ATUARY .. [ALL : v/. . ; , OF REPRESENTATIVES IFTiON, AND OF SOUTH CAROLINA '* ATUE OF DN. JOHN C. CALHOUN MARCH 12. 1910 JJotpt G ERECTED IN STATUARY HALL OF THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON PROCEEDINGS IN STATUARY HALL AND IN THE SENATE AND THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ON THE OCCASION OF THE UNVEILING. RECEPTION, AND ACCEPTANCE OF THE STATUE FROM THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA COMPILED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE ON PRINTING WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1910 CONCURRENT RESOLUTION. Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring}, That there be printed and bound the proceedings in Congress, together with the proceedings at the unveiling in Statuary Hall, upon the acceptance of the statue of John C. Calhoun, presented by the State of South Caro- lina, sixteen thousand five hundred copies, of which five thousand shall be for the use of the Senate and ten thousand for the use of the House of Representatives, and the remaining one thousand five hundred copies shall be for the use and distribution of the Senators and Representatives in Congress from the State of South Carolina. The Joint Committee on Printing is hereby authorized to have the copy prepared for the Public Printer, who shall procure suitable copper-process plates to be bound with these proceedings. Passed March 24, 1910. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Ceremonies in Statuary Hall 7 Prayer by Rev. James H. Tavlor 7 Address by Governor M. F. Ansel 8 Address by Hon. W. L. Mauldin 1 1 History of movement for erection of statue 19 Proceedings in the Senate 23 Prayer by Rev. Ulysses G. B. Pierce 23 Governor's letter of presentation of statue 24 Address of Mr. Lodge, of Massachusetts . . . . : 27 Address of Mr. Smith, of South Carolina 47 Proceedings in the House 57 Address of Mr. Johnson, of South Carolina 59 Address of Mr. McCall, of Massachusetts 65 Address of Mr. Lever, of South Carolina 75 Address of Mr. Ellerbe, of South Carolina 85 Address of Mr. Lamb, of Virginia 89 Address of Mr. Aiken, of South Carolina 99 Address of Mr. Finley, of South Carolina 121 206752* of of Joljn (L OIall|ott CEREMONIES IN STATUARY HALL MARCH 12, 1910. The exercises took place at n o'clock a. m., and were presided over by Governor M. F. Ansel, of South Carolina. Prayer by Rev. James H. Taylor, Pastor of the Central Presbyterian Church, Washington, D. C. O God, Our Father in Heaven, who hast so greatly blessed our country and hast preserved our land and institutions through so many years, we thank Thee for Thy mercies and offer our gratitude for Thy providence. We thank Thee for the men who have borne so large a part in the history of our nation, these choice spirits and heroic souls who have put into the nation's life and thought ideals of truth and honor and virtue which have borne fruit a hundredfold to succeeding generations. We thank Thee for their loyalty to truth, their allegiance to conviction, their devotion to honor, their sacrifice for the public good, and their fidelity to public service and private duty. As we review the lives of these great men, may there come to us the inspiration of their example, urging us to give to the demands of our country the very best of service and honor and love. May the standards for which they strove be ours also, and may we never count ourselves to have attained. May the fire which glowed in their hearts burn in ours also, and may we never let this fire go out. Help us, O God, to serve our nation gladly, to love our land sincerely, and to honor Thee supremely. 8 Statue of Hon. John C. Calhoun As we contemplate the life of this rare man, endowed with most unusual gifts of mind and spirit, who towered above his fellows, may we be inspired to higher ideals and nobler service. We thank Thee for the heritage of his life, for the inspiration of his service to the state and to the people. May the image of this man cut in stone, standing in full view of the nation, be to all who gaze upon it an invitation to a life in the service of honor and duty. May the invincible spirit of this heroic soul kindle in us a like power and heroism, and may he, being dead, yet speak to us of things lovely and of good report. So may we, when life is finished, leave behind us, as he has done, the memory of faithful service and an unsullied name. All our thanks we offer Thee through Christ the Lord. Amen. Address of Governor M. F. Ansel LADIES AND GENTLEMEN : The Congress of the United States in the year 1864 passed an act which has been embodied in the Revised Statutes of the United States as section 1814, which reads as follows : The President is authorized to invite all the States to provide and furnish statues, in marble or bronze, not exceeding two in number for each State, of deceased .persons who have been citizens thereof and illustrious for their historic