RECOMMENDATIONS. Mr. Town— Dear Sir, From a pretty minute examination of your "Analysis," I feel prepared to speak of it in terms of very high commendation. The plan of it, I consider as pecu- liarly original and happy, and the execution such as to promise practically the most auspicious results in our schools and academies. The amount of in- formation it gives in the subject of prefixes and suffixes, and the mode both of resolving words into their original elements, and of recompounding them into the various derivative forms which continually occur in the language, is far greater than in any work of my acquaintance. It goes very far towards putting the mere English scholar in possession of some of the chief advantages to be derived from a knowledge of the Latin and Greek tongues, without subjecting him to the necessity of the laborious task of acquiring them. With respect to thousands of the youth of our country, not destined to the learned professions, this cannot but be regarded as supplying a very important desideratum. Viewed in another light, your work will be likely to be attended with equally happy effects. It tends to form habits of accurate analysis, and consequently of discriminating thought. In early life this habit cannot be exercised upon any tiling to more advantage, than language ; and when once formed, in regard to the English language, it will naturally be carried into the study of any other lan- guage, and finally into every department of knowledge. I cannot, therefore, but anticipate a most favorable reception of your little volume, wherever a sound in- tellectual training enters into the elementary idea of education. That some of the minor details of the plan may hereafter admit of improve- ment, is altogether probable, as the ground you occupy has been hitherto almost entirely untrodden; and a competent judge (N. Webster) has pronounced the study of etymology to be yet in its infancy. But for its avowed objects, and for the present wants of the age, your work, I am persuaded, will answer all the pur- poses of an invaluable manual. GEO. BUSH, Professor of Hebrew and Oriental Literature, New York, Sept. 14, 1836. New York City University. In the views of my colleague, Professor Bush, I fully concur upon the ex- amination I have been able to give the work. ROBERT B. PATTON, Professor of Greek Language and Literature, New York, Sept. 17, 1836. New York City University. From Rev. N. S. S. Beman, D.D. I have examined somewhat minutely an " Analysis nf Derivative Words, by Salem Town, A.M.," and the opinion which I now give, I hop», will not be con- sidered by the public as a matter of mere usage or etiquette in the literary world. It is a work of intrinsic merit and great originality, and evinces much research on the part of its author. Its introduction and extensive use in our schools and academies would form an era in English philology. For the benefit of the rising generation and the honor of my country, as well as from personal friendship to its author, I hope the work may meet with merited success. I am, respectfully, plicate, to make a hundred fold. Centiped, an cent. j hundred feet. Centennial, consisting of a hundred years. ' contra. Signifies against, or in opposition to ; as Contra- vene, to oppose, or come against. co, com, cog, con, col, cor. Have a common significa- 20 tion, indicating union, or connexion, in some sense, and are nearly equivalent to with, joined with, and in connexion with, or together; as Join to unite. Conjoin, to unite with. Press, to squeeze. Compress, to squeeze together. Cog- nate, Concordant, Co/location, Corroborate, Co-exist. circum. Always implies around, or about ; as Circum- navigate, to sail around. Circumvent, Circumscribe. counter. Signifies opposite, against, or corresponding ; as Counteract, to act against. Counterpart, Countermand. de. When a prefix, usually implies from, down, separa- ting or removing from, and a negative sense. Deduce, to lead or draw ^ron?. Debase, to bring down. Debark, Dethrone, Decapitate, Debar, Derange. N. B. It sometimes adds more intensity to the meaning; as Deprave, Denounce. di, dis, dif. Imply separation, disunion, out, not, or two ; also, to take away, in a privative or negative sense ; as Di- verge, to move in different directions. Disarm, to deprive of arms. Displace, Disgrace, Divulge, Diffuse, Divide, Disuse. Dishonest, not honest, Disinter, to take out, &c deCa. Means ten ; as Decagon, ten angles. Decalogue. E, ex, ef, ec. Commonly imply out, out of, from, or be- yond ; as Merge, to put under water. .Emerge, to come out. Evade, to escape from. Exclude, .Exonerate, .Ex- haust. N. B. In some cases they do little else than to add em- phasis ; as Exasperate, to make more angry. Exact, very exact. Extend, to advance further. Extreme, to the very end. en, em. Are a substitute for in, and generally increase, the primitive signification ; as Enlighten, to afford more light. Embed, to lay in a bed. Entangle, Ensnare, En- trap, Enforce, Embase. ed. Implies good, well, or praise ; as Ewphonic, agreea- ble in sound. Eulogize, to praise. equi. Implies equal, as Eo?/ilaterrd, equal sides. extra. Signifies beyond, more than, or excess; as Ex- travagant, wandering beyond the usual limits. 'fore. Generally denotes priority, either in time or place ; as Eorewarn, Foresee, .Foreknow, Eoreshow. for. When a prefix to verbs, is a negative or a privative, 21 denoting against, away, or aside ; as Forbear, to abstain from. .Forbid to utter a prohibition. hex, hexa. Always mean six. Hexagon six angles. high. As a prefix implies elevated, lofty, or high, either in place, rank, degree, quality or condition, as High-built, High-minded, High-born, High-fed, High-sounding. im, in, ig, il, ir. When prefixed to adjectives, give them a negative sense, nearly equivalent to not ; as ignoble, not noble, impossible, not possible, inseparable, what can- not be separated, //legal, not legal, irrational, not ration- al, implacable, insufferable, //legible, irreligious. But when prefixed to verbs, and in some instances to other parts of speech, they add more intensity, or increase the force of signification, as impose, to lay upon. Infix, to fasten, or fix in. Illume, to enlighten, irritate, to excite anger. Implant. inter. Always implies among, or between, as Intercede, to pass between, or mediate, Interact, Interweave, Inter- fere, Intercbange, Intermingle. intro. Means within, into, or nearness, as in^rogression, entering within. Introduce, Intromission. infra. Means below, under, or underneath ; as in/ramun- dane, under the world. juris. Implies legal, or by lawful right ; as Jurisdiction. legal right over, Jurisprudence, legal science. jdxta. Means near by, or next ; as Juarteposition being placed in nearness. mis. Implies a wrong use, or misapplication, error or erro- neous, derived from the verb miss, to err. .Misplace, to place wrong. .Misrule, .Misbehave, Mismanage. male, mal. Mean evil, or bad ; as Ma/ediction, speaking evil. Maltreat, to treat ill, or evil. Malefactor, Malevolent, Ma/form. multi. Signifies many ; as Multiform, many forms. manu. Means a hand ; as .Manumit, to free from sla- very. Manufacture, made by hand. un. Prefixed to verbs, is a privative, and implies undoing or depriving ; as Unlace, to undo what had been done. But when prefixed to adjectives or participles, it is anegative, or the same as not. non. Always gives a negative sense to words, similar to not. 22 ne. is used for non, and means negation or not ; as Un- wise, not wise. Untrue, not true. iVonsense, not sense ZTVikind, Unsafe, iVonconformist, iVonsolvent, iVonentity Untie, Neuter, not either. noct. Implies night, as iVocftirnal, by night. ob, oc, of, op. In general denote in front, before, against towards, in, or on ; as Objection, something brought against Occur, to meet or come in front of. Offence, Oppose 06- duce, Obtrude. over. Implies above, beyond, excess, or too much. Over- pay, to pay too much. Overbear, Overrate, Overact. out. Denotes beyond, or to exceed, what the prim- itive means ; as Out-run, Out-do, Out-man, OuMive, Out- last. omni. Is prefixed to a few words, and is always equiva- lent to all ; as Owmi'scient, All-wise, Owm'potent, A//-pow- erful. octo, octa. ) Signify eight ; as Octonocular,* having oct. J eight eyes. Octagon, eight angles. Oct- ennial, every eighth year. pleni. Signifies full. Plenipotentiary, having full power. penta. Means five ; as Pentagon, five angles. preter. Implies beyond, past, hence, beside, or more; as Preternatural, beyond what is natural. Preterlegal, beyond the limits of the law. Preterpluperfect, Preter-it. post. Commonly denotes after ; as Postmeridian, after- noon, Posthumous. pro. Denotes fore, forth, forward, or out ; as Probation, ^ore-trial. Produce, to bring forth. Proceed, Promote, Propel, to drive forward. per. Implies more intensity, through, by, very, or passing through, or over the whole extent ; as Pervade, to pass through the whole. Perambulate, to walk through. Per- ceive, to receive impressions through the senses. Per-day, Per-chance, Per-annum, Per-cent. pre. Denotes before, in time or rank ; as Premeditate, to reflect on before. Presuppose, Premonition, Pre-eminent, Preconceive, Predispose. * n is euphonic. 23 quad. Means four. Quadrate, four equal sides. re. Generally denotes again, repetition, back, or return ; as .Re-enter, to enter again, Reassert, .Repay, .Repeople, jRejoin, .Relapse. N. B. In some words, re, has lost its original meaning, as .Rejoice, Receive, &c. retro, means back or back ward; as Retrograde. sub, sue, suf, sue ) Signify under, below, after or a sup, subter, sus. y subordinate degree ; as Subduce, to draw under. Succeed, to come after, or follow. Sup- plant, to undermine. Suffix, what is added at the end of a word. Subterfluent, flowing under. Subterraneous, Suggest, Sustain. semi, hemi, demi. Always imply one half; as Sewtt'-an- nual, i/ewusphere, Demigod, Semicircle. se. Denotes separation, aside or apart ; as Secede, to separate, from. Seduce, to draw aside. super, supra, sur.* Imply beyond, upon, above, or over and above. Superfine, very fine, or over and above fine. Supramundane, above the world. Surcharged, over charged. S?/rvey, Surmount, Superficial, Supernumerary. self. As a prefix implies, by the person or thing alone. Self-taught, taught by one's self alone. Se//~-sufficient. sex. Means six ; as Sexennial, once in six years. soli. Means one or alone ; as Sofcloquy, talking alone or to one's self. sine. Means without ; as Sine-die, without day. trans, ultra. Denote across, beyond, over, or a change. Trans-Atlantic, across the Atlantic. Transplant. Ultra- Montane, beyond the Mountain. tri. Always means three ; as Triangle, three angles. tetra. Means four; as Tetragon, four corners or an- gles. uni. Implies one. Uniform, t/nicorn, Univocal. under. Implies beneath, inferior or subordinate ; as Un~ derrate, Underxalne, Undermine, Undersell. with. This word, as a prefix, implies opposition, priva- tion, separation, departure, or place where Withstand, to stand in opposition to. Withhold, Withdraw, Within. * Sur is a contraction of Super. 24 poly. Means many; as Polysyllable, many syllables Polygon, many angles. Greek words or parts of words and prepositions used as prefixes. a. Is a Greek privative, taking away something ; as Chromatic, pertaining to color, Achromatic, deprived or des- titute of color. amphi. Means about, around ; as Amphitheatre, an edi- fice in a circular form. ana. Has many significations, among which are back, up, through. Anabaptist, one who baptizes again. arch. Means chief or principal. ArcA-Bishop, the chief Bishop. astro. A Star ; as Agronomy, the law of the Stars. auto. One's self. Autographic, pertaining to one's own hand writing. apo, aph. From, away from. Apogee, from the earth, ApAelion, from the sun. bio. Life. jB?ography, the written life of some person. _biblio. A book. Bibliography, a description of books. ^nSR^tn/v^Time. Chronology, the science of time. choro. TK&jiuarticular place. Chorography, giving a map or description ioF a particular place or region. chiro. The hand. CAiVography, a writing with one's own hand. cosmo. The world or universe. Cosmography. The de- scription of the world. cata. Against, down. Catabaptist, one who opposes baptism. dia, di. Through. Diameter, measuring through. Di- optrics. dys. Bad, ill or difficult. Dyspeptic, bad or difficult di- gestion. epi. In, on or upon. .Epidemic, on the people. entomo. An insect. Entomology, treating of insects. geo. The earth. Geography, a description of the earth. genea. The lineage or descent. Genealogy , the lineage of persons from their ancestry. homo. Of the same nature, kind, or qualities. Homoge- neous, of the same nature or kind. hetero. Of another nature or kind, or discordant qualities 25 Heterodoxy, principles discordant with the received doc- trines of the church. hepta. Seven. Heptagon, seven angles. helio. The sun. Heliocentric, distance from the sun's center. hex, or hexa. Six. Hexagon, six angles. hydro. Water. Hydrology, the science of water. hyper. Over or excess. Hypermeter, exceeding the ordi- nary standard of measure. ichthyo. AJish. Ichthyology, The science of fishes. lexico. A dictionary. Lexicography, writing a dic- tionary. litho. A stone. Lithography, the art of engraving on stone. mono. One or alone, ikfowochord, having one string or chord. meta. A change, after, beyond, next, together, (many sen- ses.) Metahasis, a transition or change of place. Meta- morphose, to change the form. mytho. A fable. .Mycologist, a writer of fables. miso, ) From Misos, hatred. Misogamist, a hater & mis. S °f marriage. Mwanthropy, hatred of man- kind. osteo. A bone. Osteology, a description of bones. ortho. Right or correct. Orthology, the right descrip- tion of things. ornitho. A fowl. Ornithology, the science of fowls. philo. > A friend or lover. Philosopher, a lover of phil. y wisdom. P/»7anthropist, a lover of mankind. peri. Near, under, around or about. Perigee, nearest the earth. para. Against, superior, near, similar, together with. It has various senses. Paradox, against or contrary to re- ceived opinions. pan, panto. All. Pantheon, a temple dedicated to all the gods. Pantomime. pyro. Fire or heat. Pyrotechnic, the art of making ^re-works. physico. ) Nature, pertaining to nature. Physicologic, physio. J Logic illustrated by Natural Philosophy Physiologer. 