GDinr DIP Provost Plate II. I. Tmperator. 2. Legatus. j. Centurio. 4. Lictor. 5. Signiferi. 6. Bucinator. 7. Ti'Mcen. 8. Vexiiiutn. 9. Aquila. Plate III. W'S^M?:'^ I. Slinger. 2. Light-arnitd Soldier, j. Soldier of the Legion. A. Sarcitiae. c. Cavalrv. i Plate IV. /. Clipeus. 2, 2. Eagle of the Legion. 3. Scutum, 4, Parma. J, J. Cassis. 6. Pilum. 7. Arcus, Sagitta. 8. Sacellum, Plate V. 7. Testudo arietaria. 2. Fire-signal Tower. j. Tabernaculum. 4. Order of Battle, j. Falx Muralis. 6 Testudo. 7. Onager. 8. Ballista. g. Clans fusili ex Argilla. 10. Ttstudo fossaria. Plate VI. por^ I. Ccesa^'s Intrenchments before Alesia (VII. 70); la, Cippi, \b, Lilia, Ic, Stimuli 2. Agger, etc. 3. Gallic City Wall. 4,S-^l«f^i' ^- Vallum with Passage-ivays .,„v 'r%7r,*,-r '7 Tur-ris Anihulatoria. 8. Cataiulta. Q. Viftea, I \' JUNIOR LATIN BOOK WITH NOTES, EXERCISES, AND VOCABULARIES BY JOHN C. ROLFE, Ph.D. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA AND WALTER DENNISON, Ph.D. SWARTHMORE COLLEGE Itebigeti lEtiituin ALLYN AND BACON Uoston antr CJjtcago ^^l 0.^ COPYRIGHT, 1808, 1911, and 1912, By JOHN CAREW ROLFE AND WALTER DENNISON. NartoooD J. 8. Cnshing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. » ^gl^ PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. This book has been prepared in answer to the demand of a large number of teachers throughout the country, who wish a substitute for the four books of Caesar's Gallic War, whi(;li are required for admission to most colleges. The Fables and the Roman History have been taken from Jacobs and Doring's Lateinisclies Elementarbuch, with a few unimportant changes. The Fables are really not so easy Latin as the Roman History which follows them, but their brevity and their familiar theme make them favorites with many teachers. Moreover, they can easily be omitted, since the Roman History has been annotated without reference to them. In the selections from Viri Romae and Nepos we have used the text of my editions. We are under great obligations to Professor Kelsey for permission to make use of the introduction, text, notes, and vocabulary of his edition of the Oallic War. John C. Kolfe. Ann Arbob, Michigan, 1898. NOTE TO THE EEVISED EDITION. In this revision, the addition of selections from Caesar's Civil War admirably adapts the book to the recent require- ments in Latin. With the same purpose, the Exercises for Translation into Latin have been based on the first two books of Caesar's Gallic War (see the Note on page 357). The quan- tity of the Latin vowels has been changed throughout to con- form with recent scholarship. May, 1912. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. I. The Fables, The Roman History, Viri Romae ... 1 II. The Life and Works of Cornelius Nepos .... 3 III. Introduction to the Selections from Caesar's Gallic War. 1. The Roman Art of War in the Time of Caesar . 9 2. The Theatre of the Gallic War .... 25 TEXT. Fables Roman History . Viri Romae. I. Gains IGlius Caesar . II. Marcus Tullius Cicero 27 30 53 61 III. Caesar Octavianus Augustus 67 Cornelius Nepos. I. Miltiades . II. Themistocles III. Pausanias . IV. Epaminondas V. Hamilcar . VI. Hannibal . VII. Cat5 . 75 81 89 93 100 102 111 Caesar. The Gallic War. Book I 114 Book II 151 The Civil War. Selections from Books I, II, III . . . 170 V Yi CONTENTS. PAGE Rules for the Pronunciation op Proper Names . . . 213 Hints to the Pupil 215 NOTES 217 Exercises for Translation into Latin 367 VOCABULARIES. ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE I. Attack on a Besieged City. II. Officers. Standards and Musical Instraments. III. Soldiers of the Roman Army. IV. Weapons. Plan of the Roman Camp. V. Military Engines. Testudo, etc. VI. Siege Works. Rampart of Camp, etc. MAPS. Imperium Romanum Frontispiece FACING PAGB Ancient Italy 30 Rome and Environs 63 Graecia cum Insulis et Oris Maris Aegaei 75 Asia Citerior 93 Gallia 114 PLAKS. L Caesar's Line of Works along the Rhone below Geneva . . 117 II. The Battle with the Helvetii 129 IIL The Battle between Caesar and Ariovistus .... 148 IV. The Battle at the Aisne 154 V. The Battle at the Sambre 161 VI. The Siege of the Stronghold of the Aduatuci . . . .166 INTRODUCTION. L THE FABLES, THE ROMAN HISTORY, VIRI ROMAE. The Fables are a prose paraphrase, dating from the Middle Ages, of the various metrical versions of the so-called Aesopian fables. Of Aesop himself but little is known. He appears to have lived in the early part of the sixth century before the Christian era, and to have been a slave by birth. Upon gain- ing his freedom he was sent by Croesus, the famous Lydian king, to distribute a sum of money among the people of Delphi. When the Delphians objected to the principle of division, Aesop refused to give them the money, whereupon they took ven- geance upon him by throwing him over a precipice. The details of his history are obscure and mythical, and his very existence has been called in question. The Roman History is simplified Latin, based for the most part upon the texts of Livy and Eutropius. The legends of the founding of Rome and of the reigns of the seven kings, although believed in by the Romans them- selves, and generally accepted in modern times until the publi- cation of the first volume of Niebuhr's Histoi-y of Borne, in 1811, cannot be accepted as history. They are largely aetiological, that is, many of the stories have been invented to explain 1 i INTRODUCTION. QiifttjtfKis* aiid jng^itjitions which were already in existence at the Tae'gi'unjug'ot'i^ .historical period; and many of them may be traced to Greek sources. The dates were traditional with the Romans themselves, and are not to be relied on. Accord- ing to Lewis (On the Credibility of Early Roman History) ^ a trustworthy history of Rome does not begin until the war with Pyrrhus. In this statement he undoubtedly goes too far ; but the history of the period before the destruction of the city by the Gauls in 390 b.c, while it narrates some historical facts, cannot be accepted as genuine in the form in which it has come down to us. For an excellent discussion of the historical value of these legends, see Ihne's Early Rome. The ViRi RoMAE was compiled by Charles Francois Lho- mond. Professor Emeritus of the University of Paris, who lived from 1727 to 1794. Lhomond was an enthusiastic teacher of younger pupils, and refused many brilliant posi- tions in order to devote himself to his chosen work. His Viri RoMAE was a labor of love, especially designed to meet the difficulties of the early stages of Latin study. It is not manu- factured Latin, but a compilation from Cicero, Livy, Valerius Maximus, and other Roman writers. In his preface he tells us that he shortened sentences which were too long, and slightly changed the order of the Latin words in some cases ; that in the selection of his material he aimed to stimulate the curiosity and influence the character of his pupils by giving the prefer- ence to acts of valor, of mercy, of unselfishness, of nobility of character, and of kindness. The text used in this book is that of the tenth edition of C. Holzer (Stuttgart, 1889), with a few changes in orthography and punctuation. Holzer revised Lhomond's original text by following more closely the phraseology of the Latin authors from whom the selections are made. He also omitted some passages and inserted others, mainly interesting anecdotes. LIFE OF NEPOS. 3 II. THE LIFE AND WORKS OF CORNELIUS NEPOS. I. Life op Nepos. Cornelius Nepos was born in Cisalpine Gaul, the native country of Catullus, Virgil, and Livy. The elder Pliny speaks of him as Padi acedia ; and since we know that he was a native of that part of Cisalpine Gaul which was called Insubria, it has been assumed with considerable probability that his birth- place was Ticinum, the modern Pavia. The dates of his birth and death are not certainly known, but he appears to have lived from 99 to 24 b.c. We know that he survived Atticus, who died in 32 b.c, and that he lived to a good old age. His praenomen is unknown. Nepos took up his residence at Rome early in life. He seems to have had an independent fortune and to have devoted his whole attention to literary pursuits. He took no part in politics ; at least, we know from one of Pliny's letters that he was not of senatorial rank, and therefore that he had not held even a quaestorship. He was on terms of intimacy with Cicero, Atticus, and Catullus. Catullus dedicated his book of poems to Nepos in the following complimentary lines : Cul dono lepidum novum libellum Arido modo pumice expolitum ? Cornell, tibi; nam que tu solebas Meas esse aliquid putare nugas, lam turn cum ausus es unus Italorum Omne aevum tribus explicare chartis, Doctis, luppiter, et laboriosis ! Quare habe tibi quidquid hoc libelli Qualecumque, quod, o patrona virgo, Plus uno maneat perenne saeclo.i 1 Translated as follows by Theodore Martin, *' The Poems of Catullus, Translated into English Verse," Edinburgh and London, 1876: 4 INTRODUCTION. n. The Works of Nepos. Nepos was a prolific writer in several different departments of literature. Most of his works have been lost and are known to us only through references to them by other writers. They included the following : 1. Love poemSj spoken of by the younger Pliny in the letter mentioned above. 2. Ghronicay referred to by Catullus in his dedication to Nepos. This work comprised in three books an outline of the world's history from the earliest times until the author's own day. It was probably, like the AnnaUs of Atticus, of a chronological character. 3. Exempla, a moral treatise in at least five books, drawing a comparison between the manners and customs of early Rome and those of his own day. 4. A Life of Cato, mentioned by Nepos himself. 5. A Life of Cicero, a panegyric, apparently composed after the death of the orator. 6. A Treatise on Geography, of which little or nothing is known. 7. De Viris Illiistrihus, his last and greatest work. This consisted of at least sixteen books. He arranged his biog- raphies in classes or groups, giving two books to each class. The first book of every class included the distinguished men of foreign nations, mostly of Greece ; while the second treated Whom shall I give this pretty little book to, New and fresh from the polish of the grit-stone ? Thee, Cornelius! For often thou hast said, these Trifles of mine were not without their merit — Thou, who hast dared, alone of all Italians, This world's tale in volumes three to trace out ; Jove ! What research, what marvels there of learning ! Therefore, such as it is, this little booklet. Take, friend ; and then, oh tutelary Virgin, Centuries to come may find it still surviving. THE STYLE OF NEPOS. 5 those of Borne. The following outline of Nipperdey, though open to question in some particulars, gives a good idea of the scope and arrangement of the work : I. De Begihus Exterdrum Gentium. II. De Begibus Bomdnorum. III. De Excellentibus Ducibus Exterdrum Gentium, IV. De Excellentibus Ducibus Bomdnorum, V. De Eiria Cdnsultls GraecU. YI. De luris Consultla BomdnU, VII. De Ordtoribus Graecis. VIII. De Ordtoribus BomdnU. IX. De Poetls Graecis. X. De Poetls Latinis. XI. De Historicis Graecis. XII. De Historicis Latlnx*. XIII. De Philosophls GraecU, XIV. De Philosophls Latlnls. XV. De Grammaticis Graecis. XVI. De Grammaticis Latlnls. Of this work we have the entire book DS Excellentibus Duci- bus Exterarum Gentium, and two lives from the book De His- toricis Latinis. The former was for a long time believed to be the work of Aemilius Probus, a grammarian of the time of Theodosius, on account of an epigram of his which appears in the manuscripts after the life of Hannibal. In this epigram Probus dedicates a work to Theodosius, which was assumed to be the collection of biographies which preceded it. That view is now generally rejected and is altogether untenable, especially on stylistic grounds. III. His Style. The style of Nepos is simple and pleasing. His vocabulary is limited, and he expresses himself as a rule in short sentences. When he occasionally attempts longer periods, it is evident that he is not at home in them. He shows considerable skill and taste in the order of his words. He is sometimes careless, 6 INTRODUCTION. especially in the omission of pronouns, but as a rule is very clear. Although he was a contemporary of Caesar, his Latinity is not so strictly classical as that of the author of the Commen- taries. He is not free from archaism and colloquialisms, and his language sometimes has a poetic coloring which reminds one of Livy. The deviations of Nepos from classical usage have been unduly exaggerated by those who have endeavored to prove that Probus was the author of the Lives. Many of his irregu- larities may be paralleled in Caesar and Cicero, and still more in Livy. As Nipperdey says, we must remember that Caesar and Cicero represent the highest literary perfection of their time ; a period which includes Varro, and the writers of the Bellum Africdnum and Bellum Hispdniense, also has room for a stylist like Cornelius iN'epos. His Latin is pure enough to prove beyond question that the Lives could have been written only in the Classical Period. Since it is desirable that beginners in Latin writing use only regular constructions, the important deviations of Nepos from good classical usage are pointed out in the Notes. IV. Nepos as a Historian. As history the work of Nepos is not of great value. His list of generals is not remarkably well chosen, for we miss some great names, such as Brasidas, Aratos, Philopoemen, and Cleomenes; and the space allotted to each is by no means proportionate to the importance of the subject of the biog- raphy. Nepos is inclined to exaggeration, and he lacks the critical faculty. It has been said that his work does more credit to his heart than to his head, and this is notably the case in his biography of his friend Atticus. For his lives of generals of foreign nations he had an abun- dance of good authorities at his command, many of whom he NEPOS AND HIS SOURCES. 7 mentions by name ; but he seems not always to have chosen wisely among them, and sometimes to have misunderstood them. He is careless in details : his chronology is confused, he makes mistakes in history and geography, and his work is marred by contradictions and omissions. On the other hand, he touches on most points of interest in Grecian history, and for that reason, as well as on account of their simple style, I the Lives are well adapted for use as a school text-book. Some allowance should be made for his shortcomings in view of the fact, that in his day the Romans were just beginning to cultivate the writing of history as an art ; and because he was the first Roman writer to treat the history of foreign nations. V. His Sources. The authorities whom Nepos cites, or appears to have con- sulted, are the following ; 1. Herodotus, the * father of history ' (about 484 to 425 B.C.). His History gives an account of the struggle between the Greeks and Persians, with numerous digressions in which the history of other nations is treated. Nepos does not mention Herodotus, and, although he sometimes agrees with the History, it is by no means certain that he consulted it at all. In his life of Miltiades he is at variance with Herodotus in several details. 2. Thucydides (about 455 to 400 b.c.) undertook a History of the Peloponnesian War, of which eight books, describing the course of events until 411 b.c, were completed. Nepos cites Thucydides in his life of Themistocles, and says that he fol- lowed him in preference to *many other writers' whom he consulted ; but he differs from him in several particulars. In his lives of Pausanias, Cimon, and Alcibiades, Nepos follows Thucydides more closely, but he does not appear on the whole to have recognized the importance of the Peloponnesian War as an authority. 8 INTRODUCTION. 3. Xenophon (from about 434 until after 359 B.C.). His Hellenica, in seven books, narrates the' history of Greece from 411 B.C. — at which point the work of Thucydides ends — until the battle of Mantinea in 362 b.c. This work Nepos seems not to have consulted ; he is in direct conflict with it in several of his lives. 4. Philistus, of Syracuse, a contemporary of the Dionysii, is mentioned by Nepos in his life of Dion, and may very likely have been one of his authorities. 5. Ephorus, of Cyme in Aeolia (died about 340 B.C.). He wrote the first Universal History of Greece, in thirty-eight books, beginning with the return of the Heracleidae and end- ing with the siege of Perinthus in 340 b.c. Nepos does not mention Ephorus, but his work, which was widely read, although of secondary value as an authority, seems to have been one of our author's chief sources of information. 6. Theopompus, of Chios (born about 380 b.c). He wrote the Hellenica, in twelve books, which was, like the Hellenica of Xenophon, a continuation of the work of Thucydides, cov- ering the period from 410 b.c. until the battle of Cnidos in 394 B.C. ; and also the Fhilippica, in fifty-eight books, a his- tory of the reign of Philip of Macedon, but, with numerous digressions, in the course of one of which he devoted three books to the history of Sicily. Theopompus seems to have lacked the impartiality which should characterize the historian. Nepos, who cites him, calls him maledicentissimus scnptor, and Polybius censures his partiality in his account of King Philip. He was, however, a valuable authority, and was much used by Nepos. 7. Timaeus, of Tauromenium in Sicily (about 352 to 256 b.c). He wrote a History of jSicily, in thirty-eight books, from the earliest times until 264 b.c, with numerous digressions. He was a careful historian, and a good authority, but had the same failing as Theopompus ; Nepos couples him with Theopompus as a maledicentissimus scriptor, and among the Greeks he was THE ROMAN ART OF WAR. 9 known as 'ETriTt/xaio?, * the Carper/ Our author seems to have made considerable use of Timaeus in his lives of Alcibiades, Dion, and Timoleon. 8. Dinon wrote a History of Persia down to 340 B.C., which Nepos cites as of great value. 9. Polybius, of Megalopolis (205 to 123 b.c), one of the very- best Greek historians. His Universal History, in forty books, seems to have been the chief authority for the lives of Hamil- car and Hannibal, although Nepos does not always agree with him. In some of his lives Nepos makes statements which are not supported by any of our authorities, and must have been derived from some unknown source. In his life of Epami- nondas, he says that * very many writers ' wrote biographies of illustrious men, and these he very probably had before him. Two well known writers of later times to some extent de- scribed the same events, and used the same sources as Nepos. These are Diodorus Siculus, who in the time of Augustus wrote a Universal History in forty books ; and Plutarch (46- 120 A.D.), from whom we have forty-six Parallel Lives of illus- trious Greeks and Romans. With these writers Nepos is frequently in conflict, although sometimes he agrees with them against the testimony of the earlier authorities. III. . INTRODUCTION TO THE SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR.^ L THE ROMAN ART OF WAR IN CAESAR'S TIME. I. Composition op the Army. 1. The legion. — The strength of the Roman army lay in the legions (legiones). These in Caesar's time were composed ex- clusively of Roman citizens, brought into the service by means 1 For the life of Caesar see Viri Romae, Selection I., p. 63. 10 INTRODUCTION. of levies (dilectus), which were now held in other parts of Italy as well as in Rome. Conscription was no longer limited to the higher classes, and those who had means could employ substi- tutes; probably the legionary soldiers Qegidndril milites, or simply mllites) of Caesar were mainly volunteers, who were willing to enlist for the regular term of twenty years on ac- count of the certainty of the pay, and of provision for their old age in case they lived beyond the period of service. Citi- zens were liable to be called out at any time between the ages of seventeen and forty-six ; Eomans of the upper classes who wished to serve in the army, or found themselves unable to evade conscription, were employed as officers, or attached to the body-guard of the commander. The number of men in a legion varied according to circum- stances; for the killed or disabled were not replaced by re- cruits enrolled in the same legion, but when an accession of strength was received, either new legions were formed, or the recruits were placed in a separate corps. The longer a legion remained in service the smaller it became. The normal strength of a legion at the end of the Eepublic was 6000 men ; but the average number of men in Caesar's legions probably did not exceed 3600. The legion was divided into ten cohorts (cohortes), averaging, in Caesar's army, about 360 men each; the cohort was divided into three maniples (manipuli) of 120 men; the maniples into two centuries (prdines). In legions having a full complement of men each century would contain 100 ; in Caesar's army the number could hardly have averaged more than 60. The legions that had seen long service (not less than nine or ten years), were called ^ veteran ' (legiones veterdnae) ; the rest, . Serross, Engir^ N,^ U IM V , V' III. VIRI ROMAE. I. Glius liJLius Caesar. Caesar defies Sulla. C. luiius Caesar, nobilissima luliorum genitus familia, annum agens sextuin et decimum patrem amisit. Corne- liam, Cinnae filiam, dtixit uxorem; cuius pater cum esset Sullae inimicissimus, is Caesarem voluit compellere, ut eam repudiaret ; neque id potuit efficere. Qua re Caesar, bonis 5 spoliatus, cum etiam ad necem quaereretur, mtitata veste nocte urbe elapsus est, et quamquam tunc quartanae morbo laborabat, prope per singulas noctes latebras commtitare cogebatur ; et comprehensus a Sullae liberto, ne ad SuUam perduceretur, vix data pectinia evasit. Postremo per pro- 10 pinquos et affines suos veniam impetravit. Satis constat, Sullam, cum deprecantibus amicissimis et ornatissimis viris aliquamditi denegasset atque ill! pertinaciter contenderent, expugnatum tandem proclamasse, vincerent, dum modo sclrent, eum, quem incolumem tantopere cuperent, ali- 15 quando optimatium partibus, quas secum simul defen- dissent, exitio futurum ; nam Caesari multos Marios inesse. He is captured hy pirates; his revenge. Stipendia prima in Asia fecit. In expugnatione MitylS- narum corona civica donatus est. Mortuo Sulla, Ehodum secedere statuit, ut per otium ApoUonio Moloni, tunc Claris- 20 68 54 VIRI ROMAE. simo dicendi magistro, operam daret. Hue durn traicit, S praedonibus captus est mansitque apud eos prope quadra- ginta dies. Per omne autem illud spatium ita se gessit, ut piratls pariter terrorl venerationlque esset. Comites interim 5 servosque ad expediendas pecunias, qiiibus redimeretur, dimisit. Vlgintl talenta piratae postulaverant ; ille quinqua- ginta dattirum se spopondit. Quibus numeratis, cum exposi- tus esset in litore, confestim Miletum, quae urbs proxime aberat, properavit ibique contracta classe, invectus in eum 10 locum, in quo ipsi praedones erant, partem classis fugavit, partem mersit, aliquot naves cepit piratasque in potestatem redactos eo supplicio, quod illis saepe minatus inter iocum erat, affecit cruclque sufflxit. Caesar's ambition; his extravagance. ' Quaestor! ulterior Hispania obvenit. Quo profectus cum 15 Alpes transiret et ad conspectum pauperis cuiusdam vici comites per iocum inter se disputarent, num illlc etiam esset ambition! locus, serio dixit Caesar, malle se ibi primum esse, quam Romae secundum. Dominationis avidus a pr!ma aetate regnum concupiscebat semperque in ore habebat hos 20 Eur!pidis, Grace! poetae, versus ; Nam si violandum est ius, regnandi gratia- Violandum est, aliis rebus pietatem colas. Cumque Gades, quod est Hispaniae oppidum, venisset, animadversa apud Herculis templum magn! Alexandrl 25 imagine ingemuit et quasi ignaviae eum pertaederet, quod nihildum a se memorabile actum esset in ea aetate, qua iam Alexander orbem terrarum subegisset, missionem continue efflagitavit ad captandas quam primum maiorum rerum oc- casiones in urbe. GAIUS lULIUS CAESAE. 55 Aedilis praeter Comitium ac Forum etiam Capitolium ornavit porticibus. Venationes autem ludosque et cum collega L. B!bulo et s6paratim edidit; quo factum est, ut communium quoque impensarum solus gratiam caperet. His autem rebus patrimonium effudit tantumque conflavit 5 aes alienum, ut ipse diceret, sibi opus esse milieus sester- tium, ut haberet nihil. The consulship; Caesar's arhitrai'y conduct. Consul deinde creatus cum L. Bibulo, societatem cum Gnaeo Pompeio et Marco Crasso itinxit Caesar, ne quid ageretur in re publica, quod displicuisset uUl ex tribus. lo Deinde legem tulit, ut ager Campanus plebl divideretur. Cui legi cum senatus repugnaret, rem ad populum detulit. Bibulus collega in Forum venit, ut legi obsisteret, sed tanta in eum commota est seditio, ut in caput eius cophinus stercore plenus effunderetur fascesque ei frangerentur atque 15 adeo ipse armis Foro expelleretur. Qua re cum Bibulus per reliquum anni tempus domo abditus curia abstineret, unus ex eo tempore Caesar omnia in re publica ad arbitrium administrabat, ut nonntilli urbanorum, si quid testandi gra- tia signarent, per iocum non, ut mos erat, consulibus Caesare 20 et Bibulo actum scriberent, sed lulio et Caesare, unum con- sulem nomine et cognomine pro duobus appellantes. The conquest of Gaul; Caesar'' s valor. Functus consulatu Caesar Galliam provinciam accepit. Gessit autem novem annis, quibus in imperio fuit, haec fere: Galliam in provinciae formam redegit; Germanos, 25 qui trans Ebenum incolunt, primus E/omanorum ponte fabri- cate aggressus maximis affecit cladibus. Aggressus est 66 VIRI ROMAE. Britannos, ignotos antea, superatlsque pectinias et obsidea imperavit. Hic cum multa Eomanorum mllitum insignia narrantur, turn illud egregium ipsius Caesaris, quod nutante in fugam exercitu, rapto fugientis 6 manu scuto, in primam 5 volitans aciem proelium restituit. Idem alio proelio legionis aquiliferum ineundae fugae causa iam conversum, faucibus comprehensum, in contrariam partem detraxit dextramque ad hostem tendens, "Quorsum tu," inquit, "abis? Illic sunt, cum quibus dimicamus." Qua adhortatione omnium 10 legionum trepidationem correxit vincique paratas vincere docuit. The civil war; Caesar crosses ths Bubicon, Interfecto interea apud Partbos Crasso et deftincta lulia, Caesaris filia, quae, nupta Pompeio, generi socerique con- cordiam tenebat, statim aemulatio erupit. Iam pridem 15 Pompeio suspectae Caesaris opes et Caesarl Pompeiana dignitas gravis, nee hic ferebat par em, nee ille superior em. Itaque cum Caesar in Gallia detineretur, et, ne imperfecta bello discederet, postulasset ut sibi liceret, quamvis absent!, alterum consulatum petere, a senatu, suadentibus Pompeio 20 eiusque amicis, negatum ei est. Hanc initiriam acceptam vindicaturus, in Italiam rediit et bellandum ratus cum ex- ercitti Rubiconem flumen, qui provinciae eius finis erat, transiit. Hoc ad flumen paulum constitisse fertur, ac repu- tans, quantum moliretur, con versus ad proximos, "Etiam 25 nunc," inquit, "regredi possumus; quod si ponticulum transierimus, omnia armis agenda erunt." Postremo autem, "lacta alea esto!" exclamans, exercitum traici iussit pluri- misque urbibus occupatis Brundisium contendit, quo Pom* peius consulSsque conftigerant. GAIUS lULIUS CAESAR. 67 The battle of Pharsalia ; victories in Pontus and in Africa. Qui cum inde in Epirum traiecissent, Caesar eos secutus Brundisio DyrrhacMum inter oppositas classes gravissima hieme transmisit; copiisque, quas subsequi iusserat, dititius cessantibus, cum ad eas arcessendas frtistra misisset, mirae audaciae facinus edidit. Morae enim impatiens castris 5 noctti egreditur, clam naviculam conscendit, obvoluto capite, ne agnosceretur, et quamquam mare saeva tempestate intu- mescebat, in altum tamen protinus dirigl navigium iubet et gubernatore trepidante, " Quid times ? '' inquit, " Caesarem veMs ! " neque prius gubernatorem cedere adversae tempe- 10 stati passus est, quam paene obrutus esset fltictibus. Deinde Caesar in Epirum profectus, Pompeium Pharsa- lico proelio fudit, et fugientem persectitus, ut occisum co- gnovit, Ptolemaeo regl, Pompel interfectorl, a quo sibi quoque insidias tendi vide ret, bellum intulit ; quo victo, in 15 Pontum transiit Pharnacemque, Mithridatis filium, rebel- lantem et multiplici successti praeferocem intra quintum ab adventu diem, quattuor, quibus in conspectum venit, horis una profligavit acie, more fulminis, quod uno eodemque moments venit, percussit, abscessit. Nee vana de se prae- 20 dicatio est Caesaris, ante victum hostem esse quam visum. Pontico postea triumpho trium verborum praetulit titulum : " Veni, vidi, vici." Deinde Scipionem et lubam, Numidiae regem, reliquias Pompeianarum partium in Africa refo- ventes, devicit. 25 Caesar defeats the Pompeians in Spain; his narrow escape. VictSrem Africani belli Gaium Caesarem gravius excepit Hispaniense, quod Cn. Pompeius, Magni filius, adulescens fortissimus, ingens ac terribile conflaverat, undique ad eum 68 VIRl ROMAE. auxilils paterni nominis magnitudinem sequentium ex totO orbe confluentibus. Sua Caesarem in Hispaniam comitata fortuna est; sed nullum umquam atrCcius periculosiusque ab eo initum proelium ; adeo ut, plus quam dubio Marte, 5 descenderet equo consistensque ante recedentem suorum aciem, increpans Forttinam, quod se in eum servasset exitum, dentintiaret militibus, vestigio se non recesstirum ; proinde viderent, quern et quo loco imperatorem deserturi essent. Verecundia magis quam virttite acies restituta est. 10 Cn. Pompeius victus et interemptus est. Caesar, omnium victor, regressus in urbem omnibus, qui contra se arma tu- lerant, ignovit et quinquiens triumphavit. Caesar becomes ruler of Borne ; the conspiracy. Bellis civilibus confectis, conversus iam ad ordinandum rei ptiblicae statum, fastos correxit annumque ad cursum 15 solis accommodavit, ut trecentorum sexaginta quinque dierum esset et, intercalario mense sublato, tinus dies quarto quoque anno intercalaretur. lus laboriosissime ac severis- sime dixit. Repetundarum convictos etiam ordine sena- torio movit. Peregrinarum mercium portoria Instituit; 20 legem praecipue sumptuariam exercuit. De ornanda instru- endaque urbe, item de tuendo ampliandoque imperio pltira ac maiora in dies destinabat ; imprimis ius civile ad certum modum redigere atque ex immensa legum copia optima quaeque et necessaria in paucissimos conferre libros ; bibli- 25 othecas Graecas et Latlnas, quas maximas posset, publicare, siccare Pomptinas paltides ; viam mtlnire a Marl Supero per Appennlnl dorsum ad Tiberim usque ; Dacos qui se in Pontum efftiderant, coercere; mox Parthls bellum inferre per Armeniam. 30 Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praevenit GAIUS lULIUS CAESAR. 59 Dictator enim in perpetuum creatus agere insolentius coe- pit; senatum ad se venientem sedens excepit et quendam, ut adsurgeret, monentem Irato vultu respexit. Cum Anto- nius, Caesaris in omnibus bellis comes et tunc consulattis collega, capiti eius in sella aurea sedentis pro rostris dia- 6 dema, insigne regium, imposuisset, id ita ab eo est repulsum ut non offensus videretur. Qua re conitiratum in eum est a sexaginta amplius viris, Cassio et Bruto ducibus, dScre- tumque eu.m Idibus Martiis in senatii confodere. He is assassinated; Nemesis overtakes the conspirators. Pltirima indicia futtirl pericull obtulerant dil immortales. 10 Uxor Calpurnia, territa nocturno visti, ut Idibus Martiis domi subsisteret orabat, et Sptirinna liaruspex praedixerat ut proximos dies triginta quasi fatales caveret, quorum nltimus erat Idtis Martiae. Hoc igitur die Caesar Spti- rinnae, " Ecquid scis," inquit, " Idus Martias iam venisse ? " is et is, " Ecquid scis, illas nondum praeterisse ? " Atque cum Caesar eo die in senatum venisset, assidentem coniu- rati specie offici circumsteterunt ilicoque tiniis, quasi ali- quid rogattirus, propius accessit renuentique ab utroque umero togam apprehendit. Deinde clamantem, "Ista qui- 20 dem vis est," Casca, unus e coniuratis, adversum vulnerat paulum Infra iugulum. Caesar Cascae bracchium arreptum graphic traiecit conatusque prosilire alio vulnere tardatus est. Dein ut animadvertit, undique se strictis ptigionibus peti, toga caput obvolvit et ita tribus et vigintl plagTs con- 25 fossus est. Cum Marcum Brutum, quem fili loco habebat, in se irruentem vidisset, dixisse fertur: "Tu quoque, mi fill ! " Illud inter omnes fere constitit, talem ei mortem paene ex sententia obtigisse. Nam et quondam cum apud Xeno- 30 60 VIRI ROMAE. phontem legisset, Cyrum ultima valetudine mandasse quae-^ dam de funere suo, aspernatus tam lentum mortis genus, subitam sibi celeremque optaverat; et pridie quam occide- retur, in sermone nato super cenam, quisnam esset finis 5 vitae commodissimus, repentinum inoplnatumque praetule- rat. Percussorum autem neque triennio quisquam amplius supervlxit neque morte necessaria periit. Damnati omnes alius alio casti perierunt, pars naufragio, pars proelio; non- ntilli semet eodem illo pugione, quo Caesarem violaverunt, 10 interemerunt. His personal characteristics. Quo rarior in regibus et prmcipibus viris moderatio, hoc laudanda magis est. C. Itilius Caesar victoria civili clemen- tissime usus est; cum enim scrinia deprehendisset epistu- larum ad Pompeium missarum ab eis, qui videbantur aut 15 in diversis aut in neutris fuisse partibus, legere noluit, sed combussit, ne forte in multos gravius consulendi locum darent. Cicero banc laudem eximiam Caesari tribuit, quod nihil oblivisci soleret nisi initirias. Simultates omn^s, occasione oblata, libens deposuit. Ultro ac prior scripsit 20 C. Calvo post famosa eius adversum se epigrammata. Va- lerium Catullum, cuius versiculis famam suam laceratam non ignorabat, adhibuit cenae. C. Memml suffragator in petitione consulatus fuit, etsi asperrimas fuisse eius in se oratiSnes sciebat. 25 Fuisse traditur excelsa statura, ore paulo pleniore, nigris vegetisque oculis, capite calvo ; quam calviti def ormitatem, quod saepe obtrectatorum iocis obnoxia erat, aegre f erebat. Ideo ex omnibus decretis sibi a senatu populoque honoribus non alium aut recepit aut usurpavit libentius quam itis 80 laureae perpetuo gestandae. Vini parcissimum eum fuisse MAKCUS TULLIUS CICERO. 61 n6 inimlcT quidem negaverunt. Verbum Catonis est, anum ex omnibus Caesarem ad evertendam rem publicam sobrium accessisse. Armorum et equitandi perltissimus, labOris ultra fidem patifins ; in agmine nCnnumquam equo, saepius pedibus anteibat, capita dStSctO, seu sol, seu imber erat. 5 Longissimas vias incr6dibill celeritate conficiebat, ut per- saepe nuntios d6 sS praevenlret; neque eum morabantur fltimina, quae vel nando vel innlxus inflatls titribus trai- ciebat. n. Marcus Tullius CicerS. €flcero*8 early life and education, Marcus Tullius Cicero, equestrl genere, Arplnl, quod est 10 Volscorum oppidum, natus est. Ex eius avis Unus verrucam in extr6m5 nasO sitam habuit, ciceris grano similem; inde cognomen Ciceronis genti inditum. Suadentibus quibus- dam, ut id nomen mutaret, "DabO operam," inquit, "ut istud cognomen nobilissimOrum nQminum splendorem vincat." 16 Cum a patre Eomam missus, ubi celeberrimorura magi- strorum scbolis interesset, eas artSs disceret, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem solet informari, tantO succeesfl tantaque cum praeceptorum tum ceterorum discipul&?um admiratione id fScit, ut, cum fama dS CicerOnis ingenio et 20 doctrina ad alios manasset, nOn pauci, qui eius videndi et audiendi gratia scbolas adirent, repertl esse dicantur. Cum nulla r6 magis ad summos in r5 publica honorSs viam munirl posse intellegeret quam arte dicendl et file-. quentia, toto animo in eius studium incubuit; in quO 25 quidem ita versatus est, ut non solum eos, qui in Foro et iudiciis causas perorarent, studiOse sectarStur, sed prlvfttim quoque dlligentissimS se exerceret. 62 VIRI ROMAE. He withdraws to Greece. The quaestorship. Primum eloqueiitiam et libertatem adversus Sullanos ostendit. Nam cum E-oscium quendam, parricidi accQsa- tum, ob Chrysogoni, Sullae liberti, qui in eius adversariis erat, potentiam nemo defendere auderet, tanta eloquentiae 5 vi eum defendit Cicero, ut iam turn in arte dicendl ntillus ei par esse videretur. Ex quo invidiam veritus, Athenas studiorum gratia petiit, ubi Antiochum pbilosophura studi- ose audlvit. Inde eloquentiae causa Khodum se contulit, ubi Molonem, Graecum rhetorem turn disertissimum, magi- 10 strum babuit. Qui cum Ciceronem dicentem audivisset, flevisse dicitur, quod per hunc Graecia eloquentiae laude prlvaretur. Romam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. Nulllus vero quaestura aut gratior aut clarior fuit ; cum magna tum esset 15 annonae difficultas, initio molestus erat Siculis, quos cogeret irumenta in urbem mittere; postea vero, dlligentiam et itistitiam et comitatem eius expert!, maiores quaestor! suo honores quam till! umquam praetor! detulerunt. E SiciliS reversus Eomam, in caus!s dicendis ita floruit, ut inter 20 omnes causarum patronos et esset et haberetur pr!nceps. Conspiracy of Catiline; brilliant career of Catiline'* s great- grandfather. Consul deinde factus, L. Serg! Catilinae coniurationem singular! virttite, constantia, cura compressit. Catil!nae proavum, M. Sergium, incrgdibil! fortitudine fuisse Pl!nius refert. Stipendia is f^cit secundo bello Punico. Secundo 25 st!pendiO dextram manum perdidit; st!pendi!s duobus ter et viciens vulneratus est; ob id neutrS mantl, neutro pede satis utilis, plurimisque postea stipendiis debilis miles erat MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO. 68 Bis ab Hannibale captus, bis vinculorum eius profugus, viginti mensibus nullo non die in catenis aut compedibus custoditus. Sinistra manti sola quater pugnavit, duobus equls insidente eo suffossls. Dextram sibi ferream fecit eaque religata, proeliatus Cremonam obsidione exemit, 5 Placentiam ttitatus est, duodena castra hostium in Gallia cepit. " Ceteri prof ecto," Plinius addit, " victores hominum fuere, Sergius vicit etiam fortunam." Cicero drives Catiline from the city, Singularem huius viri gloriam foede dehonestavit prone- potis scelus. Hic enim rei familiaris, quam profuderat, 10 inopia multorumque scelerum conscientia in furorem actus et dominandi cupiditate incensus indignatusque, quod in petitione consulatus repulsam passus esset, coniuratione facta senatura confodere, consules trucidare, urbem incen- dere, diripere aerarium constituerat. Actum erat de pul- 15 cherrimo imperio, nisi ilia coniuratio in Ciceronem et Antonium consules incidisset, quorum alter industria rem patefecit, alter manii oppressit. Cum Cicero habito senatu in praesentem reum perorasset, Catilina, incendium suum ruina se restincturum esse minitans, Koma profugit et ad 20 exercitum, quern paraverat, proficiscitur, signa illaturus urbi. Sed socil eius, qui in urbe reman serant, compre- hensi, in carcere necati sunt. A. Fulvius, vir senatoril ordinis filium, iuvenem et ingenio et forma inter aequales nitentem, pravo consilio Catilinae amicitiam sectitum inque 25 castra eius ruentem, ex medio itinere retractum supplicio mortis affecit, praefatus, non se Catilinae ilium adversus patriam, sed patriae adversus Catilinam genuisse. 64 VIRI ROMAE. Defeat and death of Catiline; his desperate valor. Neque eo magis ab incepto Catilina destitit, sed infestis signis Komam petens Antoni exercitti opprimitur. Quam atrociter dimicatum sit, exitus docuit; nemo hostium bello siiperf uit ; quern quisque in pugnando ceperat locum, eum 5 amissa anima tegebat. Catilina longe a suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est; pulcherrima morte, si pro patria SIC concidisset! Senatus populusque Eomanus Ciceronem patrem patriae appellavit. Cicero ipse in oratione pro Sulla palam praedicat, consilium patriae servandae f uisse iniectum 10 sibi a diis, cum Catilina conitirasset adversus eam. " dii immortales," inquit, "vos profecto incendistis tum animum meum cupiditate conservandae patriae. Vos avocastis me a cogitationibus omnibus ceteris et convertistis ad salutem tinam patriae. Vos denique praetulistis menti meae claris- 15 simum lumen in tenebrls tantis erroris et inscientiae. Tri- buam enim vobis, quae sunt vestra. Nee vero possum tantum dare ingenio meo, ut dispexerim sponte mea in tempestate ilia turbulentissima rei ptiblicae, quid esset optimum f actu." • Cicero'^s exile and recall. Panels post annis Ciceroni diem dixit Clodius tribunus 20 plebis, quod elves Romanos indicta causa necavisset. Sena- tus maestus, tamquam in publico luctu, veste inutata pro eo deprecabatur. Cicero, cum posset armis salutem suam de- fendere, maluit urbe cedere, quam sua causa caedem fieri. Proficlscentem omnes boni flentes prosectiti sunt. Dein 25 Clodius edictum proposuit, ut Marco Tullio Ignl et aqua interdlceretur ; illlus domum et villas incendit. Sed vis ilia non diuturna fuit; mox enim totus fere populus Eo- manus ingenti deslderio Ciceronis reditum flagitare coepit, MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO. 65 et maximo omnium ordinum studio Cicero in patriam revo- catus est. Nihil per totam vitam Ciceroni itinere, quo in patriam rediit, accidit iticundius. Obviam el redeunti ab universis itum est; domus eius publica pecunia restittita est. 5 Cicero arraigns Antony. Murder of Cicero. Gravissimae ilia tempestate inter Caesarem et Pompeium ortae sunt inimicitiae, ut res nisi bello dirimi non posse videretur. Cicero quidem summo studio enltebatur, ut eos inter se reconciliaret et a belli civilis calamitatibus deter- reret, sed cum neutrum ad pacem ineundam permovere lO posset, Pompeium secutus est. Sed vie to Pompeio, a Caesare victore veniam ultro accepit. Quo interfecto, Octavianum, Caesaris heredem, fovit, Antonium impugnavit effecitque, ut a senatu bostis iudicarStur. Sed Antonius, inita cum Octaviano societate, Ciceronem 15 iam diti sibi inimlcum proscripsit. Qua re audita, Cicero trans versis itineribus in vlllam, quae a marl proxime aberat, fugit indeque navem conscendit, in Macedoniam transiturus. Unde aliquotiens in altum provectum cum modo venti ad- versi rettulissent, modo ipse iactationem maris pati non 20 posset, taedium tandem eum et fugae et vitae cepit regres- siisque ad viUam, "Moriar," inquit, "in patria saepe ser- vata." Satis constat, adventantibus percussoribus, servos fortiter fideliterque paratos fuisse ad dimicandum, ipsum deponi lecticam et quietos pati, quod sors iniqua cogeret, 25 iussisse. ProminentI ex lectlca et immotam cervlcem prae- benti caput praecisum est. Mantis quoque absclsae ; caput relatum est ad Antonium eiusque iussu cum dextra manti in rostris positum. 66 Vmi ROMAE. Cicero^ s patriotism ; his philosophical works. Quam diu res publica Komana per eos gerebatur, quibus se ipsa commiserat, in earn ctiras cogitationesque fere omiies suas conferebat Cicero et plus operae ponebat in agendo quam in scribendo. Cum autem dominatu unius lull 6 Caesaris omnia tenerentur, non se angoribus dedidit nee indigms bomine docto voluptatibus. Fugiens conspectum Fori urbisque rtira peragrabat, abdebatque se quantum lice- bat, et solus erat. Nihil agere autem cum animus non posset, existimavit honestissime molestias posse deponi, si se ad 10 philosopbiam rettulisset, cui adulescens multum temporis tribuerat, et omne studium curamque convertit ad scri- bendum; atque ut civibus etiam otiosus aliquid prodesse posset, elaboravit, ut doctiores fierent et sapientiores, pltira- que brevi tempore eversa re publica scripsit, quam multis 15 annis ea stante scripserat. Sic facundiae et Latinarum lit- terarum parens evasit paruitque virorum sapientium prae- cepto, qui docent non solum ex mails eligere minima oportere, sed etiam excerpere ex his ipsis, si quid insit boni. Specimens of his wit. Multa exstant facets ab eo dicta. Cum Lentulum, gene- 20 rum suum, exiguae ^taturae hominem, vidisset longo gladio accinctum, "Quis," inquit, "generum meum ad gladium alligavit ? " Matrona quaedam, iuniorem se quam erat simulans, die- titabat se triginta tantum annos habere ; cui Cicero, " Veruir 25 est,'' inquit, " nam hoc viginti annos audio." Caesar, altero consule mortuo die Decembris ultima. Cam nium consulem hora septima in reliquam die! partem re- ntintiaverat; quem cum plerique Irent salutatum de more, CAESAR OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS. 67 "Festinemus," inquit Cicero, " priusquam abeat magistratu/' De eodein Canlnio scrlpsit Cicero : " Fuit mirifica vigilantia Canlnius, qui toto suo consulatti somnum non viderit." III. Caesar Octavianus Augustus. His parentage. The siege of Mutina. Octavianus, Itiliae, Gai Caesaris sororis, nepos, quartum annum agens patrem amisit. Ab avunculo adoptatus, pro- 5 fectum eum in Hispanias adversus Gnael Pompei liberos sectitus est. Deinde ab eo Apolloniam missus studils vaca- vit. Utque primum occisum Caesarem heredemque se com- perit, in urbem regressus hereditatem adiit, noraen Caesaris sumpsit collgctoque veteranorum exercitu, opem Decimo 10 Bruto tulit, qui ab Antonio Mutinae obsidebatur. Cum autem urbis aditti prohiberetur, ut Brtitum de omnibus • rebus certiorem faceret, primo litteras misit plumbeis lami- nis mscrlptas, quas ad bracchium religatas urlnatores Scul- tennam amnem tranantes ad Brtitum deferebant. Quin et 15 avibus internuntiis utebatur. Columbis enim, quas inclusas ante fame affecerat, epistulas ad collum religabat easque a proximo moenibus loco emittebat. Illae, Iticis cibique avi- dae, altissima aedificiorum petentes excipiebantur a Decimo Bruto ; qui eo modo de omnibus rebus certior fiebat, utique 20 postquam, disposito quibusdam locis cibo, columbas illuc devolare instituit. The triumvirate; the merciless proscriptions. Bellum Mutinense Octavianus duobus proeliTs confecit; quorum in altero non ducis modo, sed mllitis etiam functus est officio atque in media dimicatione, aquilifero legionis 25 68 VIRI ROMAE. suae graviter sau^io, aquilam umerls subTsse diuque fertur portasse. Postea reconciliata cum Antonio gratia iunctis- que cum eo copils, ut Gai Caesaris necem ulcisceretur, ad urbem hostlliter accessit misitque, qui nomine exercitus sibi 5 consulatum deposcerent. Cunctante senatu, centurio prln- ceps legationis reiecto sagulo, ostendens gladi capulum non dubitavit in curia dicere : " Hic f aciet, si vos non f eceritis." Ita cum Octavianus vicesimo aetatis anno consulatum invasisset, pacem fecit cum Antonio et Lepido, ita ut trium- 10 viri rei ptiblicae constituendae per quinquennium essent ipse et Lepidus et Antonius, et ut suos quisque inimlcos proscriberent. Quae proscrlptio Sullana longe crtidelior fuit. Exstant autem ex ea multa vel extremae impietatis vel mirae fidel ac constantiae exempla. T. Toranius, trium- 15 virorum partes sectitus, proscrlpti patris sui, praetoril et ornati viri, latebras, aetatem notasque corporis, quibus ag- noscl posset, centurionibus edidit, qui eum persecuti sunt. Alius quidam cum proscrlptum s6 cognovisset, ad clientem suum conf ugit ; sed f ilius eius, per ipsa vestigia patris mlli- 20 tibus ductis, occidendum eum in conspectu suo obiScit. Cum C. Plotius Plancus a triumvirls proscrlptus in regione Salernitana latSret, servl eius comprehgnsi mul- tumque ac diti torti negabant s6 scire, ubi dominus esset. Kon sustinuit deinde Plancus tam fid6l6s tamque boni 25 exempli servos ulterius cruciarl^ sed processit in medium iugulumque gladils mllitum obiecit. Senaforis cuiusdam servus cum ad dominum proscrlptum occidendum mllit6s advenisse cognosset, commutata cum eo veste, permutato etiam anulo, ilium postico clam emisit, s6 autem in cubi- 30 culum ad lectulum recepit et ut dominum occldl passus est. "QuantI viri est," addit Seneca, "cum praemia proditionis ingentia ostendantur, praemium fidei mortem concuplscere ! " CAESAR OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS. 69 The war against Brutus and Cassius. Octavianus deinde M. Brutum, interfectorem Caesaris, bello persectitus, id bellum, quamquam invalidus atque aeger, duplici proelio transegit; quorum priore castris exutus, vix fuga evasit. Victor acerbissime se gessit; in nobilissimum quemque captivum non sine verborum con- 6 tumelia saeviit. Unl suppliciter sepulturam precanti re- spondisse dicitur, iam istam in volucrum fore potestate. Alios, patrem et filium, pro vita rogantes, sortlri fertur iussisse, ut alterutri concederetur, ac cum, patre, quia s6 obtulerat, occlso, filius quoque voluntaria occubuisset nece, lo spectasse utrumque morientem. Orare veniam vel excusare s6 conantibus una voce occurr6bat, moriendum esse. Scrl- bunt quidam, trecentos ex dediticils electos ad aram divo lulio exstructam Idibus Martiis hostiarum more mactatos. Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at Actium. Abalienatus postea est ab Antonio, quod is repudiata 15 Octavia sorore Cleopatram, Aegypti reginam, diixisset uxorem; quae quidem mulier cum Antonio luxti et delicils certabat. Una se cena centiens sestertium absumpttiram aliquando dixerat. Cupiebat discere Antonius, sed fieri posse non arbitrabatur. Postero igitur die magnificam alias 20 cenam, sed cottidianam Antonio apposuit, irridenti, quod promisso stare non potuisset. At ilia Inferri mensam se- cundam iussit. Ex praecepto ministri tinum tantum vas ante eam posuere aceti, cuius asperitas visque margarltas resolvit. Exspectante igitur Antonio, quidnam esset actura, 25 margaritam, quam auribus gerebat, detraxit et aceto lique- factam absorbuit. Victum Antonium omnes, qui aderant, prontintiaverunt. 70 VIRI ROMAE. Octavianus cum Antonio apud Actium, qui locus est in EpTro, navali proelio dimicavit. Victum et fugientem per- sectitus Aegyptum petiit, et Alexandream, quo Antonius cum Cleopatra confugerat, obsedit. Antonius in ultima 5 rerum desperatione, cum habitu regis in solio regali sedis- set, mortem sibi ipse consclvit. Cleopatra, quam Octa- vianus, Alexandrea in potestatem redacta, magnopere cupiebat vivam comprehend! triumphoque servarl, aspidem sibi afferendam curavit eiusque morsu periit. Cleopatrae 10 mortuae commtinem cum Antonio sepulturam tribuit. Octavian becomes absolute ruler ; he receives the title of Augustus. Tandem Octavianus, hostibus victis solus imperio potl- tus, clementem se exhibuit. Omnia posthac in eo plena mansuetudinis et liumanitatis. Multis ignovit vel eis, qui saepe graviter eum offenderant. Keversus in Italiam trium- 16 phans E-omam ingressus est. Tum bellls toto orbe com- positis, lani gemini portas sua manu clausit, quae bis tantum antea clausae erant, primum sub Numa rege, iterum post primum Punicum bellum. Tunc omnes praeteritorum ma- lorum oblivio cepit populusque E-omanus praesentis oti 20 laetitia perfruebatur. Octaviano maximi honores a senatu delati sunt. Ipsi Augusto cognomen datum, et in honorem eius mensis Sextilis eodem nomine appellatus est, quod illo mense bellis civilibus finis esset impositus. Patris patriae cognomen universi maximo consensu detulerunt ei. De- 25 ferentibus lacrimans respondit Augustus his verbis : " Com- pos factus votorum meorum, patres conscriptl, quid habeo aliud, quod deos immortales precer, quam ut hunc consen- sum vestrum ad ultimum vitae f Inem mihi perf erre liceat ! " CAESAR OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS. 71 His moderate use of his power ; his simple habits. Dictaturam magna vi offerente populo deprecatus est. Domini appellationem semper exhorruit eamque sibi tribul edicto vetuit. Immo de restituenda re ptiblica non semel cogitavit, sed reputans et se privatum non sine periculo fore, et rem publicam pltirium arbitrio commissum irl, sum- 5 mam retinuit potestatem, id vero studuit, ne quern novl status paeniteret. Bene d6 els etiam, quos adversaries ex- pertus erat, et sentiebat et loquebatur. Legentem aliquando tinum 6 nepotibus invenit; cumque puer territus volumen Ciceronis, quod manu tenebat, veste tegeret, Augustus li- 10 brum cepit eoque statim reddito, "Hic vir," inquit, "flli mi, doctus fuit et patriae amans.'' Pedibus saepe per urbem incedebat summaque comitate adeunt^s excipiebat. Conv6nit aliquando eum veteranus miles, qui vocatus in ius perlclitabatur, rogavitque, ut sibi 15 adesset ; statim Augustus tinum e comitatu suo elegit ad- vocatum, qui litigatorem commendaret. Turn veteranus exclamavit, "At non ego, te perlclitante bello Actiaco, vicarium quaeslvi, sed ipse pro te pugnavl," simulque detexit cicatrices. Erubuit Augustus atque ipse venit in 20 advocationem. The talking birds. Cum post Actiacam victoriam Octavianus Romam rever- tergtur, occurrit el inter gratulantes opifex quidam corvum tenens, quern instituerat haec dicere : " Ave, Caesar, victor, imperator ! " Miratus Caesar officiosam avem viginti mili- 25 bus nummorum emit. Socius opificis, ad quem nihil ex ilia liberalitate perv^nerat, afflrmavit Caesarl habere ilium et alium corvum, quem ut afferre cogeretur rogavit. Allatus verba, quae didicerat, expressit : " Ave, AntonT, victor, im- 72 VIRI ROMAE. perator!" Nihil exasperatus Caesar satis dtixit, inhere ilium dividere donativum cum contuhernali. Salutatus similiter a psittaco emi eum iussit. Exemplum sutorem pauperem sollicitavit, ut corvum 6 Institueret ad parem saltitationem. Qui impendio exhaustus saepe ad avem non respondentem dicere solehat: "Opera et impensa periit ! " Aliquando tamen corvus coepit dicere dictam salutationem. Hac audita, dum transit, Augustus respondit : " Satis domi talium salutatorum haheo." Super- 10 fuit corvo memoria, ut et ilia, quihus dominum querentem solehat audire, suhtexeret, " Opera et impensa periit." Ad quod Caesar risit emique avem iussit, quanti ntillam ante emerat. Further instances of clemency and good-nature, Solehat Graeculus quidam d6scendenti 6 palatio Caesarl 15 honorificum aliquod epigramma porrigere. Id cum frustra saepe fecisset et tamen rtirsus eum idem factHrum duxisset Augustus, hreve sua manti in charta exaravit Graecum epigramma et GraeculQ advenienti ohviam misit. Ille inter legendum laudare mirarique tarn voce quam vultti gestuque. 20 Deinde cum accessisset ad sellam, qua Caesar veliehatur, demissa in pauperum crumenam manti, paucOs dSnarios protulit, quos prmcipi daret, dixitque, se plus daturum fuisse, si plus hahuisset. Secuto omnium risti, dispensato- rem Caesar vocavit, et satis grandem pecuniae summam 25 numerari Graeculo iussit. Augustus fere null! se invltanti negahat. Exceptus igitur a quodam cena satis parca et paene cottidiana, hoc tantum msusurravit, " Non putaham me tihi esse tam f amili- arem." Cum aliquando apud PoUionem quendam cenaret 30 fregissetque Onus e servis vas crystallinum, rapi eum ad CAESAR OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS. 78 mortem Pollio iussit et obici muraenis, quas ingens piscina continebat. Evasit e manibus puer et ad pedes Caesaris confugit nihil aliud petlturus, quam ut aliter perlret nee esca piscium fieret. Motus est novo crtidelitatis genere Caesar et ilium quidem mitti, crystallina autem omnia 5 coram se frangi iussit complerlque piscinam. Augustus in quadam villa aegrotans, noctes inquietas agebat, rumpente somnum eius crebro noctuae cantti. Qua molestia cum liberari se vehementer cupere significasset, miles quidam, aucupi peritus, noctuam prehendendam ctira- 10 vit, vivamque Augusto attulit, spe ingentis praemi. Cui cum Augustus mille nummos dari iussisset, ille minus dignum praemium existimans dicere ausus est, "Malo ut vivat," et avem dimisit. Imperatori nee ad irascendum causa deerat nee ad ulciscendum potestas; banc tamen 15 initiriam aequo animo tulit Augustus bominemque impuni- tum abire passus est. His personal characteristics. Augustus amicitias neque facile admlsit et constantissime retinuit. Imprimis familiarem habuit Maecenatem, equitem Eomanum ; qui ea, qua apud principem valebat, gratia ita 20 semper usus est, ut prodesset omnibus, quibus posset, noceret nemini. Itis aliquando dicebat Augustus et multos capite damnattirus videbatur. Aderat tum Maecenas, qui per cir- cumstantium turbam perrumpere et ad tribunal propius accedere conabatur. Quod cum frustra tentasset, haec verba 26 in tabella scripsit, " Surge tandem, carnif ex ! " eamque ta- bellam ad Augustum proiecit. Qua lecta, is statim surrexit neque quisquam est morte multatus. Habitavit Augustus in aedibus modicis, neque laxitate neque cultti conspicuis, ac per annos amplius quadraginta 30 74 VIRI ROMAE. in eodem cubiculo hieme et aestate mansit. Supellex quoque eius vix privatae elegantiae erat. Raro veste alia usus est quam confecta ab iixore, sorore, filia neptibusque. Item tamen Romam, quain pro maiestate imperi non satis ornar 5 tarn inveneratj adeo excoluit, ut iure gloriaretur, marmoream se relinquere, quam laterlciam accepisset. Forma fuit Augustus eximia et per omnes aetatis gradus venustissima. Erat tamen omnis lenocinl neglegens, et in capite comendo tam incuriosus, ut eo ipso tempore, quo 10 illud tonsoribus committeret, aut legeret aliquid aut etiam scriberet. The defeat of Varus. Death of Augustus. Panels annis antequam moreretur, gravissimam in Germa- nia accepit cladem, tribus legionibus cum duce Varo lega- tisque et auxiliis omnibus caesis. Hac nuntiata excubias 15 per urbem indixit, ne quis tumultus exsisteret, et magnos ludos lovi Optimo maximo vovit, si res ptiblica in meliorem statum vertisset. Adeo denique consternatum ferunt, ut, per continuos menses barba capilloque summisso, caput in- terdum f oribus illideret, vocif erans, " Quinctili Yare, legiones 20 redde ! " diemque cladis quotannis maestum habuerit ac iugubrem. Tandem afflicta valettidine in Campaniam concessit, ubi, remisso ad otium animo, nullo hilaritatis genere abstinuit. Supremo vltae die, petito speculo, capillum sibi com! iussit 25 et amicos circumstantes percontatus, ecquid eis vidergtur mimum vitae commode transegisse, adiecit solitam clausu- 1am, " Edite strepitum vosque omn6s cum gaudio applaudite." Obiit Nolae sextum et septuagesimum annum agens. iECIA CUM I5SULI1 ET ilS MARIS AEGAEI SCALE OF MILES 80 40 60 80 100 f' ,\' 1 1^ II IV. CORNELIUS NEPOS. I. MiLTIADES. The expedition to Chersonesus. I. Miltiades, Cimonis filius, Atheniensis, cum et antiqui- tate generis et gloria maiorum et sua modestia tinus omnium maxim e floreret eaque esset aetate ut non iam solum de eo bene- sperare, sed etiam confidere Gives possent sui, talem eum futurum qualem cognitum itidicarunt, accidit ut Athe- 5 nienses Chersonesum colonos vellent mittere. Cuius generis cum magnus numerus esset et multl eius demigrationis peterent societatem, ex eis delecti Delphos deliberatum missi sunt, quo potissimum duce uterentur. Namque tum Thraeces eas regiones tenebant, cum quibus armis erat 10 dimicandum. His consulentibus nominatim Pythia prae- cepit, ut Miltiadem imperatorem sibi stimerent: id si fe- cissent, incepta prospera futiira. Hoc oraculi responso Miltiades cum delecta manu classe Chersonesum profectus, cum accessisset Lemnum et incolas eius insulae sub pote- 15 statem redigere vellet Atheniensium, idque ut Lemnii sua sponte facerent postulasset, illi irrldentes responderunt tum id se facttiros, cum ille domo navibus profectus vento aquilone venisset Lemnum; hie enim ventus, ab septen- trionibus oriens, adversum tenet Athenis proficiscentibus. 20 Miltiades, morandi tempus non habens, cursum direxit quo tendebat, pervenitque Chersonesum. 76 76 CORNELIUS NEPOS. II. Ibi brevi tempore barbarorum copiis disiectis, tota regione quam petierat potitus, loca castellls idonea com- mtiniit, multitudinem quam secum duxerat in agris collo- cavit crebrisque excursionibus locupletavit. Neque minus 5 in ea re prudentia quam felicitate adititus est; nam cum virtute militum devlcisset hostium exercitus, summa aequi- tate res constituit atque ipse ibidem manere decrevit. Erat enim inter eos dignitate regia, quamquam carebat nomine, neque id magis imperio quam iustitia consectitus; neque 10 eo setius Atheniensibus, a quibus erat profectus, officia praestabat. Quibus rebus fiebat ut non minus eorum voluntate perpetuum imperium obtineret qui miserant, quam illorum cum quibus erat profectus. Cbersoneso tali modo constituta, Lemnum revertitur et ex pacto postu- 15 lat ut sibi urbem tradant — ill! enim dixerant, cum vento borea domo profectus eo pervenisset, sese dedituros — se enim domum ChersonesI habere. Cares, qui turn Lemnum incolebant, etsi praeter opini- onem res ceciderat, tamen non dicto, sed secunda forttina 20 adversariorum capti, resistere ausi non sunt atque ex insula dSmigrarunt. Pari felicitate ceteras insulas, quae Cyclades nominantur, sub Atheniensium redegit potestatem. Darius invades Scythia; Miltiades attempts his destruction. III. Eisdem temporibus Persarum rex Dareus, ex Asia in Europam exercitu traiecto, Scytbis bellum inferre de- 25 crevit. Pontem fecit in Histro flumine, qua copias tradu- ceret. Eius pontis, dum ipse abesset, custodes rellquit prmcipes quos secum ex Ionia et Aeolide duxerat ; quibus singularum urbium perpetua dederat imperia. Sic enim facillime putavit se Graeca lingua loquentes qui Asiam 30 incolerent sub sua retenttirum potestate, si amicis suis MILTIADESL 77 oppida tuenda tradidisset; quibus, se oppresso, nulla sp6s salutis relinqueretnr. In hoc fuit turn numero Miltiades. Hic, cum crebri afferrent nuntii male rem gerere Dareum premique a Scythis, hortatus est pontis custodes, ne a for- ttina datam occasionem llberandae Graeciae dimitterent. 6 Nam SI cum eis copiis, quas secum transportarat, interlsset Dareus, non solum Europam fore tutam, sed etiam eos qui Asiam incolerent Graecl genere liberos a Persarum futures dominaij^one et periculo. Id facile effici posse : ponte enim rescisso, regem vel hostium ferro vel inopia panels diebus 10 interiturum. Ad hoc consilium cum plerique accederent, Histiaeus Mllesius ne res conficeretur obstitit, dicens non idem ipsis, qui summas imperi tenerent, expedire et multi- ttidini, quod Darei regno ipsorum niteretur dominatio ; quo exstmcto, ipsos potestate expulsos civibus suls poenas 15 dattiros. Itaque adeo se abhorrere a ceterorum consilio, ut nihil putet ipsis titilius quam confirmari regnum Persarum. Huius cum sententiam plurimi assent sectiti, Miltiades non dubitans tam multis consciis ad regis aures consilia 20 sua perventura, Chersonesum reliquit ac rursus Athenas demigravit. Cuius ratio etsi non valuit, tamen magno opere est laudanda, cum amicior omnium libertati quam suae fuerit dominationl. Darius invades Greece ; the battle of Marathon, IV. Dargus autem, cum ex Europa in Asiam redisset, 25 hortantibus amicis ut Graeciam redigeret in suam pote- statem, classem quingentarum navium comparavit eique Datim praefecit et Artaphernem, elsque ducenta peditum, decem equitum milia dedit, causam interserens se hostem esse Atheniensibus, quod eorum auxilio lones Sardis ex- 30 78 CORNELIUS NEPOS. pugnassent suaque praesidia interfecissent. 111! praefecti regii, classe ad Euboeam appulsa, celeriter Eretriam cepe- runt omnesque eiiis gentis cives abreptos in Asiam ad regem miserunt. Inde ad Atticam accesserunt ac suas 6 copias in campnm Marathona deduxerunt; is abest ab oppido circiter mllia passuum decern. Hoc tumultti Athenienses tarn propinquo tanique magno permoti, auxilium misquam nisi a Lacedaemonils petive- runt Phldippuraque, cursorem eius generis, qui hemero- 10 dromoe vocantiir, Lacedaemonem miserunt, ut ntintiaret quam celerrimo opus esse auxilio. Doini autem creant decern, praetores, qui exercitui praeessent, in eis Miltia- dem ; inter quos magna fuit contentio, utrum moenibus s§ defenderent, an obviara Trent hostibus acieque de- 15 cernerent. Unus Miltiades maxim e nitebatur ut prim 6 quoque tempore castra fierent: id si factum esset, et civibus animum accesstirum, cum viderent de eorum vir- tute non desperari, et hostes eadem re fore tardiorgs, si animadverterent auderi adversus se tam exiguis copils 20 dimicarl. V. Hoc in tempore nulla civitas Atheniensibus auxilio fuit praeter Plataeenses ; ea mille misit militum. Itaque horum adventti decem milia armatorum completa sunt, quae manus mlrabili flagrabat pugnandi cupiditate; quo 25 factum est ut plus quam collegae Miltiades valeret. Eius ergo auctoritate impulsT, Athenienses copias ex urbe eduxerunt locoque idoneo castra fecerunt. Dein postero die sub montis radicibus acie regione mstructa non apertissima — namque arbores multis locis erant rarae 30 — proelium commiserunt hoc consilio, ut et montium altittidine tegerentur et arborum tractti equitatus hostium impediretur, ne multitudine clauderentur. Datis etsi non MILTIADES. 79 aequum locum viclebat suis, tamen fretus immero copi- ariim suaruni confllgere cupiebat, eoqiie magis quod, priusquam Lacedaemonii subsidio venirent, dimicare utile arbitrabatur. Itaque in aciem peditum centum, equitum decern milia produxit proeliumque commisit. In quo 5 tanto plus virttite valuerunt Athenienses, ut decemplicem numerum hostium profligarint, adeoque eos perterruerunt, ufc Persae non castra, sed naves petierint. Qua pugna nihil adhuc exstitit nobilius ; nulla enim umquam tarn exigua manus tantas opes prostravit. 10 The honors conferred on Miltiades. VI. Cuius victoriae non alienum videtur quale praemium Miltiadi sit tribtitum docere, quo faciliiis intellegi possit eandem omnium civitatum esse naturam. Ut enim populi RomanI honores quondam fuerunt rari et tenues ob eamque causam gloriosi, nunc autem efftisi atque obsoleti, sic olim 15 apud Athenienses fuisse reperimus. Namque huic Miltiadi, qui Athenas totamque Graeciam liberarat, talis honos tribu- tus est, in porticu quae Poecile vocatur cum pugna depinge- retur Marathonia, ut in decem praetorum numero prima eius imago poneretur isque hortaretur milites proeliumque 20 committeret. Idem ille populus, postea quam mains impe- rium est nactus et largitione magistratuum corruptus est, trecentas statuas Demetrio Phalereo decrevit. His unsuccessful expedition in the Aegean ; he is accused of treason. VII. Post hoc proelium classem septuaginta navium Athenienses eidem Miltiadi dederunt, ut insulas quae bar- 25 baros adiuverant bello persequeretur. Quo in imperio plerasque ad officium redlre coegit, nonnullas vi expugna- vit. Ex his Parum insulam opibus elatam cum oratione 80 CORNELIUS NEPOS. reconciliare non posset, copias e navibus eduxit, urbem operibus clausit omnique commeatti privavit; dein vineis ac testudinibus constitutis, propius muros accessit. Cum iam in eo esset ut oppido potiretur, procul in continent! 5 Iticus, qui ex insula conspiciebatur, nescio quo casu noc- turno tempore incensus est. Cuius flamma ut ab oppidanis et oppugnatoribus est visa, utrisque venit in opinionem, signum a classiariis regiis datimi. Quo factum est ut et Parii a deditione deterrerentur et Miltiades, timens ne 10 classis regia adventaret, incensis operibus quae statuerat, cum totidem navibus atque erat profectus Athenas magna cum offensione civium suorum rediret. Accusatus ergo est proditionis, quod, cum Parum expu- gnare posset, a rege corruptus infectis rebus discessisset. 