LETTERS WRITTEN BT THE LATE RIGHT HONOURABLE PHILIP DORMER STANHOPE, Earl of Chefterfieldy T O HIS SON, PHILIP S T A N H O P E, tate Jinvoy Ejttwvdinary at the Court ef VOL. IV. LETTERS WRITTEN BY THE LATE RIGHT HONOURABLE PHILIP DORMER STANHOPE, Earl of Chefter field) T O HIS SON, PHILIP STANHOPE, Efq; Late Envoy Extraordinary at the Court of DRESDEN. TOGETHER WITH SEVERAL OTHER PIECES ON VARIOUS SUBJECTS, PUBLISHED BY Mrs. EUGENIA STANHOPE, FROM THE ORIGINALS NOW IN HER POSSESSION. IN FOUR VOLUMES, THE EIGHTH EDITION. VOL. IV. LONDON: Printed for J. D O D S L E Y, in PA L i-M A L t. M.DCC.LXXVII. LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS. LETTER CCLXI. Bath, November the z8th, 1^52. MY DEAR FRIEND, SI N C E my laft to you, I have read Madame Maintenon's letters ; I am fure they are genu- ine, and they both entertained and informed me. They have brought me acquainted with the charafter of that able and artful lady; whom I am convinced that I now know much better than her diredeur the Abbe de Fenelon (afterwards Archbifhop of Cambray) did, when he wrote her the ig^th let- ter ; and I know him the better too for that letter. The Abbe, though brimful of the divine love, had a great mind to be firft Minifter, and Cardinal, in order, no doubt, to have an opportunity of doing the more good. His being direaeur at that time to Madame Maintenon, feemed to be a good rtep to- wards thofe views. She put herfeif upon him for a 2 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS faint, and he was weak enough to believe it ; he, on the other hand, would have put himfelf upon her for a faint too, which, I dare fay, fhe did not believe ; but both of them knew, that it was neceflary for them to appear faints to Lewis the XIV, who they were very fure was a bigot. It is to be prefumed, nay, indeed, it is plain by that 1851)1 letter, that Madame Maintenon had hinted to her diretteur fome fcruples of confcience, with relation to her com- merce with the King ; and which I humbly appre- hend to have been only fome fcruples of prudence, at once to flatter the bigot character, and increafe the defires of the King. The pious Abbe, frightened out of his wits left the King mould impute to the diretteur any fcruples or difficulties which he might meet with on the part of the Lady, writes her the above-mentioned letter; in which he not only bids her, not teaze the King by advice and exhortations, but to have the utmoft fubmiffion to his will ; and, that fhe may not miftake the nature of that fubmiffion, he tells her, it is the fame that Sarah had for Abraham ; to which fubmiffion Ifaac perhaps was owing. No bawd could have written a more feducing letter to an innocent country girl, than the direfteur did to his pe- nitente ; who, I dare fay, had no occafion for his good advice. Thofe who would juftify the good direfieur, alias the pimp, in this affair, muft not attempt to do it, by faying, that the King and Madame Maintenon were at that time privately married ; that the direc- teur knew it ; and that this was the meaning of his enigme. That is abfolutely impoffible ; for that pri- vate marriage muft have removed all fcruples be- tween the parties j nay, could not have been con, trafted TO HIS SON. 3 trailed upon any other principle, fmce it was kept private, and confequently prevented no public fcan- dal. It is therefore extremely evident, that Madame Maintenon could not be married to the King, at the time when (he fcrupled granting, and when the di~ refteur advifed her to grant, thofe favours which Sa- rah with fo much fubmiflion granted to Abraham : and what the dire&eur is pleafed to call le myftere de Dzeu, was molt evidently a flate of concubinage. The letters are well worth your reading ; they throw light upon many things of thofe times. I have juft received a letter from Sir William Stanhope, from Lyons ; in which he tells me that he faw you at Paris, that he thinks you a little grown, but that you do not make the moft of it, for that you Hoop Hill; d'aitleurs his letter was a panegyric of you. The young Comte de Schullemburg, the Cham- bellan whom you knew at Hanover, is come over with the King, et fait aujfi vos iloges. Though, as I told you in my laft, I have done buying puflures, by way of '-virtu, yet there are fome portraits of remarkable people that would tempt me. For inflance, if you could by chance pick up at Paris, at a reafonable price, undoubted originals (whe- ther heads, half lengths, or whole lengths, no matter) of Cardinals Richelieu, Mazarin, and Retz ; Mon- fieur de Turenne, le grand Prince de Conde; Mef- dames de Montefpan, de Fontanges, de Montbazon, de Sevigne, de Maintenon, de Chevreufe, de Lon- gueville, d'Olonne, &c. I mould be tempted to pur- chafe them. I am fenfible that they can only be met B 2 with, _4 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS with, by great accident, at family fales and auclions, .fo I only mention the affair to you eventually. I do not understand, or elfe I do not remember, what affair you mean in your laft letter ; which you think will come to nothing, and for which, you fay, I had once a mind that you fhould take the road again. Explain it to me. I fhafl go to town in four or five days, and carry back with me a little more hearing than I brought : but yet, not half enough for common ufe. One wants ready pocket money much oftener than one wants great Aims ; and, to ufe a very odd exprefiion, I want to hear at fight. I love every-day fenfes, every- day wit and entertainment ; a man who is only good on holydays, is good for very little. Adieu .! LETTER CCLXII. London, New-Year's-Day, 1753. MY DEAR FRIEND, IT is now above a fortnight fince I have received a letter from you. I hope, however,, that you are well, but engroffed by the bufinefs of Lord Albe- marle's bureau in the mornings, and by bufinefs of a genteeler nature in the evenings ; for I willingly give up my own fatisfa&ion to your improvement, either in bufinefs or manners. Here have been lately imported from Paris two gentlemen, who, I find, were much acquainted with you there ; Comte Sinzendorf, and Monfieur Clai- raut, the Academician. The former is a very pretty . well-bred, and with a great deal of ufefuJ knowledge ; T O H I S S O N. 5 Knowledge ; for thofe two things are very confident. I examined him about you, thinking him a compe- tent judge. He told me, que vous parliex V Allemand io:mne un +4llemand ; que irons f$a fpirit to be a much better thing than experience 5 -. * Turn to the end of the vokme, B-5 which ' io LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS which they call coldnefs. They are but half mif-> taken ; for though fpirit, without experience, is dan- gerous, experience, without fpirit, is languid and defective. Their union, which is very rare, is per- feftion : you may join them, if you pleafe ; for all my experience is at your fervice ; and I do not defire one grain of your fpirit in return. Ufe them both ; and let them reciprocally animate and check each other. I meanr here, by the fpirit of youth, only the vivacity and prefumption of youth ; which hin* der them from feeing the difficulties, or dangers of an undertaking ; but I do not mean what the filiy vulgar call fpirit, by which they are captious, jea- lous of their rank, fufpicious of being undervalued, and tart (as they call it) in their repartees, upon the ilighteft occasions. This is an evil, and a very filly fpirit, which fhould be driven out, and transferred to an herd of fwine. This is not the fpirit of a man of falhion, who has kept good company. People of an ordinary, low education, when they happen to fall into good company, imagine themfelves the onry objeft of its attention ; if the company whifpers, it is, to be fure, concerning them ; if they laugh, it is at them ; and if any thing ambiguous, that by the raoft forced interpretation can be applied to thera, happens to be faid, they are convinced that it was meant at them ; upon which they grow out of coun- tenance arft, and then angry. This millake is very well ridiculed in the Stratagem, where Scrub fays, 1 at fure they talked of me, for tbej laughed confumedly . A well-bred man feldom thinks, but never feems to think, himfelf flighted, undervalued, or laughed at in company, unlefs where it is fo plainly marked out, that his honour obliges him to refent it in a proper TO HIS So K. I 1 proper manner ; mais les bonne tes gens re fe loudent jamaz's. I will admit that it is very difficult to com- mand one's-felf enough, to behave with eafe, frank- nefs, and good- breeding towards thofe, who one knows diflike, flight, and injure one as far as they can without perfonal confequences ; but I affert, that it is abfolutely neceflary to do it : you muft embrace the man you hate, if you cannot be juftified in knock- ing him down ; for otherwife you avow the injury, which you cannot revenge. A prudent Cuckold (and there are many fuch at Paris) pockets his horns, when he cannot gore with them ; and will not add to the triumph of his maker, by only butting with them ineffectually. A feeming ignorance is very often a molt necefTary part of worldly knowledge. It is, for inftance, commonly advifable to feem ig- norant of what people offer to tell you ; and, when they fay, Have you not heard of fuch a thing r to anfwer, No, and to let them go on ; though you know it already. Some have a pleafure in telling it, becaufe they think that they tell it well ; others have a pride in it, as being the fagacicus difcoverers ; and many have a vanity in fhowiog that they have been, though very undefervedly, trufled : all thefe would be difappointed, and confequently difpleafed, jf you faid, Yes. Seem always ignorant (unlefs to one moft intimate friend) of all matters of private fcandal and defamation, though you ihould hear them a thoufand times ; for the parties affe&ed al- ways look upon the receiver to be almoft as bad as the thief: and, whenever they become the topic of converfation, feem to be a fceptic, though you ?e B 6 really iz LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS really a ferious believer ; and always take the ex- tenuating part. But all this feeming ignorance mould be joined to thorough and extenfive private informations : and, indeed, it is the beft method of procuring them ; for moft people have fuch a vanity, in mowing a fuperiority over others, though but for a moment, and in the mereft trifles, that they will tell you what they mould not, rather than not mow that they can tell what you did not know : befides that fuch feeming ignorance will make you pafs for incurious, and confequently undefigning. However, fifh for fafts, and take pains to be well in- formed of every thing that pafles ; but fifli judicioufly, and not always, nor indeed often, in the fhape of diredl queftions ; which always put people upon their guard, and, often repeated, grow tirefome. But fometimes take the things that you would know, for granted ; upon which fomebcdy will, kindly and officioufly, fct you right: fometimes fay, that you have heard fo and fo ; and at other times feem to know more than you do, in order to know all that you want : but avoid direft queitioning, as much as you can. All thefe neceiTary arts of the world require conftant attention, prefence of mind, and coolnefs. Achilles, though invulnerable, never went to battle but compleatly armed. Courts are to be the theatres of your wars, where you mould be alwKys as completely armed, and even with the ad- dition of a heel-piece. The leaft inattention, the leafl d'ijtratti(.n y muy prove fatal. I would fain fee you what pedants call cmnis homo, and what Pope muoh bet- ter calls al!-Accotnpl;Jhed : you have the means in your power, ;.dd the will, and you mr.y bring it about. The T H I 3 S O W. 13 The vulgar have a coarfe faying, of '/polling a hog for an half penny-worth of tar : prevent the application, by providing the tar ; it is very eafily to be had, in comparifon wi-th what you have already got. The fine Mrs. Pitt, who, it feems, faw you often at Paris, fpeaking of you the other day, faid, in French, for me fpeaks little Engliih whether it is that you did not pay the homage due to her beauty, or that it did not ftrike you as it does others, I cannot determine ; but I hope me had feme other reafon than truth, for faying it. Iwiilfuppofe that you did not care a pin for her ; but, however, fhe furely deferved a degree of propitiatory adoration, from you, which I am afraid you negledted. Had I been in your cafe, I mould have endeavoured, at leaft, t9 have fupplanted Mr. Mackay in his office of noc- turnal reader to her. I played at cards, two days ago, with your friend, Mrs. Fitzgerald, and her moil fub- lime mother, Mrs. Seagrave ; they both inquired af- ter you : and Mrs. Fitzgerald faid, me hoped you went on with your dancing ; I faid Yes, and that you aflured me, you had made fuch confiderable im- provements in it, that you had now learned to fland Hill, and even upright. Your -virtuofa, la Signora Veflri, fung here the other day, with great applaufe : I prefume you are intimately acquainted with her merit. Good-night to you, whoever you pafs it with. I have this moment received a packet, fealed with your feal, though not direfted by your hand, for Lady Hervey. No letter from you ! Are you not veil ? 6 LETTER 14 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS LETTER CCLXIV. London, May the 27th, O. S. 1753. MY DEAR FRIEND, I Have this day been tired, jaded, nay tormented, by the company of a molt worthy, fenfible, and learned man, a near relation of mine, who dined and paffed the evening with me. This feems a paradox, but is a plain truth : he has no knowledge of the world, no manners, no addrefs : far from talking without book, as is commonly faid of people who talk fillily, he only talks by book ; which, in general converfation, is ten times worfe. He has formed in his own clofet, from books, certain fyflems of every thing, argues tenacioufly upon thofe principles, and is both furprifed and angry at whatever deviates from them. His theories are good, but, unfortunately, are all impracticable. Why ? becaufe he has only read, and not converfed. He is acquainted with books, and an abfolute ftraager to men. Labour- ing with his matter, he is delivered of it with pangs; he heiitates, flops in his utterance, and always ex- prefles himfelf inelegantly. His actions are all un- graceful j fo that, with all his merit and knowledge, J would rather converfe fix hours with the mofl fri- volous tittle-tattle woman, who knew fomething of the world, than with him. The prepofterous no- tions of a fyflematical man, who docs not know the world, tire the patience of a man who does. It would be endlefs to correct his miftakes, nor would he take it kindly ; for he has confidered every thing deliberately, and is very fure that he is in the right. 3 Impropriety TO HIS SON. IJ Impropriety is a chara&eriftic, and a never-failing one, of thefe people. Regardlefs, becaufe ignorant, of cuftom and manners, they violate them every moment. They often fhock, though they never mean to offend ; never attending either to the ge- neral character, or the particular diftinguifhing cir- cumitances of the people to whom, or before whom they talk ; whereas the knowledge of the world teaches one, that the very fame things, which are exceedingly right and proper in one company, time, and place, are exceedingly abfurd in others. In fhort, a man who has great knowledge, from ex- perience and obfervation, of the characters, cuftoms, and manners of mankind, is a being as different from, and as fuperior to a man of mere book and fyftematical knowledge, as a well-managed horfe is to an afs. Study therefore, cultivate, and frequent men and women ; not only in their outward, and confequently guarded, but in their interior, domeftic, and confequently lefs difguifed, characters and man- ners. Take your notions of things, as by cbferva- tion and experience you find they really are, and not as you read that they are or fhould be ; for they never are quite what they fhculd be. For this pur- pofe, do not content yoarfelf with general and com- mon acquaintance ; but, wherever you can," eftablifh yourfelf, with a kind of domeftic familiarity, in good houfes. For initance, go again to Orli, for two or three days, and fo at two or three reprifes. Go and ftay two or three days at a time at Verfailles, and im- prove and extend the acquaintance you have there. Be at home at St. Cloud; and, whenever any pri- vate perfon of fafliion invites you to pafs a few days iS LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS days at his coontry-houfe, accept of the invitation. This will necefTarily give you a verfatility of mind, and a facility to adopt various manners and cuftoms ; for every body defires to pleafe thofe in whofe houfe they are ; and people are only to be pleafed in their own way. Nothing is more engaging than a chear-- ful and eafy conformity to people's particular man- ners, habits, and even weaknefles ; nothing (to ufe a vulgar expreffion) mould come amifs to a young fel- low. He mould be, for good purpofes, what Alci- biades was commonly for bad ones, a Proteus, afTum- ing with eafe, and wearing with chearfuinefs, any ftiape. Heat, cold, luxury, abftinence, gravity, gaiety, ceremony, eafinefs, learning, trifling, bufi- nefs, and pleafure, are modes which he mould be able to take, lay afide, or change occafionally, with as much eafe as he would take or lay afide his har. All this is only to be acquired by ufe and knowledge of the world, by keeping a great deal of company, analyfing, every character, and infinuating yourfelf into the familiarity of various acquaintances A right, a generous ambition to make a figure in the world, necefTarily gives the defire of pleafing; the defire of pleafing points out, to a great degree, the means of doing it ; and the art of pleafing is, in- truth, the art of rifing, of diftinguiming- one's-felf, of making a figure and a fortune in the world. But without pleafing, without the Graces, as I have told you a thoufand times, ogni fatica e vana. You are* now but nineteen, an age at which moft of your countrymen are illiberally getting drunk in Port, at the Univerfity. You have greatly got the ftart of them in learning ; and, if you can equally get the ftart r o H i s S o N. 17 jtart of them in the knowledge and manners of the world, you may be very fure of outrunning them in Court and Parliament, as you fet out fo much earlier than they. They generally begin but to fee the world at one-and-twenty ; you will by that age have feen all Europe. They fet out upon their travels un licked cubs ; and in their travels they only lick one another, for they feldom go into any other company. They know nothing but the Englifli world, and the worfl part of that too, and generally very little of any but the Englifh language ; and they come home, at three or four-and-twenty, refined and polifhed (as is faid in one of Congreve's plays) like Dutch fkip- pers from a whale-fifhing. The care which has been taken of you, and (to do you juftice) the care you have taken of yourfelf, has left you, at the age of nineteen only, nothing to acquire but the know- ledge of the world, manners, addrefs, and thofe ex- terior accomplifhments. But they are great and ne- ceflary acquifitions, to thofe who have fenfe enough, to know their true value ; and your getting them be- fore you are one-and-twenty, and before you enter upon the active and mining fcene of life, will give you fuch an advantage over all your cotemporaries, that they cannot overtake you : they muft be dif- tanced. ?ou may probably be placed about a young Prince, who will probably be a young King. There all the various arts of pleafing, the engaging ad- drefs, the verfatility of manners, the brillant, the Graces, will outweigh and yet outrun all folid know- ledge and unpolifhed merit. Oil yourfelf therefore, and be both fupple and ihining, for that race, if you 18 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS you would be firft, or early, at the goal. Ladies will moft probably too, have fomething to fay there ; and thofe who are beft with them, will probably be beftfomeivbere elfe. Labour this great point, my dear child, indefatigably ; attend to the very fmalleft parts, the minuteft graces, the moft trifling circum- llances, that can poffibly concur in forming the min- ing character of a complete Gentleman, un galant homme, un homme de cour, a man of bufinefs and pleafure ; cftime des hommes, recherche des femmes, atme de tout le monde. In this view, obferve the fhining part of every man of fafliion, who is liked and efteemed ; attend to, and imitate that parti- cular accomplishment for which you hear him chiefly celebrated and diftinguimed : then collect thofe va- rious parts, and make yourfelf a Mofaic of the whole. No one body poflefles every thing, and al- moft every body pofleflfes fome one thing worthy of imitation : only chufe your models well ; and, in order to do fo, chufe by your ear more than by your eye. The beft model is always that which is moft univerfally allowed to be the beft, though in ftricl- nefs it may poffibly not be fo. We muft take moil things as they are, we cannot make them what we would, nor often what they mould be ; and, where moral duties are not concerned, it is more prudent to follow, than to attempt to lead. Adieu. LETTER V O H I S S O K. 19 LETTER CCLXV. Bath, Oflober the 3d, 1753. MY DEAR FRIEND, YOU Have fet out well at the Hague ; you are in love with Madame Munter, which I am very glad of: you are in the fine company there, and I hope one of it ; for it is not enough at your age, to be merely in good company ; but you fhould, by your addrefs and attentions, make that good com- pany think you one of them. There is a tribute due to beauty, even independently of farther views ; which tribute I hope you paid with alacrity to Ma- dame Munter and Madame Degenfeldt: depend upon it they expefted it, and were offended in proportion as that tribute feemed either unwillingly or fcantily paid. I believe my friend Kreuningen admits no- body now to his table, for fear of their communi- cating the plague to him, or at leaft the bite of a mad dog. Pray profit of the entrees Hires, that the French EmbafTador has given you ; frequent him, and /peak to him. J think you will not do amifs to call upon Mr. Burrifh, at Aix la Chapelle, fince it is fo little out of your way ; and ycu will do Hill better, if you would, which I know you will not, drink thofe waters, for five or fix days only, to fcour your flomach and bowels a little : I am fure it would do you a great deal of good. Mr. Burrim can doubtlefs give you the beft letters to Munich ; and he will naturally give you fome to Comte Preyfing, .or Comte Sinfheim, and fuch Tort of grave people ; but I could wifh that you would afk him for fome to young fellows ofpleafure, or fafhionable coquettes, that 20 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS that you may be dans /' honnete debaucbe de Munich.- A propos of your future motions ; I leave you in a great meafure the mailer of them, fo mall only fug- gefl my thoughts to you upon that fubjedl. You have three Electoral Courts in view, Bonn, Munich, and Manheim. I would advife you to fee two of them rather curforily, and fix your taberna- cle at the third, whichever that may be, for a con- fiderable time. For inftance, fliould you chufe (as I fancy you will) to make Manheim the place of your refidence, flay only ten or twelve days at Bonn, and as long at Munich, and then go and fix at Man- heim : and fo, r/fer, et y tneitre du liant t .du dejir de plalre. Whatever TO HIS SON. 21 Whatever you do approve, you muil be lavifli in your praifes of; and you muil learn to commend what you do not approve of, if it is approved of there. You are not much given to praife, I know ; but it is becaufe you do not yet know how extremely people are engaged by a feeming fandlion to their own opinions, prejudices, and weakneffes, even in* the mereil trifles. Our felf-love is mortified, when we think our opinions, and even our tailes, cuilcms, and drefles, either arraigned or condemned ; as, on the contrary, it is tickled and flattered by approba- tion. I will give yoir a remarkable inftance of this kind. The famous Earl of Shaftefbury, in the fla- gitious reign of Charles the Second, while he was ChanceHor, had a mind to be a Favourite, as well as a Minifter of the King: in order therefore to pleafe His Majefly, whofe prevailing paflion was women, my Lord kept a w e, whom he had no occafion for, and made no manner of ufe of. The King foon heard of it, and aflced him if it was true; he owned it was ; but that, though he kept that one woman, he had feveral others befides, for he loved variety. A few days afterwards, the King, at his public levee, faw Lord Shaftefbury at fome diflance, and faid in the circle, *' One would not think that that little, weak " man is the greateil whore-mailer in England; but " I can affure you that he is." Upon Lord Shaftef- bury's coming into the circle, there was a general fmile ; the King faid, " This is concerning you, my "Lord." "Me, Sir!" anfwered the Chancellor, with fome furprife. " Yes, you," anfwered the King; " for I had juil faid, that you were the * { greateft whore-mailer in England : Is it not " true?" 22 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS true ?" " Of zfubjett, Sir," replied Lord Shaf- tefbury, " perhaps I am." It is the fame in every thing; we think a difference of opinion, of conduft, of manners, a tacit reproach, at leaft, upon our own ; we muft therefore ufe ourfelves to a ready con- formity to whatever is neither criminal nor dilho- nourable. Whoever differs from any general cuftom, is fuppofed both to think, and proclaim himfelf wifer than the reft of the world; which the reft of the world cannot bear, efpecially in a young man. A young fellow is always forgiven, and often ap- plauded, when he carries a faihion to an excefs ; but never if he flops fhort of it. The firft is afcribed to youth and fire ; but the latter is imputed to an af- fedlation of fingularity, or fuperiority. At your age, one is allowed to outrer fafhion, drefs, vivacity, gal- lantry, &c. but by no means to be behind hand in any one of them. And one may apply to youth in this cafe, Si non erraflet, fecerat ilk minus. Adieu. LETTER CCLXVI. Bath, O&ober the ipth, 1/53. MY DEAR FRIEND, OF all the various ingredients that compofe the ufeful and neceffary art of pleafing, no one is fo effectual and engaging, as that gentlenefs, that douceur of countenance and manners, to which you are no ftranger, though (God knows why) a fworn enemy. Other people take great pains to conceal, or difguife their natural imperfections ; fome, by the make of their clothes, and other arts, endeavour to conceal T O K I S S O N. 23 conceal the defects of their fhape ; women, who un- fortunately have natural bad complexions, lay on good ones ; and both men and women, upon whom unkind nature has infli&ed a furlinefs and ferocity of countenance, do at leaft all they can, though often without fuccefs, to foften and mitigate it j they affecl douceur, and aim at fmiles, though often in the attempt, like the Devil in Milton, they grin horribly , a gbajlly fmile . But you are the only perfon I ever knew, in the whole courfe of my life, who not only difdain, but abfolutely reject and difguife a great ad- vantage that nature has kindly granted. You eafily guefs I mean countenance ; for me has given you a very pleafing one ; but you beg to be excufed, you will not accept it ; on the contrary, take fingular pains to put on the moft funefte, forbidding, and unpleafing one, that can poffibly be imagined. This one would think impoffible j but you know it to be true. If you imagine that it gives you a manly, thoughtful, and decisive air, as fome, though very- few of your countrymen do, you are moft exceed- ingly miftaken ; for it is at beft the air of a German corporal, part of whofe exercife is to look fierce, and to blafemeer-op. You will fay, perhaps, What am I always to be ftudying my countenance, in order to wear this douceur ? I anfwer, No, do it but for a fortnight, and you will never have occalion to think of it more. Take but half the pains to recover the countenance that nature gave you, that you muft have taken to difguife and deform it as you have, and the bufmefs will be done. Accuftom your eyes to a certain foftnefs, of which they are very capable, and your face to fmiles, which become ic more than moft faces 24 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS faces I know. Give all your motions too, an air of douceur, which is direftly the reverfe of their prefent celerity and rapidity. I wifh you would adopt a little of I'air du Couvent (you very well know whr; i I mean) to a certain degree ; it has fomething ex- tremely engaging ; there is a mixture of benevolence, affection, and unction in it : it is frequently really fmcere, but it is almoft always thought fo, and confe- quently pleafing. Will you call this trouble? It will not be half an hour's trouble to you in a week's time. But fuppofe it be, pray tell me, why did you give yourfelf the trouble of learning to dance fo well as you do ? It is neither a religious, moral, or civil duty. You muft own, that you did it then fingly to pleafe, and you were in the right on't. Why do you wear fine clothes, and curl your hair ? Both are troublefome ; lank locks, and plain flimfy rags, are much eafier. This then you alfo do in order to pleafe, and you do very right. But then, for God's fake, reafon and aft con fequen dally ; and endeavour to pleafe in other things too, ftill more eflential ; and without which the trouble you have taken in thofe is wholly thrown away. You mow your dancing, per- haps, fix times a year, at molt ; but you fhow your countenance, and your common motions every day, and all day. Which then, I appeal to yourfelf, ought you to think of the moft, and care to render eafy, graceful, and engaging? Douceur of counte- nance and gefture, can alone make them fo. You are by no means ill-natured ; and would you then moft unjuftly be reckoned fo ? Yet your common counte- nance intimates, and would make any body, who did not know you, believe it. A f repot of this ; I muft T O H 1 8 S O N. 25 muft tell you what was faid the other day to a fine lady whom you know, who is very good-natured in truth, but \vhofe common countenance implies ill- . nature, even to brutality. It was Mifs H n, Lady M y's niece, whom you have feen both ac Blackheath and at Lady Hervey's. Lady M y was faying to me, that you had a very engaging coun- tenance when you had a mind to it, but that you had not always that mind; upon which MifsH n faid, that me liked your countenance belt, when it was as glum as her own. Why then, replied Lady M y, you two mould marry ; for, while you both wear your word countenances, nobody elfe will venture upon either of you ; and they call her now Mrs. Stanhope. To complete this douceur of countenance and motions, which I fo earneftly recommend to you, you mould carry it alfo to your expreffions, and manner of thinking, mettez, y toujours de Vajfeftueux, de ronftion ; take the gentle, the favourable, the indulgent fide of motl queftions. I own that the manly and fub- lime John Trott, your countryman, feldom does ; but, to mow his fpirit and decifion, takes the rough and harfn fide, which he generally adorns with an oath, to feem more formidable. This he only thinks fine ; for, to do John juftice, he is commonly as good-natured as any body. Thefe are among the many little things which you have not, and I have lived long enough in the world to know of what in- finite confequence they are, in the courfe of life. Reafon then, I repeat it again, within yourfelf con/e- quentially ; and let not the pains you have taken, and ftill take, to pleafe in fome things, be a pure fene, by your negligence of, and inattention to VOL. IV. C others, 26 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS others, of much lefs trouble, and much more confe- quence. J have been of late much engaged, or rather be- wildered, in Oriental hiilory, particularly that of the Jews, fince the deilru&ion of their temple, and their difperfion by Titus ; but the confuiion 'and un- certainty of the whole, and the monllrous extrava- gancies and falfehoods of the greateft part of it, dif- gulted me extremely. Their Thalmud, their Mifchna, their Targums, and other traditions and writings of their Kabbins and Doctors, who were moil of them Cabaliils, are really more extravagant and ab- furd, if poffible, than all that you have read in Comte de Qabalis; and indeed molt of his fluff is taken from them. Take this fample of their nonfenfe, which is tranfmitted in the writings of one of their moft confiderable Rabbins. " One Abas Saul, a man of ten feet high, was digging a grave, and hap- pened to fine the eye of Goliah, in which he thought proper to bury himfelf, and fo he did, all but his head, which the Giant's eye was unfortunately not quite deep enough to receive." This, I afTure you, is the moll modeft lie of ten thoufand. I have alfo read the Turkifh Hiilory, which, excepting the re- ligious part, is not fabulous, though very poffibly not true. For the Turks, having no notion of let- ters, and being, even by their religion, forbid the ufe of them, except for reading and tranfcribing the Koran ; they have no hiilorians of their own, nor any authentic records or memorials for other hiuorians to work upon : fo that what hiflories we have of that country, are written by foreigners ; as Platina, Sir Paul Rycaut, Prince Cantemir, fcfr. or elfe fnatches z only TOHISSON. 27 enly of particular and ihort periods, by fome wh.3 happened to rcfide there at thofe times : fuch as Bufbequius, whom I have juft finifhed. 