3 26 syn, sy. } hi common with, together with, to, or row- syl, sym. \ currence. (Synthesis, putting two or more propositions or things together. SyZlable, Sympathy, suf- fering with, or having correspondent feelings with those afflicted. steno. Brief, short, strait. Stenographer, one who writes short hand. stereo. Solid, firm. Stereotype, fixed or solid metal types. topo. A place, tract, or region. Topographer, one who describes some particular place. theo. God. Theology, the science of God or divine things. typo. A mark, letter ox figure. Typographic, pertaining to printing. zoo. An animal or beast. Zoography, a description of anunals. SECTION V. Explanation of the Suffixes. Although the Suffixes will not admit of as precise defi- nitions as the Prefixes, still they can be classed so as to an- swer the more general purposes of defining words. A Suffix is a letter or letters, a syllable or syllables, or whatever is appended to the end of a word, to add force, vary or modify its signification. The word act, means something done, or to do something. Now add or, and it becomes actor, and means the person who does something. Imprison, means to confine in some place. Now add ment, and it becomes imprisonment, and implies the act of confining in some place. Such terminations, we denom- inate Suffixes. The following are the principal in our lan- guage. We will now endeavor to class and define them, according to their general import. able, ible, ble. These communicate a potential signi- fication to the word, and may generally be defined by such expressions as the following, joined to the primitive import : That may be, capable of, capable of being, fit or worthy 27 to be. (Sometimes) pertaining to, the capacity of, or the state; as Audible, that may be heard. Flexible, that may be bent. F&yable, Foriable, Legible Eligible, Jit or worthy to be chosen. ile. Is sometimes defined like able, and sometimes by, belonging to, pertaining to, or easily ; as Flexile, that may be bent, or easily bent. PueriZe, belonging to a boy. Juveni/e, pertaining to youth. ableness, ibleness. > May be rendered, the property ability, ibilitv. $ or quality capable of being, or that may be, the capacity or state of, or the property or qual- ity susceptible of. Divisibility, the property or quality capable of being divi- ded. Compressibility, the quality that ;nay fee pressed together, or capable of being, &c. Inrlammafe/ene.s-.s', the quality susceptible of flame, or of taking fire. Incurability, the state of being incurable. Commensurableness, the capacity of being compared. Accountability, the state of being accountable. ance, ancy. ) Imply the existing state or condition ; ence, ency. $ (sometimes) the act of, the result of an act, or the thing itself. Dependence or Dependency, the state of hanging- down from a supporter. Emergence, Emergency, the act of rising out of or the event itself. Contrivance, the act of inventing or the thing invented. Compliance, the act of complying, or result of the act. ant, ent. Sometimes mean the person or thing ; as Defendant, one who defends. President, one who does, or has presided over. Solvent, that thing which produces solution. ant & ent. In most other cases are defined by a judi- cious use of ing ; as Adherent, sticking to ; also the person who. 28 Incumbent, lying- or resting on ; also the person. Refulgent, shining- or casting- a light. ion, tion, ation. ) Imply the act of, or state of being. sion, cation. > (Sometimes) the state, condition, re- sult, or thing itself ; as Union, the act of joining, or the state of being joined. Persuasion, the act of persuading, or the state of being persuaded. Abasement, the act of humbling, or the state of being humbled. Fortification, the act of fortifying, or the thing itself, when made strong. Civilization, the act of civilizing, or the state of being civilized. en, ty. > Commonly mean to make or made of, to be- fit, fic. S come, or to produce. Soften, made soft, or softer. Silken, made of silk. Stupe/y, to make stupid. Ossi/y, to become bone. Sudori/ic, producing sweat. ory, tory, sory. Usually imply containing, tending to, belonging to, the power of, the nature of or the place. Mandatory, containing a command. Inflammatory, tending to inflammation. Compulsory, having the power of compelling. Observatory, the place of making observations. DefammaZory, Explanatory. ity, ty, cy. Generally express the substantive existence of that quality, found in the primitive, and may be defined by, state, condition, or thing itself. (Sometimes) by quality, ox power of. Divine, is a quality pertaining to divinity. Divinity, is the state of being divine, or deity. Moral, is a quality pertaining to. Morality, is the very essence of that quality, or the thing itself So vital, vitality. Ductile, Ductility. Sterile, Sterility. Carnal, Car- nality. Efficacy, the poicer of effecting. 29 ER, or, an, ian, cian, ast. \ Imply the person who, in ess, ress, ee, eer, 1st. > most cases, except er, in ite, ine, san, zen, ix. ) adjectives of the compara- tive degree, and occasionally some of the other termina- tions. Baker, Instructor, Historical, Christian Musician, Enthusiast, Poetew, Instructress. Assignee, Auctioneer, Formalin, Canaanite. Heroine, Executrix, Artisan, Denizen. ar, ary, ard, ive. ) Occasionally imply a person, or ster, ado, ate, oso. £ thing ; as in Beggar, Missionary, Drunkard. Graduate, Captive, Teamster. Bravado, Virtuoso. ar, ary, ic, ical. \ Most commonly, are rendered ile, ine, tial. > pertaining to, relating to, or like. cial, ac, al. ) (Sometimes) belonging to ; as Consular, pertaining to a consul. Planetary, pertaining to the planets. Dramatic, Metaphorical, Juvenile. Feminine, Demoniac, Potential, Commercial. al. Sometimes implies the act of ; as RefusaZ, ReprisaZ, Espousal, Avowal. ive. Means having a tendency to, having the power of. (Sometimes) containing, the nature of, relating to. (Occa- sionally) that may be, the quality of, or person ; as Delusive, having a tendency to deceive. Expansile, having the power to expand. Exhortative, containing exhortation. Instinctive, the nature of instinct. Conversative, relating to intercourse with men. Relaxative, having the quality of relaxing. Executive, the person ivho executes the laws. ate. When an adjective, expresses some quality, and as such, may be defined having the quality or qualities of; ay Effeminate, having the qualities of the female sex. It is the termination to a numerous class of words, and when a verb, may be rendered by the preposition to, or to make. The word, however, with this Suffix, generally ex- presses its own appropriate meaning most clearly. Accelerate, to hasten, or to quicken motion. 3* 30 Alleviate, to lighten, or to make lighter. Abbreviate, to shorten, or to make shorter. age. Signifies the rank, office, state, condition, allowance or ability to give or receive ; as Peerage, the rank of a Peer. Pupilage, the state of being a scholar. Parentage, condition as respects the rank of a parent. Postage, Carriage &c, an allowance. dom, ric. Imply jurisdiction, or possession, by a prince, or bishop. ism. Signifies a doctrine or the principles of , the state, that which is peculiar to, an idiom or science. Protestantism, the principles of a protestant. Naturalism, the mere state of nature. Anglicism, peculiar to the English idiom. ize. Signifies to do, to perform, to make, to give, or to assimilate; as Equalise, to make equal. Legalise, to make lawful. Tyramze, to act the Tyrant. Authorize, to give authority. Brutalize, to make brutal. ics. Generally implies the science, doctrine or art of, what the primitive alludes to ; as Acoustics, the science of sounds. Optics, the science of light and vision. ish. Means in some degree like, somewhat, belonging to, or national ; as Heathenis//, in some degree like a heathen. Greem'sA, somewhat green. Spanzs/i, national, or belonging to Spain. less. Shows the primitive to be destitute of what it is capable of being, and may be rendered, without, or destitute of; as Hopeless, without, or destitute of hope. House/ess, Fear/ess, Grace/ess, Color/ess. ling, kin, cle, ule. Imply little or young ; as Duckling a little duck. "Witling, a little wit. Lamb&m, a little lamb. Vesicte, a little bladder. 31 Yersicle a little verse. Globule, a little globe. SpheruZe, a little sphere. ness. Denotes the abstract quality of. (Sometimes) the simple quality or state. Roundness, is an abstract quality, without reference to any particular thing, in which it is found. Whiteness, Goodness, Greatness, Softness. Soundness, is the state of being sound, (in its sense.) ous, ceous. Generally mean, partaking of, resembling or like. (Sometimes,) /«// of, or consisting of; as Dangerous, partaking of danger. Argillaceous, consisting of argil. Perilous, full of peril. Populous,^// of people. Bilious, consisting of bile. Tumultuous, Laborious. ous, (after) fer, making ferous. Commonly means, pro- ducing or causing ; as — Somni/erous, producing or causing sleep. Omni/erous, producing, all kinds. Pesti/erows. oid. Signifies, resembling, or in the form of. Sphenoid, resembling a wedge. Varioloid, the name given to a disease resembling small- pox. Typhoid, Asteroid, Spheroid, Metalloid. some. Has various significations in its connexions, but more generally means, possessing a degree of, somewhat, or full of; as Delightsome, possessing a degree of delight. Troublesome, Loathsome, Gladsome. hood. Means state or condition. (Sometimes) office or quality. ~~ Manhood, the state of one who is a man. HardiAood, the quality of being bold, or dauntless. Boy hood, the state of a boy. Priesthood, the office of a priest. ship. Denotes office, or state, district or territory. Professorship, the office of a professor. Relations/tip, the state of being related to. Township, the district of a town. 32 tude, tjde. Usually convert the quality of the adjective, into a substantive form, and may be rendered the state or state of being ; as Amplitude, the state or extent of capacity, from ample. ward. Means in a direction, indicated by the primitive. Northward, Eastward, Upward, Downward, Homeward. ful, ose. Denote full of full or abundance, as Play ful, full of play. Verbose, full of words. Operose, full of labor. "Needful, Careful, Hopeful. ly. Means like, in a manner, or resembling. ManZy, like a man. Courageously, in a courageous manner. ly, when united to a primitive, as in manly, usually im- plies like ; when it follows a Suffix, it expresses the manner, as in courageously. URE. Commonly denotes the act, state, or thing. (Some- times,) the power, or art of. Composure, the act of composing, or the state of being composed. Architecture, the art of building. ery, ry, y. Seem to imply an art or practice ; as Witchery, Quackery, Cookery, Heraldry, Husbandry, Sophistry. A place where something is done or kept ; as Butchery, Fishery, Factory, Brewery, Armory, Nunnery. A state ; as Beggar?/, Slavery, or the possession of some- thing, as Wealthy, Sandy, Shady. ed. Is a verbal and participial termination, implying past time of action. It expresses its own meaning, yet may sometimes be made more explicit by adding, was or did, to the past tense of the verb ; as I Walked, meaning I did walk. ing. Is a participial termination implying a time of pro- gressive action, and may be rendered with direct reference to that time, continuing to. ing, is frequently used to express some article or thing : as. Clothmo', Shipping. It must be remembered, that the foregoing definitions to the Suffixes, cannot be expected precisely to meet every 33 case in the language ; but from careful examination of some thousands of words, it is believed they will answer all the common purposes of defining ; and generally, enable the pupil, clearly to perceive the several modifications of im- port, produced by their combinations with the primitive word. SECTION VI. Alphabetical Synopsis of all the Prefixes, or words used as such, varying the import of more than twenty thousand words. a ab abs. Separating, departure, taking from, ad a ac af ag al ) an ap ar as at. $ privation. To, (implying some addition.) ambi. Both, twofold, doubtful. amb am amphi. About, around. ante. Before. ant anti. Against, opposition. (Sometimes) before. all. Most, wholly, in the highest degree. after. Behind, later. (As a Greek privative,) taking away. a. (For ad) to. ana. Back, again, up, through. astro. A star. auto. One's self. apo aph. From, away from. be. Nearness, about, to make, on or at. bene. Good, well. bi bis. Two. bio. Life. biblio. A book. chrono. Time. choro. A particular place. chiro. The hand. cosmo. The world. centu, centi, cent. A hundred. contra. Against, opposition. 34 co com cog, ) con col cor. $ circum. counter. de. di dis dif. deca. dia. dys. epi. entomo. e ex ef ec. eu. equi. extra. fore. for. geo. genea. homo. hetero. hepta. helio. hexa hex. hydro, hyper. high. inter. im in ig ) ilir $ intro. infra, ichthyo. With, joined with, in connection with, together. Around, about. (For contra) opposite, against, cor- responding or addition. From, down, separating from, or a negative sense. Separation, disunion, two, out, not. Ten. Through. Bad, ill, difficult. In, or on. An insect. (For ex) out, out of, beyond, from. In, or to make, (adding strength of meaning.) Good, well, praise. Equal. Beyond, more than, excess. Priority, or before. Against, away, aside. The earth. Lineage, or descent. Of the same nature, kind or quali- ties. Of another nature or kind, discord- ant qualities. Seven. The Sun. Six. Water. Over, excess. Elevated, more than is common, or high (in some sense.) Among, between. Not, (with an adjective,) in, into, on, (with a verb, adding intensity of meaning.) Within, into, nearness. Below, under, underneath. A fish. 35 juris. Legal, by lawful right. juxta. Near, near by, next. lexico. A dictionary. litho. A stone. mono. One, alone. miso mis. Hatred (gr. miseo or misos.) mytho. A fable. meta. A change, after, beyond, according to mis. Wrong use, misapplication, error, er roneous. (From miss to err.) male mal. Evil, bad. multi. Many. manu. A hand. non ne un. Not, undoing, depriving. noct. Night. ob oc of op. In front, before, against, towards, in or on, in the way, out. over. Above, beyond, excess. out. Beyond, to exceed. omni. All. octo octa oct. Eight. osteo. A bone. ortho. Right or correct. ornitho. A fowl, or bird. philo phil. A friend or lover. peri. Near, under, around. para. Against, superior, near, similar. pan panto. All. pyro. Fire or heat. physico physio. Nature, pertaining to nature. pleni. Full. penta. Five. preter. Beyond, past, hence, beside, more. post. After. poly. Many. pro. Fore, forth, forward, out. Through, by, very, (more intensity,) per. passing through or over the whole. pre. Before, (in time or rank.) quad. Four. 36 re. retro. Again, repetition, back, return. Back, backward. sub sue suf sue) Under, below, after, in a subordinate sup subter sus. $ semi heini demi. degree. One half. se. super supra self. sex. sur. Separation, aside, apart. Beyond, above, upon, over and above. By the person or thing alone. Six. soli. One, alone. sine. Without. sym syn syl steno. sy. In connexion with, together with, to. Brief, strait, short. stereo. Solid, firm. theo. God. topo. typo. trans ultra, tri. A place, tract, or region. A mark, letter or figure. Across, beyond, over, a change. Three. tetra. Four. uni. One. under. Beneath, inferior, subordinate. with. Opposition, privation, separation, de- zoo. parture, place where. An animal or beast. Let Give the meaning prefixes and define it im omni pleni. circum inter ad. cent sept dec } per tri sex oct. $ circum col sub. com e re trans. re com pro. circum subter super inter con male bene .} this be often repeated. of the primitive alone, then join its Potent, having power. Jacent, lying. Bi,ennial, once in two years. Ligation, the act of binding. Migrate, removing from one country to another. Ex,pel, to drive out. Fluent, a flowing. Factor, an agent or doer. 37 mono poly > pan tri a. $ circum super sub. inter dis con. circum abs re ex. sub ab de e } in re pro con. \ geo auto bio ) cosmo biblio. $ astro hydro chrono zoo. dis en un. col e re. dis pre. re. re en dis. mis ad pre. ante post mis. preter il. counter mal. helio geo ec. in mis. im preter. con ad. in over, con dis. af pre post, ultra sub trans, ad con dis re. mis pre re. ante post, multi equi In tri uni mal. dis tri poly mono. de be counter, pre self mis. en disen. hemi semi dcmi. co under, re dis. Theist, one who believes there is a God. Inscribe, to write in or on. Seminate, to sow. In,cision, a cutting into. Adject, to cast at. Graphic, writing of, or describing- Logical, art of reasoning, speaking of, or treating of any subject. Able. Lapse. Possess. Close. Judge. Date. Legal. Practice. Centric. Correct. Perfect. Vocation. Elegant. Ac, cord. Fix. Marine. Join. Engage. Meridian. Form. Syllable. Charm. Opinion. Tangle. Sphere. Agent. Embark. 