GV 
 
TIC BOOKS, 
 
 :NCE.R I 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 "Deceived 
 Accession No. / ()"/ 3~ ^ . Cla-ss No. 
 
SCHOOL TACTICS 
 
 FOR THE USE OF 
 
 Schools and Gymnastic Associations. 
 
 BY 
 
 WM. A. STECHER. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 CINCINNATI, O. 
 
 1887. 
 
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1887, by 
 
 WM. A. STECHER, 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Conducting English classes in gymnastics during a number of years at 
 schools and seminaries in this city, and seeing that all the books and 
 manuals of gymnastics that were at my disposal did not offer those move- 
 ments, nor give the commands necessary for school tactics, I was prompted 
 to translate, arrange, and write^ out such tactical exercises as are used in 
 
 * ,,< V. VI . 
 
 the "Seminary of the Gymnastic Associations of North America," and of 
 such as offered themselves to me during class work in the gymnasium. 
 
 The following movements with their commands have been used and 
 tested by me in girls' and boys' classes as well as in classes for grown 
 persons. 
 
 In this book, the different movements of one person (scholar) are first 
 described, and then those of a number of persons in all connected forms. 
 The descriptions of the various movements are held in a general manner, 
 so as to cover all the forms under each respective head, while, in the 
 examples given, each form is more closely described and illustrated. 
 
 In the appendix are several "Marches" and "Reigen" (partly adapted) 
 that can be used in the given form on all occassions where it is desirable 
 to have a number of persons come into a position by a variety of move- 
 ments. When, at an exhibition, etc., a class is to show the results of its 
 work in tactics, the movements it has learned can be grouped together 
 according to the manner of one of these "Marches" or "Reigen." 
 
 Accompaning these movements with music or singing greatly adds to 
 their attractiveness, and is recommended to all schools and societies that 
 have music or singers at their command. 
 
 WM. A. STECHER. 
 Cincinnati, O., 1887. 
 
SCHOOL TACTICS, 
 
 lactics are movements performed by a person, or by a number 
 of persons, according to a certain law. 
 
 They embrace the turning and change of position of a single 
 person, as well as the forming and change of position of a body 
 of persons. They can be performed either "in place" (while stand- 
 ing), or "from place" (while marching, running, etc.). 
 
 The single, person is the base of all tactical movements. We 
 distinguish in him the length (height), breadth (diameter from 
 shoulder to shoulder), depth (diameter from sternum to spine), and 
 the oblique (a line drawn from the right front to the left rear, or the 
 reverse). Also the front (face), rear (back), right and left flank 
 (side). 
 
 A person facing a given point is in the front position to the 
 same ; then, according to that part of a circle which he describes 
 while turning about his longitudinal axis, we distinguish, after a 
 half turn (half circle), the reverse position; after a quarter turn 
 (quarter circle), the flank position ; after an eighth turn (eighth 
 circle), the oblique position. 
 
 COMMANDS. 
 
 There are two kinds of commands, the preparatory and the 
 command of execution. The preparatory command explains or 
 indicates the movement to be executed, while the command of 
 execution causes the execution of this movement. The prepara- 
 tory command is given slowly and distinctly, while the command 
 of execution is given in a firm, sharp tone. 
 
FACING. 
 
 The commands for the turns leading to the above named 
 positions are: For a half turn, "RIGHT" or "LEFT ABOUT- 
 FACE !" ; for a quarter turn, "RIGHT" or "LEFT FACE !"; 
 for an eighth turn, "HALF RIGHT" or "-LEFT FACE !" 
 All facings are executed on the left heel. 
 
 MARCHING. 
 
 The direction taken by a person while marching is either for- 
 ward, backward, sideward, or oblique. We further have a marching 
 "in place" (marking time). 
 
 A "line of march" is that straight, curved, or angular line 
 along which a person moves when marching forward, backward, 
 sideward, or obliquely. The direction of marching can be changed 
 by an eighth, a quarter, three-eighth, or half turn. 
 
 Marches (excepting "sideward to the right") are begun with 
 the left foot. Other exceptions will be noted further on. 
 
 In school tactics, two kinds of step are generally used, namely, 
 the "common step" and the "quick step" Of the former, 95, and ot 
 the latter, 120 steps are taken in a minute. (In running, 145 
 steps are taken in a minute.) The command for marching is: 
 For boys, "FORWARD MARCH !"; for girls, "FOR- 
 WARDWALK!" The command for running is: "FOR- 
 WARDRUN!" 
 
 NOTE. The following abbreviations will be used : 
 
 fw. for forward, 1. for left, 
 
 bw. " backward, obi. " oblique, 
 
 sw. " sideward, o. " or, 
 
 r. " right, & " and. 
 
 According to the relative positions of persons in order, all 
 tactical exercises are divided into three groups, namely : I. The 
 Rank, II. The Body (of ranks), and III. The Colonnade (a series of 
 lines or columns). 
 
I. THE RANK. 
 
 Two or more scholars standing in a manner common to all, 
 form a rank. According to the position they hold to each other, 
 we speak of a front, flank, or oblique rank, or a front or flank 
 circle. 
 
 FORMATION OF RANKS. 
 
 Front rank. At the command "FALL IN !" or "FORM 
 IN RANK !", all scholars will form in order at a given place in 
 the gymnasium, the tallest standing at the right end, the others 
 standing left of him, ranked according to height, and facing to the 
 front. The elbows of the scholars should touch slightly. The 
 scholar standing at the right end (flank) is called the right leader, 
 the one at the left the left leader. 
 
 Flank rank. The teacher commanding the scholars to form 
 a flank rank, they will form, one behind the other, in such a man- 
 ner that the tallest is at the head, the smallest at the foot of the 
 rank. The scholars should not stand so as to be crowded, but 
 must have room enough to turn. The tallest will be the front, 
 the smallest the rear leader. 
 
 A half turn (r. o. 1. about) will reverse this order of leaders in 
 front or flank. 
 
 Oblique rank. The scholars formed either in front or flank 
 will, after an eighth turn (half r. o. 1.), stand in oblique. 
 
 Circle. Upon command, all scholars will form in a circle, 
 standing according to height. According to the position of the 
 scholars, they either looking toward the centre of the circle or 
 away from it, we speak of a front circle facing inward or outward. 
 A quarter turn r. o. 1., when in a front circle, gives us a flank circle 
 1. o. r., according to which side is turned inward. 
 
ALIGNMENT. 
 
 Front rank. The scholars being ranked, the teacher will see 
 that, upon the command "IN POSITION STAND!", they 
 all stand side by side and in a perfectly straight rank. 
 
 NOTE. "Position" of scholars in order : From the "resting position," (that 
 is, one foot forward, and arms crossed on breast or back, ) in which the scholars 
 stand when first formed in a rank, the scholars form in "position" by drawing 
 the foot placed forward to the stationary one, at the same time dropping the 
 arms to the sides of the body. Shoulders are thrown back, chest forward, 
 head erect, eyes looking fw., and the weight of the body on the balls of the feet. 
 
 The bringing scholars into a straight rank and proper distance 
 is called "dressing," and can be done by the r. o. 1. flank, the centre, 
 or any scholar in rank. Command: "R. (L.) DRESS!" At 
 this command, all scholars except the right leader turn their 
 heads to the right, and with short but quick steps fw., sw., or bw., 
 move into their correct positions. Satisfying himself that the rank 
 is "dressed," the teacher commands "FRONT!", at which the 
 scholars again turn their heads to the front. 
 
 NOTE. While "dressing," the teacher must pay .particular attention that 
 the scholars stand erect, do not bend head or body fw., or, as many are apt 
 to do, move the 1. o. r. shoulder fw. while turning the head. 
 
 Another command for "dressing" is often used when the rank 
 is but slightly out of order, or when marching fw. in a front rank. 
 It is: "EYES RIGHT (L.) TURN!", and, to again look fw., 
 "EYES FORWARD TURN!" 
 
 Flank rank. The scholars being formed one behind the other, 
 the rank is "dressed" by looking straight fw. and moving with small 
 and quick steps into position exactly behind the first, so that each 
 can see the back of only the scholar in front of him. The rank 
 is dressed when all stand in a straight rank, and the distance be- 
 tween the scholars is only enough to allow them to execute a 
 quarter turn and stand "dressed" as a front rank. Command : 
 "COVER FILES!" 
 
 The "dressing" of an oblique rank will easily be understood 
 by the foregoing. 
 
 A circle is "dressed" when its members stand, as its name 
 indicates, in a true circle, either in front or flank. 
 
 COUNTING OFF. 
 
 Front rank. A front rank "counts off" ("tells off") from 
 the r. to the 1. leader, or the reverse. At the command 
 "COUNT!", beginning with the r. leader, one after the other the 
 
scholars turn their heads to the left and speak the number coming 
 to them in a plain and easily understood manner. After doing so, 
 they immediately turn their heads to the front again. "Counting 
 off" can be connected with taking a step fw. or bw. while speak- 
 ing the number. Command: "COUNT OFF FROM RIGHT 
 TO LEFT COUNT!" 
 
 Flank rank. A flank rank "counts off" from first to last, the 
 scholars going through the same movements as in "counting off" 
 in front. The counting here can be connected with side-steps to 
 the r. o. 1. 
 
 The oblique rank and circle "count off" as in front or flank. 
 
 TRANSFORMATION OF RANKS. 
 
 A front rank is transformed : 
 
 a) By facing (turning) : 
 
 1. To a flank rank, by a quarter turn r. o. 1. ; 
 
 2. To an oblique rank, by an eighth turn r. o. 1.; 
 
 b) By marching : 
 
 3. To a circle, by the r. & 1. leaders going fw. in a curved 
 line, the others following, until they meet opposite the 
 centre of the rank, or by the r. o. 1. leader going fw. in 
 a curved line until he meets the opposite leader, who 
 remains in place ; 
 
 4. To a half circle, by the leaders (or one leader) going 
 fw. as above, but not closing, or the leaders remaining 
 in place and the centre going bw., the others following, 
 until a half circle is formed. 
 