1 like him, as far as he goes, much the bell of any of them : but then his account is, properly, only an account of his own embafly, from the Emperor Charles the Vth to Solyman the Magnificent. However, there he gives, epifodically, the befl account I know, of the cufloms and manners of the Turks, and of the nature of that government, which is a moil extraor- dinary one. For, defpotic as it always feems, and fometimes is, it is in truth a military republic ; and the real power refides in the Janiflaries ; who fome- times order their Sultan to flrangle his Vizir, and fometimes the Vizir to depofe or flrangle his Sultan, according as they happen to be angry at the one or the other. I own, I am glad that the capital ftrangier (hould, in his turn, be Jlravgh-able, and now and then ftrangled ; for I know of no-.-brute lb fierce, nor criminal fo guilty, as the creature called a Sove- reign, whether King, Sultan, or Sophy, who thick-, himfelf, either by divine or human right, veiled with an abfolute power of deftroyihg his fellow-creatures ; or who, without inquiring into his right, lawlefsly exerts that power. The moft excufable of all thofe human monfters, are the Turks, vvhofe religion teaches them inevitable fatalifm. A propos of the Turks ; my Loyola, I pretend, is fuperior to your Sultan. Perhaps you think this impoffible, and wonder who this Loyola is. Know then, that I hav? had a Barbet brought me from 'France, fo exactly like Sultan, that he has been miflaken for hint feveral times ; only his fnout is (hotter, and Kb ear* C 2. 28 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS longer than Sultan's. He has alfo the acquired knowledge of Sultan ; and I am apt to think that he ftudied under the fame mailer at Paris. His habit, and his white band, fhow him to be an Eo clefiaflic ; and his begging, which he does very earneflly, proves him to be of a Mendicant order ; which, added to his flattery and infmuation, make him fuppofed to be a Jefuit, and have acquired him the name of Loyola. I muft not omit too, that, when he breaks wind, he fmells exaftly like Sultan. I do not yet hear one jot the better for all my bathings and pumpings, though I have been here already full half my time ; I confequently go very little into company, being very little fit for any. I hope you keep company enough for us both ; you will get more by that, than I mail by all my read- ing. I read fingly to amufe myfelf, and nil up 4 my time, of which I have too much ; but you have two much better reafons for going into company, Pleafure and Profit. May you find a great deal of both, in a great deal of company ! Adieu. LETTER CCLXVII. London, November the 2oth, 1753. MY DEAR FRIEND, TWO mails are now due from Holland, fo that I have no letter from you to acknowledge ; but that, you know by long experience, does not hinder my writing to you : I always receive your letters with pleafure j but I mean, and endeavour, that TOHISSON. 29 that you fhould receive mine with fome profit ; pre- ferring always your advantage to my own pleafure. If you find yourfelf well fettled and naturalized at Manheim, ftay there fome time, and do not leave a certain for an uncertain good : but if you think you fliall be as well, or better eftablifhed at Munich, go there as foon as you pleafe ; and if difappointed, you can always return to Manheim. I mentioned, in a former letter, your pafling the Carnival at Ber- lin, which I think may be both ufeful and pleaf- ing to you ; however, do as you will ; but let me know what you refolve. That King and that country have, and will have, fo great a fhare in the affairs of Europe, that they are well worth being thoroughly known. Whether, where you are now, or ever may be hereafter, you fpeak French, German, or Englifh mofl, I earneftly recommend to you a particular at- tention to the propriety and elegancy of your ftyle : employ the beft words you can find in the language, avoid cacophony, and make your periods as harmo- nious as you can. I need not, I am fure, tell you, what you muft often have felt, how much the ele- gancy of diction adorns the beft thoughts, and pal- liates the worft. In the Houfe of Commons, it is almoft every thing ; and indeed, in every aflembly, whether public or private. Words, which are the drefs of thoughts, deferve furely more care thaa clothes, which are only the drefs of the perfon, and which, however, ought to have their fhare of atten- tion. If you attend to your ftyk, in any one lan- guage, it will give you an habit of attending to it in every other ; and if once you fpeak either French C 3 or 3O L O R D C H E S T K R F I E L D'S L E T T E R S or German very elegantly, you will afterwards fpeak much the better Englifh for it. I repeat it to you again, for at leaft the thoufandth time; exert your whole attention now in acquiring the ornamental parts of charafter. People know very little of the world, and talk nonfenfe, when they talk of plain- iiefs and folidity unadorned ; they will do in nothing : mankind has been long out of a ftate of nature, and the golden age of native fimplicity will never return. Whether for the better or the worfe, no matter ; but we are refined ; and plain manners, plain drels, and plain diction, would as little do in life, as acorns, herbage, and the water of the neighbouring fpring, would do at table. Some people are juft ~om-j, who interrupt me in the middle of my ferrr.c.i ; fo good night. LETTER CCLXVIII. London, November the 26th, 1753. MY DEAR FRIEND, FINE doings at Manheim ! If one may give credit to the weekly hiftories of Monfieur Ro- derigue, the fmeft writer among the moderns ; not only des chajjls brillantes et nombreujes, det operas ou ies acleurs fe furpaffent, Ies jours des Saints de L L. A A. E E. firenijjimes, calibres en grand gala ; but, to crown the whole, Moniieur Zuchmantel is hap- pily arrived, and Monfteur Wartenfleben hourly ex- pected. I hope that you are pars magna of all thefe delights ; though, as Noll Bluff fays, in the Old Batchelor, that ra/cally Gazetteer takes no more notice TOHISSON. 31 efyou, than if you were not in the land of tie living. I fhould think, that he might at leaft have taken no- tice, that in thofe rejoicings you appeared with a rejoicing, and not a gloomy countenance ; and you diftinguifhed yourfelf, in that numerous and finning company, by your air, drefs, addrefs, and attentions. If this was the cafe, as I will both hope and fuppofe that it was, I will, if you require it, have him writ- ten to, to do you juftice in his next///Av/7^;/. Se- rioufly, I am very glad that you are whirled in that tourbillon of pleafures ; they fmooth, poliili, and rub off rough corners : perhaps too, you have fome parti- cular collijlon, which is ftill more effectual. Schannat's Hiftory of the Palatinate was, I find, written originally in German, in which language, I fuppofe, it is that you have read it ; but, as I muil humbly content myfelf with the French translation, Vaillant has fent for it for me, from Holland, fo that I have not yet read it. While you are in the Palatinate, you do very well to read>every thing re- lative to it ; you will do ftill better if you make that reading the foundation of your inquiries into the more minute circumftances and anecdotes of that country, whenever you are in company with informed and knowing people. The Minifters here, intimidated by the abfurd and groundlefs clamours of the mob, have, very weakly in my mind, repealed, this feflion, the bill which they had pafled in the lalt, for rendering Jews capable of being naturalized, by fubfequent ads of parliament. The clamourers triumph, and will doubtlefs make farther demands j which, if not granted, this piece of complaifance will foon be forgotten. Nothing is C 4 truer $2 LORD CH ESTERFI E L D*3 Li TTE R a truer in politics, than this reflection of the Cardinal de Retz, Que le peuph craint toujcurs quand on ne le craint pas ; and confequently they grow unreafon- able and infolent, when they find that they are feared. Wife and honeft governors will never, if they can help it, give the people juft caufe to com- plain ; but then, on the other hand, they will firmly withitand groundlefs clamour. Befides that this noife againft the Jew bill proceeds from that narrow mob- fpirit of intohration in religious, and inhofpitality in civil matters ; both which all wife governments mould oppofe. The confufion in France increafes daily, as no doubt you are informed, where you are. There is an anfvver of the Clergy's to the remonftrances of the Parliament, lately publifhed; which was fent me by the laft pofl from France, and which I would, have fent you, enclofed in this, were it not too , bulky. Very probably you may fee it at Manheim,. from the French Minifter : it is very well worth your reading, being moft artfully and plaufibly written, though, founded upon falfe principles ; the jus d'wi- mim of the Clergy, and confequently their fupremacy in all matters of faith and doctrine, are aflerted ; both which I abfolutely deny. Were thofe two points allowed the Clergy of any country whatfo- ever, they muft neceiTarily govern that country ab- folutely ; every thing being, directly or indirectly, relative to faith or doctrine ; and whoever is fuppofed to have the power of faving and damning fouls, to all eternity, (which power the Clergy pretend to) will be much more confidered, and better obeyed, thari any civil power, that forms no pretenfions be- yond T O H I 3 S O N. 33 yond this world. Whereas, in truth, the Clergy in every country are, like all other fubjedls, dependant upon the fupreme legiflative power ; and are ap- pointed by that power, under whatever reflri&ions and limitations it pleafes, to keep up decency and decorum in the church, juft as conftables are to keep peace in the parim. This Fra. Paolo has clear- ly proved, even upon their own principles of the old and new Teftament, in his book de Bentfciis, which I recommend to you to read with attention ; it is fhort. Adieu ! LETTER CCLXIX. London, December the 25th, 1753. MY DEAR FRIEND, X."' Efterday again I received two letters at once I- from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the Itjth, from Manheim. You never had in your life fo good a reafon for not writing, either to me or to any body elfe, as your fore finger lately furniihed you. I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a forefinger, however painful, is a much lefler evil than laziaefs, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill confequences. I am very glad to hear that you were diftinguiihed at the Court of Manheim, from the reft of your countrymen and fellow- travelers : ir is a. fign that you had better manners and addrefs than they; for take it for granted, tho beft-bred people will always be the beft received, wherever they go. Good-man- C 5 ners 34 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS ners are the fettled medium of focial, as fpecie is of commercial life ; returns are equally expected for both ; and people will no more advance their civi- lity to a Bear, than their money to a Bankrupt. I really both hope, and believe, that the German Courts will do you a great deal of good ; their cere- mony and reilraint being the proper correctives, and antidotes, for your negligence and inattention. I believe they would not greatly relilh your welter- ing in your own lazinefs, and an eafy chair ; nor take it very kindly, if, when they fpoke to you, or you to them, you looked another way ; as much as to fay, kifs my b h. As they give, fo they re- quire attention ; and, by the way, take this maxim for an undoubted truth, That no young man can poffibly improve in any company, for which he has not refpedl enough to be under fome degree of re- straint. I dare not truft to Mey/Tonier's report of his Rhe- niih, his Burgundy not having anfwered either his account or my expectations. I doubt, as a wine- merchant, he is the perfidus caupo, whatever he may bo as a banker. I mail therefore venture upon none of his wine ; but delay making my provifion of Old- Hock, till I go abroad myfelf next fpring ; as I told you in the utmoft fecrecy, in my laft, that I in- tend to do ; and then probably I may tafte fome that I like, and go upon fure ground. There is commonly very good, both at Aix-la-Chapelle and Liege ; where I formerly got fome excellent, which I carried with me to Spa, where I drank no other wine. As T o H i s S o N. 35 As my letters to you frequently mifcarry, I will re- peat in this, that part of my laft, which related to your future motions. Whenever you (hall be tired of Berlin, go to Drefden ; where Sir Charles Wil- liams will be, who will receive you with open arms. He dined with me to-day ; and fets out for Drefden. in about fix weeks. He fpoke of you with great kindnefs and impatience to fee you again. He will truft and employ you in bufinefs (and he is now in the whole fecret of importance) till we fix our place to meet in ; which probably will be Spa. Where- ever you are, inform yourfelf minutely of, and attend particularly to the affairs of France ; they grow feri- ous, and in my opinion will grow more and more fo every day. The King is defpifed, and I do not won- der at it ; but he has brought it about, to be hated at the fame time, which feldom happens to the fame man. His minifters are known to be as difunited as incapable : he heiitates between the Church and the Parliaments, like the Afs in the fable, that ftarved between two hampers of hay; too much in love with his miilrefs to part with her, and too much afraid for his foul, to enjoy her ; jealous of the Parliaments, who would fupport his authority ; and a devoted bi- got to the Church, that would deftroy it. The peo- ple are poor, confequently difcontented : thofe who have religion, are divided in their notions of it ; which is faying, that they hate one another. The Clergy never do forgive ; much lefs will they forgive the Parliament : the Parliament never will forgive them. The army mufl without doubt take, in their own minds at leaft, different parts in all thefe difputes, which upon occasion would break out. Armies, C 6 though 36 * LORD CH ESTER FIB t D*S LETTERS though always the fupporters and tools of abfolute power for the time being, are always the deflroyers of it too ; by frequently changing the hands in which they think proper to lodge it. This was the cafe of the Prcetorian bands, who depofed and murdered the monfters they had raifed to opprefs mankind. The Janiffaries in Turkey, and the regiments of guards in Ruffia, do the fame now. The French nation rea- fons freely, which they never did before, upon mat- ters of religion and government, and begin to be fpregiudicati \ the officers do fo too j in fhort, all the fymptoms, which I have ever met with in hiflory, previous to great changes and revolutions in Govern- ment, now exift, and daily increafe in France. I am glad of it; the reft of Europe will be the quieter, and have time to recover. England, I am fure, wants reft ; for it wants men and money : the Republic of the United Provinces wants both, ftill more : the other Powers cannot well dance, when neither France, nor the maritime Powers, can, as they ufed to do, pay the piper. The firft fquabble in Europe, that I fore- fee, will be about the Crown of Poland, mould the prefent King die ; and therefore I wim his Majefty a long life and a merry Chriftmas. So much for fo- reign politics : but, a propoi of them, pray take care,, while you are in thofe parts of Germany, to inform yourfelf corredlly of all the details, difcuffions, and agreements, which the feveral wars, confifcations, bans, and treaties, occafioned between the Bavarian and Palatine Electorates : they are interefting and curious. I {hall not, upon the occafion of the approaching new year, repeat to you the wifhes which I continue 3 to T O H I S S O W. J7 to form for you ; you know them all already ; and you know that it is abfolutely in your own power to fa- tifsy moft of them. Among many other vvifhes, this is my moft earneft one, That you would open the new year with a moft folemn and devout facrifice to the Graces ; who never reject thofe that fupplicate them with fervour: without them, let me tell you, that your friend Dame Fortune will ftand you in little ftead : may they all be your friends ! Adieu. LETTER CCLXX. London, January the I5th, 1754. MY DEAR FRIEND, I Have this moment received your letter of the 26th paft, from Munich. Since you are got fo well out of the diftrefs and dangers of your journey from Manheim, I am glad that you were in them, Condifce i diletti Mtmoria di pene, Ne/a cbe Jia bene Cbi mal non fojfri. They were but little famples of the much greater diftrefs and dangers which you muft expect to meet with in your great, and, I hope, long journey through, life. In fome parts of it, flowers are fcattered with profufion, the road is fmooth, and the profpec't plea- fant ; but in others (and I fear the greater nun/aer) the road is rugged, befet with thorns and briars, and cut 38 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS cut by torrents. Gather the flowers in your way ; but at the fame time guard againft the briars that are either mixed with them, or that molt certainly fucceed them. I thank you for your wild boar, who, now he is dead, I allure himfe laijfera bien manger malgre qu'il tn ait ; though I am not fure that I fhouid have had that perfonal valour which fo fuccefsfully diltinguim- ed you in fingle combat with him, which made him bite the duft like Homer's heroes, and, to conclude my period fublimely, put him into that pickle, from which I propofe eating him. At the fame time that I applaud your valour, I muft do julHce to your mo- defty ; which candidly admits, that you were not over-matched, and that your adverfary was of about your own age and lize. A Marcajfin, being under a year old, would have been below your indignation. Bete de compagnie, being under two years old, was flill in my opinion below your glory ; but I guefs that your enemy was un Ragot, that is, from two to three years old ; an age and fize which, between man and boar, anfwer pretty well to yours. If accidents of bad roads or waters do not detain you at Munich, I do not fancy that pleafures will ; and I rather believe you will feek for, and find them at the Carnival at Berlin ; in which fuppofition, I eventually diredl this letter to your banker there. While you are at Berlin (I earneftly recommend it to you again and again) pray care to fee, hear, know, and mind, every thing there. The ableft Prince in Ewope, is furely an object that deferves atteniion ; and the leaft thing that he does, like the fmalleft fketches TO HIS SON. 39 Sketches of the greateft painters, has its value, and a confiderable one too. Read with care the Cede Frederick, and inform yourfelf of the good effects of it, in thofe parts of his dominions where it has taken place, and where it has banilhed the former chicanes, quirks, and quib- bles of the old law. Do not think any detail too minute, or trifling, for your inquiry and obfervation. I wifh that you could find- one hour's leifure every day, to read fome good Italian author, and to con- verfe in that language with our worthy friend Signer Angelo Cori : it would both refrelh and improve your Italian, which, of the many languages you know, I take to be that in which you are the leaft perfect ; but of which too, you already know enough to make yourfelf mafter of, with very little trouble, whenever you pleafe. Live, dwell, and grow, at the feveral Courts there ; ufe them fo much to your face, that they may not look upon you as a ftranger. Obferve, and take their tone, even to their affe&ations and follies ; for fuch there are, and perhaps fliould be, at all Courts; Stay, in all events, at Berlin, till I inform you of Sir Charles Williams's arrival at Drefden ; where I fuppofe you would not care to be before him, and where you may go as foon after him as ever you pleafe. Your time there will neither be unprofitably nor difagreeably fpent ; he will introduce you into all the belt company, though he can introduce you to none fo good as his own. He has of late applied himfelf very feriouily to foreign affairs, efpecially thofe of Saxony and Poland ; he knows them perfect- ly well, and will tell you what he knows. He always exprefles, 40 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS exprefl'es, and I have good reafon to believe very fin- eerely, great kindnefs and affeftion for you. The works of the late Lord Bolingbroke are jufl publiihed, and have plunged me into philofophical ftudies ; which hitherto I have not been much ufed to, or delighted with ; convinced of the futility of thofe refearches : but I have read his Philofophical Eflay upon the extent of human knowledge, which,. by the way, makes two -large quarto's and an half. He there mows very clearly, and with moft fplendid eloquence, what the human mind can, and cannot do; that our underilandings are wifely calculated for our place in this planet, and for the link which we form in the univerfal chain of things ; but that they are by no means capable of that degree of knowledge, which our curiofity makes us fearch after, and which our vanity makes us often believe we arrive at. I fhall not recommend to you the reading of that wcrk. But when you return hither, I (hail recommend to your frequent and diligent perufal, all his trafts, that are relative to our hiftory and conftitution ; upon which he throws lights, and fcatters graces, which no other writer has ever done. Reading, which was always a pleafure to me, in the time even of my greateft ilifTipation, is now be- come my only refuge ; and, I fear, I indulge it too much, at the expence of my eyes. But what can I do? I muft do fomething; I cannot bear abfolute idJenefs : my ears grow every day more uielels to me,, my eyes confequently more neceflary ; I will not hoard them like a mifer, but v/ili rather ri& the lofs, than noc enjoy ihc ufe of them. Pray let me know all the particulars, not only of your TO HIS S O K, 4* your reception at Munich, but alfo at Berlin ; at the latter, I believe, it will be a good one ; for his Pruf- fian Majefty knows, that I have long been an admirer And refpefter of his great and various talents. Adieu. LETTER CCLXXI. London, February the ift, 1754. MY DEAR FRIEND, I Received, yefterday, yours of the i zth from Mu- nich; in confequence of which, I direct this to you there, though I directed my three laft to Berlin, where I fuppofe you will find them at your arrival. Since you are not only domeilicated, but niche at Munich, you are much in the right to flay there. It is not by feeing places, that one knows them, but by familiar and daily converfations with the people of fafhion. I would not care to be in the place of that prodigy of beauty, whom you are to drive dam la courfe de Traineaux ; and I am apt to think you are much more likely to break her bones, than fti6 is, though ever fo cruel, to break your heart. Nay, I am not fure but that, according to all die rules of gallantry, you are obliged to overturn her on pur- pofe : in the firft place, for the chance of feeing her backfide ; in the next, for the fake of the contrition and concern which it would give you an opportu- nity of mowing ; and laftly, upon account of all the gentiliejjes et epigrammes, which it would naturally fuggeft. Voiture has made feveral ftanzas, upon an accident of that kind, which happened to a lady of his 42 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS his acquaintance. There is a great deal of wit in them, rather too much ; for, according to the tafte of thofe times, they are full of what the Italians call concetti fpiritofejfimi ; the Spaniards, agudexe ; and we, affectation and quaintnefs. I hope you have endea- voured to fuit your Traineau to the character of the Fair-one whom it is to contain. If (he is of an iraf- cible, impetuous difpofidon (as fine women can fome- times be) you will doubtlefs place her in the body of a lion, a tyger, a dragon, or fome tremendous beaft of prey and fury ; if me is a fublime and ftate- ly beauty, which I think more probable (for un- queftionably me is hogh gebobrne) you will, I fup- pofe, provide a magnificent ivvan or proud peacock for her reception ; but if me is all tendernefs and foftnefs, you have, to be fure, taken care, amorous doves and wanton fparrows mould feem to flutter round her. Proper mottos, I take it for granted, that you have eventually prepared j but if not, you may find a great many ready-made ones, in Les entretiem d'Arijte et d 'Eugene, fur les de and therefore one feldom does TOHIsSoN. 89 does it at all ; whereas thofe who have a great deal of bufinefs, rnuft (to ufe a vulgar expreffion) buckle to it ; and then they always find time enough to do it in. I hope your own experience has, by this time, convinced you of this truth. I received your laft, of the 8th. It is now quite over with a very great man, wlt6 will be ftill a very great man, though a very unfortunate one. He has qualities of the mind that put him above the reach of thefe misfortunes : and if reduced, as per- haps he may, to the marche of Brandenburgh, he will always find in himfelf the comfort, and with all the world the credit, of a philofopher, a legiflator, a patron and a profeflbr of arts and fciences. He will only lofe the fame of a conqueror ; a cruel fame, that arifes from the deftrudion of the human fpecies. Could it be any fatisfadlion to him to know, I could tell him, that he is at this time the moft popular man in this kingdom ; the whole nation being enraged at that neutrality which haflens and completes his ruin. Between you and me, the King was not lefs enraged at it himfelf, when he faw the terms of it ; and it affedted his health more than all that had hap- pened before. Indeed, it feems to me a voluntary conceffion of the very worft that could have happened in the worft event. We now begin to think that our great and fecret expedition is intended for Mar- tinico and St. Domingo ; if that be true, and we fuc- ceed in the attempt, we mail recover, and the French lofe, one of the moft valuable branches of commerce, I mean fugar. The French now fupply all the fo- reign markets in Europe with that commodity, we only fupply ourfelves with it. This would make us fome 90 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS fome amends for our ill luck, or ill conduct in North America ; where Lord Loudon, with twelve thoufand men, thought himfelf no match for the French with but feven j and Admiral Holbourne, with fcventeen mips of the line, declined attacking the French, becaufe they had eighteen, and a greater weight of metal, according to the new fea-phrafe, which was unknown to Blake. I hear that letters have been fent to both, with very fevere reprimands. 1 am told, and I believe it is true, that we are ne- gociating with the Corfican, I will not fay rebels, but affertors of their natural rights ; to receive them, and whatever form of government they think fit to eftablifh, under our protection, upon condition of their delivering up to us Port Ajaccio ; which may be made fo flrong and fo good a one, as to be a full equivalent for the lofs of Port Mahon. This is, in my mind, a very good fcheme ; for though the Cor- fkans are a parcel of cruel and perfidious rafcals, they will in this cafe be tied down to us by their own intereft and their own danger ; a folid fecurity with knaves, though none with fools. His Royal High- nefs the Duke is hourly expefted here : his arrival will make fome buftle ; for I believe it is certain, that he is refolved to make a pufh at the Duke of N. Pitt, and Co ; but it will be ineffectual, if they con- tinue to agree, as, to my certain knowledge, they do- at prefent. This Parliament is theirs, cat era quis nefcit. Now I have told you all I know, or have heard, of public matters, let us talk of private ones, that more nearly and immediately concern us. Admit me to your fire-fide, in your little room j and as you would TO HIS So ft. 91 would converfe with me there, write to me for the future from thence. Are you completely nippe yet ? Have you formed what the world calls connections ; that is, a certain number of acquaintances, whom, from accident or choice, you frequent more than others ? Have you either fine or well-bred women there ? Y a-t-il quelque ban ton ? All fat and fair, I prefame ; too proud and too cold to make advances, but, at the fame time, too well bred, and too warm to rejeft them, when made by un bcnnete bomme a8 LORD CHEST E R F i E L D'S LE TTE as in idlencfs and inaftion, ftagnates and putrefies. J could with, that every rational man would, every night when he goes to bed, afk himfelf this queition, What have I done to-day ? Have I done any thing that can be of ufe to myfelf or others ? Have I employed my time, or have I fquandered it? Have I lived out the day, or have I dozed it away in floth and lazinefs ? A thinking Being muft be pleafed or confounded, according as he can anfwer himfelf thefe queftions. I obferve that you are in the fecret of what is intended, and what Miinchaufen is gone to Stade to prepare. A bold and dangerous experiment, in my mind ; and which may probably end in a fecond volume to the Hiftory of the Pa- latinate, in the laft century. His Serene Highnefs of Brunfwick has, in my mind, played a prudent and a faving game ; and I am apt to believe, that the other Serene Highnefs, at Hamburgh, is more likely to follow his example, than to embark in the great fcheme. I fee no figns of the Duke's refuming his em- ployments ; but, on the contrary, I am allured, that .his Majelly is coolly determined to do as well as he can without him. The Duke of Devonshire and Fox have worked hard to make up matters in the clofet, but to no purpofe. People's felf- love is very apt to make them think themfelves more neceflary than they are ; and I fhrewdly fuf- peft, that his Royal Highnefs has been the dupe of that fentiment, and was taken at his word when he leaft expected it : like my predeceffor, Lord Harrington ; who, .when he went into the clofet to refign the feals, had them not about him ; fo fure TOHisSoH. 99 fure he thought himfelf of being prefled to keep them. The whole talk of London, of this place, and of every place in the whole kingdom, is of our great, expenfive, and yet fruidefs expedition : I have feen an Officer who was there, a very fenfible and obferv- ing man ; who told me, that had we attempted Rochefort, the day after we took the ifland of Aix, our fuccefs had been infallible ; but that after we had fauntered (God knows why) eight or ten days in the ifland, he thinks the attempt would have been im- practicable ; becaufe the French had in that time got together all the troops in that neighbourhood, to a very coniiderable number. In fhort, there muft have been fome lecret in that whole affair, which has not yet tranfpired ; and I cannot help fufpefting that it came from Stade. /^irhad not been fuccefsful there ; perhaps Germany: three fuch mill-ftones as Ruffia, France, and Auflria, muft, fooner or later, in the courfe of the year, grind his Pruflian Majefty down to a mere Margrave of Brandenburgh. But I have always fome hopes of a change under a Gunarcby * ; where whim and humour commonly prevail, reafon very feldom, and then only by a lucky miftake* I except the incomparable Fair-one of Hamburgh, that prodigy of beauty, and paragon of good-fenfe, who has enflaved your mind, and enflamed your heart. If fhe is as well e'trennee as you fay fhe fliall, you will be foon out of her chains ; for I have, by long experience, found women to be like Telephus's fpear, if one end kills, the other cures. There never was fo quiet, or fo filent a feffion of Parliament as the prefent ; Mr. Pitt declares only what he would have them do, and they do it nemine contradiccnte, Mr. Viner only excepted. Dutchefs Hamilton is to be married, to-morrow, to Colonel Campbell, the fon of General Campbell, who will fome day or other be Duke of Argyle, and have the eftate. She refufed the Duke- of B r for him. * Derived from the Greek, word Tyvn, a woman, and means Femak Government. Here TO HIS SON. Here is a report, but I believe a very ground- lefs one, that your old acquaintance, the fair Ma- dame C e, is run away from her hufband, with a jeweller, that etrennes her, and is come over here ; but I dare fay it is fome miltake, or perhaps a lie; Adieu ! God blefs you ! LETTER CCCXVI. London, February the 27th, 1759. MY DEAR FRIEND, IN your laft letter, of the 7th, you accufe me, moft unjuftly, of being in arrears in ir.y cor- refpondence ; whereas, if our epiilolary accounts were fairly liquidated, I believe yoa would be brought in confiderably debtor. I do not fee how .any of my letters to you can mifcarry, unlefs your office packet mifcarries too, for I always fend them to the office. Moreover, I might have a juftifiable excufe for writing to you feldomer than ufual, for to be fure there never was a period of time, in the middle of a winter, and the Parliament fitting, that fupplied fo little matter for a letter. Near twelve millions have been granted this year, not only nemine contradicentc, but nemins quicgutd dicente. The pro- per officers bring in the estimates ; it is taken for granted that they are neceffary,- and frugal ; the Members go to dinner, and leave Mr. Welt and Mr. Martin to do the reft. I prefume you have feen the little poem of the Country Lafs, by Soame Jenyns, for it was in the Chronicle j as was alfo an anfwer to it, from the Monitor, 158 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS Monitor. They are neither of them bad perform- ances ; the firit is the neateft, and the plan of the fecond has the molt invention. I fend you none of thofe pieces and having the firlt blow, which is often half the battle. Here is a great deal of company, and what is com- monly called good company, that is, great quality. I trouble them very little, except at the pump, where my bufinefs calls me ; for, what is company to a deaf man, or a deaf man to company ? Lady Brown, whom I have feen, and who, by the way, has got the gout in her eye, inquired very ten- derly after you. And I fo elegantly reft, Yours till death. LETTER CCCXXVI. Bath, December the 6th, 1761. MY DEAR FRIEND, I Have been in your debt fome time, which, you know, I am not very apt to be j but it was really for want of fpecie to pay. The prefect ftate which he anfwered agreeably to his former declaration. This, it is faid, was one principal ftrp, on which Sir Robert Walpole mounted to that zenith of power he afterwards enjoyed ; and which had otherwife been defigned by the King for Sir Spencer Compton ; who was, however, foon after created Earl of Wil- mington, Knight of the Garter, and appointed Prefidcnt of the Council. 