38 SECTION VII. Synopsis of Suffixes modifying the signification ef more than fifty thousand words. The most common definition is given, while reference may be had to the others, as occasion shall require. That may be, capable of being, state. The property, or quality that may be, or capable of being. Capacity or state. The state, condition, or act of, the thing. (The judicious use of) ing, or the person, or thing. The act of, or state of being, the thing. Having the quality of, to, or to make The rank, office, state, allowance. To make, made of, to become. The person who, (with some excep- tions.) (Occasionally,) the person, or thing. (Generally) pertaining to, relating to, belonging to, like. State, condition, office. That may be, pertaining to, easily. State, or condition, the reality. Having a tendency to, the power or nature of. Doctrine, state, peculiar to, science. To make, to give, to assimilate. The science, doctrine, art. Some degree like, somewhat, na- tional. Without or destitute of. able ible ble. ableness ibleness ability ibility. ance ancy } ence ency. $ ant ent. ation cation ion tion sion ment. ate. age. en fy fit fie. er or an ian ix cian ast ess ress ee eer ist ite ine san zen. ar ary ard ate } ive ster ado oso. S ar ary ic al ical ile ine ac tial cial. hood. ile. ity ty cy. ive. ism. ize. ics. ish. less. 39 Ke" \ A little ' >' 0un S- i Like in a manner, in a (speak the *' word) manner, ful ose. Full of, full, abundance. The abstract quality of, the quality of, state. ous Partaking of, full of, like, consisting of. Producing, causing. Resembling, the form of. Containing, tending to, nature of, place. Jurisdiction or possession (of prince or bishop.) Office, state, district. State of being, state of, capacity. In a direction, (indicated by the primitive.) The act, art, state, or thing. Art or practice, place, state, posses- sion, or thing. Possessing a degree of, somewhat, full of. Did, was. Continuing (with reference to time when.) Give the meaning of the primitive alone, then with the prefix and suffix joined. Destine, to ordain, or decree, pre. Destin ation ed. Numerate, to number, in. Numera ble bly. Navigate, to sail, circum. Naviga ble tion. Manage, to direct, mis. Manage ment. un. Manag able ably. Retrieve, to regain, ir. Retriev ableness ably. ferous. oid. ory tory sory. ric dom. ship, tude ude. ward. ure. ery ry y. some. ed. ing. 40 Separate, to divide. In. Separa bly bleness. in. Separa bility. Prompt, ready. over. Prompt ness. Assess, to fix a tax. CO. Assess or. Plot, to contrive a plan. com, Plot ment ter. Guide, to direct. mis. Guid ance ing. Fertile, fruitful. in. Fertil ity. Grace, favor, beauty, virtue. dis. Grace ful, ness. Reside, to dwell permanently. non„ Resid ent ence. Camp, to fix tents. de. Camp ment. Bold, daring, brave. em. Bold en, ed. Scar, a mark, blemish. re. Scari fy. Dense, thick, compact. con. Dens ity ation. Lacerate, to tear or rend. il Lacerat ed ion. Sign, to write or sign. as. Sign ee- or ment. Line, a long mark. inter. Line ation ed. Republican. anti. Republican ism. Liberal, free, generous. il. Liberal ly ity. Intimate, to be familiar. pre. Intima cy tion. Press, to squeeze. ex. Press ure ible. Inspect, to look on or view. super. Inspect ion. 41 Peer, a nobleman, com. Peer age. Fuse, to melt, in. Fus ible ibility. Delicate, fine, fair, nice, in. Delica cy. Describe, to represent, in. Descript ive. Grand, noble, great, ag- Grand ize, ment. Melody, succession of agreeable sounds, im. Melodi ous, ly. Drama, a tragedy, or comedy, un. Dramat ic. Compel, to drive by force, non. Compuls ory. Sphere, a globe, semi. Spher ic, al. Partner, one in company, co. Partner ship. Conform, to agree with, non. Conform ist ity. SECTION VIII. Classification of Suffixes. The Suffixes appear to combine in groups of a similar kind, and follow each other, in most cases, with some good degree of uniformity ; and at the same time, present two important facts ; viz. the regular formation of most of our derivative words, and the entire uniformity in the orthogra- phy of an immense number of their suffixes. The most common definition is given to the suffix, when standing singly with its primitive, and when found in its different combinaiions with other suffixes. Thus : fill. Full of, abundance, fully. In a manner full of, or in a — manner, fullness. The quality of being full of, or state. less. Without, or destitute. 4» 42 lessly- lessness, ish. ishly. ishness. ous. ously. ousness. ive. ively, iveness. some. somely. someness. Jy. liness. able ible, ableness ibleness > ability ibility. $ ably ibly. ize. ized- izing. izalion- ate. ated, ating. ative. atory. ation. In a manner without, or in a- — -man- ner. The quality of being without, or state. In some degree like, somewhat. In a manner some degree like, or in a- manner. The quality in some degree like. Partaking of, like, full of. In a manner partaking of, or like. The quality of, partaking of, or state. Having a tendency to, containing, the nature of. In a manner tending to, or partaking of, or in a manner. The quality tending to, or partaking of. Possessing a degree of, somewhat. In a manner possessing a degree of, or in a manner. The quality possessing a degree of, or state. Like. The quality like, or of being. That may be, or state. The quality or property that may be, capacity or state. In a manner that may be, or in a manner. To make, to assimilate. Was or did. (Speak the Word.) Continuing to. (Referring to the time when.) The act of, or state of being. To, to make. Did, or was. Continuing to. Having a tendency to, or the power of. Containing, the nature of, place. The act of, or thing. 43 able. en. ened. ed. edly. edness. fy- fied. fier. lying. fication. ficative. ficator. ficatory. ical ic. icism. ically. ent. ently. ance :\ ancy. ) ency. J al. alist. alism. That may be. To make. Was made. Did. In a (repeat the word) manner. The quality of being, or the state. To make. Did or was. The person who. Continuing to. The act of, state or thing. Tending to. The person who. Tending to, the nature of. Pertaining to, relating to. The principles, state, peculiar to. In a manner pertaining to, &c. (Use) ing, (with the defining word.) In a manner. State, condition, act of, or thing. State, condition. Pertaining to. The person who. The principles, &c. SECTION IX. General Rules for forming derivative words. 1 . When the primitive word ends with the vowel e, drop that vowel before every Suffix beginning with a vowel, ex- cept ous. Sometimes ment is an exception as in judgment, e being dropped. 2. When the letter y terminates a primitive, or occurs in any of the derivative forms, and in either case, other suf- fixes are added, y is commonly changed into e or i", except before ing; as Comely, Comeliness ; Duty, Duteous. 44 N. B. Betray, and Buy, with a few other words, are exceptions. 3. When any part is cut off from the end of a word by an inverted comma, each suffix which is preceded by a similar inverted comma, must take the place of that part cut off; but no others may; as Legible ( bly ( bility ness. Now JJy, is to take the place of Jble, and forms Legibly ; and fiility, taking the same place, forms Legibility ; but ness not being preceded by the inverted comma, is added to Jble, and forms Legihieness. 4. Each suffix has a separate union with its primitive word in all cases, unless a single comma intervenes, in which case, each subsequent suffix, as long as that comma is repeated, is united with the first of those two suffixes where the single comma commenced. In like manner if two or three commas are used togeth- er, they join additional suffixes on the same principles. Take two examples, and mark the application of the commas. Argue ed er ing ment, al, able, ation, ative,, ly. Com- bined thus : Argue. Argument,al one comma, Rule 4. Argued, Rule 1. Argument,able. Arguer. Ax gurnet, ation. Arguing Argument, ative. Argument, excep. Rulel. Argument, ative „ly two commas. Injure ed er ing y, ous,. ly„ ness. Combined. Injure. Injury. \u\ured. \u')uri,ous, one comma, and y changed to i. Injurer. \r\]uri,ous„ly. Injuring. Injurious,, ness. 5. There are a few words, generally monosyllables, ending with a single consonant, before a single vowel, which double the final consonant in forming their deriva- tives. Thus Abet, makes abetted, abettor, abetting, except abetment So clip, clipped, entrap entrapped. Fret, fret- ted. Plan, planned 6. When t or s precedes e final, in such words as admit tion or sion, e is dropped and the suffix is ion ; as Legate Legation, Expanse Expansion. 45 7. Most words ending in fy, which is a contraction of facio or fio, after changing y into i, take cation ; as Dei/y Deification, Gratify, Gratification. Except Stupefy, with few others which makes Stupe/ac- tion. 8. Many words of Latin origin in ate, drop te, before ble; as Estimate Estimao/e, Agitate AgitaoZc. The same class of words not admitting ble, take cy, in its place ; as Accurate Accuracy, Adequate Adequacy. cy, is common to words in ance and ence, by dropping e final, and adding y. 9. Words which take ize, as a suffix, commonly add ation ; as Civil, Civih>e, Civilization. Some others take ation, without ize ; as Sense Sensation, Exalt Exaltation. SECTION X. A brief examination as to the regular formation of derivative words in general. Manage ed er ing ment able, ness. Rule 1,& 4. ZTVimanage ed able. Mismanage ed er ing ment. Navigate ed or ing ion ble. Rule 6, & 8. Renavigate ed ing. Circumnavigate or ion ble. Assign or ee ed ing ment able ation. Rule 9. Accord ed er ant ance able ing,ly. Modify ed er ing able cation. Rule 7. Affirm ed er ing able ably ant ance ation ative,ly. In this manner, a very numerous class of our primitive words, form their derivatives from a single root. The word 46 Press, in connexion with its prefixes, has no less than eighty-three derivatives of the same regular formation. But there is another class of words, apparently in view of the English Scholar, either arbitrary or irregular in their terminations, which are nevertheless equally systematic, though not equally simple in the formation of their deriva- tives. Such are more especially of Lat. origin, and the ap- parent irregularity, arises from a formation growing out of a different branch of the same root. And though the En- glish Scholar may not exactly comprehend the whole pro- cess, yet his mind will in part be relieved from the embar- rassment. Take for example Adhesive. He will not doubt it is derived from Adhere, whence is, ent ence ency er. These are regular. Now the Lat. Adhereo makes its supine Adhesum, whence according to Sec. 3, is tion or sion as the supine is turn or sum. Hence from this branch of the same original root, Adhesum forms Adhes ion, Ad- hesive, Adhesively, Adhesiveness ; as regularly as the first formations are. Accede, is of the same order and forms accede ed ing. Then from Accessum, sec. 3. comes Ac- cession, and forms Accession al c ary,ness t ory,ness,al,ly ; all regular formations. Rule 3. Intelligence, Intellect and Intellectualist, are of the same order. From the Latin participle, Intelligens, comes Intel- ligence er ed ing 4 ent 4 ible,ness t ibility ,ibly. Rule 3. Now from the Latin perfect participle Intellectus, comes Intellect, whence Intellectjon 4 ive. Next the Latin supine Intellectu, whence is derived Intellectual ist ity ly. In such words as explain, expect, fatigue, &c, we arrive at a, in expectation, explanation, fatigaJzon, &c, through the medium of the Latin participles, explanatus, expectatus, and fatigatus ; but in some other words such as grade, a comes direct through the medium of the noun gradatio. Gradus forms gradu, whence we derive gradual ity ly ate, ed, ing, ion, or. Words of Lat. origin in ble, seem, either from accident or otherwise, to have the simple addition of ble to the Imp. Mode, first. Conj. second person singular, as Naviga ble, Numera ble, Demonstrao/e, Predica ble, Administra ble, &c. and in general the spelling able or ible is governed by the Lat. conjugations. The first makes able or ble all the oth- 47 ers ible ; as InterminaWe, Impregnate, Legible, Audible, Sensible. Method, Metaphor, Meteor and the like, are regular for- mations ; as Method ism ize ic,al„ly ist,ic„al ; except when a primitive taking ize, ends with a vowel, t is added ; as Stigmatize Dogma, tize. Form, makes form al,ism,ist,ity,ize,ly ed er ing ful less ; and formatio, makes formation ,tivc. The suffixes ous, ness, less, ful, ish, ism, age, en, ure, can hardly be mistaken, as Glory, Gloriows. Good, Goodness. Life, Lifeless. Play, Playful. Sweet, Sweetish. Tory, Toryism. Parent, Parentage. Soft, Soften. Fail, Failure. In some cases urc is less obvious as 'Tenure from Teneo. In this work, the root and each branch whence all the derivatives arise, will be given, so far as the Latin is con- cerned. So that each primitive word may be carried out through all its derivative forms, or traced back to its simple root, and discover how the primitive signification has been expanded into such a variety of figurative applications. On examination of something like seven hundred and thirty words, whose suffixes are carried out in this book, giving at least ten thousand derivatives, the regularity of for- mation will be still more obvious. This fact also, if duly regarded by teachers, will enable them to perfect their pupils in the correct orthography of derivative words, with far greater facility, and a far less tax on memory. To accomplish this, it is only necessary to learn distinctly, the true spelling of the several suffixes in their separate state, which may be done, almost at a single lesson. The spelling of the simple primitive can hardly be missed ; to which the joining of the several suffixes, completes the derivative word under most of its forms. It is true, there are many exceptions ; but it is equally true there are not less than thirty thousand words, whose spelling, as to their suffixes is the same, letter for letter. 48 SECTIOX XI. Special Rules for the Prefixes, which must be distinctly understood, both by the Teacher and the Student. Many words, so far as respects the English Language, are primitives ; yet in that language from which they are derived, they are either compound, or derivative words. Such especially are words of Greek and Latin origin. For example, Abscond, so far as our language alone is concern- ed, is a primitive word, because we have no such English word as scond. But in the Latin, from which it is derived, the word is a compound, from the preposition abs, con Sf do. Also Advert, in English, is primitive, but, in Latin from which it is derived, it is compounded of ad, meaning to, and Verto, to turn. Hence Advert signifies to turn to. Suppose the word to stand thus : a re Ad,vert. Now take away ad, and substitute a, which is another Latin preposi- tion, and it becomes A,vert, and literally means to turn away. Again drop a, and substitute re, in its place, and it becomes Re,vert, signifying to turn back. Hence it must not be for- gotten by the student, that in all cases, when one prefix is to be dropped, and another substituted in its place, the primi- tive word will be printed thus Con.vert, Ac,cord, Ex,clude, De,flect ; and that part of the word which precedes the comma, must be dropped, when another prefix is to be used. Example. at dis de re pro. Contract, to draw together. Now drop con, and substitute pro, and it becomes Pro- tract, to draw out. Again drop pro, and substitute re, and it forms .Retract, to draw back. In the same manner de, forms Detract, to draw away from. Also dis, makes De- tract, to draw apart, or separate ; and at, forms Attract, to draw to, or unite. When no part of the primitive word is separated by a comma, the combination is simply to drop one prefix, and join another, according to the following : Example. ad pre mis fore re. Judge. 49 Now re, combined, makes i?ejudge, and each prefix in its turn, forms the words /orejudge, misjudge, prejudge and adjudge. As many of the prefixes combine with each other the following examples will show the manner of combining them in this work. Take Inspect, un un a circum de un re super mtro per pro su dis ir un In,spect, to look on or view. retro re. Explained thus. Each prefix under the horizontal line, or standing alone, unites with the primitive word, in the same manner as in Contract and Judge ; but the prefix or prefixes above the horizontal line, unite with the prefix un- der the line, while that prefix remains united to the primi- tive. Thus, Super and re standing above the line in con- nexion with In, combine with it, and form Superinspect, and reinspect. de standing alone takes the place of In, and forms despection. circum, under the line makes cir- cumspect, and un over the line, forms wncircwmspect. In un the same manner a make aspect and unaspective. un su , form suspect and unsuspecting. pro, per, intro, and dis ir un retro, being alone combine as in contract, while re make respect, disrespect, irrespective, and wnrespected. Take another example, fore un pre ad pre. Monition. These make premonition and admonition, then fore, un, and pre, above the line over ad, form, /ore-admonition, pre-admonition, and wiadmonished. If these directions are distinctly understood, and duly ob- served, there can be no mistake in the epplication of the prefixes. Every thing depends on the utmost precision in this particular. On this point, the Teacher must be scru- oulously exact, and the student as scrupulously attentive. — 5 50 Another point to be observed in the prefixes, is their influ- ence on the primitive word. The most of them are uniform in their distinctive character of import, while a few, are used in two or more senses, widely different. Such are im, in, il, ir, &c. These prefixes, more generally, when united to verbs, in- crease, or strengthen the original meaning of the primitive words, as Im press, In fold, II luminate Ir radiate. In each case, additional force is given to press, fold, luminate, and radiate, by prefixing im in il and ir. But when the same prefixes are united to adjectives, and occasionally to some other parts of speech, they entirely reverse or change the primitive signification, as Im possible, In sensible, II legible, Ir rational. Each word now meaning the same as not possible, not sensible, not legible, and not rational Also de, e, ex, are used, sometimes to take something from the primitive word, as de. fame, ex onerate, elapse, which signify to deprive of fame, to free from load, and to slide away. And the same prefixes in other instances, add more or less to the primitive import, as deprave, excess, evince. Now let it be remembered in the case of all such prefixes as above named, when they in any manner add more force to the signification, or merely render its import more em- phatical, such prefix, or prefixes, are uniformly in this book, printed in the Italic character, and in no other case. For example im plant, in fold, ir radiate, ex tend, im possible, in formal, ir religious, ex elude. The Italics only, show a strengthened signification. This simple arrangement, will prevent mistakes in the teacher, though not a classical scholar himself, and prevent misapprehension in the stu- dent. It is now thought the Prefixes have been explained so clearly, that no scholar of common capacity, who wishes to understand and apply them correctly, need mistake, al- though he may not be under the care of any teacher. 