de bile jaune. [Batee (Godef.) :? Ung seulet, une batee et ung litel des avantpis d'un pont. Cf. Battee and Boistee.] 1. Batelee: La quantite battue ou a battre. From bateler < stem of battre. Le batelee de craime, .II. d., le cuite, o. (cit. in Godef roy Supp. s. cuite). This subst. has been overlooked by Godef roy. 2. Batelee (Godef. Supp. Batelee) : charge d'un bateau. Frombatel (mod. Fr. bateau). Note fig. use in older language: II va deployer une batelee de raisons pour monstrer que le dormir ne vault rien apres disner. Batonnee: see Bastonnade. Battee (H.D.T.) : Ce qu'un ouvrier (relieur, cardeur) peut battre en une fois, etc. (Technol.) In Rom. XXXI, 359 : ( 1490) A Fernet Pinchon, marchant de pierre, paye XXXs. pour dix battees et X boujons mis a 1'huisserie de la portelette. In Rom. Avril 1907, 256: Meme sens que le mot technique actuel, de forme identique, en tant qu'il peut etre question de porte: cf. plus loin 1'art. Boistee et Hecart, Diet. rouchi-f rangais : Batee: feuillure. Note also D. Behrens in Z. F. S. u. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 49 Litt. XXIX, 141: Battee eine Ableitung vomVerbum battre in der von Sigart Glossaire aus der heutigen Mundart von Mons verzeichneten Bedeutung pierre cubique de 8 pouces de cote dans laquelle on scelle les pieces de fer qui servent a suspendre les portes, les fenetres. Vgl. in anderer Verwendung von Sachs angefiihrtes schriftfrz. battee Anschlag, d. i. die Stelle, gegen welche die Tiir beim Zumachen schlagt. Beachte noch batee bei Godefroy dessen Bedeutung aus der angezogenen Stelle nicht klar hervorgeht. Baufree (Godef.) : coup sur la joue, soufflet, etc. Le suppliant dist que si on faisoit son .devoir, on bailleroit a icellue Julien une baufree au long des joues. Apparently of same origin as balafrer. Becquee: see Becquade. Bee (Godef. Beee) : ouverture du bief qui donne 1'eau, etc. H.D.T. baie 3. Cf. Abee. Cotgrave: Bee: f. The bleating of a sheepe: [sic] also, a hole, ouverture, or opening, in the wall, or other part of a house, etc. Benelee (Godef.) : contenance d'une benne ou banne. From benne (Godef. Supp. Bane) < benna, probably borrowed by the Romans from the Celts, Rom. XXI, 401. Said of sablon, argille, fiens, cauch, cailleux and the like. Dial. use. Beree (Godef.): sorte d'oiseau. Not in Lexique Frigilla, haec avis apud Latinos (ut Festus ait) exeo dicta est, quod frigore cantat et vigeat: vulgo dicitur Beree. Cotgrave: Beree: f. A spinke, sheldaple, chaffinch. Bersee (Godef.) : brisee. An example of metathesis, for brisee through confusion with the O. Fr. term of the chase berser. . . . Et si il voit chose qui lui plaise, il puet getter ses bersees. Besachee (Godef.: also Bissachee) : contenu d'une besace. Cor- beilles, corbeillones, sacs, pouches et bezachees de diables. Dial. use. O. Fr. besace. Bissachee from learned form bissac. Betumee (Godef.) : fondriere. From betume, an Old Fr. form of bitume < bitumen. Cf. Betunee. Bitumen should be added to the five roots in -umen given by A. Thomas under *calidumen : see Chau- dumee. Cotgrave: Bitumen: ... fat skum or foame driven by the wind, and waves on the Palestinian lake, Mare Mortuum, etc. Betunee (Godef.) : amas d'immondices. From betun, an Old Fr. form of bitume < bitumen. Cf. Betumee. Ou fiens et en la bestunee En 1'ordure et en la fumee. Beurree ( H.D.T. ). 5 50 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE Bichetee (Godef.) : mesure de terre. H.D.T. 2 bichet. Trois bichetees de terre fromentaul (1310). Bichonee ( Godef. ) : mesure de terre. Item super quadam alia terra sita subtus le molar continens unam bichonatam terre (1459). Cf. Bichetee. Bienalee (Godef.) : repas d'adieu, depart. Je paye ma bien alee A votre devote assemblee. Cotgrave: Bien-en-allee : f. A farewell (Parisian). Bigarree: see Bigarade. Billevesee ( H.D.T. ): Chose vide de sens, etc. Cotgrave : Bille- vezees : f . Trash : trifles, toyes, nifles. Blanchee ( Godef. ) : blanc, piece de monnaie, etc. Je veys maistre Francoys Villon qui demanda a Xerces combien la denree de moustarde ? ung denier, dist Xerces. A quoy dist le diet Villon : Tes fiebvres quar- taines, villain, la blanchee n'en vault qu'ung pinart et tu nous surfaictz icy les vivres. O. Fr. blanc. Blavee (Godef.) : ble (Lexique). Qui nous donne le char, le vin et la blavee. Cotgrave : Corne land ; or, land which hath corne grow- ing on it. O. Fr. blave < *blavum. Blee ( Godef. ) : champ de ble, etc. La blee est grande et peu y a de messoniers, pries dont le seigneur de la blee qu'il envoie les messoniers en sa blee. O. Fr. ble < *bladum : Ablee is probably a derivative of Blee. Bobee (Godef.) : sorte de maladie des yeux. Connected possibly with bobis = bobus: Rom. XXXII, 454, where popular Latin forms are given as they occur in Mulomedicina Chironis: ed. Oder, Leipzig, 1901. L'eve u ceste pierre est lavee Saine les oilz de la bobee. Bodee (H.D.T.). Boelee (Godef.) : boyau. As paiens copent maint piz, mainte coree Et meint en font chair la boelee. O. Fr. boele < botellus. Boisselee (Godef. Supp. Boisselee) : contenance d'un boisseau. Note fig. use in Deniers avra a bosselees Et a grandes escuelees. Due. boicellata. Boistee (Lex.: Godef. Boytee) : contenu d'une boite. From boiste < *buxida. Trois boytees de codrignac et deux livres de dragee perlee. In Rom. XXXI, 362, is given among obscure words: 1522. Et les boitees et couverture de la dite huisserie seront de pierre de Caen. (Cite dans le Bulletin de la Commission des Antiquites de la Seine inf.). Cf. Eng. casing, boxing. Cf. Battee and Batee. Bolee: ce que contient un bol, etc. Une bolee de cidre (Norm.). -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 5 I Bondree (Godef. Supp. Bondree) : oiseau de proie diurne, etc. A kind of short winged Eagle, that preys altogether upon fish, frogs, rats, and serpents; some call her a Harrower (Cotgrave). Bonee ( Godef. ) : mesure de terre. Not in Lexique. From bodne (mod. F. borne) < *oblula, fern. dim. of obelus; Rom. XXVI, 558. Bordee (H.D.T.). Borderee (Godef.) : mesure de terre. Same as borderie (Godef. Supp.) = petite horde, petite metairie; Encore sus demie borderie (sise dans l'Angoumois) assensee a Arnaut du Pomier, outre ladite somme des borderies, cine boisseaus d'orge. Bottee ( Godef. ) : portage de bottes de houilleurs appeles bots dans le nord. Usaiges est que tous ouvriers ovrains a hulhes doient avoir, s'ilh ovrent .VIII. jours la semaine ou plus, chascuns .II. paniers de hulhes por ses bottees. Bouchee (Godef. Supp. Bouchee) : A morsell, or mouth-full of (Cotg.). II geted luinz sa glace si cume buchiees; Ki esterad devant la face de freit de lui? Cf. Lippee. [Bouee (Godef.): foule. Not in Lexique. Je percy trois fois la bouee Des ennemys par beau milieu. In K. 1636 altnfr. bukon: Fr. buer, davon vielleicht bouee, Dampf. Qualm. Is the above the same word and is it a figurative application of buee ?] Bouee (H.D.T.) : Tout corps flottant, etc. Given in H.D.T. as of uncertain origin; but both Tobler and Gaston Paris agree that it is a graphic error of the fifteenth century for Old Fr. boie, dial, variant of buie < boja, Rom. XXV, 623. See also Rom. XXX, 447, and XXXI, 455. A Boy for an anchor (Cotgrave). Bouffee (Godef. Supp. Bouffee): Jet d'haleine. A puffe; a sud- daine, violent and short blast; a berrie, or gust of wind; also a short and violent fit. Cf. Buffee. Boulee (Godef.) : baguette de bouleau. From Old Fr. boul. Cf. boulaie. Ceux qui yront a ce cry seront battus de grans personnages en maniere de sots et sottes lesquels tendront les boulees dessus dictes. Boulee (Godef. Supp.) : fiente qui s'echappe des entrailles a decouvert du poisson. Is the origin to be sought in boule? Or is it an earlier form of the modern technical noun Boulee ? Boulee (H.D.T.) Tech. Masse solide qui reste au fond de la chaudiere, etc. Bouliee ( Godef. ) : bouillon ; fig. mauvaise affaire. A form of bouillie (Godef. Supp.) and 2. boulie (Godef.). Cf. Eng. mess. Bourlee ( Godef. ) : bourrelet, coiffure de f emme. A form for bour- 52 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE let, bourrelet. Et avoient de chascun coste, en lieu de bourlees, deux grandes oreilles si larges que quand elles voulaient passer 1'huis d'une chambre, il fallait qu'elles se tournassent de coste. Bourree ( Godef . ) : espece de poisson. Carpes, barbeaux sont limo- neux; Tanches, anguilles et bourrees Sont au fons de 1'eau boutees. 1. Bourree: see Bourrade. 2. Bourree (H.D.T.) : danse rustique d'Auvergne, etc. Boursee (Godef.) : bourse pleine. From borse, bourse < bursa. N'a trestoz cex qui se plaigneient N'en donreit pas qu'ainz la seree En gastereit une borsee. Boussee (Godef.) : Not in Lexique. Mieulx vault boussee de clerc que journee de vilain (cit. from Ler. de Lincy. Prov.). Given in Godef, as un travail de peu de duree, but it is probably the same as bousee (bouse de vache) in Rom. XII, 224: Luque [la] maudite acoucha Et tant que la mort 1'aprocha. ... A Hellequin le fist savoir Mande li que il li soviegne De li et que querre la viegne Qu'ele veut estre s'espousee: Ele ne donroit une bousee En son mari Boutecareste. See Cotgrave: Bouse and Bousee. 1. Boutee: see Boutade. 