1 4 of 176 Lo K. D CH E STE R r I EL D*S LETT E R'S of my invention does not enable me to coin ; and you would have had as little pleafure in reading, as 1 Ifiould have had in writing le coglionerie of this place ; befides, that I am very little mingled in them. I do not know whether I fliall be able to follow ycur advice, and cut a winner : for, at pre- fent, I have neither won nor loft a fmgle flailing. I will play on this week only j and if I have a good run, [ will carry it off with me ; if a bad one, the lofs can hardly amount to any thing confiderable in feven days, for I hope to fee you in town to-morrow fev^nnight. I had a difmal letter from Harte, laft week ; he tells me that he is at nurfe with a fifler in Berk- fhire ; that he has got a confirmed jaundice, befides twenty other diftempers. The true caufe of thefe complaints I take to be, the fame that fo greatly difbrdered, and had nearly deflroyed the moft auguft Houfe of Auftria, about one hundred and thirty years ago ; I mean Guftavus Adolphus ; who nei- ther anfwered his expe&ations in point of profit, nor reputation, and that merely by his own fault, in not writing it in the vulgar tongue ; for, as to fafls, I will maintain, that it is one of the belt hiftories extant. Au revoift as Sir Fopling fays, and God blefs you ! LETTER TO HIS SON. 177 LETTER CCCXXVII. Bath, November the 2d, 1762. MY DEAR FRIEND, Arrived here, as I propofed, laft Sunday; but as ill as I feared I fhould be, when I faw you, Head, ftomach, and limbs, all out of order. I have yet feen nobody but Villettes, who is fet> tied here for good, as it is called. What coafe- quences has the Duke of Devonfhire's refignatkm had ? He has confiderable connexions, and relations ; but whether any of them are reiigned enough to refign with him, is another matter. There will be, to be fure, as many, and as abfurd reports, as there are in the law books ; I do not defire to know either ; but inform me of what fadls com.e to your kno\\v ledge, and of fuch reports only, as you believe are grounded. And fo God biffs you ! LETTER CCCXXVIII. Bath, November the i3th, 1762.' MY DEAR FRIEND, T Have received your letter, and believe that your -I Preliminaries are very near the mark ; and, upon that fuppofition, I think we have made a tole- . rabie good bargain with Spain ; at leaft, full as good as I expefted, and almoft as good as I wifhed, though I do not -believe that we have got all Florida; but if we have St. Augufhn, as I fuppofe, that, by the I 5 figure 178 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS figure of pars pro toto, will be called all Florida. We have by no means made fo good a bargain with France ; for, in truth, what do we get by it, except Canada, with a very proper boundary of the river Miffifippi, and that is all ? As for the reftriftions upon the French fifhery in Newfoundland, they are very well per la predica, and for the Commiirary whom we mall employ ; for he will have a good falary from hence, to fee that thofe reftrictions are complied with ; and 'the French will double that falary, that he may allow them all to be broken through. It is plain to me, that the French fifhery will be exaclly what it was before the war. The three Leeward iflands which the French yield to us, are not, all together, worth half fo much as that of St. Lucia, which we give up to them. Senegal is not worth one quarter of Goree. The reftriftions of the French, in the Eaft Indies, are as abfurd and impracticable as thofe of Newfound- land ; and you will live to fee the French trade to the Eait Indies, juft as they did before the war. But after all I have faid, the articles are as good as I expecled with France, when I confidered that no one Angle perfon, who carried on this negotia- tion on our parts, was ever concerned or confulted in any negotiation before. Upon the whole, then, the acquifition of Canada has coft us fourfcore mil- lions fteriing. I am convinced we might have kept Gnadaloupe, if our negotiators had know^. how to have gone about it. His moft Faithful Majefly of Portugal is the beft off of any body in this trar. faction, for he fuv=s his kingdom by it, and has not laid out one Moidore in defence TO HIS SON. Ijg defence of it. Spain, thank God, in fome meafure, pa'ie les pots ca.JJ'es .; for, befides St. Auguftin, Log- wood, &c. it has loft at leaft four millions fterling, in money, mips, &c. Harte is here, who tells me he has been at this place thefe three years, excepting fome few excur- fions to his filler ; he looks ill, and laments that he has frequent fits of the yellow jaundice. He com- plains of his not having heard from you thefe four years ; you Jhould write to him. Thefe waters have done me a great deal of good, though I drink but two thirds of a pint in the whole day, which is lefs than the fobereft of my countrymen drink of claret at every meal. I mould naturally think, as you do, that this feffion will be a ftormy one, that is, if Mr. Pitt takes an aftive part; but if he is pleafed, as the Minifters fay, there is no other ^Eolus to blow a Itorm. The Dukes of Cumberland, Newcaftle, and Devonmire, have no better troops to attack with, than the militia; but Pitt alone is ipfe agmen. God blefs you ! LETTER CCCXXIX. Bath, November the 27th, 1762. MY DEAR FRIEND, I Received your letter this morning, and return you the ball a la volte. The King's fpeech is a very prudent one, and, r.s I fuppofe that the Ad- drefles, in anfwer to it, were, as ufu'al, in alni.ift the fam- words ; my Lord Mayor might very well call them innocent. As his Majefty expatiates fo much 1 6 upon 180 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS upon the great atcl'uvefnents of the war, I cannot help hoping that, when the Preliminaries fhall be laid before Parliament in due time, which, I fuppofe, means after the refpeftrve ratifications of all the con- tracting parties, that fome untalked-of and unex- pected advantage will break out in our treaty with France ; St. Lucia, at leaft. I fee, in the news- papers, an article which I by no means like, in our treaty with Spain ; which is, that we mall be at liberty to cut logwood in the Bay of Campeachy, but paying for it. ' Who does not fee that this con- dition may, and probably will, amount to a pro- hibition, by the price which the Spaniards may fet it at ? It was our undoubted right, and confirmed to us by former treaties, before the war, to cut logwood gratis ; but this new flipulation (if true) gives us a privilege, fomething like a reprieve to a criminal, with a non obftante to be hanged. I now drink fo little water, that it can neither do me good nor hurt ; but as I bathe but twice a week, that operation, which does my rheumatic carcafe good, will keep me here fome time longer than you had allowed. Harte is going to publifh a new edition of his Guftavus, in oftavo ; which, he tells me, he has altered, and which, I could tell him, he ihould tranflate into Englifh, or it will not fell better than the former ; for, while the world endures, ftyle and manner will be regarded, at leaft as much as matter. And fo, Dieu but it gives you time enough too for better things ; I mean reading ufeful books ; and, what is Hill more ufeful, converting with your- felf fome part of every day. Lord Shaftefbury re- commends felf-conver Tation to all authors ; and I would recommend it to all men ; they would be the better for it. Some people have not time, and fewer have inclination, to enter into that con vena- tion ; nay, very many dread it, and fly to the moll trifling diffipations, in order to avoid it ; but if a man would allot half an hour every night, for this felf-converfation, and recapitulate with himfelf what- ever he has done, right or wrong, in the courfa of the day, he would be both the better and the wifer for it. My deafnefs gives me more than fufficient time for felf-converfation ; and I have found great ad- vantages from it. My brother and Lady Stan- hope are at laft finally parted. I was the nego- tiator between them ; and had fo much trouble in it, TO HIS SDK. 189 it, that I would much rather negotiate the moft difficult point of the j*s fu&lfcum Sacri Romnni Imperil, with the whole Diet of llatilbon, than negotiate any point with any woman. If my brother had had fome of thofe felf-converfations, which I recommend, he would not, I believe, at paft fixty, with a crazy, bat- tered conftitudon, and deaf into the bargain, have married a young girl, juft turned of twenty, full of health, and confequently of defires. But who takes warning by the fate of others ? This, perhaps, pro- ceeds from a negligence of felf-converfation. God blefs you ! LETTER CCCXXXVIII. Blackheath, Oclober the 171)1, 1763. MY DEAR FRIEND, H E laft mail brought me your letter of the ad inftant, as the former had brought me that of the 25 th paft. I did fuppofe that you would be fent for over, for the firft day of the feffion ; as I never knew a ftricler mufler, and no furlows al- lowed. I am very forry for it, for the reafons you hint at ; but, however, you did very prudently, in doing de bonne grace, what you could not help doing : and let that be your rule in every thing, for the reft of your life. Avoid difagreeable things as much as by dexterity you can ; but when they are unavoida- ble, do them with feeming willingnefs and alacrity. Though this journey is ill-timed for you in many re- fpe&s, yet, in point offuances, you will be a gainer by it upon the whole ; for depend upon it, they will keep 190 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS keep you here till the very lafl day of the feffion ; and I fuppofe you have fold your horfes, and difmifTed fome of your fervants. Though they feem to appre- hend the firft day of the fefllon fo much, in my opi- nion, their danger will be much greater in the courfe of it. When you are at Paris, you will of courfe wait upon Lord Hertford, and defire him to prefent you to the King ; at the fame time make my compliments to him, and thank him for the very obliging mefTage he left at my houfe in town ; and, tell him, that, had I received it in time from thence, I would have come to town on purpofe to have returned it in perfon. If there are any new little books at Paris, pray bring them me. I have already Voltaire's Zelis dans le Bain, his Droit flu Seigneur, and Olympic. Do not forget to call once at Madame Monconfeil's, and as often as you pleafe at Madame du Pin's. Au. revoir. L E T T E R CCCXXXIX. Bath, November the 24th, 1763. MY DEAR FRIEND, Arrived here, as you fuppofe in your letter, laft Sunday ; but after the worft day's journey I ever had in my life : it fnowed and froze that whole morn- ing, and in the evening it rained and thawed, which made the roads fo flippery, that I was fix hours com- ing poft from the Devizes, which is but eighteen miles from hence ; fo that, but for the name of com- ing poft, I might as well have walked on foot. I have TO HIS SON. 191 have not yet quite got over my laft violent attack, and am weak and flimfy. I have now drank the waters but three days ; fo that, without a miracle, I cannot yet expect much alteration, and I do not in the leaft expeft a miracle. If they proved les eaux de Jouvence to me, that would be a miracle indeed ; but, as the late Pope Lamber- tini faid, Fra KOI, gli miracoli fono pajjati gia ua pezzo. I have feen Harte, who inquired much afcer you : he is dejefted and difpirited, and thinks himfelf much worfe than he is, though he has really a tendency to the jaundice. I have yet feen nobody elfe, nor do I know who here is to be feen ; for I have not yet ex- hibited myfelf to public view, except at the pump, which, at the time I go to it, is the molt private place in Bath. After all the fears and hopes, occafioned feverally by the meeting of the Parliament, in my opinion, it will prove a very eafy feffion. Mr. Wilkes is univerfally given up ; and if the Minifters them- felves do not wantonly raife difficulties, I think they will meet with none. A majority of uvo hundred is a great anodyne. Adieu ! God blefs you ! LETTER CCCXL. Bath, December the 3d, 1763. MY DEAR FRIEND, LAST poft brought me your letter of the zgth part. I fuppofe C T let off his fpeech upon the Princefs's portion, chiefly to fhow that 192 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS that he was of the Oppofition : for otherwife, the point was not debatable, unlefs as to the quantum, againft which fomething might be faid ; for the late Princcfs of Orange (who was the eldeft daughter of a King) had no more, and her two filters but half, if I am not miltaken. It is a great mercy that Mr. Wiikes, the intrepid defender of our rights and liberties, is out of danger, and may live to fight and write again in fupport of them ; and it is no lefs a mercy, that God hath raifed up the Earl of S to vindicate and promote true religion and morality. Thefe two biefiings will juilly make an epocha in the annals of this country. I have delivered your melTage to Harte, who waits with impatience for your letter. He is very happy now in having free accefs to all Lord Cra- ven's papers, which, he fays, give him great lights into the beilum tricennale ; the old Lord Craven hav- ing been the profeffed and valorous knight-errant, and perhaps fomething more, to the Queen of Bo- hemia; at leaft, like Sir Peter Pride, he had the honour of fpending great part of his ellate in her Royal caufe. I am by no means right yet ; I am very weak and flimfy Hill ; but the Doftor affures me, that ftrength and fpirits will return : if they do, lucro apponam, I will make the beft of them ; if they do not, I will net make their want full worfe, by grieving and re- gretting them. I have lived long enough, and ob- ferved enough, to eftimate moft things at their intrin- fic, and not their imaginary value ; and at fcventy, I find nothing much worth either defiring or fearing. But TO HIS SON, 193 But thefe reflexions, which fuit with feventy, would be greatly premature at two-and-thirty. So make the beft of your time ; enjoy the preient hour, but memor ultima. God blefs you ! LETTER CCCXLI. Bath, December the i8th, 1763. MY DEAR FRIEND, I Received your letter this morning, in which you reproach me with not having written to you this week. The reafon was, that I did not know what to write. There is that famenefs in my life here, that every day is ft ill but as the firft. I fee very few people ; and, in the literal fenfe of the word, I hear nothing. Mr. L and Mr. C I hold to be two very in- genious men ; and your image of the two men ruin- ed, one by lofing his law-fuit, and the other by car- rying it, is a very juil one. To be fure they felt in themfelves uncommon talents for bufinefs and fpeak- ing, which were to reimburfe them. Harte has a great poetical work to publifh, be- fore it be long ; he has mown me fome parts of it. He had in titled it Emblems, but I perfuaded him to alter that name for two reafons ; the firft was, be- caufe they were not emblems, but fables ; the fecond was, that, if they had been emblems, Quarles haJ degraded and vilified that name to fuch a degree, that it is impoffible to make ufe of it after him : fo they are to be called Fables, though Moral Tales VOL. IV. K would, 194 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS would, in my mind, be the propereft name. If yon aflc me what I think of thofe I have feen, I muft fay that funt plura bona, quxdam mediocria, et qu configned to him. It is reported here, and I believe not without feme foundation, that the Queen of Hungary has acceded to the Family Compact between France and Spain ;, if fo, I am fure it behoves us to form in time a counter alliance, of at leait equal flrength ; which I could eafily point out, but which, I fear, is not thought of here. The rage of marrying is very prevalent ; fo that there will be probably a great crop of cuckolds next winter, who are at prefent only cocus en berbe. It will contribute to population, and fo far muft be allowed to be a public benefit. Lord G , Mr. B , and Mr. D , are, in this refpeft, very meritorious j for they have all married handfome women, without one milling fortune. Lord muft indeed take feme pains to arrive at that dignity ; but I dare fay he will bring it about, by the help of fome young Scotch or Jrilh Officer. Good-night, and God blefs you ! LETTER 2CO LETTER CCCXLVI. Blackheath, September the jd, 1764, MY DEAR FRIEND, I Have received your letter of the 13th paft. I fee that your complete arrangement approaches, and you need not be in a hurry to give entertainments, iince fo few others do. Comte Flemming is the man in the world the befl calculated to retrieve the Saxon finances, which have been all this century fquandered and lavifhed with the moft abfurd profufion : he has certainly abilities, and, I believe, integrity ; I dare anfwer for him, that the gentlenefs and flexibility of his temper will not prevail with him to yield to the importunities of crav- ing and petulant applications. I fee in him another Sully ; and therefore I wilh he were at the head of our finances. France and Spain both infult us, and we take it too tamely : for this is, in my opinion, the time for us to talk high to them. France, I am perfuaded, will not quarrel with us, till it has got a Navy at leafl equal to ours, which cannot be thefe three or four years, at fooneft ; and then indeed, I believe, we lhall hear of fomething or other ; therefore, this is the moment for us to fpeak loud, and we fhall be feared, if we do not mow that we fear. Here is no domeftic news of changes and chances in the political world ; which, like oyfters, are only in feafon in the R months, when the Parliament fits. I think there will be fome then, but of what kind, God knows. I have TO H I S .S O N. 201 I have received a book for you, and one for my- felf, from Harte. It is upon agriculture, and will forprife you, as, I confefs, it did me. This work is not only in Englifh, but good and elegant Englifli ; he has even fcattered graces upon his fubjeft ; and, in profe, has come very near Virgil's Georgics in verfe. I have written to him, to congratulate his happy transformation. As foon as I can find ah op- portunity, I will fend you your copy. You (though no Agricola) will read it with pleafure. I know Mackenzie, whom you mention. C'eft vn delie ; fed cave. Make mine and Lady Chefterfield's compliments to Comte et Comtefle Flemming ; and fo, Dieu vous ait en fa faint e garde ! LETTER CCCXLVII. Blackheath, September the 1 4th, 1764. MY DEAR FRIEND, YESTERDAY I received your letter of the 3Oth paft, by which I find that you had not then got mine, which I fent you the day after I had received your former : you have had no great lofs of it ; for, as I told you in my laft, this inactive feafon f the year fupplies no materials for a letter; the winter may, and probably will, produce an abun- dant crop, but of what grain, I neither know, guefs, nor care. I take it for granted,, that Lord B * * * furnagera encore, but by the affiftance of what blad- ders or cork-waiftcoats, God only knows. The death of poor Mr. Legge, the epileptic fits of the Duke of K 5 Devonlhire, 2O2 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS Devonfhire, for which he is gone to Aix-la-Chapelle,. and the advanced age of the Duke of Newcaftle, feem to facilitate an accommodation, if Mr. Pitt and Lord Bute are inclined to it. You afc me what I think of the death of poor Iwan, and of the perfon who ordered it. You may remember that I often faid, {he would murder or marry him, or probably both ; me has chofen the fafeit alternative ; and has now completed her cha- ra&er of femme forte, above fcruples and hefitation. If Machiavel were alive, me would probably be his Heroine, as Cefar Borgia was his Hero. Women are all fo far Machiavelians, that they are never either good or bad by halves ; their paflions are too ftrong, and their reafon too weak, to do any thing with mo- deration. She will, perhaps, meet, before it is long, with fome Scythian as free from prejudices as herfelf. If there is one Oliver Cromwell in the three regi- ments of guards, he will probably, for the fake of his dear country, depofe and murder her : for that is one and the fame thing in Ruflia. You feem now to be fettled, and bien nippe at Drefden. Four fedentary footmen, and one running one, font Equipage Jeflee. The German ones will give you, ./ Excellentx', and the French ones, if you have any, Monfeigneur. My own health varies, as ufual, but never deviates into good. God blefs you, and /end you better! LETTER, TO HIS So N,. LETTER CCCXLV1II. Blackheath, Oftober the 4th, 1764,- MY DEAR FRIEND, I Have now your laft letter, of the i6th paff, lying before me ; and I gave your enclofed to Greven- kop, which has put him into a violent buftle to exe- cute your commiffions, as well and as cheap as poffible. I refer him to his own letter.. He. tells you true, as to Comtefie Cofel's diamonds, which: cer- tainly nobody will buy here, unfight unfeen, as they call it ; fo many minuties concurring, to encreafe or leflen the value of a diamond. Your Chefhire cheefe, your Burton ale and beer, I charge mylelf with, and they mall be fent you as foon as poffible. Upon this. occafion I will give you a piece of advice,, which by experience I know to be ufeful. Iir all commiffions, whether from men or women, point de galanterie, bring them in your account, and be paid to the uttermoft farthing; but if you would mow them une galanterie, let your prefent be of fomething that is not in your commiffion, ctherwife you will be the Ccmmijjtanaire banal of all the women of Saxony.. A propos ; Who is your Comtefle de Cofel ? Is me . daughter, or grand-daughter, of the famous Madame de Cofel, in King Auguilus's time ? Is fhe young or old, ugly or handfome ?. I do not wonder that people are wonderfully fur- prifed at our tamenefs and forbearance, with regard to France and Spain. Spain, indeed, has lately agreed to our cutting logwood, according to the treaty, and fent Uriel orders to their Governor to K 6 allow, 204 LORD CHESTERFIEL D'S LETTERS allow it ; but you will obferve too, that there is not one word of reparation for the lofles we lately fuf- tained there. But France is not even fo tra&able ; it will pay but half the money due, upon a liquidated account, for the maintenance of their prifoners. Our requeft, to have Comte d'Eftaing recalled and cenfured, they have abfolutely rejected, though, by the laws of war, he might be hanged for having twice broke his parole. This does not do France honour ; however, I think we fhall be quiet, and that at the only time, perhaps this century, when we might, with fafety, be otherwife; but this is nothing new, nor the firft time, by many, when national honour and intereft have been facrificed to private. It has always been fo : and one may fay, upon this occasion, what Horace fays upon another, Namfuit ante Helenam. I have feen les Conies de Guillaumt Vade, and like molt of them fo little, that I can hardly think them Voltaire's, but rather the fcraps that have fallen from his table, and been worked up by inferior work- men, under his name. I have not feen the other book you mention, the Difiionnaire Portatif. It is not yet come over. I mail next week go to take my winter-quarter* in London, the weather here being very cold and damp, and not proper for an old, mattered, and cold carcafe, like mine. In November I will go to the Bath, to careen myfelf for the winter, and to ihift the fcene. Good night ! LETTER TO HIS SON. 205 LETTER CCCXLIX. London, October the 191!*, 1764, MY DEAR FRIEND, YESTERDAY morning Mr. * * came tome, from Lord Halifax, to aflc me whether I thought you would approve of vacating your feat in Parliament, during the remainder of it, upon a valu- able confideration, meaning money. My anfwer was, that I really did not know your difpoiition upon that fubject ; but that I knew you would be very willing, in general, to accommodate them, as far as lay in your power. That your Election, to my knowledge, had coft you two thoufand pounds; that this Parlia- ment had not fate above half its time ; and that, for my part, I approved of the meafure well enough, provided you had an equitable equivalent. I take it for granted, that you will have a letter from , by this poll, to that effeft, fo that you muft con/ider what you will do. What I advife, is this ; give them a good deal of Galbanum in the firft part of your let- ter. Le Galbanum ne coute rien ; and then fay, that you are willing to do as they pleafe ; but that you hope an equitable confideration will be had to the two thoufand pounds, which your feat coil you in the prefent Parliament, of which not above half the term is expired. Moreover, that you take the li- berty to remind them, that your being fent for from Ratiibon, laft feffion, when you were juft fettled' there, put you to the expence of three or four hun- dred pounds, for which you were allowed nothing ; and that, therefore, you hope they will not think one 9 thoufand 206 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS thoufand pounds too much, confidering all thefe cir^ cumftances ; but that, in all events, you will do whatever they defire. Upon the whole, I think this propofal advantageous to you, as you probably will not make ufe of your feat this Parliament ; and fur- ther, as it will fecure you from another unpaid jour- ney from Drefden, in cafe they meet, or fear to meet with difficulties in any enfuing feflion of the prefent Parliament. Whatever one muft do, one mould do de bonne grace. Dixi. God blefs you ! LETTER GCGL. Bath, November the loth, 1764. MY DEAR FRIEND, I Am much concerned at the account you gave me of yourfelf, in your laft letter^ There is to be fure, at fuch a town as Drefden, at leaft fome one very fkilful phyfician ; whom I hope you have con- fulted ;. and I would have you acquaint him- with all your feveral attacks of this nature, from your great one at Laubash, to your late one at Drefden : tell him too, that, in your laft illnefs in England, the phyficiana miftook your cafe, and treated it as the gout, till Maty came, who treated it as a rheumatifm, and cured you. In my opinion, you have never had the gout, but always the rheumatifm j which, to my knowledge, is as painful as the gout can pof- fibly be, and mould be treated in a quite different way ; that is, by cooling medicines and regimen, Inftead of. thofe inflammatory cordials which they always? TO HIS SON. 207 always adminifter, where they fuppofe the gout, to keep it, as they fay, out of the ftomach. I have been here now juft a week; but have hitherto drank fo little of the water, that I can neither fpeak well nor ill of it. The number of people in this place is infinite ; but very few whom I know, Harte feems fettled here for life. He is not well, that Is certain ; but not fo ill neither as he thinks himfelf, or at leaft would be thought. I long for your anfwer to- my laft letter, contain- ing a certain propofal, which by this time, I fup- pofe, has been made you, and which, in the main, I approve of your accepting. God blefs you, my dear friend, and fend you bet- ter health ! Adieu. LETTER CCCLI. Bath, "February the z6th, 1765, . MY DEAR FRIEND,, YOUR laft letter, of the 5th, gave me as much pleafure as your former had given me uneaii- nefs ; and Larpent's acknowledgment of his negli- gence frees you from thofe fufpkions, which I own I did entertain, and which. I believe every one would, in the farae concurrence of circumftances, have en- tertained. So much for that. You may depend upon what I promifed you, be- fore Midfummer next, at fartheft, and at leajt. All I can fay of the affair between you of the Corps Diplomatique, and the Saxon Miniilers, is, que 2o8 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS uoila bien du bruit pour une ommelette au lard. It will moft certain iy be foon made up; and in that nego- tiation mow yourfelf as moderate and healing as your inftruciions from hence will allow, efpecially te Comte Flemming. The King of Pruffia, I believe, has a mind to infult him perfonally, as an old enemy, or elfe to quarrel with Saxony, that dares not quarrel with him ; but forne of the Corps Diplomatique here aflure me, it is only a pretence to recall his Envoy, and to fend, when matters fhall be made up, a little Secretary there, a mains de fraix, as he does now to Paris and London. Comte Briihl is much in fafhion here ; I like him mightily ; he has very much le ton de la bonne com- pagnie. Poor Schrader died laft Saturday, without the leaft pain or ficknefs. God blefs you ! LETTER CCCLII. London, April the zzd, 1765, MY DEAR FRIEND, TH E day before yefterday I received your let- ter of the 3d inftant. I find that your im- portant affair of the ceremonial is adjufted at laft, as I forefaw it would be. Such minuties are often laid hold on as a pretence, for Powers who have a mind to quarrel; but are ncv'er tenacioully infilled upon, where there is neither intereft nor inclination to break. Comte Flemming, though a hot, is a wife man ; and I was fure, would not break both with England and Hanover, upon fo trifling a point, efpe- cially TO HIS SOW. 209 cially during a minority, A propos of a minority ; the King is to come to the houie to-morrow, to re- commend a bill to fettle a Regency, in cafe of his demife while his fucceflbr is a minor. Upon the King's late illnefs, which was no trifling one, the whole nation cried out aloud for fuch a bill, for rea- fons which will readily occur to you, who know fitu- ations, perfons, and characters here. I do not know the particulars of this intended bill j but I wifh it may be copied exactly from that which was pafled in the late King's time, when the prefent King was a minor. I am fure there cannot be a better. You inquire about Monfieur de Guerchy's affair; and I will give you as fuccinifl an account as I can, of fo extraordinary and perplexed a tranfa&ion ; but without giving you my own opinion of it, by the common poft. You know what pafled at firil be- tween Mr. de Guerchy and Monfieur D'Eon, in which, both our Minifters, and Monfieur de Guerchy, from utter inexperience in bufinefs, puzzled them- felves into difagreeable difficulties. About three or four months ago, Monfieur du Vergy publiihed in a brochure^ a parcel of letters, from himfelf to the Due de Choifeul ; in which he pofitively aflerts, that Monfieur de Guerchy prevailed with him (Vergy) to come over into England to afTaflinate D'Eon ; the words are, as well as I remember, que ce n'etoit pas pour fe fervir de fa Plume, mats de fan Epee, qu'on le demandoit en Angleterre. This accufa- tion of aflaffination, yon may imagine, /hocked Monfieur de Guerchy, who complained bitterly to our Minifters ; and they both puzzled on for fome time, without doing any thing, becaufe they did not 2io LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS not know what to do. At laft du Vergy, about two months ago, applied himfelf to the Grand Jury of Middlefex, and made oath, that Mr. du Guerchy had hired him (du Vergy) to afl'aflinate D'Eon. Upon this depofition, the Grand Jury found a bill of intended murder againft Monfieur de Guerchy ; which bill, however, never came to the Petty Jury. The King granted a noli profequi in favour of Mon- fieur de Guerchy ; and the Attorney General is actually profecuting du Vergy. Whether the King can grant a noli profequi in a criminal cafe, and whe- ther k Droit aes gens extends to criminal cafes, are two points which employ our domeftic politicians, and the whole Corps Diplomatique. Enfin, to ufe a very coarfe and vulgar faying, il y^a de la merde cat bout du baton, quelque part. I fee and hear thefe ftorms from fhore, fuaije marl magno, &c. I enjoy my own fecurity and tranquil- lity, together with better health than I had reafon to expeft at my age, and with my conftitution : how- ever, I feel a gradual decay, though a gentle one j and I think that I (hall not tumble, but flide gently to the bottom of the hill of life. When that will be, I neither know nor care, for I am very weary. God blefs you ! Mallet died, two days ago, of a diarrhoea, which he had carried with him to France, and brought back again hither. LETTER T O H I S S O N. 211 LETTER CCCLIII. Blackheath, July the zd, 1765, MY DEAR FRIEND, I Have this moment received your letter of the zzd pall ; and I delayed anfwering your former, in daily, or rather hourly expe&ation of informing you of the birth of a new Miniftry ; but in vain j for, after a thoufand conferences, all things remain ftill in the ftate which I defcribed to you in my laft. Lord S. has, I believe, given you a pretty true account of the prefent ftate of things ; but my Lord is much miftaken, I am perfuaded, when he fays, that the King has thought proper to re-eftablijh bis old f truants in the management of his affair i ; for he mows them all the public diflike poflible ; and, at his levee, hardly fpeaks to any of them ; but fpeaks by the hour to any body elfe. Conferences, in the mean time, go on, of which it is eafy to guefs the main fubjeft, but im- poflible, for me at leaft, to know the particulars ; but this I will venture to prophefy, that the whole will foon center in Mr. Pitt. You feem not to know the character of the Quten : here it is She is a good woman, a good wife, a tender mother; and an unmeddling Queen. The King loves her as a woman ; but, I verily believe, has never