51 SECTION XII. Manner of Defining. We will now endeavor to explain in a familiar way, the manner of defining words by their prefixes and suffixes. — And it is simply to speak out the primitive signification, in connexion with the separate import of such prefixes and suffixes, as constitute the whole word. Take fame, which is the primitive, and means fre. Now in, as a pre- fix, makes //aflame, and increases the import of the primi- tive word, and literally means to put fire in, or to set on fire. Again Inflammable — able, means capable of- — or capa- ble of being. Hence join capable of being, to the meaning of in, and fame, and the whole spoken out is, capable of be- ing set on fire. Now let it stand Inflammability, and ability means the quality capable of being. This expression, join- ed in like manner, to what Inflame, means, it will be, In- flammability, the quality capable of being set on fire. Next add the second prefix, and let it be uninflammable, and speak out the meaning of un, with what Inflammable means, and the whole expression will be Uninflammable, not capa- ble of being set on fire. Again take Uninflammableness, ableness means the property capable of being. Now pro- nounce the whole import, and Uninflammableness literally signifies, the property not capable of being set on fire. Take Delude, signifying to deceive, and it forms Deluder. The person who deceives. Delusion. The act of deceiving. Delusive. Tending to deceive. Redeem, signifies to ransom, ir, means not, and able, capa- ble of being. Then Irredeemable means not capable of be- ing ransomed. Join, is a primitive word, and signifies to unite. Let it stand thus with its prefixes, re un ad con re un dis sub mis se inter. Join. ad means to, con with, together with, re again, un not, dis parting, mis wrong, se separation, sub under, inter be- tween. Then, .Adjoin, is joining to. Conjunction, is the 52 act of joining with. Reconjunclion, the act of joining with again. Unconjoined, not joined with, or together. .Rejoin- ed, was joined again. Unjoined, was not joined. Disjoin, parting what was joined. /Subjoin, to join under. Misjoin, to join wrong. Rejoined, separated. Inter joining, continu- ing to join between. Pathetic, means like, ox pertaining to tenderness of ex- pression. Hope implies expectation, then Hopeful, full of expecta- tion. Hopeless, without hope or expectation. Blue, is a peculiar color, ish means a quality in some de- gree like. Hence Bluish, a quality in some degree like Blue. Brownish, a quality in some degree like Brown. Prison is a place for confinement. Im prison, to put in a place of confinement, imprisonment, the act of putting in a place of confinement. Mandate, expresses a command. Mandatory, containing a command. The primitive word, must in all cases be learned, then speak out this primitive signification, in connection with what all its component parts mean, and you have the pre- cise and definite import of the entire word. A little care- ful exercise will render it perfectly familiar, and give the student, an entire, and ready command of language, and an instantaneous mental perception, of the true import of words, written or spoken. If he reads or hears Navigate, or navigator, navigation, navigable. Renavigate, renaviga- ted. Circumnavigate, circumnavigation, the sound can no sooner fall on the ear, than the mind will perceive the dif- ferent import of each word. The same must unavoidably be true, in relation to every derivative word, whose primi- tive, prefixes and suffixes are separately known. SECTION XIII. An Entire Example. Press a prim. word. To press or urge by weight, from Premo, pressum, to press. 53 Press er Press ure Press ed Press ing Press ion Press ing ly Over press Counterpress ure Com press Com press ed Com press ion Com press ing Com press ible Com press ure Com press ibil ity Com press ible ness Un com press ed Un com press ible In com press ibil ity Re press Re press ed Re press ion Re press ive Re press ing Re press er Re press ive ly Ir re press ible De press De press ed De press ion De press or De press ible the person who presses. the result of pressing. did press. continuing to press, with reference to time when. the act of pressing. in a manner like pressing, or in a pressing manner. to press too much. opposite pressure. to press together. was pressed together. the act of pressing together. continuing to press together. capable of being pressed together. the result of being pressed together, or the act, &c. the quality capable of being pressed together, or the capacity. the property or quality capable of be- ing pressed together. was not pressed together. not capable of being pressed together. the quality not capable of being press- ed together. to press again, put down, subdue, or quell. was pressed again, or, &c. the act of pressing again, &c. tending to press again, &c. continuing to press again, &c. the person who presses again, &c. in a manner like pressing again, &c, or in a repressive manner. not capable of being pressed again, &c. to press down, or bear down. was pressed down. the act of pressing down. the person who presses down. capable of being pressed down. 5 # 54 De press ing Ex press Ex press ed Ex press ion Ex press ible Ex press ure Ex press ive Ex press ing Ex press ly Ex press ive ly Ex press ive ness In ex press ible In ex press ive In ex press ibly In ex press ibility Un ex press ed Un ex press ible Un ex press ive Im press Im press ed Im press ion Im press ing Im press ive Im press ure Im press ible Im press ment Impress ive ly Im press ive ness Im press ibil ity Re im press continuing to press down. to press out, or utter by words was uttered by words, or, &c. the act of uttering by words, &c. capable of being uttered by words, &c. the result of having been uttered by words, &c, or the utterance. tending to utter by words, &c. continuing to utter by words. like uttering by words, or in an ex- press manner. in a manner like uttering by words, or in an expressive manner. the property or quality capable of be- ing uttered by words. not capable of being uttered by words. not tending to utter by words, &c. in a manner not capable of being ut- tered by words. the quality not capable of being ut- tered by words. was not uttered by words not capable of being uttered by words. not tending to express by words. to press in, or imprint was pressed in, &c. the act of pressing in. continuing to press in, &c. tending to press in. the result of pressing in. capable of being pressed in. the act of pressing in. in a manner like pressing in, or in an impressive manner. the property capable of beng pressed in, or capacity, &c. the quality capable of being pressed in. to press in again, &c. 55 Re im press ed was pressed in again. Re im press ion the act of pressing in again Re im press ing continuing to press in again. Un im press ive not tending to press in. Op press to press against, to bear down. Op press ed was pressed against, or, &c. Op press ion the act of pressing against, &c. Op press or the person who presses against, &c. Op press ing continuing to press against, &c. Op press ive tending to press against, &c. Op press ive ly in a manner like pressing against, or in an oppressive manner. Op press ive ness the quality of pressing against, &c. In op press ive not tending to press against, &c. Sup press to press under or to bring under. Sup press ed was pressed under, &c. Sup press ion the act of pressing under. Sup press or the person who presses under. Sup press ing continuing to press under. Sup press ive tending to press under. In sup press ion not pressing under. In sup press ible not capable of being pressed under. Un sup press ed was not pressed under. SECTION XIV. This first exercise, is designed particularly for children in common schools, presenting the simplest arrangement in forming and defining derivative words. All the prefixes and suffixes are printed in Italics, so that the scholar may distinguish them by the eye, from the primitive word. Let the scholar commence by spelling and defining Mix, with all its derivatives. Thus, Mix, to mingle. Mixed, did mingle or was mingled. Mixer, the person who mingles. Mixing, continuing to mingle (at a certain time.) (un means not ) Tin mixed, was not mingled. 56 Now spell each of the following words, and define them in the same manner as Mix, carefully observing by the ital- ics, what parts are added to the primitive word, and what meaning they give to it. Let the Teacher put the ques- tions distinctly, and observe that the scholar has a correct understanding of the process. Bake Mark Wish Wash Nail Baked Marked Wished Washed Nailed Baker Marker Wisher Washer Nailer Baking Marking Wishing Washing Nailing Unbaked, Unmarked , ZTnwished, Unwashed, Z7nnailed. Now carry out the following words, Place, Twist, Tax, Hate, Tune, Part, Roll, Help, Vex. less. Means without or destitute of. Fruit, with less added, forms Fruit/ess, and means without fruit, or destitute of fruit. Now what does Formless mean, and house- Jew, lifeZes.?, endless, hopeless, (earless grace- less, boundless, blameless, faithless, tasteless. ful. Means full of, full or abundance. Fruit with ful, added, forms fruitful, and means full of fruit or abundance of fruit. What do the following words mean 1 Hope- ful, (earful, graceful, useful, blameful, painful, careful, needful, playful, shameful, tuneful, peaceful. Observe how ful, and less, change the meaning of the word. Guileful is full of guile ; but guileZe.?.? is without guile. ish Means in some degree like, or somewhat. Green with ish, added, makes greenish, and means in some degree like green, or somewhat green. Now what is the meaning of heathenisn, wolfish, brownish, brutish, bluish, darkisn, fop- pish, soitish, sourish, sweetish, clownisn, apish, waggish, knavish. ly. Means like, or in a manner. Man, with ly, added, makes manly, and means like a man, or in a man-like manner. 57 Now define, womanZy, kingZy, princeZy, swiftZy, speediZy, faintZy, madZy, roughZy, gen- tleman/y. ness. Means, the quality of, or the abstract quality of, or the state. Sweet, with ness, added, forms sweetness, and means that quality found in sugar, honey, &c, or the * abstract quality of any thing sweet, wherever it is found. Goodness, means the quality of any thing that is good. Now define, coldness, softness, greatness, weakness, roughness. Bloodiness, is the state of being bloody, so baldness, hoarseness, comeliness, plainness emptiness. These, with some exceptions, mean the per- son who, or the agent which. Learn, with er, added, means the person who learns. Now explain Instructor, tutor, moral- ist, republican, musician, legatee, trustee, auc- tioneer, assignee, lioness, peeress, instructress, exectutor, executrix, maker, hearer, encomiast, heroine, canaaniZe, formalist, logician, chemist, philosopher, reader, baroness poetess, protect- or, administratrix, actor, able ible. Mean capable of, capable of being, or that may be. Pay, when able is added, makes payaoZe, and means capable of being paid, or that may be paid. Now define, TeachaoZe, taxaoZe, eataoZe, movaoZe, imitaoZe, expressi'6Ze, culpaoZe, quench- able, credible, matchaoZe, flexible, blamaoZe, mutaoZe. Abstract means drawn from, or separated from. 58 ability ableness ibility ibleness. ous. lve. ion ment. These mean the property or quality capa- ble of being, that may be ; capacity or state. Blame, with ableness added, makes blam- ableness, and means the quality that may be blamed. Flexibility, means the quality that may be bent. Now define commendableness, perceptivity xesistibility , placability, inflammaWeness, divis- ibility, penetrability, destructibility, compre- hensibility, combuslibleness, malleability, intel- ligibleness. Means partaking of, consisting of, resembling or full of. Slander, with ous added, forms slanderous, and means partaking of, or consisting of slan- der. Tumultuous, means full of tumult. Now explain invidious, tempestuous, neces- sitous, murderous, piteous, plenteous, riotous, hazardous, villainous, resinous, ponderous, tim- orous, clamorous, mischievous. Means having a tendency to, the power of, na- ture of, &c. Effect with ive added, forms effective and means having the power of accomplishing something. Deceptive, means having a tendency to de- ceive. Now tell the meaning of, restorative, pro- ductive, retentive, delusive, expressive, palliat- ive, explicative, operative, diffusive, convulsive, oppressive, incentive, compulsive, subversive, corrosive, preservative. Mean the act of, state of being, place or thing. Abase with ment added forms abasement, and means the act of humbling, or state of being humbled. Depress, with ion, makes depression, de 59 means down, then depression is the act of pressing down, or state of being pressed down. Now explain concealment, creation, defile- ment, desertion, reduction, formation, subject- ton, cessation, imprisonment, enforcement, ex- citement, congealmen^, privation, discussion, immersion. ic al. Most generally mean pertaining to, or like. Form, with al added, makes forma/, and means pertaining to form, or according to form. Heroic, is like a hero or pertaining to a hero. Now define, national, naturaZ, academicaZ, devotionaZ, metaphoric academic, poetic, athe- istic, scholastic, deisticaZ, poeticaZ, metaphoric- al, academicaZ, electricaZ. ize. Signifies, to do, to make, to perform, to give, or assimilate. Legal, with ize added, forms Legalise, and signifies to make lawful. Authorize to give au- thority to. Now explain, equalize, brutalize civilize, mor- alize, pulverize, sterilize, realize, humanize, methodize, fertilize. ism. Means principles, state, or what is peculiar to. Method, with ism added, forms methodism, and means the principles, or doctrines of Meth- odists. Anglicism, is what is peculiar to the English idiom. Naturalism, is the mere state of nature. What is Jesuitism, Catholicism, republican- ism, Vandalism, presbyterianism, puritanism, sectarianism, federalism, patriotism, gallicism, en fy. Signify to make, or made of. Hard with en, forming harden means to make hard, or more hard. Wooden, means made of wood. Happy, (y changed to i, and^y added,) makes happi/y, and means to make happy. Now define deepen, lighten, slacken, widen, weaken, flaxen, woolen, hempen, silken, earthen, 60 waxen, beechen, Glori/y, forti/y, sancti/y, Dei/y, rati/y, modi/y, puri/y, beati/y, justi/y, stupe/y, falsi/y, clari/y, fructify, moli/y. ity cy ty. Mean the state, condition or state of. Obdurate, makes obduracy, the state of being hard of heart, or unfeeling. Humility, the state of being humble. Now what is supremacy, delicacy, intricacy, solidly, fertility, stupidly, hostility, tranquility, hood. Means the state of, or office. Child, with hood added, means the state of a child. Priest/iooc?, is the office of a priest. What is boyhood, manhood, knighthood, hard- ihood. ship. Means state or office. What is professor- ship, consulship, partnership, relations/iip, legis- latorsnip. ance ancy > Mean the state, condition, act of, or thing. ence ency. $ ing, will aid in giving the meaning. Depend, means to hang down, (literally) and ence added, forms dependence, and means the state of hanging- down from some supporter. Performance, is the act of doing something or the thing done. Now define ignorance, allowance, occupancy, ascendency, deficiency, coincidence, concurrence, confluence, competence, persistence, clemency, despondency, delinquency, solvency, reliance. ant ent. Either mean a person, or express acting or doing, in some sense like words ending with ing. Preside, forms president, the person presid- ing. Defendant, is a person. Refulgent, is shin- ing. What is Assailant, accountant, combatant, disputant, agent, student, adherent, triumphant, vigilant, absorbent, component, abstinent, ap- parent. 