 A flank rank is transformed : 
 
 a) By facing : 
 
 1. To a front rank, by a quarter turn r. o. 1. ; 
 
 2. To an oblique rank, by an eighth turn r. o. 1. ; 
 
 b) By marching : 
 
 3. To a circle, by the first and last leader marching sw. in a 
 curved line, the others following, until they meet ; or by 
 one leader marching sw. in a curved line until he meets 
 the other; 
 
 4. To a half circle, as explained above in a front rank, but 
 marching sw. in this case. 
 
 The transformation of an oblique rank or a circle in front or 
 flank will be easily understood by the foregoing explanations. 
 
 The transformations by marching are done better and easier in 
 connected than in unconnected ranks. 
 
10 
 
 CONNECTIONS. 
 
 Connecting the scholars in rank greatly facilitates the dressing 
 and keeping of distance while marching. 
 
 The connections of a front rank are : Hand in hand with 
 neighbors ; arm in arm with neighbors ; hands on neighbors' shoul- 
 ders ; arms over neighbors' shoulders ; arms around neighbors' 
 waists; one arm over shoulder, the other around waist; cross 
 arms and grasp hands (done by raising the arms sw. slightly, cross- 
 ing arms with neighbors and grasping the hand of the second 
 scholar each way, the r. arm over the 1. of neighbor, or the 
 reverse) ; cross arms and grasp hands bw. (behind the body). 
 
 The connections of a flank rank are : Hands on front scholar's 
 shoulders ; on hips ; one hand on shoulder, the other on hip ; the 
 above 3 with crossed arms; grasp hands, right fw., left bw., or the 
 reverse. A flank rank can also be connected by grasping the 
 raised foot of the front scholar with one or two hands. 
 
 The connections of an oblique rank or a circle will be easily 
 found by the above explanations. 
 
 DISTANCE. 
 
 According to the distance the scholars (or files) are from one 
 another, we speak of a rank as in "close" or "open order." 
 
 A front rank (or circle) stands in close order when its members' 
 elbows touch, and a flank rank (or circle) when the distance be- 
 tween its members is equal to the space they need to execute a 
 quarter turn and then stand in "front" as a closed rank v 
 
 A rank is open when the distance between the files exceeds 
 that described above. This distance can be changed, at the option 
 of the teacher, by opening and closing the rank. 
 
 A front rank can be opened : 
 
 1. Fw. (or bw.) one step (or more), by each scholar taking 
 one more step fw. (or bw.) than the scholar preceding. 
 
 After counting off, so that each will know which in rank he 
 is, the command is given : "OPEN RANK FW. ONE STEP 
 DISTANCE MARCH!" At this command, commencing 
 with number 2 (i remaining in place), all step fw. and march fw. 
 one step less than indicated by their number; that is, number 2 
 will take one step, 3 two steps fw., etc. This will give a distance 
 of one step between each scholar. The rank is closed (after 
 a "Left about !") upon the command: "CLOSE RANK FW. (or 
 BW.) MARCH!" 
 
 2. Sideward half distance from the r. (o. 1.) leader, by laying 
 r. (o. 1.) hand on neighbor's shoulder and going sw. 1. (o. r.) until 
 
11 
 
 the arm is extended. Command: "RIGHT HAND OK 
 NEIGHBOR'S SHOULDER PLACE ! DISTANCE 
 SW. L. MARCH !" and, to close, "CLOSE RANK TO THE 
 R. (or L.) SIDEWARD MARCH!" 
 
 3. From the centre (or any given point) full distance, by 
 grasping hands and going sw. from the centre until both arms are 
 extended. Command: "GRASP HANDS FULL DIS- 
 TANCE SW. R. & L. MARCH!", and, to close, "CLOSE 
 RANK TO THE CENTRE SW. MARCH !" 
 
 A front rank can also be opened to the r. o. 1. by going fw. in 
 the commanded direction the required number of steps and then 
 again facing front, and closed in a corresponding manner. Com- 
 mand: "OPEN RANK TO THE L. TWO STEPS DIS- 
 TANCE FW. MARCH !", and, to close, "CLOSE RANK 
 TO THE R. FW. MARCH!" 
 
 A flank rank can be opened : 
 
 1. Bw. (or fw.) by laying hands on front scholar's shoulders 
 and going bw. (or fw.) until the arms are extended. Command : 
 "HANDS ON FRONT SCHOLAR'S SHOULDERS 
 PLACE ! DISTANCE BW. MARCH !", and, to close, 
 "CLOSE RANK FW. MARCH!" 
 
 2. Bw. (or fw.) two steps, by each scholar taking two steps- 
 more bw. (or fw.) than the one in front (or in rear) of him. 
 Proceed as in front rank. Command: "OPEN RANK BW. 
 TWO STEPS DISTANCE MARCH !" Close as above in i. 
 
 A rank in flank can also be opened to the rear by going fw. ; 
 all, with the exception of the first, facing 1. about at the com- 
 mand "March !". Command : "OPEN RANK TO THE REAR 
 FW. MARCH !" It can also be closed bw. at the command : 
 "CLOSE RANK TO THE REAR FW. MARCH !" 
 
 In the last two exercises, when the first turn is to the left, the 
 second is to the right. 
 
 A circle can be opened, if in front : 
 
 1. If facing inward, by going bw., and contrary if facing out- 
 ward. Command: "OPEN CIRCLE BW. (or FW.) THREE 
 STEPS MARCH!" and, to close, "CLOSE CIRCLE FW. 
 (or BW.) MARCH!" 
 
 If in flank: 
 
 2. By going sw. r. if in a circle left, and contrary if in a circle 
 right. Command as above, substituting sw. in place of fw. or bw. 
 
 MARCHING IN RANK. 
 
 A rank can march "in place" as well as "from place," and y 
 during the latter, in the same directions as a single person, 
 namely : fw., bw., sw. and obi. 
 
Marching in rank, the teacher will see that it is well "dressed." 
 Frequent glances along the rank if in front, or fw. if in flank, 
 or connecting the scholars during the march, will greatly help 
 the alignment. 
 
 A rank marching "in place" is halted by the command : 
 "ATTENTION HALT !", the command "Halt!" being 
 given as the left foot touches the floor. The right then closes to 
 the left. 
 
 A rank marching "from place" is halted by the same com- 
 mand, but, in this case, the command of execution, "Halt," is 
 given as the right foot touches the floor. The left then takes one 
 more step fw. and the right closes to it. 
 
 The reason for this difference in commanding is: While 
 marching fw., the body always inclines in that direction and can- 
 not be brought to a standstill as suddenly as is the case while 
 marching "in place." 
 
 In running, the command is given as in marching fw. 
 
 TRANSFORMATION OF RANKS WHILE MARCHING. 
 
 A rank marching "in" and "from place" can change its char- 
 acter as a front, flank, oblique rank or circle by facing. 
 
 The commands for such changes are the same as while stand- 
 ing, namely: For an eighth turn, "HALF R. (or L.)," for a 
 quarter turn, "R. (or L.)," for a half turn, "R. (or L.) ABOUT 
 FACE!" 
 
 While marching, the command "Face!" is always given as 
 the foot on the side you wish to turn to reaches the floor, namely: 
 On the left foot when wishing to turn left, and on the right foot 
 when wishing to turn right. 
 
 CHANGE OF DIRECTION WHILE MARCHING. 
 
 Marching in a front or flank rank, the line of march is changed 
 by a gradual turning of the rank into the new direction. We dis- 
 tinguish ^j, *^, ^4, and y 2 turns r. o. 1. After an eighth turn, the 
 direction of the line of march is at an obtuse angle to the original 
 line. This is done in a flank or front rank as follows : The first 
 scholar upon the command executes an eighth turn r. (o. 1.) and 
 marches onward in the new direction, all others doing the same 
 upon coming to the place where the first turned. 
 
 By a quarter turn, the rank will move at a right angle to its 
 first direction ; by a 3/fa turn at an acute angle, and by a half turn 
 in a direction the reverse of the first. In a half turn (counter- 
 march), the first evades the ones following by passing either by 
 their r. o. 1. side (if in flank), or by their front or rear (if in front). 
 A turning in either manner takes as many steps as there are rank 
 members. 
 
18 
 
 The command for an eighth turn is: "RANK OBLIQUELY 
 FW. R. (or L.) MARCH!" 
 
 The command for a quarter turn is : "RANK TO THE R. 
 ( or L.) MARCH!" 
 
 The command for three-eighths turn is: "RANK OBLIQUE- 
 LY BW. R. (or L.) MARCH!" 
 
 The command for a half turn is: "RANK COUNTER- 
 MARCH R. (or L.) MARCH!" 
 
 Besides the above, a flank rank can continually countermarch 
 r. & 1. (Fig. 29), march in a "circle" (Fig. 32), in a "snail," 
 "spiral," (the first continually drawing the circle smaller, and, upon 
 coming to the centre, executing a countermarch and marching out 
 between the curved ranks.) (Fig. 34.) 
 
 It can also march in an "eight" (~V^\r or a "loop" 
 ~~P*") ~ -> (This is done by the first describing a small circle and 
 
 then breaking through the rank, the others following him, one 
 crossing alternately from each side. If the first, instead of march- 
 ing fw., then marches in a circle to the opposite side and closes 
 with the last, an eight is formed.) A flank rank can further 
 march in a "zigzag," a "triangle," a "chain," etc. (A chain is 
 formed by the first countermarching and breaking through the rank 
 alternately r. & 1. The others follow him, one crossing alternately 
 from each side.) 
 
 WHEELING. 
 
 The wheeling of a rank corresponds in all its features to the 
 facing of a single person, the rank here being taken as a unit. 
 
 According to that portion of a circle described while wheeling, 
 we distinguish a ^, ^, ^, or whole wheel. Also #, #i, f6, $3 
 and continuous wheels to the r. o. 1., fw. or bw. 
 
 The number of steps required to execute a quarter wheel is 
 equal to the number of scholars in rank. Other wheelings in pro- 
 portion. 
 
 In wheeling, all, with the exception of the pivot (the person 
 around whom the wheel takes place) march in a circle from place, 
 the scholar at the wheeling flank taking full steps, the rest smaller 
 steps the nearer they are to the pivot, who marches in place, 
 turning with the rest. 
 
 In order to keep dressed, all scholars look toward the wheeling 
 flank while marching, and keep the rank closed (have feeling) 
 toward the pivot. Connecting the scholars in rank greatly helps 
 the alignment while wheeling. 
 
14 
 
 All wheelings in front are started with the left foot. 
 