yet fpoken one word to her about bufinefs. I have now told you all that I know of thefe affairs ; which, I believe, is as much as any body elfe knows, who is not in the fecret. In the mean time, you eafily guefs, that furmifes, conjectures, and reports, are infinite; and if, as they fay, truth is but one, one million at 212 LORD CH ESTE R FI EL D'S LETTERS leait of thefe reports muft be falfe j for they differ ex- ceedingly. You have loft an honeft fervant, by the death of poor Louis ; I would advife you to take a clever young Saxon in his room, of whofe character you may get authentic teftimonies ; inftead of fending for one to France, whofe character you can only know from far. When I hear more, I will write more ; rill when, God blefs you ! LETTER CCCLIV. Blackheath, July the 15th, 1765. MY DEAR FRIEND, ITold you in xny Jail, that you fnould hear from me again, u foon as I had any thing more to write ; and now I have too much to write, therefore will refer you to the Gazette, and the office letters, for all that has been done; and advife you to fufpend your opinion, as I do, about all that is to be done. Many more changes are talked of; but fo idly, and vari- onfly, that I give credit to none of them. There has been pretty clean fweeping already ; and I do not re- member, in my time, to have feen fo much at once, as an intire new Board of Treafury, and two new Secre- taries of State, cum miltis alizs, &c. Here is a new political arA almoft built, but of materials of fo different a nature, and without a key- ftone, that it does not, in my opinion, indicate either ftrength or duration. It will certainly require repairs, and TO HIS SON. 215 and a key-ftone, next winter; and that key- Hone will, and muft necefiarily be Mr. Pitt. It is true, he might have been that key-ftone now ; and would have accepted it, but not without Lord Temple's confent ; and Lord Temple pofitively refufed. There was evidently fome trick in this, but what, is paft my conje&uring. Davits fum nun Oedipus. There is a manifeil interregnum in the Treafury ; for I do fuppofe that Lord Rockingham and Mr. Dowdefwell will not think proper to be very aftive. General Conway, who is your Secretary, has certainly parts at leaft equal to his bufinefs, to which I dare fay he will apply. The fame may be faid, I believe, of the Duke of Grafton; and indeed there is no ma- gic requifite for the executive part of thofe employ- ments. The minifterial part is another thing ; they muft fcramble with their fellow-fervants, for po\ver and favour, as well as they can. Foreign affairs are not fo much as mentioned, and, I verily believe, not thought of. But, furely, fome counterbalance would be neceflary to the Family Compact ; and, if not foon contracted, will be too late. God blefs you ! LETTER CCCLV. Blackheath, Auguft the i7th, 1765. MY DEAR FRIEND, YO U are now two letters in my debt ; and I fear the gout has been the caufe of your contracting that debt. When you are not able to write yourfelf, let your Secretary fend me two or three lines, to ac- quaint me how you are. You 214 LORD CHESTER FIELD'S LETTERS You have now feen, by the London Gazette, what changes have really been made at Court ; but, at the fame time, I believe you have feen that there muft be more, before a Miniftry can be fettled ; what thofe will be, God knows. Were I to conjefture, I mould lay, that the whole will center, before it is long, in Mr. Pitt and C, the prefent being an heterogeneous jumble of youth and caducity, which cannot be effi- cient. Charles Townlhend calls the prefent, a Luteftring Miniftry ; fit only for the fummer. The next fefllon will be not only a warm, but a violent one, as you will eafily judge, if you look over the names of the ins and of the outs. I feel this beginning of the autumn, which is al- ready very cold : the leaves are withered, fall apace, and feem to intimate that I muft follow them ; which I fhall do without reluctance, being extremely weary of this filly world, God blefs you, both in it and after it ! LETTER CCCLVI. Blackheath, Auguft the 25th, 1765. MY DEAR FRIEND, I Received but four days ago your letter of the 2d inftant. I find by it that you are well, for you are in good fpirits. Your notion of the new birth, or regeneration of the Miniftry, is a very juft one; and that they have not yet the true feal of the covenant, is, I dare fay, very true ; at leaft, it is not in the pof- fjfiion TO HIS SOU. 21$ feffion of either of the Secretaries of State, who have only the King's feal ; nor do I believe (whatever his Grace may imagine) that it is even in the pcfleflion of the Lord Privy seal. I own I am loft, in considering the prefent fituation of affairs ; diferent conjectures prefent themfelves to my mind, but none that it can reft upon. The next feffion muft necefTarily clear up matters a good deal ; for I believe it will be the warmeft and moft acrimonious one that has been known, fince that of the Excife. The late Miniftry, the prejtnt Opposition, are determined to attack Lord B publicly in Parliament, and reduce the late Oppofition, the prefent Minijtry, to protect him pub- licly, in confequence of their fuppofed treaty with, him. En attendant mieux, the paper war is carried on with much fury and fcurriiity on all fides, to the great entertainment cf fuch lazy and impartial people as myfelf. I do not know whether you hav the Daily Advertifer and the Public Adverafer; in which all the political letters are inferted, and fome very written ones on both fides ; but I know that they amiife me, tar.t bien que ma/, for an hour or two every morning. Lord T is the fuppofed author of the pamphlet you mention ; but I think it is above him. Perhaps his brother C T , who is by no means fatisfied with the prefent arrangement, may have afliiled him privately. As to this latter, there was a good ridiculous paragraph in the news-papers, two or three days ago : We bear that the Right Honour- able Mr. C T is iadijpofed, at his hovfe in Oxfordjhire, of a pain in kis fide ; tut it is not faid in ivbich fide. I do not find that the Duke of York has yet vifited you; 2i6 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS you ; if he Ihould, it may be expenfive, mats en trou- ui invidet minor, or Mr. de la Rochefoucault's, >ue /'envie eft la plus bajje de toutet les pajficns, puifqu'o* avoue bien dei crimes, mais que perfonne n'a-TJoue I'tnvie. I thank God I never was fenfible of that dark and vile paffion, except that formerly I have fome times envied a fuccefsful rival with a fine woman. But now that caufe is ceafed, and confequently the effe&s. What mall I, or rather what can I tell you of the political world here ? 7'he late Minifters accufe the prefent with having done nothing ; the prefent accufa the late ones with having done much worfe than no- thing. Their writers abufe one another moft fcur- riloufly, but fometimes with wit. I look upon this to be peloter en attendant partie, till battle begins in St. Stephen's Chapel. How that will end, I proteft I cannot conjecture ; any farther than this, that, if Mr. TO HIS SON. 217 Mr. Pitt does not come in to the affiitance of the pre- fent Minifters, they will have much to do to itand their ground. C T will play booty ; and whom elie have they? Nobody but C ; who has only good-fenfe, but not the neceffary talents nor experience, jEre ciere virus marterr.que accendere cantu. I never remember, in all my time, to have feen fo problematical a ftate of affairs ; and a man would be much puzzled which fide to bet on. Yourgueil, Mifs C , is another problem which I cannot folve. She no more wanted the waters of Carlfbadt, than you did. Is it to fiiow the Duke of K , that he cannot live without her ? A danger- ous experiment ! which may poffibly convince him that he can. There is a trick, no doubt, in it; but what, I neither know nor care : you did very well to fhow her civilities, ala ne gate jamais rien. I will go to my waters, that is, the Bath waters, in three weeks or a month, more for the fake of bathing than of drinking. The hot bath always promotes my perfpi- ration, which is fluggilh, and fupples my ftiff rheu- matic limbs. D'ai'it-urs, I am at prefent as well, and better than I could reafonably expeft to be, anno fvarro. As to my own health, it is, in general, as good as I could expedt it, at my age ; I have a good ftomach, a good digeftion, and ileep well ; but find that I mall never recover the free ufe of my legs, which are now full as weak as when I firft came hither. You afk me queftions, concerning Lord C , which neither I, nor, I believe, any body but him- felf can anfwer ; however, I will tell you all that I do know, and r all that I guefs concerning him. This time twelvemonth he was here, and in good health and fpirits, except now and then feme little twinges of- the gcut. We faw one another four or five times, at our refpeclive houfes ; but for thefe laft eight months, he has been abfolutely invifible to his moft intimate friends, les fons Minljires : he would receive no letters, nor fo much as open any packet about ba- finefs. His phyfician, Dr. , as I am told, had very ig- norantly checked a coming fit of the gout, and fcat- tered it about his body ; and it fell particularly upon his nerves, fo that he continues exceedingly vapour- ilh ; and would neither fee nor fpeak to any body, while TOHISSON. 253 while he was here. I fent him my compliments, and afked leave to wait upon him ; but he fent me word, that he was too ill to fee any body whatfoever. I met him frequently taking the air in his poft-chaife, and he looked very well. He fet out from hence, for London, laft Tuefday ; but what to do, whether to refume, or finally to refign the Adminiflration, God knows; conjectures are various. In one of our con- verfations here, this time twelvemonth, 1 defired him to fecure you a feat in the new Parliament ; he af- fured me he would ; and, I am convinced, very fin- cerely : he faid even that he would make it his own affair; and defired I would give myfelf no more trou- ble about it. Since that, I have heard no more of it; which made me look out for fome venal borough: and I fpoke to a borough-jobber, and offered five- and-tsventy hundred pounds for a fecure feat in Par- liament ; but he laughed at my offer, and faid, That there was no fuch thing as a borough to be had now ; for the rich Eaft and Weft Indians had fe- cured them all, at the rate of three thoufand pouncls at leaft ; but many at four thoufand; and two or three, that he knew, at five thoufand. This, I con- fefs, has vexed me a good eleal ; and made me the more impatient to know whether Lord C had done any thing in it : which I mall know when I go to town, as I propofe to do in about a fortnight ; and as foon as I know it, you mail. To tell you truly what I think I doubt, from all thefe ner-jsus diforders, that Lord C is borsde combat, as a Miniiler ; but not even hint this to any body. . God blefs you ! LETTER LORD CHESTER F i E L D'S LETTE RS LETTER CCCLXXXII. Bath, December the 2;th, 1767. MY DEAR FRIEND, En nova progenies ! TH E outlines of a new Miniftry are now de- clared ; but they are not yet quite filled up : it was formed by the Duke of Bedford. Lord Gower Is made Prefxdent of the Council, Lord Sandwich Poft-mafter, Lord Hillfborough Secretary of State, for America only, Mr. Rigby Vice-treafurer of Ire- land. General Con way is to keep the feals a fort- night longer, and then to furrender them to Lord Weymouth. It is very uncertain whether the Duke of Grafton is to continue at the head of the Treafury or not ; but, in my private opinion, George Grenville will very foon be there.. Lord Chatham feems to be out of the queftion, and is at his re-purchafed houfe at Hayes, where he will not fee a mortal. It is yet ua- certain whether Lord Shelburne is to keep his place ; if not, Lord Sandwich, they fay, is to fucceed him. All the Rockingham people are abfolutely excluded. Many more changes muft neceffarily be ; but no more are yet declared. It feems to be a refolution taken by fomebody, that Mitiiftries are to be annual. Sir George Macartney is next week to be married to Lady Jane Stuart, Lord Bute's fecond daughter. I never knew it fo cold in my life as it is now, and with a very deep fnow ; by which, if it continues, I may be fnow-bound here for God knows how long, though I propofed leaving this place the latter end of the week. Poor TO HIS SON. 255 Poor Harte is very ill here ; he mentions you often, and with great affection. God blefs you ! When I know more, you fliall. LETTER CCCLXXXIII. London, March the izth, 1768. MY DEAR FRIEND, ' I x H E day after I received your letter of the 21 ft JL paft, I wrote to Lord Wey mouth, as you de- fired ; and I fend you his anfwer enclofed : from which (though I have not heard from him fmce) I take it for granted, and fo may you, that his filence lignifies his Majefty's confent to your requeft. Your complicated complaints give me great uneafinefs, and the more, as I am convinced that the Montpellierphy- iicians have miilaken a material part of your cafe ; as indeed ail the phyficians here did, except Dr. Maty. In my opinion, you have no gout, but a very fcorbutic and rheumatic habit of body, which Ihould be treated in a very different manner from the gout ; and, as I pretend to be a very good quack, at leaft, I would prefcribe to you a ftrict milk diet, with the feeds, fuch as rice, fago, barley, millet, ffr. for the three fummer months at leaft, and without ever tail- ing wine. If climate fignifies any thing (in which, by the way, I have very little faith) you are, in my mind, in the finefl climate in the world ; neither too hot nor too cold, and always clear : you are with the gayefl people living ; be gay with them, and do not wear out your eyes with reading at home. Uennui is the Englifh diftemper ; and a very bad one it is, as I find 256 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS find by every day's experience ; for my deafnefs de- prives me of the only rational pleafure that I can have at my age, which is fociety; fo that I read my eyes out every day, that I may not hang myfelf. You will not be in this Parliament, at lead not at the beginning of it. I relied too much upon Lord C 's promife above a year ago, at Bath. He de- fired that I would leave it to him ; that he would make it his own affair, and give it in charge to the Duke of G , whofe province it was to make the parliamentary arrangement. This I depended upon, and I think with reafon; but, fince that, Lord C has neither feen nor fpoken to any body, and has been in the oddeft way in the world. I fent to the D of G , to know if L C had either fpoken or fent to him about it ; but he affured me that he had c!one neither: that all was full, or rather running over, at prefect; but that, if he could crowd you in upon a vacancy, he would do it with great pleafure. I am extremely forry for this accident ; for I am of a very different opinion from you, about being in Parliament, as no man can be of confequence in this country, who is not in it; and, though one may not fpeak like a Lord Mansfield, or a Lord Chatham, one may make a very good figure in a fecond rank. Locus' eft et plurilus umbris. I do not pretend to give you any account of the prefent Hats of this country, or Miniftry, not knowing nor gueflmg it myfelf. God blefs you, and fend you health, which is the firft and greateft of all bleffings ! LETTER TO HIS SON. 257 LETTER CCCLXXXIV. London, April the i2tli, 1768. MY DEAR FRIEND, I Received, yefterday, your letter of the ift; in which you do not mention the ilate of your health, which I defire you will do for the future. I believe you have guefied the true reafon of Mr. Keith's million ; bat, by a \vhifper that I have fince heard, Keith is rather inclined to go to Turin, as Charge f Affaires. I forgot to tell you, in my laft, that I was moil pofitiveiy aflured, that the inftant you return to Drefden, Keith mould decamp. I am perfuaded they \vill keep their words with me, as there is no one reafon in the world why they fhould not. I will fend your annual to Mr. Larpent, in a fortnight, and pay the forty {hillings a day quarterly, if there ihouid be occauon ; for, in my own private opinion, there will be no Charge d' Affaires fent. I agree with you, that point d' Argent point d'Allemand, as was ufed to be faid, and not without more reafon, of the Swifs ; but, as we have neither the inclina- tion nor (I fear) the power to give fubfidies, ths Court of Vienna can give good things that coft them nothing, as Archbilhoprics, Bifhoprics, befides corrupting their Minifters and Favourites with, places. Elections, here, have been carried to a degree of frenzy hitherto unheard of; that for the town of Northampton has coft the contending parties at leaft thirty thoufand pounds a fide, and >- has fold his borough of . . u , ., to two Members, for 258 LOR D CHESTER FI ELD'S LETTERS for nine thoufand pounds. As foon as Wilkes had loft his election for the City, he fet up for the County of Middlefex, and carried it hollow, as the jockeys fay. Here were great mobs and riots upon that oc- cafion, and moft of the windows in town broke, that had no lights for Wilkes and Liberty, who were thought to be infeparable. He will appear, the 2oth of this month, in the Court of King's Bench, to re- ceive his fentence ; and then great riots are again expefted, and probably will happen. God blefa you ! LETTER CCCLXXXV. Bath, October the ijth, 1768. MY DEAR FRIEND, "*J OUR two laft letters, to myfelf and Greven- JL kop, have alarmed me extremely ; but I com- fort myfelf a little, by hoping, that you, like all people who fuffer, think yourfelf worfe than you are. A dropfy never comes fo fuddenly; and I flatter my- felf, that it is only that gouty or rheumatic humour, which has plagued you fo long, that has occafioned the temporary fwelling of your legs. Above forty years ago, after a violent fever, my legs were fwelled as much as you defcribe yours to He ; I immediately thought that I had a dropfy ; but the Faculty allured me, that my complaint was only the effedl of my fever, and would foon be cured ; and they faid true. Pray let your amanuenfis, whoever he may be, write an account regularly, once a week, either to Greven- kop TO HIS SON. 259 kop or myfelf, for that is the fame thing, of the ftate of your health. I fent you, in four fucceflive letters, as much of the Dutchefs of Somerfet's fnuff as a letter could well convey to you. Have you received all or any of them ? and have they done you any good ? Though, in your prefent condition, you cannot go into com- pany, I hope you have fome acquaintances that come and fit with you ; for if originally it was not good for man to be alone, it is much worfe for a fick man to be fo ; he thinks too much of his diftemper, and magnifies it, Some men of learning amongft the Ecclefiaftics, I dare fay, would be glad to lit with you ; and you could give them as good as they brought. Poor Harte, who is here ftill, is in a moft mifer- able condition ; he has intirely loft the ufe of his left fide, and can hardly fpeak intelligibly. I was with him yefterday. He inquired after you with great af- feclion, and was in the utmoft concern when I mow- ed him your letter. My own health is as it has been ever fince I was here laft year. I am neither well nor ill, but unwell. I have in a manner loft the ufe of my legs; for though I can make a fhift to crawl upon even ground for a quarter of an hour, I cannot go up or down flairs, unlefs fupported by a fervant. God blefs, and grant you a fpeedy recovery ! Here end the letters to Mr. Stanhope, as he died thr 1 6th of November following, 200 LOR.D CM STE R F1L D'S Li T T E R S. LETTER CCCLXXXVI. To Mrs. Stanhope, then at Paris. London, March the i6th, 1769. MADAM, ATroublefome and painful inflammation in my eyes, obliges me to ufe another hand than my o\vn, to acknowledge the receipt of your letter from /ion, of the 27th paft. I am extremely furprifed that Mrs. du-Bouchet fhculd have any objection to the manner in which your late hafband defired to be buried, and which you, very properly, complied with. Ali I defire, for my own burial, is not to be buried alive ; but Low or where, I think, mult be intirely indifferent to every rational creature. I have no commiffion to trouble you with, cl. your flay at Paris ; from whence, I wim you and the boys a good journey home ; where I lhall be very glad to fee you all : and affure you of my being, with great truth, Your faithful, humble fervant, CHESTLRI-IELD. LETTER CCCLXXXVII. To the fame, at London. MADAM, THE laft time I had the pleafure of feeing you, I was fo taken up in playing with the boys, that I forgot their more important affairs. How foon would LORD Cii E STE R F i z L D'S LETTERS. 261 would you have them placed at fchool ? When I know your pleafure as to that, I will lend to Monfieur Perny, to prepare every thing for their reception. In the mean time, I beg that you will equip them thoroughly with clothes, linen, &c. all good, but plain ; and give me the account, which I will pay ; for I do not intend, that, from this time forwards', the two boys ihould colt you one {hilling. I am, with great trtiih, Your faithful, humble fervanr, Wednesday. CHESTERFIELD. LETTER CCCLXXXVIII. MADAM, S fome day muft be fixed for fending the boys to fchool, do you approve of the 8th of next month ? by which time the weather will probably be warm and fettled, and you will be able to equip them completely. I will, upon that day, fend my coach to you, to carry you and the boys to Loughborough Houfe, with all their inimenfe baggage. I muft recommend to you, when you leave them there, to fupprefs, as well as you can, the overflowings of maternal ten- dernefs ; which would grieve the poor boys the more, and give them a terror of their new elta- blilhment. I am, with great truth, Madam, Your faithful, humble fervant, Tuefday Morning. CHESTERFIELD. LETTER 262 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS* LETTER CCCLXXXIX. Bath, Odober the nth, 1769. MADAM, NOBODY can be more willing or ready to obey orders than I am ; but then I mull like the orders and the orderer. Your orders and your- felf come under this defcription ; and therefore I mult give you an account of my arrival and exiftence, fuch as it is, here. I got hither laft Sunday, the day after I left London, lefs fatigued than I expected to have been ; and now crawl about this place upon my three legs, but am kept in countenance by many of my fellow crawlers: the laft part of the Sphynx's riddlf approaches, and I fhall foon end, as I began, upon all fours. When you happen to fee either Monfieur or Ma- dame Perny, I beg you will give them this melancbo- lick proof of my caducity, and tell them, that the laft time I went to fee the boys, I carried the Michaelmas quarteridge in my pocket, and when I was there I totally forgot it ; but allure them, that I have not the leaft intention to bilk them, and will pay them faithfully, the two quarters together, at Chriftmas. I hope our two boys are well ; for then I am fure you are fo. J am, with great truth and efteem, Your moil faithful, humble fervant. CHESTERFIELD. LETTER LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS. 263 LETTER CCCXC. Bath, Goober the 28th, 1769. MADAM, YOUR kind anxiety for my health and life, is more than, in my opinion, they are both worth : without the former, the latter is a burthen ; and, indeed, I am very weary of it. I think I have got fome benefit by drinking thefe waters, and by bathing, for my old, ftiff, rheumatic limbs ; for I believe I could now outcrawl a fnail, or perhaps even, a tortoife. I hope the boys are well. Phil, I dare fay, has "been in fome fcrapes ; but he will get triumphantly out of them, by dint of ftrength and refolution. I am, with great truth and efteem, Your molt faithful, humble fervant. CHESTERFIELD. LETTER CCCXCI. Bath, November the 5th, 1759. MADAM, I Remember very well the paragraph which you quote from a letter of min; to Mrs. du-Bouchet, and I fee no reafon yet to retraft that opinion, in general, which at leaft nineteen widows in twenty had authorifed. I had not then the pleafure of your ac- quaintance : I had feen you but twice or thrice ; and I had no reafon to think that you would deviate, as you have done, from other widows, fo much, as to put perpetual fhackles upon yourfelf, for the fake of your 264. L o r, D CUES r if R. F i E .L a 's LETTERS. your children : but (if I may ufe a vulganfm) one fwallow makes no fummer: live righteous were for- merly necefiary to fave a city, and they could not be found ; fo, till I find four more fuch righteous widows as yourfelf, I fliall entertain my former no- tions of widowhood in general. I can afTure you that I drink here very foberly and cautioufly, and at the fame time keep fo cool a diet, that I do not find the ie:ifl fymptom of heat, much lefs of inflammation. Ey the way, T never had that complaint, in confequence of having drank thefe waters ; for I have had it but four times, and always in the middle of fummer. Mr. Hawkins is timo- rous, even to tninuties, and my filler delights in them. Charles will be a fcholar, if you pleafe ; but our little Philip, without being one, will be fomething or other as good, though I do not yet guefs what. I am not of the opinion generally entertained in this coun- try, that man lives by Greek and Latin alone ; that is, by knowing a great many words of two dead lan- guages, which nobody living knows perfectly, and which are of no ufe in the common intercourfe of life. Ufeful knowledge, in my opinion, conflfls of modern languages, hiflory, and geography ; fome Latin may.be thrown into the bargain, in compliance with cuftom, and for clofet amufement You are, by this time, certainly tired with this long letter, which I could prove to you from Horace's own words (for I am a. fcholar) to be a bad one; he fays, that water-drinkers can write nothing good : fo I am, with real truth andefleem, Your moll faithful, humble fervant, CHESTERFIELD. L E T T E R LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS. ^.65 LETTER CCCXCII. Bath, Odlobr the pth, 1770. MADAM, I AM extremely obliged to you for the kind part which you take in my health and life : as to the latter, I am as indifferent myfelf, as any other body can be ; but as to the former, I confefs care and anxiety ; for while I am to crawl upon this Planet, I would willingly enjoy the health at leaft of an infeft. How far thefe waters will reflore me to that moderate degree of health, which alone I afpire at, I have not yet given them a fair trial, having drank them but one week j the only difference I hitherto find is, that I fleep better than I did. I beg that you will neither give yourfelf, nor Mr. Fitzhugh, much trouble about the Pine plants ; for as it is three years before they fruit, I might as well, at my age, plant Oaks, and hope to have the ad- vantage of their timber : however, fomebody or other, God knows who, will eat them, as fomebody or other will fell and fell the Oaks I planted five-and-forty years ago. I hope our boys are well ; My refpefis to them both. I am, with the greateft truth, Your faithful, humble fervant, CHESTERFIELD. VOL. iv* ti LETTER 266 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS, LETTER CCCXCI1I. Bath, November the 4th, 1770. MADAM, THE poft has been more favourable to you than I intended it fhould ; for, upon my word, I anfwered your former letter, the poft after I had received it. However you have got a lofs, as we fay fometimes in Ireland. My friends from time to time require bills of health from me in thefe fufpicious times, when the Plague is bufy in fome parts of Europe. All I can fay, in anfwer to their kind inquiries, is, that I have not the diftemper properly called the Plague ; but that I have all the plagues of old-age, and of a mat- tered carcafe. Thefe waters have done me what little good I expected from them ; though by no means what I could have \vilhed, for I wiihed them to be lu taux de Jou-vence. I had a letter, the other day, --from our two boys ; Charles's was very finely written, ^nd Phijip's very prettily : they are perfeflly well, and fay that they want nothing. What grown-up people will or can fay as much } I am, with the trueft efteem, Madam, Your moft faithful fervant, CHESTERFIELD. LETTER LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS. 267 LETTER CCCXCIV. Bath, O&ober the 27th, 1771. MADAM, UPON my word, you intereft yourfelf, in the ftate of my exiftence, more than I do myfelf ; for it is worth the care of neither of us. I ordered my valet de cbambre, according to your orders, to inform you of my fafe arrival here ; to which I can add nothing, being neither better nor worfe than I was then. I am very glad that our boys are well. Pray give them the enclofed. I am not at all furprifed at Mr. -'s conver- lion ; for he was, at feventeen, the idol of old wo- men, for his gravity, devotion, and dullnefs. I am, Madam, Your raoft faithful, humble (ervant, CHESTERFIELD. LETTER CCCXCV, To Charles and Philip Stanhope. Bath, October the 27th, 1771. I Received, a few days ago, two the belt written letters that ever I faw in my life ; the one fignc:! Charles Stanhope, the other Philip Stanhope. A, for you, Charles, I did not wonder at it ; for you will take pains, and are a lover of letters: b::: N 2 idle LO-R D C H ESTERFIELD'S LETTERS. idle rogue, you Phil, how came you to write fo well, that one can almoft fay of you two, et cantare pares et refpondere parati ? Charles will explain this Latin to you. I am told, Phil, that you have got a nick-name . at fchool, from your intimacy with Matter Strange- ways ; and that they call you Matter Strangerways ; for, to be fure, you are a ftrange boy. Is this true ? Tell me what you would have me bring you both from hence, and I will bring it you, when I come to lown. In the mean time, God blefs you both ! CHESTERFIELD. THB EN OF THE LETTERS. MISCEL- ] MISCELLANEOUS PIECES, CCCXCVI. Some Account of the Government of the Republic - of the Seven United Provinces. TH E Government of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, is thought by many to be Democratical ; but it is merely Ariftocratical * ; the people not having the leaf! mare in it, either them- felves, or by reprefentatives of their own chufing: they have nothing to do but to pay and grumble. The Sovereign Power is commonly thought to be in the States General, as they are called, refiding at the Hague. It is no fuch thing ; they are only limit- ed Deputies, obliged to confult their Conitituents upon every point of any importance that occurs. Jt is very true, that the Sovereign Power is lodged in, the States General ; but who are thofe States Gene- * The Members of the Senate, wcVrootfcbaps, were originally elated by the Burghers, in a general, and often a tumultuous i-.tlcmbly : but now for near two hundred years, the P'rootfcbaps found means to perfuade the people, that thefe elections were troublefome and dangerous ; and kindly took upon themfelves to elect their own Members, upon vacancies j and to keep their own body full, without troubling the people with an election : it was then that the Ariftociacy was eftablifted. ' N 3 ral ? 