renown or for distinguished civic or military services, such as each State may deem to be worthy of this national commemora- tion; and when so furnished the same shall be placed in the old Hall of the House of Representatives, in the Capitol of the United States, which is set apart, or so much thereof as may be necessary, as a national Statuary Hall for the purpose herein indicated. In obedience to this invitation on the part of the President of the United States, the legislature of the State of South Carolina made an appropriation for the purpose of having erected a statue of one of her greatest citizens and statesmen, Ceremonies in Statuary Hall JOHN C. CALHOUN, and a commission was appointed to carry out the purpose of the appropriation. A commission, consist- ing of Hon. W. L. Mauldin, Hon. J. A. Banks, Mrs. R. Moultrie Bratton, state regent of the Daughters of the American Revo- lution, and Miss Maggie A. Gist, keeper of the records of King's Mountain Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolu- tion, was appointed to carry out the provisions of the act of the legislature, and we are here to-day for the purpose of unveiling the statue and of presenting it to the people of the United States of America. JOHN C. CALHOUN was one of the greatest men this country has produced. He was born in the county of Abbeville, in the State of South Carolina, on the i8th of March, 1782, and died on the 3ist day of March, 1850. He was of Scotch-Irish descent, and was twice Vice- President of the United States. In 1811 he was elected to Congress and sat m the very hall in which we are now standing, where his voice was first heard in the counsels of the Nation. It is a coincidence thaj: the statue of him now stands facing that of one of his colleagues while a member of the United States Senate, to wit, that of Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts. CALHOUN, Clay, and Webster are three of the great lights who did valiant service for the United States of America. In March, 1817, JOHN C. CALHOUN became a member of President Monroe's Cabinet, having been appointed Secretary of War. He showed great ability in the administra- tion of that department of the Government, which at that time was in the utmost disorder. In 1824 he was first elected Vice-President of the United States and reelected in 1828. He resigned as Vice-President and was elected United States Senator from the State of South Carolina. He declined reelec- tion to the United States Senate in 1843, and in March, 1844, was appointed Secretary of State. In 1845 he was again in io Statue of Hon. John C. Calhoun the Senate from South Carolina and there remained until his death, in 1850. His name and his fame are world- wide and the great work he did for this Nation is known to all readers of history. It is fit and proper that a statue of this great and good man should adorn Statuary Hall, and I am proud to know that the State of South Carolina has honored herself by placing this statue within these walls. It is not my purpose, however, to make an address on this occasion. The Daughters of the American Revolution in South Caro- lina have taken great interest in the erection of this statue, and honor should be given to them for first inaugurating the movement which led to the appropriation being made, and they have worked faithfully until the present day. It is now my great pleasure to present Mrs. R. Moultrie Bratton, state regent of the Daughters of the American Revo- lution of South Carolina, and Miss Maggie A. Gist, keeper of the records ^of King's Mountain Chapter, to whom more than any one else credit should be given for inaugurating the plans for the erection of this statue and who will unveil the same. The statue of JOHN C. CALHOUN was then, amid great ap- plause, unveiled by Mrs. R. Moultrie Bratton and Miss Maggie A. Gist. After the unveiling of the statue, the Governor, in a few remarks, introduced the Hon. W. L. Mauldin, of South Caro- lina, a member of the commission, as the orator of the day. Mr. Mauldin was received with loud applause and delivered the following address : Ceremonies in Statuary Hall n Address of Hon. W. L. Mauldin Mr. CHAIRMAN, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN: The accredited representatives of the State of South Carolina stand here to-day, in this presence, to pay a long-deserved and well-merited tribute to her great Senator and illustrious citizen. The magic touch of the gifted sculptor has transmuted from the cold and silent marble an almost speaking image of his great subject. It is proper to say that the culmination of this statue is due in a large measure to the ardent and insistent work of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Their patriotic work inspired the purposes of their countrymen. JOHN CALDWEIX CALHOUN was born in Abbeville district, South Carolina, March 18, 1782. After receiving the best advantages possible in the country