15 Eo tempore aeger erat vulneribus, quae in oppugnando op- pido acceperat. Itaque cum ipse pro se dicere non posset, verba fecit frater eius Stesagoras. Causa cognita, capitis absoltitus pectinia multatus est, eaque lis quinquaginta talentis aestimata est, quantus in 20 classem stimptus factus erat. Hanc pectiniam quod solvere in praesentia non poterat, in vincla ptiblica coniectus est ibique diem obiit supremum. VIII. Hie etsi crimine Pario est accusatus, tamen alia causa fuit damnationis. Namque Athenienses propter 25 Pisistrati tyrannidem, quae paucis annis ante fuerat, ni- miam civium suorum potentiam extimescebant. Miltiades, multum in imperiis magistratibusque versatus, non videba- tur posse esse privatus, praesertim cum consuetudine ad imperi cupiditatem trabi videretur. Nam in Chersoneso 30 omnes illos quos babitarat annos perpetuam obtinuerat domi- nationem, tyrannusque fuerat appellatus, sed iustus. Non erat enim vi consecutus, sed suorum voluntate, eamque THEMISTOCLES. S\ potestatem bonitate retinebat. Omnes autem et dicuntur et habentur tyranni, qui potestate sunt perpetua in ea civitate quae libertate tisa est. Sed in Miltiade erat cum summa humanitas turn mira communitas, ut nemo tam humilis esset, cui non ad eum aditus pateret ; magna aucto- 5 ritas apud omnes civitates, nobile nomen, laus rei militaris maxima. Haec populus respiciens maluit ilium innoxium plecti quam se diutius esse in timore. II. Themistocles. His parentage and early life. I. Themistocles, Neocli fllius, Atheniensis. Huius vitia ineuntis adulescentiae magnis sunt emendata virttitibus, 10 adeo ut anteferatur huic nemo, pauci pares putentur. Sed ab initio est ordiendus. Pater eius Neocles generosus fuit. Is uxorem Acarnanam civem dtixit, ex qua natus est Themistocles. Qui cum minus esset probatus parentibus, quod et liberius vivebat et rem familiarem neglegebat, a 15 patre exheredatus est. Quae contumelia non fregit eum, sed erexit; nam cum iudicasset sine summa industria non posse eam exstingui, totum se dedidit rel ptiblicae, dili- gentius amicis famaeque serviens. Multum in iudiciis pri- vatis versabatur, saepe in contionem popull prodibat ; nulla 20 res maior sine eo gerebatur ; celeriter quae opus erant reperie- bat, facile eadem oratione explicabat, neque minus in rebus gerendis promptus quam excogitandis erat, quod et de In- stantibus, ut ait Thucydides, verissime iudicabat et de futu- rls callidissime coniciebat. Quo factum est ut brevi tempore 25 illustraretur. 82 CORNELIUS NEPOS. Xerxes invades Greece; the advice of Themistocles. II. Primus autem gradus fuit capessendae rel ptiblicae bello Corcyraeo ; ad quod gerendum praetor a populo factus, non solum praesenti bello, sed etiam reliquo tempore fero- ciorem reddidit civitatem. Nam cum pecunia ptiblica, quae 5 ex metallis redibat, largltione magistratuum quotannis inte- riret, ille persuasit populo ut ea pecunia classis centum navium aedificaretur. Qua celeriter effecta, primum Corcy- raeos fregit, deinde maritimos praedones consectando mare tutum reddidit. In quo cum divitiis ornavit, tum etiam 10 peritissimos belli navalis fecit Atbenienses. Id quantae saluti f uerit universae Graeciae, bello cognitum est Persico. Nam cum Xerxes et marl et terra bellum universae Inferret Europae, cum tantis copils earn invasit, quantas neque ante nee postea habuit quisquam: huius enim classis mllle et 15 ducentarum navium longarum fuit, quam duo milia onerari- arum sequebantur; terrestris autem exercitus septingenta peditum, equitum quadringenta mIlia fuerunt. Cuius de adventu cum fama in Graeciam esset perlata et maxime Athenienses peti dicerentur propter pugnam Marar 20 thoniam, mlserunt Delphos consultum, quidnam facerent de rebus suis. Deliberantibus Pythia respondit, ut moenibus ligneis se munirent. Id responsum quo valeret cum intelle- geret nemo, Themistocles persuasit consilium esse Apollinis, ut in naves se suaque conf errent : eum enim a deo significari 25 murum ligneum. Tali consilio probato, addunt ad superi- ores totidem naves triremes suaque omnia quae mover! poterant partim Salamina, partim Troezena deportant; arcem sacerdotibus paucisque maioribus natu ad sacra pro- curanda tradunt, reliquum oppidum relinquunt. THEMISTOCLES. 83 Battles at Thermopylae and off Artemisium. III. Huius consilium plerisque civitatibus displicebat et in terra dimicari magis placebat. Itaque niissi sunt delecti cum Leonida, Lacedaemoniorum rege, qui Therniopylas occu- parent longiusque^barbaros progredi non paterentur. Il vim hostium non sustinuerunt eoque loco omnes interierunt. At 5 classis communis Graeciae trecentarum navium, in qua du- centae erant Atheniensium, primum apud Artemisium inter Euboeam continentemque terram cum classiariis regiis con- flixit. Angustias enim Themistocles quaerebat, ne multi- tudine circumlretur. Hinc etsi pari proelio discesserant, lo tamen eodem loco non sunt ausi manere, quod erat perlcu- lum, ne, si pars navium adversariorum Euboeam superasset, ancipiti premerentur perlculo. Quo factum est ut ab Arte- mlsio discederent et exadversum Atbenas apud Salamina classem suam constituerent. 15 Xerxes takes and burns Athens. The battle of Salamis. IV. At Xerxes, Thermopylis expugnatis, protinus acces- sit astu idque nullls defendentibus interfectls sacerdotibus, quos in arce invenerat, incendio delevit. Cuius flamma perterriti classiarii cum manere non auderent et plurimi hortarentur ut domos suas discederent moenibusque se 20 defenderent, ThemistoclSs unus restitit et universos pares esse posse aiebat, disperses testabatur peritiiros; idque Eurybiadi, regi Lacedaemoniorum, qui tum summae im- peri praeerat, fore affirm abat. Quern cum minus quam vellet moveret, noctti de servis suis quem habuit fidelissi- 25 mum ad regem misit, ut ei nuntiaret suls verbis, adversaries eius in fuga esse : qui si discessissent, maiore cum labore et longinquiore tempore bellum confecturum, cum singulos coii&ectarl cogeretur ; quos si statim aggrederetur, brevi 84 CORNELIUS NEPOS. universos oppressiirum. Hoc eo valebat, ut ingratiis ad depugnandum omnes cogerentur. Hac re audita, barbarus, nihil doll subesse credens, postridie alienissimo sibi loco, contra opportunissimo hostibus, adeo angusto marl conflixit, 6 ut eius multittido navium explicari non potuerit. Victus ergo est magis etiam consilio Themislocli quam armis Graeciae. V. Hic etsi male rem gesserat, tamen tantas habebat reliquias copiarum, ut etiam turn els opprimere posset 10 bostes. Iterum ab eodem gradti depulsus est. Nam The- mistocles, verens ne bellare perseveraret, certiorem eum fecit id agl, ut pons, quem ille in Hellesponto fecerat, dissolveretur ac reditu in Asiam excltideretur, idque ei persuasit. Itaque qua sex mensibus iter fecerat, eadem 15 minus diebus triginta in Asiam reversus est, seque a The- mistocle non superatum, sed conservatum iudicavit. Sic •Qnius viri prudentia Graecia liberata est Europaeque succu- buit Asia. Haec altera victoria, quae cum Marathonio possit comparari tropaeo. Nam pari modo apud Salamina 20 parvo numero navium maxima post hominum memoriam classis est dSvicta. Themistocles outicits the Lacedaemonians, and fortifies Athens. VI. Magnus hoc bello Themistocles fuit neque minor in pace. Cum enim Phalerico portu neque magno neque bono Athenienses uterentur, huius consilio triplex Pirael portus 25 constittitus est eisque moenibus circumdatus, ut ipsam urbem dignitate aequiperaret, utilitate superaret. Idem muros Atheniensium restituit praecipuo suo perlculo. Namque Lacedaemonii causam idoneam nacti propter bar- barorum excursiones, qua negarent oportere extra Pelopon- 30 nesum tillam urbem muros habere, ne essent loca munita, THEMISTOCLES. 85 quae hostes possiderent, Athenienses aedificantes prohibfire sunt conati. Hoc longe alio spectabat atque videri vol6- bant. Athenienses enim duabus victorils, Marathonia et Salammia, tantain gloriam apud omnes gentes erant con- secuti, ut intellegerent Lacedaemonil de principatu sibi 5 cum eis certamen fore. Qua re eos quam infirmissimos esse volebant. Postquam autem audierunt mtiros strui, legates Athenas miserunt, qui id fieri vetarent. His prae- sentibus desierunt ac se de ea re legates ad eos missuros dixerunt. Hanc legationem suscepit Themistocles et solus 10 primo prof ectus est ; reliqui legati ut turn exirent, cum satis alti tuendo mtirl exstructi viderentur, praecepit: interim omnes, servi atque liberi, opus facerent neque ulli loco parcerent, sive sacer sive privatus esset sive publicus, et undique, quod idoneum ad mtiniendum putarent, congere- 15 rent. Quo factum est ut Atheniensium mtirl ex sacellis sepulcrisque constarent. VII. Themistocles autem ut Lacedaemonem venit, adire ad magistratus noluit et dedit operam ut quam longissim^ tempus dticeret, causam interponens se collegas exspectare. 20 Cum Lacedaemonil quererentur opus nihilo minus fieri eumque in ea re conari fall ere, interim reliqui legati sunt consectiti. A quibus cum audisset non multum superesse munitionis, ad ephoros Lacedaemoniorum accessit, penes quos summum erat imperium, atque apud eos contendit 25 falsa eis esse delata : qua re aequum esse illos viros bonos nobilesque mittere, quibus fides haberetur, qui rem explo- rarent; interea se obsidem retinerent. Gestus est ei mos, tresque legati functi summis honoribus Athenas missi sunt. Cum his collegas suos Themistocles iussit proficisci eisque 30 praedixit, ut ne prius Lacedaemoniorum legatos dimitterent quam ipse esset remissus. 86 CORNELIUS NEPOS. Hos postquam Athenas pervenisse ratus est, ad magi- stratus senatiimqTie Laceclaemoniorum adiit et apud eos liberrime professus est: Athenienses suo consilio, quod communi itire gentium facere possent, deos ptiblicos suos- que patrios ac Penates, quo facilius ab hoste possent de- fendere, muris saepsisse neque in eo quod inutile esset Graeciae fecisse. !Nam illorum urbem ut propugnaculum oppositlun esse barbaris, apud quam iam bis copias regias fecisse naufragium. Lacedaemonios autem male et iniuste 10 facere, qui id potius intuerentur, quod ipsorum domina- tion! quam quod universae Graeciae utile esset. Qua re, si suos legatos recipere vellent, quos Athenas miserant, se remitterent, cum aliter illos numquam in patriam essent recepturi. Themistocles is ostracized; his wanderings. 15 VIII. Tamen non effugit civium suorum invidiam. Nam- que ob eundem timorem, quo damnatus erat Miltiades, testularum suffragiis e civitate eiectus, Argos habitatum concessit. Hie cum propter multas virtutes magna cum dignitate viveret, Lacedaemonii legatos Athenas miserunt, 20 qui eum absentem acctisarent, quod societatem cum rege Perse ad Graeciam opprimendam fecisset. Hoc crimine absens damnatus est. Id ut audivit, quod non satis tutum se Argis videbat, Corcyram demigravit. Ibi cum principes animadvertisset 25 timere, ne propter se bellum eis Lacedaemonii et Atheni- enses indicerent, ad Admetum, Molossum regem, cum quo el hospitium non erat, confugit. Hue cum venisset et in praesentia rex abesset, quo maiore religione se receptum tugretur, filium eius parvulum arripuit et cum eo se in 30 sacrarium quod summa colebatur caerimonia coniecit. Inde THEMISTOCLES. 87 non prius egressus est, quam rex eum data dextra in fidem reciperet, quam praestitit. Nam cum ab Atheniensibus et Lacedaemoniis exposceretur publice, supplicem non pro- didit monuitque ut consuleret sibi: difficile enim esse in tam propinquo loco tuto eum versarl. Itaque Pydnam eum 5 deduci iussit et quod satis esset praesidi dedit. Hic in navem omnibus ignotus nautis escendit. Quae cum tem- pestate maxima Naxum ferretur, ubi tum Atheniensium erat exercitus, sensit Themistocles, si eo pervenisset, sibi esse pereundum. lO Hac necessitate coactus, domino navis quis sit aperit, multa pollicens, si se conservasset. At ille clarissimi virl captus misericordia, diem noctemque procul ab insula in salo navem tenuit in ancoris, neque quemquam ex ea exire passus est. Inde Epliesum pervenit ibique Tliemistoclem 15 exponit. Cui ille pro meritis postea gratiam rettulit. Themistocles is received by Artaxerxes; he dies in Persia. IX. Scio plerosque ita scripsisse, Tliemistoclem Xerxe regnante in Asiam translsse. Sed ego potissimum Thucy- didi credo, quod aetate proximus de els, qui illorum tem- porum historiam reliquerunt, et eiusdem civitatis fuit. Is 20 autem ait ad Artaxerxen eum venisse atque his verbis epi- stulam misisse : " Themistocles veni ad te, qui plurima mala omnium Graiorum in domum tuam intuli, quam diu mihi necesse fuit adversum patrem tuum bellare patriamque meam defendere. Idem multo plura bona feci, postquam 25 in tuto ipse et ille in perlculo esse coepit; nam cum in Asiam revert! vellet proelio apud Salamlna facto, litterls eum certiorem feci id agl ut pons, quem in Hellesponto fecerat, dissolveretur atque ab hostibus circuiniretur ; quo nuntio ille periculo est llberatus. Nunc autem confugl ad 30 88 CORNELIUS NEPOS. te exagitatus a ctincta Graecia, tuam pet^ns amlcitiam; quam si ero adeptus, non minus ine bonum amicum habebis, quam fortem inimicum ille expertus est. Te autem rogo, ut de eis rebus, quas tecum colloqui volo, annuum mihi 6 tempus des eoque transacto ad te venire patiaris." X. Huius rex animi magnitudinem admirans cupiensque talem virum sibi conciliari, veniam dedit. Ille omne illud tempus litteris sermonique Persarum dedit; quibus adeo erudltus est, ut multo commodius dicatur apud regem verba 10 fgcisse, quam ii poterant qui in Perside erant nati. Hie cum multa regl esset pollicitus gratissimumque illud, si suis titi consiliis vellet, ilium Graeciam bello oppresstirum, magnis muneribus ab Artaxerxe donatus, in Asiam rediit domiciliumque Magnesiae sibi constituit. Namque banc 15 urbem ei rex donarat, his quidem verbis, quae ei panem praeberet — ex qua regione quinquagena talenta quotannis redibant — Lampsacum autem, unde vinum stimeret, My- tinta, ex qua obsonium baberet. Huius ad nostram memoriam monumenta manserunt duo : 20 sepulcrum prope oppidum, in quo est sepultus, statua in foro Magnesiae. De cuius morte multimodis apud pleros- que scriptum est, sed nos eundem potissimum Thucydidem auctorem probamus, qui ilium ait Magnesiae morbo mor- tuum, neque negat fuisse famam, venenum sua sponte 25 sumpsisse, cum se quae regi de Graecia opprimenda polli- citus esset praestare posse desperaret. Idem ossa eius clam in Attica ab amicis sepulta, quoniam legibus non conce- deretur, quod proditionis esset damnatus, memoriae pro didit. PAUSANIAS. 89 III. Pausanias. The battle of Plataea; arrogance of Pausanias, I. Pausanias Lacedaenionius magnus homo, sed varius in omni genere vitae fuit ; nam ut virtiitibus eltixit, sic vitiis est obrutus. Huius illustrissimum est proelium apud Plataeas. Namque illo duce Mardonius, satrapes regius, natione Medus, regis gener, in prlmis omnium 5 Persarum et manu fortis et consili plenus, cum ducentis milibus peditum, quos virltim legerat, et viginti equitum liaud ita magna manu Graeciae fugatus est, eoque ipse dux cecidit proelio. Qua victoria elatus, plurima miscere coepit et maiora concupiscere. Sed primum in eo est reprehensus, 10 quod ex praeda tripodem aureum Delphls posuisset, epi- grammate inscripto, in quo haec erat sententia : siio ductti barbaros apud Plataeas esse deletos eiusque victoriae ergo Apollini id donum dedisse. Hos versus Lacedaemonii ex- sculpserunt, neque aliud scripserunt quam nomina earum I6 civitatum, quarum auxilio Persae erant victi. He is sent to the Hellespont; treasonable correspondence with c', Artaxerxes, II. Post id proelium eundem Pausaniam cum classe communi Cyprum atque Hellespontum miserunt, ut ex eis regionibus barbarorum praesidia depelleret. Pari felicitate in ea re tisus, elatius se gerere coepit maioresque appetere 20 res. Nam cum, Byzantio expugnato, cepisset compltires Persarum nobiles atque in els nonnullos regis propinquos, hos clam Xerxi remisit, simulans ex vinclis publicis effu- gisse, et cum eis Gongylum Eretriensem, qui litteras regi redderet, in quibus haec fuisse scrlpta Thucydides memo- 26 90 CORNELIUS NEPOS. riae prodidit: "Pausanias, dux Spartae, quos Byzautii ceperat, postquain propinquos tuos cognovit, tibi miiueri misit seque tecum affmitate coniungi cupit; qua re, si tibi videtur, des el flliam tuam nuptum. Id si feceris, et Spar- 5 tarn et ceteram Graeciam sub tuam potestatem se, adiiivante te, redacturum poUicetur. His d6 rebus si quid agere vo- lueris, certum hominem ad eum mittas face, cum quo collo- quatur." Rex tot hominum salute tam sibi necessariorum magno 10 opere gavisus, confestim cum epistula Artabazum ad Pau- saniam mittit, in qua eum collaudat ac petit, ne cui rei parcat ad ea efficienda, quae polliceretur : si perfecerit, ntillms rei a se repulsam laturum. Huius Pausanias vo- luntate cognita, alacrior ad rem gerendam factus, in suspi- 15 cionem cecidit Lacedaemoniorum. Quo facto domum revocatus, acctisatus capitis absolvitur, multatur tamen pectinia; quam ob causam ad classem remissus non est. His mad conduct; he is recalled to Sparta. III. At ille post non multo sua sponte ad exercitum rediit et ibi non stolida, sed dementi ratione cogitata pate- 20 fecit; non enim mores patrios solum, sed etiam cultum vestitumque mutavit. Apparatu regio titebatur, veste Me- dica ; satellites Medl et Aegyptil sequebantur ; epulabatur more Persarum luxuriosius quam qui aderant perpetl pos- sent; aditum petentibus non dabat, superbe respondebat, 25 crudeliter imperabat. Spartam redire nolebat ; Colonas, qui locus in agro Troade est, se contulerat; ibi consilia cum patriae tum sibi inimica capiebat. Id postquam Lace- daemonil rescierunt, legates cum clava ad eum miser imt, in qua more illorum erat scriptum : nisi domum reverteretur, 30 se capitis eum damnaturos. Hoc nuntio commotus, sperans PAUSANIAS. 91 se etiam turn pectinia et potentia instans perlculum posse depellere, domum rediit. Hue ut venit, ab ephoris in vincla publica est coniectus ; licet enim legibus eorum cuivis ephoro boc facere regi. Hinc tamen se expedivit, neque eo magis carebat suspicionej nam opinio manebat 6 eum cum rege habere societatem. He incites the Helots to revolt ; stratagem of the ephors. Est genus quoddam bominum, quod Hllotae vocatur, quorum magna multitude agros Lacedaemoniorum colit servorumque munere fungitur. Hos quoque sollicitare spS libertatis existimabatur. Sed quod harum rerum nullum lo erat apertum crimen, quo coargui posset, non putabant de tall tamque claro viro suspicionibus oportere iudicari et exspectandum, dum se ipsa res aperiret. TV. Interim Argllius quidam adulescentulus cum epi- stulam ab eo ad Artabazum accepisset eique in suspicionem 15 venisset aliquid in ea de se esse scriptum, quod nemo eorum redlsset, qui eodem missi erant, vincla epistulae laxavit signoque detracto cognovit, si pertulisset, sibi esse pere- undum. Erant in eadem epistula quae ad ea pertinebant, quae inter regem Pausaniamque convenerant. Has ille 20 litteras epborls tradidit. Non est praetereunda gravitas Lacedaemoniorum hoc loco; nam ne huius quidem indicio impulsl sunt ut Pau- saniam comprehenderent, neque prius vim adhibendam putaverunt, quam se ipse indicasset. Itaque huic indici, 25 quid fieri vellent, praeceperunt. Fanum Nepttini est Taenarl, quod violari nefas putant Graeci. Eo ille con- ftigit in araque consedit. Hanc iuxta locum fecerunt sub terra, ex quo posset exaudlri, si quis quid loqueretur cum Argilio. Hue ex ephoris quidam deseenderunt. Pausanias, 30 92 CORNELIUS NEPOS. ut audlvit Argilium confagisse in aram, perturbatus venit eo. Quern cum supplicem del videret in ara sedentem, quaerit causae quid sit tam repentlnl oonsili. Huio ille, quid ex litteris comperisset, aperit. Quo magis Pausanias 5 perturbatus orare coepit, ne enuntiaret neu se meritum de illo optime proderet: quod si earn veniam sibi dedisset tantlsque implicatum rebus sublevasset, magno ei praemio futurum. The miserable death of Pausanias. V. His rebus ephorl cognitis satius putarunt in urbe 10 eum comprehendl. Quo cum essent profecti et Pausanias, placato Argllio, ut putabat, Lacedaemonem reverteretur, in itinere, cum iam in eo esset ut comprehenderetur, ex vultu cuiusdam ephorT, qui eum admonerl cupiebat, in- sidias sibi fieri intellexit. Itaque panels ante gradibus 15 quam qui eum sequebantur in aedem Minervae, quae Chalcioicos vocatur, confugit. Hinc ne exire posset, statim epbori valvas eius aedis obstrtixerunt tectumque sunt demolitl, quo celerius sub divo interiret. Bicitur eo tempore matrem Pausaniae vixisse eamque iam magno 20 natu, postquam de scelere fill comperit, in primis ad filium claudendum lapidem ad introitum aedis attulisse. Hic cum semianimis de templo elatus esset, confestim animam efflavit. Sic Pausanias magnam belli gloriam turpi morte maculavit. Cuius mortui corpus cum eodem 25 nonnulli dicerent Inferri oportere quo ii qui ad supplicium essent dati, displicuit pluribus, et procul ab eo loco in- foderunt, quo erat mortuus. Inde posterius del Delpbici response erutus atque eodem loco sepultus est ubi vltam posuerat EPAMINONDAS. 98 IV. Epaminondas. Preface: difference between Greek and Boman customs. I. Epammondas, Polymni fllius, Thebanus. De hoc priusquam scrlbimus, haec praecipienda videntur lectori- bus, ne alienos mores ad suos referant, neve ea quae ipsis leviora sunt, pari modo apud ceteros fuisse arbitrentur. Scimus enim mtisicen nostris moribus abesse a prmcipis 5 persona, sal tare vero etiam in vitiis poni; quae omnia apud Graecos et grata et laude digna ducuntur. Cum autem exprimere imaginem consuetudinis atque vitae vellmus Epaminondae, nihil videmur debere praetermittere, quod pertineat ad earn declarandam. Qua re dicemus primum lo de genere eius, deinde quibus discipllnis et a quibus sit eruditus, tum de moribus ingenique facultatibus et si qua alia memoria digna erunt, postremo de rebus gestis, quae a plurimis animi anteponuntur virttitibus. The early life of Epaminondas ; his personal characteristics. II. Natus igitur patre quo diximus, genere honesto, 15 pauper iam a maioribus relictus est, eruditus autem sic ut nemo Thebanus magis. Nam et citharizare et cantare ad chordarum sonum doctus est a Dionysio, qui non minore fuit in musicis gloria quam Damon aut Lamprus, quorum pervulgata sunt nomina, cantare tibiis ab Olympiodoro, 20 saltare a Calliphrone. At philosophiae praeceptorem habuit Lysim Tarentinum, Pythagor6um ; cui quidem sic fuit dedi- tus, ut adulescgns tristem ac sev6rum senem omnibus aequa- libus suis in familiaritate anteposuerit ; neque prius eum a sS dimisit, quam in doctrlnis tanto antecessit condiscipulos, 26 ut facile intellegi posset pari modo superaturum omnes in 94 CORNELIUS NEPOS. ceteris artibus. Atque haec ad nostram consuettidinem sunt levia et potius contemnenda ; at in Graecia, utique olim, magnae laudi erant. Postquam ephebus est f actus et palaestrae dare operam coepit, non tain magnittidini vTrium 6 servivit quam velocitati; illam enim ad atbletarum usum, lianc ad belli existimabat utilitatem pertinere. Itaque ex- ercebatur plurimum currendo et luctando ad eum finem, quoad stans complecti posset atque contendere. In armis vero plurimum studi consumebat. 10 III. Ad hanc corporis firmitatem plura etiam animi bona accesserant. Erat enim modestus, prudens, gravis, tempori- bus sapienter utens, peritus belli, fortis manti, animo maximo, adeo veritatis diligens, ut ne ioco quidem mentiretur. Idem contingns, clemens patiensque admirandum in modum, non 15 solum populi, sed etiam amicorum ferens iniurias, in primis commissa celans, quodque interdum non minus prodest quam diserte dicere, studiosus audiendi ; ex hoc enim f acil- lime disci arbitrabatur. Itaque cum in circulum venisset, in quo aut de re ptiblica disputaretur aut de philosophia 20 sermo haberetur, numquam inde prius discessit, quam ad finem sermo esset adductus. His incorruptibility* Paupertatem adeo facile perpessus est, ut de re publics nihil praeter gloriam ceperit. Amicorum in se tuendo caruit facultatibus, fide ad alios sublevandos saepe sTc tisus est, ut 25 iudicari possit omnia ei cum amicis fuisse communia. Kam cum aut civium suorum aliquis ab hostibus esset captus, aut virgo ntibilis propter paupertatem collocari non posset, ami- corum concilium habebat, et quantum quisque daret pro facultatibus imperabat. Eamque summam cum fecerat, 80 potius quam ipse acciperet pecuniam, adducebat eum qui EPAMINONDAS. 95 quaerebat ad eos qui conferebant, eique ut ipsi numerarent faciebat, ut ille ad quein ea res perveniebat sciret quantum cuique deberet. lY. Temptata autem eius est abstinentia a Diomedonte Cyziceno : namque is rogatu Artaxerxis regis Epaminondam 5 pecunia corrumpendum susceperat. Hic magno cum pon- ders auri Thebas venit et Micythum adulescentulum, quern tum Epammondas plurimum diligebat, quinque talentis ad suam perduxit voluntatem. Micythus Epaminondam con- venit et causam adventus Diomedontis ostendit. 18 At ille Diomedonti coram "Nihil," inquit, "opus pe- cunia est; nam si rex ea vult quae Thebanis sunt titilia, gratiis facere sum paratus, sin autem contraria, non habet auri atque argent! satis. Namque orbis terrarum divitias accipere nolo pro patriae caritate. Tti quod me incogni- 15 tum temptasti tuique similem existimastl, non miror tibique ignosco ; sed egredere propere, ne alios corrumpas, cum m6 non potueris. Et tti, Micythe, argentum huic redde, aut, nisi id confestim facis, ego te tradam magistratul.'' Hunc Diomedon cum rogaret, ut ttito exire suaque quae attulerat 20 liceret efferre, " Istud quidem," inquit, " faciam, neque tua causa, sed mea, ne, si tibi sit pecunia adempta, aliquis dicat id ad me ereptum pervenisse, quod delatum accipere noluissem." A quo cum quaesisset, quo sS deduci vellet, et ille 25 Athenas dixisset, praesidium dedit, ut ttito perveniret. Neque vero id satis habuit, sed etiam, ut inviolatus in navem escenderet, per Chabriam Atheniensem, de quo supra mentionem fecimus, effecit. Abstinentiae erit hoc satis testimonium. Pltirima quidem proferre possumus, 30 sed modus adhibendus est, quoniam uno hoc volumine vltam excellentium virorum compltirium concltidere con- 96 CORNELIUS NEPOS. stitiiimus, quorum res s6paratim multis milibus versuum complures scriptores ante nos explicarunt. iii His eloquence and ready wit. V. !Fuit etiam disertus, ut nemo ei Thebanus par esset eloquentia, neque minus concinnus in brevitate respondendi 5 quam in perpetua oratione ornatus. Habuit obtrectatorem Menecliden quendam, indidem Thebis, et adversarium in administranda re publica, satis exercitatum in dicendo, ut Thebanum scilicet; namque ill! genti plus inest virium quam ingeni. Is quod in r6 militari florgre Epaminondam 10 videbat, hortarl solebat Thebanos ut pacem bello antefer- rent, ne illius imperatoris opera dSsideraretur. Huic ille " Fallis," inquit, " verbo cives tuos, quod eos a bello avocas ; oti enim nomine servittitem concilias; nam paritur pax bello. Itaque qui ea diutina volunt frui, bello exercitati 15 esse debent. Qua re si prlnclpes Graeciae vultis esse, ca- stris est vobis utendum, non palaestra." Idem ille Mene- clidgs cum huic obiceret, quod llberos non haberet neque uxorem duxisset, maximSque msolentiam, quod sibi Aga- memnonis belli gloriam vid6retur consecutus : at ille " De- 20 sine," inquit, " Meneclida, de uxore mihi exprobrare ; nam ntillius in ista re minus uti consilio volo." Habebat enim Meneclides suspicionem adulterl. "Quod autem me Aga- memnonem aemulari putas, falleris. Namque ille cum universa Graecia vix decern annis unam cepit urbem, ego 25 contra ea una urbe nostra dieque uno totam Graeciam Lace- daemoniis fugatis liberavi." VI. idem cum in conventum v6nisset Arcadum, petens ut societatem cum Thebanis et Argivis fa^erent, contraque Callistratus, Atheniensium legatus, qui eloquentia omnes 30 eo praestabat tempore, postularet ut potius amicitiam se- EPAMINONDAS. 97 querentur Atticorum, et in 5ratione sua multa invectus esset in Thebanos et Argivos in elsque hoc posuisset, ani- mum advertere deb6re Arcades qual6s utraque civitas cives procreasset, ex quibus de ceteris possent iudicare : Argivos enim fuisse Orestem et Alcmaeonem matricidas, Thebis 5 Oedipum natum, qui, cum patrem suum interfecisset, ex matre liberos procreasset ; liuic in respondendo Epamlnon- das, cum de ceteris perorasset, postquam ad ilia duo oppro- bria pervenit, admlrarl se dixit stultitiam rhetoris Attici, qui non animadverterit, inuocentes illos natos domi, scelere lo admisso cum patria essent expulsi, receptos esse ab Athe- niensibus. Sed maxime eius eloquentia eluxit Spartae legati ante pugnam Leuctricam. Quo cum omnium sociorum convS- nissent legati, coram frequentissimo conventti sic Lacedae- 15 moniorum tyrannidem coarguit, ut non minus ilia oratiOne opes eorum concusserit quam Leuctrica pugna. Tum enim perfecit, quod post apparuit, ut auxilio Lacedaemonii socio- rum privarentur. His patience and forgiveness of injuries. VII. Fuisse patientem suorumque iniurias ferentem 20 civium, quod se patriae IrascI nefas esse d^oeret, haec sunt testimonia. Cum eum propter invidiam cives sui praeficere exercitui noluissent, duxqiie esset delectus belli imperitus, cuius errore res eo esset deducta, ut omnes d6 salute pertimescerent, quod locorum angustiis clausl ab 25 hostibus obsidebantur, deslderarl coepta est Epamlnondae dlligentia ; erat enim ibi privatus numero mllitis. A quo cum peterent opem, nullam adhibuit memoriam contumeliae et exercitum obsidione llberatum domum redtixit incolu- mem. Nee vero hoc semel fecit, sed saepius. Maxime 30 98 CORNELIUS NEPOS. autem fuit illustre, cum in Peloponnesum exercitum duxis^ set adversus Lacedaemonios haberetque collegas duos, quo- rum alter erat Pelopidas, vir f ortis ac strenuus. He is condemned to death; his ingenious defence. Hi cum criminibus adversariorum omnes in invidiam 5 venissent, ob eamque rem imperium eis esset abrogatum, atque in eorum locum alii praetores successissent, Epaml- nondas populi sclto non paruit idemque ut facerent per- suasit collegis, et bellum quod susceperat gessit. ISTamque animadvertebat, nisi id fecisset, totum exercitum propter 10 praetorum imprudentiam inscitiamque belli perittirum. Lex erat Thebis, quae morte multabat, si quis imperium diutius retinuisset quam lege praeflnltum foret. Hanc Epamlnondas cum rel publicae conservandae causa latam videret, ad perniciem civitatis conferri noluit, et quattuor 15 mgnsibus diutius quam populus iusserat gessit imperium. VIII. Postquam domum reditum est, collegae eius hoc crimine acctisabantur. Quibus ille permisit, ut omnem causam in se transferrent suaque opera factum contende- rent, ut legl non oboedirent. Qua defensione illis perlculo 20 llberatis nemo Epaminondam responsurum putabat, quod quid diceret non haberet. At ille in itidicium venit, nihil eorum negavit quae adversarii crimini dabant, omniaque quae collegae dixerant confessus est, neque rectisavit quo- minus legis poenam subiret, sed unum ab eis petlvit, ut in 25 sepulcro suo Inscriberent : " Epamlnondas a Thebanis morte multatus est, quod eos coegit apud Leuctra superare Lacedaemonios, quos ante se imperatorem nemo Boeotorum ausus sit aspicere in acie, quodque uno proelio non solum Thebas ab interitu retraxit, 30 sed etiam tiniversam Graeciam in llbertatem vindicavit I EPAMINONDAS. 99 eoque r6s utrorumque perdtixit, ut Thebani Spartam oppu- gnarent, Lacedaemonii satis haberent, si salvi esse possent, neque prius bellare destitit quam Messene restittita urbem eorum obsidione clausit." Haec cum dixisset, risus omniuni cum hilaritate coortus 5 est, neque quisquam iudex ausus est de eo ferre suffra- gium. Sic a itidicio capitis maxima discessit gloria. He is mortally wounded at Mantinea. Personal anecdotes. IX. Hie extreme tempore imperator apud Mantineam cum acie instructa audacius instaret liostibus, cognitus a Lacedaemoniis, quod in unius pernicie eius patriae sitam 10 putabant saltitem, tiniversi in tinum impetum fecerunt, neque prius abscess erunt, quam magna caede edita mul- tisque occisis, fortissime ipsum Epaminondam pugnantem, sparo eminus percussum, concidere viderunt. Huius casti aliquantum retardati sunt Boeoti, neque tarn en prius pugna 15 excesserunt quam repugnant6s profligarunt. At Epami- nondas, cum animadverteret mortiferum se vulnus accepisse simulque, si ferrum, quod ex hastili in corpore remanserat, extraxisset, animam statim emisstirum, usque eo retinuit, quoad renuntiatum est vicisse Boeotos. Id postquam audi- 20 vit, "Satis," inquit, "vixi; invictus enim morior." Turn ferro extract© confestim exanimatus est. X. Hie uxorem numquam dtixit. In quo cum repre- henderetur a Pelopida, qui filium habebat infamem, male- que eum in eo patriae consulere diceret, quod liberos non 25 relinqueret, "Vide," inquit, "ne tti peius consulas, qui talem ex te natum relicturus sis. Neque vero stirps potest mibi deesse ; namque ex me natam relinquo pugnam ^jCuc- tricam, quae non modo mihi superstes, sed etiam immor- talis sit necesse est." Quo tempore, duce Pelopida, exsul6s 30 100 CORNELIUS NEPOS. Thebas occuparunt et praesidium Lacedaemoniorum ex arce expulemnt, Epaminondas, quam diti facta est caedes clvium, dom(3 s6 tenuit, quod neque defendere malos vole- bat Deque impugnare, ne mantis suorum sanguine cruenta- 5 ret; namque omnem civllem victOriam funestam putabat. Idem, postquam apud Cadm6am cum Lacedaemoniis pu- gnari coeptum est, in prImTs stetit. Huius de virttitibus vitaque satis erit dictum, si hoc unum aditinxero, quod nSmo Ibit Infitias, Thebas et ante 10 Epaminondam natum et post eiusdem interitum perpetuo alieno paruisse imperio ; contra ea, quam diu ille praefuerit rei ptiblicae, caput fuisse totius Graeciae. Ex quo intel- legl potest unum hominem pltiris quam civitatem fuisse. V. Hamilcab. The defence of Eryx; Catulus grants honorable terms. I. Hamilcar, Hannibalis filius, cognomine Barca, Car- 15 tbaginignsis, primo Poenico bello, sed temporibus extremis, admodum adul6scentulus in Sicilia praeesse coepit exercitui. Cum ante eius adventum et marl et terra male r6s gereren- tur Carthagini^nsium, ipse ubi affuit, numquam hosti cessit neque locum nocendi dedit, saepeque e contrario, occasione 20 data, lacessivit semperque superior discessit. Quo facto, cum paene omnia in Sicilia Poeni amisissent, ille Erycem sic defendit, ut bellum eo loco gestum non videretur. In- terim CartbaginiensSs, classe apud insulas Aegates a C. Lutatio, consule Komanorum, superati, statuerunt belli 25 facere finem eamque rem arbitrio permis6runt Hamilcaris. ille etsi flagrabat bellandi cupiditate, tamen paci serviendum putavit, quod patriam exhaustam stimptibus diutius calami- tates belli ferre non posse intellegebat, sed ita ut statim HAMILCAR. 101 mente agitaret, si paulum modo res essent refectae, bellum renovare Eomanosque armis persequi, donicum aut virtute vicissent aut victi mantis dedissent. Hoc consilio pacem conciliavit, in quo tanta fuit ferocia, cum Catulus negaret bellum composittirum, nisi ille cum suTs, qui Erycem tene- 5 rent, armis relictis, Sicilia decederent, ut succumbente patria ipse periturum se potius dixerit, quam cum tanto flagitio domum rediret : non enim suae esse virttitis, arma 5, patria accepta adversus hostes adversariis tradere. Huius perti- naciae cessit Catulus. 10 Hamilcar suppresses the revolt of the mercenaries. II. At ille ut Carthaginem venit, multo aliter ac sperarat rem publicam se habentem cognovit. Xamque diuturni- tate externi mall tantum exarsit intestinum bellum, ut num- quam in pari periculo fuerit Carthago, nisi cum deleta est. Primo mercennaril milites, quibus adversus Romanos tisi 15 erant, desciverunt, quorum numerus erat vigintl milium. li totam abalienarunt Africam, ipsam Carthaginem oppu- gnarunt. Quibus mails adeo sunt Poeni perterritT, ut etiam auxilia ab Romanis petierint; eaque impetrarunt. Sed extremo, cum prope iam ad desperationem pervenissent, 20 Hamilcarem imperatorem fecerunt. Is non solum hostes a mtiris Carthaginis removit, cum amplius centum milia facta essent armatorum, sed etiam eo compulit, ut locorum angu- stils clausi plures fame quam ferro interirent. Omnia op- pida abalienata, in eis Uticam atque Hipponem, valentissima 25 totius Africae, restituit patriae. Neque e6 fuit contentus, sed etiam fines iraperi propagavit, tota Xfrica tantum otium reddidit, ut nullum in ea bellum videretur multis armis fuisse. lt)2 'CORNELIUS NEPOS. He wages war successfully in Spain; his death. I III. Rebus his ex sententia peractis, fidenti animo atque infesto Eomanis, quo facilius causam bellandl reperlret, effecit ut iniperator cum exercitti in Hispaniam mitteretur, eoque secura duxit filium Hannibalem annorum novem. 5 Erat praeterea cum eo adulescens illustris, formosus, Ha- sdrubal, cui ille filiam suam in matrimonium dedit. De hoc ideo mentionem fecimus, quod, Hamilcare occiso, ille ex- ercitui praefuit resque magnas gessit, et princeps largitione vetustos pervertit mores Carthaginiensium, eiusdemque post 10 mortem Hannibal ab exercitti accepit imperium. IV. At Hamilcar, posteaquam mare transiit in Hispani- amque venit, magnas res secunda gessit forttina; maximas bellicosissimasque gentes subegit, equls, armis, virls, pecu- nia totam locupletavit Africam. Hic cum in Italiam bellum 15 Inferre meditaretur, nono anno postquam in Hispaniam venerat, in proelio pugnans adversus Vettones occisus est. Huius perpetuum odium erga Romanes maxime concitasse videtur secundum bellum Poenicum ; namque Hannibal, filius eius, adsiduls patris obtestationibus eo est perductus, 20 ut interire quam Romanes non experirl mallet. VI. Hannibal. His military genius. His hatred of the Bomans. I. Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, Carthaginiensis. Si ve- rum est, quod nemo dubitat, ut populus Romanus omnes gentes virttite superarit, non est infitiandum Hannibalem taiito praestitisse ceteros imperatores prtidentia, quanto 25 populus Romanus antecedat fortitudine cimctas nationes; nam quotienscumque cum eo congressus est in Italia, semper HANNIBAL. 103 discessit superior. Quod nisi domi civium suorum invidia debilitatus esset, Eomanos videtur superare potuisse. Sed multorum obtrectatio devicit unius virtutem. II. Hic autem velut hereditate rellctum odium paternum erga Eomanos sic conservavit, ut prius animam quam id 5 deposuerit, qui quidem, cum patria pulsus esset et alienarum opum indigeret, numquam destiterit animo bellare cum Romanis. Nam ut omittam Philippum, quem absens ho- stem reddidit Eomanis, omnium eius temporibus potentis- simus rex Antiochus fuit. Hunc tanta cupiditate incendit lo bellandi, ut usque a rubro marl arma conatus sit inferre Italiae. Ad quem cum legati venissent Komani, qui de eius voluntate explorarent darentque ©peram consiliis clan- destlnis, ut Hannibalem in susplcionem regi adducerent, tamquam ab ipsis corruptus alia atque antea sentlret, neque 15 id frustra fecissent, idque Hannibal comperisset seque ab interioribus consiliis segregarl vidisset, tempore dato, adiit ad regem, eique cum multa de fide sua et odio in Eomanos commemorasset, hoc adiunxit : " Pater mens," inquit, " Ha- milcar puerulo m6, utpote non amplius novem annos nato, in 20 Hispaniam imperator proficiscens, Cartbagine lovi optimo maximo hostias immolavit. Quae divina res dum conficie- batur, quaesivit a me vellemne secum in castra proficisci. Id cum libenter accepissem atque ab eo petere coepissem ne dubitaret dticere, tum ille, "Faciam," inquit, "si mihi 26 fidem quam postulo dederis.'' Simul m6 ad aram addtixit, apud quam sacrificare Instituerat, eamque, ceteris remotis, tenentem itirare iussit, numquam me in amicitia cum Eo- manls fore. Id ego itisiurandum patri datum tisque ad banc aetatem ita conservavl, ut nemini dubium esse debeat, 30 quin reliquo tempore eadem mente sim futtirus. Qua re si quid amice de Eomanis cogitabis, non imprudenter feceris, 104 CORNELIUS NEPOS. Si me celaris; cum quidem bellum parabis, te ipsum fru- straberis, si non me in eo principem posueris." The war in Spain. Hannibal invades Italy. III. Hac igitur qua diximus aetate cum patre in Hi- spaniam profectus est, cuius post obitum, Hasdrubale 5 imperatore suffecto, equitatui omni praefuit. Hoc quo- que interfecto, exercitus sumraam imperl ad eum detulit. Id Carthaginem delatum publice comprobatum est. Sic Hannibal minor quinque et viginti annis natus imperator factus, proximo triennio omnes gentes Hispaniae bello 10 subSgit, Saguntum, foederatam civitatem, vi expugnavit, tres exercitus maximos comparavit. Ex his unum in Africam misit, alterum cum Hasdrubale fratre in Hispania rellquit, tertium in Italiam secum dtixit. Ut saltum Py- renaeum transiit, quacumque iter fecit, cum omnibus in- 15 colis conflixit; neminem nisi victum dimisit. Ad Alpes postea quam venit, qua Italiam ab Gallia seiungunt, quas nemo umquam cum exercitu ante eum praeter Herculem Graium transierat — quo facto is hodie saltus Grains ap- pellSffcur — Alpicos conantes prohibere transitu concidit, loca 20 patefecit, itinera mtiniit, effecit ut ea elephantus ornatus ire posset, qua antea unus liomo inermis vix poterat repere. Hac copias tradtixit in Italiamque pervenit. He defeats the Bomans in many battles. He outwits Fabius. IV. Conflixerat apud Rhodanum cum P. Cornelio Sci- pione consule eumque pepulerat. Cum hoc eodem Clastidii 25 apud Padum decernit sauciumque inde ac fugatum dimittit. Tertio Idem Scipio cum collega Ti. Longo apud Trebiam adversus eum vSnit. Cum eis manum conseruit, utrosque profllgavit. Inde per Ligures Appenninum transiit, pet6ns HANNIBAL. 105 Etruriam. Hoc in itinere adeo gravi morbo afficitur ocu- loriim, ut postea numquam dextro aeque bene tisus sit. Qua valetudine cum etiamnum premeretur lecticaque ferre- tur, C. Flaminium consulem apud Trasumenum cum exer- citu Insidiis circumventum occidit, neque multo post C. 5 Centenium praetorem cum delecta manti saltus occupantem. Hinc in Aptiliam pervenit. Ibi obviam el venerunt duo consules, G. Terentius et L. Aemilius. Utriusque exercitus uno proelio fugavit, Paulum consulem occidit et aliquot praeterea consulares, in eis Cn. Servilium Geminum, qui lo superiore anno fuerat consul. V. Hac pugna pngnata, Romam profectus nullo re- sistente in propinquis urbl montibus moratus est. Cum aliquot ibi dies castra habuisset et Capuam reverteretur, Q. Fabius Maximus, dictator Romanus, in agro Falerno 15 ei se obiecit. Hic clausus locorum angustils, noctu sine ullo detrimento exercitus se expedivit Eabioque, callidis- simo imperatorl, dedit verba; namque obducta nocte sar- menta in cornibus iuyencorum deligata incendit, eiusque generis multitudinem magnam dispalatam immisit. Quo 20 repentino visu obiecto, tantum terrorem iniecit exercitui Romanorum, ut egredi extra vallum nemo sit ausus. Hanc post rem gestam non ita multis diebus M. Minucium Rtifum, magistrum equitum pari ac dictatorem imperio, dolo pro- ductum in proelium fugavit. Ti. Sempronium Gracchum, 25 iterum consulem, in Lucanis absens in msidias inductum sustulit. M. Claudium Marcellum, quinquiens consulem, apud Venusiam pari modo interfecit. Longum est omnia enumerare proelia. Qua re hoc tinum satis erit dictum, ex quo intellegi possit quaiitus ille f uerit : quam diti in Italia 30 fuit, nemo ei in acie restitit, nemo adversus eum post Cannensem pugnam in campo castra posuit. 106 CORNELIUS NEPOS. He is defeated by Scipio at Zama, and recalled to Carthage. VI. Hinc invictus patriam defensum revocatus, bellum gessit adversus P. Scipionem, filium eius Scipionis, quern ipse primo apud Rhodanum, iterum apiid Padum, tertio apud Trebiam fugarat. Cum hoc, exhaustis iam patriae 5 facultatibus, cupivit impraesentiarum bellum componere, quo valentior postea congrederetur. Inde colloquium con- veuit, condiciones non convenerunt. Post id factum paucis diebus apud Zamam cum eodem conflixit; pulsus — incre- dibile dictti — biduo et duabus noctibus Hadrumetum per- 10 venit, quod abest ab Zama circiter milia passuum trecenta. In hac fuga Numidae, qui simul cum eo ex acie excesserant, insidiati sunt ei, quos non solum efftigit, sed etiam ipsos oppressit. Hadrumeti reliquos e fuga collSgit, novis dilec- tibus paucis diebus multos contraxit. 15 VII. Cum in apparando acerrime esset occupatus, Cartha- ginienses bellum cum Romanis composuerunt. Ille nihilo setius exercitui postea praefuit resque in Africa gessit usque ad P. Sulpicium C. Aurelium consules. His enim magistratibus legatl Cartbaginienses Romam venerunt, qui 20 senatui populoque Romano gratias agerent, quod cum eis pacem fecissent, ob eamque rem corona aurea eos donarent simulque peterent, ut obsides eorum Fregellls essent captl- vlque redderentur. His ex senatus consulto responsum est: munus eorum gratum acceptumque esse; obsides, quo 25 loco rogarent, futures ; captlvos non remisstiros, quod Han- nibalem, cuius opera susceptum bellum foret, inimlcissimum nomini Romano, etiamnum cum imperio apud exercitum haberent itemque fratrem eius Magonem. Hoc response Carthaginienses cognito Hannibalem domum et Magonem 30 revocarunt. Hue ut rediit, rex factus est, postquam im- HANNIBAL. 107 perator fuerat anno secundo et vic6simo — ut enim Eomae consules, sic Carthagine quotannis annul blnl reges crea- bantur. In eo magistratti pari diligentia s6 Hannibal praebuit ac fuerat in bello. ISTanique effecit ex novis vec- tlgalibus non solum ut esset pecunia, quae Romanis ex 5 foedere penderetur, sed etiam superesset, quae in aerario rep oner etur. He flees to Antiochus and rouses him against the Bomans. Deinde, M. Claudio L. Furio consulibus, Eoma legatl Carthaginem venerunt. Hos Hannibal ratus sul expo- scendl gratia missos, priusquam eis senatus daretur, navem ifl ascendit clam atque in Syriam ad Antiochum perfugit. Hac re palam facta, PoenI naves du^s, quae eum compre- henderent, si possent consequi, miserunt, bona eius publi- carunt, domum a fundamentis disiecerunt, ipsum exsulem itidicarunt. 15 VIII. At Hannibal anno quarto postquam domo profti- gerat, L. Cornelio Q. Minucio consulibus, cum quinque navibus Africam accessit in finibus Cyrenaeorum, si forte Carthaginienses ad bellum indticere posset Antiochi spe fiduciaque, cui iam persuaserat ut cum exercitibus in Ita- 20 liam proficisceretur. Hue Magonem fratrem excivit. Id ubi Poeni resciverunt, Magonem eadem, qua fratrem, ab- sentem affecerunt poena. Illi, desperatis rebus, cum solvis- sent naves ac vela ventis dedissent, Hannibal ad Antiochum pervenit. De Magonis interitti duplex memoria prodita est : 25 namque alii naufragio, alii a servulls ipslus interfectum eum scriptum rellquerunt. Antiochus autem si tam in gerendo bello consilils eius parere voluisset, quam in suscipiendo Instituerat, propius Tiber I quam Therm opy Us de sum ma imperl dimicasset. Quem etsi multa stulte conari videbat, 30 108 CORNELIUS NEPOS. tamen nulla d^seruit in re. Praefuit panels navibus, qnas ex Syria iussns erat in Asiam ducere, eisque adversus Eho- diorum classem in Pamphylio marl confllxit. In quo cum multitudine adversariorum sui superarentur, ipse quo cornu 5 rem gessit fuit superior. Hannibal outwits the Cretan priests ; he flees to Pritsias. IX. Antiocho fugato, vergns ne dederetur, quod sine du- bio accidisset, si sui fecisset potestatem, Cretam ad Gorty- nios venit, ut ibi quo se conf erret consideraret. Vidit autem vir omnium callidissimus in magno s6 fore periculo, nisi 10 quid providisset, propter avaritiam Cret6nsium; magnam enim secum pecuniam portabat, d6 qua sciebat exisse fa- mam. Itaque capit tale consilium. Amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro et argento. Has, praesentibus prmcipibus, deponit in templo Dianae, simu- 15 lans se suas forttinas illorum fidei credere. His in errorem inductis, statuas aeneas, quas s6cum portabat, omni sua pe- cunia complet casque in propatulo domi abicit. Gortynii templum magna cura custodiunt, nOn tarn a ceteris quam ab Hannibale, ne ille, inscientibus els, tolleret sua sScumque 20 dticeret. X. Sic conservatis suis r6bus omnibus Poenus, illtisis Cr6- tensibus, ad Prusiam in Pontum perv6nit. Apud quern eodem animo fuit erga Italiam neque aliud quicquam egit quam regem armavit et exacuit adversus Romanos. Quem 25 cum videret domesticis opibus minus esse robustum, con- ciliabat ceteros r6g6s, adiungebat bellicosas nationes. Dissi- debat ab eo Pergamenus rex Eumenes, Komanis amicissimus, bellumque inter eos gerebatur et marl et terra; sed utro- bique Eumenes plus valebat propter Romanorum societa- 30 tem. Quo magis cupiebat eum Hannibal opprimi, quem si HANNIBAL. 109 removisset, faciliora sibi cetera fore arbitrabatur. Ad hunc interficiendum talem iniit rationem. Classe panels diebus erant decreturi. Superabatur navium multitudine ; dolo erat pugnandum, cum par non esset armls. Imperavit quam pltirimas venenatas serpentes vivas colligi easque 5 in vasa fictilia conici. Harum cum effecisset magnam multitudinem, die ipso, quo facturus erat navale proelium, classiarios convocat elsque praecipit, omnSs ut in tinam Eumenis regis concurrant navem, a ceteris tantum satis habeant se defendere. Id illos facile serpentium multitu- lo dine consecuturos. Eex autem in qua nave veberetur, ut scirent se f acttirum ; quem si aut cepissent aut interf ecis- sent, magno els pollicetur praemio fore. Hannibal defeats Eumenes; his extraordinary tactics. XI. Tall cohortatione militum facta, classis ab utrisque in proelium dedticitur. Quarum aci6 constittita, priusquam 15 signum pugnae daretur, Hannibal, ut palam faceret suis quo loco Eumenes esset, tabellarium in scapha cum caduceo mittit. Qui ubi ad naves adversariorum pervenit epistu- lamque ostendens se regem professus est quaerere, statim ad Eumenem deductus est, quod nemo dubitabat quin 20 aliquid de pace esset scriptum. Tabellarius, ducis nave declarata, suis eodem, unde erat egressus, se recgpit. At Eumenes, soltita epistula, nihil in ea repperit nisi quae ad irridendum eum pertinerent. Cuius rei etsi causam mira- batur neque reperiebat, tamen proelium statim committere 25 non dubitavit. Horum in concursti Bithyni Hannibalis praecepto universi navem Eumenis adoriuntur. Quorum vim rex cum sustinere non posset, fuga saltitem petiit, quam consecutus non esset, nisi intra sua praesidia se recepisset, quae in proximo litore erant coUocata. Beli- 30 110 CORNELIUS NEPOS. quae Pergamenae naves cum adversaries premerent acrius, repente in eas vasa fictilia, de quibus supra mentionem feci- mus, conici coepta sunt. Quae iacta initio rlsum pugnan- tibus concitarunt, neque qua re id fieret poterat intellegi. 6 Postquam autem naves suas oppletas conspexerunt serpen- tibus, nova re perterriti, cum quid potissimum vitarent non viderent, puppes verterunt seque ad sua castra nautica rettulerunt. Sic Hannibal consilio arma Pergamenorum superavit, neque tum solum, sed saepe alias pedestribus 10 copiis pari prtidentia pepulit adversaries. The death of Hannibal. His literary works. XII. Quae dum in Asia geruntur, accidit casti ut legati Prusiae Romae apud T. Quinctium Flamininum consularem cenarent, atque ibi de Hannibale mentione facta, ex eis tinus diceret eum in Prusiae regno esse. Id postero die Flamini- 15 nus senatui detulit. Patres conscript!, qui, Hannibale vivo, numquam se sine insidiis futtiros existimarent, legates in Blthyniam miserunt, in eis Plaminmum, qui ab rege pete- rent, ne inimlcissimum suum secum haberet sibique dederet. His Prtisia negare ausus non est ; illud rectisavit, ne id a 20 se fieri postularent, quod adversus ius hospiti esset: ipsi, si possent, comprebenderent ; locum, ubi esset, facile inven- turos. Hannibal enim uno loco se tenebat, in castello quod ei a rege datum erat muneri, idque sic aedificarat, ut in omnibus partibus aedifici exitus haberet^ scilicet verens ne 25 usu veniret quod accidit. Hue cum legati Romanorum venissent ac multittidine domum eius circumdedissent, puer, ab ianua prospiciens, Hanniball dixit pltires praeter consuettidinem armatos apparere. Qui imperavit el, ut omnes fores aedifici cir- 30 cumiret ac propere sibi nuntiaret num eodem modo CATO. Ill undique obsideretur. Puer cum celeriter, quid vidisset, rentintiasset omnesque exitus occupatos ostendisset, sensit id non fortulto factum, sed se petl neque sibi diutius vitam esse retinendam. Quam ne alieno arbitrio dimit- teret, memor pristinarum virtutum, venenum, quod semper 5. secum habere consuerat, sumpsit. XIII. Sic vir fortissimus, multis variisque perfunctus laboribus, anno acquievit septuagesimo. Quibus consuli- bus interierit non convenit. Namque Atticus M. Claudio Marcello Q. Fabio Labeone consulibus mortuum in annali 10 suo scrlptum reliquit, at Polybius L. Aemilio Paulo Cn. Baebio Tamphilo, Sulpicius autem Blitho P. Cornelio Cethego M. Baebio Tamphilo. Atque hie tantus vir tan- tisque bellis districtus non nihil temporis tribuit litteris. Namque aliquot eius libri sunt, Graeco sermone confecti, 15 in eis ad Rhodios de Cn. Manlii Volsonis in Asia rebus gestis. Huius belli gesta multi memoriae prodiderunt, sed ex eis duo, qui cum eo in castris fuerunt simulque vixerunt, quam diu fortuna passa est, Silenus et Sosilus Lacedaemonius. Atque hoc Sosilo Hannibal litterarum 20 Graecarum usus est doctore. VII. Cato. His early life. I. M. Cato, ortus municipio Tusculo, adulgscentulus, priusquam honoribus operam daret, versatus est in Sabi- nis, quod ibi heredium a patre relictum habebat. Inde hortatu L. Valeri Placci, quem in consulatu censuraque 25 habuit collegam, ut M. Perpenna censorius narrare solitus est, Komam demigravit in foroque esse coepit. Primum stipendium meruit annorum decem septemque. Q. Fabio 112 CORNELIUS NEPOS. M. Claudio consulibus, tribunus mllitum in Sicilia fuit Inde ut rediit, castra secutus est C. Claudil Neronis, magnique opera eius existimata est in proelio apud Se- nam, quo cecidit Hasdrubal, frater Hannibalis. Quaestor .5 obtigit P. Africano consul!, cum quo non pro sortis necessitudine vixit; namque ab eo perpetua dissensit vita. Aedilis plebei factus est cum 0. Helvio. Praetor provinciam obtinuit Sardiniam, ex qua quaestor superiore tempore ex Africa decedens Q. Ennium poetam deduxerat, 10 quod non minoris aestimamus quam quemlibet amplissi- mum Sardiniensem triumplium. His consulship and censorship; his severity. II. Consulatum gessit cum L. Valerio Flacco. Sorte provinciam nactus Hispaniam citeriorem ex ea trium- phum dgportavit. Ibi cum dititius moraretur, P. Scipio 15 Africanus, consul iterum, cuius in pri6re consulatti quae- stor fuerat, voluit eum dS provincia dSpellere et ipse ei succSdere; neque hoc per senatum efficere potuit, cum quidem Scipio principatum in civitate obtingret, quod tum non potentia, sed iure r6s publica administrabatur. 20 Qua ex re iratus senatui, consulatti peracto, privatus in urbe mansit. At Cato, c6nsor cum eodem Flacco factus, severe praefuit ei potestati; nam et in complures nobiles animadvertit et multas res novas in edictum addidit, qua rS luxuria reprimeretur, quae iam tum incipiebat pullulare. 25 Circiter annos octoginta, tisque ad extremam aetatem ab adulescentia, rei publicae causa suscipere inimicitias non destitit. A multls temptatus, non modo nullum detrimen- tum existimationis f6cit, sed quoad vixit virtutum laude crevit. CATO. 113 His energy and ability. His literary works. III. In omnibus rebus singularl fuit industria; nam et agricola sellers, et peritus itiris consultus, et magnus im- perator, et probabilis orator, et cupidissimus litterarum fuit. Quarum studium etsi senior arripuerat, tamen tantum pro- gressum fecit, ut non facile reperiri possit neque de Graecis 5 neque de Italicis rebus, quod ei fuerit incognitum. Ab adulescentia confecit orationes. Senex historias scribere mstituit. Earum sunt librl septem. Primus continet res gestas regum populi Eomani, secundus et tertius unde quae- que civitas orta sit Italica; ob quam rem omnes Orlgines lO videtur appellasse. In quarto autem bellum Poenicum est primum, in quint o secundum. Atque haec omnia capitu- latim sunt dicta. Peliqua quoque bella pari modo perse- ctitus est usque ad praeturam Ser. Galbae, qui diripuit Ltisitanos; atque horum bellorum duces non nominavit, 15 sed sine nominibus res notavit. In eisdem exposuit quae in Italia Hispaniisque viderentur admiranda; in quibus multa industria et diligentia comparet, nulla doctrina. Huius de vita et moribus plura in eo libro persectiti sumus, quern separatim de eo fecimus rogatu T. Pomponi 20 Attici. Qua re studiosos Catonis ad illud volumen dele- gamus. C. lULI CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO COMMENTAEIUS PRIMUS. Gaul and its peoples. I. Gallia est omnis divlsa in partes tres, quarum unam incolimt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiain, qui ipsorum lin- gua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis 5 Garumna fltimen, a Belgis Matrona et S^quana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque htimanitate provinciae longissime absunt, mi- nimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant, atque ea, quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent, important; proximique 10 sunt Germanis, qui trans Ehenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent, aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. 15 Eorum una pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano; continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum ; attingit etiam ab Se- quanis et Helvetils flumen Rhenum ; vergit ad septentri- ones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur ; perti- 114 BR«Dtty * POATtS £MG« » • LIB. I. CAP. i-m. 115 nent ad Inferiorem partem fluminis Khenl; spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. Aquitania a Ganimna fltimine ad Pyrenaeos montes et earn partem Oceani, quae est ad Hispaniam, pertinet 5 spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones. 6 Orgetorix, a Helvetian, persuades his countrymen to migrate. II. Apud Helv6tios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorix. Is, M. Messala et M. Pisone consulibus, regni cupiditate inductus conitirationem nobilitatis fecit, et civi- tati persuasit, ut de finibus suls cum omnibus copiis exi- rent ; perfacile esse, cum virtute omnibus praestarent, 10 totlus Galliae imperio potiri. ^ Id hoc facilius eis persuasit, quod undique loci nattira Helvetil continentur: una ex parte fltimine Rheno, latis- simo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit ; altera ex parte monte lura altissimo, qui est inter 15 Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia, lacti Lemanno et fltimine Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. His rebus fiebat, ut et minus late vagarentur et minus fa- cile f initimis bellum inf erre possent ; qua ex parte homines bellandl cupidi magno dolore afficiebantur. Pro multitti- 20 dine autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque fortittldinis angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem milia passuum ccxl, in latittidinem clxxx patebant. They make preparations ; Orgetorix plots, is caught, dies. III. His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis per- moti constituerunt ea, quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent, 25 comparare, iumentorum et carrdrum quam maximum nume- rum coemere, sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem 116 CAESAR. et amicitiam confirmare. Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi satis esse duxerunt; in tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant. Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorlx deligitnr. Is sibi lega- 6 tionem ad civitates suscepit. In eo itinera persuadet Castico, Catamantaloedis filio, Sequano, cuius pater regnum in Se- quanis multos annos obtinuerat et a senatti populi Romani amicus appellatus erat, ut rggnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod pater ante habuerat ; itemque Dumnorigi Aeduo, f ratri 10 DiviciacI, qui eo tempore principatum iu civitate obtinebat ac maxime plebi acceptus erat, ut idem conaretur, persuadet, eique filiam suam in matrimonium dat. Perf acile factti esse illls probat conata perficere, propterea quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenturus esset ; non esse 15 dubium, quin totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii possent ; s6 suis comis suoque exercitti illis regna conciliattirum con- firmat/ Hac oratione adducti inter se fidem et itis iuran- dum^'^^dant, et regno occupato per tres potentissimos ac firmissimos populos totius Galliae sese potlri posse sperant. 20 ' IV. Ea res est Helvetiis per indicium entintiata. Mori- bus suis Orgetorigem ex vinculis causam dicere coegSrunt ; damnatum poenam sequi oportebat, ut igni cremaretur. Dig constituta causae dictionis Orgetorlx ad iudicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum milia decem, undique coegit, et 25 omnes clientes obaeratosque suos, quorum magnum nume- rum habebat, eodem conduxit ; per eos, ne causam diceret, se eripuit. Cum civitas ob eam rem incitata armis ius suum exsequi conaretur, multitudinemque hominum ex agrls magistrattis cogerent, Orgetorlx mortuus est; neque 30 abest suspicio, ut Helvetii arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit. LIB. I. CAP. IV-VI. 117 The Helvetii get ready; they plan to go through the province. V. Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id, quod coo- stituerant, facere conantur, ut 6 flnibus suis exeant. Ubi iam se ad earn rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia, numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos, reliqua privata aedificia incendunt, frtimentum omne, praeter quod 5 secum portaturl erant, comburunt, ut domum reditionis sp6 sublata paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda essen^j^^ trium mensium molita cibaria sibi quemque domo efferre #iubent. I Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrlgis fmitimls, uti. eodem usl consiliOj oppidis suis vicisque lO exustis, una cum eis proficiscantur ; Boiosque, qui trans Bhenum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant NCre- iamque oppugnarant, receptos ad se socios sibi ascTscunt. ^,,^ VI. Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent: unum per S^quanos, angustum et difficile, 15 inter montem luram et fltimen Rhodanum, vix qua singuli carri ducerentur; mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile perpauci prohibSre possent; alterum per provinciam nostram, multo facilius atque expeditius, propterea quod inter flngs Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui ntiper pacati 20 erant, Ehodanus fluit, isque non nullis locis vado transltur. ' Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helve- tiorum finibus Geftavar^Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Allobrogibus sese vel persuastiros, quod nondum bono animo in populum Eomanum vid6rentur, existimabant, 25 vel VI coacturos, ut per suos fines eos ire paterentur. Omni- bus rebus ad prof ectionem comparatis diem dicunt, qua di6 ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant. Is di6s erat a. d. v. / Kal. Apr., L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus. / 118 CAESAR. Caesar hastens to Geneva; he keeps the Helvetii out of tht province. VII. Caesarf cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provin- ciam nostram iter facere conari, mattirat ab urbe proficisci et, quam maximis potest itineribus, in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit. Provinciae toti quam 5 maximum potest militum numerum imjierat (erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una), pontem, qui erat ad Genavam, iubet rescind!. Ubi de eius adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legates ad eum mittunt nobilissimos civitatis, cuius legationis Nam- 10 meius et Verucloetius prlncipem locum obtinebant, qui dicerent, sibi esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere, propterea quod aliud iter haberent nul- lum ; rogare, ut eius voluntate id sibi facere liceat.^/ Caesar, quod memoria tenebat, L. Cassium consulem od^cisum ex- 15 ercitumque eius ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub iugum missum, concedendum non putabat ; neque homines inimico animo, data facultate per provinciam itineris faciundl, tempera- tures ab initiria et maleficio existimabat. Tamen, ut spa- tium intercedere posset, dum milites, quos imperaverat, 20 convenirent, legatis respondit, diem se ad deliberandum sumpttirum; si quid vellent, ad Id. April, reverterentur. VIII. Interea ea legione, quam secum habebat, militi- busque, qui ex provincia convenerant, a lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen Rhodanum influit, ad montem luram, qui fines 25 Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dividit, milia passuum xviiii ^.^.^^urum in altitudinem pedum sedecim fossamque perdticit. Eo opere perfect© praesidia disponit, castella commtinit, quo facilius, si s6 invito transire conarentur, prohibere possit. LIB. I. CAP. VII-X. 119 Ubi ea dies, qnam constituerat cum legatis, venit, et legati ad eum reverterunt, negat, se more et exemplo populi Ko- mani posse iter uUl per provinciam dare ; et, si vim f acere conentur, prohibiturum ostendit. Helvetii, ea spe deiecti, navibus itinctis ratibusque compluribus factis, alii vadls 5 E/hodani, qua minima altitude fluminis erat, non numquam interditi, saepius noctti, si perrumpere possent, conati, operis mtinitione et mllitum concursti et tells repulsi hoc conattl destiterunt. They get leave to go through the counti'y of the Sequani. IX. Relinquebatur una per Sequanos via, qua Sequanis IC invitis propter angustias Ire non poterant. His cum sua sponte persuadere non possent, legates ad Dumnorigem Aeduum mittunt, ut eo deprecatore a Sequanis impetrarent. Dumnorix gratia et largltione apud Sequanos plurimum po- terat, et Helvetils erat amicus, quod ex ea civitate Orgeto- 15 rigis flliam in matrimonium duxerat, et cupiditate regni adductus novis rebus studebat, et quam plurimas civitates suo beneficio habere obstrictas volebat. Itaque rem susci- pit, et a Sequanis impetrat, ut per fines suos HelvStios Ire patiantur, obsidesque uti inter sese dent, perficit: Se- 20 quani, ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant; Helvetii, ut sine maleficio et iniuria transeant. ^^xV" Caesar fetches five legions from Italy ; the Aedui and others entreat his aid against the Helvetii. X. Caesari renuntiatur, Helvetils esse , in animo per agrum Sequanorum et Aeduorum iter in Santonum fines f acere, qui non longg a Tolosatium finibus absunt, quae 25 civitas est in provincia. Id si fieret, intellegebat magno cum perlculo provinciae futurum, ut homines bellicosos. 