270 MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. j-al ? Not thofe who are commonly called fo ; but the Senate, Council, or ^root/chaps t call it what you will, of every town, in every Province that fends Deputies to the Provincial States of the faid Province. Thefe Vrootfrhaps are in truth the States General j but were they to aflemble, they would amount, for ought I know, to two or three thoufand ; it is, there- fore, for conveniency and difpatch of bufinefs, that every Province fends Deputies to the Hague, who are conilantly alFembled there j who are commonly called the States General, and in whom many people falfely imagine that the Sovereign Power is lodged. Thefe Deputies are chofen by the Frootfcbaps ; but their powers are extremely circumfcribed ; and they can confent to * nothing, without writing, or return- ing themfelves, to their feveral conitituent towns, for inftru&ions in that particular cafe. They are authorifed to concur in matters of order ; that is, to continue things in the common, current, ordinary train ; but for the leaft innovation, the leaft ftep out of the ordinary courfe, new inftruftions muft be given ; either to deliberate or to conclude. Many people are ignorant enough, to take the Pro- vince of Holland, fmgly, for the Republic of the * When the Deputies of the States figned the Triple Alliance with Sir William Temple, in two or three days time, and without confulting their Principals (however Sir William Temple values bimfelf upon it) in reality, they only figned Sub Sfe Rati. The aft was not valid j and had it not been ratified by the feveral Con- ftituenis of the feveral Provinces, it had been as nan a*venu. The Deputies who figned that treaty Sub Sfe Rati, knew well enough that, confidering the nature of the treaty, and the then fituation of affairs, they Should not only be avowed, but approved of by their Matters the States. Seven MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. a; Seven United Provinces ; and when they mean to fpeak of the Republic, they fay, * Holland will, or will not, do fuch a thing : but moft people are igno- * When the Province of Holland has once taken an impor- tant refolution, of Peace, or War, or Acceflion to any treaty, it is very probable that the other Provinces will come into that meafure, but by no means certain : it is often a great while firft ; and when the little Provinces know that the Province of Holland has their concurrence much at heart, they will often annex con- ditions to it : as the little towns in Holland frequently do, when the great ones want their concurrence. As for inflance j when 1 was foliciting the accefiion of the Republic to the treaty of Vienna, in 1731; which the Penfionary, Comte Siozendorf, and I, h^ul made fecretly at the Hague ; all the towns in Holland came pretty readily into it, except the little town of Briel ; whofe Deputies frankly declared, that they would not give their confent, till Major fucb-a-one, a. very honeft gentleman of their town, was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel ; and that, as loon as that was done, they would agree, for they approved of the treaty. This was accordingly done in two or three days, and then they agreed. This is a ftrong inftance of the abfurdity of the unanimity required, and of the ufe that is often made of it. However, fhould one, or even two, of the letter Provinces, who contribute little, and often pay lefs to the public chaige, obftinately and frivoloufly, or perhaps corruptly, perfift in op- pofing a meafure which Holland and the other more confider- able Provinces thought neceflary, and had agreed to, they would fend a Deputation to thofe oppofing Provinces, to reafon with and perfuade them to concur ; but if this would not do, they would, as they have done in many inftances, conclude without them. The fame thing is done in the Provincial States of the refpeftiv^ Provinces 5 where, if one or two of the leaft confiderable towns pertinacioufly oppofe a necefiary meafure, they conclude without them. But as this is abfolutely unconftitutional, it is avoided as much as pofiihje, and a complete unanimity procured, if it can be, by fuch little concefiions as that which I ha/e men- tioned to the Briel Major. N 4 rant z-z MISCELLANEOUS PIECES, rant enough to imagine, that the Province of Hol- land has a legal, a conlUtutional power over the other fix ; whereas, by the Aft of Union, the little Pro- vince of Groningen is as much Sovereign as the Pro- vince of Holland. The Seven Provinces are Seven diltinft Sovereignties, confederated together in one Republic ; no one having any fuperiority over, or dependence upon any other : nay, in point of pre- cedence, Holland is but the fecond, Gueldres being the firft. It is very natural to fuppofe, and it is very true in fafl, that Holland, from its fuperiority of ftrength and riches, and paying 58 per cent, fhould have great weight and influence in the other fix Pro- vinces ; but power it has none. The unanimity, which is conftitutionally requifite for every aft of each Town, and each Province Separately ; and then for every act of the Seven collectively; is fomething fo abfurd, and fo im- practicable in government, that one is aftonifhed, that even the form of it has been tolerated fo long ; for the fubilance is not ftriclly obferved. And five Provinces will often conclude, though two diflent, provided that Holland and Zeland are two of the five as fourteen or fifteen of the principal towns of Holland will conclude an affair, notwithftand- ing the oppofition of four or five of the lefier. I cannot help conjecturing, that William, the firft Prince of Orange, called the Tacz'turne, the ableft man, without difpute, of the age he lived in, not excepting even the Admiral Coligny*, and who had * I am perfuaded, that had the Taclturnc been in the place of the Admiral Coligny, he would aever have been prevailed upon Co MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 273 had the modelling of the Republic as he pleafed j I conjecture, I fay, that the Prince of Orange would never have fuffered fuch an abfurdity to have crip- pled that government, which he was at the head of, if he had not thought it ufeful to himfelf and his family. He covered the greateft ambition with the greateft modefty, and declined the infignificant, out- ward figns, as much as he defired the folid fub- ftance of power : Might he not therefore think, that this abfurd, though requifite unanimity, made a Stadthouder abfolutely neceflary, to render the go- vernment practicable ? In which cafe he was very fure the Stadthouder would always be taken out of his family ; and he minded things, not names. The Penfionary * thinks this conjecture probable ; and as we were talking the other day, confidentially, upon this fubjeft, we both agreed that this monftrous and impracticable unanimity, required by the confti- tution, was alone fufficient to bring about a Stadt- houder, in fpite of all the meafures of the Repub- lican party to prevent it. He confefled to me, that upon his being made Penfionary, he entered into folemn engagements, not to contribute, direftly or indirectly, to any change of the prefent form of go- to have come to Paris, and to have put himfelf into the power of thofe two monfters of perfidy and cruelty, Catharine of Medicis and Charles the Ninth. His prudent efcape from Flanders is a proof of it ; when he rather chofe to be Prince fans tcrre than Priacf Jans tete. * Monfieur Slingelandt, the ableft Minifter, and the honefteft wan I ever knew. I may juflly call him my Fnend, my Mafter, and my Guide. For I was then quite new in bufmefs ; he in- fti'd rne, hs loved, he trufted me. N 5 vernment, 274 MISCELLANEOUS PIECES, vernment, and that he would fcrupuloufly obferve thofe engagements ; but that he forefaw the defecls in their form of government, and the abufes crept into every part of it, would infallibly produce a * Stadthouder, tumultuoufly impofed upon the Re- public, by an infurre&ion of the populace, as in the cafe of King William. I told him> that, in my opi- nion, if that were to happen a fecond time, the 'Stadthouder fo made, would be their King f. He faid, he believed fo too ; and that he had urged all this to the moft confiderable Members of the GoTern- ment, and the moft jealous Republicans. That he had even formed a plan which he had laid before them, as the only poffible one to prevent this impend- ing danger. That a Stadthouder was originally the * It has fince appeared that he judged very rightly. f And fo he ought to be now, even for the fake and prefer- ration of the Seven Provinces. The neceflary principle of a Republic, Virtue, fubfifts no longer there. The great riches of private people (though the public is poor) have long ago extin- gnifhed that principle, anjl deftroyed the equality neceffary to a Commonwealth. A Commonwealth is unquestionably, upon pjper, the moft rational and equitable form of government 5 but it. is as unqueftioriably impracticable, in all countries where riches have introduced luxury, and a great inequality of conditions. It will only do in thofe countries that poverty keeps virtuous. In England, it would very foon grow a tyrannical Ariftocracy 5 foon afterwards, an Oligarchy; and foon after that, an abfolute Mo- narchy : from the fame caufe that Denmark, in the laft century, became fo ; the intolerable oppreflion of the bulk of the people, from thofe whom they looked upon as their equals. If the young StnJthouder has abilities, he will} when he grows up, get all the powers, of a limited Monarchy, fuch as England, no matter under what name; and if he i$ really wife, he will defire no more: if the people are wife, they will give it him. 6 chief MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 275 chief fpring upon which their government turned ; and that, if they would have no Stadthouder, they muft fubftitute afttccedaneum. That one part of that fuccedaneum muft be to abolifh the unanimity requir- ed by the prefent form of government, and which only a Stadthouder could render practicable by his influence. That the abufes which were crept into- the military part of the government, muft be correct- ed, or that they alone, if they were fuffered to go on, would make a Stadthouder ; in order that the army and the navy, which the public paid for, might be of fome ufe, which at prefent they were not. That he had laid thefe and many other confiderations of the like nature before them ; in the hopes of one of thefe two things j either to prevail with them to make a Stadthouder unneceflary, by a juft reforma- tion of the abufes of the government, and fubftituting a majority, or, at moft, two thirds, to the abfurd and impracticable unanimity now requifite : or, if they would not come into thefe preventive regulations, that they would treat amicably with the Prince of Orange, and give him the Stadtbouderat, under ftrift limitations, and with effectual provifions for their li- berty. But they would liften to neither of thefe ex- pedients ; the firft affected the private interefts of moft of the considerable people of the Republic, whofe power and profit arofe from thofe abufes ; and the fecond was too contrary to the violent paffions and prejudices of Meflrs. d'Obdam, Booteilaer, Halle- wyn, and other Heads of the high Republican party. Upon this, I faid to the Penfionary; that he had fully proved to me, not only that there would, but that there ought to be a Stadthouder. He replied, " There N 6 " will 276 MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. " will moft certainly be one, and you are young " enough to live to fee it. I hope I fhall be out of " the way firft ; but if I am not out of the world at " that time, I will be out of my place, and pafs the ' poor remainder of my life in quiet. I only pray " that our new Mafter, whenever we have him, may " be gently given su. My friend the Greffier * thinks " a Stadthouder abfolutely neceflary to fave the Re- " public, and fo do I, as much as he, if they will " not accept of the other expedient : but we are in " very different fituations : he is under no engage- " ments to the contrary, and I am." He then afked me in confidence, whether I had any inftru&ions to promote the Prince of Orange's views and intereft. I told him truly, I had not ; but that, however, I would do it, as far as ever I could, quietly and pri- vately. That he himfelf had convinced me, that it was for the intereft of the Republic, which I honoured and wiihed well to ; and alfo that it would be a much more efficient Ally to England, under that form of government. " I muft own," replied he,. " that at " prefent we have neither ftrength, fecrecy, nor dif- " patch." I faid, that I knew that but too well, by my own experience ; and I added (laughing) that I looked upon him as the Prince of Orange's greateft enemy ; and upon that Prince's violent and impetu- * The Greffier Fagel, who had been Greffier, that is Secretary of State, above fifty years. He had the deepeft knowledge of bufi- nefs, and the foundeft judgment, of any man I ever knew in my life : but he had not that quick, that intuitive fagacity, which the Penfionary Slingelandt had. He has often owned to me, that b thought things were gone too far, for any ether remedy but a Stadthoudc:, OU? MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 277 ous enemies * to be his beft friends ; for that, if his (the Penfionary's) plan were to take place, the Prince * Thefe hot-headed Republicans puflied things with the un-' jufteft acrimony againft the Prince of Orange. They denied him his rank in the army ; and they kept him out of the pofTbflion of the Marquifatof Tervere and Flefiingen, which were his own pa- trimony ; and by thef^ means gave him the merit with the people, of being unjuftly oppretfed. Had he been an abler man himfelf, or better advifed by others, he might have availed himfelf much more folidly than he did, of the affection, or rather the fury, of the people in his favour, when they tumultuoufly made him Stadthouder; but he did not know the value and importance of thofe warm moments, in which he might have fixed and clinched his power. Dazzled with the fliow and trappings of power, he did not enough attend to the fub- ftance. He attempted a thing impoflible, which was, to pleafe every body : he heard every body, begun every thing, and fim/hed nothing. When the people, in their fury, made him Stadthouder, they defired nothing better than totally to difTolve the Rupnblican form of government. He fhould have let them. The tumultuous love of the populace muft be feized and enjoyed in its firft tranf- ports j there is no hoarding of it to ufe upon occafions j it will not keep. The moft confiderable people of the former govern- ment would gladly have compounded for their lives, and would have thought themfelves very well off in the caftle of Louveftein j where one of the Prince of Orange's predeceflbrs fent fome of their anceftors, in times much lefs favourable. An affected moderation made him lofe that moment. The government is now in a dif- jointed, loofe ftate. Her R. H. the Gouvernante has not power enough to do much good ; and yet /he has more power than autho- rity. Peace and economy, both public and domeftk, /hould, therefore, be the fole objects of her politics, during the minority of her fon. The public is almoft a bankrupt j and her fon's pri- vate fortune extremely incumbered. She has fenfe and ambition j but it is, ftill, the fe'hfe and ambition of a woman ; that is, incen- feyuential. What remains to be done, requires a f.ruij manly, and vigorous mind, would 278 MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. would have very little hopes. He interrupted me here, with faying, Ne eraignez rien, Milord, de ce cote la ; man plan bleffe trap I'interet particulier, pour etre rtfu a prefent que I* amour du public rftxijle plus *. I. thought this converfation too remarkable, not to write down the heads of it when I came home. The Republic has hardly any Navy at all j the fin- gle fund for the Marine being the fmall duties upon exports and imports ; which duties are not half col- lefted, by the connivance of the Magiftrates them- ielves, who are interefted in fmuggling : fo that the Republic has now no other title, but courtefy, to the name of a Maritime Power. Their trade decreafes daily, and their national debt increafes. I have good reafon to believe, that it amounts to at leaft fifty millions fterling. The decreafe of their Herring-fimery, from what it appears by Monfieur de Wit's Memoirs of Holland, in his time, is incredible ; and will be much greater, now we are, at laft, wife enough to take our own Herrings upon our own coafts. They do not, now, get by freight one quarter of what they ufed to get : they were the general fea- carriers of all Europe. The Aft of navigation pafled in Cromwell's time, and afterwards confirmed in Charles the lid's, gave the firft blow to that branch of their profit ; and now we carry more than they do. Their only profitable remaining branches of com- merce are, their trade to the Eaft-Indies, where they have engrofled the fpices j and their illicit trade * Never fear, my L,ord\ a plan fo prejudicial to private tnttrcft will not be. adofted, where Patriotism longer fub/ifts, in MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 279 in America from Surinam, St. Euftatia, Curajoa, fcfr. Their woollen and lilk manufactures bear not the leaft comparifon with ours, neither in quantity, qua- lity, nor exportation. Their police is ftill excellent, and is now the only remains of that prudence, vigilance, and good difci- pline, which formerly made them efteemed, refpecled, and courted. CCCXCVII. MAXIMS. By the Earl of CHESTERFIELD*. A Proper fecrecy is the only myftery of able men ; myftery is the only fecrecy of weak and cun- ning ones. A man who tells nothing, or who tells all, will equally have nothing told him. If a fool knows a fecret, he tells it becaufe he is a fool ; if a knave knows one, 'he tells it wherever it is his intereft to tell it. But women, and young men, are very apt to tell what fecrets they know, from the vanity of having been trufted. Truft none of thefe, whenever you can help it. * Thefe Maxims are referred to in Letter CCLXIII. p. 9. f this Volume, In- 28o MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. Inattention to the prefent buiinefs, be it what it will ; the doing one thing, and thinking at the fame time of another, or the attempting to do two things at once ; are the never-failing figns of a little, frivo- lous mind. A man who cannot command his temper, his at- tention, and his countenance, mould not think of being a man of bulinefs. The weakeft man in the world can avail himfelf of the paflion of the wifeft. The inattentive man cannot know the bufmefs, and confequently cannot do it. And he who cannot com- mand his countenance, may e'en as well tell his thoughts as (how them. Diftruft all thofe who love you extremely upon a very flight acquaintance, and without any vifible reafon. Be upon your guard, too, againft thofe, who confefs as their weakneffes, all the Cardinal virtues. In your friendfhips, and in your enmities, let your confidence and your hoftilities have certain bounds: make not the former dangerous, nor the latter irre- concileable. There are ftrange viciffitudes in bufi- nefs ! Smooth your way to the head, through the heart. The way of reafon is a good one ; but it is commonly fomething longer, and perhaps not fo fure. Spirit is now a very fafhionable word ; to aft with Spirit, to fpeak with Spirit, means only, to a&rafhly, and to talk indifcreetly. An able man mows his Spirit by gentle words and refolute adtions : he is neither hot nor timid. When a man of fenfe happens to be in that difa- greeable fituation, in which he is obliged to afk him- felf more than or.ce, What flail I do? he will anfwer himfelf, MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 28r himfelf, Nothing. When his reafon points out to him no good way, or at leaft no one way lefs bad than another, he will Hop fhort, and wait for light. A little bufy mind runs on at all events, muft be doing ; and, like a blind horfe, fears no dangers, becaufe he fees none. 11 f ant ff avoir s'ennuier. Patience is a molt neceffary qualification for bufi- nefs ; many a man would rather you heard his itory, than granted his requeft. One muft feem to hear the unreasonable demands of the petulant, unmoved, and the tedious details of the dull, untired. That is the leaft price that a man mult pay for a high ftation. It is always right to deteft a fraud, and to perceive a folly j but it is often very wrong to expofe either. A man of bufmefs mould always have his eyes open ; but muft often feem to have them fliut. In Courts, nobody mould be below your manage- ment and attention ; the links that form the Court- chain are innumerable and inconceivable. You mufl hear with patience the dull grievances of a Gentle- man Ufiier, or Page of the Back-ftairs ; who, very probably, lies with feme near relation of the favourite maid, of the favourite Miftrefs, of the favourite ML- nifter, or perhaps of the King himfelf; and who, confequently, may do you more dark and indirect good, or harm, than the firft man of quality. One good patron at Court may be Sufficient, pro- vided you have noperfonal enemies; and, in order ta have none, you muft facrifice (as the Indians do to the Devil) moft of your paffions, and much of your time, to the numberlefs evil Beings that infeft it j ia 28z MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. in order to prevent and avert the mifchiefs they can do you. A young man, be his merit what it will, can never raife himfelf ; but muft, like the ivy round the oak, twine himfelf round fome man of great power and in- tereft. You muft belong to a Minifter fome time, before any body will belong to you. And an invio- lable fidelity to that Minifter, even in his difgrace,. will be meritorious, and recommend you to the next. Minifters love a perfonal, much more thaa a party attachment. As Kings are begotten and bora like other men r it is to be prefumed that they are of the humaa fpecies j and perhaps,, had they the fame education, they might prove like other men. But, flattered from their cradles,, their hearts are corrupted, and their heads are turned, fo that they feem to be a fpecies by thmfelves. No King ever faid to himfelf, Homo fum, nibil humani a me alienum puto. Flattery cannot be too ftrong for them ; drunk with it from their infancy, like old drinkers, they require drams. They prefer a perfonal attachment to a public fervice, and reward it better. They are vain and weak enough to look upon it as a free-will offering to their merit, and not as a burnt-facrifice to their power. If you would be a favourite of your King, addrefs yourfelf to his weaknefles. An application to his reafon will feldom prove very fuccefsful. In Courts, baihfulnefs and timidity are as prejudi- cial on one hand, as impudence and rafhnefs are on the other. A fteady affurance, and a cool intre- pidity, MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 283 pidity, with an exterior modefty, are the true and neceflary medium. Never apply for what you fee rery little proba- bility of obtaining ; for you will, by alking impro- per and unattainable things, accuftom the Minifters to refufe you fo often, that they will find it eafy to refufe you the propereft, and moil reafonable ones. It is a common, but a moft miitaken rule at Court, to afk for every thing, in order to get fomething : you do get fomething by it, it is true -, but that fomething is refufals and ridicule. There is a Court jargon, a chit-chat, a fmall talk, which turns fingly upon trifles; and which, in a great many words, fays little or nothing. It Hands fools inftead of what they cannot fay, and men of fenfe inftead of what they mould not fay. It is the proper language of Levees, Drawing-rooms, and Anticham- bers : it is neceflary to know it. Whatever a man is at Court, he muft be genteel and well-bred ; that cloak covers as many follies, as that of charity does fins. I knew a man of great quality, and in a great ftation at Court, confidered and refpedted, whofe higheft character was, that he was humbly proud, and genteely dull. It is hard to fay which is the greateft fool ; he who tells the whole truth, or he who tells no truth at all. Character is as neceflary in bufinefs as in trade. No man can deceive often in either. At Court, people embrace without acquaintance, ferve one another without friendmip, and injure one another without hatred. Intereft, not fentiment, is the growth of that foil. Adif- 284 MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. A difference in opinion, though in the xnerefl trifles, alienates little minds, efpecially of high rank. It is full as eafy to commend as to blame a great man's cook, or his taylor : it is Ihorter too ; and the objects are no more worth difputing about, than the people are worth difputing with. It is impoflible to inform, but very eafy to difpleafe them. A chearful, eafy countenance and behaviour, are very ufeful at Court : they make fools think you a good-natured man ; and they make defigning men think you an undefigning one. There are fome occaiions in which a man muft tell half his fecret, in order to conceal the reft : but there is feldom one in which a man mould tell it all. Great fkill is neceffary to know how far to go, and where to Hop. Ceremony is neceffary in Courts, as the outwork and defence of manners. Flattery, though a bafe coin, is the neceffary pocket-money at Court ; where, by cuftom and con- fent, it has obtained fuch a currency, that it is no longer a fraudulent, but a legal payment. If a Minifter refufes you a reafonable requeft, and either flights or injures you ; if you have not the power to gratify your refentment, have the wifdom to conceal and diffemble it. Seeming good-humour on your part may prevent rancour on his, and per- haps bring things right again : but if you have the power to hurt, hint modeftly, that if provoked, you may poffibly have the will too. Fear, when real, and well founded, is perhaps a more prevailing motive at Courts than love, At MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 285 At Court, many more people can hurt, than can help you : pleafe the former, but engage the latter. Awkwardnefs is a more real difadvantage than it is generally thought to be ; it often occafions ridicule, it always leflens dignity. A man's own good-breeding is his beft fecurity againft other people's ill-manners. Good-breeding carries along with it a dignity, that is refpefted by the moft petulant. Ill-breeding invites and authorizes the familiarity of tjje moft timid. No man ever faid a pert thing to the Duke of Marlborough. No man ever faid a civil one (though many a flattering one) to Sir Robert Walpole. When the old clipped money was called in for a new coinage in King William's time j to prevent the like for the future, they ftamped on the edges of the crown pieces thefe words, et Decus ft Tutamen. That is exa&ly the cafe of good- breeding. Knowledge may give weight, but accomplimments only give luftre j and many more people fee than weigh. Moft arts require long ftudy and application ; but the moft ufeful art of all, that of pleafing, requires only the defire. It is to be prefumed, that a man of common fenfe, who does not defire to pleafe, defires nothing at all ; ftnce he muft know that he cannot obtain any thing without it. , A flcilful Negotiator will moft carefully diftinguifh between the little and the great objects of his bufi- nefs, 286 MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. nefs, and will be as frank and open in the former, as he will be fecret and pertinacious in the latter. He will, by his manners and addrefs, endeavour, at leaft, to make his public adverfaries his perfonal friends. He will flatter and engage the man, while he counterworks the Minilter; and he will never alienate people's minds from him, by wrangling for points, either absolutely unattainable, or not worth attaining. He will make even a merit of giving up, what he could not or would not carry, and fell a trifle for a thoufand times its value. A foreign Minister, who is concerned in great affairs, muft neceflarily have fpies in his pay ; but he muft not too eaiily credit their informations, which are never exaftly true, often very falfe. His beft fpies will always be thofe whom he does not pay, but whom he has engaged in his fervice by his dexte- rity and addrefs, and who think themfelves nothing lefs than fpies. There is a certain jargon, which, in French, I fhould call un Perjtftage d" 1 Affaires, that a foreign Minifter ought to be perfectly mafter of, and may ufe very advantageoufly at great entertainments, in mixed companies, and in all occasions where he muft fpeak, and mould fay nothing. Well turned and well fpoken, it feems to mean fomething, though in truth it means nothing. It is a kind of political badinage, which prevents or removes a thoufand dif- ficulties, to which a foreign Minifter is expofed in mixed converfations. If ever the Volto fciolto, and the Penjieri Jiretti arc neceflary, they are fo in thefe affairs. A grave, dark, MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 287 dark, referved, and myfterious air, has faenum in cornu. An even, eafy, unembarrafled one invites confidence, and leaves no room for guefles and con- jectures. Both Emulation and diffimulation are abfolutely neceflary for a foreign Minifter ; and yet they mult ftop fhort of falfehood and perfidy : that middle point is the difficult one ; there ability confifts. He muft often feem pleafed, when he is vexed; and grave, when he is pleafed j but he muft never fay either : that would be falfehood, an indelible ftain to character. A foreign Minifter ihould be a moft exaft cecono- mift ; an expence proportioned to his appointments and fortune is neceflary : but, on the other hand, debt is inevitable ruin to him ; it finks him into difgrace at the Court where he re/ides, and into the moft fervile and abjeft dependence on the Court that fent him. As he cannot refent ill ufage, he is fure to have enough of it. The Due de Sully obferves very juftly, in his Memoirs, that nothing contributed more to his rife, than that prudent osconomy which he had ob ferved from his youth ; and by which he had al- ways a fum of money before hand, in cafe of emer- gencies. It is very difficult to fix the particular point of ceconomy ; the beft error of the two is on the parfimonious fide. That may be correfted, the other cannot. The reputation of generofity is to be purchafed pretty cheap ; it does not depend fo much upon a man's general expence, as it does upon his giving handfomely 238 MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. handsomely where it is proper to give at all. A man, for inftance, who mould give a fervant four millings, would pafs for covetous, while he who gave him a crown would be reckoned generous : fo that the dif- ference of thofe two oppofite characters turns upon one milling. A man's character, in that particular, depends a great deal upon the report of his own fcr- vants ; a mere trifle above common wages, makes their report favourable. Take care always to form your eftablimment fo much within your income, as to leave a fufficient fund for unexpected contingencies, and a prudent libera- lity. There is hardly a year, in any man's life, in which a fnaall fum of ready money may not be em- ployed to great advantage *. CCCXCVIII. POLITICAL MAXIMS of the Cardinal DE RETZ, in his Memoirs ; and the late Earl of CHESTERFIELD'S Remarks. i. YL y a fouvent de la folie a conjurer ; mais il n'y A a rien de pareil pour faire les gens fages dans la fuite : au moins pour quelque terns. Comme le peril dans ces fortes d'affaires dure meme apres les occaftons, Ton eft prudent et circonfpec> dans les momens qui les fuivent. * Upon the back of the original 5s written, in Mr. Stanhope's hand, *' Excellent Maxims, but more calculated for the Meridian " of France or Spain, than of England." 9 2. U* MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 289 2. Un efprit mediocre, et fufceptible par confd- quent d'injuicos defiances, eft de tous les carafleres .celui qui eft le plus oppofe a un bon chef de Parti; dont la qualite la plus fouvent et la plus indifpenfa- .blement neceflaire, eit de fupprimer en beaucoup d'occaiions, et de cacher en toutes, les foupcons meme les plus legitimes. 3. R.ien n'anime et n'appuie plus un mouvement, que le ridicule de celui centre lequel on le fait. 4. Le fecret n'eft pas fi rare qu'on le croit, entre -des gens qui font accoutumeo a fe meler des grandea affaires. 5. Defcendre jufqu'aux petits eft le plus fur moi'en. de s'egaler aux grands. 6. La mode, qui a du pouvoir en toutes chofes, ne 1'a fi fenfiblement en aucune, qu'a etre bien ou mal a la Cour : il y a des terns ou la difgrace eft une ma- niere de feu qui purifie toutes les mauvaifes qua- lites, et qui illumine toutes les bonnes ; il y a des terns cu il ne fied pas bien a un honnete homme d'etre difgracie. 7. La fouftrance aux perfonnes d'un grand rang, tient lieu d'une grande vertu. 8. II a une efpece de galimatias que la pratique fait connoitre quelquefois, mais que la fpeculation ne fait jamais entendre. 9. Toutes les PuifTances ne peuvent rien contre la reputation d'un homme qui fe la conferve dans fon Corps. 10. On eft aufli fouvent dupe par la defiance que par la confiance. 11. L'extremite du mal n'eit jamais a fon periode, que quand ceux qui commandent ont perdu la honte ; VOL. IV. O parce 290 MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. parce que c'eft juftement le moment dans lequel ceux qui obeiflent perdent le refpeft ; ct c'eft dans ce meme moment que Ton revient de la lethargic : mais par des convulfions. 12. II y a un voile qui doit toujours couvrir tout ce que Ton peut dire, et tout ce que Ton peut croire du Droit des Peuples et de celui des Rois, qui ne s'accor- dent jamais fi bien enfemble que dans le filence. 13. II y a des conjonclures dans lefquelles on ne peut plus faire que des fautes ; mais la fortune ne met jamais les hommes dans cet etat, qui eft de tous le plus malheureux, et perfonne n'y tombe que ceux qui s'y precipitent par Icur faute. 14. II fied plus mal a un Miniflre de dire des (ot- tifes, que d'en faire. ir. Les avis que I'on donne a un Miniftre pa/Tent pour des crimes, toutes les fois qu'on ne lui eft point agreable. 1 6. Aupres des Princes, il eft auffi dangereux, et prefqu' aufli criminel, de pouvoir le bien que de vou- loir le mal. 17. II eft bien plus naturel a la peur de confulter que de decider. 18. Cette circon fiance paroit ridicule; mais elle eft fondee. A Paris, dans les emotions populaires, les plus echauffes ne veulent pas, ce qu'ils apellent,y dejheurer, 19. La flexibilite eft de toutes les qualites la plus neceflaire pour le maniement des grandes affaires. 20. On a plus de peine dans les Partis, de vivre avec ceux qui en font, que d'agir contre ceux qui y font oppofes. 21. Les plus grands dangers ont leurs charmes, pour MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 291 pour peu que Ton appe^oivc dc gloire dans la per- fpe&ive des mauvais fucces ; les medicares dangers n'ont que des horreurs, quand la perte de la reputa- tion eft attachee a la mauvaife fortune. 22. Lcs extremes font toujours fflcheux. Mais ce font des moi'ens fages quand ils font neceflaires : ce qu'ils ont de confolant c'eft qu'ils ne font jamais me- diocres, et qu'ils font decififs quand ils font bons. 23. II y a des conjon&ures ou la prudence meme ordonnc de ne confulter que le chapitre des accidens. 24. II n'y a rien dans le monde qui n'ait fon moment dc ifif ; et le chef d'ceuvre de la bonne conduite, eft de connoitre et de prendre ce moment. 25. L'abomination joint au ridicule fait le plus dangereux et le plus irremediable de tous les com- pofes. 26. Les gens foibles ne plient jamais quand ils le doivent. 27. Rien ne touche et n'emeut tant les peuples, et meme les Compagnies, quitiennent beaucoup du peu- ple, que la variete des fpeclacles. 28. Les exemples du pafle touchent fans comparai- fon plus les hommes, que ceux de leur fiecle : nous nous accoutumons a tout ce que nous voions ; et peut- etre que le Confulat du Cheval de Caligula, ne nous auroit pas tant furpris, que nous nous Pimaginons. 29. Les hommes foibles fe laifl'ent aller ordinaire- ment au plus grand bruit. 30. II ne faut jamais contefter ce qu'on ne croit pas pouvoir obtenir. 