schools of the then sparsely settled neighborhood, he entered Yale College and graduated therefrom with decided merit. After a short service in the general assembly of his own State, he entered the lower House of the Federal Congress in the year 1810; two years later he was found at the head of the impor- tant Committee on Foreign Relations. Serious disagreements were then existing with Great Britain and he eagerly espoused the war feeling of his own country. He introduced a resolu- tion declaring war against the mother country and was success- ful in having it adopted. The satisfactory result of the war that followed added renown to the glory of our land and estab- lished the proper rights of American seamen for all time. In i "8 1 7 he entered upon the discharge of the duties of Secretary of War, and so well did he perform the responsible obligations of that position that General Bertrand, a distinguished French officer who had served under Napoleon, likened him, in his administrative ability, to his great master. In 1825 he became Vice-President, to which position he was again chosen four 12 Statue of Hon. John C. Calhoun years later. Irreconcilable differences arose between himself and President Jefferson, causing him to resign, whereupon he was elected to the United States Senate. It is a coincidence that the offices of President and Vice-President should have been occupied at the same time by two citizens who were born on the soil of South Carolina, who were descended from the same foundation stock, and who both rendered able and dis- tinguished services to their common country. In 1843 he resigned his seat in the Senate and sought the repose of a quiet life, but in 1844 he was called to the position of Secretary of State, where his great ability was again plainly manifested. Again, in 1846, he obeyed the call of his State and was returned to the Senate, where he remained until his death, in Washing- ton, on March 29, 1850. Thus he served his country almost continuously for a period of nearly forty years, in perhaps the most momentous period of her constructive history. The student of history will draw valuable lessons from Mr. CAI,- HOUN'S public and private life. His life was marked by serious, sincere convictions of his public responsibilities. He was in no sense of the word a timeserver. His hold upon the people of his own State was not obtained by personal clamor or by any ordinary political methods. He led public thought by logical appeals to reason and by the purity and honesty of his pub- lic and private life. In all his public acts he was above reproach and no whisper of improper motives or selfish ambition ever touched his name or fame. The intensity of his nature often caused misrepresentation, and by many who thought, or affected to think, that he favored a dissolution, of the Union, but such was not the case. He was an ardent lover of the Union and its institutions, only pleading in his manly and outspoken way for a strict observance and just interpretation of the con- stitutional and binding obligations of our federal compact. His Ceremonies in Statuary Hall 13 whole life was spent in the service of his country. His prophetic soul was alarmed at what he believed was the coming and dire- ful aggressions that would sorely distress the South he loved so well. All great men are subjected to the evil forces of envy, jealousy, and misrepresentation. Oftentimes this is a tribute which is unwittingly paid to the great, the pure, and the just. Washington, Jefferson, Buchanan, Lincoln, and McKinley had a like experience. Mr. CALHOUN was plain in manner, some thought too austere, but to those who came in close contact with him his personality was most charming and engaging. He coveted no title and was known to all his neighbors and friends as "Mr. CALHOUN." The South has been criticised with being over fond of titles, and perhaps this more or less applies and is largely for home use. It can be fairly said that our people in the South have not so far acquired the mania for foreign titles that are often obtained for value received and result in grievous disappointments. Mr. CALHOUN represented the highest aspira- tions of his people, and while there was a strong and respectable minority in his own State that differed with him in a strict in- terpretation of the sovereign rights of the States there were none who doubted his disinterested motives or questioned the recti- tude of his conduct. Mr. CALHOUN 's forbears were of that mili- tant Scotch race who early settled in upper South Carolina and contributed so largely to the cause of the colonial rebellion against the mother country. They were active participators in the struggle for freedom, and while the colony of South Carolina had no special grievance against the mother country she lent a willing ear to the far cry of her New England brethren and cast her lot with those not so well favored. Naturally