120 CAESAR. populi RomanI inimlcOs, locis patentibus maxim eque fru- mentariis finitimos haberet. Ob eas causas el munitioni, quam fecerat, T. Labienum legatum praefecit; ipse in Italiam magnis itineribus contendit duasque ibi legiones 6 conscrlbit, et tres, quae circum Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hibernis edticit et, qua proximum iter in ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes erat, cum his quinque legionibus ire contendit. Ibi CeutronSs et Graioceli et Caturiges locis superioribus occupatis itinere exercitum prohibere conantur. Com- 10 pluribus his proeliis pulsis, ab Ocelo, quod est citerioris provinciae extremum, in fines VocontiOrum ulteriOris pro- vinciae die septimo pervenit; inde in Allobrogum fines, ab Allobrogibus in Segtisiavos exercitum dticit. Hi sunt extra provinciam trans Rhodanum primL/^ 15 XI. Helvetii iam per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas copias tradtixerant, et in Aeduorum fines pervenerant eorumque agros populabantur. Aedul, cum se suaque ab els defendere non possent, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt rogatum auxilium : Ita se omnI tempore de populo Romano 20 meritos esse, ut, paene in conspectu exercittis nostrl, agri vastarl, llberi eorum in servitutem abduci, oppida expu- gnari non debuerint. Eodem tempore, quo Aedul, AmbarrI, necessarii et consanguine! Aeduorum, Caesarem certiorem faciunt, sese depopulatis agrls non facile ab oppidls vim 25 hostium prohibere. Item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos possessionesque habebant, fuga se ad Caesarem reci- piunt, et demonstrant, sibi praeter agrI solum nihil esse reliqui. Quibus rebus adductus Caesar non exspectandum sibi statuit, dum omnibus fortunis sociorum constimptls in 30 Santonos Helvetii pervenlrent. LIB. I. CAP. X-XIII. 121 Caesar cuts to pieces one division of the Helvetii at the Avar. The rest send deputies to treat with him. XII. Flumen est Arar, quod per fines Aeduorum et Sequanorum in Ehodanum influit, incredibili l6nitate, ita ut oculis, in utram partem fluat, iudicari non possit. Id Helvetii ratibus ac lintribus itinctis transibant. /Ubi per exploratores Caesar certior factus est, tr6s mm partes 5 copiarum Helvetios id flumen traduxisse, quartam fere partem citra flumen Ararim reliquam esse, de tertia vigilia cum legionibus tribus 6 castris profectus ad earn partem pervSnit, quae nondum flumen transierat. Eos impeditos et inopinantes aggressus magnam partem eorum concldit; lo reliqui sese fugae mandarunt atque in proximas silvas abdiderunt. Is pagus appellabatur Tigurinus; nam omnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divisa est. Hic pagus unus, cum domo exisset, patrum nostrorum memoria L. Cassium consulem interfecerat et eius exerci- 15 tum sub iugum miserat. Ita sive casti sive consilio deorum immortalium. quae pars civitatis Helvetiae insignem ca- lamitatem populo Eomano intulerat, ea princeps poenas persolvit. Qua in re Caesar non solum publicas, sed etiam privatas iniurias ultus est, quod eius socerl L. 20 Pisonis avum, L. Pisonem legatum, Tigurini eodem proe- lio, quo Cassium, interfecerant. XIII. Hoc proelio facto, reliquas copias Helvetiorum ut consequi posset, pontem in Arare faciendum curat atque ita exercitum tradticit. \ Helv6tii repentmo 6ius adventu 25 commotT, cum id, quod ipsi diebus xx aegerrime confece- rant, ut flumen transirent, ilium uno die fgcisse intelle- gerent, legatos ad eum mittunt; cuius Iggationis Divico princeps fuit, qui bello Cassiano dux Helvetiorum fuerat Is ita cum Caesare egit : so 122 CAESAR. Si pacem populus Romanus cum Helvetils faceret, in earn partem ittiros atque ibi futures Helvetios, ubi eos Caesar constituisset atque esse voluisset; sin bello per- sequl perseveraret, reminisceretur et veteris incommodi 5 populi RomanI et pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum. Quod improviso tinum pagum adortus esset, cum ei, qui flumen transissent, suis auxilium ferre non possent, ne ob eam rem aut suae magnopere virtuti tribueret aut ipsos despi- ceret; se ita a patribus maioribusque suls didicisse, ut 10 magis virtute contenderent, quam dolo aut insidils nite- rentur. Qua re ne committeret, ut is locus, ubi consti- tissent, ex calamitate populi RomanI et internecione exercittis nomen caperet aut memoriam proderet. They reject Caesar^ s conditions^ and march on ; Caesar follows. XIV. His Caesar ita respondit : 15 Eo sibi minus dubitationis darl, quod eas r6s, quas legati Helvetil commemorassent, memoria teneret, atque eo gravius ferre, quo minus merito populi Roman! accidissent ; qui si alicuius iniuriae sibi conscius fuisset, non fuisse difficile cavereh sed eo deceptum, quod neque commissum a se 20 intellegeret, qua re timeret, neque sine causa timendum putaretj\^Quod si veteris contumeliae obllvlsci vellet, num etiam recentium initiriarum, quod eo invito iter per pro- vinciam per vim temptassent, quod Aeduos, quod Ambar- ros, quod Allobrogas vexassent, memoriam deponere posse ? 25 Quod sua victoria tam Insolenter gloriarentur, quodque tam diu se impune initirias tulisse admlrarentur, eodem perti- nere. Consuesse enim deos immortales, quo gravius homi- nes ex commutatione rerum doleant, quos pro scelere eorum ulclscl velinj:, his secundiores interdum res et diuturniorem 30 impunitatem conc6dere. \^ Cum ea ita sint, tamen, si obsides LIB. I. CAP. XIII-XVL 123 ab e^ sibi dentur, uti ea, quae polliceantur, facturos intelle- gat, et si Aeduis de initiriis, quas ipsis.socilsque eorum intulerint, item si Allobrogibus satis faciant, sese cum eis pacem esse facturum. Divico respondit : Ita Helvetios a maioribus suis institu- 5 tos esse, utI obsides accipere, noii dare, consuerint; eius rei populum Eomanum esse testem. Hoc response dato discessit. XV. Postero die castra ex eo loco movent. Idem facit Caesar equitatumque omnem, ad numerum quattuor milium, lO quem ex omni provincia et Aeduis atque eorum sociis co- actum habebat, praemittit, qui videant, quas in partes hostes iter facianty/^ Qui cupidius novissimum agmen insecuti alieno loco cum equitatti Helvetiorum proelium committunt ; et pauci de iiostrls cadunt. Quo proelio sublati Helvetii, 15 quod quingentis equitibus tantam multittidinem equitum propulerant, audacius subsistere non numquam et novis- simo agmine proelio nostros lacessere coeperunt. Caesar suos a proelio continebat, ac satis habebat in praesentia hostem rapinis, pabulationibus populationibusque prohibere. 20 It a die s circiter quindecim iter fecerunt, uti inter novissi- mum hostium agmen et nostrum primum non amplius qui- nis aut senis mili]3us passuum intergss^t. The Aedui neglect to bring grain ; Caesar learns of disloyalty. XYI. Interim cotidie Caesar Aeduos frumentum, quod essent publice polliciti, flagitare . Nam propter frigora, 26 quod Gallia sub septentrionibus, ut ante dictum est, posita est, non modo frumenta in agris matura nofi^rant sed ne pabuli quidem satis magna copia suppetebatj^o autem ^- mento, quod fltimine Arare navibus subvexerat, propterea minus uti poterat, quod iter ab Arare Helvetii averterant, a 30 124 CAESAR. quibus discedere nolebat. Diem ex dig ducere Aedui ; con- ferri, comportari, adesse dicere. Ubi se diutius dfici intellexit et diem instare, quo die frumentum militibus metirl oporteret, convocatis eorum 5 prlncipibus, quorum magnam copiam in castris habebat; in his Diviciaco et Lisco, qui summo magistratui praeerat, quem ^ vergobretum ' appellant Aedui, qui creatur annuus et vitae necisque in suos habet potestatem, graviter eos accusat, quod, cum neque emi neque ex agris sum! posset, 10 tam necessario tempore, tarn propinquis hostibus, ab eis non sublevetur, praesertim cum magna ex parte eorum precibus adductus bellum susceperit ; multo etiam gravius, quod sit destitutus, queriturj^ XVII. Tum dSmum Liscus oratione Caesaris adductus, 15 quod antea tacuerat, proponit : Esse non ntillos, quorum auctoritas apud plebem pluri- mum valeat, qui privatim plus possint quam ipsi magi- stratus. Hos seditiosa atque improba oratione multitudinem deterrere, ne frumentum conferant, quod debeant: prae- 20 stare, si iam principatum Galliae obtinere non possint, Gallorum quam Romanorum imperia perferre; neque dubitare debere, quin, si Helvetios superaverint Rom an i, una cum reliqua Gallia Aeduis libertatem sint erepturi. Ab eisdem nostra consilia, quaeque in castris gerantur, 25 hostibus enuntiari; hos a se coerceri non posse. Quin etiam, quod necessariam rem coactus Caesari enuntiarit, intellegere sese, quanto id cum periculo fecerit, et ob earn causam, quam diu pptuerit, tacuisse. ^ The treachery of Dumnoriz is proved. XVIII. Caesar hac oratione Lisci Dumnorigem, Divi- 30 ciaci fratrem, designari sentiebat; sed, quod pluribus LIB. I. CAP. XVI-XVIIl 125 praesentibus eas res iactari nolebat, celeriter concilium dimittit, Liscum retinetj Quaerit ex solo ea, quae in con- ventu dixerat ; dicit liberius atque audacius. Eadem secreto ab aliis quaerit, reperit esse vera : Ipsum esse Dumnorigem, summa audacia, magna apud plebem 5 propter llberalitatem gratia, cupidum rerum novarum. Complures annos portoria reliquaque omnia Aeduorum vectigalia parvo pretio redempta habere, propterea quod illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo. His rebus et suam rem familiarem auxisse et facultates ad largiendum magnas lo comparasse ; magnum numerum equitatus suo sumptti sem- per alere et circum se habere, neque solum domi , sed etiam apud finitimas civitates largiter posse, atque huius poten- tiae causa matrem in Biturlgibus homini illlc nobilissimo ac potentissimo collocasse; ipsum ex Helvetiis uxorem 15 habere, sororem ex matre et propinquas suas ntrptum in alias civitates collocasse. Favere et cupere Helvetiis propter cam affinitatem, odisse etiam suo nomine Caesarem et Eomanos, quod eorum adventti potentia eius demintita et Diviciacus frater in antiquum locum gratiae atque ho- 20 noris sjj-. rpstitfi^'^gp Si quid accidat Eomanis, summam in spem per HelveSs regni obtinendi venire ; imperig populi Eomani non modo de regno, sed etiam de ea, quam habeat, gratia desperare. Eeperiebat etiam in quaerendo Caesar, quod proelium 25 equestre adversum paucis ante dijebus esset factum, initium eius fugae factum a Duranqrige atque eius equitibus (nam equitatui, quem auxilio Caesari Aedui miserant, Dumnorix praee.-:-at), eorum f uga reliquum esse equitatum perterritum. 126 CAESAR. Caesar consults Diviciacus, for whose sake Dumnorix is pardoned. XIX. Quibus rebus cognitis, cum ad has susplciones certissimae res accederent, quod per fines Sequanorum Helvetios traduxisset, quod obsides inter eos dandos curas- set, quod ea omnia non modo iniussti suo et civitatis, sed 5 etiam inscientibus i^is fecisset, quod a magistratti Aeduo- rum accusaretur, satis esse causa e arbitrabatur, qua re in eum aut ipse animadverter^t, aut civitatem animadvertere iuberetjj His omnibus rebus unum repugnabat, quod DiviciacI 10 fratris summum in populum Eomanum studium, summam in se voluntatem, egregiam fidem, iustitiam, temperantiam cognoverat; nam, ne eius supplicio DiviciacI animum offenderet, verSbatur. Itaque prius, quam quicquam cona- retur, Diviciacum ad se vocarl iubet et, cotidianis inter- 15 pretibus remotis, per C. Valerium Troucillum, prmcipem Galliae provinciae, familiarem suum, cui summam omnium rerum fidem habebat, cum eo colloquitur; simul commo- nefacit, quae ipso praesente in concilio Gallorum de Dum- norlge sint dicta, et ostendit, quae separatim quisque de eo 20 apud se dixerit. Petit atque hortatur, ut sine eius offensi- one animi vel ipse de eo causa cognita statuat, vel civitatem statuere iubeat. XX. Diviciacus multls cum lacrimls Caesarem complexus obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret;^ 25 Scire se, ilia esse vera, nee quemquam ex eo plus quam se dol5ris capere, propterea quod, cum ipse gratia plurimum domi atque in reliqua Gallia, ille minimum propter adule- scentiam posset, per se crevisset; quibus opibus ac nervis non solum ad minuendam gratiam, sed paene ad perniciem SO suam uteretur. Sese tamen et amore fraterno et exlstima- LIB. I. CAP. XIX-XXII. 127 tione vulgi commoveri. Quod si quid ei a Caesare gravius accidisset, cum ipse eum locum amicitiae apud eum teneret, neminem existimaturum, non sua voluntate factum ; qua ex re futtirum, uti totius Galliae animi a se averterentur. -"'Haec cum pltiribus verbis flens a Caesare peteret, Caesar 5 eius dextram prendit; consolatus rogat, finem orandi f aciat ; tanti eius apud se gratiam esse ostendit, utI et rei ptiblicae iniuriam et suum dolorem eius voluntati ac precibus con- donet. Dumnorlgem ad se vocat, f ratrem adhibet ; quae in eo reprehendat, ostendit; quae ipse intellegat, quae civitas 10 queratur, proponit; monet, ut in reliquum tempus omnes suspiciones vitet; praeterita se Diviciaco fratri condonare dicit. Dumnorigl ctistodes ponit, ut, quae agat, quibuscum loquatur, scire possit. M Caesar plans an attack on the Helvetii; he is misled by a false report. XXI. Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior factus, hostes 15 sub monte consedisse milia passuum ab ipsius castrls octo, qualis esset natura montis et qualis in circuitu ascensus, qui cognoscerent, misit. Eenuntiatum est, facilem esse. D6 tertia vigilia Titum Labienum, legatum pro praetore, cum duabus legionibus et eis ducibus, qui iter cognoverant, sum- 20 mum iugum montis ascendere iubet; quid sui consili sit, ostendit. Ipse de quarta vigilia eodem itinere, quo hostes ierant, ad eos contendit equitatumque omnem ante se mittit. P. Considius, qui rei militaris peritissimus habebatur et in exercitu L. Sullae et postea in M. Crassi fuerat, cum explo- 25 ratoribus praemittitur. XXII. Prima luce, cum summus mons a Labieno ten6rS- tur, ipse ab hostium castris non longius mille et quingentis passibus abesset, neque, ut postea ex captlvis comperit, aut 128 CAESAR. ipsius adventus aut Labieni cognitus esset, Considius equQ adnjisso ad eum accurrit, dicit montem, quern a Labieno occupari voluerit, ab hostibus teneri j/ id se a Gailicis armis atque msignibus cognovisse. Caesar suas copias in proxi- 5 mum collem subducit, aciem instruit. Labienus, ut erat ei praeceptum a Caesare, n6 proelium committeret, nisi ipsius copiae prope hostium castra visae essent, ut undique Uno tempore in hostes impetus fieret, monte occupato nostros exspectabat proelioque abstin^bat. 10 Multo denique dig per exploratores Caesar cognovit, et montem a suis teneri et HelvetiOs castra movisse et Con- sidium timore perterritum, quod non vidisset, pro viso sibi rentintiasse. Eo die, quo consuerat intervallo, hostes sequi- tur et milia passuum tria ab eorum castrls castra ponit. yr Caesar turns to go to Bibracte ; the Helvetii follow. 15 XXIII. Postrldie eius diei, quod omnino biduum supe- rerat, cum exercitui frtimentum metiri oport^ret, et quod a Bibracte, oppido Aeduorum longe maximo et copiosissimo, non amplius milibus passuum xviii aberat, rei frtimentariae prospicieiidum existimavit ; iter ab Helvetiis avertit ac 20 Bibracte ire contendit. \ Ea res per fugitives L. Aemili, decurionis equitum Gal- lorum, hostibus nuntiatur. Helvetii, seu quod timore per- territos Romanos discedere a se existimarent, eo magis quod pridie superioribus locls occupatis proelium nou com- 25 misissent, sive eo, quod re frumentaria intercludi posse con- fiderent, commutato consilio atque itinere converso nostros a novissimo agmine insequi ac lacessere coeperunt. BATTLE BETWEEN CAESAR AND THE HEL.VETII To face p. 120 Libl. c. 24sqQ PLAN II SCALE OF ROMAN MILES M 1 yi SCALE OF ENGLISH MILES EXPLANATION. a Camp of Caesar the night before the battle. b Camp of the Helvetii. C Intrenchment made to protect the two Legions of recruits, the Aux- iliaries and the baggage, on the summit of the hill ( p. 129, 5). dd The four old Legions in line of bat- tle (p. 129, U). ee The Helvetii in line of battle {p. 129, ID- EE The Helvetii thrown back upon the heights a mile from the first posi- tion {p. 129, 2k). ee' Second position of the Helvetii, hav- ing returned to the attack (//. 129, SO). ff The Boii and Tulingl, having ap- proached from the left side, attack- ing the rear of the lioman lorce (/>. 129,28). d d' First and second Roman lines, fac- ing the Helvetii (p. ISO, 2). d"d" Third Roman line, facing the Boii and Tulingi (p. ISO, S). g Enclosure formed bv the carts of the Helvetii {p. 129. 10; p. ISO, 1 2). Romans -~» Helvetii t . 1 ^"^^ BRADLEY It POATES, ENSR'S, N.Y LIB. I. CAP. XXII-XXV. 129 Both prepare for battle. There is sharp fighting. XXIV. Postquam id animum advertit, copias suas Caesar in proximum collem subducit equitatumque, qui sustineret hostium impetum, misit. Ipse interim in colle medio tri- plicem aciem instruxit legionum quattuor veteranarum; atque supra se in symmo iugo duas legiones, quas in Gallia 5 citeriore proxime conscrlpserat, et omnia auxilia collocari ac tOtum montem hominibus compleri, et interea sarcinas in unum locum conferri et eum ab his, qui in superiore acie constiterant, munlrl iussit. Helvetii cum omnibus suis carrls sectitl impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt ; ipsi, 10 confertissima acie reiecto nostro equitatu, phalange facta sub primam nostram aciem successerunt. "^ XXV. Caesar, primum suo, deinde omnium ex conspectti remotis equls, ut aequato omnium perlculo spem fugae tolleret, cohortatus suos proelium commlsit. Mllites e loco 15 superiore pills missis facile hostium phalangem perfregerunt. Ea disiecta, giadils destrictis in eos impetum fecerunt. Gallls magno ad pugnam erat impedlmento, quod pluribus eorum scutis uno ictu pilorum transflxis et colligatis, cum ferrum se Inflexisset, neque evellere neque sinistra impedlta 20 satis commode pugnare poterant; multl ut diti iactato brac- chio praeoptarent scutum manu emittere et nudo corpora pugnare. Tandem vulneribus defessi et pedem referre et, quod mons suberat circiter mllle passuum spatio, eo s6 recipere coeperunt. 25 Capto monte et succedentibus nostris, Boil et Tulingi, qui hominum mllibus circiter xv agmen hostium claudebant et novissimis praesidio erant, ex itinere nostros ab latere aperto aggressi circumvenlre, et id conspicati Helvetii, qui in montem sese receperant, rursus Instare et proelium 30 130 CAESAR. redintegrare coeperunt. Romanl conversa signa bipertito intulerunt ; prima et secunda acies, ut victis ac suinmotis resisteret, tertia, ut venientes sustineret. ^, The Helvetii are totally defeated. Those who escape surrender. XXVI. Ita ancipitl proelio diti atque acriter pugnatum 5 est. Dititius cum sustinere nostrorum impetus non possent, alterl se, ut coeperant, in montem receperunt, alter! ad impedimenta et carros suos se contulerunt. Nam hoc toto proelio, cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit, aversum hostem videre nemo potuit. Ad multam noctem, 10 etiam ad impedimenta pugnatum est, propterea quod pro vallo carros obiecerant et e loco superiore in nostros veni- entes tela coniciebant, et non i;iulli inter carros rotasque mataras ac tragulas subiciebant nostrosque vulnerabant. Dili cum asset pugnatum, impedimentis castrisque nostri 15 potiti sunt. Ibi Orgetorlgis filia atque tinus e filiis captus est. Ex eo proelio circiter hominum milia cxxx superfuerunt eaque tota nocte continenter ierunt ; ntillam partem noctis itinere intermisso, in fines Lingonum die quarto pervene- 20 runt, cum et propter vulnera mllitum et propter sepulturam occisorum nostri triduum morati eos sequi non potuissent. Caesar ad Lingonas litteras nuntiosque misit, ne eos frti- mento neve alia re iuvarent; qui si itivissent, se eodem loco, quo Helvetios, habittirum. Ipse triduo intermisso 25 cum omnibus copils eos sequi coepit. - "^^^XXVII. Helvetii omnium rerum inopia adducti legates de deditione ad eum miserunt. Qui cum eum in itinere convenissent seque ad pedes proiecissent suppliciterque locuti flentes pacem petissent, atque eos in eo loco, quo 30 turn essent, suum adventum exspectare iussisset, paruerunt. LIB. I. CAP. XXV-XXIX. 131 Eo postquam Caesar pervenit, obsides, arma, servos, qui ad eos perftigissent, poposcit. Dum ea conquiruntur et conferuntur, nocte intermissa, circiter hominum milia vi eius pagi, qui Verbigenus appel- latur, sive timore perterriti, ne armis traditis supplicio affi- 6 cerentur, sive spe salutis inducti, quod in tanta multitudine dediticiorum suam fugam aut occultari aut omnino ignorari posse existimarent, prima nocte e castris Helvetiorum egressi ad Ehenum fmesque Germanorum contend^runt. Caesar states the terms of submission. The number of the Helvetii. XXVIII. Quod ubi Caesar resciit, quorum per fines lo ierant, his uti conquirerent et redticerent, si sibi purgati esse vellent, imperavit ; reductos in bostium numero habuit ; reliquos omnes obsidibus, armis, perfugis traditis in dedi- tionem accepit. Helvetios, Tulingos, Latobrlgos in fines suos, unde erant profecti, revertl iussit; et, quod omnibus 15 frugibus amissis domi nihil erat, quo famem tolerarent, Allobrogibus imperavit, ut els frtimenti copiam facerent; ipsos oppida vicosque, quos incenderant, restituere iussit. Id ea niaxime ratione fecit, quod noluit, eum locum, unde Helvetii discesserant, vacare, ne propter bonitatem agrorum 20 GermanI, qui trans Khenum incolunt, e suls finibus in Helvetiorum fines translrent et flnitimi Galliae provinciae Allobrogibusque essent. Boios, petentibus Aeduis, quod egregia virtute erant cogniti, ut in finibus suis collocarent, concessit; quibus illl agros dederunt, quosque postea in 25 parem iuris libertatisque condicionem, atque ipsi erant, receperunt. XXIX. In castris Helvetiorum tabulae repertae sunt litterls Graecis confectae et ad Caesarem relatae, quibus in tabulls nominatim ratio confecta erat, qui numerus domo 30 182 CAESAR. exisset eorum, qui arma ferre possent, et item separatim puerl, senes mulieresque. Qiiarum omnium rerum summa erat capitum Helvetiorum milia cclxiii, Tulingorum milia XXXVI, Latobrlgorum xiiii, Eauracorum xxiii, Boiorum 5 XXXII ; ex his, qui arma ferre possent, ad milia nonaginta duo. Summa omnium fueruiit ad milia ccclxviii. Eorum, qui domum redierunt, censti habito, ut Caesar imperaverat, repertus est numerus milium c et x. The chiefs of Gaul gather to congratulate Caesar. XXX. Bello Helvetiorum confecto totius fer6 Galliae 10 Iggati, principes civitatum, ad Caesarem gratulatum con- vgnerunt : Intellegere sese, tametsi pro veteribus Helvetiorum initi- riis populi EomanI ab his poenas bello repetlsset, tamen earn rem non minus ex usu terrae Galliae quam populi 16 RomanI accidisse, propterea quod eo consilio florentissimis rebus domos suas Helvetii rellquissent, uti toti Galliae bellum mferrent imperioque potlrentur locumque domicilio ex magna copia deligerent, quem ex omnI Gallia opportu- nissimum ac fructuosissimum iudicassent, reliquasque clvi- 20 tates stipendiaries haberent. Petierunt, uti sibi concilium totius Galliae in diem certam indlcere idque Caesaris- voluntate facere liceret; sese habere quasdam res, quas ex communi consensu ab eo petere vel- lent. Ea re permissa diem concilio constituerunt et itire 25 iurando, ne quis enuntiaret, nisi quibus communi consilio mandatum esset, inter s6 sanxerunt. He is asked to defend Gaul against Ariovistus. XXXI. Eo concilio dimisso idem principes civitatum, qui ante fuerant, ad Caesarem reverterunt petieruntque, ut LIB. I. CAP. XXIX-XXXI. 133 sibi secreto de sua omnium que salute cum eo agere lice- ret Ea re impetrata sese omnes flentes Caesari ad pedes proiecSrunt: Non minus se id contendere et laborare, ne ea, quae dixissent, enuntiarentur, quam uti ea, quae vellent, impetrarent, propterea quod, si entintiatum esset, summum 5 in cruciatum se venturos viderent. Locutus est pro his Diviciacus Aeduus : Galliae totius factiones esse duas; harum alterius prin- cipatum tenere Aeduos, alterius Arvernos. Hi cum tan- topere de potentatu inter sS multos annos contenderent, lo factum esse, uti ab Arvernis Sequanlsque German! mercede arcesserentur. Horum primo circiter milia xv Ehenum translsse ; postea quam agros et cultum et copias Gallorum homines feri ac barbari adamassent, traductos plures ; nunc esse in Gallia ad centum et xx milium numerum. 16 Cum his Aeduos eorumque clientes semel atque iterum armis contendisse; magnam calamitatem pulsos accepisse, omnem nobilitatem, omnem senatum, omnem equitatum amisisse. Quibus proeliis calamitatibusque fractos, qui et sua virttite et populi EomanI hospitio atque amicitia plu- 20 rimum ante in Gallia potuissent, coactos esse Sequanis obsides dare nobilissimos civitatis et itire itirando civita- tem obstringere, sese neque obsides repetittiros neque auxilium a populo Romano implorattiros, neque recusatu- ros, quo minus perpetuo sub illorum dicione atque imperio 25 essent. Unum se esse ex omni civitate Aeduorum, qui adduci non potuerit, ut iuraret aut liberos suos obsides daret. Ob earn rem se ex civitate profugisse et Romam ad senatum venisse auxilium postulatum, quod solus neque itire itirando neque obsidibus teneretur. 30 .V Sed peius victoribus Sequanis quam Aeduis victis acci- '^isse, propterea quod Ariovistus, rex Germanorum, in 134 CAESAR. eorum finibus consedisset tertiamque partem agri Sequani, qui esset optimus totlus Galliae, occupavisset, et nunc de altera parte tertia Sequanos decedere iubSret, propterea quod paucis mensibus ante Harudum milia hominum xxiiii 5 ad eum venissent, quibus locus ac sedes pararentur. Futti- rum esse paucis annis, uti omnes ex Galliae finibus pelle- rentur atque omnes German! Rhenum transirent; neque enim conferendum esse Gallicum cum Germanorum agro, neque banc consuetudinem victtis cum ilia comparandam. 10 Ariovistum autem, ut semel Gallorum copias proelio vi- cerit, quod proelium factum sit Admagetobrigae, superbe et crudeliter imperare, obsides nobilissimi cuiusque liberos poscere et in eos omnia exempla cruciatusque edere, si qua res non ad nutum aut ad voluntatem eius facta sit. Homi- 15 nem esse barbarum, iracundum, temerarium; non posse eius imperia diutius sustinere. Nisi quid in Caesare popu- loque Romano sit auxili, omnibus Gallls idem esse faci- endum, quod Helvetii fecerint, ut domo emigrent, aliud domicilium, alias sedes, remotas a Germanis, petant fortu- 20 namque, quaecumque accidat, experiantur. Haec si enuntiata Ariovisto sint, non dubitare, quin de omnibus obsidibus, qui apud eum sint, gravissimum suppli- cium sumat. Caesarem vel auctoritate sua atque exercitus vel recent! victoria vel nomine popull Roman! deterrere 25 posse, ne maior multittido Germanorum Rhenum tradu- catur, Galliamque omnem ab Ariovisti iniuria posse de- fendere. ii Being much entreated, he espouses the cause of the Gauls. XXXII. Hac oratione ab Diviciaco habita, omnes, qui aderant, magno fletti auxilium a Caesare petere coeperunt. so Animadvertit Caesar, unos ex omnibus Sequanos nihil LIB. I. CAP. XXXI-XXXIII. . 135 earum rerum facere, quas ceteri facerent, sed tristSs capite demisso terrain intueri. Eius rei quae causa esset, miratus ex ipsTs quaesiit. Nihil SequanI respondere, sed in eadem tristitia taciti permangre. Cum ab his saepius quaereret neque ullam omnino vocein exprimere posset, Idem Divici- 5 acus Aeduus respondit: Hoc esse miseriorem et graviorem fortunam Sequanorum quam reliquorum, quod soli ne in occulto quidem querl neque auxilium implorare auderent absentisque AriovistI crudelitatem, velut si coram adesset, horrerent, propterea lo quod reliquls tamen fugae facultas daretur, Sequanis vero, qui intra fines suos Ariovistum recepissent, quorum oppida omnia in potestate eius essent, omnes cruciattis essent perferendl. XXXIII. His rebus cognitis Caesar Gallorum animos 15 verbis conflrmavit pollicitusque est, sibi eam rem ctirae futtiram ; magnam se habere spem, et beneficio suo et auctoritate adductum Ariovistum finem initiriis facttirum. Hac oratione habita concilium dimlsit. Et secundum ea multae res eum hortabantur, qua re 20 sibi eam rem cogitandam et suscipiendam putaret, in prl- mls, quod Aeduos, fratres consanguineosque saepe numero a senatu appellatos, in servittite atque in dicione videbat Germanorum teneri, eorumque obsides esse apud Ario- vistum ac Sequanos intellegebat ; quod in tanto imperio 25 popull KomanI turpissimum sibi et rei publicae esse arbi- trabatur. / Paulatim autem Germanos consuescere Ehenum trans- Ire, et in Galliam magnam eorum multitudinem venire, populo Romano perlculosum videbat ; neque sibi homines 30 feros ac barbaros temperatures existimabat, quin, cum omnem Galliam occupavissent, ut ante Cimbri Teutonlque 136 CAESAR. fgcissent, in provinciam exirent atque inde in Italiam con tenderent, praesertim cum Sequanos a provincia nostra Rhodanus divideret ; quibus rebus quam maturrime occur- rendum putabat. Ipse autem Ariovistus tantos sibi spi- 5 ritus, tantam arrogantiam stiinpserat, ut ferendus non vidgretur. He invites Ariovistus to a conference; Ariovistus declines^ and to Caesar's demands sends back a haughty reply. XXXIV. Quam ob rem placuit ei, ut ad Ariovistum legates mitteret, qui ab eo postularent, uti aliquem locum medium utriusque colloquio deligeret; velle sese de re 10 publica et summis utriusque rebus cum eo agere. Ei legation! Ariovistus respondit : ""^ Si quid ipsi a Caesare opus esset, sese ad eum venttirum fuisse ; si quid ille sS velit, ilium ad s6 venire oportere. Praeterea s6 neque sine exercitti in eas partes Galliae 15 venire audere, quas Caesar possideret, neque exercitum sine magno commeatti atque molimento in tinum locum contrahere posse. Sibi autem mirum videri, quid in sua Gallia, quam bello vicisset, aut Caesari aut omnino populo Romano negoti esset. 20 XXXV. His responsis ad Caesarem relatis, iterum ad eum Caesar Iggatos cum his mandatis mittit : Quoniam tanto suo populique Romani beneficio affectus, cum in consulatti suo rex atque amicus a senatti appellatus esset, banc sibi populoque Romano gratiam referret, ut in 25 colloquium venire invitatus gravaretur neque de commtini r6 dicendum sibi et cognoscendum putaret, baec esse, quae ab eo postularet : primum, ne quam multitudin^m hominum amplius trans Rhenum in Galliam traduceret ;', deinde, obsi- des, quos baberet ab Aeduis, redderet, Sequanisque permit LIB. I. CAP. XXXIII-XXXVL 137 teret, ut, quos illi haberent, voluntate eius reddere illis liceret ; neve Aeduos iniuria lacesseret, neve his sociisque eorum bellum mferret. Si id ita fecisset, sibi populoque Romano perpetuam gratiam atque amicitiam cum eo futuram; si non impe- 5 traret, ses6, quoniam M. Messala, M. Pisone consulibus sena- tus censuisset, uti, quicunque Galliam provinciam obtineret, quod commodo rei ptiblicae facere posset, Aeduos ceterosque amicos populi Romani defenderet, se Aeduorum iniurias non negjje(5lurum. . lO /OCXXVI. Ad haec Ariovistus respondit : lus esse belli, ut, qui vicissent, els, quos vicissent, quern ad modum vellent, imperarent; item populum Romanum victis non ad alterius praescriptum, sed ad suum arbitrium imperare consuesse. Si ipse populo Romano non praescri- 15 beret, quern ad modum suo iure uteretur, non oportere s6se a populo R5mano in suo iure impediri. Aeduos sibi, quoniam belli forttinam temptassent et armis congress! ac superati essent, stipendiarios esse factos. Ma- gnam Caesarem iniuriam facere, qui suo adventu vectigalia 20 sibi deteriora faceret. Aeduis s6 obsides redditurum non esse, neque his neque eorum sociis iniuria bellum illaturum, si in eo mangrent, quod convgnisset, stipendiumque quot- annis pendereut; si id non f^cissent, longe eis fraternum nomen populi Romani afuturum. 25 Quod sibi Caesar dentintiaret, s6 Aeduorum iniurias non neglecturum, neminem secum sine sua pernicie contendisse. Cum vellet, congredergtur ; intell6cturum, quid invicti Ger- mani, exercitatissimi in armis, qui inter annos xiiii tectum non subissent, virtute possent. /i M 188 CAESAR. Caesar hastens. He reaches Vesontio before Ariovistus. XXXVII. Haec eodejn tempore Caesari mandata refere- bantur, et legati ab Aeduis et a Treveris veniebant : Aedui questum, quod Harudes, qui ntiper in Galliam transportati essent, fines eorum popularentur ; sese ne obsidibus quidem 5 datis pacem Ariovisti redimere potuisse; Treveri autem, pagos centum Sueborum ad ripas Rheni consedisse, qui Rhenum transire conarentur ; his praeesse Nasuam et Cim- berium fratres. Quibus rebue Caesar vehementer commotus maturandum sibi existimavit, ne, si nova manus Sueborum 10 cum veteribus copiis Ariovisti sese coniunxisset, minus fa- cile resist! posset. Itaque re frumentaria, quam celerrime potuit, comparata, magnis itineribus ad Ariovistum con- tendit. XXXVIII. Cum tridul viam processisset, nuntiatum est 15 ei, Ariovistum cum suis omnibus copiis ad occupandum Vesontionem, quod est oppidum maximum Sequanorum; contendere, triduique viam a suis finibus processisse. Id ne accideret, magnopere sibi praecavendum Caesar existi- mabat. Namque omnium rerum, quae ad bellum usui erant, 20 summa erat in eo oppido facultas, idque nattira loci sic mu- niebatur, ut magnam ad dticendum bellum daret facultatem, propterea quod flumen Dubis ut circino circumductum paene totum oppidum cingit ; reliquum spatium, quod est non am- plius pedum sexcentorum, qua flumen intermittit, mons con- 25 tinet magna altittidine, ita, ut radices montis ex utraque parte ripae fltiminis contingant. Hunc murus circumdatus arcem efficit et cum oppido coniungit. Hue Caesar magnis nocturnis diurnisque itineribus contendit occupatoque op- pido ibi praesidium collocat. LIB. I. CAP. XXXVII-XL. 139 His soldiers fear the Germans. He addresses them. XXXIX. Dum paucos dies ad Vesontionem rei frumen- tariae commeatusque causa moratur, ex percontatione no- stromm vocibusque Gallorum ac mercatorum, qui ingenti magnitudine corporum Germanos, incredibill virtute atque exercitatione in armis esse praedicabant (saepe numero 5 sese cum his congresses ne vultum quidem atque aciem oculorum dicebant ferre potuisse), tantus subito timor omnem exercitum occupavit, ut non mediocriter omnium mentes animosque perturbaret. Hic primum ortus est a tribums militum, praefectis reliqulsque, qui ex urbe ami- IG citiae causa Caesarem sectitl non magnum in re mllitarl tisum habebant; quorum alius alia causa illata, quam sibi ad proficlscendum necessariam esse diceret, petebat, ut eius voluntate discedere liceret; non nulll pudore adducti, ut timoris susplcionem vltarent, remanebant. Hi neque 15 vultum fingere neque interdum lacrimas tenere poterant; abditi in tabernaculls aut suum fatum querSbantur aut cum familiaribus suls commune perlculum miserabantur. Vulgo . totis castrls testamenta obslgnabantur. Horum vocibus ac timore paulatim etiam ei, qui magnum 20 in castrls usum habebant, milites centurionesque, quique equitatui praeerant, perturbabantur. Qui se ex his minus timidos existimari volebant, non se hostem vereri, sed angustias itineris et magnitudinem silvarum, quae inter- cederent inter ipsos atque Ariovistum, aut rem frumenta- 25 riam, ut satis commode supportarl posset, timere dicebant. Non nulll etiam Caesarl nuntiabant, cum castra moveri ac signa ferri iussisset, non fore dicto audientes militSs neque propter timorem signa lattiros. XL. Haec cum animadvertisset, convocato consilio omni- 30 140 CAESAR. umque ordinum ad id consilium adhibitis centurionibus, vehementer eos incusavit: Prlmum, quod, aut quam in partem aut quo consilio dtice- rentur, sibi quaerendum aut cogitandum putarent. Ario- 6 vistum se consule cupidissime populi Komani amicitiam appetisse ; cur hunc tarn temere quisquam ab officio dis- cessurum iudicaret ? Sibi quidem persuaderl, cognitis suls postulatis atque aequitate condicionum perspecta, eum neque suam neque populi Eomani gratiam repudiattirum. 10 Quod SI furore atque amentia impulsus bellum intulisset, quid tandem vererentur? aut cur de sua virtute aut de ipsTus diligentia desperarent? Factum eius hostis perlcu- lum patrum nostrorum memoria, cum Cimbrls et Teutonis a Gaio Mario pulsis non minorem laudeni exercitus quam 15 ipse imperator meritus videbatur; factum etiam nuper in Italia servlli tumulta, quos tamen aliquid usus ac discipllna, quae a nobis accepissent, sublevarent. Ex quo iudicari posse, quantum haberet in se boni constantia, propterea quod, quos aliquam diii inermos sine causa timuissent, hos 20 postea armatos ac victores superasseitt. Denique hos esse eosdem Germanos, quibuscum saepe numero Helvetii congress! non solum in suis, sed etiam in illorum finibus, pl6rumqiie superarint, qui tamen pares esse nostro exercitui non potuerint. Si quos adversum proelium 25 et fuga Gallorum commoveret, hos, si quaererent, reperire posse, diuturnitate belli defatigatis Gallis, Ariovistum, cum multos menses castris se ac paludibus tenuisset neque sui potestatem fecisset, desperantes iam d6 pugna et disperses subito adortum, magis ratione et consilio quam virtute 30 vicisse. Cui rationi contra homines barbaros atque impe- ritos locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare nostros exercitus capi posse. LIB. I. CAP. XL-XLI. 141 Qui suum timorem in rei friimentariae simulationem angustiasque itineris conferrent, facere arroganter, cum aut dS officio imperatoris desperare aut praescribere viderentur. Haec sibi esse curae; frumentum Sequanos, Leucos, Lin- gongs sumministrare, iamque esse in agrls frumenta matura; 5 dS itinera ipsos brevi tempore iudicaturos. Quod non fore dicto audientes neque sTgna laturi dican- tur, nihil se ea r6 commoveri; scire enim, quibuscumque exercitus dicto audiSns n5n fuerit, aut male re gesta fortu- nam defuisse, aut aliquo facinore comperto avaritiam esse lo convictam; suam innocentiam perpetua vita, felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam. Itaque s6, quod in longiorem diem collaturus fuisset, repraesentaturum et proxima nocte de quarta vigilia castra moturum, ut quam primum intellegere posset, utrum apud 15 eos pudor atque officium an timor valeret. Quod si prae- terea nemo sequatur, tamen se cum sola decima legione ittirum, de qua non dubitaret, sibique earn praetoriam co- hortem futtiram. Huic legionl Caesar et indulserat prae- cipu6 et propter virttltem confidebat maxime. 20 Caesar marches after Ariovistus, who requests an interview. XLI. Hac oratione habita mirum in modum conversae sunt omnium mentes, summaque alacritas et cupiditas belli gerendi innata est, princepsque decima legio per tribunes mllitum el gratias egit, quod d6 s6 optimum iudicium f6cis- set, seque esse ad bellum gerendum pai-atissimam confir- 25 mavit. Deinde reliquae legiones cum tribunis militum et primorum ordinum centuriOnibus eggrunt, uti Caesarl satis f acerent ; se neque umquara dubitasse neque timuisse, neque d6 summa belli suum iudicium, sed imperatoris esse existi- mavisse. 30 142 CAESAR. Eorum satisfactione accepta et itinere exquisito per Divi- ciacum, quod ex Gallls el maximam Mem habebat, iit milium amplius quinquaginta circuitu locis apertis exer- citum dticeret, de quarta vigilia, ut dixerat, profectus est. 5 Septimo die, cum iter non intermitteret, ab exploratoribus . certior f actus est, AriovistI copias a nostris milibus passuum quattuor et xx abesse. XLII. Cognito Caesaris adventti Ariovistus legates ad eum mittit : quod antea de colloquio postulasset, id per se 10 fieri licere, quoniam propius accessisset, seque id sine peri- culo facere posse existimare. Non respuit condicionem Caesar, iamque eum ad sanitatem revert! arbitrabatur, cum id, quod antea petenti denegasset, ultro polliceretur, ma- gnamque in spem veniebat, pro suis tantis populique Eo- 15 man! in eum beneficiis, cognitis suis postulatis, fore, uti pertinacia desisteret. Dies colloquio dictus est ex eo die quintus. Interim saepe cum legati ultro citroque inter eos mitte- rentur, Ariovistus postulavit, ne quem peditem ad collo- 20 quium Caesar addticeret: Vereri se, ne per msidias ab eo. circumveniretur ; uterque cum equitatu veniret; alia rati- one sese non esse venturum. Caesar, quod neque collo- quium interposita causa tolli volebat neque salutem suam Gallorum equitatui committere audebat, commodissimum 25 esse statuit, omnibus equis Gallis equitibus detractis, eo legionarios mllites legionis decimae, cui quam maxime con- fldebat, imponere, ut praesidium quam amicissimum, si quid opus facto esset, haberet. Quod cum fieret, non irrldicule quidam ex mllitibus decimae legionis dixit : Plus, quam pol- 30 licitus esset, Caesarem facere; pollicitum, se in coliortis praetoriae loco decimam legionera habittirum, ad equum re- scrlbere. LIB. I. CAP. XLI-XLIIl. 143 They meet; Caesar speaks. Ariovistus replies. XLIII. Planities erat magna et in ea tumulus terrgnus satis grandis. Hic locus aequo fere spatio a castrls Ario- visti et Caesaris aberat. Eo, ut erat dictum, ad colloquium venerunt. Legionem Caesar, quam equis devexerat, passi- bus ducentis ab eo tumulo constituit. Item equites Ario- 5 visti pari intervallo constiterunt. Ariovistus, ex equis ut colloquerentur et praeter se denos ut ad colloquium addu- cerent, postulavit. Ubi eo ventum est, Caesar initio orationis sua senattis- que in eum beneficia commemoravit, quod rex appellatus lO esset a senatu, quod amicus, quod mtinera ampiissime missa ; quam rem et panels contigisse et pro magnis hominum officiis consuesse tribui docebat ; ilium, cum neque aditum neque causam postulandl iustam haberet, beneficio ac li- beralitate sua ac senatus ea praemia consecutum. 15 Docebat etiam, quam veteres quamque itistae caasae ne- cessitudinis ipsis cum Aeduis intercederent, quae senatus consulta quotiens quamque honorifica in eos facta essent, ut omni tempore totius Galliae principatum Aedui tenuis- sent, prius etiam, quam nostram amicitiam appetlssent. 20 Populi Roman! hanc esse consuettidinem, ut socios atque amicos non modo sui nihil deperdere, sed gratia, digni- tate, honore auctiores velit esse; .quod vero ad amici- tiam populi Roman! attulissent, id els erip! quis pat! posset ? 25 Postulavit deinde eadem, quae legat!s in mandatis dede- rat: ne aut Aeduis aut eorum soci!s bellum Inferret; ob- sides redderet; si ntillam partem Germanorum domum remittere posset, at ne quos amplius Rhenum trans!re pateretur. ^ 144 CAESAR. XLiy. Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca respon- dit, de suls virtutibus multa praedicavit : Transisse Rhenum sese non sua sponte, sed rogatum et arcessitum a Gallis ; non sine magna spe magnisque prae- 5 mils domum propinquosque reliquisse; sedes habere in Gallia ab ipsis concessas, obsides ipsorum voluntate datos; stipendium capere iure belli, quod victores victis imponere consuerint. /TlSron sese Gallis, sed Gallos sibi bellum intu- lisse; omii^s Galliae civitates ad se oppugnandum venisse 10 ac contra se castra babuisse; eas omnes copias a se uno proelio pulsas ac superatas esse. Si iterum experiri velint, se iterum paratum esse decertare; si pace titi velint, ini- quum esse de stipendio recusare, quod sua voluntate ad id tempus pependerint. 15 Amicitiam populi Roman! sibi ornamento et praesidio, non detrimento esse oportere, atque se hac spe petisse. Si per populum Romanum stipendium remittatur et dediticii subtrahantur, non minus libenter sese recusattirum populi Roman! am!citiam, quam appetierit. 20 Quod multittidinem Germanorum in Galliam traducat, id se su! mtiniend!, non Galliae impugnandae causa facere; eius re! testimonium esse, quod nisi rogatus non venerit, et quod bellum non intulerit, sed defenderit. Se prius in Galliam venisse quam populum Romanum. Numquam 25 ante hoc tempus exercitum populi Roman! Galliae pro- vinciae finibus egressum. Quid sibi vellet ? Cur in suas possessiones venlret ? Provinciam suam banc esse Galliam. sicut illam nostram. Ut ips! conced! non oporteret, si in nostros fines impetum faceret, sic item nos esse iniquos, 30 quod in suo iure se interpellaremus. ""^"~' Quod fratres Aeduos appellatos diceret, non se tam barbarum neque tam imperltum esse rerum, ut non sciret. LIB. I. CAP. XLIV-XLVI. 145 neque bello Allobrogum proximo Aeduos Eomanis au- xilium tulisse, neque ipsos in his contentionibus, quas Aedui secum et cum Sequanis habuissent, auxilio populi Roman! tisos esse. Debere se suspicari, simulata Caesarem amicitia, quod 6 exercitum in Gallia habeat, sui opprimendi causa habere. Qui nisi decedat atque exercitum deducat ex his regi- onibus, sese ilium non pro amico, sed hoste habittirum. Qnod si eum interfecerit, multis sese nobilibus prlncipi- busque populi Roman! gratum esse facturum (id se ab lo ipsis per eorum nuntios compertum habere), quorum omnium gratiam atque amicitiam eius morte redimere pos- set. Quod s! decessisset et llboram possessionem Galliae sibi tradidisset, magno se ilium praemio remuneraturum et, quaecumque bella geri vellet, sine tlllo eius labore et 15 perlculo confecturum. Caesar remains Jirm, and escapes from the snares set by Ariovistus. XLV. Multa ab Caesare in eam sententiam dicta sunt, qua re negotio desistere non posset : Neque suam neque populi Roman! consuettidinem pati, uti optime merentes socios d^sereret, neque se iudicare, 20 Galliam potius esse Ariovist! quam populi Roman!. Bello superatos esse Arvernos et Rutenos ab Quinto Fabio Maximo, quibus populus Romanus ignovisset neque in pr6- vinciam redegisset neque stipendium imposuisset. Quod s! antlquissimum quodque tempus spectar! oporteret, po- 25 pul! Roman! iustissimum esse in Gallia imperium; si iudicium senatus observar! oporteret, llberam d6b6re esse Galliam, quam bello victam suls legibus ut! voluisset. XL VI. Dum haec in colloquio geruntur, Caesar! nun- 146 CAESAK. tiatum est, equites AriovistI propius tumulum accedere et ad nostros adequitare, lapides telaque in nostros conicere. Caesar loquendi flnem facit seque ad suos recepit suisque imperavit, ne quod omnino telum in hostes reicerent. Nam 5 etsi sine ullo perlculo legionis delectae cum equitatu proe- lium fore videbat, tamen committendum non putabat, ut pulsis hostibus dici posset, eos ab se per fidem in collo- quio circumventos. Postea quam in vulgus mllitum elatum est, qua arrogantia in colloquio Ariovistus usus omni Gallia 10 Romanis interdixisset, impetumque ut in nostros eius equites fecissent, eaque res colloquium ut diremisset, multo maior alacritas studiumque pugnandi mains exercitui in- iectum est. Ariovistus throws into chains two envoys of Caesar, but avoids battle. XLVII. Biduo post Ariovistus ad Caesarem legatos 15 mittit: Velle se de his rebus, quae inter eos agi coeptae neque perfectae essent, agere cum eo; uti aut iterum col- loquio diem constitueret aut, si id minus vellet, e suis lega- -^^^is aliquem ad se mitteret. Colloquendi Caesari causa visa non est, et eo magis, quod 20 pridie eius die! German! retineri non potuerant, quin in nostros tela conicerent. Legatum e suis sese magno cum perlculo ad eum missurum et hominibus feris obiecturum existimabat. Commodissimum visum est Gaium Valeriura Procillum, C. Valerl Cabtiri filium, summa virttite et hu- 25 manitate adulescentem, cuius pater a Gaio Yalerio Elacco civitate donatus erat, et propter fidem et propter linguae Gallicae scientiam, qua multa iam Ariovistus longinqua consuetudine iltebatur, et quod in eo peccandi GermanTs causa non esset, ad eum mittere, et una Marcum Metium. LIB. I. CAP. XLVI-XLIX. 147 qui hospitio Ariovisti titebatur. His mandavit, ut, quae diceret Ariovistus, cognoscerent et ad se referrent. Quos cum apud se in castris Ariovistus conspexisset, exercitu suo praesente conclamavit : Quid ad se venirent ? an specu- landi causa? Conantes dicere prohibuit et in catenas 5 coniecit. XLVIII. Eodem die castra promovit et milibus pas- suum sex a Caesaris castris sub monte consedit. Postridie eius diei praeter castra Caesaris suas copias traduxit et milibus passuum duobus ultra eum castra fecit eo consilio, 10 uti frumento commeattique, qui ex Sequanis et Aeduis supportaretur, Caesarem intercltideret. Ex eo die dies continuos quinque Caesar pro castris suas copias produxit et aciem Instructam habuit, ut, si vellet Ariovistus proelio contendere, el potestas non deesset. -^5 ^ Ariovistus his omnibus diebus exercitum castris con- tinuit, equestrl proelio cotldie contendit. Genus hoc erat pugnae, quo se GermanI exercuerant. Equitum milia erant sex, totidem numero pedites velocissimi ac fortissimi, quos ex omnI copia singull singulos suae salutis causa dele- 20 gerant ; cum his in proelils versabantur. Ad eos se equites recipiebant; hi, si quid erat dtirius, concurrebant, si qui, graviore vulnere accepto, equo deciderat, circumsistebant; si quo erat longius prodeundum aut celerius recipiendum, tanta erat horum exercitatione celeritas, ut iubis equorum 25 sublevati cursum adaequarent. Caesar fortifies another camp beyond Ariovistus. XLIX. Ubi eum castris se tenere Caesar intellexit, n§ diutius commeatu prohiberetur, ultra eum locum, quo in loco GermanI consederant, circiter passiis sexcentos ab his, castris idoneum locum delegit acieque triplicl Instructa ad oO 148 CAESAK. eum locum venit. Primam et secundam aciem in armis esse, tertiam castra munire iussit. Hic locus ab hoste circiter passtis sexcentos, uti dictum est, aberat. Eo cir- citer hominum numero sedecim milia expedita cum omni 6 equitatti Ariovistus misit, quae copiae nostros perterrerent et mtinltione prohiberent. Nihilo setius Caesar, ut ante con- stituerat, duas acies hostem propulsare, tertiam opus per- ficere iussit. Munitis castris duas ibi legion es rellquit et partem auxiliorum, quattuor reliquas in castra maiorareduxit. The Germans are afraid to fight before the new moon. Caesar forces an engagement. 10 L. Proximo die instituto suo Caesar e castris utrisque copias suas eduxit paulumque a maioribus castris pro- gressus aciem instruxit, hostibus pugnandi potestatem fecit. Ubi ne turn quidem eos prodire intellexit, circiter meridiem exercitum in castra redtixit. Turn demum 15 Ariovistus partem suarum copiarum, quae castra minora oppugnaret, misit. Acriter utrimque usque ad vesper um pugnatum est. Solis occasti suas copias Ariovistus multls et illatis et acceptis vulneribus in castra redtixit^' Cum ex captivis quaereret Caesar, quam ob rem Ario- 20 vistus proelio non decertaret, banc reperiebat causam, quod apud Germanos ea consuetudo esset, ut matres familiae eorum sortibus et vaticinationibus declararent, utrum proe- lium committi ex usu esset necne ; eas ita dicere, Non esse fas Germanos superare, si ante novam lunam proelio con- 25 tendissent. LI. Postridie eius diei Caesar praesidio utrisque castris, quod satis esse visum est, rellquit, omnes alarios in con- spectu hostium pro castris minoribus constituit, quod minus multitudine mllitum legionariorum pro hostium To face p BATTLE BETWEEN CAESAR AND AR10\ ISTUS Lib. I. c. i& i Plan ITT. SCALE OF ROMAN MILES 1 2 SCALE OF ENGLISH MILES EXPLANATION. e The Auxiliaries in line of battle (/). Ih9, 1). ff The line of battle of the Germans (i>.i49, 5). gg Caesar's Cavalry in two detachnnents. h The German Cavalry, tie, in the order assigned them iii Wagons of the Germans (p. 1U9, 6). by Colonel Stoflfel {p. 1U9, 2). KomansR^^ Germans ^ a Main camp of Caesar {p. lit?, 8) b Camp of Ariovistus(p. l/i7, iO), C Caesar's small camp (p. IkS, 2). dd The Six Legions in line of bat LIB. I. CAP. XLIX-LIII. ^ 149 numero valebat, ut ad speciem alariis uteretur; ipse tri- plicl instructa acie usque ad castra hostium accessit. Turn demum necessario Germaui suas copias castrls eduxerunt generatimque constituerunt paribus intervallis, Harudes, Marcomanos, Triboces, Vangiones, Nemetes, Sedusios, 5 Suebos, omnemque aciem suam raedis et carris circumde- derunt, ne qua spes in fuga relinqueretur. Eo mulieres im- posuerunt, quae in proelium proficiscentes passis manibus flentes implorabant, ne se in servitutem Komanis traderent. There is a desperate battle ; the Germans are routed. LII. Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legates et quae- 10 storem praefecit, uti eos testes suae quisque virtutis babe- ret ; ipse a dextro cornti, quod earn partem minime firmam hostium esse animadverterat, proelium commisit. Ita nostrl acriter in hostes signo dato impetum fecerunt, itaque hostes repente celeriterque procurrerunt, ut spatium pila in hostes 15 coniciendi non daretur. Eeiectis pilis comminus gladiis pugnatum est. At German! celeriter ex consuettidine sua phalange facta impetus gladiorum exceperunt. ' E-epertl sunt compltires nostri, qui in phalanga insilirent et scuta manibus revellerent et desuper vulnerarent. Gum hostium 20 acies a siiiistro cornu pulsa atque in fugam conversa esset, a dextro cornti vehementer multittidine suorum nostram aciem premebant. Id cum animadvertisset Ptiblius Crassus adulescens, qui equitatui praeerat, quod expeditior erat quam ei, qui inter aciem versabantur, tertiam aciem labo- 25 rantibiis nostrls subsidio misit. LIII. Ita proelium restitutum est, atque omnes hostes terga verterunt neque prius fugere d6stit6runt, quam ad fltimen Ehenum, milia passuum ex eo loco circiter quin- quaginta, pervenerunt. Ibi perpauci aut viribus confisl 30 160 CAESAR. tranare contenderunt aut lintribus inventis sibi salutem reppererunt. In his fuit Ariovistus, qui naviculam deli- gatam ad ripam nactus ea profugit; reliquos omnes con- secuti equites nostri interfecerunt. 5 Duae fuerunt AriovistI uxores, una Sueba natione, quam domo secum duxerat, altera Norica, regis Voccionis soror, quam in Gallia duxerat, a fratre missam ; utraeque in ea fuga perierunt. Duae f iliae ; harum altera occisa, altera capta est. C. Valerius Procillus, cum a custodibus in fuga trims 10 catenis vinctus traheretur, in ipsum Caesarem hostes equi- tatu Insequentem incidit. Quae quidem res Caesarl non minorem quam ipsa victoria voluptatem attulit, quod lionii- nem honestissimum provinciae Galliae, suum familiarem et hospitem, ereptum e manibus bostium, sibi restitutum 15 videbat, neque eius calamitate de tanta voluptate et gratu- latione quicquam forttina deminuerat. Is so praeseiite de se ter sortibus consultum dicebat, utrum Igni statim neca- retur an in aliud tempus reservaretur ; sortium beneficio se esse incolumem. Item M. Metius repertus et ad eum 20 reductus est. Caesar places his army in winter quarters ; he himself goes to North Italy. LIV. Hoc proelio trans Rhenum ntintiato Suebi, qui ad ripas E-heni venerant, domum revert! coeperunt; quos, ubi qui proximi Rhenum incolunt, perterritos senserunt, insecuti magnum ex bis numerum occiderunt. 25 Caesar, una aestate duobus maximis bellis confectis, mattirius paulo, quam tempus anni postulabat, in hiberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit; liibernis Labienum prae- posuit; ipse in citeriorem Galliam ad conventus agendos profectus est. _.„.., COMMENTAEIUS SECUNDUS. All the Belgae nse against Caesar. I. Cum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia, ita uti supra demonstravimus, crebri ad eum rumores afferebantur, lit- terisque item Labieni certior fiebat, oranes Belgas, quam tertiam esse Galliae partem dixeramus, contra populum Romanum conitirare obsidesque inter se dare. Coniu- 5 randl has esse causas: primum, quod vererentur, ne omni pacata Gallia ad eos exercitus noster addticeretur; deinde, quod ab non nullis Gallls sollicitarentur, partim qui, ut Germanos dititius in Gallia versari noluerant, ita populi Roman! exercitum hiemare atque inveterascere in Gallia lo moleste ferebant, partim qui mobilitate et levitate animi novis imperils studebant; ab non ntillis etiam, quod in Gallia a potentioribus atque eis, qui ad conducendos homi- nes facultates habebant, vulgo regna occupabantur, qui minus facile cam rem imperio nostro consequi poterant. 15 He marches quickly to their territory; the Bemi surrender, II. His nuntiis litterisque commotus Caesar duas legi- ones in citeriore Gallia novas conscrlpsit et inita aestate, in ulteriorem.Galliam qui deduceret, Quintum Pedium lega- tum misit. Ipse, cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit, ' Dat negotium Senonibus reliqulsque 20 Gallis, qui flnitiml Belgis erant, utI ea, quae apud eos gerantur, cognoscant seque de his rebus certiorem faciant. 161 152 CAESAR. Hi constanter omnes nuntiaverunt, mantis cogT, exercitniu in unum locum condticl. Tum vero dubitandum non exi- stimavit, quin ad eos proficisceretur. Ke frumentaria com- parata castra movet diebusque circiter quindecim ad fines 5 Belgarum pervgnit. III. Eo cum de improvise celeriusque omnI opinione venisset, R6ml, qui proximi Galliae ex Belgis sunt, ad eum legates Iccium et Andecumborium, primos civitatis, mlse- runt, qui dicerent, s6 suaque omnia in fidem atque in pote- 10 statem populi RomanI permittere, neque s6 cum Belgis reliquis consensisse neque contra populum Romanum con- iurasse, paratosque esse et obsidSs dare et imperata facere et oppidls recipere et frumento ceterlsque rebus iuvare; reliquos omn6s Belgas in armis esse, Germanosque, qui cis 15 Rhgnum incolant, s6se cum his coniunxisse, tantumque esse eorum omnium furorem, ut ne Suessiones quidem, fratres consanguineosque suos, qui eodem iure et isdem legibus titantur, unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant, deterrere potuerint, quIn cum his cSnsentirenL^/;, 'A/ The origin and forces of the Belgae. 20 IV. Cum ab his quaereret, quae civitates qua.ntaeque in armIs essent et quid in bello possent, sic reperiebat : Plerosque Belgas esse ortos a Germanis Rhenumque antiquitus traductos propter loci fertilitatem ibi consedisse, Gallosque, qui ea loca incolerent, expulisse, solosque esse, 25 qui patrum nostrorum memoria omnI Gallia vexata Teuto- nos Cimbrosque intra suos fines ingredl prohibuerint ; qua ex re fieri, uti earum rerum memoria magnam sibi auctori- tatem magnosque splrittis in re militari sumerent. De numero eorum omnia se habere explorata RemI dl- 30 cebant, propterea quod, propinquitatibus affinitatibusque LIB. II. CAP. II-V. 158 conitincti, quantani quisque multitudinem in communi Bel- garum concilio ad id bellum pollicitus sit, cognoverint. Plurimum inter eos Bellovacos et virttite et auctoritate et hominum nnmero valere ; hos posse conficere armata milia centum, pollicitos ex eo numero electa sexaginta, totlusque 5 belli imperium sibi postulare. Suessiones suos esse flniti- mos ; fines latissimos feracissimosque agros possidere. Apud eos fuisse regem nostra etiam memoria Dlviciacum, totlus Galliae potentissimum, qui cum magnae partis harum regionum, turn etiam Britanniae imperium obtinuerit ; nunc 10 esse regem Galbam ; ad hunc propter itistitiam prudentiam- que suam summam totius belli omnium voluntate deferri; oppida habere numero xii, polliceri milia armata quinqua- ginta ; totidem Nervios, qui maxime feri inter ipsos habe- antur longissimeque absint ; quindecim milia Atrebates, 16 Ambianos decem milia, Morinos xxv milia, Menapios vii milia, Caletos x milia, Yeliocasses et Viromanduos totidem, Aduatucos decem et novem milia; Condrtisos, Eburones, Caerosos, Caemanos, qui uno nomine Germani appellantur, arbitrari ad xl milia. 30 Caesar marches to the Axona; the Belgae attack Bibrax. V. Caesar Eemos cohortatus liberaliterque oratione pro- secutus omnem senatum ad se convenire principumque liberos obsides ad se addtici iussit. Quae omnia ab his dlligenter ad diem facta sunt. Ipse Diviciacum Aeduum magnopere cohortatus docet, quanto opere rei publicae com- 25 mtinisque salutis intersit, mantis hostium distineri, ne cum tanta multittidine uno tempore confligendum sit. Id fieri posse, si suas copias Aedui in fines Bellovacorum introdu- xerint et eorum agros populari coeperint. His mandatis eum ab se dimittit. * 154 CAESAR. Postquam omnes Belgarum copias in unum locum coactas ad se venire vidit, neque iam. longe abesse, ab els, quos miserat, exploratoribus et ab Remis cognovit, flumen Axo- nam, quod est in extremis Remorum finibus, exercitum 5 traducere maturavit atque ibi castra posuit. Quae res et latus unum castrorum rlpls fluminis mtiniebat et, post eum quae erant, tuta ab hostibus reddebat et, commeatus ab Remls reliquisque civitatibus ut sine perlculo ad eum portarl possent, efficiebat. In eo flumine pons erat. Ibi 10 praesidium ponit et in altera parte fluminis Quintum Titu- rium Sablnum legatum cum sex cohortibus relinquit ; castra in altitudinem pedum duodecim vallo fossaque duodevlginti pedum munire iubet. VI. Ab his castris oppidum Remorum nomine Bibrax 15 aberat milia passuum octo. Id ex itinere magno impetu Belgae oppugnare coeperunt. Aegre eo die sustentatum est. Gallorum eadem atque Belgarum oppugnatio est haec. Ubi, circumiecta multitudine hominum totis moeni- bus, undique in murum lapides iaci coepti sunt, murusque 20 defensoribus nudatus est, testudine facta portas succendunt murum que subruunt. Quod turn facile fiebat. Nam cum tanta multitudo lapides ac tela conicerent, in muro consi- stendl potestas erat ntilli. Cum finem oppugnandi nox fe- cisset, Iccius Remus, summa nobilitate et gratia inter suos, 25 qui tum oppido praefuerat, unus ex eis, qui legati d6 pace ad Caesarem venerant, nuntium ad eum mittit, nisi sub- sidium sibi summittatur, sese dititius sustinere non posse. Caesar relieves the town, and strongly fortifies a camp. YII. Eo de media nocte Caesar isdem ducibus tisus, qui nuntil ab Iccio venerant, Numidas et Cretas sagittarios et 30 fundi tores Baleares subsidio oppidanis mittit ;; quorum ad- LIB. II. CAP. V-VIIL 155 venttl et RSmis cum spS defensionis studium propugnandl accessit, et hostibus eadem de causa spes potiundi oppidi discessit. Itaque paulisper apud oppidum morati agrosque Eemorum depopulatl, omnibus vicis aedificilsque, quos adire potuerant, incensls, ad castra Caesaris omnibus copils con- 5 tenderunt et a milibus passuum minus duobus castra posu- erunt; quae castra, ut fumo atque ignibus significabatur, amplius milibus passuum octo in latitudinem patebant. VIII. Caesar primo et propter multitudinem hostium et propter eximiam opinionem virttitis proelio supersedere sta- lO tuit ; cotldie tamen equestribus proeliis, quid hostis virtute posset et quid nostri auderent, periclitabatur. Ubi nostros non esse Inferiores intellexit, loco pro castris ad aciem instruendam natura opportune atque idoneo, quod is collis, ubi castra posita erant, paululum ex planitie editus tantum 15 adversus in latitudinem patebat, quantum loci acies In- strticta occupare poterat, atque ex -utraque parte lateris deiectus habebat et in frontem leniter fastigatus paulatim ad planitiem redlbat, ab utrOque latere eius collis trans- versam fossam obduxit circiter passuum quadringentorum 20 et ad extremas fossas castella constituit ibique tormenta collocavit, ne, cum aciem mstruxisset, hostes, quod tantum multitudine poterant, ab lateribus pugnant6s suos circum- venlre possent. Hoc facto duabus legionibus, quas proxime conscrlpserat, in castris relictis, ut, si quo opus esset, sub- 25 sidio duel possent, reliquas sex legiones pro castris in acie constituit. Hostes item suas copias ex castris eductas instruxerant. 156 CAESAR. The JBelgae attack the position of Titurius, are repulsed^ and disperse. IX. Palus erat n6n magna inter nostrum atque hostium exercitum. Hanc si nostri translrent, hostes exspectabant ; nostrl autem, si ab illis initium transeundi fieret, ut impedi- tos aggrederentur, parati in armis erant. Interim proelio 5 equestri inter duas acies contendebatur. Ubi neutri trans- eundi initium faciunt, secundiore equitum proelio nostris, Caesar suos in castra reduxit. Hostes protinus ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam contenderunt, quod esse post nostra castra demonstratum est. Ibi vadis repertis partem suarum 10 copiarum traducere conati sunt, eo consilio, ut, si possent, castellum, cui praeerat Quintus Titurius legatus, expugna- rent pontemque interscinderent ; si minus potuissent, agros Bemorum popularentur, qui magno nobis tisui ad bellum gerendum erant, commeatuque nostros prohiberent. 15 X. Caesar certior factus ab Tittirio omnem equitatum et levis armattirae Numidas, funditores sagittariosque pon- tem traducit atque ad eos contendit. Acriter in eo loco pugnatum est. Hostes impedltos nostri in flumine aggressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt; per eorum corpora 20 reliquos audacissime transire conantes multitudine telorum reppulerunt ; primos, qui transierant, equitatti circumventos interfecerunt. Hostes, ubi et de expugnando oppido et de flumine trans- eundo spem se fefellisse intellexerunt neque nostros in 25 locum inlquiorem progredi pugnandi causa viderunt, atque ipsos res frtimentaria deficere coepit, consilio convocato ConstituSrunt, optimum esse, domum suam quemque reverti, et, quorum in fin6s primum Eomani exercitum introduxis- sent, ad eos defendendos undique convenirent, ut potius in 30 suis quam in alienis finibus decertarent et domesticis copiis • LIB. 11. CAP. IX-XII. 157 rei fmmentariae uterentury Ad earn sententiam cum reli- quis causis haec quoque ratio eos dedtixit, quod Diviciacum atque Aeduos finibus Bellovacorum appropinquare cogno- verant. His persuader!, ut diutius morarentur neque suis auxilium ferrent, non poterat. 6 XI. Ea r6 constittita, secunda vigilia magno cum stre- pitu ac tumultu castris egress! ntillo certo ordine neque imperio, cum sibi quisque primum itineris locum peteret et domum pervenire properaret, fecerunt, ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur. Hac re statim Caesar per speculator's ic cognita, !nsidias veritus, quod, qua de causa discederent, nondum perspexerat, exercitum equitatumque castr!s con- tinuit. Prima luce confirmata re ab exploratoribus, omnem equitatum, qui novissimum agmen moraretur, praemisit. His Quintum Pedium et Lucium Aurunculeium Cottam 15 legatos praef ecit ; Titum Labienum legatum cum legionibus tribus subsequi iussit. Hi novissimos adorti et multa milia passuum prosecuti magnam multitudinem eorum fugientium conciderunt, cum ab extreme agmine, ad quos ventum erat, consisterent fortiterque impetum nostrorum militum sus- 20 tinerent, priores, quod abesse a periculo vid'rentur, neque ulla necessitate neque imperio continerentur, exaudito clamore perturbatis ordinibus omnes in fuga sibi praesidium ponerent. Ita sine ullo periculo tantam eorum multitudi- nem nostri interfecerunt, quantum fuit di6i spatium; sub 25 occasum solis destiterunt seque in castra, ut erat imperatum, receperunt. -f The Suessiones, Bellovaci, and AmUani submit to Caesar. He learns about the Nervii. XII. Postridie eius diei Caesar, prius quam s6 host's ex terrore ac fuga reciperent, in fines Suessionum, qm proximi 168 CAESAR. E/6mis erant, exercitum dtixit et magno itinere confecto ad oppidum Noviodunum contendit. Id ex itinere oppugnare conatus, quod vacuum ab defensoribus esse audiebat, prop- ter latitudinem fossae murique altitiidinem, paucis defen- 6 dentibus, expugnare non potuit. Castrls muuitis vlneas agere, quaeque ad oppugnandum tisui erant, comparare coepit. Interim omnis ex fuga Suessionum multittido in oppidum proxima nocte convenit. Celeriter vineis ad oppidum actis, aggere iacto turribusque constitutis, ma- 10 gnitudine operum, quae neque viderant ante Galli neque audierant, et celeritate Eomanorum permoti legatos ad Caesarem de deditione mittunt et, petentibus Kemis, ut conservarentur, impetrant. XIII. Caesar obsidibus acceptis primis civitatis atque 15 ipslus Galbae regis duobus filils, armisque omnibus ex oppido traditis, in deditionem Suessiones accepit exercitum- que in Bellovacos ducit. Qui cum se suaque omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent, atque ab eo oppido Caesar cum exercitu circiter milia passuum quinque abesset, 20 omnes maiores natu ex oppido egressT mantis ad Caesarem tendere et voce significare coeperunt, sese in eius fidem ac potestatem venire neque contra populum Eomanum armis contendere. Item, cum ad oppidum accessisset ca- straque ibi poneret, pueri mulieresque ex mtiro passis mani- 25 bus suo more pacem ab Komanis petierunt. y// XIV. Pro bis Diviciacus (nam post discessum Belga- rum dimissls Aeduorum copiis ad eum reverterat) facit verba : Bellovacos omni tempore in fide atque amicitia civitatis 30 Aeduae fuisse ; impulsos ab suis principibus, qui dicerent, Aeduos a Caesare in servittitem redactos omnes indignitates contumeliasque perferre, et ab Aeduis defecisse et populo LIB. II. CAP. XII-XVI. 159 Komano bellnm intulisse. Qui eius consill prmcipgs fuis- sent, quod intellegerent, quantam calamitatein cTvitati intulissent, in Britanniam profugisse. Petere non solum Bellovacos, sed etiam pro his Aeduos, ut sua cl6mentia ac mansuettidine in eos titatur. Quod sl fecerit, Aeduorum 5 auctoritatem apud omnes Belgas amplificaturum, quorum auxiliis atque opibus, si qua bella inciderint, sustentare consuerint. XV. Caesar honoris Dlviciaci atque Aeduorum causa sese eos in fidem recepturum et conservaturum dixit; et 10 quod erat civitas magna inter Belgas auctoritate atque hominuni multittidine praestabat, sexcentos obsides popo- scit. His traditis omnibusque armis ex oppido collatis, ab eo loco in fines Ambianorum pervenit ; qui se suaque omnia sine mora dediderunt. 