31. Le moment ou Ton re5oit les plus heureufes nouvelles, eft juftement celui ou il faut redoubler fon attention pour les petites. O z 32. Lc MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 32. Le pouvoir dans les peuples eft facheux, en ce qu'il nous rend refponfables de ce qu'ils font malgre nous. 33. L'une des plus grandes incommodites des guerres civiles, eft, qu'il faut encore plus d'application a ce de leur faire croire que 1'on veut tromper ceux que Ton veut fervir. 54. L'un des plus grands embarras que Ton ait a- vec les Princes, c'eft que Ton eft fouvent oblige, par la confederation de leur propre fervice, de leur donner des confeils dont on ne peut pas leur dire les veritable* raifons. 55. Quand on fe trouve oblige de faire un difcours que 1'on prevoit ne devoir pas agreer, 1'on ne peut lui donner trop d'apparence de fincerite : parce que c'efl 1'unique moien de 1'adoucir. 56. On ne doit jamais fe jouer avec la faveur. oa ne-la peut trop embraffer quand elle eft veritable; oa ne la peut trop eloigner quand elle eft faufle. 57. II y a de 1'inconvenient a s'engager fur des fup- pofitions de ce que 1'on croit impoffible ; et pourtant il n'y a rien de fi commun. 58. La plupart des hommes examinent mcins les raifons de ce qu'on leur propofe centre leur fentiment, que celles qui peuvent obliger, celui qui les propofe, de s'en fervir. 59. Tout ce qui eft vuide dans les terns de falion et d'intrigue, pafle pour myfterieux dans les efprits de ceux qui ne font pas accoutumes aux grandes af- faires. 60. II n'eft jamais permis a un inferieur de s'egaler en paroles a celui a qui il doit du refpeft, quoi qu'il s'y egale dans Pa&ion. 61. Tout homme que la fortune feule, par quelque accident, a fait homme public, devient prefque tou- jours avec un peu de terns un particulier ridicule. 62. La plus grande imperfection des hommes eft la complaifanco MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 295 complaifance qu'ils trouvent, a fe perfuader que les autres ne font point exemts des deYauts qu'ils fe recon- noiffent a eux memes. 63. II n'y a que 1 'experience qui puifTe r.pprendre aux homines a ne pas preferer ce qui les pique dans le prefent, a ce qui les doit toucher bien plus efien- tiellement dans 1'avenir. 64. II faut s'appliquer, avec foin, dans les grandcs affaires encore plus que dans les autres, a fe dcfendre du gout qu'on trouve pour la plaifanterie. 65. On ne peut aflez pefer les moindres mots, dans les grandes affaires. 66. II n'y a que la continuation du bonheur qui fixe la plupart des amities. 67. Quiconque affemble le peuple, 1'enieut, TRANSLATION Of Cardinal DE RETZ'S Political Maxims, I. TT is often madnefs to engage in a confpiracy; A but nothing is fo effectual to bring people after- wards to their fenfes, at leaft for a time. As in fuch undertakings, the danger fubfifts, even after the bu- finefs is over j this obliges to be prudent and circum- fpedl in the fucceeding moments. 2. A middling underftanding, being fufceptible of unjuft fufpicions, is confequently, of all characters, the leaft fit to head a faction j as the moft indifpen- fable qualification in fuch a Chief, is, to fupprefs, in many occafions, and to conceal in all, even the befl- grounded fufpicions. 04 3. Nothing 296 MISCELLANEOUS PIECES, 3. Nothing animates and gives flrength to a com- mo'uon, io much as the ridicule of him againft whom it is raifod. 4. Among people ufed to affairs of moment, fe- crecy is much lefs uncommon than is generally be- lieved. 5. Defcending to the Little, is the fureft way of attaining to an equality with the Great. 6. Faihion, though powerful in all things, is not more fo in an-y, than in being well or ill at Court. There are times, when difgrace is a kind of fire, that purifies all bad qualities, and illuminates every good one. There are others, in which the being out of favour is unbecoming a man of character. 7. Sufferings, in people of the firJl rank, fupply the want of virtue. 8. There is a confufed kind of jumble, which prac- tice fometimes teaches ; but is never to be underftood by fpeculation. 9. The greateft Powers cannot injure a man's cha- racler, whofe reputation is unblemiflied among his party. 10. We are as often duped by diffidence, as by confidence. 1 1 . The greateft evils are not arrived at their ut- moft period, until thofe who are in power have loft all fenfe of ihame. At fuch a time, thofe who fhould obey, make off all refpefl and fubordination. Then is lethargic indolence roufed ; but roufed by convul- iions. 12. A veil ought always to be drawn over what- ever may be faid or thought concerning the rights of the MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 297 the People, or of Kings ; which agree beft when leaft mentioned *. 13. There are, at times, fituations fo very unfor- tunate, that whatever is undertaken muft be wrong. . Chance alone never throws people into fuch dilem- mas i and they happen only to thofe who bring them upon themfelves. 14. It is more unbecoming a Minifter to fay, than to do filly things. 15. The advice given to a Minifter, by an obno- xious perfon, is always thought bad. 16. It is as dangerous, and almoft as criminal, with Princes, to have the power of doing good, as the will of doing evil. 17. Timorous minds are much more inclined to deliberate than to refolve. 1 8. It appears ridiculous to aflert, but it is not the lefs true, that at Paris, during popular commotions, the mofl violent will not quit their homes paft a itated hour. 19. Flexibility is the mcft requifite qualification for the management of great affairs. 26. It is more difficult for the member of a fadtion to live with thofe of his own party, than to aft againft thofe who oppofe it. 21. The greateft dangers have their allurements, if the want of fuccefs is likely to be attended with a degree of glory. Middling dangers are horrid, when the lofs of reputation is the inevitable confequence of ill fuccefs. * Th;s Maxim, as well as feveral others, evidently prove they - ver: v.ritten by a man Aibied* to defpotic government. 05 22. Violent 298 MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 22. Violent meafures are always dangerous, but when neceffary, may then be looked upon as wife. They have, however, the advantage .of never being matter of indifferency ; and, when well conceited, muft be declfive. 23. There may be circumftances, in which even prudence directs us to truft intirely to chance. 24. Every thing in this world has its critical mo- ment ; and the height of good conduct: confifts in knowing, and feizing it. 25. Profligacy, joined to ridicule, form the moil abominable, and moft dangerous of all characters. 26. Weak minds never yield when they ought. 27. Variety of fights have the greateit effect upon the mob, and alfo upon numerous aflemblies, who, in many refpects, refemble mob. 28. Examples taken from part times have infinitely more power over the minds of men, than any of the age in which they live. Whatever we fee, grows fa- miliar j and perhaps the Confulfhip of Caligula's Horfe might not have aftonifhed us fo much as we are apt to imagine. 29. Weak minds are commonly overpowered by clamour. 30. We ought never to contend for what we are not likely to obtain. 31. The inftant in which we receive the moft fa- vourable accounts is juit that wherein we ought to redouble our vigilance, even in regard to the moft trifling circumftances. 32. It is dangerous to have a known influence over the people ; as thereby we become refponfible even for what is done againft our will. z 33. One MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 299. 33. One of the greateft difficulties in civil war is, that more art is required to know what mould be con- cealed from our friends, than what ought to be done againft our enemies. 34. Nothing lowers a great man fo much, as not {(sizing the decifive moment of railing his reputation. This is feldom neglected, but with a view to fortune : by which miitake, it is not unufual to mifs both. 35. The poffibility of remedying imprudent actions,- is commonly an inducement to commit them. 36. Every numerous affembly is mob ; confe- quently every thing there depends upon inftantaneous turns. 37. Whatever meafure feems hazardous, and is in. reality not fo, is generally a wife one. 38. Irrefolute minds always adopt with facility, whatever meafures can admit of different i/Tues, and confequently do not require an abfolute decifion. 39. In momentous affairs, no ftep is indifferent. 40. There are times in which certain people are al- ways in the right. 41. Nothing convinces perfcns of a weak under- flanding fo effectually, as what they do not com- prehend. 42. When Factions are only upon the dcfenfive, they ought never to do that which may be delayed. Upon fuch occafions, nothing is fo troujlefome as the reftleflhefs of fubalterns, who think a ftate of in- action, total deilruction. 43. Thole who head Factions have no way of main- taining their authority, but by preventing, or quiet- ing difcontent. O 6 44- A- 300 MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 44. A certain degree of fear produces the fame ef- fecls as rafhnefs. 45. In affairs of importance, the choice of words is of as much confequence, as it would be fuperfluous in thofe of little moment. 46. During thofe calms which immediately fucceed violent florms, nothing is more difficult for Minifters, than to aft properly ; becaufe, while flattery in- creafes, fufpicions are not yet fubfided. 47. The faults of our friends ought never to anger ' us fo far, as to give an advantage to our enemies. 48. The talent of infmuation is more ufeful than that of perfuaiion ; as every body is open to infinua- tion, but fcarce any to perfuaiion. 49. In matters of a delicate nature, all unneceflary alterations are dangerous ; becaufe odious. 50. The beft way to compel weak-minded people ta adopt our opinion, is to frighten them from all others, by magnifying their danger. 51. We muft run all hazards, where we think cur- felves in a fituation to reap fome advantage, even from the want of fuccefs. 52. Irrefolute men are diffident in refolving upon the Means, even when they are determined upon the End. 53. It is almoft a fure game, with crafty men, to make them believe we intend to deceive thofe whom we mean to ferve. 54. One of the greatefi difficulties with Princes is, the being often obliged, in order to ferve them, to give advice the true reafons of which we dare not mention. 55. The faying things which we, fgreYee will not be MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 301 be pleafing, can only be foftened by the greateft ap- pearance of fincerity. 56. We ought never to trifle with favour. If real, we ihould haftily feize the advantage ; if pretended, avoid the allurement. 57. It is very inconfequent to enter into engage- ments upon fuppofitions we think impoffible, and yet it is very ufual. 58. The generality of mankind pay lefs attention to arguments urged againft their opinion, than to fuch as may engage the difputant to adopt their own. 59. In times of faction and intrigue, whatever ap- pears inert, is reckoned myflerious by thofe who are not accuitomed to affairs of moment. 60. It is never allowable in an inferior, to equal himfelf in words to a fuperior, although he may rival him in actions. 61. Every man whom chance alone has, by fome accident, made a public character, hardly ever fails of becoming, in a fhort time, a ridiculous private one. 62. The greateft imperfection of men is, the com- placency with which they are willing to think others not free from faults, of which they are themfelves confcious. 63. Experience only can teach men not to prefer what ftrikes them for the prefent moment, to what will have much greater weight with them hereafter. 64. In the management of important bufmefs, all turn to raillery mull be more carefully avoided than in any other. 65. In momentous transactions', words cannot be fufBciently weighed, 65. The 3 02 MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 66. The permanency of molt friendfhips depends upon the continuity of good fortune. 67. Whoever aifembles the multitude, will raife commotions. CCCXCIX. Lord CHESTERFIELD'S Remarks upon the foregoing MAXIMS. I HAVE taken the trouble of extracting and col- lefting, for your ufe, the foregoing Political Maxims of the Cardinal de Retz, in his Memoirs. They are not aphorifms of his invention, but the true and juft obfervations of his own experience, in the courfe of great bufinefs. My own experience attefts the truth of them all. Read them over with atten- tion, as here above, and then read with the fame at- tention and tout de fuite, the Memoirs; where you will find the fafts and characters from whence thofe obfervations are drawn, or to which they are applied ; and they will reciprocally help to fix each other in your mind. I hardly know any book fo neceflary for a young man to read and remember. You will there find, how great bufinefs is really carried on ; very differently from what people, who have never been concerned in it, imagine. You will there fee what Courts and Courtiers really are, and obferve that they are neither fo good as they mould be, nor fo bad as they are thought by moft people. The Court Poet, and the fullen, cloiftered Pedant, are equally mifta- ken in their notions, or at leaft in the accounts they give MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 303 give us of them. You will obferve the coolnefs in general, the perfidy in fome cafes, and the truth in a very few, of Court friendfhips. This will teach you the prudence of a general diilruft ; and the im- prudence of making no exception to that rule, upon good and tried grounds. You will fee the utility of good-breeding towards one's greateft enemies ; and the high imprudence and folly, of either infulting or injurious exprefiions. You will find, in the Cardi- nal's own character, a ftrange, but by no means an uncommon mixture, of high and low, good and bad, parts and indifcretion. In the character of Monfieur le Due d'Orleans, ycu may obferve the model of weaknefs, irrefolution, and fear, though with very good parts. In mort, you will, in every page of that book, fee that ftrange, inconfiflent creature, Man, juft as he is. If you would know that period of hif- tory (and it is well worth knowing) correctly', after you have read the Cardinal's Memoirs, you fhould read thofe of Joly, and of Madame de Motteville ; both which throw great light upon the firft. By all thofe accounts put together it appears, that Anne of Auftria (with great fubmiffion to a Crowned Head do I fay it) was a B . She had fpirit and courage without parts, devotion without common morality, and lewdnefs without tendernefs either to juftify or to dignify it. Her two fons were no more Lewis the Thirteenth's than they were mine ; and if Bucking- ham had ftaid a little longer, me would probably have had another by him. Cardinal Mazarin was a great knave, but no great man ; much more cunning than able ; fcanJaloufly falfe, and dirtily greedy. As for his enemy, Cardi- nal 304 MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. nal de Retz, I can truly call him a man of great parts, but I cannot call him a great man. He never was fo much fo as in his retirement. The Ladies had then a great, and have always had fome mare in State affairs in France : the fpring and the Itreams of their politics hnve always been, and always will be, the intereft of their prefent Lover, or their rcfent- ment againft a difcarded and perfidious one. Money is their great objedl ; of which they are extremely greedy, if" it coincides with their arrangement with the Lover for the time being : but true glory, and public good, never enter into their heads. They are always governed by the man they love, and they al- ways govern the man who loves them. He or (he, "who loves the moft, is always governed by him or her who loves the leaft. Madame de Montbazon govern- ed Moniieur de Beaufort, who was fond of her; whereas me was only proud of his rank and popula- rity. The Drudi for the time bein-g always governed Madame and Mademoifelle de Chevreufe, and fteered their politics. Madame de Longueville governed her brother the Prince de Conii, who was in love with her ; but Marfillac, with whom fhe was in love, governed her. In all female politics, the head is certainly not the part that takes the lead ; the true and fecret fpring lies lower and deeper. La Palatine, whom the Cardinal celebrates as the ableft and moft feniible woman he ever met with, and who feems to have afted more fyltematically and confequentially than any of them, ilarts afide however, and deviates from her plan, whenever the interefts or the inclinations of La Vieu- ville, her Lover, require it. I will add (though with great fubmiHion to a late friend of yours at Paris) that no MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 305 no woman ever yet, either reafoned or afted long to- gether confequentially ; but fome little thing, fome love, fome refentment, fome prefent momentary in- tereft, fome fuppofed flight, or fome humour, always breaks in upon, and overfets their moil prudent refo- lutions and fchemes. cccc. CONSIDERATIONS upon the Repeal of the Limitation, relative to Foreigners, in the Act of Settlement. HE particular Limitation, relative to Foreign - A ers, in the Aft of Settlement, and now to be repealed, was marked out as peculiarly facred, by the firit Parliament, and that no uncomplaifant one, of the late King, by enacting, that that Limitation fhould be inferted in all future afts of Naturalization ; and it was fo, even in the aft for naturalizing the Prince of Orange, the King's fon-in-law. But, it feems, MeiTieurs Prevot, Bouquet, and others, are now to receive a mark of diftinftion which the King's fon-in-law could not then obtain : But, can the fame indulgence, hereafter, ever be refufed to foreign Proteftant Princes, of the higheft birth, and greatefl rntrit, and, many of them, nearly related to his Majefty and the Royal Family ; who may, very probably, prefer the Britim fervice to any other ? The poor military arguments, urged in juftific?.- tion of the Repeal of this moft facred Law, are too trifling 306 MISCELLANEOUS PIECES, trifling to be the true ones, and too wretched to be ferioufly anfwered, unlefs by the unfortunate Britifli Officers ; who are hereby, in a manner, declared and enafted to be incapable of doing the duty of Cap- tains, M;.jors, &c. Some other reafon, therefore, muft be fought for ; and, perhaps, it is but too eafily found. May it not \>t periculum facia?nus in anima *vili ? L If this goes down, it mall be followed ; fome foreign Prince, of allowed merit, fhall make the firft applica- tion to the Crown, and to the Parliament, for the fame favour which was mown to Meffieurs Prevot, Bouquet, and Company. Can either of them, in common decency, refufe it ? Befides that, perhaps a time may come, when Generals, and fuperior Offi- cers, may be as much wanted in England, as great- Captains and Majors are now wanted in America. Great evils have always fuch trifling beginnings, to fmooth the way for them infenfibly ; as Cardinal de Retz moft juftly obferves, when he fays, that he is perfuaded, that the Romans were carried on by fuch fhades and gradations of mifchief and extravagancy, as not to have been much furprifed or alarmed, when, Caligula declared his intention of making his horfe Conful. So that, by the natural progreffion of pre- cedents, the next generation may probably fee, and even without furprife or abhorrence, Foreigners com- manding your troops, and voting the fupplies for them in both Houfes of Parliament. As to the pretended utility of thefe foreign Heroes, it is impoffible to anfwer fuch arguments ferioufly. What experience evinces the neceffity ? Cape Breton, the ilrongeft place in America, was very irregularly taken, MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 307 taken, in the laft war, by our irregular American troops. Sir William Johnfon lately beat, and took molt irregularly, the regular General Diefkau, at the head of his regular forces ; and General Braddock* who was moft judicioufly feiefted out of the whole Britifh army, to be our Scipio Americanus, was very irregularly deftroyed, by unfeen, and to this day un- known enemies. How will thefe foreign Heroes agree with the Eng- Hlh Officers of the fame corps, who are, in a manner, by Aft of Parliament, declared unfit for their bufinefs, till inftrufted in it by the great foreign "makers of Homicide. Will they not even be more inclined to advife, than to obey their Colonel ; to interpret, than to execute his orders ? Will they co-operate properly with our American troops and Officers, whom they will certainly look upon, and treat, as an inexperi- enced and undifciplined rabble f Can it poflibly be otherwife } or, can it be wondered at, when thofe Gentlemen know, that they are appointed Officers by one Aft of Parliament, and at the expence of another, the moft facred of the ftatute-book ? O ! but there is to be but one half of the Officers, of this thundering Legion, who are to be Foreigners : fo much the worfe ; for then, according to the prin- ciple laid down, it can be but half difciplined. Be- tides, the lefs the object, to which a very great objeft is facrificed, the more abfurd, and the more fufpicious fuch a facrifice becomes. At firlt, this whole legion was to confiit of all Foreigners, Field-officers and all ; which, upon the principle of the abfolute utility and neceffity of foreign Officers, was much more rational ; but, thus mitigated, as it is called, is a thoufand times 3 o8 MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. times more abfurd. And how does it ftand now f Why truly, the facred Aft of Settlement is to be re- pealed, and in the tenderer!: part, for the fake of fome foreign Captains and Majors, who are to be com- manded by Britifh fuperior Officers, who, by this Aft of Parliament, are fuppofed not to know their trade. One has heard, (but one hears a thoufand falfe re- ports) that this abfurd fcheme was, fome time ago, quafhed by his Majefty's own prudence and goodnefs ;. and, from the rightnefs of the thing, I am inclined to believe that it is true : and I am fure I will not fuppofe, that ever that might be among the reafons for refuming it in this fhape, and forcing it down the throats of the reluftant Nation : but this is certain, that it was once dropped, and at fome expence too. The foreign Heroes were contented with Money in- flead of Laurels, and were going away about their own bufinefs ; but, perhaps, a condefcenfion to the unanimous wifhes of the whole people of Engla nd, at leaft, was looked upon as a dangerous precedent, and the repeal of the Aft of Settlement as an ufeful one. But however, I will have candour enough to believe, that this was merely an abfurd, wrong-headed mea- fure; for, if I did not, I mult think it the wickedefl that ever was pufhed. CCCCI. MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 309 CCCCI. AXIOMS IN TRADE. O fell, upon the whole, more than you buy. To buy your materials as cheap, and to fell your manufactures as dear as you can. To eafe the manufacturers, as much as poffible, of all taxes and burthens. To lay fmall or no duties upon your own manufac- tures exported, and to lay high duties upon all fo- xeign manufactures imported. To lay fmall or no duties upon foreign materials, that are neceffary for your own manufactures ; but to lay very high duties upon, or rather totally prohibit, the exportation of fuch of your own materials as are neceffary for the manufactures of other countries j as Wool, Fuller's-earth, &c. To keep the intereft of money low, that people may place their money in trade. Not to imagine (as people commonly do) that it is either prudent or poffible to prohibit the exportation of your gold and filver, whether coined or uncoined. For, if the balance of trade be againft you, that is, if you buy more than you fell, you muft neceflarily make up that difference in money ; and your Bullion or your Coin, which are in effect the fame thing, muft and will be exported, in fpite of all laws. But if you fell more than you buy, then foreigners muft do the fame by you, and make up their deficiency in Bullion or Coin. Gold and filver are but merchan- dize, as well as Cloth or Linen : and that nation that buys 3io MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. buys the leaft, and fells the mod, muft always have the moft money. A free trade is always carried on with more advan- tage to the public, than an exclufive one by a com- pany. But the particular circumftances of fome trades may fometimes require a joint flock and exclufive pri- vileges. All monopolies are deitrudtive to trade. To get, as much as poffible, the advantages of ma- nufacturing and freight. To contrive to underfell other nadons, in foreign markets. CCCCII. To the KING'S raoft Excellent MAJESTY, The humble PETITION of PHILIP Earl of CHESTERFIELD, Knight of the moft noble Order of the Garter, SHEWETH, THAT your Petitioner, being rendered, by deafnefs, as ufelefs and infignificant as moft of his equals and cotemporaries are by nature, hopes, in common with them, to fhare your Majefty's Royal fa- vour and bounty ; whereby he may be enabled either to fave, or fpend, as he fhall think proper, more than he can do at prefent. That your Petitioner having had the honour of ferving your Majefiy in feveral very lucrative employ- ments, feems thereby entitled to a lucrative retreat from MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 5 u from bufinefs, and to enjoy otium cum dignitate ; that is, leifure and a large penfion. Your Petitioner humbly prefumes, that he rir.s, at leaft, a common claim to fuch a penfion : he h^s a vote in the moft auguft afiembly in the world ; he has an eflate that puts him above wanting it ; but he has, at the fame time (though he fays it) an elevation of fentitnent, that makes him not only defire, but (par- don, dread Sir, an expreffion you are ufed to) injift upon it. That your Petitioner is little apt, and always un- willing, to fpeak advantageoufly of himfelf ; but as, after all, fome juftice is due to one's-felf, as well as to others, he begs leave to reprefent, That his loyalty to your ^Majefty has always been unfliaken, even in the worft of times ; That, particularly, in the late unnatural rebellion, when the Pretender advanced as far as Derby, at the head of, at leaft, three thoufand undifciplined men, the flower of the Scottifh Nobility and Gentry, your Petitioner did not join him, as un- queftionably he might have done, had he been fo in- clined ; but, on the contrary, raifed fixteen compa- nies, of one hundred men each, at the public ex- pence, in fupport of your Majefty's undoubted nght to the Imperial Crown of thefe Rfcalms ; which diftinguilhed proof of his loyalty is, to this hour, un- rewarded. Your Majefty's Petitioner is well aware, that your Civil Lift muft neceflarily be in a low and languid ftate, after the various, frequent, and profufe eva- cuations which it has of late years undergone ; but, at the fame time, he prefumes to hope, that this argument, which feems not to have been made ufe of againft any other 3 i2 MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. other perfon whatfoever, fliall not, in this fingle cafe, be urged againft him ; and the lefs fo, as he has good reafons to believe, that the deficiencies of the Penfion- fund are by no means the laft that will be made good by Parliament. Your Petitioner begs leave to obferve, That a fmall Penfion is difgraceful and opprobrious, as it intimates a mameful neceffity on one part, and a degrading fort of charity on the other : but that a great one implies dignity and affluence on one fide ; on the other re- gard and efteem ; which, doubtlefs, your Majefty muft entertain in the higheft degree, for thofe great perfonages whofe refpeftable names (land upon your Eleemofynary lift. Your Petitioner, therefore, hum- bly perfuades himfelf, upon this principle, that lefs than three thoufand pounds a year will not be pro- pofed to him : if made up gold the more agreeable j if for life the more marketable. Your Petitioner perfuades himfelf, that your Ma- jefty will not fufpedt this his humble application to proceed from any mean, interefted motive, of which he has always had the utmoft a'bhorrence. No, Sir, he confefles his own weaknefs ; Honour alone is his object ; Honour is his paffion ; Honour is dearer to him than life. To Honour he has always facrificed all other considerations j and upon this generous principle, fingly, he now folicits that honour, which, in the moft mining times, diftinguifhed the greateft men of Greece ; who were fed. at the expence of the public. Upon this Honour, fo facred to him as a Peer, fo tender to him as a Man, he moft folemnly aflures your Majefty, that, in cafe you fliall be pleafed to grant MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. 313 grant him this his humble requeft, he will gratefully and honourably' fupport, and promote with zeal and vigour, the worft meafure that the worft Minifter can ever fuggeft to your Majefty : but, on the other hand, ihould he be Tingled out, marked, and branded by a refufal, he thinks himfelf obliged in Honour to de- clare, that he will, to the utmoft of his power, op- pofe the beft and wife ft meafures that your Majefty ycurfelf can ever -dictate. And your Majefty's Petitioner mall ever pray. CCCCIII. A FRAGMENT. A Chapter of the Garter is to be held at St, James's next Friday; in which Prince Ed- ward, the Prince of Orange, the Earls cf Lincoln, V/inchelfea, and Cardigan, are to be elected Knights Companions of the Order of the Garter. Though folcly nominated by the Crown, they are faid to be elected ; becaufe there is a pretended election. All the Knights are fummoned to attend the Sovereign at a Chapter, to be held on fach a day, in order to eledl fo -many new Knights into the vacant Stalls of the deceafed ones ; accordingly they meet, in the Coun- cil Chamber, where they all fit down according to their feniority, at a long table, where the Sovereign prefides. There every Knight pretends to write a iiil of thofe for whom he intends to vote ; and, in effecl:, writes down nine names, fuch as he thinks proper, VOL. IV. P taking 3 i4 MISCELLANEOUS PIECES. taking care, however, to infert the names of thofc who are really to be elected ; then the Bimop of Sa- lifbury, who is always the Chancellor of the Order, goes round the table, and takes the paper of each Knight, pretends to look into them, and then de- clares the majority of \ r otes to be for thofe perfons who were nominated by the Crown. Upon this de- claration, two of the old Knights go into the out- ward room, where the new ones are attending, and introduce them, one after another, according to their ranks. The new Knight kneels down before the King, who puts the riband about his neck ; then he turns to the Prince of Wales, or, in his abfence, to the oldeil Knight, who puts the Garter about his leg. This is the ceremony of the Chapter : that of the In- ftallation, which is always performed in St. George's Chapel at Windfor, completes the whole thing ; for till then the new Knights cannot wear the Star, un- lefs by a particular difpenfation from the Sovereign, which is very feldom granted. All ceremonies are in themfelves very filly things ; but yet a man of the world mould know them. They are the outworks of Manners and Decency, which would be too often broken in upon, if it were not for that defence, which keeps the enemy at a proper diftance. It is for that reafon that I always treat fools and coxcombs with great ceremony ; true good-breeding not being a fuf- ficient barrier againft them. The knowledge of the world teaches one to deal with different people differ- ently, and according as characters and fituations re- quire. The , an innocent fpecies of it recommended, 150, 151.- Art of P leafing. See P leafing . Arufpices, their office at Rome, 15. Afia, fome account of, 66. The war there fettled, by Capt. Clive, to the fatisfaftion of this country, 300. AJpinwall (Mr. Stanhope) a relation to Lord Chefter- field, 249. Appointed King's minifter to the Dey of Algiers, ibid. AJ/urance, fteadily exerted, with a feeming modefty, a moft ufeful qualification in every part of life, 200. Ajlronomy, a ftudy of great importance, 138. Athens, if not the mother, was at leaft the nurfe, of all the arts and fciences, 1 1 . Attention^ an indiipenfabJe requifite in every fort of learning, 24. A want of it is either folly or mad- nefs, 59. Strongly recommended, 98, Attentiontt 4 INDEX. Attentions, a neceflary ingredient in the art of pleafing, 124. A tribute which all women expert, \ 26. Ought never to be omitted, 155. Attic Salt, origin of that expreffion, n. Recommended to Mr. Stanhope, 88. A-vaux (Monf. de) his adroitnefs as a negotiator com- mended, 216, 257. His letters excellent, 233. Augurs* their office at Rome, 15. Avoir du monde, a very juft and happy expreffion, 245. Aurora, why called the harbinger of day, 46. Authors, the beft of them are generally the fevereft cri- tics on their own works, 221. Awkivardtiefs, from what caufes it proceeds, and the embarrall'ments it occasions, inftanced in the portrait of an awkward man, 59. An awkwardnefs of ex- preffion and words mould be fludioufly avoided, 60, 112. Very alienating, 122. Gradations in it, 203. A more real difadvantage than it is generally thought to be, 397. Axioms in Trade, 401. B. Badinage, an art by no means to be defpifed, 216. Baltic, an Englifli fquadron to be fent thither, to divert the Swedes, 293. Bajhfulnefs, the chara&eriftic of an Englifhman, 33. 55. See Mauvaije honte. Bath (Earl of) his death, and will, the fubjefl of gene- ral converfation, 344. Particulars of his immenfe for. tune, and of his Lordfhip's character, ibid. Bayard (Chevalier) had the honour of knighting Fran- cis the Firft of France, 313. Beaufort (Monf. de) governed by Madame de Montba- zon, 399. Beauty, the fubjeft on which mofl women are openeft to flattery, 97. Bedford (Duke of) formed, in November 1767, a new miniftry, 382. Belkgardt INDEX. 