Mr. CALHOUN inherited the love for freedom and the rights of his people. He seemed to foresee, with almost prophetic vision, the danger to the special institutions of the South. Slavery, which had 14 Statue of Hon. John C. Calhoun proven unprofitable, was gradually being abandoned in the Northern States, and the effort to abolish it throughout the Union was being fiercely urged by an intense abolition element. It seems plain now, after the lapse of many years, that slavery must disappear as an institution. The result of a mighty and frightful war between the two sections settled that question for all time to come. The South does not lament it. She feels that she has been liberated from a responsibility that was vast and heavy. Slavery was established in this country through the greed of the English Kings, supplemented by the shipowners of our own land. Perhaps now the thoughtful people of our own country can read in the record that the negro was brought to this land through the instrumentality of an all-wise Provi- dence. The South has a great problem to solve, and no man can now foresee the issue. Slavery was largely a measure of involuntary servitude, and the relations that existed between the master and slave were greatly of a patriarchal nature, and this condition humanized and fitted the negro for duties which he is to assume in later life. The act of Congress which imme- diately after the manumission of the negro declared him com- petent to perform the duties of an American citizen was a con- scious or unconscious tribute to the beneficial influences of the institution of slavery to this race of people. The South has long ago accepted fully the results of the war, and while she is given a problem to solve, greater than has been given to any people in all modern history, she accepts it without fear and is not dismayed. She realizes that great people are alone given great issues to decide. The negro having been faithful- to his owners during the civil war, will be treated by them in a humane and Christian way, and every opportunity will be given them to improve their human con- dition. It is realized that the two races can not be made Ceremonies in Statuary Hall 15 socially or politically equal in this country, and the highest thought of Southern people will be directed to the effort to preserve the purity and superiority of the white race. Mr. CALHOUN'S character and life work for his country will stand forth with greater sublimity the more closely it is scrutinized. The Scotch race, from which he sprang, has contributed most greatly to the history of this country. Their intelligence, activity, and aggression has made itself evident in every land and in every clime. They are tenacious of their opinions and lovers of personal liberty. Andrew Jackson and JOHN C. CALHOUN were both descended from this race of people. Alike in many characteristics, yet there were vast differences between the two men. Jackson's mind had very little intellectual train- ing, and it was but natural that they should differ as to the limitations at law. Jackson was imperious in his nature, and did not have that apparent regard for lawful restrictions that preeminently characterized Mr. CALHOUN'S nature. They were both great men, and both rendered at nearly the same time in the history of their country most valuable services. It would be fair to say that during the time of Mr. CALHOUN'S political control of his State that there was a large and intelli- gent element that opposed his doctrines. In the early his- tory of his State a large colony of Irish Quakers attracted by the salubrity of the climate and the fertility of the soil, estab- lished themselves near Newberry, S. C. There they grew and prospered greatly, but gradually becoming dissatisfied with the institution of slavery, they finally disposed of their pos- sessions and moved to Ohio. A few families remained. There was born from one of these families, shortly after Mr. CAL- HOUN'S birth, a child who was named John Belton O'Neall, who afterwards became the distinguished chief justice of the State. Judge O'Neall was perhaps the greatest law judge 16 Statue of Hon. John C. Calhoun the State ever had, and was regarded everywhere for his great learning and high character. He was an ardent Union man and differed with Mr. CALHOUN in politics all his life, but yet in that most valuable book, O'Neall's Bench and Bar, which he contributed to the history of his State, he pays the highest testimonial to Mr. CALHOUN, after his death. Judge O'Neall was an ardent lover of his State and cherished her sovereign rights, but in my opinion would have been willing to give up his slaves rather than see the Union dissolved. While owning a large number of slaves he had conscientious scruples as to the rightfulness and righteousness of slavery, and regarded them more in a condition of servitude than of absolute slavery. In an address that Judge O'Neall delivered