2. Boutee (H.D.T.) : Le contenu d'une boute, etc. Neolog. Bouteilliee (Godef. Bouteillie) : le contenu d'une bouteille. Dix journees de vigne ne feront que une bouteillie. Mod. dial, bouteillee. Bouvee: see Bouade. Brandee (Lexique) : champ de bruyeres. Evidently for the brandey of Godef. though in the following example it is felt to be masculine: Item les doues pars de un brandoy . . . tenant au boys de Besauce et au quaroir de Viel Brueil. See brande in H.D.T. Brandonee (Godef. Brandonie) : saisie mise sur un heritage par le signe de brandon. O. Fr. brandonner. To seize land by pitching downe into it a staffe topped with straw (Cotgrave). Besides Bran- donie, the Lexique has a Brandonee ^flamme, entered without an asterisk. Branee (Godef. Supp. Brenee) : patee faite avec du bran. H.D.T. Brassee (Godef. and Supp. Braciee) : La quantite de certains objets, etc. He, f rere Jean mon amy, f rere Jean mon grand cousin : Taccollee, mon amy. A moy la brassee, shows the verbal abstract use which was developed. A fadome, an arme-full, as much as one can hold within, or carrie in his arms (Cotgrave). Bregiee (Godef. Bregie) : sorte de grain servant a faire de la biere. From bregier, formed from the adj. bregie: un cent de blarade bre- giee. Got. brikan, Korting 1573; cf. brega, Rom. V, 371 ; XXI, 226. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 53 Brejounee: On trouve dans un acte poitevin de la seconde moitie du xvii e s.: Une brejounee de terre contenant 25 seillons tant grands que petits, faisant une quartellee environ (1657). Omitted by Gode- f roy ; the above citation is found under Quartelee. Brelee (H.D.T.) : Melange d'avoine et d'orge, etc. Brifee (H.D.T.) (vieilli) : quantite d'aliments qu'on peut avaler en brifant. A mo rsell, bit, snatch, mouthfull (eaten greedily) (Cotgrave). Bringenaudee (Cotgrave): f. A common hackney, a wench that's often swived. Cotg. also has a bringenauder, to swive. Brisee (Godef. and upp.) : defaut de comparaitre en justice. .XL. s. de Maleherbe de Franchoises pour une brisee, et d'un dechiet d'un appel, .1111. 1. (1328). The modern brisees was formerly used also with collective idea in the sing. si aille geter une brisee. A breach, brack, rupture; also a step, track, or footing (Cotgrave). Brochee (Godef. Brochee, Brouchie) : La reunion des pieces, etc. Soubz son bras une brochee de bois ds fresne a faire feu, where brochee = fagot. Also brouchie (partie toufrue du bois) in Parmi haute brouchie se sont abandonne. Cf. H.D.T. broche. Brongnee (Godef.) : coup. From broigne < brunnja, Korting, 1599. A quel coste lui asserray Une brongnee sans farcer? Brossee (H.D.T.) : action de brosser (battre) qqn. Tres fam. See Darm., Great. Nouv., p. 58. Brouee (Godef. Brouee) : brouillard. The old French word meant mauvais traitement (H.D.T.): Us doubterent tant Grielle pour sa grande renommee qu'ils firent une brouee. A mist or fog; also as Brouhaha, or Boutade, a blustering or violent passion, or perturbation. (Cotg.) Brouettee (Godef. Supp. Brouetee) : charge d'une brouette. De charrettes en a mene mainte chartee Et des chargiez et mainte brouetee. Brouillee (Godef. Supp.): action de brouiller, de gaspiller. Quels joueurs de passe-passe! Us baillent d'argent pour faire une brouillee de leurs heures et escorcher le renard par la queue (1564). H.D.T. brouiller. Bruiee (Lexique) : bruit. From bruire. Brulee (Godef. Brullee) : action de bruler. Modern dial, brulee = voice de coups, etc. Cf. Brossee. Brunee (Godef. Brunee, Bruinee) : brune, crepuscle. Probably same word in Biaus fu li jors, si ca'i la bruinee, where Godef. gives brune. From adj. brun < germ, brun, K. 1595. Buee (Godef. and Supp. Buee) : lessive. Cf. Bouee. Lye where- 54 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE with clothes are scoured ; also a buck of clothes (Cotg.) . O. Fr. Buee : cruche, contenance d'une cruche seems to be of same origin. Rom. XXX, 614: C. Nigra: Ital. bucato anc. prov., esp. bugada, fr. buee, etc. Tous ces noms de la lessive sont des adjectifs appliques au cuvier perce d'un trou (buca) par ou passe la lessive. Buffee (Godef.): soufflet, reprimands Alapa, une jouee, une buffee, un soufflet. Cf. Bouffee. Cotgrave registers Buffee as Bufflee : A buffet, blow, cuffe, boxe, or whirret on the eare, etc. Buiree (Godef. Buirie) : contenu, contenance d'une cruche. S'ires a la fontaine qui la val cort serie N'est mie lone de ci, n'i a c'une hucie Se vos en aportes une boine buirie. Burrellee (Godef.) : t. de bias., designe diverses fac.ons d'email dif- ferentes en nombre egal. Losengez de burrellees et de gueules. Lexique does not enter the word, presumably because it may be Bourlee. Butee,Buttee (H.D.T.). Buvee (Godef. Bevee; Supp. Buvee) : Boisson pour les bestiaux, etc. (Dial.). In Old Fr. coup a boire, etc.; Verse, Pinchede, fai li boire II a bien dit, une buvee Tien, Rasoir, et une levee Te doins. Cf. Eng. bevy (New Eng. Diet.). Cagee (Godef. Supp. Cagee) : ce qu' une cage contient d'oiseaux. Taschez de voir toute la cagee en part ou la vent donne. Canee (Godef.) : coups de baton, etc. Ele soi meisme feroit de caneies et de puinz. Cf. Buffee. Caraviree ( Cotg. ) : A wry-mouthed, or wry-faced wench ; or one that often makes wry mouthes, or ill favoured wry faces. Cardee (H.D.T.). Carnavalee ( Cotg. ) : A wench thats growne as licentious, or, is used as licentiously, as the Carnaval. Carree (Godef. Carrie, Quaree) : voile quadrangulaire, etc. In Old Fr. carrie meant encoignure as in Cinq toyses de gros boys carre employe a faire une carrie de bois a 1'entree de ladicte tour pour pendre 1'uys de 1'entree d'icelle (1480). Quaree was estrade etc.: Si estoient les rues tendues, et par tous les quarfours ou il devoit passer, estoient hourdements ou quarees d'hystores par personnages. Carrossee (H.D.T.). Cf. Charossee. Cartee (Cotg.) : A (letter of) defiance, or challenge, for a (single) combat. Casee (Godef.) : bile. Met jus les deniers, je t'en pri Ains que li casee m'esmoeve. From stem of caseum, cf. Mod. Fr. caseum. Castoree (Lex.) : castoreum. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 55 Caudelee (Cotg.): A cawdell (in La Beausse). O. Fr. chaudel, Mod. Fr. chaudeau. Godef. has omitted this word because he con- fused it with chauderee, as witness the following cited there: Tant y a que c'est une fagon de bouillie, et Fay ouy nommer de la caudelee. 1. Cavee (Godef.) : chouette, chat-huant. Monedula, cavee. 2. Cavee (Godef. Chavee) : ravin, chemin creux, etc. Independent formations : chavee, chevee < chaver, chever and cavee < caver < ca- vare. Cavee has replaced chevee. Dial. use. Ceinturee ( Godef. ) : ceinture. De la haulteur de santuree d'homme. But in Un compaignon venant de Guise, auquel fu oste une sainturee d'argent, the meaning is rather ceinture pleine. Celee (Godef.) action de cacher: cachette, mystere. Li provoz li dit senz celee : Morir vos covient de m'espee. From celer < celare. Cendree (Godef. Supp, 2. Cendree) : marjolaine. Cendree sau- vage, marjolaine bastarde, gerbe (Monet). See Cendree. Cendree (Godef. Supp. i Cendree) : melange de cendre de houille, etc. Pasteaux lor jete, mortiers e ceminee, Neis la cendree en la presse a jetee. H.D.T. derives from cendre: *cinerata has strong claims, Rom. VI, 595. Cotgrave has: A melting, or purifying of silver, etc., in ashes; also, a wedge, barre, lumpe, or ball of silver, etc., so melted; also, an ash-heape; and, a place, or thing burnt unto ashes. Cendree sauvage. Wild Marierome, grove Marierome, Organ, Origanie. Cepee (Godef. Supp. Cepee) : Reunion de jeunes tiges, etc. Alix- andres regarde desous une cepee D'un vermeil cerubin qui ot la fuelle lee. An hearbe thats very like unto Brooke-lime or water Pim- pernell (if it be not the same). (Cotg.) Cephalee (Godef. Supp.) : mal de tete violent et opiniatre quel- quefois periodique. Lexique gives migraine, but note On fait trois differences de douleur de tete, la cephalgie, la cephalee et la migraine. Semi-learned. Cerisee (Godef. Supp.): recolte de cerises (Monet). Cotgrave: The revenue that comes in, or profit that's made, by cherries. Cernee ( Godef. ) : huile de cerneaux. huile de noix. From cerne under the influence of cerneau. Item, 2 livres d'oile d'olive ; item, une livre de cernee (1359). Cervelee (Godef.) : cervelle. De cest baston vous donrai tel colee Espandrai vous del cief la cervelee. Chaelee ( Godef. ) : portee d'une bete. From chael < catellus K. 2012. Rom. V, 119, chael. Le louvier pour la prinse d'un loup ou *corruptiare (G. P.). 64 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE Coustee (Godef.) : matelas. Ara en la fourriere huict coustees. Cf. Coutepointe, Courtepointe, Rom. XIX., 120. O. Fr. coute, also written couste. Coutefouee (Godef.) : sorte de bois. Lors le dit Gile, sanz cousteau et sanz espee, portant en sa main un baston de coutefouee demanda lequel est le monnier de Dampfmartin. Coutissee (H.D.T.). Couvee: see Couvade. Cravachee (H.D.T.). Cree (Littre; Godef. Supp. Cree) : mesure de longueur, appliquee en Bretagne a 1'aunage de la toile tissee. Pour chacune charge de toille blanche de Bretagne, a trois cens crees pour charge, .XL. s., pour charge de toile crue, brin de la fagon de Dinanois, a trois cents verges pour charge, .XVI. s., .VIII. d. (1512). Given by letters patent in 1780 to the stuff itself: creas nuevas (Litt.). Cremillee (Godef. Crameillee, Crameillie) : cremaillere. H.D.T. assigns O. Fr. cramail to Late Lat. cramaculum; in Rom. XXVII. , 161, G. Paris says: La forme meridionale cremasclo indique une s primitive ce qui rapprocherait le mot du gr. /cpcjuacrrr/p ; peut-etre est-il venu de Marseille. Mais il est difficile de ne pas voir dans cremaillere le derive du kramailas des gloses de Cassel. Crenee (Godef.): creneau; taille, impot, rente. i) Sa mason ai environnee Ostei li ai sa crenee. 