 A front rank can wheel around the r.,1., the centre, or anyone 
 in rank. 
 
 A flank rank can wheel around the first, last, the centre, or any 
 one in rank. 
 
 A FRONT RANK can execute : 
 
 1. A wheel r. o. 1. ; 
 
 2. " " r. o. 1. around the centre; 
 
 3. " " r. " " 1. pivot ; 
 ,4 " '* 1 " '' r " 
 
 5. " " r. o. 1. " any named file. 
 
 Command: "A QUARTER WHEEL L. MARCH!" 
 
 A front rank can wheel in any part of^a circle, as described 
 .above. In wheeling around the centre or any named file, one 
 part of the rank marches fw., the other bw. The number of steps 
 required in such wheeling is equal to the largest number of 
 scholars marching in one direction including the pivot. 
 
 Example : A front rank of 5 executes a half wheel 1. around 
 the 4th file. In this wheeling, the fourth marches in place, the fifth 
 bw., and the right three fw. The largest number moving in .one 
 direction including the pivot being four, the number of steps 
 required would be 4 steps for every quarter wheel, in this case 
 8 steps, to perform the movement. 
 
 The wheelings r. o. 1. around the opposite pivot are bw. 
 
 The commands to these can be given thus : "A HALF 
 WHEEL R. BW. MARCH!" 
 
 A FLANK RANK can execute : 
 
 1. A wheel r. o. 1. around the first; 
 
 2. " " " " " last; 
 
 3. " " " " " centre; 
 
 4. " " " any named file. 
 
 Command : "THREE QUARTER WHEEL L. AROUND 
 THE FIRST MARCH!" 
 
 It can wheel in any part of a circle, as described above. 
 
 Side-steps are taken when wheeling in flank, the wheel being 
 started by the r. o. 1. foot as the case may demand. 
 
 NOTE. We speak of a right wheel when the motion of the rank is in that 
 direction, and of a left wheel when it is toward the left. Scholars will find the 
 direction of wheeling easily if they are brought to understand that a wheeling 
 is but a facing of a rank, and that a quarter wheel left of a rank corresponds to 
 a left face of a rank member. Knowing this, all they need remember is, in 
 which direction they must turn to face to the 1., to immediately know in 
 which direction a wheel left is to go. 
 
15 
 
 Wheelings can be performed in running as well as in marching. 
 
 Wheelings in different directions and of different parts of a 
 circle can be connected, as : A quarter wheel 1. & r., or, a quarter 
 wheel r. and a half wheel 1., etc. 
 
 Wheelings in front and flank can be connected by executing a 
 quarter turn r. o. 1. after the first wheel. 
 
 FORMING (BY RANK MEMBERS). 
 
 The members of a front or flank rank can change their relative 
 positions in various ways, thereby changing the form of their rank, 
 or re-forming the same at a different or in the same place. 
 
 Standing in front or flank, they can form at the side, in rear, or 
 front of any named file by obliquing, following, right angles, 
 circling, or evading. They can also form at both sides if in flank, 
 or in front and rear if in front, of any named file. 
 
 In the following, we give examples of the various ways of 
 forming. 
 
 1. In "obliquing," the rank members march obliquely (by the 
 shortest way) into the position commanded. 
 
 Example : In a flank rank of 4, the scholars form to the r. of 
 the first. At the command: "FORM TO THE R. OB- 
 LIQU ELY MARCH !", the first remaining in place, 
 the rest (2, 3 and 4), by marching obliquely to the r., 
 place themselves at his (the first's) right side, thereby 
 changing the formation of the rank from flank to 
 front. (Fig. 1.) 
 
 The number of steps required for this change is 
 equal to the number of rank members. 
 
 2. In "following" the second turns in the direction com- 
 manded, steps around the first and ranks himself into place. The 
 rest follow the second, turn where he did, pass by him and march 
 into their respective places. 
 
 Example : In a front rank of 4, the rank members form in rear 
 of the right. At the command : "FORM TO THE REAR OF 
 RIGHT FOLLOWING MARCH!", the right leader re- 
 maining in place, the second and with him the rest 
 111 J. face to the r. The second then steps obi. behind the 
 first and with a turn 1. is in place. The rest march to 
 where the second stood, here one after another they 
 turn to the r., march by the second to their places, 
 when by a turn 1. they form in rear of the former 
 right leader. (Fig. 2.) 
 
 The number of steps necessary is equal to twice the number 
 of rank members. "^ \ B R A to^* 
 
 OF THB 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
16 
 
 3- In forming by a "right angle" all who move step off to- 
 gether, take as many steps fw. (or in the direction commanded) 
 as they are number in rank, and, with a turn and the same number 
 of steps fw. again, form into place. 
 
 Example : In a front rank of 4, the rank mem- 
 
 * I bers form in front of 1. leader. At the command : 
 
 "FORM IN FRONT OF L. RIGHT ANGLES 
 
 *<} MARCH !", all (except the 1. leader) take as many 
 
 -L J- - 1 - - 1 - steps fw. as they are number in rank. Having done 
 
 Fig. 3 so, they turn to the left, and, with the same number of 
 
 steps fw. and a turn r., form in place. (Fig. 3.) 
 The number of steps necessary is twice the number of rank 
 members. 
 
 4. In "circling" all describe a half, three-quarter, or whole 
 circle around the first (last, r. o. 1.), and rank themselves in the 
 position commanded. In circling to the right, the r., and to the 
 left, the 1. flank (side) is always turned inward while marching. 
 This is accomplished by a turning at the beginning or close of the 
 circling. 
 
 Example : In a flank rank of 4, the rank members form to 
 the 1. of the first by circling 1. At the command : "FORM TO 
 THE L. CIRCLING L. MARCH !", 
 all step off toward the r., each describing a circle 
 1. around the first. Upon coming near the po- 
 sition commanded, by a left turn each forms 
 into position. (Fig. 4.) 
 
 The number of steps necessary is twice the 
 number of rank members for a half circle, three 
 times that number for a three-quarter, and four 
 times the number for a complete circle. (In 
 forming by circling, less then a half circle should not be used.) 
 
 5. In '-'evading" the first (last, r. o. 1.), instead of keeping his 
 place, moves with the rest and makes way for them by evading as 
 commanded. 
 
 Example: In a flank rank of 4, the rank members form 
 to the r. of the first, he evading sw. 1. At the command : 
 "FORM TO THE R. EVADING SW. L. 
 ^_j. j. JL MARCH !", the first takes side-steps to the L, 
 JL which all others do when by marching fw. they 
 1 find themselves in line with him. (Fig. 5.) 
 1 A forming of this kind takes twice as many 
 
 Fig. 5 steps as there are rank members, a side-step need- 
 ing 2 counts. 
 
 As a rule, all formings are excuted to the front, unless other- 
 wise commanded. For this reason, it is not necessary to com- 
 
17 
 
 mand : "Form to the r. of the first," but simply : "Form to the r.," 
 it being understood that the first is meant when no other person 
 is mentioned in the command. 
 
 Formings to the rear (or next to any given file) are commanded 
 and executed as follows : To form from a flank rank of 4 to a 
 front rank by obliquing, the command would be : 
 "FORM TO THE R. OF THE LAST OB- 
 LIQUELY MARCH!" Upon the command, 
 the foremost 3 by a ^ turn r. face and march fw. in 
 the direction commanded, and form as required by a 
 ^ turn 1. (Fig. 6.) 
 A forming of this kind takes as many steps as there are 
 scholars in rank. 
 
 Formings at both sides (or to the front and rear) of any file are 
 executed as follows : To form from a flank rank of 6 to a front 
 rank by right angles, the command and execution would be as fol- 
 lows: "FORM TO THE R. & L. RIGHT ANGLES 
 MARCH !" Upon the command, the second, fourth and sixth 
 would face to the r., take 2, respectively 3 and 4 steps 
 fw., and, with a 1. face, march fw. interlace. The 
 third and fifth would face to the L, take 2, respect- 
 ively 3 steps fw., face to the r. and march fw. into 
 place. (Fig. 7.) The number of steps neces- 
 Fig. 7 sary in such movements is equal to the greatest 
 number moving in one direction including the one 
 next to whom the ranking takes place. 
 
 Formings to the r. are started with the r., to the 1. with the 1. 
 foot. 
 
 In the following, the different manners of forming are given. 
 All the changes by "obliquing" are shown first, then come the 
 "following," "right angles," "circling," and "evading," each being 
 shown first from a front rank, then from a flank rank, and lastly the 
 forming from a combination of both is shown. All formings can 
 be executed to the 1. as well as to the shown r. side, and partly also 
 to the r. & 1. or front and rear. These possible movements will be 
 easily recognized after reading the examples given. 
 
18 
 FORMING BY RANK MEMBERS. 
 
 I. BY "OBLIQUING." 
 
 a) From a front rank. 
 
 1. Form in front of r. 
 
 2. " " rear " " 
 
 3. " " front & rear of r. 
 
 4. " to the r. by passing in front. 
 
 - U H ll It (I it ll rpqr 
 
 b] From a flank rank. 
 
 1. Form to the r. 
 
 2. " " " . " of last. 
 
 3. " in front (by passing) by the r. 
 
 4. " " rear " " " " " 
 
 c) From a front and flank rank. 
 i. Form in front of r. & to the r. 
 
 2 " '< rpnr " " " a ll <' 
 
 3. " " front " " " " " " of last. 
 
 4. " " rear " " " " " " " " 
 
 5. " " front ' " in front by the r. 
 
 ^ U -. ii ti it U J-gj^J- " <' 
 
 7. " " rear " " " " front " " " 
 
 Q it ll ll ll ll ll ll rppr '' <* '' 
 
 d) From a flank and front rank. 
 i. Form to the r. & in front of r. 
 
 2 ll ll ll ii rpor <( " 
 
 3. " " " " " " front & rear of r. 
 
 4. " " " " of last & in front of r. 
 
 ~ ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii YQB,T " u 
 
 6. " " " " " " " " front & rear of r. 
 
 7. " " " " & to the r. by the front. 
 
 8 ii ii t( (( ii ii ii ii ii rear 
 
 9. " " " " of last & to the r. by the front, 
 jo. " " " " " " " " " u <( " rear. 
 
2. BY "FOLLOWING." 
 
 a) From a front rank. 
 i. Form to the r. by the front. 
 