after Mr. CAL- HOUN 's death, he said he could almost behold the great leader of South Carolina, in all her political warfare, holding the Constitution of the United States high above his head, point to its violated pages, and hear him in indignant honesty speak a people's wrongs with all the brilliancy and clearness of Fox, and the deep and graceful reasoning of Burke. Honesty, morality, genius, love of country, and devoted service for forty years entitle him to the universal love of his countrymen. The deference which men of all classes pay to great abilities and incorruptible integrity is a tribute due to a sense of the immortality of the soul and to the eminent superiority of virtue. Envy, itself, which always accompanies the steps of the good man and detracts from his fame and misconstrues his motives, worn out in the contest, perishes on his grave. The work of this commission is accomplished. In honoring Calhoun's memory the State feels that she has honored herself, and that she has also honored this Union of coequal States. On another occasion abler voices will speak of Mr. Calhoun's wonderful work and of, his patriotic services to our common country. Across this hall stands also the effigy of the mighty Webster, of Massachusetts. In life they faced each other in Ceremonies in Statuary Hall 17 many intellectual combats with equal respect and regard for each other. Their lives and services are carved in the history of their country, and are alike imperishable. Their names and fame belong to history, and is a valuable heritage of an imperishable union of imperishable States. After the address delivered by Mr. Mauldin, the Governor arose and thanked the very large and intelligent audience, which was composed of many United States Senators, Members of the House of Representatives, the Secretary of War, repre- sentatives of the National Daughters of the American Revo- lution, and many other distinguished persons, for honoring the State by their presence on this occasion. He stated that it was his pleasure to announce that two of the grandsons of JOHN C. CALHOUN, to wit, Mr. John C. Calhoun, of New York, and Mr. Patrick Calhoun, of California, were present, as well as six of the great grandchildren and many other relatives of this great man. They were all invited to attend the exercises of acceptance of the statue by the Senate of the United States and by the House of Representatives. This ended the exercises on the part of the State. 43796 10 2 HISTORY OF MOVEMENT FOR ERECTION OF THE STATUE j< At the January meeting, 1906, of the Kings Mountain Chapter Daughters of the American Revolution, Yorkville, S. C., Miss Margaret A. Gist, historian of the chapter, proposed that this chapter should inaugurate a movement in the State to secure the placing of the statute of JOHN C. CALHOUN in the Statuary Hall of the Capitol at Washington. The chapter unanimously and enthusiastically agreed to undertake the work. Plans were formulated and the work was begun immediately. The Daugh- ters gave freely of their means, time, and ability. The success of the work, and the splendid executive ability of the regent, Mrs. W. B. Moore, was a large factor in its accomplishment. Hon. J. Steele Brice, State senator from York County, and Hon. J. H. Saye gave the Daughters their cordial cooperation and warm words of encouragement. Gov. D. C. Heyward urged the legislature, in his last message, to make the appropriation asked for, and Governor-elect Ansel also strongly recommended it in his inaugural address. The bill was introduced in the 'house of 1907 by Hon. J. H. Saye, representative from York County. It was passed without a dissenting vote. Senator Brice introduced it in the senate, and it was there passed unani- mously. Great credit should be given to these gentlemen for the successful passage of the bill through the general assembly. In appointing the JOHN C. CALHOUN Statue Commission, Governor Ansel recognized the work of the Daughters of the 19 20 Statue of Hon. John C. Calhoun American Revolution by appointing two of them Miss Margaret A. Gist, historian of Kings Mountain Chapter, and Mrs. R. Moultrie Bratton, State regent of the Daughters of the American Revolution of South Carolina, members of the commission. This is the first time a woman was ever placed on a commission by the State of South Carolina. It is but just to state that the Daughters could not have successfully carried through the work without the cooperation of the United Daughters of the Confederacy organization and that of the womens clubs of South Carolina. An* pianr? of of ffl. PROCEEDINGS IN THE SENATE JANUARY 12, 1910. Mr. TILLMAN. I submit a concurrent resolution, and ask that it be read and lie on the table subject to call. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The concurrent resolution will be read. The Secretary read the concurrent resolution (S. C. Res. 20), as follows : Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring}, That the statue of JOHN C. CALHOUN, presented by the State of South Carolina, to be placed in Statuary Hall, is accepted in the name of the United States, and that the thanks of Congress be tendered to the State for the contribu- tion of the statue of one of its most eminent citizens, illustrious for the purity of his life and his distinguished services to the State and Nation Second. That a copy of these resolutions, suitably engrossed and duly authenticated, be transmitted to the governor of the State of South Carolina. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The concurrent resolution will lie on the table, subject to call, at the request of the Senator from South Carolina. MARCH 12, 1910. The Chaplain, Rev. Ulysses G. B. Pierce, D. D., offered the following prayer: Glory, honor, and praise we render unto Thee, Our Father, for all Thy wondrous works toward the children of men. We thank Thee that Thou hast so loved us that Thou hast provided that Thy spirit of wisdom shall in all ages enter into faithful souls, making them Thy friends and leaders of the people. Grant, Our Father, that the memory of such may be ever in the 23 24 Statue of Hon. John C. Calhoun imagination, the thoughts, and the hearts of this people, Chat we may incline our minds unto Thee and keep Thy command- ments forever. And unto Thee, from whom cometh all glory, we render all praise; now and forever more. Amen. Mr. SMITH, of South Carolina. Mr. President, I beg leave to submit to the Senate the communication which I send to the desk. The VICE-PRESIDENT. The Senator from South Carolina presents to the Senate a communication, which the Secretary will read. The Secretary read the communication as follows: STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA, EXECUTIVE CHAMBER, Columbia, March 12, 1910. To the Honorable the Senate and House of . Representatives of the United States, Washington, D. C.: It gives me great pleasure, as governor of the State of South Carolina, to present to the Congress of the United States a marble statue of JOHN C. CALHOUN, a native of South Carolina, and one whose name is honored wherever known. JOHN C. CALHOUN was one of the greatest men that this country has produced, and a statesman of renown who has left his impress upon this Nation, and whose name is indelibly inscribed upon the pages of history, both national and state. The State of South Carolina begs now to present through me, as her governor, to the Congress of the United States, as the representative of the people of the United States, this beautiful statue of a great and good man. Respectfully, M.'F. ANSEL, Governor of South Carolina. The VICE-PRESIDENT. The communication will lie on the table. Mr. SMITH of South Carolina. Mr. President, I call up, in the absence of my colleague [Mr. Tillman], who is -detained Proceedings in the Senate 25 from the Senate on account of illness, Senate concurrent reso- lution No. 20, submitted by him on the i2th of January, and I ask for its adoption. The concurrent resolution was read, considered by unani- mous consent, and agreed to, as follows: Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring), That the statue of JOHN C. CALHOUN, presented by the State of South Carolina to be placed in Statuary Hall, is accepted in the name of the United States, and that the thanks of Congress be tendered to the State for the contribu- tion of the statue of one of its most eminent citizens, illustrious for the purity of his life and his distinguished services to the State and Nation. Second. That a copy of these resolutions, suitably engrossed and duly authenticated, be transmitted to the governor of the State of South Carolina. Address of Mr. Lodge, of Massachusetts j* Mr. PRESIDENT: When the senior Senator from South Caro- lina [Mr. Tillman], whose illness we all deplore, did me the honor to ask me to take part in the ceremonies connected with the reception of the statue of Mr. CALHOUN I was very much gratified by his request. In the years which preceded the civil war South Carolina and Massachusetts represented more strongly, more extremely, perhaps, than any other States the opposing principles which were then in conflict. Now, when that period has drifted back into the quiet waters of history it seems par- ticularly appropriate that Massachusetts should share in the recognition which we give to-day to the memory of the great Senator from South Carolina. If I may be pardoned a personal word, it seems also fitting that I should have the privilege of speaking upon this occasion, for my own family were friends and followers in successive generations of Hamilton and Webster and Sumner. I was brought up in the doctrines and beliefs of the great Federalist, the great Whig, and the great Republican. It seems to me, I repeat, not unfitting that one so brought up should have the opportunity to speak here when we commemo- rate the distinguished