2) Et les affranquissons de toutes exactions, scos, debites, creneez, giestes, priiers, talhes, serviches, et corweez envers tous prelaus. Through metonymy, to the meaning of castle and then to that of tax on the same. O. Fr. crener < crenare ; Hetzer Reich. Gloss, crenare (291) : grinatam. Cresee (Godef.) : etoffe de laine croisee, creseau. Cf. croisie (Supp.), and mod. Fr. croise. Cresee et aultres estoffes (1444). Cressonnee (Godef.) : salade de cresson. Une salade ou cressonnee. H.D.T. assigns cresson to O.H.G. chresse; in Rom. XXVI., 136 crescere is adopted. Cresson serait un mot demi-savant, demi-popu- laire, ce qui n'a rien que de tres naturel pour un nom de plante. Cretignee (Godef.) : le contenu d'un cretin. (Us) doient chescun an a freire Berdin .II. cretignees de cens a paler a feste S. Martin. (1248). Cretonnee (Godef.) : sorte de mets, etc. Syn. cretonne. Cf. creton. Criee (Godef. and Supp. Criee) : proclamation qui annongait, etc. Earlier meanings: cri, clameur, etc. i) Tel noise font et tel criee Qu'en les oist d'une lieuee. 2) Car jadis nous souillions avoir Nous Pharisiens, la cryee D'estre sainte gent et riglee. See Cotgrave. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 65 Crochetee (H.D.T.). Crocodillee (Godef.) : fiente du crocodile. Son estront (du croco- dile) appelle crocodillee sane et abelli la face. Cotgrave: A medicine, made of some parts of a crocodile, for the suffusions, and webs of eyes. Croisee: see Croisade. Croisilliee (Godef. Croisillie) : petite croix. La pane fu moult bien ovree A croisillies totes diverses Indes, vermeilles et perses. From *croisillier, cf. adj. croisille. Crolee (Godef.) : fondriere. Je fais cognixant a tous ke je tieng a ma vie dou covant de St. Pieremont la crolleie com dist en Henamont ke geist ansom la crolleie d'Amblemont. Cf. O. Fr. croler, Mod. Fr. crouler. Cruchee (Godef. Cruchie?; Supp. Cruchiee) : quantite de liquide que contient une cruche. Portoient les cruchies de vin et les cruchiees d'eve. H.D.T. assigns to Old Frankish Kruka; Schuchardt, in Rom. XXXI., 452, considers cruche creuset and their congeneres as from cochlea. (G. Paris, in his compte-rendu, refrains from expressing an opinion.). Cruppee (Godef.) : voice de coups de baton. S'il aloit a lui il lui donroit une cruppee d'un baston qu'il tenoit (1460) : H.D.T. croupe. (Godef. Supp. crope). Cuilleree (Godef. Supp. Cuilleree). Cuitiee ( Godef. ) : f ournee, cuite. Pourra cuire a ce four la cuitiee aus us et aus coutumes (1248). From O. Fr. cuite (Godef. Supp.) ; see example s. Batelee. Cuivree (H.D.T.). Culee (Godef.) : contenance de deux muids et demi. Une pres- soiree doit emplir vingt deux culees. Culee (Godef. Supp. Culee) : partie voisine du cul, etc. Nous et nos gens arons nostre entree et issue en ladicte court et en la halle et arons place en la cullee de ladicte halle depuis les pilliers de bois et de pierre qui tiennent le travers d'icelle jusques au mur par devers le cour- til (i355)j in which culee does not mean pilier qui soutient la retombee d'un arc-boutant (Supp.) but le fond, la partie posterieure. Curee (Godef. Cuirie, I. Curie, 2. Curie; Supp. Cuiriee) : portion de la bete qu'on abandonne aux chiens etc. In Une couverture noire de cuir de vache, appellee cuiree (s. Godef. Cuirie) we have the same use as in A Regnant le coeuvreur pour avoir fait une curve a la tour de Beauregarts (s. 2 Curie). A specialized use is seen in Que fame qui 6 66 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE a sur lie techez Ou fronche ou novele currie Se doit touz dis tenir muchie (s. 2 Curie). See Cotgrave. Cuvee (Godef. Supp. Cuvee) : quantite de vin qui, etc. In Je ne Tay perse que pour vous. . . . beuveurs de la prime cuvee we see the germ of the figurative uses. [Cylee (Godef.) : lutte, melee? S'a enseigne monstree Qu'il voelt a eulz parler sans comenchier cylee.] Dadee (Godef. Supp. Dadie) : babiole, enfantillage. Childish toy- ing, speech, or dalliance; whence; Souffrir a un enfant toutes ses dadees. To cocker, or cokes it; to make a feddle, or wanton o'f it. (Cotgrave). Cf. dada. Daintiee (Godef.) : bon morceau, friandise, etc. Que c'est grant joie e grant dentee. Cf. daintier (H.D.T.). See page 31. Damasquinee (Godef. Supp.) : travail de damasquinerie. L'eau teinte tombant sur la blanche, a fait plusieurs figures, idees, ou damas- quinees en ladite pierre de jaspe. From adj. damasquin (Supp.). Deablee (Godef.): diablerie. Mahom! dist 1'amiral, com feite deablee! Qui fu done si hardi et qui ot tel posnee Qui combati a li cors a cors, a meslee? Syn. deablie. Debauchee (H.D.T.). Debridee (H.D.T.). [Deceplie (Godef.) : chatiment, massacre. Challes voit de sa gent mainte grant deceplie.] [Deee (Godef.) : deesse, fee Not in Lexique. Et si la fist 1'epee une d[e]ee.] Definee (Godef.) : fin; destinee. Ou d'une part ou d'autre iert la guerre finee Ou pour paix ou pour mort sera la defHnee. From O. Fr. defin, after analogy of Finee. Degelee (H.D.T.). Dehachiee (Godef. Dehachie) : massacre, extermination. Que se vous y venez en nostre compaignie Que li Angloiz seront mis a grant dehachie. From dehachier; cf. Haschiee. Demenchiee (Godef.) : mesure de terre. Item, une terre conte- nant une demenchie de terre ou environ (1412). Demenee (Godef.) : menee, procede, etc. i). La faisoit en son cor piteuse demenee. 2) Et apres longhes demenees de cest affaire. 3) Pour les practiques et demenees de tels mariages. Cf. demene ; Menee. Cotgrave: A stirre, jog, wag, unquiet motion, frequent remove; a tumble, tosse, canvasse; or as Demenement; also, a practise, plot, secret enterprise, or device. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 67 Demonstree (Godef.) : demonstration. II proie Diu en sa pensee Qu'il en fache demonstree. Demoree (Godef.) : sejour, etc. Vostre alee vaut mieuz que vostre demouree. O. Fr. demorer. Denree (Godef. and Supp. Denree) : merchandise, etc., etc. Dient que ce sont fumees De dolour environnees Et que de tels corrovees De deus ou de trois denrees On a plus qu'asses. Fig. uses are noteworthy: Tel denree lor Anglois urent, Po de chevalier de valor Remaint qui ne fu mort eel jour. In Rom. XXXI., 498 (n. 2) G. Paris remarks that denree, qui remonte tres haut, ne peut s'expliquer que par une forme denerata, laquelle a son tour suppose denerum comme base de denier. Cf. Prov. denairada. See also Rom. XXXI., 492 (footnote). Cf. Cotgrave: Ware, stuffe, marchandise; any ordinairie chaffer that is retailed ; also, a certaine measure, or proportion in buying and selling, etc. Dentee: see Dentade. Deraisniee (Godef. Deraisnie) : action de prouver, de soutenir son droit. Fache mander sans nul demour S'amie, et jou li prouverai Que jou desraisnie averai. O. Fr. deraisnier < *derationare, K. 7806. Derisee (Lexique) : derision, moquerie. From O. Fr. deriser. Derobee (H.D.T.). See Cotgrave: Desrobbee. Dervee (Godef.) : lieu plante de chenes, chenaie. Item, Guillaume Bonin laissa cinq soulz sur une dervee (1326). Properly an -eta derivative. See page 28. Derverlee ( Godef. ) : f olie. Derver = desver, of whose origin there has been much discussion; see Romania (Table) and Korting. Desassemblee (Godef.) : dissolution d'une assemble. Lesquelz furent par aucuns de leurs amis et voisins illecques desassemblez ; et la desassemblee faite . . . (1416). Syn. Dessemblee. Desaubee (Godef.) : fete ou Ton otait la robe blanche aux nouveaux baptises, etc. Que les deniers a Dieu quy procedderont des festins et banquets, ensamble les desobees quy se donneront neantmoings a discre- tion et sans contraincte par les diets maistres cuisiniers seront doresna- vant mis en une boite (1504). From desauber < aube < albus. Desbandee: see Debandade. Desblee (Godef.) : ble pendant par racine, etc. i) Lesdiz preneurs pourront labourer, cultiver, cuillir blee, desblee, huiffriz, yssues, et revenues (1363). 