 2 " <> ivir 
 
 3. " in front of r. 
 
 4. " " rear " " 
 
 5. " " front " " passing by the rear. 
 
 6. " " rear " " " " " front. 
 
 7. " " front & rear of r. 
 
 b) From a flank rank. 
 
 1. Form to the r. 
 
 2. " " " " of last. 
 
 3. " " " " passing by the 1. 
 
 4. " " u " of last, passing by the 1. 
 
 5. " in front by the r. 
 
 6. " " rear " " " 
 
 For c) from a front & flank rank, and 
 
 d) " " flank " front " 
 combine the movements of a & b as in "obliquing." 
 
 3. BY "RIGHT ANGLES." 
 
 a] From a front rank. 
 
 1. Form in front of r. 
 
 2. " " rear " " 
 
 3. " to the r. by the front. 
 
 4. " " " " " " rear. 
 
 5. " in front & rear of r. 
 
 b) From a flank rank, 
 
 1. Form to the r. 
 
 2. " " of last. 
 
 3. " in front by the r. 
 
 4. " " rear " " " 
 
 For c) from a front & flank rank, and 
 
 d) " " flank " front " 
 combine the movements of a & b as in "obliquing." 
 
20 
 
 4- BY "CIRCLING." 
 
 a] From a front rank. 
 i. Form to the r., circling r. 
 
 2 " << 1 
 
 3. " in front of r., circling 1. 
 
 4. " " rear " " " r. 
 
 5. " " front & rear of r., circling I. & r. 
 
 b) From a flank rank. 
 
 1. Form in front, circling 1. 
 
 2. " " rear, " r. 
 
 3. " to the r., " " 
 
 4. " " " " of last, circling 1. 
 
 For c) from a front & flank rank, and 
 
 d) " " flank " front " 
 combine the movements of a & b as in "obliquing." 
 
 5. BY "EVADING." 
 
 a) From a front rank. 
 
 1. Form in rear of r., evading fw. 
 
 2. " " front " " " bw. 
 
 3. " to the r. by the rear, evading sw. 1. 
 
 4. " " " " " front, " " " 
 
 b} From a flank rank. 
 
 1. Form to the r., evading sw. 1. 
 
 2. " " " " of last, evading sw. 1. 
 
 3. " in front by the r., evading bw. 
 
 4. " " rear " " " " fw. 
 
 For c) from a front & flank rank, -and 
 
 d) " " flank " front " 
 combine the movements of a & b as in "obliquing." 
 
 The evading in forming from a flank rank can be done fw. as 
 well as sw. in the direction commanded. 
 
 Example: "FORM TO THE R. EVADING FW. 
 TO THE L. MARCH !" At the command "March !", the 
 first turns to the 1., marches fw. as many steps as there are rank 
 members, and then turns to the front. The others follow, taking 
 steps in proportion. 
 
 In all formings, excepting the circling, if there be a facing 
 necessary in executing a command, and the first turn or facing is 
 to the r., the last should be to the 1. 
 
21 
 
 The foregoing formings can be varied in many ways. If con- 
 ducted from standing : 
 
 1. All march in place until the last one is in position, and close 
 with a stamp-step ; 
 
 2. By all taking a certain number of steps "in place" before 
 (or after) the forming ; 
 
 3. By all taking as many steps fw., bw. or sw. before and after 
 each forming as there are members in rank. 
 
 If formings are to be executed while marching "from place," 
 the scholar next to whom the forming is to take place, marches in 
 place until all are in order, and then all step off together. The 
 number of steps to be marched in place depends upon the kind 
 of forming executed, and can easily be found by the foregoing ex- 
 planations. 
 
 Formings can be combined with facings before and after, and 
 also with wheelings, to a good advantage. 
 
 And, lastly, formings of the different kinds can be combined, 
 as : Taking one position by obliquing and the second by following, 
 or the first by following and the second by circling. 
 
 Formings are executed according to two methods. 
 
 First Method.. At the command "March!", all, with the ex- 
 ception of the one next to whom the forming is to take place, step 
 off in the required direction and form as commanded. This method 
 is always used unless the second be specially commanded. 
 
 Second Method. According to this method, the scholar oppo- 
 site to the one next to whose place the rank is to be formed, first 
 steps off in the direction named, all the others following him as 
 their turn arrives. 
 
 Formings according to this method always require three or 
 four times as many steps as there are rank members, as 2 steps 
 must intervene between the moving of each rank member. 
 
 A front rank, to perform a movement according to this method, 
 would be commanded : "FORM TO THE R. PASSING 
 IN REAR THE L. (LEADER) BEGINNING-MARCH!", 
 or by substituting "second method" in place of "the 1. beginning." 
 
 At the command "March !", the 1. leader turns to the r., passes 
 in rear of the rank, and marches into place at the side of the r. 
 After 2 steps, the next follows the left, moving as he did, and so 
 on until all the rank members have formed to the r. 
 
 Forming by evading cannot strictly be placed under either 
 of the above heads, it having part of both methods. 
 
 Having now finished the single individual and the rank, we 
 come to the "Body of ranks." 
 
II. THE BODY (OF BANKS). 
 
 A body is a collection of 2 or more ranks in an order common 
 to all. 
 
 A body can be formed as a "fine" or a "column." The 
 smallest rank being two, the smallest body will be composed of 
 4 scholars. 
 
 THE LINE. 
 
 In front. Two or more front ranks standing side by side, form 
 a line in front. 
 
 In flank. Two or more flank ranks standing one behind the 
 other, form a line in flank. 
 
 The scholars standing in rank, a line can be formed in several 
 ways : 
 
 1. By counting off by a given number (counting off by twoes, 
 the line will be composed of ranks of two); 
 
 2. By 2 (or more) successively stepping f\v. or bw. (if in front); 
 
 3. By 2 " " " " sw. (if in flank). 
 
 THE COLUMN. 
 
 In front. Two or more front ranks standing one behind the 
 other, form a column in front. 
 
 /// flank. Two or more flank ranks standing side by side, 
 form a column in flank. 
 
 The scholars standing in rank, a column can be formed in 
 several ways : 
 
 1. By successive quarter wheels by twoes (or more). 
 
 2. By successively forming twoes (or more) in front or rear of 
 r. o. 1. (if in front). 
 
23 
 
 3- By successively forming twoes (or more) to the r. o. 1. (if in 
 flank. 
 
 4. While marching fw. in flank, by twoes (or more) successively 
 facing to the r. o. 1. at a given place. 
 
 Two or more ranks formed in "oblique" or as a "circle" also 
 come under the head of bodies. 
 
 NOTE. It is in the column that we, for the first time, come to a clearer 
 understanding of the terms "rank" and "file." A front column has front ranks 
 and flank files. Thus, in a front column of 5 ranks, 4 in a rank, we have 5 ranks 
 and 4 files, that is : All the scholars standing in front (abreast) are in ranks, and 
 all those standing one behind the other are in files. So we here have a 1st, 
 2d, 3d, 4th and 5th rank, and a 1st, 2d, 3d and 4th file. All the ones (first of 
 each rank) are in the first file, the twoes in the second, etc. A flank column 
 has flank ranks and front files, and, if composed of 4 ranks of 6 scholars each, 
 it has 4 flank ranks and 6 front files. 
 
 DISTANCE. 
 
 The distance between the ranks formed in "column" must 
 always be equal to as many steps as there are scholars in a rank. 
 A column with less than this distance is in "close order," and, with 
 more, in "open order." 
 
 The manner of "opening" or "closing" a body of ranks is 
 similar in character to the "opening" or "closing" of a rank; here 
 the rank takes the place of the rank member. For manner and 
 ways of execution, see page 10. 
 
 The command for a movement of this kihd is : "RANKS 
 OPEN LINE (or COLUMN) FW. FOUR STEPS DIS- 
 TANCEMARCH!" 
 
 The ranks and files of a column can be opened or closed. 
 This is done either by the shortest way (by obliquing) or as 
 specified in the command. The ranks of a column can also be 
 opened and the files closed, or the reverse. 
 
 OPENING AND CLOSING THE RANKS AND FILES 
 OF A FRONT COLUMN. 
 
 The ranks of a front column can be opened fw., bw. or sw. to 
 the r. o. 1. from any given file, and closed in the same manner. 
 
 The files of a front column in "close order" 'can be opened 
 fw., bw., or from any given file, and closed in the same manner. 
 
 The ranks and files of a front column can be opened and 
 closed in various manners, the form of the command showing if 
 the ranks or the files are to be opened first, or if both are to be 
 
24 
 
 opened simultaneously by obliquing. The following will serve as 
 illustrations : 
 
 1. "OPEN RANKS TO THE L. TWO STEPS & 
 FILES BW. ONE STEP FW. MARCH!" This com- 
 mand shows that the ranks are first to be opened to the 1. 2 steps, 
 and, after this is completed, the files are to be opened bw. i step, 
 all to be done by marching fw. 
 
 The ranks and files are closed in a like manner. 
 
 2. "OPEN FILES FW. FOUR STEPS & RANKS 
 TO THE R. TWO STEPS, GOING SW. MARCH!" 
 Here the files first open fw. 4 steps, after which the ranks open to 
 the r. 2 steps by going sw. 
 
 3. The ranks can be opened and files closed, or the reverse. 
 Command: "OPEN RANKS SW. FROM THE CENTRE 
 TWO STEPS & CLOSE FILES BW. MARCH !" 
 Here the ranks are first opened sw. from the centre, and then the 
 files closed by going bw. 
 
 4. If in close order : "OPEN RANKS & FILES FROM 
 THE FIRST RANK, FIRST FILE THREE STEPS 
 FW. MARCH !" Here all face toward the direction they are to 
 go, and by the shortest route march into place. 
 
 A flank column can be opened and closed similarly to a front 
 column, the ranks opening fw., bw. or sw., the files (if in close 
 order) to the r., 1. or from any named file. In a flank column in 
 close order, the ranks and files can also be opened from any named 
 rank and file. 
 
 Opening and closing the column, line, rank, or file, can also be 
 executed in running. 
 
 In a body in open order (line or column), the ranks or files 
 (as the case may be) can countermarch, and the scholars of each 
 rank execute all the manners of forming shown under the head 
 of "Forming by rank members." 
 