16 Eorum fines Nervii attingebant ; quorum de natura mori- busque Caesar cum quaereret, sTc reperiebat : Nullum aditum esse ad eos mercatoribus ; nihil pati vini reliquarumque rerum ad luxuriam pertinentium inferri, quod his rebus relanguescere animos eorum et remitti virtutem existima- 20 rent ; esse homines feros magnaeque virtutis ; increpitare atque incusare reliquos Belgas, qui se popul5 Romano dedi- dissent patriamque virtutem proiecissent ; confirmare, ses6 neque legatos missuros neque tillam condicionem pacis accepttiros. 25 He marches against the Nervii, who attack him while encamping. XVI. Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset, inve- niebat ex captivis, Sabim fltimen a castris suis non am- plius milia passuum x abesse ; trans id flamen omn6s Nervios consedisse adventumque ibi Romanorum exspec- tare una cum Atrebatibus et Viromanduis, finitimis suls 30 160 CAESAR. (nam his utrisque persuaserant, uti eandem belli fortunani experlrentur) ; exspectarl etiam ab his Aduatucorum copias atque esse in itinere; mulieres, quique per aetatem ad pugnam intitiles viderentur, in eum locum conigcisse, quo 5 propter paltides exercitui aditus non esset. XVII. His rebus cognitis exploratores centurionesque praemittit, qui locum idoneum castris deligant. Cum ex dediticiis Belgis reliquisque Gallis complures Caesarem secuti una iter facerent, quidam ex his, ut postea ex capti- 10 vis cognitum est, eorum dierum consuettidine itineris no- stri exercitus perspecta, nocte ad Nervios pervenerunt atque his demonstrarunt, inter singulas legiones impedimento- rum magnum numerum intercedere, neque esse quicquam negoti, cum prima legio in castra venisset reliquaeque 15 legiones magnum spatium abessent, hanc sub sarcinis adoriri; qua pulsa impedimentisque direptis futurum, ut reliquae contra consistere non auderent. Adiuvabat etiam eorum consilium, qui rem deferebant, quod Nervii antiquitus, cum equitatu nihil possent (neque 20 enim ad hoc tempus ei rei student, sed, quicquid possunt, pedestribus valent copiis), quo facilius finitimorum equita- tum, si praedandi causa ad eos venissent, impedirent, teneris arboribus incisis atque inflexis crebrisque in latitudinem ramis enatis et rubis sentibusque interiectis effecerant, ut 25 instar mtiri hae saepes munimentum praeberent, quo non modo non intrari, sed ne perspici quidem posset. His rebus cum iter agminis nostri impedirfitur, non omittendum sibi co^ilium Nervii existimaverunt. /y/ XVIII. Loci natura erat haec, quem locum nostri castris 30 delegerant. Collis ab summo aequaliter declivis ad flumen Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat. Ab eo flumine pari acclivitate collis nascebatur adversus huic et contrarius, L 2 53 S ^^ 2 § ^ t^ OJ TS +3 "t^ c3 S OJ S •« ^ O 13 "« a 2 « = > 5 8 •s a ® LIB. II. CAP. XVI-XIX. 161 passtis circiter du centos infimus apertus, ab superiore parte silvestris, ut non facile introrsus perspici posset. Intra eas silvas hostes in occulto sese continebant; in aperto loco secundum flumen paucae stationes equitum videbantur. Fltiminis erat altitude pedum circiter trium. 5 XIX. Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur omnibus copils; sed ratio ordoque agminis aliter se habebat, ac Belgae ad Nervios dStulerant. Nam quod hostibus appro- pinquabat, consuettidine sua Caesar sex legiones expeditas dticebat ; post eas to tins exercittis impedimenta colloc^rat ; 10 inde duae legiones, quae proxime conscrlptae erant, totum agmen claudebant praesidioque impedimentis erant. Equi- tes nostrl cum funditoribus sagittariisque flumen trans- gress! cum hostium equitatu proelium commiserunt. Cum se ill! identidem in silvas ad suos reciperent ac rursus ex 16 silva in nostros impetum facerent neque nostrl longius, quam quern ad finem porrecta loca aperta pertingbant, c6dentes insequi audSrent, interim legiones sex, quae prlmae vgnerant, opere dimenso castra munire coeperunt. Ubi prima impedimenta nostri exercitus ab eis, qui in 20 silvis abditi latebant, visa sunt, quod tempus inter eos committendi proeli conv6nerat, ut intra silvas aciem <5rdi- nSsque constituerant atque ipsi s6s6 confirmaverant, subitO omnibus copiis provolaverunt impetumque in nostras equi- tes fScerunt. His facile pulsis ac proturbatis, incrgdibili 25 celeritate ad flamen d6cucurr6runt, ut paene un6 tempore et ad silvas et in flumine et iam in manibus nostris hostes viderentur. Eadem autem celeritate adversO colle ad no- stra castra atque eos, qui in opere occupati erant, conten- derunt. ^ 162 CAESAR. M ^SP His troopSf taken unawares^ are on one side victorious, on the other routed. XX. Caesarl omnia uno tempore erant agenda: vexiL lum proponendum, quod erat insigne, cum ad arm a con- curri oporteret, signum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandl milites, qui paulo longius aggeris petendl causa processe- o rant, arcessendi, acies instruenda, milites cohortandi, signum dandum. Quarum rerum magnam partem temporis brevitas et incursus hostium impediebat. His difficultatibus duae res erant subsidio, scientia atque usus militum, quod supe- rioribus proelils exercitati, quid fieri oporteret, non minus 10 commode ipsi sibi praescrlbere, quam ab aliis docerl pote- rant, et quod ab opere singullsque legionibus singulos legates Caesar discedere nisi munitis castrls vetuerat. Hi propter propinquitatem et celeritatem hostium nihil iam Caesaris imperium exspectabant, sed per se, quae vide- 15 bantur, administrabant. XXI. Caesar necessarils rebus imperatis ad cohortan- dos milites, quam in partem fors obtulit, decucurrit et ad. legionem decimam devenit. Milites non longiore oratione cohortatus, quam uti sude pristinae virttitis memoriam reti- 20 nerent neu perturbarentur animo, hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinerent, quod non longius hostes aberant, quam quo telum adigl posset, proell committendl signum dedit. Atque in alteram partem item cohortandi causa profectus pugnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta fuit exiguitas ho- 25 stiumque tarn paratus ad dimicandum animus, ut non modo ad Insignia accommodanda, sed etiam ad galeas induendas scutlsque tegimenta detrahenda tempus defuerit. Quam quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit quaeque prima signa conspexit, ad haec constitit^ ne in quaerendis suia 30 pugnandl tempus dimitteret. I I ; LIB. II. CAP. xx-xxiv. 163 XXII. Instructo exercitu, magis ut loci nattlra deiec- tusque collis et necessitas temporis, quain ut rel mllitaris ratio atque ordo postulabat, cum diversae legiones aliae alia in parte hostibus resisterent, saepibusque densissimis, ut ante demonstravimus, interiectis prospectus impedlretur, 5 neque certa subsidia collocari neque, quid in quaque parte opus esset, providerl, neque ab uno omnia imperia admi- nistrarl poterant. Itaque in tanta rerum iniquitate fortunae quoque eventtis varii sequebantur. XXIII. Legionis nonae et decimae militSs, ut in sini- lO stra parte acie constiterant, pills emissis cursu ac lassitti- dine exanimatos vulneribusque confectos Atrebates (nam his ea pars obvenerat) celeriter ex loco superiore in flumen compulerunt et transire conantes Insecuti gladils magnam partem eorum impedltam interfecerunt. Ipsi transire 15 flumen non dubitaverunt et in locum iniquum progress! rursus resistentes hostes redintegrato proelio in fugam coniecerunt. Item alia in parte diversae duae legiones, undecima et octava, profligatis Viromanduis, quibuscum erant congress!, ex loco superiore, in ipsis fluminis rlpls 20 proeliabantur. At totis fere castriS a fronte et a sinistra parte nudatis, cum in dextro cornu legio duodecima et non magno ab ea intervallo septima constitisset, omn6s Nervii confertissimo agniine duce Boduognato, qui summam im- perl tenebat, ad eum locum contenderunt ; quorum pars 25 aperto latere legiones circumvemre, pars summura castro- rum locum petere coepit. - - XXIV. Eodem tempore equitSs nostrl levisque armatil- rae pedites, qui cum eis una fuerant, quos primo liostium impetu pulsos dixeram, cum se in castra reciperent, adversis 30 hostibus occurrebant ac rursus aliam in partem fugam pete- bant, et calones, qui ab decumana porta ac summo iugo 164 CAESAR. collis nostros victor6s flumen transisse conspexerant, prae- dandi causa egressi, cum respexissent et hostes in nostils castris versari vldissent, praecipites fugae sese mandabant. Simul eorum, qui cum impedimentis veniebant, clamor 5 fremitusque oriebatur, aliique aliam in partem perterriti ? ferebantur. y^Quibus omnibus rebus permoti equites Treverl, quorum ^ inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis, qui auxili causa a civitate ad Caesarem missi venerant, cum multittidine 10 hostium castra nostra compleri, legiones premi et paene circumventas teneri, calones, equites, funditores, Numidas diversos dissipatosque in omnes partes fugere vldissent, desperatis nostrls rebus domum contenderunt ; Romanos pulsos superatosque, castris impedlmentlsque eorum hostes 15 potitos civitati rentintiavgrunt. At length the Nervii are defeated; the few not slain surrender. XXV. Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatiSne ad de- xtrum cornu profectus, ubi suos urgerl signisque in tinum locum collatis duodecimae legionis confertos milites sibi ipsos ad pugnam esse impedlmento vidit, quartae cohortis 20 omnibus centurionibus occisis signiferoque interfecto, signo amisso, reliquarum cohortium omnibus fere centurionibus aut vulneratls aut occlsis, in his primipllo P. Sextio Baculo, fortissimo viro, multis gravibusque vulneribus confecto, ut iam se sustinere non posset, reliquos esse tardiores et non 25 ntillos ab novissimis deserto proelio excedere ac tela vltare, hostes neque a fronte ex Inferiore loco subeuntes intermit- tere et ab utroque latere instare et rem esse in angusto vidit, neque tillum esse subsidium, quod summitti posset ; scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto, quod ipse eo sine 30 scuto venerat, in primam aciem processit centurionibusque I LIB. II. CAP. XXIV-XXVII. 165 nominatim appellatis reliquos coliortatus milites signa inferre et manipulos laxare iussit, quo facilius gladiis titi possent. Cuius adventu spe illata militibus ac redinte- grate animo, cum pro se quisque in conspectu imperatoris etiam in extremis suis rebus operam navare cuperet, paulum 5 hostium impetus tardatus est. XXVI. Caesar, cum septimam legionem, quae iuxta con- stiterat, item urgeri ab hoste vidisset, tribunes militum monuit, ut paulatim sese legiones coniungerent et conversa signa in hostes inferrent. Quo facto cum aliis alii sub- lO sidium ferrent, neque timerent, ne aversi ab hoste circum- venirentur, audacius resistere ac fortius pugnare coeperunt. Interim milites legionum duarum, quae in novissimo agmine praesidio impedimentis fuerant, proelio nuntiato cursti incitato in summo colle ab hostibus conspiciebantur, 15 et Titus Labienus castris hostium potitus et ex loco supe- riore, quae res in nostris castris gererentur, conspicatus, decimam legionem subsidio nostris misit. Qui cum ex equitum et calonum fuga, quo in loco r6s esset, quantoque in periculo et castra et legiones et imperator versaretur, 20 cognovissent, nihil ad celeritatem sibi reliqui fecerunt. XXVII. Horum adventu tanta rerum commutatio est facta, ut nostri, etiam qui vulneribus confecti procubuissent, scutis innixi proeiium redintegrarent, calones perterritos hostes conspicati etiam inermes armatis occurrerent, equi- 25 tes vero, ut turpitudinem fugae virtute delerent, omnibus in locis pugnando se legionariis militibus praeferrent. At hostes etiam in extrema spe salutis tantam virtutem prae- stiterunt, ut, cum primi eorum cecidissent, proximi iacenti- bus insisterent atque ex eorum corporibus pugnarent; his 30 deiectis et coacervatis cadaveribus, qui superessent, ut ex tumulo tela in nostros conicerent et pila intercepta remit- 166 CAESAR. teren^ut non nequiquam tantae virttitis homines iudicari deberet ausos esse transire latissimum flumen, ascendere altissimas ripas, subire iniquissimum locum, quae facilia ex difficillimis animi magnitudo redegerat. 5 XXVIIt Hoc proelio facto et prope ad internecionem gente ac nomine Kerviorum redacto, maiores natti, quos una cum puerls mulieribusque in aestuaria ac paludes con- iectos dixeramus, hac pugna nuntiata, cum victoribus nihil impedltum, victTs nihil tutum arbitrarentur, omnium, qui 10 supererant, consensu legates ad Caesarem miserunt seque el dediderunt, et in commemoranda civitatis calamitate ex sexcentis ad tres senatores, ex hominum milibus lx vix ad qumgentos, qui arma ferre possent, sese redactos esse dixe- runtA^Quos Caesar, ut in miseros ac supplices usus miseri- 15 cordia videretur, diligentissime conservavit sulsque finibus atque oppidis uti iussit et f initimis imperavit, ut ab initiria et maleficio se suosque prohiberent. The Aduatuci gather in one stronghold, which Caesar besieges. XXIX. Aduatuci, de quibus supra scripsimus, cum omni- bus copiis auxilio Kerviis venirent, hac pugna nuntiata 20 ex itinere domum reverterunt; ctinctTs oppidis castelllsque desertis sua omnia in tinum oppidum egregie natiira mtini- tum contulerunt. Quod cum ex omnibus in circuitti parti- bus altissimas rtipes deiecttisque haberet, una ex parte leniter acclivis aditus in latitudinem non amplius ducento- 25 rum pedum relinquebatur ; quem locum duplici altissimo mtiro munierant; turn magni ponderis saxa et praeacutas trabes in muro collocabant. Ipsi erant ex Cimbris TeutonTsque prognati, qui, cum iter in provinciam nostram atque Italiam facerent, els impedi- 30 mentis, quae secum agere ac portare non poterant, citra H H < ft US H O /^ CO <^« H B O H 05 0) ^ '^6 1^ S 5 1 z o d 5| .2 vS* g z 3 O a 11 ^1 1 Q. X UJ P3 < a- W 5 O < M o Q w -:« lr%iiiiBfiaii LIB: II. CAP. XXVII-XXXI. 167 flumen Rhenum depositis custodiam ex suis ac praesidium sex milia hominum una reliquerunt. Hi post eorum obitum multos annos a finitimls exagitati, cum alias bellum infer- rent, alias illatum defeiiderent, consensu eorum omnium pace facta, hunc sibi do'micilio locum delegerunt. 5 XXX. Ac primo adventu exercitus nostri crebras ex oppido excursiones faciebant parvulisque proelils cum no- stris contendebant ; postea vallo pedum xii, in circuitti xv milium crebrisque castellis circummuniti oppido sese con- tinebant. Ubi vineis actis aggere exstrticto turrim procul 10 constitui viderunt, primum irrldere ex muro atque increpi- tare vocibus, quod tanta machinatio a tanto spatio institu- eretur : Quibusnam manibus aut quibus viribus praesertim homines tantulae staturae (nam plerumque omnibus Grallis prae magnittidine corporum suorum brevitas nostra con- 15 temptui est) tanti oneris turrim in muro sese collocare ^ posse conf iderent ? They surrender^ attempt treachery^ are sold into slavery. XXXI. Ubi vero mover! et appropinquare moenibus viderunt, nova atque inusitata specie commoti Iggatos ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad hunc modum 20 locuti : Non se existimare, Komanos sine ope deorum bellum gerere, qui tantae altittidinis machinationes tanta celeritate promovere possent, se suaque omnia eorum potestati per- mittere dixerunt. tJnum petere ac deprecari : si forte pro 25 sua dementia ac mansuettidine, quam ipsi ab aliis audirent, statuisset, Aduatucos esse conservandos, ne se armis despo- liaret. Sibi omnes fere finitimos esse inimicos ac suae virtuti invidere; a quibus se defendere traditis armis non possent. Sibi praestare, si in eum casum deducerentur, 30 168 CAESAR. quamvis fortunam a populo Romano pati, quam ab his per cruciatum interfici, inter quos dominari consuessent. XXXII. Ad haec Caesar respondit : S6 magis consuettidine sua quam merito eorum civitatem 6 conservattirum, si prius, quam mui'um aries attigisset, se dedidissent; sed deditionis nullam esse condicionem nisi armis traditis. Se id, quod in Nerviis fecisset, facturuiii finitimlsque imperaturum, ne quam deditlciis populi Ko- man! initiriam inferrent. 10 R6 nuntiata ad suos, quae imperarentur, f acere dixerunt. Armorum magna multitudine de mtiro in fossam, quae erat ante oppidum, iacta, sic ut prope summam mtirl aggerisque altittidinem acervi armorum adaequarent, et tamen circiter parte tertia, ut postea perspectum est, celata atqi^ in op- 15 pido retenta, portis patef actis eo die pace sunt tisi. At XXXIII. Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque ex oppido exire iussit, ne quam noctti oppidan! a militibus iniuriam acciperent. IllI, ante inito, ut intellectum est, consilio, quod deditione facta nostros praesidia deducturos 20 aut denique indiligentius servattiros crediderant,/partim cum eis, quae retinuerant et celaverant, armis, partim scutis ex cortice factis aut viminibus intextis, quae subito, ut temporis exiguitas postulabat, pellibus induxerant, tertia vigilia, qua minime arduus ad nostras mtinltiones ascensus 25 videbatur, omnibus copiis repente ex oppido eruptionem f6c6runt. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar imperaverat, Ignibus significa- tiSne facta, ex proximis castellis eo concursum est, pugnar tumque ab hostibus ita acriter est, ut a viris fortibus in 30 extrema spe salutis inlquo loco contra eos, qui ex vallo tur- ribusque tela iacerent, pugnari debuit, cum in una virttite omnis spes salutis consisteret. Occisis ad hominum mill- LIB. II. CAP. XXXI-XXXV. 169 bus quattuor, reliqui in oppidum reiecti sunt. Postridie eius diei refractis portis, cum iam defenderet nemo, atque intromissis militibus nostris, sectionem eius oppidi tiniver- sam Caesar vendidit. Ab els, qui emerant, capitum numerus ad eum relatus est milium quinquaginta trium. 6 Several states along the coast are subdued by P. Crassus. XXXIV. Eodem tempore a Public Crasso, quem cum legione una miserat ad Venetos, Venellos, Osismos, Cori- osolitas, Esuvios, Aulercos, Redones, quae sunt maritimae civitates Oceanumque attingunt, certior f actus est, omnes eas civitates in dicionem potestatemque populi Eomani esse lo redactas. The German tribes are impressed by Caesar^s victories; the army goes into winter quarters; a thanksgiving is decreed at Borne. XXXY. His rebus gestis omnT Gallia pacata, tanta huius belli ad barbaros opinio perlata est uti ab eis natio- nibus, quae trans Ehenum incolerent, legati ad Caesarem mitterentur, qui se obsides daturas, imperata facturas polli- 15 cerentur. Quas legationSs Caesar, quod in Italiam Illyri- cumque properabat, inita proximo aestate ad s6 revertl .ussit. Ipse, in Carnut^s, Andes, Turonos, quaeque civita- tes propinquae his locis erant, ubi bellum gesserat, legioni- bus in hiberna deductis, in Italiam profectus est. Ob 20 easque res ex litteris Caesaris in dies quindecim supplicati6 dScreta est, quod ante id tempus accidit nullL/ INTRODUCTION. CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR. Caesar probably wrote the seven books of the Gallic War in the winter of 52-51 b.c, in Gaul. The conquest of Gaul continued to occupy his attention until the end of the year 50 ; the events of the years 51 and 50 are narrated in the eighth book of the Gallic War, which was apparently written by Aulus Hirtius, after Caesar's death. Caesar's Civil War has come down to us in three books, covering events of the years 49 and 48 b.c. ; joined with these are three other books, by different authors, on the Alexandrian, African, and Spanish campaigns in 47, 46, and 45 b.c. Caesar's three books were perhaps written in 46 b.c. The beginning of the first book is lost, and there are other lacunae. The text as a whole is in a less satisfactory condition than that of the Gallic War, but this may be due in part to haste of composition if, as has been assumed, Caesar wrote his Civil War by dictation at a time when he was overwhelmed with public business. The first two books deal with the events of a single year, 49, while in other cases Caesar devotes one book to a year ; for this and other reasons it has been suggested that Books I and II of the Civil War as we know them formed originally one book. Book I opens with an account of the events which led to the outbreak of the war between Caesar and Pompey (Chapters 1-7 ; Selection I). Twenty-six chapters (8-33) vividly trace the 170 INTRODUCTION. 171 victorious progress of Caesar down the east side of Italy to Brundisium, whence Pompey escaped across the Adriatic, and to Eome, where Caesar spent a brief time, soon setting out for Gaul and Spain. The rest of Book I, and twenty-two chapters of Book II, are devoted to the siege of Massilia, which closed its gates to him, and to operations in Spain. The chastise- ment of the Massilians was left to lieutenants, of whom one, Brutus, worsted them in two sea-fights (the second is described in Selection II), and the other, Trebonius, finally captured the city. Caesar's operations in Spain, in the vicinity of Ilerda, culminated in the capture of Pompey's lieutenants Afranius and Petreius with the forces under their command, and the control of the province. The latter part of Book II treats of the destruction of Caesar's army in Africa (Selection III). In Book III we read first, how Caesar settled affairs at Rome as promptly as possible after his return from Spain, and gathered an army at Brundisium in order to cross the Adriatic to meet Pompey, who for a year had been collecting forces and supplies. He was obliged, on account of lack of ships, to transport his army by detachments. The earlier operations and negotiations in Illyricum and Epirus are described in Selection IV. Caesar with an inferior force hems Pompey in at Dyrrachium, but suffers reverses and is obliged to withdraw. Both Caesar and Pompey march eastward into Thessaly, the former receiving reenforcements from Domitius Calvinus, the latter from Scipio. These movements end in the battle near Pharsalus (August 9, 48 B.C.), described in Selection V. The rest of Book III narrates events after the battle, including the death of Pompey (Selection V), and the beginning of the complications in which Caesar found himself involved in Alexandria. DE BELLO CIVILI. I. Caesar and the Senate. (I, i-vii.) BUter opposition to Caesar is manifested in the Senate. I. Litteris Caesaris consulibus ^ redditis, aegre ab his im- petratum est summa tribunorum plebis contentione, ut in senatu recitarentur - ; ut vero ex litteris ad senatum ref erre- tur,^ impetrari non potuit. 6 Refer uiit consules de re publica.* Incitat L. Lentulus consul senatum : rei publicae se non defuturum pollicetur, si audacter ac fortiter seutentias dicere velint ; sin Caesarem respiciant^ atque eius gratiam sequantur, ut superioribus fecerint temporibus, se sibi consilium capttirura^neque sena- 10 tus auctoritati obtemperattirum ; habere se quoque ad Cae- saris gratiam atque amicitiam receptumJ In eandem sententiam loquitur Sclpio ^ : Pompeio esse in animo rel publicae non deesse, si senatus sequatur^; si cunctetur atque agat lenius, nequiquam eius auxilium, si 16 postea velit, senatum implorattirum. II. Haec Scipionis oratio, quod senatus ^"^ in urbe habe- IL. Cornelius Lentulus Crus and C. Claudius Marcellus (49 B.C.), elected because of their hostility to Caesar. 2 recito, -are, read. 8 here in a technical sense, that a motion should be made with reference to the {contents of the) letters. 4 about the condition of the state. 5 have regard for. 6 i.e., he would look out for his own personal interests. J^receptus, -us, m., retreat; habere se receptum ad, he could take ref- uge in. 8 Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio, Pompey's father-in-law. 9 sc. eum, should follow his lead. ^'^ the meeting of the SenUte. 172 CAESAR AND THE SENATE. 173 batur Pompeiusque aberat, ex ipsius ore Pompei mitti vid6- batur. Dixerat aliquis leniorem sententiam, ut primuin M. Marcellus,^ ingressus in earn orationem,^ non oportere ante de ea re ad senatum referri, quam dil6ctus tota Italia habiti et exercitus conscript! essent, quo praesidio ttitus 5 libere senatus quae vellet decernere auderet; ut M. Cali- dius,^ qui censebat ut Pompeius in suas provincias proficis- ceretur, he qua esset armorum causa; timere Caesarem, ereptis ab eo duabus legionibus, ne ad eius perlculum re- servare et retinere eas ad urbem'* Pompeius videretur ; ut lo M. Pufus/ qui sententiam CalidT panels fere mutatis verbis sequebatur. Hi omnes convicio* L. Lentull consulis cor- reptl^ exagitabantur.^ Lentulus sententiam Calidi proniln- tiaturum ^ se omnino negavit, Marcellus perterritus convlciis a sua sententia discessit. 15 Sic vocibus consulis, terrore praesentis exercitus, minis ^® amicorum Pompei plerique compulsi, invitl et co^ctl Sclpi- onis sententiam sequuntur: uti ante certam diem Caesar exercitum dimittat ; si non f aciat, eum adversus rem publi- cam facttirum viderl. IntercSdit" M. Antonius, Q. Cassius,^ 20 1 consul in 51 B.C., and elder brother of the Marcellus mentioned on p. 172, note 1. ^ i.e., who spoke to the following effect. 8 a zealous supporter of Caesar, highly praised by Cicero as an orator. * near the city. ^ M. Caelius Ruf us, defended by Cicero in his pro Caelio. He was a man of dissolute character who supported Caesar in the hope of getting rid of his great debts. When disappointed, he formed an unsuccessful conspiracy against Caesar, in which he lost his life. « convicium, -i, n., abuse, abusive language, ^ corripio, -ere, assail, censure. • violently attacked. ^ put to vote, lay before the Senate. 10 minae, -arum, f, pL, threats. 11 used technically, vetoed the measure, entered a veto. ^ Q. Cassius Longinus, of the same name as the leader with Brutus of the conspiracy against Caesar's life, but a different person. 174 caesar's civil war. tribtini plebis. Kefertur^ coiifestim de intercessione ^ tri- bunorum. Dicuntur sententiae graves; ut quisque acer- bissime crudelissiaieque dixit, ita maxime ab inimicis Caesaris coUaudatur. Pompey helps Caesar's enemies force the passage of an act designed to strip him of power. 6 III. Misso ad vesperum senatu, omnes qui sunt eius ordinis a Pompeio evocantur. Laudat Pompeius promptos atque in posterum^ confirinat, segniores^ castigat^ atque incitat. Multi undique ex veteribus Pompei exercitibus spe praemiorum atque ordinum ^ evocantur/ multi ex duabus 10 legionibus, quae sunt traditae a Caesare, arcessuntur. Com- pletur urbs militibus, comitium tribunis, centuriouibus, evocatis.^ Omnes amici consulum, necessarii Pompei atque ei qui veteres inimicitias cum Caesare gerebant, in senatum cogimtur; quorum vocibus et concursti terrentur infirmiores, 15 dubii confirmantur, plerisque vero libere decernendi potestas eripitur. Pollicetur L. Piso ^ censor sese itiirum ad Caesarem, item L. Roscius ^® praetor, qui de his rebus eum doceant ; sex dies ad eam rem conficiendam spati postulant. Dicuntur etiam 20 ab non ntillis sententiae, ut legati ad Caesarem mittantur, qui voluntatem senatus ei proponant. 1 see p. 172, note 3. ^intercessio, -onis (intercedo), f., veto; cf. note 11, p. 173. 3 with reference to the future , for the future. ■* segnis, -e, adj., slow, backward. s castigo, -are, chide, reprove. 6 centuries ; i.e., appointments as centurions. ' induced to enlist ; see following note. 8 evocati, -orum, m. pi., veterans ; see Introd. pp. 13 and 14. s Caesar's father-in-law; see.Vocab. under Plsd (2). w one of Caesar's legati during his campaigns in Gaul. Jii-, ,;it<. UAESAR AND THE SENATE. lib IV. Omnibus his resistitur omnibusque oratio consulis, Sclpionis, Catonis^ opponitur. Catonem veteres inimicitiae Caesaris incitant et dolor repulsae.^ Lentulus aeris alien! magnitudine et spe exercittis ac provinciarum et r^gum appellandorum largitionibus ^ movetur, seque altemra fore 5 Sullam'' inter suos gloriatur, ad quern summa imperl redeat. Scipionem eadem spes provinciae atque exercituum impellit, quos se pro necessitudine^ partiturum^ cum Pompeio arbitra- tur, simul iudiciorum^ metus atque ostentatio^sui et adula- tio® potentium qui in re ptiblica iudiciisque turn pltirimum 10 pollebant.i" Ipse Pompeius, ab inimlcis Caesaris incitatus, et quod neminem dignitate secum exaequari" volebat, totum se ab eius amicitia averterat et cum commtinibus inimicis in gratiam redierat, quorum ipse maximam partem illo 15 affinitatis'^ tempore initinxerat^^ Caesari; simul infamia" duarum legionum permotus, quas ab itinere Asiae Syriaeque ad suam potentiam dominatumque converterat, rem ad arma deduci studebat. 1 see Vocab. under Cato (2). 2 i.e., resentment for his failure to be elected consul. 8 i.e., he hoped that the bribes offered to the senate to induce it to confer the title of king on petty rulers {appellandorum = naming) would pass through his hands. ^ « second Sulla ; see Vocab. 6 see p. 172, note 8. « partio, -ire (pars), share. 7 the courts ; in the event of Caesar's success he feared prosecution for bribery. 8 ostentatio, -onis (ostendo), f., show, display. 9 adulatio, -onis (adulor), f., flattery. 10 poUeo, -ere (cf. potis and possum), he able, have influence. 11 ex-aequo, -Sre (cf. aequus), make equal. 12 i.e., during the lifetime of Julia, daughter of Caesar, to whom Pompey had been married ; she died in 54 B.C. 13 in-iungo, -ere, bring upon, saddle upon. 14 infamia, -ae (infamis), f., disgrace, scandal. 176 Caesar's civil war. V. His de causis aguntur omnia raptim^ atque turtat^.^ Nee docendi Caesaris propinquis eius spatium datur nee tribunis plebis suT periculi deprecandl neque etiam extremi itiris* intercessionis retinendi, quod'* L. Sulla reliquerat, 5 facultas tribuitur; sed de sua salute septimo die cogitare eoguntur, quod* illi turbulentissimi superioribus temporibus tribuni* plebis octo deuique menses variarum actionum^ respicere ac timfire consuerant. Decurritur ad illud extremum atque ultimum senatus 10 consultum, quo nisi paene in ipso urbis incendio atque in desperatione omnium salutis senatorum audacia numquam ante descensum est^: dent operam consules, praetores, tribuni plebis, quique pro consulibus sint ad urbem, ne quid r6s ptiblica detriment! capiat. Haec senatus consulta per- 16 scribuntur® a. d. vii Id. Ian. Itaque v primls diebus qui- bus haberi senatus potuit, quo ex die consulatum iniit Lentulus, biduo excepto comitiali/^ et de imperio Caesaris et de amplissimis ^^ viris, tribunis plebis, gravissime acerbissi- meque decernitur. 20 Profugiunt statim ex urbe tribuni plebis seseque ad 1 raptim (rapio), adv., hastily. sturbate (turbo), adv., in a disorderly fashion. 8 highest privilege ; intercessionis is an appositional gen. ; cf . p. 174, note 2. 4 = id quod. ^ whereas. 6 such as the Gracchi and Saturninus (see p. 178, notes 5, 6, 8). J" actio, -onis (ago), f., act; here official act. The meaning is that ordi- narily the tribunes did not begin to fear prosecution until they failed of reelec- tion. The elections were held four months before the expiration of their term of office, so that they had the record of eight months to think over with apprehension. 8 resorted to. 9 per-scribo, -ere, write out ; i.e., the decree of the senate was recorded on Jan. 7. 10 comitialis, -e (comitium), adj., of election, election. 11 amplus, -a, -um, adj., distinguished, qf high position. CAESAR AND THE SENATE. 177 Caesarem conferunt. Is eo tempore erat Ravennae^ exspectabatque suis lenissimis postulatis responsa, si qua hominum aequitate res ad otium dedUci posset. In accordance with Po'mpey''s advice^ the Senate orders active prepara- tions for war. VI. Proximis diebus habStur extra urbem senatus. Pom- peius eadem ilia, quae per Scipionem ostenderat, agit; 5 senatus virtutem constantiamque collaudat; copias suas ex- ponit^: legiongs habere sSs6 paratas x; praeterea cognitum compertumque sibi alieno^ esse animo in Caesarem milites neque eis posse persuader! uti eum defendant aut sequantur saltern.* De reliquis rebus ad senatum refertur : tota Italia lo dilecttis habeantur j Faustus Sulla* propere in Mauretaniam^ mittatur; pectinia uti ex aerario Pompeio detur. Eefertur etiam de rege luba/ ut socius sit atque amicus ; Marcellus consul passtirum ^ in praesentia negat. De Fausto impedit ® Philippus,^*^ tribunus plebis. 15 De reliquis rebus senatus consulta perscribuntur. Pro- vinciae privatis^^ decernuntur, duae consulares, reliquae praetoriae. Scipioni obvenit Syria, L. Domitio^ Gallia. 1 Ravenna, -ae, f ., an important seaport of Cisalpine Gaul, in northeastern Italy. 2 gives an account of. » hostile, disloyal. * saltern, adv., even. 5 Faustus Cornelius Sulla, son of the dictator and son-in-law of Pompey. * Mauret§,nia, -ae, f., in northeastern Africa, modem Morocco. 7 luba, -ae, m., Juba I, king of Numidia. 8 so. id, i.e., the alliance with Juba. 9 = intercedit; see p. 173, note 11. 10 L. Marcius Philippus, consul in 56 B.C., stepfather of Augustus. 11 here means ex-magistrates. 12 L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, brother-in-law of Cato Uticensis and consul in 54 B.C. ; one of the ablest of Pompey's supporters. 178 Caesar's civil war. Philippus et Cotta^ privato consilio^ praetereuntur, neque eorum sortes deiciuntur.^ In reliquas provincias praetores mittuntur. Neque exspectant, quod superioribus annis acciderafc, ut de eorum imperio ad populum feratur, paluda- 5 tique * votis ntincupatis ^ exeunt. Consules ex urbe proficlscuntur, quod ante id tempus accidit numquam, lictoresque habent in urbe et Capitolio privatl contra omnia vetustatis^ exempla. Tota Italia dilecttis habentur, arma imperantur, pecuniae a municipiis 10 exiguntur, e fanis tolluntur, omnia divina humanaque iura permiscenturJ Caesar, at Bavenna, addresses the soldiers of the thirteenth legion. VII. Quibus rebus cognitis, Caesar apud milites con- tionatur.^ Omnium temporum iniurias inimicorum in s6 commemo- 15 rat; a quibus deductum ac depravatum^ Pompeium queritur invidia atque obtrectatione laudis suae, cuius ipse honor! et dignitati semper f averit adititorque ^^ f uerit. Novum in rem publicam introductum exemplum queritur, ut tribunicia potestas armis notaretur^^ atque opprimeretur. Sullam, 1 L. Aurelius Cotta, consul in 65 B.C. He was related to Caesar's mother. 2 by a private arrangement ; they were passed over because of their rela- tionship to Caesar. 8 sc. in urnam. They were not allowed to draw lots with the others for the provinces. 4 paludatus, -a, -um, adj., dressed in generals' cloaks (paluddmenta) . 6 after making their vows to Jupiter on the Capitoliue Hill. They did not wait to have their appointments confirmed by vote of tlie people. 6 vetustas, -tatis (cf. vetus), f., antiquity, old times. 7 per-misceo, -ere, throw into confusio7i, upset. 8 contionor, -ari, -atus sum (contio), dep., make a speech* 8 depravo, -are (de, pravus), pervert, corrupt. 10 adiutor, -toris (adiuvo), m., aidery promoter, 11 dishonored : lit. branded. CAESAR AND THE SENATE. 179 nudata omnibus rebus tribunicia potestate, tamen inter- cessionem llberam rellquisse; Pompeium, qui amissa restituisse videatur bona, etiam quae ante habuerint ademisse. Quotienscumque sit decretum, darent operam magistratus ne quid res publica detrlmenti caperet, (qua 5 voce et quo senatus consulto populus Romanus ad arma sit vocatus), factum^ in^ perniciosis legibus,^ in vi tribunicia,* in secessione^populi, templisloclsque editioribus occupatis; atque haec superioris aetatis exempla expiata^ Saturnlni' atque Gracchorum casibus docet; quarum rerum illo tern- lO pore nihil factum, ne cogitatum quidem. Hortatur, cuius* imperatoris ductti viiii annis rem ptiblicam fellcissime gesserint pltirimaque proelia secunda fecerint, omnem Galliam Germaniamque pacaverint, ut eius existimationem dignitatemque ab inimicis defendant. 15 Conclamant legionis xiii, quae aderat, milites (banc enim initio tumultus evocaverat, reliquae nondum convenerant) sese paratos esse imperatoris sui tribunorumque plebis iniurias defendere. 1 sc. esse. ^ in the case of. 8 Such as the agrarian laws of the Gracchi. 4 Such as that of Ti. Gracchus, who resorted to unconstitutional methods in his attempt to bring about his reforms. 5 secessio, -onis (secedo), f., revolt, secession. The first secession was to the Sacred Mount {Mons Sacer) in 494 B.C. Later instances were the occupa- tion of the Capitoline by Ti. Gracchus and his followers in 133, of the Aventme by C. Gracchus in 121, and of the Capitoline by L. Saturninus in 100 B.C. 6 expio, -are, atone for, expiate; sc. esse. J" L. Apuleius Saturninus, tribune in 100 B.C. ; see p. 176, note 6. 8 cuius imperatoris . . . eius = eius imperatoris . . . cuius. II. The Second Sea-fight off Massilia. (II, III-VII.) T%e Massilian Jleet is reinforced by ships sent by Pompey ; the com- bined fleet sails forth confident of victory. ^ III. Interim L. Nasidius, ab Cn. Pompeio cum classe navium xvi, in quibus paucae erant aeratae,^ L. Domitio ^ Massilignsibusqne ^ subsidio missus, freto* Siciliae impru- dente* atque inopinante Ctirione* pervehitur/ appulslsque 5 Messanam ^ navibus atque inde propter repentinum terrorem principum ac senattis f uga facta, navem ex navalibus ^ eorum dedticit.^'* Hac adiuncta ad reliquas naves, cursum Massi- liam versus ^^ perficit praemissaque clam navicula Domitium Massiliensesque de suo adventu certiores facit eosque mag- 10 nopere hortatur ut rtirsus cum Bruti^^ classe additis suls auxiliis confligant. IV. Massilienses post superius incommodum^^ veteres ad 1 aeratus, -a, -um (aero from aes), adj., armored with bronze. 2 see p. 177, note 12. 8 Massilienses, -iuin (Massilia), m. pi., the Massilians, inhabitants of Massilia in Gallia Narbonensis, modern Marseilles. 4 f return, -i, n., strait; f return Siciliense or Siciliae, the Strait of Mes- sina, between Italy and Sicily. Freto is abl. of the way by which. s imprudens, -entis (= improvidens) , adj., not foreseeing, unaware. 6 C. Scribonius Curio, tribune in 50 B.C.; see pp. 185 ff. 7 per-veho, -ere, carry through ; pass., go through, sail through. 8 Messana, -ae, f., a city in northeastern Sicily; modern Messina. 9 navSlia, -orum (nfivaiis), n. pi., shipyard, docks. i" launched, 11 versus (part, of verto), prep., towards, in the direction of. 12 D. Junius Brutus Albinus, who defeated the Veneti in 56 B.C. He later joined the conspiracy against Caesar, led by M. Junius Brutus and C Cassius. 18 the defeat of their fleet by Brutus in the first sea-fight. 180 I THE SECOND SEA-FIGHT OFF MASSILIA. 181 eundem numerum ex navalibus productas naves refecerant summaque industria armaverant (remigum/ gubernatorum magna copia suppetebat) piscatoriasque ^ adiecerant atque contexerant,^ ut essent ab ictil telorum remiges ttlti; has sagittariis tormentisque compleverimt. Tali modo instrQcta 5 classe, omnium seniornm, matrum familiae, virginum preci- bus et fletu excitati, extreme tempore civitati subvenlrent,* non minore animo ac fidticia, quam ante dimicaverant, naves conscendunt. Commtini enim fit vitio naturae, ut invisitatls* atque in- 10 cognitis rebus magis confidamus vehementiusque exterrea- mur®; ut tum accidit/ Adventus enim L. NasidT summa spe et voluntate civitatem compleverat. Nacti idoneum ventum ex portu exeunt et Tauroenta,* quod est castellum Massiliensium, ad Nasldium perveniunt ibique naves expe- 15 diunt® rursusque se ad confligendum animo confirm ant et consilia communicant.^" Dextra pars attribuitur^ Massi- liensibus, sinistra Nasidio. 1 remex, -igis (remus + ago) , m., oarsman, rower. 2 piscatorius, -a, -um (piscfitor from piscis), adj., 0/ Jishermen, fishing; nSvis piscatoria, fishing-boat. 8 con-tego, -ere, cover over, provide with decks. 4 to aid the city in its last extremity, depending on the verbal idea in precibus et fletu. 5 invisitatus, -a, -um (in, cf. videS), adj., unseen. They had not yet seen the fleet which Nasidius was bringing to aid them. 6 ex-terreo, -Sre, ex has intensive force. 7 referring only to confiddmus, not to exterredmur. 8 Taurois, -entis, Greek ace. -enta, m., southeast of Massilia, modern Tarente. 9 get ready for battle, clear for action ; cf. expeditus. 10 communico, -are (communis) , s/iare ; cdnsilia communicant, take coun- sel together. n attribuo, -ere (ad + tribu5), assign to. 182 Caesar's civil war. Caesar^ 8 fleets under Brutus^ superior in tactics and courage, wins the fight. V. Eodem Brutus contendit, aucto navium numero. Nam ad eas, quae factae erant Arelate^ per Caesarem,. captivae Massiliensium accesserant vi. Has superioribiis diebus refecerat atque omnibus rebus mstruxerat. Itaque 5 suos cohortatus, quos^ integros^ superavissent, ut victos contemnerent, plenus spei bonae atque animi adversus eos proficiscitur. Facile erat ex castris C. Treboni^ atque omnibus superio- ribus locis prospicere in urbem, ut* omnis inventus^ quae 10 in oppido remanserat, omnesque superioris'^ aetatis cum llberis atque uxoribus ex ptiblicis locis custodiisque aut muro ad caelum manus tenderent aut templa deorum im- mortalium adirent et ante simulacra^ proiecti victoriam ab dis exposcerent. Neque erat quisquam omnium, quin in 15 eius diei casti suarum omnium fortunarum eventum consis- tere exTstimaret. Nam et honestl ex iuventtlte ^ et cuiusque aetatis amplissimi/" nominatim evocati atque obsecrati, naves conscenderant, ut, si quid adversi accidisset, ng ad 1 Arelfite, indecl. n. (rarely f.), a town of southern Gaul, on the Rhone; modern Aries. 2 For ut eos, quos integtos superavissent, victos contemnerent. 8 integer, -gra, -grum (in-, cf . tango) , adj., unwearied, fresh ; undefeated. 4 When Caesar went to Spain, he left Trebonius in charge of the siege cf Massilia ; see p. 171. 6 to look doion . . . and see hoio. 6 inventus, -tutis (iuvenis) , f ., youth, young men capable of bearing arms (see next note) . 7 greater ; referring to senes, men over 46. 8 simulacrum, -i (simulo), n., statues of the gods. 9 young men of good family ; ex iuventute is equivalent to a partitive geni- tive. 10 amplissimi, cf . p. 176, note 11. THE SECOND SEA-FIGHT OFF MASSILIA. 183 conandum quidem sibi quicquam reliqui fore viderent; si superavissent, vel domesticis opibus vel externis aiixiliis de salute urbis confiderent. VI. Commisso proelio, Massiliensibus res nulla ad virtti- tem def uit ; sed memores ^ eorum praeceptorum quae paulo 5 ante ab suls acceperant, hoc aniino decertabant, ut nullum aliud tempus ad conandum habituri viderentur et, quibus in pugna vltae periculum accideret, non ita multo se reliquorum civium fatum antecedere existimarent, quibus urbe capta eadem esset belli forttina patienda. DiductTsque- nostris 10 paulatim navibus, et artificio* gubernatorum et mobilitati navium locus dabatur; et si quando nostri facultatem nacti ferreis manibus^ iniectis navem religaverant, undique suls laborantibus succurrebant.^ Neque vero conitincti Albici* coraminus pugnando deficiebant neque raultum cedebant 15 virttite nostris. Simul ex minoribus navibus magna vis eminus missa telorum multa nostris de improvise imprudentibus atque impeditis vulnera inferebant. Conspicataeque naves triremes duae navem D. Bruti, quae ex insignl ^ facile agnosci poterat, 20 duabus ex partibus sese in cam incitaverunt. Sed tantum, re provisa, Brutus celeritate navis enisiis est,* ut parvo momento antecederet. lUae adeo graviter inter se incitatae conflixerunt, ut vehementissime utraque ex concursu labora- 1 memor, -oris, adj., mindful, remembering. 2 diduco, -ere (dis + duco) , lead apart, separate. " artificium, -i (ars, cf . facio) , n., skill ^ ferreae manus, grappling-irons. 5 succurro, -ere (sub + curro) , support, aid. 6 Albici, -orum, m. pi., a people dwelling in the mountains above Massilia, who served on the Massilian fleet. ^ ensign, the general's vexillum. 8 tantum . . . celeritate . . . enisus est, drove his ship ahead so swiftly; lit. made such an effort with the speed of his ship. 184 Caesar's civil war. ret, altera vero praefracto^ rostro tota collabefieret.' Qua r6 animadversa, quae proximae ei loco ex Bruti classe naves erant, in eas impeditas impetum faciunt celeriterque ambas deprimunt.^ 5 VII. Sed Nasidianae naves niilli usui fuerunt celeriter- que pugna excesserunt ; non enim has aut conspectus patriae aut propinquorum praecepta ad extremum vltae periculum adire cogebant. Itaque ex eo numero navium nulla desiderata est ; ex MassiliSusiuni classe v sunt depressae,^ iv captae, 10 una cum Nasidianis profugit; quae omnes citeriorem His- paniam petiverunt. At ex reliquis una, praemissa Massi- liam huius nunti perferendi gratia, cum iam appropinquaret urbi, omnis sese multitude ad cognoscendum effudit, et re cognita tantus Itictus excepit,^ ut urbs ab hostibus capta 15 eodem vestigio videretur. Massilienses tamen nihilo setius ad defensionem urbis reliqua apparare coeperunt. 1 praefringo, -ere (prae + frango), hreak off. 2 collabefio, -fieri, -f actus sum (com-4-labe--f fio), go to pieces, collapse. 8 deprimo, -ere (de -|- premS), press down, sink. * followed, ensued. III. Destruction of Curio's Army in Africa. (II, XXXVI-XLIV.) Curio, having commenced the siege of Utica, learns of the approach of Juba and prepares for defence. XXXVI. Postero die Curio ^ obsidere Uticam valloque circummunire Instituit. Erat in oppido multittido msolens belli ^ diutiirnitate oti, Uticenses pro quibusdam Caesaris in se beneficiis ill! amicissimi, conventus is, qui^ ex variis generibus constaret, terror ex superioribus proeliis magnus. 5 Itaque de deditione omnes iam palam loquebantur et cum P. Attio'* agebant, nS sua pertinacia omnium fortunas per- turbarl vellet, Haec cum agerentur, nuntil praemissi ab rege luba venerunt, qui ilium adesse cum magnis copiis dicerent et de custodia ac defensione urbis hortarentur. 10 Quae res eorum perterritos '^ animos confirmavit. XXXVII. Nuntiabantur haec eadem Curioni, sed ali- quam diu fides fieri non poterat ; tantam habebat suanim rerum f Iduciam. lamque Caesaris in Hispania res secundae in Africam nuntiis ac litterls perferebantur. Quibus omni- 15 bus rebus sublatus nihil contra se regem ausurum existima- bat. Sed ubi certis auctoribus comperit minus v et xx milibus longe ab Utica eius copias abesse, relictis mtinitio- 1 see p. 180, note 6. ^ gen. with InsoUna. 8 is, qui, of such a kind as ; i.e., an assembly consisting of men of varying political opinions. * P. Attius Varus, one of Pompey's ablest officers, in command at Utica. * part, of perterreo as adj. 185 186 Caesar's civil war. nibus sese in castra Cornelia' recgpit. Hue frumentum comportare, eastra munire, materiam ^ conferre coepit statim que in Sicilian! misit, uti duae legiones reliquusque equitatus ad se mitteretur. 5 Castra erant ad bellum ducendum aptissima^ nattira loci et munitione et maris propinquitate et aquae et salis copia, cuius magna vis iam ex proximis erat salinis * eo congesta. ]^on materia multittidine arborum, non frumentum, cuius erant plenissimi agri, deficere poterat. Itaque omnium 10 suorum consensu Curio reliquas copias exspectare et bellum ducere parabat. Hearing that Juba had started back, Curio imprudently assumes the offensive. XXXVIII. His constitutis rebus probatisque consiliis, ex perfugis quibusdam oppidanis audit lubam, revocatum f Initimo bello et controversiis * Leptitanorum,^ restitisse in 15 regno ; Saburram, eius praefectum, cum mediocribus ^ copiis missum, Uticae appropinquare. His auctoribus temere credens consilium commutat et proelio rem committere con- stituit. Multum ad hanc rem probandam adiuvat adules- centia, magnitudo animi, superioris temporis proventus,^ 20 fidticia rei bene gerendae. 1 so called from P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus, who had a camp there in the latter part of the Second Punic war ; it was on a point of land between Utica and the Bagradas River. 2 materia, -ae (mater), f., material, timber. 8 aptus, -a, -um, kcI]., fitted, suited. 4 saHnus, -a, -um (sSl), adj., of salt, salt; as subst. salinae, -£rum, f. pi., salt-works. 6 controversia, -ae (contrfi, cf. verto), f., strife. 6 people of Leptis Minor, on the northern coast of Africa between Hadru- metum and Thapsus. 7 mediocris, -ere (of. medius), adj., moderate, small. 8 proventus, -us (provenio), m., issue, success. DESTRUCTION OF CURIo's ARMY. 187 His rebus iinpulsus, equitatum omnem prima nocte* ad castra hostium mittit ad flumen Bagradam^ ; quibiis praeerat Saburra, de quo ante erat auditum ; sed rex cum omnibus copiis sequebatur et vi milium passuum intervallo ab Sa- burra consederat. Equites missi nocte iter conficiunt, im- 5 prudentes atque inoplnantes hostes aggrediuntur. Numidae enim quadam barbara consuettidine nullls ordinibus passim ^ consederant. Hos oppresses somno disperses adorti mag- num eorum numerum interficiunt; multl perterriti pro- fugiunt. Quo facto, ad Ctirionem equites revertuntur lO captlvosque ad eum reducunt. XXXIX. Curio cum omnibus copiis quarta vigilia exierat, cohortibus v castrls praesidio rellctls. Progressus milia passuum vi, equites convenit, rem gestam cognovit ; 6 captlvis quaerit, quis castrls ad Bagradam praesit ; respon- 15 dent Saburram. Reliqua studio itineris conficiendl quaerere praetermittit proximaque respiciens signa, ^Videtisne,' in- quit, ^mllites, captlvorum orationem cum perfugis con- venire ? abesse regem, exiguas esse copies missas, quae panels equitibus pares esse non potuerint? Proinde ad 20 praedam, ad gloriam properate, ut iam de praemiis vestrls et de referenda gratia cogitare incipiamus/ Erant per se magna quae gesserant equites, praesertim cum eorum exiguus numerus cum tanta multitudine Numi- darum conferretur. Haec tamen ab ipsis Inflatius* com- 25 memorabantur, ut de suis homines laudibus libenter praedi- 1 in the first part of the night, early in the night. 2 the principal river in the Roman Province of Africa, flowing into the Gulf of Carthage near Utica. 3 passim (pando), adv., here and there; nullis ordinibus passim, in ran- dom disorder. * inflate (inflatus), adv., found only in comp. inflfttius, too boastfully. 188 Caesar's civil war. cant. Multa praeterea spolia praef erebantur, capti homines equique producebantur, ut quicquid intercederet temporis, hoc omne victoriam morari videretur. Ita spei Curionis militum studia non deerant. Equites sequi iubet sese iter- 5 que accelerat/ ut quam maxime ex fuga perterritos adoriri posset. At illi itinere totlus noctis confecti subsequi non poterant atque alii alio loco resistebant. Ne haec quideni rfis Curionem ad ^ spem morabatur. Curio is lured into an advance against overwhelming odds. XL. luba, certior factus a Saburra de nocturno proelio, ii 10 milia Hispanorum et Gallorum equitum, quos suae custodiae causa circum se habere consuerat, et peditum earn partem cui maxime confidebat, Saburrae summittit; ipse cum reliquis copils elephantisque lx lentius ^ subsequitur. Sus- picatus, praemissis equitibus, ipsum affore * Curionem, Sa- 15 burra copias equitum peditumque Instruit atque his im- perat, ut simulatione timoris paulatim cedant ac pedem referant; sese, cum opus esset, signum proeli daturum et quod rem * postulare cognovisset ^ imperaturum. Curio, ad superiorem spem addita praesenti timoris opinione, 20 hostes fugere arbitratus, copias ex locis superioribus in cam- pum deducit. XLI. Quibus ex locis cum longius esset progressus, con- fecto iam labore exercitu, xvi milium spatio ^ constitit. Dat suis signum Saburra, aciem constituit et circumire ordines 1 accelero, -ire (cf. celer), hasten. 2 with regard to. * lente (lentns) , adv., slowly. 4 from adsum. * the occasion. • for the fut. perf . ind. in dir. disc. "^ at a distance. DESTRUCTION OF CURIO's ARMY. 189 atqiie hortari' incipit ; sed peditatu^ dumtaxat^ procul ad speciem utitur, equites in aciem immittit. y^ Non deest negotio Curio suosque hortatur ut spem omnem in virtute reponant.^ Ng mllitibus quidem, ut* d6fessls, neque equitibus, ut* panels et labore confectis, studium ad 5 pugnandum virtusque deerat; sed hi erant numero cc, reliqui in itinera substiterant. Hi quamcumque in partem impetum fgcerant, hostes loco cSdere cogebant, sed neque longius f ugientes prosequi neque vehementius equos incitare poterant. At equitatus hostium ab utroque cornu circumire lo aciem nostram et aversos * proterere " incipit. Cum coliort6s ex aciS procucurrissent, Numidae integri celeritate impetum nostrorum effugiebant, rttrsusque ad 6rdin6s suos sS reci- pient's ^ circumibant et ab aci6 excludebant. Sic neque in loco manere ordinesque servare neque procurrere et casum 15 subire tfitum videbatur. Hostium cOpiae summissis ab r6ge auxiliis cr6br6 ' aug6- bantur ; nostros vires lassitudine * deficiebant, simul ei qui vulnera acceperant neque aci6 excedere neque in locum tutum ref erri poterant, quod tota acies equitatu hostium circumdata 20 tenebatur. Hi de sua salute desperantes, ut extreme vltae tempore homines facere consuerunt, aut suam mortem miserabantur aut parentes suos commendabant, si quos ex 66 periculo Forttlna servare potuisset. Plena erant omnia timOris et lilctas. 25 1 peditfitus, -UB (pedes), m., infantry. 2 dumtaxat (dum taxat, cf. tango), adv., only. Sput: spem . . . repdnant in, rely wholly on. * although ; more lit. as they were. ^from behind; lit. turned away ; sc. nostros. « pro-tero, -ere, -trivi, -tritua, trample on, Hde down. 7 SC. nostras or cohortes. « crabro (creber), ^dv., frequently, often. » lassitude, -inis (lassus), f., weariness, fatigue. 190 caesar's ciyil war. Retreat cut ojf, Curio dies fighting ; few escape. XLII. Curio ubi, perterritis omnibus, neque cobortationes suas neque pieces audirl intellegit, unam, ut in miseris rebus, spem reliquam salutis esse arbitratus, proximos colles capere universos atque eo signa ferrl iubet. Hos quoque 5 praeoccupat^ missus a Saburra equitatus. Tum vero ad summam desperationem nostrl perveniunt et partim fugi- entes ab equitatti interficiuntur, partim integri procumbunt. Hortatur Curionem Cn. Domitius, praefectus equitum, cum paucis equitibus circumsistens, ut f uga saltitem petat atque 10 in castra contendat, et se ab eo non discesstirum pollicetur. At Curio numquam se, amisso exercitti quem a Caesare suae fidei commissum acceperit, in eius conspectum reverstirum conflrmat atque ita proelians interficitur. Equites ex proelio perpauci se recipiunt; sed el quos ad 15 novissimum agmen equorum reficiendorum causa substitisse demonstratum est, fuga totius exercitus procul animadversa, sese incolumes in castra conferunt. Mllites ad tinum omnes interficiuntur. The soldiers in camp, vainly attempting to escape by sea, surrender and are put to the sword by Juba, few being spared. XLIII. His rebus cognitis, Marcius Rufus quaestor, in 20 castrls relictus a Ctirione, cohortatur suos ne animo deficiant. Illi orant atque obsecrant ut in Siciliam navibus reporten- tur.^ Pollicetur magistrlsque ^ imperat navium ut primo ves- pere omnes scapbas ad litus appulsas babeant. Sed tantus fuit omnium terror, ut alii adesse copias lubae dicerent. 1 prae-occupo, -fire, take beforehand, reach first, ^fall xoithout a wound, from fatigue and fear. 8 re-porto, -are, carry hack. ^ captains. DESTRUCTION OF CURIO'S ARMY. 191 alii cum legionibus Tnstare Varum ^ iamque se pulverem' venientium cernere ^ (quarum rerum nihil omniuo acciderat), alii classem hostium celeriter advolaturam* suspicarentur. Itaque, perterritis omnibus, sibi quisque consulebat. Qui in classe erant proficlsci properabant. Horum fuga 5 navium onerariarum magistros incitabat ; pauci lenuncull * ad officium imperiumque conveniebant.* Sed tanta erat completis litoribus contentio, qui potissimum ex magno numero conscenderent, ut multittidine atque onere non niilll deprimerentur/ reliqui hoc timore propius adire tardarentur. 10 XLIY. Quibus rebus accidit ut pauci mllites patresque familiae, qui aut gratia aut misericordia valerent aut naves annare ^ possent, recepti in Siciliam incolumgs pervenirent. Eeliquae copiae, missis ad Varum noctti legatorum numero ' centurionibus, sese el dediderunt. Quorum cohortes mlli- 15 turn postero die ante oppidum luba conspicatus, suam esse praedicans praedam, magnam partem eorum interfici iussit, paucos electos in regnum remisit, cum Varus suam fidem^*' ab eo laedl ^^ quereretur neque resistere auderet. Ipse equo in oppidum vectus, prosequentibus compltiribus senatoribus, 20 quo in numero erat Ser. Sulpicius et Licinius Damasippus, panels ^^ quae fieri vellet Uticae constituit atque imperavit, diebusque post panels se in regnum cum omnibus copiis recepit. 1 p. Attius Varus ; see p. 185, note 4. 2 pulvis, -eris, m,, dust. 8 cerno, -ere, crevi, cretus, perceive, see ; sc. se. 4 ad-volo, -are, fiy to, hasten to ; sc. eo, to the spot. 5 lenunculus, -i, small boat. « i.e., that is, reported for duty, as they were ordered. 7 see p. 184, note 3. « ann5, -ftre (ad + n5) , swim to. 9 in the capacity of envoys, as envoys. i" =fidem a se datam. 11 laedo, -ere, laesi, laesus, injure, damage ; of a pledge, break. IS 8C. verbis, briefly, in a few words. IV, Operations in Illyricum and Epirus. (Ill, xn-xvin.) Caesar^ having crossed the Adriatic, receives the submission of many cities, but Pompey reaches Dyrrachium first, and there encamps. XII. Recepto Caesar Orico^ nulla interposita mora Apolloniam proficiscitur. Eius adventu audlto L. Stabe- rius, qui ibi praeerat, aquam comportare in arcem atque earn munire obsidesque ab Apolloniatibus exigere ^ coepit. Illi 5 vero daturos se negare neque portas consul! praeclustiros ^ neque sibi indicium sumpturos contra atque * omnis Italia populusque E.omanus iudicavisset. Quorum cognita volun- tate, clam proftigit Apollonia Staberius. Illi ad Caesarem l6gatos mittunt oppidoque recipiunt. 10 Hos sequuntur Byllidenses et Amantlni^ et reliquae finitimae civitates totaque Epirus et, legatis ad Caesarem missis, quae imperaret facttiros se pollicentur. XIII. At Pompeius, cognitis his rebus quae erant Oriel atque Apolloniae gestae, Dyrrachio ^ timens diurnis eo noo- 15 turnisque itineribus contendit. Simul Caesar appropinquare dicebatur; tantusque terror incidit eius exercitui, quod properans noctem diei coniunxerat neque iter interniiserat, ut paene omnes ex Epiro finitimisque regionibus signa re- 1 Oricum, -i, a seaport in Epirus, on the bay formed by the promontory of Acroceraunia. ^ exact, demand. « prae-cludo, -ere, shut ; with dat., shut against, shut in the face of. * contrary to what ; atque = than ; see Vocab. fi the inhabitants of the neighboring towns of Byllis and Amantia. * see Vocab. ; note the case. 192 OPERATIONS IN ILLYRICUM AND EPIRUS. 193 linquerent, complures arma proicerent, ac fugae simile iter videretur. Sed cum prope Dyrrachium Pompeius con- stitisset castraque metari^ iussisset, perterrito etiam turn exercitu, prmceps Labienus procedit itiratque se eum non deserturum eundemque casum subiturum, quemcumque ei 5 Forttina tribuisset. Hoc idem reliqui iuraut legati; hos tribtini railitum centurionesque sequuntur, atque idem omnis exercitus iiirat. Caesar, praeoccupato ^ itinere ad Dyrrachium, finem properandi f acit castraque ad flumen Apsum * ponit in fini- 10 bus Apolloniatium, ut bene meritae civitates tutae essent praesidio, ibique reliquarum ex Italia legionum adventum exspectare et sub pellibus * hiemare constituit. Hoc idem Pompeius fecit et trans flumen Apsum positis castris, eo copias omnes auxiliaque conduxit. 15 Tfie rest of Caesar's army, at Brundisium, is unable to join him on account of the vigilance of Fompey's fleet, which suffers great pri- vations. XIV. Calenus ^ legionibus equitibusque Brundisi in nav6s impositis, ut erat praeceptum a Caesare, quantam navium facultatem liabebat,^ naves solvit, paulumque a porta prO- gressus litteras a Caesare accgpit, quibus est certior factus portHs litoraque omnia classibus adversariorum tenerl. Quo 20 cognito, se in portum recipit navesque omnes revocat. Una 1 metor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., measure off, for fortifying. i anticipated, sc. a Pompeid; cf. 1^.190, note 1. ^ 8 Apsus, -i, m., a river of Illyricum, flowing into the Adriatic north of ApoUonia. , x * ^ Un tents (made of skins), instead of in the usual barracks; see Introd. ' 6 Q. Fufius Calenus, legatvs of Caesar in the Gallic War as well. 6 i.e., as far as the number and capacity of his ships allowed. 194 Caesar's civil war. ex his, quae perseveravit ^ neque iraperio Caleni obtempera- vit, quod erat siue militibus privatoque consilio administra- batur, delata Oricum atque a Bibulo expugnata est ; qui de servis liberisque omnibus ad impuberes ^ supplicium sumit 5 et ad unum interficit. Ita in exiguo tempore magnoque casti ^ totius exercitus saltis constitit. XV. Bibulus, ut supra d^monstratum est, erat cum classe ad Oricum et, sicuti marl portibusque Caesarem prohibebat, ita ipse omni terra earum regionum prohibebatur. Praesi- 10 diis enim dispositis omnia lltora a Caesare tenebantur, neque lignandi* atque aquandi* neque naves ad terram deli- gandl potestas fiebat. Erat res in magna difficultate sum- misque angustiis rerum necessariarum premebantur, adeo ut cogerentur, sicuti reliquum commeatum, ita ligna atque 15 aquam Corcyra navibus onerariis supportare; atque etiam lino tempore accidit ut, difficilioribus usi tempestatibus, ex pellibus quibus erant tectae naves nocturnum excipere rorem " cogerentur ; quas tamen difficultates patienter ^ atque aequo animo ferebant neque sibi ntidanda litora et relin- 20 quendos porttis existimabant. Sed cum essent in quibus demonstravi angustiis ac sS Libo^ cum Bibulo conitinxisset, loquuntur ambo ex navibus cum M. Acilio et Static Murco legatis, quorum alter oppidi mtiris, alter praesidiis terrestribus praeerat: velle se de 1 kept on. 2 impubes, -eris (in + pubes), adj., not of age, youthful; ad impuberes^ including minors. 8 80 {ita) great a piece of good fortune, namely, the opportune arrival of Caesar's letter. * ligno, -5,re, get wood. ^ aqu5, -are, get water. 6 ros, roris, m., dew. They were obliged to use this for drinking water, since it was impossible to go to Corcyra on account of difficilioribus tem- pestatibus. ^ adv. from patiens. 8 L. Scribonius Libo, father-in-law of Pompey's son Sextus. OPERATIONS IN ILLYRICUM AND EPIRUS. 195 maximis rebus cum Caesare loqui, si sibi eius facultas detur. Hue addunt pauca rel confirmandae ^ causa, ut de compositione^ acttirl viderentur. Interim postulant ut sint indtitiae,^ atque ab els impetrant. Magnum enim quod afferebant videbatur, et Caesarem id summe^ scie- 5 bant cupere, et profectum* aliquid Vibulll« mandatis existimabatur. Negotiations for peace are fruitless ; irascible Bihulus dies. Xyi. Caesar eo tempore, cum legione una profectus ad recipiendas ulteriores civitates et rem frumentariam expe- diendam (qua angusta utebatur), erat ad Buthrotura oppidum 10 oppositum Corcyrae. Ibi certior ab Acilio et Murco per litteras factus de postulatis Libonis et Bibuli, legionem relinquit ; ipse Gricum revertitur. Eo cum venisset, evocantur illi ad colloquium. Prodit Libo atque exctisat Bibulum, quod is iracundia' summa erat 16 inimicitiasque habebat etiam privatas cum Caesare ex aedi- litate et praetura conceptas^; ob eam causam colloquium vitasse, ne res maximae spel maximaeque titilitatis eius Ira- cundia impedirentur. Suam summam esse ac fuisse semper voluntatem, ut componeretur* atque ab armis disc6deretur, 20 sed potestatem eius rel null am habere, propterea quod d6 consili sententia summam belli r^rumque omnium Pompeio _^ - — e , 1 of confirming the impression, explained by the following final clause. 2 compositio, -onis (compono), f., agreement, treaty of peace, sindutiae, -irum, f. pi., truce. * adv. from summus. 5 pro-ficio, -ere, accomplish ; sc. esse. « He had been sent to Pompey by Caesar with proposals for peace. ^irftcundia, -ae (iracimdus) , t., anger, wrath. 8 concipio, -ere (com + capio), take, conceive, receive. * for the meaning, of. compositio, note 2, above. 196 Caesar's civil war. permiserint. Sed postulatis Caesaris cognitTs, misstiros ad Pompeium, atque ilium reliqua per se Octurum hortantibus ipsis. Interea manerent indtitiae, dum ab illo rediri posset, neve alter alterl noceret. Hue addit pauca dS causa et d6 B copiis auxiliisque suls. XVII. Quibus rebus neque turn respondendum Caesar existimavit, neque nunc ut memoriae prodantur satis causae putamus. Postulabat Caesar ut legatos sibi ad Pompeium sine perlculo mittere liceret, id que ipsi fore reciperent^ aut 10 acceptos^ per s6 ad eum perducerent. Quod ad indutias pertineret, sic belli rationem esse divisam, ut ill! classe naves auxiliaque sua^ impedlrent, ipse ut aqua terraque eos prohiberet. Si hoc sibi remitti vellent, remitterent ipsi d6 maritimis ctistodiis; si illud tenerent, se quoque 15 id retenturum. Nihilo minus tamen agi posse de composi- tione, ut* haec non remitterentur, neque hanc rem illl esse impedimento. Libo neque legatos Caesaris recipere neque perlculum praestare^ eorum, sed totam rem ad Pompeium reicere; 20 tinum instare^ de indutils^ vehementissimeque contendere- Quem ubi Caesar intellexit praesentis perlculi atque inopiae vitandae causa omnem oration em Instituisse neque ullam spem aut condicionem pacis afferre, ad reliquam cogitatio- nem ^ belli sese recepit. 25 XVIII. Bibulus multos dies terra prohibitus et graviore morbo ex frigore ac labore implicitus, cum neque curari posset neque susceptum oflBcium d6serere vellet, vim morbl sustinere non potuit. Eo mortuo, ad ngminem tinum summa 1 take upon themselves, guarantee. * sc. legatos. 3 i.e., Caesar's. ^ although. ^ i.e., guarantee their safety. 6 was insistent on ; sc. eum = Lihonem. ' explanatory of unum 8 i.e., to a consideration of plans for the continuance of the war. OPERATIONS IN ILLYRICUM AND EPIRUS. 