2) Cueillir et recevoir les uffruiz, leveez, desbleez, proufiz et emolumens (1388). Cf. Ablee, Blee. Dablee: A crop of corne, etc. ; corne growing or standing on the ground ; also, Harvest, or 68 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE the reaping of corne, etc. (Cotgrave). Also: Desblee: Hinderance, dammage, disadvantage by scarcitie; also corne; or a crop of corne; also, a stacke, or halfe-thrave, of corne. Descordee (Godef.) : dispute, querelle. Ore orez ja la grant des- cordee Qui lores et puis f ud acordee. From descorder : Syn. descordie. Desertee (Godef.) : desert. Baron, dist Corbanus, ceste chose est provee: For vos somes gari en ceste desertee. From deserter (rendre desert). Syn. desertie (Godef.). In Rom. XIV., 182: Dist la dame: Ne se vol tarder mie Qe in breve tempo e nostra desertie we have the Franco-It, word from deserter (=abandonner un lieu qu'on ne doit pas quitter). Desesperee: see Desesperade. Desgainee: see Desgainnade. Desiree (Godef.) : desir. II n'ont mes cure de mesnee Qui preste- ment ne leur otroie Toute leur plainne desiree. Desjeunee (Godef.) : petit repas du matin, dejeuner. Que je ne amasse miex a faire desjunee D'une pieche de char. Desmesuree ( Godef. ) : action f olle, extravagante. Agoulans a sa gent par tout mandee Quant sont venu grans fu li aiinee: A aus se claime de la desmesuree Que rois Marsiles a sa fille donnee Roi Anseis d 'outre la mer betee. O. Fr. desmesurer. Desmontee (Godef.) : descente. Maintenant la pierre est montee Gardons nous de la demontee Devant qu'elle soit bien assise. O. Fr. desmonter. [Despotee (Godef.) : cour du seigneur? Not in Lexique. Et quant nous serons la, se li rois ou li princes nous remande pour aler au despotee, si aurons juste excuse, car nous serons loings de la Moree. Probably a form of despotic = seigneurie.] Dessemblee (Godef.) : action de dissoudre une assemblee, separa- tion. Et dist : Puisqu'il m'ont en despit Et font sans moi lor assemblee Et je feral la dessemblee De ce despit me vengerai. Syn. Desassemblee. Dessevree (Godef.): separation. De doulce assemblee dure des- sevree. O. Fr. dessevrer. Destinee (Godef. and Supp. Destinee) : La suite des evenements, etc. Formerly also force, vigueur, etc.: Gaides le fiert par tele des- tinee Arme qu'il ait li a pou de duree. O. Fr. destiner = decider, etc. See Cotgrave. Destorbee ( Godef. ) : trouble, empechement. Ce lor a f et grant destorbee Q'entre sont en une valee Cil ki chevauchent a esploit. From destorber < disturbare, Rom. XXXI, 8. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 69 Destornee (Godef.) : chemin detourne, moyen detourne. Se jel puis faire par nule destornee Secors aurois a poi de demouree. Dial. Uses. From destorner < dis + tornare. Cf. destorne. Devalee (Godef.) : descente. Je fuz destrousse des brigans par une grande forest qui est vers la partie des aureilles, puis trouvay une petite bourgade a la devallee. From devaler < deval < val < vallis. Cot- grave : A descent, or low ground ; a fall in ground. Devanciee (Godef. Devancie) : in a la devancie = au-devant. Ainc ont la guerre renforcie Et li rois a la devanchie Lor revint, si les desconfi. From devancier. Devantee (Godef.) : contenu d'un tablier. Et lor dona si grant dons riches Richard qui n'est aver ne chuiches Hanas d 'argent, copes dorees, K'en aportoit a devantees As chevaliers solonc go qu'il erent. From 2. devant (Godef.) =poitrine. [Devee (Godef.) : chemin? Quant la riviere de Loire est si grande qu'elle passe entour une grosse pierre assise pres de devee (1434). Not in Lexique.] Developpee (H.D.T.). Devisee ( Godef. ) : recit, maniere, sorte. Et les gloutons crioient, grant noise ont demenee Maiz on f rapoit sur eulx par telle devisee Qu'ilz ne firent tantost ne noise ne criee. From deviser. [Dialtee (Godef.): sorte de medicament. De vert de grice et de dialtee. Cotgrave: An ointment, whose principall ingredient is the mucilage, or slime of Althea, or marsh Mallow. See Althaea (H.D.T.).] Dictee (H.D.T.) : action de dieter, etc. Cf. older popular word ditie. s. m. = composition, etc. ; Lequel Arnoulet tenoit en sa main un dictie de la Vierge Marie qu'il vouloit lire. Diffamee (Godef.) : deshonneur. Et Guis ses fils s'escrie a moult grant alenee : Se m'i lessies morir grant iert la diffamee. Syn diffamie. Dinee (Godef.) : Action de diner, etc. Note extensions of mean- ing in Old French: i) II vindrent a la mer droit a une disnee. 2) Deux marchans estans a une disnee pres de Toulouse. Doee (Godef.) : epousee. Adont aries m'amour. . . . Pour faire vostre gre sy com vostre douee. O. Fr. doer < dotare, Mod. Fr. douer. Doictee (Godef.) : autant qu'on peut prendre avec les doigts. Quiconques vent seel au dit Laigny a destail, il doibt par chacune sepmaine de Tan au jour de vendredi deux doictees de seel (xv e . s.). Cf. Doitee and Doitiee. 70 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE Doienee ( Godef . ) : doyenne. Que desore en avant toutz les elec- tions des toutes erchevechies, eveschies, abbeys, priories, deanies ou auters dignitees electifs soient desore en avant franks. Cf. doiene. Doitee: (H.D.T.). Doitiee (Godef. Doitie) : fleche, trait. Tristran, sachiez, une doitie A un cerf traist qu'il out vise. From doitier (=conduire, enseigner) < *digitare. Cf. Doitee and Doictee. Domee (Godef.) : dimanche. Ce face on toutes les fies que aucune domee ne puet estre ansgois chantee en couvent. In Rom. XXX, 607, where domee is given as from *dominata, G. Paris says: Notons que domee, qui d'ailleurs (outre la Regie de Cit.) n'est pas tres rare, repond a hebdomada et non a *dominata. Cf. domel (Rom. Janv. 1907, 102 03) : de 1'entree d'aoust jusques au domel ensuivant. Domel is not in Lexique. Donnee (Godef. Donee) : Ce qui est donne; etc. i) Et celui jour fist le roy faire une donnee . . . de .VIII. parisis a chascune per- sonne qui voult aler a la dicte donnee. 2) Donee, id. est donatio et visceratio. Cf. done. Cotgrave: A dole, guift, or distribution, a donative. Doree: see Daurade. Dossee (Godef. 2 words) : coup sur le dos. Se mal a fait, se venra sa dossee. In Je voi ces genz, se Dieus me gart, Qui por boivre font granz dossees Le vin, qui lor art les corees (cf. Eng. cockles of the heart) Et si ne s'en sentent de rien, it seems to mean haussement des epaules. [Doublee (Godef. ). Not in Lexique. In the examples given, i) Bele qui apris m'avez A chanter doublee; 2) Nous deffendons la doublee, se elle n'est au moule d'un parisis (1328), Doublee probably is the past part, of doubler = chanter a double partie. Cf. double = equivoque, trompeur.] Douetee (Godef.) : fosse qui sert pour 1'ecoulement des eaux nomme les douittees du pre salle (1728, Almeneches, Arch. Orne). Une piece de terre aboutant a la douetee (1417, Almeneches). From douet, dial, form of doit = conduit, canal, etc. < *ductium. K. 3133. Doulousee (Godef.) : desolation, gemissement. La ot al departir tel doulousee. From doulouser < *doliosus, K. 3069. Cf. Les plain- tes et les doulousers. Doutee (Godef.) : crainte. Or retornes a vostre seingnor e li dites que je ai petite doutee de sa guere. Dragee (Godef. i. Dragie, 2. Dragie(?); Supp. Dragie) : con- -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE /I fiserie composee, etc. Tu pues bien savoir et congnoistre Que Englois one Frangois n'ama; Male dragie entr'eulz y a: Hui sont en pais, demain en guerre. Under farrage (Supp.) : Farrage, autrement dite dragee, doit estre semee en lieux gras et fort fumez. See Cotgrave. Wrongly conceived to be of the -ata substantives. Draingniee (Godef.) : sorte de monnaie. Not in Lexique. Si leur donna .LX. m. draingniees d'or pour lessier les enfouir. Probably for dragme, drachme; cf. .II. drigmes d'argent (Supp.). Drapee: see Drapade. Dravee (Godef. 2. Dravie) : melange de pois, vesces, etc. Les dits subgectz et habitans dudit Beauval qui ont affaire de dravyes ou verde vesche pour leurs bestes sont tenus par ladite coustume demander grace au seigneur (1507). Cotgrave: All kind of pulse, as Beanes, pease, &c. [Dravie (Godef. I. Dravie): coup? Not in Lexique. Li escus est tant vertuous Que cius ki 1'aura en baillie Ja par armes ne par dravie N'iert abatus de cheval Pour nul home qui soit mortal . . . ] Dreciee (Godef. Drecie) : rangee de plats, festin, repas. Si veit on maint home bleciez Des mes dont il sont mal dreciez Que deviendront dont tiex drecies Seront elles mais adrecies? From drecier. Cf. Dressee. Dressee (H.D.T.). Duree (Godef. and Supp. Duree) : action de durer, etc. A closely akin meaning in Old Fr. was resistance: Si lour coumenche a detren-> chier et a coper escus et hiaumes et haubiers si durement que nule armeure ne lor pooit avoir duree. Special uses : I ) Tu ne vivras pas a duree. 2) Cele lanpe fu alumee Toz jors ardra mais a duree Se Ten ne la brise o abat. [Duvee (Godef.) : duvet. Et eslongeras de toi ta chiere amye la duvee emplumee. For duvet.] Dyee (Godef.) : certaine priere par laquelle on terminait les diffe- rentes heures des offices les jours de jeune. Quant on fait la dyee, c'est assavoir quant Ton fait la matine sur sepmaine, comme en Caresme ou en 1'Avent. . . . Ton doit faire prostration. . . . Due. Dieta. [Eavie (Godef.) : droit du seigneur sur le produit de la peche un jour par semaine. . . . Eavyes et pesqueries en la riviere de Seine. Eavie (325). Du Cange connects with filare. Cotg. has: The covering of a bed ; also, the daintiest kind of Ray, or smooth Thornebacke. Fleschade (Cotg.) : A wound, or pricke of an arrow. Cf. Mod. Fr. fleche. Fouettade (Cotg.) : A lashing, whipping, scourging. 1. Fougade (Godef. Supp.) : mine passagere, etc. See H.D.T. fougasse. A mine; an up-blowing fire-worke, or wild-fire (Cotg.). Of same origin as Fouee. Fouee (Godef. i. Fouee) : feu qu'on allume, etc. In O. Fr. also a tax: Qui vent le caretee a un cheval [ou] a plusieurs, carkie de mairien et de tout bos, doit un denier de la fouee. Cf. Fouee, of same origin. Fouee (Godef. 2 Fouee) : droit du seigneur d'exiger un certain nombre de journees pour travailler a ses vignes, etc. Item, la fouee a quatre hommes de vignes assis au clos des carreaux (1353). Cf. Fouee. 