61 SECTION XV. Second Exercise. Suffixes, subjoined to different words, in classes, as an exercise for children, where repetition will strengthen the memory and render the mode of defining familiar. To be often repeated, ful. Full of, full, an abundance. fully. In a manner full of, or in a manner. fullness. The quality of being full of, or state, less. Without, or destitute of. lessly. In a manner without, or in a manner. lessness. The quality or state of being without. Now apply the above definitions to the following words, and observe the commas. Faith ful,ly,ness less,ly,ness. Rule 4. Health ful,ly,ness less,ly,ness. Pity ful,ly,ness less,ly,ness. Rule 2. y changed to i. Hope ful,ly,ne°.s less,ly,ness. Mercy ful,ly,ness less,ly,ness. Rule 2. y changed to i Art ful,ly,ness less,ly,ness. Care ful,ly,ness less,ly,ness. Need ful,ly,ness less,ly,ness. Fear ful,ly,ness les3,ly,ness. Shame ful,ly,ness less,ly,ness. Respect ful,ly,ness less,ly,ness. ish. In some degree like, or somewhat. • , , In a manner some degree like, or in a manner somewhat like, ishness. The quality in some degree like. Define the primitive, then join each suffix, and define the whole. Fool ish,ly,ness. Clown ish,ly,ness. Heathen ish,ly,ness. Ape ish,ly,ness. Slave ish,ly,ness, Sot tish,ly,ness. Knave ish,ly,ness. Brine ishmess. Brute ish,ly,ness. Slut tish,ly,ness. Child ish,ly,ness. White ish,ness. 6 ing ingly 62 Continuing to, (Referring to the time when.) In a manner, (repeat the word in the blank.) ingness. The quality of being. Example Loving/y, in a (loving) man- Lastingree^, the quality of ner. being durable. Grieve ing,ly. Admire ing,ly. Doubt ing,ly. Frown ing,ly. Despair ing,ly. Fawn ing.ly. Surprise ing,ly. Enchant ing.ly. Agonize ing,ly. Loathe ing,ly. Pine ing.ly. Love ing,ly. Charm ing,ly. Despair ing,ly. Last ing,ly. ic > , > Pertaining to, relating to, like. ical. (The same as above.) . ,, In a manner pertaining to, or in a y* manner. Deist ic,al„ly. Democrat ic,al„ly. Method ic,al„ly. Drama tic,al„ly. Poet ic,al„ly. Metaphor ic,al„ly. Druid ic,al„ly. Angel ic,al„ly. Alphabet ic,al„ly. Mechanic al ,ly. Atheist ic,al,,ly. Grammat ic,al„ly. able ible. ably ) In a manner that may be, or in a- ibly. ) manner. .. , I The property or quality that may be, &c. Move able,ness ably. Corrupt able,ness ably. Change able,ness ably. Demonstrate ble,ness bly. Censure able,ness ably. Perceptible ibly ( ibility. Charge able,ness ably. Honor able,ness ably. Adore able,ness ably. Blame able.ness ably. Tame able,ness. Commend able,ness ably. ive. Tending to, the power of, or the nature of. , In a manner tending to, or in a man- lvely * ner. . The quality tending to, or having the pow- er of. > That may be, &c. 63 Diffuse ive,ly,ness. Oppress ive,ly,ness. Attract ive,ly,ness. Coerce ive,ly. Destructive ly ness. Cohesive ly ness. Compulsive ly ness. Abusive ly ness. ous. Partaking of, like, full of. , In a manner partaking of, like, or, in a ^' manner. ousness. The quality partaking of, like, or state. Danger ous,ly,ness. Melody ous,ly,ness. Injury ous,ly,ness. Rule 2. Murder ous.ly. Efficacy ous,ly,ness. Slander ous,ly,ness. Perfidy ous,ly,ness. Plenty ous,ly,ness. Rule 2. Grieve ous,ly,ness. Malicious ly ness. Glory ous,ly,ness. Ruin ous,ly,ness. To do, to make like, to perform, or assim- lze - ilate. ized. Did make, &c, or was. izing. Continuing to make, &c. ization. The act of making, &c. Real ize,ed,ing,ation. Pulverize ed ing ation. Civil ize,ed,ing,ation. Equalize ed ing ation. Author ize,ed,ing,ation. Colonize ed ing ation. Moral ize,ed,ing,ation. Epitomize ed ing ation. Human ize,ed,ing,ation. Naturalize ed ing ation. Organ ize,ed,ing,ation. Modern ize,ed,ing,ation. ment. The act of, the state of being, or thing. Confine ment. Attain ment. Advance ment. Acquire ment. Enlarge ment. Enroll ment. Abase ment. Infringe ment. Retire ment. Allot ment. Excite ment. Prefer ment. Atone ment. Elope ment. To, as Desolate to destroy, or the quality ate. of ated. Did or was. ation. The act of, &c. Continuing to, (with reference to time & when.) atory. Containing, the nature of, or tending to. ant ent 64 Accelerate ed ing ion ory. Narrate ed ing ion ory. Obligate ed ing ion ory. Expostulate ed ing ion ory. Indicate ed ing ion ory. Dilate ed ing ion ory. (The judicious use of) ing, or the person. ent, in many words, has a very simi- ilar import to a present Participle. / I In a manner &c, or in a manner. ently. y ' Indulge ent, is yields'?* g. Indulgently in a yielding manner. Recumbenf, leaning, reclining. Defendant, the person who defends. Accordant, agreeing to or with. Confide?*/;, trustmo- with. Depend ent. Differ ent. Emerge ent. Concur rent. Reside ent. Cohere ent. Assist ant. Repent ant. Absorb ent. -, , I That may be, &c. h'lt'v \ ^e P ro P ert y or quality that maybe, &c. Penetrate ble bility. Rule 8. Digest ible ibility. Change able ability. Culpa t ble Relating to, pertaining to. lar. ) Aliment ary. MuscuZar. TituZar. Testament ary. Consular. Insular. Element ary. Lunar. Jugular. Supplement ary. Secular. Tubular. Imagine ary. Globular. Circular. Peasant ry. Mimic ry. Image ry. cy ity. These imply the actual state, or real con- dition ; or the quality converted into a substance, and may be rendered the state, condition, or quality. Stupid, is a quality, stupidly, is a state. Liberal ity. Prosper ity. Delicate cy.* Equal ity. Fragil ity. Intricate cy. Vital ity. Ductile ity. Obstinate cy. Moral ity. Stupid ity. Accurate cy. Mortal ity. Local ity. Obstinate cy. Brutal ity. Hostile ity. Legitimate cy. • te is dropped before cy, Rule 8. 68 SECTION XVI. Third Exercise. An exercise in carrying trie primitive through its de- rivative forms. Communicate, To impart. Compare, To liken things. Compassion, Pity. Defense, A protection. Deject, To cast down. Expect, To wait for. Force, To compel. Govern, To rule over. Honor, To reverence. Indicate, To point out. Instruct, To teach. Joy, Mirth. Know, To understand. Lax, Loose. Method, A way or manner. Narrate, To tell or rehearse Obstruct, To block up. r. , Pertaining to the P °P ul ' ar ' people. Quarrel, To contend. Recognize, To recollect. Remove, To change place. Separate, To part. Sense, Feeling, Reason. Thought, Meditation. ed ing ion ive,ness ory able,- ness bility. ed er ing ison ative,ly able ably, ary ate,ly,ness able, ed less,ness ive,ly ible. ed,ly,ness ing ion ly ory. er ing ant ance ancy able ation ative. ed,ly,ness fuljy less ible,ness ibly ing. ed ing or ess ant ance able ment,al. ed er ing less able,ness ably ary. ed ing ion ive,ly or ory. ed ing ion ive,ly,ness or ress ible. ful,ly,ness less,ly,ness ous,ly ness. er ing,ly able. ly ness ity ation ative,ness. ic,al„ly ist,ic„al ism ize. ed ing ion ive,ly or ory able, ed er ing ion ive. ly ity ize,ed,ing 4 ate,ed,ing,ion- t ous,ly,ness. er ing ous some,ly,ness. ed ing or ee ance able. ed,ness er ing al able ability, ed ing ly ion ness ist or ory ble,ness bility. ful less,ly,ness ation ible,ness ibility itivedy. ful,ly,ness less,ly,ness. €9 Traduce, To vilify. ed er ing,lyment ent ible tion tive. Use, To occupy, custom. ed ful,ly,ness less,ly,ness ance er age,er able ual,ly,ness. Utter, To speak. ed er ing ance able. Vapor, Moisture, elastic fluid. ate,ion able ability ed ize,ed,- ing,ation ous,ly,ness. Venerate, To reverence. ed ing ion or ble,ness bly bility. Wake, Not to sleep. ful,ly,ness er ing en,er,ing,ed. Yield, To give up. ed er ing,ly,ness ance able,- ness. Yellow, A color. ness ish,ness. Zeal, Engagedness. less ous,ly,ness ot,ic„al. Zone, A girdle. ed less nar. Accuse, To blame. ed er ing ant able ation ative,ly atory. Affirm, To assert positively, ed er ing able ably ant ance ation ative,ly. t. An assemblage of ) ous,ly,ness ful,ly,ness less *' graces. $ fy,er,ing. r, £. An act of kindness. ) ,. Benefit, Tq do good £ ed ing. Allow, To grant. ed er ing ance able,ness ably. Manner of discovering Latin Roots. When the English word is derived from a Latin deri- vative, the prefix to the Latin root, is italicised, or the root is given in addition. If the English word is from a Latin noun, participle or supine, of regular formation, nothing more is commonly necessary than to italicise the prefix, and thus show the primitive ; which is usually done in the following tables : — For example, the English word Inscribe, is from the Latin Znscribo, where in being italicised, leaves scribo un- italicised as the root. So obstruct, is from ofcstructum, where ob is likewise italicised, leaving structum, as the regular supine from struo, its root. In this manner Latin primitives and derivatives may generally be distinguished. As this work is specially designed to aid English scholars, who have no knowledge of the classics, and con- 70 sequently could not trace out very remote derivations, it was thought advisable for their benefit, to accommodate the arrangement in this respect, to their understandings, by- giving those words whose signification is greatly expanded, under different heads, or repeating the root, in connection with such prefixes, as in each case, would best correspond with the several primitive meanings. For example ; An,nounce, signifies, to publish or declare to, and in natural connection is pronounce. But Renounce, means to disown, or reject, and in accordance with this, is denounce ; yet both words have the same root. Also instruct, to teach, Construe to translate, structure, a build- ing, obstruct, to block up, and destroy to pull down, are from the same root, struo to build. All these words have corresponding prefixes, and when relatively arranged the whole becomes perfectly intelligible to the English scholar. The scholar must remember that some of the prefixes, and especially un, rarely combine with the primitive word till it has assumed some of its derivative forms ; as Faith cannot be wnfaith, but unfaithful. A little observation of the tables where all the suffixes are carried out with the prefixes, will afford the best guide on this point, re and un, are prefixed to adjectives and participles almost at pleasure ; and are not always inserted in this work where they might be used with propriety. all, high and self, like prefixes, are extensively used in com- position as ^4/Z-amazed, High-minded, dicate, to fortify. self. Defense. ) Defensum. A .security against violence or injury ed er ing ant able, un ed. ed ible ive,ly less,ness ative. self. un. Delight, f. and Delector. A high degree of pleasure, to affect with pleasure, ed er ful,ly,ness less some,ly,ne6s. un ed ful. 7 74 un. Deny, f. To contradict, refuse, reject, disown, not to yield, er al able, un able ably. un. Deserve, Deservio. To merit, to be worthy of either good or evil. ed,ly ing,ly er. un ed,ly,ness ing,ly. Servus, a slave. un. Desire, f. An emotion of the mind for the attain- ment of some object, love, appetite, ed er ing ous,ly,ness able,ness. un able. un. Despise. To contemn, scorn or disdain, to have the lowest opinion of. ed,ness ing,ly er al able. un ed. De-Specio, to look down. over. Difficult, Di/ficilis. Hard to be made or done, at- tended with difficulty, not easily performed. y. over. Facilis, easy. un. Divulge, Divulgo. To make public, to disclose or tell, ed er ing ation. un ed. Vulgus, the common people. re. Double, f. To fold, twice the sum, to increase twice as much, y ed er ing ness. reeding. Duo, two. un. Doubt, f. To waver in opinion, to hesitate, to question or fear, ed er ing,ly ful,ly,ness less,ly. un ed,ly ing. Dubitus, doubtful. over. Earnest, sax. Eager to obtain, zealous, serious, first fruits, a reality, ness ly. over. re. Echo, Echo. Sound reflected from a solid body, to resound, ed ing. re ed ing. un. Elate, JSlatus. Raised, elevated in mind, proud, haughty. ed,ly ing or ion. un ed. Fero, latum, to carry, or bear. un. Embellish, f. To adorn, beautify or decorate, to to make elegant, ed er ing ment. un ed. un. Embroider, f. To border with ornamental needle work, ed er ing y. un ed. Emanate, iiinano. To issue from a source, to flow from, ing ion ive. Mano, to flow like drops. non. Emphases, \ gr. A particular stress of voice given > to certain words. Emphatic. ) ( ize al,ly. non al. Emulate, Aemulor. To strive to equal or excel, to vie with, to rival, ed ing ion ive or ress. Aemulus, vying with 75 un. Endow, norm. To furnish with a portion of goods or estate, to enrich or settle on, to indue, ed er ing ment. un ed. nn. Entertain, f. To receive and treat with hospi- tality, to lodge, to please and amuse, ed er ing,ly ment. un ed ing,ness. Teneo, to hold. un. Entrance, f. To put in a trance, to withdraw the soul, enraptured, ed ing. dis ed ing. un. Escort, f. A guard, a body of armed men protecting something, ed ing. un ed. un. Espy, f. To see at a distance, to discovor. un ed. Specio, to look. co. Eternal, Aeternus. Without beginning or end, im- mortal, ist ize ly. Etern ity ify ize,ed,ing. co al. Un. Exempt, f. To be free or permit to be free from any charge or burden, to free by privilege, ed ing ion. un ed. Emo, to buy. un Expect, £a-specto expectatum. To wait for, to look for either good or evil, er ing ant ancy ance able ation. un ed,ly,ness. Specio, to see or look. Expunge, JSxpungo. To blot out as with a pen, to efface or erase, ed ing. Pungo, to prick or sting. un. Fade, f. To lose color, to decay, lose strength, to vanish, ed ing,ness. un ed ing,ness. un. Fair, sax. Clear from spots, beautiful, frank, honest, plain, ly ness. un ly ness. un. Faith, w. Belief, assent of the mind, trust, con- fidence. ful,ly,ness less,ness. un ful,ly,- ness. Fides, faith. un. Familiar, Familians. Pertaining to a family, do- mestic, easy in conversation, intimate, ity ize,ed,ing ly. un ity. Familia, a family. en. Feeble, sp. Weak, infirm, sickly, not loud, wanting force, ness y. en ing ment. semi. Fluid, Fluidus. Any substance whose parts move easily like water, ity ness. semi. Fluo, to flow. 76 un. Forbear, sax. To stop, cease, delay, to abstain from, to omit, ance er ing. un ing. un. Forfeit, f. To lose by some fault, offense, or crime. ed er ing ure able, un ed. re. Fund, f. Stock or capital, money, income, abund ance. re ed ing. un. Furl, f. To draw up, to contract as sails, ed ing. un ed. un. Generous, Generosiis. Being of honourable birth, noble, liberal, bountiful, ly ness. un ly. Genus from Gigno. un. Genteel, f. Polite, well bred, easy in manners and behavior, ly ness. un ly. Genus, a race or kind. un. Gentle, Genus. Well born, mild, tame, meek, not violent. man,ly ness. un man,ly ness. un. Grant, norm. To admit as true what is not proved, to allow, to yield, give or concede, ed or ee ing able, un ed. un. Greet, sax. To address with expressions of kind wishes, to salute, ed er ing. Gratus, favor. in. Gratitude, Gratitudo. An emotion of the heart to- wards a benefactor, excited by a favor. Gratus, a favor, grateful. un. Hazard, f. Chance, accident, danger, peril, to ex- pose to chance, ed er ing ous,ly able. un ed. un. Health, from heal. That state in which all the parts of a living body are sound. ful,ly,ness y,ness,ly less, un ful,ness y,ness,ly. un. Heed, sax. To mind, to regard with care, caution, care, ed ful,ly,ness less,ly,ness. un y ed ing ful. un. Hesitate, Haesito. To stop or pause, to be in doubt or suspense, to stammer. ing,ly ion t ant t ancy. un ing,ly. Haereo, to stick. dis. Honest, f. and Honor. Upright, just, fair in dealing, frank, sincere, ly y. dis ly y. un. Hope, sax. A desire of some good accompanied with some expectation. To desire, ed ful,- ly,ness less,ly,ness ing,ly. un ed ful. 77 on. Infest, Infesto. To trouble greatly, to disturb, annoy or harass, ed er ing ation. un ed. Infringe, /nfringo. To break as a contract, to violate or transgress, ed er ing ment. Frango, to break. un. Injure, f. To hurt or wound, to damage, to make worse, ed er ing y,ous„ly„ness. un ed. Jus, right or legal. self. Indulge, Tradulgeo. To permit to be, to suffer, not to check, ed er ing ence ency entjy. self ence. un. Insult, /nsultus. The act of leaping on, gross abuse offered to another, insolence, ed er ing,ly ation. un ed. Salio, to leap. un. Interrupt, Riiptus, a breaking, Inter, between. To stop or hinder by breaking in upon, to im- pede motion. ed,ly er ing ion. un ed,ly. Rumpo, to break. Invent, f. /nvenio. To find out something new, to devise or contrive, ed er ing ion ive or. re. Iterate, Itero. To repeat, to utter or do a second time, ed ing ion ive. un ed. Iterum, again. over. Jealous, f. Fearing rivalship. y ly ness. over. co. Jur 4 or, Jurator. One who serves on a jury. 4 ist. co fix. Jus. legal. out. Knave, sax. Originally a boy, or servant, now used for a false, deceitful, dishonest person, ry ish,ly,ness. out. un. Lament, Lainentor. To mourn or grieve, to be- wail, to regret, ed er ing able ably ation. un ed. mis. Lead, sax. To guide by the hand, to conduct, or go before, to induce, er ing. mis er ing. un. Learn, sax. To gain knowledge of, to acquire skill, to receive intelligence. ed,ly,ness ing er un ed,ly. il. Legible, Legibilis. That may be read, that may be discovered. t bly ness ( bility. z7 t ble t bility 4 bly. Lego, to read or choose. inter. Link, dan. A single ring of a chain, to unite, ed ing. inter. 