197 imperi rediit, sed separatim suam quisque classem ad arbitrium suum administrabat. Vibullius,^ sedato^ tumultu quern repentinus Caesaris adventus concitaverat, ubi primum e re ' visum est, adhibito Libone et L. Lucceio et Theophane, quibuscuin commtini- 5 care de maximis rebus Poinpeius consu6rat, de mandatis Caesaris agere instituit. Quern ingressum in sermonem Pompeius interpellavit et loqul plura prohibuit. *Quid mihi/ inquit, '• aut vita aut civitate opus est, quain beneficio Caesaris habere videbor ? cuius rei opinio tolli non poterit, 10 cum in Italiam, ex qua profectus sum, reductus^ existi- mabor.' Bello perfecto, ab els Caesar haec facta cognovit qui sermoni interfuerunt ; conatus tamen nihilo minus est aliis rationibus per colloquia dS pace agere. 1 see p. 195, note 6. 2 ggdo, -are, q^uiet. « S re, advantageous (in accordance with advantage). * sc. esse. V. The Battle of Pharsalia. (Ill, LXXXII-XCIX.) Pompey, having forced Caesar'' s withdrawal from Dyrrachitim, effects a junction with Scipio'^s forces and enters Thessaly, believing Caesar as good as conquered. LXXXII. Pompeius paucis post diebus in Thessaliam^ pervenit contionatusque apud cunctum exercitum suls agit gratias, Scipionis ^ milites cohortatur, ut parta iam victoria praedae ac praemiorum velint esse participes,^ receptisque 5 omnibus in una castra legionibus, suum cum Scipione honorem partitur classicumque* apud eum can! et alterum illi iubet praetorium^ tendi. Auctis copiis Pompei duobusque magnis exercitibus coniunctis, pristina omnium confirm atur opinio et spes 10 victoriae augetur, adeo ut, quicquid intercederet ^ temporis, id morari reditum in Italiam videretur; et si quando'^ quid Pompeius tardius* aut consideratius ^ faceret, tinlus esse negotium diei, sed ilium delectari^^ imperio et consulares praetoriosque servorum habere numero dicerent. lamque 1 a district east of Epirus. 2 gee p. 172, note 8. 8 particeps, -cipis (pars + capio), m., sharer. 4 classicum, -i, n., signal on the trumpet. 5 praetorium, -i (praetor), n., general's tent, headquarters. 6 inter-cedo, -ere, go between, intervene. "^ quando, adv., at any time, ever. 8 tarde (tardus), adv., slowly, deliberately. 9 consiierate (cf. considero), adv., with consideration, carefully. 10 delecto, -are, delight, please. 198 THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA. 199 inter s6 palam de praeturis ac d6 sacerdotiis^ contend^bant in annosque^ consulatum definiebant,* alii domos bonaque eorum qui in castris erant Caesaris petebant; magnaque inter eos in consilio fuit controversia, oporteretne Lucill Hirri, quod is a Pompeio ad Parthos missus esset, proximis 5 comitiis^ praetoriis absentis rationem haberi, cum eius necessarii fidem implorarent Pompei, praestaret quod profi- ciscenti recepisset,* ne per eius auctoritatem deceptus videretur, reliqui, in labore pari ac periculo ne unus omnes antecederet,^ recusarent. lO LXXXIII. lam de sacerdotio Caesaris Domitius, Sclpio Spintherque Lentulus ^ cotidianis contentionibus ad gravis- simas verborum contumelias palam descenderunt, cum Lentu- lus aetatis honorem ostentaret, Domitius urbanam gratiam dignitatemque iactaret/ Scipio ® affinitate Pompei confideret 15 Postulavit ^* etiam L. Xf ranium proditionis exercitus Acutius Eufus apud Pompeium, ^uod gestum in Hispania diceret. Et L. Domitius in consilio dixit placere sibi bello confecto ternas " tabellas darl ad iudicandum els qui ordinis essent senatoril, belloque una cum ipsis interf uissent, sententiasque 20 de singulis ferrent qui Romae remansissent, quique intra praesidia Pompei f uissent neque operam in re mllitarl prae- stitissent : unam fore tabellam, qui ^ llberandos ^^ omnI peri- culo censerent ; alteram, qui " capitis damnarent ; tertiam, 1 sacerdotium, -i (sacerd5s), n., priesthood. * i.e., for years in advance. 8 de-finio, -ire (de, cf. finis), assign, define. * elections. « see p. 196, note 1. « i-e., be favored above all. 7 P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, a former friend of Caesar. 8 iacto, -are (intens. of iaciS), toss about, boast of. 9 see p. 172, note 8. ^** accused. 11 terni, -ae, -a (cf. tres), three apiece, three, each. 12 sc. els, for those who voted. ^ sc. eos and esse, 1^ sc. els, and cf . note 12. 200 caesar's civil war. qiiT^ pecUnia multarent. Postremo^ omnes aut de honori- bus suis ant d6 praemils pecuniae aut de persequendis ini- micis agebant, neque quibus rationibus superare possent, sed quern ad modum atl victoria dfiberent, cogitabant. Caesar draws up his army near Pompey's camp, challenging a general engagement. 6 LXXXIV. R6 frflmentaria praeparata^ confirmatisque militibus et satis longo spatio temporis a Dyrrachmis* proeliis intermisso, quo satis perspectum habere mllitum animum vid6r6tur, temptandum Caesar existimavit quidnam Pompeius propositi^ aut voluntatis ad dimicandum haberet. 10 Itaque exercitum ex castris edtixit acieraque Tnstrtixit, primo suls locis paulGque a castris Pompei longius, conti- nentibus v6r6 disbus, ut progrederStur a castris suls coUibusque Pompeianis* aciem subiceret. Quae res in dies confirmatiorem ^ eius exercitum eflfciebat. 15 Superius tamen instittitum in equitibus, quod demon- stravimus, servabat, ut, quoniam numero multis partibus esset inferior, adul6scent6s atque expedites ex antesignanis * electos, mutatis ad pernicitatem ^ armis, inter equitSs proe- lian iuberet, qui cotidiana consuetudine usum quoque eius 20 generis proeliorum perciperent.^" His erat rebus effectum ut 1 sc. eis, and cf. p. 199, note 12. 2 in fine, in short. 8 prae-paro, -are, prepare, get ready beforehand. 4 adj. from Dyrrachium, at Dyrrachium. 6 pr5posituni, -i (propSno), n., plan, purpose. 6 i.e., on which Pompey was encamped. ^ part, of confinnb as adj., more confident. 8 antesignanus, -i (ante -f signum) , m., skirmisher. 9 for (purposes of) speed ; pernicitfts, -tfttis (pernix), f., swiftness, speed. 10 percipio, -ere (per + capioj , take in, understand. THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA. 201 equites mllle etiam apertioribus locis vii milium Pompeia- norum impetum, cum adesset usus, sustingre auderent, ueque magnopere eorum multitudine terr6rentur. Nam que etiam per eos digs proelium secundum equestre fecit atque tinum Allobrogem ex duobus, quos perfugisse ad Pompeium supra 5 docuimus, cum quibusdam ^ interf 6cit. LXXXV. Pompeius, qui castra in colle habebat, ad in- fimas radices montis aciem instruebat, semper, ut videbatur, exspectans si iniquis locTs Caesar se subiceret. Caesar, nulla ratione ad pugnam glici '^ posse Pompeium existimans, hanc 10 sibi commodissimam belli rationem iudieavit, uti castra ex eo loco moveret semperque esset in itineribus, baec spectans, ut movendis castris pluribusque adeundis locis commodiore re frtimentaria uteretur ; simulque in itinere ut aliquam 00- casionem dimicandi nancisceretur, et insolitum ^ ad laborem I6 Pompei exercitum cotidianis itineribus defatigaret. His constittitis rebus,- signo iam profectionis dato taber- naculisque detensis,^ animadversum est paulo ante extra* cotidianam consuettidinem longius a vallo esse aciem Pompei progressam, ut non^ iniquo loco posse diraicari vid6retur. 20 Tum Caesar apud suos, cum iam esset agmen in portls, ^Differendum est/ inquit, 'iter in praesentia nobis et d6 proelio cogitandum, sicut semper depoposcimus. Animo simiis ad dimicandum parati; non facile occasionem postea reperiemus.' Confestimque expeditas copias educit. 25 Pompey resolves to fight ; even Ldbienus is over-confident. LXXXVI. Pompeius quoque, ut postea cognitum est, suorum omnium hortatti statuerat proelio decertare. 1 i.e., quibusdam alils. 2 glicio, -ere, §lictil, Slicitum, lure forth, entice. « insolitus, -a, -um (in + solitus) , adj., unaccustomed, unused. * de-tendo, -ere, -tendi, -tensus (unstretch), strike; cf. p. 198, 1. 7. 6 contrary to. * with iniquo. 202 Caesar's civil war. Namque etiam in consilio superioribus diebus dixerat, prius quam concurrerent acies, fore uti exercitus Caesaris pelle- retur. Id cum essent plerique admirati, ' Scio ine,' inquit, * paene incredibilem rem polliceri ; sed rationem consili mei 5 accipite, quo firmiore animo in proelium prodeatis. Persuasi equitibus nostrls, idque mihi se facttiros confirm averunt, ut, cum propius sit accessum, dextrum Caesaris cornu ab latere aperto aggrederentur, et circumventa a tergo acie, prius perturbatum exercitum pellerent quam a nobis telum in 10 bostem iaceretur. Ita sine periculo legionum et paene sine vulnere bellum conficiemus. Id autem difficile non est, cum tantum equitatu valeamus.' Simul dentintiavit ut essent animo parati in posterum diem, quoniam fieret dimicandi potestas, ut saepe cogitavissent, ne suam neu reliquorum 16 opinionem fallerent. LXXXVII. Hunc Labienus excepit et, cum Caesaris copias despiceret, Pompei consilium summis laudibus efferret, * Noli,' inquit, * existimare, Pompei, hunc esse exer- citum, qui Galliam Germaniamque devicerit. Omnibus 20 interfui proelils neque temere incognitam rem prontintio. Perexigua^ pars illius exercitus superest; magna pars dS- periit^ (quod accidere tot proelils fuit necesse), multos autumn!^ pestilentia* in Italia constimpsit, multi domum discesserunt, multl sunt relict! in continent!. An non 25 audistis ex e!s, qui per causam valetudinis remanserunt, cohortes esse Brundis! factas ? Hae copiae, quas videtis, ex dilectibus horum annorum in citeriore Gallia sunt refectae. 1 per-exiguus, -a, -um, adj., very small. •■ de-pereo, -ire, die off, perish. 3 autmnnus, -i (augeo), m., autumn. 4 pestilentia, -ae, i., fever. THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA. 203 et plgrique sunt ex colonils^ Transpadanls. ^ Ac tamen, quod fuit roboris, duobus proeliis Dyrraclilnis interiit/ Haec cum dixisset, iuravit se nisi victorem in castra non reversurum, reliquosque ut idem facerent hortatus est. Hoc laudans Pompeius idem iuravit; nee vero ex reliquis fuit 6 quisquam, qui iurare dubitaret. Haec turn facta sunt in consilio magnaque spe et laetitia omnium discessum est ; a. viritim: 'man by man'; i.e. it was an army of picked men. viginti : sc. milia. 8. baud ita magna manu Graeciae : ' by a comparatively small band of Greeks ' ; lit. trans. ? Only 01,000 Lacedae- monians, Tegeans, and Athenians took an actual part in the battle. 9. plurima miscere : 'to cause a great deal of disturbance.' 274 NOTES TO CORNELIUS NEPOS. [Pages 89-90. 10. in eo : 'in this respect,' explained by the clause quod . . . posu- isset. The subj. shows that it was the reason given by those who cen- sured him. 12. in quo haec erat seutentia : 'of which this was the purport.' What follows is a free rendering of the metrical inscription (epigramma) on the tripod. 13. ergo : ' on account of.' Used only in antiquated style, — laws, inscriptions, etc. 14. dedisse : sc.se, a careless omission. 15. nomina eanun civitatmn : the brazen support of this tripod, composed of three serpents twisted together, on whose coils the names are inscribed, is now in the Hippodrome at Constanti- nople. n. 17. classe communi : sc. Graeciae. 18. Cypnim atque Hellespontum : note the omission of the prep, with Hellespontum. See note on Chersonesum, p. 75, 1. 6. The influence of Cyprum is also to be taken into account. 19. praesidia : ' garrisons.' 23. effu- gisse : sc. eos. 24. Gongylum : sc. misit, since remisit can only be used properly of the captives. A case of zeugma. B. 374, 2, a ; A. 640 ; H. 751, 2, N. Page 90. 2. cgperat: B. 265; A. 479; H. 539, 1. 3. misit : sc. eos, antecedent of quos. 4. des : B. 274 ; A. 439, a ; H. 559. nup- tum: 'in marriage.' B. 340, 1; A. 509; H. 633. 5. se : ace, while te is abl. 7. certum: 'reliable.' mittas face: 'see to it that you send,' 'pray send.' face is an archaic form for /ac. See B. 116, 3 ; A. 182, n., and 449, c ; H. 241 and 561, 2. Put the letter of Pausanias into ind. disc. 9. tam sibi neceBsarionim : ' so nearly related to him.' 11. ng cui rel parcat : 'that he spare no means.' 12. polliceretur: the imp. subj. instead of the present, petit is his- torical present. See note to p. 76, 1. 14. In vivid narration the tenses in both the ind. and the subj. are often changed from pres. to past or from past to pres. in the same sentence. 13. laturum : sc. eum esse. Huius: 'Ais,' I.e. the king's. 15. Quo facto: 'on account of this' = cum in susplcionem cecidisset. See note on in quo, p. 82, 1. 9. 16. capitis: modifies both accusdtus and absolvitur ; 'he was accused on a capital charge and acquitted.' 17. remissus non est: Dorcio was sent in his place, but found the hegemony transferred to the Athe- nians. This was in 477 b.c. m. 18. post non multo : a common order in Nepos for the usual non multo post. sua sponte : i.e. as a volunteer. 19. cogitata : 'ideas.' He developed ideas which were not foolish (i.e. that expression is not strong enough), but those of a mndnian. 20. mores: 'ways,' 'habits.' 21. rggio : i.e. of a Persian king. 23. qui aderant : Pages 90-92.] NOTES TO CORNELIUS NEPOS. 275 sc. ei, 'his associates.' possent : B. 283, 2, a ; A. 535, c; H. 591, b. 28. clava : a means of secret communication used by the Spartan ephors. When a king or general left home, he was given a staff, or cylin- drical piece of wood, exactly similar to one in the possession of the ephors. When they wished to communicate with him, they cut the writing material into strips, wound it around the staff, and wrote their message along the length of the staff. When it was unrolled, only detached letters or frag- ments of words were seen ; but the person to whom it was sent could read it by wrapping it around his staff. Both the staff and the despatch were called a-KVTdXri, of which cldva is the Latin equivalent. 29. more illo- rum : 'after their fashion,' i.e. as just described. On more, see note to p. 57, 1. 19. Page 91. 3. vincla publica : cf. p. 80, 1. 21. 4. regl : Pausanias was not king, but as guardian of the young King Pleistarchus, who was his cousin, he acted as regent. Hinc = ex vinclis. 6. rege : i.e. the king of the Persians. 7. quod : qui would be more in accordance with the common usage. Hilotae : lit. ' captives,' prisoners taken in war or their descendants ; they were the original owners of the country, and were serfs rather than slaves. 9. munere : B. 218, 1 ; A. 410 ; H. 477, I. 11. crimen: 'charge.' 12. et ezspectandum : sc. esse, ' but that they ought to wait ' ; putdhant has a negative force with oportere iudicdri, but not with exspectandum . . . aperiret, B. 293, in, 3; A. 553; H. 603, ii, 2. IV. 14. Argilius : see Vocab. Subject of accepisset. 15. eo : i.e. Pausanias. eique : refers to adulescentulus ; trans, as subject. 17. redisset . . . missi erant : meaning of the moods ? vincla epistulae : the tablet on which the letter was written was fastened together by a cord, which was secured by a seal. 18. si pertulisset : ' if he should deliver it ' ; force of per- ? 19. Erant in eadem epia- tula : ' there were also contained in the letter.' quae : ' correspondence which.' 22. gravitas: ' deliberateness.' They were unwilling to take decisive measures until they had absolute proof. hoc loco - ' on this occasion.' 25. indicasset : the subj. is due to ind. disc. huic : i.e. Argilib adulescentulo. 27. violari nefSs: hence one who took refuge there was secure from molestation. 28. banc iuxta : B. 144, 3; A. 435; H. 676, 1. 29. posset: subj. representing the design of the ephors. loqueretur : not a condition contrary to fact, but a future condition in implied ind. disc. 30. Hue : ' into this.' Page 92. 2. supplicem : ' as a supplicant,' in apposition with Quern. 3. causae quid sit = quae causa sit ; causae is part. gen. 5. neu = 276 NOTES TO CORNELIUS NEPOS. [Pages 92-93. nere, the regular connective of two negative purpofie clauses. See note to p. 85, 1. 13. meritum : trans, by a rel. clause. 6. si earn veniam . . . dedisset : , 'if he granted him that request ' ; of. p. »S, 1. 7. 7. magno ei praemio fatumin : the subject is id understood = earn veniam sibi dediise et . . . subievasse. On praemio^ see B. 191, 2 ; A. 382, 1, and x. 1 ; H. 433, 1, 2. V. 9. His rSbus ephon cognitis : this position of the subject of the sentence is common, when it would also be the subject of the clause represented by the abl. abs. ; here .the abl. abs. = qvae (has res) enm ephori cognossent. pntSnint = pirtavemnt. 10. Qo6 = in \trhem. 12. in eo esset nt : ' was on the point of being » ; cf . p. 8<), 1. 4. ex vultu ciiiusdam ephori : ' from the expression of one of the ephors.' 14. gradibus : B. 223 ; A. 414 ; H. 479. 15. quae : refers to Minervae, 16. Cbalcioicos : see Vocab. The temple was one of the most ancient in Sparta. The statue ipvT]%], m., Artaphemes, nephew of Da- rius Hystaspis. With Datis he commanded the Persian forces at Marathon. Artaxerxes, -is, ['Apral^p^T^s], m., Artaxerxes, the nS-me of two Per- sian kings. (1) Artaxerxes Macrochir, or ' long-handed ' son of Xerxes, reigned from 465 to 424 b.c. (2) Artaxerxes Mnemon, or 'of the good memory,' son of Da- rius Nothus, reigned from 405 to 362 B.C. Artemisium, -I, [^ AprefAaiov], n„ Artemisium, a promontory form- ing the nortliern end of the island of Euboea, famous for the sea- fight between the fleet of Xerxes and that of the Greeks under Eurybiades in 480 b.c. See map opp. p. 75. Arvemus, -a, -um, adj., of the Ar- verni, Arvernian. As subst., Ar- verni, -orum, m., pi., Arvernians, the Arvcrni, a powerful people about the upper part of the Elaver ARX 16 ATTICA {Allier), whose chief city, Gergo- via, was unsuccessfully besieged by Caesar. See map opp. p. 114. arx, arcis, f., citadel, fortress, stronghold ; the acropolis of Athens. Ascanius, -i, m., Ascanius, the son of Aeneas. ascendo, -scendere, -scendi, -scen- sus, [ad + scando, climb'], 3, as- cend, climb up; mount, scale; embark. ascensuB, -us, [ascendo], m., as- cent, climbing ; way up, approach. aBCisc5, aaciscere, ascivi, ascitus, [ad + scisco, approve], 3, admit to association with oneself, re- ceive, accept. Asia, -ae, f., Asia, referring to Asia as distinguished from Europe, to Asia Minor, or to the Roman prov- mce of Asia. Asiaticus, -a, -um, adj., of Asia, Asiatic. As subst. , Asiaticus, -i, m., surname of L. Sc'ipio Asiati- cus, the conqueror of Antiochus. Asina, -ae, m., Asina, surname of Cn. Cornelius Asina. asinus, -i, m., an ass, donkey. asper, -era, -erum, comp. asperior, sup. asperrimus, adj., adverse ; rough, harsh, violent, cruel. asperitas, -atis, [asper], f., rough- ness, harshness, asperity, cruelty ; acidity. aspernor, -ari, -atussum, [a+sper- nor], 1, dep., disdain, despise. aspicio, -spicere, -spexi, aspectus, [ad + specio], 3, look upon; re- gard, inspect. aspis, -idis, f., asp, viper. aBsequor, -sequi, -seciitus sum, [ad -f sequor], 3, &q^., follow up, over- take ; reach, attain. asBido, -ere,-sedi, — , 3, sit doicn. assiduus, -a, -um, [ad, cf. sedeo], adj., attending, continually pres- ent; continual. asto, -are, -stiti, — , [ad -f- sto], 1, stand near, stand by.' SLBtvL, [&Ketoj'], m., her- aUVs staff. Caecilius, -i, m., Caecilius, name of a Roman gens. In this book refers to : (1) Q. Caecilius Metellus Mace- donicus, who defeated Andris- cus in 148 b.c. P. 48, 1. 24. (2) Q. Caecilius Metellus Nu- midicus, consul in 109 b.c. P. 60, 1. 3. caedes, -is, [cf. caedo], f., killing, slaughter, murder, massacre. caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesus, 3, cut, cut down ; cut to pieces, slay ; vanquish, destroy. caelum, -i, n., the sky, heaven, heavens. Caemanl, -drum, m., pi., a small state in Belgic Gaul. See map opp. p. 114. Caepio, -onis, m., CaepiOy family name of Cn. Servilius Caepio, consul 140 B.C. caerimonia, -ae, f., religious usage, sacred rite ; veneration, reverence. CaeroBi, -orum, m., pi., a small state in Belgic Gaul. See map opp. p. 114. Caesar, -aris, m., Caesar, the name of a famous family of the Julian gens. In this book are men- tioned : (1) C. lulius Caesar, the dicta- tor. See p. 53. (2) C. lulius Caesar Octdvidnus Augustus, the first emperor of Rome. See p. 67. calamitas, -tatis, f . , loss, damage ; misfortune, disaster, defeat. Caleti, -drum, also Caletes, -um. OALLIDE 21 CAPIO [Kel., from caleto-, 'hard'], in., pi., a people living on the sea- coast at the mouth of the Sequana {Seine). See map opp. p. 114. callidS, comp. callidius, sup. cal- lidissime,[callidus], adv., shrewd- ly^ skilfully, cunningly. callidus, -a, -um, comp. callidior, sup. callidissimus, [calleo], adj., practised, shrewd, cunning; cal- culating. Calliphron, -onis, [KaXXf^pwv], m., Calliphron, a teacher of dancing, from whom Epaminondas learned the art. Callistratus, -i, [KaW^orpaTOs], m., Callistratus, an Athenian orator, a contemporary of Epaminondas. calo, -onis, m., soldier'' s servant, camp servant. Calpurnius, -a, the name of a Koman gens. In this book are mentioned : (1) L. Calpurnius Bestia, consul 111 B.C. (2) Calpurnia, wife of Julius Caesar. (3) L. Calpurnius Bibulus. See Bibuhis. calvitium, -i, [calvus], n., bald- ness, a bald-spot. calvus, -a, -um, adj., bald. As subst., Calvus, -i, m., a Roman surname, in this book referring to C. Licinius Macer Calvus, the orator and poet, a contemporary of Catullus. He lampooned Julius Caesar. Camillus, -i, m., Camillus. See Furius. Campania, -ae, f., Campania, a district in central Italy, southeast of Latium, noted for its beauty and fertility. See map opp. p. 30. Campanus, -a, -um, adj., of Cam^ pania, Campanian. As subst., Campanus, i, m., a Campanian. campus, -i, m., plain, level field; often = Campus Martius, the Campus Martius, a grassy plain in the northwestern ^art of Rome lying along the Tiber, the place where reviews and the elections were held. See map opp. p. 53. Caninius, -i, ra., gentile name of C. Caninius Rebilus, who held the consulship for a few hours in 45 B.C. See pp. 66-67. canis, -is, m. and f., dog. Cannae, -arum, f., pi., Cannae, a town in Apulia, in southeastern Italy, the scene of the defeat of the Romans by Hannibal in 216 B.C. See map. opp. p. 30. Cannensis, -e, adj., of Cannae, at Cannae. canto, -are, -avT, -atua, [freq. of cano], 1, sing, play. cantus, -us, [cano], m., song, chant; cry, note. capesso, -ere, -ivi, -iturus, [desid. of capio], 3, eagerly sieze, lay hold of; betake oneself, resort to ; rem publicam capessere, to under- take public business, to serve one^s counti'y. capillus, -i, [cf. caput], m., hair of the head, hair. capio, capere, cepi, captus, 3, take hold of, take, seize ; take captive, make prisoner ; occupy, take pos- session of; captivate, charm; cheat, deceive, betray; choose, select; affect, move, influence; receive, obtain. initium capere, to begin. consilium capere, to form a plan. dolorem capere, to be grieved. CAPITOLIUM 22 CASSIUS Capitolium, -i, [caput], n., the Capitol^ a temple on the southern apex of the Capitoline Hill, dedi- cated to Jupiter, Juno, and Mi- nerva ; often the Capitoline Hill, the hill on which the Capitol stood. See map opp. p. 53. capitulatim, [caput], adv., by heads, summarily. capra, -ae, f., she-goat. Caprae paliis, the GoaVs Pool., a marsh in the Campus Martius. captivus, -a, -um, [capio], adj., taken prisoner, captive. Assubst., m. and f., prisoner, captive. capto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of capio], 1, seize eagerly, strive to sieze ; snatch at, strive for. captus, -a, -um, sc. capi5. Capua, -ae, f., Capua, a city in Campania, 136 miles southeast of Rome, noted for its luxury. See map opp. p. 30. capulus, -i, [capio], m., lit. that which is grasped; handle, hilt of a sword. caput, -itis, n., head ; by metonymy, person, man, life, safety; of a river, mouth. capitis absoliitus, not condemned to death. capita demisso, with the head bowed down. duo milia capitum, two thousand souls. Car, Carls, [Caria], m., a Carian, inhabitant of Caria. career, -eris, m., prison, dungeon; especially the Tullidnum, the Roman state-prison. careo, carere, carui, caritums, 2, be without, be free from, be destitute of; do without, refrain from ; hold aloof from, be absent from. patria carere, to be in exile. Caria, -ae, [Kdpta], f., Caria, a province in the southwestern part of Asia Minor, south of Lydia. See map opp. p. 93. caritas, -atis, [carus], f., affection, love. carnifex, -ificis, [card, cf. facio], m., executioner, butcher. Carnutes, -um, m., pi., a state in central Gaul, north of the Liger {Loire) ; chief city, Cenabum. See map opp. p. 114. carpentum, -i, n., carnage; at Rome a covered vehicle with two wheels. camis, -i, m., cart, icagon. Cf. n. top. 115, 1. 26. Carthaginiensis, -e, adj., of Carth- age, Carthaginian. As subst., Carthaginiensis, -is, m., Cartha- ginian, inhabitant of Carthage. Carthago, -inis, f., Carthage, a city on the northern coast of Africa, near the modern Tunis. See map, frontispiece. Carthago Nova, New Carthage, a city in eastern Spain. See map, frontispiece. Casca, -ae, m. , Casca, surname of C. Servilius Casca, one of the assassins of Caesar. Cassianus, -a, -um, [Cassius], adj., of Cassius. Cassius, -i, m., name of a Roman gens, refers in this book to : (1) C. Cassius Longlnus, origi- nator of the conspiracy against Caesar. (2) Lucius Cassius Longinus; praetor b.c. Ill ; when consul, 107 B.C., he engaged in battle with the Tigurini in the terri- tory of the Allobroges, and was defeated and slain. CASTELLUM 23 CENO castellum, -i, [dim. of castrum], n., redoubt^ fortress, slronyhold, citadel. Casticus, -i, ra., a prominent Se- quanian. castrum, -i, n., fortress, castle ; pi. castra, -orum, camp, encamp- ment, castra movere, to break camp. castra ponere, to pitch camp, in castris usum habere, to have experience in military service. casu, [casus], adv., by chance, ac- cidentally. casus, us, [cado], m.,fall; event, occurrence ; chance, fortune ; overthrow, destruction ; misfor- tune, mischance, calamity. Catamantaloedis, -is, [Kel., = 'Man of Even Temper'], m., foremost man of the Sequani be- fore Caesar's time. catena, -ae, f., chain; fetter. Catilina, -ae, Catilina, Catiline, family name of L. Sergius Cati- lina, who formed a dangerous con- spiracy against the state, which was suppressed by Cicero. Cato, -onis, [catus, sJirewd], m., Cato, name of a noted family of the Porcian gens. In this book are mentioned : (1) M. Porcius Cato, the censor. Born B.C. 234 ; died in 149. (2) M. Porcius Cato Uticensis, so called from Utica in Africa, where he committed suicide in 46 B.C. rather than surrender to Caesar. Catullus, see Valerius. Catulus, see Lutatius, Caturiges, -um, [Kel., = 'Battle- Kings'], m., pi., a Gallic people in the eastern part of the Province. See map opp. p. 114. causa, -ae, f., cause, reason; op- portunity; excuse; condition, sit- uation; case at law, suit; abl. causa, with preceding gen., for the sake of, for the purpose of causam dicere, to plead a case. caveo, cavere, cavi, cautus, 2, he on one's guard, beware of, take precaution; give security. cede, cedere, cessi, cessiirus, 3, go away, depart, retire, withdraw, re- treat ; yield, give up to ; abandon ; fall to the lot of; result, happen, turn out. cedentes insequi, to follow up the retreating enemy. celeber, -bris, -bre, comp. cele- brior, sup. celeberrimus, adj.,/re- quented, thronged, crowded, pop- ulous; renowned, famous. celer, -eris, -ere, comp. celerior, sup. celerrimus, adj., quick, stoift, sudden. celeritas, -tatis, [celer], f., speed, quickness, swiftness, rapidity, des- patch. celeriter, comp. celerius, sup. ce- lerrime, [celer], adv., quickly, speedily, at once, immediately. cglo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, conceal, hide, keep secret. Celtae, -arum, [Kel.], m., pi., Celts, inhabitants of that part of Gaul between the Garonne and the Seine, extending from the At- lantic to the Alps. They belonged to the great Keltic family, and were divided into many states or tribes. cSna, -ae, f., dinner, the principal meal of the Romans, taken in the early times at noon, afterwards later in the day. c§no, -are, -avi, -atus, [cena], 1, dine, eat dinner ; eat, dine upon. CENSEO 24 CHRYSOGONUS cSnseo, -ere, -ui, -us, 2, estimate ; thinks hold, judge ; decree, resolve upon, determine; vote for, favor. cgnsor, -oris, [censed], m., censor, a Roman magistrate. Two censors were chosen every five years, and served for eighteen months. They held the census, or rating of the citizens ; chose the members of the senate from those eligible to that dignity, and removed them for cause ; exercised a general super- vision over public morals ; and ad- ministered the finances of the state. Censorinus, -i, m., Censorlnus, family name of L. Mdrcius Cen- sorinus, consul 149 B.C. censorius, -a, -um, [censor], adj., of the censor, censorial. As subst. , censorius, -i, m., one who has been censor, ex-censor. censura, -ae, [censor], f., office of censor, censorship. cSnsus, -us, [censeo], m., registra- tion of citizens and property by the censors; census, rating; count, enumeration. CentSnius, -i, m., Centenius, gen- tile name of C. Centenius, a Ro- man praetor, defeated by Han- nibal in 216 B.C. centiSns, [centum], adv., a hun- dred times. centiens seatertium (sc. centena milia), ten million sesterces. centiim or C, num. adj. indecL, a hundred. centurio, -onis, [centuria], m., commander of a century, centu- rion, captain. See Intro., p. 10. certtxnen, -inis, [certo], n., co7i- to.st. battle; match, trial of strength or skill; rivalry, com- petition. certo, -are, avi- -atus, [certus], 1, vie with; contend, struggle; rival, emulate. certus, -a, -um, [old part, of cern5], adj., determined, fixed, certain; definite, specified; cer- tain, assured; reliable, trust- worthy, aliquem certiorem facere, to inform any one. cer- tior fieri, to be informed. cervix, -icis, f., neck, throat. cesso, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of cedo], 1, be remiss; delay, be in- active. cetenis, -a, -um, nom. sing, m, not in use, adj., other, the other, the rest, remainder ; pi., the rest, all the others, the other. As subst., ceteri, -drum, m., pi., the others, all the rest, every one else ; cetera, -orum, n., pi., the rest, all else, everything else. Cethegus, -i, m,, Cethegus, cogno- men of P. Cornelius Cethegus, consul in 181 b.c. Ceutrones, -um, m., pi., a people in the eastern part of 'the Province.' See map opp. p. 114. Chabrias, -ae, [Xa/S/a/ds], m., Cha- brias, an Athenian general. Chalcioicos, -i, [XaX/cioiKos], f., the Goddess of the Brazen House, a surname of Minerva derived from a brazen temple erected to her in Sparta. charta, -ae, f., leaf of the Egyptian papyrus, pap^r; writing. Chersonesus, -i, [XepaSuriaos'], f., the Chersonese, a peninsula of Thrace west of the Hellespont. See map opp. p. 75. chorda, -ae, [xopSr}'], f., string, of a musical instrument. ChrysogonuB, -i, m., Chrysogo- CIBARIA 25 CIRCUMSTO 7ms, surname of L. Cornelius Chrysogonus, a freedman of Sulla. He accused S. Roscius Amerinus of parricide. Cicero defended Roscius in his first public oration. cibaria, -orum, [cibarius, from ci- bus], n,, pi. ^ provisions, rations. cibus, -i, m.,/t>od, victuals. cicatrix, -ids, f., scar. cicer, -eris, n., the chickpea. Cicero, -onis, [cicer], m., Cicero, name of a family of the Tullian gens. In this book, M. Tullius Cicero, the orator and statesman. See p. 61. Cimbri, -orum, m., pi., a Germanic people, originally in the Cimbric peninsula (the present Jutland), that joined with the Teutones in the invasion of Gaul. They were annihilated by Marius near Ver- cellae in 101 b.c. See n. to p. 140, 1. 13. Cimberius, -i, m., a leader of the Suebi. Cimon, -onis, [Ki/iwv], m., Cimon, referring to : (1) the father of Miltiades. (2) the son of Miltiades. Cineas, -ae, m., Cineds, a friend and counsellor of Pyrrhus, famed for his eloquence. cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus, 3, surround, enclose, encircle; in- vest. Cinna, -ae, m., family name of L. Cornelius Cinna, leader of the popular party b.c. 87-84, and as- sociated with Marius in a massa- cre of the aristocracy. cippus, -i, m. , stake, post. circinus, -i, { = kLpklvo%~\, m., pair of compasses. circiter, [circus, e converto. convert©, -vertere, -verti, -versus. CONVICTUS 35 CORROSUS [com- + verto], 8, turn, direct, turn about, wheel around ; change ; of the sight, fix, rivet, attract; use for, use as ; divert, misuse. con- versa signa inferre, to face about and advance. itinere convers5, turning about. convictus, see convinco. convinco, -vincere, -vici, -victus, [com- + vmc5], 3, conquer com- pletely, overcome; convict, prove guilty, refute; prove clearly, establish, prove. convoco, -are, -avi, -atus, [com- -f voco], 1, call together, summon, assemble. coorior, -oriri, -ortus sum, [com- + orior], 4, dep., come forth, arise, appear. cophinus, -1, m., basket. copia, -ae, [ = co-opia, from com- + ops], f., qiiantity, abundance, supply, plenty ; opportunity. PL, copiae, -arum, means, resources, wealth ; forces, troops. copiosus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, sup. -issimus, [copia], adj., well sup- plied, wealthy, rich. coram, [com-, cf. 53], adv. and prep, with ^1., before: (1) As adv., before the eyes, pres- ent, in person, coram adesse, to be present. (2) As prep, vs^ith abl., before, in the presence of. Corcyra, -ae, [K^pKvpa], i., Cor- cyra, an island in the Ionian Sea west of Epirus, the modern Corfu. See map opp. p. 75, Corcyraeus, -a, -um, adj., of Cor- cyra, at Corcyra, Corcyraean. As subst., Corcyraei, -orum, m., pi., Corcijraeans, inhabitants of Cor- cyra. Corinthus, -i, [Khpivdo^^, f., Cor^ inth, a city of Greece, situated on the Isthmus of Corinth. See map opp. p. 75. Corinthius, -a, -um, [Corinthus], adj., of or belonging to Corinth, Corinthian. As subat., Corin- thius, -1, m., an inhabitant oj Corinth, a Corinthian. Coriolanus, -i, [Corioli], m., Cori- olanus, surname of C. Mdrcius Coriolanus. Corioli, -orum, m., pi., CorioU, a town of Latium, about sixteen miles southeast of Rome. See map, frontispiece. Corlosolites, -um, m., pi., a people along the northwest coast of Gaul, north of the Veneti ; the name sur- vives in Corseult, near St. Malo. See map opp. p. 114. Cornelius, -a, the name of a Roman gens which contained a number of distinguished fami- lies. See Cethegus, Cinna, Lentu- lus, Scipid, Sulla. To this gens belonged Cornelia, -ae, f., Cor- nelia, the daughter of Scipio Africanus the elder, and mother of the Gracchi ; and L. Cornelius, consul in 193 b.c. cornii, -us, n., horn; trumpet; of an army, wing. cordna, -ae, f . , crown, wreath. See civicus. corpus, -oris, n., body; person; dead body, coipse. correxl, see corrigo. corrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectus, [com- -f regd], 3, make straight; correct, improve; restore, calm. corrodo, -ere, -si, -sum, [com- -J- rod5], 3, gnaw. corrosus, see corr5d5. COKRUMPO 36 CRYSTALLINUS corrumpo, -rumpere, -rapi, cor- ruptus, [com- 4- rumpo], 3, de- stroy^ ruin, spoil ; corrupt, seduce, mislead, bribe. corruptua, see corrumpo. cortex, corticis, m. and f., bark of a tree. Corvinus, -i, m,, Corvinus, sur- name of M. Valerius Corvinus, an early Roman. corvus, -1, m., raven. coss. , = cdnsulibus. cotidianus, or cottidianus, -a, -um, [cotidie], adj., daily; ordi- VMry, usual cotidie, or nottldig, [quot + dies?], adv., daily, every day. Cottn, -ae, see Aurunculeiua. CrassuS: -i, m. : (1) Marcus Licinius Crassus, surnamed Dives, consul in 70 b.c. member of the triumvirate with Caesar and Pompey, consul again in 55 ; perished in the disastrous Parthian expedition, 53 b.c. (2) Publius Licinius Crassus, younger son of the triumvir; lieutenant of Caesar, in Gaul, 58- 66 B.C., where he distinguished himself ; he returned to Rome in 55, followed his father to the East, and fell in the same battle. creber, -bra, -brum, adj., thick, frequent, numerous, abundant. credo, credere, credidi, creditus, 3, give as a loan, lend; trust, believe, think, suppose; intrust, consign. Cremera, -ae, f., the Cremera, a small river in Etruria, near Veil. See map, frontispiece. cremo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, burn. igni cremare, to consume by fire, hum to death. Cremona, -ae, f., Cremona, a town in Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po. See map opp. p. 30. creo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, create, make; choose, elect, appoint. crSsco, crescere, crevi, cretus, 3, inch., grow, increase; become great, become powerful ; of a river, become swollen. Crgta, -ae, [K/j^tt;], f., Crete, a large island in the Mediterranean southeast of Greece, now called Candia. See map opp. p. 75. CretSnais, -e, adj., of Crete, Cretan. As subst. , Cretensis, -is, m. , Cre- tan, inhabitant of Crete. CretSs, -um, [K/OT^res]. m., pi., Cre- tans, inhabitants of Crete, now Candia. crimen, -inis, [cf. cerno], n., judg- ment, accusation, charge; crime, offence. cniciatUB, -lis, [crucio, torture], m., torture, cruelty, torment, suffering. crucio, -are, -avi, -atus, [crux], \, torture, torment ; grieve, afflict. criidelis, -e, comp. criidelior, sup. crudelissimus, adj., rude, unfeel- ing, cruel. « crudSlitSs, -atis, [crudelis], f., cruelty, barbarity. crudeliter, comp. crudelius, sup. criidelissime, [crudelis], adv., cruelly, with cruelty. cruento, -are, -avi, -atus, [cruen- tus], 1, make bloody, stain with blood, stain. crumena, -ae, f., money-bag, purse. crux, crucis, f. gallows, cross. crystallinus, -a, -um, adj., of crys- tal, crystal. As subst., crystal- linum, -i, n., (sc. vas), a vase of crystal. CUBICULUM CURO cubiculum, -i, [cubo], n., sleeping- chamber, bedchamber. cui, see qui. cuivis, see quivis. cultura, -ae, [cf. col5], f., a culti- vating, cultivation. See ager. cultus, -us, [cold], m., labor, care, cultivation ; civilization, refine- ment, luxury; dress, attire. cum, prep, with ablative only, with ; of association, with, along with, in the company of, together with ; of comparison, with, as over against, compared with; of manner and circumstance, with, under, amid, at; of time, together with, at the same time with. Witli the per- sonal pronouns and with qui, cum is enclitic ; as, mecum, no- biscum, quibuscum. In composition the earlier form com- is used, which remains un- changed before b, p, m, but is changed to col- or con- before 1, cor- or con- before r, con- before other consonants, and co- before vowels and h ; it implies doing anything in concert with others, or thoroughly and com- pletely. cum, conj., lohen; of definite time, at the time when, when, while, as long as, after ; of indefinite time or repeated action, whenever, as often as, at times when; of rela- tive time, descriptive or circum- stantial, when, while, after, on the occasion that, under the cir- cumstances that, at the moment when; of cause and concession, with subj., since, inasmuch as, although, notwithstanding, cum . . . tum, both . . . and, not only . . . but also, while . . . especially. cum primum, as soon as. cunctatio, -onis, [cunctor], f., de- laying, lingering, hesitation^ de- lay. cunctor, -ari, -atus sum, 1,^ delay, linger, hesitate. cunctus, -a, -um, [coniunctus], adj., altogether ; the whole, all. cupide, comp. -ius, sup. -issime, [cupidus], adv., eagerly, ardently, earnestly. cupiditas, -tatis, [cupidus], i., ar- dent desire, longing, eagerness, ambition. cupidus, -a, -um, comp. -lor, sup. -issimus, [cf. cupio], adj., desir- ous, eager for, fond of; greedy, covetous. cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitus, 3, long for, ardently wish, desire; wish well to. cur, [for qu6r,=quoi + rei], adv., why ? wherefore f for what pur- pose f cura, -ae, f . , care, attention, anxiety, trouble; diligence. Cures, -ium, f., pi., Cures, a town of the Sabines, the birthplace of Numa Pompilius. See map, fron- tispiece. curia, -ae, f., curia, association, one of the ten divisions of each of the original three Roman tribes; by metonymy, senate- house, place of meeting of the senate, either the CUria Hostilia, in the Forum, named from Tul- lus Hostilius, or the Curia Pom- peia, in the Campus Martins. Curiatius, -i, m., Curidtius, thi name of three brothers of Alba, who fought with the Horatii. euro -are, -avi, -atus, [cura], 1 CUHRO 38 DE take care^ provide for, superin- tend, arrange; with gerundive, see to it that. naves aedifican- das cdrare, to have ships built. curro, currere, cucurri, cursus, 3, ru7i. currus, -us, [curr5], m., chariot, car. cursor, -oris, [cf. curroj, m., run- ner, courier, messenger. cursus, -us, [curro], m., running; passage, course; speed. magno cursii, at full speed. custodia, -ae, [ciist5s], f., a watch- ing ; guard, watch. custodio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [custos], 4, watch, guard, defend. custos, -odis, m. and f ., guard, pro- tector, keeper^ watch. Cyclades, -um, [KD/cXdScs], 1, pi., the Cyclades, the islands about Delos in the Aegean Sea, east of Greece. Cynoscephalae, -arum, f., Cynos- cephalae, hills near Scotassa in Thessaly, where T. Quinctius Flaminius defeated Philip, king of Macedonia, 197 b.c. Cyprus, -i, [Kdirpos], f., Cyprus, a large island at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, south of Asia Minor. See map opp. p. 93. Cyrenae, -arum, [Kvp-rjpri'], f., pi., Cyrene, a city on the northern coast of Africa south of Greece. See map, frontispiece. Cyrenaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Cy- rene. As subst,, Cyrenaeus, -i, m. , inhabitant of Cyrene. Cyrus, -1, m., Cyrus, the founder of the Persian monarchy. Cyzicenus, -a, -um, adj., of Cyzi- cus, a city in the northwestern part of Asia Minor. As subst., Cyzicenus, -i, m., inhabitant of Cyzicus. See map opp. p. 93. d, see a. d. Dacus, -i, m., Dacian, an inhabi- tant of Dacia, on the northern bank of the Danube ; pi., the Dacians. See map, frontispiece. damnatio, -onis, [damn5], f., con- demnation, conviction. damno, -are, -avi, -atus, [dam- num], 1, judge guilty, condemn, sentence. voti damnari, to be rendered liable to fulfil a vow, to have one''s prayer granted. Damon, -onis, [Aaynwi/], m., Da- mon, an Athenian musician, the teacher of Socrates. Dareus, -i, [Aapetoj], m., the names of several kings of Persia. In this book refers to : (1) Dareus Hystaspis, or Da- reus I., who ruled from 621 to 485 B.C. (2) Dareus Nothus, or Dareus 11. , who ruled from 424 to 405 B.C. Datis, -idis, [Aans], m., jpatis, a Mcde who with Artaphernes was in command of the Persians de- feated at Marathon in 490 b.c de, prep, with abl., denoting separa- tion, from ; of place and motion, from, away from, out of; of source, of, from, out of, proceed- ing from, sprung from; of the whole, partitively, of, out of, from among; of material, made of, out of, from; of cause, on account of, for, through, by; of relation, concerning, about, in re- spect to, of, in the matter of; of DEBEO 39 DEDUCO time, away from, after, during, in the course of in. de imprd- viso, unexpectedly. debeo, debere, debui, debitus, [de + habeo], 2, withhold; owe, he in debt, he under obligation; pass., he due; followed by infin., ought, must, should. debilis, -e, [de + habilis], adj., lame, weak, disabled, crippled, • helpless. debilito, -are, -avi, -atus, [de- bilis, feehW], 1, lame, cripple, weaken, crush, disable; dis- hearten. decedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessurus, [de + cedo], 3, go away, retire, withdravj ; avoid, shun; cease, die. decern, or x, indecl. num., ten. December, -bris, -bre, [decern], adj., of the tenth; of the tenth month (counting from March), of December. decemplez, -icis, [decern, cf. plic5], adj., ten-fold. decemviri, -um or -drum, [decem, vir], m., a board consisting of ten men, decemviri, decemvirs. deceptus, see decipio. decerns, -cernere, -crevi, -cretus, [de + cerno], 3, pass judgment, decide ; resolve upon, resolve, de- cree, intrust by a decree, deter- mine ; contend, fight. decerto, -are, -avi, -atus, [de -t- certo, contend'\, 1, fight to a finish, fight it out. proelio de- certare, to fight a decisive battle. decide, -cidere, -cidi, — , [de + cado], 3, fall down, fall off. decimus, -a, -una, [decem], adj., tenth. Decimus, -i, abbreviated D., [deci- mus], m,, Decimus, a Roman forename. See Brutus. decipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, [de + capi5], 3, catch; deceive. declare, -are, -avi, -atus, [de + claro, from clarus], 1, make clear, declare, announce, show. declivis, -e, [de -f- clivus], adj., sloping, descending. decerns, -a, -um, [decor], adj., be- coming, fitting; adorned, fine, handsome, beautiful. decrStmn, -i, [decerno], n., de- cree, decision, vote; determina- tion. decretus, part, of decerno. decumanus, -a, -um, [decimus], adj., of a tenth part, decuman. decumana porta, main entrance of the Roman camp, opposite the porta praetoria. See p. 20. decurio, -onis, [decem], m., decii- rion, a cavalry ofl&cer in charge of a decuria (10 horsemen). decurro, -currere, -cucurri or -curri, -cursus, [de + curro], 3, run down, rush down, hasten. dedi, see do. dediticius, -i, [deditus, from dedo], adj., that has surren- dered, subject. As subst., de- diticii, -orum, m., pi., prisoners of war, captives. deditio, -5nis, [dedo], f., surren- der, accipere or recipere in deditionem, to receive by capitu- lation. dedo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [de + do], 3, give up, surrender; devote. dediico, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, [de + duco], 3, lead down; lead away, lead off, withdraw; lead, induce; conduct, bring; escort, attend. DEFATIGO 40 DEMETRrtJS dSfatigo, -are, -avi, -atus, [de + fatigd, weary^j 1, tire out, ex- haust, fatigue. dSfendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fensus, 3, ward off, repel ; defend, guard, protect. dSfgnsid, -onis, [defends j, f., de- fence. defensor, -oris, [defends], ra., de- fender, protector. dSfensus, see defends. defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, [de + fero], irr., bring away, carry off, remove ; carry ; transfer, deliver ; confer upon, bestow ; drive away , give, allot, offer; report, submit. dSfesBUB, -a, -um, [part, of defeti- scor], adj., wearied, worn out, exhausted. As subst., defessus, -i, m., one exhausted; pi., the ex- hausted. dSficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, [de -Hfacio], 3, fail, begin to be lack- ing, be exhausted; fall aioay, re- volt, rebel. deformitas, -atis, [deformis], f., ugliness, disfigurement. defungor, -fungi, -functus sum, [de 4- fiingor], 3, dep., have done with, perform, finish; have done with life, die. dShonesto, -are, — , — , 1, disgrace, dishonor ; disfigure. dSicid (deiicio), -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [de -f iacio], 3, throw , down, cast down, lay down; dis- lodge, drive from, rout; kill, destroy; disappoint. ea ape deiecti, disappointed in this ex- pectation. dSiectus, see deicio. deiectua, -us, [deicio], m., descent, slope, declivity. dein, see deinde. deinde, or dein, [de -}- inde], adv., thereafter, afterwards^ then, next. delatus, see defero. delectus, see deligo. delectus, -a, -um, [part, of de- ligo], Sidj., picked, select, chosen. As subst., deiecti, -orum, m., pi., picked men, delegates. dSlego, -are, -avi, -atus, [de -f lego], 1, send away, despatch; refer. deled, -ere, -evi, -etus, 2, erase; blot out, destroy, annihilate, over- throw ; finish, put an end to ; of disgi-ace, wipe out. delibero, -are, -avi, -atus, [de, of. libra, balance'\, 1, weigh well, consider, deliberate; consult an oracle. deliciae, -arum, [cf. delects], f., pi., delight, pleasure; allure- ment; luxury. dSligo, -ligere, -legi, -Iectus, [de -f legS], 3, choose, pick out, select. deligo, -are, -avi, -atus, [de -f ligo], 1, bind together, bind fast. Delphi, -orum, [AeX0o/], m., pi., Delphi, a town of Phocis in cen- tral Greece, the modern Castri ; it was the seat of a famous oracle of Apollo. See map opp. p. 75. Delphicua, -a, -um, adj., of Delphi, Delphic. Demaratus, -i, m. , Demardtus, the father of Tarquinius Priscus. demens, -mentis, [de + mens], adj., out of one\s senses; mad, insane ; wild, foolish. demergd, -ere, -si, -sus, [de + mergo], 3, sink, submerge. DSmetrius, -i, [Ar^jUTyrpios], m., Demetrius. In this book refers to: DEMETRIUS 41 DEPUGNO (1) Demetrius^ father of Philip, king of Macedonia. (2) Demetrius^ son of the above. (3) Demetrius Phalereus or De- metrius of Phalerum, a famous orator, statesman, philosopher, and poet. He was born 345 B.C., and died about 283. (4) Demetrius /., king of Mace- don, surnamed FoUorcetes, or ' the Besieger ' ; he ruled from 294 to 283 B.C. dgmigratio, -onis, [demigro], f., emigration. demigro, -are, -avi, -atus, [de + migro], 1, migrate, depart, go away. deminuo, -minuere, -minui, -minii- tus, [de + minuo], 3, lessen, make smaller; impair. dgmitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus, [de+mitto], 3, send down, let down, let fall; put; of the head, bow. demolior, -iri, -itus sum, [de + molior], 4, dep., throw down, demolish, raze. dSmdnatro, -are, -avi, -atus, [de -I- monstro, show], 1, point out, show, state, mention; explain. dSmum, [dej, adv., at length, at last, finally. turn demum, then, indeed, then at last, not till then. denarius, -a, -um, [deni], adj., of ten each, worth ten asses. As subst., denarius, -i, m., denarius, a silver coin originally worth ten, afterward sixteen, asses; = about $0.20. dSnego, -are, -avi, -atus, [de + •nego], 1, reject, refuse, deny; say no. d6ni, -ae, -a, [decern], distrib. num. adj., te7i each, ten apiece. d§nique, adv., and thereafter; at last, finally; in a word, in short; at any rate. dens, dentis, m., tooth. densus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, sup. -issimus, a^Uthick, closely packed, dense, crowded. denuntdo, -are, -avi, -atus, [de -f nuntio], 1, announce, declare; make a threat, threaten; order. dgpello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus, [de + pello], 3, drive out, expel, dislodge; avert, remove. deperdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [de + perd5, destroy], 3, destroy, lose. depingo, -pingere, -pinxi, depictus, [de -f- pingoj, 3, depict, paint, draw. depono, -ponere, -posui, depositus, [de 4- pono], 3, lay down, set down, place ; lay aside, give up, resign. depopulor, -ari, -atus sum, [de 4- populor], 1, dep., lay waste, rav- age, pillage. Part, depopulatus, pass., laid waste, devastated. deporto, -are, -avi, -atus, [de -f port5], 1, carry off, take away; bring home ; acquire, obtain. deposed, -poscere, -poposci, — , [de H- posed], 3, demand, request earnestly. depositus, see depdno. deprecator, -oris, [deprecor], m., intercessor, mediator. eb depre- catore, by his intercession. deprecor, -ari, -atus, [de -f precor, pray], 1, dep., pray to be delivered from, beg to escape, plead against; ask for quarter. deprehendo, -hendere, -hendi, -hensus, [de + prehendo], 3, take away ; seize, catch ; surprise ; de- tect, discover. depugno, -are, -avi, -atoa, [de + DERIGO 42 DETRAHO pugno], 1, fight decisively^ fight out, join battle^ contend. d§rigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectus, [de + reg5], 3, set straight^ direct^ steer. descends, -scendere, -scendi, -scen- sus, [de + scand5], 3, climb down, come down, descend ; march down ; dismount. desciBCO, -sciscere, -scivi, descitus, [de + scisco], 3, withdraw., desert, depart, rebel. describo, -scribere, -sciipsi, -scrip- tus, [de + scribo], 3, copy off, write down; describe; mark off, define. desero, -serere, -serui, -sertus, [de + ser5, join], 3, leave, for- sake, abandon. desertus, see desero. desertus, -a, -um, [part, of desero], adj., deserted, desert, solitary; lonely. desiderium, -i, [desidero], n., longing, desire ; grief, regret. desidero, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, long for; ask, demand, need, require; miss, lack. designo, -are, -avi, -atus, [de 4 signd, mark], 1, maj^k out, point out, mean, designate. desino, -sinere, -sii, -situs, [de + sin5], 3, cease, give up, leave off desists, -sistere, -stiti, -stitus, [de + sisto], 3, stand off from ; leave off, cease, desist from., stop, give up. desperS.tio, -onis, [despero], f., desperation, despair. desperatus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, sup. -issimus, [part, of despero], adj., without hope, beyond hope, desperate, abandoned. dSspSro, -are, -avi, -atus, [de + sper5], 1, be hopeless; despair of , give up hope of; give up. despicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus, [de + specio, look], 3, look down upon, look down ; despise, disdain. despolid, -are, -avi, -atus, [de + spolid], 1, despoil, rob. dSstino, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, make fast, fix; resolve, design, intend; assign, devote. destiti, see desisto. destituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitu- tus, [de + statuo] , 3, desert, abandon, leave. destrictus, see destringo. destringo, -stringere, -strinxi, -strictus, [de + stringo, pluck off], 3, strip off; of a sword, wn- sheathe, draw. desum, deesse, defui, — , fut. inf., defutiirum esse or defore, [de + sum], irr., be away ; be wanting, be absent, be missing ; fail, aban- don, desert. desuper, [de + super], adv., from above. detego, -tegere, -texi, -tectus, [de + teg5], 3, uncover, expose; re- veal, betray. deterior, -us, adj. in comp. degree, sup, deterrimus, [de], worse, poorer. deterred, -terrere, -terrui, terri- tus, [de 4- terreo], 2, frighten off, prevent, deter; repress. de- terrere ne, quo minus or quin, to prevent from. detineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus, [de 4- teneo], 2, hold off; check, hinder, detain. detrSctus, see detraho. dStraho, -trahere, -traxi, detrac- tus, [de + trahd], 3, draw off, DETRIMENTUM 43 DIGNUS drag off, remove; withdraw, sub- tract, deprive ; disparage, detract. dStrimentum, -i, [de, cf. tero, wear away], n., loss, damage, injury; loss in war, repulse, reverse, de- feat. deus, -1, m., god, deity. deveho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus, [de + veh5], 3, carry away, re- move, convey. equis devexerat, he had brought on horseback. devenio. -venire, -veni, -venturus, . [de + venio], 4, come down (to), come, reach. devictus, part, of devinco. devinco, -ere, devici, devictus, [de + vinco], 3, conquer com- pletely, subdue, overthrow. devolo, -are, — , fut. part, devo- laturus, [de -f void], 1, Jly down ; fly away, hasten. devoro, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, swallow down, devour, consume. dexter, -tera or -tra, -terum or -trum, adj., to the right, on the right; skilful. As subst., dex- tera or dextra, -ae, f . , (sc. manus) , the right hand. dextra, -ae, see dexter. diadema, -atis, [5td57;^a], n., dia- dem, royal crown. Diana, -ae, f., Diana, an ancient Italian goddess of the moon, later identified by the Romans with the Greek Artemis, goddess of the chase. dicio, -onis, pi. and nom. sing, not in use, f., sway, dominion, sover- eignty, authority, lordship. dico, dicere, dixi, dictus, 3, say, speak, mention; tell, name, call; mean; appoint; speak in public, plead. iu3 dicere, administer justice, hold court, causam di- cere, to plead one's cause, to de- fend oneself. diem dicere, t6 set a day. dictator, -oris, [dicto], m., dic- tator, a Roman magistrate of un- limited power, at first appointed only in great emergencies. dictatura, -ae, [dictator], f., office of dictator, dictatorship. dictio, -5nis, [cf. dico], f., speak- ing, pleading. dictito, -are, -avi, -atus, [dic5], 1, intens., say often, assert, insist. dictu, supine of dico. dictum, -i, [dico], n., saying, word; command, order. dictd audien- tes, obedient to (his) order. dies, diei, m. and f., day; time. multo die, late in the day. in dies, day by day, every day. diem ex die, day after day. in diem, at a date, i.e. for payment, diem dicere alicui, to bring a complaint against, arraign. differs, difFerre, distuli, dilatus, [dis- + fero], irr., carry different ways, spread, scatter ; put off, de- lay ; differ, be different. difficilis, -e, comp. difficilior, sup. difficillimus, [dis- + facilis], adj., hard, difficult; troublesome ; mo- rose, ill-natured, surly. iter difl&cile, a road difficult to pass over, impracticable. difficultas, -tatis, [difficilis], f., difficulty, trouble, distress. dignitas, -atis, [dignus], f., icorth, merit, grandeur; rank, eminence; reputation, honor, corporis dig- nitas, presence. dignor, -ari, -atus sum, [dignus], 1, dep., deem worthy, deign, cart' descend. dignus, -a, -um, adj., worthy, de^ DILECTUS 44 DISPALATUS serving ; fitting, suitable, proper^ becoming. dilectus, -us, [dilig5], m., choos- ing, selecting; enrolment, draft. diligens, -entis, [part, of diligo], adj., industrious, attentive^ dili- gent ; scrupulous. dUigenter, comp. diligentiua, sup, diligentissime, [diligens], adv., industriously, assiduously^ care- fully, punctually. diligentia, -ae, [diligens], f., at- tentiveness, activity, diligence, industry. diligo, -ligere, -lexi, -lectus, [dis- + lego], 3, single out; value, prize, love. diinenauB, see dimetior. dimetior, -metiri, -mensus, [dis- + metior], 4, dep., measure, measure off; of work, lay out. Part, di- mensus, pass., Caes. bk. II. cp. 19. dimicatio, -onis, [dimico], f., fight, struggle; contest. dimico, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, fight, struggle, contend. dimitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus, [dis- + mitto], 3, send in differ- ent directions, send about; dis- miss, send off; let go, let slip, lose; abandon, leave; give up. Diomedon, -ontis, [Ato^^Swj'], m., Diomedon, an inhabitant of Cyzi- cus, sent to bribe Epaminondas. DionysiuB, -i, [Atoi/to-toy], m., Di- onysius, a music teacher of Thebes. dirigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectus, [de-f rego], 3, direct, steer, dirimo, -imere, -emi, -emptus, dis- -I- emo], 3, take apart, sepa- rate ; interrupt, break off, put an end to, diripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus, [di3--f rapio], 3, tear asunder; plunder, pillage; take away. diruo, -ruere, -rui, -rutus, [dis- 4 ruo], 3, tear asunder ; overthrow^ demolish, destroy. dis- or di-, inseparable prep., used only as a prefix with other words, adding the force of apart, asunder, in different directions; between, among ; not, un- ; utterly, entirely. dis- becomes dif- before f, dir- be- fore vowels, di- before d, g, 1, m, n, r, and v. discedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus, [dis- -I- cedo], 3, go apart, dis- perse, scatter, separate ; go away, withdraw; come off, remain; give up, resign. discessus, -us, [disced5], m., de- parture, going away ; marching off, decamping. discidium, -i, n., separation, dis- agreement, dissension, disciplina, -ae, [discipulus], f., instruction, teaching, training, education; learning, knowledge, science, culture. discipulus, -i, [disco], m., learner^ scholar, pupil, follower. disco, discere, didici, — , 3, learn, learn to know, become acquainted with ; learn how. diserte, [disertus], adv., clearly, eloquently. diserttts, -a, -um, comp. disertior, sup. disertissimus, [part, of dis- sero, argue'], adj., skilful; clear ^ well-spoken, fiuent, eloquent. disicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [dis- -f- iacio], 3, throw asunder, dis- perse., scatter; rout; dash to pieces, ruin, destroy. dispalatus, -a, -um, adj., strag- gling, astray. DISPENSATOR 45 DIVINUS dispensator, -oris, [dispenso], m., steward^ attendant; treasurer. dispergo, -spergere, -apersi, -sper- sus, [dis- + spargo, scatter], 3, scatter, scatter about, disperse. dispersus, see dispergo. dispicio, -ere, dispexi, dispectus, [dis- + specio], 3, descry, per- ceive ; consider, reflect upon. displiceo, -ere, -ui, -itus, [dis- 4- placeo], 2, displease, he unsatis- factoi-y. dispono, -ere, disposui, dispositus, [dis- -f pon5] , 3, place here and there, distribute, scatter; array, arrange; station, post; adjust, order, dispose. dispute, -are, -avi, -atus, [dis--|- puto], 1, weigh, examine, discuss; argue. disaentio, -sentire, -sensi, dissen- sus, [dis- + sentio], 4, differ, dis- agree, dissent ; be at odds, quarrel. dissideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessus, [dis--f sedeo], 2, sit apart; be at variance, differ. dissipo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, scatter, disperse. dissolve, -solvere, -solvi, -soliitus, [dis- 4- solvo] , 3, disunite, destroy ; abolish, annul. distineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus, [dis- -f teneo], 2, keep apart, hold apart, separate ; hinder, delay. distribuo, -ere, distribui, distribu- tus, [dis- + tribuo], 3, divide, dis- tribute, apportion, spread. districtus, -a, -urn, [part, of dis- tringo], adj., drawn in opposite ways, hesitating; harassed, dis- tracted, busy. diatringo, -stringere, -strinxi, -strictus, [di- -|- stringo], 3, draw asunder; keep busy, engage. ditissixnuB, see dives. diu, comp. diutius, sup. diiitissime, adv., by day, all day ; long, for a long time, quam diu, as long as. diurnus, -a, -um, [cf. dies], adj., of the day, by day. diutinus, -a, -um, [diu], adj., of long duration, lasting, long. diutumitas, -atis, [diuturnus], f., length of time, long duration. diiiturnus, -a, -um, comp. -lor [diu], adj., long, prolonged, long continued. diversus, -a, -um, sup. diversissi- mus, [part, of diverto], adj., op- posite, contrary ; separate, apart; in different directions, different. in diversa, apart, asunder. diverto, -ere, -ti, -sus, [dis- 4- verto], 3, go different ways, sepa- rate. dives, -itis, comp. ditior, sup. ditis- simus, adj., rich, wealthy, Diviciacus, -i, [Kel. Deivicidcos, from deivos, *god*], m. : (1) An Aeduan of great influence, loyal to Caesar, who at his in- tercession pardoned Dumnorix, his brother, leader of the Aeduan national party which was hos- tile to Home and the Bellovaci. Cf. K. to p. 125, 1. 