2. Fougade (H.D.T.): elan passager, capricieux. Fougade, as Fougue : Inclination, or aptnesse, unto suddaine anger, or furie ; also, a desperate, and suddaine effort, or effect of furie, or of any such turbu- lent, and impetuous passion (Cotg.). Frescades (Cotg.): Refreshments, or things refreshing; as (in Summer-time) light garments, coole aire, cold places; bowres, or shades, overspred with greene boughs. Fressurades (Cotg.) : Complements of outward courtesie in matters of intertainment, or salutation ; as, the bow r ing of the knee, or a stoop- ing to touch one anothers knees; also, trifling, fondnesse, toying, idle gestures, actions to no purpose ; also, a horses lifting up of his legs. Fringade (Godef.) : pompe, braverie. Mais cuidant qu'ilz ayent de quoy faire, Mai repeuz, maintenant saoulez, Pour mieulx la fringade parfaire, L'eaue passe parmy leurs souliers. Stem of O. Fr. fringuer, for which Diez adduced fringellus, K. 3993. Friscade (Godef. Supp. s. Ruade) : ? La veringue, la haringue, la ruade, la friscade. Frottade (H.D.T. s. Frottee). Used by Retz to mean coups regus par quelqu'un. Frottee (Godef. and Supp. Frotee) : tartine frotte d'ail, etc., 148 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE Mangeant leur lard bien jaune et ranee Avec une frotee d'oignons. A chafing, rubbing, fretting; a lamming, thwacking, swindging (Cotg.). Fusillade (H.D.T.). Gabionnade (Godef. Supp.) : ouvrage de defense, etc. Le samedy avec grandes bravades Us sont venus pour gabionnades Pres de nos murs. See Cotg. Galopade (Godef. Supp.) : action de galoper. A galloping (Cotg.). Gambade ( Godef. Supp. ) : saut, etc. Bon corps pour f aire la gam- bade. A gamboll, yew-game, tumbling tricke ( Cotg. ) . Gargouillade (H.D.T.). Different in application from the older Gargouillee of same origin. Gargouillee (H.D.T.). Gasconnade (Godef. Supp.) : hablerie de Gascon. Gaulade ( Godef. Supp. ) : coup de gaule. II a f allu que lui, se pros- ternant aux pieds du pape, ait regus les gaulades en la personne de Mon- sieur le convertisseur et du cardinal d'Ossat. Doublet of Gaulee. Gaulee (Godef. Gaulee) : ce qu'on a abattu, etc. In the older language was a mesure de terre : 22 gaulees de pre 332 pieds de long. H.D.T. gives gaulee as from gaule, but it seems more likely that the older use of the word came from gaule and that the later use came from the verb gauler (Godef. Supp. example of 1360). Cotg. has: A beating, or dinging downe (as of fruit &c.) with poles; and hence, a cudgelling, basting, thwacking, lamming; also, the decaying, or hurting of trees by an excessive, or unseasonable beating downe of their fruit. Genouillade (Godef. Supp.) : genuflexion. Given in H.D.T. as of xvii 6 . s., but cited in Supp. as early as 1585. Le chapeau a la main, la genouillade bien estofee d'un mouvement alternatif de toutes les parties du corps. Giroflade (Cotg.) : as Girofle (Languedoc). Mistral says that the Girofle was not the same flower as the Giroflade. Prov. girouflado. Giroflee (Godef. Gariofilee; Godef. Supp. Giroflee) : sorte d'oeil- let, etc. Et pus apres prenre puison de galiophilee. A Gilloflower; and, most properly, the Clove Gilloflower (Cotg.). Glissade (Godef. Supp.): action de etc. A slip, or slipping; a gliding, sliding; stealing or creeping along; also, glibnesse (Cotg.). Aussi font ilz de belles glissades et faux pas. Has replaced the older Glissee. Glissee (Godef.) : glissade. En cheminant il ferme 1'ongle -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 149 comme s'il alloit d'asseurance, puis tout soudain il s'efforce et 1'ouvre, faisant de grande glissees, donnant des os en terre. Gobichonnade (Darm. Great. Nouv., p. 82). Gourmade ( Godef . Supp. ) : coup de poing, etc. : Aux premieres grommades. A cuffe on the mouth, a pash on the nose (Cotg.). Grenade ( Godef. Supp. ) : fruit du grenadier, etc. A Pomegranet ; also, a ball of wild-fire, made like a Pomegranet (Cotg.). Cotg. has also a Granade: A reproach, taxation, or hard tearme; also, any hard measure. Griff ade ( Godef. Supp. ) : coup de griff e. A clawing, a scratch or gripe with the clawes ; a ranche, or clinch with a beasts paw. Has re- placed Griffee. Griff ee (Godef.) : griffade. Que le frangois dit plus usiteement griffee, comme havee, et dentee . . . signifie un coup, une ferure de griffe de beste onglee a serres, comme le lyon, ours, faulcon, chat, etc. 1. Grillade (Godef. Supp.; Godef. Crillade) : petite claie. Cragula, crillade. Cf. 2 Grillade. 2. Grillade (H.D.T.). Cf. i Grillade. Gruppade ( Cotg. ) : A violent gripe, seisure, graspe, catching, snatch- ing at. From O. Fr. grupper. Gruppade, the action of seizing, and Grupee, the thing seized, have both disappeared. Grupee (Godef.) : part, portion. Pour mettre mignons en alaine Voicy fine espice sucree Et tel y laissera la laine Qui n'en aura ja la grupee. O. Fr. grupper. Guillotinade (Darm. Great. Nouv., p. 81). Guinguade (Godef.): godet? Not in Lexique. Un bacin a bar- bier, .II. guinguades, une paelle percie (1397). Harpade (Cotg.) : A catching, or snatching at, a griping, or seizing on, with the claws. See H.D.T. 2 harpe. Harengade (Cotg.) : A fish that resembles a little shad, called so at Marseilles. Heurtade (Cotg.) : A shocke, knocke, jurre, joult, push, dash. Ap- parently sporadic ; Heurtee was the usual word. Both were supplanted by heurtement. Heurtee (Godef.) : heurt, choc. Si en y a .II. ou .III. qui ont leurs chevaux mors et afolez au j ouster de hurtee ou de cheoite. Hivernade (Cotg. Yvernade) : A wintering. Prov. Ivernado (Mistral). Verbal abstract in force as distinct from Hivernee. Hivernee (Godef.) : saison d'hiver. Celle malle yvernee estoit passee. O. Fr. hiverner. I 50 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE Improvisade (H.D.T.). Incartade (Godef. Supp.) : boutade facheuse. Avoir tout fait par incartade et avec un soubris hors de raison. Intrade (Cotg.) : Revenue, rent, profit comming in. Ital. Intrata. Independent of Entree. Entree (Godef. Supp. Entree) : action d'entrer. Bele kiere fait a 1'entree Li portiers, quant voit ens entrer Dont espoire argent ou ventree. L. intrata. Jarretade ( Cotg. ) : A houghing, or slash over the hammes. Jeremiade (H.D.T.). Joncade (Cotg.) : A certaine spoone meat made of creame, Rose- water and Sugar. Possibly from jonc. Jonchee (Godef. Jonchie; Supp. Jonchiee) : amas de feuilles, etc. Ele va devant et il apres et trepassent la tor et vienent en une grant joinchie de jons menus. Jonchee: A bundle of rushes; also, a greene banke to sit on, or way to goe in, strewed with flowers, hearbes, grasse, or green rushes; also, the rushes so strewed; also, a green cheese, or fresh cheese made of milk thats curdled without any runnet, and served in a f raile of green rushes ; also, a handful of small Ivorie prickes wherewith maidens use to play (Cotg.). Journade (Godef.) : habillement de dessus, sorte de casaque, avec ou sans ceinture, servant aux hommes et aux femmes. Vestus de journades de soye grise et noire. Why so called ? Journee (Godef. Journee; Supp. Jornee) : espace de temps, etc. A day, or whole day; also, a day of battell, or the battell it selfe; also a dayes work, or labour; a dayes journey or travell (Cotg.). Langade (Godef.) : coup de lance. . . . 1'autre donne 1'arque- bouze ou la langade de 1'autre coste. A launch, hurle, throw, fling, darting (Cotg.). Lentillade (Cotg.) : The spotted and long-nosed Scate, or Thorne- backe (Langued.). Prov. lentilhat (Mistral). Of same origin as Lentillee. Lentillee (Godef.) : lentigo. Lentigo, ginis, lentillee de visage. Lievrade (Godef.): mesure de terre, le quart d'un arpent. La quatrieme piece contient trois mailhieres et une lievrade de pre. (1471). Corruption of O. Fr. lievart. Lignade (Lexique) : provision de bois. Lat. lignum. Woodage; provision of wood (Cotg.). Limonade (H.D.T.). Lorgnade (H.D.T.). Cf. Oeillade. -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 15 I Louade ( Cotg. ) : as Laude. The toll thats payed for wares retayled in certaines Faires, and Markets within the dominion of Berry; (and elsewhere). Malesuade (Cotg.) : Hunger (because it persuades but ill). Malesiiade ( Cotg. ) : A sweating paine ; or sicknesse. Margade (Godef.) : seche, poisson de mer. Pour millier de mar- gade ou seiche, xv e . s. Cf. Morgade. Marinade (H.D.T.) : saumure dans laquelle, etc. Of same origin as Marinee. Marinee (Godef.) : bord de la mer; maree. Tout droit devers le Rin, a une marinnee Ot le queux ung chastel et une terre lee. Cf. Maree : Kant fait unt lor voleir vienent a la maree Et entrent en la flote qui estoit eschipee. Markade ( Godef. ) : ? Not in Lexique. En le terre monseigneur .1. markade, c'est de .XIII. menkaudees. Marmelade (Godef. and Supp.) : mets compose, etc. Mascarade (Godef. Supp.) : divertissement ou les gens etc. Merindade (Godef.): district d'un merin. Dividitur Navarra in quinque praefecturas quas majorinatus seu merindades vocant. Due. merinatus, sous majorinus. Mezellade (Godef.) : espace entre deux sillons. La troisieme piece contient ung arpent et une mezellade de pre (1471). Due. mezellada. Mitraillade ( H.D.T. ). See also Darm. Great. Nouv., p. 81. Mocade (H.D.T. 2. Moquette) : etoffe pour tapis, etc. The Stuffe Moccadoe (Cotg.). Morgade (Godef.) : sorte de poisson. Morgade, c'est un poisson, bret, morgadenn (1464). Cf. Margade. Mortaillade ( Godef. ) : mort, mortalite, massacre, etc. Also, droit, etc. A faulte de payer par I'homme les droits de directe ou fondalite, ou de condition de servitude ou mortaillade, n'y a point de commise. Syn. mortaille. Moscarade (H.D.T.). Mousquetade (Godef. Supp.) : decharge, etc. Vray est qu'on les eust peu desloger a coups de mosquetades et d'harquebuzades. Muscade (Godef. Supp.) : See H.D.T. Nacarade (Godef.): nacarat. Si bous boulez amarante, nacarade pensee, fleur de seigle, etc. Niflade (Godef. Nifflade) : coup sur le nez. Y en ayant de tels qui . . . seroient bien aises de vous faire donner quelque nifflade, voire ne craindroient point de se hazarder eux mesmes pour cela. O. Fr. nifle, K. 6526. 