5 Belhgarde ( Abbe? de) his Art de plaire Jans la Converfet- tion commended, 79. Bentky (Dr.) fuppofed to have been themoft learned man in England, 200. .Berkeley (Bp.f Remark on his Treatife on Matter, 132. Berkenrade (Madame de) a favourite of Mr. Stanhope's, 208- Berlin, a fplendid court, 132. Frenchified, 246. The . politelr. and moft fhining court in Europe, and the moil ufeful one a young man can vifit, 249. 267. The military government on a better footing than in an-/ other country in Europe, 142. The arts and wifdom of government confpicuous there, 251. Semis (Cardinal) his difgrace fudden, and the reafons for it as little underftood as thofe of his elevation, 3H- Beftucbejf, to what his difgrace was probably owing, 297. Bibliomanie, mould be guarded againft, 188. BielefeldCs Letters, a publication containing many no- torious lyes, 34.4. Bienfeance, a moft neceflary part of the knowledge of the world, 227. Bijfy (Meffieurs de) Mr. Stanhope intruded to their care, 216. Blackbeatb, all the fruit there in 1758 deftroyed by un- feafonable weather, 298. Blake (Admiral). See Weight of Metal. Blot (Madame de) though exceflively pretty, yet con- flant to her hufband, 218. An attachment to her recommended 1 , ibid. 219, 221, 223, 226. A piece of mohair prefented to her, 230. Boccage (Monf. and Madame de) an attention to them enjoined to Mr. Stanhope, 206. 210. Monf. Boc- cage's character of Mr. Stanhope, 244. Bocbat (Monf.) gives Lord Chefterfield a gpod account of Mr. Stanhope, 83. Bezotian, why that term applied to a ftiipid fellow, 41. Boerhaave, his phyfical advice to Lord Chellerfield, 318-. Bolingbroke (Lord) his charader, 170. His Letters on Patriotifm extolled, 175. His Remarks on the Hif- tory_ of England, 207. The amazing fuperiority of INDEX. his ftyle, 215. His Letters on the Ufe of Hiftory, 239. His Philofophical Works, 270. Son Mefs, fhould be cautioufly ufed in converfation, 97. Rule of conduft in refpeft to them, 151. Books, an acquaintance with them indifpenfable even to a man of the world, 81. How far a tafte for curious books, or fcarce and valuable trails, is commend- able, 138. 1 88. In what manner a cafual lofs of ap- plication to books may be fupplied, 151. Many lofe a great deal of time by frivolous reading, 184. 248. Jtorgbffe (Princefs) at the head of the btau monde at Rome, 1 86. Sorougfa, their price raifed from five-and- twenty hun- dred pounds to twice that fum, 381. Two feats for a borough fold for nine thoufand pounds, 384. $os (Abbe de) his Reflections fur la Poefa et la Peinture, commended, 371. Hothmar (Count) had a very bad fpecies of the fmall- pox, 299. Soucket (Madame du) objected to fome particulars re- lative to the funeral of Mr. Stanhope, 386. Lord Chefterfield faw no reafon to retraft, in general, an opinion he had given her, 391. Jtouhours (Pere) his Maniere de bien penfer dans les Ouv rages d'Efprit commended, 89. 106. 185. And his Suite des Penfees iageaieufes, 185. Bradford family, their eftates in pofleffion of the Pul- teneys, 344, 379. Brown (Lady) had the gout in her eye, 325. Bruhl (Count) much in fafhion in England, 351. Mar- ried the dowager countefs of Egremont, 376. Brunfauick (Feidinand Prince of) played a prudent and a faving game, 288. A blue riband intended for him, 312, 313. 316. His critical fituation, 317.319. The blue riband given to the Hereditary Prince was a mark of very remarkable diftin&ion {hewn to the family, 360. Jlrujfels, the chief town of Brabant, 57. Famous for camblets and fine laces, ibid. Enjoys fome fingular privileges, 58. INDEX. 7 Sruyere (M. de la) his Characters recommended, 129. 210. 224. One of his Maxims commended, 278. Bucdeugh (Duke of) to be married to Lady Betty Mon- tague, 373. Bullfinch, its docility recommended to Mr. Stanhope's imitation, 38. Ode on the death of one, 122. Burrijh (Mr.) furnifhed Mr. Stanhope with recom- mendatory letters to Munich, 265. Bujbequius, gives a good account of the manners of the Turks, 266. Bujinefs, thofe who fee only the outfide of it pant after its hidden charms, 109. Eafily reconcileable with pleafure. 149. 157. 275. Bufinefs in one half of the day is the beft preparative for pleafure in the other half, 293. Bu/y Rabutin. See Sevigne. B* * (Lord) played un deffota des cartes* 337. Likely to accommodate matters with Mr. Pitt, 347. The Opposition propofe publicly to attack his lordfhip in parliament, 356. Probably outwitted his antagonist into a peerage, 367. In politics, affefted to be in- vifible, 379. C. Cafar, why more pleafmg than Cato, 178. Cagnoni (Monf.) a very able man of bufinefs, 142. Calais, the laft town the Englim kept poffeffion of in France, 57. Calendar. See New Style. Calprentde, the beft of all the old romances, 246. CambriJge t not a feminary of politenefs, 181. 212. 256. Camillas, an inftance of his greatnefs of foul, 20. Capello (Monf. and Madame) an intimacy in their fa- mily recommended to Mr. Stanhope, 164. 167. Capitals, univerfally the refidence of arts and fciences 156. 166. Captains of Foot, few of them but what are better com- pany, than Defcartes or Newton, 255. Cardinal^ 8 INDEX. Cardinals, their number and authority, 81. A pre- ference expected by them pointed out, 155. Carving, a neceflary accomplishment, 131. Cajfandra, fome account of that romance, 7. It can- not be too much abridged, 246. Cafe (Madame de) handfome, and invincibly modeft, 222, 224. Catiline, his confpiracy an unhappy fubject for tragedy, 242. Cato the Cenfor, regretted only three actions in his life, 9. Cenfors, when firft inftituted, 19. Lord Chefterfieid aflumed a fimilar character in his directions to Mr. Stanhope, 172. Ceremonies, though filly things in themfelves, yet are neceflary to be known, 403. See Forms. Chambermaids, have fometimes caufed fuch revolutions at courts as have produced ftill greater changes, 250. Charlemagne, his crown Hill {hewn in the cathedral at Bruflels, 58. Charles I. (King of England) his character, 70. Charles II. (King of England) his character, 70. In what particular his reign meritorious, 185. Charles V. (Emperor of Germany, and King of Spain), a fhort account of, 52. A faying of his, 183. Charles IX. (King^of France) commiflioned Vifcount. Dort to murder the Hugonots at Bayonne, 196. Charles XII. (King of Sweden) his heroifnv admired, but the Man nowhere beloved, 178. Charlotte, (Queen) her character, 353. Chartres (Colonel) thoroughly fenfible of the difadvan- tages attending the lofs of character, 180. Chatham (Earl of). See Pitt. Chemijis, as they extract fome fpirit out of every fub- ftance, fo a fenfible man elicits fomething which is worth knowing out of every being that he converfes with, 103. Ekejterfield (Earl of) his motives for writing the Letters in this Collection, Advertifement. Objections obviated* PoftJ'cript to Advertifement. Ceafing to dictate as a pa- rent, his Lordihip affumes the character of an indul- gent friend, 80. After ftriftly fcrutinizing his ^fon, 5 candidly INDEX. 9 eandidly tells him the faults he hath difcovered, 81. The pofl of Secretary of State in fome meafure in- flicted on him, 84. Defines Mr. Stanhope to make him the confident of his amufements, 85. 100. The errors attending the younger part of his lordmip's life arofe from an ambition cf being efteemed a man of pleafure, 87. When with Addifon and Pope, thought himfclf in company as much above him as if he had been with ail the Princes in Europe, 96. Renews his entreaties to Mr. Stanhope, to confider him in the character of a Friend, rco. Ufed to call the Irilh his Gountrymea, 104. Happy in refigning his office, 107. Purchased the hall-pillars, flair-cafe, &c; of Canons, 125. Received benefit from the Bath waters, 133. Always rofe early in a morning, 139. Sent Mr. Stan- hope his own diamond buckles, 154. Writes an imagi- nary dialogue between Mr. Stanhope and a diflipated Englimman, 161. His drift attention to purity of language, 174. Differs from Cicero in his definition, of an orator, ibid. His embarraflment on entering the gay world, how fhaken off, 181. Built a new picture-gallery at Blackheath, 194. Brought into parliament a bill for reforming the calendar, 212, 217. Tells Mr. Stanhope what perfections he (hall expect from him when they meet, 214 Convinced of the importance of eloquence, applied himfelf early to it, 215. Commiffions Mr. Stanhope to purchafe for him two pictures by Titian, 219. Sends three pieces of mohair to Paris, 227. His own account of his entrance into the great world, 229. A bon met of his lordmip's, 246. His uncommon 'an- xiety for Mr. Stanhope's acquiring every perfection, 247. A remarkable inftance of his lordmip's irrii- nation to pleafe, when firft he was embaffador in Hol- land, 249. Is fearful left his own former paiiion for play fhculd operate to the prejudice of Mr. Stanhope's character, 250. Acknowledges his o\vn fuccefs in life to be more owing to hs manilres, than to any fu- perior degree of merit or knowledge, 252. Cutoff by deafnefs from the pleafures of fociety, 256. His adroitnefs, in 1744,' at the Hague, 253. Acknow- ledges TO INDEX. ledges his juvenile weaknefles, 260. Left off buying pictures in the way of virtu, 261. Receives a pre- lent from the Ele&refs Palatine, in return for fome fans which he had lent her, 262. Digelted a fet of Maxims for the ufe of Mr. Stanhope, 263. Defcribes the weatinefs occafioned by the company of a worthy relation, who was fenfible and learned, but deficient in k' owledge of the world, in manners, and in ad- drefs, 264. His icmarks on Oriental hiftory, parti- cularly that of the Jews. 266. Had an extiaordh:ary barbet brought him from France, ibid. Reading be- comes his only refuge, 270. What his praftice at Cambridge, on meeting with mining pieces of elo- quence, 272. His great objeft was, to be at all events a fpeakcr in parliament, 273. Defcribes his rft entrance into the Houfe of Commons, ibid. Re- tirement, which was his choice when in health and fpirits, at length became irdifpen fable, 274. His conduft when Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, ibid, Wifhes only to be the counfellor and minifter of Mr. Stanhope's riling ambition, 274. Sprke in parlia- ment before he was of age, and experienced on that occaiion the indulgence of the Houfe, 276. What the motive of his playing whilft at Bath, 279. Fore- faw the fecret aim of the treaty in 1746 between the two empreffes, 280. Received benefit from the Bath waters, 288. Laments the Situation of his country, 289. His way of life at Bath, ibid. The melancholy ftate of his health, 297. Sends Mr. Stanhope fome quadrille-tables, 300. Is not anxious to prolong life, but wilhes to mitigate its evils, 308. When, and why, he learnt the Spanifli language, 317. Nou- riftied, at Blackheath, by an afs, a cow, and a goat, ibid. Vertumnus and Pomona propitious to him, 318. In what manner he bore difappointments, 320. Enables Mr. Stanhope to extricate himfelf from fonae pecuniary inconveniencies, ibid. Blackheath pro- perly his habitation, 321. Is attacked for the firll time by fome fymptoros of the {tone and gravel, 334. Fixed a feparation between his brother and his wife, 336. Difficulties attending that negotiation, 337. At INDEX. ir At feventy years of age, found nothing either worth defining or fearing, 340. Sends Mr. Stanhope five hundred pounds, for one quarter of a year's allow- ance, 345. Reduced to the miferable fituation of the Sphinx's riddle, 258. Sends Mr. Stanhope two hundred pounds for a Chriftmas -box, 360. Gave his proxy for repealing the American ftamp- aft, 362. Imagined he had fome flcill in medicine, 367. His diforder in 1732 was a febrific humour which fell into his legs, 370. The South of France, in 1741, fnatched him from the grave, 372. His prefcription for the head-ach, 380. Calls himfeif a. very good quack, 383. Relied too much on the promife of a great minifter, ibid. Sends Mr. Stanhope fome of the Duchefs of oomerfet's fnuff, 385. Approves of the manner in which his fon was buried, and wifhes to fee Mrs. Stanhope and her two children, 3 1 6. Takes upon himfeif the whole charge of the children, 387. Fixes them at fchool with Monf. Perny, 388. Gives Mrs. Stanhope, from Bath, a defcription of his own rtate of health, 389, 390. His obfervations on the planting of pines and oaks, 392. His remarks on the Maxims of Cardinal de Retz, 396 Maxims by his lordfhip, 397. His humorous petition to King George the Second, 402. Recommends Mrs. Cleland to Ma- dame de Tencin, 405. Had no (kill in fortune- telling, 406. Exchanges coquetry for friendlhip, 407. Acknowledges the favour of Mr. Jerning- ham's elegant verfes, 409. The Grub-ftreet writers fathered their productions on his lordfhip, 412. Acknowledges the civilities of Sir Thomas Robinfon, ibid* 413. Chevalier des Ordres du Rot, origin of that title, 238. Chevreufe (Madame and Mademoifelle de) governed by the Druidi for the time being, 399. Cbigi (Cardinal) what a remarkable particularity in him, 158. Cbilde (Sir Jofiah) his little book on Trade commend- * 7- Lbina, i* INDEX. China, its Emperors, abfolute as they are, govern with juftice and equity, 189. Chronology, its nature and ufe, 26. 30. Chudleigh (Mifs) vifited Mr. Stanhope at Drefden, 35^ 357- Her abfence from the Duke of King- iton a dangerous experiment, but it fucceeded . well, 358. Well verfed in the arts of courts, 365. Cicero, no man fucceeded better as an orator, 10. His epiftles are the moll perfect model of good writing, ibid. Particularly thofe to Atticus, 91. His philosophical works highly admired, 277. Civility. See Good-breeding. GlaJJjcal works, a gentleman fhould underftand thofe of every language, 241. Claudian, his encomiums on virtue, 54. Clairaut (Monf. ) Gives Lord Cheflerfield a friendljr account of Mr. Stanhope, 262. Cleanlinefs, an indifpenfable duty, 154. Clelami (Mrs.) recommended by Lord Chefterfield to Madame de Tencin, 405. Clerici (Madame) her houie at Milan the refort of people of falhion, 183. dive (Captain). See Ajia. Code Frederique, its good effects, 270. Coderc (Monf.) inflru&ed Mr. Stanhope in modern hiftory, geography, and chronology, 72. Colas (an ignorant, infignifkant Frenchman) epigram on his death, 36. Cold Bath, prejudicial in arthritic or rheumatic cafes, 362. Collana, what it originally was, and what it now is, 185.. Go/man (Mr.) Remarks on his comedy (the Jealous Wife) 324; Commerce, remarks on that of France, 204. Commij[Jions, a man mould avoid the charging himfelf with fuch as are trifling, 232. Common-place Qbfervations, the ordinary topics of- witlings and coxcombs, 1 1 8. Company, INDEX. 13 Company. Two forts of good company ; and every man has it in his power, by deferving it, to get into the belt, 96. Rules for converfation ia jmixed companies, 97. General ejections for conduit ia company, 134, 135. Nothing forms a young man fo much as refpeclable and fuperior company, 24.2. Coffjfe de Gabalis (two little volumes fo called) con- tains the extravagancies of the Jewifh Rabbins, ufed to this day by the Cabalifts and Roficrucians, 132. Congreve (Mr.) points out a fort of critics to whom authors are accidentally obliged, 249. Connexions, what fort of them molt eligible, 199. Confular government, its inftitution a remarkable epo- cha in the Roman hiitory, 18. Confus, the god of couniel, 16, Contempt, nothing more impatiently borne, or lefs forgiven, 81. Wrongs may be forgiven, but con- tempt nevei is, 123. It fhould therefore molt care^ fully be concealed, 129. Conti (Prince of) governed by his filter, 399. Convent. See Air du Couvent. Con-verfation, how conducted by a well-bred man, 79. Conway (General) his character, 354. Defired by the King to keep the teals till a fucceflbr could be appointed, 378. 382. Corinth, its commerce confiderable, 41. Corneille, the reftorer of true tafle in France, 205. Corjtcans, a (hort account of, 281?. Cojel (Countefs) Commiffions Mr. Stanhope to fell fome diamonds for her, 348. Coiterel (Sir Clement) why fent, to Holland, to in- vert the Prince of Orange with knighthood, 314. Countenance, Ihould always be kept unmoved and un- embarrafled, 151. People unu'fed to the world have babbling countenances, 245. See Douceur. CW/tf/zd^Duchefsof) extremely well-bred, 103, 104^ Courtier, without parts and knowledge, the moft fri- volous of human beings, 118. Not more adroit ia difliraulation than many a country farmer, ibid. His employment 54 INDEX. employment is as much a trade as a fhoemaker's, 250. Covrttt the beft fchools for teaching the manners of the world, 116. Remarks on them, 158, 159. The beft key to characters, 225. Merit without favour does little there, 250. Their manieres per- fonal, local, and temporal, 256. The theatre of war to a negotiator, 263. Conuper (Lord Chancellor) in what his flrength as an orator confided, 173. Cranmer (Mr.) A very fen fible merchant, 141. Craven (Lord) the profefled and valorous knight-er- rant to the Queen of Bohemia, 340. Mr. Harte had free accefs to his lordfliip's papers, ibid. Crebillon the Touneer-, his literary chararofeffior.s of it from ftrangers ftiould be received with civility, but not repaid with confi- dence, 77, 177. Real friendfhip, a flow grower, 96. Fruit, though very wholefome, mould be eaten with caution, 157. Furies (the three) their names and office, 43. G. Gallantry, at Paris, is a neceflary part of a woman of fafhion's eftablifhment, 195 ; and of a man of fa- fhion's, 208. A turn to it of great fervice to a fo- reign minifter, 216. In what manner conducted by a man of fafhion, 224. Gallej-JIaves (in France) confift chiefly of Turks and criminals, 63. Galilean church, its difpute with the crown a very im- portant queltion, 230. Gaming, in what manner a ftranger is led to it at Pa- ris, 190. Genealogy, a favourite fcience in Germany, 93. Gentleman, of what nature his decent expences at Pa- ris, 201. Has but two precedes, when injured or affronted, 258. Genjfraine (Madame) had a great deal of wit, 220. Geography, a proper amufement for (hort evenings, 9. Nece/Tarily the companion of hiftory, 25. George II. King of England) detefted gaming, 250. Nobody more expert in all parts of good- breeding, that being the particular of every man's character VOL. IV. R of 22 INDEX. of which he firft informed himfelf, 251. Had a good opinion of Mr. Stanhope, 283. 288. Prefented the Prince of Wales with a fervice of plate, 290. His death expected, from a whimfical reafon, 312. George 111. (King of England) his Majefty's illnefs in 1765 no trifling one, 352. Shewed a public dif- like to his old fervants, 353. His goodnefs to Lord Chatham, 375. German, a very ufeful language to a negotiator, 192. Germany, fome account of its nine electors, 65. Great events frequent in that empire, 121. Remarks on their courts, 246. A map, and fome fhort book of travels through it, necefiary companions on the German roads, ibid. Its courts much more nice and fcrupulous, in points of ceremony, refpect, and attention, than the greater courts of France and England, 252. Nothing but making the em- pire hereditary in the houfe of Auftria can give it a proper ftrength and efficacy, 253. The German ladies have always a great (hare in ftate affairs, 399. Germans, feldom troubled with any extraordinary ebul- litions of wit, 252. Ghent, the capital of Auftrian Flanders, 57. Clynne (Sir John) his unfuccefsful motion for annual parliaments, 294. Good-breeding, a moft neceflary and important know- ledge, 33. Strongly recommended, 55. The principal of thofe lefler talents which are moft ab- folutely neceflary to making a man beloved and fought-after in private life ; a genteel eafy manner being of great confequence towards pleafmg, 59. Directions for attaining it, 71. Its effects, 79. All the talent's in the world ufelefs without it, 103. Defined, 168, 169, 170. With the greateft part of the world, pafles for good-nature, 258. Is the beft fecurity againft the ill-manners of others, 397. Goed-tompany, that expreflion defined, 129, 133. Good- INDEX. 13 Clod-manners, to thofe one does not love, is no more a breach of truth, than '* Your humble fervant" at the bottom of a letter, 245. The fettled me- dium of focial, &sff>ecie is of commercial life, 269. Gout, the diftemper of a gentleman, 358. GoTJver (Earl) made prefident of the council, 382. Graces, cannot be too much attended to, i u. There is no doing without them in the beau monde, 131. Mr. Locke lays great ftrefs on their attainment, 136. Mr. Stanhope's deficiency in them gently re- primanded, 147. A devotion to the Graces Itrongly recommended, 149. 159, 160. 163. 186. Grafton (Duke of) his character, 354. His reafon for refigning in 1766 the office of fecretary of ftate, 363. Uncertain whether he was to continue at the head of the treafury, 382. Engaged to bring Mr. Stan- hope into parliament, if poflible, on a vacancy, 383. GrtupviUt (Earl) had the ableft head in England, 331. Grave (Vifcount de) his tragedy, called " Varon," the general topic of converfation at Paris, 237. Remarks on it, 238. Greek, the importance of acquiring that language, 37. Greenland, a vulgar notion, that words freeze there as they are uttered, 105. Grevenkop (Monf.) Mr. Stanhope correfponded with him in the German language, 129. Lord Chef- terfield's amanuenfis, 271. Guarini, character of his Paftor Fido, 18;. Guafco (Abbe) his character, 194. 208. 210. 214. A diamond ring fent him by Lord Cheiterfield, 2 1 7. Guerchy (Monf. de) particulars of his difference with M. d'Eon, 352. A bill found againft him at Hickes's Hall, but fiopt by a noli profequi from the King, ibid. Gueriniere (M. de la) an attention to him recom- mended, 190. Gunarcbj t whence that term derived, 315. R 2 Hair t 24 INDEX. H. Hair, much more ornamental than the heft-made wig, 126. Halifax (Earl of) when appointed Secretary of State, preferred the Southern department, 337. Hamburgh, fome particulars of that city, 284. Party fpirit ran high among the minifters there, 292. The great entrepot of bufmefs, 294. Hamilton (Duchefs of) married Colonel Campbell (fince Duke of Argyll) in preference to the Duke of B r, 315. Hampden (Mr. John) Lord Clarendon's character of him, 175. Hanover, fome account of, 65. Its hiflory recom- mended to Mr. Stanhope's attention, 252. The inaelion of the army there cenfured, 294. Harcourt (Marflial de) His MS. letters (in the pof- feffion of Lord Chefterfield) clear up an important period in the hiflory of Europe, 248. Ilard-iMicke (Earl of) his friendfhip to Mr. Stanhope, 291. 296. Haro (Don Lewis de) by constant and cool perfeve- rance, in a treaty with Cardinal Mazarin, ob- tained feveral important advantages, 195. Harrington (Earl of) when he went to refign the feals, expected he mould have been prefled to keep them, 288. Har/e (Mr.) meets with an accident, 149. 153. His attention to Mr. Stanhope acknowledged, 186. Takes pofleffion of his prebendal houfe, 214. Re- marks on his Hiflory of Guftavus Adolphus, 3^, 319. The fuccefs being unequal to his hopes, his health affected by it, 326. 328. Propofed pub- lidiing an improved edition of his Hiftory, 329. Dejected and difpirited, 339. Intended to print a great poetical work, 341. Publifhed a good treatife INDEX. 25 treatife on Agriculture, 346. A better poet than philofopher, 350. Severely attacked by the palfy, 3"- 371- 377- 3 82 - 3 8 <- Hajie, very different from Hurry y 158. Head-acb, remedy for it, 310. Hecht (Monf.) the Ruffian reiident at Hambiwgh, 292. His reveries chimerical, ibid. HeSor, fome account of, 7. Heinjius (Penilonar}) governed by the Duke of Marl- borough, 136. Henault (Monf.) his Hijtoire Chronthgiyue de la France ftrongly recommended, 199. Henriade (an epic poem by M. Voltaire) its charac- ter, 259. Henry IV. (King of France) generally beloved, 178. Had all the accomplifhments and virtues of a Hero and a King, 199. Hertford (Earl of) Mr. Stanhope directed to wait on him at Paris, 338. Her.uffian Prince) reflections on his deatfi, 347- K. Keith (Mr.) employed at the court of St. Peterfburgh, 291. Sets off thither in confequence of Lord Chef- terfield's faggeftions, 292. King of (he Romans, queftions relative to his election, 208. Farther reflections on that fubjeft, 253. Kings, a well bred man converfes as much at his eafe with them as with his equals, 1 19. 227. In what their education differs from that of other men, and in what manner their favour is to be gained, 397. Kingfton (Duke of) a remark on Mifs Chudleigh's quitting his Grace, for the waters of Carlfbadt, 357. Knights of the darter, in what manner they are eledt- ed, 403. Kniphaufen (Monf.) his character, 297. 299. Dif- liked a negotiation of M. Miinchaufen, 308. Knowledge, a comfortable and neceflary retreat in ad- vanced age, loi. None but the ignorant defpife it, 1 02. What parts of it moft requifite, 120. Muft be adorned by manners, 123. The pofTef- fiom of it increafes defire, 129. Knowledge of the world, to be acquired only in the world, not in a clofet, 80. What it truly is, 95. Neceflary for every body, 177. The moft ufeful of all ftudies, 243, 248. Kreuriingen (Monf.) his refervednefs, 265. L. Laeftet. L. Ladies. See Women. Lambert (Marchionefs de) her Avis (Tun Mire a ua Fil, a good book, 225. Lambert (Bit John) Lord Chefterfield wifhed to be of fervice to him in his profeflion of a banker, 237. 242. Language. The neceflity of attending to the purity of it, 31. Modern languages fhould be known correftly, accurately, and delicately, 241. Each. has its peculiarities, 278. Lafcarit (Count) a warm friend to Mr. Stanhope, 147, 148, 149. 155. Latin, in what that written by a gentleman-fcholar differs from a pedant's, and why, 132. Laughing, nothing fo illiberal as loud laughter, 112. !34- Laurelt why efteemed the moft honourable of trees, 8. Lazinefs, youth hath no pretenfions to indulge in it, though it is allowable to the emeriti, 184. Legge (Mr.) appointed Chancellor, of the Exchequer, 272. Leipfeg, fome account of, 92, A place of fludy, rather than of pleafure, 139, Letters, thofe to and from foreign minifters, as far as they go, are the beft and moft authentic records, 248. Letter-writing, a talent of the greateft importance, io What the beft models of it, 91. What the perfec- tion of letters of bufmefs, 233. Lewis XIV. (King of France) the many ftill-fubflfr. ing expenfive buildings are monuments of his mu- nificence, humanity, and good government, 60. The age he lived in very much re fern bled the Au- guftan, 185. His vanity, no^ his knowledge, made him an encourager of the arts and fciences, R 5 244.- 30 INDEX. 244. Gratified his perfonal pride, by giving a Bouibon King to Spain at the expence of the true interefts of France, 248. Whether really married to Madame Maintenon, 261. Never fate down in perfon before any town unlefs there was a certainty that it would be taken, 336. Libertine deftrojed, in what manner a pleafurable youth affeded by that comedy, 191. Liddell (Mr.) why chofen by Lord Chefterfield for his fecretary in Ireland, 274. Ligcnier (Sir John) appointed general and commander in chief, 289. Cruelly ufed by Lord Chatham, 367. Refufed to refign, ibid. Lijle, the chief town in French Flanders, 57. Liver, what almoft always fpecifics for obftru&ions in it, 318. Local cujiomsy fliould be carefully attended to, 169. Longueville (Madame de) governed her brother the Prince de Conti, but was herfelf governed by Mar- fillac, 399. Looks, frequently difcover what words endeavour to conceal, 77. Loudon (Lord) much blamed for his retreat, 284. Love, how reprefented by the poets, 43. Vows of eternal paflion may fometimes accidentally laft three months, 166. Love not unaptly compared to the fmall-pox, 249. Loiundes (the famous Secretary of the Treafury) a prudential maxim of his, 184. Luines (De) what made his fortune with Lewis the> Thirteenth, 250. Lurfay (Madame de) friendly and hofpitable, 212. Lying t nothing more criminal, mean, and ridiculous, exemplified in the confequence of various fons of lyes, 94. The only art of mean capacities, and infeparably attended with infamy, 18... Lyons, has an exte five manufactory of gold, filver,, and filk ftuffs, 61. X,***, his fingular character, 162, 170. M. fr N D E M. Mally (Abbe) his Droit de VEurope recommended, 124. 127. Macartney (Sir George) to be married to Lady Jane Stuart, 382. Macclesfield (Earl of) one of the ableft mathemati- cians and aftronomers in Europe, and had the greateft (hare in forming the bill for the reforma- tion of the calendar, 215. 317. Macbiavel, if he had been living in 1764, might have matched Casfar Borgia with a fuitable heroine, 347* Mahony (Count) his houfe at Naples the refort of the bed company, 189. Maintencn (Madame) fome remarks on that lady, on her letters, and on her fuppofed marriage with Lewis the Fourteenth, 261. Maittaire (Mr.) gives Lord Chefterfield a favourable account of his fon's progrefs in learning, 28, 29. His abilities handfomely commended, 40. Mallet (Mr.) his death, 352. Maltha, fome account of the knights of that order, 126. Man of the world, his fuperiority over a fyftem- monger, 198. Manietes. See Forms. Manners, the ornament of virtue and knowledge, 120. 148. A certain dignity in them abfolutely neceffary, 158. Mansfield (Lord). See Murray. Marcel, a particular attention to his leftures enjoined, 208. 220. Which are of more confequence, at a particular period of life, than all the bureaus in Europe, 214. Of more ufe than Ariftotle, 215. Marivaux, knew the human heart, perhaps, too well, 195. R 6 Marlborwgh Marllorcugb (Duke of) his character, 136. The in- flu-nee of his manners and addrefs upon the firfl King of P/uffia, 244. Slatterned himfelf into an immenfe debt, 274. No man ever faid a rude thing to him, 397. Marriage, a common topic for falfe wit, iiR. Plea- fantry on two intended ones, 300. A reparation the only lading peace between a man and his wife, 336. The rage of matrimony very prevalent, in- ftanced in fome in the polite world, 345. Mar- riage not underflood in this country, inftanced in three divorces, 360 ; and in Lord , who part- ed with his wife, to keep another whore, 361. A matrimonial phrenzy rages, 372. Marriage contrails, differ in France from thofe in England, 235. Marfeilles, fome account of, 63. Marfillac. See Longueville. Martial, a famous epigram of his explained, 212, Martial air, eafily acquired, 223. Martin (Mr.) Latin tutor to Mr. Stanhope, 31. Maty II. (Queen of England) fome account of, 70. Maty ff Mtdicis, overturned in a river, and half drowned, 238. The Marfhal d'Ancre executed, for having governed her by the arts of witchcraft and magic, 245. Ma/cow (Profeffor) Mr. Stanhope attended his lec- tures on the jus publicum iinperii, &c. 92. 103. One of the ableft men in Europe for political knowledge, 1 1 1. Matignon (Marquis) Mr. Stanhope recommended to him, 202. 206. Maty (Dr.) of fingular fervice to Mr. Stanhope, who had been unfuccefsfully treated by fome other gen- tlemen of the Faculty, 342. 3 50. The only phyfician who did not miftake Mr. Stanhope's cafe, 383. Matxell, (a favourite bullfinch) Ode on his death, 122. INDEX. 33 Maupertuis (Monf.de) his character, 142. 259. A juft obfervation of his, 278. Mauvaife Honte, its ill effects, 79. 1 1 2. 150. Maxims, by LordCheilerfield, 397. By Cardinal de Retz, 398 Lord Chefterfield's remarks on the Cardinal's, 399. Maxarin (Cardinal) what his predominant paffion, 177. His character, 399. See Haro. Memoires de Sully, that work recommended, 199. Memoires pour fervir a I'Hiftoire du. \ 7 erne Siecle recom- mended, 128. Men, have done more mifchief in the world than Wo- men, 78. A trifling fpecies, called fine men, abounds in courts, 132. Have poflibly as much vanity as Women, though of another kind, 170. Do not always aft like rational creatures, 173. General conclusions refpecting mankind not to be drawn from particular principles, 177. A Man's moral character more delicate than even a Woman's reputation of chaftity, 207. Mendez (Mr.) a friend to Mr. Stanhope, 163. Merit, when it is remarkable, makes its way in fpite of all difficulties, 120. Unaccompanied with ex- ternal and fhowim accomplimments, never makes a figure in the world, 229. Method, its importance through life, 274. Particu- larly in accompts, 284. Meyffinier (a wine merchant) his character, 269. Middleton (Dr.) his character as a phyfician, 311. Military Men, when of a certain rank, are ufually very poHte, 255. Milton^ the Devil the hero of his Paradife Loft, 144. Mind, its health depends much on that of the body, 3i9- Minijiers, very fhming ones, like the fun, are apt to fcorch when they mine che brighteft, 275. Minijtry, a moft thorough change in it, in July 1765, 354. The new one an heterogeneous jumble of youth 34 INDEX. youth and caducity, 355, 356. The outlines of another, 382. Minorities, fix have happened in England fince the Conqueft, 216. Mijlrefs, a King's, or a Prime Minister's, may often give very ufeful information to a foreign rainifter, 132. Mitchell (Mr.) continued mimfter at Berlin, at the earned entreaty of the King of Pruffia, 297. 299. Mob, every numerous afiembly fuch, however refpec- table the individuals, 215. Modern Hijtory, directions for the ftudy of it, 113. 1 20. MoJefty, the beft bait for praife, 192. MoiJ'y (Dr.) Lord Chefterfield benefited much by his advice, 342. A phyfician of eminence at Bath, 370. 410. "Monarchy ', the firft form of government eftablifhed at Rcme, 14. Monconfeil (Madame) Mr. Stanhope directed to con- full her, 204, 205, 206. She gives a favourable ac- count of him, 238. Mr. Stanhope directed to call on her, 338. Lord Chefterfield accufed of ex- hauiling on that lady his talent of faying agreeable things, 401. Money, the caufe of moft of the quarrels that happen between fathers and fons, 201. Monfey (Dr ) his powders of fervice to Lord Chefter- field, 367. Our noble author's regard for him, 410, 411. Montbazon (Madame de). See Beaufort. Montefquieu (Prefident) his account of the education proper for a monarchical government, 196. Moral Charatfer, Ihould not only be pure, but even, out of the reach of fufpicion, 180. Mordaunt (General) the public expelled great difco- veries from his trial, 288, 289. A previous exa- mination, into his conduct, by three general offi- cers, 290. Motteville (Madame de) her Memoirs recommended, 399 Mountjluart INDEX, 35 Mountftuart (Lord) going to be married to one of the Mifs Windfors, 363. Muncbaufen (Monf. Madame, and Mifs) 249. 