20. (2) A chief of the Suessiones. Divico, -onis, [Kel., from deivos, *god '], m., leader of the Helvetii in their war with Cassius, 107 b.c, and head of an embassy to Caesar, 58 B.C. divide, -videre, -visi, -visus, 3, separate, divide, force asunder, part ; distribute, share. divinus, -a, -um, [divus], adj., of a god, godlike, divine; divinelf inspired, prophetic. DIVITIAE 46 DUCO divitiae, -arum, [dives], f., pi., riches^ wealth. divum, -1, [divus], n., the sky. Only with sub in sub divo, under the sky, in the open air. dIvus, -a, -um, adj., of a deity y godlike; deified., sainted, a term applied to Julius Caesar, and to many of the Roman emperors, after death. do, dare, dedi, datus, irr., give, give up, give over, grant, confer; hand over, surrender; offer, fur- nish, allow, poenas dare, to suffer punishment. negStium dare, to commission, direct, in fugam dare, to put to flight. doceo, docere, docui, doctus, 2, teach; inform; point out, state; show, tell. doctor, -5ris, [doceo], m., teacher, instructor. doctrina, -ae, [doceo], f., teaching, instruction; learning. doctus, -a, -um, comp. doctior, sup. doctissimus, [part, of doceo], adj., learned., skilled, experienced. doleo, dolere, dolui, dolitiirus, 2, suffer; he grieved, he annoyed. dolor, -oris, [doled], rQ.,pain, suf- fering; grief distress, vexation. dolus, -i, m., device ; cunning, fraud, deceit. domesticus, -a, -um, [domus], adj., of the house ; of the family, private, domestic; home, native, internal, their own; at home, in one''s own country. domicilium, -i, [domus], n., habi- tation, dwelling; dwelling-place. domina, -ae, f., mistress. dominatio, -onis, [dominor], f., rule, dominion, supremacy, des- potism. dominatus, -us, [dominor], m., rule, command, mastery. dominor, -ari, -atus sum, [domi- nus], 1, dep., he lord, rule, have dominion. dominus, -i, [domo], m., master, nder, lord ; of a ship, captain. domo, -are, domui, domitus, 1, domesticate ; tame, suhdue, master. domus, -us, f,, house, dwelling, home. Loc. domi, at home. Ace. domum, homewards, home, to the house. Abl. domo, from home, from the house. ddnativum, -i, [dono], n., largess, gift, distribution of money. donee, conj., as long as, whiles until. donicum, conj., while, until. dono, -are, -avi, -atus, [donum], 1, give as a present, present, he- stow; endow, gift. donum, -i, n., gift, present, reward. dorsum, -i, n., hack of a beast of burden ; range, ridge, cliff. Dubls, -is, [Kel., = *the Black'], m., a river of Gaul, tributary of the Arar(;iS'aone); now the I>om6s. See map opp. p. 114. dubitatio, -onis, [dubito], f., doubt, hesitation. dubito, -are, -avi, -atus, [dubius], 1, be uncertain, doubt; hesitate, delay ; deliberate. dubius, -a, -um, adj., doubtful, uncertain ; critical, non est du- bium quin, there is no doubt that. sine dubio, without doubt, cer- tainly. ducenti, -ae, -a, [duo -1- centum], adj., two hundred. ddco, dUcere, duxi, ductus, 3, lead, guide, conduct, bring, take ; of a trench, make ; protract, prolong, DUCTUS 47 EDUCO put off; think^ consider, reckon. ux5rem ducere, in matrimonium ducere, and sometimes ducere alone, to marry, ductus, -us, [duc5], m., lead, gen- eralship, command. Duilius, -i, m., Duilius, the family name of C. Duilius, the con- queror of the Carthaginians in the famous sea-fight off Mylae in 260 B.C. dulcis, -e, comp. dulcior, sup. dul- cissimus, adj., sweet; agreeable, pleasant. dum, conj., while, as long as ; until ; provided, if only. dum modo, [dum + modo], conj., provided, if only. Dumnoriz, -igis, [Kel., = 'Great King'], m., an Aeduan, brother of Diviciacus, and son-in-law of Orgetorix ; a bitter enemy of Caesar, and apparently leader of the Aeduan anti-Roman party, until slain by Caesar's orders while trying to escape from him, 64 B.C. duo, -ae, -o, ace. m., duo, adj., two; both. duodecim, or xii, [duo,-)- decern], indecl. num., twelve. duodecimus, -a, -urn, [duodecim], num. adj., twelfth. duodeui, -ae, -a, [cf. duodecim], distrib. num. adj., twelve at a time, twelve each, by twelves. duodequadragesimus, -a, -um, [duo -I- de + quadragesimus], num. adj,. the thirty-eighth. duodeseptuaginta, or lxviii, [duo -t- de + septuaginta], indecl. num. • adj., sixty-eight. duodeviginti, -ae, -a, orxviii, [duo -i- de -1- vigintij, adj., eighteen. duplex, -icis, [duo, cf. plico, foW], adj., twofold, double. durus, -a, -um, adj., hard, severe, difficult; rough, rude, uncultU vated; pitiless, unfeeling, cruel. dux, ducis, [cf. duc5], m., leader, conductor^ guide ; commander, general. Dyrrachium,-!, n., Dyrrachium, for- merly called Epidamnus, a town in lUyria, nearly opposite Brun- disium. See map, frontispiece. e, prep., see ex. ea, [abl. f. of is ; sc. via], adv., on that side, there. Eburones, -um, [Kel.,fromEburos, a proper name], m., pL, a Belgic people north of the Treveri, of whom they were clients. In 64 B.C. they destroyed a detachment of Caesar's army under Sabinus and Cotta, and were in conse- quence almost entirely extermi- nated by him. See map opp. p. 114. ecquid, inter, adv., at allf merely emphazing the question, and often not translated in words. edictum, -i, [edico], i\., proclama- tion, edict. editus, -a, -um, [part, of edo], adj., elevated, high, lofty. edo, edere, edidi, editus, [e + do], 3, give out, give, put forth, ex- hibit ; give birth to, bear ; publish^ announce ; perform, perpetrate^ cause, inflict. eduoo, -diicere, -duxi, -ductus, [e -f diico], 3, lead forth, lead out; bring up, rear. educo, -are, -avi, -atus, [e, cf. EFFEMINO 48 EMIKEO duc5], 1, bring up, rear, train, educate. effSmino, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex + femina], 1, make womanish, weaken, enervate. effero, eflferre, extuli, elatus, [ex 4- fero], irr., carry out, take away, spread abroad, publish; carry out for burial, bury; raise, lift ; laud, praise, extol ; elate. efficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, [ex -f facio], 3, work out; bring to pass; make, cause, effect, accom- plish; make, render; build, con- struct. ef£L6, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex + flo], 1, bloio out, breathe out. efflagito, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex -f flagito], 1, demand earnestly, solicit, insist on. effugio, -fugere, -fugi, — , [ex -f- fugio], 3,^ee away, escape ; avoid, shun. effundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusus, [ex + fundo], 3, pour out, shed; pour forth, spread, spread abroad ; throng ; squander, lavish, waste. effusus, -a, -um, [part, of ef- fundo], adj., poured out; unre- strained, lavish. Egeria, -ae, f., Egeria, one of the Camenae, or Muses, from whom, according to the legend, Numa received counsel. ggi, see ago. ego, mei, personal pron., /; pi. nos, nostrum, nobis, we. egredior, -gredi, -gressus, [ex -f- gradior, step'], 3, dep., go out, go forth, come forth, leave; from a ship, land, disembark. Sgregie, [egregius], adv., remarka- bly well, admirably, splendidly. ggregiuB, -a, -um, [ex -i- grex, herd, crowd], adj., eminent, marked^ distinguished, excellent. egresBUB, see egredior. eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectus, [e -f iaei5], 3, cast out; drive out,, expel ; cast ashore. elabor, elabi, elapsus sum, [e -f labor], 3, dep., slip away, glide off; escape. elaboro, -are, -avi, -atus, [e -f Iab5r5], 1, labor, endeavor ; work out. elate, comp. elatius, sup. elatis- sime, [elatus], adv., loftily, proudly. elttuB, see efferd. elatus, -a, -um, [part, of eflfero], adj., exalted, lofty, high; elated. eiectus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, sup. -issimus, [part, of eligd], adj., chosen, picked. elegantia, -ae, [elegans], f., taste, propriety, grace, elegance. elephantus, -i, nom. sing, usually elephas or elephans, [-antia], m., elephant. eligd, eligere, elegi, eiectus, [e -j- lego], 3, pick out; choose, select. eloqueutia, -ae, [eloquens], f., eloquence. eluceo, -liicere, -luxi, — , [e -1- luceo], 2, shine out, shine forth; be apparent, be conspicuous, be manifest. emendo, -are, -avi, -atus, [e -f mendum, fault], 1, free from faults, correct; atone for, com- pensate for. emigro, -are, avi, — , [ex -f mi- gr5, depart], 1, go forth to re- main, remove, emigrate. Smineo, -minere, -minui, — , 2,. stand out, project; he prominent^ be conspicuous. EMINUS 49 BQTJITO gminuB, [e + manus] , adv. , reach^ aloof, at a distance ; from afar. emittd, emittere, emisi, emissus, [e + mitto], 3, send out, send forth; drive, hurl, shoot, dis- charge; let loose, set free; let escape, lose; throw away, let go; give utterance to. emo, emere, emi, emptus, 3, buy, purchase ; acquire, obtain. euascor, -nasci, -natus, [ex + na- scor], 3, dep., groio out; of branches, shoot out. enim [nam], conj., postpositive, for, for in fact; and in fact. neque enim, and {with good rea- son) for . . . not, for in fact . . . not. gnitor, eniti, enixus or enisus sum [e + niter], 3, dep., force a way up, mount ; make an effort, strive. Ennius, -i, m., Ennius, gentile name of Q. Ennius, the famous epic and dramatic poet ; he lived from 239 to 169 b.c. enumero, -are, -avi, -atus, [e + numero], 1, reckon up, count over; recite, relate, detail, de- scribe. §nunti6, -are, -avi, -atus, [e + nuntio], 1, speak out, say, as- sert; disclose, reveal, report. eo, ire, ivi or ii, itus, irr., go; walk, ride, march, move, advance. infitias ire, to deny, obviam ire, go to meet. e5, [cf. is], adv., on that account; to that place, thither; to that de- gree, so far. eSdem, [cf. idem], adv., in the same place ; to the same place ; to the same purpose ; thereto, besides. Epaminoudas, -ae, I'EvajjLsivdvdas'], m., Epaminondas, the celebrated Theban general and statesman. ephebus, -i, [c^t^^oj] , m. , a youth, strictly a Greek youth from six- teen to twenty years of age, Epbesus, -i, [ E0eopos], m., ephor, one of a board of five magistrates at Sparta. They were chosen by lot, and the first chosen, or chief ephor, gave his name to the year. Besides certain judicial functions, they exercised a censorship over all the other magistrates, includ-^ ing even the kings. They gradu- ally became the real heads of the state, and brought the kings com- pletely under their authority. epigramma, -atis, [iTrlypa/j.iJ.a], n., inscription ; epigram, poem. Epirus, -i, ["HTreipos], m., Epirus, a country northwest of (Jreece and west of Thessaly. See map opp. p. 75. epistula or epistola, -ae, [iiri- (TToXi^'], t, letter, epistle. epulor, -ari, -atus sum, [epulum], 1, dep., feast, banquet, dine. eques, -itis, m., horseman, rider; cavalryman, trooper; knight, member of the equestrian order. equester, -tris, -tre, [eques], adj., of a horseman, equestrian; oj cavalry, cavalry- ; of the knights. equitatus, -us, [equito, ride], m., cavalry. equito, -are, -avi, -atus, [eque«], 1, ride. EQUUS 60 EURYBIADES equus, -i, m., horse, steed. ereptus, see eripio. Eretria, -ae, ['Ep^rpia], f., Eretrio, a city of Euboea. See map opp. p. 75. Eretriensis, -e, adj., of Eretria, Eretrian. As subst. , Eretriensis, -is, m., inhabitant of Eretria, Eretrian. erga, prep, with ace, towards, to, with respect to. ergo, adv., consequently, therefore. With preceding gen., in conse- quence of on account of erigo, erigere, erexi, erectus, [e + rego], 3, raise up, erect; rouse, stir up. eripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus, [ex + rapi5, seize'], 3, take away, 4 snatch away; wrest, take away; remove; deprive; rescue, save. se eripere, to rescue oneself, make one''s escape. error, -oris, [cf. erro], m., wander- ing, stratjing ; error, mistake. erubesco, erubescere, erubui, — , 3, inch., grow red, blush; feel ashamed. erudio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [e, rudis], i, polish ; educate, instruct, teach. erumpo, erumpere, erupi, eruptus, [e + rump5], 3, cazcse to break out; break oitt, burst forth. sruo, eruere, erui, erutus, [e + ru5], 3, cast forth, throw out; dig up ; destroy utterly. eniptio, -onis, [cf. erumpo], f., bursting forth ; sally. Eryx, Erycis, ["Epvl], f., Eryx, a high mountain in the northwest- ern part of Sicily; famous for a temple of Venus on it. See map opp. p. 30. §scendd, -scendere, -scendi, -scen- sus, [e + scando], 3, climb up, mount, ascend, embark. esca, -ae, i.,food, bait. Esuvii, -drum, [Kel., from Esus, the Gallic Mars ; ' Sons of Esus '], m., pi., a Gallic people, between the Carnutes and the Lexovii. See map opp. p. 114. et, adv. and conj. : (1) As adv., also, too, even. (2) As conj., and; and yet, but. et . . . et, both . . . and. etiam, [et-f iam], adv. and conj., and also, also, even. etiam turn, even then. etiamnum, still, even yet. non solum . . . sed etiam, not only . . . but also. Etriirla, -ae, f., Etruria, a coun- try in Italy, northwest of Rome ; modern Tuscany. See map opp. p. 30. EtriiscI, -drum, m., pi., the Etrus- cans, Tuscans, the inhabitants oj Etruria. etsi, [et -I- sij, conj., although, even if, and yet. Euboea, -ae, [Eu/3ota], 1, Euboea, a large island off the eastern shore of Boeotia. See map opp. p. 75. Eumenes, -is, [Eu/a^vi/s], m., Eu- menes, referring to i (1) Eumenes of Cardia, one of Alexander's generals. (2) Eumenes 11. , king of Perga- mum in Asia Minor from 197 to 158 B.C. Euripides, -is, m., Euripides, a great tragic poet of Athens, bom 480 B.C., died 406. Europa, -ae, f., Europe. Eurybiades, -is, [Eupu/StdSr/s], m., Eurybiades, a Spartan admiral, commander of the Lacedaemonian fleet at Salamis. EVADO 51 BXCIPIO evado, evadere, evasi, evasus, [e + vad6], 3, go away, go forth; get away y escape; turn out, come to &e, become. gvello, -vellere, -velli, -vulsus, [ex + vello, pluck], 3, pull out. eventus, -us, [cf. evenio], m., out- come, issue, result; chance, fort- une ; fate, accident. eversus, see everto. evert 6, evertere, everti, eversus, [e + vertd] , 3, overturn, over- throw; destroy, ruin. evoco, -are, -avi, -atus, [e 4- voco], 1, call out, call forth, summon, evoke. evolo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, fly out, fly away, fly up. ex, often before consonants e, prep, with abl., out of, out from; of place, from, out of, down from ; of time, from, since, after; of source and material, from, of; of partition, of, out of, from among; of transition, from, out of; of cause, from, by reason of, by, in consequence of; of measure and correspondence, according to, with, in, by, on. ex una parte, on one side. In composition ex becomes ef be- fore f, e before b, d, g, i con- sonant, 1, m, n, and v. exactus, see exigo. exacuo, -acuere, -acui, -acutus, [ex + acuo], 3, shaipen, excite, inflame. exadversum, [ex -I- adversum], adv. and prep, with ace, oppo- site, over against. exagito, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex + agito], 1, rouse, keep in motion, harass, persecute; irritate, excite. exanimo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex- animus, from ex 4- anima, breath], l,put out of breath, de- prive of life, kill. Pass., be weakened, be exhausted, be out of. breath. exardesco, -ere, exarsi, exarsus, [ex + ardescd] , 3, inch. , blaze out ; break out ; be provoked, rage. exaro, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex + aro], \, plough out; raise; com- pose. exaspero, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex, asper], 1, make rough; irritate, provoke, exasperate. exaudio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [ex + audio], 4, hear clearly, distin- guish; discern, hear. excedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus, [ex + cedo], 3, go out, go forth, depart, withdraw ; go beyond, sur- pass. excellens, -entis, comp. excellen- tior, sup. excellentissimus, [part, of excello], a,dj., towering, promi- nent ; distinguished, surpassing, excellent. excello, -cellere, — , -celsus, 3, be eminent, surpass, excel. excelsus, -a, -um, adj., lofty, ele- vated, high ; distinguished, noble. As subst., excelsum, -i, n., an elevated station, height. exceptus, see excipio. excerpo, -ere, excerpsi, excerptus, [ex + carpo], 3, pluck out, exr tract; choose, select. excidium, -i, n., overthrow; ruin, destruction. excieo and excio, -cire, -civi, -citus or -citus, [ex + cio], 4, cnll out, summon; rouse, excite. excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, [ex -I- capioj, 3, take out, withdraw; take up; take in; cut off, catch; EXCITO 52 EXITIUM receive ; withstand; capture^ take ; encounter; take the place of, suc- ceed, follow. ezcito, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of excio], 1, call forth, bring forth ; rouse, excite. ezclamo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex + clamo], 1, call out, cry aloud^ ex- claim. ezcludo, -ere, exclusi, exclusus, [ex + claudo], 8, shut out, ex- clude ; hinder, prevent. excogito, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex + c5gito], 1, think out, contrive, invent. excolo, -colere, -colui, -cultus, [ex + colo], 3, cultivate, inprove ; en- noble, refine. ezcubiae, -arum, [ex + cubo], f., pi., lying out on guard, watching; watch, watchman. ezcuraid, -onis, [ex, cf. curro], 1, a running out; sally, sortie, ex- pedition. excuBO, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex, causa], 1, excuse, make excuse for. exemplum, -i, n., specimen, copy, example, precedent. boni ex- empli servi, slaves of high char- acter. exeo, -ire, -ii, -itus, [ex -j- eo], irr., go out, go away, go forth, retire ; march out; withdraw, leave; pass away, perish; turn out, result, become public. exerceo, -ercere, -ercui, -ercitus, [ex + arceo], 2, drive, keep busy ; exercise, employ, drill, train; follow out, carry into effect, ad- minister. exercitatio, -onis, [exercito], f., practice, exercise, training, dis- cipline. exercitatus, -a, -um, comp. exer> citatior, sup. exercitatissimus, [exercito, freq. of exerced], adj., icell exercised, trained, disciplined. exercitus, -us, [exerced], m., dis^ ciplined body of men, army. exhaurio, -ire, exhausi, exhaustus, [ex + haurio], 4, draw out, empty, exhaust ; impoverish ; bring to an end. exheredo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, dis- inherit. exhibed, -ere, exhibui, exhibitus, [ex + habeo] , 2, hold forth, pre- sent ; show, display, exhibit. exhorresco, -ere, exhorrui, — , [ex -f- horresco], 3, inch., tremble, shudder, be afraid, shrink from. exigo, -igere, -egi, -actus, [ex -f- ago], 3, drive out, expel ; finish ; pass, spend; consider. exiguus, -a, -um, adj., scanty, small, short, brief; poor. exiguitas, -atis, [exiguus], f., smallness ; scantness ; small num- ber, fewness ; shortness. eximius, -a, -um, [cf. eximo], adj., taken out; select, choice; dis- tinguished, excellent, remarkable. eximo, -imere, -emi, -emptus, [ex -f emo], 3, take out, remove ; free, release, deliver. existimatio, -onis, [existimo], f., opinion, judgment ; reputation, good name. existimo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex -f aestimo], 1, value, estimate; es- teem, appreciate; suppose, think. exitus, -us, [exeo], m., going out, departure; outlet, passage ; close, conclusion, result; end of life, death. exitium, -i, [exeo], n., destruction, ruin, mischief, death. EXORIOR 53 EXSTINGUO exorior, -oriri, -ortus sum, [ex + orior], 4, dep., come forth, rise, appear; begin. ezoro, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex + oro], 1, prevail upon, persuade by en- treaty, induce. expedio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [ex, pes], 4, disengage, let loose, set free ; prepare, procure; be serviceable, be advantageous, be expedient. expeditus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, sup. -issimus, [part, of expedio], adj., unincumbered, unfettered, light-armed; ready, easy, unem- barrassed, iegidnes expeditae, legions without baggage. As subst., expeditus, -i, m., light- armed soldier. expello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus, [ex + pell5], 3, drive out, drive away, remove, expel. experior, -periri, -pertus sum, 4, dep., try, prove, test; experience, know by experience; find; try, attempt, make trial of. explico, -plicare, -plicavi or -pli- cui, -plicatus or -plicitus, [ex + plico], 1, unfold; spread out, extend, deploy ; disclose, display; set forth, explain. explorator, -oris, [expl6r5], m., spy, scout. exploratus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, sup. -issimus, [part, of explore], adj., established, certain, settled, sure. exploro, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, search out, investigate, explore ; spy out, reconnoitre; try, test. expono, -ere, exposui, expositus, [ex -I- pono]. 3, set forth, exhibit; land, disembark; abandon, ex- pose; set forth, relate, explain. expoBCO, -poscere, -poposci, — , [ex -f- posco], 3, ask urgently, request, demand. expulsus, see expello. exprimo, -ere, expressi, expres- sus, [ex -f premo], 3, press out^ force out ; wrest, elicit, ex- tort ; utter, express, portray, model, form. exprobro, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex -f probrum], 1, reproach with, blame for, charge, upbraid. expugnatio, -onis, [expagno], f., taking by storm, storming; win- ning over by entreaties. expugno, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex -f pugno], 1, take by storm, capture ; overcome. exquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -quisi- tus, [ex + quaer5, seek'], 3, seek out, search out; ask for, inquire into. exquisitus, see exquiro. exsculpo, -sculpere, -sculpsi, ex- sculptus, [ex -I- sculp5J, 3, dig out, cut out; erase. exsequor, -sequi, -secutus, [ex -f sequor], 3, dep., folloio up, main- tain, enforce. exsilium, -i, [exsul], n., exile, ban- ishment. exsisto, -sistere, -stiti, — , [ex + sisto], 3, step out, come forth; arise, become, come to be; exist, be. exspecto, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex -f specto], 1, look out for, wait to see, wait for, await ; look to see, expect. exsplendesco, -splendescere, -splendui, — , [ex + splendesco], 3, inch., shine forth, be distinr- guished. exstinguo, -stinguere, -stinxi, ex- stinctus, [ex -|- stingu5, quench]. EXSTITl 54 FACIO 3, put out, extinguish; abolish, annul, blot out; kill, destroy. exstiti, see exsisto. exsto, -stare, — , — , [ex + st5], 1, stand out, stand forth ; exist, be. exstruo, -ere, -exstruxi, exstrdc- tus, [ex -f- struo], 3, pile up, heap up, build. exsul, exsulis, [ex, cf. salio], m., exile, wanderer. eztemus, -a, -um, [exter], adj., outward, external; of another country, foreign. exter or exterus, -a, -um, ooinp. exterior, sup. extremus, [exj, adj., outward, outer, foreign. Comp. exterior, -us, outer, ex- terior. Sup. extremus, last, last part of, at the end; extreme, utter- most. As subst., extremi, -orum, m., pi., the rear. ezter or exterus, -tera, -terum, [ex], used only in the pi., adj., on the outside, foreign. eztdmesco, -timescere, -timui, — , [ex -|- timesco], 3, inch., be greatly terrified ; fear greatly, await with fear, dread. extra, [exter], adv. and prep.: (1) As adv., on the outside, with- out. (2) As prep, with ace, outside of, beyond, except. extraho, -ere, extraxi, extractus, [ex -f trah5], 3, draw out, pull out ; protract, prolong. extreme, [extremus], adv., at last, finally. extremus, -a, -um, see exter. exuo, -uere, -ui, -iitus, 3, a., draw out, pull off ; strip, despoil. exuro, -urere, -ussi, -ustus, [ex -|- uro, burn'], 3, burn up. Fabius, -T, m., the name of a dis- tinguished Roman gens, in this book refers to : (1) Q. Fabius Bullidnus. (2) Q. Fabius Mdximus. (3) Quintus Fabius Mdximus, called Allobrogicus in honor of his victory over the Allobroges, Arverni, and Ruteni in the year of his consulship, 121 b.c. ; he celebrated a splendid triumph, and erected a triumphal arch in Rome across the Via Sacra near the temple of Vesta. Fabricius, -i, m., Fabricius, gentile name of C. Fabricius Luscinus. fabrics, -are, -avi, -atus, [cf. faber], 1, make, build, construct. fibula, -ae, [cf. for, sjjeak], f., narration, story ; play ; fable. facets, [facetus], adv., wittily. facetus, -a, -um, adj., witty, hu- morous. facile, comp. facilius, sup. facillime, [facilis], adv., easily, readily, with no trouble. facilis, -e, comp. facilior, sup. fa- cillimus, [cf. facio], adj., easy, convenient, not difficult, not hard. facinus, -oris, [cf. facio], n., action, deed; misdeed, crime. facinus admittere or in se admittere, to become guilty of (a) crime. facio, facere, feci, factus, 3, make; do, perform, accomplish, form; bring about, cause ; incur, suffer ; act, conduct one''s self; choose, ap- point ; grant, furnish, give. For pass., fio, fieri, factus sum, see fio. verba facere, to speak. certiorem facere, to inform. iter facere, to march. vim fa- FACTIO 55 FAUSTULUS cere, to use violence. imperata facere, to obey commands. fru- menti c5piam facere, to furnish a supply of grain. stipendia fa- cere, see stipendium. factio, -onis, [facio], f., party, side, political party. factu, pass, supine of facid. factum, -i, [facio], n., lit. what is done ; deed, action, achievement. factus, see facid and fio. facultas, -atis, [facilis], f., ability, capability; opportunity, chance; abundance, supply, store; pi., resources. facundia, -ae, [facundus], 1, elo- quefice, fluency. Falerii, -drum, m., Falerii, the capital city of the Falisci, situated in southern Etruria. See map, frontispiece. FalernuB, -a, -um, adj., Falernian, of the Ager Falernus, a district in Campania famous for its wine. Faliscus, -a, -um, [Falerii], adj., of or belonging to Falerii. As subst., Faliscus, -i, m., an inhabi- tant of Falerii, a Faliscan. fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsus, 3, ti'ip, cause to fall ; deceive, cheat ; fail, disappoint. falsus, -a, -um, [part, of fallo], adj., feigned, false, pretended. fama, -ae, [cf. for, speak], f., re- port, rumor, tradition; public opinion, fame, reputation. fames, -is, f., hunger; famine, want. familia, -ae, [famulus, servant], f., body of slaves in one house- hold, family servants; estate; household, family ; including the whole body of serfs and retainers under the authority of a noble- man, retinue. matres familiae, matrons. familiaris, -e, [familia], adj., of a house or household; familiar, in- timate, res familiaris, 2^^'ivate property, estate. As subst., fa- miliaris, -is, m. , friend, intimate acquaintance. familiaritSs, -tatis, [familiaris], f., familiarity, intimacy, friend- ship. famosus, ,-a, -um, [fama], adj., much talked of, famed, renowned ; slanderous, scandalous. famula, -ae, f., [famulus, servant], f., maid-servant, handmaid. fanum, -i, [cf. for, speak], n., shrine, sanctuary, temple. fas, only nom. and ace. sing, in use, [cf. fari, to speak], indecl., n., right, allowable, lawful, accord- ing to the laws of God and nature. fascis, -is, m., bundle, fagot; pi., the fasces, a bundle of rods tied about an axe, carried before the highest Roman magistrates as a symbol of authority. fasti, -orum, [fastus, sc. dies], m., register of court days, calendar, annals. fastigStus, -a,-um, [cf. fastigium], adj., sloping, sloping down. fat alls, -e, [fatum], adj., of fate, fated; fatal; deadly, destructive. fatum, -i, [cf. fari, to speak], n., what is declared, ordained in ac- cordance with the laws of God and nature ; fate, destiny. fauces, -ium, f., pi., throat; narrow way, pass. Faustulus, -i, [dim. of faustus], m., Faustulus, name of the shep- herd who found and reared Rom- ulus and Remus. FAVEO 5Q FIO faveo, favere, favi, fut. part, fau- turus, 2, be favorable, favor, be propitious. favor, -oris, [fave5J, ni., favor, good-will. felicitas, -atis, [felix, happy~\, f., happiness, good fortune ; success. feliciter, comp. felicius, sup. felicis- sime, [felix], adv., with good fortune, luckily, happily; suc- cessfully. femina, -ae, t, female, woman. fera, -ae, f., [ferus], wild beast, wild animal. ieiax, -acis, comj). feracior, sup. feracissimus, [fer5], B.dj., fertile, productive. fere, adv., almost, nearly; with words denoting time, about; for the most part, as a rule, usually, generally. fero, ferre, tuli, latus, irr., bear, carry, bring ; lead, drive ; prompt, impel, urge; bring forth, produce ; endure, support, suffer, hold out against; bear aioay, obtain, 7'e- ceive ; assert, report, say, permit ; move, propose ; demand, require ; pass., be home, rush. signa ferre, to advance. legem ferre, to pass a law. ferocia, -ae, [ferox], f., wildness, fierceness, bravery, courage. ferox, -ocis, comp. ferocior, sup. ferocissimus, [cf. ferus], adj., wild, bold; confident, high-spir- ited; courageous, warlike. ferreus, -a, -um, [ferrum], adj., made of iron, iron ; hard, cruel ; firm, enduring. ferrum, -i, n., iron; figuratively, iron point, sword. fertilitaB, -atis, [fertilis], i., fertil- ity, productiveness. ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild, untamed', uncultivated; waste, desolate; rude, savage, barbarous. festino, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, hasten, make haste; do speedily. festum, -1, n., holiday, festival. fictilis, -e, [fingo], adj., of clay, earthen. fidelis, -e, comp. fidelior, sup. Me- lissimus, [fides], adj., faithful, trustivorthy. fideliter, [fidelis], adv., faithfully. fides, -ei, f., trust, credence, belief; good faith, fidelity, loyalty ; pledge of good faith, promise; in busi- ness, credit; confidence, trust; protection, alliance. fidens, -entis, [part of fido], adj., confident, courageous, bold. fidticia, -ae, [fidus], f., trust, con- fidence, reliance; self-confidence, courage, boldness. filia, -ae, f., daughter. fllius, -i, m,, son. fingo, fingere, finxi, fictus, 3, form, shape; conceive, imagine, think of; invent, devise; of the features, change, control. finio, finire, finivT, finitus, [finis], 4, limit, bound, define ; end ; finish. finis, -is, m., limit, border, boun- dary, end, degree, extent ; purpose^ object. PI., borders, hence terri- tory, country, land. finitimus, ~a, -um, [finis], adj., bordering on, neighboring, adjoin- ing. As subst., finitimi, -orum, m., pi., neighbors, neighboring peoples. fio, fieri, factus, irr., used as pass, of facio, be made, be done; be- come, take place, happen; come about, come to pass, certior fieri, to be itiformed. FIRME 57 FORTUNA firm€, comp. firmius, sup. firmia- sime, [firmus], adv., firmly^ strongly. firmitas, -atis, [firmus], f., firm- ness^ durability^ strength^ vigor; endurance^ constancy. firmus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, sup. -issimus, adj., strong^ firm; stead- fast, powerful. FlaccuB, -i, m., see Valerius. flagitioBUS, -a, -um, [flaofitium], adj., shameful, disgrac-fal. flSgitium, -i, n., disgraceful deed, outrage ; shame, disgrace. flagito, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, demand urgently, require, solicit. flagro, -are, -avi, flagraturus, 1, blaze, burn; be inflamed, be ex- cited, be stirred ; be afflicted, suffer. FlamimnuB, -i, m., Flamimnus, family name of: (1) T. Qulnctius, who vsras sent against the Gauls in 360 b.c. (2) C. Qulnctius Flamimnus, consul in 192 b.c. (3) 2\ Qulnctius Flamimnus, the conqueror of Philip, king of Macedon, in 197 b.c. Fl^miniuB, -i, m., Fldminius, gen- tile name of C. Fldminius, de- feated and slain by Hannibal at Lake Trasimenus in 217 b.c. flamma, -ae, f ., blazing fire, blaze, flame. fleets, flectere, flexi, flexus, 3, bend, turn ; persuade, influence. fleo, flere, flevi fletus, 2, we^ ; weep for, bewail. fletuB, -lis, [fleo], m., weeping, wailing. florSns, -ntis, comp. florentior, sup. florentissimus, [part, of floreo, bloom'], adj., blooming, flourish- ing, prosperous ; influential. floreo, florere, florui, — , [flos, flower] , 2, bloom, blossom ; flour- ish, be prosperous, be successful; be eminent, be distinguished. fluctus, -us. [cf. fluo], m., flood, tide, wave, billow; commotion. flumen, -inis, [cf. flu5], n., flowing stream, river. fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxus, 3, flow. fluvius, -i, [cf. fluo] m., river, stream. foede, [foedua], adv., /o2tZZy, basely. foederatuB, -a, -um, [cf. foedus], adj., leagued, allied. ioedua, -eris, [cf. fido], n., league, treaty; agreement. fore = futurum esse ; see sum. forem = essem ; see sum. foriB, -is, f., door, gate; ^l., folding- door, entrance. forma, -ae, i., form, shape, flgure, appearance, looks; beauty. formositaB, -atis, [formosusj, f., beauty. formoBus, -a, -um, comp. formosior, sup. formosissimus, [forma], adj., finely formed, beautiful, hand- forB, fortis, [cf. fero, bring], 1, chance, luck, accident. fortaBBe, adv., perhaps, possibly. forte [abl. of fors], adv., by chance, by accident ; perchance, perhaps. fortlB, -e, comp. -ior, sup. -issimus, adj., strong; brave, courageous, valiant. fortiter, comp. fortius, sup. fortia- sime, [fortis], adv., bravely, boldly, courageously. fortitado, -inis, [fortis], f., strength, courage, bravery. fortuitS, [abl. of fortuitus, from forte], adv., by chance. fortuna, -ae, [forsj, f., chance, FORUM 58 FULVIUS luck, fortune ; position, lot, rank, circumstances; good fortune ; ill fortune; personified, Fortune. forum, -i, [forisj, n., open place, market-place; esp. Forum R6- manum, the Boman Forum, the Forum, an open space between the Palatine and Capitoline hills, surrounded by public buildings and shops, where the political and commercial life of the Roman world centred. See map opp. p. 53. fossa, -ae, [cf. fodio], f., ditch, trench, intrenchment, fosse. foveo, fovere, fovl, fotus, 2, warm, keep warm ; cherish, favor. frango, frangere, fregi, fractus, 3, break in pieces, break; break down, dishearten, subdue, over- come. frater, -tris, m., brother; name of honor applied to allies, brethren. fratemus, -a, -um, [frater], adj., of a brother, brotherly. fremitus, -us, [cf . fremo, roar'\, ra., uproar, noise, din. Fregellae, -arum, f., Fregellae, a city of the Volscians in Latium, on the river Liris. See map opp. p. 30. frequens, -entis, comp. frequen- tior, sup. frequentissimus, adj., often, regular, repeated, constant ; in great numbers, crowded, filled, populous. fretus, -a, -um, adj., leaning, sup- ported; trusting, relying, confiding. frigus, frigoris, n., cold, cold weather. PI., seasons of cold, cold spells. frons, frontis, t., forehead; front. a media fronte, in the middle of the forehead. frtiotuosus, -a, -um, sup. -issimus, [fructus], adj., /rmY/wZ, fertile. fruges, -um, f., pi., produce, prod- ucts of the soil, fruits. frumentarius, -a, -um, [frumen- tum], adj., having to do with grain or supplies; productive of grain, res frumentaria, supply of grain, supplies. frumentum, -i, [fruor], n., grain; standing grain. PI. often crops of grain, grain-crops. fruor, frui, fructus sum, fut. part, fruiturus, 3, dep., enjoy, delight in. frustra, [fraus], adv., in error; without effect, in vain. frustror, -ari, -atus sum, [friistra], 1, dep., deceive, trick, disappoint. Fufetius, -i, m., Fufetius, gentile name of Mettius Fufetius, leader of the Albans against Tullus Hostilius. fuga, -ae, f . , flight, in fugam dare, to put to flight, rout. fuglens, -entis, [part, of fugio], adj., flying, fleeing. As subst., m., a fugitive. fugio, fugere, fugi, — , 3, flee, run away, make off; avoid, shun ; escape. fugitivus, -a, -um, [cf. fugioj, adj., fleeing. As subst., fugitivus, -i, m., runaway. fugo, -are, -avi, -atus, [fuga], 1, put to flight, rout. fulmen, -inis, [cf. fulgeo], n., light- ning flash, thunderbolt; crushing blow. Fulvius, -i, m., Fulvius, gentile name of A. Fulvius, put to death by the order of liis own father, because he joined Catiline's con- spiracy. FUMUS 59 GENAVA fumus, -I, m., smoke. funale, -is, [fanis], n., torch. fundamentum, -i, [fundo], n., foundation^ basis. funditor, -oris, [ct funda], m., slinger. fundo, fundere, fiidi, fusus, S,pour, pour out ; scatter^ rout. funestus, -a, -um, [funus], adj., deadly^ destructive^ fatal. fungor, fungi, functus sum, 3, dep. , he engaged in., perform., observe; do., execute., administer. funus, -eris, n.., funeral procession., funeral. furcula, -ae, [furca], 1, a little fork or forked prop. In pi, , Furculae Caudinae, the Caudine Forks, narrow passes in the mountains near Caudium, a town in Sam- nium. See map opp. p. 30. Purius, -i, m., name of a Roman gens, refers in this book to : (1) M. Fiirius Camillus, the de- liverer of Rome from the Gauls. (2) P. Fiirius Philus, who, after the battle of Cannae, formed a conspiracy among the young nobles to leave Italy. (3) L. Furius., consul in 196 b.c. furor, -oris, [furo, rage]., m., rage, m,ad?iess, fury. futurus, -a, -um, [part, of sum], adj., going to be, yet to be, to come, future. As part, see sum. Gabinius, -i, m., Aulus Gabinius, consul with Lucius Calpurnius Piso, 58 B.C. Gades, -ium, f., pi., Gddes, a town on the southern coast of Spain, the modern Cadiz. See map, frontispiece. Gains, -i, abbreviation C, m., a Roman forename. Galba, -ae, m. : (1) Servius Sulpicius Galba, prae- torian governor of Lusitania in 151 B.C. (2) P. Sulpicius Galba, consul in 200 B.C. (3) Galba, a chief of the Sues- siones. galea, -ae, f., helmet, usually of leather. Gallia, -ae, f., Ga^d, comprising the regions now occupied by France, Belgium, Holland, and the west- ern parts of Germany and Switz- erland. See Intro, p. 25. Gallicus, -a, -um, [Gallus], adj., of Gaul, Gallic. gallina, -ae, f , hen. Gallus, -a, -um, adj., Gallic. As subst., m., a Gaul; pi., Galli, -orum, Gauls. Garuznna, -ae, f ., Garonne, the great river of southwestern France, which rises in the Pyrenees Moun- tains and flows in a northwesterly direction to the Atlantic Ocean, after a course of about 350 miles. See map opp. p. 114. gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, 2, semi-dep., be glad, rejoice. gaudimn, -i, [gaudeo], n., joy, gladness. gavisus, see gaudeo. Geminus, see Servilius. geminus, -a, -um, adj., born to- gether, twin ; twofold. As subst., gemini, -orum, m., pi., twins. Genava, -ae, [Kel. genava, 'mouth'], f., a city of the AUobroges, on the lacus Le- mannus; now Geneva. See x GENER 60 GRATIA to p. 118, 1. 4, and map opp. p. ' 114. I gener, generi, m., son-in-law. j generStim, [genus], adv., by kind; I by peoples, by tribes, nation by [ nation. \ generosus, -a, -um, [genus], adj., of noble birth, well-born; mag- nanimous, generous. genitus, see gigno. gens, gentis, f., clan, gens^ com- posed of families having a com- mon ancestor, a common name, and certain religious rights in common ; tribe, people, nation. genu!, see gigno, genus, -eris, n., race, birth, descent ; kind, class, rank, order; method, nature ; sort, description, style. Germani, -drum, m., pL, Germans, natives of Germany. Germania, -ae, f., Germany. See map, frontispiece. gero, gerere, gessi, gestus, 3, bear, carry; manage, transact, do, carry on; wear; carry out, per- form, accomplish; of an office, fill ; of war, wage. se gerere, to conduct one^s self, act, behave. morem gerere alicui, to gratify any one, follow one^s suggestion. res gestae, exploits, deeds, work. gesto, -are, -avi, -atas, [freq. of gero], 1, bear, carry, wield ; wear. gestus, -us, [gero], m., bearing, carriage; gesture, movement. gigno, gignere, genui, genitus, 3, produce, give birth to, beget; pass., be born, spring. gladius, -i, m., sword. gloria, -ae, f., glory, fame, renown; vainglory, pride, boasting. gl6rlor,-ari, -atus sum. [gloria], 1, dep., boast, brag, pride one^s self. gloriosus, -a, -um, comp. glorio- sior, sup. gloriosissimus, [gloria], adj., glorious, famous, renowned; to be proud of, conferring honor.^ honorable; boastful, conceited. Gnaeus, -i, abbreviated Cn., m., Gnaeus, a Roman forename. Gongylus, -i, [ro77iJXos], m., Gon- gylns, name of an Eretrian. Gortynius, -a, -um, adj., of Gor- tyn, a city in Crete, Gortynian. As subst. Gortynius, -i, m., Gor- tynian, inhabitant of Gortyn. See map opp. p. 93. Gracchus, see Sempronius. gradus, -iis, m., step, pace; gait; station, position, ground; stage, period, degree; pi., steps, stairs. GraecS, [Graecus], adv., in the Greek language, in Greek. Graecia, -ae, f., Greece. Graeculus, -i, [dim. of Graecus,], m., a poor Greek. Graecus, -a, -um, adj., Grecian, Greek. As subst. ,. Graecus, -i, m., a Greek. Graioceli (or Grai Oceli), -orum, m., pi., a Gallic tribe in the Graian Alps, in the neighborhood of Mt. Cenis. See map opp. p. 114. Grains, -a, -um, adj. , of the Greeks, Grecian. As subst.. Grains, -i, m., a Greek. grandis, -e, &d]., full-grown, large, great. granum, -i, n., grain, seed. graphium, -i, n., stylus for writing, pen, pencil. gratia, -ae, [gratus], f., favor, es- teem, regard, friendship; recom- pense, requital; kindness, courtesy, influence. PI., gratiae, -arum, thanks. gratia, with preced- ing gen. , for the sake of. gra- GRATIIS 61 HASDBUBAL tiam habere, to feel gratitude. gratiaa agere, to express grati- tude, to thank. gratiam re- ferre, to show gratitude, to requite. gratiis, [abl. pi. of gratia], adv., out of favor, without pay, for nothing. gratulatio, -onis, [gratulor], f., rejoicing, congratulation. fit gratulatio, congratulations are offered. gratulor, -ari, -atus, [gratus], 1, dep., offer congratulations, con- gratulate. gratus, -a, -um, comp. gratior, sup. gratissimus, adj., pleasing, dear, acceptable ; thankful, grateful ; strong, influential. Neu.t. as subst., gratum facere, to do a favor. gravis, -e, comp. gravior, sup. gravissimus, adj., heavy, ponder- ous; severe, difficult; painful, disagreeable, unpleasant; strong, great; of weight, of authority. proelium grave, a decisive battle. gra vitas, -atis, [gravis], f., weight, heaviness; importance, dignity, influence ; seriousness, deliberate- ness. graviter, comp. gravius, sup. gra- vissime, [gravis], adv., heavily ; severely, warmly, bitterly; with dignity; seriously, with great displeasure. gravo, -are, -avi, -atus, [gravis], 1, load, weigh down. Pass, as dep., feel displeasure, hesitate, be un- willing. gruB, gruis, m. and f., crane. gubemator, -oris, [guberno], m., steersman, helmsman; director, ruler. habeo, habere, habui, habitus, 2, have, hold, possess, keep; treat, use; regard, think, consider, ac- count, repute, reckon, render. censum habere, to take a census, make an enumeration. dratio- nem habere, to deliver an address, make a speech, senatum habere, to hold a meeting of the senate. habito, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of habeo], 1, dwell, abide, reside; inhabit ; be housed. habitus, -us, m., condition, state, habit; dress, attire. Hadrumetum, -i, l'A8povfJL^]Tos], n., Hadrumetum, a city in northern Africa, not far from Carthage. See map, frontispiece. Hamilcar, -aris, m., Hamilcor, father of Hannibal. Hannibal, -alis, ra., Hannibal, a famous general of the Carthagin- ians, who waged war against the Romans from 218 to 202 b.c. Hanno, -onis, m., Hanno, a Car- thaginian statesman, a contempo- rary of Hannibal. He was the leader of the party opposed to Hannibal. Harudes, -um, m., pi., a Germanic people between the Danube and the upper part of the Rhine ; ap- parently a remnant from the Cim- bric migration, and originally from Jutland. See map. opp. p. 114. haruspex, -icis, [cf. specie], m., soothsayer, diviner. HaadTL^al, -alis, m., Hasdrubal, a Carthaginian name. In this book refers to : (1) Hasdrubal, brothei-«n-law of Hannibal. HASTA 62 HISTER (2) Hasdrubal, brother of Han- nibal. hasta, -ae, f . , staffs pole ; spear. hastne, -is, [hasta], n., spear- shaft ; spear, javelin. haud, adv., not, not at all, by no means. Hellespoutus, -i, I'EWrjairopTos'], m., the Hellespont, the strait be- tween tlie Aegean Sea and the Propontis, now the Dardanelles. See map opp. p. 93. Helvetius, -a, -um, adj., of the Helvetii, Helvetian, civitas Hel- vetia, the State of the Helvetii, Helvetian State, divided into four cantons, the names of two of which, pagus Tigurinus, pagus Verbigenus, are known. As subst., Helvetii, -drum, m., pi., the Helvetians, Helvetii. See map opp. p. 114. Helvius, -i, m., Helvius, gentile name of C. Helvius, Cato's col- league in his aedileship. hemerodromus, -i, [■niJ.epodpd/xos'], m., courier. herbidus, -a, -um, [herba], adj., grassy. Hercules, -is, m., Hercules, the Roman name of the Greek Heracles, famed for his strength and mighty deeds. He was said to have passed through Italy, and is mentioned in the legends connected with the founding of Rome. hereditas, -atis, [heres], f., heir- ship, inheritance ; an inheritance. heredium, -i, [heres], n., heredi- tary estate. Herennius, -i, m., Herennius, fore- name of Herennius Pontius. heres, -edis, m. and f., heir, heiress. hibernus, -a, -um, [hiems], adj., of winter. As subst., hiberna, -orum (sc. castra), n., pi., winter- quarters. hie, haec, hoc, gen. huius, dem. pron., used with or without a subst., this, this . . . here; the fol- lowing, the one, referring to that which follows ; he, she, it. When contrasted with ille, hie usually means the latter, ille, the former. When followed by ut, hie fre- quently = such. hie, [hie], adv., here; in this par- ticular, herein; now, hereupon, then. hiemo, -are, -avi, -atiirus, [hiems], \, pass the winter, winter. Hiempsal, -alis, m., Hiempsal, son of Micipsa. hiems, hiemis, f., winter; wintry storm, stormy loeather. Hiero, -onis, m., Hiero, king of Syracuse. hilaritas, -atis, [hilaris], f., cheer- fulness, merriment, hilarity. Hilotae, -arum, [EtXwrat], m.,pl., Helots, the serfs of the Spartans. hinc, [hie], adv., from this place, hence; on this account, from this ; henceforth ; next, afterwards. hinc . . . hinc, on this side . . . on that, on the one side . . . on the other. Hippo, -onis, ['l-mribv'], m.. Hippo, a city in northern Africa on the coast, west of Carthage. Hispani, -orum, m., Spaniards. Hispania, -ae, f . , Spain. Hispaniensis, -e, [Hispania], adj., in Spain, Spaiiish. As subst., Hispaniensis, -is, ni., a Spaniard. Hister, -tri, [IcrvposJ, m., the His- ter or Ister, a name applied by the HISTIAEUS 63 HUC Greeks to the Danube, and by the Romans to the lower part of the same river. See map, frontis- piece. Histiaeus, -i, ['loriaios], m., His- tiaeus^ tyrant of Miletus in the time of Miltiades. historia, -ae, [iarop^a], f., history ; narrative, account; pi., a work of history, history. hodie, [ho=hop, die], adv., to-day ; now. homo, hominis, m. and f., human being, man, person, fellow. Fl., homines, -urn, m., men, people, mankind. honestas, -atis, [honos], f., honor received from others, repute, repu- tation; uprightness, integrity. honeste, comp. honestius, sup. honestissime, [honestus], adv., honorably, properly, virtuously. honestus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, sup. -issimus, [honos], adj., regarded with honor; worthy of honor, honorable, upright, noble. honoiifice, [honorificus], adv., honorably, with honor, with respect. honorificus, -a, -um, comp. hono- rificentior, sup. -centissimus, [ho- nos, cf. facid], adj., conferring honor, full of honor, honorable; in one^s honor. honos, or honor, -oris, m., honor, esteem, respect, dignity; public office, office, post; mark of honor, honor. h6ra,-ae, [= oipa], f., /iowr, a twelfth part of the day, from sunrise to sunset, or of the night, from sun- set to sunrise, the Roman hours varying in length with the season of the year ; time, season. Horatius, -a, the name of a Roman gens. In this book are men- tioned : (1) The Hordtii, triplets, prae- nomina not given, who fought with the Curiatii. (2) Horatius Codes, praenomen not given, who defended the bridge against the Etruscans. (3) M. Horatius Pulvlllus, con- sul 509 B.C. horreo, horrere, horrui, — , 2, tremble at, shudder at, dread. hortatus, -us, [hortor], (the nom. is not found), m., encouragement, exhortation. hortor, -ari, atus, 1, dep., urge, encourage, exhort, incite, press. hospes, hospitis, m., host; guest; friend bound by ties of hospi- tality, guest-friend. hospitium, -i, [hospes], n., reZaiion of guest and host, tie of hospitality, hospitality, friendship; lodging^ inn. hostia, -ae, f., animal sacrificed^ victim. hostilis, -e, [hostis], adj., of an enemy, hostile. hostniter, [hostilis], adv., like an enemy, in a hostile manner. Hostilius, -a, name of a Roman gens. In this book are mentioned : (1) Tullus Hostilius, the third king of Rome. (2) G. Hostilius Manclnus, consul 137 B.C. who conducted the war against the Numantines. hostis, -is, m., stranger, public enemy, foe ; in this book both the sing, and the pi., hostes, -iura, in most cases = the enemy. Cf. inimicus. hiic, [hie], adv., hither, to this place, on this ; to this, besides. HUMANITAS 64 ILLE humanitas, -atis, [humanus], f., humanity; kindliness; elegance; refinement^ culture. humSuuB, -a, -um, [homo], adj., of man., human; humane., kind. humills, -e, [hninus], adj., low^ lowly; small, slight; common., humble; low<, base, mean. iaceo, iacere, iacui, — , 2, lie, be prostrate ; lie dead ; be situ- ated; be despised. Pres. part, as subst., iacentes, -ium, m., pi., the fallen. iaci5, iacere, ieci, iactu8,-3, throw, hurl, cast ; throw up, construct. iactatid, -onis, [iact5J, f., tossing, shaking ; boasting, display. iacto (jactd), -are, -avi, -atns, [fieq. of iacio], 1, throw, cast; throw about, jerk back and forth ; discuss, agitate. iactus, part, of iacio. iam (jam), adv., of time, already, now; at once, immediately ; soon, presently; at length; actually; of assurance, in fact, indeed. non iam, no longer. iam pri- dem, long ago, long since. laniculum, -i, [lanus], n., the Janiculum, a hill lying across the Tiber from Rome, connected with the city by a wooden bridge called the Pons Sublicius. It was the seat of a mythical citadel of Janus. See map opp. p. 53. iSnua, -ae, f., door; entrance. I§nus, -i, [cf. ianua], m., Janus, an old Italian god of beginnings. IberuB, -i, m., the Iberus, a river in Spain. See map, frontispiece. ibi, adv., in that place, there; on that occasion, thereupon. ibidem, adv., in the same place, just there. Icclus, -i, m., a leader of the Remi. ico, icere, ici, ictus, in classical prose only in the perf. system, 3, a., hit, strike, foedus icere, to make a league, make a treaty. ictus, -lis, [ic6], m., blow, stroke, wound. Id. , abbreviation for Idiis. Idem, eadem, idem, gen. eiusdem, [is], dem. pron., the same; often with the force of an adv., also, besides, too. identidem, [idem et idem], adv. repeatedly, again and again. ideo, [id + eo], adv., for that rea- son, on that account, therefore. idoneus, -a, -um, adj., fit, proper, suitable, convenient, apt. Idds, -uum, f., pi,, the Ides, the fifteenth day of March, May, July, and October ; the thirteenth day of other months, igitur, adv., then, therefore. ignavia, -ae, [ignavus], f., inac- tivity, idleness, sloth. ignSvus, -a, -nm, adj., inactive, slothful, lazy, cowardly. ignis, -is, m., fire. PI., ignes, watchfires. ign5r6, -are, -avi, -atns, [cf. ig- nosc5], 1, be ignorant of, not to know, be unaware ; overlook. ignQsco, -gnoscere, -gnovi, -gnotus, [in- + (g) ndsco, know], 3, par- don, overlook, forgive, excuse. ignStus, [in- + (g) notus], adj., un- known, strange ; unacquainted with, ignorant of. ilic6, [in + loco], adv,, on the spot, there; straightway, immediately. illatunis, see infero. ille, ilia, illud, gen, illius, dem. ILLIC 65 IMPERITUS pron . , that ; he, she, it ; the famous, the well-known. illic, [ille], adv., in that place, there, yonder. illido, -lidere, -lisi, -lisus, [in + laedo], 3, dash against, crush. illuc, [ille], adv., to that place, thither, there ; thereto ; to such a point. illudo, -ludere, -lusi, -lusus, [in + ludo], 3, sport with; make fun of, ridicule, mock ; deceive, baffle. illuatris, -e, comp. illustrior, sup. illustrissimus, did]., bright ; clear; distinguished, illustrious, re- nowned; evident, plain. lllustro, -are, -avi, -atus, [in + lustr5], 1, light up, illuminate; make clear, illustrate; render famous, distinguish. im^go, -inis, [cf. imitor], f., im- itation, likeness, image, repre- _ sentation ; statue, bust. Ulyricum, -i, n., Illyricum, a region along the east coast of the Adriatic Sea, belonging to Caesar's prov- ince ; now Istria and Dalmatia. See map opp. p. 75. imber, -bris, m., rain, shoioer. imitatio, -onis, [imitor], f., a copy- ing, imitation. immSnsus, -a, -um, adj., immeasu- rable, immense. immerltus, -a, -um, adj., undeserv- ing, innocent. immitto, -ere, immisi, immisaus, [in + mitto], 3, send in, admit, introduce. .immo, adv. , no indeed, by no means, nay ; yes indeed, certainly. immolo, -are, -avi, -atus, [in, cf. mola, sacred meal], 1, sprinkle with sacrificial meal; sacrifice, immolate. immortalis- -e, [in- + mortalis], adj., immortal, imperishable, eter- nal. immotus, -a, -um, [in- -I- motus], ad]., unmoved, motionless; stead- fast, firm. impatiens, -entis, [in- 4- patiens], adj., intolerant, impatient. impedimentum, -i, [impedio], n., hindrance, interference. PI. im- pedimenta, -drum, heavy baggage, baggage. See Intro., p. 12. impedio, -pedire, -pedivi, -peditus, [in, cf. pes], 4, hinder, obstruct, interfere icith, prevent, disorder. impeditus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, sup. -issimus, [part, of impedio], adj., encumbered with baggage, hindered, obstructed, embarrassed; difficult, hard; of places, hard to reach, inaccessible. impello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus, [in -I- pell5] , 3, strike against, drive ; put to rout ; set in motion, impel, drive forward; urge, in- duce, persuade. impendeo, -pendere, — , — , [in -f pendedj, 2, overhang ; be at hand, be imminent, threaten. impendium, -i, [impendo], n.. money laid out, outlay, cost. impensa, -ae, [impendo], f., out- lay, cost. imperator, -oris, [impero], m., commander-in-chief, commander, general; imperator, emperor. imperatum, -i, [impero], n., com- mand, order, imperata facere, to do what has been commanded, carry out orders, ad imperatum, in accordance icith his command. imperfectus, -a, -um, [in- + perfeo- tus], adj., unfinished, incomplete. imperitus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, sup. IMPERIUM (>Q IN -issimus, [in- + peritus], adj., inexperienced^ unskilled^ unac- quainted with. tam imperitus rerum, of so little experience. imperium, -i, [cf. impero], n., com- mand^ order; control, govern- ment, dominion; military author- ity ; the state, state. nova im- peria, a revolution. impero, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, com- mand, order; exercise authority ; order to furnish, levy, draft, de- mand. After imperd, ut is ordi- narily to be translated by to, and ne by not to. impetro, -are, -avi, -atus, [in -f patro, execute'], 1, obtain by re- quest, procure, get, accomplish, bring to pass ; gain one''s request. re impetrata, the request having been granted, after the request had been granted. impetus, -Us, [in, cf. peto], m., at- tack, assault, onset, charge ; vehe- mence, impulse, excitement; fury, impetuosity, force. impietas, -atis, [impius], f,, irrev- erence, impiety; undutifulness. implicatus, -a, -um, [part, of im- plico], adj., entangled, involved, connected with. implico, -are, -avi or -ui, -atus or -itus, [in 4- plico], 1, infold, envelop; involve, implicate, em- barrass, in morbum implicitus, taken sick, fallen ill. imploro, -are, -avi, -atus, [in -f ploro, cry ouf], 1, beseech, im- plore; invoke, appeal to. aux- ilium implorare, to beg for help. impono, -ponere, -posui, -positus, [in + pono], 3, put on, place on, put; impose, dictate terms of peace; mount. importo, -are, -avi, -atus, [in + port5], 1, bring in, import. impraesentiarum, adv., for the present, under present circum- stances, now. imprimis, [in, primis], adv., espe- cially. improbo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, dis- approve, reject. improbus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, sup. -issimus, [in- + probus, good], adj., bad, shameless. improviso, [imprdvisus], adv., un- expectedly, suddenly. improvisus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, [in- -|- part, of provided], adj., unforeseen, unexpected. Neut. as subst. in de improviso, tinex- pectedly, suddenly. See n. to p. 152, 1. 6. imprudenter, [impriidens], adv., without foresight, ignorantly , in- considerately. imprHdentla, -ae, [impriidens], f., want of foresight, imprudence, ignorance. impugno, -are, -avi, -atus, [in -!- pugnd], 1, fight against, attack; oppose. impulsus, see impello. imptine, [impiinis, from in- -|- poena], adv., without punishment, with impunity. impunitas, -atis, [impunis from in- -f- poena], f., exemption from punishment, impunity. impiinitus, -a, -um, [in- -|- piini- tusj, adj., unpunished, secure. in, prep, with ace. and abl. : (1) With the ace. : of place, after verbs implying motion, into, to, up to, towards, against; of time, into, till, to, unto, for; of purpose, for, with a view to ; IN- 67 INDB of other relations, io, in, re- spiCting, concerning, according to, after, over. (2) With the abl. : of place, in, within, on, upon, among, over; of time, in, in the course of, within, during, while; of other relations, involved in, under the injluence of, in case of, in rela- tion to, respecting. In composition in retains its form before the vowels and most of the consonants ; is often changed to il- before 1, ir- before r ; usu- ally becomes im- before m, b, p. in-, inseparable prefix, = un-, not, as in inauditus, unheard. inanis, -e, adj., empty, void; life- less; worthless, vain. incedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus, [in 4- cedo], 3, advance, march, icalJc; approach; happen. incendium, -i, [incendo], n., burn- ing, fire, flame. incendo, -ere, -cendi, -census, 3, set fire to, kindle, hum ; rouse, excite. inceptam, -i, [incipio], n., begin- ning, attempt, undertaking ; %mr- pose, subject. incido, -cidere, -cidi, — , [in + cad5], 3, with in and the 3,gc., fall in with, come upon, happen upon, meet, happen in the time of; occur, happen ; of war, break out. incido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus, [in + caedo], 3, cut into. incipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, [in + capio], 3, begin, commence, undertake ; instigate. incite, -are, -avi, -atus, [in -f cito, move rapidly^, 1, urge, urge on, hurry; of horses, urge on, spur; run in; of men, rouse, stir up, excite, spur on. incltidd, -cludere, inclusi, inclusus, [in -f claudo], 3, shut up, enclose, imprison ; include. incognituB, -a, -um, [in- + cogni- tus], adj., not examined, untried; unknown. incoho, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, begin, commence. incola, -ae, [incolo], m. and f., inhabitant, resident. incolo, -colere, -colui, — , [in -f- colo], 3, in trans., live, dwell; trans., inhabit, dwell in, live in. incolumis, -e, adj., sa/e, unharmed, uninjured, unhurt. incommodum, -i, [incommodus], n., inconvenience, disadvantage; misfortune^ disaster, injury, de- feat. incredibilis, -e, [in- -j- credibilis], adj., beyond belief, extraordinary, incredible. increpito, -are, — , — , [freq. of increpo, chide^, 1, reproach, re- buke ; taunt. increpo, -are, -ui, -itus, 1, sound, resound, clash; upbraid, scold. incmnbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubitus, [in -f cumbo], 3, lie upon, lean; press upon ; make an effort, apply one''s self; incline, choose. incurlosus, -a, -um, [in- -f curio- sus], adj., careless, negligent. incursio, -onis, [incurroj, f., run- ning against; onset, attack, in- cursion. incursus, -us, [cf. incurro], m., onrush; assault, attack. incuBO, -are, -avi, -atus, [in -|- causa], 1, find fault with, accuse, chide, rebuke. inde, adv., from that place, thence; from that time ; after that, there upon; from that, therefore. INDEX 68 INFINITUS index, -icis, [cf. indicd], m. and f,, one who points out, informer; index, mark, sign, proof. indicium, -i, [cf. indicd], n., no- lice, sign, indication, proofs evi- dence, information. indico, -are, -avi, -atua, [index], \, point out, inform ; make known, show, reveal; betray, accuse. indicd, -dicere, -dixi, -dictus, [in + dico], 3, declare publicly, declare, proclaim, announce; of a council, convoke, call^ appoint; impose, inflict. indictus, -a, -um, [in- -f dictus], adj., unsaid. indicta causa, without a hearing. iadidem, [inde], adv., from the same place. indidem Thebis, likewise from Thebes. indigeo, -ere, -ui, — , [indu, old form of in, + egeo], 2, need, want; demand, require. indignatus, -a, -um, [part, of in- dignor], adj., angered, indig- nant. indignitas, -atis, [indignus], f., unworthiness, disgracefulness, shamefulness ; indignity, ill- treatment. indignor, -ari, -atus sum, [indig- nus], 1, dep., deem unworthy, be indignant at, resent. indignus, -a, -um, [in- -f- dignus], adj., undeserving, unfit, un- worthy; shameful. indiligenter, comp. -ius, [indili- gens], adv., carelessly, heedlessly. indo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [in -f do], 3, insert, put into; give, confer. indoles, -is, f., inborn quality, character, disposition. induco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, [in + duco], 3, lead in, bring in, introduce ; lead, induce, influ- ence ; cover. indulged, -dulgere, -dulsi, -dultus, 2, be kind to, favor. induo, -ere, -ui, -utus, 3, put on, dress in ; clothe, cover. induBtria, -ae, [industrius], f., diligence, industry, activity. ineo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus, [in -f eo], irr., go into, enter; begin; enter upon, undertake ; with gra- tiam, acquire, obtain. ineuns adulescentia, early youth, inita aestate, in the beginning of sum- mer, icdnsilium inire, to form a plan. inermis, -e, [in- -f arma], adj., unarmed, without weapons, de- fenceless. ineuns, see ineo. infamis, -e, [in--Ffama], adj., oj ill repute, notorious, infamous. infectus, -a, -um, [in- -|- factus], adj., 7wt done, unaccomplished. iniero, -ferre, intuli, illatus, [in -f fero], irr., bring in, import ; throw upon, throw into ; of injuries, in- flict ; of hope and fear, inspire, infuse ; of an excuse, offer, allege ; of wounds, make, give. bellum inferre, to make war. signa in- ferre, to advance. inferus, -a, -um, comp. inferior, sup. infimus or imus, adj. , below, underneath; comp., lower, in- ferior ; sup., lowest, at the bot- tom. infestus, -a, -um, adj., unsafe, dis- turbed; hostile, threatening. iniimus, see inferus. Infiiiitus, -a, -um, [in, cf. finis], adj., not limited, boundless^ end' less. INFIEMDS 69 INJURIA Iniirmus, -a, -um, comp. infirmior, sup. infirinissinius, [in- -f fir- mus], adj., not strong^ weak, feeUe. iniitiae, -arum, [in-, cf. fateor], f., pi., found only in the ace. in the phrase infitias ire, to deny. infitior, -ari, -atua sum, [infitiae], 1, deny, disown. "^nflatus, -a, -um, [part, of inflo], adj., blown up, inflated; puffed up, proud. Jiflecto, -flectere, -flexi, -flexus, [in -f flectd], 3, hend, inflexus, see inflecto. inflo, -are, -avi, -atua, [in + flo], 1, blow into, inflate; inspire, en- courage. iniluo, -fluere, -fluxi, -fluxus, [in -I- fluoj, 3, flow into, flow. infodio, -fodere, -fodi, -fossns, [in -f fodid], 3, bury, inter. informo, -are, -avi, -atus, [in + formo], 1, shape, mould, fashion ; organize; inform, instruct. Infra, adv. and prep, with ace, below, underneath; inferior to. infrendo, -ere, — , — ,3, gnash. Infringd, -ere, -fregi, -fractus, [in -j- frango], 3, break offt break; subdue, overcome. in^emisco, -gemiscere, — , — , [in- gemo], 3, inch,, groan ; groan over. ingemo, -ere, -ui, — , 3, groan over, mourn over, lament, beicail. ingenium, -i, [in, cf. gigno], n., innate quality^ nature; char- acter, disposition ; talents, ability, intellect. ingSns, -entia, [in-, cf. gigno], adj., beyond the natural size; pro- digious, vast, great; mighty, re- markable, ingenuus, -a, •um, [in, cf. gigno], adj., native; freedom, noble^ ingenuous, liberal. ingratiis, [in-, gratils], adv., with- out thanks, unwillingly, on com- pulsion. iugredior, -gredi, -gressns, [in + gradior, step], 3, dep., advance; enter, go into ; enter upon, under' take. inhaereo, -ere, -haesi, -haesus, 2, stick fast, cling, adhere. inhio, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, gape at, gaze at, regard with longing. inicio (iniicio), -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [in -f iacid], 3, throw in; lay on; place on, put on ; inspire, infuse, cause ; strike into. iniectuB (injectus), see inicio. inimlcitia, -ae, [inimicus], f., en- mity ; hostility. inimicus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, sup. -issimus, [in- -f amicus], adj., un- friendly, hostile. As subst., ini- micus, -i, m., enemy, personal enemy as distinguished from hoa- tis, a public enemy. inlque, [iniquus], adv., unequally, unfairly, unjustly. iniquitae, -atis, [iniquua], f., unevenness; unfairness, unrea- sonableness, iniquitas loci, wn- favorableness of (the) position, disadvantageous position. iniquus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, sup. -issimus, [in- + aequus], adj., un- even, sloping; unfavorable, dis- advantageous; unfair, unjust. initium, -i, [ineo], n., going in, entrance ; beginning. initid, in the beginning, at first. initus, see ineo. iniuria (injuria), -ae, [iniurius, in- -^ ius], f., wrong, outrage, injus- tice, injury. INIUSSUS 70 INSTITUO iniussus, -us, [in- + iussus], m., only abl. in use, without command, without orders. iniuste, [iniustus], adv., unjustly. imiascor, -nasci, -natus, [in -I- nascor], 3, dep., be born in, spring up in, arise in. innitor, -niti, -nixus or -nisus sum, [in + niter], 3, dep., support one^s self with, lean upon. innixus, see innitor. innocens, -entis, adj., harmless; blameless, innocent. innocentia, -ae, [innocens], f., hlamelessnesSy innocence ; integ- rity. innoxius, -a, -um, [in- -f noxius], adj., harmless; blameless, inno- cent. lnopia,-ae, [inops], L,watit, lack; need, poverty, scarcity. inopinans, -antis, [in- + opinans], adj., not expecting, taken by sur- prise, offone''s guard. inopinatus, -a, -um, [in- -f- opina- tus], adj., unexpected, suiprising. inquam, inquis, inquit, def., always postpositive, say. inquietus, -a, -um, [in- + quietus], adj., restless, unquiet, disturbed. msciens, -entis, [in- -f sciens, from scio], adj., not knowing, unaware. insciente Caesare, without Cae- sar'' s knowledge. inscientia, -ae, [insciens], f., want of knowledge, inexperience, igno- rance. inscitia, -ae, [inscitus], f., igno- rance, inexperience, unskilful ness. Inscribo, inscribere, inscripsi, in- scriptus, [in -f- scribo*], 3, write upon, inscribe. inseciitus, see insequor. insequor, -sequi, -secutus sum, [in -f- sequor], 3, dep., /oZZoto up, pur- sue, follow in pursuit. insideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessus, [in -)- sede5], 2, sit upon; settle on, occupy ; be fixed, be inherent in, adhere to. insidlae, -arum, [of. insideo], f., pi., ambush, ambuscade; artifice, device, trap, snare. per insidias, by stratagem. insldior, -ari, -atus sum, [insidiae], 1, dep., lie in wait for ^ watch for, plot against. insigne, -is, [insignis], n., mark, signal, indication ; badge; honor; illustrious deed. insignis, -e, [in -f signum], adj., distinguished by a mark, con- spicuous ; remarkable, notewor- thy ; noted, eminent, prominent. insilio, -silire, -silui, — , [in 4- salid, leap'], 4, leap upon. msisto, -sistere, -stiti, — , [in -f sist5], 3, stand, stand upon ; press on; follow, pursue. insolens, -entis, [in -f solens, part, of soleo], adj., unaccustomed; immoderate, haughty, insolent. msolenter, comp. insolentius, sup. insolentissime, [insolens], adv., unusually; haughtily, insolently. insolentia, -ae, [insolens], f., un- usualness ; arrogance, insolence, extravagance. Instans, -antis, [part, of insto], adj., present, immediate; press- ing, urgent. instar, n., indecl., image; followed by gen., like. instituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitu- tus, [in + statuo], 3, of troops, di^aw up, arrange, form; build, construct, make ; make ready, fur- nish; purpose, resolve; establish^ INSTITUTUM 71 INTERMITTO institute; undertake^ commence, begin ; teach, instruct. Institutum, -i, [instituo], n.,pZan; custom, usage; institution. institutus, see instituo. insto, -stare, -stiti, -staturus, [in + sto], 1, be near at hand, approach ; press on, press forward, menace, threaten. instruo, -struere, -struxi, -structus, [in 4- struo, build], 3, build, con- struct, equip, make ready, pro- vide ; of troops, draio up, form; fit out, equip. insuber, -bris, adj., of or belonging to Insubria, a country in northern Italy. As siibst., an Insubrian. insula, -ae, f., an island. insum, -esse, -fui, [in -\- sum], irr., be in, be upon; belong to. insusurro, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, whisper to ; suggest. intellego, -legere, -lexi, -lectus, [inter + legd] , 3, understand, see clearly, perceive, ascertain. inter, prep, with ace , among ; of position and relation, between, among, into the midftt of; of time, between, during, in, within, inter se, with each other, among them- selves, with one another, cohor- tati inter se ( = se inter se) , urg- ing one another on. inter iocum, in joke, jestingly. intercgdo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessu- rus, [inter + cedd], 3, go between, be placed between ; lie between ; of time, intervene, pass; take place, occur. IntercalSrius, -a, -um, adj., for insertion, intercalary. , Intercalo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, in- ! sert in the calendar, intercalate. inter cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, [inter + capio], 3, seize in pass- ing, cut off; intercept ' usurp; interrupt. intercludo, -cludere, -clusT, -clu sus, [inter + claudo], 3, shiit off, cut off, block up, blockade, hinder. Interdico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictus, [inter -j- dicoj, 3, interpose by speaking^ forbid, interdict, pro- hibit. interdiu, [inter -f- diu], adv., in the daytime, by day. interdum, [inter -{■ dum], adv., /or a time, for a season; sometimes, occasionally, now and then. Interea, [inter -f- ea], adv., mean- while, in the meantime. intereo, -ire, -ii, -itus, [inter -f- eo], irr., go among; be lost; perish, die. interfector, -oris, [interficio], m., slayer, assassin. interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. [inter -f facid], 3, put out of the way, destroy, kill. intericio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [in- ter -f iacio], 3, throw between, set between; interpose, intervene. Pass, part., interiectus, lying be- tween, intervening. interim, adv., meanwhile, in the meantime. interimo, -imere, -emi, -emptus, [inter -f- emoj, 3, take away ; kill, destroy. interior, -ins, gen. oris, [inter], adj., comp., (sup. intimus or imus), inner, interior, middle; more hidden, more profound; more intimate, more confidential. interitus, -us, [intereo], m., over- throw, fall, destruction. Intermitt6, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sus, [inter -{- mittd], 3, leave an INTERNECIO 72 INVBHO interval^ leave vacant^ leave off, leave, stop^ breaks discontinue; interrupt, suspend; pass., of lire, ahate; of wind, he intermittent. qua fliiinen intermittit, where the river does not flow, nocte iuter- missa, a night intervening. internecio, -onis, [cf. internecd, destroy'], f., slaughter, massacre, utter destruction, annihilation. internuntius, -i, [inter + nuntius], m., go-hetween, messenger. interpello, -are, -avi, -atus,[ inter + pello],l, interrupt; disturb, hinder. interpono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- tus, [inter + pono], 3, place be- tween, put between, interpose; put forward; introduce, insert; present; of time, let pass, sufer to elapse; allege, deduce, se in- terponere, to lend one'^s aid. interpres, -pretis, m., interpreter. interregnum,-!, [inter -f regnum], n., an interval between two reigns, interregnum. interrogo, -are, -avi, -atus, [inter -j- rogo], 1, ask question, examine. iuterscindo, -scindere, -scidi, -scis- sus, [inter + scind5], 3, cut down ; cut through, divide by cutting. intersero, -serere, — , — , [inter -f- sero], 2>, place between, interpose; allege. intersum, -esse, -fui, irr., he be- tween, lie between ; be present at, take part in. Impers., interest, it concerns, is important ; it makes a difference, magni interesse, to be of great importance. intervallum, -i, [inter -\- vallum] , n., properly room between two palisades; interval, space, dis- tance, pari intervallo, at an equal distance. intestinus, -a, -um, [intus], adj inward, internal, intestine. iutexo, -texere, -texui, -textus, [in -I- texo, weave], 3, iceave in, inter- weave. iutrt, adv. and prep, with ace. only, within ; of time, during. Intro, -are, -avi, atus, [cf. intra], 1, go into, enter ; penetrate, reach. introduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, [intrd -{■ died], 3, lead into, bring into. introitus, -iis, [intro, cf. eo], m., going in, entering, entrance. intromissus, see intromittS. intromitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sus, [intro 4- raitto], 3, send into, send in, let in. introrsuB, [intro -I- versus] , adv., within, inside. intueor, -tueri, -tuitus sum, [in -f tueor], 2, dep., look upon, look closely at ; regard, consider. intuleram, see infero. inturaesco, -tumescere, -tumui, — , 3, inch., swell up, swell, rise; be- come angry ; swell with pride. intus, adv., within, on the inside. iniisitatus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, [in- 4- part, of usitor, freq. of utor], adj., unusual, unfamiliar, novel, strange. inutilis, -e, comp. -ior, [in- 4- uti- lis], adj., useless, unserviceable, of no use; hurtful, injurious. invado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasus, [in 4- vado], 3, go into, enter; attack, invade ; seize, take posses- sion of. invalidus, -a, -um, [in- -h vali- dus], adj., not strong, weak, feeble. inveho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus, [in + veho], 3, carry in, carry i INVENIO 73 ITALICUS to; pass., ride into, sail to ; fall upon, attack; attack with words, inveigh against. invenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus, [in + venio], 4, come upon, find, meet with; discover; learn, find out; acquire. Invetertsco, -veterascere, -vete- ravi, — , [in + veterasco, from vetus], 3, grow old ; become estab- lished, become fixed; establish one''s self. invicem or in vicem, adv., by turns, one after the other. invictus, -a, -um, [in- -|- victus], adj., unconquered; unconquer- able, invincible. invideo, -videre, -vidi, -visus, [in -f video], 2, look askance at; envy, be prejudiced against. invidia, -ae, [cf. invideo], f., envy, jealousy ; ill-will, odium, unpopu- larity. Invioiatus, -a, -um, [in- -f vio- latus], adj., unhurt, uninjured, inviolate ; inviolable. invisus, -a, -um, [part, of invideo], adj., hated, detested, hateful. invito, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, invite, ask ; feast, entertain ; allure, at- tract. invitus, -a, -um, adj., against the will, unwilling. se invito, against his will. iocus, -i, m., pi. ioei or ioca, -drum, jest, joke. lones, -um, ['Iwj'fs], m., pi., in- habitants of Ionia, lonians. Ionia, -ae, [Iwvia'], t., Ionia, the west-central part of Asia Minor, bordering on the Aegean Sea. See map opp. p. 93. lovls, lovi, see luppiter. ipse, -a, -um, gen. ipsius, dem. pron., self; himself, herself, itself, themselves; he, they (emphatic) ; very ; often best rendered freely, vei'y, just, mere, in person, ipsius castra, his own camp. ipsum esse Dumnorigem, that Dumnorix was the very man. irScundus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, [ira, wrath], adj., irascible, pas- sionate. irascor, irasci, iratus smn, [ira], 3, dep., be angi^. irfttus, -a, -um, [part, of irascor], adj., angered, enraged, violent, furious. irretio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, 4, entrap, entangle, catch. irrideo, -ridere, -risi, -risus, [in -f rideo, laugh'], 2, laugh at, make fun of ridicule. irridiculS, [in- + ridicule], adv., without wit. non irridicule, hu- morously. irru6, -mere, -rui, — , [in 4- ruo], 3, rush in, invade, make an at- tack. is, ea, id, gen. eius, dem. pron., he, she, it; that, this, the, the one; before ut, is = talis, such ; after et, and that too ; after neque, and that not; with comparatives abl. 60 = the, all the ; as eo magis, all the more. iste, ista, istud, gen. istius, dem. pron., tJiat of yours, that, this; he, she, it; such. ita, [cf. is], adv., in this way, so, thus; in the following manner, in such a way, accordingly; of this kind. Italia, -ae, f., Italy. Italicus, -a, -um, adj., of Italy, Italian. As snbst. , Italici, -drum, m., pi., the Italians, as distin- ITALUS 74 lUS guished from the Roman citi- zens. ItaluB, -a, -um, [Italia], adj., of Itahj^ Italian. As subst., Italus, -i, m., an Italian. itaque, = et ita, and so. itaque, [ita + que], adv., and thus, accordingly, therefore, conse- quently. item, adv., also, further; just so, in like manner. iter, itineris, [cf. eo, ire], n., jour- ney, line of march, march ; road, route. magnum iter, forced march, from 20 to 25 miles a day. iterum, adv., again, a second time. iuba (juba), -ae, f., mane. luba, -ae, m., Juha, the name of a king of Numidia, who sided w^ith Pompey and was defeated by Caesar. iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus, 2, order, give orders, bid, command, decree, enact. iucundus, -a, -um, comp. iucun- dior, sup. iucundissimus, adj., pleasant, agreeable, delightful. iude:s, -icis, [ius, cf. dico], m. and f., judge, juror. iudicium (judicium), -i, [iudex], n., legal judgment, decision, de- cree ; place of judgment, court, trial; opinion, judgment, opti- mum iudicium facere, to pass a very favorable opinion. iudico, -are, -avi, -atus, [iiidex], 1, examine judicially, judge; judge of think, form an opinion of, infer; proclaim, declare, re- solve, conclude. iugulum, -i, (dim. of iugum), n., collar bone ; throat, neck. iugum ( jugum), -i, [ilg, cf. iungoj, n., yoke; of mountains, ridge, summAt, chain. sub iugum mit- tere, to send under the yoke. See N. to p. 118, 1. 