152 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE Noyade (H.D.T.). Oblade ( Cotg. ) : A kind of great-eyed, and little-mouthed sea Ruffe, or sea Perch, having a blacke spot on the root of her tail (Marseille is). Oeillade (Godef. Supp.) : coup d'oeil significatif. Cotg. : An amorous looke; affectionate winke, wanton aspect, lustfull jert, or passionate cast of the eye ; a sheepes eye. Ominade (Godef.) : bosse. Icellui garson se plaigny d'une jarie, et dit on que par eschivissement, mauvaistie, et malice dud it garson ou aultrement, lui vint une ominade ou bosse en Fayne, grosse comme le poing (1467). Lexique drops both ominade and jarie. Onglade ( Godef. Supp. ) : ongle entre dans la chair. A scratch, or paw with, or the print, or marke of, nayles; a nayle-marke. Doublet of Onglee. Onglee (Godef. and Supp. Onglee) : engourdissement douloureux, etc. Formerly, Pterygium, 1'onglee de 1'oeil ou autres parties du corps quand la chair surcroist en forme d'une petite aisle. Ache of the fingers ends in extremitie of cold weather; also, a painefull slip- ping of the flesh from, or swelling of it over, the nayle ; also, a web in a mans, and the Hawe in a horses, eye (Cotg.). Grade (Cotg.) : The Guilt-head; a sea-fish. Cf. Dorade. Orangeade (H.D.T.). Orchades ( Cotg. ) : Great ships ; also, a kind of great fishes, mortall enemies to Whales. Cf. Mod. Fr. hourque, K. 4665. Ostade ( Godef. ) : espece de serge ou d'etame, etc. The Stuffe Worsted, or Woosted (Cotg.). Oulliade (Godef. Supp.) : cepage de la region du Rhone vers son embouchure. Des belles grappes muscades Pellefides et oeillades. O. Fr. oule < olla, K. 6688. Paillade (Godef.) : paillasse, paille etendue a terre. Pour ce qu'il n'y avait pas assez litz en ung hostel, icellui le Fevre fist une paillade, ou il et les supplians se coucherent (1454). Both Paillee and Paillade have disappeared. Paillee (Godef.) : gerbes etendues sur Taire. Le suppliant f aisoit une paillee de gerbes de saigle pour batre et en tirer le grain. Palade (H.D.T.). Palissade (Godef. Supp.) : cloture, etc. Les fauxbourgs de ladite ville de Namur n'estoient fermes que de palissades. See Cotg., Palis- sade, Pallissade. Palouade (Godef.) : sorte de poisson d'Espagne. Paloiiade: A kind of Spanish fish (Cotg.). -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE I 53 Panade (Godef. Supp.) : soupe faite, etc. A Panado; crummes of bread (and currans) moistened, or brewed with water (Cotg.). Pantalonnade (H.D.T.). 1. Parade (Godef. Supp.) : action de retenir un cheval, etc. A (boasting) appearance or shew; a bravado, or vaunting offer; also, a stop on horsebacke (Cotg.). Many fig. uses: Vertu ne gist pas en parade Comme une vaine mascarade, Ou dehors tout est reluisant. Due. Parata 2. 2. Parade (H.D.T.) : action de parer. i and 2 Parade and Paree are divergent words from the original Latin parare; see H.D.T. I Parade and parer. Paree has not persisted. Paree (Godef.) : droit de suite, etc. Droict de paree. A corre- spondencie held betweene some neighbouring Lords, for the pursuing of one anothers villains unto their several territories ; thereby to take from them the pretence, they would otherwise have, of being affran- chised by being got out of their lords dominions (Cotg.). Pareade (Godef.) : serpent, etc. A certaine fierie-coloured, quick- sighted, and wide-mouthed Serpent, not verie venomous (Cotg.). Pariade (H.D.T.). Pasquinade (H.D.T.). Passade ( Godef. and Supp. ) : action de passer, etc. Amongst various applications of the root idea: Je ne suis si rude escuyer Que bien n'entende a manier A bond, a sault, voire a courbette, A passade et a toute main. An alms, benevolence, or intertainment given by, or to, a passenger ; also, the manage for a combat, or souldiors manage ; a gallopping, or managing of a horse forward, and suddainely backe the same way; any course backward and forward (Cotg.). Doublet of Passee. Passee (Godef. and Supp.) : passage, ouverture, etc. Et qui saichent bien ta pessee Et bien faire la retornee. As a terme de chasse: A manner of catching little birds, by sticking lyme-twigs, and placing live birds in cages, among the boughs of trees, purposely set up, or such as usually they passe by ( Cotg. ) . Pastenade (Godef.) : panais. The garden Carrot, or a root like a Carrot (most commonly) of a blond-red colour; and sometimes of a yellow; but that by Art; some Authors also call the Parsnip thus (Cotgrave). Pausade (Cotgrave; Pauzade) : A pausing, resting, reposing; also, a resting seat, or place. Pausade and Pesade (Posade) as well as Pausee and Posee were not always kept distinct. Pesade (Posade) is the only one that has survived. 154 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE Pausee (Godef.) : pause. Si conclurent . . . que prestement ils iroient assaillir les Liegeois tous ensemble en bonne ordonnances, par pausees et repousemens pour le fais de leurs armes. O. Fr. pauser < pausare, K. 6943. Pavesade (Godef. Supp.) : sorte de bouclier, etc. A propos de pavois, dont nous parlasmes hier, il me souvient du mot pavoisade, pour lequel on prononce aussi pavigeade. Et ce mot est diet des deux rengs de pavois qui sont es costez de la galere, pour couvrir ceux qui rament. See also Cotg. Pegade (Cotg.): A glasse-full (Languedoc). Peiregade Godef.) : sorte de jeu. Apres souper les supplians se prindrent a jouer a la peiregade . . . pensant en soy que ledit Paoul asseoit le de ou quoy que ce soit le decevoit (1464). Pelade (Godef. Supp.) : maladie etc. The falling of the haire. (Cotg.). Penade (Godef.) : saut, ruade, etc. La viste virade, Pompante penqade, Le saut soubzlevant, La roide ruade Prompte petarrade Je mis en avant. See H.D.T. panader. Cotg. Penade, Pannades. Persillade ( H.D.T. ). Pesade ( Godef. Supp. ) : parade ou le cheval se dresse sur les pieds de derriere. Cotg. has : Pesade : looke Posade : A lighting downe of birds ; a laying downe of a burthen; a breathing, resting, or a resting place; also, a stop made by a horse, advancing withall his foreparts twice, or thrice (Cotg.). Ital. posata. Posee (Godef.) : pause, etc. Je t'admoneste comme frere Que femme n'ayes espousee Et retiens bien ceste posee. See Pausade. Petarade (Godef. Supp.) : suite de pets, etc. Les petarrades des bullistes, copistes, scripteurs. See Cotg. Peuplade (Godef. Supp.) : action de peupler, etc. Villegagnon, chevalier de Malthe, qui, defavorise en France par la querelle qu'il cut avec le capitaine de Brest, s'y ennuya et s'adressa a 1'amiral, lui ex- posant son desir d'aller faire peuplade en Amerique, se couvrant du zele d'y planter la religion reformee. Has supplanted Peuplee. A Colonie, or Troope of people, imployed in a Plantation. ( Cotg. ) . Peuplee (Godef.) : peuplade. Pour faire nouvelle peuplee des gens de sa nation (ed. 1665). Pigeonnade (Cotgrave) : A billing, or Pigeon-like bussing. Pillade (Godef.): pillage; butin. Endurcis en leurs roberies, pillades et larroneries. Pingade (Godef. Supp.) : action de pincer. II n'y a medecin, cos- -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 155 mographe, astrologue, ou simpliste, qui n'ait donne pingade a la cor- rection de ceste historic. Pinsade : A pinching, or nipping ; also, extor- tion, extremitie, hard or sore dealing (Cotg.). The later Pincee has survived. Pincee (H.D.T.) : La quantite etc. Pintade ( H.D.T. ). Pistolade (Godef. Supp.) : coup de pistolet. See Cotgrave. Us avoient prins un archer . . . et le menerent prissonier tout aupres de cest arbre, et luy donnaient deux pistollades de sang froid. Plamussade: Darm. Cr. Nouv., p. 81. Plommade, Plonmade (Rom. XXXIII, 595; Godef. Plomblade) : projectile en plomb, etc. 1382. De plonmades pour advirons vielles. Footnote: Forme meridionale de plombee, masse de plomb qu'on mettait a la poignee des rames. xvi e . s. Comme ecus qui sont frappes de la boule ou plommade des artilleries. Prov. Ploumbado (Mistral). Plommee (Godef.) : morceau de plomb en general, etc., etc. Une sorte de massues, qui avoient au bout des plombees pendantes a des courroies de beuf. Also, II vos garit des doues plomeies Dont presistes tantes coleies. See Rom. XXX, 389. See also Cotg. Neither substantive has survived. Pochade (H.D.T.). A recent specialized derivative of pocher. Pochiee (Godef.) : le contenu d'une poche, d'un sac, etc. La chamber iere d'un appelle Quoquart mist une pouchee ou saichee de laine al'uis du suppliant. Pochee : A pocket-full, poke-full, sack-full of (Cotg.). See also Littre. Poignalade (Cotg.) : A stab, or thrust with a Poniard. O. Fr. poignal. Poinsonnade (Cotg.) : A pricke, or hole made with a bodkin; also, a stampe, or marke set on with a puncheon, &c. Pointade ( Cotg. ) : A pricke, thrust, stitch ; or sting. Poismade (Godef.) : fete? Les archiers de Gilles et de Ste. Rade- gonde sont tenus d'assister au gay, au may ou roussignioulx, et autres poismades (1553). Not in Lexique. Poivrade (Godef. Supp.) : assaisonnement, etc. Poyvrade: A seasoning with, or sauce made, of Pepper (Cotg.). Has replaced the older Pevree; latter derivative still found in dialectal use. Pevree (Godef. Pevree, Pevrie) : poivre; melange poivre. Gentix dus, car me baisse, si serai saolee Com s'avoie mengie gelines en pevree. i. Pommade (Godef. Supp.): cosmetique, etc. Cotg. again has a 156 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE fusion of meanings in Pommade: Pomatum or Pomata (an oyntment) ; also, the Pommada, a tricke in vaulting. 