 MARCHING OF A BODY. 
 
 A body "in line" or "column" can march fw., bw., sw. or 
 obliquely. While marching from place, it can change its line of 
 march by ^, %, ^ or ^ turns r. o. 1. 
 
 This is executed as in rank (see page 12); here the rank takes 
 place of the rank member of the former. Commands : 
 "COLUMN (LINE) OBL. FW."; "COLUMN TO THE 
 R."; COLUMN OBL. BW."; "COLUMN COUNTER. 
 MARCH R. or L. MARCH!" 
 
25 
 
 /> x A body consisting of 2 flank ranks can march in- 
 
 -j- j- ward or outward, as the case may be. It can march 
 
 i inward or outward at right angles, obliquely fw. or bw., 
 
 1 and countermarch. Command : "RANKS OBLIQUE- 
 
 Fig.s LY FW. INWARD -MARCH!" (Fig. 8.) 
 
 WHEELING OF A BODY. 
 
 Wheelings of a body only take place in a front or flank line, 
 or in a front column in close order. 
 
 A front or flank line wheels, exactly as does a front or flank 
 rank, upon the command: "LINE QUARTER WHEEL L. 
 MARCH !" For manner of execution, see page 13. 
 
 In the wheeling of a front column in close order, the first rank 
 wheels as explained in the wheels of a front rank. The other 
 ranks wheel with the first, but, while moving, they take steps 
 obliquely fw. in the direction opposite to the one commanded, 
 thereby keeping exactly in rear of the first rank. Command : 
 "COLUMN QUARTER WHEEL R. MARCH!" 
 
 TRANSFORMATION OF A BODY. 
 
 A body can change its form in various manners. 
 
 A line or column can change from front to flank (also oblique), 
 or the reverse, by facing. 
 
 A line can change to a column by a wheel of its ranks, also 
 by a forming of the rank members of each rank. 
 
 A column can change to a line by the same process. 
 
 A line or column can change its form by its ranks forming 
 into another position in front, rear, or at the side of any named 
 rank. This is done as in rank ; in this case, the rank takes the 
 position and executes the movements of the rank member. 
 
 FORMING BY RANKS. 
 
 In forming by ranks from line to column or the reverse, to find 
 the number of steps required, the rank next to which the forming 
 is to take place not being counted (it not moving), the number 
 of ranks moving is multiplied by the number in a rank, the 
 product being the number of steps required. 
 
 Example : A front column of 4 ranks, 5 in a rank, changes 
 to a front line by forming to the r., obliquely. The first rank not 
 moving, 3 ranks of 5 members each move into position, requiring 
 3X5 = 15 steps to perform the movement. 
 
 All modes but the obliquing will require double this number of 
 steps to execute the same change of position. 
 
26 
 
 The number of steps for movements to other positions varies 
 in proportion to the distance to be moved. 
 
 Formings by rank can be executed to the r., 1., in front or rear. 
 
 Here, as also in the forming by rank members, all formings to 
 the r. begin with the right foot, with the exception of formings by 
 wheeling. 
 
 Unless specially commanded, all formings are executed 
 according to the first method. (See page 21.) 
 
 Formings according to the second method can seldom be used. 
 
 The number of steps intervening will depend upon the number 
 in rank, and the kind of movement to be executed. 
 
 A body can change from a line to a line, line to column, 
 column to column, and column to line. These changes can be 
 executed by: i. Obliquing; 2. Following; 3. Right angles; 
 4. Continuous right angles; 5. Right angle and following; 
 6. Following in flank; 7. Continuous right angles, following 
 in flank; 8. Quarter wheel; 9. Quarter wheel and following; 
 10. Following and a quarter wheel; n. Continuous quarter 
 wheels; 12. Evading. 
 
 In the following, we will give an illustration of each of the 
 above manners, by which it will not be difficult to understand the 
 rest of the possible movements of each mode. 
 
 1. BY "OBLIQUING." 
 
 The ranks move obliquely in the direction commanded, and 
 form as stated in the command. 
 
 Example: Forming from a front col- 
 umn to a front line. At the command : 
 "RANKS FORM TO THE R. OBL. 
 MARCH !", the second and third ranks 
 move obliquely fw. to the r. until in line 
 with the first. (Fig. 9.) 
 
 Fig. 9 The simple number of steps is required 
 
 for a forming from column to line or the 
 reverse, that is, in this case, 2X4 8 steps. 
 
 2. BY "FOLLOWING." 
 
 The ranks move fw. toward the first (or any other named) ; 
 when within one step of it, the second rank faces to the r. o. 1. 
 (as the case may require) and moves fw. into the commanded 
 position. The other ranks follow the second, turn where it did, 
 pass by it, and march into place. 
 
 Example: Forming from a flank column to a flank line. 
 At the command: "RANKS FORM IN REAR OF R. 
 
27 
 
 * i FOLLOWING MARCH!", all, except the r. 
 
 i ^i -J- 1 rank, face to the r., march fw. until one step from 
 
 f fi the r. ; the second rank then faces r., marches fw. 
 J- as many steps as it has rank members, and, with a 
 *j.2 turn 1. about, it forms into place. The other ranks 
 ; ^ march the same as the second, turn where it did, 
 ig. 10 LL^ march by it, and, with the same turn 1. about, 
 i' form as commanded. (Fig. 10.) 
 
 Forming from line to line, the ranks move 
 toward the first (or any other named), pass by it as commanded, 
 and form in line. 
 
 Example : Forming from a front line to a front line. At the 
 command: "RANKS FORM TO THE L. PASSING IN 
 FRONT MARCH!", all, except the 
 1. rank, face 1., pass by the front of the 
 1. rank, and, upon arriving at their 
 Fjg. U places, by a quarter turn r., form into 
 
 position. (Fig. 11.) 
 
 The double number of steps is required for formings of the 
 above kinds, that is, 2X4X2 = 16 steps. 
 
 A body can also change from column to column by following. 
 Example: Forming from front column to front 
 >iiii column. Upon the command: "RANKS FORM 
 IN FRONT FOLLOWING BY THE R. 
 21 -"-j^l MARCH!", the second rank passes the first by ob- 
 iiiii nc l u i n g to the r. With an oblique to the 1., it forms 
 into place. The other ranks march fw. to where the 
 second stood, march obliquely as it did, pass by it, 
 and march obliquely into places. (Fig. 12.) 
 
 The double number of steps is required for a 
 Fig. 12 forming of this kind. 
 
 3. BY A "RIGHT ANGLE." 
 
 Forming by a right angle, all march as commanded, and, by 
 a quarter turn r. and another 1. (or the reverse), describe a right 
 angle, and form into place. 
 
 Example : Forming from a front column to a front line. At 
 the command: "RANKS FORM TO THE R. BY A 
 RIGHT ANGLE MARCH !", all, except the first rank, face 
 r. and march fw. The second rank takes as many steps as it has 
 rank members, then faces 1. and, with the same 
 1 11 1 1 1 A 1 1 Ai number of steps fw., forms into place. The other 
 ranks move as the second, the third taking twice 
 as many steps fw. as it has rank members, (the 
 fourth three times that number fw., etc.,) be- 
 fore turning to the 1. and marching fw. into po- 
 Fig. 13 sition to the r. of the first rank. (Fig. 13.) 
 
 211J.1 . 
 
 31JL-L1 
 
28 
 
 i. 
 
 Fig. 14 
 
 Example : Forming from a flank line to a flank 
 line. At the command: "RANKS FORM IN 
 FRONT BY THE L. RIGHT ANGLE 
 MARCH !", all, except the first rank, face 1. The 
 second rank marches fw. as many steps as it has 
 rank members, faces r., marches fw. twice that 
 number of steps, and then, with a r. face, it 
 marches into place in front of the first rank by fac- 
 ing 1. The other ranks march the same as the sec- 
 ond, the third needing twice as many steps (the 
 fourth three times as many steps) as the second 
 did. (Fig. 14.) 
 
 The forming from column to column is per- 
 formed similarly to the forming from line to line. 
 
 211J.J- 1 
 
 3J..LX1 
 
 Fig. 15 
 
 BY CONTINUOUS RIGHT ANGLES. 
 
 Formings of this kind are executed upon 
 the same principle as the foregoing. All ranks 
 that move, describe continuous right angles by 
 facing r. (o. 1.), taking as many steps fw. as 
 they have rank members, then facing 1. (o. r.), 
 again taking that number of steps, and so on 
 until they find themselves in the position 
 commanded. (Fig. 15.) 
 
 If the forming takes place from rear to front, or from side to 
 side, upon coming in line with the stationary rank, the order of 
 facing changes, so that, in moving from a front column to a front 
 column by the r., the first facings will be r. & 1., but, upon coming 
 in line with the first rank, and after as many steps fw. as there 
 are scholars in rank, they change to 1. & r. 
 
 Command: "RANKS FORM TO THE R. CON- 
 TINUOUS RIGHT ANGLES MARCH!" 
 
 5. BY A RIGHT ANGLE AND FOLLOWING. 
 
 This mode can only be used in forming from column to 
 column, and from line to line. 
 
 Example : Forming from a front column to a front column. 
 At the command : "RANKS FORM IN FRONT BY THE 
 RIGHT RIGHT ANGLE & FOLLOWING MARCH I", 
 all, except the first rank, face r. and take as many steps fw. as there 
 are members in rank. Then all face 1., follow the second rank, 
 which takes twice as many steps fw. as it has rank members, then 
 faces 1. and marches fw. into place. The others move the same as 
 the second rank, the third needing of steps six times its number 
 
29 
 
 21JLJLi 
 
 1 JLJ.JU. 
 
 2JLL-L-L 
 
 :ilJ.JL 
 
 in rank to execute the full movement, (the fourth 
 eight times its number, etc.) (Fig. 16.) 
 
 6. BY FOLLOWING IN FLANK. 
 
 Fig. 16 
 
 This forming is, in many respects, similar to the 
 plain following, the difference being that here, as in- 
 dicated in the title, the following takes place in flank 
 ranks. It will suffice to give one example. 
 
 Example: Forming from a front column to a 
 front line. At the command : "RANKS FORM 
 TO THE R. FOLLOWING IN FLANK MARCH !", 
 the first rank remaining in place, all, except the r. leader of each 
 rank, face to the r. The leaders march fw. 
 (the others following in flank) until, reaching 
 the first rank, they then face to the r., march 
 fw., and each rank, with a 1. face, then for'ms 
 into its place. (Fig. 17.) 
 