15. lugurtha, -ae, m., Jugurtha, king of Numidia, who carried on war with the Romans between 111 and 106 b.c. He was defeated by Marius. lulius, -a, name of a celebrated Roman gens. See Caesar. To this gens belonged liilia, -ae, f., Julia, daughter of Caesar, and wife of Pompey. iiimentum (jumentum), -i, [for *iugimentum, root iug in iungo], n., yoke-animal, beast of burden, draught-animal, used of horses, mules, and asses. iimgo (jung5), iungere, iunxi, iiinc- tus, 3, join together, join, connect, unite. iunior, -ius, comp, ; see iuvenis. lunius, -a, name of a prominent Roman gens. See Briitus, liino, -onis, f., the goddess Juno, sister and wife of Jupiter. luppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter, the highest of the gods. lura (Jura), -ae, m.. Jura, a range of mountains extending from the Rhine to the Rhone (about 170 miles), and forming the boundary between the Helvetians and the Sequanians. See map opp. p. 114. iuro, -are, -avi, -atus, [iiis], 1, swear, take oath ; svjear to ; swear by, call to witness. iuB, iuris, n., that which is binding, right, justice; court of justice, place of trial ; legal right, author- ity, permission, law; abl., iure, justly. ius gentium, universal law, the law of nations. iuris ros 75 LAETITIA consultus, a lawyer. iure belli, by the laws of war. in suo iure, in the exercise of his own rights. iuB iurandum, or iusiurandum, iuris iurandi, [ius + gerundive of iuro], n., oath. iussus, -us, only abl. sing, in use, [iubeo], m., order ^ command. iiistitia, -ae, [cf. ius], f., justice, uprightness. iuBtus (Justus), -a, -um, comp. -ior, sup. -issimus, [ius], adj., just^ rightful., fair; proper, suitable, due. iuyencus, -i, [iuvenis], m., young bullock. iuvenis, -is, comp. iunior, adj., young, youthful. As subst., iu- venis, -is, m., young person, youth (between twenty and forty years). iuniores, -um, m., pi., those eligible for military service, the members of each century who were under forty-six years of age. luventius, -i, m., luventius, family name of P. luventius, defeated by A.ndriscus in 149 b.c. iuvo (juvo), -are, iiivi, iiitus, 1, hel}}, aid, assist. luxta, adv. and prep. : (1) As adv., near, by the side of. (2) As prep., with ace, very near, close to. ivissem, see eo. K. Kal. = Kalendae. Kalendae, -arum, f., pi.. Calends, the first day of the month. Kalendae Apriles, the first of April. L. L. , with proper names = Lucius, a Roman forename. Labed, -onis, m., Labeo, surname of Q. Fabius Labeo, consul 183 B.C. Labignus, -i, m., Titus {Attius?) Labienus, the most prominent of Caesar's lieutenants in the Gallic War. Labienus gained important successes over the Treveri (54-53 B.C.), and the Parisii (52 b.c). In the Civil War he went over to the side of Pompey, but displayed small abilities as a commander, and fell at the battle of Munda, 45 B.C. labor, -oris, m., labor, toil, exer- tion; hardship, distress. laboriose, comp. laboriosius, sup. laboriosissime, [laboriosus], adv., laboriously. labors, -are, -avi, -atus, [labor], 1, labor, toil; make effort, strive; work out, produce by toil ; suffer, be afflicted; be hard pressed. Lacedaemon, -onis, [AaKedaifxiov'], i., Lacedaemon, Sparta, the chief city of Laconia, in the southeast- ern part of the Peloponnesus. See map opp. p. 75. Lacedaemonius, -a, -am, adj., of Lacedaemon, Lacedaemonian. As subst., Lacedaemonii, -drum, m., pi., the Lacedaemonians, in- habitants of Lacedarmon. lacero, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, tear to pieces; slander, asperse, abuse. lacesso, -ere, -ivi, -itus, 3, excite, provoke, challenge ; annoy, assaiL attack, urge, stimulate. lacrima, -ae, f., tear. laorimo, -are, -avi, -atus, [lacrima], 1, shed tears; lament, bewail. lacus, -us, lake, pond, pool. laetitda, -ae, [laetus], f., joy, exul te.tion, rejoicing. LAETTJS T6 LEGATIO laetus, -a, -um, adj., cheerful^ joy- ful^ glad. Laevinus, see Valerius. lamina, -ae, 1, thin slice; plate, leaf. Lamprus, -i, [Ad/xirpos], m., Lam- prus, a teacher of music at Athens. He is said to have been the in- structor of Socrates in music and dancing. Lampsacus, -i, [Ad/ti/'a/cos], f., Lampsacus^ a city of Asia Minor, situated in Mysia on the Helles- pont. See map opp. p. 93. lanio, -are, -avi, -atus, [lanius], 1, tear in pieces, mangle, lacerate, lapis, -idis, m., stone; mile-stone. laqueus, -i, m. , noose, snare, halter. Larentia, -ae, f . , see Acca. largior, largiri, largitus sum, [lar- gus, abundant], 4, dep., give freely, impart, bestow; bribe. largiter, [largus, abundant], adv., abundantly, much. largiter posse, to have great influence. largitio, -onis, [largior j, f., giv- ing freely, generosity, largess; bribery. lassitiido, -inis, [lassus, weak'], t, faintness, weariness, exhaustion. latg, comp. latius, sup. latissime, [latus], adv., widely, broadly, extensively. longe lateque, far and wide. quam latissime, as far as possible. iatebra, -ae, [lateo], f., usually pi., hiding-place, retreat. lateo, -ere, -ui, — , 2, lie hid, be concealed; escape notice. laterlcius, -a, -um, [later, brick], adj., made of bricks, brickwork. Latmus, -a, -um, adj., of Latium, Latin. As subst., LatinT, -orum, m., pi., the Latins. Latiniis, -i, ui., Latinus, mythical king of Latium. latitude, -inis, [latus], f., width, breadth, extent. ISLtiuB, see late. Latobrlgi, -orum, m., pi., a tribe about the headwaters of the Danube, bordering on the Tulingi. See map opp. p. 114. latro, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, bark; bark at. latro, -5nis, m., freebooter, high- wayman, robber, brigand. laturus, see fero. latus, -a, -um, comp. -lor, sup. -issi- mus, adj., broad, wide; of terri- tory, extensive. latus, -eris, n., side; of an army, flank. latus apertum, exposed flank, ab latere, on the flank. laudo, -are, -avi, -atus, [laus], 1, praise., extol. laurea, -ae, f., laurel-tree, bay; laurel crown. laus, laudis, f., praise, glory, re- nown; title to praise, merit, ex- cellency. Lavinia, -ae, f., Ldvinia, daughter of King Latinus. Lavlnium, -i, n., Ldvinium, a town in Latium. See map, frontispiece. lazit^s, -atis, 1, width, spacious- ness. * lazo, -are, -avi, -atus, [laxus], 1, extend, open, expand, spread out; open, undo. lectica, -ae, f., litter, sedan-chair. lectulus, -i, [dim. of lectus], m., small couch, bed. lector, -5ris, [cf. lego], m.., reader. legatio, -onis, f., embassy, legation, office of ambassador; generally referring to persons (=legati), deputation, embassy, envoys. LEGATUS 77 LIBERALITAS ISgatua, -i, m,, ambassador, legale, envoy; oi the army, lieutenant, deputy. legio, -5ni8, [cf. lego, collect], f., legion. See Intro, p. 9, fol. legionarlus, -a, -urn, [legio], adj., of a legion, legionary. lego, legere, legi, lectus, 3, bring together, gather, collect; choose, appoint; review, read. Lemannus, -i, m., in Caesar always with lacus, Lake Geneva. Lemnius, -a, -um, adj., of Lemnos, Lemnian. As subst., Lemnius, -1, m., inhabitant of Lemnos, Lemnian. LSmnus, -i, [A^yui/oj], f., Lemnos, an island in the northern part of the Aegean Sea. See map opp. p. 75. lenitas, -atis, [lenis], f., smooth- ness, gentleness. ISniter, comp. lenius, sup. -issime, [lenis], adv., mildly, gently, slightly. lenoeinium, -i, n., allurement, en- ticement, charm ; personal adorn- ment. Lentulus, -I, m., Lentulus, name of a distinguished family of the Cornelian gens ; in this book, P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura, a prominent member of the Cati- linarian conspiracy. lentus, -a, -um, [cf. lenia], adj., pliant, flexible, tough ; slow, slug- gish ; easy, calm. leo, -onis, [Xiuv], m., lion. Leonidas, -ae, [AewWSds], m., Leonidas, a king of Sparta, who fell at Thermopylae while defend- ing the pass against the Persians, in 480 B.C. Iiepidus, -i, m., Lepidus, family name of M. Aemilius Lepidus, a member, with Antony and Octavi- anus, of the second triumvirate. IStalis, -e, [letum], adj., deadly, fatal. LeucI, -orum, [Kel., = 'bright'], m., pi., a Gallic state between the Mediomatrici and the Lingones ; the name of their chief city, . Tullum, survives in Toul. Leuctra, -orum, [Aey/crpa], n., pi., Leuctra, a small town in Boeotia, the scene of the defeat of the Lacedaemonians by Epaminondas in 371 B.C. See map opp. p. 75. Leuctricus, -a, -um, adj., of Leuc- tra, at Leuctra. levis, -e, comp. -lor, sup. -issimus, adj., light, slight; slight, trivial; fickle, untrustworthy, false; of a report, baseless^ unfounded; of an engagement, unimportant. Comp., more capricious; less serious. levitaift, -atis, [levis], i., lightness; fickleness, instability. Ifiz, legis, f., enactment^ law, rule; condition, stipulation. libSns, -entis, [part, of libet], adj., willing, with good will, with pleas- ure, glad. libenter, comp. libentius, sup. libentissime, [libens, glad], adv., willingly, gladly, cheerfully. liber, -era, -erom, comp. -lor, sup. liberrimus, adj., free, indepen- dent; unimpeded, unrestricted; generous. As subst., liber, -eri, m. , freeman. liber, -bri, m., inner bark of a tree ; book, work, volume. liberal! tas, -atia, [liberalia], t., geniality, kindness, courtesy ; generosity, liberality. LIBERALITEK 78 LONGUS llberaliter, comp. liberalius, sup. -issime, [liberalis], adv., gra- ciously^ courteously, kindly. libere, comp. -ius, sup. liberrime, [liber], adv., freely, without hin- drance; boldly; openly; without restraint, Ucentiouslij. liberl, -orum, [from liber ; i.e. the free part of the family], m., pi., children. liber 5, -are, -avi, -atus, [liber], 1, set free, liberate, free; absolve, acquit. libertaa, -atis, [liber], f., freedom, liberty ; freedom of speech. libertuB, -i, [Uber], m., freedman. liceor, liceri, licitus sum, 2, dep., bid, make a bid, at an auction. licet, licere, licuit and licitum est, 2, impers., it is allowed, lawful, permitted. licet mild, I am allowed, I may. petere ut liceat, to ask permission. Licinius, -i, m., Licinius, family name of P. Licinius Crassus,. COS. 171 B.C. ligneus, -a, -um, [lignum], adj., oficood, icooden. Ligus, -uris, m., Ligurian, inhabi- tant of Liguria, a country in the western part of Cisalpine Gaul. See map opp. p. 30. Lilybaeum, -i, n., Lilybaeum, a promontory on the southern coast of Sicily. See map opp. p. 30. Lingones, -um, m., pi., a Gallic state separated from the Sequani by the Arar. See map opp. p. 114. lingua, -ae, f., tongue; by me- tonymy, language. ! linter, -tris, f., boat, skiff. liquefacio, -ere, -feci, -factus, i [liqueo + facidj, 3, make liquid, \ melt; enervate. j lis, litis, f., strife, dispute, quarrel, suit at law, process; subject of an action, matter in dispute; dam- ages, lis aestimata est, damages were assessed. Liscus, -i, m., chief magistrate (vergobret) of the Aedui, 58 b.c. litigator, -oris, m., party to a lawsuit, litigant. littera, -ae, f., letter of the alpha- bet ; writing, document ; pi. , lit- terae, -arum, writing; letter, despatch ; literature. litterarlus, -a, -um, [littera], adj., of or belonging to reading and icriting. liidus litterarius, an elementary school, litus, -oris, n., seashore, beach, strand. locupleto, -are, -avi, -atus, [locu- ples], 1, make rich, enrich. locus, -i, m., place, ground; posi- tion, situation ; room ; social position, rank. PI. loci, -orum, m., single places ; loca, -orum, n., places connected, region, place, spot, locality, region ; station, post. lociitus, see loquor. longe, comp. longius, sup. longis- sime, [longus], adv., a long wan off, at a distance; far; greatly by far. Comp., of space, further ; of time, further, longer. quam longissime, as far as possible. See late. longinquus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, [longus], adj., far removed, re- mote, distant; long-continued, prolonged, lasting. longltudo, -inis, [\ongvLB],t., length. longus, -a, -um, comp. longior, sup. longissimus, adj., long, extended; lasting, prolonged; distant, re- mote. LONGUS 79 MACEDONIA Longus, -i, m., Lom/us, surname of Ti. Sempronms Longus, col- league of P. Cornelius Scipio in the consulship, 218 B.C. loquor, loqui, lociitus sum, 3, dep. , speak, talk; say, tell. Lucanus, -a, -um, adj., Lucanian, of Lucania, a province in south- western Ital}"-. As subst., Luca- nus, -I, m., Lucanian, inhabitant of Lucania. Lucius, -i, abbreviated L., m., Lucius, a Roman forename. Lucretia, -ae, f., Lucretia, wife of Tarquinius Collatinus, and a type of the Roman matron of the olden time. Lucretius, -i, m., Lucretius, the father of Lucretia. luctor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., wrestle, struggle, strive, contend. luctus, -U8, [cf. lugeo], m., sorrow, mourning, grief. lucus, -i, m., sacred grove; wood, grove. Indus, -i, m., game, play; public game; sport, jest. lugeo, -ere, luxi, luctus, 2, grieve, lament; deplore. lugubris, -e, [cf. lugeo], adj., of mourning, mourning; doleful, mournful. lumen, -inis, n., light; light of the eye, eye; glory, ornament. luna, -ae, f., the moon. Inpa, -ae, f., she-ioolf. lupus, -i, m., icolf luscinia, -ae, f., nightingale. Lusitania, -ae, f., Lusitdnia, a dis- trict in Spain corresponding very nearly to modern Portugal. See map, frontispiece. Lusitanus, -a, -um, adj., of Lusitania. As subst., m., pi., people of Lusitania, Lusitani- ans. lustro, -are, -avi, -atus, [liistrum], 1, light up, illuminate; review, inspect, survey, examine; purify. Lutatius, -i, m., Lutdtius, name of a Roman gens. In this book re- fers to : (1) C. Lutdtius Catulus, consul in 241 B.C. He brought the first Punic war to an end by his naval victory near the Aegates Islands. (2) Q. Lutdtius Catulus, who aided Marius in defeating the Cimbri at Vercellae in 101 b.c. liix, lucis, f., light, daylight. prima liice, at daybreak. Iu2i, see luged. Itixuria, -ae, [luxus, excess^, f., high living, luxury; extrava- gance. IdsuridsS, comp. luxuriosius, sup. liixuriosissime, [ liixuriosus ] , adv., luxuriously, voluptuously. luxuriosuB, -a, um, [luxuria], adj., luxuriant; excessive; luxr- urious, voluptuous. luzus, -us, m., excess, indulgence, luxury; splendor. Lysis, -idis, [AO one, nobody. aum, inter, adv., usually introduc- ing a question expecting a nega- tive answer, then, now; . . . not so . . . is it ? in ind. questions, whether, if. num etiam, etc., could he also ? he could not also . . . could he f Numa, -ae, m., Numa, a Sabine name, forename of Numa Pom- pilius, the second king of Rome. Numantia, -ae, f., Numantia, a city in Spain, captured and de- stroyed by P. Scipio Africanus in 133 B.C. See map, frontis- piece. Numantinus, -a, -um, [Numantia], adj., o/or belonging to Numantia. As subst., Numantinus, -i, m., an inhabitant of Numantia, a Nu- mantine. numero, -are, -avi, -atus, [nu- merus], 1, count, number, reckon; count out, pay down. numerus, -i, m., number, quan- tity ; position, rank. Numidae, -arum, \^vofxds, wanderer, pi. I'o/xdSes,], m., pi., inhabitants of Numidia, Numidians, a people living in Northern Africa, in the region now called Algeria, famous as archers, and employed by the Romans as light-armed troops, as were also the archers of Crete and slingers from the Balearic Islands. Numidia, -ae, f., Numidia, a coun- try in Northern Africa ; modern Algeria. See map, frontispiece. Numitor, -oris, m., Numitor, a king of Alba Longa, who was driven out by his younger brother Amulius, but restored by Rom- ulus and Remus. nummuB. -i, m., piece of money, coin; the Roman unit of coin- age, sestertius, sesterce; see ses- tertius. numquam, [ne, = ne, -I- umquam], adv., never, not at any time. nunc, adv., now, at present. nuncupo, -are, -avi, -atus, [nomen, capio], 1, call by name, call, name. nuntio, -are, -avi, -atus, [nuntius], 1, announce, report; give orders. nuntiatur, icord is brought, it is reported. qua re nuntiata, on hearing this. nuntius, -a, -um, adj., that an- NUPER 92 OBSISTO nounces, making knoicn^ inform- ing. As subst., niintiua, -i, m., messenger; message, news, tid- ings. nuper, sup. nuperrime, adv., lately, recently. nuptum, supine of nubo. nusquam, [ne + usquam] , adv., nowhere, in no place ; in nothing ; for no puipose. nut 5, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of nuo], 1, nod; waver, give way; doubt, hesitate. nutrio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, 4, suckle, ?iourish, bring up, rear. QutuB, -us, [nuo, nod], ni., nod, nod- ding ; bidding, command. nympha, -ae, f., nymph. O. ob, prep, with ace, on account of, for, ob earn causam, for that reason. ob earn rem, on that account, therefore. quam ob rem, loherefore, for what reason. obaeratus, -a, -um, corap. -ior, [ob 4- aes], adj., in debt. As subst., obaeratus, -i, m., debtor. obduco, -diicere, -duxi, -ductus, [ob + diico], 3, draw before, bring over; overspread, envelop; of a trench, prolong, extend. obductus, -a, -um, [part, of ob- duco], adj., overspread, cloudy, gloomy. obeo, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [ob + eo], irr. , go to meet ; engage in ; per- form, discharge ; fall, perish, die. diem obiit supremum or diem obiit, met his last day, died. obicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [ob+ iacio], 8, throw before, throio, cast; offer, give up, put in the hands of; set against, oppose, put in the way ; object, taunt, upbraid with. obituB, -us, [ob, cf. eo], m., ap- proach ; going down ; destruction, death. oblatus, part, of ofltero. obligo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ob-J- ligo], 1, bind up; bind, oblige, make liable. oblivio, onis, [cf. obliviscor], f., f org etf Illness, oblivion. obliviscor, -livisci, -litus, 3, dep., forget ; with gen. of thing forgot- ten, disregard. obnoxiuB, -a, -um, [ob-|-noxius], adj., liable, addicted, guilty; ex- posed; submissive, obedient. oboedio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [ob-f audio], 4, give ear, listen; obey, be subject. obruo, -raere, -rui, -rutum, [ob + ru6], 3, overwhelm, hide, bury; overcome, overpower ; destroy ; overload, surfeit. obsecro, -are, -avi, -atus, [ob-}- sacro, from sacer], 1, beseech in the name of all that is sacred, implore, beg. observo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ob-|- servo], 1, watch, observe; keep track of; heed, comply with. obseB, -idis, [cf. obsideo], m. and i., hostage; security, pledge. Cf. N. to p. 119, 1. 20. obsideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessus, [ob-fsedeo], 2, sit, stay ; besiege, blockade, render impassable. obsidio, -onis, [obsideo], f., siege, blockade. obsigno, -are, -avi, -atus, [ob + signo], 1, seal up, seal. obsisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitus, [ob+sisto], 3, take one's placi OBSOLETUS OCCURRO before, stand in the way; resist, withstand, oppose. obaoletus, -a, -um, [part, of ob- solesco], ad]., old, worn out; common, ordinary, poor, worth- less. obsonium, -i, [6\l/cl}viov'\, n., relish, side-dish. obstrictus, -a, -um, see obstringo. obstringo, -stringere, -strinxi, -strictus, [ob + strings, tie], 3, bind, lay under obligation. obstruo, -struere, -struxi, obstruc- tus, [ob+stru6],4, build against, barricade, stop up. obtestor, -ari, -atus, [ob+ tester], 1, dep., call as witness, appeal to ; implore, adjure. obteatatio, -onis, [obtestor, call as witness'], i., solemn charge; entreaty, supplication. obtineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus, [ob + teneo], 2, holdfast, retain, keep, hold ; get possession of, ob- tain ; possess, occupy, inhabit. obtingo, -tingere, -tigi, — , [ob+ tang5], 3, fall to the lot of, be- fall, occur ; be assigned. obtrectatio, -onis, [obtrecto], f., belittling, detraction, disparage- ment. obtrectator, -oris, [obtrecto], m., detractor, traducer, disparager. obtuli, see offero. obvenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus, [ob+veni5], 4, fall in with, meet; go to meet; fall to the lot of, fall to. obviam, [ob+viam], adv., in the way, toward, against, to meet. obviam ire, to go to meet. ob- viam fieri, to meet. obvius, -a, -um, [ob-Fvia], adj., in the way, so as to meet; against, to meet, meeting. obvium fieri, to meet. obvium esse, to be in the way, to meet. obvolvo, -ere, -volvi, -volutus, [ob + volvo], 3, wrap around, en- velop, cover over. occaaid, -onis, [cf. occido], f., op- portunity. Jit time, occasion. occaaua, -us, [cf. occidd], m., go- ing down, setting, solis occasus, sunset ; the west. occido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus, [ob -fcaedo], 3, strike down, kill, slay. occido, -cidere, -cidi, -casus, [ob -fcadd], 3, fall down, fall; perish. occulto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of occuld, cover], 1, hide, conceal; keep secret. occultuB, -a, -um, corap. -ior, sup. -issimus, [part, of occul5, cover], adj., hidden, secret, concealed. As subst., ex occulto, from am- bush, in ambush. se in occultum abdere, to go into hiding. in occulto, in hiding, in concealment, in secret. occumbo, -ere, occubui, occubi- tus, [ob+cumb5], 8, fall in death, die. occupo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ob, cf. capio], 1, seize upon, seize, take possession of; Jill, occupy; fall upon, attack; of the attention, engage, occupy. occupari in, with abl., to be engaged in, busy with. occurrS, -currere, -curii, rarely -cucurri, -cursiirus, [ob-}-curr6], 8, run to meet, meet; meet with, fall in tcith, Jind, encounter; match, offset; resist, oppose; come into mind, occur. OCEANUS 94 OMNIS Oceanus, -i, ['fi/ceaj'6s], in., Ocean, the sea, looked upon by Caesar as one body of water, including the Atlantic Ocean, the English Chan- nel, and the North Sea. Ocelum, -i, [Kel.,=:'Main Pass'?], n., a city of the Graioceli in the Alps, now Usseau, west of Turin. See map opp. p. 114. Octavianus, -i, m., Octdvidnus, Octavian, C. Octdviiis, who, after his adoption by Julius Caesar, was called C. lulius Caesar Octdvid- nus, in accordance with the Ro- man usage. The title Augustus was added in 27 b.c. See p. 67. Octavius, -a, the name of a Ro- man plebeian gens, made patri- cian by Julius Caesar. In this book are mentioned : (1) C. Octdvius, see Octdvidnus above. (2) Octdvia, sister of Octavianus and wife of Mark Antony. octavus, -a, -um, [octo], num. ord. adj., eighth. octingenti, -ae, -a, orDCCC, [octo 4-centum], num. adj., eight hun- dred. octo, or VIII, indecl. num. adj., eight. octodecim, or XVIII, [oct5 + de- cern], indecl. num. adj., eighteen. octoginta, or LXXX, [octo], in- decl. num. adj., eighty. oculus, -1, m., eye. odi, odisse, osiirus, def., pf. trans- lated as if present, hate. odium, -T, [odi], n., hatred. Oedipus, -odis or -i, [Ot5/7roys], m., Oedipus, son of Laius, king of Thebes, and Jocasta. He was ex- posed for death as a child, but was saved, and grew up in igno- rance of his parentage. He slev/ his father unwittingly and mar- ried his own mother. offendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fensus, [ob-ffendd], 3, hit, dash against; come upon, light upon, find; offend, be offensive. offensio, -onis, [offendo], f., stum- bling ; disfavor, dislike ; hurting, icounding; accident, misfortune. offensus, -a, -um, [part, of offend5], adj., offended, displeased, vexed. offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatus, [ob + fero], irr., bring before, present, offer ; cause, inflict; bestow. officidsus, -a, -um, [officium], adj., courteous, obliging; obedient, well-trained. officium, -i, [opus, cf. facio], n., service, kindness, favor; duty; discharge of duty, allegiance; employment, office. olim, [cf. ollus, old form of ille], adv., at that time, formerly, long since; noio and then; sometime, hereafter. Olympiodorus, -i, ['OXuMTtoSwpos], m., Olympiodorus, a teacher of Epaminondas. omitto, -ere, omisi, omissus, [ob -f mitto], 3, let go, let loose ; lay aside; neglect, give up; pass over, say nothing of; lose sight d]., from foreign parts, foreign. As subst., peregrinus, -i, m., stranger, foreigner. perennls, -e, [per + annus], adj., lasting through the year; peren- nial ; continual, perpetual. pereo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus, [per + e5], irr., pass away ; perish, dis- appear; be lost. perfacilis, -e, [per + facilis], adj., very easy, not at all difficult. perfectus, see perficio. perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, [per + fero], irr., lit. carry through; carry, convey, bring, report; en- dure, suffer, bear, submit to ; coin- plete; retain to the end. perficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, [per + facid], 3, finish, complete, per- form, accomplish, carry out; cause, effect. perfidia, -ae, [perfidus], f., faith- lessness, treachery. perfringo, -fringere, -fregi, -frao- tus, [per 4- frango], 3, break through. perfruor, -frui, fructus sum, 3, dep., enjoy fully, be delighted. perfuga, -ae, [cf. perfugio], m., deserter. perfugio, -fugere, -fugi, — , [per + fugi5], Z, flee for refuge, desert. perfungor, -fungi, -functus sum, [per -I- fungor], 3, dep., fulfil, perform; go through, undergo^ endure. Pergamgnus, -a, -um, adj., of Per- gamum, a city in Mysia. Per- gamenus, -i, m., a citizen of Pergamum. See map opp. p. 93. pergo, -ere, perrexi, perrectus, [per + reg6], 3, go on, proceed, hasten, continue, inarch. periclitor, -ari, -atus sum, [pericu- lum], 1, dep.. try, prove, test; be in danger, incur danger. periculosus, -a, -um, comp. pericu- losior, sup. periculosissimus, [periculum], adj., dangerous, perilous. PERICULUM 101 PERSPICIO peiiculmn, -i, n., trial; nsk, dan- ger, peril. peritus, -a, -um, comp. peiitior, sup. peritissimus, adj., experi- enced, practised, skilled^ expert, acquainted with. perlatus, see perfero. permaneo, -manere, -mansi, -man- surus, [per + maneo], 2, con- tinue, stay, remain. permitto, -ere, permisi, permissus, [per + mitto], 3, let' pass; cast, hurl; hand over, entrust, sur- render; permit, allow. permdtuB, see permoveo. permoved, -movere, -movi, -motus, [per + moved], 2, deeply move, greatly disturb, alarm ; infiuence, induce. permutatio, -onis, [permuto], f., change, exchange. permuto, -are, -avi, -atus, [per + muto], 1, change throughout; interchange, exchange. pemicies, -ei, f., destruction, death, ruin, overthrow; pest, curse. pemiciosus, -a, -um, comp. perni- ciosior, sup. pernici5sissimus, [pemicies], adj., destructive, ru- inous, pernicious, dangerous. peroro, -are, -avi, -atus, [per + oro], 1, speak from the beginning, plead ; end, close, finish. perpauci, -ae, -a, [per+ paucus], adj., very few. As subst., per- pauci, -orum, m., pi., a very few. Perpenna, -ae, m., Perpenna, fam- ily name of M. Perpenna, censor in 86 B.C. perpetior, -peti, -pessus sum, [per + patior], 3, dep., hear stead- fastly, abide, endure. perpetuo, [perpetuus], adv., con- tinually, uninterruptedly, forever. psrpetuus, -a, -nm, [per, cf., peto], adj., continuous, unbroken, entire, perpetual. As subst., in perpe- tuum, forever, ever after. pemimpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptus, [per + rumpo], 3, break through, force a way through, get across ; overcome. Fersae, see Perses. persaepe, [per + saepe], adv., vei'y often. persequor, -sequi, -secutus sum, [per + sequor], 3, dep., follow perseveringly, follow up, pursue ; assail, attack ; overtake ; execute, accomplish; set forth, relate, re- count. FersSs, -ae, dat. i, lUipirrjs'], m., a Persian; in pi., by metonymy, the land of the Persians. As adj., cum rege Perse, with the king of the Persians. Ferseus, -i, m., Perseus, the last king of Macedonia, conquered by L. Aemilius Paulus, at Pydna, 168 B.C. persevere, -are, -avi, -atus, [per- severus], 1, continue steadfastly, persist, persevere. FeraicuB, -a, -um, adj., Persian, of Persia, with Persia. Ferais, -idis, f., Persis, a country in Asia, north of the Persian Gulf, now Farsistan, Persia. persona, -ae, [per, cf. sono], f.. mask; part, character; person, personage, character. persolvo, -solvere, -solvi, -solatus, [per-{- solvo], S,pay infull,pai!. poenas persolvere, to pay the penalty. perspectus, see perspiciS. perspicio, -spicere, -spexl, -speo- txis, [per -{- specid, look^, 8, see, PERSTJADEO 102 PHILOSOPHUS look; inspect, survey; perceive, observe, ascertain. persuadeo, -suadere, -suasi, -saa- sus, [per + sn&ded, persuade], 2, convince, persuade, prevail upon, induce. mihi persuadetur, / am convinced. pertaedet, -ere, pertaesum est, [per + taedet], 2, impers., it wearies, it disgusts. perterreo, -terrere, — , -territus, [per + terreo], 2, frighten thor- oughly, terrify. pertimesco, -timescere, -timui, — , [per + timesco], 3, inch., be alarmed, fear greatly. pertinacia, -ae, [pertinax], f., perseverance, stubbornness^ ob- stinacy. pertinaciter, [pertinax],adv.,|)er- sistently, obstinately, stubbornly. pertinax, -acis, [per + tenax], adj., persevering, obstinate, per- tinacious. pertineo, -ere, -ui, — , [per + teneo], 2, stretch out, extend; reach; pertain to, concern, be- long to, have to do with; apply, suit. perturbatus, -a, -tun, [part, of perturbo], adj., disturbed, agi- tated, unsettled. perturbo, -are, -avi, -atus, [per + turb5, disturb], 1, disturb greatly, disorder, confuse, throw into con- fusion, embarrass. pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus, [per + venio], 4, reach, come (to) ; arrive (at) ; penetrate, at- tain. perverts, -vertere, -verti, perver- sus, [per + verto], 3, overthrow, throw down; destroy, ruin, cor- rupt. pervulgatus, -a, -um, [part, ol pervulgo], adj., very common^ widely known. pes, pedis, m., foot; as a measure of length, = .9708 of the English foot, or 296 millimetres. pe- dem referre, to retreat. petitio, -onis, [peto], f., thrust, attack ; application, candidacy ; petition. peto, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itus, 3, strive for, seek ; go to ; get, secure ; at- tack; demand, beg, ask, request. petere ut liceat, to ask permission. petulantia, -ae, f., impudence, freakishness, pertness, wanton' ness. phalanx, -angis, Greek ace. sing, (p. 149, 1. 19), phalanga, l nificent. As subst. , regii, -orum, m., pi., the king''s troops; the satraps. regno, -are, -avi, -atus, [regnum], REGNTIM 119 RENUO 1, have royal power^ rule, be king ; be lord, be supreme. regnum, -i, [cf. rex], n., kingly government, royalty; dominion, sovereignty, sway; absolute au- thority; territory subject to a king or chieftain, kingdom. regredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, [re- + gradior], 3, dep., go back, return; retreat. Regulus, -i, m., Begulus, family name of M. Atilius Begulus. reicio (rejici5), -icere, -ieci, -iec- tus, [re- -I- iacio], 3, throw back, hurl back; of ships, cast back, carry back; drive back, repulse; throw away ; refuse^ reject scorn- fully. reiectus, see reicio. relanguescd, -ere, -ui, — , [re- + languesco], 3, become enfeebled, become enervated. rel&tus, see refero. relSgo, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- + legd, depute'], 1, banish, remove. relictus, see relinquo. religio, -onis, [re-, cf. lego], f., sense of right, moral obligation, duty ; religious scruple; fear of the gods; religion, worship; re- ligious liability. religo, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- + ligo], 1, bind, bind fast; chain. relinquo, -linquere, -liqui, -lictus, [re- + linquo, quit], 3, leave, leave behind; desert, abandon; of a siege or attack, leave off, give up; bequeath. reliquiae, -arum, [cf. relinquo], f., pL, what is left, remnant, rest. reliquus, -a, -um, [cf. relinquo], adj., remaining, left, the rest. As subst., reliqui, -orum, m., pi., the rest. reliquum, -i, n., re- mainder, rest. reliqui, gen. sing, neut., in nihil reliqui, noth- ing left. remaned, -ere, remansi, — , [re- + mane5], 2, stay behind, remain; endure, last; continue to be. RSmi, -orum, m., pi., a Gallic people, about the head waters of the Axona {Aisne) ; chief city, Durocortorum, now Bheims. See map opp. p. 114. reminlscor, -minisci, — , [re- -\- MEN in mens], 3, dep., remember, recollect; followed by the gen. remittd, -ere, remisi, remissus, [re- + mitto] , 3, let go back, send back, cause to return; throw back; yield, give up; relax, di- minish; remit, grant exemption from; of a tax, remit. calces remittere, to kick. remotus, -a, -um, comp, -ior, sup. -issimus, [removed], adj., far off, remote. removed, -movere, -movi, -motus, [re- + moved], 2, move back, re- move, drive away; dismiss; de- prive. remuneror, -an, -atus, [re- 4- mu- nus], 1, dep., recompense, repay. RemuB, -i, m. , Bemus, twin brother of Romulus. RemuB, -i, m. , one of the Bemi. remus, -i, m., oar. renovo, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- + novo], 1, renew, restore, repeat; revive. renuntio, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- + nuntio], 1, bring back word, an- nounce, report. renu5, -nuere, -nui, — , [re- -f- nuo], 3, nod backward, refuse by a motion of the head ; deny, refuse. REOB 120 RESISTO reor, reri, ratus sum, 2, dep., reckon^ believe^ thinks suppose. reparo, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- + paro], 1, prepare again, renew, revive. repello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus, [re- + pello] , 3, drive hack, re- pulse ; reject, refuse. repente, [repens], adv., suddenly, unexpectedly. repentinus, -a, -um, [repens], adj., sudden, hasty, unexpected. reperio, reperire, repperi or re- peri, repertus, 4, find again, meet with ; discover, find, find to he; learn. repeto, -petere, -petivi, -petitus, [re- -h peto], 3, seek again, again try to obtain; demand; exact. poenas repetere, to exact punish- ment, repetundae (sc. pecu- niae), extortion. repetundus, part, of repeto. repleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletus, [re- -f pled], 2, fill again, refill, fill up; complete. rSpo, repere, repsi, reptus, 3, creep, crawl. repono, -ere, -posui, -positus, [re- -f pono], 3, put hack, replace, restore; renew; lay up, reckon; class. repraeaento, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- + praesento, from praesens], 1, do at once, do forthwith. reprehendd, -ere, reprehend!, rep- rehensus, [re- + prehendo], 3, hold fast, seize, catch; blame, criticise, find fault with, reprove ; prosecute, condemn. reprimo, -ere, repress!, repressus, [re- + premo], 3, press back, keep back; check, limit, confine, re- press. repudio, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, put away, divorce; cast off, reject, scorn, repudiate. repugno, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- -I- pugno], 1, fight back, oppose, re- sist, defend one^s self against. repulsa, -ae, [repello], f., rejec- tion, refusal, repulse; defeat at the polls. repulsuB, see repello. reputo, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- -{- puto], 1, count over, reckon, cal- culate ; meditate, reflect, reflect on. res, rei, f., thing, object, matter; affair, event ; circumstance, con- dition, property, possessions ; ob- ject, project, business; state, commonwealth. res militaris, warfare, military science. res novae, a revolution. res pii- blica, commonioealth, republic, the state, public business, public interest. qua re, wherefore, and for this reason, re vera, indeed, in truth. rescinds , -ere, rescidi, rescissus, [re- -}- scindo], 3, cut off, cut loose, cut down, break up, de- stroy ; renew, expose; annul, re- peal. rescisco, -sciscere, -scivi or -scii, -scitus, [re- + scisco], 3, learn, find out. rescribo, -scribere, -scrips!, -scrip- tus, [re- -f scribo], 3, write again ; enroll anew, transfer from one branch of the service to another. reserve, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- -f- servo], 1, keep back, reverse, keep. resisto, -sistere, -stiti, — , 3, stand back, remain; remain standing, halt, stop, stand still; resist, op- pose, withstand. RESOLVO 121 KISUS resolvo, -ere, -solvi, -soliitus, [re- + solvo], 3, untie^ unbind^ loose ; relax, enervate; dissolve, melt. respicio, -ere, respexi, respectus, [re- + specio], 3, look back, look back upon, gaze at, contemplate; consider, respect. respondeo, -ere, respond!, respon- sus, [re- + sponde5], 2, answer, reply; correspond, agree. responsum, -i, [respondeo], n., answer, reply, response; response of oracle. rga publica, see res. respuo, -spuere, -spui, — , [re--f- spu5, spit'] , 3, spit out, reject. restinguo, -stinguere, restinxi, restinctus, [re- + stingu5], 3, put out, quench, extinguish; assuage, allay; destroy. restituo, -ere, -ui, -utus, [re- + statu5], 8, set up again, replace, rebuild; restore, renew, revive; remedy; reinstate; save. retards, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- -f tardo], 1, keep back, delay ^ im- pede, retard; repress, check. retineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus, [re- -f- teneo], 2, hold back, keep, detain, retain, restrain ; preserve, maintain. retraho, -ere, retraxi, retractus, [re- -t- traho], 3, draw back, call back, drag back; remove, divert, turn. reus, -i, m., defendant, accused, prisoner. revello, -vellere, -velli, -vulsus, [re- -h vello, puW], 3, pull back; tear away. reverentia, -ae, f., respect, regard. reverts, -ere, reverti, [re- + vert5], 3, only in tenses from pf. stem, and reverter, -verti, -ver- sus, 3, dep., return, come back, go back; revert, recur. revoco, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- -f voco], 1, call again, call back, recall ; call off. rex, regis, [cf. rego, rw/e], m., king, monarch, ruler, chieftain. Rhea, -ae, 1, Bhea, forename of Bhea Silvia, daughter of Numitor, and mother of Romulus and Remus. RhenuB, -i, [Kel., from root mean- ing 'flow'], m., the Bhine, the principal river of Northern Eu- rope, having a course of about 850 miles ; twice bridged by Caesar. See map opp. p. 114. rhStor, -oris, [pT^rup], m., teacher of oratory, rhetorician, orator. RhodanuB, -i, m., the Bhone, which rises in the Alps near the sources of the Rhine, and passing through Lake Geneva, follows at first a southwesterly direction, then flows south, reaching the Mediter- ranean after a course of about 600 miles. See map opp. p. 114. RhodiuB, -a, -urn, adj., Bhodian,of Bhodes. As subst., Rhodius, -i, m., Bhodian, inhabitant of Bhodes. . RhoduB, -1, f., Bhodes, an impor- tant island lying south of the western part of Asia Minor. It was famous for its schools of rhetoric, and for its prominence in naval affairs. See map opp. p. 93. rided, ridere, risi, risus, 2, laugh, smile ; laugh at, laugh over, mock, deride. ripa, -ae, f . , bank of a river, mar- gin ; shore of the sea. riBUB, -lis, [rideo], ni., laughing, laughter; object of laughter. ROBUR 122 SACERDOS robur, -oris, n., hard wood, oak; hardness^ strength, vigor; best part, flower. robustus, -a, -um, [rdbur], adj., of oak wood, oaken; strong, hardy, robust. rogatus, -us, [rogo], only found in the abl. sing., m., request, en- treaty. rogo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, ask, ques- tion; beg, request, solicit. Roiaa, -ae, f,, Borne. Romanus, -a, -um, [Roma], adj., Boman. As subst. , Romanus, -i, m., a Boman; usually pi., the Bomans, Bomans. Romulus, -i, m., Bomulus, the mythical founder and first king of Rome. Romulus Silvius, a mythical king of Alba Longa. Roscius, -i, m., Boscius, gentile name of Sextius Boscius of Ameria, defended by Cicero against a charge of murder. rostrum, -i, [rodo], n., beak, bill ; ship''s beak; pi., the Bostra, speaker^s platform in the Forum. rota, -ae, f., wheel. ruber, -bra, -brum, adj., red. Rubrum Mare, the Bed Sea, a name applied to the Arabian and Persian gulfs. Rubied, -onis, m., the Bubicon, a small river in northeastern Italy, which formed the boundary be- tween Italy and Cisalpine Gaul. See map opp. p. 30. rubuB, -i, m., bramble-bush. Rufus, see Minucius Sulpicius. ruina, -ae, [ruo], f., rnshing down, falling; ruin, catastrophe, de- struction; fallen building, ruin. rumor, -oris, m., rumor, report. rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptus, 3, break, tear, rend; violate, de- stroy. ruo, ruere, rui, rutus, 3, fall icith violence, go to ruin ; cause to fall, overthrow; hasten, hurry, i^ush. riipes, -is, [cf. rump5], f., cliff, steep rock. riirsus or rursum, [ = revorsus or revorsum], adv., turned back; back; on the contrary, again, anew, once more. rus, ruris, n., the country; lands, fields, land, estate. Ruteni, -drum, m., pi., a Gallic people, west of the C^vennes ; part of them were within the limits of ' the Province,' and were hence called Ruteni provinciales. See map opp. p. 114. RutHius, -i, m., Butllius, family name of P. Butilius Lupus, con- sul in 90 B.C. S. Sabinus, -a, -um, adj., of the Sabines, Sabine. As subst., Sa- bini, -5rum, m., pi., the Sabines, dwelling in central Italy north of Latium. Sabinus, see Titurius. Sabis, -is, m., the Sambre, a river in the central part of Belgic Gaul which flows northeast into the Mosa {Meuse). See map opp. p. 114. sacellum, -i, [sacrum], n., little sanctuary, shrine, chapel. sacer, -era, -crum, adj., dedicated, consecrated, sacred, devoted; for- feited, accursed. Used as subst., see sacrum. sacerdds, -otis, [sacer], m. and f . , pnest, priestess. SACRARIUM 123 SANTONES sacrarium, -i, [sacrum], n., shrine, sanctuary, chapel. sacriiico, -are, -avi, -atus, [sacer, cf. facid], 1, offer sacrifice, sacri- fice. sacrum, -i, [sacer], n., something sacred, holy thing ; sacred vessel ; pi., divine worship, religious rites. saepe, comp. -ius, sup. -issime, adv., often, frequently. Comp., too often. saepe numero, often- times, repeatedly. saepes, -is, f., hedge. saepio, -ire, saepsi, saeptus, [saepes], 4, surround with a hedge, hedge in, enclose ; fortify, guard, protect. saevio, -ire, -ii, -itus, [saevus], 4, he fierce, rage, rave; show cruelty. saevus, -a, -um, adj., raging, mad, , fierce, savage; violent, cruel, harsh. Sagittarius, -i, [sagitta] , m., archer, bowman. sagulum, -i, n., small military cloak ; travelling-cloak. Saguntinus, -a, -um, [Saguntum], adj., of or belonging to Sagun- tum. As subst., Saguntinus, -i, m., an inhabitant of Saguntum, a Saguntine. Saguntus, -i, f., or Saguntum, -i, n., Saguntum, a town in the eastern part of Spain, near the coast, the capture of which by Hannibal led to the second Punic War. See map, frontispiece. sal, salis, n., salt water, the sea; shrewdness, wit; good taste, ele- gance. Salaminius, -a, -um, adj., of Salamis, at Salamis. Salamis, -inis, ace. Salamina, [SaXa/xfs], f., Salamis, an island in the Saronic Gulf, not far from Athens, the scene of the defeat of the Persian fleet in 480 b.c. See map opp. p. 75. Salernitanus, -a, -um, adj., of Salernum, a town in Campania, the modern Salerno. salto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of salio], 1, dance. saltus, -lis, m., forest, woodland, forest-pasture ; glen, glade ; moun- tain pass. salum, -i, n., only found in ace. and abl. sing. , deep sea, sea. salus, -utis, [cf. salvus, weW], f., health, welfare, safety. saliitatio, -onis, [saliitd], f., greet- ing, salutation; ceremonial visit. salutator, -oris, [saliito], m., saluter. saltitd, -are, -avi, -atus, [salus], 1, greet, wish health, salute, hail; call upon, visit. salvus, -a, -um, adj., in good health, well, sound, safe. Samnites, -ium, m., pi., Sam- nites, inhabitants of Samnium, a mountainous district in central Italy, east and southeast of Latium. See map opp. p. 30. sancio, sancire, sanxi, sanctus, 4, render sacred, bind, confirm, ratify. sanguis, -inis, m., blood, blood- shed; race, stock, family. sanitas, -tatis, [sanus], f., sound- ness of mind, good sense. SantonSs, -um, or Santoni, -drum, m., pi., a Gallic people on the seacoast north of the Garonne ; the name survives in Saintes and Saintonge. See map opp. p. 114. SAPIENS 124 SCIPIO sapiens, -entis, coinp. sapientior, sup. sapientissimus, adj., wise, knowing, sensible, discreet. As subst., m., discreet person, man of sense, sage. sapienter, [sapiens], adv., sensi- bly, wisely, discreetly. sarcinae, -arum, [sar in sarcio], f., pi., baggage, packs, the load that each soldier carried on his back. Sardinia, -ae, 1, Sardinia, a large island in the Mediterranean, west of the southern part of Italy. See map opp. p. 30. Sardiniensis, -e, adj., of Sardinia, Sardinian. As subst., Sardini- ensis, -is, m., inhabitant of Sar- dinia, Sardinian. Sardis or Sardes, -ium, [SapSets], f., pi., Sardis or Sardes, the capital of Lydia in western Asia Minor. See map opp. p. 93. sarmentum, -i, n., twig, fagot; pi. , brushwood, fagots. satelles, -itis, m. and f., attendant, follower, courtier. satis, adj., n., indecl., enough, sufficient, satisfactory. As subst., enough, sufficiency. As adv., enough, sufficiently, quite, wholly, tolerably, somewhat; often used as adj. with a gen. of the whole, as satis causae, sufficient reason. Comp. satius, better, preferable. satis facio (satisfaci5) , facere, feci, factus, irr., satisfy, give satisfaction; make restitution; appease, placate; make apology, apologize. •atisfactio, -onis, [cf. satisfacio], f., apology, excuse. BatrapSs, -is, or satrapa, -ae, [o-rapdTTTjj], m., governor of a province, satrap. Saturnius, -a, -um, [£aturnus], adj., of or belonging to Sdturnus, Saturnian. Satumus, -i, m., [sero], Sdturnus, the most ancient king of Latium ; afterwards worshipped as god of agriculture. saucius, -a, -um, adj., wounded, hurt; ill, sick. sazum, -i, n., stone, rock. Scaevola, -ae, m., Scaevola. See Mucins. scapha, -ae, [ come. omni tem- pore, always. temporis causa, having regard to circumstances, insincerely. tendo, tender e, tetendi, tentus or tensus, 3, stretch, spread out; of a suare, lay ; offer, present; go, march ; strive ; extend, reach. tenebrae, -arum, f., pi., darkness, gloom; gloomy place; lurking- places. teneo, -ere, -ui, — , 2, hold, grasp, hold fast; hold in, keep in, re- strain, hem in; bind; take in, understand ; keep ; possess ; guard, watch, defend ; of a course, keep, hold, maintain. ventus adversum tenet, the wind blows the wrong way. se tenere, to keep one'^s self, to remain. me- moria tenere, to remember. tener, -era, -erum, comp. -lor, sup. tenerrimus, adj., tender, young. tentd or tempto, -are, -avi, -atus, [intens. of tendd], 1, handle, touch, try, essay ; try to win over. tenuis, -e, [cf. tendo], adj., drawn out, meagre, slim; slight, insig- nificant, trifling. ter, num. adv., three times, thrice. Terentius, -a, name of a Roman gens. See Varro. tergum, -i, n., back, a tergo, post tergum, in the rear, on the rear. terga vertere, to flee. terminus, -i, m., boundary, limit, end. terra, -ae, f., earth; land, ground, soil; territory, district, region- terra, on land, by land. terrenus, -a, -um, [terra], adj., of earth, earthy. terred, -ere, -ui, territus, 2, TERRESTRIS 137 TICINUS frighten^ alarm^ terrify ; deter by fear. terreatris, -tre, [terra], adj., of the earth, on land, land. terribilis, -e, Iterreb], ad]., fright- ful, dreadful, terrible. territo, -are, — , — , [freq. of ter- reo], 1, frighten greatly, terrify. territorium, -i, [terra], n., terri- tory. terror, -oris, [terreo], m., great fear, affright, panic, fear; object of fear, cause of fear. tertlo, [tertius], adv., /or the third time. tertius, -a, -tun, [cf. tres], adj., third. test amentum, -i, [cf. testor], n., will, testament. testimonium, -i, [cf. testis], n., witness, proof, evidence, testi- mony ; testimonial. testis, -is, m. and f . , witness. testor, -ari, -atus sum, [testis], 1, dep,, cause to testify, call as wit- ness, invoke ; show, prove, demon- strate ; bear witness ; make a will. testudo, -inis, [cf. tesid^, potsherd], t., tortoise, tortoise-shell ; tortoise- shed, a movable shed, of which there w^ere many varieties, de- signed to afford protection to soldiers at work near the foot of the enemy's wall; tortoise-cover, testudo, a covering formed by the soldiers' shields held above their heads and overlapping so as to ward off weapons thrown down upon them from above. See Intro., p. 24. teatula, -ae, [dim. of testa], f., small potsherd, voting - tablet. testularum suflEragiis or testula, by ballot by potsherds, by ostracism. Teutobodus,- i, m., Teutohodus, chief of the Teutones. TeutonSs, -um, or TeutonI, -orum, m., pi., the Teutones, a Germanic people who, in company with the Cimbri, invaded Italy, and were annihilated by Marius at Aquae Sextiae in 101 b.c. See Cimbri, and X. to p. 140, 1. 13. Thebae, -arum, [Qrj^aC], f., pi., Thebes, the chief city of Boeotia. See map opp. p. 75. ThSbanus, -a, -um, adj., of Thebes, Theban. As subst., Thebanus, -1, m., inhabitant of Thebes, Theban. ThemistoclSs, -is or -i, ace. -em or -en, [Ge/iKTTOKX^s], m., Themis- tocles, a famous statesman and general of Athens. Thermopylae, -arum, [Gep/iOTri)- Xai], f., pi., Thermopylae, a pass through Mt. Oeta on the southern frontier of 'J'hessaly, famous on account of its defence by Leonidas in 480 B.C. See map opp. p. 76. Thraez, Thraecis, adj., Thracian. As siibst., m., a Thracian. ThucS^dides, -is, [QovKvdldrjs], m., Thucydides, a celebrated historian of Athens, who lived from 455 to about 400 B.C. He wrote a his- tory of the Peloponnesian War. Ti., with proper names = Tiberius, a Roman forename. Tiberis, -is, m., the Tiber, the principal river of central Italy, on which Rome is situated. See map opp. p. 30. tibia, -ae, f., shin-bone; by meton- ymy, frequently in pi., pipe, flute. tiblcen, -inis, [tibia, cf. canere], m., piper, flute-player. Ticinus, -i, m. , the Tlc'inus, a river TIGURINUS 138 TRADO in Cisalpine Gaul, flowing into the Po, the scene of the first victory of Hannibal in Italy. See map opp. p. 30. Tigurinus, -a,-iim, adj., of the Ti- gur canton. As subst., Tigurini, -oruin, m., pi., the Tigurini^ one of the four divisions of the Helvetii. timeo, -ere, -ui, — , 2, fear, he afraid of; have fear, he afraid, he apprehensive. timidus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, sup. -issimus, [cf. timeo], adj., fear- ful, afraid, cowardly, timid. timor, -oris, [cf. timed], m., fear, dread, apprehension, alarm, ti- midity. See N. to p. 139, 1. 7. Tituxius, -1, m., Qnlntus Titnrius Sahimis. a lieutenant of Caesar, who rendered efficient service in the campaigns of b.c. 57 and 56 ; placed with Cotta in command of a legion and a half among the Eburones in 54, he was drawn into ambush by Ambiorix, and caused the destruction of the force. tituluB, -i, m., superscription, in- scription, title; title of honor, glory, name. toga, -ae, f., toga, gown. tolero, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, hear, support, endure, sustain, main- tain ; hold out. tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatus, 3, lift, take up, raise; encourage, puff up, elate; rear; extol; remove, make way with, aholish; kill, destroy. TolosatSs, -lain, [Tolosa], m., pi., the inhabitants of Tolosa, chief city of the Volcae Tectosages. See map opp. p, 114. tonitruB, -tia, m., pi., tonitrus, m.. and tonitrua, n., thunder, thun- der-peal. tono, -are, -ui, — , 1, to make a loud noise, resound, thunder. tonsor, -oris, [tondeo, cZip], m., shearer, clipper, hair-cutter, har- her. Toranius, -i, m., T. Toranius, who betrayed his father to the second triumvirate in 43 b.c. tormentum, -i, [cf. torqueo, twist], n., windlass; as a military term, pi., torsion-hurlers, engines of war, artillery, general term for machines used to hurl stones, darts, and other missiles, the mo- tive force of which was derived from the twisting of tensile ma- terials ; torsion-missiles, missiles thrown by the torsion-hurlers ; instrument of torture, rack; tor- ture, torment, suffering. Torquatus, see Manlius. torqueo, -ere, torsi, tortus, 2, turn, twist; hurl; torture, torment. torquis, -is, m., necklace, collar. tot, indecl. num. adj., so many. totidem [tot], indecl. num. adj., just as many, just so many. totus, -a, -um, gen. tdtius, adj., the whole, all, all the, entire ; with adverbial force, wholly, entirely. trabs, trabis, 1, beam, timber. tracts, -are, -avi, -atus, [traho], 1, draw forcibly, pull; handle, man- age; treat. tractus, -iis, [cf. traho], m., drag- ging, drawing out; track, course; stretch, extent. trado, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [trans -f- do], 3, give up, hand over, de- liver, surrender, consign, entrust; surrender, betray; hand down, transmit, report. TEADUCO 139 TREVEKI trSduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, [trans + duc5], 3, lead across, carry over, transport, transfer; expose, dishonor. tragula, -ae, f., lance, javelin, per- haps having a barbed point. traho, -ere, traxi, tractus, 3, draw, drag; draw along, drag along; attract, allure, influence; lead, cari'p ; derive; detain. traicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [trans + iacid], 3, throw across, lead aci'oss, transfer; penetrate, transfix ; go over, pass over. trano, -are, -avi, — , [trans + no, swim], 1, swim across, swim over. trans, prep, witli ace. only, across, over; on the further side of, be- yond. transeo, -ire, -ii or -ivi, -itus, [trans + e6], irr., go over, go across, pass over, cross over ; pass by, march through; be changed from. transfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, [trans + fero], irr., bear across, transport ; transfer ; ascribe, charge; copy; put off, delay, translate. transfigo, -figere, -fixi, -fixus, [trans + fig5, fix}, 3, pierce through, transfix. transfuga, -ae, m., [trans, cf. fugi5J, one who flees to the enemy, a deserter. trSnsgredior, -gredi, -gressus, [trans + gradior, icalk, go'], 3, dep. , go over, pass over, go across, cross. trSnaigo, -igere, -egi, -actus, [trans + ago], 3, d^nve through, stab, transfix ; finish, settle ; per- form ; bring to an end^ end; pass, trSnsilio, -ire, -silui, — , [trans -|- salid], 4, leap across, jump over. transitus, -us, [trans, cf. e5], m., going over, passing over, passage. translatus, see transfero. transmaiinus, -a, -um, [trans + marinusj, adj., beyond sea, trans- marine. transmitto, -ere, -misi, -naissus, [trans + mitto], 3, send across, carry over, let pass; go across, traverse; entrust, commit. transports, -are, -avi, -atus, [trans -f- porto], 1, cai-ry over, take across, remove, transport. transtuli, see transfero. transversus, -a, -um, [trans + versus], adj., turned across, lying across, crosswise, oblique; out of the way. Trasumenus, -i, m., Trasumenus, a lake in Etruria, the scene of the defeat of Flaminius by Hannibal. See map opp. p. 30. Trebia, -ae, f., the Trebia, a river in Cisalpine Gaul, flowing into the Po. See map opp. p. 30. trecentesimus, -a, -um, [trecentij, adj., three hundredth. trecenti, -ae, -a, [tres + centum], num. adj., three hundred. tredecim, [tres -f- decem], indecl. num., adj., thirteen. trepidatio, -onis, [trepido], f., confuted hurry, alarm, confusion, consternation, trepidation. trepido, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, hurry with alarm, be in confusion; tremble, waver. trgs, tria, gen. trium, or m, num. adj., three. TrSveri, -orum, m., pi., a powerful Belgic people near the Rhine, north of the Mediomatrici j chief TBIBOCBS 140 TBOAS town Augusta Treveromm, now Trier. See map opp. p. 1 14. Triboces, -um, or Triboci, -orum, [Kel., = 'the very Sweet'], m., pi., a German people between the Rhine and the Vosges Mountains. See map opp. p. 114. tribunal, -alls, [tribunus], n., raised platform for seats of mag- istrates, judgment-seat^ tribunal. tribunus, -i, [tribus], m., head of a tribe, tribune. tribunus mili- taris, tribune of the soldiers, six to a legion. See p. 13. tribunus plebis, tribune of the people. Tribunes were first appointed in 494 B.C., after the first secession to the Sacred Mount. At first there were but two ; afterwards the number was increased to five, and finally to ten. They were originally appointed to afford pro- tection to the common people ; and that they might be able to afford such protection, their persons were declared sacred and invio- lable. 'I'hey gradually acquired the right of vetoing any act which a magistrate might under- take during his term of office. They convoked the assembly of the tribes (comitia tributa), and usually presided over it. tribuS, -ere, -ui, -utus, [tribus], 3, assign, ascribe, concede ; grant, pay, render, bestow; ascribe, at- tribute; yield; of time, spend, de- vote, suae magnopere virtuti tribuere, to presume upon his valor. tributum, -i, [tribus], n., stated payment, contribution, tribute. trlcgaimuB, -a, -um, [triginta], adj., thirtieth. triduum, -i, [tres -f dies], n., space of three days, three days. triennlum, -i, [tres + annus], n., space of three years, three years. trigeminus, -a, -um, [tres + gemi- nus], adj., born three at a birth. As subst., trigemini, -drum, m., pi., tnplcts. triginta, or XXX, indech num. adj., thirty. trim, -ae, -a, [tres], distrib. num. adj., three each, three by three; threefold, triple. triplex, -icis, [tres, cf. plico, /oZcZ] , adj., threefold, triple. tripiiB, -odis, [rpLirovs'], m., three- footed seat, tripod. triremia, -e, [ter + remus], adj., having three banks of oars. As subst., triremis, -is, m., vessel having three banks of oars, tri- reme. tristis, -e, adj., sad, sorrowful, de- jected; gloomy, sullen; grave, austere. tristitia, -ae, [tristis], f., sadness, dejectvm. triumphs, -are, -avi, -atus, [tri- umphus], 1, march in triumphal procession, celebrate a triumph, triumph. triumphare de aliquo, to celebrate a triumph in conse- quence of a victory over any one. triumphus, -i, m., triumphal pro- cession, celebration of a victory by a triumphal entry into Rome. triumvir, -viri, [tres + vir], m., triumvir, one of three associates in office, especially one of three dictators to reorganize the state. Troas, -ados, [T/syds], adj., Tro- jan. As subst., f., the country around Troy, Troad. See map opp. p. 93. TKOEZEN 141 TUTO TroezSn, -enis, ace. Troezena, [Tpo£f7>], L, T7'oeze7i, a very ancient city in the southeastern part of Argolis. See map opp. p. 75. Troia, -ae, f., Troy, a city of Phrygia. Troianus, -a, -um, [Troia], adj., of Troy, Trojan. As subst., Troianus, -i, a "Trojan. tropaeum, -i, n., memorial of vic- tory, trophy; victory. Troucillus, -i, see Valerius. trucido, -are, -avi, -atus, [trux + caedo], 1, cut to pieces, slaughter, butcher; destroy, ruin. tmx, trucis, adj., wild, rough, harsh, savage, fierce. tii, tui, pi. vos, vestrum, pers. pron., thou, you. tuba, -ae, f., trumpet. tueor, -eri, tiitus sum, 2, dep., look at, gaze at, consider ; defend, pro- tect. tuli, see fero. Tulingi, -orum, m., pi., a German tribe north of the Helvetii, across the Rhine. See map opp. p. 114. Tullia, -ae, f., Tullia, the daughter of Servius Tullius. Tullius, -i, m., Tullius, a Roman gentile name. In this book are mentioned : (1) Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome. (2) M. Tullius Cicero. See Cicero. TuUus, -i, m., Tullus, forename of Tullus Hostllius, third king of Rome. turn, adv., then, at that time, in those times; thereupon; in that case; besides, moreover. cum . . . tum, both . . . and, not only . - • but also. tumultus, -tia, m., disturbance, conr fusion, disorder, uproar; upris- ing, rebellion; national peril. tumulus, -i, m., mound, hillock. tunc, adv., then, at that time ; ao cordingly, consequently. turba, -ae, f., tumult, uproar, dis- turbance, commotion ; crowd, throng. turbo, -are, -avi, -atus, [turba], 1, make an uproar, be in con- fusion; throw into confusion, dis- turb, agitate. turbulentus, -a, -um, comp. tur- bulentior, sup. turbulentissimus, [turba], ad]., full of commotion, disturbed ; stormy, confused, troubled. Turoni, -orum, m., pi., a people on the Liger (Loire), west of the Bituriges; the name survives in Tours and Touraine. See map opp. p. 114. turpis, -e, comp. -lor, sup. -issimus, adj., ugly, foul ; disgraceful, shameful, base, dishonorable. turpitudS, -inis, [turpis], f., base- ness, disgrace, dishonor. turris, -is, f., tower ; often = turris ambulatoria, movable tower, built on wheels so that it could be moved up to the wall of- a be- sieged city. See Introddction, p. 23. TuBcia, -ae, f., Etruria, the Etrus- can territory. Tusculum, -i, n., Tusculum, an ancient town of Latium, the mod- ern Frascati, about fifteen miles southeast of Rome on the foot- hills of the Alban Mountains. See map, frontispiece. tuto, [tutus], adv., safely, without danger. TUTOK 142 UNIVERSUS tutor, -oris, [tueor],^ m., watcher, protector; guardian., tutor. tutor, -ari, -atus sum, [tueor] , dep. , watch, guard, protect, defend. tutus, -a, -urn, comp. tutior, sup. tutissimus, [part, of tueor], adj., guarded, safe, secure. As subst., tutum, -i, n., place of safety, safety, security. tuus, -a, -um, [tu], poss. pron., adj., thy, thine; your, yours. tyrannis, -idis, [Tvpawis'}, f., rule of a tyrant, tyranny, despotic rule. tyrannus, -i, m., monarch, absolute ruler; despot, tyrant. uber, -eris, n., teat, dug, udder, breast. ubi, adv. and conj., in which place, lohere; where f As conj., when. ubique, [ubi + -que], adv., in any place, everywhere. ubi primum, as soon as. ulciscor, -i, ultus sum, 3, dep., avenge one^s self on, punish; take vengeance for, avenge. ullus, -a, -um, gen. ullius, adj., any. As subst., ullus, -ius, m., any one, anybody. ullum, -ius, n., anything. ulterior, -ius, [ultra], adj. in comp. degree, sup. ultimus, farther, be- yond, more remote or distant. Sup., farthest, most distant or remote; last; utmost, greatest. Neu., ulterius, as adv., beyond, farther; to a greater degree, more. ultimus, see ulterior. ultra, prep, with ace. only, on the farther side of, beyond, besides. ultro, adv., to the farther side; be- sides, moreover, also; of one''s own accord, voluntarily. ultro . . . citroque, to and fro, back and forth. ultus, see ulciscor. Umbria, -ae, f., Umbria, a district LQ east central Italy. See map opp. p. 30. umerus, -i, m,, upper arm, shoul- der. umquam, adv., at any time, ever. una, [unus], adv., into one place; in the same place ; at one arid the same time, at the same time ; to- gether, in company. una cum, along with, together with. unde, adv., from which place, whence; where; from whom, from which; where ? on which side ? iindecim, or XI, [unus + decem], indecl. num. adj., eleven. imdecimus, -a, -um, [undecim], num. ord. adj., eleventh. lindequinquaginta, [unus + de + quinquaginta] , indecl. num. adj., forty-nine. undetrioesimus, -a, -um, [unus, de, cf. triginta], adj., the twenty- ninth. iindeviceBiinus, -a, -um, [unus, de, cf. viginti], adj., the nine- teenth. undeviginti, or XVIIII, [unus + de + viginti], indecl. num. adj., nineteen. undique, [unde -f que], adv., from all sides, from all parts, on all sides, everywhere. unguis, -is, m., nail. universus, -a, -um, [unus + versus, from verto], adj., all together, all, the whole of, entire; general. As subst., universi, -orum, m., UNUS 143 UTPOTB pi., all the men together, the whole body, all together ; all men. unus, -a, -um, gen. unius, num. adj., one; one alone, only one, only, sole; alone; one and the same. PI., uni, alone, only. uno tempore, at one and the same time. ad unum omnes, all to a man. Sequani uni, the Sequani only. urbanus, -a, -um, [urbs], adj., of the city, in the city, in Borne. As subst., urbani, -drum, m., pi., the citizens. urbs, urbis, f., a walled town, city ; often the city. Home. urgeo, urgere, ursi, — , 2, press, push; press hard. Pass., be hard pressed. urinator, -oris, m., diver. usque, adv. , all the way, as far as ; continuously. usque ad, all the way to, as far as ; of time, up to, until. iisque eo, even so far as this, even to this degree. usurps, -are, -avi, -atus, [usus + rapio], 1, seize for use, seize upon, make use of, enjoy. usus, see utor. usus, -us, [utor] , m. , use, practice, employment ; experience, training, skill; custom, practice; inter- course, association, familiarity; control; need, necessity; profit, advantage. usu venire, to hap- pen, to occur. ut, uti, adv. and conj. : (1) As adv., as, just as; as for instance, seeing that, as if, on the supposition that; of man- ner, how, in what way, in what manner ; of place, where. ut primum, as soon as. ut . . . ita, as . . . so, while . . . still. (2) As conj., temporal, with in- die, when, as soon as; with subj., of result, that, so that; of purpose, in order that, that; of concession, though, although. utcumque, adv., in what way so- ever, in one way or another, somehow. uter, -tris, m. , bag of hide, leather bottle, skin. uter, utra, utrum, gen. utrius, pron. adj., often used as subst., which of two, whichever, which. uterque, -traque, -trumque, gen. utriusque, [uter + que], adj., each, both. As subst., uterque, utriusque, m., both, each. PI., utrique, both sides, both forces, both peoples. uti, see ut. Utica, -ae, f., Utica, a town on the coast of Africa, about twenty- seven miles northwest of Car- thage ; it was founded by Tyrians. See map opp. p. 30. utilis, -e, comp.