7* re. Loan, sax. The act of lending, that which is lent. ed ing. re ed ing. un. Maim, f. To deprive of the use of a limb, to injure, cripple, or disable, ing ed,ness. un ed. un. Mean, sax. Wanting dignity, base. Also the mid- dle point; also to have in mind or intend. ing ly ness. un ing. dis. Member, Membrum. A limb of animal bodies, a clause or part of a discourse, an individual of community, ed ship, dis ed ing ment. ante. Meridian, f. At mid-day, a circle in the heavens. t onal,ly,ity. ante. re. Mold, sax. 1. Soft earth. 2. To shape. 3. To cover with mold, ed ing able y,ness er,ing. un ed. un. Molest, f. To trouble, disturb or render uneasy, ed er ing ful ation. un ed. un. Muffle, d. To cover from the weather, to blindfold. ed er ing. un. self. Murder, sax. To kill a human being unlawfully, ed er ess ing ous,ly. un ed. re. Murmur, Murmur. A low sound, to complain, to grumble, er ing,ly ous. un ed ing. Need, sax. Want, necessity, a state that requires aid or relief, ed er ful,ly ing y,ly,ness less,- ly,ness. self. Neglect, JVegdectus. To omit by carelessness or de- sign, to postpone, ed er ful,ly ing,ly ion ive. self. iVec-lectus, not choosing. un. Neighbor. An inhabitant of the same vicinity, ly,- ness ing ship hood, un ly. un. Notice, Notitia. Observation by any of the senses, civility, respect, remark, ed ing. un ed. Nosco, to know. post. Nuptial, Nuptialis. Pertaining to marriage, post. Nubo, to marry. un. Nurture, f. To feed, nourish, bring up or educate. Food or diet, ed ing. un ed. Nutrio, to nurse. in. Opul ( ent, Opulentus. Wealthy, rich, affluent, ly ence. in ,ent. 79 un. Pain, sax. An uneasy sensation, labor, toil, to dis- quiet. ful,ly,ness ed. un ed ful. Paena, pain. im. Palpable, f. Perceptible by the touch, coarse, plain, obvious, ness 4 bly 4 bility. im ,bility. Palpo, to touch or feel. un. Pardon, f. To forgive an offence, to remit a penalty, forgiveness, ed er ing ably able,ness. un ed ing able ably. im. Permanent, Permanens. Durable, lasting, remain- ing unchanged. c ence ( ency ly. im. Maneo, to abide. Pierce, f. To penetrate, to thrust a way into, to enter or effect, ed er ing,ly,ness able. im. Pious, Pius. Godly, religious, due respect for parents, ly. im ly ness. un. Pity, f. The feeling excited in one person by the distress of another, sympathy, having tender feelings. ful,ly,ness ed able,ness less.ly,- ness. un ed ful,ly ing. inter. Pledge, f. Something put in pawn, a surety, to de- posit, ed er ee ing. inter. un. Poet, f. and Poeta. The author of a poem, one skilled in poetry, ess ize ic,al„ly ress ry. un ic,al,,ly. un. Pollute, Polluo. To defile or make unclean, to pro- fane or violate. ed,ly,ness er ing ion. un ed. un. Prince, f. A sovereign, the ruler of a nation, son of a king, dom like ly,ness ess. un ly. im. Proba 4 ble, Probabilis. Likely, having more evidence than the contrary, that may be. ,bly ( bility. im Studium. Application of the mind to some- Student, S Studens. thing, meditation, variously used, er ous,ly,ness ed. un ed ous. Studeo, to study. 82 un. Success, Successus. The favorable termination of any purpose. ful,ly,ness ion ive,ly,ness less,- ly,ness or. un ful,ly,ness ive. Cedo, to yield, to depart. un. Tame, sax. To make gentle, to domesticate, to civilize, to subdue, spiritless, ed er ing less able,ness. un ed able. un. Tarnish, f. To sully, to soil, to lose lustre or be- come dull, ed ing. un ed. un. Tax, f. A rate or sum of money, to lay or impose on, or assess a sum, to charge or censure, ed er ing able ation. un ed. over. Tedious, Taedium. Wearisome, tiresome, slow- ness, ly ness. over. Taedet, it wearieth. un. Thank, sax. To express gratitude for a favor, ed ful,ly,ness ing less,ness. un ed ful,ly,ness. un. Trouble, f. To agitate or disturb, to perplex or tease, affliction, calamity, ed er some,ly,- ness ing ous. un ed. mis. Understand, Under and stand. To know or compre- hend, to have the same ideas as the person who speaks, to learn, er ing,ly able. mis. ing. un. Urge, Urgeo. To press, drive or impel forward, to press by motives, to importune, ed er ing ncy nt,ly. un ed. un. Varnish, f. A thick glossy liquid, an artificial cover- ing, a fair external appearance, to cover, ed er ing. un ed. re. Verberate, Verbero. To beat or strike, ion. re ed ing ion ory. un. Vex, Vexo. To irritate, or make angry by little pro- vocations, to plague, fret or to harass, ation atious,ly,ness ed er. un ed. Verd^ant, Viridans. Green like grass, fresh, flourish- ing. 4 ancy. Verb, Verbum. A word, a part of speech expressing action. al,ly,ity,ize atim. un. Virtue, Virtus. Moral goodness, or excellence — various senses, less oso ous,ly,ness al,ity,- , ly. un ous. 83 SECTION XVIII. Fifth Exercise. un. Actuate. To put into action, to move or incite, ed ing ion. un ed. Ago, to do ; actum, done. all. Abhor, .AMiorreo. To hate extremely, to loathe, despise or detest, rer red rence rency rent, ly. all red. Rule 5. super. Angel, gr. and Angelus. A spirit, a messenger sent from God. ic,al,,ly,,ness age. super ic. peri. Ap,helion, gr. apo from, helios the sun. That point of a planet's orbit most distant from the sun. peri. semi. Aperture, Apertum. The act of opening, an opening semi. Aperio to open. peri. Apo,gee, gr. Apo from ge the earth. That point in a planet's orbit most distant from the earth. peri. Assiduous, .Assiduus. Constant in application, atten- tive, ly ness t ity. sedeo, to sit. anti. Asthma, gr. Shortness of breath, difficulty of breath- ing, tic. anti tic. un. Authentic, f. Having a genuine original, true, genu- ine. al,ly,ness ate, ed, ion, ing ly ity ness. ant.* Arctic, gr. Northern constellation called the Bear. ant. un. Bail, f. To set free from arrest, to bail water from a boat, a person who procures the release of a prisoner, able er ed ee ment bond, un ed. semi. Barbarian, Barbarus. A man in a savage state, semi. un. Benign, Benignus. Kind disposition, generous, fa- vorable, ant ity ly. un. un. Blight, sax. A disease incident to plants, to blast, ed. un. fore. Bode, sax. To portend or foreshow, an omen, ment fore er ing ment. unfore ing. * For anti. 84 in. Canton, It. A small portion of land, or division of a territory, al ing ed ize ment. in. un. Canvass, f. To examine returns of votes, to seek, to debate, ed er ing. un ed. over. Captious, Captiosus. Disposed to find fault, apt to cavil, ly ness. over. Capio, to take. omni. Carnivorous, Caro flesh, and voro to devour; hence, Eating or feeding on flesh. ( acity. omni. anti. Catholic, gr. Universal or general, not bigoted, a papist, al ism ize ly ness. anti. un. Cause, Causa. The reason or motive that urges, that which produces an effect, sake, ac- count, to produce, ed less,ly,ness er ing able al,ty,ity,ly ation ative,ly ator. un ed. Challenge, norm. A calling upon one to fight in single combat, a claim, to invite to a trial, ed er ing able, un ed. un. Class, Classis. An order or rank of persons, a number of students, a scientific division, to place in ranks. ic,al,,lyify,ing,edific, ation. un ic,al. anti. Climax, gr. A figure of rhetoric, in which the sen- tence rises more forcibly, anti. in. Commute, Commxxto. To exchange one thing for another, to atone, al ation ative,ly able abil- ity, in able ably ability, un ed. ac. Complice, It. A confederate in some unlawful act. ac. Plico, to fold together. un. Comprise, f. To contain or include, ed er ing al. un ed. un. Confiscate, Corcfisco. To adjudge to be forfeited to the public treasury, ed ing ion or ory ble. un ed. Fiscus, a great money-hag. un. Conjugal, Conjugalis. Belonging to marriage, ly. un. Jugum, a yoke. un. Conjugate, Conjugo. To join, ed ion. un ed. Conspire, Conspire To agree or combine by oath to commit a crime, to plot, er ing,ly ant ator ation acy. un. Corrode, Corrodo. To eat away by degrees, to prey upon, ed ing ent iate ible ibility. un ed. Corros ion ive,lv,ness. 85 anti. Cosmetic, gr. Beautifying, improving beauty. al,ly. anti. de. Coy, f. Modest, reserved, shy. ish ly ness. de ed ing. unde ed. re un. Cross, w. A gibbet, to transverse, ill-humored, ed ing ly ness. re ed ing. un ed. re. Crude, Crudus. Raw, not cooked, in a natural state, rough, harsh, undigested, ly ness ity. re ency escence escency escent. en. Danger, f. Peril, risk, exposure to injury or loss. less ous,ly,ness. en ed ing ment. un. Defile, f. To make unclean. Also, a narrow passage. ed er ing ment. un ed. pre un. Design, Designo. To delineate a figure, to project, to plan, er ing less,ly ful,ness ed,ly ate,ed, or,ive,ing,ion. un ed,ly,ness ing. pre ed ing. Signum, a sign. un. Dilate, Dilato. To expand, enlarge, or widen, ed ing or ble ion bility. un ed. Latus, broad. in. Dilatory, f. and Latus. Drawing out ; hence slow, late, tardy, ly ness. in. un. Dilute, Zhluo. To wash, to render more liquid, make thin or weak, ed er ing ion Distinct, D/stinctus, a marked difference, ter in. J ' ' contra in mis Distinguish, Zh'stinguo. To ascertain the dif- un. ference, to be eminent. in mis un. Direct, .Directus. Straight, right, to point or aim. Rego, to rule. in sub un. Divide, Zh'vido, diviso. To separate, make partition, open. Viduo, to part, (obs.) counter with. Draw, sax. To pull along or move — variously used. con re sub. Duplicate, Duplicatus. Double, two fold, a copy. Plico, to fold. in i suf. in un. dis pre re un. co in sub un. co non super un. co pre re un. all in per. £f,fici 4 ent, _E/~ficiens. Causing or producing effects. Facio, to make. Eligible, f. and Eligo. Fit to be chosen, worthy of choice. Ex and lego, to choose. Engage, f. To promise or bind one's self in any matter. Equal, ^Equalis. Of similar dimensions, same rank. iEquus, equal. Essential, Essentialis. Necessary in the high- est degree. Essentia, esse, to be. Establish, f. To fix firmly, to settle or con- firm. Sto, to stand. E,vade, i?vado, evasum. To avoid, elude, es- cape, to march from. Vado, to inarch. 137 pre re selfun. non un. non co con. *an in pos ul. in un after un in all. circum in re retro, bene male under, mis un. ef inter pre re. ef per suf. dis un under, de dis un. in re un. dis in self un. ag de con un. all un dis un. un de intro retro. mis un. en dis in un. Examine, Examino, examinatum. To inspect carefully. Examen. Execute, f. To perform, complete, to inflict, to kill. Ex-sequor, to follow. Extemporaneous, isxtemporaneus. Uttered without premeditation. Tempus, time. Ex,terior, Exterior, external, outward. E,vince, E vinco, evictum. To prove in a clear manner, to conquer. Vinco, to overcome. Flame, Flamma, fiammatus. Blaze, fire, ar- dor, rage. Flexile, Flexilis. Easily bent, pliant. Flecto, to bend. Factor, Factor. An agent for another person, a doer. Facio, factum, to do. Fortune, Fortuna. Success, good luck, wealth, destiny. Fors, chance. Fulg t ency, Fulgens. Brightness, splendor. Fume, Fumus, fumigatio. Smoke, vapor, rage, scent. Furnish, f. To supply in the sense as used. Garnish, f. To adorn, decorate, or furnish. Gather, sax. To bring together, to collect. Glory, Gloria. Brightness, lustre, splendor. Glue. f. Tenacious matter, to unite with glue. Grace, f. Favor, good will, to adorn. Gratus, grateful, thankful. Grade, Gradus, gradu, gradatio. Degree, rank or order. Gradus, a step. Guide, f. To direct or influence, a conductor. Harmony, Harmonia. Adaptation of parts, concord. * An for ante, and ul for ultra. 12* 138 un all dis un. Honor, Honor. Esteem, reputation, dignity, to revere. in un fore. Imagine, f. and Imago, imaginatio. To form an idea in the mind. Imago, an image. un in op re ex. Im,pugn, Zmpugno, impugnatus. To attack by words, or blame. Pugno, to fight. ap pro re retro. Im,pulse, Jwjpulsus. Force impressed, influ- ence, driven in. Pello, to drive. mis super un. Intelligent, Intelligens, intellectus, intellectu, endowed with reason, knowing, well informed. Intel for inter, and lego, to un ir un read or choose. at re. In,tent, 7«tentus. Having the mind, fixed, closely observing. Tendo, to stretch. dis self un. Interest, f. To concern, excite emotion, a share, premium. mis pre un. Instruct, //jstructum. To teach, educate, or un inform. Struo, to pile or build. all fore un. Know, sax. To perceive with certainty, to understand, ap col il. Laud, Laudo. Praise, to praise in words. Laus, praise. di in semi. Lapidate, Lapido. To stone. Lapis, a stone. un ab de ad. Legate, Legatus. The pope's ambassador, one sent. Lego, to send. circum col sub. Ligation, Ligatio. The act of binding. Ligo, to bind. allun en over. Light, sax. Rays of the sun, not heavy, small, to enkindle, be dis mis un. Like, sax. Equal, similar, to approve or choose, extra il un. Limit, Limes, limitatio. Bound, utmost extent. be dis im un. Mask, f. A cover for the face, to conceal or disguise. 139 all im pre. Mature, Maturus. Ripe, perfected, to ripen, counter mis. March, f. and Mars. Third month, to move by steps, de pre un. Merit, Meritum. Worth, value, desert, to deserve, fore un pre ad pre. Monition, Monitio. Warning, admonitory. — Moneo, to admonish. anti de im Moral, Moralis. Relating to conduct, con- formed to rules. Mos, moris, a custom. in un dis sur. Mount, f. A mass of earth, to leap upon, to rise aloft. Mons, a mountain. circum in re Navigate, Navigo. To sail on water. Navis, un. a ship ; no, to swim. un e un re in. Nerve, Nervus. A sinew, strength, firmness, dis ig en un. Noble, Nobilis, nobilitas. Great, exalted, generous. an con de un. Note, Nota, notatio. A mark or token, notice, short letter, to observe. Nosco, to know. an con di in. Numerate, Numero. To count or reckon numbers. Numerus, a number. dis in. Obedient, Obediens. Submissive to au- thority. non sub un. Obscure, Obscuro, obscuratio. To darken or cloud, not intelligible. mis non un. Observe, O&servo, observatio. To notice with attention, to remark. Servo, to preserve. in over un. Offend, Oyfendo, offensus. To displease, vio- late, or transgress. Fendo, to keep off. ex in under un. Office, O/ficium. Particular duty, a charge, business. mis pre self. Opinion, Opinio. Judgment formed by the mind. Opinor, to think. dis in re un. Organ, Organum. An instrument of action, that through which something is done. com im super. Pati,ent, Patiens. Enduring evils without murmuring. Patior, to suffer. 140 all im un. ap im un. im preter un. dis mis un. equi im non pre. un dis pre re un. dis ex com ap. dis mis un. re im mis. com ex super un. dis in over un. ir out un. cor mis un. dis fore mis un un ui ap. Penetrate, Penetro, penetrabilis. To enter, pierce, or effect. Perceive, Percipio, perceptio. To have know- ledge by the bodily senses or mind. Per and capio, to take. Perfect, Perfectus. Finished, complete, to make skilful. Per and facio. Place, f. Any portion of space, to fix or appoint. Ponder, Pondero. To weigh in the mind, or otherwise to muse. Pondus, a weight, from pendo, to weigh. Possess, Possessus. To have just title, to hold or occupy. Esse, to be ; potis, able. Probation, Probatio. The act of proving, foretrial. Probus, honest. Reprobate, (same root.) Not enduring trial, one abandoned to sin. Profess, Processus. To make open declara- tion, to avow, declare, or acknowledge. Fateor and fessus, for fassus, to confess. Prison, f. A public building for the confine- ment of criminals. Purge, Purgo, purgatio. To cleanse, purify, or clear. Quiet, Quietus. Still, calm, peaceable. — Quies, rest. Reason, f. and Rationalis. Faculty of the mind, a cause, to argue. Reor, to think. Relate, iielatus. To tell or recite, to have reference to. Re and fero,latus. .Remember, norm, and Re-memoro. To gain an idea which had been in the mind be- fore. Memor, mindful. 