 Fig. 17 
 
 J.JL-LJ. 
 
 Fig. 18 
 
 7- BY CONTINUOUS RIGHT ANGLES, FOLLOW- 
 ING IN FLANK. 
 
 A forming of this kind is performed on the same principle as 
 a continuous right angle ; here the forming takes place by following 
 in flank as explained in 6. 
 
 Command: "RANKS FORM TO THE 
 R. CONTINUOUS RIGHT ANGLES, 
 FOLLOWING IN FLANK MARCH !" 
 
 ;. 18.) 
 
 the forming is to be executed to the 
 front, or from side to side, a change in the order 
 of turning, as described in 4, takes place. 
 
 8. BY A QUARTER WHEEL. 
 
 Here all ranks, except the first, execute a quarter wheel toward 
 the side commanded, and, with another quarter wheel, or a cer- 
 tain number of steps before and after the sec- 
 ond wheel, form into place. 
 
 Example : Forming from a front column 
 to a front line. At the command : "RANKS 
 FORM TO THE R. QUARTER WHEEL 
 MARCH !", the second rank executes a 
 quarter wheel r. & 1., and so forms into place. 
 The third rank wheels to the r., takes as many 
 steps fw. as it has rank members, then wheels 
 to the 1. and marches fw. into position. (The fourth rank wheels 
 the same as the second and third, taking twice as many steps fw. 
 as it has members in rank, before wheeling, etc.) (Fig. 19.) 
 
 Fig. 1.9 
 
30 
 
 Formings of this kind can also be done from front column to 
 front column, and are executed as above, with the following change : 
 Upon coming in line with the first rank, the direction of the 
 wheeling changes (as explained in the facing of 4) so as to bring 
 the ranks in front of the first. 
 
 Formings by wheeling are usually executed in front, they being 
 too difficult in flank ranks. 
 
 9. BY A QUARTER WHEEL AND FOLLOWING. 
 
 Sim. A forming of this kind can only be used in form- 
 
 ing from front column to front column. 
 
 Example : At the command: "RANKS FORM 
 IN FRONT, BY THE R. QUARTER WHEEL 
 IJLJLIJL & FOLLOWING MARCH!", all, except the 
 
 first rank, execute a quarter wheel r. & 1. The sec- 
 2i onc i ran k then wheels 1. & r., the othes pass by the 
 
 f-*~s first, second, etc., and, with a wheel 1. & r., form in 
 
 place. (Fig. 20.) 
 
 Fig. 20 The number of steps necessary corresponds to the 
 
 number needed for a right angle and following (5). 
 
 A forming from front line to front line can be executed by 
 
 taking the first wheel backward, then passing by the rear, and, 
 
 with a wheel fw., forming into 
 32123 place. (Fig. 21.) 
 J - L i 11 - L i- LJ " LJ - L - L \- L - LJ - L t 1 Command : "FORM TO THE 
 
 L. QUARTER WHEEL BW. 
 Fj g- 21 & FOLLOWING MARCH !" 
 
 10. BY FOLLOWING AND A QUARTER WHEEL. 
 
 As indicated by the title, the ranks first follow, and then, by 
 wheeling and marching fw., form into place. 
 
 Example : Forming from a front column 
 i 2 3 to a front line. At the command : "RANKS 
 FORM TO THE R. FOLLOWING cSr 
 A QUARTER WHEEL MAR.CH !", the 
 second rank wheels r. & 1. and is in place. 
 The others march fw., wheel r. where the sec- 
 .... ~ ond did, pass by it, and, with a quarter wheel 
 
 1., form in line. (Fig. 22.) 
 
 The number of steps required is the same as in following (2). 
 
 Example : From a front column to a front column. At the 
 
 command: "RANKS FORM IN FRONT, BY THE R.- 
 
 FOLLOWING & QUARTER WHEEL MARCH !", the 
 
 second rank executes a quarter wheel r., half wheel 1., and quar- 
 
3-L-LJJL 
 
 \_. 
 
 2 1111 
 1 1111 
 2_1111 
 
 I 
 
 31111 
 
 Fig. 23 
 
 ter wheel r., and is in position. The third rank 
 marches fw., wheels a quarter r. & 1. where the second 
 did, passes by it, and, with a wheel 1. & r., forms in 
 column. (Fig. 23.) 
 
 The number of steps required is as in right angle 
 and following (5). 
 
 II. BY CONTINUOUS QUARTER WHEELS. 
 
 The ranks execute continuous quarter wheels r. 
 & 1. (or the reverse) toward the position commanded 
 until they arrive in place. 
 
 Example : Forming from a front column to a front line. At 
 the command : "RANKS FORM TO THE 
 R. CONTINUOUS QUARTER WHEELS 
 MARCH !", with the exception of the 
 first, all ranks continually execute quarter 
 wheels r. & 1. until they arrive in place. 
 (Fig. 24.) 
 
 The number of steps required is as in 
 continuous right angles (4). 
 Forming from a front column to a front 
 column. At the command : "RANKS FORM IN FRONT, 
 BY THE R. CONTINUOUS QUARTER .WHEELS 
 MARCH !", except the first, each rank con- 
 tinually executes quarter wheels r. & 1. until in 
 line with the first, and from there quarter wheels 
 1. & r. until in position. (Fig. 25.) 
 
 Here twice as many steps are needed as in 
 the foregoing movement. 
 
 J.11J- 
 
 Fig. 24 
 
 Example : 
 
 21111 
 
 1J.JJ.J. 
 
 21111 
 
 31111 
 
 12. BY EVADING. 
 
 Fig. 25 
 
 Formings of this kind can be done by evading 
 fw., bw. & sw. so as to give way to the ranks 
 forming. 
 
 Example : Forming from a flank column to a flank line. At 
 
 the command: "RANKS FORM IN FRONT OF R. 
 
 EVADING BW. MARCH!", all, except the, 
 
 J5 | | r. rank (which evades bw.), take side-steps to the 
 
 -j- > J-__^ j- 3 r. until in line with the r. rank, when they change 
 
 i the direction of step and evade bw. until all are 
 i in line. (Fig. 26.) 
 
 The second rank will need twice as many 
 i steps as it has number in rank to get in line with 
 the first, the third will need four times that num- 
 ber. The reason for this greater number of steps 
 will be understood when we remember that a side- 
 
 J.1 
 1 
 
 Fig. 26 i 
 
32 
 
 step really consists of 2 steps or movements, first the sideward, 
 and then the closing step. 
 
 The forming, in this case, can also be done by marching 
 fw., all, except the first rank, facing to the r., marching fw. until 
 in line with the evading rank, then turning 1. and taking the 
 steps bw. 
 
 In forming by ranks, it is also the rule that the last turn is to 
 the left if the first is right, or the reverse. 
 
 Formings by rank can be done from a stand, or while march- 
 ing or running. 
 
 Forming during a march, the rank next to which the forming 
 is to take place, marches in place until all ranks are in the order 
 commanded, when all step off anew. 
 
 This marching in place will be of as many steps as the different 
 
 manners of forming may require. (See the foregoing explanations.) 
 
 The evading in march can also be done obliquely. The ranks 
 
 obliquing take small steps until all are in position, when steps of 
 
 the regular length are retaken. 
 
 Example : Forming from a front column 
 to a front line. At the command : "RANKS 
 FORM TO THE L. EVADING OB- 
 LIQUELYMARCH!", the first rank 
 takes small steps obliquely to the r., the 
 others doing the same when, by marching 
 fw., they find themselves in line with the 
 first. (Fig. 27.) 
 
 In formings of this kind, it is best to give 
 3 1 i -L the command : "FW. MARCH !" when all 
 
 p igi 27 are m position, as the exact number of steps 
 
 cannot be given. 
 
 Formings by rank can lead to a column in close order by being 
 so commanded, otherwise they always lead to a column in order. 
 The formings by rank can be preceded by facings, formings by 
 rank members (formings in the ranks), wheelings, or the three 
 combined. Such movements can also succeed these formings, 
 and, lastly, precede and succeed them. 
 
 FORMINGS BY RANKS. 
 
 The following are the different modes of forming by ranks. 
 They are arranged so as to show the different manners of forming 
 from column to line, column to column, and line to line. 
 
 The formings from line to column are omitted, because they 
 can be done in the same manner as those from column to line. 
 
33 
 
 Several of the following formings can be executed to the last 
 rank, as well as the first. To be done so, this must be specially 
 mentioned in the command, as: "RANKS FORM TO THE 
 R. OF LAST OBL. MARCH!" 
 
 From a front column to a front line, ranks form at the side, by: 
 i. Obliquing; 2. Following; 3. A right angle; 4. Continuous 
 right angles; 5. Following in flank ; 6. Continuous right angles, 
 following in flank; 7. A quarter wheel; 8. Following and a 
 quarter wheel ; 9. Continuous quarter wheels; 10. Evading. 
 
 These formings can be done to the r., 1., and some r. & 1. 
 
 From a front column to a front column, ranks form in front, by: 
 i. Obliquing; 2. Following; 3. A right angle; 4. A right angle 
 and following; 5. Continuous right angles ; 6. A quarter wheel; 
 7. A quarter wheel and following; 8. Following and a quarter 
 wheel ; 9. Continuous quarter wheels. 
 
 These formings can be done by the r., 1., and some r. & 1. 
 
 From a front line to a front line, ranks can form at the side, 
 by: i. Obliquing; 2. Following in flank; 3. Aright angle; 4. 
 Continuous right angles ; 5. Continuous right angles, following in 
 flank; 6. A right angle and following ; 7. Evading; 8. Quarter 
 wheel and following (passing by the rear, the first wheel being bw.). 
 
 These formings can be done to the r. o. 1., by passing by the 
 front, and some also by the rear. 
 
 From a flank column to a flank line, ranks form in front, by : 
 i. Obliquing; 2. Following; 3. Following in flank ; 4. Aright 
 angle; 5. Continuous right angles; 6. Continuous right angles, 
 following in flank ; 7. Evading. 
 
 These formings can be done to the r., 1., to the front, rear, and 
 some front and rear. 
 