251. Monf. Munchaufen blamed for the Hanover con- vention, 287. Went to Stade on a bold and dan- gerous experiment, 288. The event of it fortu- nate, 296. A little pique lie took againft Mr. Stanhope adjufted by Lord Cheflerfield, 300. En- gaged in a negotiation with Prince Ferdinand, 308. , Munich, the firft court at which Mr. Stanhope was prefented, 93. Munjler (treaty of) what the views of the feveral par- ties concerned in it, 127. Munter (Madame) a favourite of Mr. Stanhope's, 265: Murray (Mr. now Lord Mansfield) why confidered as an excellent fpeaker, 211. On account of his eloquence, had more practice than any other gentle- man of the long robe, 272. His Lordmip's elo- quence in the Houfe of Peers, 383. Mu/es (the Nine) their names, and poetical hifto- ry. 3- Myftery, the only fecrecy of weak and cunning men, 397- N. Nails, directions for cutting them, 203. Names (proper) no fettled rules for thofe of the an- cients, 16. Naples, an ample theatre of virtu, 189. Natural AJfrHion* in reality there is no fuch thing, 102. Natural Curiojtties, fhould not be the main object of a traveller's inquiries, 160. Navigatijn, a flight knowledge of it fuiEcient for thofe who are not of the profeflkm, 124. Navigation A8 t fome account of, 204. Negotiator, what neceffhry to form a fkilful and fuc- cefsful one, 257. 36 INDEX, N eft or, fome account of, 7. Necwca/lle (Duke of ) his weak fide pointed tot, 250. Mr. Stanhope direct d to offr his iervices in the feveral departments )f his Grace's office, 251. The illnefs of the D 1 chefs an indrance to Mr. Stanhope, 255. Whence the Duke's confufion in bufinefs arofe, 274. 284. Appointed firft Lord of the Treafury, 276. Jnterefted himfelf in fecuring Mr. Stanhope's election, ibid. Diftinguilhed that gentleman's official letters with approbation, 288-. Supported by the Whigs, 289. New Style, when and how introduced into this king- dom, 212. Particular account of the Julian and Gregorian calendars, 215. New-year's-day, a time when the kindeft and warmeft wifties are exchanged without the leafl meaning, 262. The moft lying day in the whole year, 314. Night, Virgil's defcription of, with remarks, 53. Nifme, remarks on its antiquities, 371. Nii'ernois (Duke of) EmbafTador at Rome from the court of France, his character, 181, 182. Nclet (Abbe) a philofophical tutor to Mr. Stanhope, 212. Northampton, an election for that town coft the con- tending parties at leaft thirty thoufand pounds on each fide, 384. Ntfthington (Earl of) talked of quitting the office of Lord Prefident, 377. Was requefted to continue in ofiice, 378. Novel, is properly an abbreviated romance, 52, Numa Pomfilius, ibme account of, 15. INDEX. O. Oaths, when unneceflarily taken, are always fufpi* cious, 77. Oeeonomy, its advantages, 397. Old Hock, where the beft to be met with, 267. 299. Oliver Cromivetl, his chara&er, 70. Onflow (Mr. George) Mr. Stanhope, in May 1741, exhorted to endeavour to excel him in Jearning, each of them being then nine years old, 56. 72. Operas, Lord Chefterfield's opinion of them, 237. Orange (William I. Prince of, called the Taciturne) his character, 396. Orator, what properly he is, 10. The nature and ufe of oratory, 34. By ftudy and application any man may become a tolerable orator, 61. What the beft books to form and finifti an orator, 171. Orders (Military and Religious) their hiftory well worth confulting, 126. Remarks on their founda- tions, 131. 238. Orleans (Duke of) his character, 399. Orlaff (Count) his influence over the Czarina eafy to be accounted for, 376. Orthography, one lingle error in it may fix a ridicule on a perfon for life, 204. Ojjat (Cardinal de) an able negotiator, 216. His Letters the true letters of bufinefs, 233. 248. OJlracifm, what it was, 39. 47. Of cit antes Librarii, that expreffion explained, 73. Ovid, his beautiful defcription of Envy, 43 ; of A- pollo and his Palace, 44 ; of Famine, 45 ; of the Morning, 46; of Noon, 4.7 ; of Rumour, 49. From a natural genius to poetry, often fpoke verfes with- out intending it, 61. P. Painling % 38 INDEX. P. Painting, a liberal art, 166. Palatine (La). See Nieuville. Pampigny (Monf.) commends Mr. Stanhope, 86. Paolo (Fra.) his treatife De Eeneficiis recommended, 165. 268. For this, and feme other treatifes againft the court of Rome, he was ftillettoed, 230. Paractlfus, afferted that he had difcovered the philo- fopher's ftone, 132. Paris, his difpofal of the golden apple, 5. Paris, a fhort character of that city and its inhabi- tants, 60. Cautions to Mr. Stanhope againft his arrival at that gay metropolis, 190. 202, 203. Fafhion more tyrannical there than in any other part of the world, 191. Parliament, eafier to fpeak there than is commonly ima- gined, 174. The chief place for an Englishman to make a figure in, 211. 283. Plain unadorned fenfe and reafon not fufficient for a fpeaker there, 215. Thofe of France defcribed, 234. Inftruc- tions to Mr. Stanhope for making a figure in par- liament, 257. A perform muta there of the fame importance as a candle-fnuffer in any other theatre, 272. Receipt to make a fpeaker in parliament, ibid, Succefs in that article re-roves all other objections, ibid. Parliament, in this country, the only road to figure and fortune, 273. In that great aflembly, a few only require common fenfe, the others flowing and harmonious periods, ibid. Why lawyers have a fupenqrity in parliament, 274. The Houfe ufually indulgent to the firft efforts of a member, 276. A fingular inftance of unanimity in the Houfe of Commons on an important occafion, 297. A ftiil greater, 313. On crouded days, the Houfe may be compared to la grotto, del cane, 309. Im- poffible for any human being to fpeak well for three hours and a half, 331. Partition INDEX 39 Partition Treaties, remarks on the two celebrated ones formed after the peace of Ryfwick, 248. Pajl-al, his Lettres (fun Provincial commended, 176. 256- Pajfians, every man ha* a prevailing one, by which he may be worked upon, and in which ic is dan- gerous to truft him, 80 ; but which it is neceflary to ftudy, 97. Patience, a moft neceffary qualification for bufinefs, 377- Patin -.Guy) recommends to a patient, a horfe for a doctor, and an afs for an apothecarv. 369. Patricians, their importance at Rome, 18. Abufcd their power, 19. Peace, the profpeci of it in 1757 not favourable to this country, 289. Very different the following year, 298. Remarks on the preliminaries, 598. Pedantry, how to be avoided, no. Pegafus, his poetical hiitory, 3. Peibam (Mr.) his death and character, 2-5. (Mr.) French tutor to Mr. Stanhope, 31. Pembroke (Earl of) much commended in account* from Hanover, 256. Perron (Comte de) 147, 148. Perron (Monf. du) his character, 249. Ptrtingue (Cardinal) commends Mr. Stanhope, 140 ; and renders him fome fervices, Petrarch, his poetical character, 18;. Pkyficaillis, great checks to Love and Ambition, 357* Pitijcus, his pedantry ceni'ured, 132. Pitt (Mr.) his charader, 211. His adminMration had many enemies, 288. Supported^ by the To- ries and the Londoners, 289. Gained ground in the clofet, without lofing popularity, 297. Jogged on wich the Duke of Newcastle, 298. His power in the Houfe of Commons, 313. The janfticn of Spain with France did great credit to his political fagacity, 327. His vait confequence, 32$. 330. Had three long conferences with the King, 336. Would 40 INDEX. Would not come into ofHce without Lord Tem- ple's confent, 354. A cripple all the year, and in violent pains ai leaft half of it, 358. His goat very real, not political, jcg. Acc^p'.U the tide of Earl of Chathim, and had the entire nomina- tion of a new Minaflry, in which he chofe the office of Lord Privy Seal, 365. The triumph of his ene- mies at his new dignity, ilid. Vindicated himfelf from the charges of a pamphlet publifhed by Lord Temple, 366. Confined at Bath with the gout, 372. Too ill to hear of any bufinefs, 374. 376. His goat thrown upon his nerves, 378. Conjectures onhij futurepoliticalplan3,38i. Promifed to fe cure Mr. Stanhope a feat in the new parliament, 381. Retired to Hayes, 382. His eloquence, 383. Pitt (Mrs.) Mr. Stanhope blamed for omitting to pay the homage due to her beauty, 263. Places, how far they may be fuppofed to bias people of probity and property, 277. Plea/ing, a very necefikry art, and how to be attain- ed, 97. What the moil effecluai of the various in- gradient* that compofe it, 266. Pleafurei, thofe proper for a gentleman pointed out, 85. The rock on which moft young men fplit, 87. A ra- tional plan for attaining pleafure, ibid. Attention . ueceffary in pleafures as well as in ftudies, 98. At proper times, both neeeffary and ufeful, 109. Ra- tional pleafu-res pointed out, 142. Thofe which are liberal, how diflinguiftied from their oppofites, 148. 192. Sweetened by bufinefs, 157. What the period of life for enjoying them, 216. Poetry, in what it differs from profe, 32. The me- chanical part of it may eafily be acquired, but a genius for it muft be the gift of Nature, 61. The only accomplishment which it is not in the power of every man of common underftanding to attain, 8 1. A frozen brain unfit for it, 143. Ptets, the modern ones have adopted all the hiftories of the ancients, 2. INDEX. 41 TtJand (King of) what the probable confeqaences of his death, 269. Polignac (Madame) not handfome, 217. A piece of mohair pre fenced to her, 230. Politenefs. S ~ e Cc id Breeding. Politician, what properly hi 5 rudiments, 104. Pcfe (Mr..) an instance of Lord Chefterfield's high opinlm of him, 96. Many people proud of boat- ing an intimacy with him :"t, who never were twice in company with either, 219. Pcpe of Rome, remarks on hh prr, ..ended infallibility, 67. Hath always great influence in the affairs of E-irope, 121. Porfem.a (King of Hetruria) fome account of, 17. Portland (Duke and DucheA of; pleafed with Mr. Stanhope's atter.tion to Lord iitchfield, 310. Portraits, lift of fome which Lord Chefterfield wilhed to purchafe, 262. Portugal (King of) why better off than any other of the belligerant powers, 328. Poulet, whence that word applied to a billet-doux, 209. Prators, their origin, 19. Praife, when not deferved, is the fevereft fa tire, 22. Prejudices, how imbibed, and by what methods to be gotten the better of, 144. Pretender, directions for Mr. Stanhope's conduct, in cafe of meeting him or his adherents in Italy, 160. Princes, their penetration feldom goes deeper than the furface, 170. Prcmum, often create obfcurity or ambiguity, 233. Proud Man, his infolent civility more (hocking than his rudenefs, 178. Provincial Towns, the very befl'of them have fome awkwardneffes, 156. Prujfia. See Berlin. Frederick. Public Minijler, his profeffion of all other requires the niceft and moft diilinguiflied good-breeding, 170. 2 Public 42 INDEX. Public Worjbip, no place which is fet apart for it can be an object of laughter or ridicule, 109. Put/tear (Madame de) friendly to Mr. Stanhope, 221, 222. Pulteney (General) his death, and immenfe riches, 379- Pulteney (Lord) recommended to the notice of Mr. Stanhope, 124.. 140. Quarks, difgraced and vilified the name of Emblems, 34'- R. Rah, an ungentlemanJy character, 201. Ranelagb Gardens, admirably calculated for ferious re- flections upon the vanities of the world, 313. Rational Man, what the proper fubjects for his felf-ex- amination every night, 288. Reading, hqw to be profitably purfued, 184. See Sookt. Reafon, he who addrefles himfelf to it, without firft engaging the heart, is little likely to fucceed, 129. Though it ought to direct mankind, feldom does, 273- Refe&ion, what the proper age to ufe it, 144. Reformation, a very important aera in hiftory, 117. Regency Bill, Lord Cheiterfield's opinion of, 352. Rembrandt, his paintings are caricaturas, 222. Republick, the necefTary inftitution of it is extinguifti- ed in the United Provinces, 396. Reputation, the advantages of a good one, 140. Resentment, when impotent and unavailing, is beneath the dignity of a Man, 277. Relx INDEX. 43 RefK (Cardinal de) his Memoirs recommended, 113. 117. 129. Remarks on fome feledl paflages in them, 130. His fagacious reflection on Cardinal Chigi, 158. An excellent maxim of his applied to the repeal of the Jew bill, 268. His Political Maxims, 398. His character, 399. Review ef an Army, what the proper quellions for a. fpectator to alk at it, 143. Rhetoric^, its ufes, 31. Rheumatifm, remarks on that diforder, 156. Is the diftemper of a hackney coachman or chairman, 258. Rhone, a great difference in the manners of the peo- ple on the oppofite fides of that river, 203. Richelieu (Cardinal) what that great Minifter's foible, 97. 175. A fignal initance of his refined policy, 2 39- 253. Richelieu (Marfhal) raifed by the graces of his perfon and addrefs to the higheft dignities in France, 199. 226. 247. Made great progrefs at Hanover, in metallic learning, 322. 'Richmond (Duke of) aflced for the office of Secretary of State, and obtained it, 363. Ridicule, when once accidentally fattened on any perfon, is with difficulty got rid of, 171. 172. Robertfon, (Dr.) his character as an hiftorian, 319. Robinfon (Sir Thomas, afterwards Lord Grantham) accepted the office of Secretary of State with reluc- tance, 277. Robinfon (Sir Thomas, of Chelfea) his letters always gave Lord Chefterfield pleafure and information, 412, 413. R.oebefoutt Germain (Madame) fpeaks advantageoufly of Mr. Stanhope, 86. Saint Germain (Marquis de) EmbafTador at Paris from the court of Turin, 214. Saint Real (Abbe) author of" Don Carlos," a pretty Novel, founded in truth, 52. Sallier (Abbe) Mr. Stanhope directed to apply to him for a tutor in geometry and aftronomy, 212. Sandiuicb (Countefs of) commended, 230. Sandwich (Earl of) providentially raifed up, to vin- dicate true religion and morality, 340. Remark- ably civil and kind to Mr. Stanhope, 342. Is ap- pointed Poft-uiafter, 382. Sardinia (King of) a very able prince, 14.2. Sa-vary, his Diftionnaire de Commerce the beft book of its kind, 207. Savty (Houfeof) hath produced many great men, 149. Saxony , queries on the (late of that electorate, 112. Its court a very gaudy one, 116. Scbaunat, his Hiftory of the Palatinate originally writ- ten in German, 268. Scbullemberg (Count) Mr. Stanhope accompanied him to the GOAT, 256. Came to England with King George the Second, 261. Scbwetierius, his Theatrum PretenJioKiisi an ufefol'book to be occalionally confulted, 248. Scbwiegeldt (Monf.) an old friend of Lord Chefter- field, 249. 251. Sdpio, his moderation, continence, and generality, 35- 47- Sculpture, a liberal art, 106. Secrecy, the only myftery of able men, 397. Secret Expedition (in 1757) conjeftures on its deftina- tion. 285. Its consequences, 286. Probable caules of its difappointment, 288. Secret Expedition (in 1758) one of great force pre- VOL. IV. S paring, 46 INDEX. paring, 298. Its objedt, 300; and confequences, 301. 308. Secrets, are more eafily to be kept than is commonly imagined, 130. Secretary of State, what qualifications are abfolutely necefTary for that important office, 84. 105. In what manner it hath too frequently been filled, 120. Self-con-ver/ation, recommended by Lord Shaftefbury to all authors, 367 ; by Lord Chelterfield to all men, itU. Self-love* always makes a man think himfelf of mere importance than he really is, 288. Servants in Livtry, remarks on, 108. Sevignl: (Madame) her Letters, and thofe of Count Bufly Rabutin, recommended for an itinerant library, 91. Shaftfjlury (Earl of) a pretty remark of his on virtue and cleanlinefs, 167. A fingular anecdote of him, 265. Recommends felf-converfation to all men, 337- Shepherd (James) hanged for an intention to (hoot King George the Firft, 130. His remarkable in- trepidity, ibid. Simonettt (Madame de) a lady of the firft fafhion at Milan, 183. Simulation, in what it differs from diffimulation, in the judgement of Bacon and Bolingbroke, 151. 180. Singularity, pardonable only in old Age and Retire- ment, 278. Sinzendorf (Count) his character, 263. SixtusV. (Pope) a great, but able, knave, 121. Slingelandt (Penfionary) was Lord Chefterfield's Friend, his Mailer, and his Guide, 396. Small-talk, what it is, and where mod ufed, 228. Of great ufe in mixed companies, 256. Scltikow (Monf.) the Ruffian refident at Hamburgh, 291. Sor&taiu, I N D EX. 47 Sorbcnne, the outlines of that famous Eftablifliment, 236. Souterkin of Wit, 143. Spain, probability of that kingdom's declaring war againft Great Britain, 325. Grofsly infuhed this country, 346. 348. Speaker. See Parliament. Spetlacle dc la Nature, a fuperficial, but pretty book, 138. Spetfator, Lord Chefterfi eld's opinion of that work, 76. Speech, graceful fpeech an indifpenfable accomplifh- ment, 124. Stamp-duty, Lord Chefterfield thought it not an ob- ject worth hazarding the difaffection of America about, 360. In his Lordfhip's opinion, a mod pernicious meafure, 361. The fubjedl of warm and acrimonious debates in both houies, 362. Stanhope (Mr. John) an account of his death, 138. Stanhope (Mr. Philip) travelled into Holland when only five years old, i. Improved in his tranflations from the Latin, 4. His attention, 16. Mr. Mr.it- taire commends his diligence, 21. 28, 20; ;;;ul Lord Chefterfield his modeity, 33. Begins hia tenth year with a different courfe of life and ftudies, 56. His unfavourable opinion of the La- dies reprimanded, 78. His future deftination pointed out to him, 81. His improvements in good-breeding commended, 86. Advice to him on drefs, 88 ; on making remarks where he tra- vels, 90; on letter-writing, 91 ; on cleanlinefs of perfon, 92 ; on fearching into the characters of his acquaintance, 95; on the choice of friends, 96. The character given of him by Mr. Harte afforded his noble father great fatisfaftion, 103. A particular attention to foreign negotiations recommended to him, 107. The only man whofe deftination from the beginning was calculated for the department of foreign affairs, 120. His enunciation bad, 122. S 2 197. 48 INDEX. 197. Matter of the German language, 129, His hand-writing cenfured, 130. 197. 209. 215. The nature of his future expences pointed out to him, 142. His reception at Berlin, 145. Cautioned againft too great an intimacy with the illiberal part of his countrymen, 150. Difordered, 153. H'u character, by a Venetian lady, 172. Directed to prepare himfclf for a feat in parliament, 173. The plea/ing profpe&s which awaited him, 179. His accomplishments and defects contralted, 197. His character from a friend a: Paris, 210 ; from Monf. D'Aillon, 220; from Monf. Toilet, ibid.; from another friend at Paris, 221. Reckoned by Marcel one of his belt fcholars, 224. Directed, to bring his mother fome fmall prefent, 231 ; and Lady Chefterfield a fnuff-box, ibid. His character, by Lord Albemarle, ibid. Confined by a fever, 239. His character, by Monf. Boccage, 244 ; by Mr. Pelham, 404. Lord Chefterfield's anxiety for his reception at Hanover, 250. Rules of conduct as a Courtier pointed out to him, 251. Directions to him, in cafe his expectations at Hanover are difap- pointed, 2^2. Has an afthmatic complaint, 253. Recommended to the notice of M. Voltaire, 254. Is weil received at Hanover, 256. Parliamentary and foreign affairs, the two great objects of his education, 257. His character by Count Sinzen- dorf and Monf Clairaut, 262. Naturally inclined to be fat, and, being a veiy hearty feeder, was con- fequently plethoric, ibid. His great fuperiority, at the age of nineteen, over the generality of his countrymen, 264. Had naturally a very plea- fmg countenance, 266. A paflage in the Old Ba- chelor humouroufly applied to him, 267. Is dif- tinguilhed at^Manheim, 269. Sends Lord Chef- terfield a wild boar, 270. His improvement in letter-writing commended, 272. His feat in the Houfe of Commons fecured, 272. Will be elected for Lifkeard without opposition, 274. A Pyrrho- niiin INDEX. 49 nifm in matters of ftate enjoined him, 276. His firit appearance in the Houfe of Commons, 279. His official letters approved of by Lord HoldernefTe, and by the King, 283 ; by the Duke of Newcaflle and Lord Chefterfield, 288 ; by Lord Hardwicke, 291. 296. The Landgrave of Hefle very civil to him, 287. Directions for his conduct on an interefting politi- cal event, ibid. Hints fuggefted to him, for a conference with Monf. Soltikow, the Ruffian refi- dent at Hamburgh, 291, 292. The Berlin Com- miffion for him the object of Lord Chefterfield's views, 296. Advifed to write a concife Hiftory of the great events he had been witnefs to at Ham- burgh, 298. Praifed by the Princefs of HeiTe, and in confequence complimented by King George the- Second and Princefs Amelia, 299. Employed to forward fome books to the Princefs Amelia of Pruf- f;a, 301. Makes Lord Chefterfield a prefenf of fome curious wine, 306. Mr. Stanhope's civili- ties to Lord Tichfield acknowledged by the Duke and Duchefs of Portland, 310. Receives benefit from the prefcriptions of Dr. Middlcton, 311. Hopes to have the honour of inveftirig Prince Fer- dinand with a blue riband, 312, 313. A diffi-' culty ftarted on that fubject, 314. JH love with a Lady of Hamburgh, ibid. 315. Lady Chefterfield difcouraged from troubling him with a commiffion for herfelf, by his neglecting to execute fome given by Madame Munchaufen and Mifs Chetvvynd, 316. Boerhaave's advice to Lord Chefterfie:d applied to Mr. Stanhope, 318. Difappointed in his expecta- tions of a viiit to this country, 320. Some little dif- ficulties attending his re-eleftion in parliament got over, 324; that election coft him two thoufand pounds, 349. Is appointed Envoy Extraordinary to Ratifbon, 332, 333, 334. Difficulties attending the' ceremonial there, 335. Received much benefit from the advice of Dr. Maty, 342. 350. ' His dif- order, which had been miftaken for the '.\o.\t, proved to be the rheumatifm, 343. Negotiation. for vacating his feat in parliament, 349. Dire&ed 83 to- 50 INDEX. to confult the Drefden phyficians, 350. Enter- tained Mifs Chudleigh at Drefden, 357. The baths of Suabia recommended to him, 359. Di- rected to write often to his mother, 363. Preparing to go to the South of France, 368, 369. A feat in parliament promifed him by Lord Chatham, 371. A Borough-jobber fpoken to for one by Lord Chef- terfield, ibid. Mr. Stanhope's complicated com- plaints, 383. Is difappointed of the feat in-parlia- ment, ibid. His diforder a dropfy, 385. Character of his two fons, Charles and Philip, 390, 39 1 . 393. 305. Stanhope (Mrs. Eugenia) a proof of Lord Cheiter- field's efteem for her, 389, 390. His Lordftiip's good opinion confirmed, 391. Stanhope (Sir William) difappointed in not receivnig fome Old Hock from Hamburgh, 299. Goes to pafs a winter at Nice, 380. Stanley (Mr. Hans) going EmbafTr.dor to Ruffia, 365. States General, the names of the Seven Provinces which form that government, i. Their connexion and tranfaftions with this country render a know- ledge of their conftitution indifpenfable to a fena- tor, 276. Some account of that government, 396. Statefmen, like Beauties, are feldom fenfible of their own decay, 274. Stevens (Mr.) a friend of Mr. Stanhope, 163. Died of a confumption, 323. Slormont (Lord) an encomium on, 207. Strafford (Earl of) governed for a confiderable time the court of Berlin, 216. Stratagem, the ridicule of a paffage in that comedy commended, 263. Stratbmore (Earl of) kinfman to Lord Chefterfield, 372 ; about marrying Mifs Bowes, the richeft heirefs in Europe, ibid. Style, the importance of an attention to it, 171. 267. Sugar t is one of the moft valuable branches of com- merce, 285. Sully (Duke of) nothing contributed more to his rife than a prudent ceconomy in his youth, 397. Suspicion, Who the proper obj eels of it, 177. INDEX. .51 S-wift (Dean) his defcription of the Flappers in La- puta, 99. 162. An humourous obfervation of his, 216. A Poem of his, [iince inserted in his Works,] which Lord Chefterfield had in the original M.S. 254. See Pope. Switzerland, Queftions relative to its internal policy, 79. 82. Sjlphium, the great value fet upon it by the Romans, 306. Syjlems, perfection the objeft always propofed in them, 240. T. Tacitus, an obfervation of his commended, 228. Tarquin, feme account of, 17. Tarquin the Proud, becoming from his tyranny de- teftable, was expelled with all his family, 17. Taffo, character of his poetry, 185. Tafte, its metaphorical fignification, 44. Taxis (Madame de) an infolent fine lady, 249. Teeth, directions for preferving them, 92. 150. 203. No hard fubftance mould be ufed in cleaning them, 2 73- Temper, a command of it abfolutely neceffary, 151. 258. Temperance recommended, 115. Temple (Earl) Mr. Pitt would not come into office without his confent, 354. Publifhed the particu- lars of that great Miniller's quarrel with him, 366. Temple (Sir William) his Letters recommended, 248. his remark on Petitionary De Witt, 250. Remarks on a negotiation which he valued himfelf highly upon, 396. Tencin (Madame de) Lord Chefterfield's efleem for her, 405. Teutonic Order, fome account of, 126. Theatre, that of Paris exceeds all others, 201 . Yet both that and the Englifh want feveral regulations, 237. Time, its importance, 39. -The frnallelt portion of it may be ufefully filled up, 98. Many people lofe two or three hours every day, by not taking care of the minutes, 99. Few know the true ufe and va- lue 5P INDEX. Ineoftime, 101. How it mould be employed, 179. 242. Very few are ceconomifts of it, 184. Timidity, pernicious to a young man, 195. Toulon, fome account of, 62. Tc-ixnjhend (Lord) why he never pleafed as an orator, though he always ipoke materially, with argument and knowledge, 173. The fuppofed author of a good pamphlet, 356. Townjhend (Mr. Charles) reflection on his verfatility, 331. A bon mot on it, 356. Firmly engaged to Mr. Pitt, 337. To mew that he was in the Oppo- fition, let off a fpeech on the Princefs Carolina Matil- da's portion, 340. Had the fole management of the Houfe of Commons, 365. Soon on ill terms with Lord Chatham, 369 ; who could not well do with- out his abilities in the Houfe of Commons, 372. Trade, Axioms in it, 401. Tradefman, what necefiary qualifications for him, 192. Tranjlators , Foreign Minifters mould never be under the neceffity of employing, paying, or trufting them, for any European language, 252. Travelling, its proper object, which is ufually neg- lecled by the Englifh, 79. 98. 150. 235. 256. What the real utility of it, 265. Treaties, Hiftories of the moft confiderable, recom- mended, i 20. 248. Treves (Chapter of) an affertion of that body, re- fpefting Rhenifh wine, 303. Tribunes, their origin at Rome, 19. Trifars, on what their attention engaged, 125. Troy, fome account of the iiege of that city, 5, 6, 7. Truth, the firft duty of religion and morality, 69. Tufana, the name of a Neapolitan woman, who in- vented a remarkable poifon, 288. Tullus Ho/lilius, fome account of, 15. Turin, an accomplished Capital, 136. Lord Chef- terfield's expectations from Mr. Stanhope's Hay there, 146. Turkijb Hiftory, the religious part excepted, not fa- bulous, though poffibly not true, 266. Tufcan Order, why the propereft in the foundation of an edifice, 170. V. INDEX. 53 V. Valiere (Madame de) her chara&er refpedlable, 224. Vanbrugh (Sir John) reflections on his Style of Build- ing, 371. Vanity, unqueftionably the ruling paflion of Women, 218. Is the moft univerfal principle of human ac- tion, 260. Venice, the minifters of that ftate are necefiarily able negotiators, 145. Remarks on that city, 145, 146. Produced many great painters, 153. Few travellers know any thing of" that intricate and fin- gular form of government, 153. What a frivolous policy in it, 160. Vergy (Monf. du) made oath before the Grand Jury of Middlefex, that he was hired by Monf. du Guer- chy to aflaffinate Monf. D'Eon, 362. Is profecuted by the Attorney General, ibid. Versatility, its eifefts on a courtier, 251. Vices, thofe of adoption, of all others, the moft dif- graceful and unpardonable, 150. The Englifli generally purfue the loweft, ilia. Vice is as de- grading as it is criminal, 157. Vienna, the Men there make curtefies, inftead of bows, to the Emperor, 93. Vieuville (Monf. la) his influence on La Palatine, 399. Ville (Abbe de la) his character, 258. Viner (Mr.) the only member of the Houfe of Com- mons who oppofed Mr. Pitt, 277. 315. Virgil, his Description of Night, 53. Virtu, the Pope's tafte in it cenfured, 188. Virtue, to be perfectly virtuous, more than mere juf- tice is neceffary, 21. Virtue, fooner or later, is fure to be rewarded, 51. Reflections on Virtue, 54. Whoever knows it, rauft love it, 102. Every virtue hath its kindred vice, and every excellence its kindred weaknefs, no. The Icniores Virtutes more captivating than the greater, 278. Vivacity, how far pleafing, 141. Vniierftanding, the fubjedt on which v/omen of real beauty mould be flattered, 97. United Provinces. See States General, 54 INDEX. Voiture, made feveral ftanzas, full of falfe wit, on an accident which happened to a lady, 271. fcltaire (Monf.) his Rome Sau-vee cenfured by the feverer critics, 242 ; commended by Lord Chef- terfield, 254. Sends Lord Chefterfield his Hijtoire du Siecle de Louis XIV. from Berlin, 244. Re- marks on that book, ibid. 254. Mr. Stanhope introduced to him, 253. Lord Chercerfield adviies him to write a Hiftory of the King of Pruffia, 254. Character of M. Voltaire's writings, 259. His Hif- tories of Les Crcifades, and L'Efprit Hutnain, com- mended ; and a performance called Micromegas (afcribed to him) cenfured, 262. His edition of Les Annales de V Empire wifhed for by Lord Chcfler- field, 277. The Contes de Guillaujne Vade not worthy of him, 348. Utrecht (Treaty of) an intereiling period in the po- litics of this century, 248. Vulgarity of Language, how acquired, 163. W. Wales (Frederick Prince of) probable confequences of his death, 216. - (George Prince of) his character, 216. Waller (Mr. Edmund) a pretty Poem of his cited and commended, 32. His admirable reply to King Charles II. when accufed of having made finer verfes in praife of Oliver Cromwell than he had bellowed on that Monarch, 409. Waller (Mr. ) could feldom fpeak without laugh- ing, 112. Walpole (Sir Robert) what his foible, 97. His great regularity made Bufmefs eafy to him, 274. Never had a civil thing faid to him, though much flattered, 397. Warming-pan Story, the well-known one related by Bifhop Burnet, proved fatal to Jacobitifm, 144. WaJ/enaer (Count) an inftance of Lord Chefterfield's attention to pleafe that nobleman, 249. Not able M INDEX. 55 to draw this kingdom into the fecret treaty of 1 746, 280. Weaknefs, that of every man mould be humoured, 8 1 ; and attentively itudied, 97. People in gene- ral will eafier bear being told of their vices than their follies, 172. Weight of Metal, a modern fea-phrafe unknown to Ad- miral Blake, 285. Well-bred Man described, 79. What his charafter- iftic, 119. Seldom thinks (and never feems to think) himfelf flighted, 263. Wejlminjier School, not the feat of Politenefs, 182. Wey mouth (Lord) nominated Secretary of State, 382. Tacitly confents to a requeft of Mr. Stanhope, 383. Wigs, for what purpofe full-bottomed ones were con- trived, 225. Wilkes (Mr.) univerfally given up, 339. That in- trepid aflertor of our rights and liberties out of danger, 340. In imitation of the great men of antiquity, by going into voluntary exile, defeated his creditors and profecutors, 345. Loft his elec- tion for London, but carried it hollow for Middle- fex, 384. William III. (King of England) fome account of, 70. Williams (Sir Charles Hanbury) his politenefs to Mr. Stanhope, 119; and his friendfhip, 162. His Ode on the Death of a Bullfinch, 122. His confequence at Drefden, 269. Melancholy proofs of his phrenzy, 295, 296, 297. Wilmington (Lord) his cafe remembered, when her prefent Majefty's jointure was fettling, 325. Wit, may create Admirers, but makes few Friends, 252. Wits, the converfation of thofe at Paris generally inftru&ive, 219. Wolfe (Colonel) his gallant offer at Aix, 289. Women, their whole fex mould not be condemned for the faults of individuals, 78. The greateft attention due to them, 81. Their converfation contributes to the poliming of a gentleman, 85. On the fubjecl of beauty, fcarce any flattery too grofs for them to (wallow, 97. 151. Improve the 2 manners, 56 INDEX. manners, if not the underftanding, of Men, 103. Have great influence in fixing a man's fafhionable character, 122. General directions for conduct re- fpecting the Ladies, 129. To be talked to as beings below Men, and above Boys, 131. Eftablifh or de- ftroy every man's reputation of good-breeding, 1 70. Much more like each other than Men are, 177. Veteran Women of Condition the proptreft perfons to introduce a young man into the beaumonde, 181. 1 86. Are not to be captivated by beauty, but by at- tention, 183. A man had much better talk too much to them than too little, ibid. The danger of forming difgraceful connexions among them, 201. Have great influence yi Courts, 216. Entitled by pre- fcription to great outward refpedt and attention, 227. In what particulars they referable the fpear of Telephus, 315. Have always had a great mare in the politics of France, 399. World. See Knowledge of the World. Writing, it is in every man's power to write what hand he pleafes, 140. 197. 209. Y. York (Edward Duke of) embarks on a Secret Expedi- tion, 303. Yorke (Colonel) Mr. Stanhope advifed to cultivate his friend/hip and protection, 201. 231. Is a man of bufmefs, 220. Y (Sir William) by what method he attained very high employments in the ftate, 273. Youth, hath commonly an unguarded franknefs, 96. Young people feldom know either how to love or to hate, 258. Look upon themfelv.r, to be wife enough, as drunken men think thernfelves fober enough, 263. Are always forgiven in carrying a fafhion to an excefs, but never in flopping fhort of if "f\ - Iw, *.LK. FINIS. A 000 407 472 o