statesman who, during the last twenty- five years of his life, represented with unrivaled ability those theories of government to which Hamilton, Webster, and Sumner were all opposed. From 1787 to 1865 the real history of the United States is to be found in the struggle between the forces of separatism and those of nationalism. Other issues and other questions during that period rose and fell, absorbed the attention of the country, 27 28 Statue of Hon. John C. Calhoun and passed out of sight, but the conflict between the nationalist spirit and the separatist spirit never ceased. There might be a lull in the battle, public interest might turn, as it frequently did, to other questions, but the deep-rooted, underlying contest was always there, and finally took possession of every passion and every thought, until it culminated at last in the dread arbitrament of arms. The development of the United States as a nation, in contradistinction to a league of states, falls naturally into four divisions. The first is covered by the administrations of Washington and Adams, when the Govern- ment was founded by Washington and organized by Hamilton, and when the broad lines of the policies by which its conduct was to be regulated were laid down. When Washington died, the work of developing the national power passed into the hands of another great Virginian, John Marshall, who, in the cool retirement of the Supreme Court for thirty years, steadily and surely, but almost unnoticed at the moment, converted the Con- stitution from an experiment in government, tottering upon the edge of the precipice which had engulfed the Confederation, into the charter of a nation. While he was engaged upon this work, to which he brought not only the genius of the lawyer and the jurist, but of the statesman as well, another movement went on outside the court room, which stimulated the national life to a degree only realized in after years, when men began to study the history of the time. By the Revolution we had separated ourselves from England and established nominally our political independence. But that political independence was only nominal. The colonial spirit still prevailed. During the two hundred years of colonial life our fortunes had been determined by events in Europe. It was no mere metaphor which Pitt employed when he said he would "conquer America upon the plains of Germany," and the idea Address of Mr. Lodge, of Massachusetts 29 embodied in the words of the Great Commoner clung to us even after the adoption of the Constitution, for habits of thought, im- palpable as air, are very slow to change. The colonial spirit re- sisted Washington's neutrality policy when the French Revolu- tion broke out, and as the years passed was still strong enough to hamper all our movements and force us to drift helplessly upon the stormy seas of the Napoleonic wars. The result was that we were, treated by France on one side and by England on the other in a manner which fills an American's heart with indig- nation and with shame even to read of it a hundred years after- wards. And then in those days of humiliation there arose a group of young men, chiefly from the South and West, who made up their minds that this condition was unbearable; that they would assert the independence of the United States; that they would secure to her due recognition among the nations; and that rather than have the shameful conditions which then ex- isted continue they would fight. They did not care much with whom they fought, but they intended to vindicate the right of the United States to live as a respected and self-respecting in- dependent nation. Animated by this spirit, they plunged the country into war with England. They did not stop to make proper preparations; their legis- lation was often as violent as it was ineffective; the war was not a success on land, and was redeemed only by the victory at New Orleans and by the brilliant fighting of our little navy. On the face of the treaty of Ghent it did not appear that we had gained a single one of the points for which we went to war, and yet the war party had really achieved a complete triumph. Through their determination to fight at any cost we were recog- nized at last as an independent nation, and, what was far more important, we had forever destroyed the colonial idea that the politics and the peace of the United States were to veer hither 30 Statue of Hon. John C. Calhoun and thither at the bidding of every breeze which blew from Europe. Such work could not have been done without a vigor- ous growth of the national spirit and of the national power, and the group of brilliant men who brought on the war were entirely conscious that in carrying out their policy they were stimulating the national the American spirit to which they appealed. Chief among the leaders of that group of young men who were responsible for the origin and conduct of the war of 1812 was JOHN