1 ir Re,peal, f. To recall, revoke or abrogate. Pello, for Appello, to call. 141 after ir un. Repent, f. To feel pain for what was wrong, to change the mind. Poeniteo, to be sorry; poena, pain. ex ir mis un. Represent, .Repraesento, representatio. To show or describe. Re pre and ens (being) or sentio. ab di ex inter Re,scind, iJescindo, rescissum. To revoke, pre. annul, cut off, or rend asunder. Scindo, to rend or tear. cor ir un. Respond, Respondeo, responsum. To answer to or correspond. Spondeo, to promise. mis over un. Rule, w. That which has become a standard in any sense, to govern or guide, con en ex. Sanguine, Sanguineus. Red like blood, ar- dent, warm. Sanguis, blood. all re un. Search, f. To look over, explore, or seek, a seeking for. counter in un. Secure, Securus. Free from danger, to guard or make safe. Se and cura, separate un from care. con omni pre Science, Sciens, scientia. Knowledge in eve- un. ry acceptation. Scio, to know. counter in non. Sense, Sensus. That faculty which perceives — variously used. Sentio, to perceive. con dism inter. Seminate, Semino. To spread, sow, or propa- gate. Semen, seed. counter pre un. Signal, f. A sign given, memorable. Sig- un num. con un. Solid, Solidus. Hard, firm, sound, substantial. demi en hemi Sphere, Sphaera. An orb or globe, circuit of semi un. motion, rank. de in un. Spirit, Spiritus. Wind, air, breath, sold — mis various senses. con sub super. Structure, Structura. Act of building an edi- fice. Struo, to build, in un. Stimul ( ous, Stimulus. A goad or sting, that which rouses from languor. co in un. Suffer, Suf "fero. To bear pain, or undergo, 4 to allow. Suf, for sub, under ; and fero, to bear. 142 disun en inter un. Tangle. To knit together confusedly, to en- snare, mis self un. Teach, sax. To instruct, show, or instruct, at dis con un. Temper, Tempero, temperamentum. To mix so that one part qualifies the other, to soften the temper, countermisun. Time, sax. Tempus. Duration, to adapt, an age. Tempus, time. at con re. Tribute, Tributum. An annual sum of money paid. Tribuo, to give. en in inter un. Twine, sax. To twist, wind, unite, or cling to. ante proto* pre. Type, Typus. An emblem, symbol, model, to prefigure, dis mis non un. Use, Usus. The act of employing, to employ. Utor, to use. in sub un. Vary, Vario, variatio, varietas. To alter in re un form, to deviate. in de di re. Vest, Vestis. An outer garment, to clothe. in pre re super. Vision, Visio. The act of seeing, something imagined. Video, to see. a ad in re. Vocation, Vocatum. A calling or employ- ment. Voco, to call, from vox, the voice. in non un. Attend, AttenAo, attentus, attentio. To go with, to wait on, to fix the mind. counter equi Balance. A pair of scales, equal weight, to un. settle accounts. im re un. Bound, norm. A limit or line, a leap or jump, the termination of any thing. non re un. Comfort, CWforto. To cheer or ease, relief un from pain, consolation. Fortis, strong. co in pro. Ex,hibit, Exhibeo. To present to view, to show or display, to manifest publicly, re re Habeo, to have, hold, or possess. en de in. Force, f. Strength, to compel, or use violence, re en in re un. Graft, f. A small shoot, to join on or insert in, vigor, might, energy. Proto, first. 143 reim in co un. mis in re un. un re en il. mis over un. fore mis sur. re under un. counter mis inter. contra extra ir. be mis un. ex inter semi. dis en. under mis sub at en mis. counter out ) over. S after mis out re under un. counter in out over under un. Habitant, Habilans, habitatio, habitu. A dwel- ler or inhabitant, a resident. Lay, sax. To put or place, to settle. Luminate, Lumino. To give light. Lumen, light. Match, sax. Combustible matter, an equal, a contest, to unite in marriage. Name, sax. That by which a thing is called, reputation, fame. Nomen, name, from nosco, to know. Purchase, f. To obtain property by paying an equivalent. Point, f. The sharp end of any instrument or body, to sharpen, aim or purpose. — Pungo, punctum, to prick or point. Regular, Regula. That which is conformable to any rule, periodical. Rego, to rule. Speak, sax. To utter words, to express by words. Ossify. To make or form bone, to convert into a hard substance like bone. Os, a bone ; facio, to make. Title, Titulus. An inscription put over any thing, an appellation of dignity. Tutor, Tutor. One who instructs children, to teach, to instruct. Tune, gr. A series of musical notes, to put in tune. Vote, Votum. Suffrage, a ballot or ticket. Write, sax. To form letters, to engrave or compose. Work, sax. To perform any labor, or be en- gaged in, to move, a work — various applications. 144 SECTION XXIV. Twelfth Exercise. All the prefixes are not added in this exercise which might be, but the number given is sufficient to answer the purposes of the work. counter un in pre sub Abs,tract, .Atatractio. To draw from, distinct from, to separate ideas, a summary or general view. — Traho, draw. at un con un de dis ex pro re sub. ante co counter re un en ex in over retro re sub trans under. Act, Ago, actus, actu. To perform or exert power, to behave or de- mean, any thing done, an action. Used in numerous senses. Ago, to do or execute. misnonreun ab con circum sub super un de e in non re un ob pro retro sub. intro irun un Ad,duce, Ad&uco, adductum. To bring forward, to advance, to offer or present, to cite or name. Duco, to lead or draw ; ad, to. un pre mis pre un Ac,quire,Acquiro,acquisitum. To gain j^" ^T any thing in the sense of its use. Quaero, to ask, seek, or gain. ab con counter de e super un counter in inter ob in re un re sub tra. Adject, Ad']\c\o. To add or put as ► one thing to another. Jacio, to cast or throio : ad to or unto. 145 re sub un com dis de e un in pre re extra inter intro im un manu o per preter pre com ir un un un pro re sub trans. Ad,mit, >ldmitto, admissum. To suffer to enter, to allow, to re- ceive as true, to grant. Mitto, to send, dismiss, or send away. in, de in dis dis re un dis mis un ef re con. Af,fect, ^/Tectum, Affectatio, Ef- fectu. To act upon, to produce some change, to aim at, make a show. Facio, to make or cause. dis mis un circum de noct per pre. bi mult oct tri un. dis fore non re un. co in mis pre un. all in un. ir re. un u de". Af,firm, Aj firmo, Affirmatio. To as- sert positively, to declare sol- emnly, to aver. Firmus, firm. Ambulate, Ambulo, Ambulatio. To walk from place to place. Angle, f. and Angulius. The place where two lines meet, a corner. Appoint, f. To fix or settle, to es- tablish, to ordain, to allot or purpose. Ap-prehend, ^prehendo, Appre- hensum. To seize on, to under- stand, to fear. Prehendo, to seize or take. Com-prehend, (same root.) To con- tain, include, or comprise, to conceive, take hold of. De,prehend, (same root.) To catch or take by surprise, to seize 1 or detect. "Appreciate, f. To value or duly es- timate, to set a price or value on. Pretium, a price. 13 146 con re un re de trans. A,scend, Ascendo, Assensura, from AdscanAo. To rise in the sense of the word, to move up. un pre mis un re re con counter As,sign, .4.ssigno, Assignatio. To un under sub. allot or appoint, to give a rea- son, to make over to another. Signum, a sign. un self re co un pre re. As,sume, .Assumo, Assumptio. To take upon one's self, to arro- all un un gate or claim. sus abs con de enter At,tain, f. To arrive at, to gain or ap un achieve, to compass, to come — re ^ to. Teneo, to hold. in un un con de ob pro un. At,test, .Attestor, Attestatus. To bear witness to, to certify or affirm, to call to witness, to un self un invoke. Testis, a witness. un im em de a. Base, gr. The bottom on which any thing stands, any thing vile or dis re un mean — various uses. era un. Body, sax. The frame of any animal, a mass, the main army, any solid substance : various uses. ac ante con pre pro Cede, Cedo, Cedens, Cessio. To pre un give up, yield or surrender, to rede" retro sue se ex. de P art > t0 resi g n > relinquish, re all counter ex inter re Change, f. To alter or vary in any un. manner, to give one thing for another, alteration, dis mis over re sur un. Charge, f. To rush on or assault, expense, to load as a musket. 147 ac de dis ex mis re no en be un n pro un. un dis fore in re en in over un. un. un Claim, Clamo. To call for or de- mand, a demand. Close, f. To shut, to end or finish, to unite. Claudo, to shut. Cloud. To obscure by mist, a col- lection of vapor, to obscure or darken, to sully, allun Com,mand, Con-mando,Mandatum To bid or direct, to order or control, in Com,plex, Cowrplexus. Composed of two or more parts, involved, difficult, an assemblage. Pli- co, to knit together. Compose, f. and Con-pono, Com positio. To form a compound, to put together words, to calm, settle, or arrange. Pono, to place, lay, or put. Re,pose, (same root.) To lie ut rest, to deposite, or trust. un im super ex pre. De,pose, (same root.) To lay down, degrade, testify on oath, de- throne, un pre pre re in un pro sup. Dis,pose,(same.)Toregulate,adapt, incline the mind, to place. counter re de. un im per. de dis in pre re un re trans op. super un de dis ex in inter oc pre re trans un. Con. cur, Concurro, Concursum, Concursio. To run together, to meet, to agree or join, unite in opinion. Curro, to run. 148 dis per sue. Con,cussion, Cowcussio. Shaking by a stroke, a shock, impulse. Cutio, from quatio, to shake. semi im in tran per. Conspicuous, Conspicuus. Open to view, easy to be seen, obvious to the mental eye. Specio, to see. un all un re. Con.strain, f. To urge with power sufficient to effect, to hold by force, to necessitate. Stringo, to bind. contro inter intro trans un un ir un ad ob. Con ,ver t, Converto, conversum, con- versio. To turn to or with, to change from one state to an- other, to turn about, to undergo some change. Verto, to turn perm a re retro sub. or change. Conceive, Ccmceptio. To imagine, fore in mis pre super un. think, or form an idea in the mind, formation in embryo. — Capio, to take, hold, or receive. Count, f. To number or reckon, to esteem, to impute. Cumbent, Cumbo, cumbens. Re- clining or lying down. De,trude, Detrudo, detrusum. To thrust or push down with force. Trudo, to thrust or push. bene male vale inter Diction, Dictio. Expression of ideas self un un by words, style, manner of ex- contra" pre juris pression. Dico, to speak, say, r J or bid. un un ac mis re un. super ac dis in de pro re. un ob ex in pro re. 149 un com deexi/nproretrore.Dis,pel, Zh'spello, dispulsum. To scatter by force, to disperse, dissipate, or banish, to drive away. Pello, to drive. equi in mis dif. con in inter of De,fer, Dif i'ero, differens. To delay un un or put off, refer, to yield to an- pFe re trans. other's opinion, to postpone. Fero, to bear or carry. re un un non pre re un col se. E,lect, JElectus,-e-lego. To pick out or select, to choose, one cho- sen. Lego, to gather or choose. con in inter pre se. Ex, elude, T^xcludo, exclusum. To shut out or debar, to hinder from entering, to except. Clu- do or Claudo, to shut. co in non self post pre. Exist, .Existo. To be or have real existence, to live, remain, or endure. Sisto, to be set or to continue. un super un co dis ob in pro sub. Ex,tend, iTxtendo, extensio. To stretch in any direction, to ex- pand or spread, to impart. un un con de dis re. Ex,tort, ^tortus. To draw or wrest from by force, to practice ex- tortion. Torqueo, to writhe. con dis pre trans un. Figure, Figura. Form or shape, ap- pearance, a statue or image — un various senses. Fingo, to make. be counter out re un. Fit. Suitable, to adapt to the use, to qualify, to furnish things suitable. af con in post pre suf Fix, f. To make stable, to put in trans un. order, to transfix or pierce. Figo, to fix. 13* 150 af circum con de ef in re super. dis in non un un con bi de equi mal mis multi omni un re semi trans uni. un af con circum dif ef in inter per pro self suf trans un. ir un de in pro re un. be en over under un. re non no as ex trans. circum com ex sup. un circum de iritro per un dis ir un Flux, Fluxus, fluo. To flow, the act of flowing, to melt, the moving or passing of any thing. Form, Forma, formatio. External shape, arrangement, model pattern, to contrive or make : it has numerous applications. Fuse, Fusum. To melt, dissolve, or spread, to liquify by heat, to be reduced from a solid to a fluid. Fundo, to pour out. Generate, Genero, generatio. To propagate or produce, to cause, to bring into life. Gird, sax. To bind around or invest, to furnish or equip, to make ion fast. Im,port, 7/nporto, importatum. Any thing brought from another country, meaning of words — various uses. Porto, to carry un or bear. Implicate, Tmplico. To infold or in- volve, to entwine, to criminate. Plico, to fold, be knit together. re super pro su arch con tran. ex ir re In,spect, /rcspectum. To look on or into, to view, to examine retro closely, to take the oversight. Specio, to see or look. re un u In, spire, Twspiro, inspiratum. To draw in the breath, to infuse into the mind a poetic spirit. Spiro, to breathe. 151 un un lr ad con equi pro re. abs circum ex inter re. un un mis con mis per un. ag con di e pro trans retro re. mis un in non un circum de im inter manu post pre pro sub super tran. circum con de e inter counter anti ad circum inter sub. co self re un en over un. un un ad all di extra fore pre in mis re un. ad con dis en inter in mis re se sub. In,voke, Invoco, invocatum. To ad- dress in prayer, to call upon for protection, to order. Voco, to call ; Vox, the voice. In,cision, /ncisio. A cutting, the act of cutting into, a gash. — Caedo, to cut or kill. un In,form, /nformo,- informatio, and informis. To give intelligence, to instruct ; also, without form or shape. Forma, shape, figure. In,gress, /rcgressus. Entrance, or power of entrance, to go in, means of entering. Gradior, to go ; Gradus, a step. Inscribe, Jnscribo, inscriptum. To write in or on, to imprint, mark letters or figures, to assign or address to. Scribo, to write. In,volve, Jrcvolvo, involutum. To roll in or envelop, to imply or comprise, to blend or mingle. Volvo, to roll. Jacent, Jacens. Lying at length. Joy,f. Gladness, gayety, mirth, hap- piness, felicity, to rejoice. Judge, f. and Judex, judicatio, judi- cialis. A judicial officer with authority to hear and decide causes, rightly to understand and discern, to doom. Join, f. and Junctio. To connect or unite, to couple, to grow or adhere to — various senses.— Jungo, to join. 152 (lis ac fore inter self. be o over under un. col de e il inter preter pro re. in bi col duo equi multi tri uni. col de inter multi out sub under un. ab al col dis e inter trans un. al circum col e inter. un after all be over self un. e inter trans. com im mis over out un. com de e em inter re trans be com im inter un. pre mal un Knowledge. A clear perception of truth or any fact, learning, skill, acquaintance. Nosco, to know. Labor, Labor, laboro. To exert mus- cular strength, labor of body or mind, to work — various uses. Lapse, Lapsus. A sliding or falling, an error or fault, to glide along. Lateral, Lateralis, or latus. Per- taining to the side. Line, Linea, lineatio. A bound, ut- termost extent, length without breadth or thickness. Linea, a line. Locate, Locatus. To place in a par- ticular spot. Locus, a place. Locution, Locutio. A discourse or manner of speaking. Loquor, to speak. Love, sax. Affection — used in many senses. Luc ( id, Lucidus, lucens. Shining, bright, clear. Lux lucis, light. Measure, f. The dimensions of any thing, limit, a portion, to com- pute. Migrate, Migro. To remove or pass from one country to another, from place to place. Mingle, sax. To blend or mix to- gether. Misceo, to mix, mingle. ad anti ex sub un. Minister, Minister, ministratum. An agent to manage the business of another, pastor of a church, to supply or give. 153 un ad com %m inter over un. ir ad com counter e im re pro un. ante extra infra inter super supra, in un com im inter per trans. Mix, sax. Mistum, and ml*.. „ To unite, join, or mingle to- gether. Misceo, to mingle. Motion, Move, moveo, motum, motio. A moving or changing of place, to propose something. Moveo, to move. Mundane, Mundus, mundanus. Be longing to the wortd. Muta 4 ble, Mutabilis. Subject to change. Muto, to change. Nature, Natura. The universe, the essence of a thing — has nu- merous applications. Nascor, to be born. Nominal, Nominalis. Pertaining to a name. Nomen, a name. Number, Numerosus. A unit, a mul- titude, to count or reckon. — Numerus. Ordain, Ordino, ordinatio. To invest with an office, to appoint or decree. Ordo, order. , , r . i Oxyde, > Any substance com- ^P " l Oxide, J " 'bined with oxygen, but not sufficient to form an acid. Part, Pars, partitio. A portion of any thing, to separate — has various applications. Pars, apart. Pass, f. To move or go in any man- ner — variously applied. Pass- us, a step. Pay, f. To discharge a debt, reward, remunerate. ap de equi im pro sus. Pend c ent, Pendens. Jutting or hang- ing over. Pendeo, to hang sus- pended. con counter demi preter un. bi cog de multi pre pro. equi out re un. co fore in pre sub re. a after bi com counter de dis im un. un im over re sur. un non over re un. in 154 dis em over re un. re dis im re trans un. em im inter mis re un. counter equi out over. ante ap circum counter im inter juxta op post pro re sup super, un re over ap dis mis over pro super under un. im omni pleni pre. un all em im over. un ap over under un. dis un un self ir ap im re dis semi un. un bi cor ir octo uni. ab dis e inter ir pro. People, Populus. A community of persons,the mass of population. Plant, f. and Plantatio. A vegetable of any kind, to set or fix in the ground, to introduce. Planta, to plant. Plead, f. To argue or urge reasons, to discuss. Poise, w. Weight, gravity, to weigh or balance. Position, Positio. State of being placed, situation, a principle. Pono, to place or put. Portion, Portio. A part of any thing, to assign. Pars, apart. Potent, Potens. Possessing physi- cal or moral power, efficacious. Ens, being ; potis, able. Power, f. The ability of doing or effecting any thing — has very numerous applications. Prize. Tbat which is taken or obtained, to value or set a value on. Prove, sax. and Probatio. To try any thing, to evince, to expe- rience. Probo, to prove. Radiant, Radians. Darting forth rays of light. Radius, a ray of light or spoke in a wheel. Ruption, Ruptio. A breach or break. Rumpo, to break. 