 From a flank column to a flank column, ranks form at the side, 
 by : i. Obliquing ; 2. Following; 3. A right angle; 4. Continuous 
 right angles ; 5. A right angle and following. 
 
 These formings can be done to the r. o. 1., by the front, rear, 
 and some front and rear. 
 
 From a flank line to a flank line, ranks form in front, by : 
 i. Obliquing; 2. Following; 3. A right angle ; 4. A right angle 
 and following; 5. A right angle, following in flank; 6. Continuous 
 righfangles; 7. Continuous right angles, following in flank. 
 
 These formings can be done by the r., 1., and some r. & 1. 
 
III. THE COLONNADE. 
 
 The Colonnade is a series of lines or columns in front or flank. 
 
 The smallest colonnade is composed of 2 bodies. 
 
 The smallest body having 2 ranks of 2 scholars each = 4, the 
 smallest colonnade will have 2X4 = 8 members. 
 
 All that has been said of the body can be said of the colon- 
 nade. All the movements that can be performed by the single 
 person, as well as by the rank, or members in rank, can take place 
 in this order also. 
 
 New movements are the wheeling and forming by bodies. 
 They are governed by the same rules and conducted in the same 
 manner as the movements of the ranks in column or line, here the 
 body taking the place of the rank. 
 
 Movements in the colonnade order are used mostly in the 
 Reigen, and exhibition tactics or marches. 
 
 The Reigen should be the highest development of the fore- 
 going movements. It is built up and set together according to 
 the dictates of rhythm and beauty. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 MARCHES. 
 
 Any number of scholars or persons can take part in one of 
 these marches. Connecting the scholars in rank, as soon as ranks 
 of 2 or more are formed, adds to the beauty, and helps keeping the 
 alignment. The teacher will see that the leaders in the march 
 take small steps, especially whenever the rank or column is divided. 
 
 1. 
 
 The scholars are formed in a flank 
 rank, march through the middle of the 
 T hall, and, upon reaching the upper end, 
 
 T, march alternately r. & 1. (Fig. 28), 
 
 move along the sides of the hall, and, 
 Fig. 28 upon arriving at the lower end, march 
 
 inward. Upon meeting, they form ranks 
 
 of 2, and march through the middle, now going through the 
 former movements by 2's, forming ranks of 4, eventually 8, 16, etc. 
 The re-forming to a flank rank is done by reversing 
 T the order of the movements. 
 
 This march can be executed by countermarching 
 T I r. & 1. (Fig. 29) instead of marching at right 
 angles, or by alternating right angles with counter- 
 Fig. 29 marches. 
 
 2. 
 
 The scholars are formed in a flank rank, and march through 
 the middle of the hall. Arriving at the upper end, they march 
 alternately r. & 1., and move along the sides of the hall until coming 
 to the lower end. Here the first of each rank executes a 3/% turn 
 
Fig. 3O 
 
 inward, and marches fw. (obliquely bw. to his 
 first line of march) diagonally through the 
 hall, the rest following. In the centre, the 
 two ranks meet, and cross through one an- 
 other. This is done by the second crossing 
 behind the first, the third behind the second, 
 etc. (Fig. 30 and 31.) The leaders, upon 
 reaching the upper end of the hall, execute a 
 y% turn outward, march along the sides, and, 
 upon coming to the lower end, repeat the march, with crossing 
 through the centre. Upon reaching the upper end, they again 
 execute a ^ turn outward, march along the 
 sides, then at right angles inward (Fig. 31), 
 form ranks of 2, which march through the 
 centre, and, at the upper end, inarch alter- 
 nately r. & 1. The columns (of ranks of 2) 
 now go through the foregoing movements, 
 forming 4, eventually 8, etc. 
 
 The flank rank can be re-formed in the 
 reverse order. 
 
 Fig. 31 
 
 3. 
 
 Fig. 32 
 
 The scholars are formed in a flank rank, and march through 
 the middle of the hall. Upon reaching the centre, they march 
 
 alternately r. & 1., and describe 2 
 circles outward. (Fig. 32.) Upon 
 meeting in the centre, ranks of 2 are 
 formed, which march alternately r. & 
 1. as explained before, and so on until 
 ranks of 8 or 16, as may be wished, 
 are formed. 
 
 The flank rank can be re-formed 
 in the reverse order. 
 
 4. 
 
 The scholars march in a flank rank through the middle of the 
 hall, march alternately r. & 1., forming 2 circles. (Fig. 32.) 
 After marching around in the circle once (or more times), and 
 
 when meeting, the first cross over to 
 the opposite circle, the others follow- 
 ing, crossing and passing alternately 
 until all have crossed to the opposite 
 side. (Fig. 33.) After again march- 
 ing around in the circle once (or 
 oftener), each rank crosses over to its 
 Fig. 33 original position. When they meet 
 
37 
 
 again in the centre, ranks of 2 are formed, which march alter- 
 nately r. & 1., and then the columns go through the foregoing 
 movements. Eventually, ranks of 4, 8, etc., are formed, as may 
 be required. 
 
 The flank rank can be re-formed in the reverse order. 
 
 5. 
 
 The scholars, formed in a flank rank, march through the middle 
 of the hall, and, upon reaching the centre, march alternately r. & 1. 
 in 2 circles outward. (Fig. 32.) Upon meeting in the centre, 
 the first of each rank gradually draws the circles smaller, marching 
 
 in a snail, until he reaches the 
 centre, when, with a counter- 
 march, the rank gradually 
 '' /"~~N \ \ / /'/"~-\N \ winds itself out again. (Fig. 
 
 re-formed, each executes a 
 countermarch inward (to bring 
 about the original direction of 
 march, although this can also 
 Fig-. 34- be done by repeating the snail 
 
 movement). When meeting 
 
 again, ranks of 2 are formed, which march alternately r. & 1., and 
 then the column goes through the same movements as explained 
 above. Eventually, ranks of 4, 8, etc., will be formed. 
 The flank rank can be re-formed in the reverse order, 
 
 REIGEN. 
 
 In the following Reigen (excepting the first) the number of 
 scholars that can take part in each is stated. If more scholars 
 are used, the number of steps given for many movements will be 
 too small, while the reverse will be the case when less are used. 
 But, with a little thought, every teacher can re-arrange them (by 
 adding or dropping some movement, or by taking a greater or less 
 number of steps to execute a stated movement), so that they may 
 be used for any number of scholars. 
 
 The whole Reigen, or the different parts of each, may be re- 
 peated. If, in a part, some of the scholars have no movements to 
 perform, they can, during that time, take a given position, or 
 march in place, march in place turning about themselves, execute 
 arm movements, skippings, etc. 
 
 Each Reigen starts from a given figure, and closes with the 
 same. It is left to the teacher to chose his own manner of bring- 
 ing the scholars into this required position, and, also, of marching 
 away therefrom at the close. 
 
Every part of the following Reigen consists of 8 movements 
 or less, taking 32 beats of music to be executed. Each Reigen 
 can, therefore, be accompanied by music written in % time. 
 
 NOTE. If the teacher finds that the different movements follow one 
 another too rapidly to be executed by smaller children, 4 steps of marching 
 "in place" can easily be introduced before each new movement. Hereby the 
 scholars will have more time to think, and also will find the keeping of their 
 alignment easier. If the Reigen is marched to music, the teacher will see 
 that 32 extra steps are introduced in each part. 
 
 1. 
 
 Any even number of scholars can execute the 
 * -* following. They stand in an open circle, facing 
 
 inward, and have been divided into ranks of 2. 
 v (Fig. 35.) 
 
 1. 4 steps fw., grasping neighbors' hands. 
 
 2. 4 steps in place, raising arms upward. 
 
 3. 4 steps bw., arms down, with grasped hands. 
 
 4. 4 steps in place, with arms crossed bw. 
 
 5. The even numbers (of each rank) 4 steps fw., the odd 4 steps bw. 
 
 6. The even 4 steps bw., the odd 4 steps fw. 
 
 7. The odd 4 steps fw. with grasping hands, the even 4 steps bw. 
 
 8. The odd 4 steps bw., arms down, the even 4 steps fw. 
 
 II. 
 
 r i. The even circle r. around the 
 
 " i ~ ^ odd. (Fig. 30) 8 steps. 
 
 2. The odd circle 1. around the 
 
 even 8 " 
 
 r>\ ?. Both circle r. around a com- 
 
 mon centre, grasping r. hands. 8 " 
 
 4. The 3d movement 1 8 " 
 
 Fig. 36 
 
 III. 
 
 1. The even circle r. around the odd, then take 4 steps 
 
 fw. & bw. with grasped hands 16 steps. 
 
 2. The odd repeat this movement to the 1. . 16 " 
 
 IV. 
 
 1. The even 4 steps fw. & bw. with grasped hands; the 
 
 odd 4 steps bw. & fw 8 steps. 
 
 2. With r. hands grasped, both circle around a common 
 centre 
 
 3. As i, but the odd going fw., the even bw., etc 8 
 
 4. The 2d movement 1 8 
 
 8 
 
39 
 
 2. 
 
 1 6 scholars stand in ranks of 4, which are formed in a square, 
 open at the corners, facing inward. (Fig. 37.) 
 
 I. 
 
 .3. i. The first and third rank 4 (small) steps 
 
 n- T " T n fw. & bw 8 steps. 
 
 4- n 2 2 - The second and fourth repeat the same 8 " 
 
 | -_ L j_j L _ L ~ l 3. The even numbers (of each rank) 4 
 
 i " steps fw. & bw 8 " 
 
 4. The odd numbers 4 steps fw. & bw. . 8 " 
 
 II. 
 
 i. The ranks ft wheel r. (to a cross [Fig. 
 
 *> v 38] in 4 steps), and then each rank 4 
 
 *>> v v steps fw 8 steps. 
 
 A ^ v 2. The ranks 4 steps bw. and Awheel 1. bw. 8 " 
 
 ** * 3 an d 4- The above movements to the 1., 
 
 Fig. 38 etc 16 " 
 
 III. 
 
 1. The ranks ft wheel r. (to a cross) 4 steps. 
 
 2. The ranks V 2 wheel r. (8 steps) and, with 4 steps in 
 place, all face 1. about 12 " 
 
 3. The ranks l /z wheel 1. and 4 steps in place, with 1. 
 about 12 " 
 
 4. The ranks ft wheel 1. bw 4 " 
 
 IV. 
 