C. CALHOUN. As the war, with its influences and results, sank back into the past, domestic questions took possession of the field, and the conflict between the separatist and national forces which had been temporarily obscured forged again to the front, but under deeply altered conditions. When John Marshall died in 1835, his great work done, the cause which he had so long sustained had already entered upon its third period the period of debate and the task which had fallen from the failing hands of the great Chief Justice was taken up in another field by Daniel Webster, who for twenty years stood forth as the champion of the propo- sition not that the Constitution could make a nation, but that, as a matter of fact, it had made a nation. Against, him was CALHOUN, and between the two was Henry Clay. The twenty years of debate which then ensued are known familiarly as the days of Clay, Webster, and CALHOUN. The names of the Presi- dents who occupied the White House during most of that time have faded, and the era of debate in the history of the parlia- mentary struggle between the national and the separatist prin- ciples is not associated with them but with the great Senators who made it illustrious. As the century passed its zenith all three died, closely associated in death as they had been in life. The compromise which Clay and Webster defended and of which CALHOUN despaired was quickly wrecked in the years Address of Mr. Lodge, of Massachusetts 31 which followed, and then came war and the completion of the work begun by Washington, through the life and death of Abraham Lincoln and the sacrifices and the tragedy of four years of civil war. To have been, as CALHOUN was, for forty years a chief figure in that period of conflict and development first a leader among the able men who asserted the reality of the national inde- pendence and established the place of the United States among the nations of the earth, and afterwards the undisputed chief of those who barred the path of the national movement implies a man of extraordinary powers both of mind and character. He merits not only the high consideration which history accords, but it is also well that we should honor his memory here, and, turn- ing aside from affairs of the moment, should recall him and his work that we may understand what he was and what he meant. He was preeminently a strong man, and strong men, leaders of mankind, who shape public thought and decide public action are very apt to exhibit in a high degree the qualities of the race from which they spring. CALHOUN came of a vigorous race and displayed the attributes, both moral and intellectual, which mark that race, with unusual vividness and force. On both sides he was of Scotch descent. His name is a variant of the distinguished Scotch name Colquhoun. It was a place name, assumed at the beginning of the thirteenth century, when they came into possession of certain lands, by the noble family which was destined to bear it for many generations. Judged by the history of the knights who in long succession held the estates and the title, the Colquhouns or Calhouns, who spread and mul- tiplied until they became a clan, were a very strong, very able, very tenacious stock. They had great need of all these qualities in order to maintain themselves in power, property, and position during the five hundred years which elapsed before the first 32 Statue of Hon. John C. Calhoun Calhoun and the first Caldwell started on the migration which, after a brief pause in the north of Ireland, carried Patrick Cal- houn and some of the Caldwells over the ocean to South Carolina. Both families were typical of their race, for the Colquhouns are spoken of as a Gaelic clan, while the Caldwells were Lowlanders from the Solway. In order to understand these types we must go back for a moment into those dim, almost uncharted, regions of history which disclose to us the tribes of the Germanic forests pouring down upon the wreck of the Roman Empire. When the successive waves of Teutonic invasion broke upon Britain they swept up to the mountains of the North, driving the native Picts and Scots before them, and no part of their conquest was more thoroughly Danish and Saxon than the lowlands of Scot- land. But the Highlander, who represented the survival of the Celts, and the Lowlander, who represented the invaders, were quickly welded together in a common hostility to their great and grasping neighbor of the South. The Celtic blood mingled with that of the descendants of the Teutonic tribes. They quarreled, they fought side by side, they intermarried ; they modified each other and gradually adopted each other's customs and habits of thought. We have but to read "Rob Roy" to learn that although the Highlander looked down upon the Lowlander as a trader and shopkeeper, and the Lowlander regarded the High- lander as wild and barbarous, the ties of blood and common suffering were strong between them