- utilior, sup. util- issimus, [utor], adj., useful, serviceable, helpful ; profitable, expedient. utilitas, -atis, [utilis], f., use, use- fulness, expediency, advantage. utique, adv., in any case, at any rate, certainly; especially. utor, uti, usus sum, 3, dep., used with abl., make use of, employ, adopt, have, enjoy ; observe, main- tain; exercise, display, show; consume, take; experience, un- dergo ; practise ; enjoy the friend- ship of, associate with. With two abls., use as, employ as, find to be. utpote, [ut + pote], adv., as is possible, as is natural, of course, seeing that, since. UTRIMQtJB 144 VARIUS utrimque, [uterque], adv., from both sides, on both sides. utrum, [uter], conj., not translated in direct questions ; in indirect questions, whether, utrum . . . an, whether . . . or. utrum . . . necne, whether . . . or not. utrobique, [uter + ubi + -que], on both sides, from each side; on both land and sea. uva, -ae, f . , grape ; collect. , grapes. uxor, -oris, f., loife, spouse, con- sort, iixorem ducere, to marry. V. vaco, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, be empty, be void, be vacant, be without; be free from labor, have leisure ; be unoccupied, lie waste. vacuus, -a, -um, sup. vacuissimus, [vaco], adj., empty, clear, free, vacant, unoccupied, vacuus ab, destitute of. vadum, -i, n., shoal, shallow; ford. vagitus, -us, [vagio], m., crying, squalling. vagor, -ari, -atus, 1, dep., wander, wander about, roam about, rove. valens, -entis, comp. valentior, sup. valentissimus, [part, of valeo], adj., strong, powerful; well. valeo, -ere, -ui, fut. part, valitu- rus, 2, be strong, have strength, be able ; be well ; have power, have influence or weighty prevail; avail, extend; as greeting, imp., vale, farewell. Valerius, «i, m., name of a famous Roman gens. It refers in this book to : (1) P. Valerius Publicola, consul in 609 B.C. (2) M. Valerius Corvlnus, who served with, distinction againat the Gauls in 349 b.c. (3) P. Valerius Laevinus, who, as consul in 280 b.c. , had charge of the war against Pyrrhus. (4) L. Valerius Flaccus, Cato's colleague in his consulship (199 B.C.) and censorship (184 b.c). (5) Gains Valerius Flaccus, a governor in Gaul (called im- perdtor by Cicero, ProQulnctio, 7, 28). See n. to p. 146, 1. 23. (6) Gains Valerius Gaburus, a Gaul who received the Roman franchise, 83 b.c (7) Gains Valerius Procillus, son of (6) ; sent by Caesar as envoy to Ariovistus. (8) Gains Valerius Troucillus, a prominent Gaul of ' the Prov- ince,' employed by Caesar as interpreter in an important in- terview. (9) Gains Valerius Catullus, the celebrated Roman poet, born in Verona in 87 b.c. ; died in 54. valetiido, -inis, [valeo], f., hdbU, state of health, health; good health; bad health. vallum, -i, n., line of palisades, intrenchment ; wall, rampart, for- tification. valvae, -arum, f., jpl., folding-doors, door. Vangiones, -um, m., pi., a German tribe on the west side of the Rhine, north of the Nemetes. See map opp. p. 114. vanus, -a, -um, adj., containing nothing, empty ^ void; ostenta- tious, vain ; false, untrustworthy. vaiius, -a, -um, adj., variegated^ VABRO 145 VENT US parti-colored^ mottled^ diverse ; different., various^ diverse, change- ful ; inconstant, fickle. Varro, -onis, m., Varro^ surname of O. Terentius Varro, consul in 216 B.C. ; he was defeated by- Hannibal at Cannae. Vania, -i, m., Varus. See Quinc- tilius. vas, vasis, n., vessel, dish, utensil; pi., vasa, -drum, equipments, baggage. vasto, -are, -avi, -atua, [vastus], 1, make empty, deprive of occu- pants, lay loaste, devastate. vaticinatio, -onis, [vaticinor, pre- dict], f., inspired foretelling, pre- diction. -ve, enclitic conj., or. vectlgal, -alls, [cf. veho], n., tax, tribute; revenue; income, rents. See N. to p. 125, 1. 8. vectigalis, -e, [vectigal], dA].^ pay- ing tribute, tributary. vegetus, -a, -um, adj., enlivened, lively, vigorous, brisk; bright. vehementer, [vehemens], adv., eagerly, ardently, earnestly, ve- hemently ; vigorously, violently; exceedingly, very much. veho, vehere, vexi, rectus, 3, bear, carry, convey, draw. Velena, -entis, adj., of Veil, a town of the Etruscans, about twelve miles north of Rome. As subst., m., pi., the inhtibitants of Veil. See map, frontispiece. Veientanus, -a, -um, [Veil], adj., o/or belonging to Veii. As subst. , Veientanus, -i, m., an inhabitant of Veil. vel, [old imp. of volo], conj., or if you will, or even, or. vel . . . vel, either , , , or. vel, [conj. vel], adv., or even, even., certainly, indeed. Veliocasaes, -ium, dat. Veliocas- sis, [Kel., 'Excelling in Prob- ity' ?], m., pi., a small state on the north side of the Sequana (Seine) ; chief town, Rotomagus, to-day Bouen. See map opp. p. 114. velocitas, -atis, [vel5x], 1, swift- ness, Jieetaess, rapidity. velox, -ocis, comp. -ior, sup. -issi- mus, adj., swift, active, quick. velum, -i, [cf. veho], n., means of propelling, sail. vela veutis dare, to make sail, sail away. velut or veluti, adv., even as, just as ; just as if, as if. velut si, just as if. venatio, -onis, [venor], f., hunt- ing; hunting spectacle. vendo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [venum, sale, + do], 3, sell. Venelli, -drum, m., pi., a Gallic state on the north coast, west of the Lexovii. See map opp. p. 114. venenatus, -a, -um, [part, of ve- neno], adj., poisoned, poisonous, venomous. venenum, -i, n., drug ; poison. Veneti, ~6rum, m., pi., a seafaring Gallic people, on the west coast ; almost exterminated by Caesar. See map opp. p. 114. veneratio, -onis, [veneror], f., pro- foundest respect, reverence, ven- eration; cause of respect. venia, -ae, f., indulgence, kindness, favor, forbearance, pardon ; per- mission. venio, venire, veni, ventus, 4, come, go. venter, -tris, m., belly, stomach. ventus, 'i, m., wind* VENUSIA 146 TESTIS Venusia, -ae, f., Venusia, a town of Apulia ou the border of Luca- nia, the birthplace of Horace. See map opp. p. 30. venustus, -a, -um, comp. venustior, sup. venustissimus, adj., chaiin- ing, agreeable, beautiful; grace- ful, verbero, -are, -avi, -atus, [verber], 1, beat, strike, knock. Verbigenus, -i, m., a canton of the Helvetii, apparently east of the Tigurini. verbum, -i, n., word, saying. verba dare, to deceive, to trick, to outwit. verba facere, to speak. v§re, comp. -ins, sup. verissime, [verus], adv., truly ; rightly, properly. verScundia, -ae, [cf. vereor], f., modesty, shame; respect. vereor, -eri, veritus sum, 2, dep,, reverence, respect, stand in awe; fear ; dread, be apprehensive. Verginia, -ae, f., Virginia, daugh- ter of the centurion Virginius. Verginius, -i, m., Virginius. vergo, -ere, — , — , 3, incline, lie, slope ; he situated. vergobretus, -i, [Kel., = * He that renders judgment,' 'Judge'], m., vergobret, title of the chief magis- trate of the Aedui. vSritas, -atis, [verus], f., truth, truthfulness. vSro, [virus], adv. and conj., in truth, truly, indeed, however, V6r6na, -ae, f., Verona, a city of Gallia Cisalpina. See map opp. p. 30. verruca, -ae, f . , wart. versiculuB, -i, [dim. of versus], m., little verse, verse. verso, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of vertoj, 1, turn often; vex, agi- tate; think over, meditate; pass., be, be situated, be busied ; occupy one''s self, conduct one''s self. versor, -ari, -atus, [verso], 1, dep., lit., tur7i one''s self about, move about in any place ; dwell, live^ be; be occupied, engaged, em- ploy ed^ busy. in bello versari, to engage in war. versus, -us, [verto], m., line, row, verse. verto, -ere, verti, versus, 3, turn, direct, change; pass., be turned, turn about, return. anno ver- tente, with the returning year, in a whole year. terga vertere, to turn and flee, to flee. Verucloetius, -i, m., a Helvetian sent with Nammeius as envoy to Caesar. verum, [verus], adv., truly, cer^ tainly; but. verus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, sup. ve- rissimus, adj., true, real, actual, genuine; right, proper, fitting, reasonable. re vera, see res. As subst., verum, -i, n., the truth. vescor, -i, — , 3, dep., feed upon^ eat; enjoy, use. Vesontio, -onis, m., chief city of the Sequani, on the Dubis (Doubs) river; now Besanqon. See map opp. p. 114. vesper, -eri and -eris, m., evening. Vestalis, -e, [Vesta], adj., of Vesta, Vestal. vester, -tra, -trum, [vos], poss. pron., your, yours. vgstigium, -i, n., bottom of foot, sole; foot; footstep, footprint; spot; trace, mark, vestige. vestis, -is, f . , covering for the body, clothes, clothing ; robe. VESTITUS 147 VINDICO veatitus, -us, [vestio], m., cloth- ing^ apparel. veteranus, -a, -um, [vetus], adj., oZd, veteran. As subst. , veterani, -drum, m., pi., veteran soldiers^ veterans. veto, -are, -ui, -itus, 1, not suffer, not permit, oppose, forbid, pro- hibit. Vettongs, -um, m. pi., Vettones, a people of Lusitania, the modern Portugal. See map opp. p. 114. Veturia, -ae, f., Veturia, the mother of Coriolanus. Veturius, -i, m., Vetiirius, family name of T. Veturius Calvinus. vetus, -eris, sup. veterrimus, adj., old, former, ancient, long-stand- ing. vetustus, -a, -um, [vetus], adj., aged, old, ancient. vexillum, -i, [cf. velum], n., flagt used as an ensign for soldiers sent out as a detachment separate from the regular organization of the legion ; raised by the order of the general as a signal. vezo, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of veh5], 1, harass, assail; lay waste, overrun. via, -ae, 1, way, highway, road; passage; march, journey. vicariuB, -a, -um, [vicis, change"], adj., supplying a place, substi- tuted, delegated. As subst., vi- carius, -i, m., substitute, dele- gate. vicSsimuB, -a, -um, [viginti], adj., twentieth. vicigns, [cf. viginti], adv., twenty times. victor, -oris, [vinco], m. , conqueror, vanquisher, victor. As adj., vic- torious, triumphant. victoria, -ae, [victor], f., victory, success. victus, see vinco. victus, -lis, [vivo], m., living, mode of life ; food, provisions. vicus, -i, m. , row of houses, street, quarter; village; hamlet. video, videre, vidi, visus, 2, see, perceive, observe ; understand ; go to see, visit. Pass, as dep., videor, videri, visus sum, be seen, seem, appear; seem proper, seem good, seem best. vigilantia, -ae, [cf. vigil], f., wake- fulness, vigilance. vigilia, -ae, [vigil, watchman^^ i., a keeping awake, sleeplessness, wakefulness; watch, one of the four divisions, each of three Ro- man hours, into which the night was divided. viginti, or XX, indecl. num. adj., twenty. villa, -ae, [dim. of vicus], f., coun- try-house, farm, villa. vimen, -inis, n., pliant twig, osier, withe. vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctus, 4, bind, bind fast; fetter, confine, restrain. vinclum, see vinculum. vinco, vincere, vici, victus, 3, con- quer, overcome, defeat, subdue; exceed, surpass ; carry one'' s point, have one''s own way. vinculum or vinclum, -i, [vincio], n., means of binding, bond, band, cord, fastening, fetter, rope, chain; ^\., fetters, bonds, prison. vindez, -icis, m., defender, pro- tector. vindico, -are, -avi, -atus, [vindex], 1, assert claim to, demand for- mally, claim; avenge, punish. VINEA 148 VOCONTU in libertatem viudicare, to claim for liberty, set free, free. ^onea, -ae, f., vineyard; arhor-shed, vinea, a movable shed with a sloping roof, smaller than the tortoise-shed (see testudo), used as a shelter for soldiers working the artillery or attempting to un- dermine a wall ; the sides were probably in some cases left open ; in other cases the sides were en- closed and the ends left open, so that a number of vineae, placed end to end in a row, would afford an avenue of approach to the enemy's wall. The dimensions are given by Vegetius as 16 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 7 feet high. The outside was covered with rawhides or other material to protect against fire. See Intro. , p. 23. vinum, -i, n., wine. violo, -are, -avi, -atus, [of. vis], 1, treat with violence, injure; dishonor, outrage, violate. vlr, viri, m., male person^ man; husband. virga, -ae, f., twig, sprout; switch, scourge. Virgo, -inis, t.,maid, maiden, vir- gin ; young woman, girl. VlriathuB, -i, m., Viriathus, a leader of the Lusitanians, who made war against the Romans. He was slain by his own followers. VirldomaruB, -i, m., Viridomarus, a king of the Gauls, conquered and slain by Marcellus. viritim, [vir], adv., man by man, singly, individually. Vlromandui, -omm, [Kel.,= Cli- ents, or Descendants, of Viro- mandus'], m., pi., a Belgic state about the headwaters of the Samara (Somme) and the Scaldis {Schelde). See map opp. p. 114. virtus, -litis, [vir], f., manliness; courage, bravery, valor, prowess, vigor, energy; effort; worth, goodness. H.. manly qualities, virtues. VIS, ace. vim, abl. vi, pi. vires, -ium, f., strength; force, violence; influence; quantity, number. PI., physical poicers, strength. ^sus, see video. visus, -us, [video], m., look; ap- pearance, vision. vita, -ae, [of. vivo], f., life; way of life; existence, being. vitis, -is, f., vine, grape-vine. vitium, -i, n., fault, defect, blemish, vice; unfavorable sign; offence, crime. vlto, -are, -avi, -atns, 1, shun, seek to escape, avoid. vivo, vivere, vixi, victus, 3, live, be alive, have life ; pass the time, live; dwell. vivus, -a, -um, [cf. vivo], adj., alive, living, having life; of a river, running; lively, vigorous, vivacious. viae, adv., with difficulty, hardly, scarcely, barely. Voccio, -dnis, m., a king of the Norici. vociferor, -ari, -atus sum, [vox, cf. fero], 1, dep., cry out, ex- claim, shout, vociferate. voco, -are, -avi, -atus, [cf. vox], 1, call, summon, invoke; call by name, name; call for, demand; call together, bid, invite; call, put, set, place. in crimen vo- care, to accuse. Vocontli, -orom, m., pl., a Qallic VINEA 149 ZAMA state in ' the Province,' east of the Rhone. See map opp. p. 114. volito, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of volo], l^ fly to and fro, flit about, move, fly, hasten. void, veUe, volui, — , irr., will, wish, be minded, determine; be willing, consent; mean, intend. VoIbcus, -a, -um, adj., of the Volsci, Volscian. As subst., Volsci, -orum, m., pi., the Vol- scians, an ancient people of Central Italy, southeast of Rome, included in Latium in its widest extent, with whom the Romans waged many wars in the early days of their history. See map opp. p. 30. Volso, see. Manilas. volucer, -cris, -ere, adj., flying, winged. As subst., f., (sc. avis), flying creature, bird. volumen, -inis, [of. volv5], n., coil, whirl, fold; roll of writing, book, volume. Volumnia, -ae, f., Volumnia, the wife of Coriolanus. voluntarius, -a, -um, [voluntas], adj., willing, of free will, volun- tary. As subst. , voluntarii, -orum, m., pi., volunteers. voluntas, -atis, [volo], f., will, wish, inclination, desire; good- will, affection; consent. eius voluntate, with his consent. voluptas, -atis, [volo], L, pleasure^ enjoyment, delight; desire, pas- sion. v5s, see tu. votum, -1, [voveo], n., promise to a god, solemn pledge, vow; icish, longing, prayer. Toveo, -ere, vovi, votus, 2, vow, promise solemnly, dedicate, C07i- secrate. vox, vocis, f., voice; utterance, cry, sound; word, saying. PL, voces, words, language, speeches, state- ments, sayings. vulgo, [vulgus], adv., generally, commonly, everywhere. vulgus, -i, n., common people, mass, multitude, crowd. vulnero, -are, -avi, -atus, [vulnus], 1, wound, hurt. vulnus, -eris, u., wound, blow, misfortune, calamity, defeat, dis- aster. viilpes, -is, i.,fox. vultus, -us, m., expression of coun- tenance, looks, visage, feature; face. X. Xanthippus, -i, ra., Xanthippus, a general of the Lacedaemonians, who, as leader of the Carthagin- ians, defeated Regulus. Xenophon, -ontis, m., Xenophon, an Athenian who conducted the Retreat of the Ten Thousand in 400 B.C. He is celebrated also as a writer. Xerxes, -is or -i, [S^p^r/s], m., Xerxes, king of the Persians from 485 to 465 B.C., son of Darius Hystaspis. He undertook a great expedition against Greece, but was defeated at Salamis in 480 b.c. Zama, -ae, f., Zama, a town in Numidia, southwest of Carthage, the scene of the defeat of Hanni- bal by Scipio Af ricanus. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. able, be, possum, posse, potui. about, circiter. absent, be, absum, -esse, afui. abundance, facultas, -atis, /. accustomed, become, consuesco, -ere, -suevi, -suetus. admit, recipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus. adopt {of a plan), titor, uti, usus sum. advance, signa ferS, ferre, tulT, latus; advance to the attack, signa infero. advise, moneo, -ere, monui, moui- tus. Aeduan, Aeduus, -i, m. Aemilius, Aemilius, Aemfli, m. affair, res, rei, /. afraid, be, vereor, -eri, veritussum. after {conj.), postquam ; after the following manner, ad hunc modum. afterwards, postea. again, iterum. against, contra, in, preps, with ace. agreed, be, convenio, -Ire, - veni, -ventus ; it is agreed, convenit. aid, subsidium, subsfdi, n. all, omnis, -e. Allobroges, Allobroges, -um, m. pi. allow, patior, pati, passus sum ; be allowed, licet, -ere, licuit, with dat. ally, socius, soci, m. almost, fere, paene. already, iam. also, etiam. although, quamquam, cum. always, semper. among, apud, prep, icith ace. and, et ; and not, neque, nee ; and so, itaque. annihilate, ad internecionem re- digo, -igere, -egl, -actus. announce, nuntio, 1 ; enuntiS. annoy, moleste fero, ferre, tuli, latus. another, alius, -a, -um. answer, responsum, -i, n. any, quis, quid. apologize, satis facio, -ere, feci, factus. appoint (of a time or day), dico, -ere, dixi, dictus; constituo, -ere, -stitul, -stitutus. approach, accedo, -ere, -cessT, -cessus ; appropinquo, 1 . Aquitani, Aquitiini, -orum, m. pL Aquitania, Aquitania, -ae,/. Arar, Arar, Araris, m. arbor- shed, vTnea, -ae, /. Ariovistus, Ariovistus, -i, m. armed man, armatus, -T, m. arms, arma, -orum, n. pi. army, exercitus, -us, m. arrival, adventus, -Qs, m. arrive, pervenio, -ire, -veni, -ventus. arrogance, arrogantia, -ae, /. ; spi- ritus, -us, m. (in plural). 160 AS 151 BROAD as (adv.), quern ad modura ; as fol- lows, ita ; as long as, dum ; as soon as, cum primum ; as (to your saying), quod. as (prep.), pro, with ahl. ascent, ascensus, -us, m. ask, ask for, rogo, 1 ; peto, -ere, -I VI, -Itus. assume, sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sump- tus. at all, omnino ; at once, statim. Atrebates, Atrebates, -um, m. pi, attack (ver6) , oppugno, 1 ; adorior, -iri, -ortus sum ; aggredior, -i, -gressus sum ; sigiia infero, -ferre, -tuli, illatus. attack (nonn), impetus, -us, m. attempt, conatus, -us, m. auxiliary troops, alarii, -orum, m. pi. avenge, ulciscor, -I, ultus sum. avoid, vTto, 1. a-wait, exspect5, 1. Axona, Axona, -ae, /. B. back (of an enemy), (hostem) aver- sum. baggage, heavy baggage, impedi- menta, -orum, n. pi. bank (of a river), ripa, -ae, /, barbarian, barbarus, -T, m. barbarous, barbarus, -a, -um. battering ram, aries, arietis, m. battle, proelium, proeli, n. ; pugna, -ae, /. be, sum, esse, fui. be from, be distant, absum, -esse, afui. bear, perfer5, -ferre, -tulT, -latus ; patior, -T, passus sum. because, quod, quia, cum. become established, invete- rilsco, 1 . before (prep.), ante, with ace. before (conj.), antequam, prius- qiiam. beg, peto, -ere, -ivi, -itus ; iraploro, 1. begin, coepi, coepisse, coeptus. Belgians, Belgae, -arum, m. pi. Bellovaci, Bellovaci, -orum, m. pi. besiege, oppugno, 1. Bibracte, Bibracte, -is, n. bid, liceor, -eri, -itus sum. bind together, colligo, 1. bitterly, graviter. boast, glorior, -ari, -atus sum, boat, navis, -is, /. body-guard, praetoria cohors, co- hortis, /. Boii, Boil, -orum, m. pi. boldness, audacia, -ae, /. both . . . and, et . . . et. boundary, finis, -is, m. brave, fortis, -e. bravely, audacter, fortiter. bravery, fortitude, -inis, /. break (of a camp), moved, -ere, movT, motus. break down, refringo, -fringere, -fregi, -fractus ; break off, dirimo, -ere, -emi, -emptus ; break through, perfringo. breathless, exanimatus, -a, -um. bribery, largiti5, -onis, /. bridge, pons, pontis, m. briefly, pauca (respondere). bring, ferO, ferre, tuli, latus ; tra- duce, -ducere, -dGxi, -ductus ; imports, 1 ; bring back, rediico ; bring up, supports, 1 ; bring up (a river), subvehd, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus. broad, Ifitus, -a, -um. BROTHER 152 CONTROL brother, frater, fratris, m. build, facio, -ere, feci, factus ; {of a camp) J rnunio, -Ire, -ivi, -Itus. bum, combu.ro, exuro, -urere, -ussi, -ustus; burn to death, Igni cre- m5, 1. business, negotiuiii, negoti, n. but, sed. buy up, redimo, -imere, -emi, -emptus. t)y (.of a personal agent) ^ a, ab, prep, with abl. C. Caesar, Caesar, -aris, m. call, nomino, 1 ; appello, 1 ; call together, convoco, 1. camp, castra, -orum, n. pi. ; camp servant, calo, -onis, m. can, possum, posse, potui. canton, pagus, -I, m. capitulation, deditio, -onis, /. captive, captivus, -I, m. capture, capio, -ere, c6pl, captus ; {of a town), expugno, 1. carry off, abduc5, -ere, -duxi, -ductus. carry on {of war)^ gero, -ere, gessi, gestus. case, causa, -ae, /. Cassius, Cassius, CassI, m. cast down, prdicio, -ere, -led, -iectus. Casticus, Casticus, -I, m. cavalry, equitatus, -us, m. Celts, Celtae, -arum, m. pi. centurion, centurio, -onis, m. cessation, without, continenter. change, miito, commuto, 1. check, coerceO, -ere, -ul, -itus. chief man, princeps, principia. m. children, llberl, -orum, m. pi. choose, eligO, -ere, -Iggi, -iectus. Cimberius, Cimberius, Cimb^rl, m. Cimbri, Cimbri, -5rum, m. pi. city-gate, porta, -ae, /. climb, climb up, ascendo, -ere, -scendi, -scensus. collect, cogo, -ere, coegi, coactus. come, venio, -ire, veni, ventus ; come up, come up to, subeo, -Ire, -Ivi, -itus ; come {to one's senses), revertor, -vertl, -versus sum ; come about that, come to pass that, sum, esse, ful, ut ; fI5, fieri, factus sum, ut. command,impero,l; praesum,-esse, -ful ; be in command, praesum . commander, imperator, -oris, m. commit suicide, sibi mortem con- sciscere (consclsco, -ere, -scivl, -scltus) . complain, queror, -i, questus sum conceal, celo, 1. concern, cura, ae, /. concerning, de, pj-ep. vrith abl. condemn, condemno, 1. confer, have a conference, collo- quor, -loqui, -locutus sum. conference, colloquium, -16qui, n. conquer, vinco, -ere, vicl, victus. consent, voluntas, -atis, /. consider, habeo, -ere, -ul, -itus. Considius, Considius, Considi, m. conspire, coniuro, 1. construct, constitud, -ere, -stitui, -stitutus. consul, consul, -ulis, m. contend, contend©, -ere, -tendl, -tentus. continuously, continenter. contracted, angustus, -a, -urn. control {noun), imperium, im- parl, n. control {verb), fingo, fingere, finxi, fictus. CONVENIENTLY 153 DURING conveniently, commode. country, fines, -ium, ?n. pL courage, virtus, -utis, /. covet, adamo, 1. crisis, angustum, -i, n. crops, friiggs, -um, /. pi. cross, cross over, transeO, -ire, -ivi, -itus. cruelly, crudeliter. cruelty, crudelitas, -atis, /. crush, opprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pres- sus. custom, consuetudo, -inis, /. ; mos, moris, m. cut down, interscindo, -ere, -scidi, -scissus; cut off, intercludo, -ere, -cltisi, -clusus; cut to pieces, concido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus. D. danger, perTculum, -i, n. dangerous, peiTculosus, -a, -um. dare, audeo, -ere, ausus sum. daughter, filia, -ae, /. day, dies, -ei, m. and/. daybreak, at, prima luce, death, mors, mortis, /. December, December, -bris, -bre. decide, cOnstituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitutus. decree, decerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretus. defeat, pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsus; supero, 1 ; viiicO, -ere, vici, victus. defend, def endo, -ere, -f endi, -fensus. delay, dubito, 1. deliver, a speech, habeo, -ere, -ui, -itus ; deliver up, trado, -ere, -didi, -ditus. demand, postulo, 1. depart, proficiscor,-i, prof ectus sum. departure, profectio, -onis, /. descended, prognatus, -a, -um. deserter, perfuga, -ae, wi. ; fugi- tivus, -T, m. desire (nown), cupiditas, -atis,/. desire (verb)^ appeto, -ere, -petivi, -petltus. despatch, litterae, -arum, /. pi. destroy, constimo, -ere, -siimpsT, -stimptus ; deleo, -ere, -evi, -etus. devastate, vasto, 1. direct, negotium do, dare, dedi, datus. direction, pars, partis, /. disadvantage, detrimentum, -i, n. disappoint, fallo, -ere, fefelll, fal- sus; (in an explanation), deicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus. disgraceful, turpis, -e. dismiss, dimitto, -ere, -misi, -missus. distant, be, absum, -esse, afui. distress, to be in, laboro, 1. distribute (of grain), metior, -irT, mensus sum. disturb, summoveo, -ere, -movi, -motus. Diviciacus, Diviciacus, -I, m. Divico, Divico, -onis, m. divide, divido, -ere, divTsT, divisus. divisions, in two, bipartito. do, facio, -ere, feci, factus ; gero, -ere, gessi, gestus ; do (wrong), (initiriam) infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus. doubt, dubito, 1. doubtful, dubius, -a, -um. draw up, instruo, -ere, -struxi, -structus ; conficio, -ere, -feci, -f ectus. dread, horreo, -ere, -ui. drive, compello, -ere, -pull, -pulsus. drive back, repello ; reicio, -ere, -iecT, -iectus. Dumnorix, Dumnorix, -Tgis, m. during, per, prep, loith ace. DWELLING-PLACE 154 FLEE dwelling-place, domicilium, domi- clli, n. E. each, quisque, quidque ; {individu- ally)^ singuli, -ae, -a ; each one {of two), uterque, utraque, utrumque. eager, cupidus, -a, -um. eagerly, audacter. easily, facile. easy, facilis, -e. eight, octo. eighteen, octodecim. elder, maior natu. encamp, castra pono, -ere, posui, positus ; consideo, -ere, -sedi, end, finis, -is, m. ; end of , extremus, -a, -um. enemy, hostis, -is, m, ; {personal), inimlcus, -i, m. engage in battle, congredior, -i, -gressus sum. enlist, conscribo, -ere, -scrips!, -scrlptus. enrol, conscribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scrlptus. ensign, signum, -I, n. ; insigne, -is, n. enter, ingredior, -I, -gressus sum. entreaty, prex, precis, /. entrenchment, fossa, -ae, /. envoy, legatus, -I, m. equal, make, aequ5, 1. escape, prof ugio, -ere, -f ugi, -fugitus. establish, conflrmo, 1. even, etiam. every, omnis ; every year, quo- tannls ; everything, omnes res, omnia. evil doing, maleficium, malefic!, n. exceedingly, vehementer. excel, praecedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus. except, praeter, prep, with ace. exchange, inter se dare (do, dare, dedl, datus). exhaust, defatlgo, 1. exhausted, confectus, -a, -um; defatlgatus, -a, -um. expectation, spes, spel, /. extend {trans.), amplifico, 1; {in- trans.), pertineo, -ere, -ul, -tentus. extraordinary, incredibilis, -e. F. face about, signa converto, -ere, -verti, -versus. fact, res, rei, /, fail, desum, -esse, -fui. far, longe. farther, ulterior, -ius. fate, fatum, -I, n. fatherland, patria, -a,e,f. favor, gratia, -ae, /. fear {nou7i), timor, -oris, w. fear {verb), vereor, -eri, veritus sum ; timeo, -ere, -ui. feature, vultus, -us, m. feel {of pain), capio, -ere, cepi, captus. few, pauci, -ae, -a. field, ager, agrl, m. fifteen, quindecim. fight, pugno, 1; fight it out, de- certo, 1 ; fight on the defensive, prdpugno, 1. find, reperio, -ire, repperi, repertus ; find out, cogn5sco, -ere, -novl, -nitus. fire. Ignis, -is, m. first, primus, -a, -um. five, quinque. flank, latus, -eris, n. flee, fugio, -ere, fugl, fugitus ; fugam peto, -ere, -Ivi, -itus ; se fugae mandare, 1 ; fuga se recipere (recipio, -ere, -cepI, -ceptus). FLIGHT 155 HAND flight, fuga, -ae, /. flow, fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxus. fluently, to speak, multa scientia iitor, uti, tisus sum, imth abl. foUo'W', sequor, sequi, secutus sum ; consequor. fond of -war, bellicosus, -a, -um. foot, pes, pedis, m. ; at the foot of, sub, prep, with abl. for, nam, enim. for the sake of, causa, following a gen. for, in behalf of, pro, prep, with abl. force (nou7i), vis, — , /. ; pi. vires ; forces (troops), copiae, -arum, /. pi. force (verb), cogo, -ere, coegT, coactus. forced (of a march), magnus, -a, -um. ford, vadum, -i, n. forefathers, maiores, -um, m. pi. forget, obliviscor, -T, oblitus sum. form (of a plan), capio, -ere, cep!, captus ; ineo, -ire, -ivi, -itus ; (of a line of battle), instruo, -ere, -struxi, -structus ; (of a phalanx) , facio, -ere, feci, factus. former, ille, ilia, illud. fortify, munio, -ire, -ivi, -itus ; com- munio. fortune, fortuna, -ae, /. four, quattuor. free, liber, -era, -erum. freely, libere. friend, amicus, -i, m. friendly, auiicus, -a, -um. friendship, amicitia, -ae, /. frighten thoroughly, perterreo, -ere, -ui, -itus. from, a, sJo, prep, with abl. ; de,pr€p. with abl. ; (with verb of hindering or preventing), quominus. fruitful, fructuosus, -a, -um. furnish, confero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus. Gallic, Gallus, -a, -um; Gallicus, -a, -um. Garonne, Garumna, -ae, /. garrison, praesidium, praesldi, n. gather together, cogo, -ere, coegi, coactus. Gaul, Gallia, -ae, /.; a Gaul, Gal- lus, -i, TO. generally, plerumque. generosity, liberalitas, -atis, /. Geneva, Genava, -ae, /. German, Germanus, -a, -um. get possession of, potior, -iri, -itus sum. give, do, dare, dedi, datus ; affero, -ferre, attuli, allatus ; give up, desisto, -ere, destiti, destitus. gladly, libenter. go, eo, ire, ivi, itus ; go up, subeo. good, bonus, -a, -um. gradually, paulatim. grain, frumentum, -i, n.; grain supply, frQmentum, commeatus, -us, m. grant, concedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus. great, magnus, -a, -um; summus, -a, -um. greatly, magnopere. grief, dolor, -oris, to. ground, solum, -i, n. groundless, vanus, -a, -um. guard, be on one's, caveo, -ere, cavi, cautus. halt, constituo, -ere, -stitui, -stitu- tus. hand, manus, -us, /. HAPPEN 156 INPORM happen, contingO, -ere, contigT, -tactus ; accido, -ere, -cidT ; fio, fieri, f actus sum, ut. harass, vexo, 1 ; lacesso, -ere, -ivi, -itus, harm, maleficium, maleffci, n. hasten, contendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentus, haughtiness, arrogantia, -ae, /., spiritus, -us, m. (in plural). have, habeo, -ere, -ui, -itus ; have a conference, in colloquium venio, -ire, veni, ventus. hear, audio, -ire, -ivi, -itus. heavy, gravis, -e. hedge, saepes, -is,/. height, iugum, -i, n. ; mons, mentis, m. ; collis, -is, m. help, auxilium, auxfli, n. ; subsi- dium, subsfdi, n. Helvetian, Helvetius, Helveti, m. hem in, contineo-, -ere, -ui, -tentus. hesitation, dubitatio, -onis, /. hide, abdo, -ere, -didi, -ditus. high, alius, -a, -um. higher, superior, -ius. hill, collis, -is, m. hinder, impedio, -Ire, -ivi, -itus. hindered {in movement)^ impedi- tus, -a, -um. his, eius; his own {and reflexive), suus, -a, -um. hither, citerior, -ius. hold, teneo, -ere, -uT, -tentus ; hold back, prohibeo, -ere, -uT, -itus; hold out, sustineo, -ere, -ui, -ten- tus ; hold possession of, occupo, 1 ; potior, -iri, -Itus sum. home, domus, -us, /. ; {with verbs of motion)^ domum. honorary, honOrificus, -a, -um. hope {noun), spes, spei, /. ; hope of refuge, praesidium, praesfdi, n. hope {verb), sperd, 1. horse, equus, -i, m. horseman, eques, -itis, m. hostage, obses, obsidis, m. and/. how^ often, quotiens. hundred, centum. hunt up, require, -ere, -quisivi, -quisitus. hurl, iacio, -ere, ieci, iactus ; mitto, -ere, misi, missus. hurry, contendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentus. husband, maritus, -i, m. I, ego, mei, mihi, m6. Iccius, Iccius, Icci, m. if, si ; if not, nisi. ignore, ignoro, 1. impell, induco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus. import, Tnfero, -ferre, intulT, illatus. importance, of greatest, summus, -a, -um. important, to be, intersum, -esse, -fui. in, in, prep, loith ace. or abl.; in behalf of , ^ro, prep, with ahl.; in order that, ut; {with a compara- tive), quo ; in this way, ita. increase, be added, accedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus. induce, addtico. -ere, -duxT. -ductus. inflict punishment, supplicio affi- cio, -ere, -feci, -fectus. influence {noun), auctOritas, -atis, /. ; to have very little, minimum possum, posse, potui. influence {verb), adduco, -ducere, -diixi, -ductus. influential, to be, largiter possum, posse, potui. inform, (aliquem) certi5rem facio, -ere, feci, factus. INHABIT 167 MAKE inhabit, incolo, -ere, -colui, -cul- tus. injury, iniuria, -Sie,f. insult, contumelia, -ae, /. intention, animus, -i, m. interpreter, interpres, -itis, m. into, in, prep, with ace. join, coniungo, -ere, -iiinxT, -iunctus; join (battle), coramitto, -ere, -tnisi, -missus. Jura, lura, -ae, m. keep, retineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus ; keep concealed, celo, 1 ; keep from, contineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus ; prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus. kill, interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus. kindness, beneficium, benefici, n. ; acts of kindness, beneficia. king, rex, regis, m. know, scio, -ire, -ivi, -itus ; cog- nosco, -ere, -novi, -nitus. Labienus, Labienus, -i, m. lake, lacus, -us, m. lament, queror, -i, questus sum. land, lands, agri, -orum, m. pi. ; fines, -ium, m. pi. language, lingua, -ae, /. last, supremus, -a, -um. late in the day, mult5 die; late at night, multa nocte. latter, hie, haec, hOc. laugh at, irrideS, -ere, -risi, -risus. lay waste, depopulor, -ari, -atus sum. lead, duco, -ere, duxi, ductus ; lead across, traduco; lead up, sub- duco. learn, disc5, -ere, didici. leave (trans.), deponO, -ere, -posui, -positus ; relinquO, -ere, -liqui, -lictus ; (intrans.), excedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus ; (go out), exeo, -ire, -ivi, -itus. left, reliquus, -a, -um. legion, legio, -onis,/. less, minus. letter (of the alphabet), littera, -ae, /. ; (an epistle), litterae, -arum, /. pi. levy, impero, 1. liberty, libertas, -atis, /. lieutenant, legatus, -i, m. light armed, expeditus, -a, -um. line of battle, acies, aciei, /. Lingones, Lingones, -um, m. pi. Liscus, Liscus, -i, m. list, tabula, -ae, /. location (natural), nattira loci, longer, diutius. look after, alicui esse curae ; look at, intueor, -eri, -tuitus sum ; look into, perspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus. lose, amitto, -ere, -misi, -missus. lot, fortuna, -ae, /. Lucius, Lucius, Luci, m., expressed by the abbreviation L. lucky, fortunatus, -a, -um. M. magistrate, magistratus, -us, m. maintain, alo, -ere, alui, altus or alitus. make, facio, -ere, feci, factus ; creo, 1 ; make (a trench) , per- diico, -ere, -duxi, -ductus ; make it possible, efficio, -ere, -feci. MAKE REPLY 158 OBSERVE -fectus, ut; make ready, cora- paro, 1 ; make war, bellum in- fero, -ere, intull, Hiatus. make reply, responded, -ere, -spondi, -sponsus. man, vir, viri, m. many, multi, -ae, -a ; many things, multa, -orum, n. pi. march {noun)^ iter, itineris, n. march (verb), iter facio, -ere, feci, f actus. Marius, Marius, Mari, m. marriage, matrimonium, matri- moni, n. marry, in matrimonium duco, -ere, duxi, ductus. match, par, paris, m. matter, res, rei,/. mean, sibi velle (volo, velle, voluT). meanwhile, interea. meet, occurro, -ere, -curri, -cursus. meeting, concilum, concili, n. mercy, dementia, -ae, /. Messala, Messala, -ae, m. messenger, nuntius, nunti, m. middle, middle of, medius, -a, -um. mile, miUe passus ; pi. milia pas- su um. military, mllitaris, -e ; military af- fairs, res mllitaris. mischief, iniuria, -ae, /. money, peciinia, -ae, /. month, mensis, -is, m. moon, luna, -ae, /, more, plus, plures. more (adv.), amplius. moreover, praeterea, autem. most powerful, to be, plurimum vale5, -ere, valui. mountain, mons, montis, m. mountaineer, montanus, -i, m. muster, conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus. my, meus, -a, -um. N. name, nomen, nominis, n. / by name, nomine ; {adv.), nomi- natim. narrow road, narrow pass, an- gustiae, -arum, /. pi. Nasua, Nasua, -ae, m. nation, gens, gentis, /. natural location, natura locL nature, natura, -ae, /. near, prope. nearer, propius. nearest, proximus, -a, -um. neglect, neglego, -ere, neglexi, ne- glectus. neighbor, finitimus, -i, m. Nervii, Nervii, -orum, m. pi. nevertheless, tamen. new, novus, -a, -um. night, nox, noctis, /. ; late at night, multa nocte. nineteen, undeviginti. no, niillus, -a, -um ; no one, neque quisquam, nemo, dat. nemini, ace. neminem ; ge7i. and abl. wanting. noble, nobilis, -e. nor, neque, nee. not, non; not at all, nihil; not yet, nondum. nothing, nihil, indecl. Noviodunum, Noviodunum, -i, n. now, nunc number, numerus, -i, m. obey, pareo, -ere, -ui, -itus. obligation, officium, offici, n. / under obligation, obstrictus, -a, -um. observe, perspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus. OBTAIN 169 PROMISE obtain, impetio, 1 ; obtain posses- sion of, get control of, potior, -Iri, potitus sum. occupy, occupO, 1. off one's guard, inopinans, -antis. offend, offeiido, -ere, -fendi, -fensus. old, vetus, -eris. on, in, prep, with abl.; on account of, propter, prep, with ace. ; on the next day, postridie, proximo die. once, at, statim. one, unus, -a, -um; one (. . . an- other), alius, -a, -um . . . (alius). only one, solus, -a, -um ; unus, -a, -um. oneself, self, sui, sibi, se ; suus, -a, -um. open, apertus, -a, -um. opinion, sententia, -ae, /. opportunity, facultas, -atis, /. or (-whether . . .), an. order, give orders, iubeo, -Ore, iussT, iussus. ordinary, cotidianus, -a, -um. Orgetorix, Orgetorix, -igis, m. other, alius, -a, -um ; {of two), alter, -era, -erum. ought, oportet, -ere, oportuit. our, noster, -tra, -trum. outpost, praesidium, praesfdi, n. overcome, superS, 1. overhang, impendeo, -ere. overlook, condono, 1. 0"wn, ipsius ; suus, -a, -um, P. pardon, ignosco, -ere, -novi, -notus. part, pars, partis, /. pass, let, intermitto, -ere, -misi, -missus ; pass {honorary meas- ures), facio, -ere, feci, f actus. pay, persolvo, -ere, -solvi, -solutus ; pendo, -ere, pependl, pensus. peace, pax, pacis, /. penalty, poena, -ae, /. people, populus, -i, m. perceive, animadverts, -ere, -verti, -versus. permit, permitto, -ere, -misi, -mis- sus. persuade, persuadeo, -ere, -suasi, -suasus. phalanx, phalanx, -angis, /. pike, pilum, -i, n. Piso, Piso, -onis, m. place, colloco, 1; place in com- mand of, praeficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus. plan, consilium, consfli, n. plead, verba facio, -ere, feci, f actus ; dico, -ere, dixT, dictus. please, placeo, -ere, placuT, placitus. pleasure, voluptas, -atis, /. plunder, diripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus. plundering, rapina, -ae, /. possess, occupd, 1 ; potior, -iri, potitus sum. power, potestas, -atis, /. ; power, have more, pliis possum, posse, potui. powerful, to be more, plus pos- sum, posse, potui ; to be very, plurimum possum, posse, potui. pray (in the expression '^what, pray ?"), tandem. present, be, adsum, -esse, adfui. prevent, deterreo, -ere, -terrui, -territus ; prohibeo, -ere, -hibui, -hibitus. previously, prius. privately, secreto. procure, procuro, 1. promise, poUiceor, -eri, pollicitus PROFITABLE 160 ROAM ABOUT profitable, less, deterior, -ias. property, fortunae, -arum, /. pi. protect, defendO, -ere, -fendi, -fensus. protection, praesidium, praesfdi, n. ; fides, fidei, /. province, provincia, -ae, /, provisions, cibaria, -oruni, n. pi. proud, superbus, -a, -um. Publius, Publius, Publi, m., ex- pressed by the abbreviation P. punish, animadverts, -ere, -verti, -versus, in, with ace. punishment, poena, -ae, /. ; suppli- cium, supplici, n. purchase, emo, -ere, emi, emptus. put, pono, -ere, posui, positus ; impono ; conicio, -ere, -ieci, -iec- tus ; put {an end to) , facio, -ere, feci, f actus ; put off, duco, -ere, dtixT, ductus ; put to flight, in f ugam conicio ; in f ugam converto, -ere, -verti, -versus. quickly, celeriter. raft, ratis, -is, /. rampart, agger, -eris, m. ; vallum, -1, n. Rauraci, RauracT, -orum, m. pi. reach, pervenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventus, ad, with ace. ready, paratus, -a, -um. rear, novissimi, -ae, -a ; rear-guard, novissimum agmen, -inis, n. reason, for this, ob earn rem. rebuild, restituo, -ere, -stitui, -sti- tutus. receive, accipio, -ere, -c6pi, -ceptus. redoubt, castellum, -i, n. reduce, redigo, -ere, -egi, -actus. reinforcements, auxilia. -orum, n. pi. refrain, tempers, 1. refuse, reciis5, 1. regard, habeo, -ere, -ui, -itus. region, locus, -I, m. ; regio, -onis, /. reject, repudio, 1. remain, maneo, -ere, mansi, man- sus ; se tenere (teneo, -ere, tenul, tentus). Remi, Remi, -5rum, w. pi. remove, removeo, -ere, -raovi, -m5- tus. reply, respondeO, -6re, -spondi, -sponsus. report, nuntiS, 1, eniintio, renuntio. reproach, accuso, 1. request, peto, -ere, -ivi, -itus; rogo, 1. requital, make, gratiam refero, -ferre, rettuli, -latus. rest, rest of, reliquus, -a, -um. result is, fit, fieri, factum est, ut, retainer, cliens, -entis, m. retreat, pedem refero, -ferre, rettuli, -latus ; se referre. return (noun), reditio, -onis, /. return (verb trans.), reddo, -ere, -didi, -ditus ; (intrans.), reverter, -i, -versus sum. revenue, vectlgal, -alls, n. revolt, deficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus. revolution, res novae, rerum nova- rum, /. pi. Rhine, Rhenus, -i, m. Rhone, Rhodanus, -i, m. rich, dives, -itis. right, rights, ius, ifiris, n. ripe, matiirus, -a, -um. river, fltimen, -inis, n. road, iter, itineris, n. roam about, vagor, -arl, -atus sum. ROMAN 161 STANDARD Roman, ROmanus, -a, -um; Ro- mans, ROinani, -5rum, w. pi. Rome, Roma, -ae, /. rouse, incitO, 1. rule (noun), imperium, imp^ri, n. (usually in the pi.) . role (verb), impero, 1. run, curro, -ere, cucurri, -cursus ; run away, profugio, -ere, -fugl ; run forward, procurro, -ere, -currl, -cursus. running, cursus, -us, m. rush (to a7"ms), concurrd, -ere, -curri, -cursus; mshforth, prOvolo, - 1. S. sad, tristis, -e. safety, salus, -litis, /. sally, gruptiO, -5nis, /. same, idem, eadem, idem, satisfied (to be), satis habeo, -€re, -ui, -itus. save, eripi5, -ere, -ripui, -reptus; conserve, 1. say, dic5, -ere, dIxT, dictus; in- quam, inquis, inquit. scout, explorator, -Oris, m. seal, obsigno, 1. see, video, -ere, vidl, visus ; in- tellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectus. seek, pet5, -ere, -Tvi, -itus. seize, detraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractus ; occup5, 1. select, deligO, -ere, -l6gi, -lectus. self, oneself, sul, sibi, sS ; suus, -a, -um. senate, senatus, -us, m send, mittO, -ere, misi, missus ; send forward, send ahead, praemitto. separate, divide, -ere, -visi, -visus. separately, separatim. Sequani, Sequani, -Orum, m. pi. service, usus, -us, m. set (a day or time), dico, -ere, dixi, dictus ; set out for, proficiscor, -i, -fectus sum. several, complures, -a and -ia. shield, scutum, -I, n. short, brevis, -e. show, demonstro, 1 ; ostendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentus ; show (mercy), utor, -1, usus sum ; show oneself superior to, se praeferre (fero, ferre, tulT, latus). sides, on all, undique. siege-works, ' things that are ser- viceable for a siege ' ; see p. 158, 1.6. sight, conspectus, -iis, w. signal, signum, -i, n. silent, to be, taceo, -ere, -ui, -itus. since, cum. six, sex. skilled, peritus, -a, -um. slave, servus, -i, m. slavery, servitus, -litis, /. slay, interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus. smoothness, lenitas, -atis, /. so, tam; so large, so great, tan- tus, -a, -um ; so that, ut ; so that . . . not, ne. soldier, miles, -itis, m. soliloquize, secum loqui (loquor, loqui, locutus sum). some, aliT, -ae, -a. son, fllius, fill, m. soon as possible, aa, quam celer- rime. sovereign rule, regnum, -i, n. Spain, Hispania, -ae, /, speak, dicO, -ere, dm, dictus ; verba faciS, -ere, feci, factus. speech, oratio, -Snis, /. standard, signum, -i, n. ; insigne, -is, n. STANDARD-BEARER 162 THROUGH standard-bearer, signifer, -fen, ?>i. start, initium faci5, -ere, feci, f actus. state, civitas, -atis, /. station, collbco, 1 ; dispoiio, -ere, -posuT, -positus. still, tarn en. stir, commoveo, -ere, -movi, -mdtus. stone, lapis, -idis, m. stop, resisto, -ere, -stiti. storm, oppugno, 1. stratagem, insidiae, -arum,/. j^Z. such (a barbarian)^ tarn (bar- barus) ; such little chaps, ho- mines tantulae statiirae ; {adj.), talis, -e; is, ea, id. suffer (punishment), supplicio alBcT (afficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus) ; he suffers punishment, poena eum sequitur (sequor, -T, secutussum). suitable, idoneus, -a, -um. Sulla, Sulla, -ae, m. summon, voco, 1 ; arcess5, -ere, -cessivi, -cessitus. supply of grain, res frumentaria, rel frumentariae, /. ; frumentum, -1, n. supporter, cliens, -entis, m. surrender, se in potestatem permit- tere(permitto, -ere, -misi, -missus) ; se dedere (dedo, -ere, -didl, -ditus) . surround, circumvenio, -ire, -veni, -ventus. survive, supersum, -esse, -fui. suspicion, suspicio, -onis, /. swampland, palus, -udis, /. take, capi5, -ere, cepi, captus ; recipiO ; take from, detraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractus; take (as allies), ascisc5, -ere, -scivi, -scitus ; take away, tollo, -ere, sustuli, subla- | tus ; eripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus ; take up, suscipio ; take arms from one, armisdespolio, 1 ; take precaution, praecaveo, -ere, -cavl, -cautus ; take possession of, occupo, 1 ; potior, -irT, potitus sum ; take through, tradiico, -ere, -duxl. -ductus. talk, loquor, -i, locutus sum. teach, doceo, -ere, docui, doctus. tell, dico, -ere, dixT, dictus ; (shoio), doceo, -ere, docui, doctus. ten, decem. tenth, decimus, -a, -um. territory, fines, -ium, m. pi. Teutones, Teuton!, -6mm, m. pi. than, quam, that, in order that, ut, quo (with comparative); ne (with verb of fearing) ; quin (loith verbs and expressicns of doubting). their, suus, -a, -um ; eorum. them, see they. then, delude, tum. there, ibi. therefore, qua re, quam ob rem, itaque, they, them, pi. of is, ea, id. thick, densus, -a, -um. thing, res, rei, /. think, puto, 1 ; arbitror, -aii, -atus sum. third (adj.). tertius, -a, -um. third (noun), pars tertia ; two thirds, duae partes. thirty, triginta. this, hic, hacc. hoc. thoroughly, expressed by per- in composition. thousand, mille. three, tres. three quarters, tres partes. through, tvcins, per, preps, with ace. THROW 163 WHY throw, conieio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus. thus, SIC. time, tempus, -oris, n. Titus, Titus, Titi, m., expressed by the abbreviation T. to one another, inter se. top of, sumraus, -a, -um. touch, attingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactus. tower, turris, -is, /. to'wn, oppidum, -i, 7i. trader, mercator, -oris, m. treat, ago, -ere, egi, actus. Treveri, Treveri, -orum, m. pi. trial, periculum, -i, n. ; causa, -ae,/. tribune, tribunus, -I, m. tributary, stipendiarius, -a, -um. tribute, slipendium, stipendl, n. triple, triplex, -icis. troops, copiae, -arum, /. pi. trouble, to, commoveo, -ere, -movT, -motus. true, verus, -a, -um. try, experior, -iri, -pertus sum ; Conor, -arl, -atus sum ; tempto, 1. Tulingi, Tulingi, -orum, in. pi. turn about, converts, -ere, -vcrti, -versus ; turn away, averto. two, duo, -ae, -o. unconquered, invictus, -a, -um. under, sub, prep, with ace. or abl. understand, intellego, -ere, -Icxi, -Iectus. undertake, suscipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus. undertaking, negotium, negoti, n. unfavorable, iniquus, -a, -um ; alienus, -a, -um. unite, consentio, -Ire, -sensi, -s6nsus. unoccupied, be, vac5, 1. until, dum. unwilling, invltus, -a, -um. upon, in, prep, with abl. or ace. urge, hortor, -ari, -atus sum ; c^- hortor. usage, consuetudo, -inis, /. use (force) ^ facio, -ere, feci, f actus. V. valor, virtus, -litis, /. Verbigenus, Verbigenus, -i, m. Vesontio, Vesontio, -onis, m. veteran, veteranus, -a, -um ; vet- eran soldier, veteranus, -i, m. victory, victoria, -ae, /. village, vicus, -i, m. W. wait, wait to see, exspecto, 1. wall, murus, -I, m. war, bellum, -I, n. warfare, resmilitaris, rel militaris,/. ■watch, custos, -odis, m. and f. ; of the night, vigilia, -ae, /. weapon, telum, -i, n. weep, fleo, -ere, flevi, fletus. welfare, salus, -utis, /. well-supplied, copiosus, -a, -um. well-trained, exercitatus, -a, -um. what, (reL), quod, id (juod ; (inter- rog.), quid ; vsrhat kind of, qualis, -e. wheel about, signa converts, -ere, -verti, -versus. when, cum, ubi. "Wherefore, qua re, quam ob rem. Tvhether ... or, utruni . . . an. which, qui, quae, quod. while, dum. who (rel.), qui, quae, quod; (in- terrog.)j quis, quae, quid, whole, totus, -a, -um ; omnis, -e. why, cur, quam ob rem, qua re. WIDE 164 ZEAL wide, latus, -a, -um. ■widely, late. wife, uxor, -oris, /. ; mulier, -eris, /. wild, ferus, -a, -um. will, testamentum, -i, n. wine, vinum, -i, n. winter quarters, hiberna, -5rum, n. pi. wish, volo, velle, volui. with, cum, prep, with abl. withdraw (trans.), educO, -ere, -duxi, -ductus; deducS; {in- trans.), discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus. without, sine, pr^. with abl. withstand, sustineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus. -woman, mulier, -eris, /. wonder, miror, -ari, -atus sum. wonderful, incredibilis, -e. wooded, silvestris, -e. woods, silva, -ae, /. wound (noun), vulnus, -eris, n. wound (verb), vulner5, 1. wretched, miser, -era, -erum. w^rong, wrong-doing, iniiiria,-ae,/. Y. yet, tamen. yoke, iugum, -i, n. young man, adulescens, -entis, m. your, vester, -tra, -trum. Z. zeal, studium, studl, n. LATIN First Year Latin: Preparatory to Caesar By Professor Charles E. Bennett, of Cornell University. i2mo, cloth, 288 pages. Price, ^i.oo. THE object of First Year Latin is to prepare more directly for the second year work than is ordinarily done with the usual beginning Latin book. As the work of the second year is generally the reading of Caesar with the aid of the grammar, it is manifestly of advantage to become familiar with these two books as far as is possible in the first year. The following features of First Year Latin will show that a determined effort has been made to do this : I. The Vocabulary contains only words used often in Caesar. II. The treatment of forms and syntax is in the regular order of the Latin grammars. Ill, Exercises in connected reading, which begin as soon as the verb is taken up, cover the First Book of Caesar in simplified and abbre- viated form. These exercises occur in every other lesson. At the end of the book, instead of the ordinary reading of fables and stories, there is presented the Second Book of Caesar simplified in part. First Year Latin leaves no gap between the beginning book and Caesar. When the pupil has finished it he will have become familiar with the First Book of Caesar in outline and the Second Book practically as it stands. He will have a vocabulary of all the usual Caesar words and will have learned his forms and syn- tax in such an order that the arrangement of the grammar will be familiar to him. The reading material from Caesar will be found as attractive to young pupils as that ordinarily provided in a first year Latin book. The beginner is most interested in what he can read with most fadlity, and the arrangement of vocabulary and syntax in this book is such that he will find the selections well within the scope of his abilities. No effort has been spared to make the book as attractive as possible. There are numerous pictures illustrating the reading passages, and a double-page colored map. 10 LATIN A Latin Grammar By Professor Charles E. Bennett, Cornell University, lamo, cloth, 290 pages. Price, 80 cents. IN this book the essential facts of Latin grammar are presented within the smallest compass consistent with scholarly stand- ards. Not only the work of the preparatory school is covered, but also that of the required courses in college and university. By confining himself to the best usage the author has found it possible to treat the subject with entire adequacy in the com- pass of 250 pages, exclusive of indexes. In the German schools books of this scope are found to meet fully the exacting demands of the entire g^^mnasial course, which is much more extended than that of American academies, and in both the French lyc^es and the English schools the popular Latin grammars are of the size of Bennett and tend to grow smaller rather than larger. Besides its compact size, the grammar has the merit of clear and simple statement illustrated by brief and intelligible examples. Pupils find it easier to master Latin with the help of a book which is lucid in statement, and which omits the mass of un- necessary detail which made the older grammars so confusing. The fact that the pupil himself sees that Bennett's Grammar can be mastered as a whole, lends a directness and focus to the study which is impossible of attainment with a bulky book. That schools demand a simple and concise grammar receives ample proof in the wide success of Professor Bennett's work. To-day it is used by more of the Latin pupils in the United States than any other. In a word, the appeal of Bennett's Latin Grammar is universal. The schoolboy likes it because it makes easy the finding of the rules, whict: ar? put in language that he can understand. Ths teacher welcomes it because it gives him just the body of syntax on which he knows the pupil should be drilled. The college professor is glad to have a book which contains the grammar that he may justly require his students to know, and oeyond which they enter the realm of the specialist. 20 LATIN New Latin Composition By Professor CHARLES E. Bennett, of Cornell University. i2mo, cloth, ooo pages. Price, ^i.oo. THIS book is intended to furnish enough material for all the work in Latin Composition in the secondary school. The author's conviction is that the primary function of Latin Compo- sition in high schools is to extend and strengthen the pupiPs knowledge of Latin Grammar. The principles of syntax are ar- ranged in the systematic order of the grammars and are illustrated by disconnected sentences. Each lesson contains first grammatical principles, with refer- ences to the standard grammars. These are followed by simple illustrative sentences; a vocabulary, and then by well-graded sen- tences to be put into Latin. No effort has been spared to make the sentences as attractive as possible. The book is arranged in three parts, as follows : — Part I contains thirty lessons, using the vocabulary and con- structions of Caesar. The model sentences are taken from Caesar and labelled with the point which each illustrates. There are fif- teen exercises in connected composition scattered through the lessons. Two systematic general reviews are furnished. Part II has the same plan, but is based on Cicero. The model sentences are taken from Cicero. Part III contains exercises in connected discourse, with foot- notes referring to the grammatical points illustrated. There are specimen examination papers and a complete vocabulary. Latin Composition By Professor CHARLES E. BENNETT, of Cornell University. i6mo, cloth, 172 pages. Price, 80 cents. IN scope and plan the Composition is the same as the Latin Writer ; the grammatical principles illustrated are identical ; and the two books may be used in alternate years with the other. The diff^nce is that the words in the Latin Composition are taken mainly from Cicero, while those in the Latin Writer are from Ciesar. 23 LATIN Cassar^s Gallic War Books I-IV. Indicated quantities, Introduction, Notes, Vocabulary, Illustrations, and colored Maps and Plans. Ekiited by Professor Charles E. Bennett, of Cornell University. i2mo, cloth, 355 pages. Price, ^i.oo. THE special feature of Bennett's Caesar is the notes, which are fuller than in other editions, and which make it their province not only to clear up difficulties but to give a running commentary on the narrative, and thus to keep the setting of the campaigns constantly before the pupil. The occurrence of each proper name is made the text for interesting comment ; at inter- vals the situation is summarized for the pupil; every eftbrt is made that the narrative shall seem vivid and attractive. The drill on syntax by means of grammatical references is very thorough. Professor Bennett is particularly happy in choosing for com- ment exactly those passages which are stumbling blocks to young pupils. The introduction has a sketch of Caesar's life and an illustrated description of the art of war in his time. The text is broken by brief headings in English which show the trend of the narrative. Long vowels are marked throughout. There are ten colored maps and plans, illustrating every cam- paign. In the vocabulary the basal meaning of the word is given first. The price is more reasonable than that of most editions of Caesar. Classro om Texts PAMPHLETS, containing the text only, have oeen prepared to accompany the following books : Bennett's Csesar, Cicero, Virgil; Kelsey's Caesar, Cicero, Ovid ; Comstock's Virgil ; Rolfe's Viri Romae, Nepos, and Junior Latin Book. They will be fur- nished free when ordered in connection with these books. 24 LATIN Cicero's Orations Indicated quantities, full Introduction, Notes, Vocabulary, Illustrations, and two colored Maps. Edited by Professor CHARLES E. BENNETT, of Cornell University. i2mo, cloth, 379 pages. Price, ^i.oo. THIS edition contains seven orations — the four against Cati- line, the Manilian Law, Archias, and Marcellus. As in the Caesar, the notes are the special feature of the book. They give fully the setting of each oration and contain a com- mentary on all allusions to the history of the times. This has been found much more practical than referring constantly tO a historical outline in the Introduction. The notes also keep the pupil in touch with the logic of the argument and give an ade- quate explanation of all points of Roman law and custom. Aided by them, students cannot fail to see the speeches as masterpieces of the art of oratory. The Introduction has an outline of Cicero's life, and sections on Cicero as a Man of Letters, Cicero's Character, Roman Public Antiquities, and the Roman Forum. There are eighteen illustrations, including portraits of the prominent men of the time. There is also a plan and a repro- duction of the Forum as it appeared in Cicero's time (found only in this edition), and pictures of the Forum of to-day. There are colored maps of Italy and Asia Minor. The long vowels are marked throughout the text. The text is broken by brief headings in English, showing the progress of the argument. The price is very low, when the general excellence of the edi- tion is considered. One Hundred and Twenty Epigrams of Martial Edited by Professor JOHN H. Westcott, of Princeton University. l6mo, paper, 81 pages. Price, 30 cents. THIS selection is intended for rapid reading, or even for sight- reading with students of sufficient ability. The notes have been placed on the pages with the text. 26 LATIN VirgiPs ^neid; Books I-VI Edited by Professor CHARLES E. BENNETT. With Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary. i2mo, cloth, 491 pages. Price, ^i.ao. AS in Bennetf s Caesar and Cicero the important feature of the Virgil is the elaborate notes. At short intervals headings describe the incidents which are to follow. Every allusion to mythology is fully explained, and the progress of the story is kept before the pupil. Professor Bennett has the gift of selecting for comment the passages which are likely to be difficult to the student, and of giving just the right amount of explanation. The Introduction treats of Virgil's life and works, and gives a full explanation of the quantitative reading of Latin poetry, to- gether with classified verses for practice. The long vowels are marked throughout Book I. There are r.ixteen illustrations, handsomely reproduced from ancient statuary, and two maps — the Wanderings of ^Eneas and the Lake of Avernus. Selec tions from Viri Romae V^ ith Notes, Exercises, Maps, and a Vocabulary, by Professor JOHN C ROLFE, University of Pennsylvania. i6mo, cloth, 312 pages. Price, 75 cents. THIS book will appeal to teachers who wish to insert easy reading between the beginning book and Caesar. The ad- vantage in its use lies in the fact that it is full of variety and interest, and that, in an attractive form, it gives the pupil a sketch of Roman history from Romulus to Augustus, together with many allusions to the customs of Roman life. Full notes have been prepared for twenty of the twenty-five selections contained in the book; while the other five are ar- ranged for sight reading, with hints for translation at the bottom of the page. In the text, the quantity of the long vowels is marked. Exer- cises for translation of English into Latin, based on the text, are given. M LATIN Latin Composition By Bernard M. Allen and John L. Phillips, of Phillips Academy, Andover. 161110, cloth, 240 pages. Price, ^i.oo. THIS book combines the best features of manuals based on the text read with the strong points of those based on systematic study of the grammar. Part I is based on the first four books of Caesar. Here the most common constructions are taken up in the order of the frequency with which they occur in Caesar. This was determined by a tabu- lation of all the constructions occurring in Caesar. The arrange- ment makes it possible to drill thoroughly on constructions which are really to be of use. These common constructions are taken up four times — once in connection with Book I, once in connec- tion with Books I-II, and twice in reviews based on Book IV. The lessons are so arranged that one may begin either with Book I or with Book II. Part II consists of lessons based on the four orations against Catiline. Here the syntax is taken up in the regular order of the Latin grammars. These lessons are followed by exercises based on Pompey's Command and on Archias, in which this same sys- tematic presentation is given, these exercises being for the benefit of those teachers who wish to make a special study of Pompey's Command and of Archias. All these exercises are followed by additional lessons on Pompey's Command and Archias, which constitute a review and which furnish practice in translating con- nected passages. Part III consists of additional exercises based on the Defence of Milo for those who wish to continue Latin Composition beyond the Caesar and Cicero years. These exercises furnish a review of constructions and continue the pupils' practice in the writing of connected discourse. The points of syntax are re-stated in simple language by the authors. Every third lesson is a review, furnishing practice in translating connected passages. 27 LATIN Caesar^s Gallic War Revised Edition, with Indicated Quantities, Notes, Vocabulary, Illus- trations, and Maps. Edited by Professor F. W. Kelsey, University of Michigan. i2mo, half leather, 584 pages. Price, $1.25. THIS is without question the handsomest and best equipped edition of the Gallic War now on the market. Among its many features may be mentioned : — 1. The colored plates illustrating the art of war in Caesar's time, and the colored maps of every campaign. 2. The text with its large type and marked quantities. 3. The tables of idioms and phrases, and of the English pro- nunciation of Latin proper names. 4. The full introduction, describing Caesar as Statesman, General, and Man of Letters, and explaining the art of war in his time. 5. The notes, which aim less to display erudition than to give the young pupil assistance at the difficult passages. Book II as well as Book I is annotated for beginners. 6. The mechanical excellence in paper, press-work, and bind- ing. References are to the latest editions of all the standard gram- mars. Two editions of the text only have been prepared, one with and one without marked quantities. Either of these is furnished free when ordered in connection with the complete book. First Latin Book Designed as a Manual of Progressive Exercises and Systematic Drill in the Elements of Latin, and Introductory to Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic War. By D. Y. COMSTOCK, formerly of Phillips Andover Academy, izmo, cloth, 320 pages. Price, ^i.oo. Topical Outline of Latin Literature By Professor FRANCIS W. Kelsey, University of Michigan. i2mo, paper, 51 pages. Price, 40 cents. 28 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. REC'D LD SEP 1 1 1961 REC'D LD MAY 31 ^^ \H St iXSA St9 \xjo\ LD al-100m-7,'52(A2528sl6)t76 :>^ li^HC ' YB 38087 M25252: (^ P/^ao^s- THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UBRARY