155 un in ir non un as con de in per sub in over super under un. mis re sub super under un. unre as con dis. anti dis un as anti con dis in un. un in re un pre un re ir ab dis re in non. im mis over un per dis. con super tran un. in Re,sist, Resisto. To stand against, to strive against, to baffle. — Re and sisto, or sto, to stand against. Saturate, Saturo. To supply to ful- ness. Satis, sufficient. Serve, Servio. To work for, to be- stow labor of body or mind, to supply. Similar, Similis. Like or resem- bling. Sociate, Socio. To mix with com- pany, fellowship, the union of persons. Socius, a companion. Solution, Solve, solvo, solutum. To loosen, remove or dissipate, to explain. Suasion, Suasum. The act of per- suading. Suadeo, to persuade. Substance, Substantia. Matter of any kind, the essential part of any thing. Sto, to stand ; sub, under. self all de. reun as co en in un. be mis par under un. after counter dis fore in un. Suffice, Suf ficio, sufficiens. — Enough, that which is equal to the end. Facio. Sure, f. Certain, firm, infallible. Take, sax. To get hold of, to re- ceive — this has numerous ap- plications. Taste, f. To perceive by the tongue, to enjoy or relish any thing intellectually. 156 self pre in un in con in de ex. deca hexa nona octa penta. after be fore un. dis re de en un. un be dis mis in un. in out over self re under un. by counter inter re. circum. par. un de. demi. in. in. in. Terminate, Termino, terminus. To bound, to end, to limit or put an end to. Tetra,gon, gr. A figure having four angles. Think, sax. To occupy the mind, to imagine. Throne, Thronus. A royal seat, chair of state, (in Scripture,) sovereign power. Trust, dan. Confidence, credit, that which is committed to one's care. Value, f. Worth or price, any thing in high esteem. Valeo, to be strong or avail. View, f. To survey, to examine, to see, to consider. Ambient, .Ambiens. Surrounding. Am and eo, to go around. Anticipate, Anticioo. To take or act beforehand, foretaste. Ca- pio, to take ; anti, before. Affable, Affabilis, affabilitas. Easy of conversation or manners. For, fari, to speak. Acjdivity^cclivis. A slope or rising ground. Clivis, a slope. Cadence, Cadens. A fall of voice, a decline of sound. Cado, to fall. Corrigible, Corrigo. That may be set right or corrected. Rego, to rule. Docile, Docilis. Teachable, ready to learn. Doceo, to teach. Effable, J3/"fabilis. That may be uttered by words. For, fari, to speak. 157 SECTION XXVI. Thirteenth Exercise. self in self re ex. co re under sub. anti mon hept olig tetr. un pre counter. dec oct sept sex cent tri per. af ef dif re super counter un in circum subter. mono tetra hexa poly deca. Ac,cuse. ^.ccuso. To charge with a crime or fault, to blame. Causa, a reason. Agent, Agens. Acting or an actor, that which has power to pro- duce an effect. Ago, to do or execute. An,archy, gr. Want of power, a state of society where there is no supreme power. A,vail, Valens. To profit or turn to advantage, to effect the object. Valeo, to he strong. Bi.ennial, 5?ennis. Taking place once in two years. Annus, a year. Confluence, Co/ifluens. A flowing together, an assemblage. Fluo, to flow. Chord, gr. and Chorda. The string of a musical instrument, a right line, a string. in un ex de re. Com,plete, Cowipletus. Having no de- ficiency, perfect, to finish or end. *m Pleo, to fill. m " super mis. re in ad con contra intro super Circum,vent. ,vene To come around, to gain by stratagem, 158 inter pre e. in multi re ab as dis equi uni. mono pro epi dec a. im un non self all in to delude. come. Venio, ventum, to pro suf. ante post mis un. im per multi ob per bi. imper in trans preter. poly auto astro auto bio biblio chiro cosmo chrono choro dia un epi geo hydro litho mono ortho panto poly para stereo Consonance. Agreement in sound, accord, congruity, consistency. Sono, to sound, from Sonus, a sound. Dialogue, gr. and Dmlogus. A con- versation between two or more. Gr. Logos, a word or speech. De,ficient. Deficiens. Wanting, de- fective in any sense. Facio, to make. Date, Datum. The year, month, or day in which any thing was done, to date. Do, to give, da- tum, given. De,viate, Devius. To turn aside from the right or common way, to err. De, from, via, the way. Ex,it, Exit. Any departure, as from a stage or life, a going out. Eo, to go. Graphic, gr. and Graphicus. Per- taining to the art of writing, delineating, describing. From the Greek word grapho, to write or paint. stereo steno typo topo zoo. 159 dei, a God. fratri, a Brother, homi, a Man. infanti, an Infant, matri, a Mother, parri, a Parent, regi, a King, sui, One's self, sorori, a Sister, tyranni, a Tyrant. counter contra circum inter. astro anti biblio chrono cosmo chiro eu geo hydro homo il litho ortho philo pyro theo zoo. anti dia para. bi centi chrono semi un dia geo hydro hyper helio hexa ortho pyro peri panto a poly stereo sym tri. Homi,cide, Homicidinm. A man- slayer, the killing of one man by another. Caedo, caesum, to slay or kill. Homo, Ho- minis, a man, (so of all the others,) the slaying of, or killing. Im,mure. To enclose with walls, to shut up or imprison, im, for in, within, and murus, a wall. Logic, gr. The art of reasoning justly. The Greek word logos, means a word, speech, or discourse. Analysis, gr. The separating of a compound into its constituent parts. Gr. Lusis, a dissolving. Meter, ) sax. Measure, verse, ar- Metre, S rangement of poetical feet of long and short sylla- bles in verse. Metrum, a measure. a mono poly bi. sub octora bin* mon mult. dis ex sub semi. Miso,gamist, gr. A hater of marriage. Gr. Misos or miseo, to hate, ga- mos ( marriage. Ocular, Ocularius. Depending on the eye, received by actual sight Oculus, the eye. Orb, Orbis. A spherical or round body, a circle or period, the eye. n Euphonic. 160 un dis extra sub. penta poly tetra tri mono octa di bi a. a anti cata dys eu homo poly sym. centu circum com muld sup tri con re sub un in ex. du im dis non un. extra multi nocti. dis mono multi octo poly tetra. a anti eu mono un. con fore in pre. inter sub subier. dia homo in mono semi tri. anti hypo para syn. a mono pan poly tri. con ec (for ex) helio geo para self sub. Order, Ordo. Regular disposition, pro- per state, to direct or command. Petal, gr. (in botany), a flower-leaf. Phonics, gr. The science of sound, the art of combining musical Bounds. Gr. Phone, a sound or voice. Plicate, Plicatus, Folded like a fan, • plaited, knit or entwined toge- ther. Plico, to be knit together. Regard, f. To look towards, to ob- serve, to attend to, to respect. Soli,vagant, Soliv&gus. Wandering alone. Vagus, wandering, solus, alone. Syllable, gr. A letter or combination of letters uttered at a single im- pulse of the voice. Gr. Sun and i Lambano, taken together. Sym,pathy, gr. Fellow feeling, the quality of being affected by the suffering of others. Gr. Pathos, suffering or feeling, sun, with. Signify, Significo, significatio. To express meaning, to make known. Signum, a sign, facio, to make. Stratum, Stratum. A bed or layer of earth, coal, stone, &c. Tone, gr. Tonus. A sound or modi- fication of sound, accent. Thesis, gr. A position or proposition which a person advances and offers to maintain by argument. Theist, gr. One who believes in the ex- istence of a God. Gr. Theos, God. Center, gr. and Centrum. The middle of any thing. 161 SECTION XXVII. A few words analyzed more particularly, which may excite the scholar to a further examination into the structure of words in general. Anniversary, is from annus, a year, and versus, a turning or returning. Hence the import, returning with the year, or a yearly celebration. Animadvert, is from vcrtus, turning, animus, the mind, ad to Whence comes the meaning to consider, &c. Apostate, gr., is Apo, from or off, and stas, standing. Hence one who has departed from. Atmosphere, gr. Atmos, vapor, and sphaira, round or sphere. Alphabet. The first two Greek letters, alpha beta. Agriculture. Ager agri, a field, and cnltura, tillage. Apode, gr. A, privative, meaning without, and pous, a foot. Whence apode is without feet, like a fish. PoZypode, antipodes. Apology, gr. Apo, from or off, and logos, a word. Hence excusing. Blaspheme, gr. Blax, nefarious or impious, and phemi, to speak. Conjugal. Con, with or together, and jugum, a yoke, mean- ing yoked together, or married. Constant, distant, circumstance. Con, means together or with, di, separated or apart, and circum, around. Stans, is standing ; whence constant, is standing together, or fixed, firm, steady, &c. Distant, standing apart ; whence it implies remote, reserved, &c. So good cir- cumstances is being surrounded by every thing needftd. Consequences, subsequent. Con, with, sub, under or after. Sequens, following. Then consequences are what fol- low in connection with, but subsequent is what follows after. Cataract, gr. Kata, against, and rasso, to dash. Confident, diffident, infidel, and perfidy, all from fides or fidens, meaning faith, trust, &c, modified by the pre- fixes, con, dif, in, and per. Concomitant, is from comes, a companion, and comes is from con and eo, to go with, con, repeated, implies a 162 repetition of meaning, as going and coming together, or a continued union. Disease. From dis and ease, a deprivation of ease. Dismal. Malus, evil, dies, day, hence dire, horrid, gloomy. Despise. Specio, to look, de, down, as with contempt. Decapolis. Deca, ten, polis, a city. Desultory, insult, exult, result. De, down or from, in, in or on, ex, out, re, again or back, and salio, to leap. Then desultory, is leaping or passing abruptly from one sub- ject to another, ircsult, leaping on, or gross abuse. Exult, leaping out, or excessive joy ; and result, leap- ing back, or a consequence following. Devious, previous, pervious. De, from, via, the way; whence, out of the way, wandering. So pre, before, and per, by or through, give the different imports. Divide. From the obsolete word viduo, to separate, di, apart. Then individual, is one undivided person or thing. Disaster. Dis, separation, astron, from his star. The an- cients supposed the star under which a person was born governed his destiny ; hence, disaster comes to mean ill-luck, misfortune. Democrat, gr. Demos, the people, and Kratos, power ; whence a popular government. Discrepency. Crepo, to crackle or jingle, dis, asunder; hence the import, disagreement of parts, like jingling asunder. Expedite. Ex, and pes pedis, a foot. To facilitate, &c. Epilepsy, gr. Epi, upon, and lambano, to leap, as a fit. Equivocate. Equus, alike or equal, and vocatus, called ; whence the meaning becomes doubtful, uncertain. Evidence. Video, to see or discover, e, out, or elucidate. Epidemic, gr. Epi, upon, Demos, the people. Fluent, affluent, superfluous, and influence, are all from fluo, to flow, modified by their prefixes. Geography, gr. Ge, the earth, and grapho to write. Geometry, gr. Ge and metreo, to measure. Infant. For, to speak, makes fans, speaking; in means not, then an infant, is one not able to speak or use language. Metropolis, gr. Meter, a mother, and polis, a city. Monotony, gr. Monos, one or alone, and tonos, a tone or sound. Manage. Manus, the hand, and age, from ago, to do. 163 Monopolize, gr. Monos, alone, and poleo, to buy. Monarch, gr. Monos, and archos, a chief. Mancipate, to enslave. Manus, the hand, and capio, to take. Orb, from orbis, a spherical body; orbit, the curve line in which it moves. Then exorbitant, is departing from the usual track or course. Order, from ordo, makes extraordinary. Prophet, gr. Pro, before, and phemi, to speak. Period, gr. Peri, around, and odos, a way or road. Then a periodical, is what goes the rounds at stated times. Providence. Pro and videns, seeing before. Peregrinate. Ager, agri, a field, and hence peregrinate, to travel through the country. Pennsylvania. Penn, the name of the founder, and sylva, a wood. Pedagogue, gr. Pais, a child, and agogos, a leader. Preposterous, Posterus, from post, after, and pre, before ; hence, it means putting that first which should be last, or absurd. Repugnant, Pugnans, fighting, re, back ; or opposite, con- trary. Roborant, strengthening, from robur, oak of the hardest kind, and cor for con, makes corroborate, to confirm. Sympathy, gr. Syn for sun, means with, and pathos, suffer- ing, then it means suffering with, or fellow feeling. Apathy, without feeling. Antipa,\hy, opposition of feelings. Synod, gr. Syn for sun, and odos, a way or road. Synopsis, gr. Syn and opsis, the sight ; whence one view. Supercilious. Super, above, ciliurn, the eye-brow, or haughty. Sincere. Sine, without, cera wax ; whence, unmixed, pure. Universe. Versus, a turning, unus, into one ; a collective whole. Vague. Vagus, wandering, extra, beyond, making extra- vagant. SECTION XXVIII. Importance of knowing Latin words, or of understand ing that language. 164 From the vast number of Latin words which have either in whole or in parts become incorporated with the English language, much benefit is derived from a knowledge of their primitive import. In most cases they give that turn to the English signification, which accords with their original meaning. Hence the primary signification of such Latin roots as are extensively involved in the composition of our language, must necessarily furnish an important auxiliary in determining the true import of all such English words. For instance, the verb facto, with its supine factum, whose simple primitive meaning is to do, to make, or to cause, enters in some form into the composition of more than 500 of our English words ; and in every case imparts more or less of its original signification. A knowledge, therefore, of the meaning of that verb and its supine, with the ability to distinguish its combination in any word, must of necessity aid the scholar in a more perfect compre- hension of the true import of all English words, of which this is a component part. This is a consideration fully equivalent for learning the. primitive meaning of facio, factum. The same is true to a very great extent in avast multitude of Latin primitives. Much would be gained by committing Latin primitives as they occur. Words of Greek origin, while they furnish a fruitful source of derivation, are by no means as numerous or im- portant as those of Latin. We will subjoin a few of the most prominent words in Greek and Latin, with something near the number of their several combinations in the formation of English words, viz. Facio, Factum, 500 ; Pono, Positum, 250 ; Plico, 200 ; Fero, Latum, 198; Specio, 177; Mitto, Missum, 174; Teneo, Tentum, 168 ; Capio, Captum, 197 ; Tendo, Ten- sum, Tentum, 162 ; Duco, Ductum, 156 ; Logos, gr. 156 ; Grapho, gr. 152. These twelve words enter in some shape into the composition of nearly 2500 English words. From 154 Greek and Latin primitives which have been examined, in reference to this point, it is found that not far from 13,000 English words receive more or less of their component parts, characterizing the English signification to a greater or less extent. FINIS. %3k THE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW. DUE AUG 2 7 2002 RET'D EP t Scries 9482 3 1205 02646 5946 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 001 064 842 6