 1 . The ranks ft wheel r. (to a cross) 4 steps. 
 
 2. The ranks % wheel r 16 " 
 
 3. The ranks 4 steps fw. & bw 8 " 
 
 4. The ranks ft wheel 1. bw. into first position 4 " 
 
 / * Q 
 
 <*.*<> 
 
 xf > ^ V 
 
 6>< ' V > ^ V V3 32 scholars stand in form of a cross in such 
 
 7/ ^^ Vy ,^ >2 manner that 2 ranks, of 4 scholars each, face 
 
 ^ v v v > each other. The ranks are numbered from i 
 
 v * ^ to 8. (Fig. 39.) 
 
 Fig. 39 
 
40 
 
 I. 
 
 1. The odd ranks ^ wheel 1. bw 4 steps. 
 
 2. The odd ranks 4 steps fw. & bw 8 " 
 
 3. The odd ranks ^ wheel r. into place 4 " 
 
 4. 5, and 6. The even ranks perform these movements 
 
 to the opposite side 16 " 
 
 II. 
 
 1. With 1. about, the ranks ]^ wheel outward (to a large 
 
 square open at the corners) 4 steps. 
 
 2. All 4 steps fw. & bw 8 " 
 
 3. The ranks ^ wheel inward (toward the corners). ... 4 " 
 
 4. With 1. about, the ranks ^ wheel toward the middle 
 
 (to a large square) . .' 4 " 
 
 5. All 4 steps bw. cS^ fw 8 " 
 
 6. The ranks % wheel inward (to the original position). 4 " 
 
 III. 
 
 1. The ist, 2d, 5th and 6th ranks 4 steps bw 4 steps. 
 
 2. The 3d, 4th, yth and Sth ranks 4 steps bw. & fw. . . 8 " 
 
 3. The ist, 2d, 5th and 6th ranks 4 steps fw 4 " 
 
 4. 5, and 6. The 3d, 4th, yth and Sth ranks take the 
 first and third movements, and the other ranks the 
 second 16 " 
 
 IV. 
 
 i. The odd ranks % wheel 1. bw. 4 steps, march in place 
 
 8 steps, and then % wheel r 16 steps. 
 
 The even ranks, after 4 steps in place, execute a ^ 
 wheel r. of the cross and back, and then take 4 steps 
 in place (16 steps). 
 
 2.. The movements of the ranks are reversed, the odd 
 
 forming the cross, the even the square 16 " 
 
 4. 
 
 32 scholars form a square, facing inward. The lines (sides) 
 are divided into ranks of 4, and these again into twoes. The ends 
 of the lines do not touch. 
 
41 
 
 2. 
 
 I. 
 
 The odd lines 
 even lines 
 
 The 
 in . 
 
 wheel r. in 
 wheel r. 
 
 8 steps. 
 
 Fig. 40 
 
 3. The odd ranks of 4 (the 
 outer) 3/s wheel 1. (Fig. 40) 
 in 8 steps, and then 4 steps 
 bw. & fw 
 
 II. 
 
 The odd lines of 8 face 1. about, and their outer ranks 
 of 4 (those forming the sides of the square) ^ wheel 
 r. in 12 steps. The outer ranks of 4 of the even 
 lines, after 8 steps in place, ^ wheel r. bw. in 4 steps 
 (2 squares are formed, one behind the other). (Fig. 
 
 41.) 
 
 All face 1. about, and the outer ranks of 4, ^ wheel 
 outward (2 squares are formed, one at the side of the 
 other). (Fig. 42.) 
 
 1 6 
 
 12 steps. 
 
 1 J 
 
 1- TT H 
 
 /| 
 TT 
 
 Fig. 41 
 
 Fig. 42 
 
 Fig. 43 
 
 3. The outer ranks of 4, % wheel bw. into the lines of 
 8, and then, with a 1. about of the even lines, the lines 
 Y% wheel 1. bw. with 8 steps into the large square. . . 12 steps. 
 
 III. 
 
 1. The inner ranks of 2 of each line (the 2d and 3d), 
 i^ wheel outward with 4 steps (forming 4 small 
 squares, one at each corner). (Fig. 43.) 4 steps. 
 
 2. The same ranks ^ wheel bw. toward the centre in 
 
 4 steps (forming a square in the centre). (Fig. 43.) 4 " 
 
 3. The sides of the square 4 steps fw. & bw 8 " 
 
 4 and 5. The inner ranks of 2 re-form the 4 squares 
 
 and the large square in the reverse order 8 " 
 
 6. The lines 4 steps bw. & fw 8 " 
 
42 
 
 IV. 
 
 >^ ^y/ /N \v v l ' ^^ e ^ nes ^ wnee l r - in 8 steps. 
 
 /^^ T v yv v 2 - The inner ranks of 4, i/ wheel 
 
 > \. V' r ' (Fig - 44 - } 4 " 
 
 v * ).^, ^~* 3. The outer ranks of 2 of each 
 
 A' ^ N ^ line (the ist and 4th) ^ wheel 
 
 ^ J N ^ ) inward in 4 steps (forming 4 
 
 X$ ^ v <- squares). (Fig. 44.) 4 " 
 
 4, 5, and 6. The large square is 
 Fi#. 44 re-formed in the reverse order . 16 " 
 
 5. 
 
 32 scholars are formed in a cross, and the lines of 8 facing 1. 
 are divided into ranks of 4, which are again subdivided into twoes. 
 
 I. 
 
 1. The cross y^ wheel 1 16 steps. 
 
 2. With a 1. about, the cross 
 
 y^ wheel r 16 " 
 
 II. 
 
 1 . The cross composed of the 
 inner ranks of 4, % wheel 
 r., then 1. about, and % 
 
 wheel 1 32 steps. 
 
 2. The outer ranks of 4, % 
 wheel 1., &, with a 1. about, 
 Awheel r. (Fig. 45.) 32 " 
 
 III. 
 
 1. The lines of 8, ^ wheel 1. around the centre (to a 
 
 large square) 4 steps. 
 
 2. The lines 4 steps bw. & bw 8 " 
 
 3. The lines j^ wheel 1. around the centre 4 " 
 
 4. 5, and 6. As i, 2, and 3, but marching fw. & bw. in 5. 16 " 
 
 \ 
 X 
 
 > - y The lines of 8, % wheel 1. 
 
 around the centre 16 steps. 
 
 v . 
 
 x, 2. The ranks of 4 of each line 
 
 wheel inward. (Fig. 46.) 4 
 
 //V ^l / 3. All 4 steps bw. & fw ......... 8 " 
 
 *S ^ 4. The ranks of 4, % wheel bw. 
 
 Fig. 4-6 into line ................... 4 " 
 
43 
 
 V. 
 
 The outer ranks of 4 1. about, 
 and the end ranks of 2 of each 
 line of 8 (the ist and 4th) 
 ^ wheel r., 2 steps fw. and 4 
 steps in place (4 crosses are 
 formed). (Fig. 47.) ...... 8 steps. 
 
 The crosses wheel r ....... 8 " 
 
 e crosses 
 wheel 1 .................... 8 
 
 F| s- 47 4. All 4 steps fw. & bw ......... 8 " 
 
 VI. 
 
 i . The crosses ^ wheel 1 .......................... 8 steps. 
 
 2. The ranks of each cross % wheel r ............... 8 " 
 
 3. The crosses ^ wheel 1 ......................... 8 " 
 
 4. The ranks % wheel r. & 1. about ................. 8 " 
 
 VII. 
 
 i. The outer ranks of 2 of each line (those which 
 marched fw. to form the 4 crosses) fw. or bw. to form 
 a square in the centre (Fig. 48) 4 steps, and then 
 the remaining ranks, with 4 steps fw. or obliquely fw., 
 again form 4 crosses at the corners of the square. 
 (Fig. 49.) (The ranks marching obi. fw. face 1. 
 about.) ........................... . .......... 8 steps. 
 
 \ 
 Fig. 48 Fig. 49 
 
 2. The 4 crosses % wheel 1 8 
 
 3. With a 1. about, % wheel r 8 
 
 4. The ranks of 2 which moved fw. or obi. fw. to form 
 these last crosses, re-form in their former position with 
 4 steps (Fig. 48), and then the other ranks of two 
 move into their former places (Fig:. 48) with 4 steps, 
 and all again stand in 4 crosses, facing r. (Fig. 47.) 8 
 
44 
 
 VIII. 
 
 1. The ranks of 2 of each cross Awheel 1 .......... 8 steps. 
 
 2. The crosses *x wheel r ......................... 8 " 
 
 3. The end ranks of 2 of each line of 8 (those which 
 marched fw. to form the crosses) circle r. around the 
 standing ranks with 12 steps, and re-form into their 
 places in the line of 8. (Fig. 50.) ............. 12 " 
 
 4. With 4 steps in place, the outer ranks of 4 of each 
 
 line face 1. about and halt ...................... 4 " 
 
 Fig. 50 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Preface 3 
 
 Tactics 5 
 
 Commands . . . . . 5 
 
 Facing 6 
 
 Marching 6 
 
 I. THE RANK 7 
 
 Formation of ranks 7 
 
 Alignment 8 
 
 Counting off 8 
 
 Transformation of ranks 9 
 
 Connections of ranks 10 
 
 Distance (opening and closing ranks) 10 
 
 Marching in rank 11 
 
 Transformation of ranks while marching 12 
 
 Change of direction while marching 12 
 
 Wheeling 13 
 
 Forming (by rank members) 15 
 
 II. THE BODY (OF RANKS) 22 
 
 The line and column 22 
 
 Distance (opening and closing line and column) 23 
 
 Marching of a body 24 
 
 Wheeling of a body 25 
 
 Transformation of a body 25 
 
 Forming (by ranks) 25 
 
 III. THE COLONNADE.. . 34 
 
46 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. March for any number of scholars 85 
 
 2. March for any number of scholars 35 
 
 3. March for any number of scholars 36 
 
 4. March for any number of scholars 36 
 
 5. March for any number of scholars . 37 
 
 1. Reigen for any even number of scholars 38 
 
 2. Reigen for 16 scholars 39 
 
 3. Reigen for 32 scholars 39 
 
 4. Reigen for 32 scholars 40 
 
 5. Reigen for 32 scholars. 42 
 
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