2. Pommade (Godef. Pomade s. 2 Pomee) : cidre de pommes. Froment, vin, citre ou pommade (1514). Forme meridionale de Pomee. Prov. poumado (Mistral). 2. Pomee (Godef.): cidre; compote de pommes. Appelmoes, pomeye, pommes estuvees. Of. pome. 3. Pommade (H.D.T. 2 Pommade): tour de voltige, etc. See example from Cotg. s. I Pommade. Of same origin as I. Pomee. I. Pomee (Godef.) : pommeau. En acoustrant d'or le manche et pommee des espees. O. Fr. pome (=pomme), as a counterpart to pomel (pommeau). Pommeriade (Godef.) : melisse. Pommeriade, f., Melisa (Oudin, 1660). Poussade (Godef. Supp.) : action de pousser. A push, thrust; justle, joult (Cotg.). Has been supplanted by Poussee. Poussee (Godef. Supp.) : action de pousser. L'annee mesmes que je faisoye ceste histoire naturelle, on vit venir les papillons a trois poussees . . . A push, or thrust forward ; a putting, or violent wringing, in; also, a poult, or justle (Cotg.). Poustaignade (Cotg.) : A brood, neast, or laying of eggs; as many as a henne uses to set on at once (Languedoc). Prade (Godef.) : prairie. Duas pecias prati sitas en la Prade. (1289). Nom propre Laprade. Corresponds to Pree. Pree (Godef.) : prairie. Comme un taureau par la pree Court apres son amouree. Pree: du plur. prata pris pour un fern, sing., disparu a la fin du xvi e . s. See footnote, p. 26. Promenade (Godef. Supp.) : action de se promener, etc. Car ton regard as torne par oeillades Escharguettant les faisans pourmenades Lesquelz az mis en damnables perilz Par tes attraictz et dangereux soubris. Promenee (Pourmenee, Cotg.) : a walke, or walking. For change of prefix, see Darm. Vie des Mots, App. II., pp. 195-6. Evidently Pourmenee was sporadic in use. Pugnerade: mesure de terre. Mezeillade ou pugnerade ( Godef roy, s. mezellade). Overlooked by Godef roy. Doublet of Poigneree. Poigneree (Godef.) : mesure de terre. Dix poingnierees de pre, dont les quatre poingnierees ou mailhees font Farpent, en deux pieces (1471). O. Fr. poignere of same meaning. Quiade (Godef.) : petite cruche, pot a eau. Not in Lexique. Le -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 157 suppliant print de 1'eaue en ung petit vaisseau appelle en limosin quiade (1466). Rade (Godef. Supp.) : partie de mer, etc. A road, an open harbor for shipping (Cotgrave). Eng. road; therefore, properly, not an -ata substantive. Rafflade (Cotgrave) : A gripe, graspe, or violent seisure. Fr. rafler (H.D.T.). Raillonnade (Godef. Raillonnaide) : coup de fleche. Rambades (Godef. Supp.) : construction eleve a la proue, etc. The bend, or wale of a Galley (Cotgrave). Rasade (H.D.T.) : Independent late formation of same origin as Rasee and of similar meaning. Derive avec vraisemblance du prov. rajada (Rom. XIV, 302). Rasee (Godef.) : morceau de pate. Item est a noter que le maistre est tenu, durant le mois d'aoust, bailler aux confreres une rasee, que Ton nomme, a sa discretion et volonte, suivant la coustume (1529). Of. 2. rase. Dial. Use. Rassade ( H.D.T. ). Ratepenade (Cotg.): A Bat, Rearemouse, or Flickermouse ; also, a kind of Scatefish, as Glorieuse. Rebuff ade (H.D.T.). Recelade (Godef.) : action de se cacher. A Saint Germain ont faites lor recelades. Doublet of Recelee. Recelee (Godef.): secret; endroit secret, etc. Lors t'en Iras en recelee Soit par pluie, soit par jelee, Tot droit vers la maison t'amie. Recelee: A concealment, suppression, close hiding of; also, a fine of 60 s. due to a Lord Censuel by the purchaser, which hath not, within eight dayes after the purchase, made him acquainted with it (Cotg.). Cf. recele, which has survived. Reculade (Godef. Supp.) : action de reculer. A recoyling, a going or giving backe; also, a by-hole, a remote or secret corner (Cotg.). Both Reculade and Reculee have survived with reciprocal loss and gain of meaning. Reculee (Godef. Reculee): espace qui permet de reculer. Formerly, action de reculer, etc.: Juiens nous au roy qui ne ment A Terbelette et aux risees A Testoef et aux reculees, Au mulct, au salir plus hault. A recoyle, retire, going or giving backe (Cotg.). Regalade (H.D.T.). Remoulade (H.D.T.). Reposade (Cotgrave) : A rest, or a resting place. Sporadic. Re- posee has kept the field. 158 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE Reposee (Godef. Reposee) : endroit ou 1'on se repose. Formerly also action de se reposer, etc. : Or f erai ci ma repousee. Reposee, as Reposade; also, the lodge of a Stag, &c., (Cotg.). Retirade (Godef. Supp.): retranchement, etc. The retrait, or the retiring of an Armie; also, a place of retrait, or of retirall, for defen- dants behind a breach (Cotg.). Retiree was of sporadic use and dis- appeared. Retiree (Cotgrave) : A retirall, withdrawing, recoyle. Revirade (Godef. Supp.) : action de se retourner. J'ay autrefois employe a la necessite et presse du combat des revirades, qui ont faict faucee outre mon dessein. See Cotgrave. Rigolade (H.D.T.). See also Darm. Creat. Nouv., p. 82. Rodomontade (Godef. Supp.) : langage de rodomont. A brag, boast, cracke, vainglorious bravadoe (Cotg.). Roulade (H.D.T.). O. Fr. Roelee and the neologism Roulee are independent formations of the same general origin. Roelee (Godef. Rolee) : fascinage, etc. Et s'i estoient fortefiet de roullies et de bois copet. O. Fr. roeler, Mod. Fr. rouler. Cf. roeleis. Roulee ( H.D.T. ). Ruade (Godef. Supp.) : action du cheval, etc. A horses kicking, winsing, yerking, striking; flinging, flying out with the heeles (Cotg.). Alors si bien donnent des esperons Au bruyt et son des trompes et clerons Qu'on ne voit one de si grandes ruaddes. 2. Ruee and Ruyee, which have not persisted, seem to be independent formations of same origin. 2. Ruee (Godef.) : portee d'un objet lance. Chi pres jusqu'a une ruee Ai espiet une buee Que j'aiderai a rechinchier. En travers- Tiaume li dona tel testee Qu'Endes n'ot goute de plus d'une ruee. Cf. Ruyee. Ruyee (Rom. XXXIV, 617; Avril, 1906, 291): demolition? xvi e -xvii e s. : Certaines ruyees de maisons qu'on avoit fraische- ment abbatues. Pour ruee, action de ruer, d'abattre? (A. Thomas). Saccade (Godef. Supp.) : secousse, etc. A fall or overthrow from a horse, a horses casting of his rider; also, a flirt. Elle aura la saccade. She shall be turned over (Cotg.). Sacouhade (Godef.) : ? Not in Lexique. Lequel medecin dist que la femme qui estoit malade de la mere, il la failloit seignier; . . . le suppliant parla a ung barbier . . . et lui demanda si vouloit seigner une sacouhade des vaynes de la mere; . . . le dit barbier saigna icelle -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 159 Katherine es quatre parties de son corps, c'est assavoir en chacun pie et en chacun bras. . . . des veynes de la mere (1467). Secouade? 1. Salade (Godef. Supp.) : mets compose de, etc. Cotgrave fuses different words as he so often does : A Salade, Helmet, Headpiece ; also, a Sallet of hearbes, &s.; also, the young head of a Deere (long, tender, woolie, and but beginning to braunch) tearmed by our Woodmen, the crossing, or a Deeres head put up to the crossing. See 2. Salade. 2. Salade (Godef. Supp.) : casque a timbre arrondi, etc. Cotgrave: Celade. A Sallate, or headpeece. Leur cellade est pointue et n'est armee par le devant .que d'un fer qui tombe le long du nez et qui se hausse et rabaisse comme faict la creste d'un coq d'Inde. See I. Salade. Saluade (Godef. Supp.) : action de saluer. Saliiade: f. A saluta- tion, or greeting; and particularly, a volley of great or small shot be- stowed on a great person, or w T orthie friend (Cotgrave). Var. Salutade. Sanglade (Godef. Supp.): coup de sangle, etc. Cenglade> A yerke, lash, or stripe with a girth (Cotgrave). Jamais ne puissiez vous fianter, que a sanglades d'estrivieres (1552). Sanglade and Cinglee are diverse formations on the same stem. Cinglee (Cotgrave: Singlee) : as Singlement: A sayling, or cut- ting of the sea by sayling; also, a whisking, lashing, jerking, scutch- ing. A fusion of two words; see H.D.T. I. and 2. cingler. Savorade (Cotgrave) : as Savorados (Gasc.). A poore kind of pot- tage extracted only from the juyce of bare, and hollow bones (Limosin). Savoree (Cotgrave) : The hearbe Savorie. Secouade (Godef. Supp.) : secousse. Aussitost 1'oyseau pousse la perdrix au bord de Teau: et 1'ayant remise, il fait sa pointe sans tomber; puis faisant plusieurs tours, avec quelques secouades, le voila qui fond apres en 1'eau. Doublet of Secouee ; both have disappeared. Secouee (Godef.): saccade. Vous luy baillerez (au cheval) quelque soubride ou secouee de bride en rembouchure. Dial. Uses. Serenade (Godef. Supp. Serenade): Concert donne, etc. Evening Musicke played at the dore, or under the window, of a lovelie, or beloved creature (Cotg.). Sevastade (Godef.) : garde de la personne du prince en Turquie. Si fu trove que il avoient: tout premier, le grant domestique, Cava- larichy, trois cent cinquante quatre sevastades et arcondes, et autres menues gens sans nombre. Sivade (Godef.; Godef. Supp. Civade) : avoine. Cinq pugnieres de sibade. En laquelle terre labouree, le varlet du seigneur du lieu de Freignon semoit de la sivade (1457). Prov. sibada. Cf. Civade. 160 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE Somade (Godef.): charge d'une bete de somme. Cotg. has: A. horse-load (Languedoc). On leur envoia .XXIIII. sommades de bon vin et autant de pain. Prov. Saumado. Both Somade and Somee have disappeared. Somee (Godef.) : charge d'une bete de somme. Also a measure (Saumee in Cotgrave) : On mesure la terre par portions: les por- tions ont divers noms selon les lieux, s'estans diversifiees par le temps, dont les plus communes sont aujourd'hui entre nous, arpents, saumees, asnees, journaux, sesterces, acres, souples de boeufs, qui neantmoins ont diverses mesures selon les divers pays (1605). Sonade (Godef.) : sonnerie, etc. Le roy d'armes fera faire une sonnade aux trompettes. See H. D. T. sonate. Souffletade (H.D.T.). Cf. Souflee. Stade (Godef. Supp.) : m. (vieilli fern.). Milon portoit un beuf tout le cours d'une estade. Doubtless felt popularly as an -ata subst. Subredorade (Cotgrave) : A great Guilt-head, or the greatest of Guilt-heads. Cf. Dorade. Succade ( Godef. ) : dragee, sucrerie, douceur. Une table chargee de toutes sortes de confitures et sucrades en plats de pourcelaines. Symplegade (Cotgrave): An imbracing, or clipping; and thence also, a whirlepoole, or swallowing gulfe. Taillade ( Godef. Supp. ) : coup qui entaille. A cut, slash, gash ; a slit; a launcing, or slitting (Cotg.). Corresponded to O. Fr. Taillee which has disappeared. Prov. Talhado (Mistral). Taillee (Godef.) : incision, action de couper, etc. Mais tout sou- dain de premiere vollee Vous peuple esmeu d'emprunt ou de taillee Vous mauldirez le prince et son conseil. Cf. Tallee. Tenaillade (Cotgrave) : A plucke, twitch, or stroake with a paire of pinsers. O. Fr. tenaille. Tiberiade ( Godef. ) : nom qu'on donnait a Douai pour designer une carte topographique, etc. A Topographe; the modell, or draught of a place, called so of a booke of that name, composed by Bartholus the lawyer, who was the first that graced his works with such figures (Cotg.). Tirade (Godef. Supp.): mouvement par lequel, etc. A draught, pull, plucke; shot, or shoot; a drawing, pulling; shooting (Cotg.). Supplanted Tiree. Tiree (Cotgrave) : as Tire, q. v. Tiree d'oeil. The sight, view, looke, or glaunce of the eye. Toquade (H.D.T.). See Darm. Great. Nouv., p. 82. Torsade (H.D.T.). -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 1 6 1 Trade (Godef.) : jeu de boules (syn de boulerie). Ke nus ne tiegne boulerie ne boules ne trades pour bouleir (1280). Travade (H.D.T.). Trivelinade (H.D.T.). Turlupinade (H.D.T.). Vade (Godef. Supp.) La somme avec laquelle, etc. Properly, not an -ata substantive. Varade (Godef.) : ? Not in Lexique. Le lieu vulgairement ap- pele des Varades et les lieux appelez les Boires (1473). Vegade (Cotgrave) : A draught; a turne, or bowt; whence Une vagade. Once, or one time. Cotg. has here inverted the facts. Prov. vegada. Vegade probably had a limited use. Corresponds to O. Fr. Fiee. Fiee (Godef. Fiee, Fie) : fois. i) Mult fiedes delivrad els. 2) Et recordent les grans haschies Qu'il ont souffertes maintes fies. From *vicata < vicis, K. 10147 and Calx, p. 21, No. 28. Also, foiee Rom. VII., 226. Verducade (Cotgrave) : A Closet; a hiding hole, or corner. Versade (H.D.T.). Late formation, independent of older Versee of similar meaning. i. Versee (Godef.) : renverse, chute, etc. Li mariens art, li murs fist la versee. O. Fr. verser. Cf. 2. Versee. Vertugade (Godef. Supp.) : bourrelet, etc. See H.D.T. Vetade ( Godef. Supp. ) : coquille, etc. Ceste coquille ha cinq traits larges par le travers, comme bandes ou rubans, qu'ils nomment en Languedoc vettes, dont il est appellee vetade. The filletted Cockle; smooth, broad, and exceeding hard-shelled (Cotg.). Span, vetado. Vinade (Godef.) : corvee que devait un vassal pour mener le vin de son seigneur. The use, and worke of two yoake of Oxen, or of a Cart, all the time of Vintage. Prov. vinado, which has meanings corre- sponding to both Vinade and Vinee. Vinee has persisted. Vinee (Godef. Vignee, Vinee) : recolte de vin. Formerly, cellier a mettre le vin: En la vignee: quatre cuves pouvant contenir en- semble 36 muids (1611). The fruit, or profit of a vineyard; a crop of Grapes (Cotg.). Virade (Cotgrave): A whirling, or swift turning about. Prov. virado (Mistral). Corresponded in some measure to Viree. Both have disappeared. Viree (Godef.) : rang de ceps, etc. Also in verb, abstract sense: En fin apres beaucoup de tournees et virees par des ruelles escartees, il me monstra un petit huis bas, ou j'entray sans frapper (1664). BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. This list comprises those works that are often cited; the titles of others are given as they occur. 2. All citations under the individual substantives are taken from Godefroy if not otherwise ascribed. 3. Substantives in the lists printed thus [. . .] are doubtful. 4. Substantives in -ee have the accent marks in words taken from Cotgrave and subsequent dictionaries. Archiv fur lat. Lex. = Archiv fur lateinische Lexicographic und Grammatik, Woelfflin. Leipzig, 1884, etc. Berger: Lehnworter = Berger, Heinrich, Die Lehnworter in der franzosischen Sprache al tester Zeit. Leipzig, 1899. Caix = Studi di etimologia italiana e romanza. Dr. N. Caix. Cooper = Cooper, Fred. Tabor, Word Formation in the Roman Sermo Plebeius. New York, 1895. Cotg. = Cotgrave, A Dictionary of the French and English Tongues. London, 1611. Darm. Great. Nouv. = Darmesteter, A., De la Creation Actuelle de Mots Nouveaux, etc. Paris, 1877. Darm., Vie des Mots = Darmesteter, A., La Vie des Mots etudiee dans leurs significations. 5 e ed. Paris. Diez (Dz.)= Grammatik der Romanischen Sprachen. Bonn, 1882. Draeger = Draeger, Anton, Historische Syntax der Lateinischen Sprache. Leipzig, 1878. Due. = Du Cange, Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis. Halae, 1772-84. Godef. = Godefroy, Dictionnaire de 1'ancienne langue franchise; Supp. = Complement. Grandgent, Vulg. Lat. = Grandgent, C. H., An Introduction to Vulgar Latin. Boston, 1907. Groeber Groeber, Grundriss der Romanischen Philologie. Stras- bourg. Zweite Auflage. Hammerberg Hammerberg, Viktor, Des Adjectifs et des participes substantives en ancien frangais. Upsala, 1903. 162 -ATA PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVES IN ROMANCE 163 H.D.T. = Dfctfonnaire general par Hatzfeld et A. Darmesteter, avec le concours d'A. Thomas. Paris, Delagrave. Hetzer, Reich. Gloss. = Hetzer, K. E., Die Reichenauer Glossen. Bonn, 1906. Hinz = Hinz, Joh., Lat. carrus u. seine Wortsippe im Franzosischen. Rostocker Diss. 1907. K. = Koerting, Lateinisch-Romanisches Worterbuch. 2te. Aufl. Paderborn, 1901. Kohlmann = Georg Kohlmann, Die italienischen Lehnworte in der neufranzosischen Schriftsprache (seit dem i6ten. Jahrhundert). Vege- sack, 1901. Levy = Provenzalisches Supplement-Worterbuch. Emil Levy. Leipzig, 1894. Lexique = Frederic Godefroy, Lexique de 1'Ancien Frangais (Bon- nard et Salmon). Paris, 1901. Litt. = Littre, Dictionnaire de la langue franchise. Meyer- Liibke = Grammatik der Romanischen Sprachen. Leipzig, 1890-1902. Meyer-Liibke, Ital. Gram. = Meyer-Liibke, Italienische Gramma- tik. Leipzig, 1890. Mistral = Frederic Mistral, Dictionnaire Provengal-Frangais. Aix- en-Provence, 1879. Murray = James H. Murray, A New English Dictionary. Oxford, 1888, etc. Olcott = Olcott, G. N., Studies in the Word-formation of the Latin Inscriptions. Substantives and adjectives. Leipzig, 1898. Palsgrave = Palsgrave, L'Eclaircissement de la langue franchise, ed. Genin, Paris, 1852, Coll. des Doc. ined. Pokrowskij = Semasislogiceskija zsledoranija v oblasti drevnich jazykor. Rom. = Romania, Paris, 1872, etc. Traite = Traite de la Formation de la langue franchise in H.D.T. ZRPh. = Zeitschrif t fur romanische Philologie, Halle, 1877, etc. VITA The author of this dissertation was born near Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in the year 1863. In 1880 he entered the University of Toronto where he obtained in 1883 the degree of B.A. with honors in modern languages and in 1885 the degree of M.A. From 1883 to I 93 ne taught continuously as modern language specialist in the secondary schools of Ontario, with the exception of the academic year of 1 892-1 893 which was passed in attendance on lectures and seminars in English and Teutonics at the University of Leipzig, Germany. The summers of 1889, ^91 and 1899 were also spent in study and travel on the Continent. In 1903 he entered on graduate work in the Department of Romance Languages and Litera- tures, Columbia University, New York. There he attended lectures and seminars given by Professor A. Cohn, Professor H. A. Todd, Prof. J. D. Fitzgerald (now of the Univ. of Illinois) and Dr. R. Holbrook (now of Bryn Mawr). He also pursued courses in Latin under Professor J. C. Egbert and N. G. McCrea and in English under Professor W. A. Neilson (now of Harvard University). In 1904 he became a member of the French Department in the College of the City of New York and in 1908 Professor of Modern Lan- guages in the University of Alberta, Canada, returning to the College of the City of New York in 1909. 164 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or ontl z .'') c - r * V FEB 1 2 v^ >W. JW3 070-5PM LOAN DEPT. LD 21A-50m-ll,'62 (D3279slO)476B General Library *""~ University of California Berkeley